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Akademiya Nauk SSSR

FLORA of the U.S.S.R.

Volume IV

V. L. Komaroy, Editor

Liliiflorae and Microspermae

TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN

Published for the Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A.
and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.

by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations

c o
BOTANICHESKII INSTITUT, AKADEMIIANAUK SSSR , /
The Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U. S.S.R.

FLORA OF THE U.S.S.R.

(Flora SSSR)

Volume IV

Liliiflorae and Microspermae

Chief Editor and Editor of This Volume
Academician V. L. Komarov

Compiled by
E.G. Chernyakovskaya, B. A. Fedchenko, N,F, Goncharov,
S.F. Gorshkova, A.A. Grossgeim, M.M. Il"in, O, E. Knorring,
V,L, Komarov, I. M. Krasheninnikov, A. N. Krishtofovich, O, I. Kuzeneva,
A. S. Lozina-Lozinskaya, S, A. Nevskii, and A. 1. Vvedenskii

Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR
Leningrad 1935

Translated from Russian

Israel Program for Scientific Translations
Jerusalem 1968

LP Gi bils3i6

Published Pursuant to an Agreement with
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, U.S.A.
and
THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON, D.C.

Copyright © 1968
Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd.
IPST Cat. No. 1920

Translated by Dr. N. Landau

Printed in Jerusalem by S. Monson
Binding: Wiener Bindery Ltd., Jerusalem

Available from the
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information
Springiield, Va. 221o1

XI/7/5

TABLENORME ONTENTS

Russian English

page page
Systemiarieiindex ol/Species in) Volume 1Vijy -easeieG-ieuen -\- Vv ix
Hamill Ooi s aluliaeede” Pally Ours yee: Vs @ tekerl= teWi-tiem et n-u- il il
IK2\? WO) Suullonieuoalliesy AGE salevgrauelo co o¥or do G Ge oo colle 2 1 1
Subiamiivyle sMiclanthieideae Enely “ SeGet. aj elerel- ote 2 2
Genus overotvewd ira’ Huds: 5". peucier.| ieee Mean okt 3 2
Genus 2528 IN artive eauim, ‘CVioelm))! Huds! seta 5 4
GenuseZo4e Swe wa we Way uM Sees. eneme ace 6 )
Genus'Z50, Zy.e ade nis RIC A LiMo a: & eke oe ») 5
Genus 206. Acelidanthus Trautv. et Mey ..... 9 it
Genus Jove, clvast rn Wid “LAO keel ah cmelhy Gl eddies ate 10 8
Genus 258. Meremdicnr ac iRamiondgy gy se.0ks ee lst oe 15 12
Gems ZaS. Bw ibioererovel wine 1 oe 6 ib odo ie ole 20 16
Genus 230, Colciniewmmn (Wouwm.) bls ocscoaacaos 23 18
Subiennilye2) ~Asphodelordease Veutee 2 i. eile e-l-t- ome 30 24
Genus 261) VAsipilodiel i ne | RCH “pe eiat-tet- tice G al 24
Genuso2e Ere murs; NMIABES auch & © meek fete «ie 37 2a
Genus 2Zose An tine We Wn) eee.) aeeeneed eke Dates 03 40
Cents 264. ae waka ayy SPLCTICL Pelee ete dels paltem et anaes alte o4 41
GENUS, 2oap~ 16) Sit SigOB Mele he peo aS be dob a G5) 3 ay) 43
Subiananiy’ 3s yaliiodeae JEngler ) (.)-aae .bndelavatel aps) <= 61 46
Genus 2665 (Ga we ay Sais) waive. cleeh ons) atta iealte te == =e 61 47
SUbgenwsyie BU gaced \Pascheiye. ila cm-l etaekate i: 69 53
Subgenus II]. Platyspermum (Boiss,) Miscz. .. 94 13
Gems) 26a eA Mla ae IL 7. yn fede) outa Mekae a eel Retteltetite te! (ails 112 87
Suimararly a eiiioideae, Enel’ 7s. 5 i lwene .Wellciaehcicelama tata: 280 216
GEMS ZOOy gel WU Uy Tein ae eewccas te: suck o Die Meee meme) tims, aime 282 218
Subgenus. VE Wl i'T Wome RCM 7 - A e0ts hasta 22) Blane 282 218
Subgenus 1. (Cardio crit uhany Mend TS ¢ Oe. 0e et eee 294 22m
emus 2O9N ke OMOUcO waco lm wee Ge. floar- ta. ark miele 295 227
Cenns 2H0e sun lO Peta LW Mw iseliy Gk. yeaetel eke cee 296 228
Gems 2iley er PO Wa bale ys aes. sie eon come Oe mALe team 302 232
GSMS: Zee. p LoL Dice Lip vac we moons Rahs Kids loale oMeMmaneD ote, cle ; 320 246

ill

Gems: Qi rey EVE ye ely Oo Wi VL Sauer oy ele: ier iene etre ema 364 280

Genusi2iaail. Oy ditay) Salis esi iee.s eravewels vate is 365 281
Genser: 1S) Celia yi ie Siete Mn seven co ermmi at ete Mamet tes 369 283
SUDSeMtsae wise d Pay Bakers ea cietevect ele) ell teed 372 2895
ESOS AHGs Oiemiiuinoee Miele se Bean 6 hb a se a 379 292
Genus2ue Puseiki mia Adamsc 0... Vee amauene 394 302
Genus 278. Bellevalia Lapeyrouse .). .¢/. 15 oe 395 303
Gens Sh TsyAeiiMmyes Wow 6 Sees Ba ao 405 311
Genus 280; Hy aetnltiedlay SCHUBI NMR ier alcaee a) aus 407 313
Genus 20 n e Opolidu a MPawly ee sie mcrae meee rae Bes 409 314
Genus 232 MUseaTiimia MOS iia.) 5 Ainaewen see eee 411 315
(ESS ASE. UMADISOe Met SINGIN Me ceri eatn la Ban) So 6 ou. Boon 412 316
Sublamily a). Asparagoideae, Vents Sietea im aunt is 422 324
Genus Zora wAys pyar ato is WLS he kere wevttet e cteetreeetben remo) 424 329
SUPREMUS! EWA S Pramaigiiisy Bake sige elves tele e et eels 427 328
Genus 285,-Dramaé Wicdic, © Sat Fierstein pier. ve 442 339
Genus. 286 GRUwSC US OUI, 4 4. eee, AeA ct Ue EP cle cine 443 340
Genus 287. iG hint onbtta ‘Rak tes Pe AT BA 448 343
Genus, 2833 .Sumiilacima Desi 1s tae wee oe 451 345
Genus 2895 Majanthemum: Wie. tose a. ot 453 346
Genus 290.) Das piomiummn Salish. 20 7 yee ae 454 348
Genus 291) sire pit opis, L..GesRichia. tt sameeren, 455 348
Genus 292. Polygonatum (Toum.) Adans.'..... 456 349
Genus 2935 Gonvalari.a. Lid Tee eee tee ae 467 357
Genus 294, Pays, Ly oak 1 Ok RR eG 469 308
Genus 295, (hn he, GR eee fC: 473 361
Subfamily (6, )Similacoideae Engl Wi. & Aye lmeteoen-tl-b tier oe 474 362
Genus 296. Suni lao Cl ourn) a Linnie a. eet ee ee 474 Boz
Ramuly XXXIV, sAmarylidacede (Lindi) eee eeeen we oe 475 363
Genus 295 iG alates! Le. 5h eee a lense 476 364
Genus 298. sLemcojiim ls shee eee renee ae 480 366
Genus 299, WU mgenmita, Bee...) Samed. eaeueMei een. 481 367
Genus 300. Sternbergia Waldst. et Kit, ...... 485 370
Genus SO. Ix Lolini om PPischgig i, sence dea soe eee 489 373
Genus 3025 Nraaehi siwis ese aaeee Ue) eee eee 491 375
Genus’ 303) Pager at Ww yl Vv ye ke cute See tec ae 494 376
Hamulyax Ox Ves Diloscoreaceac, Lindl). jeaaaey eames ede ee: 494 377
Genus B04 DMO sconea ln yoy pyc: sinh ee keke) cee 495 377
Subgenus, I. He Umi ay (Kumeh)spenthee hla. eee 495 378
Subgenus Il, Ed iogiclonerakPaxg yaad.) seinen 496 379
Subgenus Ii]. Stenophora (Uline) Knuth..... 497 379
Genus 305, Ta ms VE. aes hee Be eee eet dottame! okt 497 380
Ramiro Vil iridacese) indy) 5 4 ce ates ae etre oe 498 380
Genus SOGL CROCUS LL ies yess sethelge asses auido ke RARE Oe 499 381
Subgenus.) Tn v.oliuemartiei\awae seni hie nenelee 501 383

iv

Subgenus ING UG MLA OMal a Wlakwareehy canetb cos AO Pe need pd tah 004 385

GESMMUS OMe tan Sy Mes doh oaehiciatamtonte Meh te Maman et ein lor ss ame oll 390
Genus 0S, . BelamcandayAdansta <ohe./ sea & be. eee O76 439
Gomis | te eyOUS Vote CHU Tat DE ME, BME RD is O77 439
Genus SOO Edad wo) luis: glee ye es ea ck 578 440
Orcler she MMTCKOSPSIINAe wey Wee oi MNS et ts eee Meets athe ete ame 588 448
Famulye Xx Vit Orchidaceae Lindhoet, 2 8 Fee a. sh 589 448
EVP TOKGEMETAUG IF Cu Ria ate tictieh x MucPtat oMiohe rameter ay eit eo) Se 590 449
inmbe lL. <Cypripedieac) Lindl. sist ah Sir lee ee iG eee 599 453
Genus Sin ME yap meapreraeiswm MPAs, Me Tela en ay ee 595 453
dries Malaxideac yids. 8c. ott eM eb es oe She 599 456
Genus Sih. Miadiax is Solamal iw, jot aa = ees 599 456
Genuspsi7. Maemo s ty pss aNMEC .. ci eseier cyclin ass eae 600 457
Gems) Siko. «Lissa SMLNCs RVC IY «eh Alte ae att 601 458
Genus sl. Cal vapiso aliisie ese MS SE 2 oe 606 460
Genusysitor sEspihwapjpd an thus) Rehby + 9.0.0.0. 4.026. kot 607 460
GenlsgolGurGorallouiW za lalls (ia. ls stale 6 6a eke 608 462
Cenus sire Omeroreii is Mama oes ie Sy eile ad A usb ce 609 463
ibe wiit aC yRropodicae PMGtZET.. «cya 4 6 se siwisn « ei elects 609 463
Gomusrsits6 venilOpwiiva Ry BES ak) ccs Gee ace eee aan 609 464
Pion Nene Ne ore ae: LUM eli tbe a5 wis) S' es erin ction 610 464
Gems SMA: wPiOpe Opi a JUSS) direc se 6 le) eeu a Spleens 610 464
Gemusyes ZOM Mis ema, RoBi cas elie e Sun wise s) a 611 4695
GMS Ss ZAe sy INCOME 11a S Wiote tt anpsey cs anal ssp le pay so el cae 617 469
Genus'321a) (Holopogon;Kom. et Nevskiin ..... 620 471
Genus, c22NeE spp cities: ACatS. iy. Bisel ius Gneme 620 471
Genuss2e.n Cepia lait hemay LACT RWCT Se ok aes 630 478
Cems 324i timoclori my sbG Ric 0). ss eea 634 482
Genuses2o.) Epi pogon S.G Gmelin) | reese 635 483
Genus S26 aG ast noduiar EB koe ele Gets oa 639 483
Genus S2is, CS pasate Sa, \GeaRIeM | os 6 ewe ce 637 484
GemisesZ6s 1G OOdiie ta RABE wed 6 2 ss el owe eles 639 486
Genus S20leZ cuexaine Muncie on hii susan 640 487
Cuibery + sOplrydeaer Timed, 5 ya) kijovel = =) “mene petousy ee 641 487
Genusis30, (Hliabemamiia: Willd: | 2. ak ole cbebeue en 641 487
GEmMUSPSo ey vel Sm ia MyM RS BW. eG eels, Yenisl eles) lees 643 489
Genusisece C mamyae Orcs IRVCH. 7s wy et ee 644 490
Genusis3one Neomti am tiie Schlechten) 7) 2 i.) wa 645 490
GemisisoA Neco wnd le ya Kramzils 0S pico cueahe 646 491
Cenusmso, (Coe log loss wim Hantm, | 2 yeu.) ale cue 647 492
Gemusisso. Lieine One iMNiS EA Weyl i Ai).) Becue dees Weel etc 648 493
Genus 337, Pseudodiphryllum Nevski gen. nov. . 649 494
Genusy33s, Pieler iar Wide we eas le! Sis) aoe oe es 650 495
GenusessQuePl aia niGhiera iw, CRICK. wos eos) ae 604 496
Genus .cs0SrLyicvel Va iRV GbE |S. 2212) sraijaiel aie a lamene 663 504

Genus cA wh timmo rents: Ry Cm aihS a tand ohuels ee oeene 664 505

Gens. 342. Gy mmademi al R.Br iy. ee te lems 667 507

Gems 343, Galeorehis Rydbigia’ Khas cteel ae. ee 669 508

Genus 3445) Chusua Nevski cent Move gh ila. te -- = 670 509

Genus o45) I raunsteimera Rehb. tiie se tes ume 671 510

Genus 846. Stevemieilila Schilecmier .6556 0546 679 511

Genicot). Compe tia C. OCiiiee + a4 mctarean eee 676 513

Genise seer OMG MS see Me rhc a tire epic, mutes moe <a 677 O14

Genus 349.) Amacamptis LC RICiiigsy » ato iapeunem: 718 046

Gems 350. Himantog) oss wm gWi Di kochs ys ).) 3 TA9 546

Gens Sole SCT DEAS Waa os. oc otto: Cewek eee Taal 048

Genus s52.) Oplny s) (Ee) i cwat Cates be ie rete ice 7124 549

PNG Ce MG ARN tyes) soos, ia) 3 nope, Ww oigth TE Cee MRE tek») es 7131 590
Alphabetical List of Families and Genera Appearing in

VOlMIMMES TV oss, oe cece, <0, «ae ctkelteiee “a of tic gu ke meds oyetaee ote 709 576

SUBJECTS AND CONTRIBUTORS

BRM SH aucun Yar ieinis col ahter aP Stem en te ckien endetee ol es
Family Liliaceae, key to subfamilies and
genera Lilium and Lloydia; family
Amarillidaceae and key to genera of this
TELM . G. Poe gt olla eae BRA ah natin Stans UG Bees
Gener Totielidia, Nartheei wm:
SDenantimm Zyeadenus, Aceli-=
camt hus, Veratrum, (Clintonia ,
SMB cee TMI rarer ope rsener teste” (ei! Yeh ie Well es Je tere) fey"
Genera: Merendera, Bulbocodium,
Golehicum Asp hode line ,
Ampver vem , FumkwateH em enoeal=
lis, Danaé, Ruscus, Gladiolus
Genera: Eremurus, Majanthemum,
Disporum, Streptopus; family Iridaceae,
except the genus Gladiolus and the
SSCMON MM OOK theNgents PTS 9. 4-8. =
GenenGa cea yand Sic) | lal enak ye eee
Genera: Allium, Tulipa, Ungernia, section
(WING, Oi Moe PASMIS TS Aeon meen ee ool a) aie
Genera: Korolkowia, Rhinopetalum,

pt aT ay Bewiew algae, dH yacintihus,

Hyaeintella, Muscarimia, Museari,

Gr iearni Se lke WEG OMIT, -) at ws cs
Genera: Erythronium and Ornithogalum
(GEMMES | ASD 2 GNSS ae GucmlGNEMDINomnunio arcunle
Gencra Poly Pvomwd tum, (Convaliariva,

P aris, Wwe ims Giant leee s 4G oo 6 oo 6
Gelen Stermberoia, Ixuolirion,

NAP CUSSUS. PenCirer ir ya "Aas 6 ol cloe ae
Be mnyDEOSCOLEACEAC 1. slo e) s) etal ey so aia) ©
ONCE r IMNKCneR ISAS SPS Ae Backoe sede carecs SeeNeNG

Indications concerning occurrence of fossilized
PUAINTS: 2.8 eee es Bre) ve atsgaeg'es iss. shane apenas

Vil

Editorial Staff

Arranged by V.L. Komarov

Arranged by O.I. Kuzeneva

Arranged by Chermyakovskaya

Arranged by B.A. Fedchenko
Arranged by A.A. Grossgeim

Arranged by A.I. Vvedenskii

Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya
Arranged by I.M. Krasheninnikov
Arranged by M.M.II'in

Arranged by O.E. Knorring
Arranged by S.G. Gorshkova

Arranged by N.F. Goncharov
Arranged by S.A. Nevskii

Arranged by A.N. Krishtofovich

Addenda — Descriptiones plantarum novarum in Tomo IV Florae URSS
commemoratarum,

The plates were drawn by the following artists: M.M. Parfenenko —I, XXV;
A.P, Voronova — II, IV-IX, XXII, XXVII, XXXI-XXXIV, XLIV; S.P. Korovin —
We Vl VLE OX VIL) XTX KO AVS Lozina-Lozinskaya — XIX,
XXIII, XXIV; T.L. Yuzepchuk — XX, XXI; L.M. Kopteva — XXVI, XXXVI;
S.A. Moiseeva — XXX, XXXVII-XLIII; L.M. Kopteva; A.P. Voronova and
M.M. Parfenenko — XVII.

Vili

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SPECIES
in Vol. IV of the ''Flora of the USSR. "'*

Family XXXIII. Liliaceae Hall.
Subfamily. 1. Melanthioideae Engl.
Genus 252. Tofieldia Huds.

Page
RIGO ee Ale Sepals trismidudss:. Ws %e.8 5 %..52. Sete Mee Me Sa Re ey AO I eer 3
ROTO ee 2s ale envatans We tlie. a. ae. Hat NS a ea, Mn SS SR 4
NO Fd im, 3s Texvcernua Smiths) +s oc: te te te ene AR ee ee cE 4
AOT2, 64; Tvcalyculate Whibl 2 20 PME ee ey, 5

Genus 253. Narthecium (Moehr.) Huds.
Hoss le ie caueasicum (Misez "eS rome knw 6 eM ae eh Dee kad 5
Genus 254. Stenanthium Kunth.
yoga ce: tS sachalinense F./ Schmidt’. *. %.07. 4. S51 EMT Re ee ee 6
Genus 255. Zygadenus Rich.
OFS. ol Z..-sibiricus (.) As. ‘Gray <0) 68 eee ay eens) sete © oes veo) ae 9
Genus 256. Acelidanthus Trautv. et Mey.
1976. 1. A. anticleoides Trautv. et Mey... .. . . 2-2... ee ee ewe ete 10
Genus 257. Veratrum L.
POT I “LV Sinigram a ie oe |. 6 sh ok a8 oe we 8 SMS rte Mia NONE A ERNIE 2 ake, 1 11
TOTS. 4 2 eViU Macks Rels a eae at ee et ek oh ar hc ot a ot RS AROS, 2k 11
£9792. °3:. Vi dahuricum (Turcz;) Loes.. +. 0%. <3 6% 4 oe RE, UI Ce oe 12
1980;'+ 4. “Vi Lobelianum Bern’... 6.6.4 0.0.9) AU he od ed 13
19ST 5S. 4VE calyciflorum Kom: s)! ">. 6. Oe ES, RIE Sid kg 13
1982) 16:"Ve oxysepalumyTurcze’ 6° 3° 0) a ete bh We ae a anata ahead a 14
983") °F. ‘VO Misne (Sirjaev) Meoew wedend Leash WS AOSMIGS igs oy Ach 4 14
Genus 258. Merendera Ramond.

$OS4y gl Mo soboliterayC.JA..Me 0.0. 4) eae kee ie ahh ey a aha a 16
HSSS6 72. IM. Raddeana: Rol, dines ain't Sm opt vem Annie C2 wrest dep Shs (ocd ak os) 16
MOR G gd I TIESRTICRMIR cic. fa 15: el GI Lei sce! soe) ard imp eter Ooi Yad galvis) toi, Amv jello eda 17
1987. 4.°M. trigyna’'(Adams)' Woron. *. 92°75. 7 2 Pe Ee eh 17

* [This Index has been reproduced photographically from the Russian original. ]
** [Russian page number: appear in the left-hand margin of the text. ]

1988. 5.
1989S 6:
19900 7:
NOS? 8:
199250 wll:

<EzEX

jee)

Exchleri(R ols) aBoiss.aclco\-)oukamee! 5) “lesen me ee
CandidissimaMisez:, 04 <9 2 6. « ise) ee eee eaeed oe
robusta Spies aegis ceil -uesa co eeiama seit con i
Jolantae Exi€zernmiaks yo-) agi)! oe), Cie ie ee

Genus 259. Bulbocodium L.

. versicolor (Ker.-Gawl.) Spreng. . .......-.-.

Genus 260. Colchicum (Tourn.) L.

HO9SRS SEC BieberstemiRouy fa 3%) oe ene ee Neh te sree
NOSAR 2 Crserpentinuml Misezcu suse Alice ee eyacauen ci cy Ci ale
1995350 C.onivale Boisseet/Rluetas ce oe ona res ae ests
19962), “4. °C. Szovitsit Fisch... « vcke* & thay oe Ree es Se heus one
199iae neo azancezurumy Grosshs 2. is com Te, eeu ict 2) eu eteena e
1998. 6. C. Regelii Stef... ... onesies SEX Brier) sc «. -
OGM wijenG wlateum} Baker: so 602%.) as ey ti ned vo 00, eh ve Seiepl ok, nears
DOO 6. CG sumbrosum Steve’ oj > «ue Ge seco! Shoe eee oe
DOO jo eC lactumuSteve; .).c-ce 4), 6: sees te ecge ae vole ys: go eee
2002. 10. C. speciosum Stev. . .. . SEB ey 2) boy dol bet vege eer
———=1 © (CC autumnale Ls. js <3) oO ow ees Sw ES ye a

Subfamily 2. Asphodeloideae Vent.

Genus 261. Asphodeline Rchb.

2003. 1. A. dendroides (Hoffm.) Woron.. ......-.- e+e
2004; 2: A. taurica (Pall.)) Kunth . . . . - . 2. <@eekom- tao.
2O0S Heese A luteat (RCH bs ce hs-ceue 2 as x) bites bce etek ca ee cee
2006. 4. A. tenuiflora (C. Koch) Misez.. .....--..--- .
2007-". 5: A. tenuior (Fisch:))Ldb.. «=. © 2. > ss sys = = a
Genus 262. Eremurus M. B.
Section Eueremurus O. Fedtsch.
200350. E. spectabilis Ms By ss sso a eae Se ee i ee
BOOS 2K. tauricus Stev:: («.'., 49 ere eee ee oe ets)
ZOLOR PSHE Regeln WV Ved. sc. “so. so ae sy ae te ee cee ee eee
20M: “4:0E. turkestanicus Rol... ., <=, =. 3. 4s is os os
202) SEs altaicus (Pall) Stev. )s 2 3 .<,- 4: aaa eepene ome
2013. 6. E. Korshinskyi O. Fedtsch. - . - - - + + se sunt ss
2014. 7. E. sogdianus (Rgl.) Benth. et Hook... ..---...-.
Section 2, Ammolirion Kar. et Kir.
2015.08. 4E: inderiensis' (MLB) Rela. ce-. ules vig) oe
ZUG 9 Ecomosus Oy Pedtsens <i. « seis) «lone ie en) ee ee
Section 3. Trochantus O. Fedtsch.
2017. 10. E. stenophyllus (Boiss. et Buhse) Baker... ......
ONS ete wEOloae (Rol. 2786 wr titer Seton te fers och en a -

eo) let eo Wert) eh eras)

iS cer se; se) fel ‘ah a

ee es item der etl ae

ellicshiegee Fe se @

eyeiet swe, ge ys,

opie vey he Fe seh 16

oe) Cal) ‘ey Jer, ef aye: ite

o, 8) Je: * tence) fen ie

ey on Po tay) hime areyi kee

ele wea) je re! Fe 'e

op peal obs pe o

ee © «6 © ©

2h 5.8) is) 8) ie) em le

8; Pier - ay Meth iey revue,

20

2019.
2020.
2021.
2022.
2023.
2024.
2025.
2026.
2027.
2028.
2029.
2030.

2031.

2032.
2033.

2034.
2035.
2036.
2037.
2038.

wONIDMH AWN

MMMM Me MoM Mcr cols.)

Woe WN

Section 4. Hennigia Kar. et Kir.

. Saprjagajevi B. Fedtsch. . -

Genus 263. Anthericum L.

PACE ra OSI Lr oh Pee. eu alana) cette ta ate Sky eae

Tr] 7]

Genus 265. Hemerocallis L.

28 fel fe

Subfamily 3. Allioideae Engl.

Genus 266. Gagea Salisb.

Subgenus 1. Eugagea Pascher.

Section 1. Nudiscaposae Terr.

. G. spathacea (Hayne) Salish... . 2... 2... 2.
PG: Youmms Grosshs |<. 50303 s+ 2,4, 4.4,4.2 5,8, 8
; ©. uinimay(e)eKer-Gawl: « .. 202.2020. 0, 5,8,.,8,% 2
“iG: granulosaibureziy. <3. «.%, 3 2 5,4, 4,805, tyeeee!
G. hiensis#Pascherst).) «2.6.2.2 5,5, 8,6.3,<, 2 2 ee
Gconfusailerrm: é.<,+.+ 8,90 2,8, 24, S802, %. See
- G. dshungarica Rolo. =, «5.2.5 2.3. =, ¢, 0) 1, Te
. G. pseudoerubescens Pascher. .......-....
. G: filformis)(Icdb:) Kunth... -. -«. + <j2e¢h? ty -pebe te
iG. minutaiGrosshsie. 25 efi oo. 2. sedate ¢ UO ee
- G: kopetdagensis) Vved:, ..:. 6.600.505. 20055. 5,205 0
- ,&. (KorshinskyniGrosshs , 2 .'s..6. 2. ¢20. 2.4.4) 692 ae
1 G:Popovite Vived. euei)<. «6.22.8 dink ae iste.
3 (G-/sacculiferatRely % 72 «oy ooh Ae, eal ln oe RS
2 G. Intea(iNer.-Gawli rn OP0e. Fs a

. G. erubescens Besser... .. +--+... sss eee

XI

MURODUS EMSA RO Mlctis | cig sy dias sped sg os cow ood eh Ne
Sibsanfimanniydlod. get Mi gisguiey sa sgvce Oa on ag e8 sp opened aR
Sorovini/BaiFedtschs, su uaialt:. . Seeeh fa osesk LG
SAN Berta Geol the psy oy =p owen He. shod sp 3) Oe
glactitilonusw@s Fedtsehs 4.0 <5+)2eegeyet on cles tee
. Hilariae M. Pop. et Vved.. . .... cy capoe eM <aee
ganisopterus (Kar. et Kir:)« Rela. ¢sy <5: c-cets nea eum
kopetdaghensis M. Pops «<6... -,2,000\04she5. ete
egiiteussBbakerige ts ecal- ps deh es 55a BORO RG Go ye Boge ee
. Capusii Franchet. .... . let el gtd oe
ebucharictis Rolie. nisimcw a hue toe ees, af eens Siig eemt

MOMALAISDGEN Oh ean o4 ox: om ck ae op om eck wane au ewelcMiretOrs
MANEIFOL Ee SDTEN Gs: axe oe ase ots ues) Roateete wees sotcwhe Fe Paws

FUL VAMlesyoc xs eve ee ewe ee ei ne Bey
Fla Vanlente tay sce ey tet Gh elke. ra Relea bu ator aia
Middendorffii Trautv. et Mey... ......-..--.
DumortiertMorren.°<% 502" 6" so ot ot Pe

Ses sminOr Malle Pho eae et ato ee ech an oh chien cet <6

PUAN a PC CC el ied eet

ete, far eet Mie, Me. Ter ve

oY wom emp etn tre be: ete:

of ter ret, elnake: ye) ene:

je tere ee en ene) eel

. % Sel Pive

ay Dare fe, Comte cs fet.

fo: Bell Rotem fete) _ eh *s,

ee Oe ee Tey) lee ie:

ey Aalto teh Sar el iol ere

ete) a, 46) m., te 98 he:

er Oey aie, Vest yates ene

e) (et) ey lel) us) inc je. ste

eo; Per hep ea taken: Vane ©

aye atett ve Tyan e, Kel 16

o. Heygfet ‘em ier “es iam ie

53

17.G, longiseapa Grossh. ».- «) = 2) 9 6) 224 ee) ey le
184 Geiblelenae Grasshiiaiiey oie 6. Sy 2. ea en ee Sh ay ledioe aq eae
19 G. pusilla (Schmidt) Roem. et Schult... . 1... +--+
20. G. Fedtschenkoana Pascher .....-..-.-+-+--++ss
D1 'Gt Capusiterr Ait Oli Coven han 9 ee
2a. Giparva: Vveder, sien en, oe 2 08 oases oaiMed ei oueieliae
23. G) 'Chanae!Grossh:. "seo. s ee) ee le ee
24. G: Germainae iGrosshs, ss, <a.sle aise) ois ete i chy Oe
DS GirtriquetraiWVeds, ss) 4) pe yee sey tp eke kewl wielwel ese es
26. G. fistulosa (Ram.) Ker.-Gawl. . . - . 2. - se eee
27. G. samojedorum Grossh.. - . 9... - se = 5, = + eee
28) Gi anisanthosiG@: oeh sits 2), .8) 65) <0 ey on, ony ort wy a
DU AGuiglaciation@ahWOchia ji, 0) 5) 41 oh shook oe ce ae deh ay wlohe
30% Ge sulfureavMisez) Pai: .-.. of ewes, SE eee
SiG: emarginatauikcar, GtsWinssc, \c, s y-) @) ) iiien Geile se) eh ee
32MiG smirabilistGrosshedts 6, 254s op w2 Seay tase ob cane
SOG. tenuissimanMiseze arc Wiew-cil ciecey eile oucepe sll sm chune eye
SA. /Goarvensis’Dumortier <a ss 42) we ern) tc
Sop Gardubraslienriyemites se ey aac aloe a os Sg ak ems emp ee
36; G: GranatelliParl. «206 6. is we SQ tc eae aa ale one See
37. G. pratensis (Pers.) Roem. et Schult. .........-.-
38. G. Paczoskii (Zap.) Grossh. 2 2s se: 2 2 fe
SOS Grctransversaisy StOV= eis’) o's.) Sy o's.) 6) ele oie he enue
Section 2. Foliatae Terr.
40. G. Szovitsii (Lang.) Besser. . 2 2. 2... 22 + 2 eee
AU GrGalliertsPaschers ye 3 a. <6. 6 fe. fs ei oe os we wei oe
425G. Heldreichit ler. <6 0s es se sls ew ee el eh
Subgenus Il. Latyspermum (Boiss.) Miscz.
Section 1. Euplatyspermum Miscz.
43. (G) rigida Boiss. et Sprunasioves 3 cvshiihe of) alee ein,
44.G: graminifolia. Viviedi a ue pie). ee We le ee ha ei
45: Giihissarica Lipsky) iia. <fioas. saigenceniey wey hes amc
46..G. divaricatarRels .04 66 or site aa fs te oN coeree Mens
472) Gs Berg Gity Sion i) aa a sae al atl Lied: city ane
485 Gs werainica Gk, > ‘se aby Sar) a ae ae ot eo Gh eee
495) G. taurica Stew, si avian cous cage ohiad PROMS GM am area
30:,,G: Alexcenkoana Misez.. «.).s) 44) so ahaa et
Sie, Gy CarolieKochii\Grosshy: so 0 00+ a+ oh ot i se eo aie
52. G. pseudoreticulata Vved.. . 2... 2... 22.22 e ee
53., G. ‘commutata/Cs Kochi! <) s0t vy ahs): ci.) ee
5A. G. reticulata (Pall.) Roem. et Schult... ........
55. G. tenuifolia (Boiss.) Fomin ..... . ai Bomiore sits Ade OMe
56.)'G: improvisaGrossh.,. 35 2, sec conencucee oxake yoy oO
57. G. Chomutovae Pascher . ....-.--+.- ee eee
58. G. chlorantha (M. B.) Roem. et Schult. ..... othe) sie
59) (G:anisopoda: M. Pops. oo :si-succene ew ava sie hb ote he ee
60) G: Alberti. Reals eas, BE PRED rae
GIESG. Olgme RoW. sepa ley nig sealepnsacoe Seaayceh ain aie om Siaioct NO

Xi

oe Leder Pap piad ee

ee oh Re Phed 2) aie

a? fw lAe? eiiem en =

eo 8 © © © @ «©

eo ee

Sle fa eye eye LOnh cote ae)

ofa; Kei lof sen oh Fe

ee © 8 © © @ @

a ee ce enw.

at ie tee! a lay ie

one” ay ere OM 6

2100.
2101.
2102.
2103.
2104.
2105.
2106.
2107.
2108.
2109.
2110.

2111.
2112.

2113.

2114.

2115:

2116.

2117.
2118.
2119.
2120.
2121.
2122.
2123.
2124.
2125.
2126.
2127.
2128.
2129.
2130.
2131.
2132.
2133.
2134.
2135.
2136.
2137.
2138.
2139.

GOmGreatghanicaiherr, (5 aici ve eee ou eidenga atvclespcigs) Soa
G3miGE ViredensiyinGrosshy |, <i yses 5 ene hb e)cs ae. we em es tee
G4) Gy altaical Schisechk:.et Sumn; |. 2s 6 ys .s ws testes pee
65: G. bulbifera,(Pall.) Roem. et Schult... -,..... 0. teat weuk
G65 .Gt paminteayGrossh: jy cise: ys wiipeigtyes c+ ds yess he ve south g
Gla Guy tenera,Pascherye gb ic e4 aus yaa cn ee ca euee ow ee erares
68. G. stipitata Merklin. ........ Miata betas hc, AS
GOEUGE Oa SEAPE aia oi es povly) =) 4.814. = us a0) 1 oi dW ake ace ath din 's ERs tee
HON MGricapillifaliayWVeds i csc taave «ts obs dieg oujem amiss, "anecd owe’ (6
MiG: gagecides;(Zuce)., Vved. ./.4::y 6. 04 sn sor oe on owen sy comb
G2usGhominutitlora Kok, Pet's y(cy cy 2. eles ite She de bel ah eh a 2 os a

Section 2. Ple costigma (Turcz.) Pascher.
m3. Gipsucitlora Wurez. 2 tyes ycoc: Ba a eu aes) ooo, se
WAS G-sprovisa PaSCher «a. 22). Se Niece ape gusigtn Altar ee

Genus 267. Allium L.
Section 1. Anguinum Don.

EANCVACEOMIANS IG. u5 cc et ug ees ee) nl at mie een ae es Sa

Section 2. Ophioscordon (Wallr.) Vved.
2. A. ursinum |

S.A. sacculiterumyMaxim., «2 60 50. 2s 6 6s Cokeas = ee eben em
4. A. iomerovianumyVVEG. 6.6 5 es 8s mh eee a
Sure DroBOVINVIVED ae, a ss eS es ee ek sey ere ae cael! ag
GA. oreoscordumi Vvedi. : . 2 5 6 es ee ee es Ne ce
Da PL PSCHOTAMIRGIM I. 6 <3 es 8 fl ee oe a a oy el ee
8: A; clathratum Edb: 3. 2 3 608 ee be 8 ee we othe ee ati yaa
9. A. leucocephalum Turcz.. . «<6 2 6 26 8 = we Boca hey ee eas le te
10: A: flaviduntilidbs 2.5. 4. 6 s @ a bw ee @ Spe pee cee ie oe
11. A. Maackii Prokh. ...... re err mremnine! fy mci he ey
12. A. 'splendens Willd... . 6 6 3 we Sn eS Ge so hg a eos
135 Ay ineareslees s ¥O.) se kw ws GS ce Se ee fii ee
14. “A. strictum Schrad. ~ o ": 0 =o) ae toe os wpa, yee oe ueauadc Be i
15. “A. bogdoicolam’ Rel", 2 ss es oe So o egy Senteeeeee AS
16; As amphibolum’ Wdbiy 2 2 9. 6 ee is iss ie) vane atie neg ts dere pein Bs UB
17. As SzovitsiIRGl % 6 ws & & te ow ye de i ge ee 3° bell peo doe
18) Ay brachyodon!Boiss, 's%) ..~ @ i @ i wus @ © deqeW' peiseltecaurimee sie a
19. A. oreoprasoides Vved. . . 2. 2 -- 2-2 2 eee es et te et
20. A. oreodictyum Vved.. . 2 2. 6s eee ee ee et tee tt
21. A. scabriscapum Boiss. et Ky. . . - . +--+ > diseyid orsteeaaentty cite EF
22. A. trachyscordum Vved. . .-* 22 - et ee et te eee tee
23; A. guzaricum Ryle) «fe ise ee te es te in se alge -tpenelaaie el 5 sos
24. A. inconspicuum Vved. .-..-- ; ellis: de haga ds. /etiots Wo wre niadearisteey oPke et
25. A. drepanophyllum Vved. . . - - 2 2 2 2 2 se ee ee ee ees
26. A. xiphopetalum Aitch. et Baker . . - 2 2s 2 ee ee eee ee es
27. A. Barsczewskii Lipsky. . . - 6-2 eee ee eee ee et

Section 3. Rhiziridium Don.

Xill

oT eerie ofthe! jefe

eg Veh a fretloe ashe

ee pied gah Te pas,

7 ee ee ee 28 e@ @

111

141

142

2140.
2141.
2142.
2143.
2144.
2145.
2146.
2147.
2148.
2149.
2150.
2151.
2152.
2153.
2154.
2155.
2156.
2157.
2158.
2159.
2160.
2161.
2162.
2163.
2164.
2165.
2166.
2167.
2168.
2169.
2170.
2171.
2172.
2173.
2174.
2175.
2176.
2177.
2178.
2179.
2180.
2181.
2182.
2183.
2184.
2185.
2186.
2187.
2188.
2189.
2190.
2191.

>> PPP D> PDD >>>

Siatescens VVEd" ic .ic se Abia be wie ma MeriMeuives te lari tel Bans ee Ree ea ae ae
longiradiatum Vved.. 2. +--+ 2 0 te eee ee es
dolichomischum Vved. ...... - + ASTM Je: Cea eee ee
. dolichostylum Vved. . 2-2. ee ee eee ee ee ee ee es
INCETIENSE PiSChs < ee valval ae Oe Mee Mahe Me nae) Rc a SR
stephanophorum Vved.... +... ++ ++ +++ eee ee

tenuicaulemRgl:. fei cte reseed sk shs hadi 0s he Oe ts bE eee Eee RP
oreoprasum Schrenk . . - - +. - - 0 eee te ee te ees
fod OrUM Liste er ee tek: oto biek ck ch ab SE OF cb aie eiiedks| eRe Cee go Ors
AnGUlOSsuM Mass: kh <) ce ot 2h 03 oh se chek ot ow oR) SOLAN eeeneenme ie
Malbidum' Fisch: sy hhh A ok ey ol Se AY a RE ot
Mflavescens Bessie ish cot ahem et RaW am iah AS tCas am Hla a a rors tne ara
#Stelleriantum | Willa! gcse t's geliey Soom asins usd a) PAE ease Moe ene lts

mACeprostratunl Ureviy is) 6) cho lel "oes ale Vaio Met ot ates ean omiettcae
WAS rubEnS Schrad., *:. tos Ve Ne re WE. eis er ee hore Caan emleone
. A. tytthocephalum Roem. et Schult... . . . 2. 1 ee 2 + 2 ee ee:
SPAMISETIESCENS lo ee cet Ut Ma Pig Ne Mas, ety atte Hal io tat tel alne men nas or ure rete
AS ratans ie 8 hae Em Fan eg MW Me eae
mA pumiluny Vveds*.* stifhe pagal pom oy ah oe hs Pier Sas ete Sanya
ae AS polyrrhizum Pures <9 os Mofo ote, ietse a tthe @ elo ae) en Nel eon
seAesbidentatumFisch,) 2 2h a ff Ph ee eee
mAgibellulume Prokhe rs eet Pee ee Ph a Na Bic Ms Mae eMac Meee reas
MAS teNuIssIMUMML ae ee ee ee ee ee ot tn ame gable Miata hrs
~AcanisopoGum edb .* 2 i's! eh ok gh of oh ah gh of ah oak oe al, eileen aye

MCACSDICOSUM SIEVENS) kesh) sa ie a. ear alle Sage Pelle” aT Go a epee een

saplatyspathum:Schrenk: . «. .. <0. ie. eo) 0) os bb oy sp nee ey cepa ewes
‘polyphyllumKar. et Kir.” ¢. 2. 3. 202 de step sacs s aeeee © eee

A

«A. ebliguum: EL... te ete Pee a PP tgone se Si .
A
A

erAshymenorrhizumyldb:. :, $2. 7.2.0 4. 8 SU .nTT ee eee ame
AG KkaschianumRgihs 2 6 25 2 2 i 2 SP aS Re cent ee
mA glaciale;Vivedic.e Se Ba, 2 Sk te Sie 8, ogee eeeee se nena he, feces
WA-*setifolium, Schrenk:,": ys %- “«+),0.% 3) SRS Se 2 es Seance eee
WAc‘subtiissimum Ldb: <3. 2 2 to Se een Se ee
Asjucundums Vivedssiws, 2) 2,4, 4.4. 45, 228 Re rer ee
sAstytthanthum: Vived.;% *.% %, 2% % Sp sy AL tty 32) 2) Se ee
rAitkokanicumiRel.” 2%. 4. %, 2.5, 2) 4 4, 4, 2 Atos, eee See ee
eyActfilifolitmiRel:. % %, 8.0. 4% Sy ty So Sa A a RO sek
erAtiearicoides Rel...) "=. %. ', fits, &y By hy a BOR AY Gt, Be ee ee
. A. tianschanicum Rupr. ......- .~ mB My hy PER: Et
. A. condensatum Turez, . . 2. 2 2 6 ee ee ee ee ee re ae
wAspetracum-KarietiKir: 4, 4. %, %. «5, 4. = *, ARS, Ce ee
WAS talassicumiReltiytd %., %,°-, Me, %. 8%, % te, ew, 8) 8, 8, I A, Se
WAS Marschalianum)*Vvedi,' |», ==: 6. «os, 5%, =, 3 «RE Re
wAs saxatilesMiBs Uta) *0'%)% mys me ape we oe ee Se, GA
AS slobosumiMiBs tests soats Bakes. ts. vo te tee ye, oe E.R ls
SAsAlexandrae: Vivediiyis.us. <s, vs, 03, <0) es se. ae, SA, 2 a Sere LS) 2
As teretifoliamiRgl. +... = = «,% «, «6,0, » «Rat cpeeeeeeteeet aS.
BAS Korolkovii: Relis iisins, 5, 6 ke 6, win, «we, # ow, oa oe petite
ASA bovianumViveds cscs kx B caches oc no a cae eeeieeeecny
Aq, gunibicumyMiscess «s+ asd ss «osu as os us Aw eptedeeeeehos
. A. daghestanicum Grossh. . . . . . 2... 1 eee ee ee ee
WAY Veschniakovit. Rgle ss. ce 24) sy e244) ou %y o>, oka eee

X1V

>p>Pr>rr>

>>p

>>>>>

>>D EP EDO PE PPS E PEPE DHE EDD DEP PE HPP D>

. Semenovi Rgl.
- monadelphum Less
. schoenoprasum L.

. Ledebourianum Roem. et Schult
. Maximowiczii Rgl.
. oliganthum Kar. et Kir

. Vavilovi M. Pop
- Oschanini O. Fedtsch.

Cay Oe a en er ee Tk ie AY MO Oe) Cm Ommert AF
Ope ie ei fey ey jet ey! fe) alee ie ciel) | 6) RoR aee ceed Mie fRereee) Vel! (ee Te

Cer eee Mee Yee We TT i, a we hrm OP ce cy, Ol Cte cmems,.
SOL ria ene OMmeC oT! Gamers | on.) Vou ‘Ome ® °C
CTO ee a ee ae a I eT Ce, Petr ee iy en ke Ce CHM, ACY

fo) ep ie ee fe ke, felis er (nejp fe tet Vw! (ioe Romie Rear imal heehee he) ge! cele Ke:

Section 4. Phyllodolon (Salisb.) Prokh.

mimicrobulbumyrrokhe 6s cee er) ee ee Ren eee mee ek ee
. altaicum Pall.
MeLIStULOSUMe Las tee Mt ued Ae MRR UAE WEY RAR OREN A Ne cae eco

Section 5. Ce pa Prokh.

= JalanthumekarnetuKirs: <4, c.c: «. «, « = 6 see y eee. Bee

pskemensesB-yhedtsehy a. (..¢ ue) ede se ee) eee eee ES

OO POR oe, pe, ey Wey we Wey Gale eel mel) aiken el.” “amined | JoMiatel Ggel Michm eme ot sattante

ge) yey ge yer ye ge yo ge ge fe) mini uke mics eit ewe tem tine eee! i0M/Me)

Section 6. Haploste mon Boiss.

¢ Marcaritac op: "redtscht “2 Se 2 4 dk oe at Ae ee
Sinaequale Janka: cv) st of oo Ge th Pat cig oe ge ee
smoschatuni les "sss See OPN ot eh 8 ee ae dl a) ausieee Da egescns Mu versmes

callidietyon’ G-¥A, Mii} F 5 So hee Bee shail co Meee epi a
lacerummebireyn's, vets ech set gh at etch eel alae oka! Om AMOR aS Msn Mactlaaas
Stamineum™ Boss: es eh et eh ek Leah ad gh seh cle Oh cron anc mite mae ace
Kkossoricumironmy. Os. Sets: fe bet ee ee re rome
pseudoflavum*® Vveds. ss 2 2 2 na es Ye es eee “oe

spulchellum Dons me 6 “2 [x ee oS Ss es a ee eee as

Carinatum ls, eri Soe ee SN a et 8 cu omni oer

Yoleraccam epers “ste Ws To Ms WIR TE a ee

pamiculatum ere <t t 2p. °s “oe Toe ele teh eth ek cach law 3 ch huey seco unten Rare eM
lencoranicum: Misez:. |“. “eo Se Se GS Ge ee See ee oeomeey comec

Tupestre tev. ae of ee oes St Sr oe Ge A Se Se re a even oh zen al a
convallarioides Grossh.. . . .. 2... 2 se eee te ew ew es
kirindicum Bornm.. ..... . A eS Bat Sales Jats ints ae, ee aie aps Si

. fibrosumRgl. . ......- Beer ee ans cress Wee TY Me ial BE Uta oseageo ME
. syntamanthum C. Koch .... . ar hs ete
eS rubellum™Mebe ene gig: nalae vane hale eels, (eg. oy Ni es oe cae eae ee ae
Malbanum*Grosshis\s "3 ‘e's "or ‘oh on “SGN Sp PS ee ee tree se ee

. Jacquemontii Kunth... ... SP Naan ce tars Ressaat att techni’, Panel Me sags

anisotepalum! Vved:'« ‘s ‘2 ‘e "sx % SE a SPO SN ee a

CFMINULUMEVVER NE Osi Yo ee awe Butts MeN ee Fil Aaaep ake at Ore als

Poarevall nam Vive cege "5 fay Soe fa Te fan Mee Dy a ta Mek.

ea Gritfithianum™ Boiss” 9" i oe avert a 5 oi at ci Oe Ieee ee Se
‘fopiiophyllumVived. *: *.": “o's 7." 4. oi SOR PP ee
SHINOPSMV Ved tts fs he aha 8282 (eee Aeerey eee ere ah ee

XV

2286. 124° AC Nasiophyllum. Vved..- 0: 205 5 5.2608 ee Be a ae ay ae

9087-125. A edelicatulum Sievs, & & 8 y205).8) 00 Gu ok oh eae ey ol ow rege ie rel ien Jeune

PO38. by Asolomeratumy.s 2 set OP ee es aes a ees sles eee ee ee

DOSOoTe Avuballasin Murriys isc 20 Sumi ka nite Mensa Gelet pete tine bodes ee lriny. mtulodes

BIA 12s A #macrostemum Bee. 2 92 2 8 kB oe PR eee

DOA leale9) At coeruleummicalla: a) sy ste ee eels eh es ene. teen tote oteln eamemmcr Mice en state

DAM SOs vAevcaesiummSehrenksiails, ily ell pes) vey) es nel, co cers olestc erate iclliel omits

2243" 131A. elegans Drabeyiey 40uitee) 25 ORE ES ee ee oe ie ote

2244. 132. A. kopetdaghense Vved

2245. 133. A. oreophiloides. Rel. 57502020. 2 2 ees ee ee ee eee ee ae

2246. 134. A. schoenoprasoides Rg

Dade SS: Ae mujuKense, Vved: ars (2 8 2 os) ee NG) 5 eve) cc eee ee) a rater en

2248-1365 As eremoprasum: Vveds os. 0. 2s as ve Yo Moye ns = ee

2249 1370 Ae Popov Vved. .0- a ws se ei) ee

2250. 138. A. confragosum Vved. .........-...

9951. 139: A. scrobiculatum Vved. .°.. 0.060.) ss OUT ce ROOM A WPL,

2252. 140. A. transvestiens Vved.

2253. 141. A:, sabulosum, stev... . 16 02 oe as a ce ate

2254. 142. A. turkestanicum Rgl.. ... 2... - 2. eee Ss re Ak
Section 7. Porrum Don.

DISS Ase AY ferganicny VV. 4.093 fo we fe os Ne Se la pte ge he ey oe ol ie alee, | ae

2256. 144. A. Lehmannianum Merckl

DOI. WAS Ne BOFSZeZOWIT ROL. 3 “6. ee fe Mo Ne Me Oa Bae ee Mo ee a ean mee

DEOL NAGY AC brevidens® Vveds iis. oes ea he ale sop geteeg, vs, ea ctbomians a ames

2259. 147. A. turkomanicum Rgl.. .... 2... -. 2 es

2200: 148. AC crystallimum’ Vvede xfs ss 6 fs se a Mee es Bombe, oleae ee el ae

BLOW CAs AR SIGenS FRG ee e's eal een ley ee ew et een lee ge al

2262. 150. A. dictyoscordum Vved

22635 tol. AL viriae Grogs. «= 8. [ee a “se Ue Ne ele 6) sll Sharpe es oe gl wt Cale

2264. 152. A. dictyoprasum C. A.

PATS oad V8 5 ak FTE OC (Cp) bt cae Nee ae ee Lani. Senenaeh: TWO Pease maar

2266. 154. A. Aucheri Boiss... . . .

BLON NSS: Aue DUttatlin, Steve. «cs ol a el es a were) ol Se eee en ee aes ee

2208; 150: A. atfine Wdb; .. ‘. «6. 8 6 ss ee oats

2269. 157. A. firmotunicatum Fom.. . .....-. 6s

2270. 158. A. fuscoviolaceum Fom. ........- Steve

2271. 159. A. sphaerocephalum L.

22)2. 160; A. Regelianum Beck; : 2020.7. 6 12 2, 3 6 > yey «ae es Be Be

22/3. 161. A‘ scorodeprasum L.”.6 0. 2 6s 2s es 8 es 8 A ea eke en ll

2214. 162. A. tongicuspis Rgl. . . 3s 5 8 nk hse oe ae aa Bn ke

2275. (163). A. sativum L

22/6. 164: A; Fominianum Misez).. 0.0.66 8 6 8) ee ee ER a ee Re nie

2277. 165. A. ponticum Misez....... . Are eM, wae

2278. 166. A. gracilescens Somm et Lev.

2279. 167. A. erubescens C. Koch

22 AGS. AL rotundumelacs, 4 6 co ges se Be ase Beak) ei ae eee

2e01. 169. A. jeilae Vved... <5. fe ee te ey oe Paes a a) ne

2282. 170, A. Waldsteimii Dons ss 0 fs + 2 5 os. ol gat elle eran iets me. Sie

2283. 171. A. talyschense Miscz. . 5 Si ratte ae teas

2284. 172. A. pseudoampeloprasum Miscz

2285. 173. A. atroviolaeeum Boiss. .....--++.-

eres @ © ve ie fef wine, © © Feb cele ppepgiel si Sepaisimans: co Cee

ee ere arse an Sh ey oe

ef IR ge ee Nah ere a Mo eeiet NOP me,

oe) rere er el on 8, nel ne

ey 6) her fw fee) ey fe fe) jet te te) Ble: ‘Ke; veg Je) Vere, ws ae! eis

8: wee: Se an el Bie) vie; ieee

6 (ee © ww @ fw, ce, ® © Se ce as 6 ce: Jsieiom (cle ie) Bel aaa

| eens tee Ah Ata aeic enMhN Sie Wayeu Sour

ee) tes a) Gwe Son (ey ew! ole et eh ee ie) Boy et el. je) Mel ae ke

0- sy 0Ne «je Sey age Ke leipye

ote. © « ‘Yehve vil 0 Ae. Ohya

© we ‘e je je a) “> ce 6d 6. ate 6. ck Re Soe) Be ee): me hee

eet OF a why 56) et. Jeb 8) ey) 0) le) bret. ie les Fey (0! Loy ie Beh *e.. ehh ere eke) Ae

Sie Oy sedie sy en ei fie imps

ee 8 1B ee) 6) fee ce Ne leew eine) wee emis is ae.

XVi

eee ee 6 © € 8 8S 66 heey emsendan efi ieee

CP Ley 28.) ef, ell Pia eet hese ieh hey pe:

2286.

2287.
2288.

2289.
2290.
2291.

2292:

2293.
2294.

2295.

2296.
2297.
2298.
2299.
2300.
2301.
2302.
2303.
2304.
2305.
2306.

2307.
2308.

2309.
2310.
2311.
2312.
2313.

2314.

2315.
2316.
2317.
2318.
2319.
2320.
2321.
2322.
2323.
2324.
2325.
2326.
2327.
2328.
2329.
2230.
2331.
2332.
2333.
2334.

2335.
2336.

2337.

IAA leucanthum-G..\Kochis \e! 24s. = sls tats le agen e le O 252
ior Eaypempeloprasumn Ls a8 haya) bo aera Wee ene SRR a en ahs 253
NAG WAM ori rete LE (os. ene rg ce WN oS a ee ea OME ate Sane i RR eg 254
iis Aemonanthum Maxim." 28g) 6. geese jee Ele hee a ee eos PMR
7S: Aetiparadoxamt(M!B)) Don's "a eS Rae ea ee dee 254
gs Ae @andolleanum ‘Alb:h's te. Tal ete ee ee a eee ee erie ele, ae oe 255
180: 7Attoreophilum, C.-Ai Mi) os 6.89) 2 Re Bes Se ASIA tenet a ie 255
ISI. AMeypsaceum™M: (Pops) sk v.03 ie Bo Be (ep eye aaa) 2a) Pee Ss 256
132. 7A helicophyllum” Vveds = ses © ts le eG dle ee Bie ee ee ee Ne 256
LSS. PAeMSersiit iver. 5 3. a AA A BI, oie ge ere ale ee, BINS 257
Sas MANS Bseret ra AVI EL si ahs) ies et asl gi UN Dee Re wa Raa PF pa os 257
NSS./AiverticillatamiRel. «SPs sss 6 bs ee ee he ee ee Se 258
186. Aareides’M. Popset Vvedi% ilwadads.) Gola. 2 a oe. Mig SRS.
Si. Avimonophyllumy, Vivedy)e0 2 4 8g eh ke ce ce UR to i 259
LSS. Ae’ Derderianum Rg \.6 6 6 oe ke ae BS NR SOR ee 259
189; AcvAlexejanum (Ryle. 4 oy ele ok ah sepia ef yagi a ae al eile of 259
SUA Makan Gmiel. eis ce vee a aii ee ee oe ae I ee ae 260
19U. wAtimaterculaesBordzss:'.'e 60%. $s °o Ce “a Par OE ee Me 260
192 eA C@hristophit Tratitvs «ers ote te te te tet ete s ethane! Pegs ot teers 261
193; AepBodeanum@Rgel: ¢ 2 64 as koe ke dad ee A eee 261
194. A. brachyscapum Vved. . . . - 2. 1 2 eee ee ee ee et ts 261
195. A. karataviense Rgl.. ...... i Ce a a Oe ok a 262
1S6:"As Mariae Bordz. 2 (2. :sil6) sie hele 8 wee) oo Spout amelneiemiaalon Ko \ueZoe
197. A. cardiostemon Fisch. et Mey... - - - 2 2 2 ee 2 ee eet tes 263
POS SCAT ABELISSOVIIGROL: coo se. 5. ew ce) bs 8) aw) Slee heen ueuge eras 263
199. A. dasyphyllum Vved.. ...-....2.--.-s ole Wecntu seeusunobte. fo eee 264
200. A. insufficiens Vved.. . 0.0505 so es a Deine} pa ponies te = 264
201. A. robustum Kar. et Kir. . 2... - 2 2 - ee ee ee ete te ee es 265
202) “A./‘decipiens Fisch. . < . «2. «Js 00s + sia’? to -heilh pneculae (of =f 265
203? AL Severtzovil Rel. ew! of ko ce ele falls 0) is) Sheth poutine) oe cule 266
204. AP OUVOFOVILIRG). © cs es) se ate eee ol algae Mena aie Lod eRe 266
205; AS’ orande Lipsky’. 2.2). 22. 8,6 50 8 os nth Meeietbon e ol = Pe 267
2065 Av alaicum Vveds.c) a. 068 eee fn eee elie, 5 sph e PN eel ook ae 267
207,0A2 stipitatum Rol. oe ee entail ctaiadae tue tncaa te. of oD) e 267
208. A. gulitschense B. Fedtsch.. . . - - 2 2 eee eee ee tt tt ee 268
209. A. aflatunense B. Fedtsch.. . - 2-2-2) se ee eee ttt ts 268
210. A. altissimum Rgl. . 2... 2. 2-2. 2 ee eee eee ee et tes 269
211. A. taeniopetalum M. Pop. et Vved.. . . . 2-22 222s eee eee 269
212. A. Rosenbachianum Rgl.. . . . - 2 2 2 2 2 ee ee ee te te te tes 270
213. A. Komarovi Lipsky ......---- ee. See - nF co 270
214. A. seravschanicum Rgl. . . ..- +--+ see ee eee eee ees 273
215. A. pseudoseravschanicum M. Pop. et Vved. - - --- 2+ + - see: ¢ 273
216. A. elatum Rgl. . 2. 2. 2 ee eet ee ee ts Stan cea cuties; a elt 274
217. Asigiganteum Rgl. . 2. 6 ee ee ee es 274
218. A. Trautvetterianum Rgl. . . 2... 27-2 ee ee et tt ee es 274
DUD) VAsiSehubertin: ZUCC: a. s) 6. oy 6) 6. ey ee sy) en oe, ay 9k weve ley eu mi Court wel tains le) Ve 275
220. A. caspium (Pall.)M.B.. . 6-2-2 eet tt te tt ts 275
221. A. darvasicum Rgl. .- 2-2-2 eee ee et tt tt tt ttt 275
222. A. Winklerianum Rgl.. .--- 2 eee ee tt et tt tts 276
223. A. cupuliferum Rgl . - 2. ee e e t t eee 277
224. A. Regelii Trautv. .---- +> AAEM to! ad Racbtenc eh auc tugcMicshicr oat 278
DPS viAcialvensedRgl: (eis) so 6 son oe! vellicibe oe! cw ie hey al Is) a etfs) el aoe aye opas 278

XVil

Section 8 Calloscordum (Herbert) Baker. Page

D338" 226 VAs nerinifolium (Baker fo tie feels 1S A es ce eee peter, ieee uate 279
Section 9. Nectaroscordum (Lindl.) Gren. et Godr.
2330.¢2274/A. tripedale Irautv. (.09 3°. =... 6 ss 6 (nee: ci cue cies ae 279
23401923) A. (Dioseoridis Sibth. et Sm: + 3 ss 6 «© «aug Melucaucnaticipemeblcde Gls 280
Subfamily 4. Lilioideae Engl.
Genus 268. Lilium L.
Subgenus 1. Eulirion Rchb.
Section 1. Leucolirion Wilson.
DBA eal. Mew candidum le as cules 5, ees Neu hen te a. Me Met Onnlarsas dublin aay act ctlan nei iN, 286
Section 2. Pseudolirium Wilson.
2349019 eridahuricumy Ker:-Gawilk... ss. 8s wes oe ee rece OD cub trope tue. cee 286
pales OU pulchellumpbaschiys Seles 2.2 ws 8.6 es) oetiepe th: Pebaiey a. « }0287,
Section 3. Martagon Wilson.
DAMA AC Somiartavon Laut. fo. top he auth Me fe Pow: fo te Ns. Meee ee if shbersom haath, 288
2345. 5. L. avenaceum Fisch. . . .... 202-6 + se oe aie ok tid str ai te Sed 288
23466: ser distichumpNakalterts: ste ts sates went et ee era ok seat sc 289
ge Se ods EL ANSON CCICHEMING Goes "sso. Mabe, te Me Fe tec Beco OIRO a to tie tee eee ; 289
DATA deg la: MaximOVICZIl Roliaicts.* oh a0 cet che ate a ateme thle eam celeten ieltle; aie 290
ae ele tigrinum Ker. Gawl <<") 6% "3% 6.6" s ets Sig Mere Beate con en eineeemense 290
— *L bulbiferumL ...... A i i rial Mane et ea chen eR ales 291
2348.7 8015. callosum ‘Siebs et: Zucc.’< (6% 6. %6 %s “ee To Ma: Taito: aPPes OPN Ee ec) Gre Mate 291
2349. 9. L. tenuifolium Fisch, ...... . wits. Weis, Mts 2e ee econ Sete Monte 291
2350. 10. L. cernuum Kom. ......+-+ «2s PPS lt ue edad air Aa 292
2351. Via: Ledebourti Boiss: *<* 0.4 ah ot Tete at ate hs ee eee ae 292
RISE aiaeole. ponticumy Ce Kocht." ..* =o". 4. state hobs a hot eee eta ere nee 293
2353. 13. L. Kesselringianum Misez. . . . ~~... + 2 +e ee ee eee AE Wa EOS
2354.,14,1. monadelphum’ M. B.i.°.*. 1.0%. >. ¢. ©. 82 1 eee te, Cohen oes te 293
2355. 15. L. Szovitsianum Fisch. et Avé Lallem. ..... . ee, SACP RI a ane 294
Subgenus IJ. Cardiocrinum Endl.
=~ ==" [.,.; cordifolium’ Thunberg). « 5. .< .= ,« yo 6» © emteue de denenem ed ae (S0e 294
Genus 269. Korolkowia Rgl.
2350." TK. Severzowi Rgl! 7 o' -. Met a Oe Me Na tS ha Me fo hie eee MM MO RS 295
Genus 270. Rhinopetalum Fisch.
2357 WeRhwWarelinithisch: ¢ 4.6 @ (se) é gel. sm el ee Ne ey be, wey cede, ec eae neues 297
2358. 2. Rh. gibbosum (Boiss.) Los. et Vved. ...--..-. 2.2.2... 2e eee 297
23592 SRh-aarianumilsos: et. Vveds. «6.6 «© sos @ sh cype s 6 ce weed Gat ue 298
2360. 4. Rh. bucharicum (Rgl.) A. Los... - 6 - - - ee 1 ee ee we ee ee 298
2861. 55 RhjstenantheramiRglecuis felon © 2 2 ee 8 cope ones ei ee cme ean 301

XVIil

WHOrIAn pwn pe

AAA ny 7

Ser

bet et
WNEFSPSMNANM

q4qo0-4

AdaagHasaA

. palidiflora Schrenk

. ruthenica Wikstr
. meleagroides Patrin
. meleagris L.

. lutea Mill
. latifolia Willd.

. orientalis Adams
. caucasica Adams
. armena Boiss
. kurdica Boiss
. Michailovskyi Fom. . .... . .

- Walujevi Rgl
- Regelii A. Los

- ussuriensis Maxim. ..........4.-e.

. ferganensis A. Los
. verticillata Willd.

. Raddeana Rgl
SGT RG ere ve. csjoual, cats: ssi piel Vek abn ol Milne ois: a mee eames encib cane

siMaximowiezi’ Preyn. 9.9.) sf e's. es se 5

Genus) 271. Fritillaria L.

Section Eufritillaria Boiss.

MOMEAMAVETODPE Vi. f ys sis) 4 glsies yw ba deedee sac goss so, Xe, Ne, 1c: RR sd
KotschyanayHlerbs ie. 5 evs je). es he vsuceihseee seek aye 2) AOE NE 1
grandiflora, Grossi. 6+ je hs \sce ce an be cele es ue ae vc ahh, ee. oF
Grossheimiana A®, Los. 2... (6.0% ee idee ee ct eds oe aN, 7

Olgae Vved. . .

a) 60) Bie. (6) Bie Bice eo FO 8 eV ie ie, el cy” a) falpeeye Or ter ei. re

eo FOe Hie Pre pa Pa Pie Me fee Sey of eh eh et ak a leh eh menm em cae ens) = ©

@) Me) we He; He for Me ote Me te: to Ne “ec, fe Ne Teter ta fel te ete Ne) S

OO Oe ey fe) ISM 0) eu Oe fee ee) Je ce) ee)! ler (8) Seng Jepeie: iene) 8 el aie!) Me.

Genus Liliarhiza (Kellog) A. Los.

- kamtschatcensis (I) Fisch. 2 6. cic o.s bn G) sein vei © een «see
PMCAGANAGMUECZ. s She )ad. (iia. ve.l) dtrat Sadae is Wb tip te ages Vs, 1 el tial au See

Genus 272. Tulipa L.

Section Tulipanum Reb.

Tubergeniana WHOog: cs cs es ere) cele e delel isis faite he ier atl tal)
eikuschkensis B.\Fedtsen.. 3.6. =. «. 6G. sy 0, oueg eo oy ood oy you oie ls
sstdoogiana B. Fedtsch. ++ i:« «© .+ + .f 27. 9 sere oe pee ere trams
upfultanCaKoch) a s+ 0 ct ue ck ut oe eh ie® oh oh of ict oh otek o Nenmenmety etmter terete

Section Leiostemones Boiss.

SORLGKENSKYIONVGFODs: *. hse ets terete te eet se) ak lee ee ae
PalanatavRGIe ta sc: Pome Pe eta tk Ns hots: Neel Nei he oe 8 oe al ie ie
PMINGENSMAOOG f(s o6i%s fe he he Mote le he Ve Th oe ee + ete calle cM cukoite

osteriana Irons ys Me feta he Mee 2a te Re a es Nia ciae eA es oa aes ae
CaninatamViveds. 3. se Mot 6 Me Me SM ee he PG a ee rc lee
PYACStANSIOO Dh. fs. 5% foe Mee Sey ee See Ue he aioe ap coanege Me

. subpraestans Vved.. . . . 2-2 6 2 ee ee eee et et te es
aWAliertio RG leNyr es 42 eee he Me la fe Tet Mae Ne EU aco ale
. GreigiiRgl. ...... se MN, Was Pa Mac MEN ee, SchMarr ra ies Maar Cogttey Mee tite

XIX

2401. 14. T. mogoltavica M. Pop. et Ved yn Vey IS cieeumer acon 335
2402. 15. T. Micheliana Hoog - - +--+ + ese et eet tt ee ttt es 336
DAVRWMG. T. EichberisRalh te ce ve gencelhe! este, te: Go ve beluiel te elt Me | aaMamuen mn iay ieee ve sit hls 336
FAQAMA TT. Schimidtity Romi) site y= jee ia.» susie eihayieal tiehd eta Mewes Mab Matt crdiicte tel et Het) fn 339
FAQHMAS. T. Maximovieztt Relic ic. 2 obs se he hele coe te ha te Waite OEM an eneiel ell Fa 339
DAVGARIOT:, Tmifalia Rg li tele eye lee) (eho Ue in he lee: (as SIRT SERRE ers Me 340
94072020. T. Wilsoniana Hoog’ )-). 20. ee) eee ee et te GE ERY 341
2408. 21. T. Lehmanniana Merckl.. . . . 2-6 - ee tt te ts 341
2AGOMP?. T. Behmiana Rel. 22 5 2.5.02) obi esp htins ie ule poy op No Eh NE TES 341
DAUMI3.. T. Borszczowit Ral. .- c+ usyhe ce yelns We <n ms he wate He fe aie (eReader diamante) fe 342
D41ae4. T. Koralkowii (Rel. 9... b5 = vhs GA. &. ns SM, EER 342
FAIOMS. TT. nitida-Hoogis; «\ +. siner ee Seite eee ete t ote™ 20 othe ro) REN Re Rtent re Wey oe 343
DAPSIG. To rosea Vveds jan ware ls ote se be ele Me ee eins ve im 55) He) SAORI te 343
94140097... Schrenkii Rel. Seitewens be Aeieeyycins = Parmele Weta. y ORNS RAPTOR * 343
2415. 28. T. Ostrovskiana Rgl.. . 2 6 2 ee ee et ee ee ee 344
2416. 29. T. Kolpakovskiana Rgl.. . - - + 2 ee ee ee 345
94176630. T. Zenaidae Vvede.e 0. sos cee lah oho cen sess) sei es SAR RREORIE s 345
2418. 31. T. brachystemon Rgl.. . . - - 7 ee et ee tt et es 346
2419. 32. T. platystemon Vved. . - ~~ - 2 ee tt ee te es 346
2420. 33. T. altaica Pall. .....-- ss gids blatn'y Meld acania, blag ke CS Ee es ae Ie) ce 346
FADIA. T: dubia Viveds 6. sock tv sn oe cree ope oe a8 dele) ye bo, xe) iain. COMES E Mr 347
2422. 35. T. iliensisRgl.. 2 6 6 ee ee ee ee ee eee ee es 347
2423. 36. T. ferganica Vved.. © 2 2 2) et ee ee ee ee ee ee 348
2424. 37. T. anisophylla Vved. ©. 2 6 ee ee ee te te ee es 348
2425. 38. T. Korshinskyi Vved.. . © 2-6 2 ee ee ee et tt et te es 349
2426. 39. T. tianschanica Rgl. - © - 2 2 ee ee et et te ee es 349
2427. 40. T. tetraphylla Rgl.. 2 2 ee ee ee tt tt ee ee ee es 350
2428. 41. T. hissarica M. Pop. et Vved. . . - - 2 2 2 ee ee te ete ee es 350
2429. 42. T. Krauseana Rg]. . 2 2 6 0 ee ee te te et te ee et es 351
Section Spiranthera Vved.
2430. 43. T. Kaufmanniana Rgl. . . 2. 2 ee ee ee ee ee te ee ts 351
Section Lophohylion Vved
2431. 44. T. Regelii Krasn, 2 2 2 0 0 2 ee ee ee ee ee ee te tw es 352
Section Eriostemones Boiss.
— 44° T. violacea Boiss. et Buhse.. . . . - 2-2 ee eee ee te ee et ee 352
2432645. T. caucasica Lipsky. «os, «.=, =, sy 2, 0) eu") ep yy os ites cat CME as 353
ey MeeailVeRtriS lee coco Ga cette es, © by he Se) TB Le a en tanse Var Nauti aren meee ems 353
2433. 46;. T.. Bibersteiniana Schultii.48 «» cca aeco ced eee ee ee ee we 354
DASA Ai. bs patens: Agardh s.¢ 5 6 4 woe) se sre» fm, So ese eae aiaeaigae le Wee colle at 355
DAS5MAS. ol AsogdianawBoewe: «)%) oe sa A ee RN Beek ee wee es 355
DASGw AG TPB unseania. BOIS. os ot eh an a) at at ohare, etn Gee: ere) emer ae eae 356
2A3 750: Te" turkestanica: Rel) OS SS. eee ee ee ee ao aay, eagle 357
2438551. .T:cturkomanicarB.bedtsch.” 2°.” 2" 0° 5" Hes) oa a wes ay ewdeee edie el ee 357
DAS9S 2:1 aibitlori forms, Viveds, yor at stye Gigs’ os is lee mode uk aun Geis, eee ae 358
JAAS le bIflGra Palle ol aye Reunad oc. sie Vela we es be) cai gh emma adie oe. Bie ae 358
2441. 54. T. polychroma Stapf .......... ar asta it GaN RET me eee Pee 359
244755. skoktebolica, lunges ole" ee Ma se a Ue ea el et ks we aim eli eee! 4s 359

XX

2443,
2444.
2445.
2446.
2447.

2448.
2449,
2450.

2451.
2452.

2453.
2454.
2455.

2456.

Oat. Callieri Halacsy-etslievs: oo: jiew of weno bie BA “wk pee ee eee
Bia Me OFIENYGIGES VIVE Mich IM) cw dy ay at) Gk ows os a0), ey eps rel ee, ge eh ae we he
Sb. 0.ndasystemonoidessVved. 2 i 28 8 5. bb kk ot Gee Gs
Be) Nadasystemonmeleaturante ay sn Soe SG) ae Sed dy oy 8) Ot ae
HOM GtarGawtape ean, alae ce nls el eee ae ee See ees
Section Orithyia Baker.
Gliitcheteropetala db: ./5 66 65 ss fs ee Oe ee eM
Pea eetIMlGRA(s)SCSSs. 6 Sen ven SY) Ail pee cate a ee fg ee OREO UE,
G5. 1. heterophylia(Rol:) Baker: 20.05 6 foe of ee ae 8 Ry, oh
Genus 273. Erythronium L.
if Esibiricum (Fisch. et Mey.) ‘Kryl..: °) 2 205.9 5 2° Se ee Peay
Zee caucasicum: WOFOM,. 2! 6. 6/6) eve eee eS a ne os ee ee
Genus 274. Lloydia Salisb.
Ic Le triflora(Ldb.) Baker.) 5 5 e403 « « #6 2 = Ss 5 ttm! Epeopenratt et
2. L. rubriviridis (Boiss. et Ky.) Baker. . . 2 2. 2 ee ee eee eee
Sa leserotma (ic) NRCHD.%) % % ~ + 4% 6 we be uw se eo oh epee
Genus 275. Scilla L.
Subgenus Euscilla Baker.
Section Barnardia (Lindl.) Grossh.
1.'S. japonica (Thunb:) Baker * < : 2 204.2% 23.2. 3% 5 < of BoeeRe JO
Section Prospero (Baker.) Grossh.

ZT RGETOPALANAGEOSSAS 6. 5.66 8) 6 6) ia) ga! Be ee es ee eee ee
SPOS MUPCINTIANIS Sle cues on apes: a Je Jn co ls ws Be eile We en ey eg Og et eee re ae
Section Pluriovulatae Grossh.
40S; bifolia Los is. MOM meee ete moved age 6 Se OS ee
See OS SMIVANS) BOISS Hyco ss, aes csi ss mae 8 ee ele, Tentee R te Oe eer
GS: Rosen C. Koch vagy. 2s + 2 oh ee re
F-45.) WANOGTAGOWI SOS. 6-3 6 “soa ts Ys te 3, 8S tL a, ee,
8.5. Hohenackeri Fisch. et Mey. . - 5 0 0 5 2 5 5 2 6 SO ies
9.55 diziensis\ A; (Grossh. .) 2 7s “<6. to, ee ee Siena a
LOLS; sibirica AnGrevs o<,/6) si: ie, asf a pevtt; eae eas Mee ee eee ee
Hes CAUCASICANIISCZ.. 216. 5) 16) ose ai a Ma tae ae et ne eae ante nM
125 Sssmonanthos) Co NOch sc se sel ie, tas To ets fn Mel Se oe Mere
HSevoevanmdena GROSS ie es ae ee be es tes et eae Ree eee:
14. S. Misezenkoana Grossh. ... . 2.0. 2 0. ee ee te et we wt
15:5: puschkimoides Rol. 7. 6. a se ae a fe fees ee ole eer ies
116:S-) bucharica Degsjatova, -. 3 0s 6 6s ee ee a ne Uae ats Meanie
M/epsskeneveiciana ROIs. 03 oe es ete a te ee eee, eM mee tema sont Tams

XX1

Genus 276. Ornithogalum L.

Section Heleocharmos Backer.

2473. 1. O.umbellatum L..... .-
2474. 2. O.tenuifolium Guss. . . .
2475. 3. O. refractum Kit... .. -
2476. 4. O. fimbriatum Willd. .. .
2477. 5. O. transcausicum Miscz.. .
2478. 6. O. Sintenisii Freyn . . . .-
2479. 7. O. Woronovii H. Krasch. .
2480. 8. O.Balansae Boiss. ... .
2481. 9. O. Schmalhauseni Alb. . .
2482. 10. O. sigmoideum Freyn et Sint.
2483. 11. O. Schischkini H. Krasch. .
2484. 12. O.hyrcanicum Grossh. . -
2485. 13. O. graciliflorum C. Koch .
2486. 14. O. platyhypllum Boiss. . .
2487. 15. O. arianum Lipsky ... -

oy 6 Seles ec” ele jets; oie. 0) er (Oh) en ies pet eehis Or nemmes une er Nie
aif ie (fe lie det je: fe! wiles ser, cer) teh Me), yer uel) ce eset lee: m1) 6
er 8h Oe ve, ve Sees. fel je) Wie) We) vel en cei y ie. ien Neu nComme, ce
Chet eCen Ch LC Od ys Ol Or Oe Oh Oli OF Oh OU Ore °O
ae) Ye) eile iepetel nel: Nejare7 ste, ie) = fet) hemes ere fer. e ete eh ae)! esi,
@i je) et ce, Ue: ger) een) \evicot vewmotllemausmmen sien mr ef a ° mre nie se
ant jet ey) ew er fe, ie roth (ee co Bey 8) 5emgvel ge; gee es eee mel 136.
ote} te fever ey en “ele: je) hel edelien eugene repuiiey lene. Tes. 1e
fe) (ke) cei 1S ce; \swy Jn (we neh elke moka ef uve c=eaegus ares Le
fa? eh, ve; | ey Sar, Fes ie) ie’. fe. se) Dey emer ge) see Ore tns enh.) 10) (ae
oe et es het! Nelle ee ef h/erMi oe Woned pie. nk 161 i'e\)\ (07 'e)” Sey) elie” ele te
sve) Ae ie se)” se; pe Some rely ce) leu “ell Je/ ie) a. jeg) elite ie mene: age
Sy ie) ep je, Ne’ le> (ev ue) fe, pol) ve) Niel (emeuecey Jno jess eTm\enn ae eoara)

@) er yey jet fe! ter “ey Se) (0) et lee: gel cer ue) ie'1) 0) eer em nel oe

Section Beryllis Salisb.

DAQRer GH OMtlavescens Lams “s % \s <6 % Wel ho Nd. do Zeer te! He) Ko epee cies, Me a aeptios
2489. 17. O. Schelkovnikovii Grossh.. . 2 -- 2 2 2 + ee 1 ee ee woes op
"24902" 18) OMpyrenaicum L.. 6) % ssn ee te ee ee Oe se ate es sia
DAD AGE OMarcuatume Stevan ic eke he tees Dect o Cave MG Meter te: Rar Pepectlectale: Woh eet Ralwenze
2492. 20. O. magnum H. Krasch. et Schischk.. . . 2. 2 2 2 ee ee ee eee
2493. 21. O. brachystachys C. Koch . 2. 206. 5s et ee tt te es
2494. 22. O. Fischerianum H. Krasch. . ... 2... 2 2 2 ee ee eee eee
Section Myogalum Baker.
2A95%2 23: OF nutansle ve Sie ee ees ee Sw cs, es ae oe Re ot ene
2496. 24. O. Boucheanum (Kunth) Aschers.. . ... . + 2-2. 2-22 -e ee
Genus 277. Puschkinia Adams.
2497. 1. P.scilloides Adams ...... a eights) te ee Met te ee 8
2498. 2. P. hyacinthoides Baker. . .... aoe bette 8 ie Maus. Ms Tee ee. A
Genus 278. Bellevalia Lapeyrouse.
Section Eubellevalia Boiss.

2A99P® * 1 SB rturkestanica'Franch: < .< «<< a i «ie «soe .«..« Sige ug smmeue eek
2500. 2. B. atroviolacea Rgl....... i ier ss xe Re eke porns "Waacemee na stl sates aan
ZSQiee £3:2DSalbanaiWOromws. vs) x vssas wa! xo. sbileds ae bsld aatguel ge ee wh US domes nee
25025" *4.0Besarmatical(Pall:) Woron, . . « « « 6 & as 58 we eh ede ee mee
2s Fo.WEM2ygomorpha ‘Woron. ¢. i i. sos «1 Ge. fo ceo ere Ae us Mer -e) ce go kde Leone, ok
2504-¢ °6.°BSlengistylax(Misez.) Grossh.:. . . = -..» «1s co 0s « «sodas wise oe
ZI 4] WE PAPAXINGWWGrOms 6 << sce de i OG Gk Pocus, weewé Uheeknc ac ubte .
25068 S.C BMAnichiert (BakerPAN Los... 1. et oe ioe ius Ss acs ene ee aero ue s
2SWiew + Io ebominieWOFons,.. oasis wens us o4 no ee vO wake co coke eta EL Ee
25082 10:)BsRipskyi (Misez.) Wulf: .. v2 «s.0. 9. <> «+ tse aece sc ume ebelesee ee
Doe LAMB M lutea Bordzit.) 1. <2. 5. oe ive 4s vee) nal Ae wa he. oo ca eo acct ee ee
2510. 12. B. Wilhelmsii (Stev.) Woron,. . 2... 2.2. 0 ee ee tee eee .

XXil

2525.

13.
14.
15.

16.
Lie

—_ ps

Wz
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

ewer

oa ee

PSoeMPnNaAN PWN e
ZSSZESESEEZE

Bamontana(©: Koch)/(Baiss: 0.) < fp.) ied scence es) a) fess) tect, een 403
BuSaviez Woromt thc he Gee ete Noe IRM eh Sig ele wage aM oe 403
Byispeciosa Woron: dea. WC TRADER Mer MTT i eg ei Us. le 404
Section Oxyodon A. Los.
B. pyenantha (C2)Koch)vAv Losi.) 2/2. Sees saichodtotse.F of 4 404
Baacutitolian(Borss)Deloneys': 64 Be Jel poe nee eh a) eens er iente gs 405
Genus 279. Hyacinthus L.
FaitwinovieGzerniaks 6.0% 2 % = 3 5 SUS Re See ee Me 406
Fi@transeaspicus Witw.r © tf % & % S&S GS Fy SE ee tous 406
FiMkopetdaghivem@zerniale: =~ = % tw > yt. EO se 407
Fivoriontalistiem 4% 5 3 48 5 ee fe SSE a ee ee 407
Genus 280. Hyacintella Schur.
Ee leucophaea (C. Koch) Schur... 5 <0 9. 2257s sey ook dk) cee 408
He Pallasiana (Stey.) A. Cos... 6 22 8 eh eh ees oe aes 408
Genus 281. Leopoldia Parl.
Ibcomosas(L.)\Parl.. . . . s . < «<= oe RTA, SUE wee. eee 409
Leloncipes\(Boiss:) As osae 2 5 5 sn 2 5, & = FRSA te 410
L. tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr.. ........ ack.) senda fs Kh de 410
Li eaueasiea (Griseb.) A. Los... . 2. 2.0. © = = « So Waele ak. 410
Genus 282. Muascarimia Kostel.
Metmusearic(La) AtLos®. <2) 5.0 to re ee ey ee ane ae a gerliaags 411

ZEEEEEZ

M.

Genus 283. Muscari Mill.

Section Eumuscari A. Los.

neglectum Guss. . ove. oyReRs 2a BBL) Sw cw ele ee ee) oe 416
commutatum,Guss,. . . «= + + 4 5 + «snout 4c) ampere 2. 416
racemrosamy(() Mills. «5c. ea, 6 eu, le ane aioe ne) = gel ae Heel oe 417
leucostomum Woronssy 2 *meew he Se ke ee es 417
dolychanthum Woron., . . < 29. = += « 5 = =ss GiiRaPE Ot a: 417
Woronowii Tron et A. Los. . . - . 1 1 1s ee bee eee 418
pendulum Trautv. 2: 2.5.33: - 2 1 5 igo eanceot 2 t- 418
Steupii Woron.et Tron. ......-...-. wean -wedocet Fb: 418
botrycides;(L.) Mills. % gy &! yo ey Solem oe eee ewe ln a 419
polyanthum ‘Boiss... ., 10%. Savaleiien ye Mteieeee a ee =) ml 419
Szowitzianum Baker... 7. = == 3", , gad te. sient’ sions 2) ods 420

Section Pseudomuscari A. Los.

Turkewiezi (Woron.) A.Los. . . 2... 6 2 2 ee ee ee ee es 420
pallens: MNIBiy « S7hc 04 SORbES RERUNS LU 5 AURA a ee 420
paradoxum (Fisch. et Mey) -.------- 2+ ese eee ees 421
apertum Freyn et Conrath -..---- +--+ +--+ see sees 421
COerUlcuMmeAs Losmee te eee ere Ar ee ih alo ge ee Leb 421
forniculatum'’Foms’. ¢ ¢ ¢ « © ¢ 6 © SPRONO 2 bP Brae oF. 422
cotleste Poms eo a 6 ek 5 ORM Re IPE LG UE) NDE ace sat 422

XX111

Subfamily 5. Asparagoideae Vent.
Genus 284. Asparagus L.

Subgenus Euasparagus Baker.

Section 1. Archiasparagus Iljin. Page
DSAAY a eal An verticnllatus: Maqeuiie) ue: 4. ie so Uk is) dwt wel psy ancien Nal Heh, Me; We, incon een i Mes Mor Meel\io ollie 428
D545... 2 Auschoberioides Kunth» = % 2 jt SPR USP Cee ee me ee 428
Section 2. Neoasparagus Ijin.
D5A6 mw Ste Ae tenuifoliuspleamey «ce Meme eat eatin tethers, Weel Ho, ei enieey tulle) | tammtet Mem ronal 429
2547.1, 4: A. turkestanicus,M. (Pops)... > « - =- = = shyeneug ocr meealeed he 429
2548.4 55 A. Popowilifin © adeh. « 2 ce a 2 @ eo & ee Seka Pr oe. & 430
2549.24 6 A., bucharicusIliing... .... -) = »« » 2 » > oleate 2 Gteebpet ct 2 430
255014 7A. neglectus,MarjetpKir. 5 2. 2 2 ©. « +s ¢ 8.8 sieteoeeee Te 430
D55liame SeAMisezenkol Iljing.. « fs ss @ sus & 6m ee Beye eee eee eames 431
9552.5. 9s A. BreslerianusySchultiy.t:%phiebniiouks DRS gummed «2 5 6 £2 8 248 431
2553 10, -A. angulofractus [jim . 2. << 2 6 <i. pedge yin ones sy ey 432
D554. “11: A.'soongoricus Ijin tyatigh Ber se th. Ry oy ey 2 aga = oe Si ae sig) gu 432
Bassa 12. 7A> taberculatus Byes 2 2 6s) es es. les ee oie nen eumteurae aise! oe) manele 433
P5560 Se AS GHRUTICUS EISEN fe.) ye ee ue oy! ayo Wag.) os) yap eis alive. reat nigh oe, bey eileen 433
D557 la AX. kasakstanicus Ii sc se es el bse Oe el ete ale) el pahias eine 434
2558. 15) A.'brachyphyllus Turez. . - = ~~ ~ + « + = © «ttl dat) BROMO we ot 437
2559. “16. A. persicus Baker, . =». « »,- © + & = oilidh/e fh Lulentiy /, ORGERMO! im. wm 438
2560. 17. A. pseudoscaber Grecescu ..- +--+ -- ee es eee eee ees 439
956). "18" A. Levinae Nlok? ... 2c 6 5 85 6 cele he EMOTES) POORER, ve, OR 439
DIG 2 LAC TOrICIna@lis Les cs ce ee jets ei 8. hat even eh Cap heb heen se: ere. sone), aelnlen 439
2563.; 20. A. setiformis. Kryl. tutes sameiiem eh Sele. MI. ce a ei ee ws 440
2564, 21:-A.:caspius Hohen. 2°.) 88 Oe ee ese oon fe fs fe Pe tauren Be of 440
2565. . (22 A..oligoclonos Maxim... . . 2 + 0 6 0 5 8 8 eee we oe ew ws 441
2566. 23. A. polyphyllus Stev. . .) (0+ sie ee woes eee ee ee es 441
PS OT imeas oP Mitoralis Stev-n 6 6. cig 6 ae gs: 6, cos as ois Lae aemion afcadire fered tates core 442
Genus 285. Danae Medic.
2568. 1. D. racemosa (L.) Moench. .. ~~. 2 ee ee ee ee eee ee eee 443
Genus 286. Ruscus Tourn.
2569: .1. R. hypophyllum Loew. 2 Se eel LeSeere eee Sy ee ee 444
25/0, .2. B. hypoglossum Le =, <2 = see i 6, oy cee yh Pe MY ae 4a4.
D571. <3: R.ponticus Worons 2 2% 2 2 oe 6 4 2 5 oe OE, Ee 444
2572. 4. R.hyrcanus Woron.. . . 1 2 6 6 eee ee ee ee ee we es 447
Genus 287. Clintonia Raf.
2573. 1. C..udensis Trautv. et Mey. « «© 6 6 6 ee ew SR I ae os 448
Genus 288. Smilacina Desf.
2574. 2 1S:dahuriea-Turcz. . 3. ss 2 = + =) sits ch Leeen el bine 451
2575. 2h) SAhirtarMawime:: Pe) kos. 3 6) a a's Sy ee oe a ee 452
2576: 34S trifoliata:Desf. 4s « < « s «> = dyed kv eet meee, ae 452
Genus 289. Majanthemum Wigg.
251d.) 1) Ms bifolium (3),F3,Schmidt, . - > 2 - >. » « ae. weeteleoeren. 28 AE 453
2578. 2. M. dilatatum (Wood.) Nels. et Macb. ... ~~... 2.2.2. 202 ees 454

XX1V

Genus 290. Disporum Salisb. Page
2570500 1 D2 viridescens' (Maxim:) B. Fedtseh.). 0.00.0 foe oe ey lege) ie es [ees 454

Genus 291. Streptopus L. C. Rich.

Pot sp amplexitolius (DCs eo ak ee ee ee, ete | Miepsim pean eee 455
2581. 2. S. ajanensis Tilling ...... Rides shies uh thes shabby a ic Spa er REMI RG, Rea oe 456
Genus 292. Polygonatum Adans.
Pigeeee 1.4 roscum™ (edb. Kunth =. 5%. tS ee De Pe ee 458
Passo br estenopnyllum: Maxim. (8: 1.05 OS as a ale 458
ese ems Me oveRtrciierume(E\ AN 8 5 ee es a Glee as Wd 2 eee e he 259
2585 4s Pvsibiricum=inedoute: a. .: ceagad Wises ee eg aS 459
DSO DOE WENZOWIRG) hss ee el re eee ee Tek a eS ee Ae 460
2587. 6.0. tinvolucratumaMaxims i+. 2 3 4 6 2 a be eS eka oe, ee 460
Daaeme. Wee Mesoulayyitikom: 's ts". 7s 7 le es ee ee es ee ee 463
DSSGMm St oahumilesbisehst = to00 5-5) lh Sie ls we a ak aes pe a 463
Sao we vothcinalet All *. WR kec. ua PEE eke ot Ws 2s ee as 463
259 1eee10., P. MaximoviceziiF. Schmidt... 7% ss @ sy cs op ie opes cap tcc «ee Be 464
59 omer liboP latifclium.Desi& sc See es Se ee aca, ev been gl pe seam yan a, 464
9590840 12. 4P4acuminatifoluumeKom:. « . 6 6 4 658 ese Rw ee eel we ee 465
PS04ee 3. se solaberrimum)C.i.Koeh, 92.29 ee Se ek ee ele ee 465
S5g5el4: \Psovatum Miscz: « . . << «2 © a 8 6 3s pee PO ce ieee 465
95969. 15. 2. obtusifolium: Miseézias< 4 & Demme ols oo etetes ie: peptides 2 466
2597. 16. P. polyanthemum (M. B.) Dietr.. - - . ©. - - 2 1 eee ee ee ee 466
PaaS ae UMUltHORUM Le) Alea ye: 6 os 6 ce Ge eyes we file we oo! ek ranientay ts mie) eile 466
Genus 293. Convallaria L.
D5 AG imaialishaah sasha! eS ES ee ca 467
Genus 294. Paris L.
2600. 1. P.quadrifoliaL. ........ ee ee i a te a ue Sa tae NL 469
2601ee); 22)PtincompletajM:,B.. . «6 2 665 5 ee bee ee Be ee Be 470
POU2Ses 3s -Ahexaphylla\Cham shit) Aisvctle, 6 5 6 5 ROR. [OD RUS ot 470
2603%nn 4)0PAmanshurica'Koms., « «ss 6 6 6 ee © we 6 a en SER ROREE 473
Genus 295. Trillium L.
26048 le ol kamtschaticummPall): . 4. 6 cs 3) ek simone 6 8 mie letersi eta ene 473
2605s) le rhombitolium: Kom: aro chs cc Pee REM. ecw a UR ws ek ones ees 474
Subfamily 6. Smilacoideae Engl.
Genus 296. Smilax L.
2O0697, Hao rexcelsawion Mhieuitc se) eae Ie ee ees we ee ee oe 474
2607. 2. S.Oldhami Miq. ...... mT bea Ame CPM eran RE TS! FV g fe ert Pe 475
Family XXXIV. Amaryllidaceae Lindl.
Genus 297. Galanthus L.
2OUSROAAG S latifoliusueprs (ic ss 6 ge ee see ele Ie fel gelato lm 477
2609002} "Gs transcaucasicus Fom:. 9: ).° 2's) .0 e's ec eta ele ee eee 6 we es 478

XXV

2610), 3. -Goonivalis Lge ee eae 05 hu aR me iprinY aie 478
26Uie ae Ge caucasicus! (Baker) Grossh)) ice. ieee) Geiae iemle! cy meee ee ee 478
2612. -5.{G..alpinus; Sosn:, ©. os Paci. cae pees POM gee te ele eee ve 479
PEIS" A6e G:splicatas,, MMB. creo ol Re wes etn adele CMa so 0k Coico ae 479
D6 AREe Ta iGenWoronowill “Acaleosit. we teore hs be tentde ts, ues, ou aces Ce een ater Canes va 479
Genus 298. Leucojum L.
Dosa) Melev aestivum [Rai es. ake gdp fe Geiae abe ve ae oa le A ae eee 480
ee | ee vernum Ls) ec uae ee ek Oak Rete Bee Saeed | le Ed ite eas, Ae 481
Genus 299. Ungernia Bge.
Pome i. Uletrisphaera Bes. 6) an ie jee we ek Ge neo woh te a la aa 482
D6lime 25WitadshikorumeVveds ys. cs 6 ww eS eo) pipet cece Me 483
D6lsee 3. Ws Victoris: VVEGins «+. 8 6 ee eee a el kG Ss ei alee 483
26190 4:aUminor VVeGs ccece spe) ee php Metis; is ow i. ec lena, a aM Sea 484
BOP SU fergAnica VVEG: wires oe ek sl ol es ee Mle ee 484
262i 6. U.Severtzovu (Rgl:) B: Fedtsch. . . 2.1): 0-2. =: | eee nating 485
Genus 300. Sternbergia Waldst. et Kit.
2622-8 1. SoFischeriana,(Flerb.)'Roem. .° © 2&5 2 oo 2 2 8 be cos 486
26235e~ 2° S. ‘colchiciflora Waldst. et}Kit’ © 1 2 2 tf bb a ww 486
2604ee 34S Toteat(e)iNer:-Gawk 2 £05 2 3 5 1) 1 fe Oe ee es case fe 489
Genus 301. IJxiolirion Fisch.
2625.90. l As karateginum! Eipsky:) oS 3k see 2 ee eS Pe eek ea 490
2626. 2. I. tataricum (Pall.) Roem. et Schult... 2... 2. 2 2 ee ee ee eee 490
26275 3:5]; montanum’(La Bill) Herbert .) <0! age cL cyagh 2 6 So Se 491
Genus 302. Narcissus L.
2628. 1. N. caucasicus (Fom.) Gorschk. . .. 2... 2-2-2 ee eee eee eee 492
2629%e5 2. (N: pseudosnarcissus larsch. 45 nk eo 4 yt oe OR 492
Seen tue ING DOStICUS Laie hs hcg ci cel ash oh allan ‘vom Sy cer el Qe Ua ami eel bee ee React 493
= IN. tazetta Le. 23 a Oe is ee es 493
Genus 303. Pancratium L.
2OSOnaee ole maritimum) Gyre os ies ee Sin ele) a) exw seme ohne dee cach epee an 494
Family XXXV. Dioscoreaceae Lind).
Genus 304. Dioscorea L.
2631. 1. D. caucasica Lipsky. .... . a a i le ers tr PN 495
=i © DubatatastDecnemee.® ce ae ct een OM ae SE a ee I ey 496
263255 2: Di polystachyavT tirez. bens. Cant OEM ERE Ro TN Oe 497
Genus 305. Tamus L.
ZOSS ele Mc, COMMUNIS' Css epee: ss cas ese Yeo ¢. @ 28 . 2a kes gpeoigceeee 498

XXVI1

2634.
2635.
2636.
2637.
2638.

2639.
2640.

2641.
2642.

2643.
2644.
2645.
2646.
2647.

2648.
2649.
2650.
2651.
2652.

2653.
2654.
2655.
2656.
2657.
2658.
2659.
2660.
2661.
2662.
2663,
2664.
2665.

ee C-Avallicolatkerbert) S08 2 Sse Ava te ale 8 Ss heeds
2"@-*Suworowianus Gs Koch 3.05 602 8 be oe ie a ne ee
SHC ikarsianusthomeets es 2. cca ele ee Bed oe we ees
an Gx Scharolani Rupr. 6570 Mics si sec es Geo Gove tee Sie ae das, gaa eae
SC AutraniiAlbs sc ee) AP ERE E OS Aa oie catcce se
Section 2. Retikulati Maw.
a GHeuffelianus Herbert sos 3) 8 eo oe te, Oe a co ole gs
jm CuPallasik Gold bites. "se ck ose i ea sa eee eter
Subgenus Nudiflori Maw.
Section 3. Reticulatissimi B. Feetsch.
SAC. variegatusyoppe |. 6 els =) sy sa ys ane ag ean
Ov: susianusier<Gawl) 9 .. 65. Ss fee se ee
Section 4. Fibromembranacei Maw.
10. C. alatavicus Rgl.et Semen... . ......-...-2222.
11*G»caspicus' Fisch.’et Mey... 2.0. ¢.%.. 0. fet. ee
12:4€saureus Sibth: et Sms Shes Fos es Maa a SOR, Oe
13.°G) Korolkowr'Rolvet Mawes 2 2) oo" ot ot ot ot OO eS
14.*G» Michelsoni Bs. Fedtsch. «0 00". 08a. Morte a eS eres
Section 5. Annulati Maw.
1S:..C.. tauricus, (Trauty.) Puring.~. +. 0. i 4. ro ne so os oc OR. WDE
16..C.vAdami Gay. sep .c i. 0 9s to ts ts we b Na He Ke: Noi te, ol Mh ann
17. C. artvinensis (I. Phil.) Grossh.. . . 2... 2-2-2222
1S.gC.-Roopiae ,Wioronk ss. a6 <6 te. 6s be be Hae beers He te RSE Dae
19 nC.wspeciosus, Mis Bs ge. sens 4s re ve ce te he be he, se Ey AR
Genus 307. /ris L.
Section 1. Apogon.

etlazicav Albee: a. ec tee wan te tor le Ya Mel Ye 8a. Fe, Pe Me ha NS eee
25 le*tenuifoliavPally 27% ccs. ve tes ts ee tee oo ks hs eh SRS,
3. I. tianschanica (Maxim.) Vved. . . 2... 2.22 2 2 ee eee
4. ventricosa’ Pall: « 20% 0% Woe ete ne te es ee
5s k songarica:Schrenk-«.(.ccye 2 Byspedae Adon iy. OR
6: 1. ruthenica*Ker:<Gawls «65 ss. 08. te Ms te Gas ER
Wee uniflora Palle. © coce % fa te te Heo Ae te ts RO ES
Si lvensata Thunb: el %0% eee ee TR Me Ae Mees NO REE
OR sibiricas ls 5 Bim A yk: Sle Tega tabe, Me Soule. Baa te Al te, Ma a es
OS DvorientalisWunb® Sot. tate fet ee tee te Te to Ma te, Se
TleIbigetosatPall le. OP SAU he oto ee ea ele tn Me ee
12: lefoetidissimanlaee: 2 er, 6 A A re eee
13: laevigata Fischs: 20 0

Family XXXVI. Iridaceae Lindl.
Genus 306. Crocus L.

Subgenus 1. Involucrati Maw.

Section 1. Fibromembranacei Maw.

XXVIl

9666: “14 Kaempferi Siebs 2) "8a ay isns el uapiing ye ee eae es ee sh 525
D667. Hise psendacorus De si ie) ah. (im, kel ie aanen, ye legumes tay tm.) setae) Rergutedl 78) 525
2668.16" Lhalophila: Pall.) spe te Rey Mee hs Wt Merah aes eee ae owy he 526
2669. “175 Wisogdiana Brena Giy’s) gow isabiea iiegthayteaate A> fee Retagi ee ew, ile ee 526
26708 18:51) musulmanica;Romins o) 9 ts). 2. eo) isl wile), oN ole Uieipel wept spe dusp ecoineMasien) 527
DG LOY tnothan MER es) See RE enna Gt ira toa touglto a alice!) Rem cumbelicgan ats 528
D612: 20: Ma violaceatiWlatts: 1 sis cs". wt centers fay force yavlieattes” ery bers egmes eras las ee BU grate te 528
ToIss 7 ole Me roramined le fT Min! sh cayiek ein, We) ealttalhau Ma Te tegueek teAmree resco Tema ters 529
PGTA: SPO ele humilisy Mobs fie Tse te a hs ia Ce rete Onl ae ireaeta tela tet eel cn eum matte 229
PopSet DSL shad wicitiNlaximts, 9-2) ache 2" ey ee wei oe, Paice oe) Pak ema aniee tle avant ed rau ota 530
Section Pardanthopsis (Hance) Baker.
2616: 724. Idichotoma Pall... °s. << 0% vo ns a cw Me Me ew Aas He Ne Ge Ge ere ate 530
Section Oncocycl us Baker.
DGT Tak ed. Lui DeriCAbAOtt msn g irate 3s oor, oh ges OP OB Suan bmw G. sss) ee oa soe
26Io) -26.lelegantissima SOSNs) 5. 25s s/s 2 6) ents a ebuee dS eed oer eae 533
6719: » 27. 1.«Camillae:Grosshi.,¢...8 24% s te tsyie he tate he Se eee ee. 533
BESO), «28. sIisacutiloba G.AwM. «2-508. octets ie es Se ee Re ee 533
26514 29 Sle Rominiy WOFONS Gaciks. -<, Susais |< es ce eae bai ee es Boe wie beets 534
2682. 30. I. Schelkownikowi Fom. ........ ce RI gees a 537
2683.5 31. IleEwbankianaiFoster. <) -.<.- <. « «+ =. dguseudl thus fe: 08 potted ® OE- 537
2684.. °32. I. Grossheimi Woron. . 2 << 6 6 3 0s Wh digs dite e lh gusnhaey oe SEs 538
2689.93: I lvcotis; WONOMs: cuclc codices fo keira haba cS Bag de ee lal ee 338
2686; 34. |: paradoxa Stev. 2.6 00's sb 6 os, cegtell tye elobeoatraee ss Es 538
2687.) 35: MedwedewiiFor. x.) 666 6 6) eo we 0s 04 6 ofall fb dicey caste o> Lake 539
Section Regelia Lynch.
2688. 36. I. stolonifera Maxim. ..... . « «2 pm 4 xdaretl }-eicnbed ok: AI. 540
2609. 37. \. darvasica Rel. ys ga pode 42 oo in as hs ue go ke a de ee ope) Samant. OH. 541
2690.). 38.1 KorolkowiiRgl. (iaenecels, <= a. os .. dame LEAS, 2) aten swe. 2 541
2691.7, 39. Tticogiana Dykes. ¢<s6.. 6. + sceseus jehes ome nepae he eNO BORE, Ake 542
2692. 40. I. karategina B. Fedtsch. ...... 0.6.00 :2-:2 .ss0s.s oe, Do wocolageae. 2 25 542

Section Pogoniris Baker.

2693.) AY). longiscapaLdb. 3 «(M2 BEAL” he See et a a ae ne eee) ees se 544
2694; 42. Isfalcifolia Byes, «) °° j<%,3" «°c ys" eae eis ocho oh ae st oS RE A 544
2695. 43. 1. flavissima Pall; .. (2.0.6 ss («G3 ee gs we eo de oetinass J 2. 545
2696, 44.1. pumila. oo joo. saiuen seus os Apel f atyeg PAY uate emt A. we. 545
2697. 45. 1. Timofejewi Woron. ..- - .-- 2 = = #2 e Pee eeeeane a A 546
2698.47... Potanini Maxime “2°58 (2): ee tee. | sheng t-te beaneaey Alok 549
DOGO TAT. Wy tieridiasB@es |, oso: lca len GSN ies teach cece pea 549
2I00 5 48-41. Bloudowi ldo: ic) Jes 2S Sign yeas ae oe ee oe ge ema 1 oe 550
O's 49.1 scariosn, Walls. oh) cs yee. csi gee fs ase as 2 eegeadt: wali oe Sails 550
2102.) 50> Te aphyllarbe sisi vs oils 2) os ep eps © ees ee oe ee ai 551
MOS: Dl~, 1. variegater Ti io Seo 52 fade by lal Tet ey te se uo Ze Sul acme a ale 552
204. 52.1 imbricata: rad. oi) jc 0s us. os jee: er lors eas a’ econ uaa) aie conte 552
AOD. *)-53.) li ermanica tbs. ish al ot sh at af vat gh of ot ch or lak ot ey) oh cui uate « pa) 553
2000. SAL Alberti Rabi si) 6c: ali6) jo ee we ae a cor a aa ela a 553

XXVIil

2707.

2708.
2709.
2710.
Z7A1.

2712.

55:

60.

wr =

I.

— = ey me

e~ © 6 °
ell eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee
e

Section Reticulatae Dykes.
Womnlclerigols a) 2 2 Rnd. Bak Sb ke RD, et RI BF

Section Reticulatae Dykes.

EW inooradGwivkors. (0), ./ lec fects hate see eke Seta I ae tao ang i
(ireticm@lataiM, Buchs: dice re Gel gy wie ee eye ete ue ui ea gee oa
PANY MEANAWIGEOM 6. ane) 'e) ett Wee HIN Oe tee eLederw, a IRE ee cera or
EiwolpakowskianayRel; jigs, si\ewiecyeiy eee ey eo. am hlss sacer dete eon

Section Gynandriris Benth.

PIMARICOIGE SMR is shen eel Nic icen lols taslcepcrameeaeheer tenes seule eh eth ahs ae tes LoRb RoR seat ds

Section Juno (Tratt.) Boiss.

MHOSLEMIANAWATCHS, <5.) regis, Bikey eo sete Wades ee, CRN cata i Sia lel ead
Me baldshuanicaB; Fedtschs 6%. %) seis eee EI cee nae aes
WINikolar: Vivediws to hie. arreanet, 1, PWN ees 5 sana sl ele pa pee
wosenbachtana, Relat. oho) 2 Sic ns ess bE eS se ep ee te ae Le age
EPIROPOMINVVEGG 6 ise ga cs. Se oar ey calm 8 heres ened the whos Leo pombiey Ua ren ime
Sa SELLE NYA cre US Peg REE a na en RAR MESS Oy eeleria te ee sir te
Mtadshikorum’ Viveder srtcttn me ete etn eee en ON Lee ol Na ee
LK linifoliay ©: Fedtscht! iyisahle teu cui i ieee eumeUai gt Be es
. Vvedenskyi Nevski ..... . a a MRA es Cee Ene, Se NLS ic
Snanynensisu@OsFedtsch. «5 60s + se ew a ee ee eee per
NarbutwOphedtschitie go 3) ss eee le Ge eS Me See

“subdecolorate, Vived.. ao js ie asses ek ee Cote poled MS :
bicoerulea’ Be /Pedtsehiy ay) i) sWiaiicsiuya yuaway len (Sulingyde oleh eve eh bre ate
BAviCaniay WVECa 6c cue 2s Beek aut ep oy vane as Male. 6 vies) cua Slows ayes
MIWAEIEVEDSISUNOSEER: jis alls js) a) ie vs Seteker mt feline ea on ome ten) cot ee ene ye
Wbucharicas Roster +.) 6. ec 2 te te tht A ee ae ne er re
Eimagnitica Wived.'. ‘o's la ete st tel Tal Me. en Se ee ar ee, CN eT OP
L-Willmottana Foster... 's0%.' 0 Ohno. Sot eer ave ee
ORCHIGIGOSRCON Eee eg a aiek seek Waitt actin, ny ya. //ehd aed aren Diaee ea
bimaracandica Vved. coe es ete ee te et en eh eye: aks, loncagtn © cnmreptetine
.Whubergeniana iFoster: ly. =. .+..6) 606 00 i- 3 ee oP peed ss es
PACAILCASTCANAOELITIN: > ou simian Soci, Hu web lob iy vay eu ey stl, se ey Oy lapi yorloy ynel spayed
. pseudocaucasica Grossh.. . - - 2 6 2 ee ee ee et es
. drepanophylla Aitch. et Baker... . - . - 6 2 ee ee ee ee eee
. kopetdaghensis Vved. . ..-...--- ah ap ret cg tak a ete eta et
Pale POMNIZAAV VERO os ras oe ac You Ge ctuch vee sepicy oy Ge wh ely Sm fede ees

Genus 308. Belamcanda Adans.

Genus * Sisyrinchium L.

ADB CHINE NSISHLEETMA Ti ciswns’ ey FR ulae oborer Kicaiteae Es, eh isthe Got Wea Mee ea Oe rola Ree
S. angustifolium Mill.

Genus 309. Gladiolus L.

ae sepetum Ker-Gawl. oi. 4 cde cic SM oig ce pyauiltly ol) = fish oles) ela tye ge
MGiiturkmenorum. E:*Czerniak. » 2! 2: yor ok ston et ot ely a ae a ets
. G. communis L.. . .- - - - weet eee ee Nee ey, Meine etree BR, eee mPa

XX1X

oo ce Mies ee he) * oh ie: 0)? a 7 fe, * ert eo fo seheiat ike, Balyoorael, ioWte aie \e

556

DAA BANG. tenuitlonusi@Noch 58s sige tiie eels ial ato) RRA ie a 582.
DiASwuens. Ge palustrisdGaud:i ccs. |e) ect eee ae ies ea ad 583
DTACREAG Gi bRIGAtUSAL tars | SgicheE= alcpdcnh ucts ER Seema ae tl soa Tl ce ese te ieee 583
D7 Ajmmiey 1Gh KotschyanuswBaissy.: - 0 6.2 jo 2 eo ogee See reel re 584
STARING! CeratroviolaCeUSsBolsSinti:. 0) be isk el a Oe evens oe tere ae eee $87
7494 +9) G: halophilus#Boiss. «2 << 2 2 3 2 2 2 f 2 2 2 cee Ea ge YSSBS
Order 9. Microspermae.
Family XXXVII. Orchidaceae Lindl.
Tribe I. CYPRIPEDIEAE LINDL.
Genus 310. Cypripedium L.
PSOne enlCyoubtatumeS wan.) occ ort tues hes Sie ee uae dete ee aeen een eens oem 596
DaASe: DiC Vatabeanum Makinos cick sie, ce oath ace tank ee ee ee ere cen ee lenae 597
D508 en Se Cimacranthum/Ow., 2 2 eee en ee ee i ete cee tee eecdeee 598
DTS Sepa ae Ce. calceolus tlie ce hee See tee ee, hy Se RB ee en ener 598
Tribe II. MALAXIDEAE LINDL.
Genus 311. Malaxis Soland.
Dis see lcaMcipaludosau(l.) Swe io. 6 Se ye es 6 See a ee py eg cls es ay as 600
Genus 312. Microstylis Nutt.
2755. 1. M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl... 2... 2 eee ee ee ee 601
Genus 313. Liparis L. C. Rich.
D756... VL. Loeselit (.yLeC. Rich... ee ee ce ee Sei IE eal ie ce 602
2IST.. 2: japonica (Migq.)) Maxim. <* <0 <0 2 36 69 08 or S¥is) 24s poy BOS Coe Be oe ay aaa 603
2758: °3. 1? Makinoana’Schlechter «© <0 6 soo 3 ee oo alpen tap Se keen eae ae wees 603
Genus 314. Calypso Salisb.
259. ~1.:C bulbosa (L.) Rehb. f. +. +. s2 0 0. ee eee 2 Oe 604
Genus 315. Ephippianthus Rchb.
P7160 sae 1. Es Schmidt Rchb. faa 6 a ea et et eh et oh alaa! oh ee ce eines ot op oho 607
Genus 316. Corallorhiza Hall.
DIG) LMC. trifidan'Chatel nek BRAD, BAe RPS occ cs las ee Shs 608
Genus 317. Oreorchis Lindl.
wiO2ek 1.40. patens Lindl.) yy <i shy ese eats hoa? A ee ee 609
Tribe III. CYRTOPODIEAE PFITZER.
Genus 318. Eulophia R. Br.
2763. 1. E. turkestanica (Litw.) Schlechter. . - © eo -- + --e eee eee 610

XXX

2764.

2765.
2766.
2767.
2768.

2769.
2770.
2771.
2772.

2772a.

2773.
2774.
2775.
2776.

2777.
2778.
2779.
2780.

2781.
2782.
2783.
2784.
2785.
2786.

2787.

2788.

2789.

Pease

Wage japonicawnchb faye ss cole he a ust ar oe eo
Genus 320. Listera R. Br.
lepbyovatar( ERY Brin. cian hea 2 ey ese ets ol es ue
zolucordata (Ea Re Bre oe eo ete et kabel at eens
SaulibrevidensNevski. se ce. cs wien ie eae alien uel
A. Lemajor Nakai 0012) PO eee aa eee, eR
Genus 321. Neottia Sw.
I Ni nidus avis (I) LE. 'CeRicht Aaa Se oF OS.
2. N. papilligera Schlechter. ........2...2.-.
3. N. camtschatea (L.) 'Rehbit-. Wo.escwea'e 2 oe se.
AbN asiatican@hwi (37.0 .* afch ett. fe ee ee ae
Genus 321a. Holopogon Kom. et Nevski.
1. N. ussuriensis Kom. et Nevski . .°. ... . spheres
Genus 322. Epipactis Adans.
Section 1. Arthrochilium Irmisch.
1EWE athunbergivAs; Gray, 2 23 see ee ee 8
DersRoyleana Eindls 5 hig ceo ous kas ee lie) ial
3. E. veratrifolia Boiss. et Hoh... .. 2. ....--.
4.,E. palustris (L.) Crantz ... .0 2) 0: 2. ww 2 SO
Section 2. Euepipactis Irmisch.
Ez latafolian(. VAM oom. cue & gt ie a coh ch op FRAT, Saree
E. pap llosa Franch. et Sav. . ... 2.2... eee
E. rubiginosa Crantz) 29.920. 0
E. microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw... 2... 2-2 ee ee
Genus 323. Cephalanthera L. C. Rich.
1. C. epipactoides Fisch. et Mey. ....... «=.
2. C. longibracteata Bl... . 2... 1-2. ee eee
3. C. grandiflora (L.) Babing.. .....-......-.
4. C. longifolia (Huds.) Fritsch . .......-.-..
5. C. caucasica Kranzlin . . ... 1-1-2 ee eee
65 (Garubra (Ic) Le CoRich.. «5 oe pcs See ey ss
Genus 324. Limodorum L. C. Rich.
1 leyabortivum (I) Sw. 2 oe Se eee
Genus 325. Epipogon S. G. Gmelin.
1. E. aphyllum (Schmidt) Sw... . .------.----
Genus 326. Gastrodia R. Br.
Ah Ghiela tag Ble ded auesy suite: @ ep a) coy‘ ceu 0 Au oo “ue oma

Tribe IV. NEOTTIAE LINDL.
Genus 319. Pogonia Juss.

XXX1

fe Cie Meus!” Me) fe.) ve) \ Xe; Mihi

ef, ob" ef) Sel vet ushoyell seb. be

e-. celts tap ven aemet, Lien sletere

©; fey) (o; 16:6,” ep! fe Die \re

ere) (Sel Je: folie) err ute, (he)

ee) te er res) a) ler ie)

oF feta els ieyne 6 lene

oy ue! Yer tow uaPeie se) ve Fe

Coe) eet ee eM UC)

fe; Wey ey) Ged he! cer pte &°

w). Sfehiwisy ely [ey wen el yolme

Oe ‘epaiier: ely pene Lous nem) elie

620

622
622
623
623

624
625
626
629

631
631
632
632
633
634

635

635

636

2790.
2791.
2792.

2793.

2794.

2795.
2796.

2797.

2798.

2799.

2800.

2801.

2802.

2809.
2810.

1920

NO —

ee

Genus 327. Spiranthes L. C. Rich.

. S. autumnalis (Balb.) L. C. Rich. 2 2 2 6 2 ee ee ee et et es
. S. amoena (M. B.) Spreng... - ©. - eet ee et et ts
. S. sinensis (Pers.) Ames... -- 2-2-2 ee eet tt tt tt es

Genus 328. Goodyera R. Br.

wuGiirepensi(L.),Re Br.) = 2-6) e ico) en) ee oe fo aati ie ae aes Vas ge

Genus 329. Zeuxine Lindl.

. Z. strateumatica (L.) Schlechter... --- +--+ ee ee eee

Tribe V. OPHRYDEAE LINDL.
Genus 330. Habenaria Willd.

puliclinearifolia, Maxims. s 6<60 6) eee 8 5) 6 vee chek ee oes alae
PEdianthoiGdesNevsiticccs vos: or ocatieet coy e-) eiptenemen an co Gal crop eaMee Loy Comite some

Genus 331. Herminium R. Br.

. H. monorchis (L.) R. Br . . . 6 eee hw ee ee

Genus 332. Chamaeorchis Rich.

» Che alpinus (L:) LC. Rich. 5. 2 0 2 ee 6 6 out elo cers ome

Genus 333. Neottianthe Schlechter.

. N. cucullata (L.) Schlechter... 1 2 1 - ee eee ee te ee ee

Genus 334. Neolindleya Kranz.

. N. camtschatica (Cham.) Nevski. - 2. 2-2 2 2 ee et ee ee ee

Genus 335. Coeloglossum Hartm.

ACh vitiden ay Hareees oe yee eo ae ea iit 9

Genus 336. Leucorchis E. Mey.

ALS albidus'(L2)Ea"Mey: oo 5 vrei eet e e e e ed oe te els

Genus 337. Pseudodiphryllum Nevski.

. P. Chorisianum (Cham.) Nevski. . . - 2 6 2 0 ee ee ee ee ee ee

Genus 338. Perularia Lindl.

P.-fuscescens (L..) Lindlinc8) -0s (5 xeon WE meyege). - « . + » se
. ussuriensis (Maxim.) Schlechter . ©... e+ 2 ee ee eee eee

U

Genus 339. Platanthera L. C. Rich.
Mibifalia (ls) Lace Ricks: | sve 2 see sa. sae sulk sagan io rei col al ok beam

. extremiorientalis Nevski ....-... s+ eee eee ees si regice
“'Ghlorantha: Gusts, ei ay a ken eae RE a RI ge ln ia aE alata
. Freynii Kranzl. . . . . . SE aia Paasche alle Nags 5:36 76 tee, oa nee a
» gachalinensis F.. Schmidt’. 6 0 oe 2 he Boe oe en RS

VU UU 'U

XXXII

Page

637
638
639

639

642

643

645

646

647

649

650

Pawiew nO Eavtipulomesi(. €) indie! ce. pepsi sts te) eee as SUR he ele es 660
Z5ize 7. Ph. ophryoides ForSchmidt <5 6 6 606 2 SP eS wk cas vou 661
Pia Sse. cormmbovis Nevski so 0). 2 ih. 800 VS Re en 662
Genus 340. Lysiella Rydb.
2514 1, L.oligantha (Turez.) Nevski ., 0.6. 6. 6. 56, 2) a as as eee AP OS 663
Genus 341. Limnorchis Rydb.
2815. 1. L. convallariaefolius (Fisch. ex Lindl.) Rydb.............2.. 665
polo re, te dilatatus (Purshy yD... sm ce ss 6B, wee) savel love a adville? wiwei lls 665
Zelda 3: Li: hologlottis (Maxim:)"Nevskiy 707s ne es ce ie ss ce, wet cal 666
Genus 342. Gymnadenia R. Br.
28167. 1:.G..odoratissima (I:.) Liv CiRichie sys io: le es OR). Se ey a a 667
2Bioee 2 C..conopsea (1+) R: Breve) bod .« Savesestvakc etree Lew eae aalth tinae 668
Genus 343. Galeorchis Rydb.
2820. 1. G. cyclochilus (Franch. et Sav.) Nevski. . . .......-602+42-, 669
Genus 344. Chusua Nevski.
poole de Gh. secunda.Nevskiy:s, 6) <3: ior) soqersdmy Belen « a yon ahh ce altyoue bua abo 670
Genus 345. Traunsteinera Rchb. f.
Zeveeme leh globosa (La) Rehb. f.% 006% <! sche el et alliat ie fe el eee 6 6 ne, ese 671
2823; 2. T..sphaerica (M..B.) Schlechter... 2. 2 6 2 2 oo Ok ew 8 cw 672
Genus 346. Steveniella Schlechter.
2824. 1. S. satyrioides (Stev.) Schlechter. . 2... 0 ee eee ee 675
Genus 347. Comperia C. Koch.
Pons) We GrtauricaiGuoeh i i SR: c's home aimee abt aes Ses NRUUUN RT NS 676
Genus 348, Orchis L.
Subgenus 1. Eu-orchis L. Klinge.
Section 1. Platychilon Nevski.
2826.) 120: palustris: Jacq... <).' . ed SEAMEN Sate OTe iis cee se Bee 680
DE2ISe 2. OO COMOPHOrAa: Loe vies ai as 5 d> akl seley oe an om 6 wt cele ha MA WIR NAIA aie 681
PROS MS Ord MC Ul aU selena tse ata con las tek ae Nee a “oye daeaited oiercal ctor ites pods oh ssyncteharetinvey Dect team 683
ZOO ACOs pallens Liye.) ci. Ree eae cee aN MN Ma a iis as ant 684
2830. 5. O. proviocialis Balb.. . . . . - a) ein siglo gly rds oi, 6. 6 SRP Rs AE ONNSR AS 685
ISS) Go |Oviviriditusca Albee ccs fee ocak el oo eee oakeereitnse sol MARIS AMeRi 0: 685
DSSI RW FO mOriOv len ee Hee ety hee etek ewe ay ee SR ey osc le Renae As PRM AEN, chr 686
2833. 8. O. picta Lois. . 2. 6 ee ee ee ee 686
2834. 9. O.caspia Trautv.. . - ~~ 6 2 et ett te ee ee ee 688
2835. 10. O. chlorotica Woron, . - - - 2-6 2 ee ee tee te ee ee ee en 689
2836. 11. O. Fedtschenkoi E. Czerniak. . 2... 2-6-2 eee ee ee ee ee 689

XXXI11

12.
13.
14.
IS:
16.
17.
18.
19.

=

DAnfLwne

Section 2. Antropochilon Nevski.

O. ustualataL. . .
O. tridentata Scop.
O. militaris L. . .
O. simia Lam. . .
O. purpurea Huds.
O. maxima C. Koch
O. punctata Stev. .
O. Schelkownikovii

eae ee eT eC et le en ant ee Te = Tey OMMCUE Cy ele te fo) cu es MO
Ce CO en ee Leer eT ST Sh et ee ee We EO Ch OR fc, Cy

erhyteh cetv ae) er, Vier Mest jar ce: foil Je le. cei ker cel CaM yer Sieve (8) aces sep Semis) oe
ohh etl) tal ieg oe Mretceis ol eM tol ki cMMia. cin te 8R cer er) is: =) is)

There lex) ener tel e0.! se; ay eh, Norm coy Mae sie) Sole, Sel eHOl) (ape ne 80 ene ke Ory eee eee Fe
eh Hi aN Some eh lS eMt om vem beh. joe, cet. ota! Man, rely el vey Mane 10) @lush myer eam (el emer’,

a: phetrishewws ety Yop Mel fe.) Veledss, Siely [rei Vere yler sujet 10) one e) ee alo Umm eT e Laie. ng) ™

Wioronyee eee FA ice weit s) See

Subgenus II. Dactylorhiza (Neck.) Nevski.

Section 1. Iberanthus Schlechter.

@ibericayMicBs wits bbe a here ae ee

Section 2. Schlechteranthus Nevski.

Coo CPO Ok Oeeo

O. sambucina L. .

Sect

. O. maculata L. . .
. O. Fuchsii Druce. .
. O. amblyoloba Nevs
PMONCriphyilaCeaKochin eo uhalet ee ane hs Marne apo ame enol eager
. O. euxina Nevski .
. O. aristata Fisch. .
. O. Traunsteineri Sa
. O. baltica Kiinge .
. O. salina Turcz. .
. O. umbrosa Kar. et
. O. sanasunitensis F]
. O. cruenta Muell. .
. O. latifolia L.. . .

WOudlavescensi@wlvochiet ihc ee a Bee ee pulse ae oe) de a a
m@Mromanat Seb retaMaurine kl oe ica) ee Sree en eae Sy healt axecet aes

ci Nie Xa wis: ‘ome ter cen Nervio: Nek Kouere, “e> %s. jet ie) 0) 6; e))-@l, 28) - leh rey fe

ion 3. Klingeanthus Schlechter.

(o~ JeMeeiitn ‘perce! |e %e2 Nene /en Melee 6m, 6; is) Me) (et hime fe: tye. «Jel (ie) ene

ce) hve: Bintan ied ioteaueon a *leheie cet iler te Gig, es: 8 fe i te) let el fe.

Kets: Seton oy ek kee ce ease aegis aa eee ee a ia

(| Ce Cres were Ses OG) eyar com koe
I eh a, See een meh ap cael eyo we
ISCHIN cunts: fo Woe a ate wet aer GeMlsn roe omic nee Re Piar odles aa

oN fe) Tey oil Gey Wiel fel “fen Lelie, 38> c0n “fel, ‘ele oi 8 'e) fey Koi ia, Ley el sien 28) ens!

Genus 349. Anacamptis L. C. Rich.

Genus

. H. caprinum (M. B.)
. H. formosum (Stev.) C. Koch . 2. 2-2 ee ee eee ee ee ees

. S. vomeracea (Burm

. A. pyramidalis (L.) L.C. Rich, 2. 6 2 2 6 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee

350. Himantoglossum W. D. Koch.
Sprengea” Pelee ee as rete CHS = 6 se ee

Genus 351. Serapias L.
5s) BRI: oa 3) su ou oy ae ee cute ets oye nc ach PMCS MN® clits

Genus 352. Ophrys (L.) Swartz.

. O. muscifera Huds.

O. transhyrcana E.

. O. caucasica Woron
» Oftaurica (Aga) Nevski.. 0.) 6. 6y ein) sc eee ec en ey ele ys olen penmeeells
. O. oestrifera M. B.
. O. apifera Huds. .

Czerniak. «6. c.c.51 ss cake ccus ue Quy See

Sr eet ee Sew tet Tem toe fey fe pie yo mie few. e Gis Hie Rie! Hie! wie: Kiel (em steam io mere,

0) Taig ey lee fey ee Om Oy By yO, Oy led wy eg 8 pee Nephew, eumMeuyert «tle

XXXIV

700

718

719
720

721

725
726
727
728
7129
730

Family XXXII. LILIACEAE HALL.

Flowers commonly undifferentiated into calyx and corolla, with
6 distinct or more or less united perianth segments of same color; stamens
6; ovary in USSR plants superior, mostly 3- (rarely 2-4-5) locular with
axile placention, rarely unilocular with parietal placentation; anthers
distinct, nearly always 2-celled, Saccharophilous plants with fleshy
lustrous leaves and thickened roots, producing bulbs or corms. Seeds
containing endosperm.

Very few fossilized remnants of this family exist, Smilax being the only fully authenticated genus.
Such remnants as Agavites kioviensis Rogow. and A. priscus Kis. from the Eocene of M. Dnp. (Kiev),
Convallarites reinekiodes Schmalh. from the Oligocene of M. Dnp. (Volhynia), and
Liliophyllites sp. from M. Dnp. (Volhynia) are rather dubious.

Key to Subfamilies

iby: BUT kEy CEOS WKS eRe ae Ra eR a ier enn Ei eiE Ma cree op a Bates Wik. Se De
15) IGTUNE EIQ OVC hahaa ae NE ene APE ene ime cope owe Po tewems. ous °.
2. Tips of carpels distinct, somewhat spreading; inflorescence a simple
or forked terminal raceme; plants with rhizomes, bulbs or corms.
3 ecient Ba hi a hn a a IP Na ts a cise Meh 1. Melanthioideae, page 2.
+ Tips of carpels fully united; capsule rounded, flat or concave at the top.

=x tata agar ti elt gee AR et ah Fm Mi alr Reelin Aicrten i ha cao Span ce Oma yeTadoees 6 Be
3. Rhizome; leaves all radical, except in ASphodeline in which stem

is leafy, but pedicels of this plant jointed; inflorescence terminal;

capsule with dehiscent locules ......... 2. Asphodeloideae, page 24.

BIS), OF Tees SliynEl, HAC niorelyoymuell TelaPACIAAS 5 yYoyio Kc pe yo os ala os Cone )o 4.

4. Inflorescence umbelliform, with 2 broad subtending leaves, ft with
2narrow bracts, very rarely flowers solitary.” “(2 0 2 es 0.0 a
EEE W EL SAN eN Gr fA EWE een gy na on eae een tae we 3. Allioideae, page 46.

+ Inflorescence paniculate or umbelliform, or flowers solitary;
SUbpenGimetNeAVESRMOMCi es ois 6 a eye ails ale cena 4. Lilioideae, page 216.

5. Underground rhizome branched; tips of branches prolonged into leafy
vertical shoots or giving rise to lateral aerial stems; leaves with arched
SIO ECO OW es Ws aie SR oir eA ea 5. Asparagoideae, page 324.

+ Scandent plants with reticulate leaf venation; flowers small in axillary
(Ua eMcw CMe eee IE cele che vo Mamas ong Te 6. Smilacoideae, page 362.

Subfamily 1. Melanthioideae ENGL.
(Family Melanthaceae R., Br. 1810).

Leaves with parallel venation; flowers solitary or gathered in a raceme
or panicle, regular; perianth segments mostly distinct, usually persistent
in fruit, in the genus Colchicum united in lower part into a tube;
anthers small, 2-celled, oblong or ovaloid; styles 3; capsule septicidal;
seeds often appendaged.

1. Perianth open, stellate or rarely campanulate, the segments distinct

to base or neanlilsort aes eek tb: LP ON ONS ceo ee aise Sore 1), ee 3.

Perianth forming a narrow long tube in lower part; flower solitary... 7.
2. Anthers oblong or ovaloid, with distinct cells; flowers in a dense

raceme; flowers subtended by 3 bracts; seeds unappendaged.........

Pe Td Bt ged me oe ees. oe eae ml a Pet: 252. Tofieldia Huds.

Anthens cordate orireniforny, (withtused) cells! oi.e8 «ov ee ig eee. 2.
3. Leaves linear to lanceolate, to 10 mm broad; the whole plant smooth.

+ Lower and middle cauline leaves 1-20 cm broad; pedicels pubescent.
Bead RU AW Ua: cog cin) te ORAS eG A RS ae WA LR ORPHAN Us Fo 257. Veratrum L.

A. wePlantsirhizematese): inflorescencerdensie! 2 i signuges yrelliee). wel, Die
+ Plants cormatose; inflorescence rather loose................. 6.
5. Filaments of stamens tomentose; style 1..... 253. Narthecium Huds.
7) lilaments ot stamens glabrous; Sstyles*3* 27.8% 3 8 eh. sa.

ee ES ee Fe ac cies Moe) NE AM ee, 256. Acelidanthus Trautv. et Mey.
6. _HMlowers’ few, 2-4 in raceme; perianth campanulate...9.°% 4... ee

Bele acetal hia aca ai es ic ae REE RM ee tad 254. Stenanthium Kunth.
+ Flowers in a loose racemiform panicle; perianth with horizontally

SPFCAGIMNOISOOMICNES secs 1) es se ogee 2 cs eee 255. Zygadenus Michx.
7. Perianth with united segments, infundibular-campanulate, with a long

CUMING EUG, ours rye fe coke ea ce ch ails ee ise a. ge 260. Colchicum L.

Perionth sesments tree, with lone marrow Claws: oo... eco oye eee ee oe
GEE OL VNES! Spe CUILCLOUSEINCE fem a) aie. ole tee eens 258. Merendera Ramond.
Style. d= 110 MeO peREOA ht suo ai ew 2S ye 259. Bulbocodium L.

Genus 252. TOFIELDIA * HUDS-**
Huds. Fl. angl. ed. 2(1778) 157.

Perianth corollalike, deeply 6-parted, wide open, peristent in fruit;
stamens 6, inserted at the base of perianth segments; filaments dilated
at base; anthers 2-celled; pistil with 3 short styles; stigma capitate; fruit
a trilocular capsule, dividing into 3 fruitlets; seeds numerous.
1. Bracteole 1 at the base of pedicel, 3-lobed.... 1. T. palustris Huds.
+ Bracteoles 2, the lower lanceolate at the base of pedicel, the upper at
the base of perianth
2. Cauline leaves 2-4; radical leaves with 7 or moreveins.......,....
Spears) petite re al Ahh ila NE Re aR Ra EO 4. T. calyculata Wahb.
+ Cauline leaves 1 or 2 or none; radical leaves mostly 5-nerved...... 3.

* Named after the Englishman Tofield, correspondent of Hudson in 1778.

Arranged by O.1. Kuzeneva.

ae oe

3. Inflorescence an elongated spikelike raceme, with distant leaves,

Ze coat lone; /antherstpale*yellowsO2 ie. BOY aes. 3. T. cernua Smith.
+ Inflorescence compact, capitate in flower; fruiting inflorescence not
more than 2 cm long; anthers dark violet ...... 2. T. nutans Willd.

iW Eeipalustrisihuds. Picansl: lars) 15s aLdbyablecRoss sive" 209;
Keyl Pl Zap sib 1iless8e TP borealis! Whiby Fl) Happ!) (1an2) so). —
Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X (1848) 934, 935.— Exs.: Fl. Finl. exs. No. 569.

Perennial; stem erect, 5-30 cm long, leafy only at base; leaves
lanceolate, short-acuminate, (1.5) 3-5 (7) em long, 1-2.7 mm broad,
commonly 3-nerved, the margin thinly and finely prickly-ciliate; raceme
short, fairly compact except the somewhat looser base, 1-2 cm long,

5-6 cm broad; pedicels short (ca. 1/2-—3/4 mm in flower and 1-2 mm in
fruit); bracteole 1 at base of flower, cleft to 2/3 into ovate obtuse lobes;
perianth segments whitish, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2-2.5 mm long,

0.3-1.0 mm broad; stamens as long as perianth; styles short, the length
of perianth; capsule rounded-ovoid, 2.5-3 mm long, 2-2.3 mm broad;
seeds ferruginous-brown, oblong, laterally compressed, ca. 0.7 mm long.
June-July.

Tundras, coastal sands, shores of mountain streams, and rarely mossy
pease — Arctic: Are. -Hure, Are. sib! Chuky> Huropean part ita Tap.,
Dv.-Pech., V.-Kama (alpine zone of Urals); E. Siberia: Lena-Kol. (N.),
Ang.-Say. (balds). Gen. distr.: Arc., Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur.,

N. Am. Described from Scotland. Type in London.

2. T. nutans Willd. ex L. Syst. Veg. curant. Schultes VII, 2 (1830)
His im oose; LdbiVMEl Ress. TV; 210" Kryl Fl) Zap sib Wl ace:
Konrshls "Kamch? +i'280?—". "ec oecrnea “Rich. “im he Br. Vern
Schr. I, 481; Ldb. l.c. 210, ex parte.—Ic.: Hultén, Fl. of Kamtch. I
(LOBE, ALS’.

Perennial; stems erect, 4-10 (15) cm long, mostly bearing 2 leaves;
radical leaves numerous, lance-linear, acuminate, crenulate-margined,
white in lower part, green above, mostly 5-nerved, one-fourth to half the
length of stem, 1-4 cm long, 1-4 mm broad; cauline leaves minute;
inflorescence initially compact, 6-10 mm long, at length elongating and
becoming loose; pedicels at first ca. 0.5 mm long, graduaily elongating,
1-3.5 mm long in fruit, horizontally spreading to declined; bracteoles 2:
the lower subtending the pedicel, foliaceous, ovate, acuminate, to 1 mm
long, initially exceeding the pedicel, the upper tightly adhering to perianth
base, calyculate, ca. 1 mm long, parted to 1/3-2/3 into 3 broadly triangular
acuminate lobes; perianth segments elongate-obovate, pale yellow, violet-
tinged; capsule exceeding the perianth, rounded-ovoid; seeds yellowish-
brown. July, rarely August.

Arctic and alpine zones, dry tundras, stony slopes, and sandy places. —
Aretic: Are olo,, ‘Chuk Ey Siberta: Ang--say., Dau. > Lena—-Kol:;

Far East: Kamch., Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Japan,
N. America (Alaska). Described from E. Siberia. Type in London.

3. T. cernua Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. XII (1817) 244; Ldb. FI.
Ross. IV, 210.—Ic.: (sub Anthericum) Gmel. Fl. Sib. I (1747) ab. 18,
LANA

Perennial; stem erect, (15) 20-40 cm long, mostly with one leaf in
lower part; radical leaves numerous, mostly 5-nerved, 3-8 cm long,
2-4 mm broad; inflorescence terminal; raceme elongate-cylindric, loose,
(1) 2-7 (12) em long; pedicels mostly drooping, especially after anthesis,
as long as the flower; bracteoles 2, one at base ca. 1 mm long, the other
calyculate at perianth base, 3-lobed, scarious; perianth yellowish-white,
the segments 3-4 mm long; capsule 3-4 mm long, 3-4 mm broad.
July-August. (Plate I, Figure 1 a-c).

Wet stony slopes, mountain passes; pine, spruce and broad-leaved
mountain woods.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol., Ang.-Say., Dau. Endemic.
Described from the Lena River.

4. T. calyculata Wahlb. Fl. Lapp. (1812) 90; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 210;
Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X (1848) 930.— Exs.: HFR No. 641.

Perennial; stem erect, rarely somewhat nodding, (10) 15-30 (45) cm
long; leaves radical and cauline, sessile, linear, many-nerved, gradually
acuminate; radical leaves 5-15 (23) cm long, 2-4 mm broad; lower
cauline leaves flat, linear, the upper minute abbreviated; inflorescence
a terminal, erect, mostly cylindric, rarely capitate, simple or rarely
branched, 4-6 (12) cm long, spiciform raceme, the flowers in lower part
mostly distant; pedicels shorter than flower; bracteoles 2, the lower
subtending the pedicel lanceolate, the other at perianth base 3-lobed;
perianth segments yellowish-white, 3-3.5 mm long; stamens 6; styles 3,
short; capsule 3-3.5 mm long, ovoid to rounded-ovoid, many-seeded;
seeds elongated, cinnamon-brown. June-July.

Wet and dry peat bogs, calcareous and stony places. — European part:
UU. Dnpeg gM: np. Genwdistrs. Scand: (Br Balto} u@entr phuryeAtlageur,.
and Med. (Pyrenees). Described from Gotland Island. Type in Uppsala.

Genus 253. NARTHECIUM* (MOEHR.) HUDS.**
Moehr. in Acta Acad. nat. curios. (1742) 389, t.5, f.1; Huds. Fl. Angl. (1767) 128.

Perianth corollalike, 6-parted, the segments spreading persistent;
filaments of stamens tomentose; style 1, with 3-lobed stigma; capsule
conical, loculicidal; stem [?] with an elongated filiform appendage at the
end and at base. Perennials.

1. N. caucasicum Miscz. Fl. cauc. cirt. fasc. 33 (1912) 82.

Perennial; rhizome long, creeping; stems 11-25 cm long, leafy at
base; leaves linear-ensiform, sheathing, 5-9 (11) cm long, 2-3 cm broad;
sheath broadly hyaline-margined; cauline leaves mostly 3 or 4, divergent,
decreasing in size up the stem; raceme rather dense; pedicels as long as
or scarcely longer than flower; bracts recurved, acuminate; perianth
6 mm long, the segments elongate obtuse; filaments shorter than perianth,
densely villous with hairs of equal length; ovary conical; style rather
thick, gradually attenuate. June-August.

* From Greek narthex, alluding to large umbels.
** Arranged by O.I. Kuzeneva.

Near streams in the alpine zone.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Klukhor Pass. Cotype in Leningrad.

Genus 254. STENANTHIUM* KUNTH**
Kunth Enum. pl. IV (1843) 189.

Perianth 6-parted, colored; perianth segments without glands, slightly
spreading and divergent; stamens 9, inserted at base; filaments filiform-
subulate; anthers reniform, 1-celled, extrorse; ovary subinferior,
trilocular, with numerous ovules in each locule; styles 3, with simple
stigma; capsule elongated, 3-parted, topped by the style; seeds numerous,
compressed.

1. S. sachalinense F. Schmidt., Mém. Acad. Sc. Pétersb. VII sér.
Vil 868) hae —ac. = ibidert. IV ait. toa.

Perianth; bulb small, oblong-ovaloid, with a coriaceous tunic; stem
smooth, 17-30 cm long, 1-1.2 mm thick; radical leaves 2 or 3, shorter
than stem, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly narrowed
toward base, 10-20 cm long, 3-8 mm broad, green; capsule leaves 1 or 2,
small, the lower green, the upper often reddish like the bracts;
inflorescence a simple loose raceme; flowers 2-4, nodding; pedicels
shorter than to rarely as long as perianth, subtended by elliptic reddish
bracts; perianth campanulate at base, green; perianth segments with
reddish-tinged reflexed tips, the outer 3 lanceolate, 10-13 mm long,
of about equal breadth at base, 2.5-—3 mm broad, parallel-nerved throughout,
acuminate, the 3 inner ones ovate-lanceolate, broader, winged in lower
part, nerveless on the wings, 3.5-4 mm broad; stamens reaching the limb
of perianth segments; immature seeds flat, lanceolate, winged at the tip.
June-July. (Plate I, Figure 2a).

Rocks and stony slopes.— Far East: Sakh. Endemic. Described from
Due area. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 255. ZYGADENUSt RICH. tt
L.C. Rich. in Michx. Fl. bor. amer. I (1803) 2138, t.22.

Perianth petaloid, persistent in fruit, deeply 6-parted; stamens 6;
ovary trigonous, with 3 approximate styles; fruit a trigonous capsule, with
peristent style, trilocular; locules many-seeded. Seeds numerous.

1. Z. sibiricus (L.) A. Gray in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New-York IV
(e3iQ) 112. sea ndih ian se bi rac wimg ie Spy ple (1 1oa).3a2.——
Leimanthium sibiricum Turcz. Cat. baic.-dah. (1838) No. 1158.—
Anticlea sibirica Kunth, Enum. IV (1841) 191; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
207.— Exs:; : HER, No,, 1243.

* From Greek stenos, narrow, and anthos, flower, alluding to the narrow perianth segments.
** Arranged by O.1. Kuzeneva.
} From Greek zygos, yoke, pair, and aden, gland, referring to the pair of nectariferous glands
(nectaries) at the base of each of the perianth segments.
tt Arranged by O.I. Kuzeneva.

Plate I

1. Tofieldia cernua Smith.: a) flowers; b) fruit; c) bracteole.— 2. Stenanthium sachalinense
F. Schmidt; a)perianth segments.— 3. Zygadenus sibiricus Asa Gray; a) flower; b) fruit; c) perianth
segments.— 4. Acelidanthus anticleoides Fisch, et Mey.: a) flower; b) fruit.— 5. Veratrum
dahuricum Turcz.; a) flower; b) perianth segments; c) fruit.— 6. V. Maackii Regel: a) fruit.

10

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, clothed in blackish-brown leaf remnants;
stem erect, simple, 20-80 cm long; leaves mostly on the lower part of
stem linear, acuminate, narrowed toward base; inflorescence a loose
racemelike panicle, (5) 10-25 (40) cm long; pedicels longer than or rarely
as long as perianth; bracts elliptic, dark violet mostly one-fourth to half
the length of or rarely as long as the pedicel; perianth short-campanulate
at base, the segments whitish, greenish outside, horizontally spreading;
outer segments broader, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-8 (10) mm long,
2-3 mm broad, the inner lanceolate; nectariferous glands on lower one-
third of the segment; stamens 1/4-1/3 shorter than perianth; anthers
reniform, reddish-violet; capsule oblong-ovoid, obtusely trigonous,
ca. 10 mm long, 4mm broad; seeds ovaloid-cylindric, ca. 2.5 mm long
and 3/4 mm broad, enclosedin amembrane about twice the length of the seed.
June-August. (Plate 1, Figure 3 a-e).

Sparse woods, more rarely dry meadows, scrub and rock crevices. —
European part: V.-Kama; Siberia: all regions except U. Tob.; Far East:
all regions except Kamchatka and Sakhalin. Gen. distr.: Mongolia and
China. Described from Siberia. Type in London.

Genus 256. ACELIDANTHUS* TRAUTV. et MEY.**
Trautv. et Mey. Fl. Ochot. (1856) 94.

Perianth persistent in fruit, 6-parted, the segments distinct at base;
stamens 6, with capitate anthers; ovary trigonous, 3-lobed in upper part;
pistils 3, arched-recurved; stigma capitate; seeds numerous, exceeded
by the membranous envelope.

Flowers bisexual, though unisexual flowers with abortive ovary occur.

1. A. anticleoides Trautv. et Mey. Fl. Ochot. (1856) 95.—Veratrum
anticleoides Taketa et Miyake in Botan. Mag. Tokyo (1910) 253.—
lee frautv.vet Mey. ibid: tab. “No. 28.

Perennial; rhizome short, vertical, densely reticulate-fibrillose in
upper part by disintegration of leaf bases; stem erect, simple, terete,
smooth, 25-40 (50) cm long; radical leaves 5 or 6, broadly linear,

18-24 cm long, (2) 6-10 (12) mm broad, acuminate, entire, glabrous on
both sides; cauline leaves 2 or 3, smaller; raceme erect, fairly compact,
10-20 (30) cm long; pedicels of upper flowers 2-4 mm long, those of lower
flowers up to 7-8 mm long; bracts linear-lanceolate, the upper as long

as or even longer than flower, the lower not reaching half the length of
flower; perianth green, glabrous, ca. 1 cm across; segments oblong,
acute, narrowed at base,5-7 mm long, 2-7 mm broad; stamens 6;

capsule glabrous, 8-13 mm long; seeds compressed, ellipsoid, 3-4 mm
long. July-August. (Plate I, Figure 4 a,b).

Balds and mountain slopes.— Far East: Uda, Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.:
S. part of Sakhalin. Described from Uda area. Type in Leningrad.

* From Greek a, without, kelis, spot, and anthos, flower, alluding to absence of spots on flower.
** Arranged by O.1. Kuzeneva.

il

Genus 257. VERATRUM L.*
L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1044,

Perianth petaloid, 6-parted to base, wide open, persistent in fruit,
stamens 6, inserted at the base of perianth segments; anthers reniform,
1-celled, opening by an apical slit; pistil with 4 divergent styles; fruit
a trilocular capsule, splitting into 3 fruitlets opening on the inner side;
seeds numerous, flattened, winged.

Flowers bisexual, sometimes with some staminate flowers in same
inflorescence.

1. Ovary barely longer than broad; ovule 8-16 in locule; perianth dark-
colored; pedicels as long as or slightly longer than perianth. Section

Eo SC OVE rahe Wim ALOCSi» oie Aiwa tien et eet one . Meee bert OE ee: 2.
+ Ovary much longer thanbroad; ovules 16-40inlocule; perianth white or

greenish; pedicels muchshorter than perianth. Section Alboveratum

TGO C'S, katt: SUE atte giel = cepmn en eOilaes. s. Epicie nee Ra. scan a OY gh, "ab aes gules sete opie an perE Pa
2. Panicle dense; stem stout, with numerous strong leaves; lower leaves
elliptic: © &y °y «RCA pbs: Seas I. Tae eee pape et oh lewV. nigrum 1:

+ Raceme loose; stem slender, with 1 or 2 leaves to 3 em broad;...::-:.
i See aN A ee ae aR 2) ORR Shes. da 2. V. Maackii Rgl.
3. Leaves densely whitish pubescent underneath; panicle pyramidal due
to elongated lower branches ....... 3. V. dahuricum (Loes.) Turez.
Leaves quite glabrous or with scattered tomentum; panicle narrow... 4.
4. Perianth segments 3-6 mm broad, more or less rounded at tips.

gi oN S. onetOilak ei daesico totem - 4. V. Lobelianum Bernh.
Perianthisesmentss2—ssmm broad, acutishs oF 110.0% -keeta. © .Oeieeee. a):
a. Inflorescence more or less spreading, looselayes pieti: Sitian Gippa eee
1s fe) aprigeceetetiey Whe wards th baa «Mere ay wy ol? foxeye oat ete ENE 5. V. calyciflorum Kom
Inflorescence, narrow Or Spiciform 3 .°. 2m. weer. 6 2 eee ee ee 6.
Oe gotenis S0>oOhcmelonota: .Fas aaht- 75 .. teen 6. V. oxysepalum Turcz.
+ J JStems(20—50\emplonoie ly . eed ah eaten 7. V. Misae (Sirjaew.) Loes.

Section 1. FUSCOVERATRUM Loes. fil., Verhandl. des botan. Ver.
Brand. 1 (1926) 140.— Ovary barely longer than broad; ovules 8 to 16 in
each focule.

1. V. nigrum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1044; Ldb. Fl. Ross. VI, 208; Shmal'g.
Mia pol2kryies Kile ’Zap.e Sibya lip SoG, ler wiRehb.wlcr dleeGerimar
Vol. X (1848) tab. 423; Syreishch., Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 231.

Perennial, 60-100 (130) cm tall; rhizome strong, stout, vertical, with
numerous stringy root fibers, the upper part densely clothed in blackish-
brown fibers (remnants of disintegrated leaf sheaths); stem terete, erect,
covered in upper part with soft hairs; inflorescence rachis subtomentose;
cauline leaves glabrous, plaited; lower leaves broadly elliptic, short-
acuminate, 20-25 (39) cm long, 8-18 (20) cm broad, decreasing in size
acropetally, the middle ones narrower, the upper linear-lanceolate;
inflorescence a many-flowered branched panicle or rarely a simple raceme,
25-65 cm long; pedicels as long as to slightly longer than perianth, white-
tomentose, subtended by a lanceolate puberulous-margined bract, this
shorter than the pedicel; perianth wide open, blackish-red, 1.0-1.5 cm in

* Arranged by O.I. Kuzeneva.

diameter; segments oblong-elliptic, 0.5-0.7 cm long, 0.3-0.4 cm broad,
subentire, the inner narrower than the outer; stamens half as long as
perianth; capsule ovoid, trigonous, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.8-1 cm broad.
June-August.

Dry glades and water meadows, mountain slopes, scrub, and rarely
broad-leaved woods.— European part: U.V., U. Dnp., M. Dnp., V.-Don,
Bl.; W. Siberia: Ob (S.), Irt.; Alt.; E.oSiberia: Yen., Lena-Kol. (only
surroundings of Kirensk), Ang.-Say., Dau., Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.;
Centr. Asia: Balkh. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (mountains of Switzerland
and N. Italy), Balk.; Jap.-Ch. Described from Europe. Type in London.

Note. The rhizome contains the alkaloid ''nervin".

2. V. Maackii Rgl. in Regel' and Maak., O. Rast. Ussur. strany
(1861) 169.—V. nigrum var. Maackii Maxim. in herb.—Ic.: Regel'
and Maak, ibid., t. XI, f. 7-14; Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost.
laren (NO Si pied 1:0.

Perennial; rhizome short, straight, with a dense tuft of stringy roots,
the upper part clothed in remnants of disintegrated membranous leaves or
more often in blackish-brown fibers; stem erect, (60) 75-100 (125) cm long,
rather smooth at base, tomentose in upper part; leaves elongate-lanceolate,
narrowed toward base, acuminate, smooth on both sides, with prominent
veins underneath, the lower 2 or 3 (4) larger, 20-45 cm long and (1.5)

2-3 (4) cm broad, the upper smaller, linear to narrowly lanceolate,

2-12 cm long and 0.3-1.0 cm broad, the leaves gradually decreasing in
size acropetally, the uppermost resembling the bracts; panicle simple or
in lower part compound, up to 45 cm long, with spreading branches;
pedicels slender, as long as or longer than perianth, 0.6-1.5 cm long,
more or less tomentose; bracts green lanceolate, long-acuminate, shorter
than pedicel; perianth dark red (var. viridiflora Kom. occurs with
small green flowers); perianth segments elliptic, elongate, obtusish to
acutish, entire, spreading in anthesis, becoming reflexed, persistent,
ca. 0.5 cm long; stamens half the length of perianth segments; anthers
reniform; capsule smooth, ovaloid-elongate, 1.5-1.8 cm long, trigonous,
with persistent linear styles; stigma oblong. July-August. (Plate I,
Figure 6a).

Water meadows and woods, scrub, rarely exposed ridges. — Far East:
Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from Ussuri River. Type in
Leningrad.

12

Section 2. ALBOVERATRUM Loes. fil., Verhandl. des botan. Ver.
Brand. (1926) 136.— Ovary much longer than broad; ovules 16 to 40 in
each locule.

3. V. dahuricum (Turcz.) Loes. Verhandl. des botan. Ver. Brand.
(G26) 134. Vi. allbum) war ada urdcumieehurez.: JH sbaie-adali. git
(1861) 230.

Perennial; rhizome short, stoutish, with numerous stringy roots;
stem erect, stout, terete, 50-100 (120) cm long, 1-2.5 cm in diameter,
in upper part densely pubescent like the inflorescence, with remnants of
leaf sheaths at base; leaves numerous, densely pubescent beneath,
whitish, tomentose when young, the lower elliptic, short-acuminate,

13

10-20 (25) cm long, 5-10 cm broad (the 1 or 2 lowest smaller),
acropetally diminishing in size and becoming increasingly lanceolate;
panicle large, 30-65 cm long; pedicels 0.2-0.4 cm long, many times
shorter than perianth, pubescent; bracts ovate, exceeding the pedicel,
0.4-0.7 cm long; perianth (1.4) 1.8-6.2 cm in diameter, white to yellowish-
white or initially greenish-white; segments elliptic, narrowed toward
base, denticulate, rarely subentire, densely pubescent outside,
(0.7) 0.8-1.2 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm broad; outer segments somewhat shorter
and broader than the inner, 0.4-0.7 cm long; fruit 2-2.5 cm long and
ca. 1 cm broad. July-August. (Plate I, Figure 5, a-c).

Water meadows and glades.— E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (solely SE), Dau. ;
Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from Dauria.
Cotype in Leningrad.

4. V. Lobelianum Bernh. in Schrad. N. Journ. 2, II (1807) 356; Loes.
in Fedde, Repert, sp. nov. XXIV 4-13 (1927) 64; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III,
56, (viewer van. 4 ob e:lijama a my Sihiaaia | Yor tern il (1897). —

V. album Bfloribus viridibus Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 208. —
Exs.: Fl. polon. exs. No.580.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X (1848) 938.

Perennial; rhizome short, stoutish, with numerous stringy roots;
stem erect, stout, terete, 70-170 cm long, 2-3 cm thick, clothed at base
in disintegrated leaf sheaths, often fibrillose, the upper part of stem and
inflorescence pubescent; leaves numerous, plaited, covered beneath with
short hairs, the lower broadly elliptic, short-acuminate, 15-25 cm long,
10-15 cm broad, gradually diminishing in size acropetally, the uppermost
lanceolate; inflorescence paniculate, 20-60 cm long; pedicels several
times shorter than perianth segments, 2-3 mm long, pubescent; bracts
rounded-ovate to rarely ovate, short-acuminate, several times the length
of pedicel, 3-5 mm long; bracts whitish or yellowish-green, ca. 2.5 cm
in diameter, open; leaves elliptic, narrowed at both ends, ungiculate,
round-tipped, serrulate, slightly pubescent outside, 8-13 mm long,

4-6 mm broad; inner segments narrower and longer than the outer;
stamens shorter than perianth segments; capsule ovoid, trigonous,
ca. 2.5 cm long and 1 cm broad. June-August.

Water meadows and wet glades. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech.,
UDViGe MV ieKas) Us Dip: 4M, Dip.) V.-Don,, Transv,4/CaucastigwCise: %
Dag, OWE. E<eand S$} Transe.. Wii Siberia: .Oby Ui Lobel iri a wAlts
Be Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say., Dau/; ParEast: Ze.-Bu.> Centriurtcic:
Balkh., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Med., W. Balkans. Described
from Switzerland. Type in Vienna (?).

Note. A poisonous plant, especially when young. The rootstock,
"rhizoma veratri'', contains the alkaloids nervin and veratroidin, used in
medicine.

o. V. calyciflorum Kom. Sp. nova. in Addenda III, 733.—
V. Escholtzii Asa Gray. var. Kom. Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 434.
Perennial; rhizome short, thickened, with numerous roots; stem erect,
70-150 cm long, clothed at base in disintegrated leaf sheaths; leaves
numerous, thin, the lower broadly elliptic, gradually becoming lanceolate
in acropetal direction, the upper arachnoid with short scattered hairs;
inflorescence a loose raceme with distant long spreading branches and

14

tomentose rachis; pedicels short; perianth dark green; segments narrowly
lanceolate, often dentate, acute, glabrous within, tomentose outside, the
outer l-nerved, the inner 3-nerved; stamens half the length of perianth
segments. June-July.

Wood clearings and banks of forest streams, in shade. — Far East:
Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria. Described from Uss. Type in Leningrad.

6. V. oxysepalum Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou (1840) 79; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 209.—V. album subs. oxysepalum MGHulten Fl. of
Kamtch. I (1927) 233.— V. album Kom. Fl. Kamtsch. I (1927) 291,
non L.— V. album var. Lobelianum Kom. Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 433.

Perennial; rhizome short, thickened; stem erect, terete,

50-150 (200) cm long, in upper part often tomentulose; leaves numerous,
elliptic, acuminate, 15-27 cm long, 5-12 cm broad, gradually
diminishing in acropetal direction, mostly glabrous, rarely somewhat
tomentulose; inflorescence compact, (15) 25-40 (60) cm long; pedicels
1-2 (3)mmlong; bracts (4) 6-10 mm long, ovate; flowers 8-12 (15) mm
in diameter; petals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 mm long,

2-3 mm broad, finely denticulate, greenish; stamens half the length of
perianth; capsule ovoid-trigonous. June-August.

Meadows, scrub, wood margins, and glades.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol.,
Ang.-Say., Dau; Far East: Kamch., Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss., Sakh.
Endemic. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Kharkov.

Note. Forms displaying transition toward V. Lobelianum occur
in addition to typical samples.

7. V. Misae (Sirjaev) Loes. } Fedde, Repert, sp. nov. XXIV, 4-13
(Cho AW uGiony Iateyal. WE Za. .Sib. ida Hamlin album var. Misae Sir.
in Acta Bot. Bohem, Vol. II (1923) 41.

Perennial; rhizome with numerous stringy roots; stem clothed in
remnants of leaf sheaths, partly fibrillose, erect, 20-40 cm long, 4-8 mm
thick, in inflorescence tomentulose; leaves elliptic, short-acuminate,
glabrous on both sides, ciliolate-margined, the lower 4-9 cm long and
1-4 cm broad, gradually diminishing and becoming lanceolate in acropetal
direction; inflorescence paniculate-spiciform, 5-8 (18) cm long, 3-4 cm
broad; pedicels short, tomentose; bracts ovate, greatly exceeding the
pedicel; perianth yellowish-green, with elliptic crenate segments;
stamens half the length of perianth segments. July-August.

Boggy meadows, wet tundras, banks of rivers and lakes, and thin
broad-leaved woods.— Arctic.: Arc. Eur., Arc. Sib., Chuk.; European
part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech. Endemic. Described from Ob Gulf and Taz
Bay. Type in Bryunne [?].

Note. A species well defined in the northern belt, but with various
transitional forms that link it with V. Lobelianum. The transitional
plants have greater overall size and larger and more spreading
inflorescence, although some are large but have a peniculate-spiciform
inflorescence.

15

Genus 258. MERENDERA* RAMOND.**
Ramond in Bull. Soc. philom. II (1798) 178, t.12

Perianth large, infundibular; segments distinct to base, unguiculate,

the limb narrow, oblong, sometimes with filiform or toothlike appendages
at base, the claws long, linear-filiform, longer or shorter than the limb;
stamens inserted at base of perianth segments; anthers oblong or linear,
basifixed or versatile; ovary trilocular, with numerous ovules; styles 3,
distinct, filiform; fruit a septicidal capsule, dehiscing from the top
downward; seeds globose.

Cormatose plants, the linear leaves always appearing together with

flowers and enclosed in a spathe.

aly

wo +m 4+

16

*

oe

Corms poorly developed, stalked; tunic thin, of few layers; teeth at
the base.ofipetal limbs! rather] short; sivliferm’ = <€4: seen teieon- selene

Corms welldeveloped, (without soboles) <\.. ¢i222e-05G! se) oa 2
Corm tunics delicate, membranous; flowers solitary ........... 3.
Corm tunics) sti ‘coarse: flowers several) = 42-5 4) 282). 2 ean eee 4,

Stem lateral; flowers light pink; leaves linear-lanceolate; limb of
perianth segments always with long filiform teeth at base; anthers
yellows goblona ito Zimrmelonce ice =. we. er- tener 2. M. Raddeana Rel.
Stem arising from the center of the corm; flowers solitary, white;
leaves linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, shorter than to as
long as flower; limb of perianth segments oblong, obtuse, exauriculate;
anthers yellow, linear, to 8 mm long, basifixed 1 .s:0.4/¢:) 2 2 itiee. Br.
3 oi a ea aed AE ae a ae Re a 3. M. hissarica Rgl.
Limb of perianth segments auriculate; anthers small, oblong, versatile,

im5=2 a Wong ae: eel OS RE Sl Be a Lee. 5.
Limb of perianth segments exauriculate; anthers linear, 8-10 mm long,
DASITIEeR i. EY OSSrRtte Uc Me Rn aE Oe ee ee ts

HMlowersiwhite asa irule, rarely yellowish=white i402 Uae. a. 20
BY GRC: CSM, Sala ee BRR Seem ake 6. M. candidissima Miscz.
Flowers varying shades ranging from white to bright pink......... Gr
Leaves at anthesis shorter than flowers; flowers commonly pink, rarely
whitish; limb of perianth segments 2-3 times the length of claw; teeth

at base of limb short or absent, mostly confined to inner segments;
Spathe:lonaiyha. shee. 2) Aaa: Je 4, M. trigyna (Ad.) G. Woron.
Leaves greatly exceeding the flowers at anthesis; flowers mostly white
or scarcely pinkish; claw of perianth segments more than 3 times the
length of limb; teeth at base of limb well developed, very short; spathe
Venyeshort? > Aone pte et OLR 5. M. Eichleri (Egl.) Boiss.
Corms large, 3-4 cm in diameter; flowers large; limb 2.5-4 cm long;
filaments 2-3 mm long, one-third to one-fourth the length of anther.
EEO! MAS. BER OR OAR ek, 0 TL eR, ERs 7. M. robusta Bge.
Corms smaller, 2-2.5 cm in diameter; limb of perianth segments
15-18-25 mm long; filaments up to 4 mm long; anthers twice the

length of filament; leaves narrower, canaliculate .....0. 0.0059 .%0.. -
DARE Mea tgd eeg Me amc: Ob bas SM, ROR SRO ERT EMER Whe 8. M. Jolantae E. Czerniak.

From Spanish name for Colchicum —Quita mariendas which Merendera resembles.
Arranged by E,G. Chernyakovskaya.

17

1. M. sobolifera C.A.M., Ind. Sem. Horti Petrop. I (1835) 34; Miscz.
in Fl. cauc. crit. II (1912) 92-94; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I, 189.—
Bulbocodium hastulatum Friv. in Reg. Flora (1836) 434, —
Colchicum soboliferum Stef., Monogr. Gatt. Colchicum (1926) 44.

Perennial, 8-20 cm tall; corm ca. 1 cm, covered with delicate brown
tunics, attached to a horizontal or oblique stalk with numerous soboles;
leaves 3, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less flattened, delicate,
distinctly nerved, glabrous, 3-5 mm broad, appearing together with
flowers and usually exceeding them; flowers 1 or 2, pink; perianth
segments with a linear-elliptic obtusish limb, 17-25 mm long, 2.5 mm
broad, sagittate at base by descending linear auricles, the filiform claws
twice the length of limb; stamens half as long as the limb; anthers 2-3 mm
long, ellipsoid, brown, versatile; capsule small, ovoid-oblong, to 18 mm
long. January-March. (Plate II, Figure 1a).

Alpine meadows, at altitudes of 2100-2400 m.—Centr. Asia: Mtn.
Turkm., Pam.-Al. (E. Bal'dzhuan); Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from Khoi area in Iranian Azerbaijan.
Type in Leningrad.

2. M. Raddeana Rgl. Gartenfl. (1881) 293; Miscz. Fl. cauc.-crit.
Il (1912) 94-95; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I] (1928) 189.—C, caucasicum
v. Raddeanus (Rgl.) Stef., Monogr. Gatt. Colchicum (1926) 44.—
lee hel s.Gartenil. tO ais tak:

Perennial, 7-13 cm tally corms small, ovaloid, with delicate
submenbranous cinnamon-brown tunics; stem lateral; leaves linear-
lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-12 mm broad, subobtuse; perianth pale pink,
drying pale violet; limb of perianth linear-elliptic, obtusish, to 6 mm
broad, always with long mostly filiform teeth at base; stamens half as long
as the limb; anthers yellow, oblong, 2 mm long, 3 times the length of
filament. Fl. March-April.

Alpine meadows, mountain slopes and passes, near the snowline, at
altitudes of 2400-3170 m.— Caucasus: S. Transc. (Nakhichevan, Lake
Gokcha area), Talysh. Gen. distr.: N. Iran. Described from Sabalan
and Khorzan Pass near Qazvin. Type in Leningrad.

3. M. hissarica Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 645.—Colchicum
hissaricum Stef., Monogr. (1926) 23.

Perennial, up to 10 cm tall; corms medium size, 2-3 cm long,
1-1.5 cm broad, oblong, the brown membranous tunics slightly exceeding
the corm; leaves 2, oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm broad, canaliculate,
nearly flat, subfalcate, rarely straight, spreading, obtuse, smooth-
margined, shorter than or rarely equaling to slightly exceeding the flower;
flowers solitary, white; limb of perianth segments oblong, obtuse,
1.5-2 cm long, 3-5 mm broad, exauriculate, the filiform claw 1.5-2 times
the length of limb; anthers yellow, narrowly linear, 8 mm long, twice
the length of filament, one-third shorter than the limb; ovary oblong; style
filiform, slightly exceeding the stamens; stigmas small, capitate. Fl. May,
June, July.

Mountains in the alpine zone, passes near the snowline, at altitudes
of 2400-4000 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Endemic. Described
from Pam.-Al. (Mura Pass). Type in Leningrad.

13

18

4. M. trigyna (Adams) Woron. in Schedis ad Fl. cauc. exs. in A.H.P.
XXVIII (1912) 431; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I, 190.—Bulbocodium
trigynum Adams in Web. et Mohr. Beitr. z. Natrk. I (1805) 49; Lidb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 205.—M. caucasica M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 293,
#6 et Wt (1819) 281; Misez. in’ Hl. ‘cauc)-crit. 1 (1912) 95-977
Bulbocodium caucasicum Shmal'g., Fl. Il (1897) 511.—

C. caucasicum Spreng. Stef. Monogr, (1926) 43-44. Merendera
cavcasica v. euryphiy]la ’Bordz, in Herb.— leo: iM Bo Cent) pl:
rar. ross. I (1810) t. 50; Bot. Mag. (1839) t.3690.— Exs.: Fl. cauc. exs.
No. 258. Pl. or. exs. No. 28.

Perennial, 8-12 cm tall; corm ovoid, 1-2 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in
diameter, clothed in short rigid blackish-brown tunics, stems arising
from the center of the corm; leaves 2-4, linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm long
(after flowering to 1 cm broad), canaliculate, falcate, acuminate, thickish,
glabrous, shorter than to about equaling the flower at anthesis; spathe
long, equaling the perianth tube; flowers 1-5, commonly pink, the color
varying greatly in intensity from dark to pale pink, rarely whitish; perianth
segments oblong-lanceolate, 2—2.5 cm long, 5-7 mm broad, the teeth at
the base of limb short or absent or sometimes the limb with a single tooth;
limb 2-3 times as long’as the filiform claw; anthers ovoid, versatile,
1.5-2 mm long; capsule oblong-ellipsoid, pointed at both ends. Fl.
January-April.

Dry mountain slopes, at altitudes of 1500-1800 m and in plains. —
Caucasus: W., E. andS. Transc. Gen. distr,: Arm.-Kurd., Asia Minor,
N. Persia. Described from E. Transcaucasia — "hab. in Cauc. circa.
castellum Georgo-politanum et in Iberia merid.'' Type in Leningrad.

5. M. Eichleri (Rgl.) Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 168; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I,
190.—Bulbocodium Eichleri Rgl. Gartenfl. XXVII (1878) 294 et in
A.H.P. V, 633.—M. caucasica var. Eichleri Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. XVII (1879) 439.— Bulbocodium caucasicum Shmal'g., Fl. Il
(1897) 511 p.p.—M. caucasica var. Eichleri (Rgl.) Baker in Miscz.
Fl. cauc. crit. II (1912)97.—Colchicum caucasicum Spreng. Stef.
Monogr. Gatt. Colchicum (1926) 43.—Ic.: Rgl. Gartenfl, (1878) t. 952.

Perennial; corm ovoid-oblong, larger than in the preceding species,
1.5-2.5 em across, with blackish-brown stiff tunics; spathe very short;
stems short; leaves 8-18 mm broad, linear-ovate, canaliculate, acuminate,
greatly exceeding the flower already at anthesis; flowers commonly white
or faintly rose; perianth segments mostly acuminate, with short teeth at
the base of limb; claw 3 times the length of limb; stamens shorter than
the limb; anthers with sagittate appendages. March-April.

Wet mountain slopes, 600-1800 m.— Caucasus: Cisc. (Kislovodsk,
Pyatigorsk), Dag., E. Trans. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Baku
according to EHichler's collections.

6.* M. candidissima Miscz. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 190.

Perennial; corm with numerous stiff coarse black tunics; stem usually
central; leaves sublanceolate, obtuse, lustrous, bright green, shorter
than to equaling the flower; perianth white, rarely dingy white.

* This species was referred by E.G. Chernyakovskaya,to M. trigyna Woron. as a synonym, and has
been included by the editors in the manuscript.

14

ue

Caucasus: Tal. Endemic. Described from Zuvant. Type in Tiflis
[Tbilisi].

Note. We do not have at our disposal either full description or
herbarium material. The species is included in the ''Flora" solely for
the sake of a full inventory and in consideration of the fact that the
endemism for Talysh is beyond doubt. Hence the importance of this species
which is related to the two preceding ones within the general system of
ime senus Miemende'r a:

7. M. robusta Bge. in Mém. Sav. Etr. Pétersb. VII (1854) 515; Boiss.
MievOrs. VV. i169 — Bulbocedium nqobustum, Rely inlA P. Vl (1879)
ita. pemsicum (es turkesitanicum Holly in Gartentlixxx (1881)
294.—Merendera Badghysi Korsh. inMém. Ac. Pétersb. VIII, IV,
No. 4 (1896) 99.—Colchivum robustum Stef., Monogr. (1926) 24.—
ten Gartennaexxx (1981) t.508 M@pred! rastivokr, Pashix. (1923),
nispreré9 sb xs:) HDR Ney L56.

Perennial; corm large, ovoid-oblong, flattened, 2, 3-4 cm across,
clothed in coriaceous blackish-brown tunics prolonged into a long tube
enveloping the base of stem; leaves 3-6, appearing together with and
somewhat exceeding the flowers, linear to linear-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm
broad, slightly spreading, glabrous, with a cartilaginous softly scabrous
margin, acuminate, many-nerved, the lowest leaf sometimes subdistant;
flowers 2 or 3 (-8), white or pink; limb of perianth segments oblong-
elliptic, 25-30 mm long, 5-6 mm broad, exauriculate; claws narrowly
linear to subfiliform, 2-3 times the length of limb; stamens about half the
length of limb; anthers linear, greenish-yellow, 6-10 mm long, 3-4 times
the length of filament, basifixed; capsule oblong, 2-3 cm long, the fruitlets
short-beaked; seeds 20-40, globose. February-March. (Plate II,

Figure 2a, c)):

Sandy and sandy-clayey hills; sands and sandy-clayey and solonchak
plains .= Centr. Asia Min. DurkmiyKRarak., Kyz. Ke) Pam -AlawAmu D.,
Syr D., Balkh. (Chu). Gen. distr.: India, Baluchistan. Afghanistan,
Described from the sands of Syr D. and Kyz. K. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The following observations were made by A.I. Vvedenskii on
a large number of plants (more than 150 specimens) grown in the Botanical
Garden of Tashkent from corms collected near Kushka: Flower white at
first, gradually turning pink, rarely pale pink to start with. Limb of
perianth variable in size and shape. Measurements of a large number of
Specimens gave the following petal dimensions: 25X6, 35X11, and
40X9mm, the outer segments somewhat broader and longer; all acute or
obtuse. Similar observations were carried out on M. Jolantae
E. Czerniak, in which the dimensions fluctuated within the range 15 X 5 mm
to 18X3 mm.

8. M. Jolantae E. Czerniak. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXIX (1930)
193.

Perennial, 13-15 cm tall in flower, up to 30 cm in fruit; corm oblong-
ovoid, 2—2.5 cm broad, clothed in thin dark cinnamon-brown tunics
prolonged into a short tube enveloping the stem; spathe pale membranous,
obliquely truncate; leaves 3-5-(10), narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
coriaceous, canaliculate, slightly attenuate, subobtuse, 4-12 mm broad,

20

23

glaucescent, glabrous, scaberulous-margined, developing together with
and somewhat shorter than the flowers; flowers 1-3, white; limb of
perianth segments linear-lanceolate, obtusish, 20-25 mm long, 4-6 mm
broad, exauriculate, the linear-filiform claw twice the length of limb;
stamens about half the length of limb; anthers linear, basifixed, 8-9 mm,
long, 2-3 times the length of filament; filaments white, 3-4 mm long;
capsule ca. 1.5 cm long, the valves long-beaked. March, in mountains
June. (Plate II, Figure 3).

Clayey slopes and gypseous hills.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic.
Described from Kopet Dagh from Razarash. Type in Leningrad.

L. Coroll. Gen. (1737) 6.

Perianth petaloid, large, 6-parted; segments distinct, the long narrow
claws forming a tube and joined by teeth on either side of limb base;
stamens inserted at limb base; filaments slender; anthers versatile;
pistil with 1 sessile trilocular many-ovuled ovary and 1 apically 3-fid style;
capsule oblong, 3-valved; seeds globose. Tuberous plants.

1. B. versicolor (Ker.-Gawl.) Spreng. Syst. veg. II (1825) 40.—
Colchicum versicolor Ker.-Gawl. Bot. Reg. (1821) t.571.—
Bulbocodium vernum M.B.FI. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 261.—

B. ruthenicum Bge. Ind. Sem. H. Dorp. 12 (1837) 11; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IVE 206 sshimalic. (irl Paoli le sainichigelic +: HaiGermint.) 955;
Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 376, Figure 173.

Perennial; tuber ovoid, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, with dark brown
membranous tunics; leaves 3-4, with flowers, lance-linear, not more
than 1 cm broad, upright, subobtuse, canaliculate, glaucous, glabrous,
elongated after flowering; flowers pink or pinkish-lilac, obtusish,

2.5-3 cm long, the limb barely longer than the narrow claw, with a pair
of obtuse auricles at base; stamens one-third to half the length of limb;
anthers yellow, oblong; capsule 15-17 mm long, oblong, acuminate;
style long, 3-fid at the top. Fl. March-April. (Plate II, Figure 6, a).

Steppes, slopes, commons, scrub, woods, wet glades, and water
meadows. In the USSR in the steppe regions.— European part: M. Dnp.,
V.-Don, Trans., Bl., L.V. For the Caucasus there are only literary
records (Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 170; Mishchenko in Fl. cauc. crit. II, 1912,
102; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 190).—Cisc. and Dag. Gen. distr.:
W. and E. Med. Described from S. Russia.

* From Greek bolbos, tuber, and kodion, membrane, referring to membranes of the tunic covering
the tuber.
** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

——

Plate II

1. Merendera sobolifera C.A.M.: la) perianth segments.— 2. M. robusta Bge.: 2a) fruit;

2b) perianth.— 3. M. Jolantae E. Czem., perianth segments.— 4. Colchicum Szovitsii Cai IMS
perianth segments.— 5. C. nivale Boiss. et Huet., flower.— 6. Bulbocodium versicolor Spreng,
flower; 6a) fruit.— 7. Colchicum sérpentinum Woron., 7a) fruit; 7b) perianth segments; 7c) style

and stamens.— 8. C. umbrosum Stev.

24

Genus 260. COLCHICUM* (TOURN.) L.**
Colchicum (Tourn. Inst. 346, t.181, 182); L. Gen. pl. ed. 1 (1737) 107; ed. 5(1754) 159.—

Synsiphon Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1879) 490.

Flowers and leaves inclosed in a spathe; flowers large, bisexual;

perianth infundibular-campanulate, with a long cylindric tube and 6-parted
limb; stamens shorter than perianth segments, the 3 inner shorter than
the outer, all inserted in perianth throat; style 1, with 3 distinct styles;
stigmas clavate; ovary trilocular; fruit an ovoid-globose to ovoid-oblong
septicidal capsule; stems numerous; bulbs coated with brown sheaths
(tunics) prolonged into a fairly long tube enveloping the lower part.

Note. Colchicum species are poisonous and infest pastures (Fedch.,

Rast. Turk. 221). The seeds (Semen Colchici) have medicinal value.
Nearly all species deserve a place in gardens for their decorative flowers.

il
+

m +0 F

Flowers and leaves appearing together spring ~ ..-.... . ie = een we ie
Flowers appearing in fall; leaves and capsules in the spring of the
FOLIO WINE Vai Oh a Heme bby tel) com et A Ae NUR ce a vk ah ol allel Meee Sd came 8.

Leaf margin rough-ciliate; filaments sometimes villous at base.......
BSR eh Ne a 2 ee I i 1. C. Biebersteinii Rouy.

Leaf margin always smooth; filaments never villous}. ././4)..-%. 2. 3.
Bulbsysmellp wi 2eerm plone. mere torplessneylimdrics) Weis aut eo aur ae 4.
Bulbs lancer} thickened at base . fgets. : Meh ea Me, 4 etnWee pee MRE Suen al tle b.

Bulbs subcylindric, the tunics thin and delicate, the outer brown, the
inner reddish-brown, lustrous; leaves 3, narrowly linear, canaliculate,
2-4 mm broad; flowers 1-4, pale pink; perianth segments oblong-
lanceolate, 2—2.5 cm long, with a very slender tube; anthers small

(2 mm long), linear, drying blackish-green— filaments 4-5 times the
length of anthem weenie. 2. ea. 2. C. serpentinum (Woron.) Miscz.
Bulbs oblong, 1.5 cm long, 1 cm in diameter, with coriaceous
cinnamon-brown tunics; leaves 2, very rarely 3, short-lanceolate,
subobtuse to obtuse, 4-15 mm broad, canaliculate at flowering, at
length broadly elliptic, 15-20 mm long, 6-9 mm broad, twice the length
of stamens; anthers 2-3 mm long, yellow; filaments 2-3 times the

Lenothion nc Mer.. Meu. eee. if aemeeyeae so vets 3. C. nivale Boiss. et Huet.
Flowers pink or violet; rarely white and then perianth segments

Harrowdy Wma ie. axe aia 2 cr A Scouse AMD Mele. nk cea a, |. Maa 6.
Flowers yellow or white, with a blackish-violet stripe on the black... 7.

Bulbs large, to 3 cm in diameter, with blackish-brown tunics; leaves
2-3, broadly lanceolate, to 2 cm broad; flowers pink; perianth segments
elliptic—oblanceolate, obtusish, 2.5-3 cm long, 8-10 mm broad, with
aJ/short thickwtube ye ¥. . 71 Sia)" Semen ee 4. C. Szovitsii Fisch. et Mey.
Bulb 2.5 cm in diameter; leaves 1-3, narrowly linear; perianth
segments ca. 2 cm long, narrowly linear, whitish, the tube slender.

Be eee te. a flonan uu ask), 20% eat en asta a ee 5. C. zangezurum Grossh.

* A generic name derived from Greek Kolkhis (a region by the Black Sea, ancient Colchis), where

this plant is very common. The Russian name of the genus, Osennik, alludes to some of the species
which flower in late fall; their ovary winters and then develops into mature capsule with the appearance
of leaves [From Russian osen, fall].

** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

29

7. Leaves 2-7, linear, scarcely developed at flowering time, 3-10 mm
broad; flowers 1-4, mostly 1 or 2; perianth segments lance-oblong,
obtuse, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 5 mm broad; anthers basifixed, narrowly
liner oat Onmimn Wons,3 times; the length of filament jclatvsfsiinie alba.
BREN es AT Wert eR. se eiee A OL. hae ORCS 6. C. Regelii Stef.

+ Leaves 3-4, lanceolate, canaliculate to nearly flat, 8-10 mm broad;
flowers 1-3; perianth segments 1.5-2.5 (3) cm long, 5-7 mm broad,
linear-oblanceolate, obtuse; anthers yellow, erect, narrowly linear,
many times the length of filament ............ (a Covluteumy Baker.

8. Flowers 1-5, small; leaves 3-5, thickish, lance-lorate, obtuse,

15-22 mm broad; bulbs medium size, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, subglobose,
ine olackish coats) prolonged.into a,longithinetube . sian oaiewin 3 OO. . :
Elowens ame bulloss Waageen) Fora te. Dim bam. ety Uk) or ae Ce a!) ET oF

9. Flowers pale lilac, medium size (fairly large); styles very slender,

subfiliform, but slightly attenuate upward, many times the length of

stamens; bulb to 3 cm in diameter, ovoid, fairly large, the coriaceous
blackish-brown,tunics prolonged.into a long slender tube). .(a.qie ou). ; -

Rae B SY oper isla hike cA racy ity there csityal Bobay ce 5: pad pang Sy knelt nso 9. C. laetum Stev.

Flowers very large, pinkish-purple or violet; styles thick, straight at

the top; bulb large, oblong, up to 5 cm long, 3-4 cm broad, the dark

cinnamon-brown membranous to subcoriaceous tunics prolonged into
aglonenand broad tube pi «et ateaysyecen- plies te: ad 10. C. speciosum Stev.

1. C. Biebersteinii Rouy in Bull. Soc. Bot. France LII (1905) 646; Stef.
Monogr. Gatt. Colchicum (1926) 36-37; Vul'f., Fl. Krymal, c, 3 (1930)
5-7.—C. bulbocodioides M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 293, non Brot. ;
Stevan Mem: soc..nat..Moscou. VIL (1829) 267.p.p.; Shmal'ga.. Bl Il, 510.—
Cyimontanwum Ldb: FI Ross. 1V (1853) 250 p.p.3 Misez: im Bilmeaue.
Sty Lote) it Y monsls. — Le.) StVan OP» .C. belie

Perennial, 10-15 cm tall; bulb very small, 13-20 mm long, 1-1.5 cm
in diameter, ovoid, the coriaceous tunics prolonged into a short neck;
spathe long, membranous; leaves commonly 3, recurved, linear-
lanceolate, canaliculate, more or less rough-margined, ciliate or glabrous,
often narrowly cartilaginous-bordered, 4-8 mm broad; flowers 1-8,
pinkish-violet, medium size; perianth 18-24 mm long, oblong-elliptic,
obtusish, 10-—15-nerved, the slender tube many times longer than the limb;
stamens about half the length of perianth; filaments thickened toward base,
often tomentose; anthers violet-brown, oblong-linear; styles straight,
with terminal stigma; capsule globose, 12-18 mm long, short-acuminate.
January-March.

Slopes and steppes, in clay soils. — European part: Bl., Crim.

Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, France, Bulgaria, Dobruja.

2. C. serpentinum Miscz. in Fl. cauc. crit. II (1912) 114.

Perennial, 11-13 cm tall, flowering with leaves; bulbs small, 1-2 cm
long, 5-8 mm in diameter, subcylindric; tunics short, thin, membranous,
brownish-cinnamon-colored; leaves 2-3, narrowly linear, 2-4 mm broad,
slightly recurved, canaliculate, strongly recurved to contorted after
flowering; spathe long, pale, membranous, obliquely truncate; flowers 1-4,

19

26

pale pink; perianth segments 2 (2.5) cm long, oblong-lanceolate, the very
slender tube 3-4 times the length of perianth; stamens half as long as the
perianth; filaments thickened at base, gradually attenuate, orange, drying
pale pinkish-violet; anthers 2 mm long, linear, drying blackish-green,
the filaments 4-5 times as long as anthers; styles exceeding the stamens,
filiform, straight. January-February. (Plate II, Figure 7, a-e).

Mountain slopes, among shrubs.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic.
Described from former Artvin District of Batumi Region, where it occurs
on slopes above the Lomashenskii nursery. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor.
Type in Leningrad.

3. C. nivale Boiss. et Huet ex Stef. Monogr. (1926) 35-36. —

C. Szovitsii var. nivale Boiss. et Huet in Boiss. Diagn. pl. sér. II,
4 (1859) 122 — Merendera nivalis Stapf in Denkschr. Akad. Wien I
(1885) 18.—C. bifolium Frey et Sint. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. IV (1896)

198.—C. Szovitsii var. bifolium Bordz. in Acta Horti Tifl. XVIII,

2 (1919) 489.

Perennial; bulb small, oblong, 1.5 cm long, 1 cm broad, with short,
coriaceous, cinnamon-brown tunics; spathe short, membranous, ovately
truncate, colored; leaves 2 or rarely 3, short-lanceolate, obtusish to
acutish, 4-15 mm broad, subcanaliculate in flower, at length broadly linear
and subexplanate, glabrous, cartilaginous-margined; flowers solitary or
rarely 2, pinkish or white; perianth segments broadly elliptic, the outer
sometimes auriculate at base, 15-20 mm long, 6-9 mm broad,
7-15-nerved, obtusish, twice the length of stamens, the thick tube
3-4 times as long as perianth; filaments subulate, with thickened orange
base; anthers 2-3 mm long; yellow; filaments 2-3 times as long as anthers;
styles straight, with capitate stigma; capsule oblong, 15 mm long. March-
May. (Plate II, Figure 5).

Alpine meadows, up to 300 m, on thawed snow patches. — Caucasus:

S. Transce. Gen. distr.: Turkish Armenia and NW. Iran. Described from
Turkish Armenia. Type in Geneva.

4. C. Szovitsii Fisch. et Mey. in Index Sem. Petrop. (1835) 24; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 205; Misez. in Fl. cauc. crit. II (1912) 112-114; Stef.
Monogr. (1926) 25-27.

Perennial, 22 cm tall in flower; bulb fairly large, to 3 cm in diameter,
the coriaceous cinnamon-brown tunics prolonged into a long tube; leaves
2 or 3, to 2 cm broad, suberect, with a flat or sometimes undulate glabrous
margin; flowers with leaves, 1-4, whitish-pink; perianth segment obtusish,
elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm long, 8-10 mm broad, 9- or 10-nerved, the
stout tube 4 times as long as the segments; stamens 7-10 mm long,
one-third the length of perianth segments, thickened at base; anthers
ellipsoid, 3mm long, yellow; filaments glabrous; styles straight; capsule
ovoid, large, 3.5-4 cm long; fruitlets long-beaked. March-April. (Plate II,
Figure 4).

Subalpine and alpine meadows.— Caucasus: S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.
N. Iran. Described in 1829 from Somkhetiya, Arekligeduk mountains,
from collection of Shovits. Type in Leningrad.

20

Bil

5. C. zangezurum Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 191.

Ferennial; bulb large, to 2.5 cm in diameter; tunics coarse, blackish-
brown; leaves 1-3, narrowly linear; flowers 1 or 2, slender-tubed;
perianth segments to 2 cm long, narrowly linear, whitish.

Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described by A.A. Grossheim from
live specimens grown from bulbs collected in Zangezur, on dry mounds in
Araks Valley.

Note. Not having seen the specimens, we doubt the distinctiveness
of this species. It is not known whether the type plant still exists. Stefanov
refers it conjecturally to C. nivalis.

6. C. Regelii Stef. in Monogr. Gatt. Colchicum (1926) 22-23.—
Spasiphonyerocitllocum Role, A.B Py 1V (ls) i4o1h
Coucrocitlorum ) Rel. Ay HP. Vil (18380) 3852 mengschott et imotsehy.
(ieb4) =" ecrocitlorum var’ typicu mr et yarns tenmopina laa mn
Rela A he P. Vill (ies4) 6461 — CC) Kesse lringin RelA Pe) Vill
(1883) 646.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. t. 8055; Opred. rast. okr. Tashk. I (1923),
Figure 90.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-oblong, 1-3 cm long, 1.5-2 cm in diameter,
the blackish-brown membranous to subcoriaceous tunics prolonged into a
rather long tube; leaves 2-7, linear, appearing with flower, scarcely
developed or rather short in flower, spreading, canaliculate, subobtuse
to subacute, at length lance-linear, flat, subcoriaceous, 3-10 mm broad,
the margin smooth or rarely denticulate; flowers 1-4, mostly 1 or 2;
perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 5 mm
broad, white, with a blackish-violet dorsal stripe, twice as long as stamens,
the tube to 10 cm long, more or less violet-tinged; anthers yellow,
basifixed, narrowly linear, 9-10 mm long, twice the length of filaments.
February-May (July).

Mountains, from 2000 to 3800 m, in mountain passes of the alpine and
Subalpine zones, descending onto mounds in the foothills and submontane
plains.— Centr. Asia: Syr D. (Tashkent, Chirchik Valley), Pam.-Al.,

T. Sh. Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Tashkent. Type in
Leningrad.

Note. Regel (l.c.) notes two varieties: a typicum — many-flowered
forms with lance-oblong perianth segments (Chu and Narym river valleys)
and 8B stenosepalum —a 1-or rarely 2-flowered form with sublinear
segments. (E. Bukhara, Darvaz).

7. C. luteum Baker in Gard. Chron. VII (1874) 34; Stef. Monogr. (1926)
21-22.— C. Alberti Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1883) 647.— Ie.: Bot: Mag.
t. 6153:'Pedeh., Rast. Turk. (1914)220)) Picure ds. — Bxse: Velen) ea4)l.
ANS SMSC INO tale

Perennial; bulb ovoid-oblong, flattened, 1.5-3 cm long, 1-—2.5 cm broad,
the brownish membranous tunics mostly prolonged into a tube 5-10 cm
long enveloping the lower part of the stem; leaves (2) 3-4, short and
canaliculate at flowering time, at length linear-ligulate, to 15 cm long,
8-15 mm broad, subobtuse, glabrous-margined; flowers 1-3, yellow with
leaves, the yellowish or violet tube 3-7 mm long; perianth segments
1.5-2.6 (3) cm long, 5-7 mm broad, erect, bright yellow, unicolor or
dorsally violet-tinged at base, linear-oblanceolate, obtusish; anthers

21

29

yellow, basifixed, narrowly linear, many times the length of filament;
styles filiform, yellow; capsule ovoid, to 2> cm long; fruitlets long-
acuminate. Fl. April-July.

Near thawing snow, in mountains and on glaciers, at 1800 to 4000 m. —
Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., W. Tien.Shan. Gen. distr.: Tibet, India,
Baluchistan, Afghanistan. Described from Kashgar (Yarkend).

Note. Two-leaved 1-flowered forms of W. Tien Shan (Narym River
valley) were separated by A. Regel into a distinct species, C. Oe tesa
Rel. (A.H.P. VIII, 647). This species differs little from the type; similar
2-leaved and 1-flowered forms occur, side by side with typical plants,
in others areas (Zeravshan valley, former Namangan County, E. part of
Tadzhik SSR). The Darvaz forms differ to some extent in having broader
leaves (up to 2 cm broad), larger bulbs and broader perianth segments.

Note. This plant is considered as poisonous and dangerous to cattle
in Kirghizian pastures.

8. C. umbrosum Stev. in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. de Moscou I (1829)
268: Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1V, 204; Shmal'g., Fl. Wl, 510; Mise. Fir) camer me rmin:
II (1912) 109; Stef. Monogr. (1926) 64.—C. autumnale M.B. Fl. taur.-
caue . 1(13808)0292, non li. — le. -'Stev’ op! ‘cit, t. 14. —Exs.*) Herbs. El:
cauc. No. 162; Fl. cauc. exs. No. 355.

Perennial, 11-15 cm tall in flower, 20-28 cm in fruit; bulb medium
size, 1.5-2 cm in diameter, subglobose, somewhat asymmetrical at base;
tunics blackish, membranous, prolonged into a slender tube; leaves 3-5,
rather thick, lance-lorate, obtuse, 15 cm long, 15-22 mm broad; flowers
1-5, small, appearing in fall; perianth segments elliptic-oblanceolate,
lilac or pale purple, to 2 cm or rarely 2.5-3 cm long, the tube 5-6 times
the length of the limb; stamens less than half the length of perianth; anthers
yellow, hyaline-margined; style barely exceeding or rarely equaling the
stamens, slightly curved at the top; mature capsule ellipsoid-oblong, to
4 cm long, acuminate, narrowed toward base. Fl. August-September;
fr. April-May (Plate II, Figure 8).

Foothills and mountains, in the subalpine and timber zones, shady
meadows, under trees, glades among shrubs, and mountain slopes. —
European part: Crim; Caucasus: Cisc., W. Transc., Dag. Gen. distr.:
Asia Minor. Described from the vicinity of Yalta. Type in Helsinki.

9. C. laetum Stev. in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou VII (1829) 262,
Separat. p.66; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 204; Shmal's., Pl. 1), 510; Mise7 sage:
cauc.-Crit. II (1912) 110-111; Stef. Monogr. (1926) 65.—C. autumnale
M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 293 (quoad pl. cauc.).—Ic.: Stev. op. cit.
tele: Rel, "Gartentls (l8G2)t. 309.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, fairly large, ca. 3 cm in diameter; tunics
coriaceous, blackish-brown, prolonged into a fairly long slender tube;
leaves 4, ligulate, pale green, the lowest subobtuse, broader than the
others, the upper acute; flowers 1-3, fairly large, pale lilac or purple;
perianth segments lanceolate to elliptic; commonly up to 4 cm long, obtuse,
the throat glabrous, the tube 3-4 times the length of limb; stamens about
half the length of perianth segments; anthers linear, yellow, to 6-8 cm
long; styles very slender, linear, nearly straight, slightly thicker and
scarcely curved at the top, many times the length of stamens; capsule ovoid,

22

30

to 2 cm long, borne on a very short stipe, obtuse at base, acuminate at
the top. Fl. August-September; fr. April.

Meadows and steppes. — European part: L.V., L. Don; Caucasus:
Steppe parts of Cis., Dag. Endemic. Described from the Caucasus (In
campis ad Terek circa Casaccorum oppidum). Type in Helsinki; cotype in
Leningrad.

10. C. speciosum Stev. in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou VII (1829)
Ano edb rl. Goss, UV, 204, p.p.; Misez. in Fl, cauc. crit, Il (oni moG;
Stef. Monogr. (1926) 80.—C. speciosum var. lenkoranicum Miscz.
l-e¢., 108.—C. lenkoranicum..Grossh., Fl. Kavk. .1.(1928) 19%. —

C. hyrcanicum Woron. in Schedis ad Herb. Fl. Cauc. (1914) 62.—
te port, Map. ft. (6078. Stev. OD. icity ul Dc oBacc: cables Nowak) als
eauee exc. No.276; Pl. or. exs. (1928) No.9o28 Herb. Pliseauc. No. 161.

Perennial, 20-60 cm tall; bulb large, oblong, to 5 cm long and 3-4 cm
broad, the dark cinnamon-brown membranous to subcoriaceous tunics
prolonged into a long and broad tube enveloping the lower part of stem;

~ stems leafy in fall; leaves 4, broadly oblong, subobtuse, 18-25 cm long,

3.5 cm broad, the lower larger, ovate, to 7 cm broad, the long sheath
clasping the stem; flowers 1-3, rarely 4, very large, the tube broad;
perianth segments 5-6.5 cm long, 15-22 mm broad, broadly oval to
elliptic, obtusish, pinkish-purple to violet, glandular in throat; stamens
about half the length of perianth segments; anthers linear, 8-12 mm long,
yellow; style exceeding the stamens, straight atthetop; stigma unilateral;
capsule ellipsoid, to 3 cm long. Fl. August-October; fr. June-July. ~—
Subalpine woods, gullies, mountain slopes, wood margins, and meadows,
ay 1800-3000 m.— Caucasus: Cisc., W. and E. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.:
Turkish Lazistan, N. Persia. Described from Transcaucasia (Iberia,
Steven). Type in Helsinki and in Leningrad.
Note. The Lenkoran type, recorded by Mishchenko as a variety
(var. lenkoranicum Miscz.), differs insignificantly from the typical
species C. speciosum Stev. The differences reported, such as the
larger flowers and perianth segments to 7 cm long, as well as the larger
bulb, are not enough to establish a distinct species, as in the typical
species both flowers and bulbs range in size from small to large. The
typical form is not confined to Talysh, but spreads over the whole of
N. Persia, and thus the claim of independent standing for the Lenkoran
form is unjustified. This claim is further weakened by the fact that
Yu.N. Voronov considered the Persian and Talysh Colchicum as a new
species, C. hyrcanicum Woron., although he gave no description of it.
As regards Abkhazian material (especially from Tsebel'da Valley), it
differs to such an extent that, on the basis of drawings made from live
material collected in the Tsebel'da district, the late Yu.N. Voronov set it
up as a distinct species, C. liparochiadys Woron. A characteristic
feature of this species is the obcordate bulb, 5 cm long and 3.5-4 cm broad,
borne on an obtusely rostrate offshoot, the thin membranous cinnamon-
brown lustrous tunics prolonged into a tube 3-3.5 cm long terminating in
a spinose tooth; flowers 2-3-4, relatively small, the narrow perianth
segments 3-5 cm long and the tube relatively slender; anthers linear,
6 mm long. F. August-September-October.
Woods.— Caucasus: W. Transc., Abkhazia, Tsebel'da, Amtkel natural
boundary and Umur, near Chisshir, at 1800 m; Yur'evskoe.

23

31

*C. autumnale L. Sp. pl. (1753) 485; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 204;
Slavens JUG I Lil) ee iayelalloy, Ne. al Werena. Il, OG,

Perennial; bulb to 3 cm in diameter, the blackish-brown tunics
prolonged into @ long tube; flowers in fall, in larger number; perianth
segments lilac-rose, elliptic, obtuse, tomentose within; styles half the
length of perianth segments, recurved, the lateral stigmas decurrent;
leaves 3 or 4, linear-lanceolate, flat, erect, to 30 cm long.

Wet meadows.— Gen. distr.: Outside USSR: W. Poland, Lithuania,
Volhynia.

Note. The specimen from the Prichernomorskii District, Kherson
area, which appears in the Russian herbarium as C. autumnale L. is
none other than C. umbrosum Stev. More promising is Besser's report
for the [former] Ovruch Country in Volhynia.

Subfamily 2. Asphodeloideae VENT.

Rootstock giving rise to radical leaves and a scape; inflorescence a
terminal raceme; anthers introrse; tip of filament intruding into a pit on
the outer or inner side of anther; capsule loculicidal. Asphodeline,
the only genus with a leafy stem, is also characterized by jointed pedicels.

Key to Genera

I Sablowers tatundibularor camipanulatel oo \- tesa, soem Epics ei hu eiee eee 2.
+ Flowers rotate or the lower part of perianth segments united into a tube.

2. Stems leafy; stamens unequal, the three inner ones longer and fertile;
capsule often with 1-seeded cells .......... 261. Asphodeline Rchb.
+ Stems leafless; stamens equal; seeds at least 6 in eachcell.........
Ia eet Oat Rey a et i Oa Oa PR A iia te, al caer 262. Eremurus M.B.
3. Flowers rotate, in a branched often paniculate inflorescence.........
ie Ra ke ee HOR NA Ome iL AN ic Mr Wee Re ca 263. Anthericum L.
+ Flowers infundibular, more or less tubular at base, in a short terminal
Gaceme; or i—elarce tlowers Openine Id SHUCCESSION. 2 i.e aes cele kee 4.
4. Flowers blue, lilac or white; leaves distinctly petiolate .- . 3 22). 7:35. =
2 Ea Ge Sig ah ties a ie So a A VPA, SR» SR EE 264. Funkia Spreng.
Eiowers) yellow or orange; leaves broadly linear, sessile’. 2. suse
PMS RCTS EAC n TE cia titan This Rarteet Se REC Romer OBEN acta ale ard 265. Heremocallis L.

Genus 261. ASPHODELINE* RCHB.**
Rchb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. (1830) 116.

Flowers white or yellow, in rather dense racemes; pedicels twin or
ternate, jointed at the middle; bracts membranous; perianth segments
oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, connate at base into a short tube, spreading,

* Asphodel-like in Greek; asphodel, meaning free from want, was the name of Asphodelus
ramosus L., mentioned by the Greek authors Homer and Hesiod.
** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

24

32

1-nerved, the lowest relatively distant from the others, narrower and

tapering at base; stamens inserted in perianth tube; filaments unequal,

declined-ascending, dilated at base, concave, surrounding the ovary;

ovary 3-locular, with 2 triquetrous ovules in each locule; style filiform;

stigma very small, subcapitate; capsule coriaceous, the valves transversely

grooved or rugose; seeds cuneate-triquetrous. Rhizomatose herbs with
leafy stems; leaves numerous, linear-subulate, narrowly 3-angled,
membranous sheathing at base. Ornamental flowering plants, deserving
introduction into cultivation. Some of them, suchas A. lutea, have long
been grown in Europe.

1. Annual, 10-15 cm tall; stem nearly always branched above the middle;
inflorescence a fairly loose, short 4-10-flowered raceme; flowers
white, small; perianth leaves 8 mm long; pedicels equal bracts.

MORES BNA Sherawat. ail 1. Phan esvnne ook 1. A. dendroides (Hoffm.) G. Woron.

2. Flowers white, large, ca. 2 cm long; large plants, in a very dense
tassellate raceme, the large silvery membranous bracts covering the
flowers; leaves 1-2 mm broad; stem densely leafy up to the
Mae CeCe r LP Meta, be A AEN 8 Eo ae he | 2. A. taurica (Pall.) Kunth.
VOWS VCO Wa roctt aie Swett ad = rennet eee igterariyl: ieee. spent dee Boe 3.

3. Stem more or less uniformly leafy up to the inflorescence; leaves
ca. 4mm broad, 3-angled, the margin glabrous; raceme dense, long;
flowers yellow, large, 2-2.5 cm long; bracts ovate, exceeding the

pedicels >rootsgilesihy,.. thicker: .3%, Ia siateti a Fe, ae & 3. A. lutea Rchb.
+ Stem leafy only at base and not above the middle, leafless below the
MMO SSCCTIC Chat i,.8) sere iis LI cups ee ce AP aia 2 para aaags oly Ree aa rth eae 4.

4. Stem leafy only at base; leaves thin, linear, rough-margined; raceme
fairly loose; flowers pale yellow, large, ca. 2 cm long; perianth
Seemeuissaboutmis lione asspedicels, Saarrowly linear) pews seh eee =
Mitek beh sien) ftp teas | dl ably preeedins Losi: lh deca 4. A. tenuiflora (C. Koch) Miscz.

+ Stem leafy one-third its length from base or up to the middle,
conspicuously sulcate; leaves upright, subappressed, subulate,
ca. 1 mm broad, crowded about the middle of stem; raceme loose;
perianth 1.5-2 cm long, much longer than pedicel, yellow; perianth
Segments, nanKnowly Janeeolate,~crneensbanded onjthesback.) 0-55 ag a). > -
+6, OYE AR Oe ae ad a nae Oe nae ee 2 5. A. tenuior (Fisch.) Ldb.

1. A. dendroides (Hoffm.)G. Woron. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavkaz. 1 (1928)
192) Aunt ete ema | dieinid/01 d.e.s),. Hottim sini Comment. Socusphysaamed .
mosq. I (1802) 43.—Asphodelus prolifer M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. (1808)
280 et Ill, 269.— Asphodeline prolifera Kunth Enum. IV (1843) 563;
dp. El Rossy lV. 193° Maser. in Pl: \cauc:-enit. 1h (1902) .24 1 259—
len Buxbp. Cent. Ls pict, t. 50. xs: Herb, ie eave... NOs.

Annual; roots very thin, short, subvertical; stems 10-15 cm long,
more or less branched above the middle, the upper part densely leafy,
the lower part with few distant leaves; leaves linear-subulate, very thin,
membranous -dilated at base, amplexicaul, finely membranous-margined;
inflorescence branches longer than leaves; racemes loosely 4-10-flowered;
bracts small, deltoid, subulately long-acuminate, hyaline-membranous;
pedicels solitary or the lower ones twin, jointed at the middle, equaling

25

33

34

the bracts; stamens subequal, shorter than perianth; capsule small, ovoid-
globose, 5 mm in diameter, slightly thickened at base; seeds very small,
elongate -triquetrous, ca. 4mm long, 1.5 mm broad, furrowed, laterally
concave, punctate. Fl. May. (Plate V, Figure 1).

Dry stony slopes, stony steppes, and as weed in fields. Caucasus:
S. and E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Georgia. Type in Berlin.

2. A. taurica (Pall.) Kunth Enum. IV (1843) 561; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
193Shimalo’ FIM S484 eViiser! im Pl eaue--erit. i (1oi2)\ 235 —
Asphodelus tauricus Pall., Nova Acta Petrop. X (1792) 309.—

Ic.: Redouté. Lil. t.470; Gard. Chr. Ser. III, XXI (1897) 175.— Exs.:
Hipveaue. exs.INo. 29.

Perennial; root fibers slender; stems stout, 40-60 cm long, simple;
leaves densely covering the stem up to the inflorescence, linear-subulate,
1-2 mm broad, dilated at base, broadly hyaline-margined, amplexicaul;
inflorescence a very dense simple raceme up to 25-30 cm long, made
silvery by the large appressed ovate long-cuspidate hyaline bracts covering
the flowers; pedicels thickened, the lower mostly ternate, jointed about
the middle; flowers white; perianth segments oblanceolate-spatulate,
ca. 2cm long, white, brownish-green-banded; filaments unequal, three
times the length of anther; capsule ovoid to subglobose, ca. 8-10 mm
long, the valves flat obtusish rugose; seeds oblong-triquetrous, blackish,
5 mm long, 3 mm broad, 2 in each cell, with 3 dorsal grooves, punctate-
papillose on the sides. Fl. May. (Plate III, Figure 1 a, b).

Dry stony exposed places in the subalpine and alpine zones, woody
mountain slopes, passes and gullies.— European part: Crimea; Caucasus:
W. Transc. (Novorossiisk); Cisc. and S. Transc. (Kuban). Gen. distr.:
Bal.-As. Min. Described from Crimea. Type in Leningrad.

3. A. lutea (L.) Rchb. Fl. Germ. exsc. (1830) 116; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
193; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 484; Misez. in Fl. cauc.-crit. II (1912) 120.—
Asphodelus luteus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 309.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
X, t.1121 (2848); Fedch. and Fler., Fl. Evr. Rossii (1910) 229,

Fasuire iso. xs. 2 Pi cauc: exsy Nomzo:

Perennial; root fibers numerous, fleshy, thick, tufted; stem stout,
up to 60-70 cm long, simple, leafy from base; leaves uniformly distributed
right up to inflorescence, pugioniform, rather thick, 3-angled, ca. 4 mm
broad, sulcate, imbricate, ascending, triangularly dilated at base into a
membranous sheath, the margin smooth or almost imperceptibly roughened;
raceme long, dense, elongate, simple; bracts shorter than flowers, ovate,
hyaline, cuspidate, the cusp exceeding the pedicel; lower pedicels twin or
in 5's, jointed at or below the middle, straight; flowers large, greenish-
yellow, with a green nerve; perianth segments narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
ca. 2—2.5 cm long; capsule oblong-globose, large, to 12 cm long, the
valves irregularly and coarsely rugose; seeds fairly large, tetrahedral,

6 mm in diameter, grayish-brown, with 2 dorsal grooves, minutely
papillose on the dies, 2 in each cell. Fl. April-May (March). (Plate III,
Figures 3 a, 3b).

Stony mountain slopes, rocks, exposed places, woods and scrub, rarely
steppes, at 700-1100 m.— European part: Crimea; Caucasus: W. and S.
Transc. Gen. distr.: Med. and Bal.-As. Min. Described from Europe
(Dalmatia and islands of the Adriatic).

26

3

=]

4. A. tenuiflora (C. Koch) Misez. in Fl. cauc.-crit. II (1912) 122.—
Asphodelus tenuiflorus C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 261.—
Asphodeline tenuior Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 193 (p.p., quoad pl.
Kochian.).

Perennial; root fibers slender; stems 18 cm long, simple, slender,
striate, leafy only at base; leaves very narrow, thin, setaceous,
glaucescent, about reaching the first flower, dilated at base, the margin
more or less roughened; raceme very loose, simple; bracts 1 cm long,
lanceolate, long-acuminate; flowers pale yellow, the lower ternate, the
others twin or solitary; perianth segments with a green nerve, ca. 2 cm
long, slightly longer than pedicel, narrowly linear; immature capsule
obconical, pointed. Fl. June.

Rocks, ca. 900 m. According to Mishchenko — Caucasus: S. Transc.,
Armenia and former Kars Region, Otlinskii District. Endemic. Described
from Armenia. Type in Tiflis.

5. A. tenuior (Fisch.) Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 193 (excl. syn.
€. Koehn) Shnialiow HI T4e4, Misez. in Fl. caberserit. 11 (1912) 121, —
Asphode luis *tenuior Fisch.’ Cat: pl. h..Gorenky pya lS l2i 9.
lenemBot Magi; 2626 (1826):

Perennial; root fiber slender; stem simple, slender, sulcate, leafy up
to the middle; leaves thin, subulate, ca. 1 mm broad, crowded about the
middle of the stem, membranous-dilated at base, rough-margined;
raceme loose, simple, elongate; bracts hyaline, 16-18 mm long, deltoid-
based or lanceolate, long-cuspidate, the lower slightly exceeding the
flower, the upper shorter than or equaling the leaves; lower pedicels twin
or ternate, the others twin or solitary, jointed at cr above the middle;
flowers 1.5-2 cm long, much longer than pedicels; perianth segments
yellow, green-banded on the back, 1.5-2 cm long, narrowly lanceolate;
capsule globose, 6-8 mm long, the valves rugose on the back; seeds small,
2 in each cell, oblong-triquetrous, 4mm long, 3 mm broad, grayish-brown,
marbled, with 3 transverse dorsal folds, concave on the sides, alveolate.
Fl. April-May. Fr. June-July.

Stony mountain slopes, about 800 m and taluses. Caucasus: Cisc.,

S. Transc. Endemic. Described from Mt. Beshtau. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 262. EREMURUS* MV. B. «*
M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 269; O.Fedtsch. Eremurus, Kritische Uebersicht der Gattung, Zapiski
Akad. Nauk, VIII ser., Vol. XXIII, No.8 (1909).

Flowers white, rose, dingy red, yellow or brown, solitary in axils of
bracts; perianth campanulate or cupuliform, withering and persistent or
finally caducous; perianth segments distinct or connate at base, 1-nerved
or 3-—5-nerved (the nerves more readily discernible on dried plants);
stamens 6, hypogynous, sometimes exceeding the perianth; filaments
filiform or dilated toward base; anthers oblong to linear, dorsifixed near
base; ovary 3-celled; style filiform; stigma minute; capsule subglobose,
membranous or subligneous, smooth or rarely cross-wrinkled, 3-celled,

* From Greek eremos, desert, and ura, tail, i.e., desert tail.
** Arranged by B.A. Fedchenko.

Oe.

Plate III

1. Asphodeline taurica Kunth; la) bract, 1b) flower.— 2. Anthericum ramosum L.;

2a) flower

(35)

-— 3. Asphodeline lutea Rchb. flower, 3b) fruit.

loculicidally 3-valved, 3-4 seeds attached on either side of the septum;
seeds irregularly acutely triquetrous; with hard testa, often winged, the
wing narrow or (especially in the case of upper seeds in each division)
broad; rhizome short, the neck often covered with membranous or
fibrillose remnants of old leaves; roots crowded, fleshy, cylindric or
fusiform; leaves all radical, often numerous, linear-triquetrous, carinate
beneath, narrow or broad, flat or canaliculate above; scape erect, simple,
leafless, sometimes very tall; flowering raceme elongate, large; bracts
commonly membranous; pedicels mostly jointed at the end.

iL,
Cs

Ze
Fs

(Se)

+ oS

o ta tx

15.

Cao SuMleKeeOS swatch Sky at ait she. We Abe, 2 Pees ee ke oy 6 2h
Capsnkeysmooh, Mot RUD beG Mette wii wh) ACERT eayeige. om eon aN ce cual i 4.
MOWERS RnrOsy. Oar K-Sueloed Pine os ince oy ee 3. E. Regelii Vved.
LMOWmemsE velo, awit = DrOwil (OlWinibe G3. ear ees ue heaters ac. Bs

Flowers pale yellow; capsule globose; seeds unicolor, tawny-brown.

cpl dives lla by eRe CE a CR Ce 1 a EE eS ae (Se 1. E. spectabilis M.B.
Flowers white; seeds gray, black-spotted; capsule pointed. 2.55)... .
Seer en ee eee AA AR A PEAS ole 2 2.-E. tauricus Stev.

eae SM Ole ms ClhynlOnrenvOSe Wo Mice oo a: anes Gal, |. Reka, Geman Agen, Ce Msyen ayes a
Leaves glabrous, sometimes ciliate-margined or slightly pubescent
Dbeweara BLT oa fall. aante Siacue. Peitirws, ts as Bee ae hs
Flowers narrowly campanulate, reddish-brown, subtended by broad
WIMiBOROR OCS ce ker Yk carhied:. . Cit eitie ois 9. E. comosus O. Fedtsch.
Hlowems broadly campanulate;, large, white or “nosy. ....) 5 - Glee... - 6.
Inflorescence dense, many-flowered; perianth segments white, with

EU VC LOM RSDOL ADAGE wi.t bidet Aide (Mie quae . eutiiad 13. E. Kaufmanni Rel.
Inflorescence rather loose, few-flowered; perianth segments whitish-
OSC acy cercpar wry = Gaye sen cy Sakis ed pone Pamwwoa hw aae eet 14. E. Korovini B. Fedtsch.
eS TianbauSe Siaiehbsy LiMakly WNVOlUbCL i. 4 ieenst «eee below mea ammo maT eumen 3 8.
Perianth segments finally spreading or reflexed, not involute ..... AWN
Recicelsaloncem Sublio cizontall yaspre aca, il iets ieees Nee eeu grat oF
Redicelisvshorterwwaporessiedi tO Stemi: A) ia it yen etieiet seine: 10.

Flowers broadly campanulate; outer perianth segments yellowish-
greenish, the inner ones white (flowers as a whole white)..........
Be a ST Bix, Etats a cia ep ee Ns 7. E. sogdianus (Rgl.) Benth. et Hook.
Blowers: narrowly Campanulate, pervanth) darkworange ws yi... a
5 naui> oh Behe be Auli nematic maiden cbatin i ient ake vias 6. E. Korshinskii O. Fedtsch.
Flowers white, greenish outside; filaments nearly black; pedicels

THe LEME MM aUDE Ty Paiste . tc eb de ee ee vey oles 4. E. turkestanicus Rgl.
Flowers stramineous or yellowish-brown; pedicels jointed in upper
Deter emer CME tics coe hin a. Maen Ne ele 5. E. altaicus (Pall.) Stev.
Bicacis) hineaw alitonrmayy Waked. M20) fechas See be tae ee eee WA.
Bractst hinearjom lanceolate, ciliates: (eal e Caamenh:, peuleneiies Meme, ean 13),
Flowers yellow ...... 10. E. stenophyllus (Boiss. et Buhse) Baker.
BOM exc SpE SO te OS Cn a-tes putt ta. ew wt seinen RPE ee) Beat f A 11. E. Olgae Rgl.
Flowers narrowly tubular-campanulate, reddish-brown; pedicels short,
MC URCNIGE Chew aiees sinc > ine Ce acieriny ilk aioe. 8. E. inderiensis (MB. ) Rgl.
_ Flowers broadly campanulate; perianth segments spreading; pedicels
lomaer.“slende i. idive GOCIt.) bs | jobs) tec, Ree lerits ean. sales Voth adh. AREA mea tue, 14.
Eeaves, narrow,. dangled, not, more than: 1) .cm, broad... = -ak728 2 sees 15.
Leaves broader (not less than 1.5 cm broad), flat or applanate-
LIPS O WIS ae 1k HE, aaa ne, Sealed ye ete Soe ena at nie ee bi iar tera eS ian heey bar ie le 19).

EMO ee Smay CUO: eels cay 4 eis als <a eye (22) 2 205) Bo luteus; Baker

29

ie)

40

Blowers white OF POSE: 3. ins, sucletacgn syle mm bua ee a see DE ne ee eee 16.
16. Capsule not more than 10 mm in diameter; flowers not more than

IS aana Maas Mie Noat en Konc ieeMemu maser et an Ualartrr Go wnta CaS) Ln «3 23. E. bucharicus Rel.
+ Capsule more than 10 mm in diameter; flowers more than 15 mm in

GUAMMIELOT ae itace ca: Sec yadiecdn ier as) vay Heyeubs: .cnilgea eine bance “Sere Nac oR eer eae Adis
17. Perianth segments white, withagreennerve. . .22. E. Capusii Franchet.
+ Perianth segments rosy, rarély white, with a dark nerve........ 18.
(Spe apsle loosen nick un ula 18. E. anisopterus (Kar. et Kir.) Rgl.
a GAO SUINe: OV lOMCMaers ate Relea ic aire ole edie 19. E. kopetdaghensis M. Pop.
HOR aE lowers” ye Mowat ables patie yee aly mae 21. E. Saprjagajevi B. Fedtsch.
ty EMTOWeEES (WHTtEwORWROSE) 2) 0s. setncils «tReet eine nh sat Ai Oe Me to esas 20.
20. Plants not more than 1m tall; capsules large, more than 3 cm in

GUATMCEC Ts 2 ee eos ca me cea tee eee peas Ronen RE 0 a i acta Mr adhe

+ Plants from 1.5 to 4m tall; capsules not more than 2 cm in diameter.
12. E. robustus Rel.

Qi ET OW ETS: WS ae Ro. arcs yer pheypsigaosl al yl, talks grommet MN Co od ne 8 ra an mC sete NE Tal 22.
PUG VETS TOS pIGe ONE. lay) «os 4 lt Gal eit ele tue 3) iy aes 15. She Alberti Regie
22 CAVES CREME SHIOOEM 23: 00. . 12 Ran: 16. E. lactiflorus O. Fedtsch.

, pibeaves slavueescent,, COUCHh=MiareIMmed . cache cee, «ayn peletis” ane ak eee e

Section 1. EUEREMURUS O. Fedtsch. l.c. 22.—Perianth segments more
or less erect, 3-nerved, finally involute; stamens longer than perianth.

1. E. spectabilis M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 269; O. Fedtsch.

Co, 24, INOVIG== 12s CAUCE GUS Spe, saul, oes Nein Wise, IW
(1832) 251; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 190.— Exs.: Hohenaker No. 3444, 2612.—
ler: Mir Bs Cente oplianrars ross.) tab. worl.

Perennial, 100-200 cm tall; roots fleshy, fusiformly thickened, to
25 cm long; collar surrounded by fibrillose remnants of old leaves and
membranous sheaths; leaves 6-15, obliquely ascending, glabrous, acute,
glaucescent, not more than 4.5 cm broad, the margin smooth or somewhat
rough; scape suberect, to 1 cm thick; raceme dense, to 80 cm long, many-
flowered; bracts linear-subulate, ciliate; pedicels at anthesis thickened
at the end, arched-recurved in fruit; capsules appressed to scape; perianth
funnelform-campanulate, to 9 mm long; segments oblong-linear, yellowish;
stamens twice the length of perianth; style recurved; capsule globose,
ca. 12 mm across, distinctly rugose-plaited; seeds commonly 3 in each
cell, triquetrous, scarcely winged, finely cross-wrinkled. May-June.
(Plate IV, Figure 1).

Stony slopes.— European part: Crim; Caucasus: Cisc., W., 5S. and E.
Transc.; Centr. Asia; Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, Iran.
Described from N. Caucasus, between the Kuma and Sablya rivers. Type
in Leningrad.

Note. Contains up to 30% gum (arabinic acid derivative) and yields
glue of good quality. The young leaves are edible.

2. E. tauricus Stev. in Bull. Soc. Natur. Moscou IV (1832) 253; Ldb.
PP ROsse suv LOle Vullue Hl. Keevanca I UOa i Suoerelt aco tnecpets
tauricus Lallem. in Ind. sem. h. Petrop. (1846) 68.—Ic.: Stev. l.c.
vO wes

1920 30

41

Perennial, 80-180 cm tall; roots fleshy, fusiform, to 25 cm long; collar
surrounded by fibrillose remnants of old leaves and membranous sheaths;
leaves 6-15, obliquely ascending, glabrous, acute, glaucescent, not more
than 4.5 cm broad, the margin smooth or somewhat rough; scapes suberect,
to 1 cm thick; raceme dense, up to 80 cm long, many-flowered; bracts
linear-subulate, ciliate; pedicels thickened upward at anthesis, arched-
recurved in fruit; capsules appressed to scape; perianth funnelform-
campanulate, to 9 mmlong; segments oblong-linear, white, green-banded;
stamens twice the length of perianth; style recurved; capsule pointed at
the top, ca. 12 mm across, distinctly rugose-plaited; seeds triquetrous,
gray, with a black spot and brownish-black stripes. May.

Rocks and mountain taluses.— European part: Crimea. Endemic.
Deseribed trom Crimea. Type’ in Helsinki:

3. E. Regelii Vved. in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 331. Trudy
Sr. Az. Gos: Univ.! ser. VIII, part 3 (1928).— EB. turcestanicus
Rel. in Gartenfl. (1880) 2, tab. 997, non Regel in Gartenfl. (1873) 260 et
ARP T1843 )'424. 4279— Kh. sipectabillisivar, maroin ats
OprHedis chi. ShAc2—— verses Ee AG IMI: ZN@n\i3 3 bt bic..:. ORtiredtoch lice
tap. 1 (sub. BE. spectabria s):%Gartentl? (880) tabs2 997,

Perennial, 80-180 cm tall; roots fleshy, fusiform, to 40 cm long;
collar surrounded by hairy remnants of old leaves and membranous sheaths;
leaves 6-15, obliquely ascending, glabrous, to 5 cm broad, the margin
smooth or rough; scape suberect or flexuous at the end, to 1 cm thick;
raceme dense, many-flowered, up to 80 cm long; bracts linear-subulate,
ciliate; flowering pedicels thickened at the end, obscurely jointed,
commonly brownish-purple; fruiting pedicels arched-recurved; capsule
appressed to scape; perianth funnelform-campanulate, to 9 mm long;
segments narrowly lanceolate, rose, with a broad dark brownish-purple
band, the margin ferruginous-rimmed; stamens about twice the length of
perianth; filaments cinnamon-brown; anthers reddish; style brown,
recurved; capsule pointed at the top, coarsely membranous-rugose; seeds
brown. April-May. (Plate 1V, Figure 2).

Note. On account of the large size of roots and their high starch
content as well as the occurrence of the plant in large concentrations, it is
of considerable industrial importance for the production of glue.

4. E. turkestanicus. Rgl. in A.H.P. II, 2 (1873) 424, 427.— O. Fedtsch.
eas Wee tal Gate use yar, biach ys temion nel. smaitaralhe Wurkesy.
Otdel. “Politekhn! Vyst.-(1872)'83" No. 425:—Te.:' Of “Pedtsch.) 1xc», jtabe
Nios 2.

Perennial, 50-100 cm tall; roots to 18 cm long; scape to 8 mm thick;
raceme fairly loose, few-flowered; bracts linear from lanceolate base,
lanuginose; pedicels erect at base, subappressed to scape, thickened and
divergent at the end; outer perianth segments greenish-yellow, white
margined, with a green upward brown band; inner segments broader, white,
with a yellowish-green nerve; in drying outer segments distinctly 5-nerved,
the inner 3-striped; filaments blackish-purple, subulate, finally exceeding
the perianth; ovary green, smooth, obtusely trigonous; capsule smooth,
pyriform; seeds gray, narrowly winged, irregularly cross-wrinkled. June.

Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh., Pam.-Al. Described from
Basmandinskoe Ravine. Type in Leningrad.

31

42

5. E. altaicus (Pall. ) Stev. in Bull. Soc. Natur. Moscou IV (1832) 255;
Ldbi Bil.; Ross) 1V,7 191%, ©.) Fedtseh, 1, c.)4 444 Nog3. = As pod eins
altaicus Pall. in Acta Acad. Petrop. sp. a II (1779) 858, tab. 19.—

Ic.: O. Fedtsch., l.c. tab. 3; Pall. l.c.

Perennial, 50-120 cm tall; roots to 20 cm long; collar with few fibers
derived from old leaves and membranous sheaths; scape cylindric,
sometimes scape and flowering pedicels reddish-brown (var.
purpurascens O. Fedtsch.); leaves lorate, to 3 cm broad, carinate,
the margin smooth or rough; raceme densely many-flowered, sometimes
with up to 700 flowers (var. multiflorus O. Fedtsch.); bracts linear-
filiform from broad base; stipes much longer (especially in var.
multiflorus O. Fedtsch.), horizontally spreading; perianth campanulate,
yellow or partly brown (var. fuscus O. Fedtsch.), sometimes
stramineous, larger (var. pallidus O. Fedtsch. ); segments obtuse,
finally involute; filaments exceeding the perianth; capsule globose, smooth;
seeds triquetrous or irregularly 4-angled, dark, narrowly winged. June.
(Plate IV, Figure 3).

Mountain slopes.— W. Siberia: Irt., Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzung.; T. Sh.,
Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from Altai foothills, along the
Uba River, a tributary of the Irtysh. Type in Geneva.

6. E. Korshinskii O. Fedtsch. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2-me sér. IV, 8
(1904) 771 et in Mém. Ac. Petrop. (1909) 56.—Ic.: O. Fedtsch., l.c.,
tab. 4.

Perennial, 60-120 cm tall; roots slender, numerous; collar densely
surrounded by remnants of old leaves; scape cylindric, smooth, in drying
ribbed in upper part; leaves broadly linear, green; raceme short, fairly
loose, to 10 cm broad, strongly attenuate upward; bracts lance-filiform
from broad base, brown, ciliolate-margined, much shorter than pedicels
of partially opened flowers; pedicels to 3 cm long, slender, ascending
at an acute angle, jointed at the end; perianth to 15 mm long, broadly
campanulate, dingy orange, at length brownish, abruptly narrowed at joint;
perianth segments flat, finally involute, obscurely nerved; stamens
12-—2-several times the length of perianth; ovary smooth, globose, June.
(Plate IV, Figure 13).

Meadows in upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic.
Described from Darvaz. Type in Leningrad.

7. E. sogdianus (Rgl.) Benth. et Hook. f., Gen. plant III, (1888) 787,
No.62.—Selonia sogdiana Rgl. et Herd. in Bull. Soc. Nat. de Moscou,
II (1868) 458.— Exs.: H.F.A.M. No.2.—Ic.: O. Fedtsch. 1.c. tab. 5;
Relwet Herder lier tab. sVilibice

Perennial, 60-120 cm tall; roots crowded, to 15 cm long; collar
surrounded by remnants of old leaves; scape cylindric, tomentulous or
largely glabrous (var. subglaber Rgl.): leaves linear, carinate,
tomentulous (var. typicus Rgl.) or glabrous and merely scabrous-
margined (var. subglaber Rgl.); raceme loose, few-flowered, to 10 cm
broad; bracts small, subulate from broad base, membranous, lanuginous -
ciliate; pedicels to 8 cm long, terminally nodding in flower, becoming
erect in fruit; bracts to 15 mm long, narrowed at base, the outer segments
lanceolate yellowish-green, the inner broad white; stamens of opening

32

43

flowers equaling the perianth, later greatly elongating; capsule subglobose,
to 7mm long, minutely appressed-hairy; seeds gray, very narrowly
winged. June.

Slopes of foothills and mountains.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Pam.-Al.
Endemic. Described from Karatau, near Boroldai. Type in Leningrad.

Section 2. AMMOLIRION Kar. et Kir. (pro genere).— Perianth narrowly
tubular-campanulate; segments 3-5-nerved, finally scarcely inflexed;
filaments short, barely exserted.

8. E. inderiensis (M.B.) Rgl. in A.H.P. II, 2 (1873) 427; O. Fedtsch.
iPeooin— Hels pecta bilisehs imdiemare nisnis: Nabari itaur?-eauc., M1
(1819) 270 in adnot.— Asphodelus inderiensis Stev. in Bull. Soc.
Nat. Moscou IV (1832) 257.—Ammolirion Steveni Kar. et Kir. in
Bulls) Soc? Nati«Moscow XV (1842) 515, Ic.+5O.’ Fedtsch. 1c. stab. 6:

Perennial, 80-120 cm tall; roots slender, to 30 cm long; collar
densely covered with remnants of old leaves; scape cylindric, glabrous
(var. glaber Rgl.) or more or less short-pubescent (var. Steveni
Rgl.), as long as or sometimes shorter than the leaves, bracteate in upper
part; leaves linear, carinate, the margin rough, smooth or tomentulose;
raceme fairly dense, to 40 mm broad; bracts lanceolate, finely ciliate,
longer than pedicels; pedicels jointed, upright-ascending, subappressed
to scape; perianth cylindric-campanulate, narrowed at base, dingy purple,
each segment with a broad green band and 3 nerves; segments narrow,
obtuse, finally slightly involute; stamens finally somewhat exceeding the
perianth; capsule globose, ca. 1 cm in diameter, smooth; seeds broadly
winged. May-June.

Sands.— W. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kara K.,
Kyz. K. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Dzu.-Kash. Described from
Inderskie Mountains, on left bank of Ural River. Type in Leningrad.

9. E. comosus O. Fedtsch. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2-me sér., IV (1904)
No.8.—Ic.: O. Fedtsch. l.c., tab.7.— Exs.: B. Fedch., Gerb. Turk.
Elwes Nox d6e

Perennial, 60-100 cm tall; collar with few sheaths; scape slender,
beset with numerous bracts; leaves linear, carinate, puberulous; raceme
fairly dense, narrow; bracts chartaceous, glabrous, broadly lanceolate,
white, dark-banded, before flowering much longer than buds, forming a
dense white terminal tuft, at anthesis half as long as pedicel, the margin
long-ciliate; pedicels ascending at a very acute angle, slender, somewhat
enlarged upward, obscurely jointed; perianth narrowly campanulate, the
greenish-pink or carneous segments slightly involute; stamens barely
exceeding the perianth; capsule glabrous, smooth. June-July. (Plate IV,
Figure 4).

Loess and stony slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Gissar, near Faizabad; Darvaz near
Kalaikhumb. Type in Leningrad.

38)

Section 3. TROCHANTUS O. Fedtsch., 1.c.— Perianth broadly
campanulate; segments spreading, 1-nerved, at anthesis linear-subulate,

glabrous.

10. E. stenophyllus (Boiss. et Buhse) Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XV

(1877) 281.—Ammolirion stenophyllus Boiss. et Buhse, in Nouv.

44 Mém. Soc. Natur. Moscou (1860) 218.— E. aurantiacus Baker in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XV (1879) 285.—E. Bungei Baker in Journ. of Botany
XV (879) AT —ale. + O.n Fedisch,,,-Eremurus:) tab. 4es— Exe 14Bs shledeh.
Gerb. Turkest. Flory No.1.

Perennial, 50-80 cm tall; roots slender, 3-4 mm long and to 5 mm
thick (var. pilosa O. Fedtsch. ); collar densely surrounded by remnants
of old leaves and membranous sheaths; scape cylindric, 3-4 mm thick;
leaves subtriquetrous, narrowly linear, sometimes broader (var. Bungei
O. Fedtsch.), rough-margined, sometimes (var. pilosa O. Fedtsch. )
with short hairs on the veins; raceme dense or very dense (var. Bungei
O. Fedtsch.), cylindric, to 4.5 cm in diameter; bracts subulate-filiform,
half the length of pedicel; pedicels horizontal, jointed at the end; perianth
broadly campanulate; segments 10 mm long, spreading, bright golden-
yellow; filaments yellow; anthers orange; style yellow; ovary smooth,
yellow; capsule globose, small, ca. 8 mm in diameter; seeds small, not
compressed at the top. June-July.

Stony slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.,
Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran., Ind.-Him. Described from Elburz Range
between Askol and Firuzkuh. Type in Leningrad.

11. E. Olgae* Rgl. in A.H.P. II (1873) 425-430.—Henningia Olgae
Rgl. in Katal. Turkest. Otd. Politekhnich. Vystavkiv Moskve (1872) 7.—

E. Aschersoni O. Kuntze, A.H.P. (1887) 243.— Exs.: HFR No. 1869. —
Ic.: O. Fedtsch. l.c. tab. 9; Regel' in A.P. Fedchenko, Putesh. v
Turkest., part 12, Plate 9.

Perennial, 60-160 cm tall; roots fusiform, thickened at base, to 35 cm
long; collar surrounded by fibrillose leaf remnants and hyaline sheaths;
scape slender, cylindric, glabrous; leaves glaucous, narrowly linear,
membranous-margined, 2-15 mm broad; raceme long but not very dense,
subcylindric in outline or much narrowed upward (var. australis
B. Fedtsch. ); bracts glabrous, filiform-subulate, membranous at base,
shorter than pedicels; pedicels subhorizontally spreading, jointed at the
end, sometimes (var. australis B. Fedtsch.) the lower much longer
than the upper (to 60 mm and from 25 mm, respectively); perianth whitish-
rose, subrotate, the lobes 1-nerved, 12 mm long; stamens pale, equaling

47 the perianth; capsule globose, 10-12 mm in diameter, smooth, glabrous;
seeds gray, narrow-winged. June-July. (Plate IV, Figure 5).

Loess slopes of foothills and mountains.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh., Pam.-Al.,
Amu D., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Zeravshan
Mountains. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The roots contain dextrin and are therefore used for glue
production. The flowers are very decorative and the species is
horticulturally one of the most valuable within the genus Eremurus;
it is unfortunately somewhat less hardy than the larger but less graceful
Be Sobusit ws) Rel!

* Named for O.A. Fedchenko who wrote a monograph of the genus Eremurus.

34

Plate IV

1, Eremus spectabilis M.B.— 2. E. Regelii Vved.— 3. E. altaicus (Pall.) Stev.—

4, E. comosus O. Fedtsch.— 5. E. Olgae Rgl.— 6. E. robustus Rgl., aspect.— 7. E. Kaufmanni
Rel eon Ai perhinn We O.eE ala chit lonts |O.—bedtsch.—— LOE ants op he milsy Kar ety kay.—

11, E. Korovini B.Fedtsch.— 12, E. kopetdaghensis M. Pop.— 13. E. Korshinskii O. Fedtsch.:
annotations for all flowers: a) flower; b) bract; c) capsule.

35

48

Section 4. HENNINGIA Kar. et Kir. (1842).— Bracts linear or
lanceolate, ciliate; perianth subpatent, the 1-nerved segments finally
convergent.

12. E. robustus Rgl. in Gartenflora XXII (1873) 275; O. Fedtsch. l.c.,
92 No. i11.— Henningia® robusta Rel. et Herd: in Bull. Soc. Natur.
Moscou (1869) 457 et in adnot. ad. No.1091, p.457.—Ic.: Gartenflora
OM AST asta (6950, Hedtiseh. , Wc. a tabi

Perennial; roots fleshy, stout, cylindric, longer than in other
Eremurus species (up to 150 cm); scape stout (to 22 mm thick),
cylindric, glabrous, slightly glaucescent; leaves glaucescent, initially
triquetrous, in age carinate, to 75 cm long, 7 cm broad, rough-margined;
raceme dense, very long, many-flowered (with up to 800 flowers); bracts
linear from enlarged base, densely lanuginous-villous; pedicels straight,
spreading, jointed at the end; perianth broadly campanulate, to 2 cm in
diameter; segments rose, pale rose (var. pallidus O. Fedtsch.), rarely
white (var candidus O. Fedtsch.), lanceolate, the inner broader;
filaments equaling the perianth; ovary yellowish, smooth; capsule globose,
ca. 2 cm in diameter; seeds gray, broad-winged. June-July. (Plate IV,
Figure 6).

Mountain meadows — Centr. Asia: T. Sh., Pam.-Al. Endemic.
Described from the foothills of Talgar in the Trans-Ili Ala Tau at altitudes
of 400-1000 m. Type in Leningrad

Note. The roots are used for extraction of glue. Boiled roots are used
for food and they are fairly palatable when young. A good honey plant.

It develops in cultivation even more luxuriantly than under natural conditions
and belongs among the most beautiful Central Asian perennials that have
been introduced into cultivation. It displays marked winter hardiness in the
Moscow Region, while in Leningrad it suffers to some extent from
excessive moisture.

13. E. Kaufmanni Rgl. in A.H.P. II (1872) 425 et 430.—Henningia
Kaufmanniana Rgl. in Katal. Turkest, Otd. Politekhn. Vyst. v Moskve
(1872).—Ic.: Regel', Liliaceae in A.P. Fedchenko, Putesh. v Turkest.,
Plate III; O. Fedtsch. Eremurus, tab. 13.

Perennial, 50-90 cm tall; roots fleshy; collar densely surrounded by
black fibrillose remnants of old leaves; scape densely tomentose, in upper
part bracteate; leaves linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm broad, densely tomentose,
raceme dense; bracts linear-filiform; pedicels divergent, straight, rather
slender, jointed at the end; perianth campanulate, white; segments
yellowish at base, thin, lance-spatulate; filaments dilated at base; style
white; ovary globose, yellowish; capsule globose, to 10 mm in diameter,
thin-walled; seeds cinnamon-brown to gray, broad-winged. June. (Plate IV,
Figure 7).

Mountain meadows.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from
Zeravshan. Type in Leningrad.

Note. One of the most beatiful and graceful species of the genus
Eremurus, difficult to grow. Foreign horticultural firms show much
interest in this plant, but everything offered in their catalogues under the
name E. Kaufmanni refers to various other species.

36

49

14. E. Korovini B. Fedtsch. sp. nova in Addenda III, p.733.—

E. Kaufmanni O. Fedtsch., Monogr. Eremurus p.123 p.p.. (quoad
plantam e Kendyr-aus).

Perennial, 60-80 cm tall; roots numerous, not much thickened; collar
densely surrounded by black fibrillose remnants of old leaves; scape in
lower one-fourth short-pubescent, then glabrous, to 8 mm in diameter;
leaves short-pubescent, linear, subacute, to 30 cm long, to 15 mm broad,
not reaching the base of inflorescence; raceme fairly loose, 20-30 cm
long, 4-6 cm in diameter at flowering; bracts linear-lanceolate, white-
membranous, dark-banded, the margin sparsely ciliate; pedicels obliquely
ascending, slender, jointed at the end, at anthesis slightly longer than
flowers; perianth broadly campanulate; segments whitish-rose, thin,
15-18 mm long and ca. 5 mm broad; filaments slender, white, dilated
toward base, yellowish, style white, filiform; ovary globose; capsule
globose, 10 mm ca. in diameter, thin-walled. (Plate IV, Figure 11).

Centr. Asia: T. Sh. Endemic. Described from W. Tien Shan: Kendyr-
auz and Angren River valley, 3200 m.

Note. Worth introducing into cultivation as a decorative plant.

15. E. Alberti Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 668; O. Fedtsch. l.c.

Non 5) —teanA Ee VA stab. Wizew@O hedtisich. = Ine. “talon. bn — Ease.
Linh AwiVit aN oei330).

Perennial, 90-100 cm tall; roots crowded, stout; collar densely clothed
in fibrillose remnants of old leaves and membranous sheaths; scape in
drying ribbed, smooth; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, flat, to 1.5 cm
broad; raceme fairly loose; bracts white-membranous, gradually attenuate
from lanceolate base; pedicels slender in flower, ca. 30-35 mm long,
divergent, finally thickening, horizontally spreading; bracts dingy-red, the
segments narrowly oblong-lanceolate; stamens shorter than perianth
segments; capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 23 mm long and 20 mm broad,
narrowed toward the top, smooth, thick-walled; seeds gray, broad-winged,
large, the wing ca. 1 cm long. (Plate IV, Figure 8).

Loess foothills, clay hills, and stony mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al., Amu D. Endemic. Described from the slopes of the south of
Kulyab in the Khodzhamumyk mountains, 3000 m. Type in Leningrad.

Note. One of the most graceful species of the genus Eremurus,
deserving introduction into cultivation.

16. E. lactiflorus O. Fedtsch. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2-me sér., IV,
No.8 (1904) 779.—Henningia Aucheriana Rgl. (non Boiss) in Bull.
Soc. Natur. Moscou, II (1868) 138, No.1091.—Ic.: O. Fedtsch. in Bull.
Herbt’ Boiss!) cry po 074; (OP Fredtsch) 12 ce! tabe 16:

Perennial, 55-100 cm tall; roots crowded, fleshy, slender; collar
clothed in membranous sheaths and sparse fibrillose remnants of old
leaves; scape faintly reddish, bracteate in upper part; leaves glaucescent-
green, linear, to 4 cm broad, becoming reddish at base in fruit; raceme
loose, few-flowered (becoming many-flowered in cultivation and then
bearing up to 100 flowers); bracts linear from lanceolate base, brownish,
with a dark nerve; pedicels subhorizontal, jointed; unopened flowers
reddish; openflowers spreading, to 35 mm in diameter; perianth segments
mealy-white, yellowish at base, red-nerved on the back, finally convergent

37

50

at the tips; stamens longer than perianth, white, yellow at base, 3 longer
than the others; style white; ovary glabrous, smooth, yellow; capsule
very large (larger than in all other species), trigonous-globose, ca. 3.5 cm
in diameter, strongly inflated, smooth, reddish in maturity; seeds gray,
broad-winged. April-May. (Plate IV, Figure 9).

Stony mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. Endemic. Described from
Chimgan area. Type in Leningrad.

Note. One of the most beautiful species of Eremurus, deserving
particular attention on the part of horticulturists. Stands up well to cold
winters and flowers much earlier than the other species.

17. E. Hilariae* M. Pop. et Vved. in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta I
(1923) 58; Schedae ad H. F.A.M. fase. 1, decembr. (1924).— Exs.:
He AG Meatasey alNo, is

Perennial, 30-90 cm tall; roots fleshy, slender; collar clothed in
membranous sheaths and sparse fibrillose remnants of old leaves; scape
cylindric, bracteate in upper part; leaves glaucous or canescent, broadly
linear, to 25 mm broad and up to 40 cm long, the margin and veins rough;
raceme finally loose, few- or many-flowered; bracts linear from
lanceolate base, with a dark nerve, the margin long-ciliate; pedicels
obliquely ascending to subhorizontally spreading, about the length of flower;
open flowers to 35 mm in diameter; perianth segments white, yellowish
at base, oblong, obtuse, finally convergent; stamens barely exceeding the
perianth, 3 shorter than the rest; ovary glabrous, smooth; capsule very
large, nearly as in the preceding species, ca. 2 cm and more in diameter,
April.

Stony and clayey-gypseous slopes.— Centr. Asia: Syr D. Endemic.
Described from the vicinity of Kaplanbek, from Kyngrakh hill (NE of
Tashkent). Type in Tashkent; cotype in Leningrad.

18. E. anisopterus (Kar. et Kir.) Rgl. in A.H.P. II (1873) 429;
©. Pedtsch. |.c., 141.] Hemnin giahanisopteria | Kar. set\Kind inebulll
Soc. Nat. de Moscou XV (1842) 518, No.829.—E. Korolkovi Rgl. in
A Re, Eat 875) PGi les: OFA edtSchead. eyritabe 17.

Perennial, 35-70 cm tall; roots fusiform; collar clothed in membranous
sheaths and fibers; scape pubescent at base, then glabrous; leaves
narrowly linear, triquetrous, to 65 cm long, smooth, the margin rough;
raceme loose, open; bracts membranous, lanceolate, broader at base;
pedicels ascending in flower, commonly spreading in fruit, jointed at the
end; perianth globose-campanulate; segments finally convergent, white
to pale rose, dark-spotted at base, the nerves pubescent on the inside;
stamens shorter than perianth; capsule globose, to 20 mm in diameter,
smooth, with stiff valves; seeds strongly rugose, broad-winged. April-May.
(Plate IV, Figure 10).

Wiet sands,— Centr. Asia: Balkh.., Syn D. , Kyz.K.7) Karak.

Gen. distr.: Iran., Dzu.-Kash. Reserved ioe sands meguean ESS ys
paustau rie ena Arganaty. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The dextrin content in the roots of this species is particularly
high and thus lends itself well to production of glue employed with plant

* Named for Prof. 1.A. Raikova, explorer of the Pamirs.

38

substances in the making of dishes for oil (both from vegetable and
animal source).

19. E. kopetdaghensis M. Pop. in Flora Turkmenii, part 1 (1932) 257.
Perennial; base of leaves and stem surrounded by thin hyaline sheaths;
stem cylindric, glabrous, ca. 60 cm long, twice the length of leaves; leaves

smooth, lustrous, narrowly linear, 3-4 mm broad; raceme loose,
especially after flowering; bracts crisp-ciliate on the margin, lance-linear,
shorter than stipe; fruiting pedicels subhorizontal, turning upward at the
ends; jointed just below the flower, 2-3 cm long; flowers wide open, rose,
51 large; segments 15-17 mm long, dark-nerved on the back, not involute

in drying; capsule ovaloid, ca. 15mm long. (Plate X, Figure 12).

Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from area of Margyz
village, NW of Trgoi, dry riverbed of the salty stream Adzhidere. Type
in Leningrad.

20. E. luteus Baker in Journ. of Botany. XVII (1879) 17;

Ope Hedischenko, mlacts @a0s-dci.cw OO.) Redtsch.. swe), Mtab »2obGiane gel, in
AVP Y6 Vill» tator) 28:

Perennial; roots cylindric, long; collar densely fibrillose; leaves
numerous, erect, or subpendent, narrowly linear, yellowish above, rough-
margined, shorter than stem; scape stout, cylindric, smooth, 20-30 cm
long; bracts lance-linear, acuminate, ciliate-margined, shorter than
pedicels; pedicels straight, spreading, 2-5 cm long, jointed at the end,
becoming thickened and more spreading in fruit; perianth yellow, markedly
irregular, the spreading segments oblong-linear; filaments unequal,
shorter than perianth; capsule upright, smooth, oblong-clavate; seeds
rugose, broad-winged.

Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described
from N. Persia. Type in London.

21. E. Saprjagajevi B. Fedtsch. sp. n. in Addenda, p. 733.

Perennial, 90-140 cm tall; roots to 20 cm long; collar with numerous
fibrillose remnants of old leaves; leaves lorate, to 2.5 cm broad, faintly
carinate, smooth-margined; raceme initially fairly dense, becoming loose,
many-flowered; bracts linear-filiform from broadly lanceolate base,
ciliate-margined; pedicels at first erect, slightly shorter than bracts,
jointed at the end, at length elongating to nearly twice the length of flower
and divergent from it at anacute angle; perianth yeliowish-rose; segments
ca. 15 mm long, lanceolate, with 1 distinct nerve, initially forming a
narrow tube, finally somewhat spreading, not involute; filaments at first
shorter than perianth, at length slightly excerted; ovary globose. July.

Subalpine zone, on stony ground.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., mountains
to the south of Shurabad. Endemic. Described from Tadzhikistan, city of
Shurabad, 12 km south. Type in Leningrad.

22. E. Capusii Franchet in Ann. Sc. Natur. XVIII (1884) 260.—
E. luteus O. Fedtsch. l.c., 150(proparte).— E. baissunensis
OMimedtschY tm Nott Syst) "He? BrP. 1) S(ro24) 9:

Perennial; roots thickened, cylindric; collar densely hairy, in upper
part densely clothed in translucent scales; leaves to 30-40 cm long,

39

22

O))

6-12 mm broad, rough-margined; scape glabrous, cylindric, shorter
than leaves; inflorescence fairly loose, not elongating; bracts lance-
acuminate, finally shorter than pedicels, the margin fimbriate-ciliate;
flowering pedicels ca. 25 mm long, spreading, some subarcuate-recurved:
perianth white; segments obovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved, obtuse, after
anthesis spreading, ca. 1.5 cm long; stamens about equaling the perianth;
capsule ovoid-globose, smooth, the base of style extended into a point.
April-May.

Mottled strata in low mountains.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., Amu D.
Endemic. Described from the deserts between Kalif and Karakamor.
Type in Leningrad.

23°° 5. bucharicus Rel. in A.H. Ps Vil (1884) 670; 1O.. Bedtscha iwc.
No. 20.— 5, Suw or owd Rel an AH Py aVill (8845672. —

Heep vatlonius. Relk singAn Hs Pa x6 (1886) Gok dese Aerio my niin
tab, OX, tab. VI (E..Suworovi); ©, Fedtsch. lic > tabeolis; OF Pedehenko
in B. Fedchenko Fl. Az. Ross., part 3, Plate 15.

Perennial; roots crowded, stout, fusiform, to 15 cm long; collar
clothed at base in membranous sheaths and fibrillose remnants of old
leaves; scape erect, glabrous or at base short-pubescent, cylindric, to
40 cm long; leaves about as long as or longer than scape, triquetrous,
distinctly carinate, glabrous, the margin in upper part somewhat rough;
raceme loose, upto 75 cm long; bracts linear-filiform from broad base,
sparsely hairy on the margin; pedicels three to several times the length
of bracts, obliquely ascending, reddish on the outside; flowers somewhat
nodding; perianth segments wide open, all with 1 purple nerve; outer
segments oblong, whitish-ferruginous on both sides, to 4 mm broad,

1.5 cm long; inner segments elliptic, broader, white on both sides, drying
yellowish; filaments slender, one-third shorter than perianth, yellow;
anthers orange; capsule ovoid-globose, abruptly narrowed toward base,
initially smooth, finally somewhat rugose, ca. 15 mm long and 13 mm
broad; seeds triquetrous, reticulate-rugose, broad-winged at the top.
June-July.

Wooded mounds in the foothills and in the lower mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Amu D., Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Gazi-Mailik
mountains. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The various species of Eremurus are liable to hybridize.
The species particularly prone to hybridization are E. robustus Regl.,
E. Olgae Rgl., E. stenophyllus (Boiss. et Buhse) Baker and
E. spectabilis M.B. Eremurus hybrids have already gained wide
distribution in gardens. In identifying Central Asian Eremurus plants,
one should bear in mind that these may include specimens of hybrid origin,
with intermediate characteristics.

Genus 263. ANTHERICUM * L.**
L. Sp. pl. (1753) 310.

Perianth white, rotate; segments 6, spreading, all 3-nerved; stamens
naked, filiform; ovary with 4-8 seeds in each locule; capsule globose or

* From Greek anthericon, rich in flowers.
** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

40

54

slightly 3-lobed, coriaceous; seeds angled, black. Plants with fibrous
roots; inflorescence branched or branched-paniculate; pedicels slender,
jointed below the middle; stems leafless, simple or branched; leaves
narrowly linear, confined to stem base.

i; JA. ramosum o> Spripla (vss) 310) dbs bl) Ross. 1Vi7 1957 iShmialls. ,
Ea Sea" — Om nists moma: ta mosuim ame let re iie(kiie) 278. —
Phalangium ramosum Poir. Encycl. V (1804) 250.—Anthericus
ramosus Asch. et Gr. Synops. III (1905) 48.—A. ramosum var.
simplex Kiing. Fl. v. Preuss. (1849) 412; Miscz. Fl. cauc. crit. 35
(OA) iS3-eASchivet Greil) 40;vars fallax abel) ArehiiV. Fr:
Nature Mekl) Xi (1859) 53.— Ie.: Bot. Mag. ¢.1055; Rehb. Ie. Fl. Germ.
Pie hedehs and hler:; il: Evrop. Rossii, Hisure lo9'—Exs):" APR
INO ks).

Perennial, glabrous plants, 40-75 cm tall; rhizome short, oblique;
root fibers numerous, fleshy, cylindric; leaves 10-12, linear, to6-8 mm
broad, 50-60 cm long, canaliculate, green, flat, glabrous, erect,
attenuate toward apex; stems terete, slender, leafless; inflorescence
paniculate with remotely flowered branches; bracts small, subulate, green,
to 2mm long; perianth white, 10-13 cm long; segments distinct, 3-nerved
on the back, oblong-lanceolate, the lower twice as broad as the rest;
stamens filiform, white, the inner longer, exceeding the perianth segments;
style filiform, straight, recurved at apex, always exserted from the fading
flower; capsule small, globose, 5 mm in diameter, obtusely lobed; seeds
black, angled, to 3 mm long. June-July. (Plate III, Figure 2, a).

Stony mountain slopes, gullies, scrub, pine and oak woods, birch
groves, exposed places; meadow, steppe and chalky slopes, ravine slopes,
along rivers and in river floodplains.— European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp.,
Bl., U. Don, Crim; Caucasus: Cisc. (Kislovodsk), according to Grossheim:
Kuban, Terek, Baku. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. to S. Sweden and Denmark
in the north; France, Iberian Peninsula, N. Italy, N. part of Balkan
Peninsula, Poland, Galicia, Lithuania, Baltic States. Described from
W. Europe.

Note. The form var. simplex Kling. (v. fallax), noted by many
authors, with a simple unbranched inflorescence, occurs together with the
typical form (Kiev Region, Belorussia, Crimea, Pyatigorsk);
Anthericum has been in cultivation since 1597.

Genus 264. FUNKIA* SPRENG.**
Spreng. Syst. Il, 40.-Hosta, Tratt. Obs. 11, 56.

Perianth large, 4.5-5 cm long, infundibular, 6-parted; segments short,
triangular-tipped, erect, all equal; stamens 6, filiform, distinct, naked,
inserted at perianth base, equal, about the length of perianth and slightly
exserted, somewhat curved; anthers linear-oblong, slightly emarginate
at apex, biparted at base, dorsifixed and versatile; ovary sessile, oblong,
6-grooved, 3-locular; ovules numerous (10-30), biseriate; style filiform,
furrowed-triquetrous, turned outward, curved, slightly exserted; stigma

* Named for the pharmacist H.G. Funk (1771-1839), an expert on plants of S. Germany.
** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

4]

595

capitate; capsule linear-oblong, coriaceous, trigonous; seeds numerous,
compressed, winged at the top, black, lustrous, very finely puncticulate.
Stemless herbs with fibrous roots; leaves radical, long-petioled, ovate to
oblong, acuminate, herbaceous, reticulate-veined, the petioles sheathing
at base; scapes simple, bearing a terminal many-flowered raceme; flowers
large, lilac or bluish, pedicellate; bracts solitary.

Cultivated for the beautiful flowers. Growing satisfactorily in the open.
Some of the species have medicinal use.
1. Leaves broadly ovate, rounded at base, with 6-8 subsidiary nerves.

Lo SHON ice ise | pe ie A ea ie 2 ene a OUST bate be eae 1. F. ovata Spreng.
+ Leaves lanceolate, narrowed toward base, 3- or 4-nerved, rarely

H—-nerveds sees, {Ree i. Ayes PORES Oe ane e 2. F. lancifolia Spreng.

1. F. ovata Spreng. Syst. II 240; Baker Gard. Chron. (1868) 1015;
Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I (1901) 443.—F. ovata var. e@ Kunth Enum. IV
(1843) 591.—Hemerocallis coerulea Andrews. Bot. Rep. tab. 6.—
Hosta coerulea Tratt. Tabs 1, 189; Engler im Nat» Pilanzentam yi,
5, p.40.—Ic.: Andrews Bot. Rep. tab. 6; Bot. Mag. 1806, t.894; Redouté
tab awl OG:

Perennial; leaves green, broadly ovate, often subcordate-ovate,
cuneate at base, tapering into a long petiole; acuminate at base, very large,
12-20 cm long, 7-10 cm broad; with 6-8 subsidiary nerves; pertioles
winged, to 25 cm long; flowering scape to 85 cm long; raceme loosely
10-12-flowered, longer than the leaves; bracts solitary, ovate, hyaline-
membranous, acuminate, about twice the length of pedicel, the lower
ca. 15-22 mm long, 6-11 mm broad; pedicels 6-9 mm long, the lower
nutant; flowers to 5.5 cm long, initially spreading, at length nodding;
perianth pale lilac or more often dark lilac-azure, slender-tubed, plaited
upward, the segments to 8 mm broad; capsule pendulous, 27-40 mm long.
August. (Plate V, Figure 3, a, b).

Rocky and stony river banks, near ponds and lakes.— Far East: Sakh.,
at Lake Traitsisk. Gen. distr.: Japan, Manchuria. In N. China only in
cultivation. Described from Japan.

Note. Cultivated in China for the sake of the roots which are used
as a remedy for toothache.

2. F. lancifolia Spreng. Syst. II (1825) 41; Baker, Gard. Chron. (1868)
1015; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc: XI (1871) 368; Kom. Fl. Manch. 1 (1901)
Ait =F) ovetasvar. 6 Kunth. Enum olive (4843) 592. Hosta
lancifolia (Thunb.) Engl, Nat. Pilanzenfam. 11))5;°p/40:

Perennial; leaves green, lanceolate, 9-11 cm long, 2-—2.5 (4.5) em
broad, 4-7-nerved; petioles 5-6 cm long, winged; scape 30-40 cm long;
raceme rather densely 8-16-flowered; bracts solitary, to 10-12 mm long,
lanceolate, long-acuminate, at base to 4 mm broad; pedicels 7-10 mm long,
the lower nutant; perianth pale lilac, 4-—5.5 cm long, slender tubed;
capsule pendulous. August. (Plate V, Figure 2, a).

Rocks, river banks, overgrown sanddunes. In Manchuria on mountain
slopes and at forest borders.— Far East: Uss., Tumyn-gan River basin;
on Amur at village of Kinneli. Gen. distr.: Japan, Korea, Sakhalin, and
Manchuria. Described from Japan.

Note. The leaf breadth in this species is subject to variation.

Specimens with 7-nerved leaves up to 4.5 cm broad, but with smaller flowers,

42

56

occur side by side with narrow-leaved forms. Similar small-flowered forms
predominate everywhere in the USSR, the length of flower being 4-4.5 cm,
less than in Korea and Japan.

Genus 265. HEMEROCALLIS* L.**
Syst. ed. 1(1735), Sp. pl. ed. 1(1753) 324.

Perianth large, infundibular, deeply 6-parted, curved-tubular at base;
segments equal, oblong-spatulate, spreading; stamens inserted in throat
at base of segments, filiform, recurved; anthers linear-oblong, dorsifixed;
ovary sessile, oblong, obtusely trigonous, with numerous biserially
arranged ovules in each locule; style filiform, long, recurved; stigma
capitate; capsule coriaceous, obovoid, obtusely trigonous, rugose,
narrowed at base, 3-celled, 3-valved; seeds 6-12 in each cell, borne in
2 rows, ovate, angled, black, lustrous; fibrous roots short, fleshy;
leaves all radical, linear; inflorescence a terminal double cincinnus passing
into a panicle; flowers large, yellow, orange or reddish-orange.

Ornamental plants with beautiful flowers, widely grown in gardens.
low era nac rant). veliOw Or OLANSC. Foyt aie joe + UO de oh Ne ye oe 2.
+ Flowers inodorous, rufous, the inner segments with membranous -

undulate margin and transversely anastomosing nervature ..........

Pape Ce Cn ee ee Ee a ee ce ne er ree © Oe) Cae Nt Ek. talvial ii,
2. Inflorescence branched, many-flowered; stems long; all flowers long-
pediceled; nerves of inner perianth segments not anastomosing; bracts

layrevlnndie; opm. Boi cc oe BAN Ne ie SURE EY Cag ee oo 5 oe MMMM os 2. H. flava I.
+ Inflorescence simple, few-flowered; stems equaling or slightly

overtopping the leaves; flowers subsessile; nerves of perianth segments

US TO MAO SAMOA: NM dune Disease RRNA Mod ee MAL eels ll AN ah ta a ihe, Lae ves 3.
3. Flowers bright orange; perianth tube 10-15 mm long; bracts broad,

nearly covering the’ perianth tube; leaves 10-18 mm broad..........

Ae le eae Bley ins Bho cafe Moche 3. H. Middendorffii Trautv. et Mey.
Be LOWES Ve UO Whi AM opi ECS Yt Sie Pa PSP ed Gin! Coming Gc Matrse omaha Lsvude Wu, ile 4.
4. Flowers yellow, subsessile; bracts equaling the pedicel; perianth tube

Hot mores thant Liem) longs leames lA MS) rt, PNOAG yo lien ithe les tla noe ahi day spre cs

RL EL CEE ERS VO EM reece EE Seren 5 Sr 4. H. Dumortieri Morren.
+ Flowers pale yellow, solitary or 2 or 3; perianth tube elongated;

pedicels*a o.4;mm long; bracts *small leaves) 4—dymin broad) .ee.. 2... -

2 SA a9 eee ee RE ee eR 5. H. minor Mill.

1) ) EH) fulva ‘lL. Sp. tpl.) ed. 2/(162)) 462-sshmailic.... Fl. II, 483; Kunth
Enum. IV, 588; Miscz., Fl. cauc. crit. II (1912) 136.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl.
Germdity 11173; .Bot..Mags,, ti. 64:

Perennial; stems long; radical leaves narrowly linear, carinate, acute,
slightly shorter than stems, 12-30 mm broad; cauline leaves few, very
short, scalelike; flowers 6-12, not fragrant, to 7 cm long, dark yellow,
rufous-reddish within; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, the
inner wavy-margined, all with numerous transversely anastomosing
longitudinal nerves; pedicels short; bracts small, lanceolate. June.

* From Greek hemera, day, and callos, beauty, implying beauty of the day (Miller, 1797).
** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

43

(50)

Plate V

1. Asphodeline dendroides (Hoffm.)Woron.— 2, Funkia lancifolia Spreng.; 2a) flower.—
3. F. ovata Spreng. leaf and fruiting inflorescence; 3a) flower; 3b) capsule and bract.—
4, Hemerocallis flava L. inflorescence.

44

a9

60

Wet swampy places and coastal meadows.— Caucasus: S. and W. Transc.,
Tal. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Med., Iran., Jap.-Ch. Described from
E. India. The original provenience of this as well as of many widely
cultivated species, is so far unknown. Numerous garden varieties,
especially from Japan, are known.

Padegiave DaiSpaplsved sir (753) "3247 ved...200762) 4625) Kunth enum.
iWewooe: din El vAlt. Ti SO, Fl. Ross: 1Vyr194:skeryiles SR Zap? Sibe LIT
(1929) 591; Kom., Fl. Manchzh. I (1901) 473; Kom. and Al., Opred. rast.
Dal'nevost. Kr. I (1931) 361; Fl. Zabaikal. (1931) 148.—Ic.: Bot. Mag.
(ouGuevedouteail i905; Rehbislevr rl. (Germ: i 1112"

Perennial; rhizome short, vertical, bearing below numerous stringy
root fibers; stem leafless, 30-70 cm long; inflorescence branched; leaves
all radical, broadly linear, long-acuminate, about equaling or shorter than
the stem, 5-15 mm broad; flowers 2-8; pedicels shorter than perianth,
27-54 mm long; bracts hyaline, small, lanceolate; flowers fragrant,
bright yellow, all long-pediceled, the pedicels 7-9 cm long; perianth
deciduous, funnelform, deeply cleft to 3/4 into 6 spreading segments,
tubular at base; outer perianth segments lanceolate, somewhat narrower
than the inner ones, oblong-elliptic, ca. 2 mm broad, acuminate, straight-
margined, without cross-anastomosis; segments 3-4 times the length of
tube; capsule ovoid to ovaloid, obtusely trigonous, cross-wrinkled,
ca. 2.5 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad; seeds ovoid-trigonous, sharply
ribbed, black 4-5 mm long. End of May — beginning of July. (Plate V,
Figure 4).

Forest water meadows or rarely steppe meadows, river valleys,
meadow slopes, dry glades, shores of rivers and lakes, margins of pine
and birch woods.— W. Siberia: Ob, Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Yen., Lena-
Kol, Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Caucasus; S. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Med., Jap.-Ch. Described from Hungary.

Note. Our herbarium contains Lagovskii's specimen from
S. Transcaucasia (station of Kodi between Tiflis [Tbilisi] and Erivan)
which is in very poor state of preservation. Mishchenko (Fl. cauc. crit.

v. 35, 1912, 136) considers the occurrence of this species in Transcaucasia
very likely.

3. H. Middendorffii Trautv. et Mey. Fl. ochot. (1856) 94, No. 321;
Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 283; Kom., Fl. Manchzh. (1901) 439.—
Ie.: Rehb. Gartenfl. t. 522; Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr.
(1931) Plate iL:

Perennial; root fibers large, cylindric; rhizome oblique, stout; leaves
all radical, sheathing at base, the collar clothed in remnants of dead
leaves, very long, 6-13 (18) mm broad, the lower 2 or 3 broader (23 mm),
about equaling the stem, long-acuminate, pendulous, flat, glabrous, and
smooth; stems leafless; inflorescence simple; flowers 3 or 4, subsessile,
bright orange, fragrant, gathered in a terminal head; bracts large, to
2.5-3 cm long, broad, enveloping the inflorescence, rounded-ovaie, long-
acuminate, half as long as to equaling the perianth tube; perianth
funnelform, 9 cm long, the tube 10-15 mm long; segments reflexed at the
tip, flat, oblong, acuminate, all equal, many-nerved, the inner 15-21 mm
broad, membranous-margined and slightly anastomosing, the outer

45

12-15 mm broad, not anastomosing; capsule 2.5-3 cm long, obovoid,
obtuse, cross-wrinkled, nearly covered by the bract. May-June-August.

Meadows, mountain slopes, broad-leaved woods, scrub, and meadows. —
Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uda, Okh., Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Manchuria.
Described from Okhotsk coast, Uyakon Bay. Type in Leningrad.

Note. According to the report of V.L. Komarov (Meculeathe Chinese
relish this plant for food, cooking it together with millet. The same is
reported by Miller (Dict. 1797).

4. H. Dumortieri Morren, Horticulteur Belge II (1834) 195; Baker.
Journ. Lin. Soc. XI 359; Kom. Fl. Manchzh. I (1901) 439; Fl. Zabaikal.
(1931) 148.—H. graminea Bhumilior Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur (1859)
285.—Ic.: Morrenl.c. tab. 43.

Perennial; leaves 14-18 mm broad, about equaling the stem; flowers
2 or 3, subsessile, very short-pediceled; yellow, fragrant; bracts broadly
lanceolate, about equaling the pedicel; perianth 4.5-5.5 cm long, the tube
5-7 mm long; outer segments 9-11 mm broad, the inner 11-14 mm broad,
obtuse, membranous-margined; root fibers with fleshy bulges. May.

E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Okh. Gen. distr.: Manchuria,
Japan. Described from Amur (Albazin V 1855, Maak).

5. H. minor Mill. Dict. (1797) No.2; Kom., Fl. Manchzh. 458; Kom.
and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I (1931) 362; Fl. Zabaikal. (1931)
148.—H. graminea Andr. Bot. Rep. tab. 244; Kunth. Enum. IV, 588; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 194; Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859)285.—H. graminifolia
Schiecht. Abh.-zudballlesn,f 4» Bd. lb Quarts. 11; 15a] esp uni ae Salish:
Genera, p. 81.

Perennial; leaves shorter than to about equaling the stem, ca. 7 mm
broad; inflorescence simple; pedicels ranging in length from 7 to 54 mm;
flowers pale yellow, solitary or 2 or 3, fragrant, 7-9 cm long; outer
perianth segments 9-11 mm broad, the inner ones broader and more obtuse,
membranous-margined, sparsely anastomosing; bracts small, lanceolate;
capsule oblong, ca. 3-5 mm long. June-July.

Water meadows, elevated wet places with sandy soil; forest glades,
mountain slopes, and scrub.— W. Siberia: Ob; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,
Dau., Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, Japan, Korea,
and N. China. Described from Siberia.

Subfamily 3. Allioideae ENGLER

Bulbose plants, rarely with short rhizomes; inflorescence a compound
umbel consisting of abbreviated spirals, enclosed before opening in a spathe
consisting of 2 broad, sometimes connate, more or less membranous leaves
[bracts], these sometimes narrow or the inflorescence consisting of a
solitary flower.

Key to Genera

1. Inflorescence of 1 or few flowers, covered in bud by narrow bracts;
penronth yellow, rarely whitish or red... . 4.4 4: 266. Gagea Salisb.

46

62

* Inflorescence a many-flowered capitate compound umbel, enclosed in
bud within a membranous sSpathe; perianth rose, purple, white, or

TG aNTE ny MayNN Wy ae EN cae. Se CSS Lt 2y hi) COIR OE 8 267. Allium L.

Genus 266. GAGEA* SALISB.**
in Konig u. Sims., Ann. of Bot. II (1806) 555.

Perianth segments 6, biseriate, yellow inside and lustrous, rarely
whitish outside, commonly with a broad green dorsal band, sometimes
reddish or dark purple, persistent in fruit, more or less indurescent and
accrescent; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth segments; anthers
basifixed; capsule mostly 3-angled, 3-locular; seeds oblong-obovoid,
terete or flat; bulbose herbs; inflorescence racemose-umbellate.

Economic importance. Species of the genus Gagea are of no economic

importance. Massive development of these plants may often be observed
in secondary habitats, especially in cultivated fields, so that they may be

considered as weeds. However, in view of their small size and ephemeric
character, as well as their flowering in early spring, they do not represent
a serious menace as weeds.

ie WStismas=parted (Section Plecostigma: (Turez)!Pasher) ye. 7; 2.
PA monoimaruncdivaded ; HOapitates.! Wi PURE awn ee er, eh Aosta i SD i 3.
2. Stigma 3-parted to base; taller plants with more southerly distribution
(AtGane"S) Wandtee Siberia) er olin waitin, aimed 73. G. pauciflora Turcz.
+ Stigma parted only one-third the length; smaller plants with more
Momtaer| ydustiriouti on (Vakuta se Siberia iia) aie
BORER nL Oy RM RIED be are ar ae ak ae Waa W'S 74. G. provisa Pascher.
3. Leaves differentiated into 1 or 2 radical leaves and the cauline leaves
just below inflorescence [floral leaves], thus a long leafless portion of
stem present between bulb and inflorescence (Section Nudiscaposae
Terr., partly subgenus Platyspermum (Boiss.) Miscz.)./..... 4,
+ Leaves more or less uniformly distributed up the stem, alternate;
distinct floral leaves absent (Section Foliatae Terr. and partly
Subsenus> Wattyisperniwm (Boiss) MNiise7 3) » oN 4. Aye. 54.
4. Bulbs 3, each in separate sheath, differing in size (Series
Tirevbulbosae Terr’) Subsection Dsipathae eae Derre) (ee a ).. 5),
+ Bulbs 1or2, in commonsheath, or numerous small bulblets developing
at wase OF MUL MVvIEhin =the Same Sheatian -5 seus. Maman cenye manana taal ren Mel aOR, Ms
5d. Perianth segments 15-18 mm long, oblong, obtusish; plants commonly
fareerniPolamd ye. 2) eee 37. G. pratensis (Pers.) Roem. et Schult.
* Perianth segments 10-13 mm long, acute or obtuse; plants commonly
SHIA Mere ae eae ete See se gh, FOE i TAN 5 SIRS ed mn Se NaOH A SRP 2) 6.
6. Radical leaf linear, curved-undulate; perianth segments lanceolate,
acure (Grimes ee. MOAI Pious Sh. La Te 39. G. transversalis Stev.
* Radical leaf linear-lanceolate, smooth; perianth segments oblong-linear,
Gbtusish (We and SOW Wileraime) fess fase ee ee 38. G. Paczoskii Zap.
7. Perianth segments attenuate-acuminate at apex, not cucullate, commonly
grayish-yellow (Series Eureticulatae Pascher)............ 8.

Named for the English amateur botanist Thomas Gage, 1781-1820, who worked in Suffolk, Ireland,
and Portugal.

** Arranged by A.A. Grossgeim,

47

+ o

10.

Wile

63

15.

kG:

18.

I)

Perianth segments not attenuate-acuminate, obtuse or obtusish or

acute and then commonly more or less distinctly cucullate ....... 1S)
Radicalileaves flat. srasslike.= a) 4 lap aves ded & Geena eee Ree a 2).
Radical leaves! narrow, .o-encled beneath Sig Gheweue se eee ets alate

Perianth segments abruptly narrowed at apex and acuminate; high-
mountain plants, 3-5 cm tall (SemietiCentpalwAsita) les) 4. Mp
SP A ark SL Nw Ooo EF te OE eR 45. G. hissarica Lipsky
Perianth segments gradually and finely long-acuminate; plants of
lowlands vandithesmiddle,mountain: zone 44+). 3)-s-jeortua Heat oe 10.
Perianth segments 14-20 mm long; larger plants (Turkmenia) ......
Gags St eee Boek Se Porter lat ene bm 43. G. rigida Boiss. et Sprun.
Perianth segments 8-12 mm long; smaller and more delicate plants
(SGvinGenbpoAisiia)w opkstideel «S. .hpterias8: ¢ 44. G. graminifolia Vved.
Bulblets present in axils of floral leaves (Cente AGO, )..06 08 ees en ace aee
RE a: ORD “eine. eeridebie. pate te cae 4 oG- Bema Joiby.
Mosbullsl etolin-ascills) of floualdicaves/acursotacu).aace-ea bio. eee one tee
Pedicels at length arched-recurved (Centr. Asia) ...............
46. G. divaricata Rel.

Pe) ca (oh Nagitiar Ketaes Pi ivi eh celibie), pep ie), uh > ait jas, of, M lay) sty MN eld err ey tory (oh Beech eamem ges w ve

Erinhinespedicelsnerect suet wz arnltuwnlh ciated: ling be. Sateen, 13.
Collar above the bulb sheathing the lower part of stem, nearly reaching
the. intloxescencein.T) - = ered 2 eae obk*h qlee Sette § sop ae 14.
Colliarvabovertherbullbsundeyjelopedy, a). eiewe nee) -IEeeuew nec) econ ee LG

Bulb commonly with slender readily detachable white underground
offshoots terminating in white bulblets; collar coarsely fibrous; radical

leaficoarses, Linear (Granses) An a2hcteeirtecn 53. G. commutata C. Koch.
Underground offshoots none; radical leaf slender; collar finely

IRE CUNSIESL aeee Oh SES ae OC ee En OL Res enh eereaniccem cara eer th os 115),
Radical leaf filiform; collar delicately reticulate; plants commonly
AGUS en Se ee ne eee eee, ae ee ee he ee 55. G. tenuifolia (Boiss.) Fom.
Radical leaf narrowly linear; collar more coarsely reticulate; plants
Solita aye data: .eteh! 2 coeerees 54. G. reticulata (Pall.) Roem. et Schult.

Flowers and leaves commonly glabrous; perianth segments enlarged
about the middle; plants of middle and upper mountain zones (Cauc.,
MUN cate) eee es CT, ae ee et Cae ee nme mF nt ameter iT.
The outside of flowers, pedicels and leaves more or less pubescent;
perianth segments gradually attenuate; plants of plains and lower
mountain zone; bulb tunics not entwined in root fibers, fibrillose and

ruptured atthetop (Centr. Asia) ...... 52. G. pseudoreticulata Vved.
Bulbstunics densely.entiwined i, ZOOL MIDERS A 2 pace Ate ate att oe US.
Radical leaf 1-3 mm broad; inflorescence 1-3-flowered; flowers

Ue Pesill Dieta eee OTROS epee meer: det ies dk AOE, Replies ade 50. G. Alexeenkoana Miscz.

Radical leaf 0.5-1 mm broad; flowers 10-11 mm long (S. Transc. ).
bare pind shh porter eay sphsreetdemnay oy cat Ration Enee dings 51. G. Caroli-Kochii Grossh.
Root fibers slender; relatively delicate plants with thin leaves.......
A io capil hs Mi pcs 2b tne Cyr ka pe glob oc cebeias F muioes ina 48. G. ucrainica Klokov.
Root fibers coarse, thick; relatively coarse plants, with delicate
HarEOwaynlineaie VCAVCS ss sh ga2 eds epee thn eee 49. G, taurica Stev.
Inflorescence subtended by one well developed floral leaf; other leaves
in inflorescence inserted higher up, small, bractlike, or wanting
(Subsection U nis spat Wace cies Meter.) v/a, Awe. sue ee 20.

48

64

65

29).

30.

Inflorescence commonly subtended by two floral leaves, of these one
much longer than the other; other leaves in inflorescence, when
present, small, bractlike, borne on pedicels (Subsection

Wins ahhiencemner, Tarra. NG. Mee hule Buen inal ser... oh
Perianth segments with saccate declined nectaries (Centr. Asia).

A PAG ene eS nd. Tenia 6 aie h- Blah Of 14. G. sacculifera Regl.

Perianth segments never with saccate nectaries at base......... Zhe
Het la Say Ge Ze St ste SHUHL ONS Fp hy i. <a arya eee an baw’ < dyes Syeda Buon Gm GN Gs ales os Zee
Radical leaves flat, sometimes very narrow, linear, but not fistulous.

RSM MSTET ER MED. Ms oa Neyo php op eip php Doe a pekaS pee ap p Se a es I ls Ae A ee 23.

Radical leaves 2, greatly overtopping the inflorescence; perianth
segments pale yellow (Transc.) .......... 1. G. spathacea Salisb.
Radical leaf 1; perianth segments lemon-yellow (S. Transc.) .......
a Oaks wii: Sante Oeil yteod od, Saha BALD: 2. G. Joannis Grossh.
Inflorescence compound, corymbose, with branched pedicels and
strongly developed lower joint; flowers commonly numerous, small,
6-8, omidong:tinadicatileat 1 ,dbulb solitarya(@entre| Asialas Lieto. Qe.
PONG MRP ROR Pe! Gres sag! og iy on op eg bee ape ay OR ay wy AS 13. G. Popovii Vved.
Inflorescence umbellate; pedicels not branched, but usually with

PRononnced Mower. jointt +45 wit tai. Peo: oo way eek hee ee: 24.
A common sheath enclosing a large bulb and numerous small bulblets
Spessbaseiigace., .eteniias wlkenbialk . ews. fel veered hentia we BS).
A common sheath enclosingtwo bulbs, one large, the other much
Srmallercorsometimesiabsent | .jenensdinseyd Phe GAs Cee! Sethe. 2 ZAG)
Bublets forming a ring around the base of the bulb; radical leaf
ianeecolatc,poBondwIN.@Siberia) ........... 88... 4. G. granulosa Turcz.
Bulblets in a bundle on the side of the bulb; radical leaves narrowly
incom (HesSiberio shar Bast)iu2 aslo k acct 5. G. hiensis Pascher.
Radical leaf narrowly linear, 1-2 or rarely up to 10 mm broad.

Bee Sead, Ls oping) ads Getta Beat ahr man! aan eee ee eee Alls
Reacdicaldicak lanceolate, flat, .(5)t8=12<mmibroad!.) sae ee eee 32
Bulb solitary, oblong-ovoid; outer tunics fibrous, often reticulately
Splitpayprodnced into a, shontycollar. piven. 2wapeiess-geyedae: ee ec nae 28.
Bulb ovoid; tunics coriaceous, not produced into acollar........ ZAS) 6

Delicate and slender plants; flowers solitary or 2 or 3, pale yellow;
perianth segments 6-8 mmlong; bracts close to floral leaf and not
Separated from it by andnternedet(iurkmenia)iy Wa see ees:
B iesaletacly 08 EPs ap ed sho rename bode ng quate oy 012 «yeah feebsn tate Clbeget se eine 11. G. kopetdagensis Vved.
Stronger and taller plants; flowers 3-7, bright yellow, violet-reddish
on the outside; perianth segments 10-11 mm long; a pronounced
internode present between floral leaf and bract (mountainous

Raz MAS CA) bide o> haere, <p Sagwa : 12. G. Korshinskyi Grossh.
Inflorescence one-third to one-half the length of stem: floral leaf
markedly different from radical leaves, broadly lanceolate, 5-12 mm
[SECO YEO Se hee. Vee Ce aS aN ewan Ere Ora 3. G. minima (L. ) Ker-Gawl.
Inflorescence two-thirds (rarely one-half) the length of stem; floral
leaf not markedly differing in breadth from radical leaves; plants of

SOME tC Crate ale AG TARY sane. P% Hoy sptcaty.-oMerecil. cheeses abyits Aes oe ee ae a a 30.
Bulb solitary; radical leaf 1-1.5 mm broad; small, delicate plant
2-5 cm tall (mountainous Tadzhikistan)..... 10. G. minuta Grossh.

49

66

31.

34.

41.

42.

Bulbs 2, rarely the smaller second bulb abortive; radical leaf

152) to: NOmammbroad), ah mio wmces See es We CPE TE ESS, 2 Shall
A small plant, 3-7 cm tall; radical leaf 1-2 or rarely to 5 mm broad;
perianth segments to 10 mm long (SW Siberia} TMiensShan) sae 2a 2.25
Wipe A: aekereetag y avab epee: Cometh cht eee 9. G. filiformis (Ldb.) Kunth.
A larger plant, upto 20 cm tall; radical leaf to 10 mm broad; perianth
segments 14-16 mm long (mountains of Soviet Central Asia)........
By re ee CON tart Cis ence Mes cot AU oie ME ey SI 8. G. pseudoerubescens Pascher.
Stem strong; inilorescence branches flexuous-geniculate (Centr. Asia).
SPiN EAN Sst LEAS PRA ER LVR L ER A SIDS as onl Gin 7. G. dshungarica Rel.
Stem slender; inflorescence branches not flexuous (S. Transc., Mtn.

A ALO AD. Gh aN ok Se adiaw Sees Oh Shen SA I . P 6. G. confusa Terr.
Bulb ta(Series Unwbulbosales Lerr ys oe eer. Fees See Bee. Sal.
Bulbs 2, one large, giving rise to leaf, the other giving rise to stem,
small, situated on the side of the larger bulb (Series Dibulbosae
Meir . pets wwe 4 feted eowell inp a en eee ee thar Denar - 44.
Radical leaf hollow, triquetrous, with cylindric cavity (Centr. Asia).
TTI. Re NS Mea i ie ape nies Gee os aR oe ENS 25. C. triquetra Vved.

Radiicalyleafmotehollow»dlationcarinatery .;2is leit Soeoeae © 35..
Radical leaf linear to broadly linear, to 5-7 mm broad, narrowly
linea} Secarinaber 41h OR CE CoA ee Le, CARON ARIE, CORR A 36.

Radical leaf narrowly linear, distinctly carinate, canaliculate above.
Radical leaf 7-10 (to 15) mm broad, long, abruptly attenuate at apex,
minutely tcucullate flowers toclSimmnmlonay. 25. t Aen) CRA eae

Radical leaf*mostly narrower; flowers*smaller® 0.6. ee. ole
Stem 8-10 times as long as inflorescence; fruiting pedicels not

recunved (Siberia (har hast) 4 So) Senet 17. G. longiscapa Grossh.
ptema=4 timesvas long. as: inflorescence «471.42 Le eee 38.
Fruiting. pedicels arched=recurved %) (28) ee 16. G. erubescens Bess.

Fruiting pedicels obliquely ascending (Caucasus)................
a BNR TS HGR GIR > EAE AO | oe, SIE AS SY 18. G. Helenae Grossh.
Plants pruinose throughout, the bloom rubbing off easily; radical leaf
2-3 (4) mm broad; floral leaf and pedicels commonly pubescent
(Caneacus) ty eeltrot Pani wa kak wae dee 23. G. Chanae Grossh.
Plants shining or dull’green)'wathout bloom ONxS 22 Ot Seer .. 40.
Flowering pedicels as long as or slightly longer than the flowers;
flowers few, 8 mm long; stems slender, 3-9 cm long (N. part of
CentireAsia)miet, ae) cay Gir By Jee 20. G. Fedtschenkoana Pascher.

‘Flowering pedicels longer than and sometimes several times the length

ORO WETS REE eh ee ce etek Rem maa SE Lees te ne ee eee 41.
Perianth segments enlarged in upper one-third, attenuate toward apex,
obtusish, yellow tinged with orange; green lustrous plants (Crimea,

Catieas us) Pe Mane s RAS ECS H YG fat eel NY. 24. G. Germainae Grossh.
Perianth segments oblong-linear, not attenuate, yellow, not tinged with
OQFAMGSR MET SEAR GET LER, FO) AEDS ae ED" NAO De DESL Oe na 42.

Perianth segments to 19 mm long; lower floralleaf distinctly 3-nerved
on the back; ‘stems’to 20°cm long’ (N. ‘part of Centr. Asia)\ 2 25.
Ph ae i a ee a A Ne 21. G. Capusii Terr.

50

67

49.

50.

aly

o2.

53.

Rernianihseoments Si Watmmienaiad te bawehwkm wertoliige view. . 43.
Bulb tunics light brown ....19. G. pusilla (Schmidt) Roem. et Schult.
Bulb tunics dark tawny-brown (Centr. Asia) ..... 22. G. parva Vved.
Radical leaf fistulous, solitary or radial leaves 2 (Subsection

riche caren cmerr’)io 45st Ol aA nicic banaWelkthanve. >. 45,
Radical leaves not fistulous, semicylindric, canaliculate above
(Stipsections Aur wem sieish Rerr.). 4... eettnaw olive tel ae etek et... 51

Perianth segments very obtuse, scarcely attenuate toward apex,

i570 prumylone:;;;radical leaves mostly 2\.(Cximea)s!>)..olfar vlan. %
yetecig at nes Re Daven yrsse rh A weyth i oral Det ies} eee 26. G. fistulosa Ker-Gawl.
Perianth segments lance-elliptic, more or less attenuate toward apex;

pechical peat mostlysolitary wes . pel lhedoy. vel See Da eee kg en 46.
Perianthyseoaments! 8=10K( 02) mim donee + cee a ee ee Ae.
eigen onmie nts W2ir- 19. MIM) LOM os ca. e ce ae gee vessels wHabcn cbacien neyo eo 48.

Pedicels densely pubescent; flowers 2-4, bright sulfureous ........
EPP HN ees ER Me soi alel meal yamiatelc eran yeaa emi lecnime'ye 30. G. sulfurea Miscz.
Pedicels glabrous or slightly pubescent; flowers 1 or 2 (rarely 3),

lemonaye low mit. bile a ela. ee eR 29. G. glacialis C. Koch.
Inflorescence 1- or 2- (3)-flowered; perianth segments obtuse, slightly
attenuate toward apex, bright yellow; floral leaves always shorter than
imtersseence; bulb tunics gray (N..Urals)pad.. aos, eee eee
“Mich a 'Ob ath EOI e Coe aT ARR ae ee ee ea 27. G. samojedorum Grossh.
Inflorescence commonly many-flowered, but depauperate in some

forms; perianth segments acutish or rarely obtusish........... 49.
Perianth segments emarginate or obliquely truncate, always more or
less obtusish (Centri «Asia)sia) Sayan. 31. G. emarginata Kar. et Kir.
Perianth segments never emarginate, tapering toward apex, acutish
GEeorelsnob bus ieian).e.0% 8 aj eel BP AS RRS ERL ReRRT: 50.

Plants of N. Kazakhstan and Transvolga area; bulb tunics tawny-brown;
Stemyqradical leaf and pedicels thick, coarse 23... ).(: 6) eo eye eee eee
MP Meret rr hS o cf 2S iael ela kis Jia Ben yobs yar gar carted pul 32. G. mirabilis Grossh.
Plants of high mountains of Caucasus and Transcaucasia; bulb tunics
commonly light brown, rarely dark brown; stem, radical leaf and
pedicelsuslendeine .igh. 0k. 2. he 28. G. anisanthos C. Koch.
Radical leaves filiform, greatly overtopping the inflorescence; perianth
segments very obtuse, bright yellow (former Artvin area)..........
oUt ya cet et ee CMe LEAS as ae ees Nee SURE Tae a A 33. G. tenuissima Miscz.
Radical leaves narrowly linear or flat; perianth segments more or less
Paper ine foward apes Weg eh Bis ded ia Pe ie Rn ehnaied Baer tt D2.
Radical leaves flat, 3-5 mm broad; low depressed many-flowered
plants; inflorescence commonly as long as or shorter than the stem;
bulblets usually produced at base of floral leaves; perianth segments
obtuse, bright golden-yellow (Crimea)...... 36. G. Granatelli Parl.
Radical leaves narrowly linear, carinate beneath, canaliculate above;
inflorescence commonly 2-3 (and more) times as long as the stem;

porianthecesnmentsesubacute, yellow =\« :.« .ccesleagent iigesy ateelai ee we - 53.
Perianth segments 15-16 mm long, long-attenuate acuminate, reflexed
EN eae OR mene mew: emi aeat EN SPAR Rye tel pee A Oe ta 34. G. arvensis Dum.
Perianth segments ca. 12-14 mm long, slightly acuminate or obtusish,
thegripuMnOtiese maar Lay lithe Vol te us pe obaaues ce med aie epee 35. G. dubia Terr.

5]

68

69

o4.

56.

Oil:

58.

DoE

60.

62.

63.

64.

65.

67.

Ovary pyriform, narrowed at base into a distinct stipe (Subsection

Sitainp iieviare GP ASscher)hititug .f .BA oA ee ee re Le a 5D):
Ovanyexstipitate, foviordet eS kM. FP eae Ae Bt Fee arenas SReRMe Rs 59.
Bulblets present (rarely wanting) in the axils of upper leaves; slender
simaill- flowered plants) (Centr: Asia), 4.25 5 Wace ee eae ee
(a BPR Leet hee. Se beoe Fiiee 71. G. gageoides (Zucc.) Vved
Btlblers inleat ascils: wanting 208 eee ae Sy ST eae ee tne alah te o6.
Perianth segments 4-5 mm long; floral leaf broad; plants 3-5 cm tall,
rarely taller. (CentraNsia = {user awe sien 72. G. minutiflora Rgl.
Perianth segments relatively long; floral leaf narrowly linear; mostly
EMM te Soa SET a ARS TE TILES ERIE 8 eS Oo RE eh Ra ewes Site
Radical leaves slenderly capillary; cauline leaves somewhat broader,

flowerstew) (lsor 2) trarely<3)i(Genties Actal) a ae ei a1 ee ee
ee Pe aa ete is MB OMe aoe De SOL, Te OF Gaicapilllifolia® Vved:

Radical leaves coarser, narrowly linear; flowers commonly numerous.

WE PHORESIS De Sy seca ad Os ae adh oe ke eo i ee Bee
Flowers pale yellow; stipe of ovary and of capsule indistinct; secondary
bulblets faveolate-pitted (Centr. Asia).......... 69. G. ova Stapf.
Flowers golden-yellow; ovary and capsule distinctly stipitate;
secondary bulblets none or, if present, then minutely papillose
(SAMimance aeCentir.. Acial)imi att) Sonne, eee One 68. G. stipitata Merkl.
Seeds?eylandries(Sechon foliatee «Terri. M2 yew Pare 60.
Seedsetlate(Sericsmann Ciloranth ae) oer Loire Shere tai aee ae 62.
Perianth segments narrowed upward, obtusish, relatively small;
pedueelsmiona (Crimtea) iy apie 1G) aie te: 42. G. Heldreichii Terr.
Perianth segments enlarged upward (spatulate), very obtuse,
nelatively*larce, spedicelsivery ShOntet (lst yi Or, SI0V Ree Cee ee 61.
Taller plants, 3-6-flowered (S. Ukraine) .... 40. G. Szovitsii Bess.

Usually very low plants, with 1, rarely 2 or 3 flowers (Crimea)......
AM Nee Rik ROS Ra Na we SNC RE EU Ey SOS ARE. f 41. G. Callieri Pascher.

Howertleariiistulouse.--) Tee TAs ee, a ee BRA eee ee 63
Kower lea vestiothistulousyos Foamy Ss ae QO haarOims fie) 20 eee &) 64
Bulbs 2, one larger, the other smaller, in a common sheath; tunics

plackish-browm (Centre Asia)" 97. ee 57. G. Chomutovae Pascher.

Bulb 1, with a compact lateral bundle of small bulblets within the same

sheath; tunics light blackish to tawny-brown (S. Transc.)..........
LO SEP ee ee Bee Em By «EO, ME, 56. G. improvisa Grossh,
Bulbyproduced intovarrather long collars ine... Lee eee 695.
Collar wanting Orrobsolescent™ 2 2.5 4. eae een ee enn 68.
Collar long, reaching to or above the middle of stem, coarse; perianth

segments’ 10-12’ mm long, obtuse"(S. “part of Centr. Asia)! 7 Pear
eR ee OT Ee OS SAE NN CR Mae Ee ee gO, 60. G. Alberti Rgl.
Collar short, usually not exceeding 1'cm in height). 5"... 8? 66.
Upper cauline leaves very short, slenderly filiform, with bulblets

in their axils, differing markedly from the radical and lower cauline

nonbulin Hiterouseavess 2) saan a ee 66. G. pamirica Grossh.
Transition from lower to upper leaves gradual; no rOReLS in the
axils" or Uppericaves: f -FUS = stg b+ OMe Ts AER Se CR Pee eee ae ile

Commonly glabrous, bright green plants; radical leaf greatly
overtopping the inflorescence; perianth segments golden-yellow
(Shs. SMIOGTSTEST Nea ae) Re se et ean 64. G. altaica Schischk. et Sumn.

52

70

+ Puberulent, dull green plants; radical leaf greatly overtopping the
inflorescence; perianth segments dull almost greenish yellow. (Kopet
Were ELS tie ores ee ., wenMeTE cet Wee ete. cetis Ys 59. G. anisopoda M. Pop.

Sore ulbllet so mormmnect in thevaxilis,oreauline leaves Tac hily. smaksca: talon.
ieee. tet eiant ARC MEE TEN om too ee 65. G. bulbifera (Pall.) Roem. et Schult.

RN Nona uilintahoynnlcaty axcils abl mes TESS CGP AR oe BTA DNS, 13d 1 ae Me 69.
69" Bulb tunics fibrous, readily separating into fibers (|. .....08 sens - 66.
Sem illloatuniesh tl rin wACOrkaceous kis seeeeese coerce alee, Bjiefhd < wleieeepiey.. We

70. Flowers light nearly whitish yellow; perianth segments 9-15 mm long,
enlarged in upper one-third, acute or subacuminate (S. part of Centr.
Gime, PRG oer aetk Rui Tea: Ae 63. G. Vvedenskyi Grossh.

+ Flowers bright yellow or golden-yellow; perianth segments obtusish.

PN ec ee ean re a a te Cee ti ee ie ae RN, mee Ree EM ee ka « ales
71. Inflorescence few-flowered; perianth segments golden-yellow, 5-9 mm

ornare Gia) sees, el. BU ee ae eee eis 61. G. Olgae Regl.
+ Inflorescence few-flowered; perianth segments yellow, 9-12 mm long

(Setoaetor Centr. “Asia)! onde cecil. sale 62. G. afghanica Terr.

72. Lower cauline leaves flat, enlarged at base; radical leaves commonly
N2ssuitorm:s periantisegments mot acerescent=” sits): Gevatiela- . -
eaten ath hfe ey eth 1 asic k. Sto eas 67. G. tenera Pascher.

+ Lower cauline leaves narrowly linear; radical leaf mostly 1; perianth
segments mostly strongly acerescent after anthesis. .............
Materia Y)! iaired GHG 58. .G. chlorantha (M.B.) Roem. et Schult.

Subgenus I. EvGACEA Pascher in Lotos, N.F., XXXIV (1904) 110.—
Seeds globose, subhorizontal [?], with pale or tawny testa, slightly
furrowed longitudinally.

Section 1. NUDISCAPOSAE Terr. in Mém. 2 Soc. Bot. France (1905)
11.— Stem leafless from base to inflorescence, except for 1 or 2 floral
leaves subtending the inflorescence; inflorescence subumbelliform.

Subsection 1. UNISPATHACEAE Terr. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1905)
1064.— Floral leaf 1; inflorescence commonly jointed at base, branched;
a small secondary bulb or numerous small bulblets produced in addition
to main bulb or sometimes the bulb solitary.

Series Euspathaceae Terr. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1905) 1064. —
Umbel simple, peduncled; floral leaf distant from inflorescence; radical
leaves fistulous; perianth segments lanceolate, obtusish, whitish or rose.

1. G. spathacea (Hayne) Salisb. in Koenig et Sims. Annals Bot., II
(ES06)u556; db: BlayRess.21Vip 140,. pep. — Omundth ogaliua
spathaceum Hayne in Ust., Ann. Bot. XXI (1797) 11.—Ic.: Redouté
Liliaceae, t.242; Rchb. Ic. No. 1039 (1848); HegiIllust. Fl. d.
Mitteleuropa II, 209, £.330.— Exs.: Fl. exs. Reipubl. Boh.-Slov. No. 597.

53

onl

Perennial; bulbs 2, one much larger than the other; tunics grayish,
membranous; stem glabrous, 6-20 cm long; radical leaves 2, very long,
greatly overtopping the stem, narrowly linear, fistulous, flat or slightly
concave above, convex beneath; floral leaf oblong-lanceolate, 6-9 mm
broad at base, cucullate, equaling or shorter than inflorescence;
inflorescence with internode, 2—4-flowered; pedicels short-bracteolate;
perianth segments elongate-lanceolate, obtuse, lemon-yellow, green
outside, 10-13 mm long; stamens half the length of perianth; anthers
oblong; ovary subglobose. April-May. (Plate VI, Figure 3, a,b).

Shady woods and scrub.— European part: U.V., U. Dnp. (rare).

Gen. distr.: Scand, Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur. Described from England.
Type in London (?).

2. G. Joannis Grossh. sp. nova in Addenda III, p.734; tab. XLIV,
iteuwre? 25% a-cr

Perennial; bulb ovoid, medium size; secondary bulb small, commonly
darkish, foveolate-rugulose, brown; stem 3-5 cm long, weak; radical leaf
solitary, halfas longagain as inflorescence; narrowly linear, 1.5-2 mm in
diameter, fistulous; floral leaf 1, lanceolate, shorter than to equaling the
inflorescence; upper leaves very small, linear-subulate; inflorescence
branched, few-flowered; pedicels slender, 2-3 times the length of flower;
perianth segments yellow, faintly greenish outside, 2-10 mm long, oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse; stamens half the length of perianth
segments; anthers very small, rounded-ovoid; capsule oblong-obovoid,
one-third shorter than perianth segments. June. (Plate VI, Figure 15, a,b).

Meadows and near melting snow. Type in Baku.

Series Minimae Terr., Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1905) 1064. —
Inflorescence branched; pedicels bracteolate; radical leaves not fistulous;
radical leaf commonly 1, narrow; perianth segments acute or subacute,
sometimes ciliate at base.

Cycle Euminimae Terr., Bull. del'herb. Boiss. V (1905) 1064.— Radical
leaf solitary, linear to narrowly lanceolate, flattish, erect.

3. G. minima (L.) Ker-Gawl. in Journ. Roy Inst. I (1816) 180; Misez.,
Fl. Cauc. cr. II, 4 (1912) 146; Kryl.; Fl. Zap: Sib. TIP (1929)5946—

@ cio meas Schult. ,. kdb. ElyRosse IVsGh053)"639) Boiss) blo Oru
(1884) 207; Shmal'g., Fl. I], 503.—Ornithogalum minimum LL. Sp.
pl. (1753) 306.—Ic.: Rchb. Ie. Fl. Germ. (1848) t. 1040; Syreishch., Il.
Fl. Mosk. gub. (1906) 234.— Exs.: Herb. norm. edit. ab Dérfler.
No.5187; Fl. exs. Austro-Hung. No.3, 489; HFR, No. 923.

Perennial; bulbs 2, very unequal, in common sheath of brown scales;
stem glabrous, 7-15 cm long, or up to 20 cm (v. robusta _ Piotrovski);
radical leaf solitary, narrowly linear, flat to subcanaliculate, narrowed
at bothends, 1-3 mm broad; lower internode floriferous, usually distinct,
to 2 cm long; pedicels slender, long, with a minute bracteole at base,
glabrous or with scattered pubescence (v. rufula Terr.); perianth
segments yellow or whitish (v. albiflora Zinger), greenish or somewhat

54 Ww

72

rufous outside (v. rufula Terr.), 10-15 mm long, linear-lanceolate to
oblong, acuminate; stamens one-half to two-thirds the length of perianth,
broadly elliptical; capsule obovoid. April-May. (Plate VI, Figure 9).

Woods, scrub, wood margins, and rarely meadows. — European part:
Dye ech) a fads timer UVa ivae, asap. . Nt. Dnpi,, = Don,
iransve ssl iGrunve lon Don: (Caucasus Cisich WwW.) jslbeniay) U ) 0b).
Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Europe.
Type in London.

4. G. granulosa: Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, t.XXVII, No.3.
(Resa ia Kryl ein, Zap. WSieee pt. (1929) 596.— EG rufescens Rel.
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1862) 28.—G. minima v. paradoxa (an
species nova) S. Illitschevsky, Flora okolits' Poltavy (1927) 28.—

G. granulosa v. septentrionalis Perf. Nov. vidyirazn. gus.
luka. Mater. po izuch. i ispol'z. proiz. sil Sev. Kraya, pt. III (1921).—
GEborealis Perf.) ibid’[G.jcranuloesa jv. elattor Pascher Bull.
Soc. Nat, Moscou. XIV (1907) 358.—Ic.: Perfil'ev, Journ. Soc. Bot.
Russie. X01, ypot.))3° 1927) 240.

Perennial; bulb subglobose-ovoid, 5-6 mm in diameter, a ring of
numerous small bulblets at base inclosed within a common sheath; tunics
dark brown; stem 10-30 cm long, slender, whitish at base; inflorescence
sometimes with a strongly developed internode (v. borealis (Perf. )
Sch.); radical leaf solitary, green, glabrous, flat, 4-9 mm broad, tapering
at both ends, narrowly cucullate, 1.5 cm long; lower floral leaf 6-10 mm
broad, with a narrow hood 2-3 cm long; second leaf subopposite, much
shorter than narrower; inflorescence 1-—5-flowered; pedicels unequal;
perianth segments yellow, green- or rufous-striped on the outside,

12-18 mm long, lanceolate, attenuate upward, obtusish, rarely enlarged
at apex and rounded-obtusish (v. septentrionalis Perf.). April-May-
June: (Plate VI, Figures 4, a-c, 5).

Woods and Sserubyarorcties Arc. Eur.; European part: Dv.4kech. ;
Lad. =limt,, UV. ;9VeeKa.,0U. Dnp., M. Dnp. (Peltava), V.-Don. }(Kharkov);
W. Siberia: /\Ob,Irt. },AltuivE.Siberia:)Ang.-say. Endemic: Meseribed
from [former] Tomsk Province. Type in Kharkov.

5. G. hiensis Pascher in Lotos (1904) 126.—G. Terraccianoana
Pascher in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. II (1906) 58.

Perianth; bulb medium size, ovoid, with a crowded sublateral bundle
of small bulblets; tunics gray or brownish; stem 8-15 cm long, slender;
inflorescence (one-sixth) one-fourth to one-third the length of stem;
radical leaf solitary, flat, narrowly linear, 0.75-1.5 (2-3) mm broad,
overtopping the inflorescence; floral leaf narrowly lanceolate; inflorescence
2-—8-flowered; pedicels slender, 3-4 times the length of flower; perianth
segments 6-9 (10) mm long, narrowly lanceolate, the outer slightly
tapering, acute, pale yellow within, greenish outside. April-May. (Plate VI,
Figure 6 a,b).

Grassy slopes and bottomland woods.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East:
Ze.-Bu., Uss. Endemic. Described from Dauria (?). Type in Leningrad.

Note. In his description, Pascher reports this species from Central
Asia, while in a later publication he records it from Altai and Manchuria.

35)

Plate VI

1. Gagea sacculifera Rgl.: flower in side view.— 2. G. dshungarica Rgl.: 2a) perianth
segments.— 3. G, spathacea (Hayne) Salisb.: 3a) perianth segments; 3b) cross section of leaf,—

4. G. granulosa Turez.: 1) bulb; b) radical leaf; c) perianth segments.— 5. G. granulosa var.
borealis (Perf.) B. Schischk.: inflorescence.— 6. G. hiensis Pascher: a) bulb; b) perianth segments —
7. G. minuta Grossh.— 8. G. confusa Terr.: perianth segments.— 9. G. minima (L.) Ker. Gawl.:
perianth segments.— 10. G. lutea (L.)Ker-Gawl.: a) radical leaf; b) inflorescence of var. Komarovi
Grossh.— 11. G. erubescens Bess.: fruiting; a) perianth segments; b) cross section of radical leaf.—
12. G. Helenae Grossh.: a) cross section of radical leaf; b) perianth segments.—

13, G. pseudoerubescens Pascher: a) cross section of radical leaf; b) perianth segments .—

14. G. Fedtschenkoana Pascher, perianth segments.— 15. G. Joannis Grossh.: a) cross section

of radical leaf; b) perianth segments.— 16. G. kopetdaghensis Vved.: bulb.— 17. G. Korshinskyi
Grossh.: bulb.— 18. G. pamirica Grossh.— 19. G. Vvedenskyi Grossh.: perianth segments.

56

The original specimen, however, by which G. hiensis was established,
originates, according to the label, from Dauria. This is the only herbarium
specimen with Pascher's label. The later described G. Terraccianoana
does not differ in any way from these samples which also have a lateral
bundle of bulblets, a characteristic overlooked by Pascher and left out of his
description. For this reason G. hiensis and the later described

G. Terraccianoana were placed by Pascher in different parts of his
system of the genus.

Cycle Minimoides Terr., Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1905) 1064.— Radical
leaf broadly lanceolate, flat, acute.

75 6. G. confusa Terr. Bull. Soc. Ort. Palermo II (1904) 35; Miscz., Fl.
Cauc. cr. II, 4 (1912) 147.— G. minimoides Pascher, Lotos (1904)
124 xs os) Pl ayorientayexs: No! 54:

Perennial; bulb large, with several small blackish-brown bulblets,
inclosed within common brown tunics; stem glabrous, 8-15 cm long;
radical leaf solitary, broadly linear, narrowed at both ends, flat, ca.

8-12 mm broad, the middle part slightly exceeding the inflorescence;

floral leaf lanceolate, decurrent, to 10 mm broad, equaling or slightly
exceeding the inflorescence; upper leaves few, narrowly linear, short;
inflorescence few-flowered; pedicels long, slender; perianth segments
pale yellow, green on the outer face, 9-13 mm long, oblong-linear,
obtusish; stamens one-third to one-half the length of perianth; anthers very
small, ovaloid; ovary obovoid, trigonous. April-May. (Plate VI, Figure 8).

Grassy mountain slopes, 1000-3000 m.— Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal.;
Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Iran.

Type in Geneva.

7. G. dshungarica Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1879) 513.

Perennial; bulb large, with numerous small pale bulblets within a
common sheath; bulb ovoid; tunics firm, grayish-rufous; stem firm.
glabrous, 5-15 cm long; radical leaf solitary, narrowed into a long petiole,
linear-lanceolate, attenuate toward apex, 4-6 mm bread; floral leaf
resembling the radical, lanceolate to lance-linear, tapering, acuminate,
to 4-5 mm broad, commonly shorter than inflorescence; upper leaves
rather numerous, much smaller, linear to narrowly lanceolate;
inflorescence many-flowered, branched, the rachis and branches flexuous;
pedicels medium length, 2-3 times the length of flower; perianth segments
pale yellow, greenish-yellow on outer face, 6-8 mm long, oblong-linear,
obtuse; stamens one-third shorter than perianth; anthers rounded~ovaloid.
May-June. (Plate VI, Figure 2a).

Grassy mountain slopes, at 2000-3500 m.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.,
Pam.-Al., T. Sh., Dzu.-Tarb. Endemic. Described from Dzungarian
Ala Tau. Type in Leningrad.

Cycle Filiformes Grossh. — Radical leaf solitary, flat, narrowly linear or
lanceolate; inflorescence slightly shorter than to equaling the stem;
fruiting pedicels stellately spreading.

i)

76

8. G. pseudoerubescens Pascher in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. II (1906)
67.—G. filiformis: var. pseudogranulosa Pascher in Bull. isoec.
Nat. Moscou XIX (1907) 359.

Perennial; bulbs 2, one large, the other smaller, giving rise to the
stem; bulb tunics blackish-brown, subcoriaceous; stem 10-20 (35) cm long,
weak: radical leaf solitary, commonly exceeding the stem flat, linear,
5-10 mm broad (to 12-13 mm — v. latifolia Grossh.), narrowed at both
ends; floral leaf lanceolate, to 15 mm broad at base, long-acuminate,
equaling or slightly exceeding the stem; next leaf subopposite, minute;
pedicels sometimes minutely bracteolate; inflorescence many-flowered,
one-half to two-thirds as long to nearly as long as the stem; pedicels
slender, many times the length of flower, substellately spreading in fruit;
perianth segments 8-12 mm long, pale yellow, green outside, acute, the
inner ones cbtusish; stamens one-third the length of perianth; anthers
minute, rounded. April-May. (Plate VI, Figure 13, a,b).

Mountain meadows. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., Pam.-Al., T. Sh.
Gen. distr.: India (?). Described from Soviet Central Asia. Type in
Leningrad.

9. G. filiformis (Ldb.) Kunth, Enumer. IV (1848) 237; Ldb. Fl. Ross.,
LV si d30re Kryl., BlicZap.isib: dil; 600.-—- Orn ithioie alum, al Miske rimey Edie
lesepl gE l.eRoss:! LV.@833)e28.— les; dba, ibid: vieca02;) Rchb i ilese hie
Germ. (1843) No. 1046.

Perianth; bulbs 2, one large, the other lateral, very small, giving rise
to the stem; bulb tunics blackish-brown, coriaceous, slightly fibrillose at
the top; stem slender, 5-10 cm long; radical leaf solitary, pale green, flat,
tapering at both ends, narrowly linear, 1-3 mm broad (typical form —
var. Ledebouriana Pascher) or to 7mm broad (var. Regeliana
Pascher); floral leaf commonly broader than the radical, narrowly
lanceolate, tapering, acuminate, 5-7 mm broad at base, mostly shorter
than to equaling the inflorescence; next leaf subopposite, minute, narrowly
linear; pedicels sometimes minutely bracteolate; inflorescence equaling
or slightly shorter than the remaining part of stem; pedicels rather few,
slender, much longer than flower, spreading after anthesis; perianth
segments pale yellow, 8-10 mm long, the outer acutish, the inner obtusish,
or all segments obtuse (var. obtusata Pascher.); stamens one-third
shorter than perianth; anthers small, rounded. April-May.

Slopes. = W.. Siberia; dnt, Alt.;, Centys Asia. Balkh,,)Ozu.a 0 augbe (aca)
Syr D., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Gen. distr.; Iran. Described from, W., Siberia
(Bukhtarminsk). Type in Leningrad.

10. G. minuta Grossh. sp. nova. in Addenda III, p. 734.

Perennial; bulb small, solitary, ovoid, covered with dark brown
membranous tunics; stem 2-5 cm long, slender, delicate; radical leaf
solitary, subcapillary~linear to linear, slightly enlarged toward base;
floral leaf to 3-4 mm broad, shorter than to equaling the inflorescence;
upper leaf much shorter, narrowly linear, the internode between the two
leaves sometimes obsolescent; flower solitary or inflorescence 3-—4-flowered;
pedicels slender, unequal, 2—3 times the length of flower, slightly crisp-
haired to glabrate; perianth segments 7-9 mm long, narrowly lanceolate,
acute to subacute, pale yellow within, greenish outside; stamens one-third

p
‘

58 ;

77

78

to one-half the length of perianth; anthers one-third to one-half shorter
than perianth; anthers small, subglobose-ovaloid. March-April. (Plate VI,
Figure 7).

Slopes in the middle mountain zone, at 600-1800 m.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Tadzhikistan. Type in Leningrad.

Cycle Reticulatoides Grossh.— Bulb tunics forming a short collar,
reticulate-fibrillose in upper part; radical leaf solitary, narrowly linear.

ji Go kopetdagensis’Vved.in Fl, Turkm, I, °2°(1932)) 260.— Te. > lve.
(1932) 102.

Perennial; bulb small, solitary; inner tunics coriaceous; outer tunics
coriaceous-fibrous gray, produced into a very short collar, oblong-ovoid,
15-18 cm long; stem 6-8 cm long, slender; radical leaf subcapillary-
linear, 1-—1.5 mm broad, about twice the length of inflorence; floral
leaves 2, approximate, the lower narrowly linear, ca. 1.5 mm broad,
about twice the length of inflorescence; upper leaves much smaller;
inflorescence 2- or 3-flowered; pedicels slender, glabrous, erect, twice
the length of flower or longer; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
6—-8mm long, pale yellow, scarcely green-tinged outside, distinctly 3-nerved;
stamens one-third shorter than perianth. July. (Plate VI, Figure 16a).

Near melting snow in the high mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Mtn.
Turkm. Endemic. (probably growing in Iran). Described from Kopet Dagh.
Type in Leningrad.

12. G. Korshinskyi Grossh. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 735.

Perennial; bulb small, solitary, oblong-ovate, giving rise to cauline
leaf, covered with a firm white sheath; inner tunics numerous, gray,
membranous, outer tunics reticulate-fibrous, produced into a collar
15-18 cm long; stem 8-15 cm long; radical leaf solitary, exceeding the
inflorescence, narrowly linear, ca. 2 mm broad, canaliculate above; floral
leaf solitary, narrowly linear, scarcely enlarged toward base, shorter
than inflorescence; upper leaves strongly abbreviated, passing into bracts;
upper leaves and pedicels crisp-haired; inflorescence branched,
2-7-flowered; pedicels erect, unequal, twice the length of flower or longer;
perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, attenuate toward apex, the outer face
dull violet-reddish. May-June. (Plate VI, Figure 17).

Stony slopes in the upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
Endemic. Described from Darvaz. Type in Leningrad.

Cycle Corymbosae Grossh.— Radical leaf solitary, narrowly linear;
inflorescence strongly branched, many-flowered.

13. G. Popovii Vved. in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta (1923) 62;
Herbarium Florae Asiae Med. No. 54 (1925).—Ic.: Opred. l.c., Figure 92.
IDS pura Ue om

Perennial; bulb-ovoid-subglobose, 8-10 mm long; secondary bulb very
small; sheaths coriaceous, dark tawny; stem 5-15 cm long; stem and
leaves cineraceous-green; radical leaf solitary, exceeding the inflorescence,

59

79

narrowly linear; floral leaf overtopping the inflorescence, narrowly
lanceolate; upper leaves minute, bractlike, inflorescence many-flowered,
irregularly branched, corymbose, fairly dense; pedicels slender, unequal
longer than flower, covered with short crisp hairs; perianth segments
6-8 mm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, yellow within, grayish-green and
minutely crisp-haired outside; capsule obovoid, half as long again as the
perianth. March-April. (Plate VII, Figure 11 ye

Gravelly and loess slopes in the foothills.— Centr. Asia: Syr D.
Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Tashkent. Type in Tashkent.

Cycle Sacculiferae Grossh.— Perianth segments saccate at base.

14. G. sacculifera Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1879) 510.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-subglobose, covered with blackish tunics; stem
5-10 cm long; radical leaf 1, erect, about equaling or slightly exceeding
the inflorescence, narrowly linear; floral leaf linear-lanceolate, equaling
or exceeding the flowers; inflorescence 3-—5-flowered; pedicels unequal,
bracteolate; perianth segments 10-12 mm long, oblong, obtuse, witha
sacciform obtuse downward pointing appendage at base. April. (Plate VI,
Figure 1).

Mountains. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Endemic (probably occurring
also in Dzu.-Kash.). Described from Kuldja. Type in Leningrad.

Subsection Il. DISPATHACEAE Terr., in Mém. 2 Soc. Bot. de France
(1905) 12.— Floral leaves 2, opposite, one longer than the other.

Series Unibulbosae Terr. in Mém. 2 Soc. Bot. de France (1905) 12.—
Bulb 1; radical leaf 1; stem lateral.

Cycle Silvaticae Terr. in Bolet. Soc. Aragonens. Cienc. Natur. IV
(1905) 218. — Radical leaf flat, linear to linear-lanceolate, ecarinate,
distinctly nerved; capsule globose.

15. G. lutea (L.) Ker.-Gawl. in Curt. Bot. Mag., (1809) tab. 1200;
Ldby sHl. Ross. LV, 138;sBoissa PlwOr.. Vo 4267; Sshmialo. ries Ti aiOom
Ormithogalum. Due wimel.2 Spar pl. (1759) 506; sp.o.— Gers Wivjetager
Loud. Hort. Britann. (1830) 134; Misez., Fl. cauc.-cr. II, 4 (1912) 148.—
Ic.: Bot. Mag. t. 1200; Syreish. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub.1(1906) 233.—Exs.: Hayek.
Fl. stir. exs. No. 410; Fl. Exs. austro-hungar. No. 3486; HFR No. 1192.

Perennial; bulb medium size, oblong-ovoid, covered with grayish-brown
tunics; stem 10-30 cm long; radical leaf flat, broadly lanceolate, 7-15 mm
broad, rather abruptly tapering toward apex, cucullate, exceeding the
inflorescence; floral leaves 2, unequal, the lower lanceolate, commonly
exceeding the inflorescence, the other smaller, linear-lanceolate to linear,
commonly shorter than inflorescence; sometimes subfloral internode
developed, 6-10 mm long (v. Komarowi Grossh.— Kamchatka);
inflorescence 8-10-flowered; pedicels unequal, glabrous or hairy

60

80

(v. australis Terr.); perianthsegments 13-18 mm long, lanceolate,
obtuse, pale yellow, green outside; stamens about half the length of
perianth; capsule subglobose, shorter than perianth. March-April.

Woods, groves, and dense scrub. — European part: Dv.-Pech.,
aden aU wire Vera (aur Drip Hive .DnpepVe-Donpiieansiv Bla;
Crime Ea) Don- eCaucasuss Ciscy 2 ) al ranscers We Siberias dicts sAltia;
E. Siberia: Ang. -Say. (rare); East East: Kamch., Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss.,
Sakh. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. and Atl. Eur., Jap.-Ch. Described
from England. Type in London.

16. G. erubescens Besser in Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII (1829) 545;
EdbwHISiRossaiv ; ci4ieeShimal's) publ a tiw504)-4 Omuit howal um
erubescens Besser, Enum. 45 (1822) No.1390.—G. rubicunda
Memsh. Flitingrs (1878)\352.—G. reflexa,Czern:, Consp. pl. Charcov.
(1859) 64 in nota.—G. cretacea Sukatschev in schedis.—Ic.: Syreishch.,
Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 233.— Exs.: HFR No. 740.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, medium size, covered with brown tunics; stem
8-18 cm long; radical leaf narrowly linear to linear, flat, ecarinate,

2-5 mm broad, 3-nerved beneath, exceeding the inflorescence; floral
leaves 2, sometimes with an internode 4-5 mm long, the lower equaling
the flower, narrowly linear, the other shorter; inflorescence
3-15-flowered, rarely 3-5-flowered (v. Czernjaevi Alech.); pedicels
unequal, glabrous or slightly ciliate-pubescent, arched-recurved in fruit;
perianth segments 11-13 mm long, lanceolate, acuminate, yellow within,
green or reddish outside; stamens one-third shorter than perianth;
capsule subglobose, concave at the top, half the length of perianth.
March-April. (Plate VI, Figure 11 a,b).

European part: Lad.-Ilm., U.V., V.-Ka. (rare), U. Dnp., M. Dnp.
V.-Don, Bl., L. Don (rare). Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. Described from
S. Podolia. Type in Kiev.

17. G. longiscapa Grossh. sp. nova in Addenda III, 735.

Perennial; bulb large, ovoid, covered with brown or grayish-brown
membranous tunics; stem 15-25 cm long, slender, delicate, buried deep
in the soil; radical leaf flat, 3-4 mm broad, exceeding the inflorescence,
gradually attenuate toward apex, cucullate, sometimes glaucescent; floral
leaves opposite, very unequal; the larger shorter than inflorescence,
narrowly linear-lanceolate, to 3-4 mm broad, the smaller linear;
inflorescence one-eighth to one-fifth as long as the stem, 3-—7-flowered;
pedicels unequal, slender, much longer than flower, erect in fruit;
perianth segments narrowly linear, 10-12 mm long, obtusish to subacute,
yellow within, greenish outside; stamens one-third shorter than perianth;
anthers ovoid-globose; capsule obovoid, half the length of perianth.
April-May.

Wet meadows and scrub.— W. Siberia: Irt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. ;
Far East: Uss. Endemic.

Note. A species needing further study.

18. G. Helenae Grossh. in Schedae ad Herb. Pl. orient. exs. Fasc. I,
VIII (1924) 21.—G. erubescens Miscz. (non Besser) in Fl. Cauc.
Grit. i. 2qCt9t2) 1502p. ps, "quoad’ pl + canes — let Tiflisa 1 (1925) 99) —
Exs.: l.c., No. 78.

61

Perennial; bulb small, 5-8 cm long, ovoid, clothed in dark tawny tunics;
stem 10-15 cm long, weak; base of stem and of radical leaf red; radical
leaf rounded dorsally, ecarinate, slightly canaliculate above, 2-4 mm
broad, exceeding the inflorescence; floral leaves opposite, the lower
lanceolate, enlarged toward base, equaling the inflorescence, cucullate;
inflorescence 3-7 (9)-flowered; pedicels long, unequal; perianth slightly
open; segments 10-12 mm long, pale yellow within, green outside, enlarged
at the middle, narrowed toward base and toward apex, obtusish; capsule
ovoid, about half the length of perianth; fruiting pedicels obliquely
ascending. April-May. (Plate VI, Figure 12 a,b).

Scrub and borders of woods in the middle mountain zone. — Caucasus:
Cisc., E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Georgia. Type in Tiflis.

Cycle Pusillae Terr. Bol. Soc. Aragon. Sienc. nat. IV (1905) 220.—
Radical leaf narrowly linear, distinctly carinate beneath, more or less
canaliculate above; capsule obovoid, narrowed toward base.

19. F. pusilla (Schmidt) Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veget. VII (1829) 543;
Ldbathize Riss» lV 38h Shimalo> al llp603;4 Miser nw We@auc Sera wil:
4 (1912) 153, p.p.— Ornithogalum pusillum Schmidt, Fl. Bohemica
(1793) 339.—G. podolica Schult. Syst. veget. VII (1829) 545; Ldb. Fl.
Ross] LV, ols 9. ici Rehb. ows ‘Germ! it. 00444-—> Pzstnekiisiexsts
Austro-Hungar. No. 3487; HFR No. 1637.

Perennial; bulb medium size, ovoid, covered with light brown tunics;
sometimes the bulb oblique and furnished with a small subsidiary bulblet
(var. obliqua Kerner); stem 7-8 cm long, delicate, rarely up to
10-17 cm long with numerous flowers (var. luxurians Terr. -

f. hortensis Alech.); plants green throughout, not pruinose; radical
leaf narrowly linear, 1.5-2 (3) mm broad, carinate beneath, canaliculate
above, exceeding the inflorescence; floral leaves opposite, glabrous,
rarely floral leaves and pedicels densely ciliate-hairy (f. villosa Terr.),
the lower narrowly lanceolate, exceeding the inflorescence; inflorescence
1-4-flowered; pedicels half as long again to twice as long as the flower;
fruiting pedicels erect or obliquely ascending and becoming elongated;
commonly one flower opening in inflorescence; perianth segments 10-12 mm
long, narrowly linear-oblong, gradually attenuate toward apex and slightly

8lacuminate, pale yellow within, green outside; capsule ovoid-globose, about
half the length of perianth. February-April.

Steppes, dry grassy slopes, steppe scrub, margins of woods, and fields. —
Evuropeantpart::U.)Dnp2,0 MseDap.)> V)- Don, transys Bie Don, Eves
Caucasus: Cisc. (rare); W. Siberia: U. Tob.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp.
Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. (?). Described from Austro-
Hungary. Type in Prague (?).

20. G. Fedtschenkoana Pascher in Fedde, Repert, sp. nov. I (1906)
190.—G. pusilla ssp. asiatica B. Schischk. et Sumn. var.
fragrans, var. parviflora et var. incurva B. Schischk. et Sumn.
in Animadv. System. ex Herb. Tomsk. No.8 (1928); Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib.,
III (1929) 598.

1920 62

82

Perennial; bulb relatively large, 8-15 (18) mm long, ovoid to ovoid-
globose, covered with grayish-brown or tawny-brown tunics; stems slender,
3-10 cm long; radical leaf commonly greatly exceeding or rarely about
as long as inflorescence, narrowly linear, slightly canaliculate above,
faintly carinate beneath, 1-3 (rarely to 5) mm broad; floral leaves opposite
or nearly so, the lower linear-lanceolate, more or less ciliate-margined,
shorter to slightly longer than inflorescence; inflorescence commonly
umbelliform, 1-—5-flowered; pedicels smooth, shorter than to as long as
or rarely half as long again to twice the length of flower; perianth segments
6-9 mm (v. parviflora Schischk. et Sumn.) to 15-16 mm long, golden-
yellow or whitish-yellow within, reddish-buff to blackish-tawny or rarely
greenish outside, sometimes vanilla-scented (v. fragrans Schischk.
et Sumn.), narrowly linear-oblong, 15-(3) mm broad; stamens one-third
to one-half shorter than perianth. April-May. (Plate VI, Figure 14).

Steppes, wastelands, stony slopes, and margins of pine woods. —

W. Siberia: Ob (only in S.), Irt., Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. Endemic.
Described from the Irtysh River. Type in Leningrad.

21. G. ‘Capusii Terr. in Bull. Herb: Boiss. V (1905) 1115.—

G. turkestanica Pascher in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIX (1907) 365.
Perennial; bulb relatively large, rounded-ovoid, covered with light
grayish-brown tunics; in nonflowering specimens a long slender obliquely

descending stalk bearing a small glabrous whitish bulblet; stem
10-15 (20) cm long, glabrous; radical leaf solitary, arched, about twice
the length of inflorescence, narrowly linear, 2-4 mm broad, very
distinctly carinate beneath, canaliculate above; floral leaves opposite,
the lower lanceolate, exceeding the inflorescence, prominently 3-nerved,
the upper much shorter; floral leaves and pedicels villous-ciliate;
inflorescence 3-—8-flowered; pedicels unequal, ieee (3) times the length
of perianth; fruiting pedicels often declined; perianth segments 12-15 mm
long, oblong-linear, obtusish, yellow within, green outside; capsule
oblong-obconical, about half the length of perianth. March-April. (Plate VII,
Figure 1 a,b).

Dry clayey slopes, in plains and foothills.— Centr. Asia: Balkh.,
Syr D., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Endemic. Described from Soviet Central Asia.
Type in Paris.

22. G. parva Vved. in schedis (1932).

Perennial; bulb very small, ovoid, covered with coriaceous light brown
tunics; bulb of nonflowering specimens without offshoots and bulblets;
plants cinerescent-green throughout, 3-10 cm tall; radical leaf solitary,
arched, half as long again as the inflorescence, narrowly linear,
1.5-2.5 mm broad, canaliculate above, carinate beneath; floral leaves 2,
opposite, the lower equaling or shorter than inflorescence, narrowly
lance-linear; inflorescence 2—6-flowered; pedicels unequal, puberulous;
fruiting pedicels recurved and subarcuate; perianth segments 9-10 mm
long, linear, obtusish, yellow within, green outside; capsule obovoid,
two-thirds the length of perianth segments. March.

Plains and on dry clayey foothill slopes.— Centr. Asia: Syr D.
Endemic. Described from Tashkent. Type in Tashkent.

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83

23. G. Chanae Grossh. in Schedae ad Herb. ''Pl. orient. exs''. Fasc.
I=VIII (1924) 16.—G. pusilla Miscz. in Fl. Cauc. crit. II, 4 (1912)
153pp2— le, : Hl, Tiflisa #a000(1925 ) 42.-xsvee dt ea Non a5p

Perennial; bulb medium size, rounded-ovoid, covered with dark tawny
tunics; stem 5-15 cm long; plants pruinose throughout; radical leaf
solitary, narrowly linear, 2-3 (4) mm broad, canaliculate above, carinate
beneath, not cucullate, commonly one-third as long again as inflorescence;
floral leaves opposite, the lower equaling or exceeding the inflorescence,
lanceolate, in lower part to 5 mm broad; floral leaves and pedicels
commonly villous-ciliate with spreading hairs; inflorescence
2-3 (5)-flowered; pedicels unequal; perianth segments 8-12 (15) mm long,
linear-oblong, nearly same breadth throughout, slightly attenuate toward
apex, obtusish, pale yellow within, greenish outside; capsule ovoid-globose,
one-third shorter than perianth segments. March-April.

Grassy slopes, scrub, and cultivated fields in lower and middle
mountain zone.— Caucasus: Cisc., E. and S. Transc. Endemic. Described
from central Georgia. Type in Tiflis.

24. G. Germainae Grossh. in Schedae ad herb. ''Pl. or. exs.'' Fasc.
I-VIII (1924) 10.—G. erubescens Miscz., Fl. Cauc. crit. II, 4 (1912)
150 exeparte+—G. > puis tila “auch Laur: uet:Cauc,.— les 4) Pie Dathisagh
POS 25) 435 — Exsi.c 1 e.) No. 30)

Perennial; bulb 8-10 mm long, ovoid, with dark tawny tunics; stem
4-15 cm long; plants green, lustrous throughout; radical leaf narrowly
linear, 2-5 mm broad, about twice the length of inflorescence, canaliculate
above, carinate beneath, cucullate; floral leaves opposite, the lower
lanceolate, in lower part to 10 mm broad, cucullate, commonly exceeding
the inflorescence; base of floral leaves and pedicels more or less ciliate;
inflorescence 2—7-flowered; pedicels unequal; perianth segments
14-15 (to 18) mm long, more or less enlarged in upper one-third,
triangular-tipped, obtusish, bright yellow sometimes tinged with orange
within, green outside; stamens one-third shorter than perianth; capsule
rounded-obovoid, less than half the length of perianth. April. (Plate VII,
Figure 2a).

Cultivated field, grassy slopes, and wood margins, from the lower to
the middle and subalpine zones. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc.,
E. andS. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from central Georgia.
Type in Titlis::

Cycle Triquetrae Grossh. — Radical leafhollow, sharply triquetrous.

25. G. triquetra Vved. in Opred. rast. okrest. Tashkenta (1923) 59.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, covered with light brown coriaceous
tunics; in nonflowering and sometimes in flowering specimens one or two
adventitious oblong whitish nontunicated bulblets borne on a rather long
underground offshoot; stem 15-20 cm long; radical leaves solitary, greatly
exceeding the inflorescence, to 30 cm long, 3-4 broad mm, triquetrous,
hollow, canaliculate; floral leaves opposite, minutely crisp-haired, the
lower broadly lanceolate, amplexicaul, canaliculate, exceeding the
inflorescence, prominently 3-nerved beneath, nearly tricarinate;

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84

inflorescence 3-—7-flowered; pedicels unequal, crisp-haired, equaling or
slightly longer than perianth, declined after anthesis; perianth segments
15-18 mm long, linear-lanceolate, acutish, yellow within, green outside;
capsule obovoid-oblong, half the length of perianth. March. (Plate VII,
Figure 3 a).

Dry clayey slopes.— Centr. Asia: Syr D. Endemic. Described from
Tashkent. Type in Tashkent.

Series Dibulbosae Terr., Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 52 (1905) 12.—
Bulbs 2 in common sheath, rarely 1 by reduction of the smaller bulb;
radical leaves 2, rarely 1; stem arising between the bulbs.

Subseries Fistulosae Terr. Bolet. Soc. Aragonens. Cienc. natur. IV
(1905) 223. — Radical leaves 1 or 2, fistulous; second bulb small, at the
base of the primary bulb.

Cycle 1. Eufistulosae Terr. Bull. de l'herb. Boiss. V (1905) 1117.—
Perianth segments bright yellow, lance-elliptic, obtuse or subobtuse.

26. G. fistulosa (Ram.) Ker-Gawl. in Journ. Roy. Inst. I (1816) 180;
Nisezsihivveaue., cauc. ier. 11, 4901912) 1553p. p. — Or mai hosa lum
fistulosum Ram. in Lam. et DC., Fl. Fr. III (1805) 215.—

Ge Laer feled 1 MdbithlRoss. lV, 4140 p. ps Boiss. Hh Ort V, 204 pp: ;
Shmalie,, EVIL, . S023 cae Redouté. Liliacée, t.28; Rchb., Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 1041 and 1042.— Exs.: Fl. Exs. Austro-Hung. No. 3493 (1902).

Perennial; bulb globose to ovoid; secondary bulb small, smooth; tunics
white, rarely dark tawny; stem 10-15 (18) cm long; radical leaf fistulous,
semicylindric, glabrous, exceeding the inflorescence; floral leaves
subopposite, the lower equaling the inflorescence, enlarged at base,
abruptly attenuate and tapering toward apex; inflorescence 3—5-flowered;
pedicels unequal, more or less hairy; perianth segments 15-20 mm long,
elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to subobtuse, yellow within, green
or reddish outside; stamens shorter than perianth; capsule substipitate,
triquetrous, emarginate, about half the length of perianth. April-June.

Meadows, wood margins and grassy slopes, in the south in mountains. —
European part: Crim. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Med. (mountains).
Described from France. Type in Paris (?).

27. G. samojedorum Grossh. sp. nova. in Addenda III, p. 736.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, second bulb very small; tunics dark gray,
without a tawny tinge, numerous, mostly strongly separated into fibers;
stem 8-12 cm long, slender, fistulous; radical leaf solitary, fistulous,
exceeding the inflorescence, 1.5-2 mm in diameter, attenuate toward the
top; lower floral leaf shorter than inflorescence, lanceolate, enlarged
toward base, ca. 7-8 mm broad in lower part; second floral leaf much
smaller, linear; inflorescence 1- or 2- (3)-flowered; pedicels unequal,
glabrous; perianth segments 14-15 mm long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
slightly attenuate toward apex, yellow, scarcely green-tinged outside;
stamens half the length of perianth; anthers rounded-ovaloid. June-July.
(Plate VII, Figure 7 a).

65

85

7s

Z)

7 SD Oy
Cn

VN
e Ay
b NA
bs 15a h ey
a
| 14a 15b 16b 12b
Plate VII

1, Gagea Capusii Terr.: a) bulb ofa nonflowering plant; b) perianth segments.— 2. G. Germainae
Grossh.: perianth segments.— 3. G. triquetra Vved.: cross section of radical leaf.—

4, G. anisanthos C, Koch.: perianth segments; a) cross segment of radical leaf.- 5. G, glacialis
C. Koch.: perianth segments.— 6. G. mirabilis Grossh.: a) cross section of radical leaf; b) perianth
segments.— 7, G. samojedorum Grossh.: outer perianth segment; a) cross section of radical leaf.—

8. G. emarginata Kar, et Kir.: upper part of outer perianth segments.— 9. G. dubia Terr.:

a) bulb; b) cross section of radical leaf; c) perianth segments.— 10. G. tenuissima Miscz.: a) perianth
segments.— 11. G. Popovi Vved.— 12. G. Paczoskii (Zap.) Grossh.: a) bulbs; b) perianth segments .—
13, G. Szovitsii (Lang) Bess.: a) cross section of radial leaf; b) perianth segments.— 14, G, Heldreichii.
Tetr.: a)perianth segments.— 15. G. tigida Boiss. et Sprun.: a) cross section of radical leaf; b) perianth
segments.— 16. G. graminifolia Vved.: a) cross section of radial leaf; b) perianth segments.

66

87

88

Calcareous rocks and subalpine meadows.— Arctic: Arc. Eur.;
European part: Dv.-Pech. Described from Pechora area (Mount Sablya).
Type in Leningrad.

28. G. anisanthos C. Koch. in Linnaea, XXII (1849) 230; Ldb. Fl.
Ross Vee AO Minish Wud IinC auicnicrattepl als (Oe) 156% “iG aalearod tard i
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1889) 204 p.p.—G. fistulosa Miscz. in Fl. Cauc.
erry Wels (1992) di54eaeo!

Perennial; bulb ovoid, medium size; second bulb small; tunics commonly
light brown, rarely dark brown; stem 8-15 cm long; radical leaf commonly
solitary (rarely two radical leaves), mostly slightly exceeding the
inflorescence, narrowly linear, 2.5-3 mm in diameter, hollow,
semicylindric; floral leaves subopposite, the lower lanceolate, enlarged
toward base, equaling or shorter than inflorescence; upper leaves
abbreviated, shorter than inflorescence; inflorescence 2—8-flowered;
pedicels unequal, glabrous or villous-ciliate; perianth segments 15-16 mm
long, lance-elliptic to sublanceolate, markedly attenuate toward apex,
sometimes subacute; stamens one-third shorter than perianth; capsule
slightly concave at the top. May-July. (Plate VII, Figure 4a).

Mountain meadows from 1000 to 3000 m.— Caucasus: Greater Caucasus,
Dag., E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from
Somkhetii. Type in Berlin.

29. G. glacialis C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 228; Miscz., Fl.
Cane pemily 41 OLS ibe, ie tokio Borsa El. Orog 2040 asp:
quoad pl. talysch.

Perennial; bulb medium size, ovoid-globose; second bulb very small,
sometimes blackish; tunics light brown, rarely blackish-brown; stem
09-10 cm long; radical leaf solitary, rarely 2 radical leaves, 1.5-2 mm
in diameter, narrowly linear, slightly exceeding the inflorescence, hollow,
semicylindric; floral leaves 2, rarely 3, shorter than inflorescence, the
lower lanceolate; flower solitary, rarely 2-4; pedicels unequal, slightly
hairy or glabrate; perianth segments (6) 10 mm long, lanceolate, obtusish,
rarely denticulate at apex, yellow within, greenish or reddish outside;
stamens one-third to one-half shorter than perianth; capsule ovoid-oblong.
May-August. (Plate VII, Figure 5).

Near melting snow, in high-mountain meadows, from 1000 to 3000 m. —
Caucasus: Greater Caucasus, Dag., W., E. and S. Transc., Tal.

Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (Lazistan), Arm.-Kurd., Iran (?). Described
from Pontic Range. Type in Berlin.

30. G. sulfurea Miscz. in Acta Horti Jurjew, IX (1908) 67; Miscz, FI.
Cave hera 1s 45 (A912) NGOs =- le a) Actanne Innes Figure 1 and la.

Perennial; bulb medium size, ovoid, the second bulb small; tunics
light brown; stem 8-15 cm long; radical leaf commonly solitary, about
twice the length of inflorescence, narrowly linear, hollow, semicylindric;
floral leaves subopposite, unequal, the lower longer, broad; inflorescence
1—4-flowered; pedicels unequal, densely white-tomentose; perianth
segments ca. 10 mm long, grayish-yellow, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish;
stamens half the length of perianth; capsule ovoid-oblong. May-June.

Near melting snow and in high-mountain meadows, at 2000-3000 m.—
Caucasus: Greater Caucasus. Endemic. Described from Caucasus Range.
Type in Leningrad.

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89

31. G. emarginata Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841)
851 = 64 fist whos a vacut, shurkests; monsKker--Gawle] Ga wa Giaibala's
M. Popov in schedis.

Perennial; bulb fairly large, ovoid; second bulb small, smooth; tunics
light brown, membranous; stem 6-15 cm long; radical leaf mostly
solitary (rarely 2), hollow, subcylindric, 2-4 (5) mm in diameter, equaling
or slightly exceeding the inflorescence; floral leaves 2, subopposite, the
lower lanceolate, commonly shorter than inflorescence; upper leaves
minute, bractlike; inflorescence 2-4 (6)-flowered; pedicels unequal, more
or less hairy, rarely glabrate; perianth segments 15-18 mm long, lance-
elliptic, broadest at the middle, narrowed at both ends, acutish to obtusish
or obliquely truncate or emarginate, yellow within, greenish outside;
stamens half the length of perianth; capsule obovoid-oblong, but slightly
shorter than the perianth. May-July. (Plate VII, Figure 8).

Mountain meadows, up to 3000 m.— W. Siberia: Irt., Centr. Asia:
Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Endemic, probably occurring in
Dzu.-Kash. Described from Akchavly mountains near Karakol River.

Type in Leningrad.

32. G. mirabilis Grossh. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 736.—

G. Liottardi Proskuryakov in Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 345 (?).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, the second bulb small; in sterile plants a bundle
of small bulblets produced in addition to primary bulb; tunics tawny-brown,
coriaceous, not separating into fibers; stem 8-15 cm long, hollow, stout,
to 4 mm in diameter below the inflorescence; radical leaf solitary,
fistulous, 2-4 (5) mm in diameter, slightly exceeding the inflorescence,
linear, thickened toward apex; lower floral leaf lanceolate, broad and
subamplexicaul at base, 10-12 mm broad in lower part; second floral leaf
linear-lanceolate, shorter than the first; inflorescence umbelliform,
2-6-flowered; pedicels subequal, thick, 3-4 times the length of flower;
perianth segments 10-12 mm long, lance-oblong, attenuate upward,
subacuminate, pale yellow within, greenish outside; stamens half the length
of perianth; anthers oblong; capsule one-half to two-thirds the length of
perianth, obovate, slightly emarginate. April. (Plate VII, Figure 6a, b).

Wet meadows, sinkholes, and steppes.— European part: Transv. (?);
W. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Endemic. Described from
Kazakhstan. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Specimens collected by Ovchinnikov in Ufa District represent
fragments of a single plant and their precise identification is impracticable.
The fistulous Gagea from Ufa may possibly belong to G. samojedorum
and not to this species.

Subsection ARVENSES Terr., Bolet. Socied. Aragon. Cienc. natur. IV
(1905) 226.— Radical leaves 2, very rarely solitary, not fistulous; bulblets
often produced in the axils of floral leaves.

Cycle Micranthae Terr. in Bull. de l'herb. Boiss. V (1905) 1124. —
The larger bulb smooth, the smaller reticulate-foveolate; radical leaves
flat, nervose, subcylindric merely at apex; perianth segments lanceolate,
acutish.

68

33. G. tenuissima Miscz. in Fl. Cauc.-crit. II, 4 (1912) 163.— Exs.:
Pl. or. exs. No. 202 (1928).

Perennial; bulbs 2, small, subequal; tunics thin, dark brown; stems
slender, 3-10 (15) cm long, glabrous; radical leaves 2, two to four times
the length of inflorescence, filiform, very slender; floral leaves 2,
narrowly linear, tapering-filiform, the lower enlarged at base;
inflorescence 1—7-flowered; pedicels very unequal, becoming subequal
after anthesis; mostly only one flower opening, raised high above the rest;
perianth segments 7-10 mm long, lanceolate, obtuse, pale yellow within,
greenish outside; stamens slightly shorter than perianth; stamens oblong;
capsule oblong-ovoid, triquetrous, emarginate, strongly narrowed toward
base. January-February. (Plate VII, Figure 10b).

Stony slopes in the middle mountain zone. — Growing in [former] Artvin
District in Turkey. May occur inS. Transc. Described from Artvin
District. Type in Leningrad.

Cycle Euarvenses Terr. Bull. de l'herb. Boiss. V (1905) 1125.— The
larger bulb smooth, the smaller nearly smooth or slightly reticulate,
both enveloped in root fibers; radical leaves carinate, narrow,
canaliculate; bulblets, if present, smooth, very rarely reticulate.

34. G. arvensis Dumortier, Fl. Belg. (1827) 140; Boiss. Fl. Or. V,
20b oO Misezi Hs lai@aue. veri, 4(1902)- 160) p. py /Shmal'esiyal: WS 0a>
ley Rehb.) ic: ShioiGerme t21050"et 10a —"Exs;!: Flora GallsaereriGermi.
exs., 2-e Cent. No. 64.

Perennial; bulbs 2, one large, the other much smaller, reticulate or
foveolate; tunics brownish-gray, membranous, more or less enveloped in
root fibers; stem 8-20 cm long; stem and pedicels rather densely hairy;
radical leaves 2, narrowly linear, ca. 2 mm broad, exceeding the
inflorescence, canaliculate above, carinate beneath; floral leaves 2,
unequal, subopposite, lance-linear, 6-8 mm broad at base; upper leaves
abbreviated, linear-subulate, 2-4 mm broad; inflorescence 3-12-flowered;
pedicels unequal, much longer than flower; perianth segments lanceolate,
tapering toward apex, often with reflexed tips, golden-yellow within, green
or greenish-red outside, 13-15 mm long, more or less pubescent on the
black, not bearded at apex; stamens one-third shorter than perianth;
anthers globose-ovoid; capsule obovoid-oblong, tapering at base, slightly
shorter than perianth. April.

Dry exposed places; also as weed in fields. — European part: Bl.,
Crim., L. Don; Caucasus: Cisc. Gen. distr.: Centr. and Atl. Eur. (rare),
Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Belgium.

35. G. dubia Terr. in Bull. Soc. Palermo II (1904) 34; Miscz. Fl.
Caueszicriill, 4 (1912).162.— G. Boissicri Pascher inwLotos. N. Fs
XXIV (1904) 121.—G. pubescens M. Popov in schedis. —

G. aur comanica M.-Popeyv,in Pk Gurkm../ 1). 2(19382)/269:
Perennial; bulbs 2, one much larger, the other small, irregularly
reticulate; tunics tawny-brown, membranous; stem 8-17 cm; stem and
pedicels more or less hairy; radical leaves 2, greatly exceeding the
inflorescence, narrowly linear, ca. 2 mm broad, canaliculate above,

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91

carinate beneath; floral leaves 2, lance-linear, subopposite, to 8-9 mm
broad, sometimes with bulblets at base (f. prolifera Terr.); upper
leaves numerous, small, linear-subulate; inflorescence irregularly
branched, 3-10 (19)-flowered; pedicels long, unequal; perianth segments
12-13 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to round-tipped, not reflexed,
golden-yellow within, green and puberulent outside, commonly bearded at
apex; capsule slightly shorter than perianth, strongly tapering toward base.
April. (Plate VII, Figure 9a-e).

Dry slopes and as weed in fields. — European part: Crim., L. Don;
Caucasus: Cisc., E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: E. Med., Bal.-As.
Min., Iran. Described from Asia Minor. Type in Geneva.

Cycle Granatellinae Terr., Bull. l'Herb. Boiss. VI (1906) 105.— The
larger bulb smooth, the smaller reticulate-foveolate, enveloped in coarse
root fibers; bulblets, if present, distinctly reticulate-foveolate,

36. G. Granatelli* Parl., Fl. Palerm. I (1845) 376; Misez., Fl. Cauc.
er. DI,44: (190\2) 1630 — Or nithoga lumnGranat elili ‘Parl: siniDiarie
l'Occhio, II (1939) 85.—Ic.: Parl. in Diario l'Occhio, 1.c.; Rchb. Ic.

Fl. Germ., f. 1050 sub G. arvensi.*

Perennial; bulb fairly large, spherical, the second bulb smali, foveolate;
tunics brown, enveloped in root fibers; stem 3-5 (8) cm; stem, lower part
of leaves, pedicels and the outer face of perianth segments densely covered
with short white hairs; inflorescence beginning from soil surface; radical
leaves 2, flat, lanceolate, to 7 mm broad, strongly attenuate toward apex,
equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; floral leaves 2, unequal,
lanceolate, enlarged and bearing bulblets at base (v. bulbillifera Terr.),
as long as to longer than flower; inflorescence 3-10-flowered; pedicels
very unequal; perianth segments ovate-lanceolate, obtusish to subacuminate;
12-13 mm long; stamens one-third shorter than perianth; anthers cvoid-
oblong; capsule obovoid-oblong, triquetrous. February-March.

Dry slopes.— European part: Crimea. Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As.

Min. Described from Sicily. Type in Palermo or Florence (?).

Series Tribulosae Terr., Bolet. Soc. Aragon. Cienc. Natur. IV (1905)
231.— Bulbs 3, in separate sheaths, erect or horizontal, two of the current
year and one of the preceding year; radical leaf solitary.

Cycle Pratenses Terr., Bull. 1'Herb. Boiss. VI (1606) 109.— With
characteristics of the series.

(37). G. pratensis (Pers.). Roem. et Schult. Syst. veget. VII (1829)
936 p.p.—Ornithogalum pratense Pers. in Ust. Ann. Bot. XI
(1798) 8.—G. stenopetala Rchb. Fl. Germ. Exsc. (1833) 107; Ldb.
Bl, Ross 1V' (1853) 137 p! pec.) Hest. "TM PML ta Besle eh exc:
Austro-Hung. No. 3485.

* Named forF.M. Granatelli, an expert on the flora of Sicily, who lived in Palermo about the middle
of the 19th century,

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92

Perennial; bulbs 3, in separate gray tunics, oblong, one larger andtwo
smaller; stems 10-15 (20) cm long; radical leaf 1, linear, 2-5 mm broad,
flat; floral leaves 2, the larger of the two shorter or rarely longer than
inflorescence, linear-lanceolate; inflorescence 2—6-flowered; pedicels
slender, mostly twice the length of flower or longer; perianth segments
lance-oblong, acutish to subobtuse, 15-18 mm long; stamens half the
length of perianth segments. March-April.

Meadows, scrub and wood margins.— Found in Poland, not far from the
USSR border; likely to occur in the western part of the Soviet Union. —
Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur. Described from Europe. Type in
London (?).

38. G. Paczoskii (Zap.) Grossh. comb. nova.—G. pratensis var.
Paewosicii. ZAapal.. Consp..Hl, Galie. verit iQl906) 1702
Gr ped emisiysiSchmailln.s Hl» lob 02)), Ps «(nom oeaulie) te
Gosstenopetala,Bipraten sisildbs Fl. sRosse, RV (1853) 137. > Exs a:
HFR No. 489, sub G. pratensi.

Perennial; bulbs 3, oblong, in separate gray tunics, one larger and
two smaller; stem 15 cm long; radical leaf 1, narrowly linear, 1-1.5 mm
broad, flat; floral leaves 2, flat, ca. 3 mm broad, the lower exceeding
the inflorescence; inflorescence 2-4 (1-5)-flowered; pedicels slender,
as long as to twice the length of flower; perianth segments linear-oblong,
obtusish, often cucullate, yellow within, greenish outside, 10-13 mm long;
stamens one-third shorter than perianth; anthers globose; capsule
subglobose. March-April. (Plate VII, Figure 12a,b).

Meadows, scrub and wood margins.— European part: Lad.-Ilm.,
Uaioe Vip Onip..q BlawGeni dist: Centr. (Eupe.DesembedsiromyiGalieiay,

39. G. transversalis Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXX, 3 (1857) 81;
Nisere Mle wave. ,eriterll..4.(1 91.2) 1.6.5; —— Garten. Spivs ag Slanaalons F1
II (1897) 502, non Schult.—G. Gussonei Miscz. l.c. (1912) 165.—
Ornithocalum tiransversalis, ,Pall.., Ind. (aun g(9n)s4—9.

Perennial; bulbs 3, in separate gray tunics, horizontally spreading,
one larger, the two cthers smaller and borne on very short stalks; stem
8-15 cm long; radical leaf solitary, 1-3.5 mm broad, sharply carinate
on the back, arched-recurved, exceeding the inflorescence; floral leaves 2,
the lower longer, cucullate; inflorescence 1-2 (3)-flowered; pedicels
unequal; perianth segments ovate-lanceolate, the outer acutish, the inner
obtusish, yellow within, green outside, 10-13 (15) mm long; stamens
one-third shorter than perianth; capsule ovoid. March-April.

Steppe and grassy slopes in lowlands and in mountains. — European part:
Crim. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (?). Described from Crimea. Type in
Helsinki; cotype in Leningrad.

Section 2. FOLIATAE Terr., Bull. Soc. Bot. de France, 52 (1905) 19.—
Stem leafy throughout; inflorescence racemose; bulbs 2, the smaller lateral,
always reticulate or foveolate.

Series Saxatiles Terr. Bull. de 1'Herb. Boiss. VI (1906) 112.—
Radical leaves filiform, canaliculate; cauline leaves lanceolate, acuminate;
outer perianth segments oblong-spatulate, very obtuse, the inner broader,
spatulate; small plants with hairy pedicels.

7)

93

94

40. G. Szovitsii (Lang. ) Besser in Schult., Syst. veget. VII (1830)
550.—Ornithogalum Szovitsii Lang. Cent. Herb. Fl. Ruth. I,

Nov 61) 'G. beohlemica’ Ldb Hl. (Ross. 1Vi@1858) 14 ieSiaale ERE,
503) nonSchult.Ie.. Rehb. le. Ll! Germ: (1848) 1.1055. — xs eibn
No. 294 sub G. bohemica.

Perennial; bulb small, the second bulb very small; tunics brown; stem
3-10 cm long; radical leaves 2, slenderly filiform-linear, slightly
exceeding the inflorescence, cucullate; cauline leaves 2~4 distant,
alternate, narrowly lanceolate, more or less enlarged toward base; flowers
2-4; pedicels fairly short, tomentulose; perianth segments 12-13 mm long,
oblong-lanceolate, very obtuse and slightly enlarged toward apex, bright
yellow within, greenish outside; stamens about half the length of perianth;
capsule ovoid, convex at the top. February-March-April. (Plate VII,
Figure 13 a,b).

Rocky and gravelly places and dry grassy slopes. — European part:

M. Dnp., Bl. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (Balkan Peninsula). Described
from the vicinity of Odessa. Type in Geneva.

41. G. Callieri Pascher, Engler's Jahrb. 39 (1907) 306. —
G. Szovitsii var. Callieri Miscz. Fl. Cauc. crit. II (1912) 166.—
G. bohemica Shmal'g., Fl. I1(1897) 503, p.p., quoad pl. ex Tauria.

Perennial; bulb medium size, the second bulb very small; sheaths
grayish-brown; stem 3-7 cm long; radical leaves 2, filiform, canaliculate,
about twice the length of flower; cauline leaves few, short, enlarged at
base; flowers solitary or in inflorescence of 2, on unequal tomentose
pedicels; perianth segments 10-12 mm long, intensely yellow, oblong-
spatulate, obtuse, pubescent only at base; stamens one-third shorter than
perianth; style equaling the stamens; capsule obovoid, convex at the top.
February-March.

Stony and gravelly places. — European part: Crim. Endemic. Described
from Crimea.

Series Amblyopetalae Terr., Bull. de l'herb. Boiss. VI(1905) 116. —
Radical leaves long, narrowly linear, cauline leaves lanceolate, nearly
opposite or alternate, naked, above center very protracted. Flowers not
too large, in cymose inflorescence, golden-yellow within, greenish and
naked outside; perianth segments elliptic or oblong-elliptic, obtuse. Plant
of medium size, slender with few unequal pedicels.

42. G. Heldreichii Terr. in Bull. l'Herb. Boiss. 2-me serie, IV (1906)
119.—G. amblyopetala Miscz. in Fl. Cauc. cr. II, 4 (1912) 168.—
G. chlorantha Shmal'g., Fl. 11 (1897) 504, p.p. quoad. pl. ex Tauria.—
Exs.: HFR No.1343, sub G. amblyopetala.

Perennial; bulb medium size, the second bulb small, tuberculate;
stem 6-15 cm long; radical leaves 2, very long, reaching twice the height
of flower, narrowly linear, flat; cauline leaves few, alternate, lanceolate
from a broad base, long-acuminate; inflorescence 2—5-flowered; pedicels
fairly short; perianth segments elliptic-oblong, rounded-obtuse, 7-9 mm
long, bright yellow within, greenish outside, 3-nerved; stamens one-third
shorter than perianth segments; capsule obovoid, slightly narrowed toward
base, convex at the top. March. (Plate VII, 14a).

Forest glades and clearings. — European part: Crim. Gen. distr.: Med.,
Bal.-As. Min. Described from Greece. Type in Geneva (?).

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95

Subgenus II]. PLATYSPERMUM (Boiss.) Miscz. Fl. Cauc. crit. II, 4 (1913)
169.— Seeds flat; bulb solitary, sometimes with several small subsidiary
bulblets; stigma undivided or 3-lobed.

Section 1. EUPLATYSPERMUM Miscz., Fl. Cauc. cr. II 4 (1913) 169.—
Stigma undivided or nearly so.

Subsection 1. RETICULATAE Pascher. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou XIX
(1905) 366. — Ovary prismatic, scarcely narrowed at base, existipitate,
often slightly emarginate at the top.

Series Eureticulatae Pascher, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou XIX (1905) 366.—
Cauline leaves gathered at the base of inflorescence; radical leaf solitary;
perianth segments long-acuminate.

Cycle 1. Planifoliae Grossh. — Radicalleafflat, ecarinate, narrowly
linear to lanceolate.

43. G. rigida Boiss. et Sprun., Diagn. , ser. I, 7 (1846) 108.—

G. reticulata y fibrosa Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 208.

Perennial; bulb ovoid; tunics dense, forming a short split collar and
enveloped in root fibers; finelyhairy cinerescent-green plants; stem
5-10 (15) cm long; radical leaf flat, ecarinate, to 5mm broad, exceeding
the inflorescence, slightly reflexed at the tip; floral leaves 3-5, narrowly
linear, unequal, mostly shorter than inflorescence; lower stem internodes
poorly developed, thus inflorescence starting nearly at plant base;
inflorescence 1—3-flowered; pedicels fairly strong, long, straight; perianth
segments 14-20 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, yellow
within, green and very narrowly yellow-margined on the outside, glabrous
or ciliate-margined near apex; anthers oblong. April. (Plate VII,

Figure 15, a,b).

Grassy clay slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Mtn.
Turkm. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from Argolida
(Greece). Type in Geneva.

44. G. graminifolia Vved. in Fl. Turkm. II, 2 (1932) 268.

Perennial; bulb ovoid; tunics light gray, forming a split collar 4-5 mm
long and enveloped in delicate gray root fibers; glabrous plants; stem
2-3 (5) cm long; leaves to 8-10 cm long; radical leaf solitary, light green,
linear, 2-3 (4) mm broad, flat, ecarinate, at anthesis 2-3 times as long
as inflorescence; floral leaves 3-5, unequal, the lowest resembling the
radical leaf, several times the length of inflorescence, the others
abbreviated, narrowly linear to subfiliform; flower solitary or inflorescence
2- or 3-flowered; pedicels slender; perianth segments (7) 10-12 (16) mm
long, unequal, finely long-acuminate, the outer 1—-1.5 mm longer than the
inner, pale yellow within, greenish outside; pedicels and perianth elongating

73

96

in fruit; capsule broadly obovoid, half the length of perianth segments.
March-April. (Plate VII, Figure 16a,b).

Loess and clay slopes, up to 500 m.— Centr. Asia: Kyz. K., Kara-K.,
Mtn. Turkm., Amu D., Pam.-Al. Endemic (probably occurring in Iran).
Described from Tashkent. Type in Tashkent.

45. G. hissarica Lipsky in A.H.P. XXIII (1904) 241.—Ic.: Lipsky
l.c., f.4-7 (1904).

Perennial; bulb medium size, ovoid; tunics finely reticulate, brownish-
gray; collar none; plants glabrous; stem 2-5 cm long, rarely up to 10 cm
(var. robusta Grossh.); radical leaf bright green, flat, ecarinate,
to 5-6 mm broad, flexuous and often decumbent, the flowers thus
apparently arising at stem base; floral leaves up to 3, the lowest resembling
the radical leaf, often overtopping the flowers, the others narrowly linear,
shorter; flower often solitary or inflorescence 2-(3)-flowered; pedicels
slender, glabrous; perianth segments 10-12 (15) mm long, elliptic-
lanceolate, 2-3 mm broad, short-acuminate, bright yellow within, green
outside, sometimes reddish-tinged and very narrowly yellow-margined;
anthers oblong; stamens one-third shorter than perianth. April, May,
June. (Plate VIII, Figure 7).

Alpine zone, near snow, or fine-textured grassy slopes.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al., T. Sh. (3000-3600 m). Endemic. Described from Gissar Range.
Type in Leningrad.

Cycle 2. Tenuifoliae A. Grossh.— Radical leaf carinate, canaliculate
above, more or less 5-angled.

46. G. divaricata Rgl. in A.H.P. IV (1879) 510.

Perennial; bulb ovoid; tunics membranous, gray; collar none; stem
glabrous, 8-15 cm long; radical leaf solitary, narrowly linear, ca.
1—-1.5 mm broad, reflexed at the tip, overtopping the inflorescence; floral
leaves 2 or 3, unequal, narrowly linear, shorter than inflorescence;
inflorescence 1-5 (7)-flowered; pedicels fairly strong, unequal, erect in
flower, arched-recurved in fruit; perianth segments ca. 10 mm long,
finely pointed, pale yellow within, the outer face with a broad green median
band and a narrow yellowish-white margin, the segments accrescent and
becoming indurated in fruit, reaching twice the length of capsule; capsule
broadly obovoid, obscurely 6-angled. March-April. (Plate VIII, Figure 8).

Sandy places.— Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb. , Kyz. Ke, Kara ke,
Amu D. Endemic. Described from Alma Ata area. Type in Leningrad.

47. G. Bergii Litv., Rast. ber. Aral'skogo m. i Syr-Dar. obl., sobr.
L.S. Bergom (1905) 33.—Ic.: Ibid. 33.

Perennial; bulb solitary, ovoid; tunics membranous, forming a slender
collar ca. 10-16 mm long; stem firm, 5-15 cm long; radical leaf solitary,
reflexed at the tip, linear-filiform; floral leaves 3-5, unequal, filiform,
the base slightly below soil surface and somewhat enlarged, dark axillary
bulblets causing the leaf axil to bulge downward; flower solitary or rarel yeZe
pedicel firm, erect, much longer than flower; perianth segments 10-15 mm
long, the outer tapering to a point, the inner less pointed, yellow within,

74

99

green and yellow margined outside, indurated and accrescent in fruit;
capsule half to two-thirds the length of perianth segments, obovoid, faintly
lanuginous. March-April. (Plate VIII, Figure 3).

Sandy and sandy-clay soils.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz. K.,
Syr D. Endemic. Described from Chimkent area. Type in Leningrad.

48. G. ucrainica Klok. Ucr. Bot. Mag. III (1926) 16.—G. reticulata
Shmal'g., Fl. II (1897) 504, p.p. quoad pl. ex Ucrainia.

Perennial; bulb medium size, ovoid, 5-7 mm long; tunics gray,
produced into a very short collar (3-11 mm) and enveloped indelicate slender
root fibers; stem 4-10 cm long; basal leaf narrowly linear, carinate,
slightly tapering toward apex, mostly somewhat exceeding the inflorescence;
floral leaves 3-7, very unequal, narrowly linear, attenuate-acuminate,
enlarged at base, the lowest rarely overtopping the inflorescence;
inflorescence 2-5-(8)-flowered; stem, leaves, pedicels and the outer face
of perianth segments densely covered with short gray hairs; pedicels
unequal, erect, fairly slender; perianth segments 10-13 mm long, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, lemon-yellow within, green and narrowly yellow-
margined outside; anthers oblong-ovoid; capsule ovoid-oblong, much
shorter than perianth segments. March-April. (Plate VIII, Figure 1a,b).

Sandy slopes. — European part: Black Sea area. Endemic. Described
from S. Ukraine. Type in Kharkov.

49. G. taurica Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXX, 3 (1857) 83; Miscz.,
Fl. Cauc. er. Il, 4 (1912) 172.—G. reticulata Boiss. Fl. Or., V (1884)
2061p. p-S: ohmallo., wel I, |}504, quoad pl: ex Tauria.

Perennial; bulb rather large, ovoid; tunics gray, densely enveloped in
interlaced coarse root fibers; collar none; stem 8-15 cm long; radical;
leaf narrowly linear, 1.5-2 mm broad, carinate, cinerescent, greatly
overtopping the inflorescence, reflexed at the tip; floral leaves 3, very
unequal, the lowest often overtopping the inflorescence; floral leaves and
the outside of outer perianth segments rather densely covered with short
hairs; inflorescence 1-2 (3)-flowered; pedicels erect, firm; perianth
segments linear-lanceolate, ca. 12-13 mm long, rather long-attenuate to
a fine point, yellow within, green or grayish-green and narrowly yellow-
margined outside; anthers oblong; capsule ovoid to subglobose-ovoid,
one-fourth shorter than the perianth segments. March-April. (Plate VIII,
Figure 5, a).

Dry grassy slopes and gravels in the lower mountain zone. — European
part: Cram Caucasus: Cisc:, E.)Transc, Endemic. "Described from
Crimea. Type in Helsinki.

50. G. Alexeenkoana Miscz., Acta Horti Jurjew., IX, 2 (1908) 76;
Miscz., Fl. Cauc. er. II, 4 (1912) 173.—Ic.: Mishchenko, Acta H. Jurjew,
Gay Le a

Perennial; bulb ovoid; tunics gray, finely reticulate, scarcely enveloped
in root fibers, split at the top and not forming a collar; stem 5-15 cm long,
erect; stem and leaves glabrous; radical leaf mostly longer than
inflorescence, narrowly linear, 1-2 mm broad, canaliculate above, green
to faintly glaucescent; floral leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear, enlarged at
base, commonly shorter than or rarely the lowest exceeding the

WS

Plate VIII

1, Gagea ucrainica Klokov: inflorescence; a) bulb; b) perianth segments.— 2. G. tenuifolia
(Boiss. ) Fom.: bulb with collar; a) perianth segments.— 3. G. Bergii Litw.— 4. G. Alexeenkoana
Miscz.: perianth segments.— 5. G. taurica Stev.: inflorescence; a) bulb.— 6. G. commutata

C. Koch; bulb.— 7. G. hissarica Lipsky.— 8. G. divaricata Rgl.: fruiting.—

9. G. pseudoreticulata Vved.: a) bulb; b) cross section of radical leaf.— 10. G. reticulata (Pall.)
Roem. et Schult.: cross section of radical leaf.— 11. G. bulbifera (Pall.) Roem, et Schult.: plant
portion; a) perianth segments.— 12. G, altaica B. Schischk. a) perianth segments.—

13. G. chlorantha (M.B.)Roem., et Schult.; portion of plant after anthesis.— 14. G. Alberti Rgl.:
a) bulb with collar; b) perianth segments.— 15. G. Chomutovae Pascher: a) cross section of radical
leaf; b) perianth segments.— 16. G. minutiflora Rgl.; perianth segments.

76

100

inflorescence; inflorescence 1—3-flowered; pedicels erect, slightly hairy;
perianth segments 12-15 mm long, lance-elliptic, narrowed toward base,
short-acuminate at apex, yellow within, green and narrowly yellow-
margined outside; capsule obovoid. April-May. (Plate VIII, Figure 4).

Grassy and gravelly slopes from the middle mountain zone to the alpine
zone. — Caucasus: Greater Caucasus, Dag., E. and 8S. Transc. Endemic.
Described from the eastern part of the Greater Caucasus. Type in
Leningrad.

51. G. Caroli-Kochii Grossh. sp. nova. in Addenda III, p. 736,
tab. XLIV, figure 4, a-c.—G. Alexeenkoana var. tenuis Grossh.
Mipecavicnt (1928) 196"

Perennial; bulb ovoid, densely enveloped in slender fibers; tunics gray;
stem 5-8 cm long, very slender, covered with short hairs; inflorescence
2-5-flowered or rarely flower solitary (v. subuniflora Grossh.);
radical leaf slightly overtopping the inflorescence, linear very thin,

0.5-1 mm broad; lowest floral leaf linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter to
rarely exceeding the inflorescence; other floral leaves strongly abbreviated,
linear-subulate; pedicels commonly shorter than flower; perianth segments
10-11mm long, yellow, green on the back, long-acuminate; capsule obovoid,
half the length of perianth. May-June.

Meadows in the middle and subalpine mountain zones. — Caucasus:

S. Transc. Endemic. Described from Ordubad District. Type in Baku.

52. G. pseudoreticulata Vved. in Fl. Turkm., Vol.I, No.2 (1932) 268,
nomen.—Ic.: Regel, Izv. Obshch. Estestv. Antr. i Etnogr., Vol. XXI,
Die Viole raiser Ion S76)) subs Ga ret leuhat a:

Perennial; bulb ovoid; tunics gray, fibrous, split at the top and not
forming a distinct collar; young bulbs furnished with small bulblets;
stem 10-30 cm long, firm; stem, leaves, and pedicels usually slightly
covered with short hairs; radical leaf grayish-green, narrowly linear,
ca. 1-1.5 mm broad, arched above, exceeding the inflorescence; floral
leaves 3-5, unequal, linear-filiform, shorter than inflorescence;
inflorescence 3-—10-flowered; pedicels firm, erect, unequal, several times
the length of flower; perianth 10-12 mm long; segments pale yellow within,
grayish-green outside with a very narrow whitish-yellow margin, long-
acuminate, accrescent to twice the length in fruit; capsule obovoid, faintly
angled, about half the length of perianth segments.— March-April.

(Plate VIII, Figure 9, a,b).

Argillaceous plains and foothills.— Centr. Asia: Kyz. K., Kara K.,
Mtn. Turkm., Amu D., Syr D., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Iran. (Afghanistan).
Described from Turkmenia. Type in Tashkent.

53. G. commutata C. Koch. in Linnaea, XXII (1849) 227.—
G. sarmentosa C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 230.—G. triphylla
C. Koch, Linnaea XXII (1849) 230.— R. reticulata v. commutata
andv. sarmentosa Miscz., Fl. Cauc. cr. II, 4 (1912) 171.—
Goiretteulata idb- Hil) Ross lV (1853) 143%) p. pier inechb,. vice El.
Germ. (1848) f. 1047 (mala, sub G. chlorantha).— Exs.: Herb. FI.
Cauc. No. 261, sub G. sarmentosa.

V7

101

Perennial; bulb ovoid; tunics brown, more or less enveloped in root
fibers, membranous and lacerate at the top, not forming a collar; bulb
often giving rise to white filiform offshoots terminating in white tuberous
bulges; stem (4) 10-20 cm long, rather firm; radical leaves mostly 2,
somewhat overtopping the inflorescence, 1-3 mm broad, flattened 5-angled
in cross section, commonly more or less glaucous; scape sometimes
strongly abbreviated with pedicels arising directly from the top of the bulb;
pedicels firm, many times the length of flower; flowers solitary or few;
floral leaves 3-5, very unequal, narrowly linear, the lowest often exceeding
the inflorescence; perianth large, 15-18 mm long; segments yellow within,
green and broadly yellow-margined outside, tapering long-acuminate;
anthers oblong; capsule ovoid-oblong, obtuse. April. (Plate VIII, Figure 6).

Dry grassy slopes, scrub, and arable land, up to the middle mountain
zone.— Caucasus: Dag., E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from
Transcaucasia. Type in Berlin.

54. G. reticulata (Pall.) Roem. et Schult,, Syst. veget., VII (1829) 542;
idb:cHl..Ross..1V. #42; pst); “Boiss . bi..'@ra (V5) 2 08} ou joie Slama fay
Fv, (04 pup. — Omni thowga lulim wiebacula td ump Pali. heise a iki
Anhang (ins) 42. ©-. cairie inaium: | beta Supp! s)(17.81) oo: — let teal:
le. tab, BD, f. 21776); Rel. > lzv.<Obsheh VE stests.,.Antrwabinosrcsy,
XXI, 2, Plate XIX, f.4 (1876); Fl. Yugo-Vost. III, Figure 177.

Perennial; bulb solitary, ovoid; tunics finely reticulate-fibrillose, gray,
produced into a collar, this sometimes sheathing the stem nearly up to
inflorescence base; plants solitary; stem 5-15 (20) cm long, erect; radical
leaf solitary, narrowly linear, 0.5-2 (2.5) mm broad, firm, glaucescent,
reflexed at the top, overtopping the inflorescence; floral leaves 3-5,
unequal, narrowly linear-subulate; perianth segments glabrous, tapering
long-acuminate, bright yellow within, green and very narrowly yellow-
margined outside, accrescent in fruit. April. (Plate VIII, Figure 10).

Dry grassy slopes; sandy and gravelly soils.— European part: L.V.;
Caucasus: E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Kara K. Endemic.
Described from Astrakhan. Type in Leningrad.

55. G. tenuifolia (Boiss.) Fominin Fom. and Voron., Opred. rast. Krymai
Kavkaza, I (1909) 233.—G. reticulata var. tenuifolia Boiss. Fl.
Or. V (1884) 208; Miscz., Fl. Cauc. cr. II, 4 (1912) 170.—G. reticulata
Misc. l.c. (1912) 169.—Ic.: Rehb., Ic. Fl. Germ. (1848), f. 1054, sub.
Gi reticulata,.— Exs.: Herb@El. Cauce Noses24 Piorm pexsiiNoawsioe

Perennial; bulb solitary, ovoid; tunics brownish-gray finely reticulate-
fibrillose, produced into a collar reaching the middle of stem or nearly up
to inflorescence; plants in groups of several; radical leaf solitary,
slenderly filiform, 0.5-1.5 mmbroad, reflexed at apex, greatly overtopping
the inflorescence; floral leaves 3-5, ciliate at base, finely subulate, the
lowest mostly much longer than inflorescence; inflorescence 2—5-flowered;
pedicels erect, slender but firm; perianth segments 10-11 mm long,
elongating in fruit to 15-17 mm, subulately long-acuminate, bright yellow
within, green and narrowly yellow-margined outside; capsule obovoid,
half the length of perianth segments. April. (Plate VIII, Figure 2a).

Scrub; gravelly and dry slopes in the lower and middle mountain zones. —
Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from vicinity

78

102

of Elenendorf and Elizavetpol', now Kirovabad. Type in Geneva in the
Boissier Herbarium.

Series Euchloranthae Pascher, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou XIX (1907).—
All cauline leaves alternate; perianth segments, obtuse or acute, sometimes
not tapering-acuminate.

Cycle Pseudolloydia Grossh.— Basal leaf cylindric, fistulous.

56. G. improvisa Grossh. Sp. nova in Addenda III, p.737, tab. XLIV,
Epcumertnira qc.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 10-15 mm long, with a lateral cluster of
numerous small bulblets, these at length turning blackish and readily falling
off; tunics coriaceous, light brown or grayish-brown; stem 10-25 cm long,
glabrous; radical leaf solitary, greatly overtopping the inflorescence,
hollow, cylindric, 5-6 mm in diameter; cauline leaves few, flat, the lowest
oblong-lanceolate, the others lanceolate, much abbreviated and passing
into bracts; flowers 2 or 3; pedicels slender, subnutant, 2-3 times the
length of flower; flowers 10-11 mm long, wide open; perianth segments
yellow, with a broad green dorsal band, oblong-elliptic, obtusish; stamens
slightly shorter than perianth, with oblong anthers; ovary sessile, oblong-
ellipsoid; stem stout, short. April.

Gravelly and stony calcareous slopes in the middle mountain zone. —
Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from Ordubad on the Araks
River. Type in Baku.

57. G. Chomutovae Pascher in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIX (1907) 372.—
G. Olgae var. Chomutovae Pascher in Fedde, Repert, sp. nov. I
(1906) 67.—G. rubroviridis Vved. Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta
(1924) 61 non Boiss. et Ky.—Ic.: Rgl. inIzv. Obshch. Estest., Antr. i
Etnogr., XXI, pt.2, Vel. XX, Figure 4 (sub. G. chlorantha).

Perennial; bulbs 2, one larger, the other small, smooth, within a
common sheath; tunics blackish-brown, coriaceous; collar none; stem
10-40 cm long, glabrous, bearing a terminal racemose-umbellate
inflorescence; radical leaf’solitary (rarely 2), fistulous, shorter than
inflorescence, 1.5-—2.5 mm in diameter; first cauline leaf linear-lanceolate,
amplexicaul; other leaves successively diminishing and passing into bracts;
pedicels long, nutant before anthesis; perianth segments (7) 9-12 mm long,
oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, reticulately nerved, Yellow, greenish outside,
often reddish-tinged, closed in fruit; stamens one-third shorter than
perianth; capsule oblong-obovoid, half the length of perianth. April.

(Plate VII, *Pigure 15)a;b).

Clay slopes, in plains and in foothills.— Centr. Asia: Balkh., Kyz. K.,
Kara KoMMine Durkm?;AmusD: ;“Syr DY) “Pam?-Ale"r) ShieeGen? ‘distr. :
Iran. Described from the vicinity of Tashkent. Type in Leningrad.

719

103

104

Cycle Chloranthae Grossh.— Leaves not fistulous; pedicels very unequal,
elongating after flowering; inflorescence cymose.

58. G. chlorantha (M.B.) Roem. etSchult., Syst. veget. VII (1829) 551;
dbl) JRossHelva 1425 eBoiss. EA Oriyiie200 i Sinunal oemeule is a0). oEe
Nisez, sniiCaucetcrll, .45(1902)) 58 @ rnitghio ga lunaec biliomsa na tain
M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 264.—G. caucasica Stapf, Bot. Ergebn.
der Polaksen. Exp. I (1885) 15.— Exs.; Pl. or. exs. No. 105
(var. Hohenackeri).

Perennial; bulb solitary, oblong-globose, rarely bulbs (and radical
leaves) 2 (v. bibulbosa Grossh.); tunics membranous; collar none;
stem 5-15 cm long, 2-—5-flowered, or rarely 3-7 cm long and 1~—3-flowered
(v. Hohenackeri Miscz.); radical leaf narrowly linear to subfiliform
(v. Hohenackeri Miscz.), overtopping the inflorescence, canaliculate
above, carinate beneath, bilaterally lined, ciliolate-pubescent; lower
cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate to filiform, successively diminishing
and passing into bracts; pedicels long, firm, greatly elongating in fruit;
perianth segments 9-12 mm long, golden-yellow within, green outside,
oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, becoming half as long again in fruit; capsule
oblong-obovoid. March-April. (Plate VIII, Figure 13).

Dry exposed and gravelly places, scrub margins, in plains and in the
lower mountain zone.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. and 8. Transc., Weil 3
Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described
from Kizlyar. Type in Leningrad.

59. G. anisopoda M. Popov in Addenda, III, p. 737.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, medium size; tunics brownish, reticulate,
produced into a narrow collar 10-15 mm long; stem 6-10 cm long; erect;
plants in groups of several; radical leaf solitary, narrowly linear,
ca. 1-1.5 mm broad, rather shallowly canaliculate above, carinate and
bilaterally furrowed, glabrous, slightly overtopping the inflorescence:
cauline leaves narrowly linear-capillary, abruptly diminishing in size and
passing into bracts; flower solitary, oblong, or rarely 2 flowers; pedicels
subflexuous; perianth 8-9 mm long, yellow within, green outside; segments
linear-oblong, narrow, attenuate toward apex, cucullate. April. (Plate IX,
Figure 5, a,b).

Dry plateaus with Acantholimon, in the middle mountain zone. —
Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic (possibly occurring in Iran). Described
from western Kopet Dagh. Type in Tashkent.

60. G. Alberti Rgl® in A. H.P. VI, 2 (1879) 512.

Perennial; bulb ovoid; tunics reticulate, forming a firm long collar
reaching nearly up to inflorescence; radical leaf solitary, linear-filiform,
overtopping the inflorescence, in lower part ciliolate-pubescent, glabrous
above; cauline leaves linear-filiform, the lower one exceeding the
inflorescence; inflorescence corymbose-racemose; pedicels erect, more
or less ciliate-puberulous; perianth segments 10-12 mm long, lance-oblong,
obtusish, pale yellow within, greenish whitish-margined outside; anthers
linear-oblong. March. (Plate VIII, Figure 14, a,b).

Lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Endemic (probably
occurring in Dzu.-Kash.). Described from Kuldja. Type in Leningrad.

80

(105)

Plate Ix

1. Gagea Olgae Rgl.: a) bulb; b) perianth segments.— 2. G. ova Stapf: a) bulb; b) perianth
segments.— 3. G. stipitata Merkl.: a) bulb; b) perianth segments.— 4. G. tenera Pascher: a) cauline
leaf; b) perianth segments.— 5. G. anisopoda M. Popov: a) bulb; b) perianth segments .—

6. G. gageoides (Zucc.) Vved.: a) upper part of inflorescence; b) cauline leaf with axillary bulblet.—
7. G. pauciflora Turcz.: upper part of style and stigma.— 8. G. provisa Pascher; upper part

of style and stigma.— 9. G, capillifolia Vved.— 10. Scilla bucharica Desjat.— 11. S. Roseni
C. Koch; flower.— 12. S. Hohenackeri Fisch. et Mey.: a) flower; b) bracts.—

13. S. Winogradowii D. Sosn.: a) ovary.— 14, S. bifolia L., flower.— 15. S. sibirica Andr,:
flower; a) ovary. 16. S. autumnalis L.: flower.— 17. S. japonica Baker: flower.—

18. S. Raievskayana Rgl. flower.

81

107

Cycle Afghanicae Grossh. — Pedicels unequal, slightly elongating after
flowering; inflorescence racemose-umbellate.

61. G.lOlgae Rel. an A. se) 1 (1865) 2928 ic. wel. le pObshiela:
Lyubit. Estest.,\Antr. a) Btnosm ex], pimegamt 1G jp Viole XV LING 86 Tai
Vol. <x, 3eand 5 (sub. Gch lomantha).— bxs. Hh No s430.——

IsiA ae AVIS INOWMaE)?

Perennial; bulb medium size, oblong; tunics gray, fibrous; collar
none; stem 3-5 cm long, slender; plants in groups; radical leaves
commonly 2, capillary, 0.5-1 mm broad, shorter to longer than perianth;
cauline leaves 3-5, alternate, capillary-linear, gradually diminishing
in size up the stem; stem up to flower and outer face of perianth segments
finely puberulous; flower mostly solitary, rarely flowers 2 or 3 (8);
perianth segments 5-9 mm long, bright yellow to nearly orange-yellow
within, greenish outside, oblong, obtusish, the middle ones 3-nerved;
anthers rounded-oblong, half as long again to twice as long as broad;
ovary linear-oblong; first capsule 6-8 mm long, obovoid, one-half to
two-thirds the length of perianth. March-April. (Plate IX, LViben biG ey Als elyiloys c).

Dry clay slopes, in plains and foothills. — Centr. Asia: “Balkh.y, Kyanka
Kara Vinee Unbia Am E. Svie Ie eine Al, ae me Sli (ae
Endemic (probably occurring in Iran). Described from Central Asia.

Type in Leningrad.

62. G. afghanica Terr. in Bull. Soc. Ort. Palermo II (1904) 4; Pascher
im Bull. Soc, NatwMosc. XIp(905) 372.2(Grstipitata var.
purpurascens) Bornm. msm. wake. Simtenis, Meritraaseasp ry pers:
(1900-1901) ex p.

Perennial; bulb medium size, oblong; tunics gray, fibrous; collar none;
stem 10-20 (25) cm long; plants commonly solitary, usually glabrous;
radical leaf narrowly linear, 1-1.5 mm broad, rarely exceeding the
inflorescence; cauline leaves 2-5, alternate, the upper ones reduced;
inflorescence 3—25-flowered; pedicels slender, unequal; perianth segments
8-12 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, pale green within, greenish
outside; anthers linear-oblong, 3-4 times as long as broad; capsule
spherical-obovoid, one-third shorter than perianth segments, the first
10-15 mm long. March-April.

sands. — Centr gasia: Kyz. K., Jama K.|\wAimu W; ,, Panel:

Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Afghanistan. Type in Geneva.

63. G. Vvedenskyi Grossh. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 737.
Perennial; bulb ovoid-oblong; tunics gray, fibrous, longitudinally
separating below into fibers, reticulate-fibrillose at the top; collar none;

stem 5-15 cm long; stem, leaves and pedicels glabrous; radical leaf
narrowly linear, rarely to 2-3 mm broad, shorter to slightly longer than
the stem; cauline leaves few, narrowly linear, gradually diminishing in
size up the stem; inflorescence 2-—3-flowered; pedicels long, unequal;
flower often solitary; perianth segments oblong-oblanceolate,

(9) 12-16 mm long, broader in upper part but acuminate at apex; pale
yellow or sometimes nearly whitish within, the outer face more or less
tinged with violet-purple; stamens half the length of perianth; anthers
small, oblong; capsule two-thirds the length of perianth, obovoid-oblong,
narrow, obtusely 6-angled, April-May-June. (Plate VI, Figure 19).

82

108

From the middle mountain zone to alpine altitudes, on grassy slopes. —
@entr Asiastsyr D), (Pam. SAT) Sh. Endemicin|Deseribed from (Central
Asia. Type in Tashkent.

64. G. altaica Schischk. et Sumn., Animadv. Syst. ex Herb. Tomsk.,
Nomgto2s): Kyl FL Zap, Sib. Tl (1929) 603.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, medium size; tunics grayish-brown; produced
into a collar 10-20 mm long; stem erect, 3-13 cm long, glabrous or
short-haired; basal leaf narrowly linear to subcapillary, conduplicate,
equaling to twice as long as the stem; cauline leaves 1-3, slenderly linear,
diminishing in size upthe stem; flower 1 or 2, rarely 3-5; pedicels erect,
slender; perianth segments 10-12 mm long, 2.5-4.5 mm broad, oblong to
oblong-ovoid, obtusish, golden-yellow within, greenish-brown outside,
commonly reddish-tinged; stamens one-third shorter than perianth; ovary
prismatic. April. (Plate VIII, Figure 12a).

Stony, sandy, or steppe slopes.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia:
Ang.-Say. Endemic. Described from Altai. Type in Tomsk.

Cycle Bulbiferae Grossh.— Bulblets formed in the axils of all or merely
of upper leaves; inflorescence racemose.

65. G. bulbifera (Pall.) Roem. et Schult. Syst. veget. VII (1829) 552;
doe rl. Ross. av, vl42e (Boiss) Els Or. Vi, (2100; Shugo iia PaO:
Miser. *rlesCauce er. 1, 41912) 1745 5Kryl.24e1. Zap sib: MIS 6002—
Ornithogalum bulbiferum Pall. Reise, I] Anhang (1773) 736.—

Ie.: Pall. 1) c-itab.) 2'(4773):"Rehb. le. Fl. Germ. (1848) 1056! —"Exs?:
HER,’ No. ls7.

Perennial; bulb medium size, ovoid, 4-5 mm long; tunics brownish-
gray; collar none; stem 3-12 (15) cm long, slender, densely canescent,
especially at base; lower leaves slenderly filiform, semicylindric,
shorter than inflorescence; cauline leaves 3-5 gradually diminishing in
size up the stem, tuberously inflated at base, with a small bulblet inside the
swelling, slenderly filiform; inflorescence 1-3-flowered; pedicels slender,
nutant before anthesis; perianth segments 7-12 mm long, 1.5-2 mm broad,
lanceolate, attenuate toward apex, bright yellow within, greenish and yellow-
margin outside; stamens one-fourth to one-third shorter than perianth
segments; anthers linear-oblong; capsule ovaloid, rounded-trigonous, half
the length of perianth segments. March-April-May. (Plate VIII, Figure Miva):

Steppes; dry stony and gravelly slopes, and solonetz soils. — European
parheeed SoOrimean im DonIe Levey “Caucasus: Cise. oss anch iranse..;
DRAW Stoeria Os Tobey Trt eCentr’ Asia! Ari Casi! vi ballkinn,

T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Dzu.-Kash., Mong. (?).
Described from Astrakhan. Type in Leningrad.

66. G. pamirica Grossh. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 738.

Perennial; bulb solitary; tunics thinly membranous, produced into a
slender collar 8-20 mm long; stem 4-9 cmlong; radical leaf slightly exceeding
the stem, narrowly linear; cauline leaves 1 or 2, also narrowly linear;
leaves on upper part of stem below the inflorescence strongly reduced,
short, subfiliform, with bulblets in their axils, conspicuously differing

83

109

from lower leaves; flower as a rule solitary; perianth segments 9-10 mm
long, lanceolate, obtusish, yellow with a broad green dorsal band; anthers
oblong. July. (Plate VI, Figure 18).

Grassy and gravelly slopes in the alpine zone, up to 4350 m.— Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Endemic. Described from Pamirs. Type in
Leningrad.

Cycle Pseudoamblyopetalae Grossh.— Radical leaves filiform; cauline
leaves with enlarged lanceolate base; inflorescence cymose.

67. G. tenera Pascher in Lotos, N.F. XXIV (1904) 128.—

G. amblyopetala Vved. in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta (1924) 62,
monsBoisspnetwseldr )— Ge sbaitihiyaa ves) Wises. ieee avemc remit (1912) 169,
non Pascher.

Perennial; bulb small, ovoid; tunics blackish-brown; stem erect,
slender, 5-15 cm long; plants in groups of several; radical leaf solitary
(rarely 2), filiform, rather shallowly canaliculate, overtopping the
inflorescence; lower cauline leaf slender, lanceolately enlarged at base,
amplexicaul; other leaves filiform, gradually diminishing in size up the
stem and passing into bracts; inflorescence 1-—3-flowered; pedicels long,
slender, filiform, erect and indurated in fruit; perianth segments
(6)-8-9 mm long, yellow within, greenish outside; capsule obovoid, half
the length of perianth. March-April. (Plate IX, Figure 4 a,b).

Loess and gravelly slopes in plains and foothills. — Caucasus: E. Transc.
(rare); Centr. Asia; Balkh., Kara K:., Syr D: ,, Pam:-Al., DP Sh» Endemic.
Described from the vicinity of Tashkent. Type in Leningrad.

Subsection 2. STIPITATAE Pascher, Bull. d.l. Soc. Nat. Moscou XIX
(1907). — Ovary obovoid or obcordate, narrowed at base into a short stipe.

Series Eustipitatae Grossh.— Flowers relatively large.

68. G. stipitata Merklin ex Bunge in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. VII (1851)
dl2tsele.3 Rel. inJizv..Obsheh,., oyubitj;Nstest.,| Anti. i) Dthogr.,.2xoa,
pt.2 (1876) 116, tab. XIX, I, 5-8.— Exs.: HFR No. 1439 pp.H. F.A.M.

No. 55.

Perennial; bulb globose-ovoid, small, commonly solitary or bearing
several small puncticulate-tuberculate subsidiary bulblets; tunics blackish-
brown, coriaceous; collar none; stems glabrous, 5-20 cm long, slender,
strongly branched; radical leaf slenderly linear, shorter than inflorescence;
cauline leaves narrowly linear, little enlarged toward base, gradually
passing into bracts; pedicels slender, subcapillary, much longer than
flower; perianth segments yellow within, greenish outside; capsule
two-thirds the length of perianth. March-April, (Plate IX, Figure 3a,b).

Loess plains and foothills, on dry slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc.:;
Centr... Asia: Balkh.,, Kyzs K.,.Kara K., Mtn. Turkoy., Amu D: ; Syn Dit
Pam. Al., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Iran., Ind.-Him. Described from Central
Asia. Type in Leningrad.

84

110

69. G. ova Stapf, Botan. Ergebn. der Polak'schen Expedition nach
Persien, I (1885) 16.—Ic.: Rgl., Izv. Obshch. Lyub. Estest., Antr. i
Himo ge Owl anit) tabs Xx) f:/6) (subi G. tehlo rant ha)/— Bxs.: HER
No. 1439 (sub G. stipita) p.p.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, small, with numerous small faveolate-
pitted lateral bulblets in a common sheath; tunics dark brown, firm; collar
none; stems 6-25 cm long, strongly branched; radical leaf solitary,
narrowly linear; cauline leaves scarcely enlarged at base, gradually
diminishing in size up the stem and passing into bracts; pedicels numerous,
much longer than flower; perianth segments (6) 8-12 mm long, linear-
oblanceolate, obtusish, pale yellow to nearly white; capsule obovoid,
two-thirds the length of perianth. March-April. (Plate IX, Figure 2a).

Clayey places, among crops, and on dry slopes, in plains and foothills. —
Centra Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Karalk., Mtn! Purkm:)) syn D.,
Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Iran. Type in Vienna.

70. C. capillifolia Vved. in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta, I (1923) 60;
Hulegluonekia. pg else2 (POS2 92327

Perennial; bulbs 2, one much smaller than the other, in a common
Sheath; tunics thin, light brown; stem 8-12 cm long, slender, weak,
flexuous, commonly terminating in a solitary flower, rarely in 2 flowers;
radical leaves 2, finely hairy, commonly shorter than flower; lowest
cauline leaf narrowly linear, shorter than flower; other cauline leaves
strongly reduced; plants in groups containing numerous many-leaved sterile
specimens and few fertile ones; perianth segments (6) 8-9 mm long,
oblanceolate, obtuse, pale yellow on both sides; anthers ovaloid-globose;
ovary stipitate. April-July. (Plate IX, Figure 9).

Gullies and in the shade of rocks, in the alpine mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Described from Tashkent area.
Type in Tashkent.

Series Minutiflorae Grossh.— Flowers small, 3-5 mm long, numerous,
in a strongly branched inflorescence.

71. G. gageoides (Zucc.) Vved., Fl. Turkm., 1, 2 (1932) 261.—
Bulbillaria gageoides Zucc. in Abh. Akad. Wiss. Bay. 3 (1843)
229,.t.2, f.1.—G: persiea Boiss. Diagn. Ser. 1, VII (1846) 108; Fl. Or.
V (1884) 210.—Ic.: Rgl., Izv. Obshch. Lyub. Est., Antr. i Etnogr. XXI,

2 (1876) tab. XVII, sub G. amblyopeta.

Perennial; bulb medium size, ovoid; tunics light brown, coriaceous;
second bulb small, directed downward; stem flexuous, strongly branched,
7-25 cm long; radical leaf solitary, narrowly linear, subcapillary; lowest
cauline leaf linear-lanceolate, to 4-5 mm broad, much larger than the rest;
other cauline leaves numerous, short, with usually several bulblets crowded
in the axils, rarely bulblets absent (G. baldshuanica Lipsky in schedis).
Flowers few; pedicels long and slender; perianth segments 4-6 mm long,
oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, yellow within, pale yellow outside, scarcely
green-tinged; capsule about half the length of perianth, obconical.
April-May. (Plate IX, Figure 6, a,b).

85

Pi2

Dry slopes, gravelly places, etc., chiefly in foothills and in the middle
mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (rare), Mtn. Turkm., Syr D.,
Pam. Al., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: E. Med. (?), Iran. Described from Iran.
Type in Geneva (?).

(21G. minutiflora Rel -in, AVP /1uM@s75) 291 —2927— Net) Rel aanliizv.
Obshch. Lyub. Estestv., Antr. i Etnogr. XXI, pt.2, 113, Plate XVIII
(1876) fee %= 92. Shot 2a AL MNOS 28

Perennial; bulb small, globose-ovoid; tunics brownish; stem 2-7 cm
long, slender, in upper part strongly branched; radical leaf solitary,
rarely 2 or none (v. aphylla Grossh.), slenderly filiform, equaling to
slightly exceeding the inflorescence; lowest cauline leaf borne about the
middle or even in upper one-third of the stem, lanceolate, enlarged at base
and subamplexicaul, to 5-6 mm broad; other cauline leaves abruptly
diminishing in size, slenderly filiform, passing into bracts; inflorescence
branched, many-flowered; pedicels subcapillary, 2-3 times the length of
flower; perianth segments 3-4 (6) mm long, narrowly oblong, obtuse,
yellow within, greenish outside; capsule about half the length of perianth
segments, obovoid-cordate, emarginate at the top, trigonous with rounded-
convex angles. April-May-June. (Plate VIII, Figure 16a).

Grassy and gravelly slopes in the alpine zone, rarely in the middle
mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (rare), Pam.-Al., T. Sh.
Endemic. Described from Karatau Mts. Type in Leningrad.

Section 2. PLECOSTIGMA (Turcz.) Pascher, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou
XIX (1905) 374.—Plecostigma Turcz. in Trautv. Plant. imag. (1844)
8.— Stigma 3-lobed.

73. G. pauciflora Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou I (1838) 102,
nomen, lidb. FI. Ross. IV, 143.— Plecostigma pauciflorum, ume
Bull Soe. Nat. Mose. Xx Vil 2 (ie54) 1132

Perennial; bulb 5-6 mm long, ovoid; tunics brownish-gray, forming
a collar 10-15 mm long; stem 8-10 cm long, glabrous or beset at base
with short spreading hairs (v. puberula Krylov); leaves alternate;
radical leaf about equaling the stem; other leaves short, diminishing in size
up the stem, linear, 1-1.5 mm broad, upto 7 cm long, white-hyaline-
margined, scarcely enlarged at base; flowers 1-3 (rarely up to 5), in
racemose arrangement; perianth segments pale yellow within, greenish
outside, linear-oblong, 13-15 mm long, widely spreading in anthesis;
stamens two-thirds the length of perianth; anthers linear-oblong; ovary
trigonous; style about as long as ovary, 3-lobed to the middle or lower
down. April-May. (Plate IX, Figure 7).

Dry exposed mountain slopes and solonetz soils.— E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,
Lena-Kol., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.
Described from Siberia (Angara River). Type in Leningrad.

74. G. provisa Pascher in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. I (1905) 195.
Perennial; bulb 4-5 mm long, ovoid; tunics brownish-gray, forming
a short collar; stem 5-12 cm long, glabrous; radical leaf narrowly linear,
about equaling the inflorescence; cauline leaves alternate, gradually

86

113

diminishing in size, narrowly linear; flowers 1-3, in racemose
arrangement; perianth segments yellow within, green outside, linear-
oblong, 9-12 mm long; stamens two-thirds the length of perianth; anthers
linear; ovary trigonous; style about as long as ovary, parted at the very
apex into 3 short lobes. May-June. (Plate IX, Figure 8).

Dy Slopes’ and serub. — MH. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,) Wena-Kol., Dau.
Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Yakutsk. Type in Leningrad.

L. Gen. pl. ed. 5 (1754) 143; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 161; Boiss. fl. Or. V (1884) 229.

Perianth segments distinct or more or less connate, 1-7-nerved,
commonly persistent after anthesis, undergoing transformation or not so;
stamens 6, more or less connate and adnate to perianth; anthers dorsifixed;
ovary 3-locular or 1l-locular, with 6 or numerous ovules; style inserted
at the base of ovary, persistent; seeds angled or terete.

Perennial (cultivated forms sometimes biennial), bulbose or nearly
bulbless plants, with strong onionlike or garliclike odor and taste;
inflorescence umbelliform, initially inclosed in a spathe.

Certain species of Allium have long been in cultivation for their taste
or aroma, but in many localities wild species are also used for foods.
Records exist concerning the use of A. paradoxum, A.sabulosum,

Me mon adelphume, Al"schoenoprasum, A’ saxatiles eres Wiost
widely used are, however, A. victorialis and A. ursinum, the two
species not being distinguished by the population and known under the
common name 'cheremsha'"', as well as species closely related to cultivated
ones, suchas A. altaicum, A. Oschanini, A. pskemense, and
A.longicuspis. Thiscertainly does not exhaust the list of potentially
edible species.

It seems, however, that species of the section Molium are not edible,
but many of them may be used as ornamental plants, and the most attractive
among them (A. giganteum, A. Christophii) are very much in
demand by foreign florist establishments. In great demand is also
ee Oe a Jesu 1a -

The garliclike taste of Allium is due to the presence of garlic oil
(0.005-0.009%, according to Remer, on whole plant basis), the chief
constituent being a disulfide CgMizSz with a high sulfur content.

Garlic plants are not always desirable in pasture, even as normal
admixture to common grass forage, since many of the species impart an
unpleasant flavor to the milk.

The genus Allium, as conceived up till now and treated in the Flora
of the USSR, represents a very unnatural composite group, the division
into sections also being highly artificial. The large number of species
(more than 400 on global scale) and the absence of many of them in the
herbaria at the author's disposal, as well as the limited knowledge concern-
ing the garlics of China and Hither Asia which represent massive centers of
Allium formation, obliged him to refrain from introducing any changes
in the now accepted Allium system of Don and Regelt. The only

* Allium or Alium, the name for garlic used by ancient Roman writers.

Arranged by A.I. Vvedenskii.
t Don, a Monograph of the Genus Allium.— Mem. Werner. Nat. Hist. Hist. Soc. VI (1832) 1-102.
Regel, Alliorum adhuc cognitorum Monographia.— A.H.P., III, 2 (1875) 1-226,

*

87

exception made concerns a small number of markedly isolated species
which were recently subjected to a detailed treatment by Prokhanov**.
Apart from missing species, the backward state of Allium systematics
is also due to the lack of many characters in the species preserved in
herbaria. Allium plants should be carefully dug out for collection,
so as to retain the complete clump in the case of cespitose species and to
avoid the loss of the outer bulb tunics and of bulblets, when present. It is
also essential, before drying, to prepare drawings of the cross section of
leaf in two positions: above the base and above the middle. Very important
characters are associated with the spathe before opening; it is therefore
desirable to include in collection both flowering specimens and less
advanced plants with spathe still unopen.
With properly collected material, the identification of Allium species
does not usually present any difficulty.
1. Perianth segments 3—7-nerved; pedicels below the flower enlarged into
a disk; innermost (upper) leaf vaginate, long-sheathing (Section

INFeKe trac Ors: ON Or UI in. feck ce a! ate ale: tales Ciaran quae aeeree ep: il aes a 2
+ Perianth segments 1-nerved; all leaves with blade or only outer (lower)
LEAVES VACA Oe ee eee eee aN et oan ronechas ad eae say fn 3.

2 Disk*ea."D mm broad; perianth segments persistent. 2.5.. --o-as cue
li Si Mit tot AAS i DR A iA MI eS, tee 228. A. Dioscoridis Sibth. et Sm.

7 Disk cao mun broad; perianth sesments deciduous se: jo). 4m. - rea wee
Sal pete Pi lec ERIE aa RS RR OMe Cie See eeaNet eee em RRNA: 2 227. A. tripedale Trautv.

3. Leaf blade lanceolate, obiong or broadly elliptic, gradually or more or
less abruptly narrowed into petiole; seeds globose or subglobose;

capsule globose-trigonous, with broadly obcordate valves......... 4.
* leaves filiform, semicylindric, cylindric, linear, lorate, or lanceolate
to broadly elliptic, never narrowed into petiole; seeds angled...... 5.

4. Bulb attached to rhizome, with reticulate tunics; scape clothed in
sheathing leaves up to 1/3-1/2 its length; perianth segments 4-5 mm long
(Section BAe meat mW). aR RNS. CPO ONE a pee 1. A. victorialis L.
Bulb not attached to rhizome; bulb tunics separated into fibers; scape
clothed at base in leaf sheaths; perianth segments 9-12 mm long
(SGchion Opimoscordo nis. .. oa see awe 2. A. ursinum L.
5. Strong plants with stem 7-20 mm thick and fistulous leaves; bulb tunics
(in wild plants) reddish-brown, subcoriaceous, entire; flowers white
or yellowish in a spherical or hemispherical many-flowered dense umbel.

BRR ee Se REE as ath Stet es Gene Se mei” aaa ace oe ce eee a 6.
* Scape commonly less than 7 mm thick and, if plants strong with thicker
Scape, then leaves broad and flat, not fistulous .............. 12.
6. Perianth stellate, white, the segments 4-6 mm long; pedicels subtended
inyabmacteoles* (Section Cietp a) PY Eres Neen ee or ee ee 9.
+ Perianth campanulate, yellowish, the segments 6-8 mm long; pedicels
esracveolates(section hy llord'o lo) 20 yeni ae ee ee Te
7. Relatively small plants, 20-25 cm tall; scape 7-10 mm thick; leaves
OF eM Oa Gn we tre Non Lane WiaN Paneth 86. A. microbulbum Prokh.
+ Larger plants, 30-70 and more cm tall; scape and leaves thicker... 8.
8. Pedicels stout; slightly shorter than or (the central ones) half as long
apdinvas perianth: umbel subcapitate 2. 2. . 14. 87. A. altaicum Pall.

* Prokhanov, Kul'turnye luki Kitaya i Yaponii (Cultivated Garlics of China and Japan).— Tr. Prikl. bot.,
gen. i selek. XXIV (1930) 123-188.

88

115

116

10.

iN Thy

14.

15.

Be

10:

iL3)

Pedicels slender, 2—3 times the length of perianth; umbel relatively

LOO SSAC UM TINA Fp La SHmNs . LAIR oe SH gs Pha 88. A. fistulosum L.
Scape inflated or slanting-inflated; leaves 2 or 3; filaments of stamens
Conmarerabovie the part tusediwith perdanth) 4: .,278 «A. een. 10.
Scape more or less conspicuously inflated below the middle; leaves
4-9; filaments distinct above the part fused with perianth....... iit.
Scape solid, 20-50 cm long; leaves 3-10 mm broad; perianth segments
AT OM CANN OT POL RA Re et Gy, “nee Loa 89. A. galanthum Kar. et Kir.
Scape hollow, 40-80 cm long; leaves 20-30 mm broad; perianth
SeommcaisnG MiminimMlonoy eles ewes 303 90. A. pskemense B. Fedtsch.

Leaves flattened, canaliculate, close to scape base, recurved.......
EIT LRT Sith sas ches) ZS NE Ae. 91. A. Vavilovi M. Pop. et Vved.
MeAavVeSKey LiMGiRiC:, KERECt. TWAY Kus etree i is Pees ett ee ate ee zy
seape slendertmabove themintiated part; wild=srowing plants 7 ae). 585. . -
en UE 5 SOWA CE, HESS SRT AOE Tein alse br ley 3 92. A. Oschanini O. Fedtsch.
Scape fairly thick above the inflated part; a cultivated plant ........
DRE MOREE LE RAGE Hh RO A, NE elt ie diet tated Ee ate 93. A. cepa L.
Bulbs cylindric, conical, oblong or rarely oblong-ovoid to ovoid,
solitary or clustered, always attached to rhizome (Section

HARARE RINCIMRUNIION ck Ben eke yous ue seo ov oe SOM, EYE, GRR, Are eta 14.
Bulbs globose or ovoid or rarely oblong-ovoid, devoid of rhizome ....

Filaments one-fourth to three-fourths as long as perianth segments,
adnate for half their length with perianth and connate to 2/3-3/4 their

TSM bh ss AL, SMM: halt leet. elegy. ees sei: 15
Filaments shorter or longer than perianth, connate for part of the
leMncthreg le ato that radwatesopperiantliiays cman a itis eee eens comet Mths

Leaves 0.5-1 mm broad, semicylindric, canaliculate; perianth
segments rosy-violet, 5-6 mm long; filaments 1/4-1/3 shorter than
peGianthyseoments; 4c). ilisgis om.) Saenbs have 79. A. Veschniakovi Rel.
Leaves 2-15 mm broad; perianth segments 7-15 mm long, lustrous,
yellow or at length becoming red or dark purple; filaments one-fourth

tovone; halite? length om pemianthyseaments) ste) e.-bee een ee Ge 1G.
Leaves (2) 3, broadly linear, canaliculate, 5-15 mm broad, not
hsiulous! eluate hed ak ELAR aeoe. ase: 80. A. Semenovi Rel.

Beaviess l= 2 —(3)-evlindric \fistulous, 2—/immebroadl..gmereens yaa
Fe lo is Yate Tota os ee eee ea RT 81. A. monadelphum Less.
Leaves 1 or 2, fistulous; perianth segments rose to rosy-violet,
commonly lustrous; bulb tunics without distinct nerves, shelly-

coriaceous to subchartaceous, brittle; spathe nearly beakless..... 18)
Leaves (2)-3-9, not fistulous, or if fistulous then spathe long-beaked
OGleaves canalicullate-triquet rows: onishhw) eee eee Sle: Py

Filaments one-third to one-half the length of perianth; pedicels half
asplonegassosgnarely cqualing, the periantha. giants oe ey epee + 2 «ee
Bg pyd une Cate TRE eee CE Le ee ee 82. A. schoenoprasum L.
Filaments somewhat longer, two-thirds as long as to equaling the
perianth segments; pedicels (half as long again) to 2-3 times as long

as; perianth segments » a9! ewe ayalupg- Hed. (eRe ae epee et ee & 19.
Perianth segments 7-12 mm long; style strongly exserted .........
eens Fiercest winter AP gaeinn «heaps 83. A. Ledebourianum Roem. et Schult.

89

Dil

Ze

230

24.

25.

26.

Die

Perianth segments 5—6-—(7) mm long; style little exserted ...... 20.
Bulb tunics grayish, subchartaceous; inner filaments gradually
attenuate from base, half as broad again at base as the outer ones.

Bie JBN as ye eke geek opinanigel ay Rg aN CANS I keine Be ee 2 84. A. Maximowiczii Rgl.
Bulb tunics tawny-brown or violet-brown, shelly-coriaceous; filaments
subulateifromescarcely-dilated base, qsubequal (> \cujitgi a JB... = a.
A OE Hey. SomeciMe rete. TE oie ee URNS aa 85. A. oliganthum Kar. et Kir.
Leaves canaliculate-triquetrous or prominently carinate, 2-5 mm
broad; filaments half as long again as perianth segments; perianth
ellipsoid; segments elliptic, obtuse, rosy-purple or dingy rose, darker

ontithe back, 45) sanamelonaaals.. aieuieol sna. Dearest eee Eee 220
Leaves flat or semicylindric, ecarinate, if carinate then filaments
shorter than: perianth segments, . i... eee. SRV ae ee Dicks

Leaves (2)-—3-(4), canaliculate-triquetrous, sometimes fistulous at
base; bulb oblong-ovoid; tunics splitting, obscurely reticulate-
fibrillose, sheathing the stem base; perianth segments rosy-purple,
Aiea VEO TNA a ONO ana pe th desN ka Ske Roan, whale ota: 3. A. succuliferum Maxim.
Leaves 4-7, canaliculate, prominently carinate; bulb ovoid, with
coriaceous entire tunics; perianth segments dingy rose, darker on

the acl, 44.5 main Wlomey 2) (ava, 5 aoe a 4. A. Komarovianum Vved.
Bulb tunics papery, membranous or coriaceous, splitting or separating
into fibers; sometimes obscurely reticulate-fibrous and then spathe
beakless and roots numerous and nearly stringy, but never reticulate.
LEE at acs Sette mites ti mel i bar ly pul eel i been ae 24.
Bulb tunics reticulate or reticulate-fibrous or if obscurely reticulate-
HMeOUSs then Spathe morevordess lonssbeaked 2020.08 Se eee og.
Filaments connate and adnate to perianth for half their length, about
half as long again as perianth; umbel fasciculate, few-flowered, loose.
LTR Gee hed, BRO EET) STUN YS ote 59.’ A: ‘setifolium Schrenk.
Filaments connate and adnate to perianth for one-fourth their length.
Rs RE: PEE Soh Tks BIRT RAR IO RACE) oy ARIA. RD eek RE ee 25.
Bulb ovoid-conical or subcylindric; tunics numerous, coriaceous,

firm, entire; spathe more or less long-beaked, the beak sometimes
several times as long as the blade, or spathe beakless and then plants
small, with a slender scape 10-15 cm long and purple flowers;
filaments longer or (in A. Alexandrae) shorter than perianth

Shey e Gal eVg Ue CV] Ss mas AO De Pe eee ee LO See ees eran ae rere CS 26.
Spathe beakless or terminating in a very short beak and then filaments
shorter tha perianth? tM CW. ROIRILE SOG, OI, YS Oe ere 39).

Filaments slightly shorter than perianth, the inner ones dilated to

3/4 the length and abruptly attenuate to subsetaceous, 3 times as broad
asithersubulate outer filamentSVs- Nee: 2a 73. A. Alexandrae Vved.
Filaments slightly shorter than or about half as long as perianth
segments, subulate nearly from base, equal or the inner ones to half

EL SMMPOAC MASAMI: VINE ar st att. st hry ot a? otiat OMe 0 ORF ae ee ue 27.
Filaments slightly exceeding the perianth; perianth substellate, rosy-
purple; umbel loosely few-flowered .... 60. A. subtilissimum Ldb.
Filaments (one-fourth) half as long again to twice as long as perianth
segments; perianth ovoid-campanulate or campanulate......... 28.

90

118

28.

29.

30.

34.

De).

Umbel fasciculate-hemispherical, few-flowered, loose, with nodding
flowers; perianth segments ca. 3 mm long, pale yellow turning rosy;
pedicels half as long again to twice as long as perianth ...........
OE TM ALES LY ISOM ANT ER, ISIE RO. Ie ea Fs rls 62. A. tytthanthum Vved.
Umbel spherical or hemispherical, dense, many-flowered, or if
few-flowered then pedicels shorter than or only slightly exceeding the
pemant hand ilowecshrose jor yourplic: 7G 4 Uk Ma R eRe testeeio ats fod. 29).
Perianth segments 5-6 mm long, obtuse, the outer emarginate, the
inner 1/6 longer; pedicels slightly shorter to slightly longer than

perianth; scape 10-25 cm Jong. 0.22.4)... . 66. A. tianschanicum Rupr.
Perianth segments 3-5 mm long, acute or obtuse and mucronate,
themaner Shorter thanvthe) outer }). iste. Gra ga. gen.) eae. - 6. 30.

Pedicels short, equal, very rarely to half as long again as the perianth;
beak of spathe relatively short, usually shorter than the blade to
rarely twice as long, or spathe beakless; flowers rose or purple. . .31.
Pedicels half as long again to 3—-(4) times as long as perianth; beak

of spathe usually several times the length of blade, or if beak
relativelyishort then-flowersiyellowo.0. .1Gk) 39. .peual.ee Det. 2. 34.
Spathe beakless; perianth segments purple; leaves flat, smooth .....
ERE ART E.R Wena Wa sch Ele x asia blew di Ron Ne! io pw nie We iodo 61. A. jucundum Vved.
Spathe beakless; perianth segments purple; leaves semicylindric
Cananicwlatewties MOT. cmlhhs atkeatn G5 BU: « Ia eee eR RR EE. 2S oe 32.
Inner filaments half as broad agairi as the outer, 2-toothed at base.

Shor Sh de Tine 8: ily So dil TAA Ce I he en 2 ee MCE aioe bs 63. A. kokanicum Rel.
Hilaments equals subulate sive. Cae. BU. «Sian ld cep ate Fie eye tama ee ey or 2 3).
Leaves subcapillary, 0.25-0.5-(1) mm broad, smooth or rarely
seaberulouss filaments commonly faint-=coloreds 39). q.2. Cars fen. -Oabaye =
PRPS ED EAE th A oe wade an ste gee auede + SALEM S Mocs 64. A. filifolium Rel.
Leaves 0.5-1 mm broad, with ciliate-scabrous margin; filaments

Commonly, purples 6.6.4. 66. wal ever tons nan on oes REELS 65. A. caricoides Rel.
Flowers pale yellow; perianth segments obtusish or obtuse, mucronate,
Zour Nome, Vesti MOOSE TE ee OUD IT See ee Ss 2 35.

Flowers white, rose or rose purple, or if pale yellowish-green turning
rosy then perianth segments 3-4 mm long; perianth segments acute.

Te ap patna Pate Ree AOR S Ea | Eh ELSE SOE eS ETRE IAG UNE Nee eed AT me a aD MD 36.
Leaves 0.5-1 mm broad; bulb tunics grayish or brownish, coriaceous
TOUS CHATLACCOUS) w. pleres aaa veel ad tiem ey oe ahlen fe 68. A. petraeum Kar. et Kir.
Leaves 1-2.5 mm broad; bulb tunics subcoriaceous, brown, often

AUS TENS He ci ace rc 5 civain atin Aa nit o: SEMAN I Mena 67. A. condensatum Turcz.
Perianth segments 3-4 mm long, pale yellowish-green turning rosy.

eR PAVERS Ey he EE WERE ESIC OC ERTS EPIRA EE AS TENURE RTS: 69. A. talassicum Rel.

Perianth segments 4-5 mm long, white, rose or rosy-purple ..... 37.
Perianta SEGMentS TFOSy=purple Caleriisra ons shail 72. A. globosum MB.
Perianthyseements white wOr: COSE..0 6 1. .* cele oto) aneph ot eh om os aie ne eh ehh chien el is 38.

Perianth segments rose; anthers’ commonly -violet-" Sv onus: 4 ose a.)

Perianth segments white; anthers commonly yellow..............
Secclirdberire Cail, rll ta ca a ees a ins MRL La 70. A. Marschalianum Vved.
Rhizome with offshoots; bulbs obsolescent; umbel containing few large
nodding flowers 6-7 mm long; filaments 1/4-1/3 shorter than perianth
segments, the inner ones about 3 times as broad as the outer .......
UM Tes eM Oe cis AW ale leis ie oes e kicher gee it aN tere 52. A. caespitosum Sievers.

91

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

46.

47.

Rhizome without offshoots; inner filaments not more than twice as
broad as the outer, and if broader than filaments exceeding the
eogclel sean en ay ee coer eT Mec a Aton bobo fan pou cyclo ot 40.
Filaments 1/4-1/3 shorter than perianth segments, dilated at base,
entire; perianth segments 3.5-4.5 mm long, obtuse or truncate,
ObEUNEATC Ll eee NA ea: eA neo et Eee ee Cea: 41.
Filaments equaling to twice as long as perianth segments, or if shorter
than perianth segments then the latter 5-6-(7) mm long and acute,

or if obtuse then the filaments 2-toothed at 2/3—3/4 the length from

ESC as OE TA ke PR Ee ay oe) SIN. PERS oe OM epee ret tae Benge pene. ge 42.
Umbel hemispherical, few-flowered; flowers nodding; pedicels
subequal, half as long again to 2-(3) times as long as perianth
segments; scape 5-25 cm long; perianth hemispherical; inner segments
obeonieal-cuneate, ‘the outer ones rounded=elliptics : =). 5 4560 at 2
PERE Thh SOS SRO SEU ee. ee re aie 50. A. tenuissimum L.
Umbel fasciculate or fasciculately hemispherical, commonly many-
flowered; pedicels unequal, 3-7 times the length of perianth; scape
20-40 cm long; perianth broadly campanulate; inner perianth segments
obcuneate to linear-obcuneate, the outer ones broadly elliptic to oblong-
JULINSTEIS aes 1 Soa pict Cee eet PL OU ae ae ee ROS 51. A. anisopodum Ldb.
Compactly cespitose plants, 10-25 cm tall, with numerous nearly ropy
roots; bulbs obsolescent, ca. 0.5 cm thick, the tunics divided into
parallelstirips oriobseunely geticnulatestbers peut - ast-yatot- 1 ae ee 43.
More robust plants, 30-100 cm tall, cespitose or not cespitose, or
plants small cespitose, but then never with numerous ropelike roots.

LS ROL. nk ie, (hd A AS ots cena lliga odin eatege te oe 45.
Bulb tunics separated into reticulate fibers; inner filaments dilated
ambase, amostly: 2i-toothed (020... u0./50. sue 47. A. polyrrhizum Turcz.
Bulb tunics separated into parallel strips; inner filaments with 2 teeth
ag? /Se15/48thenes lene thes, «deceily (ih cegaisevels fea, copleewtinee ate eens 44,

Umbel hemispherical or spherical, dense; pedicels equaling to half

as long again as the perianth; filaments slightly shorter than perianth
segments; leaves 1-1.5 mm broad ....... 48. A. bidentatum Fisch.
Umbel loosely hemispherical, flowers subpendulous; pedicels half as
long again to twice as long as perianth; filaments equaling the segments;

leaviesiicandOsbanannybicoad) a. eue Hole ie meee 49. A. bellulum Prokh.
Bullostuniiesieorigee ous, co. acs 2 aca (speed he oye ee ee 46.
Bulb tunics membranous, and if coriaceous then leaves semicylindric,

canalweulate, closetto: scape base: (ay ec.) syle, a, syed oy >, ey = ee atone 50.

Filaments slightly exceeding the perianth segments; segments linear-
oblong, obtuse, rose withaprominent purple nerve, 4 mm long; umbel
dense, capitate; bulbs 0.75-1 cm thick, 2—3 cm long, attached singly

to rhizome; rhizome ascending, covered with vestiges of old bulbs.

Be Rakes Cae ae We est Te MEAT ee ete, Ee eee So Coe oe 58. A. glaciale Vved.
Filaments half as long again to twice as long as perianth segments;
bulbs 1-3 cm thick, in clusters of several, or if solitary then flowers
SReenishSyellaw qo-mdiiaesy es accreted. Sachi ban BN8! eciulbe deat Can seamen cae 47.
Perianth segments greenish-yellow; leaves 6-9, broadly linear,

9-20 mm broad, gradually attenuate toward apex; bulb solitary......
SBE RSE Sa SER ae Paes Meets cpcrcel cae payee deck: 93. A. obliquum L.

92

ZION =

121

49.

50.

52.

D3.

56.

DT.

58.

Perianth segments rose; leaves with nearly parallel margins; bulbs
moreor less Chistered tty siya ae AeA Ge RA Ae ops Shee ele . 48.
Bulb tunics not lustrous, entire; inner filaments 2-3 times as broad

at base as the outer; leaves broadly linear, commonly falcately

PE CUEMCCi aps Hy siaic | Yair anh: sere t spears be 55. A. polyphyllum Kar. et Kir.
Bulb tunics lustrous, splitting; filaments nearly equal at base; leaves
Mae ROWilyalineates COCKE! hy ni fans Chaney een «uth wmekeuie. »«, epeat) cheaeota nt Ged Ae 49.

Pedicels two-thirds as long as to equaling perianth; perianth segments
paulcecose lune witha prominent) darker meme: situ. alk Gietae es 2 o>:
Pe es ech ty AOR. NEE SM RPE Tate a 57. A. kaschianum Rel.
Pedicels half as long again to twice (3 times) as long as perianth
Secimentus: ssccoments a handsome pink, falntlyveaieGved a.) 2.5 5 4. see
ere: Gd a AD: Ge HIG pos. oR Oe BE: 56. A. hymenorrhizum Ldb.
Perianth segments linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-8 mm long, rose;
leaves broadly linear, flat ........ 54. A. platyspathum Schrenk.
Perianth segments 3-6 mm long, oblong, elliptic or ovate ...... 51.
Leaves smooth, linear, flat or carinate; flowers rose or rose-violet;
plants loosely cespitose or bulbs attached singly to rhizome ..... D2.
Leaves scabrous, semicylindric, often subfiliform, or flattish and
smooth and then flowers white; plants commonly densely cespitose

Filaments slightly exceeding to one-fourth as long again as perianth
segments; segments acute; leaves carinate ....37. A. angulosum L.
Filaments slightly exceeding to half as long again as perianth segments;
Seoments Obbuses cleaves flats trac HG 2G. <s ohies OF Bae Bees OR. 53.
Filaments half as long again to twice as long as perianth segments,

the inner ones half as long again as the outer, commonly 2-toothed.

oS E RATA RSW Sa ee ha A NN a a can aA ee ci 45. A. nutans L.
Filaments slightly exceeding to half as long again as perianth segments;
inner filaments half as broad again at base as the outer, entire.

Pm eriiewmes fe. eeceiie cs fs. cue iki iny, Aen hm Se) ATP ppl 44. A. senescens L.
Remiantmsesmenks FOose-violet or purple, = i. 05 4) aaa Eee. ee 20.
Perianth segments white or yellow, sometimes rose-tinged ..... oT.
Perianth segments purple; pedicels slightly shorter to slightly longer
than perianth; leaves 2-4. ... 43. A. tytthocephalum Roem. et Schult.
Perianth segments rose-violet; pedicels 2-3 times as long as perianth;
LEAMESHOLTIOW ts) aids eke er hae. is le teeth. Tere eeneee BAe i Tae hed 2 56.
Style not exserted; perianth segments broadly elliptic to ovate, nearly
SMEINGCES ca PAGS SEIS, 25 eS Oe, OS TRON | EEN 42. A. rubens Schrad.
Style exserted; perianth segments oblong or rarely oblong-ovate, the
inner ones more or less crenate......... 41. A. prostratum Trev.
Leaves filiform, 0.5-0.75 mm broad; perianth segments yellowish,

3-4 mm long, oblong-lanceolate to oblong; pedicels 2—3-(4) times

as, Ons aishpenianthy 2.7..88 Jags Boe) Me eek, eee: 39. A. flavescens Bess.
Leaves 0.75-2-(4) mm broad; perianth segments white or yellow,
sometimes rose-tinged, 4-5mm long, oblong, ovate or broadly
elliptic; pedicels half as long as again to twice as long as perianth.

HO capvooesAtc bus cso tstuiin on Wiowh oR dp ce Bh a RASS Sha ing Pane SPREE on AU A Se OB, PE a 58.
Perianth segments white, flattish; filaments equaling to twice as long
BUS} OVSTESIGN AE a| ec ene a Oe PPM ae a cINR SU i Yel 38. A. albidum Fisch.

98

122

59.

60.

61.

62.

65.

66.

1920

Perianth segments yellow; leaves semicylindric; filaments slightly
exceeding to half as-long again as perianth segments .............
RIVAR ete Oto t. RE HN RP En) RRR Cd RR Oe 40. A. Stellerianum Willd.
Segments of the subspherical perianth greenish-white, sometimes
dingy purple on the back, 4-5 mm long, obtuse; style exserted;
filaments half as long again to twice as long as perianth segments;
umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; leaves flat, broadly linear,

S— 15 mamsbroad (Centr) Acialy OF BY Ae. Bi, BLS) eee at as 60.
Perianth segments rose, rosy-violet, dingy violet, yellow, yellowish,
omifwihiite then style and filaments mot-exserted: . 295455 3 454) 448 61.

Filaments entire, equal; scape leafy up to the’ middle ... 22). .....
BOW pies bia Hn TAM ee aes, CMI eNd MeeN beat tenes, EIEh 5. A. Drobovi Vved.
Inner filaments 2-toothed at base, about twice as broad as the outer
ones; scape sheathed by the leaves at base or up to one-third its length.
ie MRO SOEN NE ARR a oN ee ed oe 6. A. oreoscordum Vved.
Bulb tunics obscurely reticulate-fibrous or coarsely reticulate-fibrous,
or (the outermost) nearly reticulate and then spathe long-beaked;

filaments (Onstamens/eEntire nite, SUehia PO, Ohne) Be yA Ome Re een 62.
Bulb tunics distinctly reticulate, or obscurely reticulate and then inner
filtimicats toothed attbasex7) S252. Tf ewe. Ot DAB Rea Gilt

Umbel capitate; pedicels half as long as to rarely slightly shorter than
perianth, ebracteolate; leaves more or less falcately recurved;
avsimallaplant.'ca.. LO cmitalie.) eens 1B ae 46. A. pumilum Vved.
Umbel fasciculate or hemispherical; pedicels mostly equaling or half
as long again to twice as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles.

RRR OSes sige aN TTS BE EE SG, SE, TC) BAR TAS RR MR 63.
Filaments two-thirds the length of perianth; perianth campanulate.

BRP ANE sig PR a east Ser cai cay ain 8) Roa ey wy ce arian yess Se A 64.
Filaments slightly exceeding to half as long again as perianth segments;
perianthyhemuspherical gasl.te Jue DSI. CAL RESO Sey Noe 65.
Inner filaments gradually attenuate from base, 3 times as broad as

ENE OULET ONES. oe. sco a Mee DAO kee SRL CEN = OM 74. A. teretifolium Rel.
Filaments strongly subulate from triangular base, the inner ones twice
asibroddiat basevasitheyouters. Bi 7La. . ee. 75. A. Korolkovii Rel.

Leaves flat, canaliculate, 4-5 mm broad; perianth segments acute.
ss te ec av) ae Ca ee A a tk a 8 73. A. daghestanicum Grossh.
Leaves 0.5-2 mm broad; perianth segments obtuse or mucronate.

Leaves 0.5-1 mm broad; perianth segments 4-5 mm long; pedicels
halivas Jong) asain to;twice, as donglaseperiantihels st. .at, eae. 2) eee
MURR DOL MERE he dR a, ie, sa on a 8 my ty ee EMER Dee 77. A. gunibicum Miscz.
Leaves 1-2 mm broad; perianth segments 5-6 mm long; pedicels
equaling to half as long again as perianth...76. A. Albovianum Vved.
Filaments connate and adnate to perianth at the very base....... B.0).
Filaments connate and adnate to perianth for 1/4-1/2 their length or
merely for 1/5-1/6 their length and then perianth narrowly

gampanulate, (5) —'>LOymm longs so sac! as -tlad-el ease. coe: 83.
Scaperscabrous, sheaths o1tentvidlOuss 4. cosy. web Seca ee Oe).
seape smooth; «sheaths, Slabrnous wjelpgta!> wtistay oeeree ae seek eee m0!

94

69. Perianth segments yellow, oblong, obtuse, 4-6 mmlong..........
ict ons) bag | cies Mae a ae 21. A. scabriscapum Boiss. et Ky.

+ Perianth segments reddish-violet, oblong-lanceolate, acute or rarely
obsuse commonly 7 mnr long 9) 2"). 2" 22. A. trachyscordum Vved.

70. Perianth segments 2-3 mm long; umbel brittle, few-flowered, loose;
pedicels subtended by numerous bracteoles; small plants, ca. 15 cm

UA Rh eg ipa Seta tei ty ot ay a by anes Tag oa 2 ry i 20. A. oreodictyum Vved.
+ Perianth segments (3.5)-4-7 mm long; umbel not brittle, dense or
fairivy loose: pedicels; with tewsoracteoles) <y is. Aal aie he Sere Tl.
71. Perianth segments greenish yellow or nearly white, sometimes
Stmiusedy wath red fonsthe back; filaments yellow 54) si Seu se) 2
me palowerrsrerose Ortrosy “lilac /° Rs LEP 2D eae See ee ae ee or
123 72. Leaves flat, with nearly parallel margins; perianth segments greenish-
Vcliony, we ¥e ot? BGtetie Leet 2 eS eR ot ol eal “Sg ait 10. A. flavidum Ldb.
+ Leaves semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous, attenuate toward apex;
perianth segments nearly white ...... 9. A. leucocephalum Turcz.
foe weaves semieylindries (1/2)—1=2imnw broad) Sif et, Ain . qe.
PemeCaAvesal at sl i) mim<broddy aa Hhnactt » > 2 a ee ot | ele

74. Umbel hemispherical, rather few-flowered, loosish; leaves close to
Scape base filaments slightly exceeding the pegianthy 2a k yk. a i. -
a ee eet teat eee Ne A ORS LS, RE ( AS maschert Rel.
+ Umbel commonly spherical, dense, many-flowered; scape covered up
to one-third its length by distant sheathing leaves; filaments half as
long again to nearly twice as long as perianth.. 8. A. clathratum Ldb.,
75. Filaments slightly shorter than to half as long again as perianth
segments, the inner ones toothed at base, the base about as long as
broad; perianthiseomentsy with ayprominentwerve;s* hh aml aemaes | 76.
+ Filaments halfas long againtotwice as longas perianthsegments.... 79.
76. Perianth segments pale rose with purple nerve; leaves 4-6, very close to
scape base, smooth; style strongly exserted. .19. A. oreoprasoides Vved.
+ Perianth segments rose or rose-purple; leaves 2-4, scabrous-
margined; lower one-third of scape covered with distant leaf sheaths
or the sheaths more or less approximate at base and then flowers
Vind ly GOlOmre Gs ri Bis: to + ten k abit ade bale sian 649 BS eae ene eee Ct:
77. Style 5-6 mm long, strongly exserted; stigma scarcely thickened;
pedicels slightly shorter than to equaling the perianth ............
Rt ie ae Ueto <n oe cen hiaed aah Hvedea Weep ae. ELE 16. A. amphibolum Ldb.
+ Style 2.5-3.5 mm long, exserted; pedicels equaling or half as long

aga Into uWAce;as lone! as ithe pernlantiiis., c5 0k Wot. Teper aS tiie £ ee ioe
78. Perianth segments rose, darker on the back, oblong-lanceolate or
oblong-linear; stigma scarcely thickened. ...15. A. bogdoicolum Rel.

+ Perianth segments rose, elliptic to oblong-elliptic; stigma subcapitate.
Sat Ry Ae | Gethin cA 5 TONED te gee Seeme as Pens es ser eee et 14. A. strictum Schrad.

79. Pedicels about half as long as to slightly longer than the perianth;
Seamments.commonily, pale: rOSe:) oO tami Once, a ewe eee: 80.

+ Pedicels 1.5-2-3 times the length of perianth; segments rose and
3.5-4—-(5) mm long or light rosy-lilac and then not more than 4 mm

ORO eee eee eee Ms REEL ORE AER A ak nar idal i la Ae oO a one
124 80. Perianth segments (5)-6—7 mm long, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate;
bulbliunmicssdistinctly reticulate” Bi ss ee os 8 A ne 17. A. Szovitsii Rgl.

95

125 gg.

92.

Perianth segments 5 mm long, oblong to ovate; bulb tunics coarsely

BncwObSeireliyMeetICULALE! ty joa ye ye es Cane oes 18. A. brachyodon Boiss.
Perianth segments rose, faintly nerved; base of inner stamens longer
CISA TOG IE RS Ne a ols a al cal vey QO ein eee | Agee 13. A. lineare L.
Perianth segments with a prominent nerve; base of inner stamens as
long-as or Shorten than broad’) 6 Be Vyee i 2 ie Se eee iain be (at ene 82.
Bulbs narrowly cylindric; conical; perianth segments 3.5-4 mm long,
LUGHEOS ye Wl! ESE ANOS anal Rete SELES PS eke 12. A. splendens Willd.

Bulbs ovoid-oblong; perianth segments 4-5 mm long, rose.........
2s MERLE ARE. «USL .y EMRAR MET GRD AURA EN, (CA ACER EY 11. A. Maackii Prokh.
Leaves and their sheaths (especially the lower ones) hairy; small

plants; S=Tovemi dally ak 2.3m i402 es eee ae 23. A. guzaricum Rel.
Piantisyelabrous, ustallymmore: robust \he) 2. Wy tay! cos Lely ian 84.
Perianth substellate or hemispherical; leaves approximate at scape
SASS AT EH OR NANT EAR IEC AER IE LE! NETRA RSET Ry eS CDE a) Re te, eae no 85.
Perianth campanulate or narrowly campanulate; leaves more or less
Gaisiamt: jee aig, Se ih ee OE RIES. PU RARER PR OTS ORD, GO OS ean 86.
Inner filaments twice as broad at base as the outer ones; bulb tunics
Strongly eeticulates”. .-. 5 2! Was, Ber) 35. A. oreoprasum Schrenk.

Filaments subequal; bulb tunics thin and rather obscurely reticulate.
15), fen One ee ee Te ee eee ae ee wee 36. A. odorum L.
Ovary topped by a crest surrounding the style............... 87.
Ovanryanoterested ah thertopit 2)". eet, Le TE a ee 88.
Perianth segments dingy violet, unequal, the outer linear-lanceolate

to lanceolate, one-fourth as long again as the lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate inner segments; pedicels unequal, half as long as to slightly
exceeding (in fruit twice the length of) the perianth ..............
age Seed RE BE, TNR SOG LIT SE, 33. A. stenophanophorum Vved.
Perianth segments dark reddish-rose, subequal, the outer oblong, the
inner lanceolate; pedicels subequal, half the length of perianth
SECSMEMESP eMart eee rs see ed oila. Manu e WAP: SASORID, 34. A. tenuicaule Rgl.
Filaments equaling to slightly exceeding the perianth segments; style
(especially in fruit Mexserted' |! 0 Ke, Mess TAR SCY MOTOR NSS EN Oe 89.
Filaments one-half to two-thirds the length of perianth; style not
EXSenredve Venti MI EUL uns. sin tena Re Oke, Mel tae en Tne UENO aoe eran Ee SP) Pe Agana 90.
Umbels hemisphericalto subspherical, rarely fasciculate-hemispherical;
pedicels equaling or half as long again (to twice as long) as perianth;

aus asics a SINO Ni setae sad ea tdi urate Mi rete ba ies A 31. A. dolichostylum Vved.
Umbel fasciculate or fasciculate-hemispherical, rarely hemispherical;
pedicels half as long as to equaling ot (in fruit) half as long again as

perianth segments; anthers violet........ 32. A. inderiense Fisch.
Peiianthisesments yellowish. .00) hacai-ys ee at. 28. A. lutescens Vved.
Perianth segments dingy violet, rose-violet or violet, without any

IS ION MLC ieee ap che FS a hye Can Wee ee PET he Sins ee ae ee ee Oi:
Perianth segments dingy violet or brownish-violet, darker on the back.
Eo tree Tem oy airy oben a timers alts oth inane cuca tahcy meds Secomaty cca meta taetiee eae eee 92.
Perianth segments pale rose, rose, light violet or violet, with darker
TREN Ces seca esda ait So a Poel toes od Meaning in Pepin tn as Tei es tales wal ap NAG ah tata 93.
Leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear, often subfiliform, 0.5-1 mm broad,
SAM tea Ges skies ee a ite alte 5 a tee een eee 24. A. inconspicuum Vved.

96

126

93.

94.

95.

sien

i.

98.

Sh),

100.

OMe

Leaves 4 or 5, linear, 2.5-10 mm broad, flat, falcately recurved.

BE aa i alee! RE Hind ct so Ps Tesihcl ban Rt Raabe A 25. A. drepanophyllum Vved.
Umbel spherical or hemispherical, very rarely fasciculate-
hemispherical, loose; pedicels ascending, 4-6 times as long as
perianth or merely (2)—3-4 times as long as then perianth 5-7 mm
NAS eek MEN oe ee oho olasin os ca tame <u pueden clo) Conk. aawcekmismeis (aati. co cblepetey led 94.
Umbel fasciculate or hemispherical, dense; pedicels half as long as
to equaling or rarely 2-3 times the length of perianth; perianth
S(Soicaleyal SMe oe ican agin lola oe eam) te een ee mn Ne TEL ee ae MER mt eae noes 95.
Leaves canaliculate, fistulous, 1-3 mm broad; perianth segments
purplish-violet, 7-9 mm long; pedicels 4-6 times as long as perianth.
OU ASR eat Aca ha ot Be ali «itl lay Regs pie oy at MG 29. A. longiradiatum Vved.
Leaves flat, not fistulous, falcately recurved, (1)—3-—4 mm broad;
perianth segments commonly pale violet, 5-7 mm long; pedicels

(2)-3-4 times as long as perianth.... 30. A. dolichomischum Vved.
Leaves flat, 3—5-(10) mm broad, falcately recurved; anthers
Canmmoniliy, VIOlCt ers: scsnie Fils As 26. A. xiphopetalum Aitch. et Baker.

leaves canaliculate,.1=—3 mm broad: anthers welllows .: tues eed ies bes:
Sek eee 0 OY Te eee eet oe Wee Te 27. A. Barsczewskii Lipsky .
Inner filaments 3-parted at 1/3 to 4/5 of the length, with filiform

lateral cusps, these in most species exceeding, in fewer shorter than,
the antheriferous central cusp; aerial portion of scape covered to

high up with sheathing leaves (Section Porrum)............. OR.
Filaments undivided or the inner ones bicuspidate; cusps never
exceeding the anther, short, or if fairly long and then borne at base

Oi eh AMOI Grea c. yei 42 shsbise, «copay poe by dp de pal valtsee cay idle ets Vega aw ee eee a mem Neen 130.
Small, usually squat plants, 10-30 cm tall; leaves exceeding the
PIO ee reat taille ONG) 2) ge ee ela as i aa nee 98.

Larger, slender plants, 30-70 (100) cm tall, rarely (usually
depressed specimens) 15-30 cm tall; leaves much shorter than scape.

LS AM te Aes Bia ea a RE aarvetneen amAMnenr cme eceta Sea hs) Ma 101.
Outer bulb tunics papery or subcoriaceous, nerveless; bulblets none
On Nearly SMIOON i. ora at base se) Sieminc tt ebeclea ee. hee 99.
Outer bulb tunics reticulate or reticulately nerved; bulblets

BEE GULALC TY VME PVE a seu, oi co xp Yop sya ve | oy vad By |» Dear cua aR aa aN on GIMP M2 100.

Central cusp of inner stamens one-third the length of undivided part,
half as long again to twice as long as the lateral cusps; bulblets none;
perianth segments 6-7 mm long... 144. A. Lehmannianum Merckl.
Central cusp of inner stamens two-thirds as long to as long as
undivided part, slightly exceeding to half as long again as the lateral
cusps; bulblets dull, yellow, keeled on the back; perianth segments
BIE Ca range WOMANS) sel ar yid ch oe once apsobt veueh eRe, ey ak capone 143. A. ferganicum Vved.
Central cusp of inner stamens one-fourth to one-third the length of
undivided part; scapes commonly 2-(5) mm from one bulb........
is ial ie al Sule MS Ra ge RMR SR cae A 145. A. Borszczowii Rgl.
Central cusp of inner stamens half as long again to twice as long as

undivided part; scape solitary ......... 146. A. brevidens Vved.
Outer bulb tunics reticulate or reticulately nerved; bulblets, when
puesent.solways yellowish; large ooo. c . . tbo. ahs ages Beenie ce 102.

Outer bulb tunics papery or coriaceous, splitting or at the top
sometimes fibrous with obscure reticulation; bulblets, when present,
blackish-brown or blackish-violet, or if yellow then small ..... 107.

97

127

128

104.

105.

106.

Bulblets reticulately nerved, densely beset with crystalline tubercles.
148. A. crystallinum Vved.
Bulblets, when present, smooth or reticulately nerved, always devoid
Of crystalline tuberneles 3 272 eu. Meet 1 Meiie ee Ceres 1c Cente ie 103.
Bulb tunics reticulate or reticulately nerved, sheathing the scape

base a short distance up; bulblets always smooth (Centr. Asia). _

Bulb tunics numerous, profusely reticulate, sheathing the scape

to high up; bulblets none, or bulb solitary with reticulate nervature.

i Sha Rea Aa Ba ns hy ce eee ier COR oat ee Rie es La ge tc gtr iad otic, tok 8 I Ost
Perianth segments rose-violet, 5-6 mm long, linear-lanceolate,
acute; central cusp of inner stamens equaling the undividual part

and hie laberalieusps. ace tieracase onnen sent 147. A. turcomanicum Kgl.
Perianth segments greenish (often rosy in herbarium), 4-5 mm long,
oblong to oblong-ovate; central cusp of inner stamens half as long as
the undivided part and two-sevenths to two-thirds the length of

Lave rales ss west sie tore sears. ik. “elliaw: EM. May "Sbernoes 149. A. filidens Rel.
Leaves not fistulous, linear, canaliculate, approximate at scape base;
perianth segments whitish, canaliculate, 5-6 mm long; style not

CRS CRFCCr eee eMee coh or eye cuearen strat a tera ngs 150. A. dictyoscordum Vved.
Leaves fistulous, attenuate toward apex; perianth segments 3-5 mm
long, dull green, white-margined, dark purple or brownish-green,
SIMOOLLIE YMG IM AT We ent, ete ketchian s, UR eo ngkae” 4 kee te tet ae ee 106.
Leaves 6-11 mm broad; perianth segments dull green, white-
margined; filaments naked, rarely sparsely ciliate.............
RO rae tie. Dea rae lhe, Wee ee es pee ee: tot. AS viride Grosshie
Leaves 3-5 mm broad; perianth segments dark purple or brownish-
green; filaments slightly ciliate.... 152. A. dictyoprasum C.A.M.
Segments of the tubular-campanulate perianth 7-9 mm long........
2.ics he, 5 oR Seay ane! or Meaty iN Pa PSIG ta nrc at ng 154. A. Aucheri Boiss.

Rerionthtseciments) 4-—o mim Nonpethe Gli po iwer sa eee one 108.
eaves aIStbULOMS | EStVAeTemSe rte cs, «mig Be") ipa 4 on ap ee es oe 109.
ILGAWAS tao, iis UlOws, Ihimeeie, WEvazUCUleS, 66% 65006 660050056 ils),
Uribel commonkybearing bullblets: jc 2 -).-° <<) 153. A. vineale) a.
Wimibe bwithouttbulbletsstitemheirs tas. bei aes peal hae op cee ea cree AL 0:

Perianth narrowly campanulate, whitish or with a small spot on the
segments; inner filaments broader at base then perianth segments.

Sn Cae kita ae cies Ricans UW ae pe te Dare mat gh ce, ei Meus ah sh cals eee a Pa
Perianth oblong-ovoid or ovoid, commonly wine-red or purple;

inner filaments as broad at base as perianth segments ........ Li.
Perianth 4 mm long, whitish, the segments not spotted; filaments
CUNALE Bata eel! any veel. leks See hak care ee 156. A. affine Ldb.
Perianth 2.5 mm long whitish, the segments with a small spot;
filementsymalked 5 rive Miclet. cee. loteren nats ieee 155. A. guttatum Stev.

Bulb tunics coriaceous, indurated; bulblets yellowish-brown,

minutely tuberculate; leaves cylindric; perianth 3.5 mm long, wine-
red, the outer Segments, scabrous keeled ooo coo we) ee
PO 0. Ue: eps A TR Ftaa eit, JC ees 157. A. firmotunicatum Fom.
Bulb tunics papery or coriaceous; bulblets yellowish, smooth, or
yellowish-brown or brown and made dull by the prominent nerves

and then leaves semicylindric, canaliculate; perianth ca. 4 mm long,
EOSe Or Olten dark purple, very, Gareloy, Wititisiis 0 -lescs el enenene dilate

98

129

113.

Bulblets numerous, yellowish-brown or often brown; central cusp

of inner stamens one-third to one-half the length of undivided part;
PeGdieSelSesmoOOtihnge se ist it cham Bees we we 160. A. Regelianum Beck.
Bulblets few, yellowish; central cusp of inner stamens one-half to
two-thirds the length of undivided part; pedicels scabrous below

SONI adr rae et aN feta cc incs whe Aly ee ern ca ee ny aM A 114.
Perianth segments scabrous; leaves commonly smooth; bracteoles
TOMER! Bann ietie we. Min cise. Tapes. jake abe 159. A. sphaerocephalum L.
Perianth segments smooth; leaves commonly scabrous; bracteoles
DUIMCrOUSeomarioaranye th . SE iw ey ees 158. A. fuscoviolaceum Fom,
Wimnioel awathPboulbllets. of sad. ein tel soy ot Beko whe GR LAwIeeT So oe OE
Uimbelawithout pulbleiswen co Giaaieam «sigaker beroeer Sete Ge 3s 118
Perianth segments 5 mm long, scabrous; leaves barely reaching

DSH OIMCl WAS aMNClCWSer Ont WEL Gil A oes oo oe be 161. A. scorodoprasum L.
Perianth segments 3 mm long, smooth; leaves reaching well beyond
thegmicdile.on SEape+ | satytly ria tary strate nee MIR Eee Ooo eee
Filaments after anthesis half as long again as perianth segments;
DAVAG SONOMA) OMNIA ewes tyes: «lial ueslbanke ee rash ter gas 162. A. longicuspis Rel.

Filaments shorter than perianth segments; a cultivated plant.......
RR ee Me Sata tae ME tome ee we. bedi bith, yeaa Nk Aiea tice ae ieee 163. A. sativum L.
Bulblets and tunics of replacement bulb blackish-brown, blackish-

WAOLEL Oh DirOWhISH DUE DLE Sudo at tists Bees de tee Ieee «Se iL 118).
Bulblets and tunics of replacement bulb: yellowish . 2222... 1257
Perianth spherical-campanulate; filaments equaling or rarely slightly
shorter than perianth segments; capsule equaling the perianth... 120.

Perianth campanulate, ovoid-campanulate or ovoid-pyramidal;
filaments two-thirds to three-quarters the length of perianth segments.

SOR RE ee earn ee er ae ee EMRE) no. ee lo yet WAZ
Perianth segments light rose... 166. A. gracilescens Somn. et Lev.
Perianth segments whitish sometimes with purplish back, or dark

FUSIONS. we aalaig Eee cach oe cae crits Groomer acum innate «mark EM ie mc nee naman aag em iran eure eo 4d

Perianth segments whitish, sometimes with purplish back ........
FEY cet ree ete dem ct) tf digg a hie coer 164. A. Fominianum Miscz.
Pemicnibasecmentsedawic PUG DIC arisen moe ae 165. A. ponticum Miscz.
Segments ofthe campanulate perianth lanceolate, acute, rose.......
2 Os Ee a Se ee See nOE Senne me Bey mynT ey ve 167..A.,erubescens;C: Wkoch.
Perianth segments broader, oblong, ovoid or elliptic, at least the
MAME te OWES LODLUSE OF ODEMSIS Dy cc utie- a: cates aces cee) cae ge ee 123.
Segments of the broadly campanulate perianth obtuse, the outer dark
purple, the elliptic inner ones commonly nearly white with a purple

FADIA WASH A528 NO aR | el Ree rue aie tT Debian Seem inlea ak end obese 168. A. rotundum L.
Segments of the ovoid-campanulate or ovoid-pyramidal perianth
Simailaciv colored, the inner ones oblongs-ovoid 775). 3.2 4 2 - 123.

Perianth secments Tose; violets; umbel mostlyicapitate. sss - = ea
ee hs ee stan Ae a gok c ree Le pee Ree gy 169. A. jajlae Vved.
Perianth segments dark purplish-violet..... 170. A. Waldsteinii Don.
Scape 15-30 cm long; filaments slightly shorter than perianth

Segments; perianth segments nearly white, 5 mm long, acute strongly
Scabrousrustyvle INeliGeG. pee 171. A. talyschense Miscz.

99

130

130.

Scape 50-120 cm long; filaments barely exceeding or up to twice as

long as perianth segments; ‘style exserted puns Sa es. | 126.
Filaments one-fourth as long again to twice as long as perianth
segments; perianth segments 3-4 mm long ............... Lar:
Filaments barely exceeding the perianth; perianth segments 5 mm
MWohotos Meee a eee ee i Re Rb Ld occu 129.

Central cusp of inner stamens as long as the undivided part and

barely exceeding the lateral cusps; perianth segments lanceolate or
oblong=lniccolate.~ acute "Prosi y+ PA nkas, tine se etent mein enn) eth eminent
SE ig et oe) ne Se a 172. A. pseudoampeloprasum Miscz.
Central cusp one-half to two-thirds the length of the undivided part

and of the lateral cusps; perianth segments elliptic, oblong-ovate or
ovate, obtuse or acutish, white, dingy green or dark purplish-violet.
RHE RAEI lhe Bai cet a aS mi ak ORY Page er SER Se RR PERL EA Re eee tee 128.
Perianthigeements* white; f.%.. uh he oe, 174. A. leucanthum C. Koch.
Perianth segments dark purplish-violet, rarely dingy green ..... aig
ie. A Te, CLR RN SH ABM E 173. A. atroviolaceum Boiss.
A perennial wild-growing plant; scape arising laterally from the bulb.
haat SENT IGNEOUS, LIER, Oia eels GUMS AT 175, A. ampeloprasum L,.
A biennial cultivated plant; scape arising from the center of the bulb.
Soe e PMN ate inet ligt ARR RE HRW Te Ce AE SSIS BRE SPE, SOAR MW OLOL SPE 176. A. porrum L.
Aerial part of scape clothed to high up by leaf sheaths; leaves
filiform, semicylindric, cylindric, or rarely flat, fistulous or not
fictulous) (Section A aipi o's vem on) wen aa iO Se a Binh
Underground part of scape clothed with leaf sheaths or more rarely
the aerial part more or less sheathed and then leaves lorate; leaves
sometimes not fistulous, linear, linear-lanceolate, lorate, or oblong
Bonen ota ps, Ge ae SSIS ow be SR ee RO 179.
Umbel fasciculate or fasciculately hemispherical, apparently
2-whorled owing to nodding or pendulous flowers and erect fruiting
pedicels; spathe splitting into 2 long-acuminate valves, the longer
valve usually greatly exceeding the umbel (c.f. A. karsianum),

the beak equaling or sometimes several times as long as the blade;
bulb tunics papery or subcoriaceous, never reticulate or

Eetieulately fibueusseie. etn bok nM ee eee ae Ss Oem ee 132.
Umbel fasciculate, hemispherical, sometimes subcapitate; flowers
neither nodding nor pendulous, and if nodding then bulb tunics
reticulate or reticulately fibrous; spathe deciduous by circumcission
short- or long-beaked, or splitting and short-beaked, or sometimes
the beak to 3 times the length of the body (c.f. A. delicatulum).
PAE Rak eiladr we PSP ie Pe, GER LM, DERE. ARM RST MAR Lien PAS ee ene ee 143.
Flowers pearly white; capsule slightly longer than perianth .......
b Sr eeu sl ROM MS DARA LUNE. in pas ite aia By 110. A. convallarioides Grossh.
Flowers colored; capsule slightly shorter than or about equaling the
Bemis nth 8 smartest. ; berber: Delt iel me, seer) esas pie Gea Se 1338.
Perianth segments dull by readily rubbed-off bloom; filaments half

as long again to twice the length of perianth; ovary oblong, short-
SUMOIEARE) cn a ay kate eae mach ar at oe a ar ge ea eA ie Ae een 134.
Perianth segments without bloom, lustrous or notso......... 132.

100

131

Flowers yellowish, more or less intensely rose-tinged, dingy;

unmbelowathout DUlDIETS oe ee 8 102. A. pulchellum Don.
Flowers rose; umbel with bulblets ........ 10s). yA carinatuml) !:
Perianth segments 3-4 mm long; filaments one-fourth or one-half
(twice) as long again as perianth segments................ 136.
Perianth segments 5-8 mm long; filaments slightly shorter than to
Slightly exceeding the perianthsepiments sa aa a eee. 8 138.

Perianth segments whitish-green with a small violet spot.........
SGT AT TAM, CMTE ee eth. LIPO TEE oe, 100. A. kossoricum Fom.
Pennine sepriemteuyellow OF TOSS ook ele ee le sO tes 137.
Perianth segments yellow, rarely rose-tinged; outer bulb tunics
subcoriaceous, distinctly parallel-nerved; tunics of replacement
bulb distinctly parallel=nerved ... 0... 101. A. pseudoflavum Vved.
Perianth segments rose, without any trace of yellow; outer bulb
tunics papery, essentially nerveless; tunics of replacement bulb

Withomt CiStInEhMeRVES WAIT ay 2 OOF RATS Ris 99. A. stamineum Boiss.
Uinkeitbearincebalbletsr i.” (00 WO Paes 6k 104. A. oleraceum L.
isl TCTOUUB OUI NETS See Ta as Ge once am ce caer Wer ck We ay ks en an ee U o LS).
Pedicels subequal, slightly shorter than or 2-(3) times as long as

PEM MERMSSCUMCMES s Lhe ya oe eel et act a SRO US OR ee Re, 140.
Pedicels very unequal, the longest at least 3 times the length of the
shortest, (1)—-2=9 times as long:as the perianth ........0000.. 14aiy

Perianth segments pale rose to nearly white, with a purple nerve,

not lustrous, 5-6 mm long; filaments equaling to barely exceeding
thevperaicntinw eo, citadedt it SUTIN EY OS AMEE Se 109. A. rupestre Stev.
Perianth segments rose or often dark rose, with a purple nerve,
lustrous, (6)—-7-8 mm long; filaments slightly to one-fourth shorter

than perianthseemients sss 2G... ie lees 108. A. Kunthianum Vved.
Perianth segments pale rose to nearly white, obtuse, round-tipped,
(G2 Sem lem yi tat! Lobe Sk 107. A. karsianum Fom.
Perianth segments rose, sometimes dark rose or dingy rose, obtuse,
LAUNcAalerorrsubtruncate,,*s>G6imim longwkalio. 22nue GIoe Fete... 142.

Perianth segments lustrous, bright or dark rose, at least in anthesis.
eed AS RAP le sh ald opel ae LAD. 105. A. paniculatum L.
Perianth segments inconspicuous even in anthesis, dingy rose, dull.
Lhume Sor EPG eras eel? dei ats ae” seaoa et Pe 106. A. lenkoranicum Miscz.
Outer bulb tunics reticulate, reticulately fibrous or reticulately-
nerved, or coriaceous and obscurely reticulate-nerved, or
subchartaceous and parallel-nerved, but in any case prominently and
densely nerved and bulblets distinctly nerved .......0...... 144,
Outer bulb tunics papery or coriaceous, without distinct nerves, or
the nerves distantly parallel and then bulblets pitted; bulblets,

when) present; always nervelesssiX «iiaihele. «olillweimtetoual. - 159.
Filaments connate and adnate to perianth at base............ 145.
Filaments connate and adnate to perianth for one-third to one-half

the length, and if only for one-fourth the length then spathe tearing
ofigallgroundy cadueouss: 2.4.0 Slavia fee os she ewes, se tyes tal ns 150.
Leaves cylindric, fistulous, spirally to subcircinately coiled;

ul DLetS Leow. Vay. leds). ape ne ls elen cy) ae 122. A. ophiophyllum Vved.
Leaves filiform, canaliculate, never spirally coiled; bulblets none.

Sa eR Cede at Re nak 3 Bw AE, fea a ihe a al leah ma atm ae, ole Ma Neues 146.

101

146. Inner perianth segments deeply dissected in upper part, the outer
OMSSMEUMUCE Gh, RENE a eke wes ley sae 4 ae 98. A. lacerum Freyn.
my Ali werianth Sesments Cntire Peril.) 4p eee eeeweeen a 147.
(AV eb UnicSwReticHlate- lowers leauhs tina inv = sateen meni Seeteen teen. oma
O(n pAs eallidicetyumyy@ sar IM
a Bulb tunics coriaceous, splitting or (in some) more or less reticulate-
fibrous sheaths: Slabrousemsml@o tiny i: a-me) weir folrhiaew bee i oeememen i 148.
148. Base of spathe forming a tube enveloping the base of umbel; ovary
subglobose; bulb tunics coriaceous, splitting, with reticulate

MEE VALUIE os co toes co ne, cy te eS 94. A. Margaritae B. Fedtsch.
st Base of spathe torn; ovary truncately conical or pyriform; tunics
subcoriaceous, splitting, more or less reticulately fibrous..... 149.

149. Pedicels very unequal, (2)-3-6-—(10) times as long as perianth;
perianth segments 4-5-(7) mm long; leaves wilting before anthesis.
Coy AE AER Tice ath Lom oma Teh Amer eet ES bran Oct REM fad Be 95. A. inaequale Janka.
ate Pedicels subequal, equaling to 2 (3) times as long as perianth;
perianth segments (5)-6—-7 mm long; leaves persistent nearly to

DIMES ia ee ce ae eer yaa ry nck aay ey ab co Nee Sy ths) eee 96. A. moschatum L.
150. Perianth segments light carneous, the inner gibbous at base, half as
lomesacaiagas (thei OUber yin 4 ys os a: 121. A. Griffithanum Boiss.
a Perianth segments white, rose or dark rose, the inner not gibbous;
perianth umbilicate at base (A. rubellum s.1l.)........... 151.
LD ft eaSpatherdeciduousibyscueeCumSCISSIONY.): Bi.W) osekaseia ce: Leteteee.a oA. A 152.
a Spatae splitting downto base persistent! “tare a": ane atews, eae WON

152. Segments of the broadly campanulate perianth 3—5-—(6) mm long;
filaments slightly exceeding to half as long again as perianth segments;
ecapswlesschtlyIshomke cathansperciant hers. ml cet testes ee. geet eee ee 153.

ye Segments of the campanulate or narrowly campanulate perianth
(4)-5-7 mm long; filaments one-third to two-thirds the length of
perianth segments; capsule one-half to two-thirds as long as perianth.
i AEN USP SS ot) NMRA. DME) AH ATERA TESTE LV, OLY Aaah ES PD, CRESR RCM CIIN cRNA ee 155.

153. Outer bulb tunics coriaceous, often reticulately fibrous; bulblets

reticulately nerved; beak of spathe usually exceeding the blade;
as perianth segments 4-5-(6) mmlong...... 122. A. fibrosum Rel.
BE Outer bulb tunics coriaceous, subreticulately nerved; bulblets
commonly winged, slenderly nerved; perianth segments 3-4-(5) mm
HOMORSH esta a ee ROG, ROU ES OTS ee Ee ae ee 154.

154. Perianth segments dark rose} linear-oblonp,Yobtuse =n: aa.) . oe

LST tees hy. eek ee Yoh, EN, RD 5 ee 113. A. syntamanthum C. Koch.

f Perianth segments rose, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, tapering,
ACULEMEONOMtUSISHVOh. 1... eR eT he SY 114. A. rubellum MB. s.s.
155. Outer tunics grayish, subchartaceous, the nerves nearly parallel;
bulblets whitish, slenderly nerved ... 117. A. Jacquemontii Kunth.
at Outer tunics brown, coriaceous, subreticulately nerved or sometimes
foOrous: bulblets*yellowishior brownish’... Geen eee, 156.
156. Bulblets rather few, with slender nerves; inner filaments as broad
at base as perianth segments .......:..: 115. A. albanum Grossh.
oe

Bulblets commonly numerous, with thick reticulate nervature,
distinctly alveolate between the nerves; inner filaments slightly
Droacderval VASe tian permtant he Se OMe bS i se = Meme ct oe: eee eeem ee ane enae
ME Re ee A ee A NA ROE 116. A. scabrellum Boiss. et Buhse.

102

134

164.

168.

Perianth segments rose, the outer one-fourth to one-half as long again

See LimMiNenas tw R Aiae ARS yc) NS 118. A. anisotepalum Vved.
Perianth segments white, equal or the outer slightly longer than the
TCHR WES 2A AREAS U8) URIS Rm CREED Ey LR. EIT ee HET Me Bet 158.

Segments of the broadly campanulate perianth oblong or rarely
oblong-lanceolate, commonly short-acuminate, the outer usually

clive lon cere, taal thie imnerte 2) 1.) cay Aeon aie 119. A. minutum Vved.
Segments of the campanulate perianth oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate,
Simonalywraperine, equal iG) 249.829 ba Bee 120. A. parvulum Vved.
Perianth purple, 8-10 mm long; leaf solitary; plants scabrous

ITSO ICI OMIR LA LEN OL. UCT Ae A ST.) BOLE Die. Ree 135. A. kujukense Vved.
Perianth 3-7 mm long; leaves 2-4; plants (at least the scape) smooth
or, if even scape scabrous, then inner filaments 2-toothed..... 160.

Outer bulb tunics coriaceous, pitted, or with crested projections, or
furrowed by concave distant nerves, or sometimes smooth, but

Dilibletshalanaycituberculatespittedi yas aiid. Aan oes... Io. il
Outer bulb tunics papery, smooth; bulblets none or smooth..... 166.
Inner filaments 3-angled, 3 times as broad at base as the outer;

perianth segments (5)-6-7 mm long ....136. A. eremoprasum Vved.
Filaments subulate, equal; perianth segments ca. 3mm long ... 162.
Outer pexcianthysiecrients! Scabrousmi ss ie AINGIR CR Cees. 163.
Peminnila Sepimentsisimootni tay 26 Bcd Gace. bom. CA En aye 164.

Perianth segments greenish, obtuse; bulb tunics furrowed by concave
distant nerves; scape stout, appearing slantingly inflated.........
RRSP Bh Be Nii a2 FoWae) 4H Keay Spies Le) gegen 141. A. sabulosum Stev.
Perianth segments brownish, violet-tinged in herbarium, acute;

scape silenderrod acl itielle. Gl.28 -giinl. Be. & 138. A. confragosum Vved.
Outer bulb tunics without crested projections, pitted, blackish or
brownish; squat plants with usually stoutish scape 10-20 cm long.

se mane Bipe, ee by ty ers an ead oy 139. A. scrobiculatum Vved.
Outer bulb tunics, at least in young (nonfruiting) specimens, with
longitudinal crests, light brown; scape (15) 20-60 cm long, slender.
Vee ae enna cee emer emenn menor et LT ge ot oo Mea ENG Gia
Perianth segments light lilac, obtuse ...140. A. transvestiens Vved.
Perianth segments whitish, with a dingy purple nerve, acute.......
137. A. Popovii Vved.

Inner filaments 2—3 times as broad as base as the outer....... IO He
Filaments at base equal or the inner half as broad again as the outer,
commonly notstoothedsand tin: mapsueri es. bce ae paras wba. 174.

Perianth segments ca. 3 mm long, obtuse, rose, not lustrous;

leaves flat from base, attenuate toward apex, 2-10 mm broad;

robust plants, (40)-—70-100 cm tall, with bulb 1.5-3 cm thick.......
faa ara a rt BIE Sip a o's) p yisie yg ry Sule hae eal ue 142. A. turkestanicum Regl.
Perianth segments 4-8 mm long; scape not more than 40 cm long,
Audtiimionsemthen flowers azure to biuiishtazure =) syle - eg... - 168.
Upper sheaths inflated at summit; flowers lustrous, rose, in a dense
and sometimes subcapitate umbel; pedicels half as long as to equaling
or (in fruit) up to half as long again as perianth; inner filaments

PAT TOCOU ONE Sn ga 134. .A. schoenoprasoides Regl.

103

136

PCN

Sheaths not inflated; pedicels at least twice the length of perianth
segments, or if as long as or half as long again then filaments

Poothlessi: Agia Sates us Cl EAR PEM AREER Re Oe Pe eee et es 169.
Perianth segments azure or bluish-azure or bluish-violet or white
fumninesl ight violet tin ihe mami) pay) neni nl - wel watulecsh tema ie annie VFO.
Perianth segments rose with a purple nerve, small plants, not
exceeding 20cm in, height \.... .... Cee Gee aie ee Geile on ae beter Lita

Perianth segments white, turning light violet in herbarium, 5-6 mm
long; slender plants, 10-20 cm tall; umbel loose; outer pedicels

ASSN AG mh teh anette: Dei. eS vier ai Ak tie Be 131. A. elegans Drob.
Perianth segments azure, bluish-azure or bluish-violet; larger
nlantss(15)-30=80semtalie imbelydense citar eee uly

Leaves semicylindric, canaliculate; perianth campanulate; inner
filaments with 2 teethiat two-rthirdsuthe: lemgthyaau-2.2: is Ree ae eee
Dds MEI R EPR E ID (UDR ES, LE TEE MO Ee 130. A. caesium Schrenk.
Leaves 3-angled, canaliculate; perianth broadly campanulate; inner
filaments toothless or 2-toothed below the middle .............
Pek. Ce eae RO, Wee etek CSS & 129. A. coeruleum Pall.
Perianth segments 4-5 mm long; inner filaments 2-toothed........
Sea ot ca Oe oe ee ERAT eS BIST AMET cn 133. A. oreophiloides Rgl.

Perianth segments 6-7 mm long; filaments toothless......... 1h,
Pedicels 2-3 times as long as perianth; bracteolate at base; spathe
decidtousiAt. ude Suet. ile cea greet Bits OFS 123. A. inops Vved.

Pedicels 3-5 times as long as perianth; spathe persistent.........
SoS Ree: NO ie ee enn ee Teer 132. A. kopetdagense Vved.
Pedicels 3-5 times as long as perianth; umbel few-flowered, loose;
filaments two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than perianth;

spathe very short-acuminate; umbel several times as long as spathe.
APA e he Bae ee COME Nee COSTS) eA eNE I Ay Dae, Be 111. A. kirindicum Bornm.
Pedicels slightly shorter than or half as long again to twice as long

as perianth, or if 4 times the length of perianth then umbel densely
capitate and/or filaments exceeding the perianth or spathe

long -beakede unc ccnus yc aon, Maske? 24 Ge 4 4 ei eS See 175.
Filaments to half as long again as perianth segments, or equaling
themand) then spathe shortracuminate 22%. Aaa eee le 2a ee 176.
Filaments three-fourth as long as or equaling the perianth segments;
spathe long-beaked, the beak at least as long as the blade...... Witte
Perianth segments rose, lustrous, 3-4 mm long, lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate; umbel always without bulblets...............
BANGS Fedde MSY, «SIRT 1 PS ETAIND., MATIC AORRTE (Se i ahead 127. A. Pallasii Murr.
Perianth segments dark rose, (4)-5 mm long, relatively dull, oblong
to oblong-lanceolate; umbel commonly with bulblets, rarely without
HAST CSE Me ah a OES cr i ae ne eet er 128. A. macrostemum Bge.
Sheaths densely covered with short hairs; perianth segments 6-7 mm
long, style notiexserted 0. Finns eu 124. A. lasiophyllum Vved.
Sheaths glabrous, smooth or rarely scabrous; style scarcely exserted.
apeet cede MEER s Al ok EEN Tok PAP AUIES | 2 ORCHEREM OAT EOL GMD MULES Ad ADR IUEe wlth hee iT:
Pedicels commonly 2-3 times the length of perianth; perianth
SEUVIMENES WHITISN.OT FOS. 05 sium aea 3 125. A. delicatulum Sievers.

104

137

190.

Pedicels slightly shorter than to equaling the perianth; perianth
SSCmMenlSarOsS=ViGlEtNa He TOK pee ne 116. A. glomeratum Prokh.
Pedicels subtended by large bracteoles; filaments adnate to perianth
for one-half their length (Section Calloscordwm).. 0.02)... 0...
SENPRS NON Vey Gr fe! Lies BAN ahs Be eI RY SE 226. A. nerinifolium Baker.

Pedicels ebracteolate (Section Molium)) 1). Pee eee 180.
Perianth segments soon recurved, withering after anthesis, more or
HESS SME ASUS, PANO ah ten alae aOR, LLM RSet PAE c CPS TES DD 3 Oe Rn UB 181.
Perianth segments generally not withering after flowering, commonly
GhANC TY ord Ben okt DMA ee AR A CT eR aie Ren OE LD be el I cae 207.

Ovary containing 7-10 ovules; umbel loose; pedicels 3 or many times
the length of perianth; perianth segments 4-5 mm long; small plants;

Sem SMUOn OO Mom ONS 2 TT. Aa i A! MPR ne es ee SRR 182.
Ovaeyfecontaining numerous-ovules. MINT C2 AAPA OP eo: 186.
Leaves divided down to base into filiform lobes, forming a false

OTM Sey Aaes 0h 22 hah LSU eee ee Wales RE, AM 185. A. verticillatum Rgl.
ISAS SS TUMOR! aia REL SR RNS OLS RIE SOL RL BOT Ra eS Ae © pee, 1383.

Spathe with a long herbaceous beak; bulb tunics coriaceous .......
ine Carney ites STIRS PS BE EE 186. A. aroides Vved.
Spatheyshortacuminate; bulb tumits*papery— # Olek Ley 184.
Scape stout, 5-8 mm thick; pedicels stout, clavately thickened below
thesMower;, perianth sSépmentsormnmt loneivO0k Vee eer sete
Fe So) Toe COM Sk ds RS oats ee a PAR 182. A. helicophyllum Vved.
Scape slender, ca. 12 mm thick; pedicels slender, not thickened
Pelowathe flower. perianth’sesments 4 mm long ya Sos 185.
Leaves erect; the underside of leaves in lower part and the upper
ponoiisheaths thai yy wat are eee a RE 184. A. Eugenii Vved.
Eeaves cCroweed Gslabrous..uoveel.2iee ein Lee 183. A. Sergii Vved.
Squat plants, 10-25 cm tall; scape stout, buried in the soil up to the
middle or higher up; leaves greatly exceeding the umbel..:.... os
Usually taller plants; scape buried at base; leaves shorter than scape.
megareriee ey ML) (ene Alt Sh A AS OS Ae eee 188.
Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 cm broad.....
an mentee. wenvent.wer a Clee ERO. EO 194. A. brachyscapum Vved.
Leaves lanceolate or often oblong to subelliptic, (3)-—5-13 cm broad.
Tin (ie. 2 shes wiles eee ehee eet PATRON SER 195. A. karataviense Rel.
Ovary 6-corniculate; filaments distinctly connate in a ring above the

path adnate tolperianthis.. ws. 4. 4s Ges... Meek ATE eee eae 2 189.
Ovcraenot Gornieulate:! i... Se Re ee SAS ee ae 190.
Perianth segments gradually attenuate from base toward apex, dark

rosy-violet; umbel rather loose..... 214. A. seravschanicum Regl.

Perianth segments attenuate from the middle toward apex, light-rosy-
wMioleL; uimbel, more: compact, 'denselsi ; 2sai. ie Ghent teu
By Rk Mucins! ts 8 215. A. pseudoseravschanicum M. Pop. et Vved.
Perianth segments white, with green nerve, 11 mm long, filiform-
linear, gradually attenuate from base toward apex; robust plants,

CO DONeiie tad, aiipen dg eR es 208. A. gultschense B. Fedtsch.
Perianth segments rose, rosy-violet, violet or wine-red, or if white
thengscpmermaiseAymamalongs @) isfy. Peck Atl. DMR OL ee) Tyee eee 191.

105

138

ile

Perianth segments rosy-violet, delicate, obscurely nerved, 5-7 mm

lonege inane tilanrents) commonly toothed atibase gar -a-a-rlenere tn
198. A. Fetissovii Regl.

oie ahd ae” “ete Mfeg min lw: Wie), Wal piam ban ttet Carpe bby oRd oth jaf Minty YoW Cwdice f lu; sare were eG rel UeM lathe

Perianth sesmentsjwith ardistinctymeirviel fy. ier some seek eee: 192.
eavecvanuusometimes Scape pubescent). 2. . suet oma e-n ena alana 193.
Elants clabrous’. >. .1f2 peli orto: See eiteee ce eens oe 195.

Robust plants, 60-150 cm tall; perianth segments lilac, 9 mm long.
207. A. stipitatum Rel.

Perianth segments 4-6 mm long; scape 15-70 cm long ....... 194.
Perianth segments 6 mm long, light violet; plants vested with long
Has i. AP eihhes eset: Ges Bebe: Es 206. A. alaicum Vved.
Perianth segments 4 mm long, white; plants vested with short hairs,
AOU peta ate chide ahaa a tee ee ty ee ee mee 199. A. dasyphyllum Vved.
Perianth Segments 3—5 mimi lomo .aarerresieis) |e ensenren ek eee SiGe
Peinianth sesmentsiG— l2amimp long: ead Yee. AL i eee aie 202.
PeGianthasepmentsidark purple or wine=redi) . 2 i) 2) ieee ILS)
Pemanth Segments pale rose: or rosy violet). -e. nee paneer etane LOGE

Perianth sesmentsva mim longs adarkGpunpleya: imei. m tity ie cme: a eeenne

Perianth Segments 3—4ymmploney wine-Gedmriyen.a.) nate neon ee 198.
Filaments barely shorter than perianth segments, the inner ones

obtusely-tootned aboveuthe mulddilieg tigi gam ttsnsheae) -, ote veees a ae eee
MEINERS, lth. APE ae ag ols 197. A. cardiostemon Fisch. et Mey.
Filaments entire, slightly longer than perianth segments .........
BoM ty ay Se ay ay os 3g REARS SERRE OP TORO me SENT Pe 196. A. Mariae Bord
Miltaments subequalyat! basesrtal to. aie tetires, ell eae eee 200.
Inner filaments twice as broad at base as the outer .......... 201.
Smal plants,.2.0'— 30) cm tall,” leaves i 2 tmnt biscacliy sare eee ne ne ee
FOL LO, Of i: OSU oS Rees LATEST 200. A. insufficiens Vved.
Fairly robust plants, 35-85 cm tall; leaves 5-20 mm broad.......
Re) AGO: eee ee. OEP. Te SOE Le er Oa 204. A. Suvorovii Rel.

IPSS ENAE] M ISS STaMSTONES) INOS STO, NE oN wes ds a a 203. A. Severtzovii Rgl.
Perianth segments narrowly elliptic ..... 202. A. decipiens Fisch.
Leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong, 4-8 cm broad; scape 30-50 cm

long; perianth segments 6mm long .... 213. A. Komarovii Lipsky.

Leaves linear-lanceolate or lorate; more robust plants, 70-150 cm
tall or relatively small plants (20-40 cm tall) and then perianth

SeSmentS = LZ” ara: VOM ce say on oe ck et oy, 2 RRR a EE eR 203.
erianthecesiment. Witittich + GOSe ee slen ils aeam 205. A. grande Lipsky.
EP ernianthisesments: Wot oridarki violet ma: i) nt lre ee Sulcenn oe ee ae 204.
Scape 20-70 cm tall, ribbed by very prominent nerves........ 205.
Scape 80-150 cm long, with not very prominent nerves........ 206.
Perianth segments dark violet, gradually attenuate from base toward
ADE, MACUL NOTES IE VIS DADE Rae ey, 212. A. Rosenbachianum Regl.
Perianth segments dark rosy-violet, with nearly parallel margins,
ObiUsSeNtet TT (eRe A Te wot a 211. A. taeniopetalum M. Pop. et Vved.

Scape covered with leaf sheaths above ground level; leaves 6-8,
glaucous; anthers violet; filaments distinct above the part adnate to
DEGlaMtiee rst tote et vette ae ey eee 209. A. aflatunense B. Fedtsch.

106

139

214.

Scape not covered with leaf sheaths above ground level; leaves 4-6,
more or less green; anthers yellow; filaments more or less connate

BDOVer Me: Pallet dnalvemtOn Crs teint lan. nr eer ae jee 210. A. altissimum Rgl
Perianth segments rigid after anthesis due to thickening of the nerve,
Sometimes ynearlvAs PIOUS WHOA. CLO Et, VON ee EG. 208.
Nerve of perianth segments not thickening after anthesis; perianth
Serpent SwMOMSPLAOUSH ah tacks Rey Soe trae ete aint: beer l eee: . 214.
Scape buried in the soil up to the middle or nearly up to the umbel;
H@EINAS SHAN, ao) aa 6. hop oe! rip RRM SRE «ea Pm Ih a ee Ru SI ee Pr 209.
Secapeyouried an the soilsatbasie;) Leaves: 2— TJ y at ow ae a s. . 2)
Perianth segments 5-6 mm long; scape buried in soil nearly up to
theynimbels tleatssolhitar yi.) eh. sd. sus i128 187. A. monophyllum Vved.
Perianth segments 7-13 mm long; scape buried in soil up to the
MILE PUG AVeSh Is) WOKE o ts Hee Gal. Lute ee eR) ERA ok Be are ee eS | BIO,

Leaves linear-lanceolate, 0.5-1 cm broad; perianth segments white
with a violet nerve; filaments one-half to two-thirds the length of
Pecianth"SeomilentSs) earlier aietcs ele tee ea 188. A. Derderianum Rel.
Leaves linear to elliptic, 2-6 mm broad; perianth segments rose

with a dark nerve; filaments half as long as or slightly shorter than

We RlahES SCI SMS waelitis eats bees ALBIS MTD WGeeerseR ms Spa eee eek ks Qala
Filaments two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than perianth
Seementcn ad at Gigi pour: Reh ood anes 189. A. Alexejanum Rel.

Eilaments halt the leneth of perianth Segments) 2. aes) + elenr@rt sete

Perianth segments 5-9 mm long, lilac with a reddish nerve; leaves

SIU ZIONG CUS aay aie) A a UR eae ete Ma RL 191. A. materculae Bordz.
Perianth segments 10-18 mm long, rosy-violet or purplish-violet.

Se ce ety me eee FPO a Ae 2 ee) eee oe 213.
Leaves 1-2-(4), linear-lanceolate, recurved, hispid, glabrous or
scabrous beneath; scape relatively slender, not more than 4-—(5) mm
tla ee Fo ea iat: aids Cea Fie ae seis 193. A. Bodeanum Rel.
Leaves 3-7, sublorate, strict, the lower surface and margin beset
with stiff spreading hairs, rarely glabrous; scape stout, 9-19 mm
BOC oe Oe cir ort aad OR eS VRP SS oc oi re ae Bi 192. A. Christophii Trautv.
Pedicels, especiallyinfruit, clavately thickened below the flower,
usually very unequal, thus apparently forming two whorls; umbel

very loose, containing fertile and sterile flowers ..:..+:........
iat RAO AERTET: octet: -. hha Seems & oR eead 219. "AS Schubertia “Zucc .

Pedicels never clavately thickened below the flower.......... 215.
OvegynG OV ULEG! cry hem: eieeo ak eee, Re Eye 216.
Ovary qoanyovuled’’: Tut eyes enero aa? Er oeeme Shares. 220

Umbel 1-2-(3)-flowered; perianth segments rose, 4-5 mm long.

5. ahidel oli peice ar Bath aS Re mE Oh ua aA i 177. A. monanthum Maxim.
Umbel containing a larger number of flowers; perianth segments

Ol? tata OMe ey nye iee Yat sashes, -pomiee ged: pemetis | agement ee eee Ree Ce 217.
Flowers white, sometimes rose-tinged; leaves shorter to slightly
longer than scape; scape base buried in soil; umbel sometimes
neuer loool erie GEG Rhine Wile al cubmne auc.) Sidi Inuoy clea) Oy socuoun a oe 10. 218.
Flowers rosy-purple or dingy purple; leaves greatly exceeding the
umbel; scape buried in the soil to one-half to three-quarters the

107

218-)Scanetrigqguetnous# leaf, solitary, Oss >2tor enn brody artis ellen tear etc
eeu te Tie eee eo outer AO on Rae eee 178. A. paradoxum (MB.) Don.
ae Seapeiterete, (leaves 2 .0r.3, sis 7emiimvoroadtienen FRM Rien Wve. clas as
‘aah en Ae anes ph ait $ og POR kis Pc ARES, REET F 179. A. Candolleanum Albov.
219. Segments of the broadly campanulate perianth a beautiful rose-purple,
Ona conta aie Sea acrects SOLA ee: Be 180. A. oreophilum C.A.M.
rf Segments of the campanulate perianth dingy purple, more intensely
colored at theytipsy oblong linear to oblanceolate”. 9") fam are
a eh Mea dp Sam apie) Dea ck yl Sle 181. A. gypsaceum M. Pop. et Vved.
220. Filaments two-fifths to one half the length of perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth for one-half to two-thirds their length
and often joined together for one-half oftheir distinct portion; perianth
narrowly icampanulate w4HOA. (QU) 78? Oy Re nee 221.
ca Filaments slightly shorter than or half as long again to twice as long
as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth at base; perianth
Stellatevomicampanulater. (iris ely t: RMT, Se A TE 3S 22a
221 eaPerianthisesment mot withering after anthesis, erect) V2 2 ee > 2 aa".
Ee Fae aor ES rk es cay, | eg na hs) ARE aR AE 229. AS iliense Reg.

< Perianthysepments) witheringraiter anthesis: 7 .°9e Sie eee es 222.
222. Filaments connate for half their length above the part adnate to
Perianatawae! paws seh sya eeal Levens geet eM eR eT EE) VE ee 223.
ne Filaments nearly distinct above the part adnate to perianth; umbel
GEMS i a a ok RC SER OE Ee PI ORO PNET lr Pen CE. totes 224.
223. Umbels 2 or 3 (4) on one scape, one above the other, or rarely umbel
SOLU AA, CELTS DOE EY on BRUNE REE Ste 224. A. Regelii Tratuv.
non Umbeltaiwaysssolitary Oh «4. 400 2 yas 223. A. cupuliferum Rgl.
224 MEowersirese=violeyk "Re Oy. ROVE, eT, 223. A. Winklerianum Rgl.
wit Blowersiwhtte biels Dae tAGls acere e ao BR 221. A. darvazicum Rgl.

225. Perianth campanulate; squat plants with scape 10-30 cm long.
Pete Pe TE SRO ROH 5 SHRI, Noel Ig tee 220. A. caspium (Pall. ) M.B.
ie Penanth stellate; scape-50-150 em longe « «1.2 23% is See. 226.
226. Pedicels immersed at base in the thickened spongy scape apex;
perianth segments subcoriaceous after anthesis; filaments slightly
shorter than perianth segments .... 218. A. Trautvetterianum Regl.
4 Filaments slightly exceeding to half as long again as perianth
segments; perianth segments slender after anthesis; pedicels not

immersed) ati base Nes .Pit NSP OS OR a ee ee 227.
227. Perianth segments elliptic, 5 mm long, obtuse; filaments about half
as long again as perianth segments....... 217. A. giganteum Rel.
141 + Perianth segments linear-lanceolate, 6-8 mm long; filaments
slightly exceeding the perianth segments ..... 216. A. elatum Rgl.

Section 1. ANGUINUM Don. Mon. (1826) 96.— Bulb attached to rhizome;
aerial part of scape enveloped to high up by leaf sheaths; spathe persistent;
perianth segments 1-nerved; filaments of stamens entire; capsule 3-seeded.
Seeds rounded.

1. A. victorialis L. Sp. pl. (1753) 295; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 184;

Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXVII 2 (1854) 127; Boiss. Fl. Or. V
(1884) 245: Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 492; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 629:

108

Kom., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. krayal (1931) 365.—A. microdictyum
Prokh. in Tr. Prikl. Bot. XXIV 2 (1930) 174.— A. ochotense Prokh.
l.c.—A. latissimum Prokh. l.c.—Ic.; Kom., l.c. Plate 112,

Figure, l:— Exs.: Billot. Fl. Gall. et German..exs. No. 2543.

Perennial; bulbs 1 to several, attached to an oblique rhizome, cylindric-
conical, 1-1.5-(2) cm thick; tunics light brown or grayish-brown,
reticulate; scape 30-70 cm long, covered for one-third to one-half its
length by smooth often violet-tinged leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, smooth,
the blade lanceolate, oblong or broadly elliptic, acute or obtuse,
(2)-3-6-(10) em broad, gradually narrowed into and 2-4 times as long
as the petiole; spathe two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than the
umbel, persistent, obtuse or nearly beakless; umbel spherical or rarely
hemispherical, rather densely many-flowered, drooping before flowering;
pedicels equal, 2-3 times as long as perianth, ebracteolate; segments
of the stellate perianth whitish-green, obscurely nerved, 4-5 mm long,
elliptic, obtuse, the outer somewhat narrower and shorter; filaments about
half as long again as perianth, adnate to perianth merely at base, entire,
gradually narrowed from base, narrowly 3-angled, the inner half as broad
again as the outer; ovary short-stipitate; style exserted; capsule globose-
trigonous, with broadly obcordate valves; seeds globose. June-July.

Woods, wood margins and meadows. — European part: V.-Ra. (E. part),
Caueasusy Cis, Dec 4 Ey Transe.;) We Siberia: Ob.) (S.) part) U2) Tob,
(Niwpart). Alt. ;)E..Siberia,,Yen. (S:,part), Ang.-Say.,.Dau.; Far East:
Mandel, Okie - iin, Uda.) Uss jn cakh.. Gen. distr. : Centr. -eur..
At, eB, Wis WVled. wal. Ace, Win)... ad. —lHainn.), Mone. lap >Chy..

N. Am. Described from the mountains of Central Europe.

Note. An attempt was made recently (Prokhanov, 1l.c.) to break up
A. victorialis into elementary entities, but this did not unfortunately
embrace the whole of A. victorialis in its old connotation.

A. microdictyum (Urals, Siberia, Mongolia) should, according to
Prokhanov, be distinguished from A. victorialis (Europe, Caucasus)
ancdwiromy AL Latisisimum (Ussuriarea,, Japan, Ne Woreal) N7u@hina:
Chihli (Hopeh] which have bulb tunics with less developed and irregular

142 reticulation and more slender nervature, narrower and usually paired
sheathing leaves, and commonly violet or yellowish flowers.

A. latissimum may be distinguished from A. victorialis by its
habitat (the former being a sylvatic, the latter an alpine plant) and broader
leaves A. latissimum has obovate-oblong leaves, mostly 3 in number,
colorless sheaths, and white flowers.

A. okhotense (Kamchatka, Sakhalin) differs from
A. microdictyum inits longer rhizome, darker and broader leaves,
and often reddish flowers. The characters distinguishing this species
from A. victorialis andfrom A. latissimum are not indicated.

Economic importance. Readily used for food both fresh and pickled.

It has antiscorbutic properties. In many localities in Siberia the plants
used to be salted in bulk for winter use.

Section 2. OPHIOSCORDON (Wallr.) Vved. comb. n.—Ophioscordon
Wallr. Sched. crit. (1822) 129.— Bulb not attached to a rhizome; leaf sheaths
buried in the soil; spathe deciduous; perianth segments 1-nerved; filaments
entire; capsule 3-seeded; seeds rounded.

109

143

2. A. ursinum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 300; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 186; Boiss.
EV Or wy (188492 ioe Shimalioo bale? Ll <4 ON Ar alate fo LatumaaeGallillor
Exerc. phyt. (1792) 470.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X (1848) £.1109.—
Exs.: HFR No. 2046 a et b.;

Perennial; bulb elongated, ca. 1 cm thick; tunics separating into
parallel fibers; scape triquetrous, 15-40 cm long, covered at base with
sheathing leaves; leaves 2, slightly shorter than scape, the blade
lanceolate to oblong, acute, 3-5 mm broad, rather gradually narrowed
into and half as long to as long as the petiole; spathe equaling the umbel,
acuminate, deciduous; umbel fasciculate or hemispherical, relatively
many-flowered, dense; pedicels equal, half as long again to twice as long
as perianth, scabrous or smooth, ebracteolate; segments of the substellate
perianth white, obscurely nerved, 9-12 mm long, linear-lanceolate, obtuse
to acutish; filaments half as long as perianth at base and adnate to it,
subulate; style shorter than perianth; capsule globose-trigonous, with
broadly obcordate valves; seeds subglobose. May-June.

Shady woods. — European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp., V.-Don (W. part);
Caucasus: Cise., W., E. andS. Transc. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr.
Eur., Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Gotland Island.

Economic importance. Readily used for food in fresh condition.

Section 3. RHIZIRIDIUM Don. Mon. (1826) 55.— Bulbs attached to
rhizome, commonly narrow, cylindric-conical or ovoid-conical, sometimes
obsolete, rarely ovoid or oblong, commonly clustered; upper part of scape
mostly covered to high up with leaf sheaths; perianth segments 1-nerved;
filaments entire or toothed, the teeth short or long but never surpassing
the anther; seeds angled.

3. A. sacculiferum Maxim. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. sav. étrang. IX
(1859) 281; Kom., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kraya I (1931) 366.—Exs.:

Karo Pl. Amur. et Zeaen. No. 181.

Perennial; bulbs solitary (or in pairs), attached to a short vertical
rhizome, oblong-ovoid, 3/4 -1-(12) em thick; tunics blackish-brown,
splitting, obscurely reticulate-fibrous, enveloping the base of scape;
scape (30)—-40-60 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves (2)—3-(4), canaliculate-triquetrous, sometimes fistulous at base,
smooth, 2—3—(4) mm broad, shorter than scape; spathe with beak sometimes
half the length of blade, two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than umbel,
persistent; umbel commonly spherical, rather many-flowered, fairly
dense; pedicels equal, 2-3-—(4) times as long as perianth, subtended by
bracteoles; segments of the hemispherical perianth rosy-purple, with a
darker nerve, 4.5-5.5 mm long, elliptic, obtuse, the outer scaphoid,
slightly shorter than the inner; filaments half as long again as the perianth,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, subequal, at base, subulate;
style strongly exserted; capsule about equaling the perianth. August-
September.

Wet meadows. — Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.
Described from the middle course of the Amur. Type in Leningrad.

4. A. Komarovianum Vved. in Bull. Univ. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 119.

110

Perennial; bulb solitary (?), attached to a short vertical rhizome, ovoid,
1-1.5-(2) em thick; tunics blackish-brown, subcoriaceous, entire,
scarcely enveloping the base of scape; scape 25-60 cm long, covered to
1/4 or nearly to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4-7, linear,
canaliculate, prominently carinate, smooth, 2-5 mm broad, slightly
shorter than to equaling the scape; spathe with beak sometimes up to half
the length of blade, about equaling the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical,
dense, commonly many-flowered; pedicels equal, half as long again as the
perianth, dingy rose, intensely colored on the back, 4-4.5 mm long,
elliptic, obtuse, the outer scaphoid, slightly shorter than the inner;
filaments half as long again as perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subequal at base, subulate; style strongly exserted;
capsule slightly exserted. September.

144 Dry slopes.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Manchuria).
Described from Fadeevka on the Suifun River. Type in Leningrad.

je Ad sDrobovieV ved.iin Trans Se. Soes dur. iy (i923 el 25.

Perennial; bulb solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome,
narrowly conical to subcylindric, 3/4-12 cm thick; tunics coriaceous,
brownish, splitting, more or less reticulate especially at the margins;
scape robust, 50-100 cm long; leaves 5-9, green, broadly linear, 4-15 mm
broad, flat, smooth, much shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate,
about equaling the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical, densely many-
flowered; pedicels unequal, the inner half as long again as the outer,

2-5 times as long as the perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of
the subspherical perianth greenish-white, the outer sometimes suffused

on the back with dingy purple, green-nerved, 4-5 mm long, broadly oblong,
obtuse, the outer scaphoid, barely shorter than the inner; filaments about
twice the length of perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subulate from a somewhat enlarged base, equal; style
exserted from perianth; capsule slightly exceeding the perianth. June-July.

Stony and gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Kara-tau, SW spurs
of Talass Ala Tau). Endemic. Described from Kara-tau Mountains. Type
in Tashkent. }

6. A. oreoscordum Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Bot. Petrop. V
(1924) 95.

Perennial; bulbs 1-(2?), attached to an ascending rhizome, narrowly
conical, ca. 1 cm thick; tunics tawny or brownish, reticulate; scape
25-50 cm long, covered at base or up to 1/3 with subapproximate
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 5-7, linear, 3-6 mm broad, flat, rigid,
scabrous-margined, much shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate,
equaling the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels subequal, the inner slightly longer, (12)-2-3 times the length of
perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the spherical perianth
greenish-white, greenish or dingy purple on the back, ca. 4 mm long,
broadly elliptic, obtuse, the outer scaphoid, barely shorter than the inner;
filaments half as long again as perianth segments, at the very base connate
and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate from a somewhat enlarged base,
the inner about twice as broad, subulate from a square and often 2-toothed
base; style exserted; capsule equaling the perianth. May-July.

111

145

146

Stony and gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Tien Shan (Chatkal Range,
town of Uzun-akhmat). Endemic. Described from Ungar-tyube mountains.
Type in Leningrad.

TA» Bischeri) Rg) intA. HHP (187 5)e16l her yl aril Zales Sibel h
(1929) 624.

Perennial; bulbs several, attached to a rhizome, forming a rather dense
clump, cylindric-conical, 1.5-1 cm thick, 5-8 cm long; tunics rufous-
brown, reticulate; scape 15-30 cm long, covered at base with approximate
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, Ssemicylindric, ca. 1mm broad,
canaliculate, smooth, usually shorter than the scape; spathe with beak up
to 3 times the length of blade, slightly shorter than to slightly exceeding
the umbel, persistent; umbel commonly hemispherical, rather few-
flowered, fairly loose; pedicels equal, (12)-2-3 times as long as perianth,
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth dark
rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, ca. 5 mm long, acute or obtuse,
terminating in a short reflexed point; oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, the outer
slightly shorter; filaments slightly exceeding the perianth segments, the
inner 2-toothed at base, half as broad again as the outer; style slightly
exserted; capsule two-thirds as long as perianth. August.

Rocks and stony places.— W. Siberia: Alt. (rare). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-
Kash. Mong. Described from Altai. Type in Leningrad.

8. A. clathratum* Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 18; Ej. Fl. Ross. IV (1853)
Sy) Kryloe Pie Zaps) Sib: Tile(1929)627 216 2 db] cup). WEE Res Ss euny
(HSS3) tsar

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 3/4-1 cm thick, 5-10 cm long; tunics brown, coarsely
reticulate; scape 20-50 cm long, terete, smooth, ribbed, covered to 1/3
with smooth distant leaf sheaths; leaves 3, semicylindric, canaliculate,
(0.5)-1-2 mm broad, smooth, slightly shorter than to equaling the scape;
spathe short-acuminate, two-thirds the length of umbel, persistent; umbel
hemispherical or often spherical, rather densely many-flowered; pedicels
equal, 13-2 (3) times as long as perianth, subtended by numerous
bracteoles; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth rose or pale
with a purple nerve, 4-5 mm long, linear to linear-lanceolate, obtuse to
acutish, the inner slightly longer than the outer; filaments half as long
again to twice as long as the perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, the outer subulate, the inner twice as broad at base, subulate
from a 2-toothed base or rarely entire, the base longer than broad; style
strongly exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth, with broadly
elliptic valves. July.

Steppes, and gravelly and stony slopes.— W. Siberia: Ob (SE part),
Alt.: E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (W. part). Gen. distr.: Mongolia. Described
from the Charysh River. Type in Leningrad.

“The group of species related to A. lineare (8-18), is one of the most confused. Most of the species
presented here have usually been referred to A. lineare orto A.strictum, orelse have all been
pooled under the one appellation A. lineare. The species of this group to the east of Altai present
particular difficulties and their systematics and taxonomy cannot be considered as complete.

9. A. leucocephalum Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXVII, 2 (1854)
12S em aiOivaliG camino: ine Aly EGP tex (BBM) S44e ii. WinNT, iit:

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome,
cylindric, 3/4-1 em thick, 5-8 cmlong; tunics brown, reticulate; scape
30-60 cm long, terete, smooth, slightly ribbed, covered to 1/3 with smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous, 1-5 mm
broad, gradually attenuate toward apex, smooth, much shorter than the
scape; spathe with beak sometimes longer than the blade, slightly shorter
than the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical, many-flowered, very dense,
capitate; pedicels subequal, slightly shorter to slightly longer than perianth,
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth nearly white,
with a faint greenish or violet nerve, lustrous, 5-6 mm long, oblong-
elliptic, obtuse, the inner about one-fourth as long again as the outer;
filaments half as long again to about twice as long as perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, yellow, the outer subulate, the
inner twice as broad at base, subulate from a 2-toothed base, the base
twice as long as broad, the teeth the length of the undivided part, often
biparted; style strongly exserted; stigma scarcely thickened; capsule
slightly shorter than perianth, with broadly elliptic valves. August.

Steppe slopes.— E. Siberia: Dau. Gen. distr.: Mongolia, Kansu.
Described from the Dzhida River. Type in Leningrad.

10. A. flavidum Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 7; Ej. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 179;
(exelvncnn. 0 i ucces) pukiry lee MEY Zar. Sibeils(t9290 IG 2692> leper lkedia® Te:
pefla;) Ross: IV (1833) 362.

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 0.5-1 cm thick, 2-4 cm long; tunics brown; reticulate;

149 scape (20)—25-50 cm long, terete, smooth, ribbed, covered to about the
middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2-4, linear, (2)-3-5-(7) mm
broad, with nearly parallel margins, obtuse, often slightly recurved, flat,
scabrous-margined, much shorter than scape; spathe scarcely pointed,
slightly shorter than umbel, persistent; umbel spherical or rarely
hemispherical, densely many-flowered, subcapitate; pedicels about equaling
to half as long again (or even twice as long) as perianth, subtended by
bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth pale greenish-yellow,
sometimes suffused with red on the back, lustrous, obscurely nerved,

5-6 mm long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, the inner about one-fourth as long
again as the outer; filaments one-fourth to one-half as long again as
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, yellow, the
outer subulate, the inner twice as broad at base, subulate from a 2-toothed
base, the base longer than broad, the teeth commonly as long as the base,
sometimes 2-parted; style strongly exserted; stigma scarcely thickened;
capsule slightly shorter than perianth, with broadly elliptic valves. July.

Forest or rarely alpine meadows sometimes stony slopes. — W. Siberia:
Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Tarbagatai). Gen. distr.: Mongolian Altai.
Described from Belaya Uba River. Type in Leningrad.

11. A. Maackii Prokh. ex Komarov, Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kraya I

(1931) 366.— A. lineare var. Maackii Maxim. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb.
sav. étrang. IX (1859) 282.

iis

(147)

Plate X

1. Allium flavescens Bess., la) portion of perianth.— 2. A. tytthocephalum Roem. et Schult.;
2a) portion of perianth.— 3. A. polyrrhizum Turcz.; 3a) portion of perianth.— 4. A. Maackii
Prokh.; 4a) portion of perianth.

114

150

Perennial; bulb solitary or paired, attached to a short rhizome, ovoid-
oblong, 1-1.5 cm thick, 2-5 cm long; outer tunics brown, reticulate;
inner tunics coriaceous, nearly entire, sometimes produced into a collar;
scape (10)—20-50 cm long, terete, smooth, more or less ribbed, covered
to 1/4-1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear,
1-2-(3) mm broad, slightly narrowed toward base, flat, smooth- or rough-
margined, shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, two-thirds as long
as to slightly shorter than the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical
or spherical, rather densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, half as long
again to twice as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of
the campanulate perianth rose with a distinct purple nerve, 4-5 mm long,
oblong-elliptic to oblong, obtuse or obtusish, the outer somewhat shorter;
filaments half as long again to twice as long as perianth, at base connate
and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate, the inner twice as broad at base,
subulate from a 2-toothed base, this about as long as broad; style strongly
exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. June-July. (Plate X,
Figure 4a).

Rocky and stony places.— Far East: Uss. Endemic (?). Described from
the Amur River, Sargu. Type in Leningrad.

12. A. splendens Willd. ex Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII, 2 (1830) 1023;
Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1V (1853) 179 (Exel. pl. Kamtsch.).— A. lineare auct.
fieesibs orient.— Exs.- HER No: 1242 (sub:A. linear i).

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to a short ascending
rhizome, narrowly cylindric-conical, 1/2-3/4 cm thick, 3-7 cmlong; tunics
brown, reticulate; scape 25-50 cm long, slender, terete, smooth, slightly
ribbed, covered to 1/3-1/2 with smooth sheathing leaves; leaves 3 or 4,
linear, 1-4 mm broad, slightly narrowed toward base, flat, scabrous-
margined, shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, slightly shorter
than the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical, rather densely many-
flowered; pedicels slender, equal, half as long again to twice as long as
perianth, subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the campanulate
perianth commonly light rosy-lilac witha prominent purple nerve, 3.5-4 mm
long, oblong-elliptic to oblong, obtuse, the outer somewhat shorter;
filaments half as long again to twice as long as perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate, the inner twice as broad
at base, subulate from a 2—3-—4-toothed base, the base shorter than broad;
style strongly exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth segments.
July-August.

Light woods, scrub, meadows, and stony slopes.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol.
(Stepart uAngesay (Dau. er ar Hast. )Zeq-Bu. awda, Uses, Salk
Gen. distr.: Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Siberia.

13) AM lineare i>. (Sp. ‘ply (1753/2295) Kdb. Flr RosseslVa, 178 (prommax
parte); Shmal'g., Fl. II, 492; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 625. (excel. var.
Sire met ad) a borns Rol Hinks ACewe)) te eX BAL a5),

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome,
eylindries ‘conicall),.0. 5>1)em-thick; 3-4-(6) cm long; tunics brown,
reticulate; scape (20)-30-—60 cm long, terete, smooth, slightly ribbed,
covered to 1/3-1/2 with distant smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, narrowly
linear, 1-3 mm broad, flat, smooth- or rough-margined, shorter than

115

151

152

scape; spathe short-acuminate, two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter
than the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical or hemispherical, rather
loosely many-flowered; pedicels slender, equal, (13)-2-3 times as long
as perianth, subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the
campanulate perianth rose, obscurely nerved, 3.5-4-(5) mm long, oblong-
elliptic to oblong, obtuse, often terminating in a short reflexed point, the
outer somewhat shorter; filaments commonly half as long again to twice
as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, the
outer subulate, the inner twice as broad at base, subulate from a 2-toothed
base, this longer than broad, the teeth sometimes 2-parted; style strongly
exserted; stigma scarcely thickened; capsule with broadly elliptic valves,
equaling to slightly exceeding the perianth. June-July.

Steppe, meadows, and rarely exposed places.— European part: V.-Ka.
(SE part), V.-Don (E. part), Transv., L.D., L.V.; W. Siberia: U..Tob.,
Irt., Alt. (rare); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.:
NW Mongolia. Described from Siberia.

14. A. strictum Schrad. Hort. Goett. (1809) 7t.1; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
178 (excl. pl. cauc. ); Shmal'g. > Flj«Il (1887)§492. —Asy\volhynie umm
Bess. Catal. hort. Crem. Suppl. III (1814) 2.—A. Schrenki Rgl. in
AJB RP. T1875) 172/—A.. linea ne wand strictumy, Keyl) wZapysib.
III (1929) 626.—Ic.: Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) Figure 179.— Exs.: Pl.
Finl. exs. No. 9572.

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome,
subcylindric, 3/4-12 cm thick, 6-8-(10) cm long; tunics brown, reticulate;
scape 40-60 cm long, terete, smooth, ribbed, covered to 1/3 with distant
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, linear, 3-5 mm broad, flattish, rigid,
rough-margined, narrowed toward apex, shorter than scape; spathe short-
acuminate, slightly shorter than umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical
or rarely spherical, rather many-flowered, dense; pedicels relatively
stout, subequal, ioe (3) times as long as perianth, bracteolate at base;
segments of the campanulate perianth rose, with a prominent purple nerve,
4-5 mm long, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, the outer slightly shorter;
filaments commonly somewhat longer than perianth, at base connate and
adnate to perianth, the outer subulate, the inner twice as broad at base,
commonly with 2 short or rarely long toothlets at base or entire; style
exserted; stigma capitate; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. June-July.

Mostly exposed places and rocks. — European part: Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka.
(.), V.-Don (E)Pransv.- W. Siberia: ‘Ob, (S")y UL dob. “Iria Alta.

E.. Siberia: Lena-Kol., Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Kamch., Okh., Ze.-Bu.,
Sakh.; Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh. (Tur-aigyr). Gen. distr.:
Centr. Eur., Scand., Mong. Described from Siberia.

15. A. bogdoicolum Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 530.

Perennial; bulb solitary, attached to an ascending rhizome, cylindric,
3/4-1 cm thick, (4)-6-8 cm long; tunics brown, reticulate; scape 20-40 cm
long, terete, smooth, slightly ribbed, covered to 1/3 or rarely to about
the middle or merely at base with smooth sometimes reddish-tinged leaf
Sheaths; leaves 3, linear, 2-4 mm broad, flat, with rough nearly parallel
margins, subrigid, suberect, obtuse, much shorter than scape; spathe
short-acuminate, barely shorter than to equaling the umbel, persistent;
pedicels subequal, as long to twice as long as perianth, bracteolate at base;

116

153

segments of the campanulate perianth rose, darker on the back, witha
prominent purple nerve, 4-5 mm long, oblong-linear to oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, the inner slightly longer than the outer; filaments slightly shorter
to barely longer than perianth segments, at base connate.and adnate to
perianth, rose, the outer subulate, the inner 3 times as broad at base,
2-toothed or entire at base; style exserted; stigma scarcely thickened;
capsule barely shorter than perianth, with broadly elliptic valves. July.

Alpine meadows.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash,
Described from Mount Bogdo. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Closely related to A. amphibolum and needing further study.

NGA. amphibolum, id, Fl. Alt. 11, (1830) 5; "Ry. BL Ross. VI 179:
Movie lew Zap. sib, IM (i929) 694 — Ne, Lode Vc. pl. aly Ross. Vi (1833)
tab. 357.

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 1-1.5 cm thick, (4)-6-8 cm long; tunics brown,
reticulate; scape 10-25 cm long, terete, smooth, slightly ribbed, covered
at base or up to 1/3 with smooth subapproximate sometimes reddish-tinged
sheaths; leaves 2-4, linear, 2-5 mm broad, flat, rough-margined, slightly
tapering at both ends, usually somewhat recurved, obtuse, slightly shorter
than to equaling the scape; spathe short-acuminate, about equaling the
umbel, persistent; umbel spherical or hemispherical, rather many-
flowered, dense, capitate; pedicels equal, slightly shorter than to equaling
the perianth, bracteolate at base; segments of the campanulate perianth
rose or rose-purple, with a darker nerve, lustrous, 5-6 mm long, oblong-
lanceolate to lanceolate, obtusish, the outer slightly shorter than the inner;
filaments slightly exceeding to half as long again as perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, dark rose, the outer subulate, the
inner 1-toothed at base; style strongly exserted; stigma scarcely thickened;
capsule slightly shorter than perianth, with broadly elliptic valves. June-
July.

Stony and gravelly slopes in the alpine zone.— W. Siberia: Alt.;

E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (SE). Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from the
Charysh River and from the vicinity of Riddersk. Type in Leningrad.

17. A. Szovitsii Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 171 (quoad pl. cauc. )
uct retin edb sbl.\ Ross. 1V (18a) 178 (quod. mal cane +). —
AY strictum var. anodon Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 247. —

A. pseudostrictum AlbovinTr. Tifl. SadalI (1895) 238.

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an ascending rhizome.
cylindrical-conical, 1-1.5 cm thick, 3-10 cm long; tunics brown,
reticulate; scape 15-30 cm long, terete, smooth, slightly sulcate, covered
to 1/4 with smooth sometimes purple-tinged leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3,
linear, 2-4 mm broad, flat, rough-margined; obtuse, scarcely narrowed
toward base, shorter to slightly longer than scape; spathe short-acuminate,
slightly shorter than to equaling the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical
or subspherical, dense, subcapitate; pedicels equal, about half as long to
slightly longer than. perianth, stout, subtended by few bracteoles; segments
of the campanulate perianth rose or nearly white, with a prominent purple
nerve, (5)-6-—7 mma long, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acutish,
the inner slightly longer than the outer; filaments half as long again to twice

117

154

as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, the

outer subulate, the inner twice as broad, subulate from a 2-toothed base

or sometimes entire; base much longer than broad; style strongly exserted;

stigma subcapitate; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. July-August.
Mountain meadows and stony slopes.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W.,

E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Karabakh,

town of Kins. Type in Leningrad.

18. A. brachyodon Boiss. Diagn. pl. or. nov. I, 7 (1846) 117.—
A. strictum var. brachyodon Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 247.—
We. Ile Wbyorelaaa, Mal (Ke Si2))) 2 sy.

Perennial; bulbs 2 or 3, attached to an ascending rhizome, cylindric,
1-1.5 cm thick, 5-10 cm long; tunics grayish-brown, coriaceous, splitting,
coarsely reticulate; scape 10-20 cm long, terete, smooth, slightly sulcate,
covered at base with smooth, approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, linear,
2-3 mm broad, flat, rough-margined, equaling the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, equaling the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical or subspherical,
densely few-flowered; pedicels equal, slightly shorter than perianth,
subtended by few bracteoles; segments of the broad perianth whitish, rosy
on the back, with a dark purple nerve, ca. 5mm long, obtuse, the outer
oblong, slightly shorter than the ovate inner segments; filaments half as
long again as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
the outer subulate, the inner twice as broad at base, subulate from a
2-toothed base, this longer than broad, the teeth often secondarily
2-toothed; style exserted; stigma subcapitate; capsule equaling the perianth,
with rounded valves. July.

Stony places.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Chapan-dag). Gen. distr.:
Iran. Described from Mount Kuh-Daen. Cotype in Leningrad.

19. A. oreoprasoides Vved. in Trans. Sc. Soc. Turk. II (1925) 29, t. 1

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to an ascending
cylindric-conical rhizome, 0.5-1 cm thick; tunics rufous-brown,
reticulate; scape 20-30 cm long, sulcate, covered at base with smooth
approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 4-6, linear, 2—3 mm broad, flat, smooth,
attenuate at apex, slightly recurved, exceeding the middle of scape; spathe
with beak sometimes the length of blade, one-half to two-thirds as long as
the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical or spherical, densely many-
flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times as long as perianth, bracteolate at
base; segments of the campanulate-ovoid perianth pale rose, with a purple
nerve, 4-5 mm long, subequal, oblong-elliptic, acutish, the outer scaphoid;
filaments one-fourth as long again as perianth, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, entire, subulate from a somewhat enlarged base, the inner half
as broad again; style strongly exserted; capsule equaling the perianth. May.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Tien Shan (Kara-tau). Endemic.
Described from Okuz-bulak. Type in Tashkent.

20. A. oreodictyum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 119.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid-conical, 3/4-1 cm thick, 3-4 cm long, ina
cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome; tunics brown, reticulate;
Scape 5-15 cm long, slender, sulcate, smooth, covered at base or up to
1/4 its length with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2, filiform, 1/2-1 mm broad,

118

155

156

semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth, apparently equaling the scape;
spathe with beak sometimes half the length of blade, half as long as the
umbel, persistent; umbel brittle, hemispherical or subspherical, relatively
few-flowered, loose; pedicels equal, 12-2-3 times as long as perianth,
subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the broadly campanulate
to subspherical perianth rose, with a prominent dingy green nerve,
2-32 mm long, obtuse or mucronulate, the inner elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
the outer ovate to oblong, slightly concave; filaments slightly exceeding
to half as long again as perianth, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
subulate from a triangular and sometimes obtusely toothed base, the inner
twice as broad at base; style scarcely exserted; capsule globose, scarcely
shorter than perianth. July.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Mogian-darya: Sor-sai,
Kshtut). Endemic. Described from Sor-sai. Type in Leningrad.

21. A. scabriscapum Boiss. et Ky. in Boiss. Diagn. pl. or. nov. I,
13 (1853) 31; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 246.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med.
INCOR BIS):

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short ascending
Ghizome,» cylindricé conical, ca. 1 cm thick; tunics brownish, reticulate;
scape 25-50 cm long, erect, sulcate, scabrous or rarely nearly smooth,
covered at base with smooth or scabrous or nearly villous leaf sheaths;
leaves 4-6, linear, 2-4 mm broad, flat, scabrous or sometimes hairy,
much shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-third to two-thirds
as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical or often spherical,
loosely many-flowered, brittle; pedicels erect, 3-4 times as long as
perianth, subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the broadly
campanulate to subspherical perianth yellow, in herbarium especially on
the back brownish, 4-6 mm long, subequal, oblong, obtuse; filaments
two-thirds as long as to equaling the perianth, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, entire, subulate from a triangular base, the inner twice as
broad; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. May-June.

Gravelly slopes inthe lower mountain zone.— Caucasus: S. Transc.
(Nakhichevan); Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., T. Sh. (Kara-tau, Tashkent
Ala Tau). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Mount El'brus. Cotype in
Leningrad.

Note. Plants from W. Tien Shan are distinguished by more developed
vesture and, in this respect, they approach A. trachyscordum,
another W. Tien Shan species.

22. A. trachyscordum Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1925) No. 65.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to an ascending
rhizome, cylindric-conical; tunics brown, reticulate; scape 25-30 cm long,
erect, sulcate, very scabrous to nearly hairy, covered at base or up to
1/4 its length with villous leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, linear, 1.5-3 mm
broad, flat, usually hairy, the hairs rarely confined to the margin, much
shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-third to two-thirds as
long as the umbel, subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the
broadly campanulate perianth reddish-violet, tawny-brown in drying,
commonly 7 or rarely 5-6 mm long, subequal, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
very rarely obtuse; filaments slightly shorter than perianth, at base connate

119

157

and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate from a slightly enlarged base, the
inner slightly broader; style somewhat exserted; capsule two-thirds as
long as perianth. June-July.

Outcrops of mottled strata and stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Tien Shan
(Kara-tau, Aleksandrovskii Range, Chu-Ili Mountains). Endemic. Described
from Aleksandrovskii Range, Uch-bulak. Type in Tashkent.

23. A. guzaricum Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 349, tab. III, Figure 3.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short ascending
rhizome, cylindric-conical, ca. 1/2 em thick; tunics brownish, reticulate;
scape 5-15 cm long, slender, sulcate. smooth, covered at base with
scabrous or hairy leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 mm
broad, apparently flat, hairy, much shorter than scape; spathe short-
acuminate, one-half to one-third the length of the umbel, persistent; umbel
fasciculate or hemispherical, loosely few-flowered; pedicels equal, half
as long again to twice as long as perianth, bracteolate at base; segments of
the campanulate perianth violet, brownish-tinged, 7-8 mm long, subequal,
linear-lanceolate, tapering, acute; filaments two-thirds as long as perianth
segments, connate, entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner twice
as broad, narrowly triangular; style not exserted; capsule half as long as
perianth. June-July.

Stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Zeravshan Valley). Endemic.
Described from the valley indicated. Type in Leningrad: Zeravshan Valley,
Guzar-Kshtut.

24. A. inconspicuum Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Bot. Petrop. V
(1924) 93.—A. tataricum auct. fl. As. Med. p.p.

Perennial; bulbs 1-4, attached to an oblique rhizome, oblong-ovoid,
1/2-3/4-(12) em thick, 1-12-(3) cm long; tunics brown, reticulate; scape
15-30 cm long, slender, covered at base with smooth or rarely scabrous
leaf sheaths; leaves 1 or 2, narrowly linear, often subfiliform, 0.5-1 mm
broad, canaliculate, smooth or rarely scabrous on the margin and on veins,
slightly shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-third to two-thirds
as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel fasciculate, loosely few-flowered;
pedicels subequal, half as long as to equaling or exceeding the perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth pale or dingy
violet, brownish-violet on the back, 8-11 mm long, subequal, linear-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering, acute; filaments about half as
long as perianth segments, for 1/3 their length connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner narrowly triangular, twice as
broad as the outer; anthers violet; style not exserted; capsule half the length of
perianth, the valves suborbicular, emarginate, crestless. April-May.

Foothills, chiefly on outcrops of mottled strata.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Nura-tau, low mountains on left bank of Zeravyshan), T. Sh. (W. Tien Shan).
Endemic. Described from vicinity of station of Ziadin and Tashkent -
Chimkent mottled area. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The herbarium material indicates the occurrence in the Kara-tau
Mountains of specimens resembling inflowercolor A. Barszczewskii,

a race distributed in that area.

120

25. A. drepanophyllum Vved. in Bill. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 120.

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, attached to an oblique rhizome, (0.5) 0.75-1.5 cm
thick, (1.5) 3-6 cm long; tunics brown, reticulate; scape 15-45 cm long,
covered at base with scabrous or smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4 or 5,
linear, 2.5-10 mm broad, flat, falcately recurved, obtuse, smooth or
rough-margined, shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, (one-third)
one-half as long as to slightly shorter than the umbel, relatively few-
flowered, loose; pedicels unequal, half as long again to twice as long, in
fruit 3 times as long as perianth, subtended by few bracteoles; segments
of the narrowly campanulate perianth brownish-violet, darker on the back,
8-10 mm long, equal, linear-lanceolate, tapering, acute; filaments half
as long as perianth segments, connate, entire, the outer triangular-
subulate, the inner twice as broad, triangular; anthers violet or yellow;
style exserted; capsule half as long as perianth; valves suborbicular,
emarginate, crestless. May.

Lower mountain zone, chiefly on outcrops of mottled strata. — Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. (SW). Endemic. Described from Baisun area, Khodzha-
ipak. Type in Tashkent.

Note. A. drepanophyllum is the most devious form in the
A. incospicuum series, and it approaches A. xiphopetalum in its
broad falcate leaves. Its inclusion inthe A. inconspicuum series,
as here adopted, needs checking.

26. A. xiphopetalum Aitch. et Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. III (1888)
Lisp VolL xe Villn— A shaitia rile um Boiss. Fly Or. Wall884)r246 \(quoad
pl. Kotschyanam).

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, attached to an oblique rhizome, narrowly conical

158 to ovoid-conical, 0.75-1 cm thick, 3-4 cm long; tunics light brown, finely
reticulate; scape (20) 30-40 cm long, covered at base or up to one-third
its length with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, linear, 3-5-(10) mm
broad, flat, falcate, obtuse, smooth or rough-margined, about half the
length of scape; spathe short-acuminate, slightly shorter than the umbel,
persistent; umbel fasciculate or hemispherical, densely few-flowered;
pedicels subequal, half as long as to equaling or (in fruit) to twice as long
as the perianth, subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the
campanulate perianth rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 9-12 mm long,
tapering, subacute, the outer oblong-lanceolate, slightly longer than the
lanceolate inner segments; filaments two-thirds to three-quarters as long
as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth up to the middle,
entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner twice as broad, triangular;
anthers commonly violet; style not exserted; capsule half as long as
perianth, the valves suborbicular, emarginate, crestless. April-May.

Stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al. (Pistali-tau,
Sulyukta). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Paropamisus. Cotype in
Leningrad.

27. A. Barszezewskii Lipsky in A.H.P. XVIII (1900) 114.—
wo Later ieuwm auctifl. Asa Medep:ps—iess Rel, Flo Qurk.(8i76)
USD =e

Perennial; bulbs (1) 2 to several, attached to an oblique rhizome,
elongate-conical to ovoid-conical, 0.75-1.5 cm thick, 3-5 cm long; tunics

121

159

brown, reticulate; scape 20-60 cm long, covered to 1/3 with leaf sheaths,
these smooth or the lower scabrous; leaves 3-5, linear, 1-3 mm broad,
canaliculate, smooth or rough-margined, shorter than scape; spathe
short-acuminate, (one-third) half as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel
fasciculate or fasciculate-hemispherical, commonly many-flowered,
mostly dense; pedicels unequal, slightly shorter than to 2 (3) times as
long as perianth, usually ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate
perianth white, pale rose, rose orrosy-violet, 7-14 mm long, equal or
rarely the inner to 1/4 longer, linear-lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, tapering, acute; filaments one-half to two-thirds the length

of perianth segments, to 1/3-1/2 their length, connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner triangular and 2-3 times
as broad as the outer; anthers yellow; style not exserted; capsule one-half
to two-thirds as long as perianth, the valves crestless. May-August.

Stony or rarely fine-earth slopes, from the lower to the upper mountain
zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Endemic. Described from
Karategin: Sary-kugi-kalon Pass. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A. Barszczewskii, as here established represents a very
polymorphic residue of what has generally been offered by authors of
Central Asian flora under the name A. tataricum. There is undoubtedly
need for further subdivision of A. tataricum auct. and
A. Barszczewskii would thus become associated with the rose-
flowered race of high mountains, conforming to Lipsky's type.

28. A. lutescens Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 610.
Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to an oblique rhizome,
elongate-conical to ovoid-conical, 0.75-1 cm thick, 2-5 cm long; tunics

brown, reticulate; scape 20-35 cm long, covered to 1/3 or nearly to the
middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, linear, 1-1.5 mm broad,
canaliculate, one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel, persistent;
umbel fasciculate or fasciculate-hemispherical, rather many-flowered,
dense; pedicels subequal, slightly shorter than to half as long again
(or even twice as long) as perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly
campanulate perianth pale yellow, 8-12 mm long, subequal, linear-
lanceolate, strongly tapering, acute; filaments half the length of perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth up to the middle, entire, the
outer triangular-subulate, the inner twice as broad, triangular; anthers
yellow; style not exserted; capsule half as long as perianth, the valves
suborbicular, crestless. May.

Gravelly and stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Tien Shan. Endemic.
Described from the Mashat River. Type in Tashkent.

Note. Known from a very restricted area in the NW foothills of the
Talass Ala Tau, where it was gathered by many collectors.

29. A. longiradiatum Vved. in Opred. rast. okrest. Tashk. I (1923)
6 > A. tata ricum svar slonsinadiatum») Rel in Ay Hs Ps) ile eis)
EGO) le. Rel. bls turk.) (1676) 4." S1V AG —xot Herb la Aces Wied:
No. 60.

Perennial; bulbs 1—2-(4), attached to an oblique rhizome, ovoid-conical
or elongate-conical, 0.75-1.5 cm thick, 2-5-(7) cm long; tunics brown,

122

160

161

reticulate; scape 25-50 cm long, covered to 1/3 with leaf sheaths, these
smooth or the lower ones often scabrous; leaves 4 or 5, linear, 1-3 mm
broad, canaliculate, fistulous, smooth or scabrous, commonly shorter than
scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-eighth to one-fourth as long as the
umbel, persistent; umbel spherical or rarely hemispherical, loosely
many-flowered; pedicels subequal, 4-6 times as long as perianth,
bracteolate at base, the outer ones usually ascending; segments of the
narrowly campanulate perianth purplish-violet, 7-9 mm long, subequal,
linear-lanceolate, tapering, acute; filaments half as long as perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth up to the middle, entire, the
outer triangular-subulate, the inner 3 times as broad, triangular; style
not exserted; ovary crestless; capsule half as long as perianth. May.
Foothills, chiefly on outcrops of mottled strata.— Centr. Asia: Tien
Shan (Tashkent Ala Tau). Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Tashkent.
Type in Tashkent.

30. A. dolichomischum Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 606.

Perennial; bulbs 1—2-(3), attached to an oblique rhizome, oblong-ovoid
to conical-ovoid, (0.5)—0.75-1 cm thick, 1.5-3 cm long; tunics brown,
finally reticulate; leaves 4 or 5, linear, (1)-3-4 mm broad, flat, revolute,
falcately recurved, smooth, shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate,
one-fourth to one-third (or one-half) as long as the umbel, persistent;
umbel hemispherical, commonly many-flowered, loose; pedicels subequal,
(2)-3-4 times as long as perianth, bracteolate; segments of the narrowly
campanulate perianth commonly pale violet, with a dark violet nerve,
rarely dark violet throughout, 5-7 mm long, equal, linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, tapering, acute, the outer slightly broader; filaments two-thirds
as long as perianth, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/3 their length,
entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner twice as broad, narrowly
triangular; anthers yellow or violet; style not exserted; ovary crestless;
capsule two-thirds as long as perianth. May-June. (Plate XI, Figure 1, a).

Middle mountain zone, on outcrops of mottled strata (always ?).—
Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (W. part of Gissar Range, Chul'bair). Endemic.
Described from Chul'bair: Sina. Type in Tashkent.

31. A. dolichostylum Vved. in Bull. Univ. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 120.

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, attached to an oblique rhizome, elongate-conical
to ovoid-conical, 0.5-1.5 ecm thick, 1.5-—4 cm long; tunics brown;
reticulate; scape 30-70 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/3 its length with smooth
or rarely scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 4 or 5, linear, 1.5-4 mm broad,
canaliculate, commonly rough-margined, shorter than scape; spathe
short-acuminate, one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel, persistent;
umbel commonly hemispherical, rarely fasciculate-hemispherical to
subspherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal, equaling to half
as long again (or twice as long) as perianth, subtended by numerous
bracteoles; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth rose, witha
darker nerve, (5)-—7-—9 mm long, equal, tapering, acute, the inner lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate, the outer oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate; filaments
equaling or barely exceeding the perianth segments, connate and adnate to
perianth for 1/6 their length, entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the
inner narrowly triangular, half as broad again as the outer; anthers

162

commonly yellow; style exserted; capsule half as long as perianth; valves
suborbicular, emarginate, crestless. June-July.

Stony and gravelly slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Alai Range), T.Sh. Endemic. Described from Sary-chilek.
Type in Leningrad.

Note. Small-flowered specimens (with flowers 5-6 mm long), often
collected in Chatkal Range, deserve further study.

32. A. inderiense Fisch. ex Bge. in Goebel. Reise...II (1838) 311.—
A. tataricum Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 185; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 246
(quoad pl. Lehmannianam).— A. diaphanum Janka, Linnaea XXX (1860)
605.—A. Beckerianum Rgl. Ind. Sem. Horti. Petrop. (1860) 30.—
Ic.: Fl. Yugo-Vostoka III (1929), Figure 180.

Perennial; bulbs 1-4, attached to an oblique rhizome, ovoid-conical,
0.75-1.5 cm thick, 1-3 (4) cm long; tunics brown, reticulate; scape
20-40 cm long, covered at base or up to one-fourth its length with smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, linear, 1-3 mm broad, canaliculate, commonly
rough-margined, shorter than scape; spathe short-beaked, half as long
as the umbel, peristent; umbel fasciculate or fasciculately hemispherical,
rarely hemispherical, relatively few-flowered, dense; pedicels subequal,
half as long as to equaling or (in fruit) half as long again as the perianth,
rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 7-10 mm long, equal, tapering, acute,
the outer oblong-lanceolate, the inner lanceolate; filaments equaling the
perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/5 their length,
entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner half as broad again,
narrowly triangular; anthers violet; style exserted; capsule half as long
as perianth; valves suborbicular, emarginate, crestless. May-June.

Solonetz steppes. — European part: L.V.; W. Siberia: U. Tob. (SE);
Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh. Endemic. Described from Lake Inder.
Type in Leningrad.

33. A. stephanophorum Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Bot. Petrop. V
(1924) 94.— A. tataricum auct. fl. As. Med. p.p.

Perennial; bulbs 1-4, attached to an oblique or ascending rhizome,
elongate-conical to oblong-ovoid, 0.5-1.5 cm thick, 2—5 cm long; tunics
rufous-brown, reticulate; scape 15-50 cm long, covered at base with leaf
sheaths, these smooth or (especially the lower ones) scabrous; leaves 3-5,
narrowly linear, 0.5-2.5 mm broad, slightly canaliculate, often recurved,
commonly rough-margined; spathe short-acuminate, one-half to two-thirds
the length of umbel, persistent; umbel fasciculate or nearly hemispherical,
relatively few-flowered, rather dense; pedicels unequal, half as long as
to slightly longer than or (in fruit) twice as long as perianth, ebracteolate;
segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth dingy violet or rosy-
violet (?), with a darker nerve, tapering, acutish to obtusish, the outer
(6)-8-12 mm long, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, one-fourth as long
again as the lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate inner segments; filaments half
as long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth up to the
middle, entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner about 3 times as
broad, triangular; anthers yellow; style not exserted; ovary with a crest
of cartilaginous teeth surrounding the style; capsule half as long as perianth.
May.

124

163

Argillaceous and gravelly slopes in the lower mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. (Turkestan Range, Nura-tau, Baisun low mountains,
Shurab), T.Sh. (Mogol-tau). Endemic. Described from Turkestan Range.
Type in Leningrad.

Note. Plants collected in Kyzyl Kum deserts (Ak-tau, Changil'dy)
are very closely related to A. stephanophorum, but are distinguished
by the equal perianth segments. These plants require further study.

34. A. tenuicaule Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 348, t.1V, f.4.—
Weetatarieum vauct! tl As’ Med= p.'p.

Perennial; bulbs 2-6, attached to a rhizome, ovoid-conical, 0.5-0.75 cm
thick, 1-2 cm long; tunics brown, reticulate; scape 10-20-(3) cm long,
slender, covered to 1/4-1/3 with smooth or scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves
2 or 3, subfiliform, revolute, rough-margined; spathe short-acuminate,
slightly shorter than the umbel, persistent; umbel fasciculate or nearly
hemispherical, commonly few-flowered, dense; pedicels subequal, half as
long as perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth dark
rose, 7-8mm long, subequal, acute, the outer oblong, halfas broad again as
the lanceolate inner segments; filaments two-thirds as long as perianth,
connate and adnate to perianth up to the middle, entire, the outer triangular-
subulate, the inner twice as broad, triangular; anthers yellow; style not
exserted; ovary crested around the style base; capsule two-thirds as long
as perianth. June-July.

Gravelly and stony slopes in the alpine zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Zeravshan Valley, Chul'bair and Kugitang). Endemic. Described from
Zeravshan River valley. Type in Leningrad.

35. A. oreoprasum Schrenk. in Bull. Scient. Acad. Pétersb. X (1842)
pot widb wh MRoss. ov, olss.— Terr "Rel. FU turk: (1876) t. kVe fa7—9'.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a horizontal
rhizome, cylindric-conical, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics rufous-brown,
reticulate; scape 20-40 cm long, always ribbed, subancipital at the summit;
leaves 3-5, narrowly linear, 1-4 mm broad, more or less canaliculate,
rough- or smooth-margined, approximate at scape base, slightly shorter
than scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-half to two-thirds as long as the
umbel, persistent; umbel fasciculate or fasciculately hemispherical,
rather few-flowered; pedicels equal, 17-2-(3) times as long as perianth,
bracteolate; segments of the hemispherical perianth rose, with a prominent
dingy purple nerve, 5-7 mm long, subequal, broadly elliptic, acute,
reflexed at the tips; filaments one-half to two-thirds the length of perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/3 their length, entire,
subulate from a triangular base, the inner twice as broad, rather broadly
triangular; style not exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth.
May-July.

Rocks and stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala
Tau), Pam.-Al. (Alai Range, Pamirs), T. Sh. (Central Tien Shan,
Aleksandrovskii Range, Talass Ala Tau). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Tibet.
Described from Kul'-asu. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Location: Kara-tau (Maev) and Guberlinskie Mountains (Regel')
very dubious.

125

36. A. odorum i; Mant. (1767)/62;. edo. Wik Ross. Ve Soe ieiiigeunctin
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXVII 2 (1854) 127; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929)
630; Kom., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kraya I (1931) 365.— A. tataricum
L. f. Suppl. (1781) 196.—Ic.: Redouté Lil. II (1805) t.98.— Exs.: HER,
Nopt24i..

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, rarely moré, attached to a horizontal rhizome,
narrowly cylindric-conical, obsolescent; tunics rufous-brown, reticulate;
scape (15)-30-50 cm long, slightly ribbed; leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear,
(1.5)-2-4 mm broad, approximate at scape base, slightly shorter than the
scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel,
persistent; umbel fasciculate or fasciculately hemispherical, rather many-
flowered, dense; pedicels equal, 2-3 times as long as perianth, bracteolate
at base; segments of the substellate perianth white with a greenish nerve,
6-9 mm long, subequal, lanceolate or elliptic, obtuse to acutish; filaments
two-thirds as long as perianth, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/4 their
length, entire, subulate from a slightly enlarged base; style not exserted;
capsule 5mm long. July-August.

Meadows, solonetz soils, and slopes, rarely as a weed. Cultivated in
the Far East.— W. Siberia: Irt. (E.), Alt.; E. Siberia: Lena-Kol., Ang.-
Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Centr. Asia (advent. ); Pam.-Al.

164 (Roshan), T.Sh. (Aleksandrovskii Range). Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him., Jap.-Ch.,
Tibet. Described frorn S. Europe.

Note. Prokhanov (Tr. Prikl. Bot. XXIV, 2, 1930,.175) establishes
the cultivated plant as a distinct species, A. chinense Don, distinguishing
it by its flat carinate leaves and white flowers. The author has, however,
observed similar characteristics in herbarium specimens of wild-growing
za\e 10) (Cho) enbh gale

37s AQsaneulosum, Spill (dudes) 299: eda. HilksRosc) LypweieGr
Kyl), Bly Zap. sibe IL (1929) 619. — A. ac utameuw limi e@at.. seman isnot,
Goett. (1808); Shmal'g. Fl. II, 494.—A. laxum Don Mon. (1926) 63.—
ley. Syreisheh,, 11). Hl. Mosk. oul, 1 (1906), 236..— Base - Kerner, Hl.
exsicc. Austro-Hung. No. 3481.

Perennial; bulbs 1-2-(3), attached to a horizontal or ascending rhizome,
narrowly conical, 0.5-0.75 cm thick; tunics grayish, membranous, more
or less entire; scape 25-50 cm long, angled, slender; leaves 5 or 6,
approximate at scape base, more or less carinate, narrowly linear,

2-4 mm broad, obtuse, smooth, erect, exceeding half the length of scape;
Spathe short-acuminate, half as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel
fasciculate-hemispherical or often hemispherical, rather densely many-
flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times the length of perianth, subtended by
numerous bracteoles; segments of the broadly campanulate perianth
rosy-violet, obscurely nerved, 6-(7) mm long, acute, oblong, subequal;
filaments three-quarters as long as to slightly shorter than perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate from

a slightly enlarged base, the inner somewhat broader; style not exserted;
capsule about two-thirds as long as perianth. June-August.

Meadows. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Ilm., U.V.,
Niece UL OD. eV Dome Tecan Gay on dS ile DO ip ben Viea no tb eusic® op
U. Tob., Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (W.) Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.
Described from Siberia.

1920 126

38. A. albidum Fisch. ex Bess. Enum. pl. Volhyn. (1822) 55; Ldb. Fl.
Ross. IV, 181 (quoad pl. cauc.); Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 494.— A. angularum
Wau Gcumue cespye un | Rol. dneAtpHiaP WM (bei) l4b3— lesaeR chins lenrpl.
erit. (N82 7) a 592%

Perennial; bulbs 2-4, attached to a horizontal rhizome, conical,

0.75-1 cm thick; tunics grayish, membranous, more or less entire; scape
20-30 cm long, more or less angled, ribbed; leaves 6, narrowly linear,
1-2-(4) mm broad, flattish, canaliculate, somewhat fleshy, obtuse,
commonly smooth, about half as long as the scape; spathe short-acuminate,
two-thirds as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical to
subspherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, slightly longer than
or half as long again to twice as long as perianth, ebracteolate; segments

1650f the hemispherical substellate perianth white, sometimes reddish-tinged,
obscurely nerved, 4-5 mm long, obtuse, oblong to oblong-elliptic, entire,
the outer scaphoid, the inner one-fourth as long again; filaments equaling
to barely exceeding the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire or sometimes the inner ones 2-toothed, the outer
triangular-subulate, the inner narrowly triangular, half as broad again as
the outer; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. July.

Rocky places.— European part: Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. and
S. Transc. Gen. distr. : Arm.-Kurd. Described from the Caucasus.

39. A. flavescens Bess. Enum. pl. Vothyn. (1822) 56; Shmal'g., Fl. II,
494.— A. albidum Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 181 (pp. ); Krylov, Fl. Zap.
Sib. III (1929) 621.— Exs.: HFR No. 1496 (sub A. albido).

Perennial; bulbs in clusters of several, attached to a horizontal rhizome,
conical, 0.5-—0.75 em thick; tunics blackish, subcoriaceous, more or less
entire; scape 10-30 cm long, slender, erect, often flexuous, slightly
ribbed; leaves 6-8, filiform, semicylindric, canaliculate, 0.5-0.75 mm
broad, rough-margined, slightly less than half or half the length of scape;
spathe half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate, persistent; umbel
fasciculate-hemispherical or hemispherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels equal, 2-3-(4) times as long as perianth, ebracteolate; segments
of the hemispherical perianth yellowish, obscurely nerved, 3-4 mm long,
oblong-lanceolate to oblong, subentire, dull, the inner slightly longer than
to one-fourth as long again as the scaphoid outer segments; filaments
equaling to slightly exceeding the perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subulate, the inner half as broad again as the outer;
style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. June-July.

(Plate X, Figure 1a).

Steppes and slopes. — European part: V.-Ka. (S.), M. Dnp., V.-Don,
Transv.))Bls, 42. 9Don; W: Siberia” US Tob.arth Endemic ())) Described
from S. Russia.

40. A. Stellerianum Willd. Sp. pl. II (1799) 82; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV
(1853) 181 (quoad var. a. ).

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a horizontal
rhizome, narrowly conical, 0.5-1 cm thick; tunics brownish or blackish,
membranous to subcoriaceous, more or less entire; scape 10-30 cm long,
slender, erect, slightly ribbed; leaves 4-6, approximate at scape base,
semicylindric, canaliculate, 0.75-1.5 mm broad, rough-margined, slightly

127

166

169

shorter than scape; spathe two-thirds as long as the umbel, short-
acuminate, persistent; umbel spherical, rarely hemispherical, rather
few-flowered, dense, often subcapitate; pedicels equal, slightly exceeding
or half as long again (to twice as long) as the perianth, ebracteolate;
segments of the hemispherical perianth yellow, sometimes rose-tinged,
obscurely nerved, (4)-—5 mm long, broadly elliptic to ovate, obtuse, entire,
the inner slightly longer than the scaphoid outer segments; filaments slightly
exceeding to half as long again as the perianth segments, at base connate
and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate, the inner half as broad again as
the outer; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. July-
August.

Slopes.— W. Siberia: Alt. (?); E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. Gen. distr.:
Mongolia. Described from Yenisei.

41. A. prostratum Trev. Ind. sem. h. Wratislaw. (1821); Ej. All.
(1822) MiGs Plidbt "Fln Rosser Vi 10182 Lurez “ineBull. (So@n Nate 7 Mosc? Sax Vil
2 (1854) 125.—Ic.: Trev. in Acta Acad. Leop.-Car. XII 1 (1826) t. XI.

Perennial; bulbs paired (?), attached to a horizontal rhizome, cylindric,
0.5-0.75 cm thick; tunics brownish, subcoriaceous, more or less entire;
scape slender, weak, ascending, slightly ribbed, 10-25 cm long; leaves
5-8, approximate at scape base, semicylindric, canaliculate, 0.75-1.5 mm
broad, rough-margined, shorter than scape; spathe one-third to one-half
as long as the umbel, short-acuminate, persistent; umbel hemispherical
to subspherical, rather loosely few-flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times
as long as perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the subhemispherical
perianth rosy-violet, obscurely nerved, ca. 5 mm long, oblong or rarely
oblong-ovate, obtuse, the more or less crenate inner segments slightly
longer than the scaphoid outer ones; filaments equaling or rarely barely
exceeding the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, subulate, the inner half as broad again as the outer; style exserted;
capsule equaling the perianth. July.

Stony places.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol., Ang.-Say. (E.), Dau. Gen. distr.:
Mongolia. Described from that part of Siberia adjacent to Lake Baikal.

Note. Plants from the Lena-Kolyma region deserve further study.
They often have conspicuously exserted stamens and, as far as can be
deduced from herbarium specimens, the flowers are sometimes yellow-
tinged.

42. A. rubens Schrad. ex Willd. Enum. pl. Hort. Ber. I (1809) 360. —
A. Stellerianum Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 181 (quoad var. B); Kryl.,
Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill (1929) 620.—Ic.: Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl. Ross. IV (1833) t. 384.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a horizontal
rhizome, narrowly conical, 0.5-1 mm [?] thick; tunics brownish,
subcoriaceous, more or less entire; scape 10-25 cm long, slender, erect,
slightly ribbed; leaves 5 or 6, approximate at scape base, semicylindric,
canaliculate, 1-1.5-(2) mm broad, more or less rough-margined, about
equaling the scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-half to two-thirds as long
as the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical to spherical, rather
few-flowered, loose; pedicels equal, 2—(3) times as long as perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate to subhemispherical
perianth rosy-violet, obscurely nerved, (4)-5 mm long, broadly elliptic

128

> an

1. Allium dolichomischum Vved., 1a) portion of perianth.— 2. A. talassicum Rgl., 2a) portion
of perianth.— 3. A. Maximowiczii Rgl., 3a) portion of perianth.

Plate XI

129

170

to ovate, obtuse, subentire, the scaphoid outer segments slightly shorter;
filaments equaling to twice the length of perianth segments, at base connate
and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate, subequal; style not exserted;
capsule slightly shorter than perianth. June-August.

Rocks and stony slopes.— European part: V.-Ka. (S. Urals); W. Siberia:
Ob (SE), U. Tob:, Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say, (W.); Centr. Asia:

Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described without indication of provenience.

43. A. tytthocephalum Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII 2 (1830) 1133.—

A. Senescens var. brevipedunculatum Rgl. in A.H.P. Il (1875)
140; Kylee Zan, Sib. WlA(1929) Gus:

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to a horizontal or ascending
rhizome, narrowly conical to subcylindric, 0.5-0.75 cm thick; tunics
blackish, membranous, more or less entire; scape 15-25cm long, ribbed,
in upper part anticipital; leaves 2-4, approximate at scape base,
semicylindric, canaliculate, 1-2 mm broad, rough-margined, slightly
shorter than the scape; spathe short-acuminate, two-thirds as long as the
umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical, rather few-flowered, dense;
pedicels equal, slightly shorter to slightly longer than perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate perianth purple,
obscurely nerved, 5-6 mm long, ovate to broadly elliptic, obtuse, the
scaphoid outer segments one-fourth as long again as the inner; filaments
purple, slightly exceeding the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, entire, subulate, subequal; style exserted; capsule two-thirds
as long as perianth. August. (Plate X, Figure 2a).

Gravelly slopes in the alpine zone.— W. Siberia: Alt. (Lake Balyktykol',
Saaskandy River); E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Sayans (?), Khati-gol River).
Endemic. Described from Siberia.

44. A. senescens L. Sp. pl. (1753) 299; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 180;
turez. in Bull soc. Nat. Mose, Xi@VIl 24(1854)) 124: Kryl., Pl; Zap, Sie
(1929) 617; Kom., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kraya I (1931) 365.—

A. montanum Schmidt. Fl. Boem. VI (1794) 28.— A. baicalense
Willd. Enum. hort. Berol. I (1809) 360.— A. spirale Willd. Ibid. Suppl.
(1813) 17.—A. glaucum Schrad. Cat. hort. Goett. (1814).—

A. Andersonii Don. Mon. (1826) 59.—A. spurium Don. l.c.—
Aiba lias Roem. et Schult Ssycka Vilp2 (lewO) 1072: Shmalta, bila
(1897) 494.— A. angulosum var. minus Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853)
180.—Te.: Gnuiel. Fl. Sib. I (1747)4R 14, f92-—Exs HER No. 1342° Karo
Pl. Amur. Zeaen. No.179.

Perennial; bulbs (1)-2-3, attached to a horizontal rhizome, conical
1-1.5-(2) em thick; tunics blackish, membranous, more or less entire;
scape (20)-30-60 cm long, in upper part ancipital or even narrowly winged;
leaves 5-8, approximate at scape base, flat, linear, obtuse, glaucescent,
the outer (2)-3-6-(10) mm broad, smooth, erect or falcate or obliquely
spiral, half as long as to slightly exceeding the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, (one third or) half as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel
hemispherical or rarely spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal,
2-3-(4) times as long as perianth, subtended by few bracteoles or
ebracteolate; segments of the hemispherical perianth rose or dark rose
or rosy-violet, faintly nerved, (4)—5-(6) mm long, obtuse,

130

UTE

oblong-lanceolate to ovate, the inner slightly longer than to one-fourth as
long again as the scaphoid outer segments; filaments at the very base
connate and adnate to perianth, slightly exceeding to half as long again as
the perianth, entire, subulate, the inner 22 times as broad as the outer;
style exserted; capsule equaling the perianth, the valves obcordate.
May-July.

Stony and sandy places, and meadows.— European part: U. Dnp.,

Vie Dap. ,¥ve- Mou) aC?) Caucasuse (7s?) so Wie Siberia: Alto), Siberia:
Lena-Kol. (S.), Ang.-Say., Dau; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Centr. Asia:
Dzu.-Tarb. (Tarbagatai). Gen. distr.: W. Europe, Mongolia, Manchuria.
Described from Siberia and from Sicily.

Note. The species is differentiated into four races. The European race,
named A. montanum (= A. fallax), with erect leaves (2)-3-(4) mm
broad, ancipital (wingless) scape, and usually oblong-lanceolate slightly
tapering inner perianth segments. Altai-Sayan race, more stocky, with
leaves half the length of scape and commonly ovate rosy-violet perianth
segments; Transbaikal race, the typical (A. senescens §.s. =
A. baicalense); stronger plants with falcately recurved leaves 5-10 mm
broad, scape often narrowly winged at summit, and commonly oblong-
lanceolate perianth segments. Far Eastern form, apparently corresponding
to A.spirale and A. glaucum, with obliquely spiral leaves about the
length of the usually narrow-winged scape, and ovate perianth segments.

The insufficiently definite morphological determination of these races
and, more important, the extensive and complicated synonymy, due to the
lack of precise indication of origin in the short descriptions, make it
impossible to consider these races as independent entities.

An AS nutans), sp. pl (1.753) 299% | ldio® "El SOssarl Vem tanto lea
Fl. Zap. Sib 111'(1929) 6G16.—Te.: Bot. Mag: (1808) t. 1143:

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to a horizontal or slightly
ascending stout rhizome, conical, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics blackish,
membranous, more or less entire; scape (20) 30-60 cm long, stout, with
2 usually winged ribs in upper part; leaves 6-8, approximate at scape
base, flat, glaucous, obtuse, subfalcate, smooth, the outer (5)-8-15 mm
broad, half the length of the scape; spathe short-acuminate, two-thirds as
long as the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical, rarely subspherical,
densely many-flowered to subcapitate, drooping before flowering; vedicels
equal, half as long again to twice as long as the perianth, bracteolate;
segments of the hemispherical perianth rose to rosy-violet, obscurely
nerved, (4)—5-(6) mm long, obtuse, oblong-ovate, the inner segments
somewhat longer than the scaphoid outer ones; filaments at base connate
and adnate to perianth, half as long again to twice as long as perianth;
capsule equaling the perianth. June-July.

Steppes and meadow and stony slopes.— W. Siberia: Ob (SE), U. Tob.,
Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say (W.); Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Saur
Range). Endemic. Described from Siberia.

46. A. pumilum Vved. in Bull. Univ. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 121.

Perennial; bulbs 1-38, attached to a horizontal rhizome, mostly conical,
ca. 0.5 cm thick, 2-3 cm long; tunics grayish, coarsely reticulate-fibrous;
scape ca. 10 cm long, covered at base with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves

13]

172

2 or 3, narrowly linear, 1-2 mm broad, flat or at base slightly canaliculate,
subfalcately recurved, smooth, shorter than scape; spathe acuminate,
equaling the umbel, persistent; umbel few-flowered, capitate; pedicels
half as long as to rarely slightly shorter than perianth, ebracteolate;
segments of the broadly campanulate perianth rosy, ca. 4 mm long,
oblong-elliptic, obtuse, the outer slightly shorter than the inner; filaments
about as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, triangular-subulate, subequal; style not exserted. July.

Dry slopes.— W. Siberia: Alt. (Collected by B.K. Shishkin on a single
occasion in 1931 on the Ukok Plateau). Type in Leningrad.

47. A. polyrrhizum Turcz. ex Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 162.

Perennial; roots numerous, almost rosy; bulbs ina cluster of several,
attached to a horizontal rhizome, forming together with sterile bulbs a
dense clump, subcylindric, ca. 0.5 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown,
separated into subreticulate fibers; scape 10-20 cm long, slender, erect,
slightly ribbed; leaves 2 or 3, filiform, 0.5-0.75 mm broad, semicylindric,
canaliculate, rough-margined, approximate at scape base, exceeding half
the length of scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate,
persistent; umbel fasciculate or often hemispherical, rather few-flowered,
dense; pedicels equal or half as long again (or even twice as long) as
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate perianth rose,
obscurely nerved, 4-5 mm long, obtuse, oblong-elliptic, the inner slightly
longer than the outer; filaments equaling to slightly exceeding the perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate from
a somewhat enlarged base, the inner twice as broad, toothed at base, rarely
nearly entire; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth.
August. (Plate X, Figure 3a).

Solonetz sites.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb.
(Tarbagatai). Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from the Argun River. Type
in Leningrad.

Note. The variety collected in Tarbagatai (Tasbeit-kuduk — Ters-
airuk), var. Przewalskii Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 162, et X (1887)
339, t. IV, f. 1, is distinguished by larger flowers (6 mm long), larger
umbels, the inner filaments dilated nearly to the middle, and the more
numerous, rufescent or rufous bulb tunics. Further study of this variety
is needed.

48. A. bidentatum Fisch. ex Prokh. in Mater. izuch. Mong... 2 (1929)
83 in adn. et. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. URSS. XXIX (1930) 564, t. V.—
A. Tengis sim um Lurez. in Bull, Soc..Nat., Mose. SosVil. 2) (1854) 26
(excl. syn.).—A.omiostema Airy-Shaw in Notes Bot. Gard. Edinb.
XVI (1931) 144.—Ic.: Prokh., l.c.— Exs.: Karo. Pl. daur. No. 120
(sub A. tenuissimo).

Perennial; roots numerous, almost rosy; bulbs in a cluster of several;
attached to a horizontal rhizome, forming together with sterile bulbs a
fairly dense clump, subcylindric, ca. 0.5 cm thick; tunics brownish,
subcoriaceous, laciniate; scape 10-25 cm long, slender, erect, ribbed;
leaves 3, approximate at scape base, semicylindric, canaliculate,

1-1.5 mm thick, rough-margined, slightly shorter than the scape; spathe
half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate, persistent; umbel

132

173

i174

hemispherical, rarely subspherical, densely few-flowered; pedicels
equaling to half as long again as perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the
broadly campanulate perianth dark rose, obscurely nerved, 5-6 mm long,
the inner oblong-elliptic to sublinear-oblong, obtuse, subtruncate, one-
fourth as long again as the oblong obtuse outer segments; filaments slightly
shorter than perianth segments, at the very base connate and adnate to
perianth, the outer subulate, the inner twice as broad, 2-toothed at 2/3-3/4
their length; style not exserted; capsule two-thirds as long as perianth.
June-August.

Gravelly and stony slopes.— E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East:
Uss. (advent. ); Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Tarbagatai). Gen. distr.:
Mong. Described from Transbaikalia. Type in Leningrad.

49. A. bellulum Prokh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. URSS XXIX (1930)
568. t. VI.

Perennial; roots numerous, almost ropy; bulbs in a cluster of several,
attached to a horizontal rhizome, together with sterile bulbs forming a
rather dense clump, subcylindric, ca. 0.5 cm thick; tunics brownish,
laciniate; scape 7-20 cm long, slender, erect, ribbed; leaves 2, filiform,
canaliculate, rough-margined, slightly shorter than scape; spathe one-third
as long as the umbel, short-acuminate, persistent; umbel hemispherical,
loosely few-flowered, the flowers subpendulous; pedicels equal (half as
long again or) twice as long as perianth, slender, ebracteolate; segments of
the broadly campanulate perianth dark rose, 3.5-4.5 mm long, obtuse,
ovate, the inner segments slightly longer than the outer; filaments equaling
the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, the outer
subulate, the inner twice as broad, toothed at 2/3 their length; style not
exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. July.

Stony slopes— W. Siberia: Alt. (Bukhtarma River valley). Gen. distr.:
Mong. Described from the Turgen River valley. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Closely relatedto A. bidentatum and in need of further study.

50. A. tenuissimum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 301; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 183;
Kryl., Fl. Zap Sibt TIT (1929) 6239— Ie..1/Lidb: lev plo Fl] Rossy Iv (1833)
PH So.HexSsay FE RNo: i3is9r

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a horizontal
rhizome, narrowly cylindric-conical, obsolescent; tunics blackish or
brownish, submembranous, slightly split to subentire; scape 5-25 cm long,
slender, erect, terete, ribbed; leaves 2 or 3, filiform, 0.5-—1 mm broad,
semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth or scabrous, slightly shorter than to
equaling to scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-third to one-half as long
as the umbel, persistent; umbel hemispherical, loosely few-flowered;
flowers nodding; pedicels equal, eee) times as long as perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the hemispherical perianth whitish or rosy,
ca. 4mm long, truncate or very obtuse, the inner obcuneate, the outer
slightly shorter, suborbicular-elliptic; filaments about two-thirds as long
as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire,
subulate from an enlarged base, the inner twice as broad, subtriangular;
style not exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. June-July.

Rocks, stony and gravelly slopes.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia:
Ang.-Say. Endemic (?). Described from Siberia.

133

175

51. A. anisopodium Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 183; Turez. in Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mose. XXVII 2 (1854) 126; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib.III (1929) 622; Kom.,
Opreds rast: Dal'nevost.ikrayaih (1931) 3665—. len” ome) lieu all 2) se

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a horizontal or
ascending rhizome, narrowly cylindric-conical, obsolescent; tunics
blackish-brown or brownish, more or less split, sometimes nearly
separated into fibers; scape 20-40 cm long, slender, erect, terete; leaves
2 or 3, semicylindric, canaliculate, ca. 1 mm broad, smooth, slightly
shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-third to one-half as long
as the umbel, persistent; umbel fasciculate or fasciculately spherical,
rather many-flowered, loose; pedicels unequal, 3-7 times as long as
perianth, ebracteolate, the outer somewhat ascending; segments of the
broadly campanulate perianth rosy, obscurely nerved, 3.5-4.5 mm long,
obtuse or truncate, the inner obcuneate or linear-obcuneate, the outer
oblong-elliptic to broadly elliptic, slightly shorter than the inner ones;
filaments two-thirds as long as perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subulate from dilated base, the inner twice as broad,
subtriangular; style barely exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth.
June-July.

Dry slopes and sands.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau;
Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. (NE). Gen. distr.: Mong.,
Jap.-Ch. Described from Tranbaikalia. Type in Leningrad.

52. A. caespitosum Sievers ex Bong. et Mey. in Bull. scient. Acad.
Petersb. VIII (1841) 341; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 183; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III
(1929) 622.—Ic.: Bong. et Mey. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. VI, ser. IV,
228 (1845) t. XVI.

Perennial, loosely cespitose by rhizomes to 10 cm long; bulbs
obsolescent; tunics light grayish-brown, membranous, split, the inner
ones white; scape 15-20 cm long, terete; leaves 4-6, approximate at
scape base, semicylindric, canaliculate, ca. 1mm broad, smooth,
shorter than scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate,
persistent; umbel hemispherical, rather loosely few-flowered; flowers
nodding; pedicels about as long or half as long again as perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate perianth whitish,
sometimes rose-tinged, 6-7 mm long, obtuse, the inner broadly elliptic,
slightly longer than the ovate outer segments; filaments two-thirds to three-
quarters as long as perianth, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire,
the outer subulate, the inner about 3 times as broad, subulate from a
triangular base to narrowly triangular; style not exserted; capsule slightly
shorter than perianth. June-August

Sands.— Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Irtysh, Kurtu). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash.
(?). Described from Piketnaya rybalka [marked-off fishing-ground] on the
Irtysh River. Type in Leningrad.

Do. As, obliquumy i. Sp: pl. (1 53,))296-) db... El. «ROSS WV. d has
Shmal'g., Fl. U1, 492; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. II (1929) 614.—Ic.: Redouté
Lil. VII (1913) t. 364.— Exs.: Schultz. Herb. norm. nov. ser. No. 2390.

Perennial; bulb solitary, attached to a vertical rhizome, oblong-ovoid,
2-3 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, reddish-brown; scape robust,
60-100-(150) cm long, covered up to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths;

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176

leaves 6-9, linear, 5-20 mm broad, gradually attenuate toward apex, flat,
subobtuse, smooth-margined, much shorter than scape; spathe short-
acuminate, slightly shorter than the umbel; umbel spherical, densely
many-flowered; pedicels subequal, 2-3 times the length of perianth,
bracteolate; segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth greenish-yellow,
4-5 mm long, ovate, acutish to obtuse, the scaphoid outer segments shorter
than the inner; filaments half as long again as perianth segments, subulate,
subequal; style conspicuously exserted. April-July.

Meadows and wooded slopes. — European part: Transv., L. Don (?)*;
W. Siberia: Ob. (SE), U. Tob., Alt; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (W.);
Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. (Fergana Range). Gen. distr.: Centr.
Eur., Dzu.-Kash. Described from Siberia.

54. A. platyspathum Schrenk. Enum. pl. nov. I (1841) 7; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV AM845 Kryl. Fl, "Zap. Sib: T1(1929) 614A hamblyophyl!lum Kar.
et Kir. inBull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842)510.—A. alataviense Rgl.inBull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI,1(1862)448.—Ic.: Rgl. Fl. Turk. (1876)t. XII, f. 4-6.

Perennial; bulbs 1-(2.3), attached to a vertical rhizome, subcylindric,
1-2 cm thick, the inner tunics white, the outer blackish-brown, papery;
scape 10-70 cm long, covered at base or up to half its length with smooth
sheaths; leaves 2-6, linear; 3-17 mm broad, flat, obtuse, smooth or
rarely rough-margined, equaling or slightly exceeding the scape; spathe
short-acuminate, sometimes colored, slightly shorter than the umbel,
persistent; umbel hemispherical to spherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels equal, as long to half as long again as perianth, ebracteolate;
segments of the broadly campanulate perianth rose, obscurely nerved,
lustrous, 6-8 mm long, subequal, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, subobtuse
to subacute; filaments slightly shorter than to half as long again as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, equal, entire, subulate
from a somewhat dilated base; style conspicuously exserted; capsule two-
thirds as long as perianth. June-July.

Alpine and subalpine zones.— W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb.,
Pam.-Al. (Pamirs, Alai and Trans-Alai ranges), T. Sh. (Central Tien
Shan, Aleksandrovskii Range, Talass Ala Tau). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash.
Described from Dzhilkaragai Alps. Type in Leningrad.

55. A. polyphyllum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842)
DOS db AP). Moss ALVA Wel? thiglt OL Atork “(Sw b) tex? PP 3. —
Exs; ‘Herb: Fl. As! Med No. 338.

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to a vertical or obliquely
ascending rhizome, broadly cylindric-conical, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics
brown, coriaceous, entire, dull; scape robust, 20-60 cm long, covered
to 1/4-1/2 its length with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 5-7, broadly linear,
3.5-15 mm broad, flat, obtuse, commonly falcately recurved, nearly
smooth-margined, shorter than scape; spathe short-acuminate, equaling
the umbel, sometimes colored; umbel spherical, rarely hemispherical,
densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, as long to twice as long as perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth rose, obscurely
nerved, 5-8 mm long, obtuse, the outer oblong to oblong-ovate, three-
quarters as long as to slightly shorter than the obovate to oblong-obovate
inner segments; filaments half as long again to twice as long as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate from

* Novocherkassk, Pabo — needs confirmation.

135

177

178

a dilated base, the inner twice as broadasthe outer; style conspicuously
exserted; capsule about two-thirds as long as perianth. July-August.

Gravelly and stony slopes in the subalpine and alpine zones. — Centr.
Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described
from Dzungarian Ala Tau, Sarkhan River. Type in Leningrad.

56. A. hymenorrhizum Ldb. Fl. Alt. Il (1:830)» 12). Vidb:\ he Ross. wi,
184; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 248; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 615. —

A. macrorhizum Boiss. Diagn. pl. or. nov. I, 13 (1853) 32.—Ic.:
dbs lcirpl: Hu SRoss-) TV (1833) tab. 359.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med.
No. 58.

Perennial; bulbs 1 to several, attached to a rhizome and forming a
rather loose clump, (1)-1.5-2 cm thick; tunics numerous, coriaceous,
brown, lustrous, splitting; scape 30-90 cm long, covered nearly to the
middle with smooth distant sheaths; leaves 4-6, linear, 2—5 mm broad,
flattish, commonly strict, smooth, slightly shorter than scape; spathe
short-acuminate, slightly shorter than to equaling the umbel, persistent;
umbel spherical or hemispherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal,
12-2-(3) times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the
campanulate perianth rose, obscurely nerved, 4-6 mm long, obtusish to
acutish, the outer lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, slightly shorter than the
oblong to oblong-elliptic inner ones; filaments half as long again to twice
as long as the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, subulate, subequal; style conspicuously exserted; capsule as long
as perianth. July-August.

Meadows.— W. Siberia: U. Tob. (Iryndyk), Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-
Tarb., Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Iran., Dzu.-Kash. Described from
the Koksu and Uba rivers in Altai. Type in Leningrad.

57. A. kashchianum Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 338 tab. III t. 2.

Perennial; bulbs 1 to several, attached to a rhizome, forming a loose
clump, subcylindric, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, dark brown,
laciniate; scape 15-40 cm long, covered to 1/3-—1/2 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 4 or 5, narrowly linear, 1-3 mm broad, flattish, rough-margined,
slightly shorter to slightly longer than scape; spathe short-acuminate,
equaling the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical or hemispherical,
relatively few-flowered, dense, subcapitate; pedicels equal, two-thirds as
long as to equaling perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate
perianth pale rose-lilac, with a prominent darker nerve, ca. 5 mm long,
obtusish, the outer oblong-lanceolate, slightly shorter than the inner
oblong-elliptic segments; filaments half as long again as perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate, subequal; style
conspicuously exserted; capsule as long as perianth. July-September.

Meadow-steppe mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Centr. Tien
Shan, rare). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Kash and Kegen
rivers. Type in Leningrad.

58. A. glaciale Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 121.

Perennial; bulb solitary, attached to an ascending rhizome bearing
vestiges of old bulbs, conical, 0.75-1 cm thick, 2-3 cm long; tunics

136

7s)

yellowish-brown, coriaceous, entire or sometimes somewhat separated into
fibers; scape 20-30 cm long, stoutish, terete, smooth, scarcely ribbed,
covered to one-third its length or nearly to the middle with smooth distant
leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, linear, 2-3 mm broad, flat, smooth- or
scaberulous-margined, apparently shorter than scape; spathe short-
acuminate, as long as or somewhat longer than the umbel, persistent;
umbel spherical, densely many-flowered, capitate; pedicels equal, as long
as to slightly longer than perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the
campanulate perianth rose, with a prominent purple nerve, ca. 4 mm long,
linear-oblong, very obtuse, the outer slightly shorter than the inner;
filaments slightly exceeding the perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subulate, the inner somewhat broader; style exserted.
July.

Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Found on a single occasion by Drobov in
Turkestan Range on the southern rocky slopes toward the Zeravshan Glacier.
Endemic. Type in Tashkent.

59. A. setifolium Schrenk. Enum. pl. nov. I (1841) 6; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
Died 2e ies? (ail. Ed) ork, (1876) tx bil 3.

Perennial; bulbs commonly numerous, attached to a rhizome, forming
a compact clump, elongate-ovoid or often subcylindric, 0.5-0.75 cm thick,
2-3 cm long; tunics coriaceous, yellowish-brown, entire, splitting at the
top; scape slender, 5-10 cm long, covered at base with smooth leaf
sheaths, leaves 2, capillary, smooth, about equaling the scape;
Spathe acuminate, small, persistent; umbel several times as long as the
spathe, fasciculate, loosely few-flowered; pedicels subequal, as long to
twice as long as the perianth, bracteolate; segments of the campanulate
perianth rose, with a darker nerve, 6-7 mm long, subequal, linear-
lanceolate, obtusish; filaments two-thirds as long as perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth for half their length, entire, subulate from
slightly dilated base, subequal; style not exserted; capsule two-thirds as
long as perianth. June-July.

Stony places in foothills.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian
Ala Tau), T.Sh. (Trans-Ili Ala Tau, Chu-Ili Mountains). Gen. distr.:
Dzu.-Kash. Described from Labasa. Type in Leningrad.

60. A. subtilissimum Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 22; Ej: Fl. Ross. IV, 173;
Lower A Zar aSib. I KO29 612. le.: Wdbpwe. pl. Hil. Ross. 1V (lesa)
t. 360:

Perennial; bulbs elongate-conical, 0.75-1 cm thick, clustered, forming
readily disintegrating clumps; tunics coriaceous, grayish-brown; scape
3-120 em lone, «slender, jerect,, leaves,o.or, 4, dilitorm,, cay. 0.0 mim
broad, semicylindric, canaliculate, rough-margined, slightly shorter
to slightly longer than scape; spathe small, half as long as the
umbel, persistent, the beak as long as the blade; umbel fasciculate or
hemispherical, very loosely few-flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times as
long as perianth, bracteolate, the outer ascending; segments of the
substellate perianth rosy-purple, with a darker nerve, ca. 4 mm long,
elliptic, obtuse, equal, the outer involute; filaments purple, slightly longer
than perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire,
subulate, equal; style longer than perianth; capsule scarcely shorter than
perianth. July-August.

N37,

180

Solonetz soils and stony slopes.— W. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia:
Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from the Irtysh River.

Type in Leningrad.
Note. Reports for Ural'sk and for Pamir-Alai are erroneous.

61. A. jucundum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 122. —

Perennial; bulbs apparently several, attached to a short rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 0.5-1 cm thick; tunics brown, subcoriaceous, more or
less entire; scape 10-15 cm long, covered at base with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear, 1-1.5 mm broad, flat, smooth, about as
long as the scape; spathe persistent, slightly shorter than the umbel, not
colored, beakless; umbel hemispherical, loosely few-flowered; pedicels
equal, as long as or slightly longer than perianth, ebracteolate or subtended
by few bracts; segments of the campanulate perianth purple, with a darker
nerve, ca. 5mm long, oblong, obtusish, subequal; filaments one-fourth
to one-half as long again as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, purple, subulate, entire, equal; style exserted. July.

Rocks.— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. (Centr. Tien Shan). Endemic. Described
from Ulakhol. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Related to a certain extent to species of the high-mountain group
A. globosum s. l., but differing from all of them in the beakless spathe
and the flat leaves. Also related, though perhaps more distantly, to
A. Pevtzovi Prokh., from which its differs in the longer stamens and
the general flower structure characteristic of the A. globosum group.

62. A. tytthanthum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 122.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome;
ovoid-conical to elongate-conical, ca. 1 mm thick; tunics brown,
coriaceous, entire; scape 10-15 cm long, covered at base or nearly to the
middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, filiform, 0.5-1 mm broad,
canaliculate, scabrous, apparently shorter than scape; spathe persistent,
half as long as the umbel, the beak short or sometimes up to half the length
of blade; umbel fasciculately spherical, loosely few-flowered; pedicels
equal, (iz) 2 times the length of perianth, slender, bracteolate; flowers
nodding; segments of the hemispherical perianth pale yellow turning rosy,
ca. 3mm long, elliptic, obtuse, the inner mucronulate, slightly shorter
than the outer; filaments half as long again as perianth, at base connate
and adnate to perianth, subulate, entire, equal; style exserted. July.

Rocks and stony slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Chul'bair mountains). Endemic. Described from Chul'bair
mountains: Khodzha-barku. Type in Tashkent.

Note. Collected at two points situated very close to one another, in
Chul'bair mountains. A species differing from all the other species of the
A. globosum s.1. group in the loose umbel with pendulous flowers.

63. A. kokanicum Rel. in A.H.P. Il (1875) 104/—Te.: Rel) Fl Purk;
(1876) t.X, f. 4-6.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous, more or
less entire; scape 5-20-(40) cm long, covered at base with smooth leaf
Sheaths; leaves 2-4, filiform, canaliculate, 0.5-1 mm broad, hispid;

138

181

spathe persistent, as long as or slightly longer than the umbel, the beak
as long to twice as long as the blade; umbel hemispherical or spherical,
commonly many-flowered, dense; pedicels equal, shorter than to equaling
the perianth, bracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth rose,
with a purple nerve, 4-5 mm long, subacute, subequal; filaments one-fourth
to one-half as long again as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, more or less purple, the outer subulate, the inner half as broad
again, 2-toothed at base; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than the
perianth. July-August.

Stony and rocky slopes in the upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Dzu. Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala Tau), Pam.-Al. (Alai Range), T. Sh.
(Aleksandrovskii Range, Fergana Range). Endemic. Described from Alai
Range. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A species with unusual distribution. Relatedto A. caricoides
from which it differs in the toothed filaments of the inner stamens.

6475 PAL filifolium oR pl. ASH iPy, X88 OC) 352, 20% V le af 38h

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome,
elongate-conical to subcylindric, 0.5-1 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous,
more or less entire; scape 10-20 cm long, covered at base with smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, filiform to subcapillary, 0.25-0.5 (1) mm broad,
canaliculate, smooth or scaberulous-margined, slightly shorter than the
Scape; spathe persistent, slightly exceeding the umbel, usually colored,
the beak shorter than to as long as the blade; umbel hemispherical, rarely
spherical, densely few-flowered; pedicels equal, half as long to half as
long again as perianth, bracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth
rose, with a purple nerve, (4)-5 mm long, oblong, acutish, subequal;
filaments half as long again to twice as long as the perianth segments, at
base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, equal, subulate, usually faintly
colored; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. July-August.

Gravelly and stony slopes in the upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Endemic. Described from Talass Ala Tau: Bish-tash.
Type in Leningrad.

Note. The Talass Ala Tau and the Aleksandrovskii Range are inhabited
by typical A. filifolium, with subcapillary smooth leaves. In the
remaining parts of the distribution area (Tashkent Ala Tau, Pamir-Alai)
one often comes across specimens with broader scabrous leaves and thus
resembling A. caricoides Rel.

There is need for further collecting of alliums of the A. globosum
s.l. group in the high mountains of Central Asia, as the material from
very interesting parts of their distribution area is often inadequate.

65. A. caricoides Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 532.—A. Hoeltzeri Regl.
A.H.P. VIII (1884) et in Gartenfl. (1884) 291. t.1169.—Ic.: Rgl. in A.H.P.
Se Sie) hee ete be

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 0.5-1 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous, more or less
entire; scape 5-20 cm long, covered at base with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 3 or 4, filiform, 0.5-1 mm broad, canaliculate, with ciliate-scabrous
margin, commonly exceeding the scape; spathe persistent, slightly shorter
to slightly longer than the umbel, colored, the beak slightly shorter to

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182

slightly longer than the blade; pedicels equal, half the length of perianth,
bracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth pale rose, with a purple
nerve, 4-4.5 mm long, oblong, acute, subequal; filaments half as long
again as the perianth, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire,
subulate, more Gr less purple; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter
than perianth. June-September.

Gravelly slopes in the middle and upper mountain zones.— Centr. Asia:
T. Sh. (Centr. Tien Shan). Endemic (?). Described from Trans-lli Ala
Tau: Malaya Alamaatinka. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Known from a few localities in Central Tien Shan and requiring
further study. Appears to be intermediate between A. filifolium Rgl.
and A. tianschanicum Rupr.

66. A. tianschanicum Rupr. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. VII, XIV, 4
(1869) 33.—A. hymenorrhizum var. tianschanicum Regl. in
AO HEP. Ill (1875). 132.— A. macnorchiaunt Hele ipASH) Peis)
154,.— A. globosumV/var. albidum) RelM in ALMA Ams (Nse7) .352..—
Wee VAs folly eile ON biel ellis; /(6))) pao GUO att sale

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome,
cylindric-conical to subeylindric, (0.75)—1—2 em thick, (5)=10=15 em»long;
tunics brown, coriaceous, more or less splitting; scape 15-25 cm long,
covered at base with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, narrowly linear,
1-1.5 mm broad, canaliculate, ciliate-scabrous, commonly shorter than
the scape; spathe persistent, slightly exceeding the umbel, the beak about
as long as the blade; umbel hemispherical to subspherical, rather many-
flowered, dense; pedicels equal, slightly shorter to slightly longer than
perianth, bracteolate; segments of the subspherical perianth yellowish or
whitish turning red, 5-6 mm long, ovate, obtuse, the outer sometimes
emarginate, 1/6 shorter than the inner; filaments one-fourth to one-half
as long again as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
subulate, entire, equal; style exserted; capsule scarcely shorter than the
perianth. July-September.

Stony and rocky slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Alai Range, Pamirs), T.Sh. (Centr. Tien Shan). Gen. distr. :
Dzu.-Kash. Described from Dzhaman-daban. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The herbarium material suggests that the Pamir and some Tien
Shan specimens have yellow-tinged flowers. The plants which the author
collected himself in the Terskei Ala Tau have flowers without any yellow
tinge.

67. A. condensatum Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXVII, 2 (1855)
121.— Kom., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kraya I (1931) 365.—A. Steveni
wae. jeidas Ee Ross: iVaGlese hilar.

Perennial; bulbs solitary (or paired), attached to a short rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 1-2 cm thick; tunics brown, often lustrous,
subcoriaceous, more or less entire; scape 30-80 cm long, covered at base
or up to 1/4 their length with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4-7,
semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous, 1-2.5 mm broad, smooth, shorter
than the scape; spathe persistent, about equaling the umbel, the beak
sometimes as long as the blade; umbel spherical or nearly so, densely
many-flowered; pedicels equal, (12)-2-3-(4) times as long as the perianth,

140

183

184

bracteolate; segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth pale yellow, with
a greenish nerve, 4-5 mm long, ovate, obtusish, the outer slightly shorter
than the inner; filaments half as long again as the perianth, at base connate
and adnate to perianth; capsule slightly shorter than perianth. July-
September.

Conglomerates and rocks.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu.,
Uss. Gen. distr.: Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Dauria. Type in
Leningrad.

68. A. petraeum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 512.—
A Siencennwware. sledb .4 bla dRossui lve (L853) iW.

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, attached to a short rhizome, elongate-conical to
subcylindric, 0.75-1-1.5 cm thick; tunics grayish, the inner ones often
violet, coriaceous to subchartaceous, splitting; scape (20)—30-50 cm long,
covered to 1/4-1/3 with scabrous or smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4 or 5,
0.5-1 mm broad, canaliculate, commonly smooth, slightly shorter than
the scape; spathe persistent, 2-4 times as long as the umbel, the beak
several times the length of the blade; umbel spherical, densely many-
flowered; pedicels equal, half as long again as the perianth, bracteolate;
segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth pale yellow, with a greenish
or rarely dingy green nerve, ca. 4mm long, oblong-ovate, obtuse,
mucronulate, the outer slightly shorter than the inner; filaments half as
long again to twice as long as the perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subulate, equal; style exserted; capsule slightly exceeding
the perianth. July.

Stony slopes in foothills. — Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh.
(Chu-Iii Mountains). Endemic. Described from the Dzungarian Ala Tau:
Lepsa. Type in Leningrad.

69. A. talassicum Rgl. in A.H.P. V (1878) 628.

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, attached to a short rhizome, cylindric-conical,
0.75-1.5 mm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous, nearly entire; scape
(15)-30-75 cm long, covered to 1/3 or nearly to the middle with smooth leaf
sheaths; leaves 3-7, narrowly linear to filiform, 0.5-1.5-(2) mm broad,
canaliculate, smooth or rough-margined; spathe persistent, half as long
again to 3 times as long as the umbel, the beak 12-5 times the length of
the blade; umbel spherical or hemispherical, commonly many-flowered,
dense; pedicels equal, (1.5)—2-3 times as long as the perianth, bracteolate;
segments of the ovoid perianth pale yellowish-green, turning rosy, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm long, the outer slightly shorter than the inner;
filaments half as long again as the perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subulate, equal; style exserted; capsule slightly longer
than the perianth. July-August. (Plate XI, Figure 2a).

Rocky and stony slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:

T. Sh. Endemic. Described from Talas, Kara-choku. Type in Leningrad.

70. A. Marschalianum Vved. nom. nov.—A. saxatile MB. FI. taur.-
cauc. I (1808) 264, Suppl. (1819) 260 (non MB. 1798 et auct. fl. Taur.).—
AM SiLevem- maven. Yabo, Els Ross. IV (1854). 177. A. oe) obios um var.
ochroleucum Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 248 (quoad pl. taur.).—

Ao silobosum) var saxatilie Shmal's Fi. Il (1897) 493 (pp... —
fee MB. Cent. pl, rar. (18 hO)et. 29.

14]

185

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome,
elongate-conical, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous, splitting;
scape 10-35 cm long, covered at base of up to 1/4 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 3 or 4, filiform, 0.5-1 mm broad, canaliculate, smooth or scabrous,
slightly shorter than to equaling the scape; spathe persistent, half as long
again to 3 times as long as the umbel, the beak usually several times the
length of the blade; umbel spherical or hemispherical, dense, commonly
many-flowered; pedicels equal, as long as to twice as long as perianth,
bracteolate; segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth white or very
faintly rosy, sometimes very faintly yellow in drying, 4-5 mm long, oblong-
ovate, acute, the outer slightly shorter than the inner; filaments half as
long again to twice as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, entire, subulate, equal; anthers commonly yellow; style
exserted; capsule barely shorter than the perianth. July-August.

Rocks, stony places, and mountain slopes.— European part: Crim.
Endemic (?). Described from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Closely related to A. saxatile M.B., with which it was at first
confused by Bieberstein himself. In considering it as a distant species,
in conformity with present practice (c.f. Wolf. Fl. Kryma, 3, 34), the
author was obliged to give it a new name, although he is not convinved as
to the characteristics distinguishing it from A. saxatile M.B. or from
A. szurulense Lerchenf. (if one regards the latter as distinct from
A. saxatile).

71. A. saxatile M.B. Tabl. prov. casp. (1798) 114.—A. savranicum
Bess. Cat. Hort. Crem. Suppl. (1818) (n.v.).—A. caucasicum MB.
Fl. taur.-cauc. Suppl. (1819) 258.— A. Steveni var. 8 Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV 853) 1772. A. slebosum “Boiss. Hl. Or 7 lattes) 247 (oso es
A. Ruprechtii Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 264 (?).— A. globosum var.
saxatile Shmal'g., Fl. I1(1897) 493 (p.p.).—A. globosum f. dilute-
roseum Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 632.—Exs.: Pl. or. exs. No. 130
(sub A. globoso).

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome,
ovoid-conical to elongate-conical, 0.75-1 cm thick; tunics brown,
coriaceous, splitting; scape 20-50 cm long, covered at base or up to
1/4-(1/3) with smooth or scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 5-7, filiform,

0.5-1 mm broad, canaliculate, smooth or scabrous, shorter than the scape;
Spathe persistent, half as long again to 3 times as long as the umbel,

the beak usually several times as long as the blade; umbel hemispherical
or Spherical, commonly many-flowered, dense; pedicels equal, as long as
or often half as long again to twice as long as the perianth, bracteolate;
segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth pale rose, darker on the back,
4-5-(6) mm long, oblong, acute, the outer slightly shorter than the inner;
filaments half as long again to twice as long as perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, entire, equal, subulate; anthers commonly
violet; style exserted; capsule barely shorter than the perianth. July-
August.

Rocks, stony places, sands, and steppes.— European part: M. Dnp.,
Bl., Crim., L. Don (W.); Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. and E. Transc. ;
Centr. Asia: Balkh. (NE part), Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.,
Dzu.-Kash. Described from E. Transcaucasia: Kurt-bulak.

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186

Note. The differences of habitat between the Ukrainian (sands and
steppes) and the Caucasian plants (rocks and stony slopes), as well as the
marked isolation of the Dzungarian-Tarbagatai distribution area, suggest
the existence of different races, but it has not been possible to arrive at
a definite conclusion with herbarium material alone. Also werthy of
attention is the high-mountain Caucasian form with larger flowers.

72. A. globosum M.B. ex Redouté Lil. III (1807) t.179; Boiss. Fl. Or.
WA USS4) W247 (o.lp.)> ‘Shimal'es >! PT Oi: 9493 (pip. )i Krylov, FIP Zap.
Sim oOZo)s6al)— ANMeaneaci cium. Ker. -Gawl. “Bots Mag. xviii
(1808) in adn. ad tab. 1143. (?).—A. Steveni var. a Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV
(1853) 176.— A. Gmelinianum Miscz. ex Gross., Fl. Kavk. I (1928)
26095— Exs EEHRONO? 536.

Perennial; bulbs commonly in a cluster of several, attached to a short
rhizome, ovoid-conical to elongate-conical, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; tunics
brown, coriaceous, splitting; scape 20-60 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/3 with
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 5 or 6, subulate, 0.5 mm broad, canaliculate,
smooth or rarely scabrous, shorter than the scape; spathe persistent;
commonly 2-3 (4) times as long as the umbel, the beak usually several
times as long as the blade; umbel commonly spherical, rarely
hemispherical, dense; pedicels equal, half as long again to twice as long
as perianth, bracteolate; segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth dark
rose to nearly purple, with a darker nerve, 4-4.5 mm long, oblong-ovate
acute, the outer barely shorter than the inner; filaments half as long
again to twice as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subulate, equal; anthers violet; style exserted; capsule
as long as the perianth. June-August.

Stony slopes, chalk, limestone, and solonetz soils. — European part:

Ve aitaae\ Dont Lransv., Crim -(?)). lo Don, lo) V. "Caucasus: “Cisc.;
W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. (NE). Endemic. Described
from the Caucasus.

73. A. Alexandrae Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Bot. Petrop. V
(1924) 95.

Perennial; bulbs in clusters of several, attached to an oblique rhizome,
elongate-ovoid to subcylindric, 0.75-1.5 cm thick, 2-6 cm long; tunics
coriaceous, entire, split only at the top, parallel-nerved; scape
(10)-—20-30 cm long, covered to the middle with smooth or scabrous leaf
sheaths; leaves 4 or 5, filiform, ca. 0.5 mm broad, semicylindric,
canaliculate, sulcate, smooth or scabrous, usually shorter than the scape;
spathée small, long-beaked, sometimes up to 3 times as long as the umbel,
persistent; umbel hemispherical, densely few-flowered; pedicels subequal,
half as long to as long or (in fruit) twice as long as the perianth,
bracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth rose, with a purple
nerve, 4-5 mm long, obtuse, the inner oblong-elliptic, slightly longer
and much broader than the oblong-lanceolate outer segments; filaments
barely shorter than perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth for
1/4 their length, the outer oblong-subulate, the inner 3 times as broad,
abruptly attenuate at 3/4 their length, sometimes nearly toothed; style not
exserted; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth. July-August.

143

187

Steppe slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Centr. Tien Shan). Endemic.
Described from several localities in Central Tien Shan. Type in Leningrad.

74. A. teretifolium,, Rel.) in A. MH. Ps) Vi (848) 6292 VAN) G teenaged
Relein Trautys, |Rel:) Maxim. et, Wink!) Decai\plai nove (1882) 10.

Perennial; bulbs 2 to several, attached to a short rhizome, elongate-
ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics brown or rufous-brown, coriaceous,
reticulate-nerved, the outer reticulately fibrous, enveloping the scape
base; scape 15-50 cm long, covered to 1/4 or up to the middle with smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, filiform, ca. 0.5 mm broad, canaliculate,
sulcate, smooth, shorter than the scape; scape with beak as long again
as the blade, equaling or slightly exceeding the umbel, persistent; umbel
fasciculate or often fasciculate-hemispherical, commonly many-flowered,
bracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth rose, with a purple
nerve, 6-9 mm long, subequal, lanceolate, acutish; filaments two-thirds

‘as long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/5 their

length, commonly entire, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner 3 times
as broad at base, triangular; style not exserted; capsule half as long as
the perianth. July-August.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala Tau),
T. Sh. (Ketmen). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Dzungarian
Ala Tau: Altyn-imel'.

75. A. Korolkovii Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 158.—A. oliganthum
var. elongatum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat, Mosc. XV (1842) 511.—
A. moschatuwm yar. dwhium,etjvarn. brevapedunewhat wm pRele
A.H.P. VI (1880) 522, 523.— A. oliganthum auct. fl. As. Med.—

Wes Ryol IE pbelien (GIS ign el ts).

Perennial; bulbs 2 to several, attached to a short rhizome, oblong-ovoid,
0.75—1 (1.5) cm thick; tunics coriaceous, brown, often lustrous, densely
subreticulately nerved, clasping the scape base and there slightly reticulate -
fibrous; scape slender, 10-—20-(45) cm long, covered at base or up to 1/3
with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2-4, filiform, ca. 0.5 mm broad, sulcate,
canaliculate, smooth or rarely scabrous, much shorter than the scape;
Spathe somewhat shorter than the umbel, persistent, the beak short or
sometimes up to one-half the length of blade; umbel fasciculate or
hemispherical, commonly few-flowered; pedicels more or less unequal,
slightly shorter than to twice the length of perianth, bracteolate; segments
of the campanulate perianth nearly white, in drying rose with purple nerve,
5-8 mm long, subequal, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acutish or
sometimes short-acuminate; filaments two-thirds as long as perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth for one-fourth their length,
commonly entire, abruptly subulate from a triangular base, the inner about
twice as broad at base as the outer; style not exserted; capsule half as
long as the perianth. July-August.

Dry steppe slopes.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala Tau),
Pam.-Al. (Irkeshtam), T. Sh. (Centr. Tien Shan). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash.
Described from the mountains between the Malyi Naryn and Ulan rivers.
Type in Leningrad.

76. A. Albovianum Vved. nom. nov.— A. ora Wiles Albom:
Tifl. Bot: Sada I (1895) 239, non Ait. (1789).

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188

Perennial; bulbs 2 or 3, attached to a rhizome, narrowly conical,
ea. 0.75 cm thick; tunics brownish, coriaceous, separated into fibers,
obscurely reticulate-fibrous; scape 20-30 cm long, ribbed, covered at
base with subapproximate smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, narrowly
linear, ca. 2 mm broad, stoutish, canaliculate, smooth or minutely
scaberulous-margined, slightly shorter than the umbel, persistent; umbel
hemispherical, rather few-flowered, dense; pedicels equal, about as
long as perianth, dark rose, obscurely nerved, 5-6 mm long, elliptic,
obtuse, the outer slightly shorter than the inner; filaments dark rose, half
as long again as the perianth, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, subulate, equal; style scarcely exserted. July.

Alpine pastures.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from the
town of Dzhvari.

77. A. gunibicum Miscz. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 208.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a short rhizome,
ovoid-conical to elongate-conical, 0.5-0.75 cm thick, (1)—2-—7 cm long;
tunics brown, coriaceous, splitting, obscurely reticulate-fibrous; scape
10-20 cm long, slender, covered at base with smooth approximate leaf
sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth, 0.5-1 mm
broad, about as long as the scape; spathe persistent, somewhat shorter
than the umbel, the beak as long as or slightly shorter than the blade;
umbel fasciculately hemispherical or hemispherical, few-flowered, loose;
pedicels equal, half as long again to twice as long as the perianth, subtended
by few bracteoles; segments of the hemispherical perianth rosy-purple,
ca. 5mm long, elliptic, obtuse; filaments rose, half as long again as the
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate,
equal; style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth. August.

Rocks and stony slopes, at 1,300-2,000 m.— Caucasus: Dag. Endemic.
Described from Gunib. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A plant collected by A. Poretskii on limestone near village of
Gimry, at the altitude of about 700 m, approaches closely this species,
but its perianth segments are only ca. 4 mm long, narrower, and
mucronate.

A. gunibicum is closely related to A. Albovianum. The
differences between the two are not quite clear to the author, who knows
the latter species only from cultivated specimens.

78. A. daghestanicum Grossh. in Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 208.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid-lanceolate, attached to a rhizome; tunics gray,
slightly reticulate-fibrous; leaves shorter than the scape, thick; flat,
canaliculate, 4-5 mm broad; spathe subulate-tipped, shorter than the
pedicels; umbel loosely few-flowered; pedicels unequal, 4-6 times the
length of flower; perianth segments rose, 5-7 mm long, acute, ovate-
lanceolate, the outer lanceolate; filaments half as long again as the perianth
segments; anthers dark; style slightly longer than the ovary.

High-mountain zone.— Caucasus: Dag. Endemic. Type in Tiflis [Tbilisi].

79. A. Veschnjakovii Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 531.—Ic.: Rgl. in
AP HOr ame (heel) venviiit. f..).

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189

190

Perennial; roots numerous, nearly ropy; bulbs in a cluster of several,
attached to a horizontal rhizome, obsolescent; tunics grayish-brown,
membranous, more or less entire; scape 10-15 cm long, slender, erect,
ribbed; leaves 2 or 3, subulate, 0.5-1 mm broad, semicylindric,
canaliculate, smooth, slightly shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, one-third to one-half as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel
fasciculate; few-flowered, fairly loose; pedicels equal, half as long again
to twice as long as the perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate
perianth rosy-violet, with a prominent dingy violet nerve, 5-6 mm long,
oblong-elliptic, obtuse, the outer slightly shorter than the inner; filaments
two-thirds to three-quarters as long as perianth segments, adnate to
perianth for half its length, connate to 3/4, the outer subulate in free part,
the inner narrowly triangular; style not exserted; capsule about half as
long as the perianth. June-July.

Pebbles and gravelly and stony slopes in the alpine zone.— Centr. Asia:
T. Sh. (Centr. Tien Shan). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from the
Kegan River. Type in Leningrad.

80. A. Semenovi Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI, 1 (1868) 449.—
cheek loshile Guirsks sa(d/S “iOyutees Vill — Oe

Perennial; bulbs 1 to several, attached to a rhizome, cylindric,
obsolescent, 0.75-1 cm thick; tunics brownish, subreticulate-fibrous;
scape stoutish, 10-40 cm long, covered to the middle or nearly so with
smooth subapproximate leaf sheaths; leaves (2) 3, broadly linear, 5-15 mm
broad, gradually attenuate toward apex, not fistulous, smooth, slightly
longer than the scape; spathe short-acuminate, about as long as the umbel,
commonly colored, persistent; umbel spherical-ovoid, rather many-
flowered, dense, capitate; pedicels unequal, the inner several times as
long as the outer, slightly shorter than to equaling the perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth yellow, at length turning
reddish, 10-15 mm long, unequal, the outer half as long again as the inner,
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering, acute, more or less crenate;
filaments one-fourth to one-third the length of outer perianth segments,
adnate to perianth for half their length, connate to 3/4, in free part
triangular-subulate, the inner twice as broad as the outer, commonly
toothed; style not exserted, with 3 stigmas, sometimes parted nearly down
to base. June-July.

Alpine meadows.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala Tau),
T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from several locations in
Central Tien Shan. Type in Leningrad.

81. A. monadelphum Less. ex Kunth Enum. IV (1843) 393; Ldb. FI.
ROSS V. Loc: Turez,. in Bull, Soe, Nat. Mose, SOaVyi 22 (S54) 120.
A. atrosanguineum Schrenk. Bull. Acad. Pétersb. X (1842) 355;
edb; Ji noss.. LV. 166..— A. atrosanouime um, Kar wet Kir. moe:
Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 508.— A. Fedtschenkoanum Regl. in
AJH Py I (1875) 82. — A. Kautmanni Roel. aa A BaP. 1 (1875) ea
Tee ele tiles Turks (tere) tacV LiL wh 3),

Perennial; bulbs solitary or clustered, attached to a rhizome, cylindric,
obsolescent, 0.5-1 cm thick; tunics brownish, more or less fibrous;
Scape stoutish, 10-60-(100) cm long, covered to 1/5-1/2 with smooth leaf

146

193

sheaths; leaves 1-2-(3), cylindric, fistulous, 2-7 mm broad, smooth,
slightly shorter to slightly longer than the scape; spathe short-acuminate,
as long as or slightly shorter than the umbel, usually colored, persistent;
umbel spherical-ovoid, densely few-flowered, often capitate; pedicels
unequal, the inner longer than the outer, 1/3-1/2 as long as to equaling the
perianth or the inner ones in fruit to twice as long as the perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth lustrous, yellow or
finally reddish or dark purple, 7-14 mm long, equal or the outer up to
half as long again as the inner, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblong,
often tapering, obtuse or acute, the margin entire or more or less crenate;
filaments one-thirds to one-half as long as perianth segments, adnate to
the perianth to the middle, connate to 2/3-—3/4 their length, in free part
triangular-subulate, the inner ones half as broad again as the outer,
sometimes 2-toothed; style not exserted, with 3 stigmas, sometimes 3-fid
for 2/3 its length; capsule half as long as the perianth. June-July.

Fine-textured and stony places in the subalpine and alpine zones. —
Wieosiberia; Alt. ; "EH. Siberia: fAngt-Say., Daugg Centre Asiayaizu.-Tarb. ;
Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him., Dzu.-Kash., Mong. Described
from W. Sayans: Sabin-daban. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A. monadelphum s. 1. is a highly complex and very
polymorphic cycle. A reliable subdivision into elementary entities can only
be achieved on the basis of field observations, particularly as regards
flower color and degree of aggregation in clumps’.

82. A. schoenoprasum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 301; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 166
(exel syn. Al oligvanthum Mar. et Kir.) "Turez: in/Bullgjace. Nat.
Mose. XXVII 2 (1854) 119; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 250; Shmal's:, Fl. II,
493; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill (1929) 606; Kom., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost.
kraya 1 (1931) 366:— Aevsibiracumy L. Mant. Il (1771) 562. —
AeRaddeanum heleein AHP. MWi(1875) 155. les: Syreishen. , Til:

Fl. Mosk. gub. | (1906) 235.— Exs.: HFR No. 85.

Perennial; bulbs 1 to several, attached to a short rhizome, oblong-ovoid,
to ovoid-conical, 0.75-1 cm thick; tunics brown, papery to subcoriaceous,
sometimes slightly separated into parallel fibers; scape stoutish, 10-60 cm
long, smooth or rarely scabrous, covered to 1/3-1/2 with smooth or rarely
scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 1 or 2, cylindric or at base semicylindric,
2-6 mm broad, fistulous, smooth or rarely scabrous, commonly shorter
than the scape; spathe short-acuminate, as long as or somewhat shorter
than the umbel, often colored, persistent; umbel fasciculate-spherical to
subspherical, dense, subcapitate; pedicels unequal, the inner longer,
one-third to one-half the length of or rarely as long as the perianth segments,
ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth lustrous,
pale rose to rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 7-17 mm long, linear-
lanceolate, lanceolate or oblong, more or less tapering, acute to obtusish,
often with reflexed tips; filaments one-third to one-half as long as perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/4-1/3 their length, entire,
tapering from a triangular base, the inner half as broad again at base as
the outer; style not exserted; capsule one-third to one-half as long as the
perianth. May-August.

147

(191)

Plate XII

1. Allium pseudoflavum Vved.; 1a) portion of perianth; 1b) bulb scale; 1c) bulb.—
2. A. Kunthianum Vved.; 2a) portion of perianth; 2b) bulb scale.— 3. A. transvestiens Vved.,
3a) portion of perianth, 3b), 3d) bulblets.

148

194

Meadows, river valleys, rarely stony slopes.— Arctic: Arc. Eur.,
Nove sq Arees otbe, Chuk.. An.) Buropean part; Kar.-lLap.; Dv.-Pech..,
Wadeatime. WneVe., Vo-Ke. Ue Onp.. NM: Dnp.e(eare),. V.-Don, Bl. (rare),
I, Don (rare); Caucasus: Cisc., Das. W., Ee yand's., Taranse::. Wa Siberia:
Chawltt Wie wi otbenta: Ven... Lenaahol Ame. Sav. Daugwkar Bast
Kamen. eOkh.., Uda, Uss.5,Centr. Asia: Dzw.-Tarb.,.'T. Sh. (Centr. Tien
Shan). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran.,
in¢ds-Him.. Dzus-Kash,, Mong., Jap.-Ch., Ber.,.N..Am. Described from
Siberia and Elandiya.

Note. A. schoenoprasum, as here presented, is a very
polymorphic species. Of particular interest for further study is the strongly
scabrous Central Asian race. Scabrous scapes and leaves also occur
sometimes in the Caucasian A. schoenoprasum and this prompted
certain Caucasian florists to identify such plants quite erroneously with
A. scabrellum Boiss. et Buhse.

Economic importance. Sometimes cultivated in the western part of the
European U.S.S.R. for the tender tops. In Siberia it is pickled for winter
use.

83. A. Ledebourianum Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII (1830) 1029; Ldb.
Bia Ross AV, wb Kryl. vil. Zaps. Sib. Il(1929) GO — A uliginosum
idbaple-.pl,. flo Roses: 1 (1829) 20. t... 83.,

Perennial; bulbs 2 to several, attached to a rhizome, cylindric to
elongate-ovoid, 0.75-1 cm thick; tunics grayish-brown, shelly-coriaceous,
breaking up; scape stoutish, 40-80 cm long, smooth, covered up to the
middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 1 or 2, semicylindric (?), fistulous,
5-10 mm broad, smooth, shorter than the scape; spathe short-acuminate,
one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel fasciculate-
spherical or subspherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal, half
as long again to 3 times as long as the perianth, ebracteolate; segments
of the narrowly campanulate perianth lustrous, rosy-violet, with a darker
nerve, 7-12 mm long, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute; filaments
two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than the perianth segments, at base
connate, and adnate to perianth, entire, the outer triangular-subulate,
the inner half as broad again at base, very narrowly triangular; style
conspicuously exserted; capsule half as long as the perianth. June-July.

Meadows and river valleys.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,
Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uda. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from
Belaya Uba and Koksun rivers. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The form described by Krylov (Fl. Alt. VI (1912) 1379) as var.
intermedium, is apparently a hybrid between A. Ledbourianum
and A. schoenoprasum.

84. A. Maximowiczii Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 153; Kom., Opred. rast.
Dal'nevost. krayaI (1931) 366.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to a rhizome,
cylindric-conical, 0.75-1 cm thick; tunics reticulate, subchartaceous,
brittle; scape 15-60 cm, covered at base or up to 1/3 with smooth
sometimes violet-tinged leaf sheaths; leaves 1-(2), cylindric (?), fistulous,
1-5 mm broad, smooth, slightly shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, slightly shorter than the umbel, persistent; umbel
hemispherical to spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal,

149

195

(12)-2-(3)times as long as the perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the
campanulate perianth, lustrous, rose, withadarker nerve, 5-6—(7) mm long,
oblong-lanceolate, acute; filaments slightly shorter to scarcely longer than
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, the outer
subulate fromaslightly dilated base, the inner about half as broad again at
base, gradually attenuate; style slightly exserted; capsule two-thirds as
long as the perianth. June-July. (Plate XI, Figure 3 a).

Meadows and river valleys.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Okh.,
Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss.) Sakh. Gen: distr: Jap.-Ch, Deseribed 1.0m Amare
and Ussuri areas. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Closely relatedto A. Ledebourianum. Additional studies
are needed, as the differences between the two species are not quite clear.

85. A. oliganthum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841)
856.—A. stenophyllum Schrenk. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. III (1845) 210;
Lily 1h, IROSS die Us JKieslep ale) Zeios Silog MMI 7S) ois; — tess Rell: Isl.
turk. (1876). 1X, f. 4-6.

Perennial; bulbs several, attached to a short rhizome, elongate-ovoid,
ca. 1 cm thick; tunics shelly-coriaceous, brownish or violet-brown, brittle,
clasping the scape base and there more or less separated into parallel
fibers; scape 15-35 cm long, covered to 1/3 or nearly to the middle with
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 1 or 2, semicylindric, fistulous (Fa)
canaliculate, 1-2 mm broad, shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel
fasciculate-hemispherical to spherical, rather many-flowered, relatively
loose; pedicels subequal, 2-3 times as long as the perianth, ebracteolate;
segments of the campanulate perianth rose, with a darker nerve, 5-6 mm
long, oblong, acute; filaments slightly shorter than perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, subequal, subulate from a
scarcely dilated base; style slightly exserted; capsule two-thirds as long
as the perianth. June-July,

Solonetz meadows.— W. Siberia: Irt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. (N. ).
Described from the area between the Ayaguz and Donzuk rivers. Type in
Leningrad.

Section 4. PHYLLODOLON (Salisb.), Prokh. in Tr. Prikl. Bot., Gen.
i Sel. XXIV (1930) 178.—Phyllodolon Salisb. Gen. Pl. Frag. (1866) 90.—
Bulbs (in wild species) attached to rhizome, elongated, more or less
clustered; scape robust, hollow, the aerial part covered to rather high up
with leaf sheaths; leaves fistulous; pedicels ebracteolate; perianth
campanulate, the segments 1-nerved; filaments entire; capsule ovoid-
triangular, obscurely pitted; seeds angular.

86. A. microbulbum Prokh. in Bull. appl. Bot. XXIV, 2 (1930) 180.

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, attached to a short rhizome, ovoid-conical,
0.75-1.5 cm thick; tunics reddish-brown, subcoriaceous, entire; Scape
20-25 cm long, 0.75-1.5 cm thick below the middle, gradually attenuate
toward apex, half as long as to slightly shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, as long as the umbel, persistent; umbel spherical or

150

196 subspherical, densely many-flowered, capitate; pedicels stout, unequal,
the central ones somewhat longer, slightly shorter than or (the central)
to twice as long as perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate
perianth yellowish, lustrous, 6-7 mm long, acute, the inner oblong-elliptic,
slightly longer than the oblong-lanceolate outer segments; filaments twice
as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, subequal, subulate from a triangular base; style conspicuously
exserted; capsule about half as long as the perianth.

E. Siberia: Dau. (known from 3 localities). A cultivated plant, according

to Prokhanov. Described from Shavka River. Type in Leningrad.

Se Aer altarcum’ Pall. “Reise... ll (1773) 77, t. R-— A&A fist ulosum
dbl Ross! 1V"(1853)"16S. furcz! in Bull, Soe’ Nat. Mosc. XxX Vil,
DG setOF Kr He Zam Sib. Ml (1929) 609: Ie: :* Prokhanoy in Wr.
Prikiy Bot. VxXxivs’ 2 (1930) 132°

Perennial; bulbs 1 to several, attached to an oblique rhizome, oblong-
ovoid, 2-4 cm thick; tunics reddish-brown, subcoriaceous, entire; scape
robust, 30-70-(100) cm long, stout, 1-3 cm thick below the middle,
gradually attenuate toward summit, covered to 1/3-1/2 with smooth leaf
sheaths; leaves 2-4, cylindric, fistulous, 8-20 mm broad, gradually
attenuate toward apex, short, one-third to one-half the length of scape;
spathe short-acuminate, about as long as the untbel; umbel spherical,
densely many-flowered, capitate; pedicels stout, subequal, slightly shorter
than to half as long again as the perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the
campanulate perianth yellowish, lustrous, 6-8 mm long, acuminate, the
inner elliptic, the outer oblong-lanceolate, slightly shorter than the inner;
pedicels about twice the length of perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, subequal, subulate from a triangular base; style exserted,
capsule two-thirds as long as the perianth. July-August.

Rocks and stony places.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.,
Dau. 7 Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong. Described
from the Altai.

(so) eae tistilosum il. "Sp. pl. (ir53)) 301: Sumals,, Fi Mm (1897) 439, —
le? Prokhanov in Tr, Prikl’ Bot, XXiv; 2 (1930) 133.

Perennial; bulbs oblong, sometimes obsolescent; scape to 1 m long,
stout, fistulous, obliquely inflated; leaves fistulous; umbel spherical,
many-flowered; pedicels slender, 2-3 times as long as perianth; segments
of the campanulate perianth yellowish, oblong, acute; filaments 2-3 times
as long as the perianth, entire.— A. cultivated plant.

Economic importance Extensively cultivated in the Far East and in
Siberia. To the west, beyond Bashkiria, not grown on a larger scale. The
Chinese in the Far East use the blanched stem bases (Japanese leek''").

197 Owing to the early development of the top, it has recently come into use in
Europe as a substitute for green common onion (''winter onion").

Section 5. CEPA Prokh. in Bull. appl. Bot. XXIV (1930) 180.— Bulbs
(in wild species) attached to a rhizome, more or less clustered, often well
developed, conical to ovoid; scape robust, the aerial part covered to rather
high up with leaf sheaths; leaves fistulous; pedicels bracteolate; perianth

151

198

stellate; leaves 1-nerved; filaments entire or the inner with 2 short
toothlets at base; capsule applanate-globose, with broad nectaries at base.

89. A. galanthum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XV (1842) 508;
ld. El vRoss; LV), 169; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sita Wi to2 Oona
A. pseudocepa Schrenk in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. X (1842) 355.—Ic.:
guile Vall sth ire bes eyaa( (Tt AE) ary AVAL NaS east

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to rhizome, conical- |
cylindric, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics reddish-brown, subcoriaceous, entire;
scape robust, 20-50 cm long, solid, gradually attenuate toward summit,
covered at base with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2-(3), cylindric,
gradually attenuate toward apex, fistulous, erect, 3-10 mm broad, one-half
to two-thirds as long as the scape; spathe one-half to two-thirds the length
of the umbel; umbel hemispherical or often spherical, rather densely
many-flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times as long as perianth, subtended
by few bracteoles; segments of the stellate perianth white, obscurely
nerved, 4-5 mm long, equal oblong, obtuse; filaments scarcely longer
than perianth, at base adnate to perianth and connate to form a ring,
subulate from the enlarged base, entire; style shorter than the capsule;
capsule slightly longer than the perianth. July.

Gravelly and stony slopes.— W. Siberia: Irt., Alt.; Centr. Asia:
Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from the
Lepsa River. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Plants from Central Tien Shan deserve further study.

90. A. pskemense B. Fedtsch. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Pétersb. V (1905)
43.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No.417, aetb.

Perennial; bulbs in a cluster of several, attached to rhizome, elongate-
ovoid, 4-6 cm thick; tunics reddish-brown, subcoriaceous, entire; scape
robust, 40-80 cm long, hollow, obliquely inflated below the middle, covered
at base with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3, cylindric, attenuate toward
apex, fistulous, erect, 2-3 cm thick, half as long as the scape; spathe
about equaling the umbel; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels
equal, 3-4 times as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments
of the stellate perianth white, obscurely nerved, ca. 6 mm long, equal,
oblong, obtuse; filaments slightly exceeding the perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, slightly connate in a ring higher up, the
outer subulate, the inner about 3 times as broad at base as the outer and
much broader than the perianth segments, subulate above the 2-toothed
base; style shorter than the capsule; capsule globose-trigonous. August.

Rock crevices and stony places.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Tashkent Ala
Tau, Chatkal Range). Endemic. Described from the Pskem River. Type
in Leningrad.

91. A. Vavilovi M. Pop. et Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934)
122:

Perennial; bulbs solitary or paired, attached to rhizome, ovoid-oblong,
2.5-4 cm thick; tunics reddish-brown, coriaceous, entire; scape robust,
70-90 cm long, hollow, inflated at 1/4—-1/3 their length, covered at base
with approximate smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 7-9, flattened, canaliculate,
fistulous, glaucous, subdistichous, recurved, 7-15 mm broad, greatly

152

199

exceeded by the scape; spathe short-beaked, about equaling the umbel;
umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, 3-4 times the
length of perianth, bracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth white,
with a green nerve, ca. 4 mm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, equal; filaments
as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, the
outer subulate, the inner twice as broad as the outer and slightly broader
than perianth segments, subulate from a broadly ovate obtusely 2-toothed
base; anthers greenish-yellow; style shorter than the capsule; capsule
subglobose, ca. 4mm in diameter. June.

Rock crevices and stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.:
N. Iran. Described from Kopet Dagh: Germab. Type in Tashkent.

92. A. Oschanini O. Fedtsch. in Progress. Sadov. i Ogorod. III (1906)
332.cum. tab.— A. cepa var. sylvestre Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 314.—
Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 334.

Perennial; bulbs 1-3, attached to rhizome, ovoid, 2.5-—4 cm thick;
tunics reddish-brown, coriaceous, entire; scape robust, 45-100 cm long,
hollow, inflated below the middle, covered at base with subdistant smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 4 or 5, cylindric, attenuate toward apex, fistulous,
glaucescent, erect, 4-—15-(40) mm broad, one-third the length of the scape;
spathe about equaling the umbel; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels 3-4 times as long as perianth; bracteolate; segments of the stellate
perianth white, with a green nerve, 4-5 mm long, equal, linear-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; filaments one-fourth as long again as perianth, at
base connate and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate, the inner at base
twice as broad as the outer and slightly broader than perianth segments,
subulate from a broadly ovate obtusely 2-toothed base; style shorter than
the capsule; capsule globose-trigonous, ca. 5mm indiameter. June.

Rock crevices and stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam. Al., T. Sh.
(Mogol-tau). Endemic. Described without indication of provenience
(probably from Alai Range).

(92) AvARrGepal LavSp.- pl (753)/300;.Shmallio, , orl. M4 897 Te 1
Syreishch., Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 236.

Perennial; bulb oblong or applanate-spherical; tunics yellowish-brown,
reddish or white; scape to 1 m long, stout, inflated below the middle,
fistulous; leaves fistulous; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered;;
pedicels several times the length of perianth; perianth stellate, whitish-
greenish, the segments oblong obtuse; filaments exceeding the perianth,
the inner obtusely 2-toothed at base. A cultivated plant.

Economic importance. Cultivated throughout the Soviet Union for the
preservable bulbs and tops. Grown on a large scale in the central part of
the European USSR. Also widely cultivated in Transcaucasia and in Soviet
Central Asia; rare in Siberia and in the Far East, where onion cultivation
has penetrated only in recent times. In the north grown only as green onion.

Section 6. HAPLOSTEMON Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 230.— Bulb solitary,
spherical, ovoid or oblong-ovoid; rhizome none; aerial part of scape
covered to high up with leaf sheaths; perianth segments 1-nerved; filaments
entire or short-toothed; seeds angular.

153

200

94. A. Margaritae B. Fedtsch. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Prine. XVIII,

1 (1918) 14.— A. moschatum auct. Fl: As. Med.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As.
Med. No. 61.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics brown or grayish-
brown, coriaceous, splitting, prominently subreticulately nerved; scape
10-20 cm long, covered up to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves
3 or 4, filiform, apparently semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth, as long
as the scape; spathe one-third to one-half as long as the umbel, with beak
half as long as the blade, not splitting down to base, forming a short tube
enveloping the umbel base; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate, loosely
few-flowered; pedicels unequal, 2—4-(5) times as long as perianth,
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth nearly white,
with a prominent dingy purple nerve, 5-6 mm long, equal, lanceolate,
acute; filaments two-thirds as long as the perianth, at base connate and
adnate to perianth, subulate from triangular base, the inner twice as broad;
anthers yellow; style not exserted; ovary subglobose, scabrous; capsule
valves suborbicular, scarcely emarginate, ca. 3mm long. June-July.

Outcrops of mottled strata.— Centr. Asia: Balkh., T. Sh. Endemic.
Described from Chu River valley: Uspenskoe. Type in Leningrad.

Note. It is very likely that, as a result of more detailed study of this
species, this as well as the four following species, this as well as the four
following species will have to be transferred to the section Rhiziridium.

95. A. inaequale Janka in Linnaea, XXX (1860) 603.—A. moschatum
auct. p.p.—Ic.: Fl. Yugo-Vost. I (1927) 367.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics brown or grayish-
brown, subcoriaceous, splitting and more or less reticulate-fibrous,
especially at the top where clasping the scape base; scape 10-25 cm long,
covered to 1/3 or nearly to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3
or 4 (5), apparently semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth or often scabrous,
shorter than scape, withering before flowering; spathe one-third to one-half
as long as the umbel, with beak as long as the blade, split down to base;
umbel without bulblets. fasciculate, loosely few-flowered; pedicels
commonly very unequal, (2)—3-—6(10) times as long as the perianth,
subtended by few bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth pale
rose, with a purple nerve, 4—5-(7) mm long, equal, oblong-lanceolate,
obtusish; filaments three-quarters as long as perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, the inner narrowly triangular, twice as
broad as the triangular-subulate outer ones; anthers violet; style not
exserted, commonly about 1.5 mm long; ovary truncate-conical, scabrous;
capsule valves orbicular, scarcely emarginate, ca. 3mm long. June-
August.

Steppes slopes, limestone, chalk, and sands.— European part: V.-Don
(SW); BL.,. Crim. (Balaklava), L..Don, L. V.;Caueasus:, Cise. (Stavropol),
Dag.* (?); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Endemic. Described from
Krasnoarmeisk.

Note. The typical A. inaequale occurs beyond the Volga. The form
growing to the west in the southern part of the European USSR displays
characteristics of transition towards A. moschatum, although still closer
to A. inaequale. This form needs a detailed supplementary study.

* Akhty, Becker — needs confirmation.

154

201

96.0AN moschatum: LY Sp! pl) (1762) 427;°Ldb!) ‘Fl: Ross’ 1V 172 (p. p+):
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 265; Shmal'g., Fl. II 490 (p.p. ).—Te.: Rehb. Ic.
pl. Germ. X (1848) f. 1901:—Exs.: Fl. Hung. exs. No. 697.

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics grayish-
brown, subcoriaceous, splitting, reticulately nerved, at the top reticulately
fibrous or reticulate and more or less clasping the scape base; scape
10-25 cm long, covered to 1/3-1/2 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves (4)-5-6,
filiform, canaliculate, more or less revolute, ciliate-scabrous on the
margin, about as long as the scape, persistent nearly to fruiting; spathe
commonly somewhat shorter than the umbel, with beak longer than the blade,
split down to base; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate or often
hemispherical, rather few-flowered; pedicels subequal, as long as to
2-(3) times as long as perianth, subtended by few bracts; segments of the
campanulate perianth rose, with a purple nerve, (5)-6—7 mm long,
subequal, lanceolate, obtuse; filaments about two-thirds as long as the
perianth, at base connate and adnate to perianth, triangular-subulate, the
inner half as broad again at base as the outer; anthers violet; style not
exserted, commonly ca. 3 mm long; ovary pyriform, scabrous; capsule
valves ca. 3 mm long, suborbicular, terminating in a short narrowly
emarginate point. July-August.

Rocks and dry places.— European part: M. Dnp. (W.), Crim., Caucasus:
Cisc., W., E. and S. Transce. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., W. Med.,
Bal.-As. Min. Described from France and Spain.

97. A. callidictyon C. A.M. ex Kunth Enum. IV (1843) 413; Ldb. FI.
RossellVeel (3. Boiss, bly Or. sV\(1884)266:.

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics rufous,
reticulate; scape 10-20 cm long, covered to 1/3 or nearly to the middle
with more or less hairy smooth upper leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, filiform,
revolute, scabrous- or smooth-margined, shorter than the scape; spathe
half as long as the umbel, with beak about as long as the blade, split down
to base; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate, loosely few-flowered; pedicels
unequal, one-fifth to one-third as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles;
segments of the campanulate perianth whitish, with a dingy green nerve,
6-7 mm long, equal, oblong-lanceolate, the outer acutish, the inner obtuse,
filaments three-quarters the length of perianth segments, connate and adnate
to perianth to 1/4 their length, the inner triangular, twice as broad as the
narrowly triangular outer ones; anthers yellow; style not exserted; ovary
elongate-conical, truncate, smooth. June.

Dry stony places.— Reported for E. and S. Transc. Specimens from
there not seen. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, Iran. Described from N. Iran.
Cotype in Leningrad.

98. A. lacerum Freyn on Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XLII (1892) 373 et herb.—
A. laceratum Freyn in Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. XLI (1891) 60, non Boiss.
et Noé (1859).— A. incisum Fom. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis. 14 (1909)
52.— A. araxanum Fom. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 211.—

A. fimbriatum Schischk. inIzv. Tom. Gos. Un. 80 (1929) 432.

155

202

203

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics brownish,
reticulate, sometimes prolonged and clasping the scape base; scape
5-40 cm long, slender, covered up to the middle with more or less hairy
leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous,
0.5-1.5 mm broad, hirsute-margined; spathe half as long as to slightly
shorter than the umbel, with a short tube enveloping the umbel base; umbel
without bulblets, fasciculate, loosely few-flowered; pedicels unequal,
12-3-(5) times as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of
the campanulate perianth pale rose to nearly white, sometimes yellowish
in drying, 6-7 mm long, equal, the outer ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or
acutish, with more or less reflexed tips, entire, the inner oblong-elliptic,
obtuse, the margin in upper part rather deeply lacerate; filaments one-half
to two-thirds as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, the inner triangular, twice as broad as the narrowly triangular
outer ones; style not exserted. July.

Rocky places.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor,
N. Iran. Described from Asia Minor: Amaziya. Cotype in Leningrad.

99. A. stamineum Boiss. Diagn. pl. or. nov. II, 4 (1859) 119; Boiss.
Fl. Or. V (1884) 256.— A. kossoricum var. araraticum Miscz. ex
Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 212 et in herb.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics grayish or blackish,
papery, nearly nerveless; tunics of replacement bulb without perceptible
nerves; scape 20-30 cm long, covered to (1/3)—1/2-2/3 with smooth leaf
sheaths; leaves 2-(4), semicylindric, ca. 1mm broad, smooth, sulcate,
exceeding the umbel; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate or often
fasciculately hemispherical, commonly many-flowered; pedicels unequal,
2-5-(9) times as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of
the campanulate perianth rose, with a dingy purple nerve, 4 mm long,
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, and round-tipped, the outer scaphoid, slightly
shorter than the inner; filaments one-fourth to rarely one-half as long again
as the perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/5 their length,
subulate, purple; anthers yellow; ovary subsessile, globose, scabrous;
style conspicuously exserted; valves orbicular, shallowly emarginate,
ca. 3.5mm long. June-July.

Mountain steppes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: E. Med., Bal.-
As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from Asia Minor: Karia.

100. A. kossoricum Fom. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis 14 (1909) 50.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics blackish, separated
into parallel fibers; scape ca. 20 cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf
sheaths; leaves 3, cylindric-filiform, smooth; spathe slightly shorter than
the umbel; umbel without bulblets, few-flowered, fasciculate-hemispherical;
pedicels unequal, 2-5 times as long as perianth; segments of the ovoid-
campanulate perianth whitish-greenish with a small violet spot and a green
nerve, 3-3.5 mm long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, round-tipped or terminating
ina short-reflexed point, the outer scaphoid, slightly shorter than the inner;
filaments half as long again to twice as long as the perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth for 1/5 their length, subulate, violet; anthers
yellow; ovary subsessile, globose, scabrous; style conspicuous exserted.
June.

156

204

Dry stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd.
Described from Ol'ta, vicinity of the village of Kosor. Type in Tiflis.

Note. Reported by Grossheim (Fl. Kavk. I, 212) for various localities
in Transcaucasia, but the author has not seen the plants identified by him.
They are presented in the original description as having bulb tunics
separated into parallel fibers, but the author has not seen bulbs from the
classifical location. In all the green-flowered material of the
A. stamineum s.1. group with bulbs retained which was at my disposal,
the outer tunics were nerveless or faintly nerved.

A. stamineum, A. kossoricum and A. pseudoflavum, as
well as other related forms of Asia Minor require further study. It is
necessary for their differentiation to call in characters other than flower
color which has been chiefly used in their classification.

101. A. pseudoflavum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934)
123.—A. flavum auct. quoad pl. Transcauc. et pers. (pp. ).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 3/4-1 cm thick; outer tunics grayish or brownish,
subcoriaceous, distinctly parallel-nerved; scape (10)-15-25 cm long,
covered to 1/3 or rarely up to the middle with scabrous or rarely smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 4, filiform ca. 0.5 mm broad, semicylindric, sulcate,
scabrous- or smooth-margined, apparently shorter than the umbel; spathe
half as long again to 3 times as long as the urnbel; umbel without bulblets,
few-flowered, fasciculate or often fasciculate-hemispherical; pedicels
unequal, is = S15) times as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles;
segments of the ellipsoid-campanulate perianth yellow, rarely rosy-tinged,
4 mm long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, round-tipped or often terminating
in a reflexed point, the outer scaphoid, scarcely shorter than the inner;
filaments one-fourth or rarely half as long again as the perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth for 1/5 the length, subulate, yellow; anthers
yellow, ovary subsessile, globose, scabrous; style conspicuously exserted;
capsule valves orbicular, shallowly emarginate, 2.5mm long. June-July.
(Plate XII, Figure 1a-c).

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: N. Iran.
Described from No.-bayazet, vicinity of the village of Subbotan. Type in
Leningrad.

Note. Some plants from E. Transcaucasia and Talysh have rose-tinged
perianth.

102. A. pulchellum Don. Mon. (1826) 46 (excl. syn. A. paniculatum
et A. Seguierianum).—A. flavum var. pulchellum Ldb. Fl. Ross.
TV AQLS53)) £75) (p: py): A Carinatum War, capsulaterum Ldbs le!
A. flavum var. tauricum Bess. ex Rchb. Pl. crit. VI (1828) f. 776.—
A. Paczoskianum Tuzs. in Bot. Kozlem. XII (1913) 190, t.V, f.1.—
A. flavum auct. quoad. pl. Ross. europ. et cauc., p.p.—Ie.: Rchb.
RCo RUZ Sele nC

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1 (12) cm thick; outer bulb tunics grayish
or brownish, papery, nearly nerveless; scape (20)-—30-—50 cm long, covered
up to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, semicylindric,
1/2-1 mm broad smooth, sulcate, usually apparently somewhat shorter
than the scape; spathe 2—4-(5) times as long as the umbel; umbels without
bulblets, fasciculate or fasciculate-hemispherical, commonly many-
flowered; pedicels very unequal, 2-10 times as long as perianth, subtended

157

205

by bracteoles; segments of the ellipsoid-campanulate perianth yellowish,
more or less intensely rosy-tinged, pruinose, dull, (4)-5 mm long, elliptic-
oblong, obtuse and round-tipped, the outer scaphoid, slightly shorter and
broader than the inner; filaments as long half again (or twice as long) as
perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/5 their length,
subulate, commonly violet; anthers light violet, with yellow pollen; style
conspicuously exserted; ovary distinctly stipitate, oblong, smooth; capsule
valves broadly obcordate to suborbicular, 4-5 mm long. June-July.

Dry slopes. — European part: M. Dnp., V.-Don, Bl. Crim, Ll) Don,
i Ven Caucasus: aCise., Dac. Wi. sand by diranse. Genta distr gp Salk Sac.
Min. Described from Russia.

Note. Thetrue A. flavum L. does not occur inthe USSR, and all
reports, except for some Transcaucasian ones, refer to this species.
A. flavum flowers are yellow, without any trace of anthocyanin shades.

103. A. carinatum Lj Sp-.ph.(1753) 297; Jedb. Bis Rossy Vi, 174-exs!
var. capsuliferum; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 255; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 488.—
Ic.: Rehb. Ic. fl. Germ. X (1848) f. 1057.— Exs.: Kerner. Fl. Hung.
exs. No. 3483.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics blackish or
brownish, almost papery, slenderly parallel-nerved; scape 25-45 cm long,
covered up to the middle with scabrous or smooth leaf sheaths; leaves
3-(4), narrowly linear, 1-2 mm broad, more or less revolute, sulcate,
scabrous or smooth, apparently as long as the scape; spathe 3 times as
long as the umbel; umbel bearing bulblets, fasciculate or often fasciculate-
spherical, loosely few-flowered; pedicels subequal, rose with a darker
nerve, pruinose, dull, 5-6 mm long, subequal, elliptic-oblong, obtuse;
filaments half as long again as perianth segments, connate and adnate to
perianth to 1/5 their length, subulate, purple; anthers light violet, with
yellow pollen; style conspicuously exserted; ovary oblong, short-stipitate,
smooth. July-August.

Reported for many localities in the western part of former European
Russia which largely do not form part of the USSR, but the plants kept
under this name in herbaria are mostly A. oleraceum L. I have not
seen any A. carinatum plants from USSR territory.

104. A. oleraceum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 299; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 174; Shmal'g.,
Fl. II, 488; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. II] (1929)631.—A. scabrum Gilib. Exerc.
phyt. II (1792) 469.—Ic.: Syreishch., Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 238.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics brownish or grayish,
slenderly parallel-nerved; scape 25-50 cm long, covered to 1/3-1/2 with
smooth or rarely scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, narrowly linear,

1-2 mm broad, more or less revolute, smooth or scabrous, shorter than
the scape; spathe 2-3 times as long as the umbel; umbel bearing bulblets,
fasciculate or fasciculate-hemispherical, loosely few-flowered, very rarely
flowerless, with bulblets alone; pedicels unequal, 2—4-(6) times as long

as perianth, commonly recurved; segments of the narrowly campanulate
perianth greenish or often rosy, 6-7 mm long, equal, linear-oblong, obtuse,
round-tipped or minutely mucronulate; filaments as long as perianth
segments, connate and adnate to 1/5, subulate; anthers yellow; style
exserted, about half the length of capsule; capsule valves obcordate,

ca. 6 mm long. June-July.

1920 158

206

Meadows, steppes, slopes, scrub, and sometimes as weed.— European
pach aad limes UAiVck SViokasoUL Dnp.2 IM.) Dap.) .Ve>Don;.Transyv:,
L. Don, L: V.; Caucasus: Cise. Gen. distr.: W. Europe. Described
from Sweden and Germany.

105. +A.) paniculatum /d),--Syst.. ‘nat. jed: (26.411 (1759) 978; Boiss, FL. Or.
Vy a2 50d papn,) Shimello, iis 11/469) (excl. vars capes tri). —

Peapmcaese: sso PRchbrtel. crip Vial We2d ltl. of s618. —
Aepo annem lau jver.¢ Mevodiit imatm) dbs pHly Ross. 1 VAW@853 ) i762 —
FeeertiS-chums auch ik Rosss.-tea)) Nchbe. ct = Exs ©) “HR No.3.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics grayish, papery,
obscurely and slenderly parallel-nerved; scape (20)-—30-50 cm long,
covered to 2/3 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, linear, 1-2 mm
broad, more or less revolute, sulcate, smooth or scabrous, at least the
upper ones apparently exceeding the scape; spathe (1z)-2-4-times as long
astheumbel; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate or rarely fasciculate-
hemispherical, loose, commonly divaricate, rather many-flowered;
pedicels very unequal, 2-9 times as long as perianth, subtended by
bracteoles; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth rose, sometimes
dark rose, with a darker nerve, lustrous, intensely colored at the tips,
5-6 mm long, equal, linear-oblong, obtuse, truncate; filaments scarcely
shorter than perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/4,
subulate; anthers yellow; style scarcely exserted, two-fifths the length of
capsule; capsule valves obcordate, ca. 5mm long. July-August.

Steppes, sandy places, and slopes.— European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp.,
Ve-wWon, Iransv., Bl., Crim.,.. Don, L:Vs> Caucasuce B@iscy 7 wwe pipers:
U. Tob., Irt.;: Centr, Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: S. Eur., Asia
Minor (?). There is no indication of location in the cited publication by
Linnaeus; in later editions S. Europe is indicated.

Note. The plants from Kopet Dagh deserve further study. With their
dingy rose inconspicuous flowers they come close to A. lencoranicum,
but differ from it in the coarser bulb tunics and thinner leaves. The plants
grow, moreover, in completely different habitats. The Kopet Dagh plant
inhabits dry mountain steppes.

106. A. lencoranicum Miscz. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 214.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics grayish-black, thinly
papery; scape 20-50 cm long, covered to 1/2—2/3 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 4 or 5, filiform, 1-2 mm broad, revolute, apparently flat, withering
at flowering; spathe to 6 times as long as the umbel; umbel fasciculate,
loose, relatively few-flowered; pedicels unequal, 2-6 times the length of
perianth, subtended by few bracteoles; segments of the narrowly
campanulate perianth dingy lilac-rose, with a dingy purple nerve, dull,
5-6 mm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, rounded-truncate, sometimes
minutely mucronate; filaments scarcely shorter than to equaling the perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/5 their length, subulate;
anthers yellow; style exserted, half the length of capsule; capsule valves
broadly obovate, ca. 4mm long. August

Slopes in the timber zone.— Caucasus: Tal. Endemic. Described from
Lenkoran.

159

207

208

107. A. karsianum Fom. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis 14 (1909) 51.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics grayish, papery,
nearly nerveless; scape 20-40 cm long, covered to 2/3-3/4 with smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, narrowly linear, 1-1.5 mm broad, more or
less revolute, sulcate, smooth or scabrous, exceeding the scape; spathe
2-3 times as long as the umbel; umbel fasciculate or often fasciculate-
hemispherical, mostly dense and many-flowered; pedicels unequal, as long
as or up to 2-5 times as long as perianth, subtended by few bracteoles;
segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth nearly white, with a purple
nerve, lustrous, (6)-—7-8 mm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, round-tipped;
filaments three-quarters the length of perianth segments, connate and
adnate to perianth to 1/5 their length, subulate; anthers yellow (?); style
not exserted, half as long as the capsule; capsule valves obcordate,
cay ob mim long, July:

Stony slopes and rocks.— Caucasus: E. and S$. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Ol'ta: Kyrkh-kilis — Khas-kei. Type in Tiflis.

Note. A species closely related to A. Kunthianum Vved., in need
of verification with fresh material. It is mostly deposited in herbaria
under the name A. paniculatum which does not occur in Transcaucasia.
It is distinguishable much more readily from the latter species than from
A. Kunthianum.

108. A. Kunthianum Vved. nom. nov.— A. lepidum Kunth Enum. IV
(1843) 408 (p.p., quoad pl. Hohenack. ), non Ldb. (1833); Boiss. Fl. Or.

V (1884) 263.— A. paniculatum var. macilentum Ldb. Fl. Ross.
TY AC. 858) Gs a). qa):

Perennial; bulb (often paired) ovoid, 0.75-1 cm thick; outer tunics
blackish, papery, without discernible nerves; scape (5)—10-30 cm long,
covered to 1/2-2/3 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2-(4), apparently
semicylindric, ca. 1 mm broad, sulcate, smooth or scabrous-margined,
exceeding the scape; spathe half as long again to twice as long as the umbel;
umbel without bulblets, fasciculate-hemispherical, rather few-flowered;
pedicels subequal, slightly shorter than to 2-(3) times as long as the
perianth, subtended by few bracteoles; segments of the narrowly
campanulate perianth rose, mostly dark rose, with a purple nerve,
lustrous, (6)—7-8 mm long, equal, linear-oblong, obtusish with more or
less reflexed tips; filaments three-quarters as long as to slightly shorter
than perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/5 their length,
subulate; anthers yellow; style not exserted, half the length of the capsule;
capsule valves obcordate, ca.5 mm long. August-September. (Plate XII,
Figure 2a,b).

Meadows and rocks in high mountains.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W.,
E., and 8S. Transc. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Shusha.

Note. The plant presented by Albov (Tr. Tifl. Bot. Sada I (1895) 240)
as A. subquinqueflorum Boiss. should apparently be referred to this
species. The author has not seen either Albov's specimens or any other
samples of A. subquinqueflorum, a species that, according to Albov,
deserves additional study. As described by Boissier,

A. subquinqueflorum has smaller white flowers 5 mm long.

160

209

109. A. rupestre Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. III (1812) 260.—
Pipaniculatwnn var nvacilentum Ldb Fl. Ross.“1V (1853) 176
(p.p.).— A. paniculatum var. pallens Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 260
(pap. )s— A. paniculhtum var. rupestre Rg). in'A. HP) Il (1875)
1927 ohmiallos 11 iit 28 Onaench ara. iceman om: ‘ini Monity Bot:

Ge Mase daa ICO) 4 AC) lee Richb( PPiarermitve we (1827) P61 6)"61 7
Exe: Plivjorrent.v’exs Nod:

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics papery with very
slender parallel nerves; bulblets whitish, slenderly parallel-nerved, small,
mostly absent; scape 25-40 cm long, covered up to the middle with
scabrous or very rarely smooth leaf sheaths; leaves (2)-3, filiform-linear,
0.5-—1 mm broad, more or less revolute, commonly scabrous, much shorter
than the scape; spathe 3-5 times the length of the umbel; umbel without
bulblets, fasciculate or fasciculate-hemispherical, rarely subspherical,
commonly few-flowered; pedicels subequal, slightly shorter than to
12-2 times the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of
the narrowly campanulate perianth pale rose to nearly white, with a purple
nerve, not lustrous, 5-6 mm long, subequal, oblong-elliptic, obtuse,
round-tipped or often minutely mucronulate; filaments equaling or barely
exceeding the perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/5
their length, subulate; anther violet; style exserted, two-fifths the length
of capsule; capsule valves broadly obcordate to suborbicular, 5 mm long.
August-October.

Stony and sandy slopes and rocks. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus:
Dag., W. andE. Transc. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor. Described from Mtskheta.

Note. Acharaulicum (classical location Artvin: Kharaul) is
described as having filaments half as long as perianth segments and pedicels
4 times the length of perianth. The authentic specimen, preserved in
Leningrad, shows stamens as long as perianth segments and pedicels as
long or at most half as long again. More investigation is needed to solve
the problem of this plant.

110. A. convallarioides Grossh. in Grossh. et Schischk. Pl. orient.
exs.. (1924) No.107.— A. pallens Vved. in Fl. Turkm. I (1932) 263.—
Bease aed l ,onient.. lige:

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics grayish, papery,
nearly without perceptible nerves; bulblets yellowish, very slenderly
parallel-nerve, mostly absent; scape 40-60 cm long, covered to about the
middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4 or 5, narrowly linear, 1-1.5 mm
broad, canaliculate, sulcate, smooth, apparently shorter than the scape;
spathe 12-2 (?) times as long as the umbel; umbel without bulblets,
fasciculate-ovoid to fasciculate-spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels
unequal, 2-5 times the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles; perianth
segments white, 4-5 mm long, broadly linear-oblong, obtuse, truncate,
the inner slightly longer; filaments barely exceeding the perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth to 1/5, subulate; anthers yellow; style
exserted, one-fourth the length of capsule; capsule slightly longer than the
perianth; capsule valves suborbicular, scarcely emarginate. June-July.

Slightly saline places.— Caucasus: E. and 8S. Transc.; Centr. Asia:
Turkm. Endemic (?). Described from Erivan, Dzhervish. Type in Baku.

161

210

111. A. kirindicum Bornm. in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. XXXIII, 2 (1915)
ZOE

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics papery, grayish,
with slender distant parallel nerves; bulblets none; scape 15-25 cm long,
covered with (1)-2-(5) sheaths; lower sheaths scabrous, the upper often
smooth, the uppermost often surpassing the umbel base and spathiform or
rarely not reaching beyoond the middle of scape; leaves filiform,
canaliculate, scabrous, not exceeding the umbel, the uppermost abbreviated;
spathe persistent, much shorter than the umbel, very short-acuminate;
umbel fasciculate or fasciculate-hemispherical, loosely few-flowered;
pedicels very slender, subequal, 3-5 times as long as the perianth,
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the tubular-campanulate perianth
white to very pale rose, with a prominent dingy purple nerve, 4-5 mm
long, subequal, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, the inner somewhat broader;
filaments two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth to 1/3 their length, entire, triangular-
subulate, subequal; style not exserted; capsule (immature) two-thirds as
long as the perianth. August.

Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Found on a singie occasion on consolidated
screes of Mt. Dushak. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Nehavend

112.* A. fibrosum Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 322, t. VII, f.2.—
Aaksonolkovii var. albadum. (O.Kt, invA, Hee. x (1ecip24on
A. leucosphaerum Aitch. et Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. III (1888)
Lites Ral polvies: =i Exsie Herb? FI pias). Med... Noelt ;

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1 cm thick; outer tunics brown,
subcoriaceous, splitting, reticulately nerved; bulblets numerous, large,
reticulately nerved, yellowish; scape (often 2 scapes from one bulb)
(15)-25-60 cm long, covered at base with smooth approximate leaf sheahs;
leaves 4-6, semicylindric, 0.5-2 mm broad, canaliculate, fistulous,
smooth or rarely scabrous, shorter than the scape; spathe with beak
usually longer than the blade, early deciduous by circumscission; umbel
without bulblets, hemispherical to subspherical; rarely fasciculate, densely
many-flowered; pedicels subequal, (12)-3-5 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanute umbilicate perianth white,
rose or dark rose, with a prominent green or purple nerve, 4-5-(6) mm
long, equal, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, obtuse or mucronulate, the inner
broader than the outer; filaments one-half to two-thirds as long as perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth for 1/4 to 1/2 their length, entire,
the inner triangular, twice as broad as the outer, narrowly triangular;
style not exserted; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth. April-May.

Sand deserts and motted strated in foothills.— Centr. Asia: Kara K.,
Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: N. Afghanistan. Described from Chikishlyar.
Type in Leningrad.

* The A.rubellum s.1, group (112-120) constitutes a highly composite, polymorphic complex of East
Mediterranean xerophilous plants, and is still far from being adequately understood. An attempt is here
made to distinguish elementary constituents of this group, most of which had been described at one time
or other as distinct species but were later considered as synonyms of A.rubellum MB. The constituent
entities are not firmly delineated and they displayed transitions in respect of all the characters that could
be studied in the herbarium.

162

(Raw)

¢
AN) oy Bs é
a Y YEG,
LY, ha

Plate XIII

1, Allium scabrellum Boiss. et Buhse, la) portion of perianth; 1b) bulblet; 1c) bulb scale.—
2, A. anisopetalum Vved.; 2a) portion of perianth; 2b) bulblets; 2c) bulb scale.-- 3, A. kujukense
Vved.; 3a) portion of perianth; 3b) bulblets: 3c) leaf sheath.— 4, A. elegans Drob. 4a) portion of

perianth; 4b) bulblets,

163

213

113. A. syntamanthum C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 238, —
Aepubellum var, parvitlorum [Edb. Fl Ress, TVa(lens) 7 tio a
Boiss. «hb. Or, sV (1884))253'\(p. 3p):

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 mm thick; outer tunics brown, coriaceous,
splitting, prominently subreticulately nerved; bulblets few, large, winged,
elongated, yellowish, slenderly nerved; scape 15-30 cm long, covered to
1/4-1/3 with smooth approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, semicylindric,
canaliculate, apparently fistulous, smooth, ca. 1mm broad, apparently
shorter than the scape; spathe early deciduous by circumscission, more or
less rose-tinged; umbel without bulblets, semispherical to subspherical,
dense, rather many-flowered; pedicels subequal, slightly exceeding or
often 2-(3)times as long as the perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the
broadly campanulate umbilicate perianth dark rose with a purple nerve,
3-4 mm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, the outer half as broad again and
barely shorter than the inner; filaments slightly shorter than perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/4 their length, entire, the
outer narrowly triangular, the inner triangular, half as broad again as the
outer and as broad at base as the perianth segments; style not exserted;
capsule scarcely shorter than the perianth. May-June.

Stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from Erivan
area. Type in Berlin.

114. A. rubellum MB. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 264; III, 260.—

A; rubellum var. parviflorum (Ldb. Fl, Ross. 1VWies3) 171(p: p, ):
Boiss. 12). Ors V (1884) 2530 (ps ps):

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics brown, coriaceous,
splitting, prominently subreticulately nerved; bulblets few, large, winged,
yellowish, slenderly nerved; scape (sometimes 2 from one bulb) 15-40 cm
long, covered at base or up to 1/4 with approximate smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 3 or 4, semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous, smooth or rarely
scabrous-margined, 1-2 mm broad, commonly shorter than the scape;
spathe slightly shorter than the umbel, with beak somewhat shorter than
the blade, early deciduous by circumscission; umbel without bulblets,
hemispherical to subspherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal,
2-3 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the broadly
campanulate umbilicate perianth rose, with a purple nerve, 3-4-(5) long,
oblong or often oblong-lanceolate, tapering, acute to obtusish, the outer
slightly broader and shorter than the inner; filaments two -thirds to three-
quarters the length of perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth,
to 1/4, entire, the outer narrowly triangular, the inner triangular, half
as broad again as the outer and as broad at base as perianth segments;
style not exserted; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth. May.

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal. (?). Gen, distr.: N. Iran (?).
Described from Georgia.

Note. The typical A. rubellum s.s. occurs in the western part of
E. Transcaucasia and does not reach Gandzha. Here as well as to the
southeast along the right bank of Kury A. rubellum is not always
distinguishable from A. albanum. The author therefore refers the Talysh
plants and some of the north Persian material to this species with a query.

115. A. albanum Grossh. in Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 211.—A. rubellum
var. grandiflorum Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 171; Boiss. Fl. Or. V

164

214

215

(1884) 253 (p.p.).— A. rubellum Shmal'g., Fl. 11(1897) 490.—Ic.: Rgl.
Fl. turk. (1876) t.X, f. 7-9.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics ccriaceous, brown,
splitting, prominently subreticulately nerved; bulblets few, usually small,
yellowish, very rarely brownish, sometimes winged, slenderly nerved;
scape (often 2 from one bulb) 10-30 cm long, covered at base with smooth
approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 4-5 (6), semicylindric, canaliculate,
fistulous, smooth or rarely scabrous-nerved, 1-—2-(3) mm broad, mostly
shorter than the scape; spathe slightly shorter than the umbel, with beak
as long as blade, early deciduous by circumscission, sometimes rose-
tinged; umbel without bulblets, hemispherical or rarely spherical, densely
many-flowered; pedicels subequal, 2—3-(4) times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate umbilicate perianth rose, with
a purple nerve, (4)-5-6 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, tapering, acute or
subacute, the outer slightly broader and shorter than the inner; filaments
one-half to two-thirds the length of perianth segments, connate and adnate
to perianth to 1/4 their length, entire, the outer narrowly triangular, the
inner triangular, half as broad again as the outer and as broad at base as
the perianth segments; style not exserted; capsule (one-half or) two-thirds
as long as the perianth. May-June.

Dry slopes in semideserts and in dry mountain steppes. — European part:
L.V. (Bogdo); Caucasus: Dag., E. Transc. (to the east of Gandzha);
Centr Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Mangyshlak, Karabugaz), Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr::
N. Persia. Described from various locations in E. Transc.

Note. Plants from Apsheron deserve more study, as they are usually
low-growing, with leaves exceeding the scape, and in some characters
(e.g., bulblet nervature, flower color) they approach A. scabrellum.
The inclusion of high-mountain Kopet Dagh plants in this species is also
in need of confirmation.

The position of Kopet Dagh plants of A. rubellum s.1l. groups, with
small white flowers, supplied by various collectors from Gaudan, has not
so far been clarified.

116. A. scabrellum Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
XII (1860) 215; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1834) 251.— A. rubellum ssp.
scabrellum Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1926) No.180.— Exs.: HFR
No.1190 (sub A. Tschulpias); Herb. Fl. As. Med., l.c.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, (1)-2 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous,
brown, reticulately nervose, sometimes fibrous; bulblets commonly
numerous, small, yellowish, wingless, often distinctly alveolate; scape
25-50 cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth or rarely scabrous subdistant
leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous,
scabrous-nerved, rarely smooth, 2—3 mm broad, shorter than the scape;
spathe slightly shorter than the umbel, with beak about the length of blade,
rarely deciduous by circumscission, often rose-tinged; umbel without
bulblets, fasciculate-hemispherical or rarely subspherical, densely
many-flowered; pedicels subequal, 2-3 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate umbilicate perianth
commonly pale rose, obscurely purple-nerved, lustrous in drying,
(5)-6-7 mm long, subequal, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, commonly
strongly tapering, acute or subacute, the outer slightly broader than the

165

216

inner; filaments one-third to one-half the length of perianth segments,
connate and adnate to perianth to 1/4-1/3 their length, entire, the outer
narrowly triangular, the inner commonly broadly triangular, twice as
broad as the outer and usually somewhat broader than the perianth segments;
style not exserted; capsule half as long as the perianth. May-June.
(Plate XIII, Figure 1 a-c).

Usually a weed in oases.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Syr D., Pam.-Al.
Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Yezd. Type in Leningrad.

117. A. Jacquemontii Kunth, Enum. IV (1843) 399.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.5-1 cm thick; outer tunics grayish, nearly
papery, with subparallel nerves; bulblets few, whitish, wingless, slenderly
nerved; scape 15-35 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/3 with smooth subdistant
leaf sheaths; leaves 2-(3), semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous, smooth
or rarely scabrous, 1-2 mm broad, shorter than the scape; spathe early
deciduous by circumscission; umbel without bulblets, hemispherical, dense,
rather few-flowered; pedicels subequal, 12-(2) times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate, segments of the campanulate umbilicate perianth rose, with
a prominent dingy purple nerve, 5—(6) mm long, subequal, slightly tapering,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, the outer slightly broader than the inner;
filaments about two-thirds the length of perianth, connate and adnate to
perianth to 1/3, entire, the outer narrowly triangular, the inner broadly
triangular, twice as broad as the outer and slightly broader at base than
the perianth segments. May. :

Stony slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Shugnan). Gen. distr.: NW India. Described from India. Type in Paris.

Note. The author refers the Shugnan material to this species with some
reservation, as he did not have any Indian plants for comparison.

118. A. anisopetalum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 123.

Perennial; bulb ovoid 0.5-0.75-(1) cm thick; outer tunics grayish-brown
or brown, coriaceous, splitting, obscurely subreticulately nerved; bulblets
few, wingless, small, whitish, slenderly nerved; scape 10-—25-—(40) cm long,
covered to 1/3 with smooth subdistant leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3 (4),
filiform, apparently semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth or rarely
scabrous-margined, 0.5-1.5 mm broad, commonly shorter than the scape;
spathe commonly two-thirds as long as the umbel, with beak one-third to
one-half the length of blade, sometimes rose-tinged, usually persistent,
split down to base; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate-hemispherical or
subspherical, dense, rather many-flowered; pedicels subequal, as long
as or often 15-2 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of
the campanulate umbilicate perianth rose, with a dingy purple nerve,
unequal, the outer (4)-—5-(6) mm long, strongly tapering, acute, oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, one-fourth to often one-half as long
again and half as broad again as the oblong to oblong-elliptic acute inner
segments; filaments one-third to two-fifths the length of outer perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/3-1/2 their length, the outer
narrowly triangular, the inner broadly triangular, 2-(3) times as broad
as the outer and about as broad at base as the perianth segments; style
not exserted; capsule half as long as the perianth. (Plate XIII,
Figure 2 a-c).

166

217

Gravelly and small-grained slopes in the mountain steppe zone. —
Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Alai Range), T. Sh. (Fergana Range). Endemic.
Described from Fergana Range: Arslanbob. Type in Leningrad.

119. A. minutum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1924) 124.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.5-0.75 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous,
blackish-brown, more or less splitting, subreticulate-nerved; bulblets
few, wingless, small, whitish, with slender nerves; scape 10-20 cm long,
slender, covered to 1/4 with subdistant leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, filiform,
ca. 0.5 mm broad, apparently semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth,
shorter than the scape; spathe two-thirds as long as the umbel, very short-
acuminate, persistent, split down to base; umbel without bulblets,
fasciculate-hemispherical or hemispherical, dense, rather few-flowered;
pediceis subequal, as long to t=) times as long as the perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate umbilicate perianth
white, with a dingy green nerve, 3-—4-(5) mm long, oblong or very rarely
oblong-lanceolate, commonly short-acuminate, acute, the outer usually
slightly longer and broader than the inner; filaments half the length of
perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/3, entire, the outer
triangular, the inner broadly triangular, about twice as broad as the outer
and as broad at base as the perianth segments; style not exserted;
capsule two-thirds as long as the perianth. May-July.

Gravelly and mottled (always?) mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.
Al. (Fergana Range). Endemic. Described from Kok-su Valley. Type in
Leningrad.

120. A. parvulum Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 124.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.5-0.75 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous,
blackish-brown, more or less splitting, subreticulately nerved; bulblets
few, wingless, small, whitish, slenderly nerved; scape (sometimes 2 from
one bulb), 10-20 cm long, slender, covered to 1/4 with subdistant smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, filiform, ca. 0.5 mm broad, apparently
semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth, shorter than the scape; spathe
one-half (or two-thirds) as long as the umbel, with beak one-fourth to
one-third the length of blade, commonly persistent, split down to base;
umbel without bulblets, fasciculately-hemispherical or hemispherical,
dense, rather many-flowered; pedicels subequal, (12)-2-3 times as long
as perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate umbilicate perianth
white, with a dingy green nerve, 4-(5) mm long, equal, oblong-lanceolate
to lanceolate, strongly tapering, acute, often with reflexed tips; filaments
half the length of perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/3
their length, entire, the outer narrowly triangular, the inner broadly
triangular, twice as broad as the outer and somewhat broader at base than
the perianth segments; style not exserted; capsule half as long as the
perianth. May.

Gravelly (apparently mottled) slopes in the lower mountain slopes. —
Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Aleksandrovskii Range, Trans-Ili Ala Tau). Endemic.
Described from Aulie-ata: Tek-Turmas. Type in Leningrad.

167

218

121. A. Griffithianum Boiss. Diagn. pl. as. nov. II, 4 (1859) 117.—

ANT schulpias: Rel. in A. HP. yl) (1875) 107..— AL Kulsic halve wae
Bgl., le. (1875). 117.— A. tenue Rel... lic. 875) 208) noniDonta

MOB annn Nel, im A, noe. x (1887) 326. t.0) fc lic. ine inal srounaalie
(1876) t.X, £. 10-12; ibid., t. XI, £.12-13.— Exs,.: Herb,Fl., As. Med.
No.66 (sub A. Tschulpias).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous,
splitting, reticulately nerved; bulblets few, large, yellowish, reticulately
nerved; scape 10-30-(50) cm long, covered at base or up to 1/3 with smooth
or rarely scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, semicylindric, canaliculate,
fistulous, 1-2 mm broad, commonly scabrous-margined, usually shorter
than the scape; spathe slightly shorter than the umbel, short-beaked, early
deciduous by circumscission; umbel without or very rarely with bulblets,
hemispherical, dense, rather many-flowered; pedicels mostly unequal,
shorter than or mostly as long to twice as long as perianth, ebracteolate;
segments of the campanulate perianth light carneous-red, with a darker
nerve, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtusish to obtuse, unequal, the
outer 7-8 mm long, 1/4-1/3 as long again as and slightly broader than the
gibbous inner segments; filaments one-third the length of outer perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/2-2/3 their length, entire,
the inner triangular, twice as broad as the narrowly triangular outer
filaments; style not exserted; capsule half as long as the perianth. April
May.

Soft soils of foothills deserts and of the lower mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Syr D., Pam.-Al. (not occurring in Fergana Valley). Gen. distr. :
Afghanistan. Described from Kabul area. Type in Geneva.

122. A. ophiophyllum Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1928) No. 336. —
ES elie.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics tawny-brown,
subcoriaceous, obscurely reticulately nerved, laciniate at the top and at
base; bulblets few, stramineous, parallel-nerved; scape 15-40 cm long,
covered at base with smooth approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4,
cylindric, fistulous, 1-1.5 mm broad, glaucous, spirally to circinately
coiled, smooth or slightly scabrous; spathe persistent, two-thirds as long
as the umbel, very short-beaked; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate or
hemispherical, commonly few-flowered, rather dense; pedicels subequal,
(1)-13-2 times as long as perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the
campanulate perianth pale violet with a darker nerve, lustrous azure after
anthesis, (6)—-7 mm long, obtuse, the inner linear-oblong, slightly longer
than the lanceolate outer segments; filaments as long as or barely shorter
than the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire,
violet, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner narrowly triangular, slightly
broader than the outer; style scarcely exserted; capsule half as long as
the perianth. April-May.

Mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Amu D., Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described
from Khaudak-tau. Type in Tashkent.

123. A. inops Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Bot, Petrop. V (1924) 91.

Perennial; bulb ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics tawny ot grayish, nearly
papery, nerveless; scape 8-17 cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf

168

219

sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, apparently semicylindric, filiform, ca. 0.5-mm
broad, smooth, slightly shorter than to equaling the scape; spathe early
deciduous, scarious; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate becoming
subspherical, loosely few-flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times as long as
perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the narrowly campanulate
perianth rose, with a purple nerve, 6-7 mm long, equal, lanceolate, acute
or acutish; filaments connate and adnate to perianth to 1/4 their length, the
inner subulate from triangular base, one-third as long as perianth segments,
half as long again and 2-3 times as broad as the subulate outer filaments;
anthers yellow; style not exserted, one-third the length of the capsule;
capsule half as long as the perianth, the suborbicular valves scarcely
emarginate. May.

Outcrops of saline layers.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. Endemic. Described
from Aulie-ata area: Dair-mulla. Type in Leningrad.

124. A. lasiophyllum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 125.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 5-8 mm thick; outer tunics gray, papery,
nerveless, enveloping the scape base; bulblets none; scape (very rarely 2
from one bulb) 10-20 cm long, covered up to the middle with densely
short-hairy leaf sheaths; leaves 2-4, filiform, 0.5-1 mm broad, apparently
flat, canaliculate, glabrous or more or less densely pubescent, shorter than
the scape; spathe about one-third as long as the umbel, with beak less than
half the length of blade, persistent; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate,
rather few-flowered; pedicels subequal, as long to half as long again as the
perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the narrowly campanulate
perianth rose, with a darker nerve, 6-7 mm long, equal, linear-lanceolate,
acute, the outer scarcely broader; filaments three-quarters the length of
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, the inner
triangular-subulate, half as broad again at base as the nearly subulate outer
filaments; anthers yellow; style not exserted; capsule (nearly mature)
about half as long as the perianth. June.

Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Tekes). Endemic. Type in Leningrad.

125. A. delicatum Siev. ex Roem, et Schult. Syst. VII (1830) 1133;
ide BE NOssii1VA171; thmalie Bil 490; Keyl Wi Zapa Silbe Til
(1929) 610.— A. Willdenowii Kunth. Enum. IV (1843) 453; Ldb. Fl.
Rossy IVs i190 A wirvdlui vauet /e i) Rel ee entire Polol rts Iw,
WoT

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics gray to nearly
black, papery, nerveless; bulblets solitary, nearly smooth, mostly absent;
scape 15-45 cm long, covered to 1/3-1/2 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves
2 or 3, filiform, 0.5-1.5 mm broad, apparently semicylindric, canaliculate,
smooth or very rarely scabrous, shorter than the scape; spathe one-half
to two-thirds as long as the umbel, with beak as long to 3 times as long as
the blade, persistent; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate or often
fasciculate-hemispherical, rarely subspherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels subequal, slightly exceeding or mostly 2-3-(4) times as long as
the perianth, subtended by numerous fairly large bracteoles; segments
of the campanulate perianth whitish or rose, with a prominent violet-purple
nerve, (3)-4-—6 mm long, equal, obtusish to acutish, lanceolate to oblong,
the inner somewhat broader; filaments three-quarters as long as to equaling

169

220 the perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/5 their length,
entire, triangular-subulate, the inner half as broad at base as the outer
filaments; style scarcely exserted; capsule slightly shorter than the
perianth. June-July.

Solonetz soils, wormwood deserts, rarely on chalk. — European part:
Mrcanicwe (Se), gli. Vig Weisiberia: Us Tobijilety Gent: scien Aue I3@ acy
Balkh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from ''Kirghizian deserts".

126. A. glomeratum Prokh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. URSS, XXIX
(TOO) R560) staios LE:

Perennial; bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer’ tunics gray, papery,
slenderly parallel-nerved, enveloping the scape base; bulblets none; scape
often more or less curved, 10-20 cm long, covered up to the middle with
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5 mm broad,
apparently flat, canaliculate, smooth or scabrous-margined, slightly
shorter to slightly longer than the scape; spathe persistent, about equaling
the umbel, with beak half as long as to slightly shorter than the base;
umbel without bulblets, hemispherical, dense, few-flowered; pedicels
subequal, slightly shorter than to equaling the perianth, subtended by
narrow bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth rosy-violet,
with a darker nerve, (4)-5 mm long, lanceolate, acute, the outer scarcely
broader; filaments slightly shorter than to as long as the perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, subulate, subequal; anthers
violet; style scarcely exserted; capsule two-thirds as long as the perianth.
July-August.

Argillaceous and stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Centr. Tien Shan).
Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Kashgaria: Kok-Muinak Pass.
Type in Leningrad. .

127. A. Pallasii Murr. Comment. Goetting, VI (1775) 32, t.3; Ldb. Fl.
Ross. IV, 170; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 612.— A. tenue Don. Mon.
(1826) 34.— A. lepidum Ldb. le. pl. Fl. Ross. IV (1833) 17.—

Avy chai csi ol iulim tars etkar., ia Bull, SoessNat. Moses Va te)
854.—A. semiretschenskianum Rgl. in A.H.P. V (1878) 630.—

Ml Der tia GR ele invA wes Vii(18%8) 66320 Te, = hiedbp i lemyply| Bits Ress:
IV (1833), t. 355.— Exs.: H.F.A.M. No. 337.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics gray, papery and
nerveless or subcoriaceous brownish and parallel-nerved; bulblets none;
scape (sometimes 2 from one bulb), (10)-20-65 cm long, covered to 1/3 or
nearly to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves (2)-3 or 4, filiform
to narrowly linear, 0.5-1.5-(2.5) mm broad, smooth or scabrous-margined,
shorter than the scape; spathe persistent, one-third to one-half as long as
to slightly shorter than the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel without bulblets,
hemispherical to subspherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels subequal,

221 (12)-2-3(4) times as long as perianth, subtended by few bracteoles or
ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate or sometimes substellate
perianth rose, with a purple nerve, lustrous, 3-4 mm long, equal,
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acutish; filaments equaling to
half as long again as the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, subulate from a triangular base, the inner to half as broad again
at the base as the outer, sometimes obtusely 2-toothed at base; scape
slightly exserted; capsule as long to half as long again as the perianth.
May-June.

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222

Solonetz soils, calcareous slopes, mottled outcrops, and stony or
gravelly slopes in the alpine and subalpine zones.— W. Siberia: Irt., Alt. ;
Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Mai-tyube), Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., Pam.-Al.,

T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Siberia.

Note, The outer tunics of mountainous plants are papery and nerveless;
in the case of lowland plants they are usually coriaceous and distinctly
parallel-nerved. A thorough investigation of this phenomenon is needed.

128. A. macrostemumBge in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. II (1835) 139; Kom.
and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. krayaI (1931) 365.—A. uratense
Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. VII (1884) 114.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics blackish, papery,
nerveless; bulblets none; scape (40)-60-90 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/3
with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, linear, 2-4 mm broad, not
fistulous, canaliculate, smooth, much shorter than the scape; spathe
persistent, half as long as the umbel, with beak half as long tonearly as
long as the blade; umbel bearing bulblets (sometimes nearly flowerless),
rarely without bulblets (var. uratense Airy-Shaw in Notes Bot. Gard.
Edinb. XVI (1931) 136), hemispherical to spherical, rather many-flowered,
dense; pedicels subequal, (2)—3-4 times as long as perianth, subtended by
numerous bracteoles; segments of the broadly campanulate to
subhemispherical perianth dark rose, with a darker nerve, (4)-—5 mm long,
subequal, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acutish; filaments one-fourth as
long again as the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, gradually subulate from a dilated base, the inner half as broad as
the outer; style exserted. June-July.

Meadows and arable land.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.
Described from Peking.

129. A. coeruleum Pall. Reise...II (1773) 727, t.R.; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV, 170; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 611.— A. coerulescens Don.
Mon. (1826) 34.— A. azureum Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 13.—

A. viviparum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) 852;
Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 611.—Ic.: Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl. Ross. ITI (1830)
tego. bs 2 Herb. il Ac. Med. Nozosoe

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics papery, gray,
nerveless; bulblets grayish-violet to violet, nerveless, commonly absent;
scape (rarely 2 from one bulb) 25-85 cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth
or scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves (2) 3 or 4, triquetrous, canaliculate,
(1)-2-—4 mm broad, smooth or rarely scabrous, shorter than the scape;
Spathe one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel, acuminate, persistent;
umbel without or (in var. bulbilliferum Ldb., Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 170)
with bulblets, hemispherical to spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels
equal, 2-5 times as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments
of the broadly campanulate, perianth azure, with a darker nerve, 4-5 mm
long, equal, obtusish, the outer oblong-lanceolate, the inner lanceolate;
filaments equaling to slightly exceeding the perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, subulate from a triangular base, the inner
twice as broad at base as the outer, sometimes 2-toothed below the middle;
style exserted; capsule slightly shorter than the perianth. June-July.

171

223

Solonetz soils, solonetz meadows, steppe mountain zone. — European
part: L.V.; W. Siberia: U. Tob. (Naurzum), Irt. (S.), Alt.; Centr. Asia:
Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. (except Tashkent Ala Tau), Pam.-Al.
(Alai Range, Mogian). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from the
vicinity of Semipalatinsk: Berezovka.

Note. Where A. coeruleum and A. caesium grow together,
they hybridize; such hybrids are known, for instance, from the Kulan-utmes
River (Irt.).

130. A. caesium Schrenk in Bull. phys.-math. Acad. Pétersb. II (1844)
113; Ldb. Fl. Ross: lveui66)— A, ureeolatum)) Rel. iii) Ho Pasi 373)
406.—A. Renardi Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 521.—Ic.: Rgl. Fl. turk.
(1876) t. IX, f.10-12.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 56; HFR No. 2789.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous, gray,
nerveless; bulblets grayish-brown or violet, obscurely parallel-nerved;
scape 15-65 cm long, covered to 1/4 or sometimes to the middle with
scabrous or rarely smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, semicylindric,
canaliculate, 1-3 mm broad, fistulous (always?), scabrous, rarely nearly
smooth, slightly shorter to slightly longer than the scape; spathe half as
long as the umbel, acuminate, persistent; umbel commonly without or
rarely with bulblets, very rarely flowerless with bulblets alone, usually
hemispherical to spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal,
2-3-(5) times as long as perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of
the campanulate perianth azure-blue, with a darker nerve, rarely white,
4-6 mm long, equal, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, the inner
slightly broader; filaments three-quarters as long to nearly as long as
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, the outer
triangular from a subulate base, the inner twice as broad at base, dilated
to 2/3, obtusely toothed; style slightly exserted; capsule two-thirds as long
as the perianth. May-June.

Solonetz soils in the steppe belt, semideserts, and in the southern part
in foothills and mountains up to 2000 m.— W. Siberia: Irt. (S.); Centr.
Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb., Syr D., Pam.-Al. (Alai and
Turkestan ranges), T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from
Karaganda. Type in Leningrad.

Note. As far as can be deduced from herbarium material, plants from
the Alai Range and partly from the Fergana Range usually have darker
flowers with distinct violet tinge, commonly narrower and longer, mostly
6 mm long. Such plants were designated by Drobov (in herb. Akad. et
Univ. As. Med.).as A. Litvinovii and were evidently scheduled for
publication in Herb. Fl. Ross. under this appellation. These Fergana
plants and also white-flowered plants which sometimes occur in considerable
numbers in certain locations (e.g., in Chu-Ili Mountains, Chimgan) should
be subjected to further investigation. A. Renardi was described by
Regel as having white flowers.

131. A. elegans Drob. in Sched. ad HFR (1917) No. 2790.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1 cm thick; outer tunics coriaceous,
grayish or brownish, splitting, nerveless; bulblets few, brownish or violet,
smooth; scape 10-20 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 2, filiform, 0.5-1 mm broad, canaliculate, smooth, slightly shorter

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224

than to as long as the scape; spathe very small, much shorter than the
umbel, acuminate, persistent; umbel without bulblets, fasciculate or often
hemispherical to subspherical, rather few-flowered, loose; pedicels
subequal, (3)-4-6 times as long as perianth, the outer ascending, subtended
by bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth white drying pale
violet, with a darker nerve, 5-6 mm long, subequal, lanceolate, obtusish;
filaments two-thirds as long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to
perianth to 1/4 their length, entire, triangular-subulate, the inner twice as
broad at base as the outer; style not exserted; capsule half as long as the
perianth. May-June. (Plate XIII, Figure 4a, b).

Gravelly argillaceous slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Alai Range,
Sary-tau). Endemic. Described from Alai Range: Shakhimardan River,
village of Pul'gan. Type in Leningrad.

132. A. kopetdagense Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 125.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.5-0.75 mm broad; outer tunics papery, gray,
obscurely parallel-nerved; bulblets none; scape 5-12 cm long, covered to
1/2-3/4 woth smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3, filiform, semicylindric,
canaliculate, smooth, greatly exceeding the umbel; spathe persistent,
one-third as long as the umbel, beakless; umbel without bulblets,
hemispherical or rarely subspherical, loosely: few-flowered; pedicels
subequal, as long to half as long again as the perianth, ebracteolate;
segments of the campanulate perianth rose, with a purple nerve, 6-7 mm
long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, equal; filaments two-thirds as long as
perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/3 their length, entire,
the outer triangular-subulate, the inner triangular 3 times as broad as the
outer and half as broad again at base as the perianth; style not exserted;
capsule about half as long as the perianth, with broadly obcordate valves.
June.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described
from Prokhladnyi. Type in Leningrad.

133. A. oreophiloides Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 114.—Ic.: Rgl. FI.
turk, (1876) tox); £.4=67

Perennial; bulb spherical, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics grayish, papery,
nerveless; bulblets none; scape 3-10 cm long, smooth or more or less
scabrous, sometimes very strongly so, covered to 1/4 or up to the middle
with smooth or more or less scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 2, filiform,
ca. 0.75 mm broad, apparently semicylindric, canaliculate, scabrous to
nearly smooth, exceeding the scape; spathe persistent, acuminate, one-third
to one-half as long as the umbel; umbel without bulblets, hemispherical to
subspherical, rather few-flowered, commonly dense; pedicels subequal,
2-3 times as long as perianth, subtended by few bracts; segments of the
broadly campanulate perianth pale rose, with a prominent purple nerve,
4-5 mm long, equal, acute, the inner oblong-ovate, slightly broader than
the oblong outer segments; filaments two-thirds the length of perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/4 their length, the outer
triangular-subulate, the inner twice as broad at base, dilated nearly to apex,
2-toothed; style not exserted; capsule about half as long as the perianth.
July-August.

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225

Moraines and rocks in the alpine zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., T.Sh.
(Susamyr, Western Karakol and Talas river valleys). Endemic. Described
from Shurovskii Glacier. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The Tien Shan plants are more elongated and usually very hairy,
but the available material is insufficient for any attempt to determine their
taxonomic position.

134. A. schoenoprasoides Rgl. in A.H.P. V (1878) 630. —

A. sairamense Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 520. A. Kesselringii Rgl.
in A.H.P. VIII (1883) 272.—Ic.: Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) t.1, f.3.— Exs.:
Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 340.

Perennial; bulb broadly ovoid to subspherical 1-1.5 mm thick; outer
tunics papery, blackish, very thin, nerveless; bulblets none; scape
(10)-15-40 cm long, covered to 1/3-1/2 or to slightly above the middle with
smooth leaf sheaths; uppermost sheath inflated in upper part; leaves 2 (3),
narrowly linear, (1)-2-3 mm broad, flat, canaliculate, smooth or rarely
scabrous-margined, commonly somewhat shorter than the scape; spathe
slightly shorter than to equaling the umbel, short-acuminate, early
deciduous; umbel without bulblets, hemispherical or often spherical, rather
many-flowered, dense, sometimes subcapitate; pedicels subequal, half
as long as to equaling and finally to half as long again as the perianth,
ebracteolate or with few bracteoles; segments of the narrowly campanulate
perianth rose, with a faint darker nerve, lustrous, (4)-6-—7-(8) mm long,
subequal, oblong-lanceolate, acutish to obtusish, entire, the outer slightly
broader than the inner; filaments one-half to two-thirds as long as perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/3 their length, the outer
subulate from a narrowly triangular base, the inner twice as broad as the
outer, dilated to 2/3 its length, more or less 2-toothed; style not exserted;
capsule half as long as the perianth. July-August.

Stony slopes in the alpine and subalpine zones.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-
Tarb., T.Sh. (chiefly Centr.), Pam.-Al. (Alai Range, Valkhan). Gen. distr::
Dzu.-Kash. Described from Alma Ata area.

135. A. kujukense Vved. in Trans. Sc. Soc. Turk. I (1923) 124.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1 cm thick; outer tunics papery, gray,
somewhat produced at the top; bulblets few, whitish, pitted, sometimes
absent; scape 7-20 cm long, sometimes covered (and buried in soil) with
very scabrous leaf sheaths; leaf solitary, cylindric, 1-2 mm broad,
fistulous, very scabrous, usually greatly surpassing the umbel; spathe
persistent, half as long as the umbel, beakless; umbel without bulblets,
fasciculate-hemispherical or rarely subspherical, loose, rather few-
flowered; pedicels subequal, as long to twice as long as the perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth purple, with
a darker nerve, 8-10 mm long, equal, acute, the outer lanceolate, the
inner oblong-lanceolate, crenate at apex; filaments half as long as perianth
segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/3, entire, the outer triangular
subulate, the inner triangular and 3 times as broad as the outer; style not
exserted; capsule about one-third as long as the perianth. May-June.
(Plate XIII, Figure 3a-c).

174

226

227

Gravelly argillaceous slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
T. Sh.; Kara-tau. Described from Kuyukskie mountains. Type in Tashkent.

136. A. eremoprasum Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Bot. Petrop.
V (1924) 92.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No.176.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics papery, grayish,
more or less pitted and rugose; bulblets pitted; scape (10)-15-25 cm long,
covered to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 2, filiform,
apparently semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth, withering before flowering;
Spathe persistent, one-fifth to one-tenth as long as the umbel, acuminate;
umbel without bulblets, fasciculate, loosely few-flowered; pedicels unequal,
3-7 times the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the
campanulate perianth dingy rose, with a dingy purple nerve, (5)-6-7 mm
long, acute, the outer lanceolate, entire, the inner oblong-lanceolate,
crenate, slightly gibbous at base, half as broad again at base as the outer;
filaments two-thirds as long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to
perianth up to the middle, entire, the outer narrowly triangular, the inner
broadly triangular and 3 times as broad as the outer; style not exserted;
capsule about half as long as the perianth. May-June.

Stony slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.;
known from a single location: the Zerabulakskie heights. Endemic.
Described from the Zerabulakskie heights. Type in Tashkent.

L3VeuAe Popovi Vived! in Trans. Se/oSce: Wurk. 11923) h24 9 thxer
Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 63.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics commonly light
brown, coriaceous, with prominent longitudinal crests, splitting at the top
and at base; bulblets light brownish, crested and pitted; scape
(15)—20-40 cm long, slender, covered up to or slightly above the middle
with smooth leaf sheaths; spathe one-fourth to one-third as long as the
umbel, acuminate, commonly persistent; umbel without bulblets, spherical
or nearly so, rather many-flowered, loose; pedicels equal, 3-6 times as
long as perianth, subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the
subspherical perianth whitish, with a dingy purple nerve, smooth, ca. 3 mm
long, subequal, oblong, acute, the outer scaphoid, slightly narrower than
the inner; filaments slightly exceeding the perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, entire, equal, subulate; style exserted;
capsule slightly shorter than the perianth. June.

Mottled outcrops, gravelly slopes, and takyrs.— Centr. Asia: Syr D.
(Dzhety-sai, Kurkat, SW foothills of Mogol-tau), Pam.-Al. (between
Kabadian and Dzhelikul). Endemic. Described from Dzhety-sai. Type in
Tashkent.

Note. Apart from those listed, there are records of the following
localities: Syr D. (Mansur-ata between station of Chanak and Montaitash)
and Pam.-Al. (Zeravshan heights). New material is needed from these
locations, as the available material is incomplete and the identifications
cannot be fully verified.

138. A. confragosum Vved. in Sched. ad Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935)
No.619.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 341 (sub A. scrobiculato).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics coriaceous, grayish-
brown or blackish, pitted, splitting at base; bulblets blackish-brown,

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228

tubercular-pitted; scape 15-30 cm long, slender, covered to 1/3 or up to
the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, filiform, ca. 0.5 mm
broad, semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth or scabrous-margined, slightly
shorter than to equaling the scape; spathe one-third to one-half as long as
the umbel, long-acuminate, commonly persistent; umbel without bulblets,
hemispherical or often spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels
subequal, 2-4 times as long as perianth, subtended by numerous bracteoles;
segments of the subspherical perianth tawny, in herbarium violet-tinged
especially at the tips, ca. 3 mm long, equal, oblong-ovate, acute, the outer
scaphoid, scabrous; filaments half as long again as perianth segments, at
base connate and adnate to perianth, entire, equal, subulate; style exserted;
capsule (nearly mature) slightly shorter than the perianth. May-June.

Rocks and gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. Known from several
localities in Mogol-tau mountains. Endemic. Described from Spa. Type in
Tashkent.

189. A. scrobiculatum Vved. in Transc. Se. Soc. Turk. I (1923) 123.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics blackish or
brownish, coriaceous, pitted, splitting at base; bulblets apparently few,
brown, pitted; scape 10-20 cm long, commonly stoutish, covered to 1/3
or nearly up to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, filiform,
ca. 0.5 mm broad, semicylindric, canaliculate, smooth, apparently equaling
the scape; spathe one-fourth as long as the umbel, long-acuminate,
commonly persistent; umbel without bulblets, hemispherical to spherical,
rather many-flowered, fairly loose; pedicels equal, 4-6 times as long as
perianth, the outer often ascending, subtended by numerous bracteoles;
segments of the spherical perianth rosy-violet with a dingy purple nerve,
3-3.5 mm long, subequal, smooth, acutish, the outer scaphoid, oblong,
slightly narrower than the oblong-ovate inner segments; filaments half as
long again as the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
entire, equal, subulate; style exserted; capsule about two-thirds as long
as the perianth. May.

Mottled outcrops, gravelly slopes, and solonchaks.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh.
(Zakaratauskaya Plain, Chu-Ili Mountains). Endemic. Described from
Ak-kul. Type in Tashkent.

140. A. transvestiens Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 619.

Bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics light brown, coriaceous,
slightly pitted-rugose, sometimes smooth, in young (sterile) bulbs with
longitudinal crests; bulblets numerous, light brown, tuberculate-pitted;
scape 30-60 cm long, slender, covered to 1/5-1/4 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 3, semicylindric, canaliculate, fistulous, 1.5-2 mm broad, smooth,
apparently much shorter than the scape, withering before flowering; spathe
two-thirds as long as the umbel, acuminate, persistent; umbel without
bulblets, spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, 2—3 times as
long as perianth, subtended by numerous bracteoles; segments of the
subspherical perianth pale lilac with a darker nerve, ca. 3 mm long,
smooth, obtuse, the outer scaphoid, elliptic-oblong, the inner oblong-ovate;
filaments half as long again as the perianth segments, at base connate and
adnate to perianth, entire, equal, subulate; style exserted. June. (Plate
XII, Figure 3a-d).

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229

Mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Known from two places
in the vicinity of town of Kara-kala. Endemic. Type in Tashkent.

141. A. sabulosum Stev. ex Bge in Goebel. Reise...II (1838) 311; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 170; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 251 (p.p. exclus. spec. Bge);
Slama ie Wi Aso ers Rol, lo tunk. (1876 )gebeer, 1-3:

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, i 2 em thick; outer tunics coriaceous,
light brown, apparently crimped by distant concave parallel nerves, often
torn along the nerves; bulblets light brown, irregularly tuberculate-pitted;
scape 20-60 cm long, stout, apparently obliquely inflated, covered to 1/4
with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, semicylindric, canaliculate,
fistulous, 1-2 mm broad, smooth or rarely scabrous, shorter than the
scape; spathe about as long as the umbel, acuminate, deciduous; umbel
without bulblets, hemispherical or often spherical, rather densely many-
flowered; pedicels 3-5 times as long as perianth, subtended by numerous
bracteoles; segments of the hemispherical perianth greenish or brownish,
green-nerved in fruit, cross-wrinkled, ca. 3mm long, equal, elliptic,
the outer scabrous, scaphoid, obtuse, the inner emarginate; filaments
slightly exceeding the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, entire, equal, linear-subulate; style exserted; capsule ca. 3mm
long, with rounded scarcely emarginate valves. May-June.

Sand deserts. — European part: L.V.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh.,
Kyz. K., Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. (Kushkinskii River). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-
Kash. Described from the northern shore of the Caspian Sea.

Note. The bulb tunics of A. sabulosum are somewhat variable:
they are sometimes strongly fibrous, but by far the greater part of
herbarium material is devoid of tunics and it is impossible to state anything
definite concerning such specimens.

142. A. turkestanicum Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 197.— A. nothum
Vved. in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta I (1923) 66.— Exs. Herb. Fl. As.
Med. No.343.—Ic.: Rgl. Fl. turk. (1876) t. XV, f. 6-8.

Perennial; bulb subspherical, 1.5-3 cm thick; outer tunics papery,
gray, nerveless; bulblets none; scape (40)-70-100 cm long, covered to 1/4
with smooth or very rarely scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 4-6, linear,
gradually attenuate from base, 2-10 mm broad, flat, scabrous-margined,
much shorter than the scape, soon withering; spathe persistent, equaling
the umbel, the beak as long as the blade; umbel without bulblets, spherical,
densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal, (2)-3-4 times as long as
perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the broadly campanulate
perianth rose, with a faint darker nerve, ca. 3 mm long, subequal, obtuse,
the outer ovate scaphoid, the inner elliptic, narrowed toward base;
filaments slightly exceeding to half as long again as the perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate from a triangular
base, the inner subulate from a broadly oval obtusely 2-toothed base, twice
as broad at base as the outer filaments and slightly broader than the
perianth segments; style conspicuously exserted. June-July.

Chiefly mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (lower course of
Sary-su River), Balkh. (Balkhash), T.Sh. (sporadically in the foothills
from Alma Ata to Mogol-tau), Mtn. Turkm. (Sulyuklyu). Endemic.
Described from Mogol-tau. Type in Leningrad.

177

230

233

Section 7. PORRUM Don. Mon. (1826) 4.— Bulb solitary, globose or
ovoid, without rhizome; aerial part of scape covered to rather high up with
leaf sheaths; perianth segments 1-nerved; inner filaments 3-parted, the
filiform lateral cusps commonly exceeding the central antheriferous cusp;

seeds angular.

143. A. ferganicum Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Petrop. V (1924)
90.— A. Lehmannianum var. kokanicum Rgl. in A.H.P X (1887)
304.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.5-1 cm thick; outer tunics papery, grayish;
tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets few, large, dull, yellow,
dorsally carinate; scape 10-20 cm long, covered at base with smooth
approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 2-4, filiform, smooth, ca. 1 mm broad,
apparently exceeding the scape; spathe one-half to two-thirds as long as
the umbel, short-beaked, early deciduous; umbel without bulblets,
hemispherical or often spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels
subequal, half as long again to three times as long as perianth, subtended
by bracteoles; segments of the campanulate perianth rosy with a purple
nerve, subequal, 4-6 mm long, acute, oblong-lanceolate; filaments slightly
shorter than perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
not ciliate, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner as broad at base as
perianth segments, 3-parted, the central segment two-thirds as long to
equaling the oblong-triangular undivided part, equaling to half as long again
as the lateral cusps; style not exserted; capsule valves orbicular, ca.
4mm long. May.

Desert foothills. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from
the foothills of Alai and Turkestan ranges. Type in Leningrad.

144. A. Lehmannianum Merckl. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. VII (1851) 509;
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 234 (excl. var. Bungei Boiss.).—Ic.: Rgl. Fl.
tuck. "bs Va =i S07

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 0.75 cm broad; outer tunics papery, grayish-
tawny or reddish-tawny; tunics of replacement bulb yellow; bulblets none;
scape 5-7 cm long, covered at base with smooth approximate leaf sheaths;
leaves 2 or 3, filiform, smooth, ca. 1mm broad, exceeding the umbel;
spathe early deciduous, half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel
without bulblets, hemispherical or rarely spherical, relatively few-
flowered; pedicels subtended by few bracteoles, subequal, i 23) times
as long as perianth; segments of the campanulate perianth rosy, with a
prominent purple nerve, smooth, equal, 6-7 mm long, lanceolate to oblong,
acute, the inner slightly broader; filaments two-thirds as long to slightly
shorter than perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 1/4 their
length, not ciliate, the outer triangular-lanceolate, the inner scarcely
broader at base than perianth segments, 3-parted, the central cusp
one-third as long as the oblong-triangular undivided part and one-half to
two-thirds as long as the lateral cusps; style included; capsule valves
orbicular, ca. 4mm long, emarginate. May-June.

Clay deserts. Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Kyz. K. Endemic. Described
from deserts adjacent to Sea of Azov. Type in Leningrad.

178

(231)

Plate XIV

1, Allium dictyoprasum C.A.M., 1a) portion of perianth.— 2. A. brevidens Vved.; 2a) portion
of perianth; 2b) bulb scale; 2c)and 2d) bulblets.— 3. A. Aucheri Boiss.; 3a) portion of perianth;
3b) bulb scale.

179

234

145. A. Borszezowii Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 74.—Ic.: Rgl. Fl. turk.
(eet, Vik fli t4e

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics reticulate-
fibrous, brown; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets few, large,
elongated, yellow, reticulate-furrowed; scapes 10-30 cm long, commonly
2 or 3 from one bulb, rarely solitary or up to 5, at issue from sheaths
recurved-ascending or rarely suberect, covered to 1/4-1/2 with glabrous
approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, apparently fistulous, narrowly
linear, glabrous, 1-2 mm broad, commonly exceeding the scape; spathe
acuminate, much shorter than the umbel; umbel without bulblets, spherical
or rarely fasciculate, commonly few-flowered, loose; pedicels subtended
by bracteoles, unequal, 2-5 times as long as perianth; segments of the
campanulate-hemispherical perianth rose with a darker nerve, subequal,
5-6 mm long, smooth, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute or obtuse;
filaments three-quarters as long to slightly shorter than perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, not ciliate, the outer triangular-
subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth segmnts, 3-parted, the
central cusp one-third to one-fourth as long as the triangular undivided
part and one-third as long to slightly longer than the lateral cusps; style
included; capsule valves subglobose, ca. 4mm long, commonly with
2 cartilaginous apical teeth, forming in ovary a crest around the style.
April-June.

Sands or rarely mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Kyz. K.,
Kara K., Mtn. Turkm., Amu D., Syr D. Endemic. Described from the
Syr Darya Valley. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Plants from the southern part of Soviet Central Asia need further
study on account of the short lateral cusps of the inner stamens and the
frequent lack of crests in capsule, characteristics which bring them close
to (if not actually identifiable with) the North Persian A. Boissieri Rgl.

146. A. brevidens Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Petrop. V (1924) 89.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics reticulate, brown;
tunics of replacement bulb yellow, reticulately nerved; bulblets few,
elongated, yellow, reticulately nerved; scape 20-30 cm long, covered to
the middle with leaf sheaths, these scabrous or the upper ones smooth;
leaves 2 or 3, fistulous semiterete, canaliculate, scabrous, 1-3 mm broad,
slightly exceeding the umbel; spathe early deciduous, slightly shorter than
the umbel, beaked, the beak half as long again as the blade; umbel without
bulblets, spherical or rarely hemispherical, commonly many-flowered,
dense; pedicels subtended by bracteoles, 3-8 times the length of perianth,
unequal, the inner up to twice as long as the outer; segments of the ovoid
perianth whitish with a prominent dingy purple nerve, 3-4 mm long, acute,
smooth, the outer carinate, oblong, the inner elliptic; filaments slightly
exceeding the perianth, at base connate and adnate to perianth, not ciliate,
the outer subulate from a triangular base, the inner as broad at base as
perianth segments, 3-cleft, the centralsegment half as long again as the
lateral segments and as the oblong-triangular undivided part; style
conspicuously exserted; capsule valves orbicular, ca. 3.5 mm long.
May-July. (Plate XIV, Figure 2, a-d).

Mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from
Karatag and Rink. Type in Leningrad.

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235

147. A. turcomanicum Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 305, tab. I, f.4.—
Nerese lier :

Perennial; bulbs solitary or often in clusters of 2 or 3, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm
thick; outer tunics reticulate, rufous-brown or brown; tunics of the
replacement bulbs yellowish, reticulately nerved; bulblets few, large,
elongated, yellow, smooth, lustrous; scape 30-100 cm long, covered to
1/3-1/2 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4 or 5, fistulous, semiterete (?),
smooth, 2-6 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe early
deciduous; umbel without bulblets, spherical, rather densely many-flowered;
pedicels subtended by bracteoles, 3-5 times the length of perianth, unequal,
the inner half as long again as the outer; segments of the ovoid perianth
rosy-violet, 5-6 mm long, subequal, acute, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate,
smooth, the outer carinate; filaments barely exceeding the perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base, the outer
subulate from a broadly triangular base, at base scarcely broader than
perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment approximately equaling
the lateral segments and the oblong-triangular undivided part; style scarcely
exserted; capsule valves suborbicular, cross-wrinked, ca. 3.5 mm long.
April-May.

Argillaceous and sandy soils.— Centr. Asia: Kara K., Mtn. Turkm.,
Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from the area bétween Kalaburun and
Abdullakhan near Murgab south of Merv. Type in Leningrad.

148. A. crystallinum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 126.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 2.cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous,
reticulate, grayish-brown; tunics of the replacement bulb yellow, reticulate;
bulblets few, large, yellow, reticulately nerved, densely crystalline-
tuberculed; scape 60cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 2, fistulous, terete, smooth, 3-5 mm broad, shorter than the scape;
spathe early deciduous; slightly longer than the umbel, the beak about as
long as the blade; umbel without bulblets, many-flowered; pedicels
2-3 times the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the
ovoid-campanulate perianth whitish with a reddish nerve, smooth, acute,
5 mm long, the outer carinate, oblong-lanceolate, slightly shorter than the
linear-lanceolate inner segments; filaments slightly shorter than perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, slightly ciliate at base,
the outer triangular-subulate, the inner slightly broader at base than
perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment half as long as the lateral
segments and the oblong-triangular undivided part; style included. May.

Juniper woods.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Collected on a single
occasion by Lepeshkin in a juniperetum in Ketmenchapta Range near Aulata.
Type in Tashkent.

149. A. filidens Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 174.— A. karakense Regl.
WA een eto) fo. AL amo d Vared sin Trans. oc. Soc. edurck i
(973) t2oo hem amar taceum auct Hl As. Med.— ler sale Eyl.
turk. t. XV, 11-13.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics brown, reticulate-
fibrous, clasping the scape base; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish;
bulblets few, yellowish to dark brown, large, elongated, smooth, lustrous;
scape 20-60 cm long, covered at base with smooth approximate leaf sheaths;

181

236

leaves 3 or 4, fistulous, semiterete, canaliculate, smooth or slightly
scabrous, 1—3 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe deciduous,
as long to half as long again as the umbel, the beak about as long as the
blade; umbel without bulblets, spherical or hemispherical, densely many-
flowered; pedicels subtended by bracteoles, subequal, 2-5 times the length
of perianth; segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth greenish-azure,
often drying rosy, with a prominent green nerve, subequal, 4-5 mm long,
smooth, the outer carinate oblong obtusish, the inner oboblong-ovate to
oboblong, obtuse and mucronulate; filaments equaling or slightly shorter
than perianth segmetns, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at
base, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner half as broad again at base
as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment half as long as the ovate-
triangular undivided part and 2/7 to 2/3 as long as the lateral segments;
style included; capsule valves orbicular, ca. 4mm long, emarginate.
May-June.

Gravelly slopes in the lower mountain zone, chiefly on mottled
outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Sary-su), Kyz. K., Amu D., Syr D.,
Pam.-Al., T.Sh. Described from Mogol-tau. Type in Leningrad.

150. A. dictyoscordum Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Bot. Petrop.
V (1924) 90.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2—2.5 cm thick; outer tunics reticulate, brown,
clasping the scape to high up; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets
none; scape (sometimes 2 from one bulb) 50-70 cm long, covered at base
with smooth approximate leaf sheaths; leaves 4-6, not toothed, linear,
canaliculate, conspicuously scabrous-margined, 3 mm broad, much shorter
than the scape; spathe slightly exceeding the umbel, the beak as long as
the blade; umbel without bulblets, spherical, rarely hemispherical, dense,
commonly many-flowered; pedicels subtended by bracteoles, half as long
again to 3 times as long as flowers, subequal; segments of the ovoid-
campanulate perianth whitish, with a green nerve, subequal, 5-6 mm long,
linear-oblong, obtuse or obtusish, the outer cuneate scabrous; filaments
about equaling the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
not ciliate, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner about twice as broad
at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment half as long as
the ovate-triangular undivided part and half the length of the lateral
segments; style included; capsule valves nearly rounded, ca. 5 mm long,
scarcely emarginate. May-June.

Saline clays in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
Endemic. Described from Germab. Type in Leningrad.

151. A. viride Grossh. in Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 201.

Perennial; bulb tunics reticulate-fibrous, produced into a collar
2—3 times the length of the bulb; scape 70-150 cm long, cinereous-pruinose;
leaves hollow, semiterete, abruptly attenuate toward apex, 6-11 mm broad,
up to 40 cm long; spathe early deciduous; umbel without bulblets, ovaloid-
spherical, dense, 3.5-4 cm indiameter; pedicels very unequal, 3-5 times
the length of perianth; segments of the oblong-ovaloid perianth dull green,
narrowly white-margined, very obtuse, smooth, 3-5 mm long; filaments
exceeding the perianth segments, glabrous or rarely sparsely ciliate, the
peripheral shorter than the central, either not cuspidate or with 1 or 2 short
lateral cusps, the inner with 3 equal cusps.

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237

Caucasus: Tal. Endemic.
Note. The author has not seen a single specimen of this species

152. A. dictyoprasum C.A.M. ex Kunth Enum. IV (1843) 390; Ldb. FI.
Rossel, Hobe Boiss ub le Orsay (i884) 243)

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-2.5 cm thick; outer tunics brown, reticulate,
clasping the stem base to high up; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish;
bulblets few, large, yellow, elongated, reticulate-nerved, mostly absent;
scape 60-100 cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3
or 4, fistulous, terete, attenuate toward apex, smooth, 3-5 mm broad,
much shorter than the scape; spathe about as long as the umbel, short-
beaked; umbel without bulblets, spherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels subtended by bracteoles, 2-3 times the length of perianth, unequal,
the central twice as long as the peripheral; segments of the oblong-ovoid
perianth dark purple or brownish-green, with a darker nerve, smooth,
ca. 3 mm long, unequal, the outer scaphoid, broadly elliptic, very obtuse,
much shorter than ovate emarginate inner segments; filaments half as long
again as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, slightly
ciliate at base, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner narrower at base
than perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment slightly shorter than
the linear-triangular base and half as long as to slightly longer than the
lateral segments; style conspicuously exserted; capsule valves nearly
rounded, 3.5mm long, scarcely emarginate. June-July. (Plate XIV,
Figure 1, a).

Dry stony places.— Caucasus: 8S. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Armenia. Cotype in Leningrad.

1536 JAd vinealey Li) Spr pl. (1753)2997 Ldb,| Fl. Ross. IV; 163: sBoeiss.
BisOret Veilees) 235:5Shinalvs,, Hil» i A86.-—ies Rchbin lcs) BLwGernm x
(1848) f. 1075.— Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 573.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm thick; outer tunics grayish-brown,
papery, more or less lacerate; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish;
bulblets yellowish, lustrous, smooth; scape 40-80 cm long, covered to
1/3 or up to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, fistulous,
semiterete, canaliculate, smooth, 2—4 mm broad, much shorter than the
scape; spathe about as long as the umbel, long-beaked, early deciduous;
umbel with or rarely without bulblets, few- or many-flowered, sometimes
flowerless; pedicels several times the length of perianth, subequal,
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the ovoid perianth rose or purple,
with a darker nerve, 3-4.5 mm long, obtuse, smooth, the outer oblong,
carinate, slightly broader than the oblanceolate inner segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, slightly ciliate at base, the outer subulate,
the inner slightly broader at base than the perianth segments, 3-cleft, the
central segment two-thirds as long as or just slightly shorter than the
lateral segments and slightly shorter than to as long as the linear-triangular
undivided part; style conspicuously exserted; capsule valves elliptic,
ca. 4mm long, narrowly and shallowly emarginate. July-August.

Mountain meadows; in European part as a weed. — European part:

M. Dnp., Crim.; Caucasus: E. andS. Transc. Gen. distr.: W. Eur.,
Asia Minor, N. America (naturalized). Described from Germany.

183

238

239

154. A. Aucheri Boiss. Diagn. pl. or. 1.7 (1846) 116; Boiss. Fl. Or.
V (1884) 237.— A. brevipes Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 165. —
A. ledschanense Conrath et Freyn in Bull. Herb. Boiss. VI (1896) 190.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics dark gray,
subcoriaceous, splitting; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets
none; scape 40-70 cm long, covered up to or somewhat above the middle
with smooth or slightly scabrous leaf sheaths; leaves 2-(4), fistulous,
apparently semiterete, canaliculate, smooth or slightly scabrous, ca. 3 mm
broad, short, far from reaching the umbel; spathe often purple-tinged,
one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel, beakless, acuminate; umbel
without bulblets, spherical or rarely hemispherical, mostly many-flowered,
dense to subcapitate; pedicels ebracteolate, the peripheral half the length
of to rarely equaling or to half as long again as perianth, the central as
long to twice as long as perianth; segments of the tubular-campanulate
perianth equal, 7-9 mm long, purplish-rose, turning bluish in drying, with
a dingy purple nerve, oblong-lanceolate, very acute, smooth or sometimes
crenate at apex; filaments half as long as perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base, the outer triangular-
subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the
central segment one-fourth the length of ovate-triangular undivided part
and one-third to one-half as long as the lateral segments; style included;
capsule valves elliptic, ca. 6 mm long, slightly emarginate. June-July.
(Plate XIV, Figure 3a, b).

Subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Asia
Minor, N. Persia. Described from Armenia and Gilan.

Note. As far as can be deduced from the very detailed description of
A. ledschanense, this species differs from A. Aucheri solely in
its leaves not being fistulous. Taking into account how difficult it is
sometimes to establish this character on dry material, I am of the opinion
that an error occurred in this case and that that these species cannot be
distinguished.

155. A. guttatum Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 18 (1809) 173, tab. II,
f. 1; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 165.— A. margaritaceum var.
guttatum Gay in Ann. Sc. Nat. 3. VIII (1847) 223; Boiss. Fl. Or., V
(1884) 240; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 487. —Ic.: Stev. l.c.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics gray or brownish,
papery, slenderly parallel-nerved, sometimes separated into fibers at the
top; tunics of replacement bulb whitish; bulblets solitary (?), large,
smooth, grayish; scape 30-60 cm long, slender, covered to 1/3-1/2 with
smooth. leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, fistulous, semiterete, canaliculate,
scabrous, 1.5-3 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe about as
long as the umbel, early deciduous, with beak twice the length of blade;
umbel without bulblets, densely many-flowered, spherical or rarely
hemispherical; pedicels several times the length of perianth, unequal, the
central up to twice as long as the outer, very slender, thickened below
the flower, the long scarious bracteoles subtending the peripheral pedicels
nearly the length of pedicel and surrounding the base of the umbel; segments
of the narrowly campanulate perianth ca. 2.5 mm long, whitish, with a faint
dingy green nerve and dark violet (brownish green in drying) spot at center,
smooth, obtuse, the outer subcarinate, oboblong, the inner oboblong-linear,

184

240

slightly narrower and slightly longer than the outer; filaments one-fourth as
long again as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
glabrous, the outer subulate, the inner broader at base than perianth
segments, 3-cleft, the central segment one-half to two-thirds as long as
filiform lateral segments and two-thirds as long to as long as the linear-
triangular undivided part: style slightly exserted; capsule valves broadly
elliptic, narrowly emarginate, ca. 3mm long. June-July.

Steppes, sands and hills. — European part: Bl., Crim.; Caucasus:
E. Transc. (?). Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. , described from the lower
Dniester. Cotype in Leningrad.

Note. Recorded for E. Transcaucasia according to Wilhelms'
collections. The author has not seen these specimens and considers the
occurrence of this species anywhere in Transcaucasia as most unlikely.

156. A. affine’ Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 166.— A. margaritaceum
var. affinne Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 50; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 240.—
permarcaritaceum war. s'cabrum Nel Te: AY Misht sehen
koanum Grossh. in Grossh. et Schishk. Pl. or. exs. (1924) No.4.—
Exs:? Pl. or. exs.’ No: 352.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics gray, papery; tunics
of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets solitary (?), large, smooth;
yellowish; scape (20) 30-80 cm long, covered to the middle with scabrous
or rarely smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, fistulous, semiterete,
canaliculate, scabrous, 2-4 mm broad, much shorter than the scape;
spathe twice as long as the umbel, early deciduous, the beak 3-4 times
the length of blade; umbel without bulblets, densely many-flowered,
spherical, very rarely hemispherical; pedicels 3-4 times the length of
perianth, usually unequal, the central twice as long as the peripheral,
very slender, thickened below the flower; bracteoles of the outer pedicels
long, sometimes equaling the pedicels, often capillary, scarious,
surrounding the base of the umbel; segments of the narrowly campanulate
perianth ca. 4mm long, whitish, with a prominent green nerve, smooth,
obtuse, the outer carinate, oblong, the inner oblong-linear, slightly
narrower and longer than the outer; filaments 1/4-1/3 as long again as
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base,
the outer subulate, the inner broader at base than the perianth segments,
3-cleft, the central segment half as long as the filiform lateral segments
and barely shorter than the linear-triangular undivided part; style exserted;
capsule valves elliptic or obovate, narrowly emarginate, ca. 5 mm long.
June-August.

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: Dag., E. and S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.:
Iran. Described from Georgia. Type in Leningrad.

157. A. firmotunicatum Fom. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis 14 (1909) 48.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose; tunics coriaceous, indurated, more or
less separated at the top into parallel strips; bulblets yellowish-brown,
finely tuberculate; scape to 60 cm long, covered to the middle with leaf
sheaths; leaves fistulous, terete, sulcate, scabrous, shorter than the scape;
spathe long-beaked, early deciduous; umbel hemispherical or sometimes
subspherical; pedicels vinaceous-red, unequal, the central twice as long,
4—5 times the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the

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241

trigonous-campanulate perianth vinaceous-red suffused with a raspberry
tinge, connivent, oval-oblong, obtuse, 3-5 mm long, the outer prominently
carinate, scabrous on the keel, intensely colored; filaments exceeding the
perianth segments, dilated at base, the outer entire, the inner 3-cleft, the
central segment two-thirds as long as the lateral segments; style exserted.
June.

Dry places.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic (?). Described from
Mil'skaya Steppe.

Note. The author has not a single specimen of this species.

158. A. fuscoviolaceum Fomin in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis 14 (1909)
SOL xs. a. Pie yomient. Nona).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics papery, gray;
tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets solitary (?), large,
yellowish, smooth, lustrous; scape 30-70 cm long, covered to 1/3 with
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, fistulous, semiterete, canaliculate,
usually scabrous-margined, 2-3 mm broad, much shorter than the scape;
spathe half as long as the umbel, short-beaked; umbel without bulblets,
spherical or often hemispherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal
or the central ones half as long again, 2-3 times as long as perianth,
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the oblong-ovoid perianth ca. 4 mm
long, dark or rarely light purple, with a darker nerve, oblong, subequal,
smooth, the outer obtuse and carinate; filaments slightly exceeding the
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate, the
outer subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft,
the central segment about as long as the lateral segments and half the length
of the narrowly linear-triangular undivided part: style exserted; capsule
valves broadly elliptic, ca. 4mm long, shallowly emarginate. July-August.

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. and 8. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Iran. Described from Sarykamysh. Type in Tiflis.

159. A. sphaerocephalum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 297; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
165 (excl. spec. transcauc.); Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 236; Shmal'g., Fl. II,
486.— A. descendens) auct. Fl, Rosss—Ies; Rehb: Je. Fly Germs
(1848) f. 1080.— Exs.: Fl. Hung. exs. No. 793.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-2 cm thick; outer tunics coriaceous, brown,
entire, splitting; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets few or
absent (?), elongated, yellowish, lustrous, smooth; scape 30-80 cm long,
covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, fistulous, semiterete,
canaliculate, smooth, rarely scabrous-margined, 2-4 mm broad, much
shorter than the scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, cuspidate; umbel
without bulblets, spherical or oblong, rarely fasciculate-hemispherical,
densely many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the central commonly twice as
long as the peripheral, equaling to many times as long as perianth, the
peripheral subtended by bracteoles; segments of the oblong-ovoid perianth
ca. 4mm long, rose or purple, with a darker nerve, very rarely whitish,
oblong, the outer carinate, more or less scabrous, acutish, slightly
shorter and narrower than the obtuse inner segments; filaments slightly
exceeding to one-fourth as long again as perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base, the outer subulate, the inner
as broad at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment as long

186

as the lateral segments and (half) two-thirds the length of the undivided part;
style conspicuously exserted; capsule valves elliptic, ca. 4 mm long,
scarcely emarginate, with cartilaginous teeth. June-July.

Steppes, mounds, and slopes. — European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp.,
Ve-Dom, ElegioacDon. weaVin.\? hieGaucasusmGisenGen distri to..and
Centr. Eur., Asia Minor (?), N. Afr. (?). Described from Italy.

Note. A. descendens L. is distinguished, apart from other
characters, by the leaves being carinate beneath. Study of live material
has finally settled the problem concerning the occurrence of this species
in the USSR. The A. descendens form cycle also contains the species
A. artvinense reported by Mishchenko.

160. A. Regelianum Beck. ex Iljin in Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 355
Glaoo . Hioube. lie. 5 Aad escenden suivar. wemuUn Tow ram) iWisez,) vex
Grossh., ile Kavic, 1) (1928), 252 1c 4 Fle Yugo-Vost. 42 les

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous,

242 grayish-brown, entire, splitting; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish-
brown; bulblets numerous, small, semiovoid, yellowish-brown or often
brown, dull due to the prominent nerves; scape 30-60 cm long, covered
to 1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, fistulous, semiterete,
canaliculate, smooth, 2 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe
deciduous, much shorter than the umbel; umbel without bulblets,
fasciculate-oblong, densely many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the peripheral
nearly the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles, the central 4 times
as long, ebracteolate; segments of the ovoid perianth subequal, ca. 4mm
long, purple, with a darker nerve, obtuse; smooth, the outer carinate,
oblong to oblong-lanceolate; filaments equaling to slightly exceeding the
perianth, at base connate and adnate to perianth, glabrate, the outer
subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the
central segment slightly shorter than the lateral segments and one-third
to one-half the length of the linear-triangular undivided part; style
conspicuously exserted; capsule valves elliptic, ca. 3 mm long, scarcely
emarginate, crested. August.

Solonetz soils.— European part: Bl., L. Don., L.V.; Caucasus: Dag.*
Endemic. Described from Krasnoarmeisk. Type in Leningrad.

161. A. scorodoprasum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 297 excel. var. B; Ldb. FI.
Hosse ty. too: sBoiss. pre, Orv Vauee4)) 2ae Slamnello. Ne Eilon WAM 4 BG
lene Kehoe le srl German < tls colar KOM ant abc me leanele marie tei ince mes =

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; outer tunics tawny, subcoriaceous,
friable; tunics of replacement bulb dark violet; bulblets small, numerous,
smooth, dark violet; scape 40-80 cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf
sheaths; leaves 3-5, linear, not fistulous, gradually attenuate, scabrous
on the margin and on midrib, very short, barely exceeding the middle of
the scape, 4-10 mm broad; spathe longer than the umbel, early deciduous,
the beak up to twice the length of blade; umbel with violet bulblets, rather
many-flowered, very rarely flowerless; pedicels twice the length of
perianth, equal, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the ovoid-
campanulate perianth ca. 5 mm long, purple with a darker nerve, acute,
scabrous, the outer oblong, carinate, slightly narrower than the oblong-

* Derbent, Becker — needs confirmation.

187

243

244

ovate inner segments; filaments slightly shorter than perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base, the outer subulate,
the inner twice as broad at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central
segment half as long as the lateral segments and one-third the length of
the oblong-triangular undivided part; style included. June-July.

Meadows, among shrubs.— European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp., V.-Don,
Bl., Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc. (Kislovodsk, Akinfiev). Gen. distr.: W. Eur.,
Asia Minor. Described from Europe.

162. A. longicuspis Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 45.— A. sativum auct.
fl. As. Med. 1c. 7 ReloR!]. turkn(ts76) Wipe 3)

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; replacement bulbs 2-4: outer
tunics grayish-brown, papery to subcoriaceous; tunics of replacement bulbs
grayish-rose; bulblets none; scape 40-100 cm long, covered to the middle
with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4-7, not fistulous, broadly linear, smooth
or scabrous at margin and on midrib beneath, 5-10 mm broad, much
shorter than the scape; spathe 3-4 times as long as the umbel, deciduous,
the strong beak up to 4 times the length of blade; umbel with large (5-10mm)
violet bulblet interspersed with and exceeded by numerous scarious
bracteoles, many-flowered, ovoid, rather dense; pedicels filiform, several
times the length of flower, unequal, the central ones to 3 times as long;
segments of the ovoid perianth rose, sometimes dark rose, lustrous,
smooth, equal, ca. 3 mm long, acute, the inner ovate, the outer oblong;
filaments initially shorter than, finally up to half as long again as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, not ciliate, the outer
triangular-subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth segments, _
3-(5)-cleft, the central segments about twice the length of the oblong
undivided part, one-third to one-half as long as the lateral segments,
sometimes toothed; style conspicuously exserted. July-August.

Gullies shaded during the day.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al.,
T. Sh. Endemic. Described from Tak. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A. longicuspis Rgl. represents a wild race of A. sativum
L. (garlic) and is distinguished by the exserted anthers. As in many other
Species with bulbiferous umbels, the flowers apparently do not always open
and, in that case, the anthers are included. Observations,on this species
under cultivation are desirable.

In plants from Mountainous Turkmenia the stamens are somewhat less
exserted, but the author did not have enough material with well developed
flowers to ascertain whether this is a general characteristic.

(163). A. sativum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 296; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 486.—Ic.:
Syreishch., Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1806) 237.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, consisting of 6-10 bulbils; scape up to 1 mm
long, often annularly curved in upper part before flowering; leaves flat,
linear; spathe long-beaked; umbel bearing numerous bulblets; perianth
whitish; filaments shorter than perianth, the inner with long lateral cusps.
A cultivated plant. Propagated by cloves, as it hardly produces any seeds.

Economic importance. Cultivated in the European part of the USSR,
in the Caucasus and in the Far East, for the sake of the preservable bulbs.
It has medicinal use in the treatment of arteriosclerosis. In addition to
garlic oil, the plant also contains the glucoside allin.

188

245

164. A. Fominianum Miscz. ex Grossh. et Schischk. Pl. orient. exsicc.
(1924) No.80.— A. Fominii Miscz. inherb.— A. ampeloprasoides
Grossh. in Grossh. et Schischk. l.c. (1924) No. 31.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs.
No. 80. c

Bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous, brown,
obscurely parallel-nerved; splitting; tunics of replacement bulb dark
purplish-violet; bulblets few, often absent, brown, dull, slenderly nerved;
scape 20-60 cm long, covered to 1/4 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves (2)
3 or 4, not fistulous, linear, canaliculate, scabrous- or rarely smooth-
margined, 2-3 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe soon
deciduous; umbel without bulblets, spherical or rarely hemispherical,
many-flowered; pedicels subequal, half as long again to twice as long as
perianth segments, subtended by bracteoles; segments of the spherical-
campanulate perianth whitish, sometimes more or less suffused with purple
on the back, with a green or purple nerve, ca. 4 mm long, obtuse,
scabrous, the outer oblong, carinate, more or less crenate on the keel,
two-thirds as broad and barely shorter than the ovate inner segments;
filaments equaling the perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, ciliate at base, the outer linear-subulate, the inner as broad
at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment one-fourth
to one-third the length of the ovate-triangular undivided part and half as
long as the lateral segments; style scarcely exserted; capsule valves
suborbicular, ca. 4mm long. May-July.

Rocks and stony slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described
from Tiflis. Type in Baku.

Note. Most closely related to A. ponticum, and the labels suggest
that it is a more easterly ecological race, associated with rocks and stony
slopes. There is need to distinguish these species in the field, since the
characters provided by Grossheim (Fl. Kavk., l.c. ) for identification of
A. Fomini, A. ampeloprasoides and A. ponticum are quite
inadequate.

165. A. ponticum Miscz. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 206.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics subcoriaceous,
splitting; tunics of replacement bulb dark purple or reddish-brown; bulblets
absent (?); scape 10-70 cm long, covered to 1/4 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 3 or 4, not fistulous, linear, canaliculate, smooth or rarely
scabrous-margined, 2-5 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe
soon deciduous; umbel without bulblets, spherical or rarely hemispherical,
many-flowered; pedicels unequal, 2-3 times the length of perianth,
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the spherical-campanulate perianth
dark purple, ca. 4mm long, obtuse, spherical, the outer oblong, carinate,
two-thirds as broad as the broadly ovate inner segments; filaments as long
as or slightly shorter than perianth segments, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, ciliate at base, the outer linear-subulate, the inner as broad
at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segments one-third the
length of the ovate-triangular undivided part and half as long as the lateral
segments; style scarcely exserted; capsule valves suborbicular, ca. 4mm
long. May-July.

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: E. and W. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Transcaucasia. Type in Leningrad.

189

246

166. A. gracilescens Somm. et Lev. A.H.P. XIII (1893) 51.

Perennial; bulb ca. 1 cm thick; outer tunics grayish-brown,
subcoriaceous; splitting; tunics of replacement bulb reddish-brown;
Dlulbleis.. scape ca.) 20/em long, (covered vo 1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 3, not fistulous, linear, apparently canaliculate, smooth or slightly
scabrous-margined, 3-4 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe
early deciduous; umbel without bulblets, hemispherical, loose; pedicels
subequal, 3-32 times the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles;
segments of the spherical-campanulate perianth light rose, 4-5 mm long,
obtuse, scabrous, the outer oblong, carinate, two-thirds as broad as the
ovate inner segments; filaments barely shorter than perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base, the outer linear-
subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the
central segment one-third the length of the ovate-triangular undivided part
and two-fifths to one-half as long as the outer segments; style not exserted.
June.

Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from Adzharia: Keda.
Type in Florence.

Note. A species most closely relatedto A. Fominianum and
A. ponticum, and possibly one of these should yield its place to
A. gracilescens as the species endowed with priority rights. Beside
the authentic plant, which the author had the opportunity of seeing, there
are no other herbarium specimens.

Sommier and Levier describe their species as having light rose flowers
and they do not confuse their species with A. ponticum, since the latter
species of their collections (Chula), which retains it dark purple color up
to the present time, has been referred by themto A. rotundum. The
authentic A. gracilescens plant has faded to such an extent that it is
quite impossible to determine the original color of its flowers; the author
is not therefore in a position to establish its identity with A. ponticum
which it approaches more closely in its loose umbel and westerly origin.
Neither can he, in view of these considerations, identify A. gracilescens
with A. Fominianum.

All this obliges the author to retain for the time being all the three
species as distinct, while drawing the attention of Caucasian botanists to
the foregoing statements. See also the author's note to A. Fominianum.

167. A. erubescens C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 242. —

A. rudbaricum Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII
(1860) 215; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 240.— A. rotundum ssp.
Seca me wim. sMiusez.. in-hernb. = Exs 3 Pl..on. exs.—No,32-

Perennial; bulb ovoid, (0.5)—1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics brown to
grayish-brown, coriaceous, splitting; separated into fibers in upper part;
tunics of replacement bulb purplish-tawny; bulblets few, small, brown,
nearly smooth; scape 20-40 cm long, covered to 1/3-1/2 with smooth leaf
sheaths; leaves 3 or 4, not fistulous, linear, canaliculate, smooth or
scabrous-margined, 2-5 mm broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe
early deciduous, as long as the umbel, the beak half as long to nearly as
long as the blade; umbel without bulblets, spherical or rarely hemispherical,
dense, commonly many-flowered; pedicels subtended by bracteoles,
unequal, the peripheral half as long again as or rarely shorter than the

1920 190

247

perianth, the central to 3 times as long as perianth; segments of the
campanulate perianth rose, with a purple nerve, 5-7 mm long, acute,
scabrous, the outer lanceolate, sometimes slightly longer than the oblong
linear segments, carinate, more or less crenate on the keel, sometimes
with slightly reflexed tips; filaments two-thirds to three-quarters as long
as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, slightly
ciliate at base, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner as broad at base
as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment one-fourth to one-third
the length of undivided part and one-third to one-half as long as the lateral
segments; style included; capsule valves broadly oval, ca. 5 mm long.
June-July.

Meadows and among shrubs. — European part: Crim. (rare); Caucasus:
Cises;) Das, iolranse., elallauGenvqdistr.4¢Ne Persia (Deseribed trom
Dag.: Kuba. Type in Berlin.

168. A. rotundum L. Sp. pl. (1762) 423; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 164 (p.p.);
Boiss: Hil Ors 1V (288492335) Shmalle:, Fh. 1) 48%i(p.p. a= iA. cilia cieum
Boiss. Diagn. pl or. I, 7 (1846) 115; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 242.—

A. rotundum ssp. scoroprasoides Miscz. in herb.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-2 cm thick; outer tunics brown to blackish-
brown, coriaceous, splitting, more or less separated into fibers in upper
part: tunics of replacement bulb blackish-brown; bulblets rather numerous,
small, brown, nearly smooth; scape 20-50 cm long, covered to 1/3 with
smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5, not fistulous, linear, canaliculate,
scabrous- or smooth-margined, 2-5-(7) mm broad, much shorter than
the scape; spathe early deciduous, slightly longer than the umbel, the beak
about as long as the blade; umbel without bulblets, spherical, rarely
hemispherical, dense, often compact to subcapitate; pedicels subtended
by bracteoles, as long as to rarely twice the length of perianth, the central
ones twice as long to rarely 5 times as long as perianth; segments of the
broadly campanulate perianth ca. 5mm long, subequal, scabrous, the outer
dark purple, with a darker nerve, carinate, more or less crenate on the
keel, oblong, obtuse to subobtuse, the inner paler and often nearly white,
with a purple nerve, elliptic, very obtuse; filaments three-quarters as long
as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at
base, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth
segments, 3-cleft, the central segment one-fourth to one-third the length
of the oblong-triangular undivided part and two-fifths as long as the lateral
segments; style included. June-July.

Huropédn part» Bl.» Crim; Caucasus: Cisco, Ee, Wa and Ss: Transe:,;
Tal. Gen. distr.: Centr. andS. Eur., Asia Minor, N. Iran. Described
from S. Europe.

Note. A somewhat forced attempt is here made to distinguish species
within A. rotundum s. 1. The author distinguishes these species chiefly
by the color and shape of perianth segments. Because of the nature of the
mostly badly collected material, he has been unable to make use of such
very important characters in the systematics of alliums as bulb tunics and
bulblets. A most substantial difficulty also consists in the almost complete
lack of ecological data on the labels of Crimean and Caucasian material.

It is very likely that A. rotundum s. 1. forms various local races in
the Crimea and the Caucasus. The study of these forms can be successfully
attempted only with specially collected material.

19]

248

251

169. VA) jajlae. Vved. in Bull. Univer.» As)) Centr 4 119)(1984)) 1G
A. rotundum ‘ssp. melleum Misez.insherb:,

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics grayish-brown;
subcoriaceous, separating into fibers in upper part; tunics of replacement
bulb blackish-brown; bulblets few, small, brown, nearly smooth; scape
20-40 cm long, covered to 1/3-1/2 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 3-5,
not fistulous, linear-canaliculate, scabrous-margined, 3-5 mm broad,
much shorter than the scape; spathe early deciduous, twice as long as the
umbel, the beak somewhat longer than blade; umbel without bulblets,
spherical, dense, often subcapitate; pedicels subtended by bracteoles,
unequal, the peripheral about as long as or slightly longer than perianth,
the central to 3 times as long; segments of the ovate-campanulate perianth
rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, subequal, ca. 5mm long, scabrous,
the outer carinate, crenate on the keel, oblong, acutish or obtusish, the
inner oblong-ovate, obtuse to subobtuse; filaments about two-thirds to
three-quarters as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, ciliate at base, the outer triangular-subulate, the inner as broad
at base as perianth segments, 3-cleft, the central segment one-fourth to
one-third the length of the oblong-triangular undivided part and two-fifths
as long as the lateral segments; style included; capsule valves broadly
ovate, ca. 3mm long, scarcely emarginate. June-July.

Mountains. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: E. and S. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Asia Minor. Described from Crimea, Nikitskaya Yaila.

Type in Leningrad.

Note. I distinguish this species within A. rotundum s.1. chiefly
by the compact subcapitate rose-flowered umbels. It might possibly be
more correct to regard all the Crimeo-Caucasian rose-flowered material
of this cycle as a separate species, irrespective of umbel compactness.

170. A. Waldsteinii Don. Mon. (1826)17.—A. rotundum Ldb. Fl.
Ross. .tvic(l853), .164a(olp: )-wShinmalles Pel A8iia(o.0e)e
A. paterfamilias Boiss. in Diagn. pl. or. nov. II, 4 (1859) 114 (?).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick, outer tunics brown, coriaceous,
splitting; tunics of replacement bulb dark purple; bulblets numerous,
small, blackish-purple; scape (30)-40-—70 cm long, covered to 1/3 or nearly
to the middle with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 4 or 5, not fistulous, linear,
canaliculate, smooth or scabrous-margined, 3-7- (10) mm broad, much
shorter than the scape; spathe early deciduous, slightly longer than the
umbel, the beak as long to half as long again as blade; fruiting umbel
spherical or rarely hemispherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels
subtended by bracteoles, unequal, the peripheral half as long again to twice
as long, the central 3-5 times as long as perianth, rarely in depauperate
Specimens the peripheral as longandthe central twice as long as perianth;
segments of the ovate-pyramidal perianth dark purplish-violet with a darker
nerve, (4)-—5 mm long, subequal, scabrous, the outer carinate, crenate
on the keel, oblong, acute, the inner oblong-ovate, acutish to obtusish or
mucronate; filaments two-thirds to three-quarters as long as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate, the outer
triangular-subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth segments,
3-cleft, the central segment one-third to one-fourth the length of the oblong-
triangular undivided part and half as long as the lateral segments; style

192

(249)

Plate XV

1. Allium alaicum Vved., 1a) portion of perianth.— 2. A. Candolleanum A\lb.; 2a) portion of
perianth.— 3. A. monophyllum Vved.; 3a) portion of perianth.— 4. A. verticillatum Rgl.;
4a) capsule; 4b) lower part of leaves.

193

252

included; capsule valves suborbicular, ca. 4mm long, scarcely emarginate.
June-July.

Meadows and slopes, often as weed.— European part: U.V., V.-Ka.,
WU. DPnp., Mi Dap., V.-Don, Transv., Bl. Crue enon, Eve Ce anedoice
€ise,, Das, Ev.) W: andisau ransessGen. distmam@entr. rand ss. 2) urd
Described from Hungary.

171. A. talyschense Miscz. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 204.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; outer tunics light brown,
subcoriaceous, separating into fibers especially at the top; tunics of
replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets few, small, yellowish, lustrous,
nearly smooth; scape 15-30 cm long, covered to 1/3 with leaf sheaths;
leaves 3 or 4, not fistulous, linear, canaliculate, scabrous, ca. 3 mm
broad, much shorter than the scape; spathe deciduous, slightly shorter than
the umbel, the beak about one-third the length of blade; umbel without
bulblets, spherical or rarely hemispherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels subequal, half as long again to twice as long as perianth, subtended
by bracteoles; segments of the broadly campanulate perianth nearly white,
with a prominent dingy purple nerve, subequal, 5 mm long, acute, very
scabrous, the outercarinate, crenate on the keel, oblong-lanceolate, the
inner oblong-ovate; filaments slightly shorter than perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, slightly ciliate at base, the outer
triangular-lanceolate, the inner about as broad at base as perianth
segments, 3-cleft, the central segment about one-third the length of the
ovate-triangular undivided part and half as long as the lateral segments;
style included; capsule valves suborbicular, ca. 4mm long. June.

Dry rocky places.— Caucasus: Tal. Endemic.

172. A. pseudoampeloprasum Miscz. ex Gross., Fl. Kavk. I (1928)
204 et in herb.!

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 2 cm thick; outer tunics...; tunics of
replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets numerous, elongated, yellowish,
lustrous, smooth; scape 50-60 cm long, covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf
sheaths; leaves 5, not fistulous, linear, canaliculate, smooth, 6-7 mm
broad; spathe early deciduous; umbel without bulblets, spherical densely
many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the central about twice as long as the
peripheral, many times as long as perianth, subtended by numerous
bracteoles; segments of the ovoid perianth rosy with a dingy purple nerve,
3.5 mm long, acute, scabrous, the outer lanceolate, longer than the
oblong-lanceolate inner segments; filaments about twice as long as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base, the outer
triangular-subulate, the inner 3-cleft, scarcely broader at base than
perianth segments, the central segment the length of the oblong-triangular
undivided part and scarcely longer than the lateral segments; style
conspicuously exserted; capsule valves broadly elliptic, scarcely
emarginate, ca. 4mm long. June-July.

Dry clay slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Shorbulag near Erivan. Type in Leningrad.

173. A. atroviolaceum Boiss. Diagn. pl. Or. nov. I 7 (1846) 112; Boiss.
Fl. Or. V (1884) 240.— A. ampeloprasum var. atroviolaceum Rgl.

194

253

LAH a Pa lihe media) y a4 eSinaaallion see IT, ASS) At. strove lace um var.
caucasicum Somm. et Lev. in A.H.P. XVI (1900) 427.—

AV am pielopras um auct.— Pxoes HER NowI19il; Herby bin Ass Med:
No. 332.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 12-22 cm thick; outer tunics grayish-
brown, fibrous, obscurely reticulate, clasping the scape base to high up;
tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets numerous, drab or yellowish,
dull; scape 60-100 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/2 with smooth leaf sheaths;
leaves 4 or 5, broadly linear, 2-10 mm broad, not fistulous, scabrous
at margin and on the keel, attenuate toward apex, shorter than the scape;
spathe soon deciduous, the beak several times the length of blade; umbel
without bulblets, spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels unequal,
the central twice as long, 3-6 times the length of perianth, the peripheral
subtended by bracteoles; segments of the ovoid-campanulate perianth dark
purplish-violet, rarely dingy greenish, subequal, 3-4 mm long, lustrous,
obtuse, the outer carinate, more or less scabrous, oblong-ovate, the
inner ovate; filaments one-fourth to one-half as long again as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base, the
outer entire, triangular-subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth
segments, 3-cleft, the central segment about one-half to two-thirds the
length of the undivided part and one-half to two-thirds as long as the lateral
segments; style included; capsule slightly exceeding the perianth.
June-August.

Dry slopes, rocks, and among field crops. — European part: Crim::
Caucasus: eCise.0 Dac, Evy Wepandiss Trause. ; Centr Asian Minsgiyurkimi.,
Syr D. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from vicinity of Shiraz. Cotype in
Leningrad.

174. A. leucanthum C. Koch. in Linnaea 22 (1849) 240.—
AQ aia piel opi asi uimyivar® ewe amit hii —odb 7 ml-vRoss alvie(e 53) 64).
Boiss: sels Or, Viai884) 2320 Aa via sono og uinaC lata ao, eyes) alia usa
Grossh. in Grossh. et Schischk. Pl. or. exs. (1924) No.5.— Exs:: l.c.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 2-3 cm thick; outer tunics grayish-
brown, fibrous; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets numerous,
yellowish, dull; scape 50-120 cm long, covered to 1/4-1/3 with smooth
leaf sheaths; leaves 4-7, broadly linear, not fistulous, carinate, 3-9 mm
broad, scabrous, much shorter than the scape; spathe early deciduous;
umbel without bulblets, subspherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels
unequal, the central twice as broad, 2-8 times the length of perianth, the
peripheral subtended by bracteoles, the central ebracteolate; segments of
the ovoid-campanulate perianth white with a green nerve, 3-—3.5 mm long,
obtuse to acutish, the inner elliptic, the outer carinate, scabrous, oblong-
ovate; filaments one-fourth as long again as perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate, the outer entire triangular subulate,
the inner somewhat broader at base than perianth segments, 3-cleft, the
central segment two-thirds as long as the lateral segments and two-thirds
the length of the undivided part; style exserted; capsule slightly exceeding
the perianth. June-July.

Dry places and among field crops.— Caucasus: E. and S. Transc.
Endemic (?). Described from Shirvan Steppe. Type in Berlin.

Note. Closely related to A. atroviolaceum and needs further study.

195

254

175. A. ampeloprasum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 294; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884)
230 (exclus’ var. "—.\)2— le.” RchbiMce? Fl Germ, Se (tere) mOmeE
Exs.: Soc. Etude Fl. Fr.-Helv. No. 1546. ;

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 2-4 cm thick; outer tunics almost papery,
slightly fibrous; tunics of replacement bulb yellowish; bulblets numerous,
yellowish, finely furrowed underneath the coat, rather dull; scape 50-80 cm
long, covered to 1/3 with smooth leaf sheaths; leaves 6-9, broadly linear,
not fistulous, 5-10 mm broad, carinate, smooth or scabrous-margined,
much shorter than the scape; spathe early deciduous; umbel without bulblets,
spherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the central twice as
long, 4-8 times the length of perianth, subtended by bracteoles; segments
of the broadly ovoid-campanulate perianth rose, ca. 5 mm long, oblong,
acutish, scabrous, the outer carinate; filaments barely exceeding the
perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, ciliate at base,
the outer entire, triangular-subulate, the inner as broad at base as perianth
segments, 3-cleft, the central segment half as long as the lateral segments
and the oblong-triangular undivided part; style exserted; capsule scarcely
exceeding the perianth. June.

A weed.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (southern piedmonts of Kugitang).

Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran.
Described from the East and from England.

(176) A. porrum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 294.—A. ampeloprasum var.
pommeume Nel Tine As Hor. cml he roo4: Gshimall seer ils Zee" lea:
Syreishch., Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 237.

Annual; bulb without or with few bulblets; scape arising from the center
of the bulb; leaves linear-lanceolate; spathe long-beaked; umbel large,
spherical; perianth whitish or rarely rosy, with slightly scabrous segments;
filaments barely exceeding the perianth segments, the inner 3-cleft, the
central segment half the length of the undivided part. A cultivated plant.

Economic importance. Cultivated chiefly in the European part for the
edible scape bases, mostly as a truck crop in the vicinity of large towns.

Section MOLIUM Don. Mon. (1826) 72.— Bulb solitary, without rhizome,
globose or ovoid; leaf sheaths usually buried; leaves always flat; pedicels
ebracteolate; perianth segments 1-nerved; filaments entire or cuspidate,
the cusps short or long, but never exceeding the anthers; seeds angular.

177. A. monanthum Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Pétersb. XXXI (1887) 109.—
Ie: Kom., Opred. rast. Dal'’nevost. kraya I (1931) 365, t.112, f. 3.

Perennial; bulb globose, 0.5-1 cm thick; tunics grayish-brown, almost
papery; scape 9-15 cm long, one-half to two-thirds as long as the leaves,
slender, weak, enveloped at base together with leaves by a hyaline sheath;
leaves 1 or 2, linear, 2-—4-8mmbroad, gradually narrowed toward both
ends, subacute; spathe scarious, sometimes colored, acuminate, slightly
shorter than the umbel; umbel 1-—2-(3)-flowered; pedicels shorter than
to equaling the perianth, slightly thickened and enlarged under the flower;
segments of the broadly campanulate perianth rose, 4—5 mm long, oblong,
obtusish; filaments three-quarters as long as perianth segments, connate
and adnate to perianth 1/3, triangular-subulate; style included; stigma
3-lobed; ovules 6. April-May.

196

255

Grassy mountain slopes and woods.— Far East: Uss.— Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from the Sidemi River. Type in Leningrad.

178. A. paradoxum (MB.) Don. Mon. (1826) 72; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV
(1853) 186; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 257; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 491.—Scilla
Dead orsay Mba lo taur .caue., Jl, (G1 9).26 7. Exseaherb Kil: .eauc.
No. 163.

Perennial; bulb globose, ca. 1 cm thick; tunics grayish-black, papery;
scape sharply triquetrous, 20-30 cm long, enveloped at base together with
leaves by a leafless sheath; leaf solitary, linear, 0.5-1-—2.5 cm broad,
carinate, gradually narrowed from the middle to base, subacute; spathe
acuminate, about two-thirds the length of blade; umbel 2-—5-10-flowered,
often bearing bulblets; pedicels half as long again as perianth; flowers
nodding; segments of the broadly campanulate perianth ca. 10 mm long,
subequal, oblong, acute; filaments one-third as long as perianth, connate
and adnate to perianth to 1/4 their length, triangular-subulate, subequal;
style included; stigma 3-lobed; ovules 6; capsule half as long as perianth.
May.

Shady woods. — Caucasus: Dag., E. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia:

Mtn. Turkm. (W. Kopet Dagh). Gen. distr.: N. Persia. Described from
Georgia. Type in Leningrad.

179. A. Candolleanum Alb. in Tr. Tifl. Bot. Sada I (1895) 240.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 0.75-1.5 cm broad; tunics gray, papery;
scape terete, slender, 20-30 cm long; leaves 2 or 3, narrowly linear,
3-7 mm broad, gradually narrowed toward both ends, nearly smooth-
margined, acute, slightly shorter than the scape; spathe about one-half
to two-thirds as long as the umbel, acuminate; umbel with or without
bulblets, fasciculate, few-flowered; pedicels unequal, two-thirds as long
to slightly shorter than perianth, ebracteolate; flowers subnutant; segments
of the broadly campanulate perianth to subspherical perianth white suffused
with rose, 10-12 mm long, obtuse, the outer elliptic, the inner oblanceolate-
elliptic; filaments about half as long as perianth, at base connate and adnate
to perianth, triangular-subulate, the inner half as broad again; style
included; ovules 6. June. (Plate XV, Figure 2a).

Subalpine and alpine meadows.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Kutysh.

180. A. oreophilum C.A.M. in Verz. Cauc. (1831) 37.; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV (1853) 188.— A. platystemon Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
XV (1842) 514.— A. Ostrovskianum Rgl. in A.H.P. VII (1881) 545.—
A. oreophilum var. Ostrovskianum Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 356. —
Ie. : Rollin Gartentls (lais)t. (5. 1. 1-3. — Exc. : Herb, PlyAs.uMed-
No. 62.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 1-1.5—(2) cm thick; tunics gray, papery;
scape 5-20 cm long, covered to 1/2—3/4 with a buried sheath; leaves 2,
linear, 2-8 mm broad, scabrous-margined, greatly exceeding the umbel;
Spathe one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel
fasciculate or often hemispherical to spherical, relatively few-flowered,
loose; pedicels subequal, half as long as to often somewhat longer than
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate perianth

197

256

207

rosy-purple with a darker nerve, 8-11 mmlong, oval, obtuse or often
acute; filaments one-third to one-half as long as perianth segments, connate
and adnate to perianth for half their length, the outer triangular-lanceolate,
the inner broadly triangular; style included; stigma nearly 3-lobed; ovules
6; capsule ca. 4 mm in diameter. July-August.

Gravelly slopes in the upper mountain zone. — Caucasus: Dag.; Centr.
Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Endemic. Described from Dagestan,
Tufandag. Type in Leningrad.

181. A. gypsaceum M. Pop. et Vved. in Not. Syst. Herb. Horti Petrop.
V (1924) 92.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery;
scape 7-20 cm long, covered to the middle with buried leaf sheaths; leaves
2 or 3, linear, 2-5 mm broad, scabrous-margined, greatly exceeding the
scape; spathe about half as long to nearly as long as the umbel; umbel
fasciculate-hemispherical, hemispherical or rarely | spherical, relatively
many-flowered, dense; pedicels equal, as long to 12-2 times as long as
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the campanulate perianth dingy purple,
purple-nerved, more intensely colored toward apex, 10-11 mm long, the
outer segments oblong-linear, acute, slightly longer and broader than the
oblanceolate crenate obtusish inner segments; filaments half as long as
perianth, connate and adnate to perianth for half their length, scarcely
united above, the outer lance-subulate, the linear broader, triangular;
ovary sessile, smooth, 6-ovuled. May-June. (Plate XVI, Figure 1a).

Chiefly mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (sporadically in
S. part). Endemic. Described from Kugitang mountains. Type in Tashkent.

182. A. helicophyllum Vved in Bull. Univ. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 127.
Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics papery, blackish;
scape stumpy, stout, 5-8 mm thick, 10-20 cm long; leaves 5 or 6, linear,

ca. 3mm broad, glaucous, glabrous, scabrous-margined, shorter than
the umbel, the upper third spirally twisted; spathe one-fourth as long as
theumbel, acuminate; umbel fasciculate-hemispherical or hemispherical,
loosely many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the central ones uptotwice as long,
many times the length of perianth (to 9 cm long), stout, thickened below the
flower; segments of the stellate perianth pale rosy-violet, with a prominent
green or dingy green nerve, linear-oblong, obtusish, 5 mm long, recurved
after anthesis, more or less twisted; filaments slightly shorter than perianth
segments, at base connate and united to perianth, slightly united above,
subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments half as broad
again; ovary sessile, scabrous, 6-7-ovuled; capsule globose, ca. 5mm
in diameter. May-June.

Gravelly slopes and mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
(Kara-Kala, Prokhladnoe, Sulyuklyu). Endemic. Described from vicinity
of Kara-Kala. Type in Tashkent.

183. A. Sergii Vved. in Bull. Univ. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 127.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1 cm thick; tunics gray, papery, enclosing
1 or 2 large yellowish-tawny smooth dull bulblets; scape 10-12 cm long,
slender, covered to 1/3-1/2 with a buried leaf sheath; leaves commonly

198

258

solitary, very rarely 2, narrowly linear, (1) 2-3 (4) mm broad,
canaliculate, glaucous, helicoid, smooth or scabrous-margined, glabrous,
equaling the umbel; spathe short-acuminate, one-third to one-half as long
as the umbel; umbel commonly hemispherical, rarely fasciculate, loosely
few-flowered; pedicels 3-4 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate, the
outer slightly ascending; segments of the stellate perianth pale rose with a
purple nerve, 4 mm long, lanceolate, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted;
filaments barely shorter than perianth, at base connate and adnate to
perianth, equal, subulate from triangular base; ovary sessile, scabrous,
7-9-ovuled. May.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Kara-tau). Endemic. Described
from Uch-uzen. Type in Moscow.

184. A. Eugenii Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 127.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery; scape
covered to about the middle with 2 sheaths, of these one leafless; leaf
solitary, linear, 2-7 mm broad, greatly exceeding the umbel, the lower
part beneath and the aerial part of sheath covered with retrorse, the upper
and distal part of the blade glabrous; spathe apparently beakless, much
shorter than the umbel; umbel hemispherical to subspherical, relatively
few-flowered, loose; pedicels many times the length of perianth, ascending,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth rose, with a prominent
purple nerve, 4 mm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, at length recurved and
twisted; filaments three-quarters as long as perianth segments, at base
adnate to perianth, slightly united above, subulate from broadly triangular
base, the base of inner filaments somewhat broader; capsule subglobose.
ca. 3 mm in diameter.

Gravelly slopes, at altitudes of 1500-1700 m.— Centr. Asia: Mtn.
Turkm. (Bol'shoi Balkhan). Endemic. Described from mountains of Bol'shoi
Balkhan Range: Kosha-kudzhuk. Type in Leningrad.

185. A. verticillatum Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 518.— A. Pallasii
var. verticillatum Rgl. in A.H.P. II (1875) 102.— Exs.: Herb. FI.
As. Med: Notaio:

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery; scape
10-20 cm long, covered to 1/4 with 1 or 2 approximate sheaths; leaf shorter
than the scape, dissected down to sheath into 3-9 filiform furrowed scabrous
pseudoverticillate segments; spathe short-beaked, slightly shorter than to
as long as the umbel; umbel subspherical or hemispherical, relatively
many-flowered, loose; pedicels unequal, the central sometimes up to twice
as long, 3-7 times the length of perianth, the peripheral ascending,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth rose, with a purple nerve,
ca. 4mm long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted;
filaments slightly exceeding the perianth, at base adnate to perianth, united
above into a ring, subulate from triangular base; ovary subsessile,
scabrous, 8-10-ovuled; capsule globose, ca. 3 mm in diameter. May-June.
(Plate XV, Figure 4 a-b).

Small-grained and gravelly slopes in foothills and lower mountain zone. —
Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (W.); T. Sh. (W. and SW). Endemic. Described
from Kara-tau mountains. Type in Leningrad.

199

299

186. A. aroides M. Pop. et Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19
(1934) 128.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; tunics grayish, coriaceous,
splitting, enclosing a solitary large lustrous yellowish bulblet; scape
ca. 20 cm long, shorter than leaves; leaves 2, linear, 0.5-1 cm broad,
scabrous at margin and on veins, withered at anthesis; spathe slightly
shorter than to as long as the umbel, the beak long and herbaceous
(especially when young); umbel hemispherical or spherical, relatively
few-flowered, loose; pedicels subequal, 3-5 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth greenish (rose-tinged in
the herbarium), with a dingy purple or dingy green nerve, ca. 4 mm long,
linear-oblong, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted; filaments barely
shorter than perianth segments, at base adnate to perianth, united above
into aring, subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments up
to twice as broad; ovary subsessile, 6- or 7-ovuled. May.

Stony and small-grained slopes in the lower mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. (sporadically in the W. part). Endemic. Described from
Zeravshan Range: Maidan-ata. Type in Tashkent.

Note. Readily distinguishable from other species related to
A. verticillatum by the coriaceous bulb tunics and the long herbaceous
beak of the spathe, reminiscent when young of the unopened spathe of aroids.

187. A. monophyllum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 128.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery; scape
buried in the soil nearly up to the umbel, 5-10 cm long, much shorter than
the leaf; leaf solitary. linear-lanceolate, 3-11 mm broad, acute, scabrous-
margined; spathe two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than the umbel,
short-acuminate; umbel hemispherical, rather few-flowered; pedicels
equal, slightly exceeding to half as long again (or even twice as long) as
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the substellate perianth dingy violet
or rose-violet, with a darker nerve, 5-6 mm long, linear, obtusish, erect
after anthesis; filaments two-thirds as long as perianth segments, at base
connate and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate; capsule (immature)
two-thirds as long as perianth. July. (Plate XV, Figure 3, a).

Stony places on the summits of central Kopet Dagh.— Centr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm. Gen. -distr.: N. Iran — Khurasan. Described from lIondar.
Type in Leningrad.

188. A. Derderianum Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1975) 242.—
A. haemanthoides var. lanceolatum Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 276.
Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery;
scape rather stout, 5-10 cm long, shorter than the leaves, buried in the
soil up to the middle; leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, 5-10 mm broad,
scabrous-margined; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate;
umbel hemispherical or spherical, many-flowered; pedicels about half
as long to half as long again (in fruit to 22 times as long) as perianth;
segments of the substellate perianth white, with a violet nerve, 8-13 mm
long, linear, acute, erect after anthesis, rigid; filaments one-third to one-half
as long as perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth,
triangular-subulate; capsule half as long as the perianth. May.

200

260

Dry slopes — Caucasus: S. Transc. (?). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described
from N. Iran. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Reported for S. Transcaucasia, from which the author has not
seen any specimens.

189. A. Alexejanum Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 244.—Ic.: Rgl. Fl. turk.
(1975) t.XVI, f. 4-6.

Perennial; bulbs subglobose, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape rather stout, 10-20 cm long, shorter than the leaves, buried in the
soil up to the middle; leaves (1) 2 or 3, lanceolate, oblong to elliptic,

2-5 cm broad; spathe one-third to one-half as long as the umbel, short-
acuminate; umbel hemispherical or rarely spherical, many-flowered;
pedicels (2)-3-5 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate: segments of
the substellate perianth rose, with a purple nerve, 7-8 mm long, linear-
lanceolate, acute, erect after anthesis, rigid; filaments about two-thirds
as long to slightly shorter than perianth segments, at base connate and
adnate to perianth, the outer subulate, the inner half as broad again,
triangular-subulate; capsule about half as long as the perianth. May-July.

Gravelly and stony slopes in the middle and upper mountain zone. —
Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Zeravshan Valley.
Type in Leningrad.

190. A. akaka Gmel. ex Roem. et Schult. Syst. VIII (1830) 1132; Lab.
Bl wRosse W.wd 87, (Boiss. Bly) Ore, Vv) 884) 2.75 .— Ay) letidtio Liman daub:
et Sp. Ill. Or. II (1844-46) tab. 103.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape rather stout, 5-15 cm long, shorter than the leaves, buried in the
soil up to the middle; leaves (1) 2, oblong to elliptic, scabrous-margined,
2-6 cm broad; spathe one-third to one-half as long as the umbel, short-
acuminate; umbel fasciculate-hemispherical or hemispherical, many-
flowered; pedicels equal, slightly exceeding to half as long again (in fruit
2-3 times as long) as the perianth; segments of the substellate perianth
linear, 7-8 mm long, acutish, rosy with a darker nerve, erect after
anthesis, rigid; filaments half as long as perianth segments, at base connate
and adnate to perianth, triangular-subulate; capsule half as long as the
perianth. May-June.

Dry stony places.— Caucasus: E. andS. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.
Kurd., Iran. Described from Gilan.

191. A. materculae Bordz. in Zap. Kiev. O-va Est. XXV, 1 (1915) 73.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1-2 cm thick; tunics gray to blackish,
papery; scape stout, 10-30 cm long, shorter or longer (?) than the leaves,
buried at base in the soil; leaves 2-4, glaucous, linear-lorate, 1-2 cm
broad, scabrous-margined; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-
acuminate; umbel fasciculate, many-flowered; pedicels unequal, 2-8 times
the length of perianth, lilac, with a reddish nerve, 5-9 mmlong, linear,
acutish, erect after anthesis, rigid; filaments slightly shorter than perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, triangular-subulate;
capsule about half as long as the perianth April-May.

Dry places.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Nakhichevan. Type in Kiev.

201

261

262

H9247A. Christophin Dl wautv \ ARE mI (1884) 268.—A. albopilosum
Wright. in Gard. Chron. XXXIV (1903) 34) [le Relogin) AHP. x (837)
ter lls fade

Perennial; bulb globose, ca. 2 cm thick; tunics gray, papery; scape
rather stout, 5-15 cm thick, 15-40 cm long, buried at base in the soil,
about as long as the leaves; leaves 3-7, lorate, 5-25 mm broad,
glaucescent, erect, covered beneath especially at margin with stiff spreading
hairs, very rarely glabrate; spathe (one-fourth) one-third to one-half as
long as the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel fasciculate-hemispherical,
rarely spherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels subequal, slightly
exceeding to 3—5-several times the length of perianth segments,
ebracteolate; segments of the substellate perianth purplish-violet or rosy-
violet, 10-15-(18) mm long, linear-triangular, very acute, erect after
anthesis, rigid; filaments half as long as perianth, at base connate and
adnate to perianth, equal, linear-subulate from enlarged base; capsule
ca. 5mmindiameter. May-June.

Soft mountain slopes, chiefly in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Ashkhabad. Type in
Leningrad.

LOS eAy Bodeanum) Rol, sin Ages Pit (1875) 238.— A. Walteri Rel.
ie eee (ICG) aoramiien Vill. Sr

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery; scape
relatively slender (not more than 5 mm thick), 10-20 cm long, buried at
base in the soil, shorter than the leaves; leaves 1-2-(4), linear-lanceolate,
1-2 cm broad, spreading, glabrous, sometimes scabrous at margin and
beneath; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel
fasciculate or hemispherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels equal,

2-3 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the substellate
perianth rosy-violet, 10-14 mm long, linear-triangular, acute, erect after
anthesis; filaments two-thirds as long as perianth segments, at base connate
and adnate to perianth, equal, rather abruptly linear-subulate from enlarged
base. May.

Gravelly and stony slopes in the steppe belt.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Persia. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Very closely related to A. Christophii and in need of further
study. The position of an allium collected by Chernyakovskaya in Seamasur,
closely related to both species and mentioned in the Flora of Turkmenistan
(II (1932) 290), has not so far been clarified.

194. A. brachyscapum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934)
1298 leit Turkmen: ly Pigure 04,

Perennial; bulb globose, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics gray, papery; scape
ca. 10 cm long, stumpy, buried in the soil to the middle or nearly up to
the umbel; leaves (1) 2, linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 cm
broad, scabrous-margined, greatly exceeding the umbel; spathe about half
as long as the umbel, beakless; umbel hemispherical, densely many-
flowered; pedicels subequal, (2)—3-5 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth rosy-violet, with a dark
or greenish nerve, 5-6 mm long, lanceolate, the outer acutish, the inner
obtuse, at length recurved and twisted; filaments slightly exceeding to

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263

about twice as long as perianth segments, connate, distinct above, linear-
subulate, the inner slightly broader; ovary short-stipitate, scabrous. May.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Sulyuklyu). Endemic.
Described from Sulyuklyu. Type in Tashkent.

195. A. karataviense Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 243.—Ic.: Rgl. FI.
turk. (1876) t. XVI, f. 1-3.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 59.

Perennial; bulb globose, 2-6 cm thick; tunics blackish or grayish,
papery; scape stumpy, 10-25 cm long, sometimes buried in the soil up to
the middle, shorter than the leaves; leaves commonly 2, rarely 1 or 3,
lanceolate or often oblong or subelliptic, 3-15 cm broad, smooth-margined;
spathe two-thirds as long to slightly shorter than the umbel, short-
acuminate; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal,

3-4 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate
perianth light rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 5-7 mm long, linear,
obtuse, at length recurved and twisted; filaments slightly exceeding the
perianth segments; at base connate and adnate to perianth, united higher up,
subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments half as broad
again; ovary stipitate, scabrous; capsule obcordiform, ca. 8 mm in
diameter. April-May.

Loose calcareous screes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Alai Range), T. Sh. (W. Tien Shan). Endemic. Described from
Kara-tau mountains: Bugun. Type in Leningrad.

196. A. Mariae E. Bordz. in Zap. Kiev. O-va Est. XXV, I (1915) 71.
Perennial; bulb ovoid, ie? cm long; scape terete, smooth, 15-35 cm
long, covered at base or up to 1/3 with leaf sheaths; leaves 2 or 3, narrowly
linear, 2.5-8 mm broad, canaliculate, glaucous, scabrous at margin and

often on the veins, about as long as the scape; spathe acuminate, as long
as or slightly exceeding the umbel; umbel fasciculate or subhemispherical;
pedicels 2—5 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; perianth segments
vineous-red, with a brownish nerve, 3-4 mm long, linear-oblong, obtusish
to acutish, at length recurved; filaments slightly exceeding the perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, gradually attenuate from
base; anthers blackish-vineous; ovary sessile, smooth; style slightly longer
than stamens; capsule globose-ovoid to ovoid. May.

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Nakhichevan, Chinabad. Type in Kiev.

197. A. cardiostemon Fisch, et Mey. in Ind. Sem. Horti Petrop. VI
(1840) 43; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV 188; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 282.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.5-1-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape 20-40-(60) cm long, smooth, covered at base with leaf sheaths;
leaves 2 or 3, linear-lanceolate to linear, 2-8 mm broad, more or less
scabrous-margined, shorter than the stem, usually very much so; spathe
short-acuminate, two-thirds as long to slightly shorter than the umbel;
umbel fasciculate-hemispherical or subspherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels equal, 3-4 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments
of the stellate perianth dark red, ca. 3 mm long, linear, obtuse, at length
recurved and twisted; filaments barely shorter than perianth segments,
at base connate and adnate to perianth, the outer subulate, the inner much

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264

broader, 2-toothed above the middle; ovary sessile, smooth; capsule ovoid
to subglobose, 3-4 mm long. June-July.

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: E. and S$. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described
frpm Nakhichevan: Koshadar. Type in Leningrad.

198..A. Fetissovil Rel; im A.HjP..V (1878) 631.2 Ay sage alie pRiel. ain
A.H.P. (1887) 359.— A. tschimganicum B. Fedtsch., Rast. Turk.
(1905),2S%psp.—Jc.epRel: Gartents ALS 19 )et. Ole ate

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics black, papery; scape
40-65 cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 1 or 2, lorate, 2-15 mm
broad, smooth- or obscurely scabrous-margined, much shorter than the
scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel spherical
or hemispherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal, 2-3 times
the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth
delicate, obscurely nerved, 5-7 mm long, linear, obtuse to subobtuse,
at length recurved and twisted; filaments three-quarters as long as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, distinct above, the outer
subulate from base, the inner subulate from a nearly square 2- to 4-toothed
or rarely triangular toothless base; ovary short-stipitate, scabrous;
capsule ovoid to globose, ca. 4 mm in diameter.

Loose-textured soils. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Alai Range), T. Sh.
Endemic. Described from Alma Ata.

Note. The author was in a position to compare live specimens of
A. Fetissovii from Ugam (A. simile) and from Alma Ata.

(A. Fetissovii s.s.). The Alma Ata plant is distinguished by smaller
flowers, much narrower than the perianth segments of a somewhat different
hue (they are rose and distinctly purple at base as against the rosy-violet
perianth of the Ugam plants), the globose ovary and darker filaments.

The Ugam specimens are altogether coarser and larger in all parts. I did
not, however, have enough material to ascertain the consistency of these
characters.

199. A. dasyphyllum Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1925) No. 57.

Perennial; bulb ovoid to globose-ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; tunics
blackish, papery; scape 15-25-(35) cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves,
scabrous due to short hairs; leaf solitary, linear, 2-—3-(5) mm broad,
scabrous due to short hairs, much shorter than the scape; spathe two-thirds
as long as to slightly shorter than the umbel, short-acuminate, umbel
fasciculate-hemispherical or hemispherical, relatively many-flowered,
dense; pedicels equal, half as long again to twice as long as perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth white, with a prominent
green nerve, 4mm long, linear-lanceolate, acute, at length recurved and
twisted; filaments barely exceeding the perianth segments, at base connate,
united above into a ring, the outer subulate, the inner about 3 times as
broad at base, subulate from an almost square and almost toothed base;
ovary Short-stipitate; scabrous; capsule subglobose, 4-5 mm long. July.

Stony slopes in the upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (known
only from the classical location: Aleksandrovskii Range: Uch-bulak). Type
in Tashkent.

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265

200. A. insufficiens Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 129.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 0.75-1.25 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape slender, smooth, 20-30 cm long; leaves 3-6, narrowly linear,
1-2 mm broad, ciliate-scabrous at margin, much shorter than the scape
(apparently half as long); spathe short-acuminate, slightly shorter than the
umbel; umbel fasciculate-spherical or hemispherical, relatively many-
flowered, dense; pedicels equal, 2-3 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth apparently rosy-violet, with
a darker nerve, 4-5 mm long, linear, obtuse, at length recurved and
twisted; filaments about as long as perianth segments, at base adnate to
perianth, distinct above, abruptly subulate from broadly triangular base,
subequal; ovary sessile, smooth; capsule subglobose, ca. 3.5 mm in
diameter. April-May.

Mildly saline clay soils.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Kurgan-tyube,
Tashbulak, Sarsaryak). Endemic. Described from vicinity of Kurgan-tyube.
Type in Leningrad.

201. A. robustum Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841)
Boone Aero bustumoven:valpesit me) Kardyvetihirasin) Bull. Soci Nat.
Mosc. XV (1842) 513.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape 40-60 cm long, inconspicuously nerved; leaves 2-4, linear, 2-10mm
broad, smooth-margined, much shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, two-thirds as long as to slightly shorter than the umbel; umbel
hemispherical or subspherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal,
ipa (3) times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate
perianth dark purple, with a darker nerve, ca. 5 mm long, linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted; filaments as long as
perianth segments, adnate at base to perianth, united above into a ring,
subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments twice as broad;
ovary subsessile, scabrous; capsule ovoid-globose, ca. 4 mm in diameter.
May-June.

Dry slopes.— Centr.: Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Endemic. Described from
Tarbagatai: Chegarak-asu. Type in Leningrad.

202. A. decipiens Fisch. ex Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII (1830) 1117;
Boissa by OR ave (i884 ).282;-Shimal'e:;y Fil» 112491. KrylgePl: Zaps Sib SI,
Soh Ast hauling Ola u my dudb. leew )pl fla dRossSey 18 20) AS.94 2 Ltt:

Lidbs Bi! ~Ross .DVio18 7A. vv iridium} dedb. Fl» Alte IP(1830))20 (pro
max. parte, quoad specimina autentica). —A. Roborovskianum Regl.
in) AE PYG (he Bie S5O atte NLT ofA: Ae atropurpureum auct.

Perennial; bulb globose-ovoid to globose, 0.75-1.5-2 cm thick; tunics
blackish, papery; scape 20-—50-(70) cm long, smooth; leaves 2-—4-(6),
linear to linear-lanceolate, (2)-5-20-(3) mm broad, smooth- or scabrous-
margined, much shorter than the scape; spathe short-acuminate,
hemispherical or subspherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels equal,
2-6 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate
perianth, pale rosy-violet or violet (?), with a violet nerve, ca. 5mm
long, narrowly elliptic, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted; filaments
as long as perianth segments, adnate at base to perianth, slightly united
above, subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments twice

205

266

267

as broad; ovary subsessile, scabrous; capsule ovoid, ca. 5 mm in
diameter. May-June.

Stony slopes, outcrops, solonetz soils, and sands. — European part:
VieDon, Mransy., Bl Crim: LayWon) te Vie; iGaucasus Cisse: Siberia:
Uy Row, sirtiadAltsysCentrjisAsian Ar Gasp) jsBalkiyeGen, distil zune
Kash. Described from the area between the Dnieper and the Crimea.

203. A. Severtzovii Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XLI 1 (1867) 453.—
A. tschimganicum B. Fedtsch., Rast. Turk. (1915) 237 (p.p.).— Exs.:
Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 342.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-2 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery; scape
35-85 cm long, furrowed by prominent nerves; leaves (1)-2-3, linear to
linear-lanceolate, 5-20 mm broad, scabrous-margined, much shorter than
the scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel
hemispherical or rarely spherical, rather densely many-flowered; pedicels
subequal, half as long again as the perianth, ebracteolate segments of the
stellate perianth rose, with a violet nerve, ca. 4 mm long, linear, obtusish,
at length recurved and twisted; filaments slightly shorter than to equaling
the perianth, adnate to perianth at base, distinct above, subulate from
triangular base, the base of inner filaments 2-3 times as broad; ovary
short-stipitate; scabrous; capsule subglobose to ovoid, ca. 4 mm in
diameter. June.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (W. Tien Shan). Endemic.
Described from Kara-tau mountains. Type in Leningrad.

2042°A:*Suvorovi Rel! Gartenfl. (1881) 356, t. 1062, f.14=s7— Tel ahglt
Fl. turk. (1876) t. XVII, f.5-7. Exs.; Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 181 (sub
A. Severtzovii).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-3 cm in diameter; tunics subcoriaceous,
grayish, splitting, clasping the scape base; scape 30-100 cm long,
inconspicuously nerved; leaves 2-6, lorate, 5-20 mm broad, scabrous-
margined, glaucescent, much shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, two-thirds as long as the umbel; umbel hemispherical or
spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, 2-5 times the length
of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth rosy-violet,
with a darker nerve, ca. 4mm long, linear, obtuse, at length recurved
and twisted; filaments slightly shorter and slightly longer than perianth
segments adnate to perianth at base, distinct above, subulate from enlarged
base, subequal; ovary subsessile, smooth; capsule broadly ovoid, ca.

5 mm in diameter. May.

Loosely textured soils in foothills, chiefly as weed in oases. — Centr.
Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kushkinskii River), Syr D., Pam.-Al., T. Sh.

Gen. distr.: Iran (?). Described from Dal'verzinskaya Steppe.

205. A. grande Lipsky in A.H.P. XIII (1894) 343.— A. decipiens
var. llatissinvum, Lipsky in Zap. Kiev)’ O-va Est. X11; 2 (1892)"s63;
Shnaalvon ere bey on"

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 2.5 cm broad; scape 70cm long (and
longer), inconspicuously nerved; leaves 2-4, lorate, 3-5 cm broad,
smooth-margined, much shorter than the scape; spathe half as long as to
slightly shorter than the umbel, short-acuminate, umbel subsphevrical,

206

268

densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, 3-4 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth whitish-rose, obscurely
nerved, lanceolate, acute, 6-7 mm long, recurved after anthesis; filaments
barely shorter than perianth segments, adnate at base to periantn, distinct
above, subulate from triangular base, the base of inner filaments half as
broad again; ovary short-stipitate, smooth. May.

Damp places among shrubs.— Caucasus: Dag. Endemic. Described
from Makhach-Kala. Type in Leningrad.

206. A. alaicum Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 19 (1934) 130.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics blackish-gray,
papery, slightly splitting; scape 30-70 cm long, ribbed by prominent
nerves, glabrous or covered with long retrorse hairs; leaves 1 or 2, linear-
lanceolate to linear, 5-17 mm broad, acute, one-third to one-half as long
as the scape, covered on both sides with long retrorse hairs, sometimes
subvillous, rarely glabrate; spathe short-acuminate, two-fifths to one-half
as long as the umbel; umbel fasciculate-hemispherical, rarely spherical,
rather loosely many-flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times the length of
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth apparently light
violet, with a darker nerve, 6 mm long, linear, obtusish, at length recurved
and twisted; filaments about as long as perianth segments, adnate at base
to perianth, distinct, abruptly subulate from a short enlarged base, the base
of inner filaments half as broad again; ovary short-stipitate; capsule ovoid-
globose, ca. 4mm in diameter. May-June. (Plate XV, Figure 1, a).

Gravelly soils.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Gul'cha, Aravan, Lyangar).
Endemic. Described from Gul'cha. Type in Leningrad.

POT AR stipitatumiks| | Sim Gartentl="(igem)' Soo.—t. HOG2s tie to.

Perennial; bulb applanate-globose, 3-6 cm thick; tunics blackish,
almost papery, enclosing a solitary large smooth bulblet; scape 60-150 cm
long smooth; leaves 4-6, lorate, 2-4 cm broad, smooth-margined, hairy
beneath, rarely glabrate; pedicels subequal, 3-6 times the length of
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth lilac, distinctly
nerved, 9 mm long, gradually attenuate from base, acute, at length
recurved and twisted; filaments as long as perianth segments, adnate at
base to perianth, united above into a ring, rather gradually subulate from
triangular base, the base of inner filaments twice as broad; ovary short-
stipitate, scabrous; capsule applanate-globose, ca. 5 mm in diameter.
May-June.

Loosely-textured slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Zeravshan Valley. Type in Leningrad.

208. A. gultschense B. Fedtsch. in A.H.P. XXVIII (1908) 68.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 3-5 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape robust, 90-150 cm long, smooth; leaves 5 or 6, lorate, 4-8 cm
broad, smooth-margined, much shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, two-thirds as long as the umbel; umbel spherical, densely
many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the inner half as long again, 2-3 times
the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth
white, with a green nerve, 11 mm long, filiform-linear, gradually attenuate
from base, at length recurved and twisted; filaments slightly shorter than

207

269

perianth segments, adnate at base to perianth, not connate, the outer
subulate, the inner half as broad again, subulate from a nearly square
2-toothed base; ovary sessile, scabrous; capsule globose, ca. 6 mm in
diameter. May-June.

Dry slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Alai
Range), T. Sh. (Fergana Range). Endemic. Described from Alai Range,
Gul'cha. Type in Leningrad.

209. A. aflatunense B. Fedtsch. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. IV (1904) 917,
cum tabula.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-6 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery; scape
robust, 80-150 cm long, inconspicuously nerved, surrounded at base below
and above ground level with leaf sheaths; leaves 6-8, lorate, the outer
2-10 cm broad, glaucous, smooth-margined, much shorter than the scape;
spathe slightly shorter thanthe umbel, short-acuminate; umbel subspherical,
densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal, 2-4 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth light violet, with a darker
nerve, 7-8 mm long, linear-lanceolate, acute, at length recurved and
twisted; filaments slightly exceeding the perianth segments, adnate at base
to perianth, distinct above, the outer subulate, the inner subulate from
a nearly square base, the base of inner filaments half as broad again to
nearly twice as broad; anthers violet; ovary stipitate, scabrous; capsule
broadly ovoid, scabrous, ca. 5mm in diameter. May.

Upper and middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Central Tien
Shan). Endemic. Described from Aflatun. Type in Leningrad.

210) A. altissimum Rel. in A. Her, VIL (i884) 666, tx Wi kor
A. esjdianum Vved. in Fl. Turkm. II (1932) 282.

Perennial; bulb globose, 3 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery; scape
80-150 cm long, inconspicuously nerved; leaves 4-6, linear-lanceolate,
sublorate, 2-4 cm broad, more or less green, nearly smooth-margined,
much shorter than the scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-
acuminate; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels unequal,
the central up to half as long again, 4-6 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth violet, with a darker nerve,
6-7 (8) mm long, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted;
filaments as long as or slightly shorter than perianth segments, adnate at
base to perianth, more or less united above, subulate from triangular base,
the base of inner filaments twice as broad; ovary short-stipitate, scabrous;
capsule obovoid, ca. 5mm in diameter. April.

Gullies.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described
from Bal'dzhuan. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The author has not been able to find in herbaria any real
differences between the Kopet Dagh and Pamir-Alai plants; but, on the
other hand, all the material that he have examined differs from the authentic
plant in having narrower and somewhat shorter perianth segments. A
comparison of live plants from Fergana and Kopet Dagh is needed.

Our species differs from A. jesdianum Boiss. et Buhse in parallel-
margined perianth segments and the inconspicuous ribs of the scape.

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270

211. A. taeniopetalum M. Pop. et Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr.
19 (1934) 130.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1-2 cm thick; scape 20-40 cm long, ribbed
by prominent nerves; eaves Zor 3, lorate,1—2 cm broad, Smooth-
margined, much shorter than the scape; spathe half as long as the umbel,
short-acuminate; umbel fasciculate-hemispherical or spherical, relatively
many-flowered, loose; pedicels unequal, the central half as long again,
2-4 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate
perianth dark rosy-violet, with a green nerve, 8-12 mm long, linear, with
nearly parallel margins, obtuse, at length recurved and twisted; filaments
two-thirds as long as perianth segments, adnate at base to perianth, united
above into a ring, subulate from triangular base, the inner slightly broader;
anthers violet; ovary subsessile, scabrous; capsule ovoid to subglobose,
ca. 5mm indiameter. May.

In the shade of rocks.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Turkestan Range.
Described from Zerabulakskie heights. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Closely relatedto A. Rosenbachianum Rgl., from which
it is distinguishable by the parallel margins of perianth segments and
shorter filaments.

212. A. Rosenbachianum Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 664, t. XXI, f. c-i.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape 50-70 cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 2 or 3, linear-
lanceolate to broadly linear, (0.5)-1.5 cm broad, nearly smooth-margined,
much shorter than the scape; spathe short-acuminate, one-half to two-thirds
as long as the umbel; umbel spherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels
unequal, the central to half as long again, 3-9 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth dark violet, with a darker
nerve, narrowly linear, gradually attenuate from base, acute, 7-10 mm
long, at length recurved and twisted; filaments as long as perianth
segments, adnate at base to perianth, united above into a ring, subulate
from triangular base, the inner half as broad again; anthers violet; ovary
short-stipitate, scabrous; capsule applanate-globose, ca. 5 mm in
diameter. May.

Loose-textured terraces in the middle mountain zone, in the shade of
rocks and trees.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (SW). Endemic. Described from
Bal'dzhuan, Kyzyl-su. Type in Leningrad.

213: A» Koniarovi Lipsky in A#HiP. VEL (1900) 129.—

Perennial; bulb globose, 2-4 cm thick; scape 30-50 cm long, practically
without prominent nerves; leaves 1 or 2, broadly lanceolate to oblong,
4-8 cm broad, smooth-margined, subacute, much shorter than the scape;
spathe short-acuminate; two-thirds as long as the umbel; umbel
hemispherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal, 2-3 times the
length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth dark lilac
with a darker nerve, linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm long, obtusish, at length
recurved and twisted; filaments slightly shorter than perianth, adnate at
base to perianth, united above into a ring, gradually subulate from

273 triangular base, the base of inner filaments twice as broad; ovary short-

stipitate, scabrous; capsule subglobose, ca. 6 mm in diameter. May-June.
Taluses in upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic.
Described from Iskander-kul'. Type in Leningrad.

209

(2)

Plate X VI

1. Allium Sypsaceum M. Pop. et Vved.; 1a) portion of perianth.— 2. A. Schubertii Zucc.;
2a) portion of perianth.— 3. A. Winklerianum Rgl.; 3a) portion of perianth.

210

274

214. A. seravschanicum Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 244.—Ic.: Rgl. Fl.
Haack (LOG it. SVL yh t Ay

Perennial; bulb globose, (1)-1.5-2 cm in diameter; tunics gray, papery,
sometimes enclosing a solitary large bulblet; scape 25-50 cm long, ribbed
by prominent nerves; leaves 1 or 2, linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm broad,
scabrous- or smooth-margined, shorter than the scape; spathe short-
acuminate, one-third to one-half as long as the umbel; umbel spherical or
subspherical, loosely many-flowered; pedicels unequal, the central slightly
exceeding the perianth; ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth dark
rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 6-7 mm long, linear, gradually attenuate
from base, acute, at length recurved and twisted; filaments slightly shorter
than perianth, subulate, adnate at base to perianth, united above into a ring,
this toothed between the filaments; ovary short-stipitate, smooth, with
6 crests; capsule subglobose, ca. 4mm in diameter. May.

Shady places in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
Endemic. Described from Zeravshan. Type in Leningrad.

215. A. pseudoseravschanicum M. Pop. et Vved. in Sched. ad Herb.
Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 621.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery; scape
(20)-30-50-(70) cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 1 or 2,
linear-lanceolate, 1-4 mm broad, scabrous-margined, much shorter than
the scape; spathe half as long as to slightly shorter than the umbel, short-
acuminate; umbel spherical or subspherical, densely many-flowered;
pedicels unequal, the central slightly longer, 2-3 times the length of
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth light rosy-violet,
with a darker nerve, 6-8 mm long, linear, gradually attenuate from the
middle, acute, at length recurved and twisted; filaments slightly shorter
than perianth segments, subulate, adnate at base to perianth, united above
into an entire-margined ring; ovary short-stipitate, smooth, with 6 crests;
capsule subglobose, ca. 4mm in diameter. May-June.

Shady places.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from
Syunt. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Closely relatedto A. seravschanicum Rgl., but
distinguishable by the lighter-colored flowers and the more compact umbel.
Deserves more study.

2iGewAscelatums Riel, win ASHAP “Vl (18.84) 66D) Mts BOX iy oF ke
Ay seoilaa.ivieraman ecu (Brie h edtseh afin vA Pete Vil (1908 ) 67.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 2-6 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery;
scape 60-100 cm long, ribbed by the rather prominent nerves; leaves 2-14,
oblanceolate, 2—7 cm broad, smooth-margined; spathe two-thirds as long
as the umbel; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels equal,
3-8 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate
perianth reddish-violet with a rather inconspicuous dark nerve, 6-8 mm
long, linear-lanceolate, acutish to obtuse, not changing after anthesis;
filaments slightly exceeding the perianth segments, at base connate and
adnate to perianth, subulate from triangular base, the base of inner
segments half as broad again; ovary sessile, scabrous. June-July.

Stony slopes in the upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
Endemic. Described from Bal'dzhuan.

211

Zick

217. A. giganteum Rel. in Gartenfl. (1883) 97, t. 1113.— Ai procerum
Trautv. in A.H.P. IX (1884) 274.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 4-6 cm thick; tunics rather numerous, grayish-
brown, splitting; scape robust, 80-150 cm long, rather inconspicuously
nerved; leaves lorate, glaucous, 5-10 cm broad, smooth, one-third to
one-half as long as the scape; spathe half as long as the umbel, short-
beaked; umbel spherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels subequal,

5 times the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate
perianth, light violet, obscurely nerved, 5 mm long, elliptic, obtuse, not
changing after anthesis; filaments about half as long again as perianth
segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, subulate from triangular
base, the base of inner filaments half as broad again; ovary subsessile,
scabrous; capsule subglobose, ca. 4 mm in diameter. April-May.

Loose-textured slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:

Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al. (S. ). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from vicinity
of Merv (?). Type in Leningrad.

218. A. Trautvetterianum Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 661, t. XXI, f. a-b.

Perennial; bulb ovoid-globose, 2-3 cm thick; tunics grayish, almost
papery; scape 50-60 cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 2,
lanceolate, 2-3 cm broad, smooth-margined, much shorter than the scape;
spathe one-half to two-thirds as long as the umbel; umbel spherical, densely
many-flowered; pedicels equal, 3-5 times the length of perianth, immersed
at base in the thickened spongy top of the scape, ebracteolate; segments of
the stellate perianth light violet (?), obscurely nerved, 7-10 mm long,
elliptic, obtuse, subcoriaceous after anthesis; filaments slightly shorter
than perianth segments, at base connate and adnate to perianth, subulate
from triangular base, the base of inner filaments half as broad again; ovary
short-stipitate, scabrous. May.

Mottled outcrops (?).— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Ak-su, Tut-kaul).
Endemic. Described from Bal'dzhuan. Type in Leningrad.

219. A. Schubertii Zucc. in Abh. Miinch. Acad. III (1843) 234, t. III,

f; 1: Boisse FIROr. V (1884) 278) —A®b unc hiaeaemml Rel) invAGE. P.
VIII (1884) 660, t. XX, f. a-c.— Exs.: HFAM No. 64.

Perennial; bulb globose, 2-3 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery; scape
stumpy, 10-30 cm long; leaves linear-lanceolate, 6-30 mm broad, crisp,
glaucous, scabrous-margined, slightly exceeding the scape; spathe much
shorter than the umbel, the beak very short; umbel spherical, rarely
hemispherical, very closely many-flowered; pedicels commonly very
unequal, fruiting 1-10 cm long, sterile 2-20 cm long, clavately thickened
at the end especially in fruit, ebracteolate; segments of the stellate perianth
whitish or rosy, with a green or dingy purple nerve, 4-8 mm long, linear-
lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish, rigid after anthesis, obliquely
ascending; filaments of sterile flowers two-thirds as long as perianth
segments, those of fertile flowers two-thirds as long as to equaling
the perianth segments, in sterile flowers connate and adnate to perianth
to 1/3—-1/2, in fertile to 1/6, subulate from dilated subequal bases; ovary
subsessile; capsule ca. 4mm long. May-June. (Plate XVI, Figure 2, a).

Gravelly slopes in the lower mountain zone and sands.— Centr. Asia:
Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz. K., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: E. Med.
Described from Palestine.

212

276

yet

220, AQveaspium (Pall ) Nh. By) Pl staur.-caue..11)(1808).2657 Labi Fl:
ROSS? Iva hee gohimalio (Piel, 491s Crinum caisipiwme Pali. GReise. . .
II (1773) 736, t.Q.—Amaryllis caspia Willd. Sp. pl. II (1799) 62.—
A. baissunense Lipsky in A.H.P. XVIII (1900) 140.—Ic.: Fl. Yugo-
Vost. III (1929) Figure 183.— Exs.: HFAM No. 333.

Perennial; bulb globose, 2—4.5 mm in diameter; tunics papery, nearly
black; scape stumpy, 10-30 cm long; leaves 1-3, ranging from linear or
linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 5-25 mm broad, not exceeding the
scape, the cartilaginous margin scabrous or smooth; spathe one-third as
long as the umbel; umbel fasciculate, often hemispherical or spherical,
rather locsely many-flowered; pedicels 2-4 or more times the length of
perianth segments, up to 15 cm long, ebracteolate; segments of the
campanulate perianth dingy greenish-violet or rarely whitish, 5-11 mm
oblong to oblong-oval, rarely lanceolate, obtuse, the inner sometimes
crenate, upto half as broad again as the outer, not changing after anthesis;
filaments violet or rarely white, half as broad again as perianth segments,
toothless, at base connate and adnate to perianth, subequal, linear-subulate
from enlarged base: ovary smooth, short-stipitate; capsule obovoid,
ca. 4mm in diameter.

Sandy deserts and sands in areas of mottled outcrops. — European part:
ive weaulcasus: Cisc.,, Dac, Centr. Asia: Ar! -Casps picyz- Wie utara
Mtn. Turkm. (Kushkinskii River), Syr D., Amu D., Pam.-Al. (SW).
Endemic. Described from deserts adjacent to the Caspian.

Note. It is very likely that A. baissunensis Lipsky could be
separated as a white-flowered local race with very restricted distribution,
but for this more observations under natural conditions are needed.

221. A. darvasicum Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 659, tab. VII, f. a-e.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-2 cm thick; tunics grayish, papery; scape
(10)-—20-30-(50) cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 1 or 2,
linear to narrowly linear, 4-20 mm broad, more or less scabrous-
margined, slightly shorter to slightly longer than the scape; spathe
acuminate, two-thirds as long to slightly shorter than the umbel; -umbel
fasciculate-hemispherical or hemispherical, relatively many -flowered,
dense; pedicels equal, slightly shorter than to half as long again as perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth white, with
a green nerve, 8-11 mm long, linear-oblong, commonly acute, the outer
halfas broad again, withering after anthesis; filaments half as long as
perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 3/5-2/3, nearly distinct
above, triangular, the inner 3 times as broad as and slightly longer
than the outer; ovary-short-stipitate; capsule subglobose, ca. 5mm in
diameter. June-July.

Loose-textured slopes in the middle and upper mountain zones. — Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. (SE). Endemic. Described from Darvaz: Kuh-i-frush.
Type in Leningrad.

222, A. Winklerianum Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 661; Rgl. in A.H.P.
X (1887) 354.

Perennial; bulb globose, 0.75-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, commonly
papery; scape 15-40-(100) cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves
1-2-(4), linear to narrowly linear, 5-25 mm broad, smooth or at margin

213

278

and on the veins beneath scabrous, shorter than the scape; spathe acuminate,
half as long as to slightly shorter than the umbel; umbel fasciculate-
hemispherical or hemispherical, densely many-flowered; pedicels commonly
equal, slightly shorter than to half as long again (or twice as long) as
perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth
rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 7-10-(13) mm long, linear -oblong,
commonly obtuse, the outer half as broad again, withering after anthesis;
filaments half as long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth
to 1/2-—2/3, nearly distinct above, triangular, twice as broad as and slightly
longer than the outer; ovary short-stipitate; capsule subglobose, ca. 5mm
in diameter. May-July. (Plate XVI, Figure 3, a).

Loose-textured slopes in the middle and upper mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al., T. Sh. (Fergana Range). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash.
Described from ''West Turkestan''. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A polymorphic species which, like A. darvasicum, needs
more study. Particularly distinctive are samples collected by Lipskii at
Sary-socho Pass. They have very unequal pedicels (up to 5 cm long) and
filaments adnate to perianth to somewhat higher up.

223. A. cupuliferum Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 234.—Ic.: Rl. Fgl. turk.
(@SIG)Rt. XV, 54 — oe

Perennial; bulb globose, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery,
enclosing (always?) a large yellowish lustrous slenderly nerved bulblet;
scape 30-50 cm long, ribbed by prominent nerves; leaves 1-3,
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-30 mm broad, scabrous or smooth-
margined, much shorter than the scape (down to half its length);
spathe short-acuminate, much shorter than the umbel; umbel fasciculate
or hemispherical, very loosely few-flowered; pedicels unequal, 2-6 times
the length of perianth, ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate
perianth rosy-violet, with a darker nerve, 10-15 mm long, linear-oblong,
obtuse, the outer half as broad again, withering after anthesis; filaments
half as long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to 2/3
their length, unitedto 1/3 above, triangular, the inner half as broad again
and twice as long as the outer; ovary stipitate; capsule subglobose, 7 mm
in diameter. May.

Stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam. Al. (Nura-tau, Dzhizmanskoe Ravine,
Andak, Tamerlanovy Vorota), Turkestan Range (Kuduk-sai), T. Sh.
(Kaplanbek). Endemic. Described from Dzhizmanskoe Ravine. Type in
Leningrad.

224." A. Regelii Trautv. in’A.H. P) 1X (1884) 275'.—"A. cupuliferum
var. Regelii O. Kntze in A.H.P. X (1887) 292.— AY Late? Aiteh. ef
Bak. in Trans. Linn. Soc. IIT (1888) 117.— Exs.: HFAM No. 179.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1-2 cm in diameter; tunics papery to
subcoriaceous, blackish, splitting; scape 30-70 cm long; leaves 2 or 3,
linear-lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 cm broad, more or less scabrous-margined;
spathe one-third to one-half as long as the umbel, short-acuminate; umbels
(1) 2 or 3 (4), one above the other, fasciculate, rarely hemispherical,
loosely few-flowered; pedicels 2—3 times the length of perianth,
ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate perianth rose, delicate,
withering after anthesis and becoming somewhat twisted, acutish, the outer
about twice as broad; filaments half as long as perianth segments, connate

214

aS)

and adnate to perianth to 3/5 their length, united for half the length of the
free part, the inner triangular, broader and much longer than the outer;
ovary sessile; capsule broadly ovoid, 7-8 mm in diameter. May-June.

Sand deserts and gravelly slopes in the lower mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Kara K. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Ashkhabad.

Note. Trautvetter doubted whether A. Regelii had been collected
in Akhal-teke or in Karabakh. It is now certain that this species does not
occur in the flora of the Caucasus.

22a awe aliense shel, im Bull soc: Wat.) Wose. XE al (1868) 452.—Ic.:
Ee fucks (howe) tx vert. G=10%

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-2 cm in diameter; tunics blackish-brown,
papery; scape 15-35 cm in diameter, fairly slender; leaves linear-
lanceolate, more or less crisp-margined, 7-20 mm broad, about equaling
the scape; spathe much shorter than the umbel, short-acuminate; umbel
6—-30-flowered, fasciculate or rarely hemispherical, very loose; pedicels
unequal, 2-10 cm long, ebracteolate; segments of the narrowly campanulate
perianth violet-rose, with dingy green nerve, 10-15 mm long, acutish,
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, the outer slightly broader than to half as
broad again as the inner, erect after anthesis; filaments two-fifths to
one-half as long as perianth segments, connate and adnate to perianth to
3/5-2/3, united for half the length of the free part, the inner triangular
broader and much longer than the outer; ovary short-stipitate; capsule
subglobose, 6 mm in diameter. May.

Gravelly slopes in the lower mountain zone, sands, mottled outcrops. —
Cente Asia: © Ar,-Casp.'(SE"part), Balkay, Mt. Durkm: seam Al @ (Alla
Range), T.Sh. (Mogol-tau). Endemic. Described from the Ili River.

Type in Leningrad.

Section 8. CALLOSCORDUM (Herbert) Baker in Journ. Bot. III (1874)
290.—Calloscordum Herbert in Bot. Reg. XXX (1844) 66.— Bulb
solitary, without rhizome, globose; leaf sheaths buried in the soil; pedicels
bracteolate; perianth segments 1-nerved; filaments entire, adnate to
perianth for half their length.

226. A. nerinifolium Baker in Journ. Bot. III (1874) 290.—
Calloscordum nerinifolium Herbert in Bot. Reg. XXX (1844) 67.—
Aedihunbelr si d/Rielsin: ATER. WW(1875) 234:non Dong de: yiBet. Reg.
XXXIII (1847) t. 5.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1-2 cm thick; tunics blackish, papery; scape
10-25 cm long, slender, often flexuous, prominently nerved, sometimes
2 from one bulb; leaves 2-6, narrowly linear, ca. 1 mmbroad, canaliculate,
smooth, shorter than the umbel; spathe much shorter than the umbel,
acuminate; umbel fasciculate or fasciculate-spherical, relatively few-
flowered, very loose; pedicels unequal, many times the length of perianth
(up to 10'cm long), subtendedby bracteolate; segments of the campanulate
perianth rosy-violet, with a prominent darker nerve, 6-8 mm long, linear-
oblanceolate, acute, united to 1/3 their length; filaments half as long as the
perianth segments, united to the middle, subulate; ovary sessile. July-
August.

ZAI)

280

Dry slopes.— E. Siberia: Dau. (rare). Gen. distr.: Mong., Jap.-Ch.
Described from Chusan.

Section 9. NECTAROSCORDUM (Lindl.) Gren. et Godr. Fl. Fran. III
(1855-56) 212. Nectaroscordum Lindl. in Bot. Reg. IX (1836)
t.1913.— Bulb solitary, without rhizome; leaves destitute of aerial sheath,
except the long-sheathing uppermost leaf; spathe deciduous; pedicels
discoidally enlarged below the flower; perianth segments 3—-7-nerved.

227. A. tripedale Trautv. in Tr. SPB. Bot. Sada (A.H.P.) II (1873) 485;
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 284.

Perennial; bulb globose, ca. 1.5 cm thick; scape 50-90 cm long,
enveloped to 1/4-1/3 by the sheath of the uppermost leaf; leaves slender,
delicate, 1-1.5 cm broad; spathe deciduous; umbel fasciculate, relatively
many-flowered, rather dense; pedicels unequal, 2-4 times the length of
perianth, with a slightly developed disk below the flower; segments of the
campanulate perianth white, reddish on the back, 12-15 mm long, deciduous,
acute, the inner ovate, abruptly clawed, much broader than the oblong
outer segments; filaments about one-third as long as perianth segments;
style included. June.

Rock crevices.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Isti-su in Daralagez. Type in Leningrad.

228. A. Dioscoridis Sibth. et Sm. Prodr. Fl. Graec. I (1806) 222.—
Nectaroscordum siculum var. Dioscoridis Boiss. Fl. Or. V
(1884) 286.—N. siculum Shmal'g., Fl. 11 (1897) 495.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics blackish,
subcoriaceous; scape 70-125 cm long, smooth, covered to 1/3-1/2 with the
sheath of the nearly bladeless uppermost leaf; leaves 3 or 4, linear,

1-1.5 cm broad, carinate, glabrous, smooth, about half as long as the
scape; spathe deciduous; umbel fasciculate, relatively few-flowered, rather
loose; pedicels unequal, 2-4 times the length of perianth, enlarged into

a disk below the flower, ebracteolate; segments of the broadly campanulate
perianth white suffused with greenish-red, red-nerved, 12-15 mm long,
acute, the inner broadly ovate, abruptly-clawed, much broader than the
oblong outer segments; filaments half as long as perianth, subulate; style
included. May.

Shady woods.— European part: Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described
from Asia Minor.

Subfamily L. Lilioideae ENGL.

Bulbose plants; flowers in a terminal raceme (sometimes solitary);
perianth with distinct or united segments; anthers commonly introrse;
capsule loculicidal.

1. Flowers relatively large; perianth segments distinct; capsule cells
many-seeded; flowers solitary or in a terminal raceme; cauline leaves

1 to many, sometimes in whorls, but mostly spirally arranged (Group

PP UEV OS Ve) ws tie ee ee ces cee Se ae ne eee Pen eo a er an

216

2 Te 4

+ ©

13.

14.

Flowers relatively small; perianth segments mostly united, rarely
distinct; capsule cells 2- or rarely many-seeded; flowers in racemes

OrisGlutary, always oorne on leatlesS scapes etre. ese em 8.
Anthers attached to filaments near the middle; perianth funnelform,

in many species the segments strongly recurved.... 268. Lilium L.
sav ONIAVEATG Shu OVS ISLI SRS Ci wells ile ae pitch alread bese. 8 Sieh aca tek patti mae Wardha A oy
Flowers campanulate with erect segments or rarely infundibular-
ETA O RANT LSS he hes daisut lle ih acd reams” chiles RSM lel ate te lied biel ina eit sae 4.
Perianth segments strongly recurved or infundibular to stellate.... 7.
Flower erect; perianth segments destitute of nectaries, often witha
GNamOMGR CALMS Mere erect eitee Mec ete ate is TOS whine st as 22. wualipa, 1,
MiowersmGrenOr less OGIO . Fr ss Son ft a eerie a Maas Weer a wl Sele on

Bulb ota single scale; nectaries prolonged into a furrow”) 7 2s:
ihe chal tl cn lace mie ASO a Soh a a a ae 269. Korolkowia Rel.

Bulb of 2 or several scales; nectaries pit-shaped or spur-shaped... 6.
IN Crcaoy SOU SIAC C gk Mer ef ea meee al ese 270. Rhinopetalum Fisch.
INGCLay Oval Oe belamoular '. won sy yat whe soe ve ew rene ar 271. Fritillaria L.

Perianth segments narrow, united at base into a short tube, recurved
from the middle or from base; stembearing 2 petiolate ovate or broadly

TEC eOlabe WOES rhe ates mae ca ede eles oe ale te velar 273. Erythronium L.
Perianth segments erect, lanceolate; small plants with grasslike

TL SES Shoplet Sy al Sh Sale aN ae 274. Lloydia Salisb.
Perianth segments distinct or united merely at base ........... OF
lEteyerl Evan aurslSyen eae alasinb hall (exo Mean seed mer e en cos Sri SneHte alee rane vein ovis t aVigentir Or

Filaments filiform or dilated at base; perianth segments 1-nerved.
EE Ne eee te cr ter ie ers Coes cage ae tea ita tae Zo Cilla Ie.
Filaments flat; perianth segments many-nerved (may be obscurely

CAREC cL peie ter eT te cent tine ea Ne cee ae 276. Ornithogalum L.
Divisions of perianth longer than the campanulate tube; stamens

SC ORC cee ton tee Aes et use. ec tamen cn. Shue. ears 277. Puschkinia Adams.
Divisions Otsperianth shorter tham the tube)... oo. 4 «6 see ae ne Ge Ld
Peéerianth tunnelform, the segments distinetly toothed 7 7’... 3... 12s
Perianth urceolate, with entire or slightly dissected margin..... 14.

Perianth tubular-campanulate; inflorescence terminating in an erect
cluster of sterile flowers; leaf margin often cartilaginous ciliate.
cectinitentni(t abl tab tile Crag A ache O° Able taha Beal ih Ne Meet 278. Bellevallia Lapeyr.
Perianth funnelform or campanulate-funnelform; inflorescence
terminating in a single fertile flower; leaf margin soft......... 1B,
Divisions of perianth about as long as the tube; stamens unseriate.

“PSS Tented, Ei ciiR Seibe hehe G8 ae Sli ele hee eM dtp 279. Hyacinthus Tourn.
Divisions of perianth one-third the length of tube; stamens biseriate.
eee ei eT an, Sage ae eee ere. eel aie te ea a ore 280. Hyacintella Schur.
Sterile flowers conspicuously different from the fertile; perianth
zygomorphic, the outer segments with hornlike projections.........
281. Leopoldia Parlat.
Hilowers untorm, horn shaped, without projections"... 202"... 15.
Perianth enlarged toward base, with 6 stellately arranged projections
in upper part, constricted below the projections and segments into a

iG VIVAL OW, EMECOAL ate) velista eo aye pan ay a) © Je) 20a (in 282. Muscarimia Kostel.
Perianth broadest in middle part, constricted at throat, with 6 reflexed
SOMMPCTES | rosie ep aimts Val nt ay cere opel es Uae st are (anti ne oa, 283. Muscari Tourn.

27

283

Genus 268. LILIUM* L.**
Gen. pl. (1731) 410; Sp. pl. (1753) 302.

Perianth deciduous, funnelform to subcampanulate, in section
Martagon very open with reflexed segments; perianth segments rather
long-clawed, the claws bearing rather long chink-shaped often fringed
nectaries; stamens 6, shorter than perianth; filaments filiform, often
slightly flattened; anthers linear, dorsifixed, versatile; ovary sessile,
narrow, 3-loculed; style elongate, with a thick capitate 3-lobed stigma;
capsule oblong, membranous or coriaceous, loculicidal; seeds numerous,
flat, broadly oboval, with often margin testa; bulb often rhizomatous; stems
erect, leafy, simple or rarely branched near apex. Genus type
ia © eiiavclitcttian Ibe

Subgenus I. EULIRION Rchb. Consp. Veget. (1828) 65.— Bulb perennial,
scaly; leaves sessile or short-petioled, relatively narrow, broadest about
the middle, with parallel or rarely reticulate venation; perianth segments,
not saccate at base; style not elongating anthesis.

1. Flowers erect, funnelform or saucer-shaped; perianth segments
broadest above the middle, slightly reflexed at tips (Section

Ste uGeonleiniepig TY) ite cul GEE st. UA SRORAL. RRO TRUE. LP ee, ee Das
+ Flowers nodding or pendulous; perianth segments often strongly
WESUIEVIS ya ee dl cc By ah a RL ec Ta Cleo) poco 2 teat ie Ae aro orl A 4.

2. Raceme many-flowered; flowers white, short-infundibular, fragrant.
Ate AWA A Ee A ape ce SN LE RR cs Be OS AS MN 1. L. candidum L.

7 wiacenienl Sa -tlowermed ss tlowers Oransevoriged.. scarcely i taceanine a meee
3. Stems relatively robust, ribbed, at base of flowers white-floccose;

MMO Were Sedat Shy satire Fitts Bis oa ues wea A 2. L. dahuricum Ker-Gawl.
+ Stems slender, smooth; flowers smaller..... 3. L. pulchellum Fisch.
4. Leaves on the middle part of the stem distinctly verticillate ....... 5.
wei: Heaviess alternate meits. «civ wah Celle ees, ABE oo Sheds nao o hae en Ne Ms Ti
Jat Hlowersull acvOnricher Gy -FOSCwaa 1m fiene syed oh eee 4. L. martagon L.
% eilowerssyellowvom redding Aue aals fae Soe ee ae 5) 6.
6. Flowers light red, forming a subcorymbose or umbellate terminal

itl ORESCEMCCR, Gallas (SVS, | meee, 5. L. avenaceum Fisch.
ee

Flowers yellowish-red or yellow, spotted, forming araceme ........
RMR eer =) MOINS chelsea a st Noa cep on) od ee eM SRLS acs 6. L. distichum Nakai.

PloweGsmyellowsag yellowlsh=whtte)..) cas 40 2.5 © 2 ict sles ect ue eeee ie,
8. Rhizome creeping, with several bulbs; leaves to 1 cm broad; flowers
conspicuously spotted, larse, up to 12 eman diameter .9) 2.55 cae
Smee eck BRS eae EF ie Meme ERE RE ee ee ay Ra Toa ete 7. L. Maximoviczii Rel.
Bulb solitary, without lateral offshoots; leaves sublinear, crowded about
thesmuiddilc ot the, stem; flowers 4—6 emi diameter. a... 5 4) eee ie
9. Bracts paired, callous-tipped; leaves broadly linear; flowers light red.
aia GWS ang R by cute AEM Pepe cats. aay Takied Beat can crabat eg yeg a 8. L. callosum Sieb. et Zucc.
Bracts solitary, acuminate, or absent; leaves crowded about the middle
OLithe stent, warrowly. linear. 4 ees sewer Micke eet, ATC ee ere eae OR

From the Latin name of the genus.
Arranged by V.L. Komarov.

He

218

284

10. Leaves obscurely denticulate-margined, papillose beneath; flowers
bright red, inodorous, not speckled or with very few speckles.
Scan A eT Pte ROAR, BPN Ree ERO Ms Sen u Loui SF 1S ichy,
je heaves palepilaer aromatic, dark violetaspeekled: entire, 5... 2...
SC Oa oe ht, / ae eek ie ee ene remem AP SS 10. L. cernuum Kom.
11. Flowers nearly white, with dark red speckles; anthers pale yellow;
leaves’ labrous, wiarrowly lineage ariGrVieCnmr nmiiy. le eendt. vlan er ble.
de tio tad tes GSM ey met ielsset cy SNL ad) ate eR eas ARR Cac ARE 11. L. Ledebourii Boiss.
Flowers pale or bright yellow; leaves mostly pubescent beneath... . 12.
12. Perianth segment 3.5-4 cm long, 6-7 mm broad, ciliate-margined,
bright yellow, with numerous black dots; filaments papillose; anthers

red; stem rather slender, glabrous...... 12. 1. ponticunin€. Tisoeh.
" paoaiges Eis) Sst Shel SUG Io SOM RE nee og aati?) i a a A ES 2 PL RARE MO T° JMC ce 13.
13. Flowers stramineous; perianth segments ca. 8.5 cm long; anthers

reddish-brown; leaves lanceolate ....13. L. Kesselringianum Miscz.
= lowers bright yellow, perianth sersments proaderee.) las) in esna 14.

14. Perianth segments not narrowed toward base; stamens united into a
tube or distinct below the middle, flat in lower part; anthers yellow.
AN a ner emis MEADE AP Tee BRR PN PGE RELAY 4, OO E, 14. L. monadelphum M.B.
+ Perianth segments narrowed toward base; stamens distinct; filaments
terete’ tortmiquetrousswantherns! reeds. 1) as My RU Ue Tn eee se

Section 1. LEUCOFILIRION Wilson, Lil. East. As. (1925) 17.— White
lilies. — Flower tubular or saucer-shaped; flowers horizontal or nodding,
rarely ascending; perianth segments falcately upturned; stamens not
divergent.

1) ecandidum Evsp. pl! (17539302; “Ldb rw eRoss. 1V, 172. — Ic: :
Elwes. Monogr. Lil. tab.; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. tab. 445.

Perennial, smooth throughout; bulb large, ovaloid, yellowish; basal
leaves 6-8, wintering, oblanceolate; stem erect, stout, 0.6-1.2 cm long,
with evenly distributed leaves; leaves alternate, the lower approximate
drooping oblanceolate hairy-margined subobtuse, the upper appressed
lanceolate acute progressively narrower; raceme short, pyramidal,
bracteate; pedicels erect, nutant at the ends, often bracteolate; perianth
pure white, broadly funnelform; segments oblanceolate, narrowed into
petiole, falcate in upper third, obtuse; anthers and pollen pale yellow;
style as long as perianth; capsule obovoid. June-July.

Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal.: cultivated in the USSR and, since ancient
times, throughout the Mediterranean region. Described from cultivated
specimens, with indication of origin from Palestine and Syria. According
to Boissier (Fl. Or. V, 173), growing wild in the mountains of Lebanon.
Type in London.

Economic importance. Ornamental and aromatic, used medicinally
against burns, and nectariferous.

219

(285)

Plate X VII

1. Lilium dahuricum Ker.-Gawl.: la) bulb; 1b) bulb scale with reproduction bud.— 2. L.acenaceum
Fisch.: 2a) leaf whorl; 2b) flower.— 3. L. monadelphum M.B., stamens.— 4. L. pulchellum Fisch.—
do. L. tenuifolium Fisch.; 5a) bulb.— 6. L. Ledebouri Boiss.— 7. L. callosum Sieb. et Zucc.;

Ta) bulb.

220

2

2

87

88

Section 2. PSEUDOLIRIUM Wilson, Lil. East. As. (1925) 50.— False
lilies. — Flower erect, vase-shaped or stellate; inner perianth segments
broadest above the middle, clawed, slightly twisted at tips; stamens
divergent.

2. L. dahuricum Ker.-Gawl. in Bot. Mag. XXX (1809), tab. 1210.—

i) spect ab ele links: Bhum:. tis ABerol. 1821 )821; iLdbjs wl Ross iv,
twa tuncs. Bis baics=dah. G1). 21.3,./—-Layp's\eu dioudiah u rich nea: -et is.
Fedossejev in Delectus H.B. Jur. (1899) 45.— L. bulbiferum et
bulbosum Pall. Reise III, 231, 320, 253, 255.—Ic.: Elwes, Mon. Lil.
tab. 21; Rgl. Gartenflora tab. 349.—

Perennial; bulb white, rounded, 2.5-4 cm long; bulb scales imbricated,
lanceolate, acute, jointed about the middle; stem 30-120 cm long, erect,
sparsely floccose, often glabrescent in age, or 5-20 cm long (var.
alpinum Kusen.); leaves sessile, smooth or white-floccose, narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, 10-25 mm broad or 3-10 mm broad
(var. angustifolium Litw.), ascending, rather appressed to stem;
flowers erect, open, solitary (var. alpinum Kus. et al.) or 2-6, forming
a kind of umbel (L. umbellatum Hort.) or a short raceme, the outer
side of buds and pedicels often profusely pubescent or occasionally glabrous;
perianth segments oboval-spatulate to oblanceolate, orange-red to sanguine,
with yellow claws, 3-6 or upto 8 cm long, more or less spotted; nectaries
smooth or often densely fringed throughout (var. costatum Rgl.);
filaments glabrous; pollen red; capsule erect, oblong-obovaloid, 4-5 cm
long, 2 cm across, obtusely angled, flat-topped. June-July. (Plate XVII,
Figure 1, a,b).

Wet lowland meadows, forest glades, coppices, grassy slopes, etc. —
E. Siberia: Yen.,, Ang.-Say., Lena-Kol., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.,
Sakh., Okh., Kamch. Gen. distr.: N. Mong., Manch., Korea. Described
from Dauria. Type in. London.

Economic importance: Ornamental; bulb and flowers edible.

3. L. pulchellum Fisch. in Fisch., Mey et Avé Lall. Ind. Sem. H.
Petrop. VI (1889) 56; Ldb. Ross. 1V, 152; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 213.—
L. concolor var. pulchellum Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXV (1876) 354. —
Ic.: Elwes, Monogr. Lil. tab. 18, f.1; Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast.
Dal'nevost. Kr. I, Plate 115 (sub L. concolor Salisb.). — Exs.: HFR
No. 1938, 2381.

Perennial; bulb white, ovaloid, ca. 2 cm long; bulb scales few, tightly
closed, oval to oval-lanceolate; stems slender, erect, smooth, green,
25-60 cm long; leaves sessile, linear, 2-7 cm long, 3-6 mm broad, acute,
appressed to stem; flowers erect, stellate, light red or rarely yellow
(f. okihime Wilson), solitary or rarely several; perianth segments
slightly pubescent outside or glabrous, lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm long and
5-10 mm broad, obtuse and callous-tipped; nectaries smooth; stamens
shorter than perianth, with smooth filaments; anthers the color of perianth,
6-7 mm long; capsule oblong-ovaloid, 1.5-2 cm long, obtusely angled,
flat-topped. June-July. (Plate XVII, Figure 4).

Riverside meadows, meadow sloples, and scrub.— E. Siberia: Dau.;
Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Gen. distr.: Manchuria and N. Korea. Described
from Dauria.

Economic importance: Ornamental. Bulbs edible.

apa |

289

Section MARTAGON Wilson, Lil. East. As. (1925) 61.— Crisp or
martagon lilies. — Flowers nodding; perianth segments recurved, broadest
about the middle; stamens divergent.

4. ik. martagon’ li @Sp.p!). (1753) 303; Edo. PlaiRoces IV. 149):
Shimalite,, jl Wes 0S> iurez 6 Hl joaiet-cdalaell,, “2i2 alana onvlio Siena see ju lui ran
(Freyn) Miscz. in Trav. Musée bot. Acad. Petrop. VIII (1910) 192.—
leas Rehber ice) bil tGerm eG stab. 45) te 9605 pales 0 Niketan
61 — sexs yy EER INOW 23 1G, e2ail0 =

Vernacular names: Russian: tsarskie kudri (Tsar's curls), liliya
turetskaya (Turkish lily); Georgian: uronali; Armenian: lerna-shushan;
Tatarian: sarishen; Siberian: saranka.

Perennial; bulb golden-yellow, ovoid, to 5 cm long; stem erect,

30-60 cm long, terete, glabrous, or scabrous by short hairs (var.
pubescens Beck. andvar. pilosiusculum Freyn), green or red-
spotted; leaves in a whorl of 5 or 6 or more at the middle of stem, elliptic-
lanceolate, alternate and shorter above; inflorescence a raceme; flowers
5-10 or solitary, nodding; perianth segments oblong, 3-3.5 cm long,
recurved upward, light purple (vineous red), dark-spotted, sparsely covered
with arachnoid hairs (var. pilosiusculum Freyn) or glabrous; stamens
with purplish-violet stigmas; style twice the length of ovary; capsule
6-angled, sharply ribbed, obovoid, 2.5-3 cm long. June-July.

Forest glades, thinned coniferous and mixed forests, birch woods, stony
mounds, slopes, and subalpine meadows. — European part: U.V., M.V.,
U. and M. Dnp., L. Don, Bl., Urals; Caucasus: W. Transc.*; W. Siberia:
Ob (to 59° Ne lat.)) Irt., Alt.7 EB. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Lenacikoell,)) Dau
Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Italy, Balkans, N. Mong. Described from
Hungary, Switzerland, Siberia, and Leipzig. Type in London.

Economic importance. Bulbs edible in fresh condition and dried; used
in fodder, in medicine (vesicant, diuretic, wound healing); nectariferous;
bulbs yield a black dye; ornamental.

5. L. avenaceum Fisch. in Gartenfl. XIV (1865) 290. —
L. medeoloides A. Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. VI (1859) 415; Wilson
Lil. of East. Asia 90.— L. maculatum Baker in Journ. Hort. Soc.
Lond. IV (1877) 45.—Ic.: Elwes, Monog. Lilium tab. 35; Maxim. in
Gartenfl. l.c., tab. 485.

Vernacular names: Russian: sarana ovsyanka; Japanese: kuruma-iuri.

Perennial; bulb white, rounded, 125—2.5 cm lonevand)2=2.5)enein
diameter; bulb scales numerous, oblong-lanceolate, fleshy; stems to
1 m long, smooth, leafless below, with 1 or rarely 2 leaf whorls above and
then several alternate leaves; verticillate leaves up to 15 in the whorl,
oblong-linear to broadly lanceolate, up to 17 cm long; raceme
1-10-flowered; pedicels nutant; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate; perianth
segments initially erect, at length reflexed, orange or light red, with
almost black spots, lanceolate, 3-4.5 cm long; nectaries obscurely fringed
or not fringed; stamens shorter than perianth, smooth; anthers ca. 1 cm
long, the color of perianth; capsule obconical, 1.5-2 cm long, 1.5 cm in
diameter, flat-topped, angled. July-August. (Plate XVII, Figure 2, a,b).

* The single specimen which we have from Mount Apianga near Sukhumi (Yu.N. Voronov), with very broad
oboval and slightly cuspidate leaves, may be the type of a distinct species, but it is insufficient for
description.

1920 222

290

Solitary or in groups in forest glades and in the shade of woods, among
shrubthickets, andin high mountain meadows.— Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.,
Uda, Sakh., Okh., Kamch. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from
Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Bulb edible (cooked); bulb scales characteristically constricted
at 3/4 their length, the upper ovaloid point part resembling a cereal grain,
hence the Russian name ''ovsyanka'' [oves, oats].

6. L. distichum Nakai apud Kamibayashi, Chosen Yuri Dzukai (1915)
t. 7 et in Tokyo Bot. Mag. XXXI (1917) 6; Wilson Lil. of East. Asia 89.—
Lig male de ol ot dies, -Palibinein A.H.jP. XTX (19.01 )143). non Grays:
i, Hams onii Kom. ib., XxX (1901) 457.nonMeichtling — Ic. Kom .et
Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I, Plate 113.

Perennial; bulb white, broadly ovaloid, 2-3 cm long and 2.5-3 cm in
diameter, not compact; bulb scales cuspidate, usually jointed; stem to
1 m long, slightly ribbed, obscurely bristly below the leafwhorl, leafless
or with 1 or 2 minute leaves above; verticillate leaves 5-20, oblong-
lanceolate to oboval-lanceolate, 5-15 cm long, 1-4 cm broad, slightly
cartilaginous-margined; flowers inodorous, pale orange, with dark spots,
nodding, solitary or in a raceme of up to 6 or even 8 flowers; perianth
segments recurved, divergent, lanceolate, 3-5 cm long; nectaries not
fringed; stamens smooth; anthers ca. 1 cm long, the color of perianth;
capsule broad, ca. 2 cm long, with winged ribs and flat top. July-August.

Broad-leaved forests. — Far East: Uss. (only S.). Gen. distr.: Korea,
Manchuria. Described from Korea. Type in Tokyo.

* L. Hansonii Leichtlin apud Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1874)

245; Wilson Lil. East. Asia 91.—Ic.: Elwes Monogr. Lil. tab. 34.

Differing from the preceding species in the large bulbs, 4-6 cm long;
stems with numerous whorls of leaves 10-18 cm long; flowers orange-
yellow, fragrant; capsule conspicuously 6-winged.

Reported by Maximovich for the coast of Vladivostok Bay. This cultivated
species actually originates from Island of Dazhelet or Ooringto in Sea of
Japan. Records of this species for Manchuria, Korea and Ussuri refer
in fact to L. distichum Nakai.

7. L. Maximoviczii Rgl. Suppl. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1868) 26.—
L. Leichtliniivar. Maximoviczii Baker in Gard. Chron. (1871)
1422.—L. tigrinum Kom. in A.H.P. XX (1901) 453, ex parte (non
Gawl.).—Ic.: Elwes Monogr. Lil., tab. 40, f. 1; Rgl. Gartenfl. XVII,
322etabs. 596).

Perennial; bulbs solitary or with ropy underground rhizome bearing
1-5 small distinct bulbs 2-4 cm in diameter; bulbs globose; bulb scales
few, thick, strongly convex, round or [?] jointless; young bulbs with only 2
outer scales; stems erect, robust, 1-1.3 cm long, smooth; leaves
alternate, oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute, 7-14 cm long,

9-16 mm broad, the upper ones shorter and sessile, all 3-7-nerved,
smooth, the margin minutely papillose; flowers 1-3, often solitary,
inodorous, red with dark spots, to 9 cm in diameter; perianth segments

to 8.5 mm long; the claws strongly twisted in upper part; nectaries fringed;
anthers large, blackish-purple; style to 3.5 cm long, half as long again as
ovary; capsule obovaloid, almost smooth, flattened at top. August.

223

Riverside meadows, in small groups.— Far East: Uss. (only S. ).
Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Manchuria). Described from Manchuria. Type in
Leningrad. A rarity.

* L. tigrinum Ker-Gawl. in Bot. Mag. XXxXI (1810) tab. 1237; Wilson
Lil. East. Asia 73; Maxim. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou (1879) 62.—Ic.:
Elwes Monogr. Lil. tab. 38.

Perennial; bulb white, ovaloid, 4-7 cm long; stem 1-2 cm long, rather
densely covered with white arachnoid hairs; leaves 3-18 cm long and
0.5-1.5 em broad, 5-7-nerved, with almost black bulblets in axils; flowers
inodorous, bright orange-red, spotted; perianth segments 7-10 cm long
and 1-2.5 cm broad. July-September.

Most probably the most ancient of cultivated lilies. Originating from the
Jap.-Ch. region. Described from a specimen from Canton. Type in London.
Maximovich reported it as growing wild from Pos'et (Ussuri), where it
also grows nowadays in seminaturalized state.

Zo “heybulbiterum a.) sp. pl (1753) 302; Shimaillaig. Pie wi5no eles:
Rehbr tes hl Germice, taby to4e fy995-

Perennial; bulb white, ovoid; stem to 1 m long, hairy at base; leaves
linear-lanceolate, with bulbils in the axils, to 10 cm long; flowers ina
1-5-flowered umbellate inflorescence, erect; perianth campanulate-
funnelform, bright orange-red; nectaries fringed. July-August.

Grown in gardens, especially inthe Ukraine; may become naturalized.
Growing wild in mountain meadows. Centr. Eur. Described from N. Italy.
Type in London.

8. L. callosum Sieb. et Zucc. Fl. Jap. I (1839) 86, tab. 41; Wilson Lil.
East. Asia 87.— L. mandshuricum Gandoger Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. sér.
4, XIX (1919) 292.—Ic.: Elwes Monogr. Lil. tab. 41.— Exs.: HFR
No. 2382.

Japanese: ''no-hime-iuri".

Perennial; bulb white, semiglobose, 1.5-2.5 cm long and broad; scales
few, oval-lanceolate to lanceolate; stem slender, smooth, 30-80 cm long;
leaves alternate, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-13 cm long,

1-6 mm broad, often terminating in a callous hood; flowers inodorous,
red, nodding, solitary or in a sparse erect 2—9-flowered raceme; perianth
segments 1-1.5 cm long, initially erect, at length strongly twisted,

2.5-4 cm long, 5-8 mm broad, terminating in a rounded callosity;
nectaries pubescent-margined; pollen orange-red; capsule oblong-ovaloid,
3-4 cm long, 1.5-2 cm across, bluntly ribbed, truncate. July-August.
(Plate XVII, Figure 7, a).

Riverside meadows and meadow slopes.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from the vicinity of Nagasaki in Japan.

9. L. tenuifolium Fisch. in Hort. Gorenk. ed. 2 (1812) 8; Wilson Lil.
East. Asia 83; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 212; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 151.—
L. pumilum DC. in Redouté Lil. VII (1813) 378.— L. linifolium
Hornemann in Hort. Hafn. I (1813) 326.—Ic.: Elwes Monogr. Lil. tab. 42.—
Exs.: HFR No. 1939, 2380.

224

292

293

Perennial; bulb white, narrowly ovaloid, 2.5-4 cm long, 1.5-4 cm broad;
stem slender, smooth or rough by short hairs, 18-80 cm long; leaves
numerous, linear, gather on the upper part of stem, upright, 3-10 cm long,
1-3 mm broad, slightly revolute, obscurely denticulate, prominently
1-nerved and minutely papillose beneath; flowers faintly aromatic, nodding,
in bud smooth or slightly pubescent, bright red, spotless or nearly so,
solitary or in a 2-6-flowered raceme; pedicels 2-5 cm long, recurved;
very close to flower, with 1-3 subulate bracts; perianth segments strongly
reflexed, oblong-lanceolate; anthers 6-8 mm long, bright red; capsule
erect, oblong-ovaloid, 2-3 cm long, bluntly ribbed, truncate. June-July.
(Plate XVII, Figure 5, a).

Exposed mountain slopes, in sparse plant communities. E. Siberia:
Ang.-Say., Yen., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: N. Mong.,
Jap.-Ch. (Manch., Korea, N. China).

Economic importance. Bulb edible; ornamental.

10. L. cernuum Kom. in A.H.P. XX (1901) 461; Wilson Lil. of East.
Asia 86.— L. Palibinianum Yabe in Tokio Bot. Mag. XVII (1903) 134.—
Dicraminvfoldwmeibev.vet Van? inihedde Repert? sp. nov. 'V (1908)
283.—Ic.: Nakai inIc. Pl. Koisikav. III (1916) tab. 178.

Perennial; bulb ovaloid, white, 3-3.5 cm long, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter;
scales thick, tightly imbricate, lanceolate to oval; stem slender, firm,
smooth, 30-60 cm long; leaves numerous, gather on the middle part of
stem, sessile, linear, 4-18 cm long, 1-5 (commonly 2) cm broad, upright,
often revolute; flowers agreably scented, nodding, lilac with dark purple
spots, solitary or in a small 2—6-flowered raceme; pedicels 6-10 cm long,
ascending, curved below the flower; bracts and bracteoles subulate,
foliaceous; perianth segments reflexed, oblong to oblanceolate, 3-4.5 cm
long, 0.8-1 cm broad, nectaries densely fringed; anthers relatively broad,
1.5 cm long, lilac; capsule erect, globose or obovaloid, 1.2-2 cm long,
1-1.5 cm in diameter, bluntly ribbed, flattened at the top. July-August.

Sunny grass slopes, in groups.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.
(Korea, E. Manch.). Described from the upper reaches of the Yalu River.
Type in Leningrad.

11. L. Ledebourii Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1881) 175; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I,
218.—L. monadelphum var. Ledebourii Baker Journ. Linn. soc.
XIV (1875) 246.— L. pyrenaicum Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 150 (non Gouan). —

Perennial; bulb...; stems to 1 m long, densely leafy, smooth; leaves
narrowly linear, glabrous, sometimes ciliate-margined, 3-nerved,
lanceolate; pedicels twice the length of bracts, drooping at the ends;
flowers 1-3, the terminal 5-6 cm long, pale yellowish-green to almost
white, with dark red dots; perianth segments lanceolate, strongly narrowed
toward base, strongly reflexed from the middle; anthers pale yellow;
nectaries not fringed; capsule 5 cm long and 3 cm in diameter, convex at
the top, with 6 rounded ribs. May-June. (Plate XVII, Figure 6).

Mountain woods.— Caucasus: Tal. Endemic. Described from the locality
of Drych, at an altitude of 1450 m, in Talysh. Type in Leningrad.

12. L.. ponticum C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 234; Grossg., Fl. Kavk.

I, 218; Miscz. in Trav. Mus. Ac. Sc. Petr. VIII (1911) 191.—
L. artvinense Miscz., l.c.— Exs.: Pl. Cauc. exs. No. 17.

225

294

Perennial; bulb...; stem to 1m long, rather slender, scabrous, nearly
leafless on lower third, densely leafy above; leaves upright, lance-linear,
to oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, papillose on the margin and on the veins
beneath; raceme loosely 1-7-flowered; pedicels 2-3 times the length
of bracts, drooping at the ends; flowers of medium size, bright yellow;
perianth segments 3.5-4 cm long, 6-7 mm broad, lanceolate, strongly
reflexed, ciliate-margined, in lower part dark-spotted; filaments papillose;
anthers vermilion; pollen pale yellow; capsule stipitate, oblong-clavate,
bluntly ribbed. May-June.

Wood margins and glades.— Caucasus: W. andS. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Lazistan (Asia Minor). Described from Rize District. Type in Berlin.

13. L. Kesselringianum Miscz. in Bull f. angew. Bot. VII (1914) 251;
Tre Prikl. ‘Bot. le.; Grossg., Fl ‘Kawki a, (21s ile. s Maser Tae?
Poel dwaley els en Shae

Perennial; bulb broadly ovaloid, 5 mm long, 6 cm across, yellow; stem
ca. 60 cm long, smooth; leaves lanceolate, smooth; flowers 1-3,
stramineous, smooth; perianth segments lanceolate, ca. 8.5 cm long and
2 cm broad, the outer narrower than the inner; stigma and anther reddish-
brown; ovary ovaloid-prismatic; style more than twice the length of ovary
(3.5 cm long). May.

Subalpine meadows and scrub.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Bakhmaro in Batumi District. Type in Tiflis.

14. L. monadelphum M.B. FI. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 267; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV USO Grosso.5). Bl. Kaviey 1, 219% Shudaltotie iis Iig?s09 salen VieieE
Cent. pl. carior. Ross.J,(tab.)4;,Bot. Mag. tab. 1405; Misez.» Bulls
ancew. Bot. (Trudy Byuro Prikl. Bot.) VIN(I914) f7a Ti 7 i2ay 7s ee
Bxse: He RyNo, 790; Caueiyexsa Non2a0;uelsoriexs? INO: S29):

Perennial; bulbs large, ca. 3.5 cm long, ovaloid; scales yellowish,
narrow, acute, rather loosely imbricate; stem ca. 1 cm long, relatively
stout, densely leafy nearly throughout; leaves upright, rather broadly
lanceolate, acute, many-nerved, papillose on the margin and on the veins
beneath, rarely smooth (var. glaber Miscz.), the upper ones shorter
than the rest; flowers 1-30, aromatic, in a pyramidal raceme; bracts
lanceolate; pedicels drooping at the ends; perianth narrowly campanulate,
pale yellow; perianth segments oblanceolate, falcately recurved at tips,
the inner surface dotted; stamens united into a tube below the middle or
distinct and then flat in lower part, hyaline-petaloid; anthers yellow;
ovary cylindric-prismatic; style green; stigma green; capsule 4 cm long,
2.5 cm in diameter, smooth. May-July. (Plate XVII, Figure 3).

Forest glades and margins in the subalpine zone. — Caucasus: Cisc.,
Dag., W. Transc. Endemic. Described from Mount Beshtau. Type in
Leningrad.

Economic importance. Ornamental; suitable for export.

15. L. Szovitsianum Fisch. et Avé Lallem. inInd. H. Petrop. VI (1839)
16; LEdb. El Rossy IV, (50% Grosse., Hl. Kavig 219) imo nad eipihnit! mm
var. Szovitsianum Baker ex Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1889) 174. —

Ee colehicum Stev /jex Boiss, lic. le.;) Misez. “in. Bulle, ance.
Bey, (fe. Byuro, Prikl., Bots) Villj@i914) tae. Kyat fag’ ll; ain ee:
(ito. oeixse sy bl orient. exsNosa29.

226

295

Perennial; bulbs 6 cm long and 4 cm across; scales loosely arranged,
narrow, ca. 1 cm broad; stem to 1m long; leaves fairly broadly or
narrowly lanceolate, about 20-nerved, papillate beneath, appearing stiffly
hairy; inflorescence as in the preceding species; flowers ca. 10 cm in
diameter, mostly in a 4-flowered raceme; perianth segments oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed toward base, ca. 8 cm long (var. carthalinicum
Miscz.) or 4-4.5 cm long (var. armenum Miscz.), yellow; anthers

-vermilion; filaments distinct, terete-triquetrous, thickened below; ovary

obturbinate; stigma dark purple; capsule ca. 3 cm long and 2 cm in
diameter, flat-topped. July.

Woods, forest glades and forest margins on mountain slopes of the
timber and subalpine zones.— Caucasus: W. andS. Transc., rarely E.
Transc. Described from Kolkhida [Colchis] in W. Transc. Type in
Leningrad.

Economic importance. Ornamental; recommended for export.

Subgenus II. CARDIOCRINUM Endl. Gen. pl. (1837) 141.— Leaves large,
cordate, long-petioled, with reticulate venation; bulb monocarpic, scaly,
formed by a small number of leaf sheaths; flowers funnelform, somewhat
saccate at base; style elongating after anthesis.

*L. cordifolium Thunberg in Trans. Linn. Soc. II (1794) 322; Wilson
Lil. East. Asia 98.— L. Glehni F. Schmidt Fl. Sachal. Flora Sakhal.,
Russian ed. (1874) 204 et in Mém, Acad. Se. Petr. ser. Vil, xu, No.2
Giese tei Car diocminum, comdatuim Waking im Lokyo, Bot, Mag.
KXVII (1913),124.— C. Glehni Makino ibid. 125.— 1e.; Elwes, Mon. Lil.
fabee etn Garda heron. Sens 3.6 oOOKV LL (1905). 3. 6. 1.

Perennial; bulb white, the part exposed to light greenish-brown, ovaloid,
5-75 cm long and 4-7 cm across; scales few, acute, bearing the scar of
shed petiole; stem erect, 0.6-1.2 (and up to 2) m long; leaves of basal
rosette with petioles the length of blade, deeply cordate, prominently
reticulate-nerved; cauline leaves mostly on the middle third of stem,
broadly oval, reniform-cordate at base; flowers in a 4-10-flowered raceme,
white-farinose, green at base, mostly horizontally spreading; anthers
yellow; capsule 5-5.5 cm long, cuspidate. August.

Banks of brooks and scrub.— Far East: Sakh. (only S.). Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. (Tsushima Island, N. Japan, Kurile Islands). Described from
Japan. (L. Glehni F. Schmidt from Cape Soni on Sakhalin). Type in
Uppsala. (L. Glehni in Leningrad).

Genus 269. KOROLKOWIA* RGL.**
Gartenfl, (1873) 161, t.760.

Flowers funnelform-campanulate; perianth segments subequal, clawed;
nectaries groove-shaped; stamens with versatile dorsifixed anthers; style
undivided, truncate; capsule winged; stem leafy; inflorescence a many-
flowered raceme; bulb yellow, consisting of a single scale, large.

* A genus named for N.I. Korol'kov, who introduced bulbs for cultivation in the Botanical Garden.
** Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

227

296

1. K. Sewerzowii Rgl. in A.H.P. II (1873) 320.—Fritillaria
Sewerzowii Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI, 2 (1868) 443.—Ic.,:
Gartenfl. (1873) tab. 760.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No.3.

Perennial; bulb 3-4 cm in diameter, globose, yellow; stem 20-50 cm
long, erect, glabrous, pale green, violet below, covered with waxy bloom,
the leaves evenly distributed except for the leafless lower part; leaves
alternate, the lower broadly oval, to 15 cm long, to 18 cm broad, obtusish
to subacuminate, the upper broadly lanceolate, acute, often longer than the
lower, all subamplexicaul at base, with decurrent margins, glaucous due to
waxy bloom, obscurely nerved; floral leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3-nerved;
inflorescence terminal; pedicels nodding, lilac-brown, much shorter than
perianth; upper flowers staminate, the others perfect; perianth funnelform-
campanulate; segments 6, subequal, fleshy, reflexed from the middle,
in lower part twisted laterally compressed, carinate, in upper part
oval, recurved, acuminate, terminating in a tuft of hairs, greenish-
yellow, outside brownish-violet up to or above the middle, inside
lustrous, with a semicircular brownish-violet stripe at throat; nectary
groove-shaped, fringed; stamens slightly shorter than perianth, the outer
longer than the inner; filaments dark reddish-violet, minutely ciliolate,
slightly dilated below; anthers light yellowish-green, dorsifixed; style
with triquetrous divergent style and sessile triangular stigmas; capsule
4.5 cm long, 3.5 cm in diameter, the irregular margin gradually passing
into a wing 0.5 cm broad, the base narrowed, the top obtusish, the wings
gradually disappearing toward base, rounded at apex, April. (Plate XVIII,
Figure 3, a-d).

Foothills, argillaceous and stony slopes, and juniper woods. — Centr.
Asia: T.Sh. (W.), SyrD., penetratingintoN. Pam.-Al. Endemic, Described
from Kara-tau (W. and Centr. parts) from Boroldai. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Uzbek: agla; the bulbs with a high starch content, used in fodder,
in spite of their bitter flavor (used for flavoring bread).

Fisch. ex Alexand. in Edinb. N. Philos, Journ, VIII (1830) 19.

Flowers campanulate; perianth of 6 equal petaloid lobes, the nectaries
projecting as spurs, more conspicuously in outer segments, the flowers
sometimes zygomorphic due to the spur of upper segments being much
larger than the others; stamens with immobile basifixed anthers; terminal
flowers always staminate; style with undivided truncate stigma; capsule
globose, winged or wingless, narrowed into a stipe, 6-angled, 3-loculed;
stems leafy; racemes terminal, many-flowered; bulb consisting of 2 fleshy
scales, with a long leafless sheath.

i Blowers zygomorphic: anthers subslobose 50. 29.7 «> ooels a sien 2.
+ Flowers actinomorphic; anthers oblong......+----+see + eevee 4.
2. Perianth segments checkered; plants shaggy throughout.......... 3.
+ Perianth segments not checkered; plants glabrous or rarely the leaves
Sia sional a ee eC Goh tn angi eee ea coe 3. Rh. arianum A. Los. et Vved.
SC apse WiNG@leSSi.. <6) nts ey nie Sie Gy atone 1. Rh. Karelini Fisch.

From Greek rhinos, nose, alluding to shape of nectaries, and petalon, petal, to suggest nose-shaped
petals.

Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

*

*

228

297

298

+ Capsule wingéd). .. 2. 4): 2. Rh. gibbosum (Boiss.) A. Los. et Vved.
4,_mKlowers broadly campanulate nq ecie.caes 4a oe « 4. Rh. bucharicum Regl.
+ FElowers with nearly flat. limb... 6. «55. ..%6 5. Rh. stenantherum Rgl.

1. Rh. Karelini Fisch. in New. Philos. Journ. Jan. (1830) 19; Ldb. Fl.
Ross. IV, 148.— Pritillaria Karelini Rgl. ex Baker in Journ. of
Linn. Soc. XIV (1875) 268.—Ic.: Sweet Gard. ser. 2, tab. 183; Gartenflora
(1877) tab. 796.

Perennial; bulb ca. 1 cm long, white, with yellowish outer scales; plants
grayish dueto short shaggy hairs; stem 10-20 cm long; leaves alternately
scattered or crowded, amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-oval,
narrowed at both ends, acuminate; upper leaves more distant and passing
into bracts, these linear, paired, equaling or longer than flower, slightly
undulate-margined; lower leaves to 5 cm long, 1.5 cm broad; floral leaves
shorter, ca. 2 mm broad; flowers in a terminal raceme, nodding or
declined; pedicels shorter than to as long as flower; perianth segments
oblong-oval, 3-5-nerved, 10-15 mm long, rosy-violet with a dark spot at
base or dark-dotted and checkered in middle part, shaggy on the back;
nectary on one outer perianth segment calcarate and.curved inward, not
projecting outward, the other nectaries smaller; filaments short, slightly
dilated, hairy-margined, slender in lower part, much longer than the
subglobose to broadly ovaloid anthers; pistil slightly shorter than stamens;
capsule narrowed into a stipe, subglobose, 1.5 cm long, wingless,
inconspicuously ribbed, obtusish at top, toothed at the ends of ribs. March-
April.

Steppes, sandy or argillaceous soils, and mountain slopes. — Centr.
Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kara K. (W.), Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described
from Uralsk steppe. Type in Leningrad.

2. Rh. gibbosum (Boiss.) A. Los. et Vved. comb. nov.— R. Boissieri
Klatt. in Hamb, Gartenzeit. XVI (1860) 439.—Fritillaria gibbosa
Boiss. Diagn. Pl. nov. 1, VII (1846) 107.— F. pterocarpa Stocks in
Hooker's Journ. of Bot. IV (1852) 180.— F. Karelini Fisch. f. gibbosa
Bornm. Pl. Straussianae in Beih. Bot. Centr. XXIV (1908) 99.—Ic.: Bot.
Mag. t. 6406.

Perennial; bulb with white scales, 1.5 cm long; stem 15-20 cm long,
more or less shaggy with short hairs; lower leaves elliptic-lanceolate,

3-5 cm long, 6-15 mm broad, the upper linear, acute, shorter than the
lower; flowers zygomorphic, nodding, campanulate; perianth segments rose,
with numerous darker nerves, faintly violet-checkered about the middle,
oval-lanceolate, 12-15 mm long, 7-9 mm broad; nectaries equal, calcarate,
shaggy on the outside, obtusish; filaments dilated in lower part, hairy
throughout; anthers globose-ovoid, violet-azure; ovary toothed at top;
capsule winged, the narrow wing with serrate-undulate margin, the apical
tooth acute. March-May.

Stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
(Gaudan). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Persepolis. Type in Geneva;
cotype in Leningrad.

Note. R. gibbosum (Boiss.) A. Los. et Vved. represents a
connecting link between two pairs of species of the genus Rhinopetalum
Fisch., i.e., Rh. Karelini, Rh. arianum and Rh. bucharicum,

229

Rh. stenantherum, as it displays characteristics of both pairs. It
resembles Rh. arianum inthe shape of perianth segments and differs
in having a checkered pattern on perianth segments and glabrous stems.
The characteristics shared with Rh. bucharicum and Rh. stenan-
therum are the winged capsule and the somewha: oblong anthers.

3. Rh. arianum A. Los. et Vved. sp. nova in Addenda III, p.738.—
Exs.: HFR No. 490, sub F. Karelini Fisch.

Perennial; bulb yellowish, to 2 cm in diameter; stem up to 40 cm long,
6 mm in diameter, glabrous, smooth; leaves glaucescent, glabrous, the
lower short linear-lanceolate acuminate, 10-14 mm broad, the middle
alternate narrowly linear-lanceolate strongly acuminate 2-5 mm broad;
floral leaves paired, as long as or shorter than the middle ones, equaling
the flowers; raceme 1-8-flowered; flowers on pedicels 2- 22 cm long,
elongating after anthesis, curved in upper part, acuminate [compare
Latin description]. Perianth segments oval-lanceolate, to 22 mm long,
7-9 mm broad, pale rose, darker at the middle, purple-nerved, witha
yellow spot at base within, dark-dotted onthe outer surface; nectaries
calcariform, one of the outer large, the others subequal small; stamens
half the length of perianth; anthers subglobose, purple; filaments pubescent;
pistil slightly longer than stamens; style pale green with punctate stigma,
capsule stipitate, wingless, subglobose, obtuse at top, with a cusp at the
end of ribs, ca. 1.8 mm long and broad. March. (Plate XVIII, Figure 1, a-d).

Sand dunes, shifting sands, and slopes.— Centr. Asia: Kara K., Mtn.
Turkm. Endemic. Described from Kushka. Type in Tashkent.

4. Rh. bucharicum (Rgl.) A. Los. comb. nov.—Fritillaria
bweharica Rel.vin A.H. Ps) VID; Wehe83)652:—8e) : Anne PY Wall aera:
Gartenflora (1884) tab. 1171.— Exs.: Editio H.B.P. No.5.

Perennial; bulb subglobose, with membranous scales, 1-2 cm in
diameter; stem erect or slightly curved, 15-30 cm long, glabrous below,

30lin upper part at base of bracts shaggy-pubescent; leaves alternate, the
lower broadly ovate-elliptic to 8 cm long and 4 cm broad subamplexicaul,
the upper lanceolate, the floral linear-lanceolate paired 2 mm broad;
panicle terminal, many-flowered; flowers borne singly in the axils of the
paired bracts; pedicels to 2 cm long, erect at anthesis, at length nutant;
terminal flower staminate, the others perfect; perianth white, green or
faintly violet at base within, with 3-5 greenish longitudinal nerves,
campanulate; perianth segments oblong-oval to lanceolate, 1.5-—1.8 cm long,
0.4-0.5 cm broad, often with very elongate broad pubescent tip, subequal;
nectaries calcariform, very prominent, dark green and violet dotted outside,
shaggy; stamens one-third the length of perianth; filaments slender, densely
pubescent, about as long as the oblong greenish anthers; pistil with entire
stigma, about equaling or exceeding the stamens; capsule stipitate, winged
in upper part. March.

Slopes and banks of mountain streams.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
Endemic. Described from E. Bukhara (Pyandzh and Murgab rivers). Type
in Leningrad.

5. Rh. stenantherum Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1873) 204.—Fritillaria

Sstenantmena, Roli sinyA, HeP:. VII (1883) 652: — le, 4 izv4iO-va, lvulit:
estestyva, antrop. 1 etnogr. XX, pt. 2 (1876) tab. XxX) £ 1—5,

230

(299)

Plate XVIII

1. Rhinopetalum arianum A. Los. et Vved.:; 1a) flower, 1b) capsule, lc) stamen, ld) bulb.—
2. R. stenantherum Rgl.:; 2a) flower, 2b) capsule, 2c) stamen, 2d) pistil.— 3. Korolkowia
Sewerzovii Rgl.: 3a) capsule, 3b) stamen, 3c) perianth segment, 3d) bulb.

231

302

Perennial; bulbs small, to 1 cm long, white; stem 6-15 cm long, rarely
longer, in lower part sulcate, the leafy part often shaggy with short hairs;
lower leaves commonly approximate, to 5cm long, 2 mm broad,
amplexicaul; upper leaves 1-3, sometimes absent, much longer, alternate;
floral leaves paired, linear, upright, shorter than the lower; all leaves
glabrous, rather firm, glaucescent; raceme 1-8-flowered; pedicels short,
recurved; perianth segments 12-22 mm long, 4-7 mm broad, pale rosy-
violet with 3 greenish nerves, in the spur area dark, violet-brown to
greenish-brown, oval-lanceolate, obtusish or with blunt elongate points,
12-18 mm long, 0.4-0.6 cm broad, pubescent at base and at apex; nectaries
calcariform, similar on all perianth segments, though somewhat larger on
the outer, hence flowers symmetric; stamens at most half the length of
perianth; filaments slender, slightly dilated below, white-pubescent, as long
as the oblong anthers; capsule subglobose, narrowed into a stipe, narrowly

‘winged, the wings toothed at apex. April. (Plate XVIII, Figure 2 a-d).

Gravelly and stony slopes.— Centr. Asia; Pam.-Al., Syr D., T. Sh.
Endemic. Described from Bogun, in Kara-tau foothills. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 271. FRITILLARIA* L.**
Gen. Pl, ed. II (1742) No.330.— Amblirion Rafin. in Journ. phys. LXXXIX (1819) 102,- Corona
Fisch. etR. Grah, in Edinb. N, Phil. Gen. (1789) 49.-Imperialis Adans. Fam, II (1763) 48,—
Morucodon Salisb, Gen. Pl. Fragm, (1866) 56,

Perianth campanulate or turbinate; perianth segments 6, petaloid;
nectaries above the base in the shape of a triangular, oval or round pit,
often prominent outside, thus segments appearing curved at a right angle
and the flower turbinate or cylindric; stamens 6, inserted at base; style
3-fid; capsule 6-angled, 3-locular, winged or wingless; stem leafy; bulb
of 2-4 or numerous fleshy scales.

1. Bulb of 4 fleshy scales, large; flowers in an umbel (Section

et imeamarrry “Tee ye 2" ete ew yk” eS Oe are ee ne ae 2:
+ Bulb of 2 fleshy scales or numerous small scales, small; flowers
SOMMER OM "ar PACOMICMMEEEE lc oc Me ceumeh tf lites ann eee te he cee eee a.
ae merianth yellowish-ereemeie. ees ton GR done 22. F. Raddeana Regl.
Pe oLermvantiy Leds, Ny 2 giGhaw oe aes es ee eee ee aime 23. F. Eduardi Rgl.
3. Bulb of 2 fleshy scales; flowers solitary or in a raceme (Section
Hutrita llaria “Boiss )y 0517") eae Ce ee ee Nee eee 4,
+ Bulb of numerous small scales, sometimes the outer ones stalked
(eyelets')." (Section Liliemhiz a Wellog "ON fue... 2. es 24.
4. Alivleaves alternate ™, . 0. Site Aenean... De ce ry ee ney eee 5.
+ Leaves opposite or verticillate, sometimes the middle ones alternate.
jomiteeie? 5. > 0°) Alt eh rie ainann . Yina initia amma mimetic Oh. 6 06. ls)
a, stem always U-flowered (Caucasian species)........-:+:2) 54% 10.
Pore | O-TlOWGEOU yc ct a eek ee ee Were eee, ke eee Be
6. Blowers yellowish-green, . UM .ne"...... 1. F, pallidiflora Schrenk.
Po lowers meadich or bright violet. cacujc. wah» ciumul tee ops ees GEee Cane ie
t. SLL Leaves, atErmMates: astrins ENS .alasece GAM staw@ky (ets. aeck Hew cots tek ee ee 8.
+ Upperand lower leaves approximate, the upper sometimes in 3's, the
mond dienalterinate ay. ato wc sla fu fo 1d ee ee 2. F. montana Hoppe.

From Latin fritillus, a dicebox, referring to shape of perianth,
Arranged by A.S.Lozina-Lozinskaya.

232

304

Capsule winged, 6-angled; floral leaves spirally twisted ..........
GaN RIMMER SES NMDA EINE A, “oy Rg May si ae MP LER tis en fas 3. F. ruthenica Wikstr.
Capsule obtusely 3-angled; floral leaves not twisted............ 2),
Capsule acuminate; pedicels exceeding the uppermost leaf; flowers
POMMtIYYCHEEKELPEAS. eo ak eat ele oh es 4. F. meleagroides Patrin.
Capsule obtusish; pedicels shorter than the uppermost leaf; flowers
COnspICUOUSly GChEGKETEH) . ys ees ek 5. F. meleagris L.
PSrIAn Une OlOMM rh FALE bk, CER a, TERI e EAA A Ron wee, MeL H.,
Perianth in upper part yellow, in lower vart violet or purple, or purple
With ceUOne lt UCinalty ellOWFOatGl here, CTE A See Lo an re gE
HPIOWELStyOUlGw wat PW ee Bah I AG OS, BYR, 6. F. lutea Mill.
LIOWers purple, DOW Or VIOUGL. Coon ee ea ee eee ewe oe 12.
Perianih CUCDINAlLeSCAMIpaMUlAve oe sk be. ce ee an eb oe See kw 13.
Rerianthweonie al or Campanulate. 0 o's OL PASE ee eS, ke EO 14.
Stem to 15 cm long; perianth lighter-colored, greenish-brown, faintly
WHE CELE: etrnn et Nort mee ce Te eet ey aie 7. F. Kotschyana Herb.
Stem to 30 cm long; perianth darker, dark brownish-purple,
conspicuously checkered violet-purple........ 8. F. latifolia Willd.
Periantnto oem lone, broadly Gampanulare !). Wr. wii aie ee l
He CMR R A POR ee REE MELT, Pn MRR ate, Rea ey YS 9. F. grandiflora Grossh.
Perianth to 3 cm long, narrowly campanulate or conical-campanulate.
style with entire or obsoletely 3-lobed Stigma... 5. 1 oe aIGE
Style rather deeply 3-fid, with 3 stigmas ....10. F. orientalis Adam.
PalamentSseolabrous’ , ePPS BAS Pip ley ee og, 11. F. caucasica Adam.
BITE bos TAS ye ne an Men se oe MM ROR Te oes 12. F. armena Boiss.
Perianth segments purple, with a yellow longitudinal band..........
ee, eae ee, Le heer ene, end ES 13. F. kurdica Bois. et Noe.
Perianth segments in lower part violet or purple, in upper part yellow.
LES: SED: TOPLONS NOEL MEIER OR CRS, «NER iD Ee, Ae 18.
The borderline between the colors of lower and upper parts of perianth
GS TTC HOT tins TRS ety AOR aE eee 14. F. Michailovskyi Fom.
The borderline between the colors of lower and upper parts of perianth
PACUSELING Ge rear REAR ee, MOE, ANON ote | cf 15. F. Grossheimiana A. Los.
Upper and lower leaves paired, the middle alternate or verticillate.
All leaves verticillate, rarely the lower paired.............. 22.
Perianth tubular-campanulate, the segments at the site of nectary
eurved"arrright angle! okie wre ieee ee eines 16. F. Walujewi Rgl.
Perianth broadly campanulate, the segments slightly incurved.... 21.
Distance between flowers and leaves equaling the leafy part of stem;
HOWEESIDPOWMISI-ViOlEE. co. 5 0 a ee Wott cea if. F. Regela A) Los.
Distance between flowers and leaves shorter than the leafy part of stem;
flowers yellowish-green, purple-tipped........ 18. F. Olgae Vved.
Flowers dark brownish-purple, large, narrowly campanulate ........
DST Ne, od aE st ailir rar Meet ty ei Tac ets 19. F. ussuriensis Maxim.
Flowers light-colored, yellowish or rosy-green ...........-.. 23.
Stem 1-flowered; leaves rarely with twisted tips................
iii ab ok clei! a ara a a A hac te, em 20. F. ferganensis A. Los.
Stem many-flowered; floral and cauline leaves always with strongly
UWVESUEUCUURS sc ce Be as cae ce ee vies bar es hoe re 21. F. verticillata Willd.

233

305

24, Stem with a Single leaf whorl... 2.0. 2.0) 005 +) Sine see 25.

+ Stem with numerous leaf whorls .. .24. F. kamtschatcensis (L.) Fisch.
25. Perianth segments obovate, obtusish........ 25. F. dagana Turcz.
+ Perianth segments oblong-elliptic, strongly tapering at both ends,

EONS: can or ees MRL ene oR ee es Mra a hh 26. F. Maximoviczii Freyn.

Section EUFRITILLARIA Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 177.— Sect.
Fritillaria ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 145.—Sect..Petilium \Ldb, Fl.
Ross. IV, 147, p.p.— Bulb small, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, consisting of
2 fleshy scales; flowers solitary or in a few-flowered raceme.

Series 1. Alternifoliae A. Los.— Leaves alternate; flowers in a terminal
raceme or rarely solitary; perianth campanulate.

1. F. pallidiflora Schrenk, Enum. Pl. nov. II (1842) 5; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
ives 148. 918%. lex Gartenflora (i857) 1209)

Perennial, glabrous throughout, pale green, glaucescent with waxy bloom;
stem to 80 cm long, erect, 5-7 mm in diameter; leaves alternate, broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, 7-13 cm long, 2-—3.5 cm broad; upper leaves shorter
and narrower, sessile, sometimes gathered in a whorl, the lower
semiamplexicaul; floral leaves linear-lanceolate, strongly acuminate,
commonly paired at base of pedicels; flowers nodding, 1-5 in a sparse
raceme; pedicels erect, recurved at the ends, 5-9 cm long; perianth
campanulate, 2.5-4.5 cm long, 2.5-3 cm in diameter; segments pale yellow,
with darker translucent nerves, turning brown after anthesis, checkered
pale brown within, greenish and red-spotted below; nectaries deep, oval;
outer perianth segments oblong-obovate, round-tipped, curved at a right
angle at the site of nectary; inner segments slightly shorter than the outer,
ovate-spatulate, narrowed toward base, slightly acuminate, curved at an
obtuse angle; stamens shorter than the pistil, the filaments appressed to
style; stigma deeply dissected; capsule winged, oblong, to 2.5 cm long
and 2 cm broad, rounded at top; flowers with a faint unpleasant odor. May-
June.

Slopes of the subalpine zone.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh.

Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (Kuldja). Described from Dzungaria Ala Tau.
Type in Leningrad.

Note. Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI (1868) mentions var.
uniflora with a solitary flower and var. pluriflora with 2 to many
flowers.

2. F. montana Hoppe, Flora XV, 2 (1832) 476.—F. tenella Shmal'g.,
Bi iLO: eAsech. u.vKGr. Synopsis i (1905-072), 190.000 ML Bia.

F. racemosa L.D. minor Ker.-Gawl.. Bot..Mag.. (1809) t..1216,) non
Schult. — lich wRichb., le. Hil Germ. XX, £. 276.

Perennial; bulb small, globose; stem 20-45 cm long, erect, glabrous;
leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, slightly canaliculate, obtuse, the upper
and lower always gathered in pairs, the upper sometimes in 3's, the middle
alternate, 7-13 cm long, 3-10 mm broad; floral leaf forming an erect
tassel; flowers solitary or 2; pedicels shorter than upper leaves, suberect;

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306

perianth dark red, broadly campanulate, checkered with yellowish within;
perianth segments elliptic, 18-26 mm long, 8-12 mm broad, the outer
narrower; Style 3-fid nearly to the middle; capsule obovoid, flattened at
top, tapering at base into a short stipe. April-May.

‘In meadows among shrubs.— European part: M. Dnp. (Podolia).
Gen. distr.: Balkans, E. Europe. Described from Europe (Trieste).

3. F. ruthenica Wikstr. in Vet. Acad. Handl. II (1821) 353 tab.5, f. 2;
Ldbeatt tw hosgs: bViWwl4it. i Hlewer tied) ata oy Mn Beh taurt-caucy 1
(1808) 268, non Willd. —Ic.: Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl. Ross. tab.2; Sweet. Br. Fl.
Gard. IV (1838) 1343.

Perennial; bulb to 1 cm in diameter, flattened; stem 20-50 cm long,
erect, Slender, glabrous, smooth, leafy from middle third; leaves
alternate, slightly amplexicaul, linear, acute, 6-9 cm long, 3-5 mm broad,
the upper filiform, shorter, approximate, with spirally twisted tips;
flowers 1-5, inaloose terminal raceme in the axils of upper leaves; pedicels
curved, much shorter than perianth; perianth campanulate, dark red,
faintly darker-checkered, yellowish within a greenish downward-enlarged
band; outer perianth segments narrowly oval, to 3 em long, to 8 cm broad,
the inner obovate obtusely long-tipped, to 3.5 cm long and to 1.5 cm broad;
nectaries shallow, rounded-oval, forming a prominent tubercle on the
outside; style 3-fid to the middle, exceeding the stamens; filaments dilated
below, longer than the anthers, capsule winged, 6-angled, to 2 cm long and
1.8 cm broad, flattened at top, slightly narrowed toward base. April-May.
(Plate XIX, Figure 8).

Scrub, meadows, and stony places.— European part: V.-Don, U. Dnp.,
NS Dra. Bly, a Don, .transve,| 15.7Vi.5 Caucasus: Gisevs ;W:, Siberia:

U. Tob.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (N.), Balkh., T. Sh., Syr D. Described
from the Caucasus.

4, F. meleagroides Patrin ex Schult. f. Syst. veget. VII, 1 (1829) 345.—
EF «midmiouy, Mdblok Ws altyolla(1830)e34: atdb! 1s, Ross. iV 1946, Shmal'sy,
Fl. Il, 508.—F. pyrenaica Georgi Beschr. d. Russ. R. III, 4 (1775)
S00 non) —Tels Ldbyv ic. Pi. Fl Rossi, i. 13/0.

Perennial; bulb to 1.5 cm in diameter, flattened, globose, white, with
a brown membranous tunic; stems 25-60 cm long, glabrous, smooth,
leafless in lower part; leaves 3-7, alternate, linear, semiamplexicaul,
attenuate toward apex, 5-15 cm long, 1-7 mm broad, straight or slightly
recurved; flower solitary, terminal, pendulous, smaller than that of
F. meleagris Wikstr.; pedicel longer than the uppermost leaf; perianth
segments dark brownish-violet, faintly checkered or speckled, 2-3 cm
long, 7-12 mm broad, the outer narrower, oblong-elliptic, narrowed, the
inner oblong-obovate, obtuse and spiculate; stamens as in F. meleagris
Wikstr.; style 3-fid nearly to the middle; capsule oblong-ovoid, obtusely
3-angled, capsule acuminate, to 2 cm long and 1 cm in diameter.
April-May.

Steppe belt, meadows, brooks, mud flats, sometimes on solonetz. —
Kuropean part: BEY U. Dinps, Vt-Dont E.“Don; Transv’, VGVz*W. Siberia:
U.- Tob», Alt., Int); Centr. Asia: Ar /-Casp., Balkh. Endemic. Described
from Altai.

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307

5. F. meleagris L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 436; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 146;
Shmal'g., Fl. II, 508. —F. praecox hort. exInd. Sem. H. Ber. (1855)
10.—Ic.: Rcehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X, t.442; Gartenfl. (1867) t.550.— Exs.:
Pl. Finl. Exs. No. 574.

Perennial; bulb flattened, with a brown membranous tunic, globose,
7-15 mm in diameter; leaves 2-6, alternate, borne on the upper part of
stem, linear-lanceolate, tapering toward both ends, obtusish,
semiamplexicaul, 8-13 cm long, 3-10 cm broad, the upper shorter and
narrower; flowers commonly solitary, rarely 2, nodding; pedicel shorter
than the uppermost leaf; perianth segments oblong-elliptic, slightly
tapering toward apex, obtuse, subequal, the outer slightly narrower than
the inner, 3-4 cm long, 1-1.5 mm broad, conspicuously checkered with
dark purple and whitish; stamens paler below, about half the length of
perianth segments; anthers linear, yellow; filaments two-thirds the length
of anthers, gradually dilated toward base; pistil slightly exceeding the
stamens; style 3-fid to 1/3; capsule obtusely 3-angled, flattened at top.
May-June.

Woods, meadows, and wet places.— European part: V.-Don, L. Don,
Transv., L.V., Bl. Gen. distr.: W. Europe. Described from France and
Italy. Type in London.

Series 2. Trichostileae Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 177 p.p.— Leaves
alternate; flowers solitary; perianth turbinate; style parted to 1/4.

6. F. lutea Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. VIII (1768) No.4 M.B., FI.
taur.-cauc. I (1808) 269.—F. orientalis Willd. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
145, non Adams.— F. glaucescens Willd. ex Kunt, Enum. pl. IV (1843)
250.—Ic.: M.B. Cent. pl. Ross. tab.41; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X (1848)

t. 442: — Bxs. 7 Pl. Or. exs. No, 152;, Herb, El. cave... No4h64,

Perennial; bulb white, 2 cm across; stem 15-20 cm long, 2 mm in
diameter, glabrous, leafless below, bearing above the middle up to
6 alternate narrowly lanceolate (the upper linear) glabrous obtusish leaves;
lower leaves 10 cm long, 1.5 cm broad; upper leaves 7-8 cm long and
3-6 mm broad; flowers solitary, nodding, borne in the axils of the terminal
upright leaves; pedicels recurved; perianth turbinate, 3-32 cm in diameter,
yellow, with oblong greenish nerves and checkered on both si~ 2s or merely
inside with reddish-brown transverse lines, broadly oval, taping at base
into aclaw, fimbriate-margined, with an apical tuft of short white hairs;
outer segments not clawed, narrowed, curved perpendicularly at the deep
narrowly ovate nectary; stamens shorter than pistil; filaments slightly
dilated below, appressed to style; anthers 1 cm long; style divided into
3 fleshy lobes, bearded between the lobes; capsule ovaloid-clavate,
obtusely 3-angled. April-May. (Plate XIX, Figure 1, a,b).

Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. and E. Transc. Endemic.
Described from cultivated specimens originating from Kazbek area.

7. F. Kotschyana Herbert in Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1844) misc. 43.—

F. latifolia B Kotschyana Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 178.—F. nobilis
Bak. Bot. Mag. (1896) tab. 7500.

236

308

311

Bulb ovaloid, less than 1 cm across; stem monanthous, 12-15 cm long,
smooth, glabrous, reddish, glaucous-green above; leaves 4-6, alternate,
scattered, glaucescent, semiamplexicaul, linear-elliptic, 5-6 cm long,
1-1.5 cm broad, obtuse, the upper narrower and acuminate; flower
turbinate-campanulate, nodding, large, greenish-red, checkered, paler
and more yellow within; perianth segments elliptic, obtuse, to 4 cm long,
the inner 2 cm the outer 1 cm broad; nectaries small, shallow; stamens
shorter than perianth; anthers pale yellow; filaments dilated below; style
3-parted to 1/3; capsule oblong-obovoid, obtusely angled, ca. 2 cm long.
May-June.

Mountain woods.— Caucasus: Tal. Gen. distr.: N. Persia. Described
from plants grown at Manchester from bulbs obtained from El'brus.

Semis latifolia’ WilldSpa Pr WW (799) 92) Ldbly-Ross:.1V, 145.—
F. esculenta Adams in Wed. et Mohr. Beitr. I (1805) 52.—Ic.: Bot.
Mag. t. No.853, 1207; Redouté Lil. (1802) tab. 151.

Perennial; bulb flattened-globose, to 1.5 cm across, white, consisting
of 2 fleshy scales, bearing numerous small bulblets between the scales;
stem to 30 cm long, leafless to the middle, rather densely leafy in upper
part, glabrous, smooth; leaves alternate, the upper broadly elliptic to
narrowly lanceolate, the lower to 8 cm long and 3 cm broad, the upper
3 cm long and less than 1 cm broad, acuminate, many-nerved, rather firm,
thickish, light green, glabrous; flowers solitary, terminal; pedicels
recurved to nutant, becoming erect in fruit; perianth turbinate, dark violet-
purple, checkered with yellow inside, with a greenish bloom on the outer
surface; inner perianth segments oblong-obovate, 3.5 cm long, 2-2.5 cm
broad; outer segments oblong-elliptic, slightly tapering toward base,

1-1.5 cm broad; filaments slightly dilated below, as long as anthers; pistil
3-fid to 1/3, as long as stamens; capsule to 3 cm long, 13 mm broad,
cylindric, slightly narrower at base, obtusish, with rounded ribs. April-
May.

Subalpine and alpine zones; slopes with clay soil, and meadows. —
Caucasus: Cisc., W. and E. Transc. Endemic. Described from cultivated
specimens. Type in Berlin.

9. F. grandiflora Grossh., Mon. Jard. Bot. Tifl. XIII-XIV (1919) 52.—
lice? elibidy tab: ) Vit

Perennial, glaucous throushout; stem 25-53 cm long; leaves 5-10
(mostly 7-8), alternate, the lower 1.6-2.3 mm broad, the upper much
narrower; flowers solitary or 2 or 3, large, broadly campanulate; perianth
segments 3.7-5.2 cm long, brownish-purple, rather faintly checkered,
oblong, with an oblong-oval nectary somewhat above the base, the outer
greener and narrower than the inner, all broadly triangular-tipped, acute;
stamens one-third the length of perianth; filaments pubescent, half as
long again as the anthers; style thick, 3-fid nearly from the middle. April.

Rocks in woods.— Caucasus: Tal. Endemic. Described from vicinity
of village of Lerik. Type in Tiflis.

10. F. orientalis Adams in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. I (1805) 50.—
F. tenella M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. (1808) 269, 425.

237

(309)

Plate XIX

1, Fritillaria lutea Mill.: 1a) capsule; 1b) pistil.— 2. F. Maximoviczi Freyn.—
3. F. ferganensis A. Los.: 3a) capsule.— 4. F. Grossheimiana A. Los.- 5. F. Michailowskyi
Fomin.— 6. F. Raddeana Rgl.; 6a) bulb.— 7. F. kamtschatcensis (L.) Ker.-Gawl. bulb.—

8. F. ruthenica Wikstr. bulb.

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312

Perennial; bulb round in cross section, white; stem very slender,
15-40 cm long, smooth, glabrous, leafy from the middle third; leaves
linear, slightly canaliculate, tapering toward apex, the upper grouped in
2's or 3's, to 8 cm long, 3-5 cm broad; flowers solitary; pedicels
recurved, shorter than uppermost leaf; perianth campanulate; perianth
segments oblong-elliptic, obtuse, obtusely green-tipped, the outer 3 cm
long and 1 cm broad, the inner 3 cm long and 1.4 cm broad, dingy purple
outside, yellowish checkered with dingy purple within; stamens about half
the length of perianth; anthers shorter than filaments; style 3-fid to more
than 1/3; capsule obtusely 6-angled. June.

Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: Cisc. Described from the Caucasus.

Series 3. Olostyleae Boiss. Fl. Or. (1884) 177, p.p.— Leaves
alternate; flowers solitary; perianth campanulate; style simple or 3-parted
at summit.

11. F. caucasica Adams in Web. et Mohr, Beitr. I (1805) 51.—

Epo lator relaa ONL) BS hie taur cau? (U808)27-8 kdb? Hi Ross’ EVs
PS Boiss) PiKOrs hy; "856. 1.) Bot Mast) S90 607 MB. Cent)" Pl.

Ross. I, t.121.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs. (1922) No.108; HFR No.591, sub

twit paet ol tar N Bt

Perianth; bulb white, consisting of 2 fleshy scales, up to 2 cm across;
stem glabrous, smooth or very finely sulcate, 15-40 cm long, leafy from
the middle; leaves 3-4, glaucous, alternate, the lower oblong-oval, to
8 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, the upper narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
all amplexicaul; flowers solitary, nodding; perianth campanulate~-conical,
dark reddish-violet, not checkered, cinereous outside; perianth segments
18-25 mm long, elliptic-lanceolate, many-nerved, with a narrow nectary;
stamens slightly shorter than perianth, glabrous below; style simple,
with 3-lobed stigma; capsule oblong-ovaloid, to 2 cm long, narrowed below.
April.

Mountain slopes, scrub.— Caucasus: Cisc., E. and W. Transc., Dag.
Endemic. Described from Konstantinogorsk.

Note. There are records of var. angustifolia Miscez. ex Grossh.
Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 220.— all leaves linear, 2-4 mm broad.— Cisc. and
Georgia (Tiflis) and var. lencoranica Miscz. l.c.— larger plants;
flower larger, campanulate.— E. Transc. (Baku).

12. F. armena Boiss. Diagn. pl. I, VII (1846) 106.—Ic.: Bot. Mag.,
tab. 6365; Gartenfl. (1883) 150.

Perennial; bulb globose, 1 cm across, consisting of 2 small scales;
stem glabrous, slightly sulcate, 10-20 cm long, very slender, leafy in
middle part; leaves 3 or 4, alternate, the lower lanceolate 4-5 cm long
and to 1.5 cm broad, the upper linear much shorter, all acuminate, the
lower amplexicaul; flowers solitary, rather small, nodding; perianth
conical, to 20 mm long, dark red, not checkered; perianth segment elliptic-
lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate at tips; nectaries small, oblong; stamens with
shaggy filaments about twice the length of anther; pistil exceeding the
stamens; style simple, with 3-lobed stigma. April.

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313

Alpine zone; alpine meadows, slopes, and scrub.— Caucasus: E. and
S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Turkish Armenia. Described from Armenia.

Type in Geneva.

Series 4. Discolores A. Los.— Perianth campanulate, with upper and
lower part differently colored or with longitudinal medial band differing in
color from the margins.

13. F. kurdica Boiss. et Noe.in Diagn. pl. 2, IV (1859) 103; Boiss.

Fl. Or. V, 183.—F. racemosa Grossh. Fl. Kavk. 1 (1928) 221, non
Ker.-Gawl.

Perennial; bulb to 1.5 cm across; stem to 20 cm long, leafy in upper
half (reckoning from the deep buried bulb); leaves alternate, the lower
paired, largest, to 7 cm long and 1 cm broad; upper leaves commonly 3,
narrower, the uppermost floral sublinear, 3 cm long; flowers always
solitary, nodding or declined; pedicels much shorter than the campanulate
perianth; outer segments oblong-oval to lance-oval, slightly acuminate,

2.5 cm long, 8 mm broad, the inner oblong-obovate, round-tipped, tapering
toward base, all dark purple, checkered in lower part, with conspicuous
dark longitudinal nerves and a prominent (especially within) oblong median
band, the outer segments glaucescent outside; filaments dilated below;
anthers short, obtuse; style as long as stamens; ovary with rounded ribs;
stigma 3-lobed. May.

Mountain slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd.
Described from vicinity of Lake Van. Cotype in Leningrad.

14. F. Michailovskyi Fomin. in Mon. Jard. Bot. Tifl. 1 (1905) 18.

Perennial; bulb 1-1.5 cm across, white, of 2 fleshy scales; stem
10-20 cm long, sulcate; leaves 3-5, the lower approximate, sometimes
nearly opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, 6-7 cm long, 1-2 mm broad,
semiamplexicaul, tapering at both ends, obtuse, the upper narrowly
lanceolate to linear, acuminate; flowers solitary, rarely 2 or 3, nodding;
perianth campanulate; perianth segments oblong-elliptic, to 30 mm long,
obtusish, ciliate at tips, the lower part dark reddish-violet, the upper
bright yellow, the borderline between the two parts distinct; nectaries deep,
prominent outside as a large tubercle or spur; filaments ciliate, papillose,
slightly longer than anthers; style as long as ovary, 3-fid to the middle.
May. (Plate XIX, Figure 5).

Stony soil, slopes. Possibly occurring in S. Transc. (known from
former Kars Region). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from Mount
Askor-dag. Type in Tiflis.

15. F. Grossheimiana A. Los. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 739.
Perennial; bulb white, globose, 1-1.5 cm across, of 2 fleshy scales;
stem 5-20 cm long, glabrous, smooth, leafless below, densely leafy from
middle third; leaves alternate, approximate, glaucous, broadly lanceolate

to narrowly linear; strongly acuminate, to 5 cm long; flowers 1 or 2,
terminal; perianth narrowly campanulate, the inner segments oval-oblong,
the outer narrower, elliptic, 1.7-2 cm long, violet outside, the inner
segments yellow, checkered, the lower part darker, the upper lighter,

240

314

with no distinct borderline between the two parts (c.f. F. Michailovskyi
Fomin.); style parted to 1/3; stamens about half the length of perianth.
May. (Plate XIX, Figure 4).

Dry stony slopes.— N. Iran. Described from Iranian Azerbaijan,
Sakhend. Type in Leningrad. Possibly occurring in S. Armenia.

Series 5. Verticillatae A. Los.—Leaves verticillate, sometimes the
middle ones alternate; flowers in a terminal raceme or solitary.

16. F. Walujewi Rgl. Gartenflora (1879) 353.—Ic.: Ibid. tab. 993.

Perennial; stem glabrous, 20-30 cm long, leafy below; lower leaves
opposite; middle leaves commonly in whorls of 3 or 4, the upper opposite
or alternate, all linear-lanceolate; lower leaves obtuse, scarcely tapering,
the middle and upper attenuate to a sharp point, the uppermost and the floral
with spirally coiled tips, glaucous beneath, green above, to 10 cm long and
1.5 cm broad; flower solitary (rarely 2 or 3); nodding, tubular-
campanulate; perianth segments oblong-elliptic, 5 cm long, 1.5 cm broad,
with a prominent projection corresponding to nectary, subequal, whitish-
green outside, brownish-purple within with whitish spots and faintly
checkered; nectariferous pit round; filaments longer than anthers, dilated
below; pistil with a 3-lobed stigma, exceeding the anthers; ovary cylindric;
capsule 2.5-3.5 cm long, 2 cm broad, flattened at top, the ribs winged.
May.

Mountains. — Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb.; T. Sh. Endemic.

17. F. Regelii A. Los. sp. nov in Addenda III, p.739.— F. ruthenica
Wikst. var. bucharica Rgl. in sched.

Perennial; bulb 1 cm across, of 2 small white scales, clothed with
whitish membranous scales; stem to 40 cm long, erect, slightly sulcate,
leafy only in middle part, leafless elsewhere, the upper portion of stem
about as long as the leafy portion; lower and upper leaves opposite, paired,
the middle alternate or sometimes opposite, the upper sometimes alternate;
lower leaves lanceolate, obtuse, the middle and upper narrowly lanceolate,
strongly acuminate, all upright, 6-7 cm long, 0 5-1.5 cm broad,
prominently many-nerved; flowers commonly solitary (rarely 2), declined,
not nodding; pedicels recurved at the ends, 1.5-3 cm long; bracts at the
base of pedicels 2 or 3, linear, acute, erect, slightly twisted at the ends;
perianth campanulate, brownish-violet, glaucescent outside; perianth
segments oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, narrowed ‘toward base,
with numerous darker nerves, obtusely point-tipped, 3 cm ‘lo ys 9-13 mm
broad; nectaries oblong, superficial; filaments dilated pata aes as
long as anthers; pistil shorter than perianth, the style cleft to 1/3; ovary
acutely 6-angled, deeply emarginate. June.

Mountain slopes, chernozem soils, and dense plant stands.— Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. Darvaz and Karateginskie mountains. Endemic. Described
from Kulyab and from Peter the Great Range. Type in Leningrad.

18. F. Olgae* Vved. in Fl. Turkm. I, 2 (1932) 297.— F. serawscha-
nica Fedtsch. in schedis.

* Arranged by O.A.Fedchenko.

241

315

316

Perennial; bulb1.5-1.8cmacross, white, the outer scales light-colored,
membranous; stem erect, 20-60 cm or sometimes up to 1 m long, slightly
sulcate, often minutely puncticulate with reddish-lilac, with leaves rather
evenly distributed from base, the distance between leaves and flowers very
variable but always much shorter than the leafy portion of stem; leaves
linear-lanceolate, strongly acuminate, the lowest obtuse, slightly arching;
upper and floral leaves round-tipped, 6-11 cm long, 0.5—-2 cm broad
(3.5 cm in plants from Kugitang), in whorls of 3-6 or opposite, the lower
paired; flowers 1-5, erect/or declined; perianth broadly campanulate,
strongly narrowed toward base; segments yellowish-green outside, green
on the back; inner surface lustrous, dark green with purple apex or reddish-
violet throughout, the faint checkered purple pattern intensified toward the
purple apex; the outer face of inner segments also purple at apex; outer
segments narrowly elliptic, narrowed toward base, to 3 cm long, 0.8 cm
broad, subacuminate; inner segments oblong-obovate, strongly narrowed
toward base, 3 cm long, 1.4 cm broad, round-tipped or apiculate; nectaries
triangular, blackish-purple, at the base of perianth segments; stamens half
the length of perianth; filaments slightly dilated below; anthers acuminate;
style cleft nearly to the middle; capsule 1.5-2 cm long, 2-2.5 em broad,
with winged ribs and acutely emarginate top. June.

Juniper woods, gullies, and slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Zeravshan, Kugitang). Endemic. Described from Kugitang. Type in
Tashkent.

Note. Solitary-flowered forms are associated with the E. part of the
distribution area (Lake Kuli-kalon). They are lower and resemble in
aspect F. Regelii Los.

19. F. ussuriensis Maxim. in Trautv. Rgl., Maxim. et Winkl. Dec.
pl. nov. (1882) 9.

Perennial; bulb small, ca. 1 cm across; stem to 60 cm long, slender,
glabrous, leafless in lower third, leafy above; leaves verticillate, the
upper often paired, linear, acuminate, to 15 cm long, 0.2—0.6 cm broad,
the upper with characteristically twisted tips, the floral erect, with strongly
twisted tips; flowers solitary, declined; pedicels slender, slightly shorter
than perianth; perianth narrowly campanulate, brownish-violet outside, the
inner surface purple, lilac below, checkered with yellow and yellowish-
tipped; outer perianth segments oblong-obovate, obtuse-tipped, to 3.5 cm
long and 1.5 cm broad; inner segments oblong-elliptic, acutish, slightly
shorter and narrower than the outer, all bent at a right angle at the site
of nectary; nectaries round, prominently tumid outside; stamens shorter
than perianth; filaments dilated below, pubescent, longer than anthers;
pistil with shaggy style and deeply lobed stigma; capsule broadly obovoid,
with rounded angles and a roundtop. May.

Wet sandy soils, woods, meadows, and river valleys. — Far East:

Uss. Endemic. Described from the Vaifudin River. Type in Leningrad.

20. F. ferganensis A. Los sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 740.

Bulb 1 cm across; stem very slender, finely sulcate, pale green,
25-40 cm long, with leaves evenly distributed from middle third,
monanthous; lower and mostly upper leaves opposite, paired, the middle
in whorls of 3 or 4, linear, gradually attenuate to sharp point
(this spirally coiled in upper leaves), to 12 cm long, 0.6 cm broad, the
lower leaves broader and shorter, linear-lanceolate, purple; floral leaves

242

almost subulate, rather strongly twisted; flowers solitary, declined;
pedicels much shorter than perianth; perianth broadly campanulate, slightly
narrowed toward base, pale violet-rose, greenish below, checkered with
greenish-brown; perianth segments ca. 3 cm long, the outer oblong-elliptic,
obtusish, 0.8-0.9 cm broad, the inner oblong-obovate, prominently obtuse-
tipped, 1.2-1.3 cm broad, nectaries oblong, on lower one-third of segments,
prominent outside; stamens about half the length of perianth; filaments
slightly dilated, longer than the obtuse anthers; pistil with deeply cleft style;
capsule 1.5 cm long and broad, the wings about as broad as the angles,
tapering to a point at apex, the top strongly emarginate. May. (Plate XIX,
Figure 3, a).

Stony slopes and juniper thickets. Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Alai and
Trans-Alai ranges, Alai Valley). Endemic. Described from the Kandur
and Airtash rivers. Type in Leningrad.

Niobe. Aspecies: relateditoh wine ce lit. AL Most, eyeOlo ae. Vved.,
and F. verticillata Willd. It differs from these species in the following
characters: from F. Regelii Los. in its leaves and flower color; from
F. Olgae Vved in the always monanthous stem, and the shape and color
of flowers; from F. verticillata Willd. in the monanthous stem, flower
color and narrower leaves.

21. F. verticillata Willd. Sp. pl. II (1799) 91.—F. leucantha Fisch.
ex Schult. Syst. VII (1829) 393.—F. scandens Fisch. ex Schult. l.c.—
Ee eadlt anie-a\ Iam tex Sehult.. ol. cet ics Bot Mag. stko969)

Perennial; bulb globose, to 2 cm across; stem 20-60 cm long, in lower
part leafless and rough due to tubercles, from middle third rather densely
leafy, glabrous, smooth; lowest leaves opposite, broader than the rest;
other leaves in whorls of 3-7, narrowly lanceolate to linear, 5-16 cm long,
2-10 mm broad, all leaves with strongly helicoid tips (at flowering only
the tips of upper leaves coiled); flowers 1-5, nodding, campanulate;
pedicels shorter than perianth; outer perianth segments oblong-elliptic,
narrowed at both ends, acuminate, concave, 3-4.5 cm long, 1.5 cm broad;
inner segments oblong-obovate, point-tipped, 3-4.5 cm long, 1.5-2 cm
broad, yellowish white, with darker-striped outside, the inner surface
checkered with pale violet; nectaries on lower one-fourth, prominently

317 tuber-shaped outside; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments dilated
below, slightly longer than anthers; pistil exceeding the stamens, 3-fid to
1/3; capsule obovoid, 2—2.5 cm broad, 2.5-3 cm long, winged, 6-angled,
truncate and emarginate. April.

Stony and dry slopes.— W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-
Tatb. Endemic. Described from Siberia (Altai). Type in Berlin.

Section PETILLIUM (L.) ex Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 177.—L. Gen. PI.
ed. I (1737) No. 259 (pro gen.).— Bulb large, to8 cm across, of 4 fleshy
scales, these united in lower part; flowers in a terminal umbel.

22. F. Raddeana Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1887) 365.— F. aschabadensis
M. Michel in Journ. Soc. Hort. Fr. (1902) 195.— F. Marc.-Micheli
Hreyivet sinh. il Seneu.— lc. . BOL Wide. ste vould:

Perennial; bulb to 6 cm across, broadly ovoid; robust glabrous plants;
stems erect, 50-60 cm long, 1-1.5 cm in diameter, covered at the middle
with alternate or subverticillate decurrent leaves, leafless in upper part;

243

318

leaves glabrous, lustrous, pale green, sessile; lower and middle leaves
broadly lanceolate, slightly acuminate, to 15 cm long and 5 cm broad;
upper leaves linear-lanceolate, acute; inflorescence 2-7-flowered, cymose
at base, with a cluster of linear acute recurved floral leaves; pedicels
declined, slightly longer than flower; flowers broadly campanulate; perianth
segments pale yellow or greenish, with several yellowish-green nerves
and an apical tuft of short white hairs, the outer oblong-lanceolate, the
inner lance-rhomboidal; nectaries at base of segments shallow, scarcely
prominent outside; filaments white, slightly dilated, shorter than the style;
anthers yellowish, to 6 mm long; style 3-fid. April. (Plate XIX, Figure 6a).
Scrub and stony slopes.—Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (in Kopet Dagh
foothills). Endemic. Described from Khodzha-Kala-bami. Type in
Leningrad.

23.. Bi, Eduardii Rel: in AHP: Ville 3q(1883))654, taba —

Bi iimipenialis varsinodora Rel. int HYPs VOL, i) G88s)653"——
Ic.: Gartenfl. (1884) tab. 1165.

Perennial; bulb inodorous, ovaloid-ovoid, 5.6 cm long, 4-5 cm across,
with 4 yellowish inner and dark brown outer scales; stem erect, sulcate,
glabrous, 40-60 cm long, covered from the middle third nearly to summit
with evenly distributed leaves, a very short naked portion just below the
inflorescence; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, semi-
amplexicaul, acuminate, slightly crisp-margined, with numerous parallel
veins, to 12 cm long, 4.5 cm broad; flowers in a crowded terminal
umbellate leafy inflorescence; floral leaves narrower and shorter than the
cauline, forming a terminal rosette; flowers several times the length of
pedicel, erect or declined (not nodding as in F. imperialis L.); perianth
bright red, campanulate, 4.5 cm long; perianth segments subequal, oblong-
lanceolate, the reflexed tips terminating in a minute mucro bearing a tuft
of hairs; nectaries round, superficial, at the base of segments; stamens
much shorter than pistil; filaments scarcely dilated, longer than anthers;
pistil equaling the perianth; with a short ovary and a 3-lobed stigma;
capsule broadly cylindric, 6-7 cm long, 5-6 mm broad, with winged ribs,
flat at base and at top; seeds irregularly oblong-ovoid, angled. March.

Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia (mountains of E. Bukhara). Endemic.
Described from Tash-Mailik, Boratag, Pyandzh River. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The species F. Eduardii Rgl. was mentioned by A. Regel
and was considered by him as synonymous with F. imperialis L.
It differs, however, markedly in perianth color and the not nodding flowers,
and should therefore be separated.

Section LILIARHIZA (Kellog) A. Los.— Liliarhiza Kellog in Proc.
Calis. Acad. II (1863) 46; Sect. Petilium Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 147, p.p.—
Bulb consisting of numerous small scales, increasing in diameter; outer
scales stalked, separating from the bulb and accrescent; flowers solitary
or in a raceme.

24. F. kamtschatcensis (L.) Fisch. ex Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. II (1840)
Lod ek<om.) Mlvwi<amchirl 300-3 :dbieblwRosse WV), =a
kamtschatcense L. Sp. pl. (1753) 303.—Ic.: Gartenfl. (1856) t. 173;
Hook. Fl. bor. Am. t. CXCIII A.

244

319

Perennial; bulb up to 2 cm across, consisting of numerous 3-angled
scales, the outer stalked ("'eyelets''*) and serving for reproduction; stem
erect, to 50 cm long and 0.8 cm in diameter, glabrous, smooth, often
anthocyanin-tinged in lower third, and leafless; leaves verticillate, in
whorls of 3-10, slightly amplexicaul, ovate-lanceolate, to 7 cm long,

2.9 cm broad, attenuate toward apex, subobtuse, dark green above,
glaucescent beneath, with numerous dark longitudinal veins and often with
broad blackish-brown longitudinal bands; leaves of upper whorls smaller;
floral leaves solitary, acuminate; flowers in a close raceme of 2 or 3,
rarely solitary, declined; longer than pedicel; perianth narrowly
campanulate-funnelform, purple, brighter within; segments rather fleshy,
lanceolate, slightly revolute-margined, 2.5-3.5 cm long, 1.3-1.5 cm broad,
the outer narrower, oval-lanceolate, deeply furrowed within, the marginal
furrows fimbriate-verrucose; nectaries on the lower part of segments,
superficial, hooded at summit; stamens with anthers attached in lower part;
anthers 3-angled below, shorter than the filaments; style 3-fid nearly to
the middle; capsule ovoid, 1.5-2 cm long, obtusely angled. June.

(Plate XIX, Figure 7).

Woods, meadows, in dense grass stands, sandy soils, and tundra. —
Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Uss. Gen. distr.: N. America. N. Japan.
Described from Canada. Type in London.

Economic importance. Bulbs with a high starch and sugar content, are
boiled for food and are stored for winter use. They resemble chestnuts in
taste and play a considerable role in the life of the inhabitants who often
use them as a substitute for bread.

25. F. dagana Turcz. in Flora XVII (1834) I Beibl., 25; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV, 148; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II, I (1856) 211.—F. chamarensis
Turez. ex Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 148.—Ic.:' Trautv. Imag. et descr.
Fl. Ross. (1844) t.1.

Perennial; bulbs of several small scales; stem to 35 cm long, glabrous,
smooth, speckled with anthocyanins especially in lower part, with a single
whorl of 3-5 leaves in upper part; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, attenuate toward apex, obtuse, rounded at base, to 8 cm long,
to 1z cm broad, 5—-7-nerved, glabrous; floral leaf solitary, oblong-ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, terminating in a long-tapering obtuse tip, commonly
shorter and broader than the cauline leaves; flowers solitary, nodding;
pedicel shorter than perianth; perianth broadly campanulate, outside
brownish~-purple with a dark spot about the nectary, the inner surface
orange-purple checkered with a lighter color; perianth segments oblong-
obovate, to 4 cm long, obtusish; outer segments to 1 cm broad, more
acute; inner segments to 1.3 cm long, more rounded at apex; nectaries
triangular; stamens about half the length of perianth; filaments slender,
slightly dilated below, much longer than anthers; style exceeding the
stamens, 3-fid to 1/3; capsule 1.5 cm long, 1.3 cm in diameter, rounded
at base, obtuse at top, the irregular ribs dilated upward. May.

Woods and slopes in the subalpine zone.— E. Siberia: Dau., Ang.-Say.,
Yen. (SE). Endemic. Described from Transbaikalia (Urgudei). Type in
Leningrad.

* [The term apparently corresponds to “rice-grain" bulblets.]

245

320 26. F. Maximowiczii Freyn, Pl. Karonae inO.B.Z. (1901) 36.—

F. dagana Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 279, non Turcz.

Perennial; bulb less than 1 cm across, of several scales; stem
20-35 cm long, slender, glabrous, smooth, leafless below, with a single
leaf whorl at upper third and occasionally a small solitary leaf between
the whorl and flower; leaves 4 or 5 in whorl, linear-lanceolate to linear,
subobtuse, glaucescent beneath, dark green above, 6-8 cm long, 3-10 mm
broad; floral leaf solitary; flowers solitary (sometimes 2); pedicel short,
erect; perianth broadly open-campanulate, outside purplish-violet,
glaucescent; inner surface reddish, finely checkered with translucent
yellow; perianth segments to 5 cm long and to 14 mm broad, oblong-elliptic,
tapering at both ends, terminating in a narrow obtuse tip, the margin yellow,
beset with short hairs; nectaries on lower third of segments, oval; stamens
about half the length of perianth; filaments slender, several times as long
as anthers; stigma deeply lobed; capsule ovaloid, obtusish, narrowed
toward base, ca. 2 cm long, rather broadly winged. June. (Plate XIX,
Figure 2).

Larch and birch woods and slopes.— E. Siberia: Dauria; Far East:
Uss., Ze.-Bu., Uda. Endemic. Described from Zeya landing-stage.

Genus 272. TULIPA* L. **
L. Gen. pl. (1753) 145,

Perianth segments 6, deciduous, destitute of nectaries; stamens 6,
shorter than perianth, equal or the inner somewhat longer; anthers
basifixed; ovary many-ovuled, with sessile stigma or with more or less
developed style; seeds flat. Perennial bulbose plants, with cauline leaves
and (in the USSR) heliophilous [heliotropic ?] flowers.

Economic importance. In addition to being accepted as widely distributed
commercial ornamentals, tulips are also the object of specialized
collections. Hence, in spite of the availability of numerous cultivated
varieties and the horticultural introduction of wild species, there is a
continuous pursuit of ever new tulips. It may be noted that fanciers do not
disdain species with small insignificant flowers which, by accepted
standards, are not ornamental.

Thus, all the tulips may be considered to some extent as an export

32larticle. Horticultural firms of international standing, whose catalogs have
long been adorned with the names of our wild tulips, maintain a continuous
demand. Many tulips are very difficult to propagate in the West and, since
the species are in most instances restrictedly endemic, they can be obtained
only in the Soviet Union. Provided that proper arrangements are made to
ensure that the foreign consumers become acquainted with the entire range
of our tulips, the export of tulip bulbs may turn into a significant item
of foreign trade.

Tulips must not be neglected in our urban planting programs. It should
be remembered that the most robust and large-flowered tulips (Tulipa
Eros era nel jer mis \euds.. L..«S Glam ie vith g is Gee Ecler i
foMicheliana;, T. Tubergeniana, TT. lanata, PD. Grenmaigs

* Name derived by corruption from dulbend, the Persian word for turban.
** Arranged by A.I. Vvedenskii.

246

322

Tt Hoogianay). kwschikens is) grow wild on USSR territory and all
that is needed is to organize the supply of their bulbs.
Local inhabitants often use raw tulip bulbs for food.

Note. Study of the genus Tulipa is beset with exceptionally great obstacles, One of the serious
difficulties consists in the fact that it is almost impossible to make use of herbarium material in the study
of Tulipa species. On top of that, the species are polymorphic and they vary to such an extent in respect
of such characters as the color and shape of perianth segments or the presence of basal blotch and colored
margin, that it is often most difficult to relate a deviating specimen to a given species even through found
as a population component of that species, Characters of more stable nature are the consistence and vesture”
of the bulb tunics as well as the shape of flower and bud. The last two characters are virtually undiscernable
in the herbarium.
Another obstacle in the study of tulips is the absence of precise records of origin for various species,
since many tulips were described in horticultural establishments where provenance data were not given due
attention or were possibly concealed.
Because of the incomplete knowledge of many species, the systematics of tulips is very imperfect.
The now accept system of Baker and Boissier** is highly artificial, but it would be difficult to attempt its
revision in view of the scarcity of our information concerning the tulip flora of Hither Asia. It has only been
possible to establish two new monotypic sections for two severely isolated Central Asian tulips and to transfer
T. sogdiana from the section Leiostemones to the section Eriostemones, This species, in having
naked filaments, has so far been detached from related forms,

When collecting tulips, it is necessary to note in detail the color of all flower parts and to cut the bulb
lengthwise, The latter procedure ensures better drying of the plant and facilitates the study of bulb tunics,
It is very important to dig up and to dry sterile specimens, noting the possible presence of an underground
shoot. As already mentioned, an important character is provided by the direction of the bud before expansion
so that, whenever possible, fixation of this character should be secured.

i A bilaments maked:,. (PA 2a" UA OE OE NAGS RE BEN Sk De
a OMe ee Deer ineanded-alybeqe- 5 tah jh oe pee fea eR dedi i aa A, Mead
Zt ye Obsolete OrrOpsolescentEl EUR IW) USGA FO Bee: Be
+ Style distinct, the length of pa bets 5 RI 2 AT.
3 Anthers opening gradually and very Blleviy fcom ‘op i Bene and

bEcomMINnaA CONLOTLEMs, £2) ba kt ...... 43. T. Kaufmanniana Rel.
K Anthers opening rapidly, not Becoming CONtOFtER 2a, MTA aM. Loa. 24
4. Anthers several times the length of filaments; perianth segments

20-30 mm long, pale salle acute, the outer pubescent. 2
F AD: ines aia Fall
ae Anions She 205 to foe more ra 3 eee the length of filaments;

plants differing in other characters. .... BUTT TAG, CRED ALMA i 80, 20»
5. Bulb tunics strongly produced (up to soil leven) their inner face
hairy-lanuginose throughout... .. yao

Ba Bulb tunics not produced or only Sieh Beodee ck sar if steely so
appressed-hairy or arachnoid-villous only at summit and naked below.
6. Upper leaves surpassing or at least reaching the lower; aerial part
of the plant one-half to two-thirds as long as the underground part;
perianth segments rather gradually acuminate, with a dark violet blotch
OMI ORM RACE Sy ait pau - Ji tee 2oe) “let BOrsZzezow i: bell:
rg Upper leaves not Albee he abe aerial part slightly shorter
than the underground part; BM ct fa cuoran rather abruptly
ACMI ACC ool ae a: Mgtata : ea eas be
7. Perianth segments watHont a seepall MStcn ... 22. L. Behmiana Rgl.

Vesture must be observed on the younger (inner) bulb tunics.
** Baker in Journ. Bot. 14(1874) 276-277; Boissier Fl. Or. V (1884) 191.

t For identification with the aid of this key, it is desirable to have live plants in addition to herbarium
material.

247

323

+ ©

OE

13.

14.

15.

vie

18.

19.

Perianth segments commonly with a blackish-violet basal blotch on

the inner face, rarely on both faces. ...21. T. Lehmanniana Merckl.
Leaves 2 (3); perianth segments 15-25-(30) mm long, white, yellow

at base, becoming faintly rose after anthesis, the outer dingy violet

on the outside, the inner abruptly narrowed into a claw; small, glabrous
desert plants; bulb tunics firm, coriaceous, lanose on inner face.

cae MDS ahs eae ecole ine aaa cor RN 2 48. T. sogdiana Merckl.
Leaves 3 to several; large plants with bright flowers or small mountain

plants, differing in their, characters). oh. 72) je ey) ee eae e we
Bulb tunics profusely arachnoid-villous all over the inner face.... 10.
Bulb tunics glabrate or pilose or lanate, always with straight hairs, or,
if arachnoid-villous, then tunics hairy only at summit ......... 13.
Outer perianth segments acutish, slightly longer than obtuse inner

SS OMIM TAES ye ve ei, Panis BREA ete, UR bolt Oe eee 4. T. Julia C. Koch.
Reimianthyscinents SWbedUaly, ACUTE le... rec taien «ite a ball) i eraarm ree smn Ly

Perianth segments raspberry-red; stem and flower glabrous........
PO it sett ay pe Pac RNRt elt aya its Ata ES axl aarp 3. T. Hoogiana B. Fedtsch.
Rerianthysegmentsryred | 2 Ayweneit.oe «aa ome heh ot: Roa PRET eee Pee 12.
Perianth segments abruptly short-acuminate, commonly with an
emarginate blotch; peduncle usually glabrous, rarely pubescent......
has lbbeminns ale ina tadret hia aa vada, 2 tie 2. T. kuschkensis B. Fedtsch.
Perianth segments rather gradually long-acuminate, commonly with

an acute blotch; peduncle pubescent...... 1. T. Tubergeniana Hoog.
Robust plants, 40-50 cm tall; leaves 6-12, evenly distributed, the
lower narrowly lanceolate, the upper sublinear. cbaien @excnseto | Pome
DMR wiae PMR LTEM, e. CeN OE ch AB aah ae 17. T. Schmidtii Fom.
Leaves 3 or 4, broader, or numerous and narrow and then the plants

small MOS310 tematadil’ 3 5. 25'S Aken Rs OUST et 14.
Stems in uppermpanrt and pedunclespubescent. 26ers = a ees erie 15.
Skempandmpeduncleyslabrous +o 207) Ries teeny “cuoe pverenee s 30.

Inner perianth segments shorter than the outer, concave, emarginate,
connivent; leaves bright glaucous, approximate, rapidly diminishing

in size up the stem, the lowest broadly oblong to subelliptic ........
Beret. LIM eRe ee. aks, SER UMREEE, eM DAE RR LIS th 12. T. Albertii Regl.

Inner perianth segments not concave, obtuse or acute .....2.0 16.
Bulb tunics on inner face lustrous, glabrous or with few hairs at
summit; filaments red; perianth segments subequal........... 17.

Bulb tunics pubescent all over or densely hairy at summit; filaments
yellow, black or variegated; inner perianth segments different from

TITER FOMBE TY ahi Ponsa rey ns “RU SEAM ehhh SESE DOL IE SCL Robt lsu nS cab oy Ei ih OO 18.
Leaves (3) 4, spreading, not crisp; perianth segments orange-red,
ObwUSEetoOsaAcutishi.)) «iit yee Ce ae 10. T. praestans Hoog.

Leaves 3 (the uppermost much reduced, often bractlike), spreading,
erisp;, peblanth segments! red,“ spreading acute (|...) 0 ee ae ee
SPE Oe on oats Ree SS Me Sean peek ies bo bes 11. T. subpraestans Vved.
Perianth segments yellowish or yellow, the outer flushed with violet
ONStHe, OUESIDE Mia ital Sect t Ate A ete a ee 19.
Perianth segments various shades of red or yellow or sometimes white,
the outer not suffused with violet (see T. Greigii).......... 22.
Bulb tunics coriaceous, with appressed hairs confined to the summit
OMNI TASS 5. eae a) So eee Ailcke Pacierogh Seem aon ia ke 20.

248

Wor eu Ostia care yell Orel Ail i TERE Te ROE) REEL, TARE NOTE MART ee, 21.
20. Lowest leaf sublorate to linear-lanceolate; bulb tunics subcoriaceous.

ROMER RAR RUAN MEUM PT ae A Urea yg NEAR EA TARR MRE US 3) SEN 35. T. iliensis Rel.
+ Lowest leaf lanceolate to oblong; bulb tunics firm, coriacerous.

PER ae TSM Sin GATS Aa, LG ete ERE UES DORR A” FARM 36. T. ferganica Vved.
21. Perianth segments acuminate, the outer somewhat longer. .........

SPARE CAI SET STE TM LT Re A ATO, OB YS YE Sy TG 33. T. altaica Pall.
+ Perianth segments acute or acuminate, the outer scarcely shorter.

Pa TRE ARE Re IRL PT CARE NE) HOE 2 SOE ORE MP ay eR 32. T. dubia Vved.

324

PEER AS WSs ee ee RARE. 2 DR Sea, Se i Be Oma): 23k
th Bulbs tam osha r yy Oorswoo lly Sie Nee, ROTEL Waray UR kta Wy OMe 24.
23. Leaves glaucous, slightly crisp; perianth segments with a black

Mar cinleESs bloke yl! TW IBS he POS Sik WNIT WINE 7. T. ingens Hoog.
+ Leaves glaucescent, crisp; perianth segments with a black yellow-

Mraroined MOLE. Mee TENE Ne UO Oe a DL ae | 6. T. lanata Rel.
24. Leaves slightly spreading, all distinctly carinate; perianth segments

strongly spreading, acute; bulb tunics woolly... 9. T. carinata Vved.
+ Leaves more or less spreading, ecarinate; bulb tunics hairy or merely

SPS UMM UOOLys = 2 eel. sh AS Eh Toe. MO SRNR Obey RE aayT eae 29.

25. Very robust plants; lowest leaf commonly broad, oblong or elliptic;
flowers saucer-shaped; perianth segments commonly obtuse, minutely
mucronulate, mostly with a 3-tipped black yellow-margined or yellow
Diletel. AM TR PL UL! Oe, CRRA) Os Ele Cee POS POs BANS 8..T. Fosteriana Irv.

+ Lowest leaf lanceolate or oblong (or sometimes to broadly elliptic and
then leaves violet-speckled); basal blotch not 3-tipped, and if 3-tipped

themnarrawrandovery loner “UOt) POPE Pees te Malet s Z0F
26. Inner perianth segments slightly longer than the outer, connivent,

the outer with reflexed tips; leaves violet-speckled........... PAL
+ Inner perianth segments equal or the outer slightly longer ...... 28.
27. Perianth segments orange-red (sometimes yellow), at base yellow

With aro lack" loth sme men ey Snel. Wlrwa sea) Bie Eek 13. T. Greigii Rgl.
+ Perianth segments red, at base with a black yellow-margined or

manrginiess blotch es seo 14. T. mogoltavica M. Pop. et Vved.

28. Perianth segments with a narrow long yellow-margined or marginless
black blotch 1/3-1/2 the length of the segments; leaves violet-striped

325 Or WIthOULIStEUDES! "Tike ote te eh eet e te ey me 15. T. Micheliana Hoog.
+ Perianth segments with a short basal blotch occupying 1/5-1/4 its length.
aot Stes ead AA ois ame SN hh intial CoM SP is Sok eRe bet calle i ah Ge hake MS 29).

29. Perianth segments gradually long-acuminate, red, the black basal blotch
margined with yellow, with a 3-toothed tip; ovary about the length of

SUAINCHS! eget “ote es tee ah Lames” Widen Clee Amen ee ae 16. T. Eichleri Rel.
+ Perianth segments rather abruptly acuminate, very variable in color;

ovary slightly shorter than stamens ......... 27. T. Schrenkii Rel.
30. Perianth segments red or rose, rarely yellow or white

(c.f, T. Schrenkii), the outer face not suffused with violet .... 31.

+ Perianth segments white, yellowish or yellow, rarely red, the outer
suffused outside with dingy violet or reddish-violet, rarely without
violet shades (c.f. T. Ostrovskiana, T. Kolpakovskiana and
DRI CHIN CESON SRrR eae Se Ee SEL GR Oe Se Rae MAW I ree i PPE tye aes: Bee

249

31. Bulb tunics very firm, coriaceous, the woolly or arachnoid-villous
hairs confined to summit; leaves (3) 4-8, linear, the lowest sometimes

dihnetein la ni@eo lait eee ae ts aM UE a ak rae Rn etree et oe
+ \ Bulbstunies-hainy or woolly alljover orymenelyat summit teawa. .- 34,
32. Bulb tunics arachnoid-shaggy at summit.... 20. T. Wilsoniana Hoog.
+ Bulb: tumcsayoolly atvsuroity. ai). Be Nese Bene aoe panera oc 33.

33. Perianth segments rather abruptly acuminate, terminating in a long
sharp points’ leaves; spreading, (scattered, not erispiate Gyaeiyen he.
boo ao CANES Uke 2 Melt UM RPRERa anes Rac aier ae de AONE IPM EL) 18. T. Maximowiczii Rgl.

+ Perianth segments obtuse or rarely terminating in a very short point;
leaves spreading’, (approximate, “Crispe . il. 19. T. linofolia Regl.

34. Bulb tunies densely covered all over with woolly hairs. 2)4:)-iei > 2...
Bee tet ay ey. ts Va oie es tg eeeee. Sep eas oe oes 5. T. Florenskyi Woron.

+ Perianth segments hairy all over or merely at apex covered with woolly

Haire ys ogie 2 ey aaa ds, Bede bya Soedoe Spee bee gaa eee 2 30.
35. Bulb tunics weakly coriaceous, blackish-brown, more or less hairy all

OVER (hesitiein: snteiis ay wishes Il: sealants 27. T. Schrenkii Rgl.
+ Bulb tunics black, coriaceous, densely hairy or woolly at summit,

more; on\less/oblotig" eho isee .urthastta past ao ea bare Rave ee a 36.
JOP PMEMO WITS OSE ee Lee ee tga es ee! Me eo eo. ho as Meee 26. T. rosea Vved.
ty kiliowersuned: (sometimes yellow), 44 6) dual’ -/aiaaln fechee vaev Le Silt
37. Perianth segments (2) 3 (4 or 5) cm long, red; leaves mostly surpassing

ThepstlowersWOvabwky /SKeeMisht Ham Eye & Ae bi we ¥ 24. T. Korolkovii Rel.
+ Perianth segments (2.75) 4-6 cm long, bright red; leaves usually not

326 surpassing the flower; ovary commonly rose .... 25. T. nitida Hoog.

38. Filaments dilated from base, narrowed above to a point........ 39.
+ Filaments gradually narrowed from base or with nearly parallel margins

(CAL WanY Wougisthainis ley teen val: ites atohaaoe cinblaae senate 42.

39. Bulb tunics subcoriaceous to subchartaceous; small plants..........
te OE re AG au hr mtd tees Lestrade horde 39. T. tianschanica Rgl.
+ J~Bulb cuniesy large; icorlaccous;. more) vagorous, plants 20: t4aeteeke - e 40.
40. Leaves (3 or 4) 5 or 6 (7), very close together, all sublorate........
bee BE PAPA eT thie Sto ee Rita Awan seme a 40. T. tetraphylla Rgl.
Leaves 3 or 4, scattered, the lowest linear-lanceolate......... Arb.
4. Filaments strongly dilated, abruptly narrowed at Summit, 220 3Je :ge . >
BOY Gs BEETS ALS gat eaty AGEL Oy See inci ae eS, Mae tw, Oe 31. T. brachystemon Regl.

+ Filaments gradually attenuate at summit ... 32. T. platystemon Vved.
ZZ) pomucill polantsi wath appicoximeat e Wie avese Urine al viair. se er eae en eae 43.
+ Stronger plants with scattered leaves; bulb tunics firmly coriaceous.

Ee et Poe Bee Coe SS ST ae Be IO REALE UE 2 ON, Mem SMS NU Mr om WR a 45.
AS wmeeavecrsublorate,. io. Min. 4 adt nae: 41. T. hissarica M. Pop. et Vved.
+ Lowest leaf lanceolate to oblong-ovate, much larger than the upper

NSEN SERGE SMe: Geatel FAI Aah nM 5 hina Sam! Siem Matar Aa ih ab ec a 44,

oy Necks ey Alatas ter Ee Oe Saree os ERPOGRER | edie, UNE i WPereae Ee ei 37. T. anisophylla Vved.

Flowers white; filaments with nearly parallel margins, abruptly

Met igrONS Mabe SUNTAN EM cS ct ey OP 38. T. Korshynskyi Vved.

45. Flower bud erect; lowest leaf elliptic to oblong or rarely lanceolate.
erie ey a he ae eee eS tes igre Nod Oy Sarcasm me Pe 30. T. Zenaidae Vved.

+ Flower bud drooping; lowest leaf linear-lanceolate to lanceolate ... 46.

250

327

328

46.

95.

Perianth segments yellow, not blotched; leaves commonly surpassing

UGNEs GUUS Sens UR tell aa oe lar ek me a a 29. T. Kolpakovskiana Rel.
Perianth segments red, with a black basal blotch; leaves not surpassing
the Tlowere's POMS wOLRe tale a's TULA Se 2 29. T. Ostrovskiana Regl.
Bulb tunics naked inside; leaves opposite; anthers oblong-elliptic, ca.
DO MMURISLOMG?, 1s, a5 gE he ee ee ek eM 63. T. heterophylla (Rgl.) Baker.
Bulb tunics with appressed hairs inside at summit; leaves alternate;
BERETS 3:10 HAtAN LOMO Me SU Nhe. WORE Hae REO CR OP RDN ee: are TS 2 48.

Leaves subapproximate, commonly spreading; perianth segments

obtuse or obtusish; filaments gradually attenuate from base ........
nihil FD LSS oa a: MO lll SP MLPA Ka AN ANU i ti gall 622 "ER. nitloraiGs:) Bess:
Leaves much scattered, spreading; perianth segments very acute;

filaments dilated below the middle ....... 61. T. heteropetala Ldb.
eat solitary,; “longitudinally ierested onvupper surtace sinihwiie .ne. .
BI MIAE. CEL? a eR ANCE ERR SENN: ECA SLID ih Dod MET kek 44. T. Regelii Krasn.

eaves 2 tovseveraly never cuestednst: (Gy i 2 eal. mais Setiateaaeedted . BOF
iPerianth serments, violet or ipale rosy-violety i.) weit hk sank 4. Duly.
Perianth segments yellow or white, with a yellow basal spot, becoming
tinged with rosy Vieletronly rat mace Mia RN (YORE TAG, hee ROD. he 20

Perianth segments violet, 30-40 mm long, the outer slightly narrower
thaniwhevimner: bulb tunics ricidhy COrlaceOus ) uc. een ee en a
RELL An PSN AS, RACIST GUINEA 44*, T. violacea Boiss. et Buhse.
Perianth segments pale rosy-violet, 20-35 mm long, the outer two-
thinds astbeoad astthe inner: bulb tunies papey, : .) guakin ¢ > 618 sa 5s
EMR Te ee eres eR LB EY ae GR OM Ree Stal And 45. T. caucasica Lipsky.
Bulb tunics naked or with few appressed hairs at summit; ovary with

Elecite pe MOMSEN TTA Aya Wawra. pe Meo ta, Aa date er ee Oe BF Ow aN 53.
Bulb tunics arachnoid-woolly all over or merely at summit lanate or
ABPreSSEG= heiisy Meith, WO Oe LITT | TAME SLY: SHENG, an ek Saat) CORA Me RemERE eR. csc o4.
Leaves 3-7, very close together, spreading; flowers 1-8; bulb tunics
CORUAICCOUS. MECN ac) cae api cn Wate Miles: tac eaten Eee 60. T. tarda Stapf.
Leaves 2, scattered, spreading; bulb tunics papery, naked or with few
appressed hains atspminmite . t5. 7, tare 3 99. T. dasystemon Rel.
Bulb tunics rather densely appressed-hairy at summit. Anthers without
CUS IOS eek cue ee pce ee ete ee ee ene Th va P le atest URI Set,” ites Mme ROMER Re ean eC rm RAE 55

Bulb tunics arachnoid-woolly all over, or merely at summit rather
densely appressed-hairy. Anthers terminating in a short cusp; leaves
ere hanta aleve lly Wee aA Ne ee eae a I ea Me ieee ARUN aa ML SU NSE 7 8 Sil
Perianth segments yellow, 40-55 mm long, the outer not tinged outside
wath violet; anthers the leneth of filaments, 6-13 mmmMons 2. eke...
S CERRIE >, EPU Renehnde hat SR de Al ltl ih ates oo tua 4o*~ Py silvestris T’.
Perianth segments 20-35-—(40) mm long; anthers one-third to one-half
tie VedethVot tilamnlenbs, vo mam VOGT soe. ce ee 2 te Sch mela mente eee 56.
Perianth segments yellow, the outer often violet-tinged on the outside.
La UB ah EBay ciate ap hagtes te eu tce aT WN value nace 1 46. T. Biebersteiniana Schult.
Perianth segments white, yellow at base, the outer violet-tinged on

URCHOULS TGS TE, ame tlc) ah MMR) icon Mah eae eet lcs ine tate 47. T. patens Agardh.
Bulbphunies:lanaterinsidepat SUn aa eee eA a O08.
Bulb tunics arachnoid-woolly over the whole inner face......... 60.
Bulb tunics subcoriaceous; style fairly long, approximately the length

(ORTON YSU AO A rae Pa dE 58. T. dasystemonoides Vved.
Bulb tunics COrlaceous;), Style SMOGEer ok te ale eco esis fe tae 59.

251

329

59. Leaves much scattered, spreading, commonly much shorter than the
MON PENO woh) 4 ge Me OMSL eee empty Dauner ic nck eo 1c 49. T. Buhseana Boiss.
+ Leaves less scattered, spreading, commonly surpassing the flower,
perianth segments with relatively weak pubescence ..............
Te Ee Ege ete RRR ME LT Pat MBAR Oe me Hemera vic tae ia 2 50. T. turkestanica Rgl.
60: Bulb tunicshpapemy ormearly SO... gel 22 20cm RPE ee 61.
ttt eulbatunieskcOriaceous is sis aaveds Lat eel ce eae tae eee sic 62.
Gi. Meaves sSeattered: anthers 2—3 mmglonis; sSihywlelshortt sea aeeae nee
retimee “At ahie ours eae ieee she ote D3oewbifloray Pall,
+ Leaves very close together, subopposite; anthers 5-6 mm long; style
57. T. orithyioides Vved.

once eter a wk wipe ita: Welt c BRIAR os:
62) Peri anthesesmentsyObrusesy 4 -eiee Nels 56)» Callieria Hal? etalbev:
+eireniantivisesiments' acute or acutishey.ei2 aeilackaaiac ls) eee ee 63.

63. Bulb tunics densely arachnoid-woolly inside; perianth segments acute;
anthers 4-6 mm long; leaves commonly not surpassing the flower . 64.
+ Bulb tunics less hairy; perianth segments acutish; anthers 2-4 mm
long; filaments naked above the ring of hairs; leaves slightly surpassing
thre) flO we ee ce weep oars: A Alice on Be eth eae ieeabineas autem Doak ap cit ear ea te kes
64. Leaves commonly spreading, much scattered; flower mostly solitary;
inner perianth segments oblong-ovate, rather abruptly contracted into
thence law evades iad ORs onal bibs: d1. T. turcomanica B. Fedtsch.
+ Leaves spreading, less scattered; flowers mostly several; inner
perianth segments oblong, rather gradually tapering into the claw
RaW cel Ghae a ae a ee: ten ce 52. T. bifloriformis Vved.
65. Outer perianth segments bearded at base, the inner broadly oblong,
rather gradually tapering into the densely ciliate claw ............
bats bil cae cag eae eg ee mee eae oe A ee Oe ee 54. T. polychroma Stapf.
+ Outer perianth segments naked at base, the inner oblong-ovate, rather
abruptly tapering into the claw, this less ciliate at base; filaments less
pubeScent!. ieee ttlkeeates .hecltesot eu! 595. T. koktebelica Junge.

Section TULIPANUM Reb. in Giorn. bot. It. II (1851) 57.— Bulb tunics
profusely arachnoid-shaggy over the whole inner surface; flowers large,
bright-colored; filaments glabrous; ovary with a sessile stigma.

1. T. Tubergeniana Hoog. in Gard. Chron. XXXV (1904) 358, cum
tabula.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 3-5 cm thick; tunics brown, papery, profusely
arachnoid-shaggy on inner surface; stem (5)—15-30 cm long, the upper
part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves (3) 4, falcate, glaucescent,
crisp, more or less pubescent, ciliate, surpassing the flower; lowest leaf
lanceolate, (1.5)-2-—4 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments red,
2.5-10 cm long, gradually acuminate to a pubescent point, the commonly
acute black basal blotch margined with pale yellow-orange; outer segments
rhomboidal or deltoid, slightly broader than the obovate or oboblong inner
segments; stamens one-third the length of perianth; filaments naked, black;
anthers violet, twice the length of filaments; ovary slightly shorter than
stamens, commonly with a violet bloom; stigma sessile, much broader
than ovary, usually purple. April.

Clayey slopes in mottled outcrop areas.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (SW).
Endemic. Described from cultivated specimens originating from Bukhara;
without precise indication of origin.

252

330

2. T. kuschkensis B. Fedtsch. in Bot. Jahrb. L. (1914) 612 (nomen
nudum); Ej. in Fl. Turkm. 2 (1932) 302.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. (1934) tab. 9370.
Perennial; bulb ovoid, 3-5 cm thick; tunics brown, papery, profusely
arachnoid-shaggy on inner surface; stem 20-50 cm long, glabrous or
sometimes the peduncle pubescent; leaves (3) 4 (5), faleately recurved in
upper part, scattered, glaucous, crisp, glabrous, ciliate-margined,
commonly not surpassing the flower, successively decreasing in size up
the stem, the lowest leaf lanceolate and 2-4 cm broad; flower solitary;
perianth segments red, 4.5-9 cm long, abruptly short-acuminate to a
pubescent point, the black basal blotch commonly narrowly emarginate and
margined with pale yellow; outer segments oblong-rhomboidal or
subobdeltoid, scarcely broader than the obtriangular or subobdeltoid-ovate
inner segments; stamens one-third the length of perianth; filaments
glabrous, black; anthers half as long again as the filaments, violet; ovary
slightly shorter than stamens, greenish; stigma sessile, much broader than
the ovary, yellowish; capsule cylindric, 3-angled, 1.5-3 cm broad,
Jo Cialong, Aprils

Clayey or rarely stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kushkinskii
River). Endemic. Described from Kushka. Type in Leningrad.

3. T. Hoogiana B. Fedtsch. in Gard. Chron. XLVIII (1910) 53, cum
tabula.—T. amabilis B. Fedtsch. in Bot. Jahrb. L. (1914) 612 (nomen
nudum).—T. ingens B. Fedtsch. in Fl. Turkm. (1932) 302, non Hoog. —
fee EV Turkm-s 2. (1932). 3002

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-3-(4) em thick; tunics blackish-brown or
brown, papery, profusely arachnoid-shaggy on inner surface; stem
20-40 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves (3) 4,(5), spreading,
scattered, slightly crisp, glaucous, glabrous, more or less ciliate, not
exceeding or slightly exceeding the flower, progressively decreasing in size
up the stem, the lowest lanceolate, 1.5-4 (8) cm broad; flower solitary;
perianth segments raspberry-red, very rarely pinkish-orange or orange,
3.5-—8 cm long; outer segments deltoid, gradually acuminate and terminating
in a pubescent point, scarcely narrower than the obovate inner segments,
these rather abruptly acuminate to a pubescent point; stamens one-third to
one-half the length of perianth; filaments naked, black, red or yellow at
base, white below anthers; anthers half as long again as filaments, yellow;
ovary slightly shorter than stamens, commonly red at the top; stigma
sessile, slightly broader than ovary, yellow; capsule 1.5-2 cm broad,

2-4 cm long. April-May.

Clayey or rarely gravelly slopes from the foothills to the steppe zone
of mountains.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Centr. and W. Kopet Dagh).
Endemic. Described from cultivated specimens with unreliable indication
of origin: ''Bukhara"'.

4. T. julia C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 225; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
134.—T. montana var. Julia Baker in Journ. Bot. 14 (1874) 279 (p.p.);
Boiss ell Or. Vi. 193 i(p sp.)

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-3 cm thick; tunics brown, papery, profusely
arachnoid-shaggy on inside; stem 12-30 cm long, the stem and peduncle
glabrous; leaves 4, slightly spreading, scattered, more or less crisp,
glabrous, commonly ciliate-margined, not surpassing the flower,

253

331

progressively decreasing in size up the stem; lowest leaf lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, 1-4 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments red,
the dark basal blotch margined with yellow; outer segments 2.5-4.5 cm
long, oblong-rhomboidal to oblong, acutish, terminating in a short pubescent
point, slightly longer than the obovate to oblong-obovate obtuse inner
segments; stamens about half the length of perianth; filaments naked, black;
ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with sessile stigma. April-June.

Dry stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described
from Shuragel. Type in Berlin.

Section LEIOSTEMONES Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 191.— Bulb tunics
nearly glabrous on the inside, or hairy at summit or all over, or profusely
woolly, or merely at summit profusely arachnoid-shaggy; filaments naked;
ovary with sessile stigma or with a style, this always shorter than ovary.

5. ££) MPlorenskyi Woron: in Not. Syst. Herb.) Horta Bet) sercop wi
(1924) 61:—T. montana var. Julia Baker in Journ. Bot. 14 (1874)
29 (o.p.) Bosses) MOrwy Vv (S841 sph pay

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 2cmthick; tunics brown, subcoriaceous, densely
woolly onthe inside; stem 10-20cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous;
leaves (3) 4, spreading subapproximate, glaucous, crisp, glabrous, commonly
smooth-margined, not surpassing the flower, rather gradually decreasing in
sizeupthestem; lowest leaflanceolate, 1.5-2.5cmbroad; flower solitary;
perianth segments red with a grayish-black yellow-margined basal blotch
or yellow, 2.5-3.5 cm long; outer segments obovate-rhomboidal to oblong -
rhomboidal, short-acuminate to a pubescent point; inner segments obovate-
oblong, obtuse, slightly emarginate, sometimes short-pointed; stamens
two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments naked, black, at base and below
the anthers yellow; anthers yellow, scarcely shorter than filaments; ovary
slightly shorter than filaments, with subsessile stigma; capsule ca. 1.5 cm
thick, 3-4 cm long, short-beaked. April.

Dry stony slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc.: Gen. distr.: Iran. Described
from Sultanabad. Type in Leningrad.

6. T. lanata Rg]. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 647, t. IV (p.p.).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-4 cm thick; tunics thinly subcoriaceous, brown,
profusely lanate on the inside; stem 40-60 cm long, the upper part of stem
and peduncle pubescent; leaves 4, spreading, scattered, crisp, glaucescent,
more or less pubescent, ciliate, not surpassing the flower, progressively
decreasing in size up the stem; lowest leaf lanceolate, 3-6 cm broad;
flower solitary; perianth segments red, 5-8 cm long, more or less
acuminate to a pubescent point, the black obtuse or emarginate basal blotch
margined with pale yellow; outer segments rhomboidal to oblong-rhomboidal,
slightly broader than the oblong-obovate inner segments; stamens one-third
to two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments naked, black; anthers
commonly yellow, twice the length of filaments; ovary slightly shorter than
stamens, with sessile stigma; capsule 2 cm broad, 5cm long. April-May.

Clayey or rarely stony slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-+Al. (Surkhan and Kafirnigan river basins). Endemic. Described
from Khodzha-balkata. Type in Leningrad.

1920 254

332

333

7. T. ingens Hoog in Gard. Chron. XXXII (1902) 14, f.7.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2—3-(4) cm thick; tunics blackish-brown or
brown, thinly subcoriaceous, rather profusely lanate on the inside; stem
15-35 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves
3-(5), spreading, scattered, slightly crisp, glaucous, pubescent, more
or less ciliate-margined, progressively decreasing in size up the stem,
not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf lanceolate, 2-—5-(9) cm broad; flower
solitary; perianth segments red, 4-11 cm long, more or less acuminate
to a pubescent point, the black obtuse or emarginate blotch not margined;
outer segments oblong-rhomboidal, slightly broader than the oboblong
to oboblong-elliptic inner segments; stamens one-third to two-fifths the
length of perianth; filaments naked, black; anthers commonly violet, twice
the length of anthers; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with seszile
stigma; capsule ca. 2 cm broad, 3-6 cm long. April-May.

Clayey slopes, up to 2500 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Central
Zeravshan, Kashka-darya River basin and south to Kugitang). Endemic.
Described from ''Bukhara'', without any more precise indication of origin.

8. T. Fosteriana Irv. in Gard. Chron. XXXIX (1906) 322, f. 130.

Perianth; bulb ovoid, 2-5 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown, coriaceous,
densely hairy on the inside especially at summit; stem 15-35 cm long,
the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3 or 4, spreading,
scattered, slightly crisp, glaucous or green, pubescent, ciliate, not
surpassing the flower, rapidly decreasing in size up the stem; lowest leaf
oblong to elliptic, 3-15 cm broad; flower solitary, saucer-shaped; perianth
segments red, 4.5-12.5 cm long, commonly obtuse with a very short
pubescent point, the 3-pointed basal blotch black margined with yellow or
yellow throughout; outer segments oblong-elliptic to oboblong; inner
segments obovate to oboblong; stamens one-third to two-fifths the length
of perianth; filaments naked, black; anthers violet, half as long again as
filaments; ovary slightly shorter than anthers, with sessile stigma; capsule
2.5-3 cm broad, 5-7 cm long. April-May.

Fine-textured slopes and rock benches.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Samarkand mountains). Endemic. Described from ''Bukhara" from
cultivated specimens, without precise indication of origin.

9. T. carinata Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 579.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2~3 cmthick; tunics blackish-brown, coriaceous,
woolly on the inside; stem 20-55 cm long, the upper part of stem and
peduncle woolly; leaves (3) 4, slightly spreading to suberect, scattered,
glaucescent-green, not crisp, carinate, pubescent, ciliate, not surpassing
the flower, progressively decreasing in size up the stem; lowest leaf
lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments red, mostly
gradually very long-acuminate to a pubescent cusp, 4-8 cm long, the
obtuse or acute or sometimes 3-pointed basal blotch black or yellow or
black margined with yellow; outer segments oblong-lanceolate to oboblong;
inner segments oboblong-lanceolate to oboblong; stamens one-third the
length of perianth; filaments naked, black or blackish; anthers yellow or
violet, slightly longer than filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens,
with sessile stigma. May-June.

Stony slopes in the middle and upper mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Chul'bair, Khodma-gurgur-ata). Endemic. Described from
Khodma-barku. Type in Tashkent.

255

334

Note. The closely interrelated species of W. Pamirs T. lanata,
T. ingens, T. Fosteriana, and T. carinata, together with three
apparently new species — Chash (Lipsky), Khanaka (Aniskhov) and vicinity
of Stalinabad [Dyushambe] (?) (Zapryagaev), Nura-tau (Popov, Bochantsev),
deserve further study on live material.

10. T. praestans Hoog. in Gard Chron. XXIII (1903) 364, f.126.—

T. suaveolens Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 650 (exclus. var. bicolor),
non Roth. Cat. I, 1797.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. LIX (1903) t. 7920.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-3 cm thick; tunics thick, coriaceous, blackish-
brown, glabrate on the iriside; stem 15-40 (75) cm long, the upper part of
stem and peduncles pubescent; leaves (3) 4, spreading, scattered,
glaucescent, not crisp, pubescent, ciliate, carinate, rather gradually
decreasing in size up the stem, not surpassing the flowers; flowers 1 or 2;
perianth segments orange-red, 3.5-7 cm long, oblong-obovate, commonly
obtuse, rarely acutish, subequal; stamens two-fifths the length of perianth;
filaments naked, red; anthers yellow or violet, half as long again to twice
as long as filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, suffused with
violet; stigma subsessile; capsule 12-2 cm thick, 3-4 cm long April-June.

Stony or clayey slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (SE). Endemic. Described from E. Tadzhikistan.

Note. Regel' (A.H.P. X (1887) 366) gave a description based on
cultivated specimens of the species T. Boettgeri from the vicinity of
Kangurt. No samples have remained in the herbarium. Considering the
provenance, it might be assumed that Regel' was dealing with orange-colored
T. praestans, but certain characters included in the description
contradict such an assumption. The author presents a translation of the
original description.

Bulbs ovoid; inner surface of tunics covered at apex with appressed hairs;
stem glabrous, leafy above the middle, to 40 cm long; leaves 4, with hairy
cartilaginous margin, very often crisp, glabrous on both sides; lowest leaf
elliptic-lanceolate; upper leaves shorter and narrower, lanceolate or the
uppermost linear-lanceolate; perianth segments obovate, round-tipped,
mucronate, orange, without a basal blotch, glabrous, the outer to 6 cm long,
the inner slightly shorter; filaments linear-lanceolate, purple, 6-7 mm
long, naked; anthers linear-lanceolate, 15-17 mm long; stigma broader
than ovary.

11. T. subpraestans Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No, 597.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-—2 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, blackish-
brown, lustrous glabrate on the inside; stem 15-30 cm long, the upper
part of stem and peduncle more or less pubescent; leaves 3 (the uppermost
much reduced and often bractlike), spreading, glaucous, crisp, pubescent,
not surpassing the flower; flower solitary; perianth segments red, without
a basal blotch, 3-5 cm long, oblong, widely spreading, subequal; stamens
two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments naked, red; anthers yellow;
ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile stigma. April-May.

Stony and clayey slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Sebistak, Sarsaryak). Endemic. Described from Tut-kaul. Type
in Tashkent.

256

335

(2s wAlbertishicl «invA, HP. Vi(18"7) 264 .— les: Rev. Hort. (1881) 430.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2—3 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, blackish-brown,
oblong, hairy on the inside, more densely so at summit; stem 12-20 cm
long, stocky, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3 (4),
Spreading, approximate, intensely glaucous, pubescent, more or less
ciliate-margined, crisp, rapidly decreasing in size up the stem, often
surpassing the flower; lowest leaf broadly oblong to subelliptic, 3-7 cm
broad; flowers solitary; perianth segments red or raspberry-colored or
yellow, at base yellow with a black blotch; outer segments 3.5-6 cm long,
slightly longer than inner, pubescent outside, rather abruptly acuminate
to a pubescent point, rhomboidal or oboblong, tapering at apex; inner
segments triangular-obovate, cuneate at base, concave, emarginate,
connivent; stamens one-third to one-half the length of perianth; filaments
naked, yellow; anthers yellow, slightly longer than filaments; ovary slightly
longer than filaments; greenish, with sessile stigma; capsule 2-2.5 cm
broad and 3-5 cm long. April.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Balkh. (Targyl, Kuyankuz), T.Sh.
(Kara-tau, Chu-Ili Mountains). Endemic. Described from Tashkent Ala Tau.
Type in Leningrad. ‘

Note. Fertile specimens (in a very poor state of preservation) from
the lower reaches of the Sary-su River apparently belong to this species.

(Sint Greigitphal sina Hy Pail (873), 4495 Boiss... Fl. Or. Vi i196
(Ge la, LI ALOR vei, RAPE aw G ey Iola Biull Soe, Na Wise.
Pali | (86,0) h43 or —lies a iReillpannGartrentil.. XI (1873) tala oe

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2.5-4 em thick; tunics coriaceous, blackish-
brown, the inner surface densely hairy especially at summit; stem 20-40cm
long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves (3) 4-6,
approximate, spreading, crisp, glaucous, profusely violet-speckled on
upper side, the upper more or less pubescent, ciliate, rapidly decreasing
in size up the stem, commonly reaching the flower; lowest leaf oblong to
broadly elliptic, 3.5-14 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments
orange-red, sometimes yellow with a red central blotch, at base yellow
with a black blotch, 3-10 cm long, rather abruptly cuspidate, the cusp
pubescent; outer segments pubescent outside (especially on the back), ovate,
spreading in upper part, slightly shorter than the obovate more or less
connivent inner segments; stamens one-third the length of perianth;
filaments naked, yellow or blackish; anthers yellow, rarely violet, twice
the length of filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, greenish,
with sessile stigma; capsule 2-3 cm broad, 4-6 cm long. April-May.

Clayey slopes.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Kzyl-Orda), Syr D., T. Sh.
Endemic. Described from Kara-tau mountains. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The plants from Syr Darya call for further study. They differ
from the northern (typical), T. Greigiiin their longer peduncles and the
more gradual diminution of leaves up the stem.

14. T. mogoltavica M. Pop. et Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935)
No. 594.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-4 cm thick; tunics more or less produced,
coriaceous, blackish-brown, hairy on the inside, more densely so at summit

257

336

339

and at base; stem 10-30 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle
pubescent; leaves 4, subapproximate, spreading, crisp, glaucous,
profusely violet-spotted on the upper side, more or less pubescent, ciliate,
rather gradually decreasing in size up the stem, not surpassing the flower,
lowest leaf oblong-lanceolate to broadly oblong, 2-7 cm broad; flower
solitary; perianth segments red, 3-10 cm long, abruptly acuminate to a
short pubescent cusp, theblackbasal blotch margined with yellow or not
margined; outer segments pubescent on the back, elliptic-rhomboidal,
spreading in upper part, slightly shorter than the triangular-obovate more
or less connivent inner segments; stamens two-fifths the length of perianth;
filaments naked, black; anthers blackish-violet, twice the length of
filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, greenish, with subsessile
stigma; capsule ca. 2 cm broad, 3-4 cm long. April. (Plate XX,
Figure 1 a,b).

Stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Mogol-tau). Endemic. Described
from Mogol-tau mountains. Type in Tashkent.

15. T. Micheliana Hoog in Gard. Chron. XXX] (1902) 350, f.120.—
TiC edi Boiss ably Oren 90) Gooey):

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-4 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, blackish-brown,
the inner surface hairy, more densely so at summit and at base; stem
15-40 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 4
or 5, spreading, more or less scattered, glaucous, with violet often
interrupted stripes on the upper side or without stripes, more or less
pubescent, ciliate, crisp, gradually decreasing in size up the stem, mostly
not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf linear-lanceolate to oblong, 2-6 cm
broad; flower solitary; perianth segments red to raspberry-red, 2.5-10cm
long, rather abruptly acuminate to a pubescent cusp, the acute or 3-pointed
black spot margined with yellow or rarely without a margin; outer segments
slightly pubescent on the black, broadly rhomboidal to oblong-rhomboidal,
rarely oblong-lanceolate; inner segments obtriangular or oboblong, rarely
oblong-oblanceolate; stamens one-third to two-fifths the length of perianth
segments; filaments naked, black, yellowish or red at base; anthers
commonly violet, twice the length of filaments; ovary slightly shorter than
stamens, green, with sessile stigma; capsule 1.5-2.5 cm broad, 3-6 cm
long. April-May.

Stony or clayey slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al. (NW).
Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from the Transcaspian area. The description
based on cultivated specimens does not provide a precise indication of
origin.

16. T. Eichleri Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXIII (1874) 193, t.799; Boiss. Fl.
Opeivs 194. lev (Rel sc. [Exess olerbstbt. geauen/ Nosb6n 8 | preader
exs. No.128; Pl. or. exs. No. 354.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-3 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, blackish-
brown, suboblong, hairy on the inside, especially at summit and at
base; stem 20-40 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle
pubescent; leaves 3 (4), more or less Spreading, scattered, more
or less (the upper ones) pubescent, ciliate, glaucous, crisp, progressively
decreasing in size up the stem, not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf
linear-lanceolate to oblong, 1-6 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth

258

(337)

Plate XX

1, Tulipa mogoltavica M. Pop. et Vved.: la) outer perianth segment; 1b) inner perianth segment.—
2. T. sogdiana Merckl,; 2a) outer perianth segment; 2b) inner segment perianth; 2c) style; 2d) stamen.

259

340

segments red, 2.5-7 cm long, rather gradually acuminate to a pubescent
cusp, the rather small rhomboidally 3-pointed black basal blotch margined
with yellow; outer segments oblong to oblong-lanceolate; inner segments
oblong-oblanceolate; stamens two-fifths to one-half the length of perianth;
filaments naked, black, sometimes yellow at base; anthers yellow or violet,
twice the length of filaments; ovary about the length of stamens, with
sessile stigma. April-May.

Dry slopes and among field crops. — Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Iran (?). Described from Shemakha. Type in Leningrad.

17. T. Schmidtii Fom. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tiflis. 14 (1909) 47.—
le.) Misez. “in Tr. Byuro prikl. bot. V @S12)i ect aExs.: Elerb: Eve
ecauc. No. 18, 59.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2.5-5 cm thick; tunics subcoriaceous, brown,
woolly on the inside; stems 40-50 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous;
leaves 6-12, reclinate or slightly spreading, more or less scattered,
carinate, glaucous, glabrous, ciliate-margined, not surpassing or slightly
surpassing the flower; lowest leaf narrowly lanceolate, 2—-4.5 cm broad;
flower solitary; perianth segments red, the rhomboid subacute black basal
blotch margined with yellow; outer segments 5-10 cm long, slightly longer
thantheinner, deltoid, gradually acuminate to a slightly pubescent point;
inner segments obovate-deltoid, rather abruptly acuminate to a short point;
stamens one-third to one-half the length of perianth; filaments naked,
black; anthers yellow, about as long as filaments; ovary slightly shorter
than stamens, red at the top, with sessile stigma; capsule 2-—2.5 cm broad,
6-7 mm long. May.

Slopes and among field crops.— Caucasus: S. Transc., Tal. Endemic (?),
Described from Talysh: Eshakcha. Type in Leningrad.

18. T. Maximowiczii Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1889) 687.— ? T. Batalini
Rgl. in A.H.P. X (1889) 688.—Ic.: Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXXVIII (1889)
te SIO pa

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; tunics black, coriaceous, firm,
the inner surface woolly at summit; stem 15-30 cm long, the stem and
peduncle glabrous; leaves (4) 5-8, spreading, scattered, not crisp,
glaucous, narrowly purple-margined, more or less ciliate, linear,
gradually decreasing in size up the stem, commonly surpassing the flower;
lowest leaf 5-10 mm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments red, rather
abruptly acuminate to a fairly long point, the bluish-black truncate or
obtusely 3-pointed blotch margined on the sides with white; outer segments
rhomboidal-oblong or oboblong; inner segments oboblong to oblong-obovate;
stamens half the length of perianth; filaments naked, black; anthers violet,
two-thirds the length of filaments; ovary slightly shorter than perianth,
with violet-tinged ribs and a very short style. April.

Mottled outcrops (always?).— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Vakhsh, Kizyl-su).
Endemic. Described from Bukhara, without precise indication of origin.
Type in Leningrad.

Note. T. Maximowiczii and T. linifolia are very closely related
and supplementary observations on live material are needed for definite
distinction.

260

341

19. T. linifolia Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 648, t.V, f.1-2a-e(p.p.).—
let» Riel in Gartentl = xxXV (1886) t- 1235.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; tunics black, coriaceous, firm,
the inner surface woolly at summit; stem 10-20 cm long, the stem and
peduncle glabrous; leaves (3)-6-8, spreading, approximate, crisp, usually
not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf 4-6 mm broad; flower solitary;
perianth segments red, 2-4 cm long, obtuse, rarely with a very short point,
the outer rhomboidal-lanceolate to rhomboid-oblong; inner segments
oboblong to oboblong-ovate; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments
naked, black; anthers yellow, one-half to two-thirds the length of filaments;
ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with very short stigma. April-June.

Stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Pyandzh). Endemic. Described
from Kala-i-khum. Type in Leningrad.

20. T. Wilsoniana Hoog in Gard. Chron. XXXII (1902) 50.—Ic.: Hoog
in ‘Gard. Chron: XX EX (90Mit! 121.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown,
coriaceous, with a mass of protruding arachnoid-shaggy hairs at summit;
stem 10-20 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabroys; leaves 4 or 5,
spreading, approximate, glaucous, crisp, glabrous, narrowly purple-
margined, more or less ciliate, progressively decreasing in size up the
stem, surpassing the flower; lowest leaf narrowly linear-lanceolate,

6-20 mm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments bright red, 2-5 cm
long, obtusish, the small black basal blotch not margined; outer segments
oblong-rhomboidal to oblong; inner segments oblong-obovate; stamens
one-third the length of perianth; filaments naked, black below, red above;
anthers yellow, two-thirds the length of filaments; ovary slightly shorter
than stamens, greenish, with subsessile stigma; capsule ca. 1.5 cm broad,
(1.5)-2-3 cm long. May-June.

Stony slopes in the steppe mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
Endemic. Described from Kopet Dagh.

21. T. Lehmanniana Merckl. in Mém. Acad. Petérsb. Sav. étr. VII
(1854) 513.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-4 cm thick; tunics very firmly coriaceous,
blackish-brown, strongly produced (up to soil surface), profusely covered
on the inside with woolly (sometimes slightly crisp) hairs; stem 20-50 cm
long, the aerial part as long as or longer than the underground part, the
stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 4, declined or more or less spreading,
scattered, glaucous, crisp, glabrous, smooth-margined, rather rapidly
decreasing in size up the stem, usually markedly shorter than lower; lowest
leaf lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm broad; flower solitary;
perianth segments yellow, orange or red, 2.5-—7 cm long, usually acuminate
to a short slightly pubescent point, the dark violet or blackish-violet
basal blotch commonly confined to the inner face; outer segments obovate
to oblong-rhomboidal; inner segments triangular-oblanceolate to triangular -
obovate; stamens one-third the length of perianth; filaments naked, yellow
or the upper part blackish-violet; anthers yellow, as long as filaments;
ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with sessile stigma; capsule 1-1.5 cm
in diameter, 2.5-3 cm long. April.

261

342

Sandy hammadas and mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Kyz. K., Mtn.
Tork. ovr D., Amu Di Gen! distr lmara (N. Afghanistan). Described
from area between Bukhara and Kermin. Type in Leningrad.

22. T. Behmiana Rel. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 505.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2—3 cm thick; tunics very firm, coriaceous,
blackish-brown, strongly produced (up to soil surface), commonly lanate
on the inside; stem 15-40 cm long, the aerial part slightly shorter than
the underground part, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 4, spreading,
scattered, glaucous, very crisp, glabrous, smooth-margined, rather
rapidly decreasing in size up the stem, not surpassing the flower; lowest
leaf lanceolate, 2-3 cm broad; flower solitary, nodding in bud; perianth
segments yellow or red, without a basal blotch, 2.5-6 cm long, usually
abruptly acuminate to a slightly pubescent point; outer segments oblong-
rhomboidal or triangular-obovate; inner segments obovate to triangular-
obovate; stamens one-third to two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments
naked, yellow or the upper part oblong [sic]; anthers yellow or rarely
violet, scarcely shorter than filaments; capsule ca. 2 cm in diameter,
3-5 cm long. April-May.

Sand and sand-and-stone deserts.— Centr. Asia: Balkh. Endemic.
Described from lliisk. Type in Leningrad.

23. T. Borszczowii Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI, 1 (1868) 438. —
Pimeinat av itis jn, lav. Turk. secorr. .o- yaw, (15 i905) Son levy
Gartenfl. XXXIII (1884) t. 1175 g-k.— Exs.: HFR No. 2448.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-4 cm thick; tunics very firm, coriaceous,
blackish-brown, strongly produced (up to soil surface), profusely lanate
on the inside; stem 20-40 cm long, the upper part one-half to two-thirds
as long as the underground part, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 4,
spreading, glaucous, very crisp, glabrous, smooth-margined, rather
rapidly decreasing in size up the stem, surpassing or at least reaching
the flower; lowest leaf lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 12-43 cm broad;
flower solitary, erect in bud; perianth segments yellow, orange or orange-
red, 3-6 cm long, usually gradually acuminate to a slightly pubescent
point; outer segments rhomboidal; inner segments obdeltoid to triangular-
obovate; stamens one-third to two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments
naked, dark violet; anthers dark violet, as long as filaments; ovary slightly
shorter than stamens, with sessile stigma; capsule 1.5-—2 cm in diameter,
2.0.-4..9 Cimlong. May.

Sand and sandy clay deserts.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Kyz. K (N.).
Endemic. Described from parts of Kara Kum deserts near Aral Sea. Type
in Leningrad.

24. 1... Korolkovii, Rel. in A.H.P. Tl (1875) 295.—iIc.: Rel. Fl, turk,
(1876) t. XXII, f. 6-7.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 (3) cm thick; tunics firm, coriaceous,
black, produced (sometimes considerably), woolly on the inside; stem
10-20 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 3, spreading, more
or less scattered, crisp, glaucous, progressively decreasing in size up
the stem, commonly surpassing the flower; lowest leaf linear-lanceolate,
0.5-1 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments red, sometimes yellow

262

343

or mottled, (2)-3-(4.5) cm long, with a small usually truncate blotch on
inner face, commonly obtuse, sometimes with a very short pubescent point;
outer segments rhomboidal or obovate; inner segments obovate to
triangular-obovate; stamens two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments
black, often yellowish-below; anthers yellow, one-half to two-thirds as
long as filaments; ovary greenish, with subsessile stigma. March-April.

Sandy or gravelly slopes in the foothills. — Centr. Asia: Syr D. Endemic.
Described from Paris. Type in Leningrad.

25 Ti mitiday Hoogin’Gard.» Chron’ XXX) (1902) 350/°F) 119°

Perennial; bulb ovoid, leas em thick; tunics firm, coriaceous, black,
produced (sometimes considerably), the inner surface woolly at summit;
stem 10-20-(30) mm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 3,
spreading, more or less scattered, very crisp, glaucous, progressively
decreasing in size up the stem, commonly not surpassing the flower; lowest
leaf linear-lanceolate, 0.75-1.5 cm broad; flower solitary, nodding in bud;
perianth segments bright red, (2.75)-4-6 cm long, commonly obtuse, often
with a very short pubescent point, the small basal blotch on the inner face
usually 3-pointed; outer segments deltoid to broadly oblong-rhomboidal;
inner segments obovate to triangular-obovate; stamens one-third the length
of perianth; filaments black or rose; anthers yellow, as long as or longer
than filaments; ovary commonly rose-colored, with a short style; capsule
ca 1.5 cm in diameter, 2.5-3 cm long, short-beaked. April.

Stony and gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described
from Bukhara; the description based on cultivated specimens without
precise indication of origin.

Note. The characteristics distinguishing this species from
T. Korolkovii are not clear at present and specimens from the N. parts
of Pam.-Al. can be referred with equal justification to either species.

26. T. rosea Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 596.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics firm, coriaceous, black,
the inner surface with protruding woolly hairs; stem 7-20 cm long, the
stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 3, more or less scattered, spreading,
crisp, glaucous, progressively decreasing in size up the stem, commonly
surpassing the flower; lowest leaf linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm broad,
flower solitary; perianth segments rose, 2.5-4 cm long, obtuse or
sometimes with a very short point, the small basal blotch on inner face
obtusely 3-pointed; outer segments elliptic-rhomboidal; inner segments
obovate; stamens two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments naked, black,
the upper part purple; anthers yellow, as long as filaments; ovary pale
rose, Slightly shorter than stamens, with a very short style; capsule
(unripe) ca. 1 cm in diameter, 1.5 cm long, short-beaked. April.

Mottled outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (E. part of the foothills of
Turkestan Range). Endemic. Described from Kim (Santo). Type in
Tashkent.

27. T. Schrenkii Rgl. in A.H.P. II (1873) 452.— ? T. oxypetala
Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXX, 2 (1857) 81.—T. Gesneriana Ldb.
Live hoss. Ie roe non Ll. . Boiss: bl. Or. VV, 194 shamalton. beet 30 o.—

344 T. Gesneriana var. acutiflora Pacz. in Zap. miev,, O=va Hist, Xai

263

345

(1890) 159.—T. monticola Wulff, Fl. Krymal, 3 (1930) 41.—
T. suaveolens auct.—Ic.: Ageenko, Obzor rast. Kryma (1897) t. 1.—
Exs.: Doerfler Herb. Norm. No. 4181.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-3 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown, slightly
coriaceous, more or less hairy on the inside; stem 15-40 cm long, the
stem and peduncle glabrous or more or less pubescent; leaves 3 (4), more
or less spreading, scattered, glaucous, rather crisp, glabrous or pubescent,
progressively decreasing in size up the stem, not surpassing the flower;
lowest leaf linear-lanceolate to oblong, 1.5-6 cm broad; flower solitary;
perianth segments red, yellow or white, 2.5-5.5 cm long, usually abruptly
acuminate to a pubescent cusp, rarely obtuse, the basal blotch black or
yellow or absent; outer segments oblong-rhomboidal to oblong; inner
segments oblong-obovateto oboblong; stamens half the length of perianth;
filaments naked, yellow orblack; anthers slightly longer thantotwiceas longas
filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile stigma;
eapsule 1-105 em in diameter, 2—5/cmwylong... May.

Steppes, semideserts and deserts.— European part: Transc. (S.), Bl.,
Crim, 1. Don, i. ive Caucasus: .Cise. ,pDag .sqWiu (Nigparch) ands wires:
W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt. (W.); ‘Centr. ~Asiay Ar /-Casp:\(N.)ssGeneidistr. -
Arm.-Kurd. Described from vicinity of Ishim. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The author has not seen the authentic T. oxypetala but, to
judge by Wulff's description (op. c. 40), it does not apparently differ from
T. Schrenkii, as the difference in the length of relationship of anthers and
filaments — the character proposed by Wulff — is of no significance. Anthers
twice the length of filaments also occur in T. Schrenkii. All the same,
it cannot as yet be fully established that T. oxypetala and
T. Schrenkii are in fact identical.

The author has not found any morphological differences between the
yellow-flowered mountainous T. monticola and T. Schrenkii ofthe
Crimean steppes.

28. T. Ostrovskiana Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 659.—Ic.: Rgl. in
Gartenfl. XXXIII (1884) t. 1144.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics black, coriaceous,
densely covered on the inside with appressed hairs; stem 15-40 cm long,
the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 3, spreading, scattered, glaucous,
crisp, glabrous, more or less ciliate, rather gradually decreasing in size
up the stem, not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, 1-4 cm broad; flower solitary, nodding in bud; perianth
segments red, 3-8 cm long, acute, the black basal blotch margined with
yellow; outer segments rhomboidal; inner segments oboblong; stamens
one-third to two-fifths the length of perianth; filaments naked, attenuate
from base, yellow or blackish; anthers violet, twice the length of filaments;
ovary Slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile stigma. May.

Clayey and gravelly clay slopes in the lower mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: T. Sh. (N.). Endemic. Described from Alma Ata.

29. T. Kolpakovskiana Rgl. in A.H.P. V (1877) 266.—T. triphylla
auct.—Ic.: Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXVII (1878) t. 951.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics black, coriaceous, the
inner surface densely covered at summit with appressed hairs; stem

264

346

15-35 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 3, more or less
spreading, scattered, glaucous, crisp, glabrous, ciliate, gradually
decreasing in size up the stem, commonly surpassing the flower; lowest
leaf linear-lanceolate, 1-3 cm broad; flower solitary, nodding in bud;
perianth segments yellow, 2.5-6 cm long, acute; outer segments more or
less violet-tinged on the back, oblong to oblong-rhomboidal; inner segments
oblong-oblanceolate to oboblong; stamens one-third to two-fifths the length
of perianth; filaments naked, attenuate from base, yellow; anthers yellow,
as long as filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile
stigma. May.

Clayey and gravelly slopes in the foothills.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb.
(Dzungarian Ala Tau, S. part), T. Sh. (N.). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash.
Described from Alma Ata.

Note. Numerous hybrids between T. Kolpakovskiana and
T. Ostrovskiana are known, as for instance from the Alma Ata area,
that display various combinations in flower color and habit and thus
completely obliterate the distinction between these species and render their
determination difficult.

30. T. Zenaidae Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 150.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics black or blackish-brown,
coriaceous, the inner surface covered at summit with appressed hairs;
stem 15-30 (40) cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 3,
spreading, scattered, glaucous, not crisp, glabrous, ciliate- or rarely
smooth-margined, rather rapidly decreasing in size up the stem, not
surpassing the flower; lowest leaf oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 3-6 cm
broad; flower solitary, erect in bud; perianth segments yellow (the outer
reddish outside), orange or red, sometimes with a black or yellow basal
blotch, 3-6.5 cm long, acuminate or acute; outer segments oblong-
rhomboidal to oblong; inner segments oboblong; stamens two-fifths the
length of perianth; filaments naked, attenuate from base, yellow or black;
anthers yellow, scarcely longer than filaments; ovary green or violet
tinged, slightly shorter than stamens, with sessile stigma. April-May.

Fine-textured and stony slopes in the lower mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: T. Sh. (Kirghiz Ala Tau). Endemic. Described from Shekule,
Aleksandrovskii Range. Type in Tashkent.

31. T.brachystemon Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXI (1882) 323, t. 1099, f. 2,3.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 2 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown,
coriaceous, the inner surface covered at summit with appressed hairs;
stem to 35 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves (3) 4, reclinate,
spreading, glabrous or slightly ciliate, progressively decreasing in size
up the stem; lowest leaf linear-lanceolate, 2-3 cm broad; flower solitary;
perianth segments yellow, 3-4.5 cm long, mostly obtuse; outer segments
violet -tinged on the back, lanceolate to oblong; inner segments oblong-
rhomboidal to oboblong; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments
naked, gradually dilated at base and abruptly attenuate at apex, yellow;
anthers yellow, as long as filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens,
with subsessile stigma. April-July.

Gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Dzungarian Ala Tau,
S. part). Endemic. Described without precise indication of origin.

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347

32. T. platystemon Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 150.

Perennial; bulb ca. 2 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, reddish-brown,
the inner surface covered at summit with appressed hairs; stem 17 cm
long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 4, scattered, glabrous,
the lower spreading; lowest leaf linear-lanceolate, 2 cm broad; flowers 2
(always ?); perianth segments yellow, 4 cm long, obtusish; outer segments
violet-tinged, oblong-rhomboidal; stamens two-fifths the length of perianth;
filaments naked, dilated above the middle, gradually narrowed at both ends,
yellow: anthers yellow, slightly longer than filaments; ovary about half
the length of stamens, with sessile stigma. June.

Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Sary-biya). Endemic. Described from the
location indicated. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A species known from a single specimen and needing more study.

3a. (ft. altaicayPalliwex Spreng) Syst. 1,(1825)563;4 Ldbyh iy aRicsr 1 Vi
135; Keyl) shi Zar, Sib) Il (638y— fer: i mdbsvietmply ge Resse glini isa)

t. 134:

Perennial; bulb ovoid; 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, often almost
papery, brown, hairy all over the inner surface; stem 10-35 cm long, the
upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 3 (4), commonly
spreading, scattered, glaucous, crisp, glabrous or (the upper) more or
less pubescent, ciliate, progressively decreasing in size up the stem,
not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf lanceolate to oblong, 1-4 cm broad;
flower solitary; perianth segments yellowish or yellow, 2.5-5 cm long,
acuminate or acute; outer segments greenish or dingy violet, oblong-
rhomboidal or oblong, slightly longer than the oblong-obovate to oboblong
inner segments; stamens two-fifths to one-half the length of perianth;
filaments naked, yellow; anthers yellow, half as long again to twice as long
as filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile stigma;
capsule 1.5-2 cm in diameter, 2.5-4 cm long. May.

Steppes and stony slopes.— W. Siberia: Irt. (E.), Alt. (SW); Centr.
Asia: Balkh. (E.), Dzu.-Tarb. Endemic (?), Described from Imaus (Altai).

Note. The tulip reported by Fedchenko for Ala-kul' (Rast. Turk.

(1915) 245) as T. iliensis, should apparently be referred to this species,

34, I. dubia Vved: in’ Bull. Univers: As) Cente. 21,(11985) 4a.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown or brown,
papery, hairy all over the inner surface; stem 10-25 cm long, the upper
part of stem and peduncle pubescent; leaves 2-4, more or less spreading,
approximate, crisp, more or less pubescent, ciliate, abruptly decreasing
in size up the stem, not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf ovate to oblong,
1.5-3 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments 2—4 cm long, equal,
yellow or yellowish (?); outer segments violet-tinged outside, oblong-
rhomboidal, acute or acuminate; inner segments oboblong, obtusish to
obtuse; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments naked, yellow;
anthers yellow, two-thirds the length of filaments; ovary two-thirds the
length of stamens, with subsessile stigma. June.

Fine-textured slopes, with or without admixture of gravel, in the upper
mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (W.). Endemic. Described from the
Chotan River. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Hybridizing with T. Kaufmanniana Regl.

266

348

349

35. T. iliensis Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXVIII (1879) 162, tab. 975, f.c-d
et 227, tab. 982, f. 4-6.—T. Hoeltzeri Dykes, Notes (1930) 74,
tab. XXVIII (exlus syn. ).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; tunics subcoriaceous, brownish-
black, the inner surface covered at summit and at base with appressed
hairs; stem 10-30 cm long, glabrous, or the upper part and peduncle
pubescent, or rarely the peduncle glabrate; leaves (3) 4, scattered,
spreading or rarely reclinate, glabrous or the uppermost sometimes
pubescent, mostly scarcely crisp, commonly not surpassing the peduncle;
lowest leaf sublorate to linear-lanceolate, 0.7-1.5 cm broad; flower
solitary; perianth segments yellow, 2.5-3.5 cm long, acute or acuminate;
outer segments commonly violet-tinged, elliptic-rhomboidal; inner
segments oboblong; stamens two-fifths to one-half the length of perianth,
naked, slightly dilated at the middle and gradually narrowed at both ends,
yellow; anthers half as long again as filaments, yellow; ovary two-thirds
the length of stamens, with subsessile stigma. May.

Among shrubs.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Ketmen-tav: Podgornoe).

Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from the upper course of the Ili River.
Type in Leningrad. :

Note. Asimilar species. T. Dykesiana m. (= T. Hoeltzeri
Rgl. inherb.! = T. Triphylla var. Hoeltzeri Rgl. in Gartenfl. (1884)
34, tab. 1144 f. 3, 4, a,b, non T. Hoeltzeri Dykes 1.c.), described
without precise indication of origin, is distinguished in the first place by
the filaments being strongly dilated in upper part and abruptly narrowed
toward the anther. The very incomplete specimens from Karachok.

(A. Regel) belong perhaps to this species.

36. T. ferganica Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 148.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, (1)-1.5-3 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown or
black, firmly coriaceous, the inner surface appressed-woolly at summit
and at base; stem (5)-10—40 cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle
pubescent; leaves 3, approximate, rarely scattered, commonly spreading,
more or less pubescent, ciliate, crisp, rather abruptly decreasing in size
up the stem, not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf lanceolate or oblong,
1.5-4 cm broad; flowers 1 (2); perianth segments 2.5-6.5 cm long, yellow;
outer segments violet-tinged outside, oblong to oblong-rhomboidal,
gradually acuminate or acute; inner segments oboblong, rather abruptly
acuminate to a pubescent point; stamens two-fifths to one-half the length
of perianth; filaments naked, yellow; anthers yellow, slightly longer than
filaments; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile stigma;
capsule 1.5-2 cm broad, 2.5-4 cm long. May-June.

Stony and fine-textured slopes in the middle mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. (Alai Range), T. Sh. (Fergana and Chatkal ranges).
Endemic. Described from the Kugart River. Type in Tashkent.

37. T. anisophylla Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 147.—
T. Kolpakovskiana var. humilis Rgl. in A. H.P. VIII (1884) 651.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, (1.5)-—2-—2.5 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, tawny,
covered inside at summit and at base with appressed hairs; stem
(3)-8-20 cm long; peduncle glabrous or rarely with very minute scattered

267

350

pubescence; leaves 3, commonly crowded, spreading, glabrous, crisp,
reaching the flower, unequal; lowest leaf commonly oblong-ovate, 1.5-3 cm
broad; upper leaves much reduced, the uppermost sometimes bractlike;
flowers 1 (2); perianth segments yellow, 1.5-3.5 cm long, obtuse or
obtusish; outer segments violet-tinged, elliptic to rhomboidal-elliptic;
inner segments obovate to obovate-oblong; stamens one-half the length of
perianth, glabrous, entire; anthers yellow; style about half the length of
ovary. March.

Middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Darvaz). Endemic.
Described from Kala-i-khum. Type in Leningrad.

38. T. Korshinskyi Vved. in Bull. Univer. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 149.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2-(3) cm thick; tunics coriaceous, nearly
black, the inner surface covered at summit and at base with appressed
hairs; stem (5)-10-20 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves
(2 or 3) 4 (5), subapproximate, strongly spreading or sometimes reclinate;
glabrous, crisp, commonly surpassing the flower; lowest leaf lanceolate,
1.5-3 cm broad, the other reduced; flower 1 (2); perianth segments white,
apparently with a yellow basal blotch, 1.5-4 cm long; outer segments violet -
tinged outside, linear-lanceolate to lance-rhomboidal, up to half as long
again as the oblanceolate-rhomboidal to obovate-rhomboidal inner segments,
stamens half the length of perianth; filaments naked, yellow, violet-tinged
on the back, linear-oblong, abruptly narrowed at apex; anthers yellow;
style up to half as long as ovary. March-June.

Stony slopes in the middle and upper mountain zones.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Sary-dash. Type in Leningrad.

39. T. tianschanica Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 508.—Ic.: Rgl. in A.H.P.
VIII (1884) t. 5.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 12-2 cm thick; tunics subcoriaceous to almost
papery, blackish-brown, produced, the inner surface appressed-hairy at
summit; stem 6-15 cm long, glabrous; leaves 3, approximate, spreading,
commonly crisp, surpassing the flower; lowest leaf lanceolate, 7-10 mm
broad, commonly smooth-margined, 2-3 times as broad as the narrowly
linear-lanceolate ciliate upper leaves; flower solitary; perianth segments
yellowish, 15-25 mm long, oboblong, gradually tapering into petiole,
obtuse, glabrous; outer segments dingy violet outside, slightly longer than
the inner; stamens about half the length of perianth; filaments yellow,
naked, abruptly dilated above the middle, gradually narrowed toward base;
anthers yellow; oblong-elliptic, 27-3 mm long; ovary slightly shorter than
stamens, long-styled; capsule oblong, ca. 1 cm broad, 2 cm long, long-
beaked. May-June.

Stony slopes in the alpine zone.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Centr. T. Sh.),
rare. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from the Agiaz River. Type in
Leningrad.

40. T. tetraphylla in A.H.P. III (1875) 296.—T. Kesselringii Rgl.
in A.H.P. V (1878) 637.—Ic.: Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXVIII (1879) t. 964.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics black, the inner surface
appressed-hairy at summit; stem (5)-15-20 cm long, the stem and
peduncle glabrous; leaves (3 or 4) 5 or 6,(7), crowded, spreading, crisp,

268

351

glaucous, ciliate, sublorate, surpassing the flower; lowest leaf 1-1.5 cm
broad; flowers 1 or 2 (to 4), nodding in bud; perianth segments (2)-3-4 cm
long, acutish to obtusish, yellow; outer segments violet-tinged, greenish
on the back, oblong-to oblong-rhomboidal; inner segments dingy green on
the back at base, oboblong to oblong-obovate; stamens one-third the length
of perianth; filaments naked, yellow, dilated in upper part, gradually
narrowed toward base; anthers yellow, linear-oblong, 7-8 mm long;
ovary shorter than stamens, short-styled. May.

Stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Centr. T. Sh.). Gen. distr.:
Dzu.-Kash. Described from the Kochkur River. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Specimens displaying transition toward T. Kolpakovskiana
Rgl. are known from the Alma Ata area. They are evidently of hybrid origin.

41. T. hissarica M. Pop. et Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21
(1935) 149.

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics brown or grayish,
papery, the inner surface appressed-hairy at summit, strongly produced;
stem ca. 7 cm long, glabrous; leaves 4, subverticillately crowded,
Spreading, crisp, glabrous, smooth- or slightly ciliate-margined, linear,
ca. 5mm broad, surpassing the flower; flower solitary; perianth segments
yellowish, 17-20 mm long, acute, glabrous; outer segments lanceolate,
greenish on the back, two-thirds as broad as and slightly longer than the
inner; inner segments commonly oblong, gradually narrowed into claw;
stamens two-thirds the length of perianth; filaments naked, gradually
attenuate from base; anthers linear-oblong, 6 mm long; ovary slightly
shorter than stamens, with avery long style. June.

The alpine mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Gissar Range).
Endemic. Described from Mura Pass. Type in Tashkent.

A2. T. Krauseana Rel. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 508.—Ie.: Lipsch. in Bull.
Januce Sots Acad. se. URSS XOCx (1932) 735"

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2—4 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, brown, more
or less produced, the inner surface appressed-hairy especially at summit
and at base; stem 7-20 cm long, pubescent; leaves 3, approximate,
spreading, violet-speckled, pubescent, crisp, surpassing the flower; lowest
leaf larger, oblong, 2-3 cm (in sterile plants up to 5 cm) broad; upper
leaves linear-lanceolate; flower solitary; perianth segments pale yellow (?),
20-30 mm long, acute; outer segments pubescent outside; filaments naked;
anthers several times the length of filaments. April.

Stony fine-textured slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. (Kara-tau). Endemic.
Described from Kara-tau mountains. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Avery dubious species. The authentic plant is very unreliable
(bulb missing and flowers scarcely open) and almost unidentifiable.
Lipschitz's specimens, on which the description was based, most probably
represent a preflowering stage of T. Greigii Rgl. The specimen from
Baisun (Musa) is evidently a nonflowering T. Micheliana Hoog. plant.

Section SPIRANTHERA Vved. hoc loco.— Anthers opening gradually and
slowly from apex to base, becoming contorted; filaments naked; ovary with
subsessile stigma; bulb tunics more or less hairy on the inside.

269

352

43. T. Kaufmanniana Rgl. in Gartenfl. XXVI (1877) 194, t.906.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-4 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown,
coriaceous, the inner surface more or less covered with appressed hairs;
stem (10)—20—30-(50) cm long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent;
leaves 2 or 3, spreading or slightly reclinate, scattered, glaucous, usually
not surpassing the flower; lowest leaf lanceolate or oblong to oblong-elliptic,
2-13 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments white with a yellow
basal blotch or yellowish throughout, acute to obtuse; outer segments
broadly suffused on the back with dingy violet or reddish-violet, slightly
exceeding the inner segments, 2.5-8 cm long, lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate; inner segments oblong-elliptic or oboblong; stamens half the
length of perianth; filaments naked, yellow; anthers yellowish, linear,

3-4 times the length of filaments, gradually opening from apex to base,
becoming contorted; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with subsessile
stigma; capsule 1.5-2 cm broad, 3-6 cm long. April-June.

Stony slopes in the lower and middle mountain zones.— Centr. Asia:

T. Sh. (W. Tien Shan). Endemic. Described from Chirchik.

Note. Specimens collected by Knorring by the Kul'dambes River need
further study. They have very narrow linear-lanceolate leaves and
relatively narrow perianth segments, thus differing from the common
Tokwantiianm ania!

Numerous natural hybrids between T. Kaufmanniana Rgl. and
T. Greigii Rgl., known from Karshan-tau mountains, do not differ from
artificially obtained hybrids (see Bull. Soc. Tose. Ortic. XX (1895) 352,
tab. 12; Dykes, Notes (1930) 105, tab. LII, LIII). Specimens occupying
an exactly intermediate position between these species are rare; the plants
mostly approach one or the other of the parents and appear to be color forms
of the latter. T. suaveolens var. bicolor Rgl. (A.H.P. VIII (1884)
650) should partly be referred here.

Section LOPHOPHYLLON Vved. hoc loco. — Leaf solitary, with twisted
longitudinal crests; bulb tunics hairy on the inside; filaments hairy; ovary
short-styled.

44. T. Regelii Krasn. in Scrip. Bot. Hort. Univ. Petrop. II (1887) 21.—
Ic.: Taliev, Tr. Prikl. bot, gen. isel. XXIV 2 (1931) 66.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous,
slightly produced, the inner surface covered at summit and at base with
appressed hairs; stem 5-10 cm long, glabrous; leaf solitary, amplexicaul,
oblong to elliptic, acute, glabrous, smooth, with twisted longitudinal crests
on the upper face, surpassing the flower, 1.5-3 cm broad; flower solitary;
perianth segments white, yellow at base, 20-25 mm long, acutish to obtuse;
outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet on the back, about half as broad
as the inner segments, these oblong and ciliate at base; stamens about
half the length of perianth; filaments hairy; anthers linear-oblong, 5-6 mm
long; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, short-styled. April.

Stony slopes.— Centr. Asia: Endemic. Described from Kurtu, Andrakai.
Type in Leningrad.

270

Section ERIOSTEMONES Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 191.— Bulb tunics
glabrous or hairy or arachnoid-lanate on the inside; flowers in most species
small, inconspicuous; filaments pubescent, in one species (Pr Sorgiditania)
naked; ovary with subsessile stigma or with a more or less developed style,
but this never longer than ovary.

44. * T. violacea Boiss. et Buhse in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII
(1860) 211; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 199.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. LI (1895) t. 7440.
Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-3 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown, rigidly

353 coriaceous, the inner surface densely covered at summit with appressed
hairs; stem 12-18 cm long, glabrous; leaves 3 (4), spreading, approximate,
linear, glabrous, smooth, scarcely surpassing the flower; lowest leaf
ca. 1 cm broad, broader than the others; flowers solitary; perianth
segments violet, black and yellow-blotched at base, 30-40 mm long,
oboblong, acute, pubescent at tips; inner segments slightly broader, ciliate
at base; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments densely bearded at
base; anthers oblong, 6 mm long; ovary slightly shorter than stamens,
with subsessile stigma. April.

Dry slopes. Possibly occurring in Soviet Talysh. — Gen. distr.: Iran.
Described from Khummes. Type in Leningrad.

45. T. caucasica Lipsky in Schedis ad Herb. Fl. Ross. (1902) No. 942.
T Alepestk yi Grossh. tin PT Kavk: 11928) 223.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown, papery,
produced, the inner surface covered at summit with appressed hairs; stem
7-12 cm long, glabrous; leaves 2 (3), spreading, approximate, glabrous,
smooth- or slightly ciliate-margined, not surpassing or only slightly
surpassing the flower; lowest leaf broader than the others, linear-
lanceolate, 8-12 mm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments pale rosy-
violet, 20-35 mm long, acutish, ciliate at base; outer segments
oblanceolate, two thirds as broad as the oboblong inner segments; stamens
half the length of perianth; filaments bearded at base, anthers ellipsoid,
ca. 2mm long; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, short-styled. June.

Alpine mountain zone.— Caucasus: Cisc. (upper course of Kuban River).
Endemic. Described from Uchkulan. Type in Leningrad.

Aye ee eivestris’ 2) Sp. pl (17530) 305: obimal’o EL” I '506"(p.p.,)). —
tes" Redoute im It (1807) t" 165) — Bxs : EIS “ital. “exs* “No. 1025.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown,
coriaceous, the inner surface densely covered at summit and at base with
appressed hairs or sublanate; stem 20-40 cm long, glabrous; leaves 2 or
3 or 4, scattered, spreading, glabrous, smooth, not surpassing the flower;
lowest leaf broader than the others, linear-lanceolate, 12—20 mm broad;
flower commonly solitary, nodding in bud; perianth segments yellow,
40-55 mm long, acute; outer segments often greenish outside, gradually
acuminate, ciliate at base, bearded at apex; stamens two-fifths to one-half
the length of perianth; filaments densely bearded at base; anthers linear-
oblong, the length of filaments, 8-13 mm long; ovary slightly shorter than
stamens, with subsessile stigma; capsule ca. 1.5 cm broad, 3 cm long,
acuminate. April.

354 In woods; sometimes a weed.— Gen. distr.: W. Europe. Described from

S. Europe.

271

355

Note. In recent times (Grossheim, Fl. Kavkaza II (1928) 223, Wulff,
Fl. Kryma 3 (1930) 42), as the morphological and geographical limits of
Tulipa silvestris L. had become fairly clear, this species has been
reported for the Crimea and the Caucasus. The author has not,
unfortunately, had the opportunity of seeing the specimens cited by
Grossheim and Wulff, but he doubts if they would conform to the description
given here which is based on west European plants.

46. T. Biebersteiniana Schult. Syst. VII (1829) 382) MBoiss.s lOree
(ige4) 199. —"T. silvestris var. minor db, Hl Ross 1V (i853)

136. =. silwestris var..Niphontiana Czern,Cousp: plant. Share.
Ucr. (1859) 64.—T. silvestris var. Biebersteiniana Rgl. in

A ee Be 11873) 442: Shimallos, Bl oi; 506.28 Abies ciara ve aaZapale
Consp. i vGaliy (1906) 167 —"— cau strialis (vars wau rica Wiise zen!
Dre Byuro prikl: abot. Vi(loll2) 51h. silvestris qi Ble tauegeanc:
I (1808) 270 et auct., non L.—Ic.: Syreisch., Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906)
24 Oe ese: abl bNe NO. OOK.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; tunics coriaceous, blackish-brown
to nearly black, the inner surface rather densely appressed-hairy at summit
and at base; stem 15-30 cm long, glabrous; leaves 2 (3), spreading, rarely
declined, scattered, glabrous, smooth- or rarely ciliate-margined, not
surpassing the flower; lowest leaf broader than the others, narrowly linear-
lanceolate, 5-20 mm broad; flowers 1-(5), nodding (?) in bud; perianth
segments yellow, (15)-20-30-(40) mm long, acute, rather gradually
tapering; outer segments often violet-tinged outside, lanceolate, upto twice
as broad as the inner segments, these oblong-ovate, ciliate at base and
more or less bearded at apex; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments
densely bearded, anthers oblong, one-third to one-half the length of
filaments, 3-4 mm long; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with
subsessile stigma; capsule 1-5 cm [sic] broad, 1.5-2.5 cm long, pointed
at the top. April-May.

Steppes, slopes, scrub, forest glades, and river valleys. — European
part wUaVs (5. na NE. Dip... 45Done Uransy, . @ min ee Dons meen yens
Gancasus: Cise., Dac. E. Transe, ; W. Siberias (obs slrten (gq) aaeee miner
Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh. (?), Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (?). Described
from area between Mozdok and Kizlyar. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Ever since the earliest encounters with the Caucaso-Ukrainian
tulip of the T. silvestris s. l. group, botanists have usually attempted
its subdivision into two distinct taxonomic and systematic entities. This
tendency has recently been considerably strengthened by ecological
differences, but nobody has so far indicated any clear morphological
differences between T. Biebersteiniana plants of the steppe and
meadow-forest belt, respectively. Even Taliev (Tr. Prikl. bot., gen i sel.
XXIV 2 (1930) 111-112), one of the last botanists who studied
T. Biebersteiniana s. 1. and apparently knew it better than anyone
else, did not succeed in establishing this distinction. The author is acquainted
with T. Biebersteiniana only by way of the herbarium, not having
been able to make any contribution to this problem. He merely has to
mention that the T. Biebersteiniana type is the mesophytic race
(‘in hortis et vineis ad fluvium Terek, inter Mosdok et Kisljar'' MB, l.c.),

D2

356

whereas the xerophytic race is scarcely distinguishable from
Gee catustt raise eins.

47. T. patens Agardh. ex Schult. Syst. VII (1829) 384; Kryl., Fl. Zap.
Sib. III, 639.—T. tricolor Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 33.—T. silvestris
vartrieo lor \ldb hil Ross lV (853) 136; (Shmalla, Srl 506.
lee edb: ich) perl *Rosse I (183.0) +2135.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics slightly coriaceous to
almost papery, blackish-brown to grayish-brown, produced, the inner
surface appressed-hairy at summit and at base; stem 10-25 cm long,
glabrous; leaves 2 (3), commonly spreading, scattered, glabrous, smooth-
or slightly ciliate-margined, not surpassing or only slightly surpassing _
the flower; lowest leafbroaderthan the others, narrowly linear-lanceolate,
4-10 mm broad; flowers solitary; nodding in bud; perianth segments white,
yellow at base, 15-35 mm long, acuminate; outer segments dingy violet on
the back, lanceolate, about half as broad as the inner, these oblong, ciliate
at base and more or less bearded at apex; stamens half the length of
perianth, densely bearded at base; anthers oblong, one-third to one-half
the length of filaments, 3-4 mmlong; ovary slightly shorter than stamens,
short-styled; capsule ca. 1.5 cm thick, 2-2.5 cm long, pointed at the top,
May.

Steppes, stony slopes, and solonchaks.— European part: L. Don, L.V.;
W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt., Alt. (SW). Endemic. Described from Siberia.

Note. Owingtothe unusually close kinshipwith T. Bierbersteiniana
and the fact that it is often impossible to distinguish the two species in the
herbarium, it is difficult to define the western limit of T. patens. One
should certainly regard with great suspicion the reports of this species for
the southern part of the European USSR and for the Caucasus (Taliev, Tr.
Prikl. bot., gen. isel. XXIV, 2 (1931) 75-77).

48. T. sogdiana Bge in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. sav. étrang. VII (1854)
514; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 193.—T. Androssovii Litw. in HFR (1908)
No.1895.—Exs.: HFR No. 1895.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 0.75-1.5 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown or
brown, coriaceous, mostly very firm, lanate on the inside; stem
10-15-25 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 2 (3), more or
less scattered, spreading, often finally somewhat twisted, sometimes
Slightly crisp, glabrous, smooth, linear to lance-linear; lowest leaf broader
than the others, 4-10 mm broad, not surpassing the flower; flowers 1 (2);
perianth segments white, almost imperceptibly rosy violet-tinged, yellow
at base, 15-25-(30) mm long; outer segments oblong-lanceolate, acute,
dingy violet outside, about half as broad as the inner; inner segments ovate,
obtuse, mucronate, abruptly narrowed into the claw, sometimes slightly
ciliate at base; stamens two-fifths to one-half the length of perianth;
filaments yellow, naked; anthers oblong, 4-5 mm long, yellow, short-
pointed; ovary shorter than stamens, with a very short style; capsule
oblong, ca. 1 cm broad, ca. 1.5 cm long, short-beaked. March-April.
(Plate XX, Figure 2 a,d).

Sandy, rarely clayey or stony deserts.— Centr. Asia: Kyz. K., Kara K.,
Amu D. Endemic. Described from area between Bukharaand Kermin. Type
in Leningrad.

2713

357

49. T. Buhseana Boiss. in Diagn. pl. or. II, 4 (1859) 98.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous, the
inner surface sparingly woolly at summit*; stem 15-40 cm long, glabrous
or rarely in upper part pubescent; leaves 2, very scattered, declined or
very rarely spreading, glabrous, more or less ciliate, linear; lowest leaf
broader than the others, 3-6-10 mm broad, usually far from reaching the
flowers; flowers (1) 2 or 3 (to 6); perianth segments white, yellow at base,
(13)-15-20-30 mmlong, acute; outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet
outside, more or less bearded at the very base, about half as broad as
the inner segments; inner segments oblong, rather gradually tapering into
the claw, bearded and ciliate at base; stamens half the length of perianth;
filaments yellow, densely bearded at base, commonly hairy above; anthers
linear-oblong, 4-6 mm long, yellow or at apex faintly violet, short-pointed;
ovary slightly shorter than stamens, short-styled; capsule oblong or rarely
subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diameter, (1)-1.5-2 cm long, short-beaked. April.

Sandy land clayey soils. Centr», Asia:) Ar.-Casp.,, Balkh., Kyz. K.,

Witte: aiaiekima atte iSae (Na toothilis). Genwidistr. ..9z70.-Keash. lean,
Described from Kara-chokat. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A species with a disjointed distribution area. The filaments of
plants from the northern part of the area are nearly always hairy above the
bearded base, and this characteristic distinguishes them from the typical
T. Buhseana which has naked filaments. It should, however, be noted
that the author has also seen individuals with hairy filaments in the southern
part of the distribution area. In addition, the northern race, which at one
time he proposed to separate as T. Talievii, is apparently characterized
by the drooping of buds and of faded flowers, but this characteristic needs
confirmation with more ample material.

50. T. turkestanica Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 296 (quoad spec. pamir-
alaicaje— ie wsil Vesti ris var. furkestamicas Riel, aia AQke Pell Moma)
4432 — 1c): Rely iF l.turké (1876) t» <XI. £.. 8-4: —JExs.. cml. turk. xs.
INK, Te

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2-(3) cm thick; tunics blackish-brown or
brown, coriaceous, the inner surface woolly at summit; stem 10-25 mm
long, the upper part of stem and peduncle pubescent, rarely glabrous;
leaves 2, distant, spreading, glabrous, ciliate, linear; lowest leaf broader
than the others, (5)-8-15 mm broad, usually surpassing the flowers, very
rarely not reaching them; flowers 1-7, erect in bud; perianth segments
white, yellow at base, 12-25 mm long, acute; outer segments lanceolate,
dingy violet outside, rather gradually tapering into a claw, more or less
bearded at base, ciliate, stamens half the length of perianth; filaments
yellow, densely bearded at the dilated base, naked or hairy above; anthers
linear-oblong, 4-6 mm long, commonly yellow, rarely faintly violet, short-
pointed; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, short-styled; capsule oblong,
ca. lcm in diameter,; 1.5-2 cm long.» March-April.

Clayey and stony slopes of foothills, up to 2500 m.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al., T. Sh. (Mogol—tau, Pasha-ata). Endemic. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Plants from Alai Valley need further study. According to
Velichko they have pale yellow flowers.

* Young protective tunics have a sparse arachnoid pubescence over the entire surface.

274

358

51. T. turcomanica B. Fedtsch. in Fl. Turkmen. II (1932) 306 (quoad
spec., exclus. descr. ).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown or brown,
coriaceous, densely and delicately arachnoid-shaggy on the inside, stem
15-30 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 2, very distant,
reclinate or rarely spreading, glabrous, smooth or slightly ciliate, linear;
lowest leaf broader, 6-15 mm broad, not surpassing the peduncle; flowers
1 (2 or 3); perianth segments white, yellow at base, 20-30 mm long, acute;
outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet outside, bearded at base with long
hairs, about half as broad as the inner; inner segments oblong-ovate,
acuminate, rather abruptly tapering at base into a short claw, long-ciliate
and more or less bearded at base; stamens half the length of perianth,
filaments yellow, densely bearded at the dilated base, sometimes hairy
above; anthers linear-oblong, 4-6 mm long, yellow, short-pointed; ovary
slightly shorter than stamens, short-styled. April.

Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Iran.
Described from Kopet Dagh. Type in Leningrad.

52. T. bifloriformis Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 576. —
ieee shad ne a VCE WOO. ae lo lt Oia aur, LL ows Mies

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-2 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous,
densely and delicately arachnoid-shaggy on the inside; stem 10-25 cm long,
the upper part of stem and peduncle commonly pubescent, very rarely
glabrous; leaves 2, distant, reclinate, glabrous, ciliate, linear to linear-
lanceolate; lower leaf broader, (6) 10-15 mm broad, usually surpassing
the flower; flowers (1) 2-8 (to 11); perianth segments white, yellow at base,
(11)-15-20-(30)mm long, acute; outer segments oblong-lanceolate, dingy
violet outside, bearded at base, two-thirds as broad as the inner, inner
segments oblong, acuminate, more or less tapering into a claw, slightly
bearded at base, long-ciliate; stamens about half the length of perianth;
filaments yellow, densely bearded at base with long hairs, commonly hairy
above; anthers linear-oblong, 5-6 mm long, often violet, rarely yellow,
very short-pointed; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, short-styled;
capsule commonly oblong, 1-1.5 cm in diameter (1)-—1.5-2.5(3) cm long,
short-beaked. March-July.

Clayey and stony slopes in foothills, up to 1900 m.— Centr. Asia: Syr
Da, Mya oh. (W.).'Pam.-Al.{(?). Endemic. Described from jmashkent.

Type in Tashkent.

Note. The plants from Kara-tau are very squat and they have very hairy
mostly produced bulb tunics; leaves usually surpassing the flower; buds
and faded flowers erect (T. orthopoda m. inherb.). On the other hand,
the plants from the Aleksandrovskii Range have less hairy tunics, while
the button and faded flowers are nodding (T. binutans m. in herb.).

Additional collections are needed from the Alai Range, as the material
from this area (Shakhimardan, Sary-kamysh, Ak-bura) is insufficient.

Ho as Mbitlora Palin Reuse Tate 764et2 7). t. Dit. 3; Boiss. set) OraVi
200s Shumaliot helt, MI S068 hy isal yest ris \vary bit lor a edb. 2 FL:
Rossa iy (Messi e6, Wel. "HI Yueor Voss iila(1929)) Higure 187.

275

359

360

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-—1.5 cm thick; tunics brown or grayish-brown,
papery, produced and slightly clasping the stem base, finely arachnoid-
woolly on the inside; stem 10-20 cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous;
leaves mostly 2, distant, declined, very rarely spreading, glabrous,
smooth, linear; lower leaf broader, 3-7-(10) mm broad, slightly surpassing
the flowers; flowers 1 or 2 (to 6); perianth segments white, yellow at base,
13-25 mm long, acute; outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet outside,
bearded at base, about half as broad as the inner; inner segments oblong
to oblong-ovate, acuminate, gradually tapering into a rather long claw,
bearded at base, ciliate; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments
yellow, bearded at base; anthers oblong, 2-3 mm long, yellow, with a very
short point; ovary scarcely shorter than stamens, short-styled, capsule
short-beaked, 8-13 mm in diameter, about as long as or slightly longer
than broad. April.

Solonetz steppes, sonoletz soils and clayey slopes. — European part:

Bin i@iae Crimel(? 2) LAV WwW... SiberiawiU : Gob.) (Sse a(SaanGentr.
Asia: Ar.-Casp. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from deserts adjacent
to the Caspian.

54. T. polychroma Stapf. in Denkschr. Akad. Wien. L. (1885) 18.—
obit Nowa var) orandiat tora "Grosshy im Grosshrr ct schischkt sk
orient. exsicc (1928) No. 353.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics brown, coriaceous,
slightly produced, finely arachnoid-woolly on the inside; stem 6-15 cm long,
the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 2, rather distant, falcately
spreading, glabrous, smooth or rarely slightly ciliate, linear; lower leaf
broader, 5-10 mm broad, slightly surpassing the flower; flowers 1 (2);
perianth segments white, yellow at base, 15-25 mm long, acutish; outer
segments oblong-lanceolate, dingy violet outside, bearded at base, half as
broad as the inner; inner segments broadly oblong, rather gradually tapering
into a claw, densely ciliate at base, often whitish; stamens half the length
of perianth; filaments yellow, bearded at base; anthers oblong, 2-4 mm
long, yellow, with a very short point; ovary slightly shorter than stamens,
short-styled. April.

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: Cis. (E.), E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran.
Described from Iran: Shurab. Cotype in Leningrad.

55. T. koktebelica JungeinTrav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Pétersb. XVI (1916)
ez)

Perennial; bulb ovoid, reais em thick; tunics brown, coriaceous,
slightly produced, finely arachnoid on the inside; stem 10-20 cm long,
the stem and peduncle glabrous, the aerial part of stem much shorter than
the underground part; leaves 2, rather distant, falcately spreading,
glabrous, nearly smooth-margined, linear; lower leaf broader, 6-15 mm
broad, slightly surpassing the flower; flowers 1 or 2; perianth segments
white, yellow at base, 18-25 mm long, acutish; outer segments oblong-
lanceolate, dingy violet outside, glabrous at base, two-thirds as broad
as the inner; inner segments oblong-lanceolate, rather abruptly tapering
at base into a fairly long claw, ciliate at base; stamens half the length of
perianth; filaments yellow, slightly bearded at base; anthers oblong,
2.5-3 mm long, yellow, with a very short point; ovary slightly shorter
than stamens, short-styled. March.

276

Dry stony clay slopes. — European part: Crim. Endemic. Described
from Koktebel' [Planerskoe]. Type in Leningrad.

Note. An exceedingly rare species, known only from the classical
location; closely related to T. Callieri and requiring further study.

56. T. Callieri Halacsy et Lev. in Jahreskat. Wien. Tauschanst. (1897)
Go:

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm thick; tunics brown, subcoriaceous,
produced and slightly clasping the stem base, densely and finely arachnoid-
woolly on the inside; stem 10-15 cm long, glabrous, at anthesis almost
entirely concealed underground; leaves 2, approximate, spreading, glabrous,
slightly ciliate-margined, linear; lower leaf broader, 5-10 mm broad,
greatly surpassing the flowers (up to twice as long); flowers 1 (2 or 3);
perianth segments white, yellow at base, 13-17 mm long, obtuse; outer
segments greenish-gray outside, about half as broad as the inner; filaments
bearded at base, the beard twice the length of anthers; ovary short-styled;
capsule subglobose, ca. 1 cm indiameter. April.

Mounds. — European part: Crim. Endemic. Described from Sudak.

Note. Avery rare plant, known only from two locations (Sudak,
Sarylar). The author has not had an opportunity of seeing flowering
specimens and his conclusions are based solely on a single fruiting specimen
collected by Transhel at the classifical location.

57. T. orithyioides Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 150.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 1.5 cm thick; tunics almost papery, brownish-
gray, rather sparsely and finely arachnoid-shaggy on the inside; stem
7-10 cm long, glabrous; leaves 2, closely approximate to subopposite,

361 spreading, crisp, glabrous, smooth, greatly surpassing the flower; lower
leaf linear-lanceolate, broader, 1-1.5 cm broad; flower solitary; perianth
segments white, yellow at base, 18-24 mm long, acutish; outer segments
dingy violet outside, lanceolate, glabrous; inner segments gradually
narrowed into a claw, oblanceolate, ciliate at base, slightly shorter;
stamens half the length of perianth; filaments yellow, long-ciliate below;
anthers linear-oblong, 5-6 mm long, dingy violet, with a very short cusp;
ovary as long as stamens, with a very long style; capsule oblong, ca.
io en broad, 2—3 cm dong) ong-beaked:) June:

Centr. Asia: Found in Chul'bair mountains on a stony slope, at an
altitude of 3000 m. Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Khodzha-barku.
Type in Tashkent.

Note. It is possible that the specimens, severely damaged by insects,
that were collected by Lipsky at the Karshibet Glacier, belong to this
Species.

58. T. dasystemonoides Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935)
147.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown,
subcoriaceous, the inner surface densely woolly at tips; stem 7-15 cm
long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 2, more or less approximate,
commonly spreading, glabrous, smooth, linear, greatly surpassing the
flower; lower leaf broader, 6-12 mm broad; flowers 1 (2); perianth
segments pale yellow, 15-25 mm long, acutish; outer segments lanceolate,

BT

361

dingy violet outside, glabrous, two-thirds as broad as the inner; inner
segments oblong, gradually tapering into a claw, more or less ciliate at
base; filaments half the length of perianth, yellow, hairy at base; anthers
linear-oblong, yellow, 4-5 mm long, with a very short cusp; ovary about
the length of stamens, with a rather long style. June-September.

The alpine mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Tien Shan. Endemic.
Described from Talass Ala Tau: Maidantal. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Known from a few locations in W. Tien Shan (Maidantal, Chotan,
Makhbal'kul', Dorofeevka). Related to T. dasystemon Rgl., from which
it differs in the first place in densely woolly inner surface of the bulb tunics.
The characteristics distinguishing it from T. turkestanica Rgl. are
the subcoriaceous tunics and the more developed style.

59. T. dasystemon Rgl. in A.H.P. VI (1880) 507.—Orithyia
daisy sitemio nih gi in AEP. ay (en) 26.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-—1.5 em thick; tunics blackish-brown or brown,
papery, glabrous or with few appressed hairs at summit; stem
10-20-(30) cm long, the stem and peduncle glabrous; leaves 2, distant,
reclinate, glabrous, smooth- or rarely slightly ciliate-margined, linear;
lower leaf broader, 5-15 mm broad; flower solitary; perianth segments
pale yellow, 15-30 mm long, acute; outer segments lanceolate, dingy violet
outside, glabrous, about half as broad astheinner; inner segments oblong-
ovate, rather gradually tapering into a long claw, bearded and ciliate at
base; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments yellow, hairy; anthers
oblong, 3-5 mm long, yellow, with a very short cusp; ovary scarcely
shorter than stamens, with a rather long style; capsule oblong, 0.75-1 cm
broad, 1.5-2.5 cm long, with beak ca. 5mm long. May-June.

Subalpine and alpine mountain zones.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., T. Sh.
Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from the vicinity of Alma Ata. Type
in Leningrad.

Note. Another tulip occurring in the Fergana Range, in addition to
T. dasystemon, grows apparently at lower altitudes and has firmer
coriaceous bulb tunics. Cultivated specimens have displayed bright yellow
flowers (T. paradasystemon m. inherb.).

60. T. tarda Stapf. in Bot. Mag. (1933) t. 9321.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5-3 em thick; tunics blackish-brown,
coriaceous, naked; stem 5-20 cm long, stocky, glabrous; peduncles
pubescent; leaves 3-7, crowded, commonly spreading, green, with a purple
margin 1-2 mm broad, glabrous, smooth-margined or more or less ciliate,
slightly crisp, linear; lowest leaf broader than the others, 8-15 mm broad,
surpassing the flowers; flowers 1-8; perianth segments white, 20-40 mm
long, acute, with a large yellow basal blotch occupying most of the surface,
or rarely yellow throughout; outer segments lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
dingy violet outside, commonly glabrous, half as broad as the inner; inner
segments oblong, gradually narrowed into a long claw, densely ciliate at
base; stamens half the length of perianth; filaments yellow, densely bearded
at base with long hairs; anthers linear-oblong, 5-7 mm long, yellow, with
avery short cusp; ovary slightly shorter than stamens, with a rather long
style. April-May. (Plate XXI, Figure 2 a-e).

278

363

Rocky and gravelly slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. Endemic. Described
from Centr. Asia: ''probably Turkestan".

Note. This very interesting species is known from a few locations
in close proximity to each other (Kastek, Dzhol-bulak, Dzhil'-aryk).

Specimens (flowering) collected near Kumbel' Pass and at the Yassy
River may be referred to this species.

Section ORITHYIA Baker in Journ. Bot. 14 (1874) 277 (pro subgen). —
Orithyia Donin Brit. Flow. Gard. IV (1838) t. 336.— Bulb tunics naked
on the inside or appressed-hairy at summit; filaments naked; style as long
as ovary.

615 T. heteropetala Ldb. Je. pl. fl. Ross. .1 (0829) 21,,.4. 85: —
Ornithogalum: oxypetalum Ldb. Fl. Alt. 11 (1830) 27.—Orithyia
oxypetala Kunth Enum. IV (1:843)02 27s Tedb., VEL sRosswiVii 37
Ol} sou? Vometa yar’ Oxgpetiallba Welk hiniizv Ova lyub. vestuyantr.. a
emoge.o.<xI, 2.(1876) 142: Krylt) Bly Zap mSibrilyn64 i:

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics blackish-brown, papery,
the inner surface appressed-hairy at summit; stem 10-20 cm long, glabrous;
leaves 2, very distant, spreading, linear, glabrous, smooth; lower leaf
broader, 5-7 mm broad, not surpassing the flower; flower solitary, erect;
perianth segments yellow, 17-25 mm long, very acute, glabrous; outer
segments lanceolate, dingy violet outside, two-thirds as broad as the inner;
inner segments oblong, gradually tapering into a long narrow petiole;
stamens two-thirds the length of perianth; filaments yellow, naked, dilated
below the middle; anthers linear-oblong, 5-6 mm long, yellow; ovary as
long as stamens, with a very long style. April-May.

Steppes.— W. Siberia: Alt. Endemic. Described from Bukhtarminsk.
Type in Leningrad,

62. T. uniflora (L.) Bess. ex Baker Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1874) 295.—
Ornithogalum,unifile rum) 15 Manty(ls67)62—Orithyratuniflora
Donan Brit) Flow! Gard’ TV'(1838)), 13362 Ldb/ EL ORosssivy t37i=
Ornutans* Trautvy.. Pl. imac sret-descr: (1844): loti 102 =O funitl ora
var. typica Rgl. inIzv. O-valyub. estv., antr. i etnogr. XXI, 2 (1876)
2 Keyl) Fle Zap. Sib. Il) (ee) — T..> muhans) 1st Pedtsch? inl Bot?
Jahrbuch L. (1914) 617.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-2 cm thick; tunics papery, blackish-brown,
produced, appressed-hairy on the inside at summit; stem 10-25 cm long,
glabrous; leaves 2, subapproximate, commonly spreading, glabrous,
smooth, narrowly linear-lanceolate, usually slightly surpassing the flower;
lower leaf broader, 4-10 mm broad; flower solitary, nodding in bud
(always ?); perianth segments yellow, 15-30 mm long, glabrous, obtuse or
obtusish; outer segments lanceolate or oblanceolate, dingy violet outside,
two-thirds as broad as the inner; inner segments obovate, gradually
narrowed into a claw; stamens two-thirds the length of perianth; filaments
yellow, naked, gradually attenuate from base; anthers oblong, 3-5 mm long,
yellow; ovary the length of stamens, with a very long style; capsule
0.75-1 cm broad, 2-3.5 cm long, very long-beaked, narrowed at base. May.

2h)

364

365

Stony slopes and exposed places (steppes?).— W. Siberia: Alt.;
E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau. (?); Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. (Tarbagatai).
Gen. distr.: Mongolia. Described from Sinyaya Sopka (Altai).

63. T. heterophylla (Rgl.) Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1874) 295.—
Orithyia heterophylla Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI, I (1868)
AAOe cere hel, il. tuck. (L8r6) tab. SOO, i. tila.

Perennial; bulb elongate-ovoid, 1-1.5 cm thick; tunics papery, blackish-
brown, naked, produced at the top and clasping the stem base; stem 5-15cm
long, glabrous; leaves 2, more or less spreading, opposite, narrowly
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, smooth, not surpassing the flower; lower
(outer) leaf broader, 6-—10-(15) mm broad; flower solitary, commonly
nodding; perianth segments yellow, dingy violet or dingy green outside
(the outer more brcadly so), 15-30 mm long, obtuse or acutish, glabrous,
oblong-oblanceolate to oblanceolate; stamens two-thirds the length of
perianth; filaments yellow, naked; anthers oblong-ellipsoid, ca. 2.5 mm
long, yellow; ovary about as long as stamens, with a very long beak,
gradually narrowed toward base. June-July.

Stony slopes and meadows in the alpine zone.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh.
(Centr.). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Trans-Ili Ala Tau.

Type in Leningrad.

Genus 273. ERYTHRONIUM * L.**
L. Gen. plant., I, 17387, 92.

Perianth nodding, the 6 segments spreading and recurved above the
campanulate base; inner segments with a transversal plait and small pits
at base; stamens 6; anthers linear-oblong; filaments linear at base,
fusiformly inflated at the middle and strongly attenuate at summit; style
filiform, enlarged at the top; stigma 3-lobed, the lobes usually 2-sided;
capsule obovoid, few-seeded.
1. Perianth segments averaging 2.5-5.5 cm in length, violet or rose
(rarely white or yellowish); inner segments with a transversal plait and
two; oblong divergent lobes! |auricles]lat-base. ja. = esac -e ee yap SE
3S CA ae ee eae ee 1. E. sibiricum (Fisch. et Mey.) Kryl.
+ Perianth segments averaging 2.5-—4 cm in length, white or pale yellow
at base, yellowish-reddish outside, the upper part of the inner surface
with small scattered red spots; inner segments with a wavy-toothed
transversal plait atibase;» “te sh) ac-) -act® Bus oe 2. E. caucasicum Woron.

1. E. sibiricum (Fisch. et Mey) Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 642.—
E. dens canis var..sibiricum Fisch. et Mey. Ind. sem. Horti. Petr.
VII, 1841; Linnaea XV, 1841; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 134.— Exs.: HFR (genus
Enidens (jcanis 1L. var.isibiricum thisch, et Mey.) No,,1042:

Perennial; bulb ovoid-cylindric, 3-6 cm long; stem erect, 12-30 cm
long; leaves 2, borne about the middle of the stem, opposite, green,
elliptic, acuminate, 8-15 cm long, 1.5-6 cm broad, the petiole amplexicaul,
perianth segments oblong to sublanceolate, obtusish, violet or rose, rarely
white or yellowish, 2.5-5.5 cm long, 5-12 cm broad, the 3 inner segments

* Greek name of a plant mentioned by Dioscorides; Greek erythros, red.
** Arranged by 1.M. Krashennikov.

280

366

with a transverse plait and 2 small oblong obtuse spreading lobes [auricles],
these ca. 1 mm long. (Plate XX, Figure 1, 1 a and 1 iy)

Margins of coniferous woods (spruce-fir-cedar), wooded water meadows,
near melting snow in the alpine zone, alpine tundras and meadows, and
stony mounds in the foothills.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.
Gen. distr.: Mongolia.

2. E. caucasicum Woron. in Acta. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS I (1933)
214.— Exs.: Fl. cauc. exs. (genus E. dens canis L.).

Perennial; bulb ovoid-cylindric, 2-3 cm long; stem erect; leaves 2,
about the middle of the stem, opposite, ovoid-oblong, glaucous, more or
less speckled, the petiole amplexicaul; perianth segments lanceolate,
2.5-4 cm long, white or pale yellowish, with small scattered red spots
in upper part; inner segments with a transverse plait, this surmounted
by several teeth; stigma lobes 3-5 mm long, spreading. February-March.
(Plate XXI, Figure 1c and a).

Wood margins.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Cherkessiya, from Aibaz.

Salisb. in Trans. Hortic, Soc, 1(1812) 328.—Nectarobotryum Ldb. Fl. Alt. 11(1830) 36.

Perianth funnelform, the segments lanceolate or oblong-oboval, erect,
styie short; capsule obovoid; seeds small, oblong; small plants with
solitary or rarely paired terminal flowers and narrow leaves.

1. Lowest cauline leaf 1-2 mm broad, linear, acuminate; perianth
segments obtusely round-tipped, with violet nerves and a nectariferous
Pi ADOVesibe, Ages tei saws ee ett LO. natal! 3) We. serotina’ (i) Rehb.
+ Vee eniventh sepments destituteyormeckary ers. 2 e.g ssc ne eee 2.
2. Terminal flowers 1-5, in a corymb; perianth segments greenish in
lower part, rose above..... 2. L. rubroviridis (Boiss. et Ky) Baker.
+ Flowers 1-3, pure white; perianth segments narrow, oblong; lowest
cauline leaf lanceolate, 5-7 mm broad ... 1. L. triflora (Ldb.) Baker.

1. L. triflora (Ldb.) Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. XIV (1874) 300. —
Ornithogalum triflorum Ldb. in Mém. Acad. Petrop. V (1812)
529.—Gagea triflora Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veget. VII (1928) 551;
Lelikl Rossel, 1415 ler led. lie. tab: =37'9':

Perennial; bulbs small, globose, solitary; basal leaf solitary, linear,
carinate; stem 15-30 cm long; cauline leaves 1 or few, oblong, gradually
acuminate, the lowest largest; flowers in a corymbose raceme of 1-5
(mostly 3); peduncles slender, axillary, simple or rarely bifurcate, naked
or bracteate; perianth segments obtusely round-tipped, pure white; anthers
pale yellow; capsule trigonous. May-June.

Margins of broad-leaved woods and shrub thickets, rarely on slopes
in dense grass stands; a spring plant, often loosely cespitose.— Far East:
Uss., Sakh., Kamch. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from a specimen
of Tilesius, probably collected somewhere at the coast of Sea of Okhotsk.
Type in Leningrad.

* Named for E. Lloyd (1670-1709), museum curator in Oxford, who was first to find L, serotina in the
mountains of Wales.
** Arranged by V.L. Komarov.

281

(367)

Plate XXI

1. Erythronium sibiricum (isch, et Mey.)Kryl., la,b) inner perianth segments. E. sibiricum;
1c,d) inner perianth segments. E.caucasicum Woron.-— 2, Tulipa tarda Stapf, 2a) outer perianth
segments; 2b) inner perianth segments; 2c), 2d) stamen, 2e) pistil.

282

369

370

2. L. rubriviridis (Boiss. et Ky) Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1877)
B01: Boiss, et. Or! Ve, 202° \ Feder,“ Rast? Turk (91's) 248, Gages
rupwoyiridis "soiss! et Ky. Dicom oer 2) TVeCheao 10Gn

Perennial; bulbs ca. 1.5 cm across, ovaloid, with membranous tunics
and small bulblets at base; basal leaves 1 or 2, narrowly linear; stem
10-20 cm long, bearing 2-4 narrowly linear leaves; peduncles elongated;
flowers rarely solitary, mostly in a raceme of 3 to 5; segments of the
funnelform perianth elliptic-linear, not nectariferous, 3-5-nerved on the
back; capsule oblong-clavate, flat at the top; seeds 3-angled, flat, smooth.
April-June.

Dry grassy slopes, at altitudes from 500 to 2400 m, often loosely
cespitose.— Centr. Asia: Amu D., Syr D. (Turkestan Range), Pam.-Al.
Gen. distr.: E. Med., As. Min. Described from Mount Hermon. Type in
Geneva.

3) i serotina (lz.) Rchb., Fl."Germ: Exs. (1830) 102." Kryle pre Zaiee
Sto ose: Durez., El. ware. —datr, TE 210." dbo. rl Ross. ive ies.
Poetoums Scalisby im trans. Hort. Soe. lteal2) 520. erulo oe om tt ma
Serotiunum I Sp. p. (lisa) 294 —Neetaroboerhermums st iat um
ido El Alt. i (les0) 36. Ornit wor alum” altarcum ern Ine Now
Comm “nea, Petrop., vill (1774) 500. — Ost riatum Willd sp ply ii
(1799) 112.—Gagea serotina Ker-Gawl. Quart. Journ. Roy. Inst. I
(1816) 189.—Nectarobothrium Redowskianum Schlecht. et Cham.
in Linnaea VI (1831) 585.

Perennial; bulb slender and long, completely enclosed together with stem
base in vestiges of old leaves, these separating into fibers or entire; stem
erect, 5-40 cm long; basal leaves commonly 2, filiform, to 1 mm broad,
often exceeding the stem; cauline leaves up to 5, ca. 2 mm broad, the leaf
subtending peduncle broader and bractlike; flowers solitary, rarely paired;
perianth segments obovate, 1-1.5 cm long, white with a yellow blotch at
base and 3 red or violet nerves; stamens and style much shorter than
perianth; capsule globose, obtusely 3-angled, 3-celled, many-seeded; seeds
strongly compressed. June-September.

Moss-and-lichen and stony arctic and mountain tundras, alpine meadows,
moraines, gravelly declivities near melting snow, and rock crevices. Basal
leaves develop before the stem. In mountains up to 3000 m.— Arctic: Arc.
Eur. (Vaigach, Nenets tundras, Northern Urals), Arc. Sib., Chuk., An.;
European part: bare peaks of Urals; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., Centr. Asia:
PaiagevAMloe Tbs tiie) IDA SIP cial 2 Wp Siloeralzice Olos dicing, Aulvse vidis Snloeienei:
Kena kol ane ooay., Oath; Hariast, Kamch. Okh? Zeo-bu, ida, Uss.
(Sikhote-Alin), Sakh. Gen. distr.: Mountains of Centr. Eur., Alt. Eur.,
Bal,-As. Nin, Dzus-Kash.,” Him., Mong. N. Am., Ber. Described from
the Swiss Alps.

L. Gen. plant. (1737) 95.

Perianth campanulate or rotate, azure, rarely violet or nearly white,
the segments free or united at base; stamens6, anthers pendulous; filaments

* From Greek scilla; the Latin name Scilla referring to the medicinal plant Urginea maritima

Baker.
** Arranged by A.A. Grossgeim.

283

subulate above, more or less dilated below, inserted at base of perianth

segments; ovary 3-celled, obtusely 3-angled, few-seeded; style 1,

undivided; capsule globose, 3-angled; seeds black, globose or oblong;

herbaceous plants, with a well-developed bulb and several basal leaves;
scapes leafless; flowers few or numerous, in a raceme.

Economic importance. Some Scilla species are beautiful and suitable
as ornaments in parks and gardens and for use as house plants. Noteworthy
among Soviet representatives of the genus are, among others, the Caucasian
S. Roseni, with very large flowers and recurved perianth segments, and
the Central Asian S. Raevskiana, with dark purplish-violet flowers.

S. sibirica and certain related native species can also be extensively

used, particularly in view of the fact that, under suitable conditions, they

become readily naturalized and do not need any care.

Various species of the genus Scilla (S. amoena, S. peruviana,

S. hyacinthoides, etc.) have been introduced into the gardens of

W. Europe.

1. Flowering at the end of summer and in fall; raceme many-flowered;
flowers: sniabl.,..to,denrni Wontar, tie. ces See Pe bude b> “pata oye yy ae 7
Flowering in spring (mountainous species in May and June)........ 3.

2. Inflorescence (20) 40-60-flowered, racemose at anthesis, dense; flowers
rose-purple; cells of ovary 1-ovuled (Far East). .1. S. japonica Baker.

+ Inflorescence 6-20-flowered, corymbose at anthesis, later becoming
elongated, loose; flowers reddish-violet; cells of ovary 2-ovuled

(SS Uieoaimne wCimca.. Cavecacus) ai oie ee eae 3. S. autumnalis L.
3. Flowers small, ca. 4-5 mm long, pale azure; capsule obovoid-cordate,

evyliincligic ailllya cepa wee Gonna Rance Jessie Me pecs: 2. S. atropatana Grossh.

Flowers always large, 5-15 mm long; capsule not cylindric....... 4,

4. Leaves narrowly linear, 1.5-2 (3) mm broad, numerous (up to 10);
flowers few (1-3), erect, slightly open, dark violet-blue (Centr. Asia).
gehsved de “arnt lee eRe a Al oth an eC ot cae 17. S. Raevskiana Rgl.

Leaves .monerthan,o jnim, breadmicominmon ly FCW joe a0 Mee ge eee SE
5. Perianth segments smaller, 5-8 mm long, elliptic-lanceolate; flowers

EReCi Gace mes Grathenmmmany +h OWeieC. ive). Carr Nel cue ek eee ee 6.
+ Perianth segments 10-15 mm long, oval-oblong; flowers often nodding.

SECU e CPE Lee earn ee eee aa ee mn | OR eS 1 ST SO a aoa le

6. Scape 10-25 cm long; leaves to 12 mm broad; raceme 2-—10-flowered;
perianth 8 mm long, bluish-violet (S. Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus).
Se eee ee | ae: NERY Seni 4. 9. bifolia mies
+ Scape 2-8 cm long, delicate; leaves short, to 6 mm broad; inflorescence
1-3-flowered; perianth 6-7 mm long, pale azure to nearly white

(We “Ut nansGe Ness! oto tA 4 o> uk Ga cose ee 5. 9, Hivalis, Boiss:
7. Inflorescence a distinct and rather dense (2) 4-10-flowered raceme;

plants;ot Central Asia J¢NR os: nits aie ee es ede ee 8.
+ Inflorescence 1-3 (4) flowered, if racemose then loose; plants of the

Buropean part of the Soviet Union andiof the Caucasus . 2. 5 0 $).

8. Leaves oboblong-spatulate, 15-25 mm broad at broadest upper third;
raceme relatively deuase, 4-1 0-slowereda(Bulmatra)) ons eae eee
Oi ee see ata ao hak a, see i Lan een) oe age 16. S. bukharica Dessjat.
Leaves broadly linear, 3-6 (10) mm broad; raceme relatively loose,
A= sHloweneds (Gentrie Asialaecet .cead Je be 15. S. puschkinioides Rgl.

284

3a

9. Perianth segments large, 17-30 mm long, recurved; ovary pyriform

OLAODOVoOLa NS Tir snses) Tie + SARE 2 Re 6) S» Roseni’ C.’ Koch.
+ Perianth segments smaller, sometimes not recurved; ovary pyriform
Gevmentsesmmaliler, (Sometunessnor CeCuEvVed -sSANOR! M12 Hae See: LO:

10. Bracts at base of pedicels 2, prolonged into a rather long recurved
subulate appendage; racemes loosely many-flowered; scapes 20-40 cm

lons (Galveh, sae ransies)!. > eee 8. S. Hohenackeri Fisch. et Mey.
+ Bracts at base of pedicels never with a recurved appendape...:... . aL ke
11. Ovary pyriform or obovoid, narrowed toward base; flowers erect,
sky-blue (W. Caucasus and S. Transc.).... 7. S. Winogradowi Sosn.
Pm Ovaiay Cvordlor olOobose, ,notmarrowed toward base... 2... 5... - eee
12. Racemes loose, many-flowered (up to 6 flowers), flabby........ 13,
+ Flowers solitary or raceme few-flowered (up tors lowers) anes ee 14.
13. Flowers dark violet; bracteoles acute, to 2-4 mm long; perianth
segments oblong-elliptic (E. Transc., Tal.)...11. S. caucasica Miscz.
+ Flowers pale azure; bracteoles obtuse, 1-1.5 mm long; perianth
Secmentsamarrows (Saul ransen)i cali iia. ee 9. S. diziensis Grossh.
14. Perianth pale-colored as arule, pale azure to nearly white ..... ae
Te wPeeriankhworm ht -colorcedvasrasrule,dariaazure Ormrbilieree i sine 16.

15. Flowers pale azure, solitary or in racemes of 2 or 3; perianth
segments obtusish, 12-15 mm long; bracts acutely lanceolate, to 4mm
Gre, (Wasieraasee yy TGA Bae (ah Mid Alert aie, 12. S. monanthos C. Koch

+ Flowers erect, white or pale azure, commonly in racemes of 2-4,
rarely solitary; perianth segments 10-12 mm long; bracts very small,

ebtusish (Nakhiehevan SSR) 2... . es 14. S. Misczenkoana Grossh.
16. Scape up to 10 (15) mm long, monanthous; perianth bright blue
(Seebiosnse)tee. anda. seh. ko Fe. BS. - 13) Sivagmena Grossh.

+ Scape mostly 2- or 3-flowered; rarely monanthous; usually larger
plants) (Hucopean partior the USSR "Crimea Catcasus) eye. we.
LOM Sw sibiriea samdrevs.

sMeke ike McMike. ote eunh Mal Gan Wat we} *ioly io. aie: (6) bie) Ale, Hal Sieg cial, tordmiaMAiel o/h 1s Tety ve: puelne

Subgenus EUSCILLA Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot, III. App. 4 (1870) 5.—
Perianth segments free from base; stamens inserted at base of perianth
segments, uniseriate.

Section BARNADIA (Lindl.) Grossh.— Barnadia Lindl. Bot. Reg.
(1826) tab. 1029, pro gen.— Ovary cells 1-ovuled.

1. S. japonica (Thunb.) Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. X1l1 (1873) 233. —
GOrnithocadum japonreum Thunb Fl jap (34) tor. — Parmadia
jeponres Schult, syst. Vill e2o)roao. Kunth Hau. ave Gleoyesode

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 15-25 mm long, covered with dark gray coats;
leaves 2-8, appearing together with flowers, one-third to one-half the
length of scape, fleshy, narrowly linear, 3-4 mm broad, attenuate toward
apex; scape erect, firm, 25-40 cm long; inflorescence a dense many-
flowered raceme, 8-12 cm long, 2 cm across; bracts, small, linear, acute,
much shorter than pedicel; pelicels slender, 4-8 mm long, equaling or
slightly longer than flower, horizontally spreading in fruit; flowers small,
wide open, rose-purple; perianth segments 2-3 mm long, oblong; stamens

285

about the length of perianth; filaments triangularly dilated at base; capsule
ovoid-oblong. July-August. (Plate IX, Figure 17).

Grassy slopes.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from
Japan. Type in London.

Section PROSP™RO (Baker) Grossh.— Ovary cells 2-ovuled.

Cycle Vernales A. Grossh.— Flowers in fall; bracts solitary.

2. S. atropatana Grossh. sp. nova in Addenda III, p.740, (Table XLIV,
Figure 3a-d).

Perennial; bulb ovaloid, ca. 15 cm long, 8-10 mm broad; scape slender,
10-20 cm long; leaves 2, greatly exceeding the scape, narrowly linear,
2-3 mm broad; raceme oblong, 10-—20-flowered; scape often bifid;
bracteoles small, obtuse; pedicels slender, 5-10 mm long, twice the length
of flower; flowers only slightly open; perianth long; segments oblong-linear,

373 ca. 2 mm broad, obtusish, pale azure; stamens slightly shorter than

perianth; capsule obovoid-cordate, 3-valved, deeply furrowed between the
valves, short-beaked at the top. April.

Dry gravelly and stony slopes in the lower mountain zone. — Caucasus:
S. Transc. (Nakhichevan SSR: Shakhbuz, Shakhtakhty, Dzhul'fa, Darry-dag,
Ordubad). Endemic (possibly occurring in N. Iran). Described from
Nakhichevan SSR. Type in Baku.

Cycle Autumnales Grossh. in Mon. Jar. d. Bot. Tifl. ser. II, 3 (1927)
184.— Flowering in fall; bracts solitary or none.

3. 4S.,autummnalis 1, Sp. .pl.(1753)/443. Ldb. Fl. Ross. Il, io6; Boises
BY Ore (1884).224;, Shraaliie., Plat, 49.5 lez i @ungiic. seule. lberaencn,
(172i )stabey 129),.ed.sll, iv, 1Vdie835); Redoute, Lilnaccacmuab. .31)72 ion.
Wie iipe INO Ch DeulG.sels sGegany (184.8) cellos LOD 2 a cbc sabilan bie
Austro-Hung. No.1041; Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 362 (1916).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 2-2.5 cm across, with pale brown or reddish-
brown coats; scape 5-15 (20) cm long; leaves 5-6, after flowers, narrowly
linear, canaliculate, erect, much shorter than scape; raceme densely
many-flowered (containing 6-20 or more flowers), at first corymbose,
later becoming drawn out; bracts none; pedicels obliquely ascending,
equaling or longer than flower, ca. 7mm long; flowers wide open,
subrotate; perianth segments rounded-ovate, 4-5 mm long, reddish-violet;
stamens half the length of perianth segments; capsule turbinate-obovoid,
3-furrowed, ca. 3 mm long. August-October. (Plate IX, Figure 16).

Scrub and grassy slopes.— European part: Bl., Crim.; Caucasus:
Cise., W.. and EH. ranse., Tal. Gen. distr... Centr. bur., Atl ums,

W. Med., E. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from S. Europe. Type in
London.

1920 286

374

Section PLURIOVULATAE Grossh.— Ovary cells 4-10-ovuled.

Cycle Bifoliae Grossh. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. ser. II, 3 (1927) 185.—
Flowering in fall; ovary cells 6-ovuled; bracts solitary; seeds arillate.

AVS bitoliaShs Sp: pl .o(t753) 4432 ,bdb) Fl.» Rosse LV! 156; Boiss’! F1.
or. V, 227; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 499. —Ic.: Bot. Mag. tab. 746; Redouté,
Liliacée, tab. 254: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. (1848) tab. 1015.— Exs.: Fl. Exs.
Austro-Hung. No.3906; HFR No. 84 (1898).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 2 (3) cm across, the coats dark gray, rosy
within; scape 10-20 (to 40) cm long; basal leaves 2, rarely 3, broadly
linear, long-sheathing, the relatively short blade recurved and commonly
obtuse; inflorescence second, corymbose due to lower pedicels being much
longer than the upper, 2-5 (to 10)-flowered; bracts none or obsolescent;
flowers wide open, sky-blue, rarely purplish-azure or whitish; sometimes
flowers, pedicels and the upper part of scapes purplish-violet
(v. purpurea Miscz.); perianth segments oblong, obtuse, 5-12 mm long;
stamens slightly shorter than perianth; capsule turbinate, obtusely 3-angled;
7-10 mm long. March-April. (Plate IX, Figure 14).

Wood margins, scrub, and grassy slopes.— European part: U. Dnp.,

M. Dnp., Bl., Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc., W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr.
Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Centr. Europe. Type in
London.

y Oo. Mivalis Boiss. Diaen. Ser. t, °V (1844)'Ga.—'s. biftolia p
Hivealis Boiss., Fl. Or. V (1884) 227.—S. minor and S. dubia
C. Koch in Linnaea XIX (1847) 315.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1-1.5 cm broad, with dark gray coats; scape
3-8 cm long; leaves narrowly linear, to 6 mm broad, short; inflorescence
1-—3-flowered; pedicels unequal, always subtended by small white
bracteoles; flowers pale azure to nearly white; perianth segments linear-
oblong, 6-7 mm long; stamens slightly shorter than perianth segments.
May-June.

High-mountain meadows, at 1800-3000 m.— Caucasus: W. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from Greece. Type in Geneva.

Cycle Rosenianae Grossh. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. II, 3 (1927) 186.—
Flowering in spring; ovary obovoid or pyriform; ovary cells 6-ovuled;
bracts 2, united.

6. S. Roseni C. Koch. in Reise n. d. Kauk. Isthm. II, 368 (nomen) et
in Linnaea XXII (1849) 250.—S. cernua var. uniflora Som. et Lev.
in A.H.P. XVI (1900) 426.—S. Koenigi Fomin in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl.
XIII (1908) 19.—S. macrantha E. Bordz. A.H. Jur. XI (1910) 32.—
Ss cemnua Boss. hk. Or, VY (1884) 226 pp, le.: Misez.. ir:
Byuro po prikl. bot., 2 (1912).— Exs.: Herb. Fl. cauc. No.115.

Perennial; bulb large, ovoid, to 3 cm long and 2-—2.5 cm across, with
dark gray coats; scape 10-30 (40) cm long, monanthous or terminating in
several flowers; leaves 2 or 3, shorter than scape, broadly linear,

287

375

3-8 (to 20) mm broad, pale green, lustrous, cucullate; bracts small, white,
cordate at base, toothed or truncate at apex; pedicels shorter than flower;
flower large; perianth segments 20-25 (to 30) mm long, oblong, obtuse,
recurved, pale azure or whitish, paler in lower part, with a darker band
on the back; stamens half the length of perianth; style longer than ovary.
May-June. (Plate IX, Figure 11).

High-mountain meadows.— Caucasus: W. and 8. Transc. Gen. distr. :
Bal.-As. Min. (Asia Minor), Arm.-Kurd. Described from Asia Minor.
Type in Berlin.

7. S. Winogradowii Sosn. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. 33 (1914) 3.—

S. Roseni var. pulchella Miscz., Tr. Prikl. Bot. 2 (1912) 46 p.p.—
S. cernua Radde Mus. Cauc. II (1901) 164 p.p.—S. cernua var.
grandiflora Trautv. in A.H.P. V (1878) 479.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 2 cm long and to 15 mm across, with dark gray
coats; scape 10-30 cm long, rather weak, bearing 1 or more often several
flowers; leaves oblong-linear to oblong-lanceolate, 5-10 mm broad, pale
green, cucullate; bracts small, connate, thickened at base, toothed or
obliquely truncate at apex; perianth segments 14-17 mm long, oblong-
lanceolate, pale azure, sometimes slightly violet-tinged, dark-colored on
the nerve, obtusish to acutish; stamens about half the length of perianth
segments; ovary obovate. June-July. (Plate IX, Figure 13a).

High mountain meadows, near melting snow.— Caucasus: W., E. and S.
Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. (former Artvin District). Described
from Georgia. Type in Tiflis.

Cycle Hohenackerianae Grossh. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. II, 3 (1927)
190.— Flowering in spring; ovary cells 6-ovuled; bracteoles 2, distinct,
appendaged, recurved.

8. S. Hohenackeri Fisch. et Mey. in Hohenacker, Enum. Talysh. (1838)
26; Boisss P1lVOr. Va 227. = Sece rnia svartipla riivo ran db, Bis
Ross. FY (%e53) 157.

Perennial; bulb ovoid to subglobose-ovoid, to 2 cm long and as much
across; scape (10)—20-40 cm long, weak; leaves 4 or 5, slightly shorter
than to exceeding the scape, linear-lanceolate, 3-10 (12) mm broad, slender;
inflorescence a loosely 4—8-flowered raceme; bracts 2, linear, witha
recurved subulate appendage; pedicels equaling or slightly longer than
flowers; perianth segments lilac-azure, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish,

12-13 (15) mm long; stamens about half the length of perianth; style slender,
slightly exceeding the ovary; ovary and capsule flattened subglobose-ovoid.
March-April. (Plate IX, Figure 12 a,b).

Woods, scrub, and wood margins, to 500-600 m.— Caucasus: E. Transc.
(Akhsu in Shemakha District), Tal. Gen. distr.: Iran (Gilan, Mazanderan,
Astrabad). Described from Talysh. Type in Leningrad.

Cycle Sibiricae Grossh. in Monit. Jard. Bot, Tifl. II, 3 (1927) 191.—
Flowering in spring; bracts 2, sometimes united; ovary cells 4-10,
mostly 6.

288

376

377

9. S. diziensis Grossh. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. II, 3 (1927) 191.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2 (to 4-5) cm long and 1.5 cm across, with gray
coats; scape flabby, 15-32 cm long; leaves 2-5, thin, broadly oblong-
linear, flat, 16-28 mm broad, equaling the scapes, subobtuse to subacute,
not cucullate; raceme loosely 2-4-flowered; bracts 2, small, often united,
to 1.5 mm long, obtuse, not appendaged; pedicels slender, 2-3 times the
length of flowers; perianth segments 13-16 mm long, pale azure, nearly
white, with a darker band on the back, oblong-linear, obtuse; stamens
one-third the length of perianth; capsule globose. April.

In fissures and under rock overhangs in the lower mountain zone. —
Caucasus: S. Transc. (Nakhichevan SSR: Negram, Ordubad, Akulisy).
Described from N. Iran (Maku, Diza). Type in Tiflis.

10. S. sibirica Andrevs, Botan. Repository V (1804) tab. 365.—

Sacer nua wld -VElL Ross <1 Ve(lsbsids wa Boiss py iil..Ona Ve 226 pense
Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 494. —S. azurea Goldbach Mém. Soc. Nat, Mosc. V
(1817) 125 (nomen).—Ic.: Andrevs, l.c. tab. 365; Redouté, Liliacées, III
(1807) tab. 130 (sub S. amoena); Ib. tab. 298 (sub S. cernua); Bot.
Mag. tab. 2408 (sub S. amoenula); Syreishch. Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub. I
(1906) 241.(sub.S..cernwa); Fl. Yugo-Vost. (1929) 385; 4.188.— Exs.:
HFR No.188, sub 8S. cernua.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 2 cm long and to 15-20 cm across, covered
with dark gray coats; scapes angled, flattened, 10-20 (30) cm long,

1-4 from a single bulb, bearing 1-4 nodding flowers; leaves 2-4, broadly
linear, 10-20 mm broad, enlarged toward apex, subacute, cucullate,
shorter than to nearly equaling the scapes; bracteoles small, white; pedicels
equaling or shorter than the flowers; perianth segments 12-13 mm long,
oblong-linear, obtusish, sky-blue with a darker band on the back, rarely
almost white; stamens one-half to two-thirds the length of perianth; anthers
blue; ovary ovoid-globose; capsule subglobose. In the Caucasus the plants
are mostly shorter, with narrower and little enlarged leaves, and more
intensely colored perianth — var. gracilis Grossh. March-April.

(Plate IX, Figure 15a).

Broad-leaved woods, wood margins, and scrub. — European part:
Lad.-Ilm. (rare, naturalized), U.V. (rare, naturalized), U. Dnp., M. Dnp.,
Vie Don 9 Bi. Crimitwds.). Dons: Gaucasus;,Cises,. Dagy, Takagi apbranse.
Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. (Balkans). Probably described
from the southern part of the USSR (erroneously reported for Siberia).

Type in London.

11. S. caucasica Miscz. in Tr. Byuro po Prikl. bot. 2 (1912) 48 and 56;
Grossh!lin Monit:,Jard.., Bot.,.Tifl... sén..L,,.3,(1927).19'%,

Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 2 cm long and 10-15 mm across, with gray
coats; scape to 20 cm long, solitary or several from a single bulb; leaves
2-4, broadly linear, 10-15 mm broad, slightly shorter than the scape,
cucullate; inflorescence usually a 3-6 flowered raceme, rarely flowers
fewer or solitary; bracts acute, to 2-4 mm long, white-hyaline; pedicels
commonly longer than flowers, slender, nutant after anthesis; perianth
segments 10-12 mm long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, bright azure suffused
with violet; stamens one-half to two-thirds the length of perianth, with
azure anthers; ovary subglobose-ovoid; capsule subglobose. March-April.

289

378

Woods inthe lower and middle mountain zone.— Caucasus: E. Transc.,
Tal. Endemic. Described from Karabakh (Murob-dag). Type in Tiflis.

Note. A species differing little from S. sibirica, the distinguishing
characteristics being chiefly the larger number of flowers and the tinge
of a different color, which caused confusion with S. Hohenackeri.
Additional field studies are needed.

12. S. monanthos C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 251; Grossh. in Monit.
Jard. Bot, Tifl. ser) 1Lwe(is2)ilsie— Sittcierm we MSoiss sey lei@i= av!
(1884) 226 p.p.—S. sibirica var. tenuis Miscz. in schedis.— Exs.:

Pl} tor-Vexs , “Nov 376’.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, ca. 2 cm long, 15-18 mm across, covered with
gray coats; scapes 10-20 cm long, solitary or up to 4 from a bulb; leaves
2-5, linear to broadly linear, 4-10 mm broad, shorter than scapes; scapes
bearing 1 or 2 flowers, rarely more; bracts relatively large, broadly
lanceolate, white, obtusish to acutish, not appendaged; pedicels equaling
or longer than flowers, strongly attenuate below the flower; perianth
segments broadly lance-linear, 10-12 mm long, obtusish, pale azure to
nearly white, with a darker band on the back; stamens about half the length
of perianth; anthers azure; ovary ovoid, slightly narrowed toward base.
March-April.

Woods of the lower and middle mountain zones.— Caucasus: W. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. (Lazistan, Pontus*). Described from Pontus.*
Dy peri Berlina.

13. S. armena Grossh. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. ser. II, 3 (1927)
198.—S. sibirica f. monantha E. Bordz. in Fl. Cauc. exs. (1909)
No. 334.— Exs.: l.c.; Pl. or exs. No. 355.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 20 cm long, with gray coats; scapes
8-15 (20) cm long; leaves 2, commonly falcately recurved, oblong-
lanceolate, 2-5 mm broad, cucullate; flowers solitary or rarely 2; bracts
2, small; perianth segments elliptic-linear to oblong, 10-13 mm long,
3-5 mm broad, intensely blue, with a very dark dorsal band, rarely pale
blue (var. pallida Troitz.); stamens about half the length of perianth;
capsule ovoid-spherical, obtusely 3-angled. May-June.

Grassy slopes, at altitudes of 1500-2400 m.— Caucasus: S. Transc.
(W. part). Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from S. Georgia. Type in
Tiflis.

Note. Contrary to E.I. Bordizilovskii's view that this form is merely
a variety of S. sibirica, the author is of the opinion that the
distinctiveness of the distribution area, the nature of the habitat (not
sylvestrine), and the constancy of characters as a whole, justify the
establishment of this form as an independent species.

14. S. Misczenkoana Grossh. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. ser. II, 3
(1927) 200.

Perennial; bulb small, ovoid, 15-18 mm long, 10-15 mm across;
bulb coats dark gray, violet within; scape slender, 4-10 cm long; leaves
mostly 3 or 4, recurved, broadly linear, ca. 5mm broad, shorter than
the scape, green, not cucullate; flowers 2, rarely 1-4; bracts small,

* [Ancient region of NE Asia Minor.]

290

obtuse; pedicels erect, shorter than flowers; perianth segments 10-12 mm
long, oblong-oval, obtuse, pale azure or nearly white, with a dark nerve
on the back; stamens two-thirds the length of perianth; anthers dark azure.
March- April-May.

Mountain meadows.— Caucasus: S. Transc. (Zangezur Range).
Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Zangezur Range. Type in Tiflis.

Cycle Puschkinioides Grossh.— Inflorescence a raceme of several
flowers; bracts 2, connate.

15. S. puschkinioides Rgl. in A.H.P. III (1875) 295; Izv. Obshch. lyub.
est., antr. ietn. XXI, 2, 118; XIX, 9-10.— Exs.: H. F. A.M. No.4 (1929).

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 10-20 cm long, covered with gray coats;
leaves 2-5, broadly linear, 3-6 (10) mm broad, obtuse, more strongly
narrowed toward base than toward apex; scape 10-20 cm long, rather weak;
inflorescence a 2—-8-flowered raceme; bracts unequal, small, one-third to
one-half the length of pedicels; pedicels shorter to longer than flowers,
erect; flowers pale azure, rarely brighter azure with a blue dorsal band;
perianth segments linear-oblong, 10-12 mm long, acutish; stamens only
slightly shorter than perianth; anthers oblong, blue; ovary ovoid; capsule
flattened globose. April-May.

Slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al., T. Sh.
Endemic. Described from Central Asia. Type in Leningrad.

379 16. S. bucharica Dessjatova in Fedch., Rast. Turk. (1914) 248, nomen.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 10-20 cm long, covered with gray or dark
brownish-gray; scape 10-20 cm long, rather weak; leaves 2 or 3, oboblong-
spatulate, broadest at upper third, 12-25 mm long, abruptly narrowed
toward apex, obtusely truncate and terminating in a small point;
inflorescence a dense 5-10-flowered raceme; bracts white, much shorter
than pedicels; pedicels shorter than, rarely equaling or longer than
perianth; flowers only slightly open; perianth segments narrowly oblong,
ca. 12 mm long and 2-3 mm broad, pale azure, with a darker median
nerve; stamens two-thirds the length of perianth; anthers dark azure,
oblong; capsule flattened-globose, small; seeds black, ovoid, minutely
alveolate. April-May. (Plate IX, Figure 10).

Middle mountain zone, on dry slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic.
Described from Bukhara. Type in Leningrad.

17. S. Raevskiana Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 655.—Ic.: Rgl. l.c.,
tab. VIII, f. e-h.

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovoid, 15-25 mm long, covered with gray coats;
scape rather weak, 12-25 cm long; leaves 3-10, narrowly linear,
1.5-2 mm broad, weak, often flexuous, about equaling or slightly exceeding
the scape; flowers 2 or 3, rarely solitary, erect, only slightly open; bracts
small; perianth segments dark bluish-violet, with a green dorsal band,
14-— 16 (18) mm long, oblong-lanceolate, attenuate toward apex; stamens
slightly shorter than perianth, with dark blue anthers; ovary ovoid. March-
April. (Plate IX, Figure 18).

291

Slopes in the middle mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic.
Described from Bukhara. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 276. ORNITHOGALUM* L.**
L. Gen. pl., 1(1737) 95; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII] (1873) 257-285.

Perianth segments of medium size, rather wide, many-nerved, white,
commonly with a green dorsal band of varying breadth, or rarely the
segments yellowish; filaments of stamens flat, petaloid, bicuspidate at
apex, narrower on the sides or toward apex; anthers dorsifixed, style
filiform with triangular stigma; capsule with winged or wingless ribs;

380 seeds flat, ovoid or subglobose, black; inflorescence a raceme or a corymb;
scape leafless; leaves radical; bulb of numerous small united coats.

1. Filaments broad, petaloid, cuspidate, the anthers inserted between the
euspe (Section Miy-og alum: Baker)naweicadinges? bene fame 2.
Filaments not cuspidate, narrowed at apex to a point............, a.

2. Filaments bearing on the inner side below the anthers a small tooth
decurrent into a rather broad wing .... 24. O. Boucheanum Aschers.
Filaments smooth on the inner side ......00../.. 23. O. nutans L.

3. Inflorescence an elongated many-flowered cylindric raceme (often
pyramidal when young); leaves mostly shorter than inflorescence
(SSetion~ Bieirly Lites. (Baker). ..eens ated Shbkie lead tiomeadoiei ae! 4,

+ Inflorescence a corymb or a short raceme, relatively few-flowered;
leaves often exceeding the inflorescence, sometimes 2-3 times as long;
smaller plants with a weak scape (Section Heleocharmos Baker)..

ii. hay ciiet ban ape aphol to. Bie Gb . ere. Haeie Leen tern 10.
4. Pemanih segments with a rather broad green dorsal band, sometimes
turning brownhtin\ herbarium (specimens age: es Nhs sole, eA IES 6.
* Perianth segments without continuous, rather broad dorsal band, white
or rarely with»several ferruginous or greenish nerves) 1722000 4.08. 5.

5. Perianth segments always pure white on the back; rather tall plants
(50-80 cm); inflorescence 20-45 cm long, many-flowered; pedicels
arcuately ascending after flowering ........ 19. O. arcuatum Stev.

+ Perianth segments white on the back or with several ferruginous or
obsolescent greenish nerves; scape on the average 20-35 cm (rarely
up to 70 cm) long; pedicels obliquely ascending after flowering and
more or less appressed to scape.... 22. O. Fischerianum H. Krasch.

6. Perianth segments greenish-yellow'on'the margin. SP Ose
Pity. of. ut Lhinies, the euthor.ig of Seon 16. O. flavescens Lam.

rermiath segments whitestmar gined'.( 4 atABlo. BORA ON Tethot MM ne, oo US
7. Pedicels divergent after flowering and characteristically arcuate-

ascending, ythie mature capsule nthusrercets aT, OPS BP a 8.
+ Pedicels straight after flowering, obliquely ascending and more or less

appressiedttovsrapet Paes, OY MIE NAR: I CRS Cee eel 9,

8. Scape to 1 mm long; inflorescence 20-25 cm long, many-flowered;
leaves lance-linear, 3-4 cm broad, short-acuminate......:;.......
Beg ee ete gettne” stisenntey = ta VAM 20. O. magnum H. Krasch. et Schischk.
Smaller plants (40-60 cm tall; leaves linear, rather long-acuminate,
Tosmicmmébroad yy xo Late. .iGwaeR 2.4 17. O. Schelkovnikovii Grossh.

A plant name mentioned by Dioscorides, from Greek ornis, bird, and gala, milk,
* Arranged by I1.M. Krashennikov.

2

292

382

14.

15.

18.

19;

21.

22.

Inflorescence 10-25 cm long, many-flowered; pedicels 2-3 times as
long as bracts; leaves smooth-margined...... 18. O. pyrenaicum L.
Inflorescence to 10 cm long, few-flowered (10-20 flowers); pedicels
half as long again to twice as long as bracts; leaves distantly

GEnticwlavey PMS IS 2 Oss i ee, 21. O. brachystachys C. Koch.
Leaves more or less pubescent beneath.... 4. O. fimbriatum Willd.
eaves! Siclaromen. (2 ca. humm Mea tet ner RrA ee, MCAT nat x emir orien Mic ER ile
Mature capsules with prominently winged ribs............... 12.
WMAIRE In OS ule sraOL, Guistime Gly WAN es.) sk sue culated cd va leutat late wails gull ue
Lower pedicels much longer than the upper ones, hence lower flowers
markedly overtopping the upper....... 7. O. Woronowii H. Krasch.
Lower pedicels little differing in length from the upper ones; fruiting
DeGice SrOnben Fanner GtirOM Oly cle RIN ols ci ch) Neen tulle Male lal md ale hele
Fruiting pedicels very strongly twice curved (S-shaped), conspicuously
clavately thickened above the curvature... 10. O. sigmoideum Freyn.
Fruiting pedicels straight or more or less curved, not thickened or
relauive ly iathlertnickened atthe curvatures ihrer esha. ysl er aie, 14.
Leaves spatulate-linear, narrowed toward base, 6-10 mm broad,
usually slightly exceeding the inflorescence ... 8. O. Balansae Boiss.
Leaves lance-linear or linear, 2-5 mm broad, commonly half as long
again to S*times as lonpias’ inflorescence’. Pr i ances fan ee ae LS.

Scapes 15-20 cm long; fruiting pedicels straight or weakly arching;
leaves shortly obtusish; perianth segments to 25 mm long..........
SRN cc RAR OAD OTR ee ORE 8 11. O. Schischkini H. Krasch.
Scapes 5-10 cm long; fruiting pedicels rather strongly arcuately
ascending; leaves more or less long-acuminate; perianth segments to

Our cabo gs fk MARES Reet 3 a te Ue Ime MPR RIM ea ST aden dl ode eae 16.
Leaves reaching 2-3 times the height of inflorescence, deeply
GAMAliCULAVER fa tes her he ook! ee EAP Bs Pi 6. O. Sintenisii Freyn.
Leaves flat, equaling or not more than twice as long again as scapes;
plants of the alpine zone ..... OR EOE 9. O. Schmalhauseni N. Alb.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or broadly linear, from 10 to 20 mm broad,
shorter than to’slightly-exceeding the inflorescence’... 9... oes
Leaves narrower, narrowly linear, commonly less than 10 mm broad,
often 2-3 times the length of inflorescence (rarely shorter)....... 21.
inilereseenee 2 S=MoOwere dee eee ee Ne a SNe na a ty ah ce iS)
inflorescence containing more TOWErs. 21.) . ce. eae a ean ee eos 20.

Perianth segments 12—15 tm long; deaves long-ellaprice. 28>... «7.
pte sek, I ES UO A OTs EO Id) OF "sracibfiorum ‘C;Koch.
Périanthsegments 22-29 mim longs ee ei. % 12. O. hyrcanum Grossh.
Périanth segments oblong*lanceolate,’ 12-18 tm Yona... ee,
an aids i keR aE ope ie LEO Ra CR oa Kaen! AY RENIN NEA CR a 3 14. O. platyphyllum Boiss.
Perianth segments oblanceolate, broader (to 5 mm broad in upper part),

202 SIRE LOM BORE HA a te a eh, en 15. O. arianum Lipsky.
Fruiting pedicels very strongly arching, hence the capsule vertical;
leaves 2-3 times the length of inflorescence. ...3. O. refractum Kit.
Fruiting pedicels straight or slightly arching, horizontal or obliquely
ASCSM SC ES SR OO Ee Rae MNS ORE aM eg es 22.
Capsule ribs evenly distributed; pedicels long, horizontally spreading
SPATE AL SPE IG O79, MELTS RES EE ALS INABA 1. O. umbellatum L.

293

383

+" Capsule ribs/in approximate, pairs:;: to. ao-.C1 Oh Pane Ins. . 23.

23. Bulb ovoid, gray-coated; inflorescence 5-15-flowered; leaves narrowly
linear, often,drying at flowering; steppe plants 9) 9) ys jeejonl. 7.
eee, ere oes Te ere gee mr ar to. 3 2. O. tenuifolium Guss.

+ Bulbs oblong-ovoid, dark brown-coated; inflorescence weak,
2-5-flowered; leaves delicate, flat, green at flowering; plants of
steppe mountain slopes of Transcaucasia........--+ 2s. + 5s ee.

Section HELEOCHARMOS Backer in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 262.—
Characteristics in the key.

1. O- umbellatum,L..- Sp. pl..(1458) 307; lidbyakhl. drossied Ven oosex pr
Shamma Gey aki ls Li yo 0/Op

Perennial; bulb small, ovoid, often with small bulbils; leaves linear,
4-8 mm broad, canaliculate, sometimes white-banded beneath, commonly
exceeding the scape; inflorescence many-flowered; lower pedicels
subhorizontally spreading in fruit, much longer than the narrow bracts;
perianth segments linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly acuminate, with a broad
green median band; stamens half the length of perianth segments; capsule
oblong-ovoid, equidistantly 6-ribbed, with a small depression at top due
to raised projections. June.

Woods and glades.— European part: M. Dnp.. Gen. distr.: Scand.,
Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal. As. Min. Described from Europe.

2. O. tenuifolium Guss. Prodr. fl. sic. 1 (1827) 413.—O. Gussonii
Ten. Fl-“Neap, II,,337;,-Ldb.; Fl.)Ross EV 9160; Shmakh'ig sab. thy 00). =
le wateninniiNeap. b. 226, 2. 1) Iehb, Ic. Br "Germ. ( FOAU

Perennial; bulb ovoid, small; leaves 4-6, narrowly linear, sometimes
faintly light-nerved beneath, shorter to longer than the scape, sometimes
withering at flowering; inflorescence containing 5-15, rarely fewer flowers;
lower pedicels remaining upturned in fruit, usually longer than the narrow
bracts; perianth segments oblong-linear, to 1.5 cm long, green-banded
beneath, the outer broader and obtuse, the inner narrower and more pointed;
capsule obovoid, the 6 archingly convex ribs arranged in approximate pairs,
projecting at the top, thus forming a marked depression at the top. May.
(Plate XXII, Figure 6).

Steppes, stony slopes, and meadows.— European part: M. Dnp., Bl.,

U. Don, L. Don; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E., S$. and W. Transc.
Gen. distr.: W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd. Described from Sicily.

3. O. refractum Kit. in Willd. Enum. pl. H. reg. berol., 1813, Suppl.
Loy sdb EL sRoss) IV; 160.—Ic.: Rehb, fe. Fl, Gernratig(loez4-

Perennial; bulb ovoid, included with numerous bulbils in a common coat;
scape not more than 10 cm long; leaves narrowly linear, 3-5 mm broad,
white-banded beneath, reaching up to 3 times the height of inflorescence;
pedicels long, in fruit slightly recurved at base, then abruptly vertical;
perianth segments oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm long, obtusish,
broadly green-banded beneath; stamens half the length of perianth segments;
capsule oblong-ovoid, the ribs in approximate pairs, very slightly ribbed.
April:

294

384

385

Scrub and steppe slopes. — European part: Centr. Eur. (S.), Bal.-As.
Min.

4. O. fimbriatum Willd. N. Schr. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin III (1801)
420.—O. Roegnerianum C. Kochin Linnaea, XXII (1849) 246.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, small, 1.5 cm in diameter; leaves 3-8, linear,
3-5 mm broad, canaliculate, often falcately recurved, considerably
exceeding the scape, 10-28 cm long, rather densely covered beneath with
long spreading white hairs (sometimes the leaves glabrous or nearly so
except for the-margin —v. ciliatum Boiss.); scape 5-12 cm long,
commonly covered with spreading white hairs; inflorescence 1-10-flowered;
pedicels 6—20 cm long, shorter to longer than the bracts, arcuately
ascending in fruit; perianth segments 13-18 mm long, oblong-linear, obtuse
or slightly acuminate, broadly green-banded on the back; stamens half the
length of perianth; capsule with slightly winged paired ribs, 10-12 cm long.
April.

Light woods, glades, and steppes.— European part: Crim., Bl.
Gen. distr.: E. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from the Crimea
(Chatyr-dag). Type in Berlin,

5. O, transcaucasicum Miscz. in Grossgeim, Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 230.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, small, to 1 cm in diameter, with dark coats;
scape slender, weak, 10-12 cm long; leaves flat, delicate; 2-3 mm broad,
9-15 cm long, considerably exceeding the inflorescence; inflorescence
2-4-flowered; pedicels 1-2 cm long, shorter than to as long as the
lanceolate bracts; perianth segments oblong-obovate, 9-11 mm long, obtuse,
sometimes short-mucronate, rather broadly green-banded on the back.
June-July.

Grassy mountain slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described
from Armenia (Lake Sevan). Type in Tiflis.

6. O. Sintenisii Freyn in Bull: Herb. Boiss., 2 sér., II (1902) 911-13.

Perennial; bulb ovoid to ovoid-globose; leaves few, lance-linear to
linear, deeply canaliculate, recurved, reaching 2-3 times the height of
inflorescence, 2-4 mm broad; scape 5-12 cm long, bearing 2-4 flowers,
fruiting pedicels arcuately ascending, longer than the lanceolate bracts;
perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, white, broadly green-banded beneath,
15-20 mm long, short-acuminate, sometimes mucronate; stamens half
the length of perianth segments; capsule with obtuse ribs in closely
approximate pairs. June.

Scrub and meadows.— Caucasus: Dag., E. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.:
Iran. Described from N. Persia. Type in Vienna; cotype in Leningrad.

7. O. Woronowii H. Krasch. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 743.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, small; leaves linear, 4-7 mm broad, 20-25 cm
long, narrowly white-banded beneath, shorter to slightly longer than
inflorescence; inflorescence 4-8-flowered, rarely containing up to
12 flowers, in a loose corymb; lower pedicels arcuately ascending at base,
erect, at first equaling and at length greatly exceeding the upper, reaching
up to 10 cm in length; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 1-4 cm long; perianth
segments oblong-obovate to ovate-lanceolate, softly mucronate, 12-15 mm

295

386

long, broadly green-banded on the back; capsule ovoid, 6-7 mm long,
the narrow winged angles approximate in pairs, forming a depression at
the top. April-June. (Plate XII, Figures 1, 2).

Woods and fields. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc. (W, part),
W. Transc. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Sukhumi. Type in
Leningrad.

8. O. Balansae Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 222.

Perennial; bulb small (1 cm in diameter), ovoid; scape slender,
5-10 cm long; leaves 2 or 3, linear, ligulate, short-acuminate, rather
strongly falcately recurved, canaliculate, ca. 6-10 mm broad, 7-15 cm
long, equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; inflorescence 2- or
3-flowered, rarely 5-7-flowered, corymbose; flowering pedicels erect,
closely approximate; lower fruiting pedicels slightly elongated; bracts
lanceolate, commonly exceeding the pedicels; perianth segments 17-20 mm
long, oblong-linear, obtuse, the outer slightly acuminate, broadly green-
banded on the back; filaments strongly dilated, shortly narrowed at apex;
capsule ovoid, the wings in approximate pairs. June. (Plate XXII,
Figure 5, 5a).

Mountain and alpine meadows.— Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. andS. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd. Described from the alpine zone
of Pontus (Asia Minor). Type in Geneva.

9. O. Schmalhauseni N. Alb. Tr. Odessk. otd. Ross. obshch. sadovod.
(1891) 15.—O. Balansae var. stenophyllum N. Alb. in Bull. Herb.
Boiss., I, No.5 (1893) 260.—Ic.: Al'bov, l.c.

Perennial; bulbs small, ovoid, with dark brown coats; scapes slender,
weak, 4-10 cm long; leaves few, flat, narrowly linear to linear, 3-5 mm
broad, rather strongly pointed at both ends, straight or arcuately recurved,
equaling to half as long again as the scape, 6-20 mm long; inflorescence
1-3-flowered, rarely containing up to 8 flowers; pedicels slender, at first
short and more or less erect, at length much elongated (3-5 cm), more or
less arcuately upturned and greatly exceeding the lanceolate bracts; fruiting
pedicels sometimes slightly thickened at apex and at curvature; perianth
segments 10-15 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, broadly green-
banded beneath; capsule subglobose, the wings in approximate pairs. June-
July.

Alpine and subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: W., S. and E. Transc.
Endemic. Described from Abkhazia. Type in Leningrad.

10. O. sigmoideum Freyn et Sint. Bull. Herb. Boiss. t. IV (1896) 189.
Perennial; bulb small, ovoid-globose, 2 cm long, brown-coated; scapes
slender, short; leaves linear or spatulate-linear, broadly canaliculate,
white-banded beneath, cucullate, twice the length of scape or longer,
3-6 mm broad; fruiting pedicels strongly twice arched (S-shaped),
conspicuously clavately thickened above the base; perianth segments
ca. 2 cm long, oblong, obtuse, green-banded below; capsule ellipsoid,
8-9 mm long, the angled winged in upper part. June. (Plate XXII,
Figure 7).
Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd.
Described from Turkish Armenia. Type in Vienna, cotype in Leningrad.

296

(387)

Plate XXII

1. Ornithogalum Woronovii H. Krasch.— 2. Cross section of the capsule of O. Woronovii H. Krasch.—
3, O. Sintensii Freyn.— 4. Cross section of the capsule of O. Sintenmisii Freyn.— 5. O. Balansae
Boiss.; 5a) stamen of O, Balansae Boiss.— 6. O. tenuifolium Guss., flower.— 7. O. sigmoideum
Freyn., pedicel.— 8. O. arianum Lipsky, perianth segments.— 9. Detail of outer perianth segments of

O. arianum Lipsky from the back.— 10. O. platyphyllum Boiss., capsule.— 11. O. Bucheanum
Aschers., filament of stamen.— 12. O. Bucheanum Aschers.— 13. O. flavescens Lam.—

14, O. pyrenaicum L., flower.— 15. Portion of inflorescence of O. pyrenaicum L. with mature
capsules.— 16. Cross section of capsule of O. pyrenaicum L.— 17. Portion of inflorescence of

OQ. arcuatum Stev. with mature capsules.

295,

389

Note. In areas where O. Balansae Boiss., O. Schmalhauseni
N. Alb., and O. sigmoideum Freyn. grow side by side, transitional
forms are of frequent occurrence. In relation to the characteristics of
the respective distribution areas, these forms may be regarded as
geographical or partly ecological races of these species. Detailed
observations innatural conditions are much needed.

11. O. Schischkini H. Krasch. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 743.

Perennial; bulbs small, ovoid, 4-5 cm long; scapes 15-20 cm long,
slender; leaves nearly flat, broadly linear, 2-5 mm broad, gradually
narrowed toward base, to 30 cm long, subobtuse, rather markedly exceeding
the inflorescence; inflorescence 2- or 3- (rarely 4)-flowered; pedicels
slender, the outer arching, 1-3 cm long, usually considerably exceeding
the hyaline lanceolate bracts, saccately clasping the pedicels at base,
gradually attenuate toward apex; perianth segments 2-2.5 cm long,
lanceolate, rather narrowly green-banded on the back; capsule subglobose,
the angles in approximate pairs; style to half as long again as the capsule.
May.

Forest glades.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from
vicinity of village of Zargeran, in Azerbaijan. Type in Leningrad.

12. O. hyreanum Grossh., Fl. Kavk. L(1928) 33.

Perennial; bulb small, ovoid; scape to 25 cm long; leaves 6-8, 20-30 cm
long, slightly exceeding the inflorescence, flat, 10-18 mm broad, gradually
narrowed toward base; inflorescence 2-6-flowered, dense, ovaloid,
gradually becoming corymbiform due to elongation of lower pedicels; bracts
lanceolate; perianth segments 20-32 mm long, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
broadly green-banded on the back; capsule wingless, with evenly spaced
angles. June.

Mountain woods.— Caucasus: Talysh. Endemic. Described from Talysh.
Type in Leningrad.

13. O. graciliflorum C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 248.

Perennial; leaves 2, long-elliptic, 10-20 cm long, narrowed at both
ends, many-nerved, equaling the slender scape; inflorescence corymbose,
loosely 3- or 4-flowered; pedicels erect, the lower elongated, 2-3 times
the length of the narrowly lanceolate bracts; perianth segments lanceolate,
12-15 mm long, white, rather broadly green-banded on the back. June.

Meadows and scrub.— Caucasus: 8. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd.
Described from Asia Minor (Hemsin and [?] Sber). Type in Berlin.

14. O. platyphyllum Boiss. Diagn. plant. or sér. I, No.5 (1844) 65.—
O. montatum var. platyphyllum Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 217.

Perennial; bulb small, ovoid, 2 cm in diameter; leaves 2-4, flat,
lanceolate, 1-2 cm broad, acuminate, sometimes falcately recurved,
equaling or exceeding the inflorescence; scape 10-20 cm long, rather thick
at base, firm; inflorescence 6-12-flowered, rather distinctly corymbose;
lower pedicels long, obliquely ascending, 2-5 cm long; fruiting pedicels
one-third to one-half the length of the lanceolate acuminate bracts, curved
at the tops, hence the capsule erect; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate,

298

390

391

obtuse, the outer narrower, acuminate, all broadly green-banded on the
back, 12-18 mm long, sometimes tipped by a short soft pointed projection;
capsule obovoid, to 15 mm long in maturity, the angles winged at the top.
May-July. (Plate XXII, Figure 10).

Steppe slopes. — Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min.,
Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from Asia Minor (Karia).

15. O. arianum Lipsky in Fedch., Fl. Turkm. II, 1931.—Ic.: l.c.

Perennial; bulb broadly ovoid, ca. 2 cm in diameter, covered with gray
coats; leaves 4 or 5, green, broadly linear, 1-2 cm broad, terminating
slightly below the top of the inflorescence, subobtuse; bracts hyaline,
greenish on the back; inflorescence many-flowered, corymbose, finally
elongating; pedicels spreading in fruit, to 5 cm long; perianth segments
white within, green-banded on the back, 2-—2.5 cm long, ca. 5 mm broad,
oblanceolate, obtusish, the inner slightly narrower; stamens half the length
of perianth segments, the filaments linear-lanceolate; capsule ovoid.
(Plate XXII, Figures 8,9).

Meadows.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh). Endemic.
Described from Turkmenistan (Kushka).

Note. A species closely related to O. platyphyllum Boiss.;
availability of more ample material may possibly lead to unification of the
two species.

Section BERYLLIS Salisb. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII, 273.
Characteristics in the key.

16. O. flavescens Lam. Fl. Franc. (1778) 277, tab. 232, f. 2.—

O. sulfureum Schult. Syst. Veg. VII (1829) 518.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. FI.
Germ., X, tab. 1027.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 3-5 cm in diameter; leaves linear, coerulescent,
narrowly linear, 2-3 mm broad, sometimes marcescent; scape slender,
25-60 cm long; inflorescence many-flowered, loose, 5-25 cm long;
pedicels obliquely ascending, straight, the lower 1-3 cm long, several
times the length of the small broadly lanceolate bracts, acuminate; perianth
segments oblong-linear, 5-10 mm long, ca. 1mm broad, yellowish, with
a broad ferruginous-green dorsal band; capsule ovoid, to 1.5 cm long.
June-July. (Plate XXII, Figure 13).

Fields, meadows, steppe slopes, and roadsides. — European part:

Bl., Crim. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described
from W. Europe (France).

17. O. Schelkovnikovii Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 228.

Perennial; bulb 1.5-2 cm long; scape 40-50 cm long; leaves few, green,
long-acuminate, 3-10 mm broad; inflorescence 10-20-flowered; fruiting
pedicels arcuately upturned, 3-4 cm long; perianth segments oblong-linear,
to 10 mm long, narrowly green banded beneath. June-August.

Alpine and subalpine meadows.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Armenia. Type in Tiflis.

299

392

18. O. pyrenaicum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 306.—O. narbonense auct.
fl. Ross.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X, tab. 1028.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2-3 cm in diameter; leaves coerulescent, linear,
canaliculate, cucullate, 5-7 mm broad; scape 30-70 cm long, exceeding
the leaves; raceme many-flowered, 10-25 cm long, initially compact,
becoming elongated-cylindric and loose in fruit; fruiting pedicels straight,
more or less appressed to scape; occasionally pedicels arching and raceme
containing fewer flowers; bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, the lower
one-third to one-half the length of pedicels; perianth segments oblong-
lanceolate, 12-14 mm long, obtuse, white, rather broadly greenish-banded;
stamens half the length of perianth segments; capsule ovoid, 3-angled,

1.5 cm long, with slightly convex valves. June-July. (Plate XXII,
Figures 14, 15, 16).

Steppes, steppe slopes, arable land, and among field crops. — European

part: Crim; Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. andS. Transc., Dag.

19. O. arcuatum Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. VII (1829) 271.
Perennial; bulb large, to 2 cm in diameter; scapes firm, 5-8 mm in
diameter, 50-80 cm long; leaves linear, to 10 cm [sic] broad, rather long-
acuminate, 40-50 cm long; inflorescence large, many-flowered, 20-45 cm,

long, initially densely pyramidal, becoming loosely cylindric; flowering
pedicels 3-—7cm long, more or less straight, erect; fruiting pedicels arcuately
upturned in lower part; bracts lanceolate, long-acuminate, one-third to
one-half the length of pedicels; perianth segments 10-12 mm long, linear,
obtusish, milky white, not green-banded and merely brownish-nerved,
sometimes (in herbarium specimens) with a brownish spot above; stamens
half the length of perianth, sometimes slightly longer; capsule pyramidal,
3-angled, strongly 3-lobed at the top, 1-1.5 cm long in maturity, the convex
valves deeply concave at angles. June. (Plate XXII, Figure 17).

Mountain woods and steppe slopes.— Caucasus: Cisc. Endemic.
Described from Ciscaucasia (grassy slopes in vicinity of Mount Beshtau).
Type in Helsinki.

20. O. magnum Krasch. et Schischk. sp. n. in Addenda III, p. 743.—
O. arcuatum Boiss. (non Stev.) in Fl. Or. V (1884) 215.

Perennial; bulb rather small, ovoid, to 2 cm in diameter; scapes firm,
to 1 m long and to 6 mmin diameter; leaves broadly lance-linear, 2-4 cm
broad, narrowed at base, short-acuminate; inflorescence large, many-
flowered, cylindric, fairly loose, 20-25 mm [?] long; flowering pedicels
to 4cm long, more or less straight, obliquely ascending; fruiting pedicels
arcuately ascending, hence the capsule erect; bracts lanceolate, one-fourth
to one-third the length of pedicels; perianth segments oblong-linear, to
2 cm long, white, obtusish, mucronate, with brown median nerves;
filaments broadly lanceolate, abruptly narrowed at apex, half the length of
perianth; capsule ovoid, 12-13 mm in maturity, the somewhat convex
valves concave at margins. June-July.

Woods, scrub, and vineyards.— Caucasus: Cisc., E. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Ciscaucasia (Karas colony). Type in Leningrad.

Note. A plant worthy of attention with a view to introduction for
ornament.

21. O. brachystachys C. Koch. in Linnaea, XXII, (1849) 74-75.

300

393

Perennial; bulb rather small, ovoid, 1.5-1.75 cm in diameter; scapes
slender, 30-35 cm long; leaves few, narrowly linear, 3-5 mm broad;
inflorescence narrow, 10-15 cm long, 10-25-flowered; pedicels 1-2 cm
long, in fruit nearly appressed to rachis, slightly exceeding the lanceolate
acuminate bracts; perianth segments oblong-linear, 10-12 mm long, obtuse,
white, narrowly green-nervedontheback; capsule ovoid, 1 cm long, with
slightly convex valves. July.

High mountain zone.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Armenia. Type in Leningrad.

22. O. Fischerianum H. Krasch. nom. nov.—O. brachystachys
Fisch. (non C. Koch.) nom. nud., Cat. H. Gorenk. et pl. exs. in H. Inst.
Bot. Ac. Se. URSS.—O..narbonense var. minus Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV
(1853),.158.— QO. narbonense. var.,.brachystachys,,Schmalh., Fl. I,
(1897) 501.—Ic.: Fl. Yugo-Vost., Figure 190.

Perennial; bulb rather small, ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter; scapes
averaging 20-35 cm in length, occasionally to 70 cm long; leaves 4-6,
shorter than the scapes, linear, canaliculate, 2-6 mm broad; inflorescence
a loose oblong raceme, on the average 5-12 cm long (rarely to 20 cm);
flowers averaging 4-25; flowering pedicels obliquely ascending; fruiting
pedicels rather strongly appressed to scape, sometimes slightly arcuate,
1.5-2.5 cm long; bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
1-2.5 cm long, commonly shorter than or rarely exceeding the pedicels;
perianth segments 10-12 mm long, oblong-linear, obtuse, white, with
a narrow median band consisting of several ferruginous or faint greenish
nerves; filaments slightly more than half the length of perianth, subulately
acuminate; capsule slightly elongate to ovoid. May-June.

Steppes, sometimes alkaline, and meadows.— European part: Bl., L.
Hom uv 4 WMranrse.s) WwW. ysiberia: (Ur: rob. “Irt.; Centr.” Asia: 7Ar -Casp.
(N.) Endemic. Described from the SE part of the European USSR. Type
in Leningrad.

Section MYOGALUM Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XII, 272.—
Characteristics in the key.

23. QO; mutans’ I) Sp. pl. (1753) 308; Shmalics, Hb: ih j500.—
Myogalum nutans Link, Handb. I (1829) 164; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
161.—Albucea nutans Rchb. Fl. Excurs. (1830) 110.—Ic.: Rchb.
Ic. Fl. germ. X, tab. 483.

Perennial; bulb large, ovoid, ca. 3.5 cm in diameter, with numerous
small bulbils; scape 30-45 cm long; leaves 4-6, broadly lanceolate,
ca. 1 cm broad, slightly canaliculate, persistent in flower, equaling or
slightly exceeding the inflorescence; inflorescence 3-12-flowers; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, to 3 cm long, about as long as pedicels; perianth
segments oblong, to 2.5 cm long, to 8 mm broad, obtuse; outer filaments
segments petaloid, short-acuminate, the inner with broad obtusish cusps,
all without a tooth onthe inner surface below the anther; capsule broadly
ovoid. May.

Meadows and scrub. — European part: M. Dnp. Some of the locations
refer perhaps to naturalized specimens of the cultivated plant, as this is

301

394

sometimes grown in E. Europe and easily runs wild. Gen. distr.: Scand.,
Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from W. Europe.

24. O. Boucheanum (Kunth) Aschers. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XVI
(1866) 191; Pachoskii, Khersonsk. Fl. I, 466.—Myogalum
Boucheanum Kunth. Enum. pl. IV (1842) 348.—Ic.: ieniy Tae HPs Matt.
Ep telly die clon aC wane ad.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, large; leaves linear, 8-15 mm broad,
canaliculate, equaling or exceeding the scape, sometimes persistent at
flowering; scape 20-50 cm long; inflorescence a fairly dense 1-sided
raceme; perianth segments elongate-lanceolate, 20-25 mm long, acuminate,
green-backed, with whitish margins; bracts lanceolate, more or less
subulately long-acuminate, the lower to 3 cm long, considerably longer than
the pedicels; anthers of inner stamens 3-4 mm long; filaments broadly
petaloid, all bicuspidate, the cusps of inner stamens equaling or exceeding,
the anthers, those of outer stamens shorter, a small tooth on the adaxial
side of filaments below the anthers decurrent into a winged process;
capsule oblong, slightly longer than the style. May. (Plate XXII,

Figures 11-12).

Scrub, river valleys and meadows.— European part: Bl., Crim.

Gen. distr. Bal.-As. Min. Described from the Balkans.

Genus 277. PUSCHKINIA* ADAMS.**
Adams in Nova Acta Acad. Petr. XIV (1805) 164, tab. 13.- Adamsia Willd. Mag. Ges. Nat.
Berl. (1808) 16.

Perianth campanulate, with a short tube and longer equal rotately
spreading segments; anthers subsessile, dorsifixed, introrse, inserted at
throat between the lobes of the 6-cleft crown formed by projections of the
perianth; ovary sessile; style short, with capitate stigma; raceme loosely
few-flowered.

1. Perianth tube campanulate, one-third to one-half the length of perianth

SCSMIEHIS tr. EY. inh - ahd «peel ni eexeedt- & 1. P. scilloides Adams.
+ Perianth tube funnelform, slightly shorter than the segments ........

PY, SS ea PS, PER aR Ry. 2. P. hyacinthoides Baker.

1. P. scilloides Adams in Nova Acta Acad. Petrop. XIV (1805) 164;
Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I, 231.—Adamsia scilloides Willd. Mag. Ges.
Nat. Berl. (1808) 16.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. f. 2244.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs.

No. 253.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid-globose; leaves 2 or 4, rather fleshy, linear-
lorate, amplexicaul below, broadly linear, about equaling the slender scape,
10-30 cm long, 1cm broad; raceme 1-6-flowered; pedicels slightly
spreading, shorter than perianth; perianth azure; segments obtuse,

10-12 mm long, 3 times the length of the campanulate tube; crown one-third
the length of perianth, 6-cleft down to base, the lobes entire or emarginate
(rarely acutely bifid —var. libanotica Boiss.). April.

Mountain meadows and scrub. — Caucasus: Cisc., W. and E. Transc.

Gen. distr.: N. Iran. Described from Transcaucasia.

* Named for A.A. Musin-Pushkin, who travelled in 1802 in the Caucasus and collected plants on the Ararat.
** Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

302

395

396

2. P. hyacinthoides Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XI (1871) 435; Grossg.,
Pi. ‘Kavk. J, 231:

Perennial; leaves 2, rather fleshy, narrowly linear to lorate,
amplexicaul at base, exceeding the scape; scape 5-15 cm long; raceme
densely 4-—6-flowered; pedicels short; perianth white or pale azure; perianth
tube funnelform, slightly shorter than the segments; crown half the length
of perianth, with emarginate to bifid lobes. April.

Dry mountain slopes, at 1800-2400 m,— Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal.
Gen. distr.: N. Iran. Described from Kurdistan.

Genus 278. BELLEVALIA* LAPEYROUSE**
Lapeyrouse in Journ. Phys. LX VII (1808) 420.

Perianth tubular-campanulate; with more or less spreading but not
reflexed segments and without constriction below the throat; filaments
long, adnate in lower part to perianth tube; anthers apparently attached to
throat, the tips reaching the margin of perianth or partly exserted;
terminal flowers sometimes sterile; fertile flowers greenish, yellowish,
violet, or blue, or turning from whitish-yellowish or lilac to various shades
of brown; scapes firm, erect; inflorescence racemose; leaves lanceolate,
mostly ciliate.

1. Flowers yellow, brown, greenish, blue, or violet; perianth long

tubular-campanulate (Section Eubellevalia Boiss.).......... 2).
+ Flowers blue; perianth short-tubular (Section Oxyodon A. Los.).. 16.
2, Peribnath of live plants biwe or violetio EIT, pane es Se eee ars hs
whit Peri anth brown, dyellow, “sreenish, “or purple) O98 Pe Pes Sue ae Te. 4.
3 sherranth blue? “anther violet: U/L S28 we, 4 1. B. turkestanica Franch.
+ Perianth dark violet; anthers pale azure ..... 2. B. atroviolacea Rgl.
4. Flowering pedicels 3 or more times the length of flowers ......... Di.
+ Flowering pedicels not more than twice the length of flowers....... 6.
5. Pedicels 3 times the length of flowers, to 6 cm in fruit; scape to 20 cm

Horas TIS Poet oR SU DOS he RS A PEER, ¢ 3. B. albana Woron.
+ Pedicels 4-8 times the length of flowers; to 12 cm in fruit; scape to

SOc Monte (ee) oi 2s ee es eee es eee 4. B. sarmatica (Pall.) Woron.

6. Perianth zygomorphic, the lower segments longer than the upper......
OO REEMA INE CRA SIONS ot BNA SESE 5. B. zygomorpha Woron.

~~ *Perianth resular ;'with’equal ‘segments 7. . “Pye. Secs) SWery, CORES. 3
Teta yieexserte Ol Lig at yoe eying GLO IY BNI SERS ERMA | 8.
TVipoyle inetuded Toso TO 2047) G27 GR, NWOT SPOR eh Pests OS ABsNO S.
8. Pedicels as long as flowers; leaves to 2 cm broad................

IO Bete pe” mwoidaly pate: Bees 6. B. longistyla (Miscz.) Grossh.
+

Pedicels 2-3 times the length of flower; leaves to 4 cm broad........

ROG tein °. 3oTor9.-setuls, YAR) FRE S +0 TR 7. B. araxina Woron.

9. Pedicels not elongating after anthesis; inflorescence narrowly cylindric
NCE ST ICR Stel SP Oe AAD eS. SARS S Beg eNOAR CAROLE, 10.

* Pedicels elongating after anthesis; inflorescence narrower at top than

at pase hy Pea POR. AGH RMON, sd, COO Cpeerpeine dal Sot areas. 12.

* Genus named for P.R. Belleval, founder of the Montpellier Botanical Garden (1598).
** Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.— The species of the genus Bellevalia Lapeyr. are treated by
the author on the lines established by Yu.N. Boronov, whose material and drawings have been used in the
present study.

303

397

10. Flowers reddish; buds blue........ 8. B. Aucheri (Baker) A. Los.
+ sblowers brownish: buds violet Y.neesed fees We eee nen eet dele
it) Beaves much shorter than SCapers ai wormhe - mee 9. B. Fomini Woron.

+... Leaves, equaling or exceeding. the .SGaperiusdaney - Phas aedttaehesignia. - - -
10. B. Lipskyi (Miscz.) Wulff.

12.) Perienth yellowishaspeen. aM) jo i Paeoehy el fe 11..B. lutea Bordz.
+ Permanthewhite, blue, violet or brow yy. wae steer or eee eee eee ben 13.
Vp Ant hers qe WOW ed x «sacar Owe at 12. B. Wilhelmsii (Stev.) Woron.
+ . Anthers violet,or D1lUG sis <d¥eaerie iestiee ns ah ole « Pi eee RE) - 14.
14... Anthers wiolet;. perianth segments,white. or yellow doves -j-sliiec .: - 15.

+. Anthers biue;.perianth segments azure ait . PhS sith lone: aterminetee:
“site te tok « samen yyaeeURrada dir: $4 ox Baers me 13. B. montana (C. Koch) Boiss.
15... Perianth.segmentsmwhitess )..qpa4-, cat at wanes! : 14. B. Saviezii Woron.
+. Berianthiseoments yellowyssonaag Baits Base bade 15. B. speciosa Woron.
16.5, Lants), to, 40..c¢m tall; ~wwaceme, oblong 7Ovaloidcus.» «gel citys ter aiwe fina: -
Re a errant ore ee wie ee 1.6.4, Bsy.pyenantha., (C. Koch) Aq Los.
+ Plants to,1.5, chutall; raceme short -Oveloids one: eda bederbe. BeOl- -
HEROES I ae aeY Gee ee ore teeny tr, ae Dae 17. B. acutifolia (Boiss.) Deloney.
Section EUBELLEVALIA Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 301.— Perianth long,
tubular-campanulate, brown, yellow, greenish, violet or blue.

1. B. turkestanica Franch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 6, XVIII (1884) 256.—
Hyacinthus/ tumkestanic ws Pedtsch:.,angsched.

Perennial; bulb ovoid; leaves 4, linear, ligulate, conduplicate, slightly
exceeding the scape, prominently nerved, point-tipped, the margin
cartilaginous and scabrous-ciliate; scape 10 cm long; flowering raceme
dense, oblong-obovaloid; bracts white, rounded; pedicels shorter than or
as long as flower; flowers spreading to subnutant; perianth blue, 6 mm long,
drying brown, campanulate; segments as long as tube, lance-triangular;
filaments dilated toward base; anthers violet; capsule globose; fruiting
pedicels curved at the ends. March. (Plate XXIII, Figure 9).

Slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Ibragim-ata.
Type in Paris.

2. B. atroviolacea Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII, 2 (1833) 655, tab. VI.—
Hyacinthus atroviolaceus B, Fedtsch., Rast. Turk. (1915) 250.—
Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 345.

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovaloid to ovaloid-conical; to 3 cm long, the
outer scales membranous, brown; leaves 4-6, broadly linear, slightly
narrowed toward base, acutish, with hispid-ciliolate margin, 10-20 cm
long, 4-10 mm broad; scape solitary, erect, glabrous, equaling or
exceeding the leaves; raceme many-flowered, ovoid-oblong; perianth
8-9 mm long, campanulate-cylindric, dusky bluish-violet, enlarged toward
apex; segments oval, broad, straight, spreading; stamens inserted at
throat; anthers pale azure. March-April. (Plate XXIII, Figure 13).

Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from
Gissar. Type in Leningrad.

3. B. albana Woron. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXVII, 6 (1927) 615.—

B. glauca auct. fl. cauc., non Kunth.—Hyacinthus glaucus Miscz.
in Acta. Inst. Agr. Kuban. V (1927) 155p.p., non Baker.

304

398

Perennial; bulb 4 cm long, 3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose-ovaloid,
the outer scales blackish; leaves 3 or 4, glaucescent above, green beneath,
hispid-ciliate on the margin, thickened at apex, 13-14 cm long, 1.2-1.7 cm
broad; raceme fairly loose; perianth 7-8 mm long, tubular-campanulate,
dark brown; buds yellowish-violet; segment green-banded at apex, one-third
the length of tube, extended or slightly open, flat or convex; pedicels
3 times the length of flower, becoming elongated, arcuately ascending in
bud, arcuately spreading in fruit; filaments in free portion triangular, about
as long as the violet anthers; style as long as filaments; capsule valves
with entire margins. May-July. (Plate XXIII, Figure 5).

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. (Ganzha, Kura River valley).
Endemic. Described from a specimen grown in the Tiflis Botanical Garden
from bulbs collected near Adzhikabul. Type in Tiflis.

4, B. sarmatica (Pall.) Woron. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXVI (1926)
6157 Grossha, HA Ravine] (1928) 235. = Hy alc intihitssisra mm ag ile so Pall:
Enum. Taur. in Nov. Acta Acad. Petrop. X (1795) 595; Misez. in Acta.
Insts Agr: Kuban) V (1927) .155; Schmal'gs/F Il, 497°" ldb. Bh Ross. IV,
153.—H. ciliatus auct. Fl. Ross.—Ic.: Ker.-Gawl. Bot. Reg. (1819)
394.

Perennial; bulb ovaloid, 2-4 cm in diameter; leaves 3-7, lorate, fleshy,
narrowed toward base, mucronate, the cartilaginous margin ciliate; scape
stout, 15-30 cm long; raceme many-flowered, elongated, oblong-ovaloid;
flowering pedicels erect spreading, 4-8 times the length of flower; fruiting
pedicels indurated, horizontally spreading, strongly elongating up to 12 cm,
more or less straight; bracts small, deltoid, or greatly reduced; perianth
campanulate, 8-9 mm long, grayish-brown; segments straight, oval-
lanceolate, one-third the length of tube, yellowish-white; stamens
uniseriate; anthers violet, short; capsule oblong, 1-2.3 cm long, slightly
compressed, the cells 2—6-seeded. May-June. (Plate XXIII, Figure 3b-e).

Steppes and dry hills. — European part: Crim., Bl., L. Don, L.V.,

M. Dnp.; Caucasus: Cisc. Endemic. Described from the Crimea.

5. B. zygomorpha Woron. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXVI, 6 (1927)
618; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I, 233.

Perennial; bulb 5 cm in diameter, the outer scales black; leaves green,
lance-lorate, narrowed toward base, erect, revolute, scaberulous-
margined, 20 cm long, 3-3.5 cm broad; raceme oblong-cylindric, loose,
16 cm long; flowering pedicels nodding; fruiting pedicels arching; perianth
tubular-campanulate, 10-11 mm long, about as long as pedicel; buds violet,
the tube becoming light brown, green-banded, 7-8 mm long; segments one-
third to one-half the length of perianth, unequal, the lower more elongate,
exceeding the upper by 2-3 mm, flat outside, round-tipped, folded along
the midrib; filaments linear; anthers violet, as long as filaments; capsule
with emarginate valves. May-June. (Plate XXIII, Figure 12).

Steppes, dry slopes, and among field crops.— Caucasus: E. Transc.,
Tal. Endemic. Described from a specimen grown in the Tiflis Botanical
Garden from bulbs collected in the former Lenkoran District. Type in
Tiflis.

305

399

a)

Plate XXIII

1. Hyacintella leucophaea Schur.; 1b) flower, 1c) flower in section, ld) capsule, le) seed.—

2. H. Pallasiana (Stev.)A. Los., flower.— 3. Bellevalia sarmatica (Pall.) Woron.; 3b) flower,
3c) flower in section, 3d) leaf tip, 3e) capsule —4. B. speciosa Woron., flower.— 5. B. albana Woron.,
flower.— 6. B. araxina Woron., flower.— 7. B. Fomini Woron., flower.— 8. B. Saviczi Woron,,
flower.— 9. B. turkestanica Franch,, flower.— 10. B. Wilhelmsii Woron., flower.— 11. B. Lipskii
Miscz., flower.— 12. B. zygomorpha Woron. flower.— 13, B. atroviolacea Rgl., flower.—

14, Hyacinthus Litwinowii W. Czern.; 14b) flower, 14c) flower in section, 14d) capsule.—

15. H. transcaspicus Litw., flower.— 16. H. kopetdaghi E. Czerniak., flower.

306

401

402

6. B. longistyla (Miscz.) Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 235.—
Hyacinthus longistylus Miscz. in Acta Inst. Agr. Kub. V (1927) 157.
Perennial; bulb globose, 4 cm long; leaves lanceolate, to 30 cm long,
2 cm in diameter, more or less narrowed toward base, acuminate, the
margin naked or scarcely ciliate; raceme elongate, 15-—25-flowered, with
numerous sterile flowers at the top; pedicels the length of flower, erect
or reclinate, at length spreading, horizontal in fruit, 5 cm long; perianth
in herbarium ferruginous-purple, long tubular-campanulate, 12 mm long,
the tube 8-9 mm long, narrower upward; segments acute, straight, white,
one-third to one-half the length of tube; style exserted; capsule large,
ovoid, strongly flattened, cuspidate; capsule cells 1- or 2-seeded. April.

Valleys, and among field crops.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Iran. Described from Osmangenskii Pass and from the Araks River. Type
in Tiflis.

7. B. araxina Woron. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXVI, 6 (1927) 614.—
Hyacinthus ciliatus var. grandiflorus Bordz. in Scripta Soc. Nat.
Kiew, XXV (1915) 76.

Perennial; bulb 6 by 5 cm, ovaloid-globose, with rusty gray outer scales;
leaves 7, broad, oblong-lorate, glaucescent, ciliate-margined, 16 cm long,
2.5-4 cm broad; raceme dense, many-flowered; flowers campanulate,
11-12 mm long; buds pale violet; perianth brown; segments white, green-
banded, half the length of tube, flat or abaxially convex, wide open; pedicels
2-3 times the length of flower, arcuately nodding, becoming elongated,
erect or spreading, horizontal in fruit; filaments in free portion triangular;
anthers pale azure, exserted, as long as the style. May-June. (Plate XXIII,
Figure 6).

Slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from a specimen
grown in the Tiflis Botanical Garden from bulbs collected in Nakhichevan.
Type in Tiflis. ;

8. B. Aucheri (Baker) A. Los. comb. nov.—Hyacinthus Aucheri
Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XI (1871) 433.— Bellevalia ciliata var.
stenophylla Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 302.—B. glauca f.
stenophylla Fomin. in sched. Herb. Mus. Cauc.

Perennial; bulb hemispherical, 2-2.5 cm long, 1.5-—2 cm in diameter;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, to 30 cm long, 0.5-1 cm broad, gradually
narrowed toward base, slightly folded, with cartilaginous slightly pectinate-
ciliate margin, somewhat wavy, more or less revolute, as long as the
scape; flowering raceme dense, oblong-conical, becoming elongate-
cylindric; pedicels equal, about twice the length of flower; flowers 5-6 mm
long, campanulate, blue in bud, becoming reddish (in dry condition);
segments broad, obtuse, greenish-yellow; stamens as long as the style.
May.

Plains.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from
Isfahan.

9. B. Fomini Woron. in Bull. Jard. Princ. XXVI, 6 (1927)617; Grossg.,
Fly Kavke ol) 233t- Biimale roboteys?auct, FRY cauc:; non. Boissi—
Hyacinthus macrobotrys ssp. caucasicus Miscz. in Acta Inst.
Agr. Kuban. V (1927) 158.—Muscari Clusianum C. Koch in Linnaea
XXII (1849) 253; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 154, non Griseb.

307

403

Perennial; bulb 3 by 3.5 cm or 4 by 5 cm, with thick blackish scales;
leaves 3-5, narrowed toward base, acuminate, 15-20 cm long, 1-2 cm
broad, ciliolate-margined; raceme loose, cylindric; flowering pedicels
nodding, as long as flower; fruiting pedicels arcuately ascending; buds
dark violet; perianth tubular, to 7mm long, grayish-violet; segments
half the length of tube, blackish-tipped, convex-backed outside, flat within;
filaments in free portion triangular, as long as the yellow anthers; capsule
ovaloid-globose, the valves with entire margins. May-June. (Plate XXIII,
Figure 7).

Steppes and hills.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Described from a specimen
grown inthe Tiflis Botanical Garden from bulbs collected in Peidzheli-bar.
Type in Tiflis.

10. B. Lipskyi (Miscz.) Wulff, Fl. Kryma,I, 3 (1928) 56.—
Hyacinthus Lypskyi Miscz. in Acta Inst. Agr. Kuban. V (1927) 158.—
Bellevalia trifoliata‘Paez: in*Mem!iiSoc: NatacN! RossesXVZ 1
(1890) 829, non Kunth.— B. dubia Shmal'g., Fl. II, 489.

Perennial; bulb ovaloid, small; leaves 3, 25-35 cm long, 6-12 mm
broad, commonly exceeding the scape, narrowed at both ends, cartilaginous -
denticulate on the margin and often on the veins; raceme before anthesis
cylindric, compactly conical at the top, becoming elongated to 6-15 cm,
commonly 30-flowered; pedicels shorter than flower, elongating in fruit,
spreading at first, horizontal at anthesis; bracts broadly triangular, 2- or
3-parted; uppermost flowers sterile, dusky violet; perianth of fertile
flowers campanulate-tubular, dusky violet, becoming dingy yellow, 5-7 mm
long, 3 mm broad; segments broadly ligulate, obtuse, cucullate, one-third
to two-fifths the length of tube; anthers violet; capsule flattened, obovoid.
April-May. (Plate XXIII, Figure 11).

Fields. — European part: Crimea (Balaklava, Alupka). Endemic.
Described from Balaklava. Type in Leningrad.

11. B. lutea Bordz. in Ucr. Bot. Mag. III (1926) 50; Grossg., FI.
Kavk. I, 232.

Perennial; leaves long, linear, acuminate, equaling the scape, the
margin cartilaginous white ciliate; scape 15-18 cm long; raceme oblong-
ovoid; pedicels half as long again to twice the length of flower, recurved;
perianth tubular, greenish-yellow in live condition, drying dingy brownish-
violet; segments straight, ovate, slightly shorter than the tube; filaments
triangular-lanceolate. April.

Dry grassy slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Akhalkalaki (Dzhavakhetiya), at 1800 m above sea level. Type in Kiev.

12. B. Wilhelmsii (Stev.) Woron. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXVI
(1927) 617.—Muscari Wilhelmsii Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXX
(1857) 446.— B. glauca auct. fl. cauc., pro parte.—M. ciliatum
latifolium C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 255.

Perennial; bulb 3 cm in diameter, subglobose-ovaloid, the outer scales
dark grayish-brown; leaves 3 or 4, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base
into a petiole, 25 mm broad, glaucescent, the margin cartilaginous -
scabrous or ciliolate; raceme many-flowered, the upper flowers sterile;

308

404

buds dark violet: perianth brown 8-10 mm long, green-handed; segments
imbricately connivent one-third the length of tube, triangular, light-
colored, mucronate; flowering pedicels nodding, 12-15 mm long, at length
arcuately divergent, in fruit spreading, 3-5 cm long; anthers yellow;
capsule with emarginate valves, longer than the style. May. (Plate XXIII,
Figure 10).

Dry hills and arable fields. — Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Georgia.

13. B. montana (C. Koch) Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 304.—Muscari
montanus C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 252; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 153.—
Hiacinthus glaucus var. montanus Miscz. in ActalInst. Agr.
Kuban. V (1927) 156.

Perennial; bulb ovaloid; leaves 4 or 5, oblong-lanceolate, 15-20 mm
broad, narrowed toward base, acuminate, hyaline-margined, ciliolate,
slightly shorter than scape; scape erect, 5-15 cm long; raceme oblong;
pedicels very slender, erect, half as long again as perianth; perianth of
the small sterile terminal flowers globose, azure; perianth of the fertile
flower campanulate-tubular, 4-5 mm long, dusky brown; segments half
the length of the lustrous tube, oblong-oval, obtuse; filarnents lanceolate;
anthers large, blue. May.

Mountain meadows.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Described from Lori and
Shuragel'. Type in Berlin.

14. B. Saviczii* Woron. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXVI, 6 (1927) 614.—
Hyacinthus ciliatus B.Fedtsch., Rast. Turk. (1915) 250, non Cyrill.

Perennial; bulb large, broadly ovoid, 5 cm in diameter, the outer scales
blackish-gray; leaves 3 or 4, oblong-lanceolate, 15-17 cm long, 29 mm
broad, glaucescent above, themargin cartilaginous-scaberulous; raceme
oblong-cylindric, in fruit oblong-ovaloid, 10-15 cm long; scapes 40 cm long;
flowering pedicels spreading, twice the length of flower; fruit stipes
arcuately spreading, elongating to 5cm; flowers 9-10 mm long; perianth
campanulate, the tube ferruginous-gray; segments white, spreading, obtuse,
somewhat shorter than the tube; filaments dilated at base; anthers violet,
exceeding the perianth; capsule oblong-ovaloid, about equaling the scape.
March-April.

In the juniper zone.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh). Endemic.
Described from plants grown in the Tiflis Botanical Garden from bulbs brought
from Kopet Dagh Mountains (2600-3300 m). Type in Tiflis.

15. B. speciosa Woron. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXVI, 6 (1927)613.—
Hyacinthus ciliatus var. genuinus Bordz. in Scripta Soc. Nat.
Kiew. XXV (1915) 76.—Bellevalia ciliata Radde, Mus. Cauc. (1899)
165, nonHyac. ciliatus Cyr.

Perennial; bulb 5 by 5 cm, subglobose-ovoid, the outer scales blackish;
leaves 5 or 6, glaucescent, lorate, 14-20 cm long, 2.5-3 cm broad, the

* Named for V.M. Savich, forester-botanist who first collected bulbs of this species.

309

405

margin cartilaginous ciliate; scape 20-40 cm long; raceme commonly the
length of flower, many-flowered, containing up to 100 flowers, 8-20 cm
long, broadly pyramidal; buds white; perianth 8-9 mm long, 4 mm broad,
the tube brownish with lighter stripes; segments yellow, half the length of
tube, convex outside, pedicels erect in bud, arcuately nodding in flower,
at length horizontal, 2—3 times the length of flower, strongly elongating
in fruit; anthers violet; capsule with entire valves, 13-14 cm long.
May-June. (Plate XXIII, Figure 4).

Dry slopes and among field crops.— Caucasus: S. and E. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. Described from the vicnity of Tiflis and from a
specimen grown in the Tiflis Botanical Garden from bulbs brought from the
former Kars Region. Type in Tiflis.

te ee ee

Section OXYODON A. Los. sect. nov.— Sect. Botryanthus (Kunth.)
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1894) 228 p.p.— Sect. Hyacintella Boiss. Fl. Or. V,
305 p.p.— Perianth short-tubular, dark blue.

16. B. pycnantha (C. Koch) A. Los. comb. n.~Muscari
pycnanthum C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 363; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
154.—Bellevalia comosa Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 233.

Perennial; bulb ovaloid, to 2 cm in diameter; leaves lanceolate,

10-15 mm broad, exceeding the scape, canaliculate, amplexicaul at base,
acuminate; scape 25-40 cm long; raceme oblong-ovaloid, dense; sterile
flowers few or none, globose and short-pediceled; fertile flowers dark blue,
oblong-campanulate, as long as pedicels, spreading; perianth segments
oval, subacute, white within, one-third the length of tube; stamens inserted
at throat; anthers yellow. May-June.

Wet meadows.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Mount Alagez [Aragats]. Type in Berlin.

17.* B. acutifolia (Boiss.) Deloney in Mon. Jard. Tifl. n.s. I (1922-23)
44.—Muscari acutifolium Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 300.— Exs.: Pl.
or. exs. No. 276 (sub B. paradoxa).

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovaloid, 1.5 cm in diameter; leaves 2, rarely 3,
narrowly lanceolate, narrowed toward base, acuminate, 6-12 cm long,

0.5 cm broad, commonly shorter than or equaling the scape; scape to 15 cm
long, red at the top; raceme short, obovoid, compact, few-flowered;
pedicels blue, spreading, slightly shorter than flower; perianth dark
bluish-violet, short cylindric-campanulate to subglobose-ovoid; segments
obtusish, straight, one-fourth the length of tube; anthers yellow; capsule
globose, slightly flattened. May.

* This plant may possibly be identical with Muscari paradoxum (Fisch. et Mey.) Baker, p.421.
(Editors ).

310

406

Mountain and meadow slopes.— Caucasus: W. andS. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Persut mountain plateau. Type in Geneva.

Genus 279. HYACINTHUS* TOURN.**
Inst. (1709) 344, pro parte; L. Gen. Pl. ed. V (1754) 149,

Perianth funnelform, the tube constricted above the ovary; segments
reflexed, about the length of tube; stamens distinct, inserted below the
middle of the tube, uniseriate; style short; stigma obtusish; ovary 3-locular,
the locules 6-—8-ovuled; capsule globose, compressed; leaves numerous,
amplexicaul; scapes bearing a loose racemose inflorescence.

1. Wild plants:..perianth: not fleshy;, flowers imodorous, s«s. .o¢ (8) astm 2.

+ Plants cultivated in gardens and greenhouses; perianth fleshy; flowers
Tracmont glee, lash ecur lt. -badedsddas.'t.miliniody stack, ha *H. orientalis L-

2. Flowers to 15 mm long, blue or azure, perianth segments erect or
meating). 4: ~stetl atevt.dovaon ictelates®D. 2. ddeebiocedad . &. 3.

* Flowers 20-25 mm long, lilac; perianth segments twisted at the edge
state jeans. ~retecmmib ni-nts €.1. aael.ms 1. H. Litwinowii E. Czern.
Leaves erect; bracts 1mmilong......... 2. H. transcaspicus Ltw.
+ jLeaves,arcuately, spreading soractss4 mati long)... .yal.cos, f= hao tiigd® -
ES ls BORIC) ke. ODA eet SITIO... 3. H. kopetdaghi E. Czerniak.

ow

1. H. Litwinowii E. Czern. in Not. Syst. Herb. H.P.I1V, 19-20 (1923)
148.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2—4 cm long, with lilac scales; leaves 3 or 4,
broadly oval-lanceolate, 15-17 cm long, 3-5 cm broad, thin, glabrous,
subobtuse to acutish, scaberulous-margined (inf. contractus
E. Czerniak.), horizontally spreading, glaucous, undulate at the margins;
scapes 1 or 2, 15-20 cm (sometimes up to 25 cm) long; raceme dense,
3-13-flowered (inf. contractus E. Czerniak, 3-—5-flowered); fruiting
pedicels arcuately spreading, elongating to 8-12 mm; bracts binate,
filiform-linear, free down to base, white-hyaline, 7-9 mm long; flowers
2-2.5 cm long, pale lilac-azure; perianth funnelform-campanulate, the
tube enlarged toward base; perianth segments 8-10 mm long, lanceolate,
acuminate, reflexed, the midrib darker colored; stamens biseriate;
filaments slightly dilated, inserted below the middle of tube; anthers as
long as or slightly shorter than filaments, 3 mm long, bluish, slightly
exserted from tube; ovary ovaloid, with 3—4-ovuled locules; style 6 mm
long, shorter than stamens; stigma 3-lobed; capsule globose, slightly
flattened; seeds globose, rugose, black. April. (Plate XXIII, Figure 14b-d).

Stony slopes and rock crevices.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet
Dagh). Gen. distr,: N. Iran. Described from Kopet Dagh. Type in
Leningrad.

2. H. transcaspicus Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot. Ac. Sc. XV (1916) 120.—
Ic.: ibid., tab. V.

* Named after the Homeric hero Hyacinthos. According to legend, a hyacinth flower arose from a drop of
the hero's blood.
** Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

a4

407

Perennial; bulb ovaloid, 3 cm long; leaves 2 or 3, fleshy, glabrous,
linear, erect, slightly enlarged toward apex; obtuse, narrowed toward base,
amplexicaul, 16 mm long, 1.5 cm broad, slightly arched at apex, erect;
scape equaling the leaves, mostly solitary (rarely 2), bearing a loose
4-10-flowered raceme; bracts scalelike, 1 mm long, colored or white,
hyaline; pedicels shorter than to nearly equaling the flowers, erect at
anthesis; flowers 1.5 cm long, campanulate, pale blue, not enlarged at
throat; segments erect or spreading, equal, lanceolate, obtuse, as long
as or slightly shorter than the tube; filaments linear, flattened, entire,
shorter than perianth, inserted slightly below the throat; anthers yellow,
versatile, 2-—2.5 mm long; ovary ovaloid, slightly compressed, with
2-ovuled locules; style filiform, as long as the stamens. May. (Plate XXIII,
Figure 15).

Mountains juniper woods.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh).
Endemic. Described from vicinity of Ashkhabad. Type in Leningrad.

3. H. kopetdaghi E. Czerniak. in Not. Syst. Herb. H.P. IV, 19-20
(1923) 150.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 3 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter, truncate at base;
leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, conduplicate, arcuately spreading, subobtuse,
glabrous, 7-9 cm long, 4-5 (6-8) mm broad, amplexicaul below ground
surface; scape mostly solitary, sometimes scape and pedicels red-tinged;
pedicels appressed to scape, 3-4 mm long, half the length of flower; bracts
binate, hyaline, lilac-tinged, linear, erect, 4 mm long, obliquely truncate
at apex, equaling or slightly exceeding the flower, one of them abbreviated
and thickened; flowers 13-14 mm long, dark blue; perianth tubular-
campanulate; segments lanceolate, erect, acuminate; with a darker midrib,
about as long as the tube; filaments linear, flat, inserted below the middle
and reaching to 2/3 the perianth; anthers bluish, 3 mm long, slightly
exserted from the tube; style elongated, as long as the stamens. May.
(Plate XXIII, Figure 1).

Alpine zone and juniper woods, on soil rich in humus.— Centr. Asia;
Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh). Gen. distr.: N. Iran. Described from Kopet
Dagh. Type in Leningrad.

*H. orientalis L. Sp. Pl. (1753) 454; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 309.—
Ic.: Bot. Mag. tab. 937.

Bulb to 8 cm in diameter; leaves to 2 cm broad, lustrous, canaliculate,
subobtuse, equaling or shorter than the scape; scape 0.5 cm in diameter,
terete, 20-50 cm long, bearing a loose 4-15-flowered raceme; flowers
short-pediceled, erect to horizontally spreading in lower part; bracts
binate, whitish or colored, acuminate; perianth to 2 cm long, tubular-
funnelform, inflated in lower part, cleft nearly to the middle into lanceolate
reflexed segments, fleshy, blue, red or white; stamens inserted below the
middle of the tube, uniseriate.

Growing wild in Persia, Asia Minor, Syria, and Mesopotamia. Widely
cultivated all over Europe. Best known is hyacinth cultivation in Holland
where numerous horticultural varieties have been produced. In the USSR
hyacinths are cultivated in the central and northern regions, in hotbeds
and greenhouses. In Crimea and in the Caucasus, where commercial
production has been initiated on a large scale, the plant winters in the
ground.

312

Se Pe ae

==

Schur. in Oest. Bot. Zeit. VI (1865) 227.

Flowers white or azure; perianth campanulate-funnelform; perianth
408 tube straight, of equal diameter throughout; perianth segments reflexed,
one-third the length of tube; stamens inserted on the lower part of the tube,
biseriate; anthers short; ovary ovoid-globose; capsule with rounded angles;
leaves numerous, narrowly linear; scape bearing short fairly loose
racemes.
1. Perianth segments spreading; flowers 5-6 mm long...............
Parernevkal: bile 2.8. i dl ad eee be 1. H. leucophaea (C. Koch) Schur.
w“hrrPerianthusesgmentsymot, spreading; flowersa( +8 mamadongymawere eos. «ho. - -
cunt oe a Be eed bin El rma ene tyeticr heegs 2. H. Pallasiana (Stev.) A. Los.

1. H. leucophaea (C. Koch) Schur in O.B.Z. VI (1856) 228.—
Bellevalia leucophaea Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 305; Grossg., Fl.
Kavk. I, 232.—Muscari leucophaeum C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII
(1849) 254 —Hyacinthus leucophaeus Stev. ex Kunth, Enum. IV
(1843) 312, nomen; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 156; descr.; Shmal'g., FI. II,
497.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. crit. 1V, 27, tab 511.— Exs.: Shiraevskii, 1897, No
No. 33.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 1.5 cm in diameter; leaves 2 or 3, equaling the
scape, to 20 cm long, linear, acute, 2-8 mm broad, reddish toward base,
glabrous, smooth, cucullate; raceme loosely 10-20-flowered; pedicels
horizontal or slightly ascending, as long as or slightly shorter than flower,
azure at anthesis, fading green; bracts very small; perianth oblong-
campanulate to oblong-funnelform, azure or white, cleft to 1/3; segments
spreading, oval, obtuse; 5-6 mm long, 2-3 mm in diameter, the throat
5-6 mm across; anthers black; ovary broadly obovoid; capsule with
rounded ribs, slightly flattened. April-May. (Plate XXIII, Figure 1 b-e).

Steppes, meadows, and slopes.— European part: M. Dnp., Bl., V.-Don,
L. Don; ? Caucasus: Cisc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from
S. Russia.

2. H. Pallasiana (Stev.) A. Los. comb. nova.— Hyacinthus
Pallasieany si Stev, jim Bulli,Sec,,, Nats Mosc. .Xx6 (1857), 11. Sbs..in textu.
Perianth; bulb small, 1 cm in diameter, with whitish scales; leaves
1 or 2, linear, narrowed toward base, acuminate, 6—7 mm broad, 10-15cm

long, equaling or slightly exceeding the scape; raceme few-flowered,
compact, broadly ovaloid; flowers borne on very short erect pedicels;
perianth azure, narrowly funnelform, 8-10 mm long; segments oval,
obtuse, not reflexed, with prominent midrib, less than one-third the length
of tube; bracts very small, blue. May. (Plate XXIII, Figure 2).

Steppes. — European part: Bl., L. Don, Crim. Endemic. Described
from the Crimea.

* Diminutive version of Hyacinthus.
** Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

313

409

Genus 281. LEOPOLDIA* PARL.**
Parl. Fl. Palermi 1(1845) 435.— Sect. Leopoldia Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 289.

Sterile flowers usually markedly different in color from the fertile,
blue or violet; fertile flower brown or yellowish; perianth tubular,
zygomorphic, with unequal short teeth, strongly constricted at throat, in
upper part especially on outer lobes with hornlike processes; stamens
inserted on tube, biseriate; filaments short; lower anthers larger than the
upper; ovary oblong-ovoid; style short; stigma capitate; capsule 3-locular;
leaves broadly lanceolate, conduplicate, succulent, as long as or exceeding
the scapes; racemes long, cylindric.
1. Pedicels of sterile flowers much longer than those of the fertile, flowers
forming atasceres — Bk URS ee EE eee NT Y "LY comosa (Ll) Parl.
+ Pedicels of sterile flower about as long as or shorter than those of the
fertile flowers; inflorescence net tdasselate .~/). RIBEIIINO. Fs sk 2.
2. Pedicels of lower flowers several times the length of perianth; raceme
broadly pyramidat > .~ 77, EM 4) hy aro 2. L. longipes (Boiss.) A. Los.
Pedicels of lower flowers about the length of perianth ........... 3.
3. Perianth of fertile flowers tubular-cylindric, 3-4 times as broad;
raceme wer long 9. 559 G87 Ie . 3. L. tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr.
Be Perianth of fertile flowers ovaloid-campanulate or short-cylindric,
2-23 times as lone*as bread; "raceme Shorters’!! Vee esi es se
PI EOL REO I POT HO a See 4. L. ecaucasica (Griseb.) A. Los.

1. L. comosa (L.) Parl. Fl. Palerm., I (1845) 438.—Muscari
comosum Mill. Dict. (1768) No.2; Ldb. Fl: Ross. IV, 153; Shmal'g.,
Fl. II, 496.— Bellevalia comosa Kunth, Enum. IV (1843) 306.—
Hyacinthus “comosus UL. Sp. Pr. (1753) 455!— Te. : "Redoute Til! a 231;
Parl. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. XV (1883) t. 19.— Exs.: Fl. Stir. No. 1123.

Perennial; bulb 4 cm in diameter, globose, with light brown scales;
leaves 3 or 4, fleshy, pale green, linear-lorate, 30-45 cm long, 8-15 mm
broad, equaling or exceeding the scape; scape brown-speckled; raceme
loosely 40-100-flowered, elongate at anthesis, 15-30 cm long; pedicels
as long as or slightly longer than perianth, recurved in bud, horizontal in

410 flower, ascending in fruit; perianth urceolate, twice as long as broad,

4-5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm broad, tawny; sterile flowers bluish-violet,
cuneate, their pedicels arcuately ascending, 3-4 times the length of
perianth. July. (Plate XXIV, Figure 16 a-c).

Dry slopes, wood margins, and meadows.— European part: Crim.,
Bl. Gen. distr.: Med. Described from Europe. Type in London.

2. L. longipes (Boiss.) A. Los. comb. nova.—Muscari longipes
Boiss. Diagn. Ser. I, 13 (1843-44) 37.

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovaloid, 2 cm in diameter, with light-colored
scales; leaves 10-20 mm broad, conduplicate-canaliculate, undulate-
margined, scaberulous, shorter than scape; scape 30 cm and over; raceme
loose, 15 cm long, broadly pyramidal; pedicels flexuous, horizontally
spreading, 2-6 times the length of perianth (to 3.5 cm long); perianth of
sterile flowers cylindric, 22 times as long as broad, brownish-violet;

* Named for Leopold II, duke of Tuscany (1824-59), who supported the botanist Parlatore in the organization

of the Botanical Museum in Florence.
** Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

314

411

sterile flowers small, blue, their pedicels as long as or shorter than
perianth; capsule oblong, acute. April-May. ©

Dry stony slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.: E. Med., Iran.
Described from Asia Minor. Type in Geneva.

3. L. tenuiflora (Tausch) Heldr. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. (1878) 70.—
Muscari tenuiflorum Tausch in Flora XXIV (1841) 234; Shmal'g.,

Fl. Il, 496.— Muscari tubiflorum Stev. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XXX
(1857) 384.— Bellevalia tenuiflora Nyman. Consp. (1882) 732,
suppl. 306.

Perennial; bulb 2.5 cm in diameter, obovoid; leaves broadly linear,
erect or spreading, equaling the scape; raceme oblong-cylindric, 35 cm
long; perianth of fertile flowers tubular-cylindric, 3-4 times as long as
broad, tawny-brown; fertile pedicels slightly reclinate to horizontally
spreading, as long as or shorter than perianth; sterile flowers numerous,
in along dense raceme, slenderly tubular-clavate, spreading or pendulous,
bluish-violet, the pedicels as long as or slightly longer than perianth;
capsule globose, 8-9 mm in diameter. May-June. (Plate XXIV, Figure 13).

Fields, slopes, and steppes.— European part: Bl., M. Dnp., Crim.,
Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., S. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: E. Med., Bal.-As.
Min. Described from Austria.

4. L. caucasica (Griseb.) A. Los. comb. nova.—Muscari
caucasicum Griseb. ex Baker. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XI (1871) 414.—
M. comosum var. tubiflora Trautv. in A.H.P. II (1873) 592.—
Bellevalia caucasica Griseb. Fl. Rumel. II (1841) 387.—
Muscari mutilatum Miscz. ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 236.—

M. comocsumm var. mutDlatum Trautv. in A.H’P. VIL (1880) 514.

Perennial; bulb 2 cm in diameter, with rosy-brown outer scales; leaves
2-4, rather fleshy, linear-lorate, erect, 18-22 cm long, 0.5 cm broad;
scapeto 20cm long; raceme 20-—40-flowered, becoming elongated at anthesis,
10 cm long, 2.5 cm broad; pedicels horizontal, the lower nodding, as long
as or shorter than flower, 2.5-—4 mm long; perianth of fertile flowers
obovoid-urceolate, 4mm long, brownish-violet; sterile flowers small,
numerous, dense, urceolate-ovaloid, bright bluish-violet; their pedicels
as long as or longer than perianth. April. (Plate XXIV, Figure 19).

Stony slopes and wood margins.— Caucasus: S. and E. Transc.; Centr.
Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh). Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from
Georgia.

Genus 282. MUSCARIMIA* KOSTEL.**
Kostel. Ind. Fl. Hort. Prag. (1844).- Mosharia Salisb. Gen. of pl. (1866) 25.— Sect. Muscarimia
gen. Muscari L. Baker Journ. Linn. Soc. XI (1871) 412.

All flowers nearly always fertile; perianth urceolate-cylindric,
actinomorphic, with 6 teeth, enlarged below, in upper part with processes
forming a 6-rayed star, constricted under the teeth into a very narrow
throat and below the processes into a rather narrow neck; stamens inserted
deep down the tube, biseriate; ovary globose, ovaloid-globose; style short;

* From Muscarimi or Muschirumi (ji,e., Greek musk), Arabic name of the plant.
** Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

315

412

415

stigma 3-lobed; capsule broadly obovoid, enlarged below, narrowed upward,
flattened, deeply cordate-truncate at base; leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy,
canaliculate; scapes succulent; racemes rather small, dense; flowers
subsessile.

1. M. muscari (L.) A. Los. comb. nova.—M. moschatum Willd.
Enum. Hort. Berol. (1809) 378; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 154; Grossg., Fl.
Kavki oly 2364 Hy aciinit hws? Morsiealnd dL.) Sips sPiauiit53 ) 8a...
Botryanthus Sauli Jaub. et Sp. Ill. or. (1842) t.329.—Muscari
muscarimi Medic. in Uster. Ann. II (1791) 15.—Muscari
ambrosiacum Moench, Meth. (1794) 637.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. t. 734.

Perennial; leaves 5 or 6, 10 or more mm broad, canaliculate,
mucronate, equaling or slightly exceeding the scape, grayish-green; scape
10-20 cm long; raceme 20-50-flowered, short-cylindric; flowers
horizontally spreading, borne on very short pedicels; perianth fleshy,
tubular-urceolate, 8 mm long, pale yellowish-green, greenish below;
perianth teeth very small; throat narrow, the processes forming a regular
6-rayed star, marcescent, the constriction below them becoming less
distinct after flowering; sterile flowers smaller lilac-tinged, or none;
filaments short; style short; stigma sessile, 3-lobed; capsule 2 cm long,
acutely 3-angled; horticultural form (8 flava) is characterized by a long-
cylindric yellow perianth with purple or black teeth. Flowers strongly
odorous. April-May. (Plate XXIV, Figure 1 b-e).

Mountains.— Caucasus: E.Transc., Azerbaijan. Gen, distr.: Asia
Minor, Kurdistan. Described from Asia Minor. Type in London.

Note. The occurrence of this species in the Caucasus is not
authenticated. It is to be found in cultivation in gardens.

Genus 283. MUSCARI* MILL.**
Mill. Gard. Dict. ed, VIII(1768).— Muscari sect. Botryanthus Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884).294.

Perianth dolioform, constricted at throat, with 6 spreading teeth; the
constriction in species of the section Pseudomuscari A. Los. very
indistinct; ovary globose; stigma capitate; stamens biseriate, equal,
included; flowers blue, azure, or violet, with a pleasant rather pungent
scent; leaves numerous, linear; scape bearing a raceme of short-pediceled
flowers.

1. Constriction at throat very distinct (Section Eumuscari A. Los.)...2.
* Constriction at throat indistinct, sometimes merely the teeth spreading
(Section P'seud om as iGerie A Lac.) bee wie... ee ee 12).
2. |Periantioblongceylindric J.eea . cule \2 Cres (bled meee le tha obseuee fare: 3.
re wherianth broadly ovaloidss » cms MPat-1% one. enh) .nedol seed 2 iyesa de ang. 8.
3, pe erionth dankhinish=vieletata. 2.cnw ts damales: with ielbonalered: | 4,
*, Perianthblietoracwre A641 Sy, Qtr, AYRE, VAG STOR Ankh th
4. Leaves broadly linear; perianth to 1 mm long. . 1. M. neglectum Guss.
+wiheaves narrowly dinéarpérianth Smaver?? «1456, 724,82 ae 5

Name referring to the scent reminiscent of nutmeg or musk.
Identification within this genus is very difficult with dried material. Generic differences are very
indistinct in the herbarium as a result of drying (Arranged by A .§ .Lozina-Lozinskaya ).

316

(413)

Plate XXIV

1, Muscarimia muscari (L.)A. Los.: 1b) flower, 1c) flower in section, 1d) capsule, le) flower
from above.— 2. Muscari racemosum Mill.. 2a) leaf tip, 2b) flower, 2c) flower in section,

2d) capsule.— 3. M. neglectum Guss., flower.— 4. M. botryoides Mill., flower.—

5. M. polyanthum Boiss., flower.— 6. M. dolychanthum Woron. et Fom., flower.—

7. M. Szovitzianum Baker, flower.— 8. M. Woronovii TronetA. Los., flower.— 9. M. Steupi
Woron. et Tron, flower.— 10. M. pendulum Trautv., flower.— 11. M. paradoxum Fisch., flower.—
12. M. Turkeviczi Woron., flower.— 18. M. coeleste Fom., flower.— 14. M. forniculatum
Fom., flower.— 15, M. pallens Fisch., flower.— 16. Leopoldia comosa (L.)Parl. 16a) flower,
16b) flower in section, 16c) flower from above.— 17. L. tenuifolia (Tausch) Heldr., flower. —

18. L. longipes Boiss., flower.— 19. L. caucasica Baker, flower.— 20. Bellevalia acutifolia
(Boiss.) Deloney: 20a) flower, 20b) flower in section.

S17

5. Perianth blackish-violet; bulb with numerous offsets
Sa to ee eo me ee ee ee 2. M. commutatum Guss.
+” Perianth bimish suiolet;, bulbwwithout offsets. . Fae ...fame.. . 1... 6.
6. Leaves shorter than scape; perianth narrowed toward base.........
.o Se Ee ae es a a ea 3. M. racemosum (L.) Mill.
+ Leaves longer than scape; perianth not narrowed toward base.......
Se EE co let a ngs) ME 2-2 Wo a et en 4. M. leucostomum Woron.
7. Plants about.35 em tally pertanth $—10 mm Veno Fo eo Ae. alae
a i a eA ne. 5. M. dolychanthum Woron. et Tron.
+ Plants about 20 cm tall; perftanth6— ‘Lamm tong . ae. Se a
Mies: aie Ae oth gee, Be, Algemene 6. M. Woronowii Tron et A. Los.
8. Pedicels 2-3 times the length of perianth....7. M. pendulum Trautv.
+ Pedigelsfas#loms as or shorter than pervagiay 4/759... Uae a
9: Plants 49-90 em talk” pemianth to's mm Veme. ot. ep Ber. ee. ae
ts a ee. Aon. See Pee ee 8. M. Steupii Woron. et Tron.

+ Plants lower? perianth-shortemiem. |. gw ee Nae ee TO.
10. Perianth darker, blue, broadly ovaloid .. 9. M. botryoides (L.) Mill.
+" Periagthiitehter, tazuretmsubspherical’- “a. Net AE Mm RES Le ee 1G
11. Perianth teeth connivent, the white border descending to the middle of
EUDC MME 8 ones ep 8 ne se SU ee 10. M. polyanthum Boiss.
+ Perianth teeth reflexed, the white border narrow, not descending down
the’ fgpe “Rae . . : «yh . ee. OUR 11. M. Szovitzianum Baker.
12» Perranth waslet. 12. M. Turkewiczii (Woron.) A. Los.
+ “Periaath biwe, /azuae, or almost whitegsa). ww 72 tt. Toe. ke 13.
13. Perianth pale azure to almost white, with rather distinct constriction
at thi@peat ." {. aee.. se ee. ee ee 13. M. pallens M. B.
+ Perianth blue or intensely azure, with very indistinct constriction at
throat. Fa WP a, Se ce ee ee 14.
14. Perianthadark Bite "ae. cee se 14. M. paradoxum Baker.
©) Periantiwercdut DRTC OF yey Dlae . 2. ys Mme: se ee eee 15.
iS. "Perianth geath azure By es: ee: . Ne. oa Re, eee 16.
+ Perianth teeth at first waite, ssecoming Blimsh me TP OR eh ley Tee: bie
16." Perianth with whitejstriges” “— “kh. ° . “Aa: 17. M. forniculatum Fom.
+’ Perianthavithdarker stripes. - 0°. Vi.) . Ve a. 18. M. coeleste Fom.

6
at 17. Perianth teeth nearly half the length of tube, initially incurved .......

are i eee eo ee 15. M. apertum Freyn. et Conrath.
© Pertanth teethvone -fourth the length) oftubesinitiatly straight ........
ott fd, MN es oR oat. a 16. M. coeruleum A. Los.

Section EUMUSCARI A. Los.— Sect. Botryanthus Boiss. Fl. Or. V,
288, p.p.—Botryanthus Kunth. Enum. IV (1843) p.p.— Perianth
distinctly constricted at throat, the teeth recurved.

1. M. neglectum Guss. in Ten. Syll. App. V (1842) 13.— Botryanthus
neglectum Kunth, Enum. IV (1843) 679.—M. altaicum Boiss. et Reut.
Pugill. (1852) 114 ex Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 296.—M. atlantica Nym. Consp.
(1882) 734.

Perianth; bulb to 32cm long, with thick scales; leaves broadly linear,

6 mm broad, deeply grooved, exceeding the scape; raceme oblong,

1920 318

417

30-40-flowered, dense; pedicels of fertile flowers spreading, shorter than
or as long as perianth; perianth dark violet, long-ovaloid, subtubular,
10 mm long, with oval reflexed teeth; sterile flowers few, small, erect or
slightly reclinate, short-pediceled; capsule subglobose, round-topped.
March-April. (Plate XXIV, Figure 3).

Wood margins and rocky places.— Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. andS.
Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr. Europe, Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described
from Europe.

2, M. commutatum Guss. Fl. Sic. Prodr. I (1827) 426.—Hyacinthus
commutatus Ten. Syll. (1831) 177.—Muscari acutibolum Bert.
N. Comm. Bon. V (1842) 431; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 296.—Botryanthus
commutatus Kunth, Enum. IV (1843) 411.—B. albo-virens Tod. Ann.
Sc. Nat. IV, 20(1863)304. Muscari albo-virens Nym. Syll. Suppl. (1863)

65.
Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 3 cm long, with dark tawny scales and numerous

offset bulbils at base; scape 30 cm long, red at base; leaves 5 or 6,
exceeding the scape, linear, 4 mm broad, pendent, pale and canaliculate
above, green striped and convex beneath, the margin ciliate; raceme short,
ovaloid, dense, containing about 20 flowers; pedicels shorter than to as
long as perianth; perianth very dark, blackish blue-violet, oblong-ovoid,
narrowed toward base, furrowed, 5 mm long, the small light-colored teeth
incurved connivent; sterile flowers funnelform, small, light-colored;
capsule obcordiform, deeply emarginate. March, April.

Middle mountain zone, among field crops and on slopes. — Caucasus:
E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Med. Described from Sicily.

Note. The author has not seen the material relating to this species.
The occurrence of the species in the Caucasus is not authenticated.

3. M. racemosum (L.) Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768) No. 31; Ldb. FI.
Ross. IV, 154; Shmal'g:; Fl. 11, 496. —-Hyacinthus racemosus 1k,
Sp. pl. (1753) 456.—Muscari Strangwaisii Tenore Ind. Sem. Hort.
Nepal. (1837) 5, (1839) 9.— Botryanthus odorus Kunth, Enum. IV,
(1843) 311.—Ic.: Redouté Lil. t. 232, IV.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, 2 cm in diameter; leaves narrowly linear,

2-3 mm broad, slightly enlarged upward, arched, furrowed on the abaxial
face, to 15 cm long, shorter than the scape; raceme 2-3 cm long, oblong-
ovoid, rather densely many-flowered; sterile flowers subsessile, ovaloid-
tubular, bright azure; fertile flowers short-pediceled, oblong-ellipsoid,
somewhat narrowed toward base, slightly furrowed, dusky violet, greenish
toward base, 7mm long, 3.5 mm broad; perianth teeth rounded, strongly
spreading, white only down to throat; capsule narrowed toward base,
slightly cordate at top. Characteristic development pattern: scape with
buds developing first, the leaves appearing next and not surpassing the
scape. April-May. (Plate XXIV, Figure 2 a-d).

Steppe slopes, scrub, hills, and rarely arable fields. — European part:
M. Dnp., L. Don, Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.,
Med. Described from Europe. Type in London.

Note. M. racemosum (L.) Mill. is a species composed of numerous
races which need detailed study.

319

418

4. M. leucostomum Woron. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XXVII (1930)
Zoo.

Perennial; bulb oblong-ovaloid; leaves narrowly linear to subfiliform,
spreading to sprawling, somewhat spirally coiled, to 30 cm long, exceeding
the scape; scape. reddish-brown below, to 20-25 cm long; raceme short-
ovaloid, 1-1.5 cm long, dense; sterile flower bright azure, ovaloid-tubular,
subsessile; fertile flower dark violet, oblong-dolioform, smooth, 6 mm
long, 3.5 mm broad, the white rim usually extending down to tube, the
white teeth strongly reflexed. Characteristic development pattern: leaves
appearing first (December to January), the scape with buds appearing after
the completion of leaf growth. March-April.

Slopes. — European part: Crim., Caucasus; E. Transce.; Centr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh), Amu D. (Tashkent), Pam.-Al. (Zeravshan).
Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Kopet Dagh from plants grown in the
Botanical Garden ofthe Academy ofSciences in Leningrad. Type in
Leningrad.

5. M. dolychanthum Woron. et Tron sp. nova in Addenda Ill, p. 744.

Perennial; bulb large, 3 cm in diameter; leaves 3-4, to 55 cm long,
broadly linear, 5-10 mm broad, slightly canaliculate, pointed, pendent,
often twisted, considerably exceeding the scape, glaucescent above, bright
green beneath, suffused with anthocyanin at base; scape 25-35 cm long,
reddish-brown at base, erect; raceme 8-10 cm long, elongate-cylindric,
densely many-flowered; pedicels of fertile flowers nodding, shorter than
perianth; pedicels of sterile flowers erect; fertile perianth elongate-
cylindric, same diameter throughout, 8-10 mm long, 5-6 mm broad;
sterile flowers smaller; perianth bluish-violet, with darker longitudinal
stripes enlarged at throat into a dark spot; perianth teeth oval-triangular,
reflexed, obtuse, white. April. (Plate XXIV, Figure 6).

Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Krasnaya Polyana, from town of Aibga, using plants grown in the Leningrad
Botanical Garden. Type in Leningrad.

6. M. Woronowii Tron et A. Los. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 744.

Perennial; leaves broadly linear, slightly concave and slightly
canaliculate bright green above, glaucescent beneath, 6 mm broad,
35-40 cm long, exceeding the scape; raceme to 8 cm long, narrowly
cylindric, loosely many-flowered; sterile flowers numerous, bluish-violet,
longitudinally furrowed, short-pediceled; fertile flowers tubular-cylindric,
6-7 mm long, slightly constricted at throat, bluish-violet, the rather
large teeth broadly reflexed, the white rim scarcely extending to tube;
pedicels slightly shorter than perianth, slightly recurved. April.
(Plate XXIV, Figure 8).

Slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh). Gen. distr.: Iran.
Described from Kopet Dagh, using plants grown in the Botanical Garden of
the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. Type in Leningrad.

7. M. pendulum Trautv. in A.H.P. II (1873) 484.

Perennial; leaves broadly linear, glabrous, entire, canaliculately
conduplicate, arcuately spreading, as long as scape; raceme dense, 5 cm
long, ovoid-ellipsoid; pedicels of sterile flowers as long as perianth;

320

pedicels of fertile flowers nodding, twice the length of perianth; perianth
campanulate-ovaloid to dolioform, strongly constricted, violet-blue, 6 mm
long, 4 mm broad, the rounded teeth one-fourth the length of tube. May.
(Plate XXIV, Figure 10).

Foothills and wood margins.— Caucasus: W. and E. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Kutaisi. Type in Leningrad.

8. M. Steupii Woron. et Tron. sp. nova in Addenda Ill, p.745.

Perennial; bulb to 3 cm in diameter; leaves 3 or 4, broadly linear,
5-10 mm broad, 40-60 cm long, canaliculate, uniformly broad then slightly

419 tapering to an acute apex, pendent, considerably exceeding the scape,

glaucous-green above, dark green beneath, suffused with anthocyanin at
base; scape 30-35 cm long, reddish-brown at base; raceme elongate-
cylindric, 8-10 cm long; pedicels of fertile flowers as long as or slightly
shorter than perianth, arcuately spreading; lower sterile pedicels
horizontal, the upper erect; fertile flowers violet-azure, oblong-dolioform,
slightly narrowed toward base, enlarged in middle part; perianth 7-8 mm
long, 5.5 mm broad, the throat at base of teeth white-rimmed; perianth
teeth white, broad, triangular, reflexed; sterile flowers smaller; stamens
obscurely biseriate. April. (Plate XXIV, Figure 9).

Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from
cultivated specimens grown in the Leningrad Botanical Garden from bulbs
brought from Krasnaya Polyana, from town of Aibga. Type in Leningrad.

9. M. botryoides (L.) Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1868) No.1; Ldb. Fl.
hos) IVE *154;\shmal'os "Fi ll, 496.— Hyacinthus botryoldes ir Sp.
pl. (1753) 318.— M. Strangwaisii Ten. Ind. Hort... Nepal: (4839),12.—
Botry amthus) varhe aris) Kunta: “Enum DV (1843), 310) — lew, Rehbeticon.
Bot, 2X; tab. 400.1) 998; Bot. Mac.) £.)15 7.

Perennial; bulb of medium size; scape 10-20 cm long; leaves 20-30 cm
long, 8 mm broad, somewhat succulent, broadly linear, narrowed toward
base, equaling or exceeding the scape; raceme oblong-cylindric, many-
flowered; pedicels shorter than or as long as the perianth; fertile flowers
4 mm long, subspherical, the perianth bluish-violet with short white
slightly reflexed teeth; sterile flowers smaller; capsule obovoid. April-
May. (Plate XXIV, Figure 4).

Slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. Described
from Europe.

Note. Regel (A.H.P. VIII (1883) 655, tab. XIX) reports for Bukhara
var. bucharicum Rgl. This plant is undoubtedly a distinct species but
it is difficult to provide a description in the absence of sufficient material
and merely on the basis of Regel's drawing which does not agree with
herbarium material.

10. M. polyanthum Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 297.— Exs.: Kotshy, 1859.
Perennial; bulb ovaloid; leaves broadly linear, canaliculate, pointed,
convex, prominently nerved on the abaxial surface, glaucescent above,
exceeding the scape; raceme rather loose, 5 cm long, oblong-ovaloid,
to 25 cm long; sterile flowers pale violet, tubular; fertile flowers pale
sky-blue, dolioform, slightly enlarged in upper part, 6 mm long, 4mm
broad, strongly constricted at throat; perianth teeth small, acutish,

321

connivent, reflexed at tips, the white rim spreading far down the tube;
pedicels the length of perianth, horizontal, the upper ones slightly reclinate.
Fl. April. (Plate XXIV, Figure 5).

420 Scrub and meadows in the middle mountain zone.— Caucasus: S. and W.
Transc. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor. Described from Cappadocia and Cilicia.

Type in Geneva.

11. M. Szowitzianum Baker in Gard. Chron. (1878) 799. —

M. racemosum Bbrachyanthum Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 295.—
Ic.: Sosnovskii, Grossg., Shishk., Fl. Tifl. I (1925) 114.

Perennial; bulb 10-12 cm long, ovoid, with dark gray coats; leaves
2-4, narrowly linear, pendent, longer than the scape; scape to 15 cm
long; raceme dense, oblong-ovaloid, 2.5-3.5 cm long; fertile flowers
short-pediceled; perianth short-ovoid or ovaloid-urceolate, to 5 mm long
and 4 mm broad, pale blue to azure or rarely white; perianth teeth deltoid,
spreading, white; sterile flower few, dense, sessile, lighter in color;
capsule 3-4 mm long, March-April. (Plate XXIV, Figure 7).

Rocky places and scrub.— Caucasus: Cisc., S. and E. Transc., Dag.
Endemic. Described from a cultivated specimen in Kew Gardens. Type
in London.

Section PSEUDOMUSCARI A. Los. sect. nova.— Sect. Botryanthus
Kunth, Enum. IV (1843) p.p.— Perianth not constricted at throat, the teeth
straight or slightly recurved.

12. M. Turkewiczii (Woron.) A. Los. comb. nova.—Hyacinthella
Turkewiczi Woron. in Not. Syst. Herb. H.P. V, 6 (1924) 88.

Perennial; bulb broadly ovaloid to subglobose, 1.4-2 cm long, with
hyaline scales; leaves 2 or 3, linear, arched-recurved, 10-11 cm long,
5-6 mm broad, exceeding the scape, slightly cucullate; raceme ovaloid,
20-30-flowered; perianth cylindric-campanulate, intensely violet, 7 mm
long, 4 mm broad; pedicels elongate, one-third to one-fourth the length
of tube, weak, reflexed; pedicels slightly shorter than perianth, horizontal,
at length pendulous; stamens included in perianth, distinctly biseriate;
anthers azure. June. (Plate XXIV, Figure 12).

Rocky slopes.— Caucasus: possibly occurring in W. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Arm.-Kurd. Described from Mount Kvakhid (former Artvin District).

Type in Leningrad.

13. M. pallens M.B. FI. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 283; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
154; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 496; Grossg., Fl. KavkazalI, 236.— Hyacinthus
pallens Sweet, Flow. Gard. (1827) tab. 259.

Perennial; bulb ovaloid, small; leaves linear, slightly enlarged upward,
pointed, convex beneath, equaling or slightly exceeding the scape; scape
15-20 cm long; raceme dense, oblong-ovaloid, short; sterile flowers

421 small; fertile flowers nodding, the short pedicels recurved, the oval
perianth white or azure suffused with violet, the oval teeth reflexed; capsule
compressed, with obcordate valves. May. (Plate XXIV, Figure 15).

Alpine and subalpine meadows. — Caucasus: E. Transc., Dag. Endemic.

Described from Georgia. Type in Leningrad.

322

\422

14. M. paradoxum (Fisch. et Mey.) Baker Journ. Bot. (1874) 6; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 153.—Bellevalia paradoxa Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884)
308.—Hyacinthus paradoxus Fisch. et Mey. Ind. Sem. Horti
B. Petrop. I (1835) 20.—Bellevalia pseudomuscari Boiss. et Buhse
in Boiss. Diagn. ser. II, 4 (1842-44) 110.

Perennial; bulb narrowly ovaloid, 1.5 cm indiameter; leaves 2, rarely
3, narrowly lanceolate, linear, canaliculate, gradually narrowed upward,
10-20cmlong, exceedingthe scape; scape 10-15 cmlong; raceme ovaloid,
loose, often many-flowered; pedicels shorter than perianth, horizontal;
perianthblue, campanulate-oblong, the broadly oval segments one-third the
length of tube, slightly reflexed; anthers yellow. May. (Plate XXIV, Figure 11).

Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described
from Adzharistan. Type in Geneva.

15. M. apertum Freyn et Conrath in Bull. Herb. Boiss. V (1896) 194.—
Bellevalia aperta Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 233.

Perennial; bulb small, ovaloid, 1.5 mm in diameter, with brown scales;
leaves linear, 20 cm long, 6 mm broad, slightly spatulate, erect or
falcately recurved, flat or more or less revolute, striated, glabrous,
obtusish, exceeding the erect scape; raceme short, ovaloid-conical, very
dense; flowers small, 4 mm long, shorter than or as long as the nodding
pedicels; perianth pale blue, shortly campanulate-cylindric, scarred below,
open; perianth teeth oblong-oval, more or less elongate, reflexed; stamens
biseriate, included in perianth; anthers globose; sterile flowers ellipsoid,
slightly clavate, pale cornflower-blue, short-pediceled to subsessile.
April-May.

Slopes in lower mountain zone.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Akhtala, at 800 m.

16. M. coeruleum A. Los. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 745.

Perennial; bulb oblong, 1-2 cm in diameter, with light-colored outer
scales; leaves 2, linear, narrowed toward base, pointed, flat, distinctly
nerved, 10-18 cm long, 3 mm broad, shorter than the scape at anthesis,
exceeding it in fruit; raceme short, ovoid, contracted, few-flowered;
pedicels reclinate, 1.5 mm long; pedicels and often the rachis of raceme
azure; bracts white, obtuse, less than 1 mm long; perianth ovaloid-
cylindric, drying blue, 5mm long, 3 mm broad; perianth teeth white, oval,
obtuse, 1.75 mm long, nearly straight; constriction at throat obsolescent;
sterile flowers small, claviform; anthers globose, blue; capsule small,
4 mm long, 6 mm broad, narrowed below, slightly flattened. June.

Alpine meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc. (Balkariya). Endemic, Described
from Balkariya. Type in Leningrad.

17. M. forniculatum Fom. in Monit. Jard. Tifl. No.9 (1908) 11.—
Bellevalia forniculata Deloney in Monit. Jard. Tifl. 1 (1922-23) 44.

Perennial; bulb globose, the outer scales thick brown; leaves erect,
linear-lanceolate, canaliculate, cucullate, tapering toward base, equaling
the scape; raceme conical before anthesis, ovaloid at anthesis, rather
loose; pedicels pendulous, shorter than to about as long as perianth;
perianth campanulate, 6 mm long, 5 mm broad, azure, with white

323

423

longitudinal stripes, slightly rugose; perianth teeth broadly white-margined,
oval, obtuse, recurved; filaments uniseriate, strongly dilated; anthers pale
yellow; ovary subtriquetrous, grooved. May. (Plate XXIV, Figure 14).

Rocky slopes.— Caucasus: possibly occurring in S. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Arm.-Kurd. Described from vicinity of town of Olty [Turkey]. Type in
Paths:

18. M. coeleste Fom. in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. 9 (1908) 11.—
Bellevalia coelestis Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 233.

Perennial; bulb subglobose-ovaloid, with white outer scales; leaves
lanceolate, involute, acute, tapering toward base, erect, equaling or
exceeding the inflorescence; raceme broadly conical pointed before anthesis,
oblong loose at flowering; flowers nodding; pedicels shorter than perianth;
perianth narrowed at summit, campanulate, bluish-azure, with darker
longitudinal stripes reaching the margin; perianth teeth broadly ovaloid-
triangular, recurved. April-May. (Plate XXIV, Figure 13).

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: possibly occurring in S. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Arm.-Kurd. Described from vicinity of Kars. Type in Tiflis.

Subfamily 5. Asparagoideae VENT.

Underground rhizome simple or branched, terminating in a more or less
leafy floriferous stem, the lateral branches producing supplementary
flowering shoots; flowers small, axillary or terminal, solitary or racemed;
perianth segments mostly united, rarely distinct; fruit a 2—5-locular berry;
seeds few.

Key to Genera

1. Outer perianth segments green, sepaloid, the inner more or less

Petalord, W'Gs. Peeled, te chewed gh) ais to. eel ebay 8 toad sealed aie. eae oe
Outer andunner;perianthisesments alike. cust: path. - lw ttueye Up tee eae 3.
2. Cauline leaves 4 or more, in aterminal whorl; inner perianth segments
Vey MarCOW man, LOMO 4 meas. waded Gt tan. vier td Males teen cys. 294. Paris L.
+ Cauline leaves 3, verticillate; inner perianth segments clear white,
ISTO) AWG CSG, Fes aan a Rn Ue Seah PN Pre INE 29D. gk rary iis,
3. Cauline leaves 2, broadly lanceolate to elliptic; flowers white, ina
slightly nodding 1-sided raceme; berries red.... 293. Convallaria L.
+ Cauline leaves numerous, and if 2 then cordate at base .......... 4.
4. Cauline leaves very small, reduced to white scales, with narrow or
broadd@leaflike branches (ini theiriaxils..+ ce. Mr. «14 wht be vag oe: see 3.
Gauline, leavesigreen,nathenWarcey <- Nebi ic. cane ee dae ae mee ve
5. Stamens distinct; flowers solitary or clustered; pedicels slender, in
the axils of slender leaflike acicular branches .... 284. Asparagus L.
+ Stamens cupuliformly united; flowers borne on the midrib of rather
broad rigid phyllocladia or pediceled in aterminal raceme........ 6,

6. Flowers polygamous; stamens 6, flowers interminal racemes .......
Ne ioe eee, CROC NY. . Eee Ly A ae tae Se an sre 285. Danae Medic.

324

‘424

425

Flowers dioecious; stamens 3, flowers solitary or in small clusters
Onehie tacerOd qolay WOCEAAS ss je ss von be oe eprail ney ch ocak eh oe fe) oy me vex 286. Ruscus L.
Perianth gamophyllous, cylindric or campanulate; flowers in the axils
QUESTS ON WE AVES oo ahd ne 9 (ak ot ab cah or of OY. se ePiceyy aN ah pen hs 292. Polygonatum Tourn.
Perianth segments distinct or united merely at base............ 8.
All leaves radical; flowers white in a short raceme; berries blackish-
POM ey ALOT WO We vie aa ot. ats cot VR A or ah "owl iah ob Mon sh Te 287. Clintonia Raf.
Leaves gathered about the middle of stem or rather evenly spaced. . 9.
Stem always simples Thera. uO, SPUD. ste Oa WG OM aig. s 10.
stem Conmonly forked-orirarely "simple Min .0Ps 0) wababals .iarek. . the
Stem leaves 2, cordate-oval; flowers small, white, often fragrant,

iM aAnNGrect, Face Me a+ By be. EMAL Ge 289. Majanthemum Wiggers.
Leaves evenly spaced along the stem......... 288. Smilacina Desf.
Flowers white; raceme small, subtended by the uppermost leaf......
PAULINE 4 A Ghd Soha AIL SD, at aaveleeee MOSLEY ca eMER o 290. Disporum Salisb.

Genus 284. ASPARAGUS* L.**
L. Gen. pl. (1754) 147.

Flowers mostly in the axils of scalelike leaves, 2 to several, in the

USSR flora exclusively dioecious; perianth 6-merous; stamens 6; ovary
3-locular; fruit a berry. In the USSR only herbaceous; rhizome developed;
stems much branched; cladodes numerous, mostly acicular, clustered in
the axils of hyaline scalelike leaves, these often produced at base into an
indurated spur.

wortm te

+

ced

Plants! clabrous}. not forming ecladodes!. (pit) Dah Visegsls Bact 2.
Plants always? form inpycladodest) £8.10 Ast. ae ae. oee eel. Meee tye ee 8 3.
Pedicelso2—6.mmimong, ’erect.. SYia. als 4. A. turkestanicus M. Pop.
Pedicels 10-15 mm long, mostly nodding....... 5. A. Popovii Ijin.
Cladodes and branchlets prominently 3-angled or flattened-triquetrous;
allimowers 2=4 mimi dong, jisessilesormearly sospt. mo Wolnds Seicmee © oe 4.
Cladodes terete or flattened or irregularly angled, never triquetrous;
Staminate lowers mostly oi(4)—Summidong fishies) . aka eo. ine. By
Plants yellowish-green, rather dull; flowers borne on the main stem and
branchess PamEMastuauh: 50> Avevwle ttle Eh 2. A. schoberioides Kunth.

Plants green, conspicuously lustrous; flowers borne solely on branches.
lwamor vilswer. enolipinis. bogewels. 4h? .. Sage bite 2 1. A. verticillatus L.
Flowers borne at the terminal ramifications of branches of first order,

none on main stem. Transbaikalia......... 8. A. Misczenkoi Ijin.
Flowers borne on the main stem and on branches (the lower part of
Meche tail ains wasitke Te yh NR ee Ea ue ore ee 6.

Anthers spherical, one-fourth the length of filament; cladodes very
slender, capillary, 0.1-0.2 mmlong; berry large, often up to 10 mm
Lome Tren} ty mh myrenisee stance festa elt tetas Cine lb 3. A. tenuifolius Lam.
Anthers oblong or ovaloid-oblong, equal, scarcely longer or shorter
than filaments; berry mostly not more than 7-8 mm long (except

A OA Coeclone's Naini) wee eter -pomde tie enpeamedal mabeta i = 4 ite,

A plant name mentioned by Theophrastus.
Arranged by M.M. Il'in.

395

426

10.

14.

i

Flowers sessile or the pedicels shorter than the perianth of staminate

SUGEEST SA Miia: ances ettopmsers ae covcoh =) om ea dewtanen dae + Aelbauae ORO DAL eee Os eee eee ae 8.
Flowers long-pediceled, the pedicels markedly longer than the perianth
of StammimaveHMloweESr., os, asl iekvoi suis ad aire atadateas ENrap eae al. Petes ie ee: 12.

Cladodes rather thick, prickly, at a right or obtuse angle to the stem;
stem and branches often geniculately bent; plants of deserts and

SSA SSECHS Bau Die says hme Atta vie sienna SU, eerie leek e . 3. oO
Cladodes always forming an acute angle with their branch....... iO!
Plants yellowish-green, quite smooth; stem and branches geniculately
bent; cladodes 10-45 mm long, pubescent below, forming an obtuse
angle with the branch; berries retaining their bright red color for a
lonertindies saadsiof the Lake Balkhash areas. jars aeijotiayareems nal -
MERIT IN Ri Shed Sch ce sco sim At dp ay MRA RE am ee 10. A. angulofractus I[ljin.
Plants grayish-green or green; branches and cladodes cartilaginous -
denticulate (under magnifying glass); cladodes shorter, sometimes

not exceeding 20 mm, forming a right angle with the branch; berries
soon turning black. Deserts and semideserts of the Aral-Caspian area.
Rea cee aT Ie. zusiom toate ninnen ‘ar bo ea ancee aaa 9. A. Breslerianus Schult.
Cladodes rather thick, 1 (0.75)-1.5 across, smooth. Plants of sandy
places in the NE part of Central Asia ..... 11. A. soongoricus Iljin.
Cladodes thinner,,,ca.,.0.5immiacrosse Plants ofe Siberia ... .. La.
Branches mostly arising at an acute angle; cladodes commonly equal,
in fascicles of 1-3 (very rarely up to 6), at the ends of branches of

last order always solitary; all cladodes and branches smooth; anthers
shorte pithansilamentsaciae: 2) fice! ott gal. 13. A. dahuricus Fisch.
Branches mostly arising at a right angle; branches and cladodes
covered with scattered cartilaginous tubercles; cladodes mostly in
fascicles of 4-8, unequal, even the terminal ones very rarely solitary;
anthers slightly longer than filaments ..... 12. A. tuberculatus Bge.
Cladodes, branches and tips of stems profusely covered with short

soft and often somewhat crisp hairs ....... 6. A. bucharicus Iljin.
Cladodes and branches smooth or cartilaginous-tuberculate, but not
prattey 4 DAN SIIB 1) Do Qua) Vite niioig Beil oan bee eebobs i). 13.
Cladodes many in fascicle, slender, often subcapillary, throughout the
length of stem and at the base of lowest branch always persistent in a
dense cluster. Mountain plant associations of S. Altai, Tien Shan,

and Pairs Alar oes: At Olt. Le ee 7. A. neglectus Kar. et Kir.
Cladodes on lower part of stem always deciduous, never peristent
atthe base OF lower branches A2Msae) Se Meaiaerey ne hey Geel. 14.

Stem and branches striated, the elevated striations usually somewhat
wavy and here and there apparently zigzag; cladodes always straight,
strongly striated; pedicels very long; staminate flowers 7-10 mm
long; berries Targes"s=10"mm longs? Parkes te?_1.070 ed. ea9oks. ==
eee te aE et Sle, SRE © ORNS ein, = ee A 22. A. oligoclonos Maxim.
Plants with differing characteristics; flowers and berries smaller.

Other regions! 8. FS.9h)) WE” NS eS See} el leo . eae Tot
Cladodes, branches, and often the stem cartilaginous -denticulate
(under strong magnification) throughout or merely here and there;
pedicels" jointed above the middle! | 20% Ye 22 My VANE ORS? MHet. +. 16.
Cladodes, branches and stem quite smooth.................. 21.

326

427

16,

oe

ie)

20.

21.

26.

Stem flexuous, often trailing or scandent; cladodes always falcate and
Spreadins” Plants characteristic ontsolonehaks’ YA ETOP PT ek al.
RP BE cee tele te ce oh nt on Be we och oe IOAN OD 15. A. brachyphyllus Turcz.
Dtem eEncetyimever tral line Orrseandent., .e ul, TR ee ee ao ue ie
Plants yellowish-green; cladodes rather thick, 0.75-1 mm in diameter;
leaves [?] flattened, mostly in fascicles of 3 (1.6), commonly unequal,
rarely straight, mostly somewhat curved, appressed to branches or
set at a decidedly acute angle. Plants of the Aral-Caspian semidesert.
ere SiAs Ia) RO he ETS, 14. A. kasakstanicus Iljin.
Ciadedes thinner, mostly not more than 0.5 mm in diameter, usually
morceau tascicle. Pilants of Other resiOns. 2. 2 sleee . Y . e e e n ae 18.
Cladodes unequal; pedicels shorter than to barely longer than the
perionth of Starminate flowers’) Transbaikalta 27s. 25 Pert. we.
Bi). Viesoe ie: ars wis. BSOObR Pe Cor at. SIAR 12. A. tuberculatus Bge.
Cladodes commonly equal; pedicels decidedly longer than the perianth
Orstanminate flowers, (Other resions 3 25. 6 ae eee ee See Loy.
Berries fovaloid- globose)" pointed attthejtop.. Caweasus 27%. 2) 23.
FORFE EE 44000 Fone. 21. A. caspius var. oxycarpus (Stev.) Miscz.
Bernies olobose.A Burcpean part) 41 .WeOraG. EQ AAR Fe ot 20.
Cladodes small, 3-5 mm long (only on vegetative Shoots to 10 mm long),
6-20 in fascicle, divaricate, smooth. Dniester area..............
Pons? srebnesadcua-. rol. bird $6 h-.cx' 17. A. pseudoscaber Grecescu.
Cladodes 10 (5)-50 mm long, in fascicles of 4-6, obliquely ascending in
weakly spreading, slightly tuberculate-scabrous at least in some parts.
Crimea. B22 6s. -oteosrerih. Lord Scag eG erty mM 18. A. Levinae Klok.
Plants yellowish-green, very lustrous; cladodes to 8 cm long, to
2mm in diameter, flattened, obliquely ascending. Gypseous clays of
the Aral-Caspian area. . 14. A. kasakstanicus subsp. gypsaceus I]jin.
Cladodes not flattened, thinner. Other habitats............... 22.
Stem flexuous, often trailing or scandent; branches at a right angle;
cladodes also at a right angle, rarely somewhat ascending or
descending; pedicels jointed well above the middle...............
BEDS fests yetclcrel: eee: kee. RD. 2 RE 16. A. persicus Baker.
Stem always erect; branches with rare exceptions and cladodes at an
acute angle; pedicels mostly jointed at the middle, rarely decidedly
nigherup ef f. OP Hest) .. ee RI Sa ee ee. oe 23.
Pedicels shorter to barely longer than the staminate perianths.
a yansbailkalign 7). gel. jot. weak eee. 2h tap. 13. A. dahuricus Fisch.
Pedicels markedly longer than the staminate perianths. Other regions.

Cladodes wery, thing capillary; 0.125—0:2imm an) diameter” .2.5. .P9% . .
Pe ccteleret WP os etl ea! Sele ees nee ata a) eure ya a eat 20. A. setiformis Kryl.
Cladodes; thicker, ;to/0,3—O,04n diameber 60 (-D ortese GIAO... . 29.
Cladodes flabellately divaricate; branches often strongly spreading.

Cladodes nearly appressed to branches or obliquely ascending, not
glabellately spreading; branches set at an acute angle ......... Ql
Plants 30-50 cm tall; cladodes 5-10 mm long. Rocky places in the
OIE, Ve oy cane Hoy: grows take) em tel, LL eae. Aen 24. A. litoralis Stev.

327

428

+ Plants very tall; cladodes 10-30 mm long. Groves, woods, gardens,
and meadows in the,Caucasuse 2). telson Be 21. A. caspius Hohen.

A weladades phn, fl — a tet LOWE yf le. so 26 cheep eed eee 19. A. officinalis L.

+ Cladodes rather thick, mostly about 0.5 (0.25-1)em long .........
Ok Sete See. eOUeT TARISS BebODS1S'. (nee 23. A. polyphyllus Stev.

Subgenus EUASPARAGUS Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1875) 594.—
Dioecious plants; cladodes linear or subulate.— Only this subgenus is
represented in the flora of the USSR.

Section 1. ARCHIASPARAGUS Iljin (stirps A. verticillati, pro parte
et stirps A. lucidi Baker, 1.c.).— Cladodes always strongly triquetrous,
with acute angles.— An ancient sylvestrine type of the Tertiary period,

1. A. verticillatum L. Sp. pl. ed. 2 (1762) 450; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 129;
Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 477. —A. verticillaris Lam. Encycl. I (1783) 297.—
A. tricarinatus Redouté, Lil. (1813) t.451.— A. volubulis Georgi,
Beschr. Russ. Reich. Nachtr. (1802) p.268.—Ic.: Rev. Hort. (1916) 142.—
Exs.: Lang. et Szovits Hrb. Ruth: cent. I, No: 15.

Perennial or fruticose; stem 75-150 cm long, subscandent, angled,
branched; terminal branchlets lustrous, sharply 3-angled, the margin
minutely and often cartilaginously denticulate; cladodes on main stem up
to 20 in fascicle, on the branches 1-3, divaricate, to 3-6 cm long, rarely
to 0.5-1.5 mm long (var. tricarinatus Miscz. = var. brevifolius
Stev. = var. floribunda Baker), lustrous; scalelike leaves calcarate;
flowers only at the ends of branches of the last order; perianth
hemispherical, small, ca. 4 mm long, the short pedicels jointed at or
scarcely above the middle; berries the size of peas. June.

Wood margins, scrub, stony places, and shores. — European part:

M. Dnp., Bl., L. Don,.L.V. (Ergeni), Crim:; Caucasus: Cise; Dag:,
W., E. andS. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.:
Dobruja, Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from Derbent. Type in London.

2. A. schoberioides Kunth, Enum. V (1850) 70.— A. Sieboldi Maxim.

Primit. Fl. Amur. (1859) 287.—A. parviflorus Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah.
II (1856) 226.— A. Wrightii Asa Gray, Bot. Jap. (1858-59) 413.—
A. micranthus Sieb. et Zucc. Pl. Jap. exs. a. 1843 (non Lindl?).—
A. sessiliflorus H. Oett. in Acta Horti Jur. VI, 2 (1905) 81.—Ic.:
Icon. Pl. Nipp. VII (1910) t.1, 2.—Exs.: Sieb. et Zucc. Pl. Japon. an.
1843.

Perennial; stem 40-120 cm long, erect, branched, distinctly striated;
branches spreading but set an acute angle, angled; stem and branches
smooth; cladodes on the stem in clusters of 3-6, on the branches in
fascicles of 2 or 3, arising at a right angle, falcate, 0.5-2 mm long,
somewhat compressed, always 3-angled, the angles nearly smooth, acute;
scalelike leaves on young branches obsolescent, on old branches spurless
or gibbous below; flowers subsessile in clusters of several, on the main
stem and on branches of first order; pedicels shorter than perianth, jointed
above the middle; perianth 2-3 mm long, cupuliform-campanulate,
yellowish-brown, the segments distinct nearly down to base; anthers small,

328

subspherical, shorter than filaments; berries red, 5-6 mm in diameter,
subsessile. June. (Plate XXV, Figure 7, 7a).

Deciduous woods, shrub thickets, and meadows. —E. Siberia: Dau. (E.);
Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from
Java.

Note. The author has not seen the original specimen, described by
Kunth from Zollinger's Java collections, and doubts whether the same

429 species occurs in the USSR, in Japan, and in Java. It would perhaps be

safer to use the name A. parviflorus Turcz.

Section 2. NEOASPARAGUS Iljin (stirps A. officinales et strips
A. verticillati Baker 1.c.).— Cladodes terete, flattened or irregularly
angled. A phylogenetically younger section.

Subsection 1. SPHAERANTHERI Iljin. — Anthers spherical; filaments
several times the length of anther.

3. A. tenuifolius Lam. Encycl. I (1783) 204; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 196;
Samal io ET ae. aS ilvaticus Waldst. eb iit. lear. buns.” Til,
PAU eho) 228) A ott Leni ales Sm. vol. (lS) olo MOM lss «dilan) a ——
Ie.; Rehb.,lc. Fl. GermiuXeqtab od 3. ohigure,969..— Exs.biekioSchulia
Herb. norm. No. 2266.

Perennial; stem 30-100 cm long, erect; branches very slender, smooth,
mostly spreading at a right angle; cladodes thin, setiform or filiform,
0.1-0.2 mm in diameter, 1-4 mm long, in clusters of 10-40, more or less
spreading, glabrous, smooth; scalelike leaves hyaline, spurless or on
thicker stems short-spurred; flowers 1 or 2, terminal; pedicels long,
jointed; perianth 6-8 mm long, whitish, green-tipped; stamens much
shorter than perianth; anthers spherical, one-fourth the length of filament;
berry large, to 10 mm in diameter. May-June. (Plate XXV, Figure 3
and 3a).

Groves and scrub. — European part: Bl., M..Dnp., U. Dnp. (S.), Crim.
(?). Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from S. France.

Subsection 2. LEPTANTHERI Iljin. — Anthers oblong or oblong-ovaloid,
equal, longer or but slightly shorter than filaments.

Series 1. Aphylli Iljin. — Cladodes absent.

4. A. turkestanicus M. Pop., O. rast. gor Sultan-Uiz-Dag (1915) 16.—
fel: BML. op. dic. to.and 6.

Perennial; stems 50-80 cm long, erect, much branched; branches
at an acute angle, angled; cladodes absent; scalelike leaves whitish-hyaline,
perlucid, spurless; flowers solitary or paired, especially on branches of
last order borne right up to summit; pedicels straight, 2-6 mm long,
jointed just below the flower; perianth of staminate flowers 4-5 mm long,
narrowly campanulate-funnelform, whitish with green stripes; anthers

329

430

431

oblong, shorter than filaments; perianth of pistillate flowers ca. 3 mm
long, broader, the lobes coriaceous on the back; ovary with sessile stigma;
berry blackish, 4-6 mm long, rounded-ovaloid to subglobose, beaked. May.

Sands and gravelly soils. — Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. (Bish-Arak), Kyz.
K. Endemic. Described from Sultan-Uiz-Dag area. Type in Leningrad.

5. A. Popovii Iljin. sp. nov in Addenda III, p. 745.

Perennial; stem 50-80 cm long, divaricately branched; branches
strongly spreading although mostly arising at an acute angle, terete,
glabrous, smooth; cladodes none; scalelike leave white-hyaline,
subpellucid, not spurred; pedicels 10-15 mm long, jointed just below the
flower, mostly nodding; flowers solitary or paired at the crotches of the
stem and up to the summit on branches of last order; perianth of pistillate
flowers 3-4 mm long, cupuliform-campanulate, the persistent segments
coriaceous on the back, and pellucid-hyaline; ovary with sessile stigma;
berry rounded-ovaloid to ovaloid, acute at the top, 5-7 mm in diameter.
May. (Plate XXV, Figure 10).

Sandy, pebbly-sandy, and stony places.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
(Balkhan ranges), Kara L. Endemic. Described from Balkhan ranges.
Type in Leningrad.

Series Foliati Iljin.— Cladodes always present.

6. A. bucharicus Iljin.sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 746.

Perennial; grayish-green; stem 30-60 cm long; branches arising at a
right or nearly right angle; cladodes in fascicles of 10-40, particularly
numerous on main stem, very thin, 0.25-—0.3 mm in diameter, 5-12 mm
long, mostly somewhat falcate, divaricate in fascicle, densely covered with
rather soft somewhat crisp short hairs; branches and upper part of stem
similarly vested (Figure 6); sealelike leaves brownish-hyaline, the spur
scarcely developed; flowers solitary or paired; pedicels 10-20 mm long,
jointed below the flower; perianth of staminate flowers 4-5 mm long,
campanulate, purplish-tinged; anthers oblong, longer than filaments;
perianth of pistillate flowers smaller, 2-2.5 mm long; berry ca. 7-8 mm
in diameter. (Plate XXV, Figure 6).

Stony mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Kulyab, Darvaz,
Gissar). Endemic. Described from vicinity of village of Arzanchi in Kulyab.
Type in Leningrad.

7. A. neglectus Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIV (1841) 48. —
A. officinalis B gracilis Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 43.—

A. trichophyllus atrichophyllus Bong. et Mey., Suppl. Fl. Alt.
(1841) 74.— A. trichophyllus var. gracilis Trautv.,

A. trichhophyllus £B glaber, cladodiis tenuisimis rectis Ldb. Fl.
Ross. IV (1853) 197.

Perennial; stem long, often up to 150 cm, the lower part with whitish
hyaline periderm projecting in narrow oblong stripes, the upper part
flexuous, with branches arising at a right angle; cladodes numerous, mostly
in fascicles of 10-25, on the terminal branches rarely reaching 5 in
number, on the main stem very dense, 20-75 in fascicle, persistent all

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432

along the stem in the form of characteristic dense rosettes; all cladodes
mostly subdivaricate, commonly very slightly curved, rarely straight,
mostly 5 (3)-20 mm long, very rarely to 40 mm (f. longifolia Ijin),
thin, often capillary, 0.25 (0.125)-0.5 mm long, smooth; scalelike leaves
hyaline; spurs well developed, fairly long, on lower part of stem often very
prickly; flowers solitary or paired, on main stem and on branches of first
order; pedicels commonly 10 (7)-20 (25) mm long, jointed near the flower;
perianth of staminate flower narrowly funnelform-campanulate, 5-7 mm
long, the oblong-ovaloid anthers shorter than filaments; perianth of
pistillate flowers ca. 3 mm long; berry globose, 6-7 mm long, red. May.
(Plate XXV, Figure 11).

Shrub thickets (caragan, wild rose, etc.), bottomlands, shaded river
canyons, mountain valleys and ravines.— W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia:
Ar.-Casp. (Ulu-tau mountains), Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.:
Dzu.-Kash., Ind.-Him. (Pamirs). Described from Kurchum in S. Altai.
Type in Leningrad.

Note. This species is represented through its distribution area by
various as yet unidentified races. The typical race, i.e., A. neglectus
Kar. et Kir. proper, occurs in Tarbagatai, Dzungarian Ala’Tau and Tien
Shan. In the Pamir-Alai are already encountered somewhat divergent forms
with longer leaves and slight tubercles on the branches and at the base of
cladodes. These forms are in need of further study with a view to
determination of the more southerly forms.

8. A. Miscezenkoi Iljin sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 746.

Perennial; stem twining, with divaricate flexuous branches; at the base
of branches of first order branches of second order on either side and
fascicles of cladodes; cladodes 4-10 in fascicle, 10-25 mm long, thin,
ca. 0.25 mm long, somewhat falcate and strongly divaricate; stems,
branches and cladodes smooth; scalelike leaves long-spurred: pedicels
8-12 mm long, jointed well above the middle, inserted in terminal crotches
of branches of first order (no flowers on the main stem); berry globose,
6-7 mm long, blackish-red.— E. Siberia: Dau. (Kyakhta). Endemic.
Described from vicinity of Kyakhta. Type in Leningrad.

9. A. Breslerianus Schult. Syst. VII (1830) 323.—A. triglochideus
Pall. Manuscr. [sec. Miscz. Aspar. (1916) 33].—A. verticillatus
var. trichophyllus Bresl. Diss. No. 27 (sec. Kunth. Enum. V, 1850,
70).—A. maritimus var. Breslerianus Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1875)
337.—A. maritimus var. Breslerianus f. breviceps Bornm.
et Sint\yingherb:;|Misez:gAspar; (1916).33;— An maritimus:.auet., plur.
ross. (non Miscz. et Pall.).—Ic.: Fl. Yugo-Vost. III, 400, c.195;
Mishehenko, 1.c. 32, p.4.—Exs.: Songor. No.2005; Szovitz, Pl. pers.
No. 423.

Perennial; stem 15-40 cm long, somewhat geniculately bent, with
numerous long prostrate branches; cladodes short, thick, subulate,
prickly, divaricate, mostly 3 (1-6) in fascicle, commonly ca. 1 cm
(0.5—2 cm) long; branches and cladodes cartilaginous-denticulate; pedicels
very short (flowers apparently sessile), shorter than perianth; perianth
of staminate flowers narrowly campanulate, 2-3 mm long; anthers
ovaloid-oblong, shorter than filaments; berry globose, ca. 6 mm long,
subsessile, soon turning black. June. (Plate XXV, Figure 4).

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433

Solonchaks, seacoasts, and rarely on chalk. — European part: L.V.;
Caucasus’: Cisc./*Dag:, E. and S. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Ar /-Casp.,
Kara K., Kyz. K., Mtn. Turkm. (Balkhan ranges). Gen. distr.: Arm.,
Kurd. Described from Iran?

10. A. angulofractus Iljin sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 746.

Perennial, 30-80 cm tall, mostly yellowish-green, smooth throughout;
stem and branches distinctly zigzag or geniculately bent; cladodes 1-4 in
fascicle, 1-1.5 mm long, mostly 10 (5)-45 mm long, descending and
forming an obtuse axil; scalelike leaves hyaline, obscurely spurred; flowers
mostly in pairs, on main axis and on branches of first order; pedicels of
staminate flowers shorter than perianth; pedicels of pistillate flowers as
long as perianth, elongating in fruit to 5-6 mm; perianth of staminate
flowers narrowly campanulate, yellowish, at base brownish, 5-6 mm long,
the pedicels jointed mostly above or rarely at or below the middle;
pistillate perianth 3-3.5 mm long, cup-shaped, the pedicels jointed near
the flower; anthers oblong, shorter than filaments; berry spherical,

6-8 mm long, red, scarcely turning black. May. (Plate XXV, Figure 5).

Sands, rarely takyrs.—Centr. Asia: Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash.
Described from the sands of the Ili River. Type in Leningrad.

11. A. soongoricus Iljinsp. novainAddendalll, p.747.-A.Ledebourii
Kryl., in Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 650 (non Miscz.).—A. maritimus Ldb. Fl.
Alt. II (1820) 44, non Mill. et Pall.—Ic.: Ldb. Ic. pl. Fl. Ross. IV, t. 393.

Perennial, broadly shrubby, 20-60 cm tall, divaricately branched;
branches horizontally spreading; cladodes absent, in lower part of branches,
unequal, commonly in fascicles of 3-10, rarely the terminal solitary or
paired, mostly slightly falcate or straight, divaricate, like other parts of
the plant smooth, thickish, mostly 1-5 mm long and 1-1.5 mm in diameter,
obscurely spurred or spurless; flowers in 2's to 4's on the main stem and
on branches of first order; pedicels short, jointed at or just above the
middle, shorter than perianth; perianth of staminate flowers 6-7 mm long;
anthers ovaloid-oblong, shorter than filaments; berry spherical, ca. 7mm
in diameter, red. May-June. (Plate XXV, Figure 1).

Sandy and sandy-clay soils, in mountains among sands.— Centr. Asia:
Balkh. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash.

Note. Mishchenko, in his review of Crimean and Caucasian asparaguses,
makes the assumption that Ledebour's drawing was based on Caucasian
Specimens, since they resemble these plants more closely. It is impossible
to agree with this assumption as Ledebour clearly indicates the provenience
of his original plant from the valley of the Irtysh River. Asparaguses that
show perfect resemblance to Ledebour's illustration do in fact grow in
Zaisan and in the Lake Balkhash area. As regards the species described
by Mishchenko under the name A. Ledebourii Miscz., this is synonymous
with A. persicus Baker.

12. A. tuberculatus Bge insched. herb. Horti Bot. Petr.; descr. in
Addenda III, p. 747.

Perennial; stem 30-75 cm long, erect, smooth and mostly milky-white
at base, elsewhere prominently striated or lined with longitudinal tubercles,
divaricately branched; branches mostly arising at a right angle, lined with

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434

longitudinal tubercles, divaricately branched; branches mostly arising at
a right angle, lined with small cartilaginous tubercles, sometimes
interruptedly so; cladodes mostly in fascicles of 4-8, unequal, 0.5-5 mm
long, rarely the terminal solitary, divaricate, often arched, striated,
covered chiefly in lower part with small cartilaginous tubercles; scalelike
leaves hyaline, spurless on the branches, obscurely spurred on the stem;
flowers mostly in pairs, on the main stem and on branches of the first and
often the second order; pedicels relatively short, equal, slightly shorter
to slightly longer than perianth, jointed at or just above the middle; perianth
of staminate flowers 5-6 mm long, the segments distinct to two-thirds the
length; anthers oblong, longer than filaments; berry spherical, 7-8 mm
long, red, becoming blackish-brown. June-July.

Gravelly steppes, rocks, and sands.— E. Siberia: Dau. Gen. distr.:
Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Mongolia. Type in Leningrad.

13. A. dahuricus Fisch. (Hort. Gorenk.); Link, Enum. S. (1821) 340;
Turc 7, we lss baict-dah,. ) ILW226epipy)-Ldb. Hl. Ross. [V,.198'(p.p. ).

Perennial; stem 30-80 cm long, erect, prominently striated, branched;
branches strongly spreading but arising at an acute angle; branches and
cladodes smooth; cladodes mostly equal, 2-7 mm long, in fascicles of
1-3 (rarely up to 6), on the upper part of branches of last order always
solitary, set an acute angle; scalelike leaves linear, spurless or on the
main stem gibbous; flowers commonly in pairs, on the main stem and on
branches of the first and second order; pedicels slightly shorter to slightly
longer than perianth, jointed at or slightly below or above the middle;
perianth of staminate flowers 4-5 mm long, the segments distinct to three-
quarters the length; anthers oblong, shorter than filaments; perianth of
pistillate flowers 2-3 mm long; berry spherical, 5-7 mm long, at first
red, becoming nearly black in maturity. June.

Gravelly steppes, stony slopes, rocks, and rarely sandy soils or
fallows.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Mongolia,
Manchuria. Described from Dauria. Type in Leningrad.

14. A. kasakstanicus Iljin sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 747. —
A. inderiensis Miscz., Pacz., Schmalh. etc., non Blume. —
A, Mmaritimjus, Korsh. etc., noneMill#” et Pall. Ay lit ogialis jin,
Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 398 (non Stev.).

Perennial, 20-50 cm tall, yellowish-green; stem erect or bent at the
joints, nodding or flexuous at the end, branched; branches arising at an
acute or rarely straight angle; cladodes and mostly the branches
cartilaginously tuberculate-denticulate, very rarely smooth (subsp.
gypsaceus Ijin), often here and there irregularly thickened, mostly
flattened, on the average 3-4 (-6) cm long and 0.75-1 mm broad, in
fascicles of 1-6, mostly 3, straight or irregularly flexuous, commonly
unequal, appressed to branches or set an acute angle; scalelike leaves
mostly spurless or obscurely spurred; flowers on the main axis and on
the lower part of branches of first order; pedicels long, jointed above the
middle; perianth 4-6 mm long, yellowish; anthers oblong, shorter than
filaments; berry spherical, red, 6-7 mm long. May.

Solonchaks, sands, and chalk outcrops.— European part: L.V., Crim.,
Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Lake Inder.
Type in Leningrad.

333

(435)

Plate XXV

1. A. soongoricus Iljin.— 2. A. bra chyphyllus Turez., 2a) a fascicle of cladodes.—
3. A. tenuifolius Lam., 3a) stamen.— 4. A. Breslerianus Schult,— 5. A, angulofractus
Iljin.— 6. A. bucharicus Ijin.- 7. A. schoberioides Kunth; a) a portion of cladode ,—

8. A. polyphyllus Stev— 9. A. pseudoscaber Grecescu.— 10. A. Popovii I[ljin.—
11. A. neglectus Kar. et Kir,

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437

Note. In his publication ''Rastit. Emb. kotloviny'' (Vegetation of the
Emba Depression), the author proved that it was this species that Steven
had in mind while describing A. litoralis Stev. He based my conclusion
on the original specimen from the vicinity of Sudak, even though this had
not been mentioned on the label. Subsequently, when Steven's collections
arrived in the Komarov Botanical Institute, an Asparagus species, also
derived from Sudak, was found there with Steven's own determination —

A. litoralis, practically conforming to the description provided by

P. Mishchenko in his review of Crimean and Caucasian asparaguses.
Thus, while retaining the name A. litoralis Stev. for the rupestral
Crimean species, the author is obliged to apply to the eastern species the
new name A. kasakstanicus Iljin.

15. A. brachyphyllus Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XIII (1840) 78;
Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 479. —A,. purpurascens M.B. in Kunth Enum. V (1850)
63 (nomen nudum, sub synon.).— A. officinalis var. flexuosus Ldb.
Fl. Alt. II (1830) 44 (p.p.).—A. trichophyllis ytrachyphyllus
Bong. et Mey. Suppl. Fl. Alt. (1841) 74.—A. trichophyllus var.
flexuous Traut. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XL (1867) 109. —

A. trichophyllus 6 tuberculato-scaber, cladodiis setaceis arcuatis
brevioribus longitudine inaequalibus, Ldb. Fl. Ross.1IV (1853) 1S.

A. trichophyllus var. crassifolius Trautv. in herb. —

AD val a iti ws))/Pall. (uk. DLA ps29ret auch: = A wwlea ris: var.
maritima Pall. ex.Bong. et May. lic. 74:—A. Pallasi Misez., Monit.
Jand);)) Mim. 26. (1906) Bits Kryly FliZap. Sib. Is 649:-— Ie... PI Yugo=Vost.
III (1929) 194; Miscz. l.c. p.29, Figure 3.

Perennial; stem 15-50 cm long, flexuous, often trailing and twining;
branches arising mostly at a right or rarely at an acute angle, often arched,
sporadically minutely cartilaginous -tuberculate; cladodes in fascicles of
4-10, mostly 10 (3-20) mm long and 0.5-0.75 mm broad, commonly falcate
and spreading, with very numerous or scattered cartilaginous tubercles;
scalelike leaves spurred; flowers borne on the main axis and on the
branches; pedicels 5-10 mm long, jointed near the flower or at least well
above the middle; perianth of staminate flowers narrowly funnelform,

4.5-6 mm long, mostly reddish; anthers oblong, shorter than filaments;
perianth of pistillate flowers 2-—3.5 mm long, broadly funnelform, pink;
berry spherical, red, 5-7 mm in diameter. May. (Plate XXV, Figure 2, a). -

Solonchaks, saline meadows, and seacoasts.— European part: Bl., L.V.;
W. Siberia: U. Tob,, Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.; Centr. Asia:
Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz. K., Syr D., Kara K., Amu D. Gen. distr.:

N. China. Type in Leningrad

Note. An exceedingly polymorphic species, with a vast distribution
area. P.Mishchenko, in his critical review of Crimean and Caucasian
asparaguses, considers the European specimens as a distinct species and
separates them from the original A. brachyphyllus Turcz. chiefly
by the number and length of cladodes. This character is not, however,
persistent anywhere and displays variability over the entire range
throughout the distribution area. The author does not find it possible to
separate the western and eastern plants as distinct species. Moreover,
if a wider conception of species is applied, the species now to be described,

355

438 A. persicus Baker, could be included within the framework of the same
species, a course actually adopted by M.G. Popov in the Flora of
Turkmenistan.

16. A. persicus Baker (s.i.) in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1875) 603.—

A. oligophyllus Baker, l.c. 604.—A. Ledebourii Miscz. in Bull.
Jard. Bot. Tifl. XII (1916) 31.—A. inderiensis Blume in herb.
(authent.) et Iljin in Fl. austro-orient. III (1929) 397, non Pacz. et Misez. —
A. oligoecladus'*Bornm.. et Sint.. intherb. —Also fficinalrs~ var:
decorticatus Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 43 (p.p.).—A. trichophyllus
var. decorticatus Trautv. inherb.— A. trichophyllus §. glaber
cladodiis setaceis arcuatis, Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 197 (p.p.).—

A. leptophyllus Schischk., Izv. Tomsk. Univ. LXXX (1929) 434.—
Exs.: Kotschy, Pl. Pers. bor. No. 365.

Perennial; stems glabrous, smooth, commonly flexuous, often entwining
surrounding plants, mostly angled and strongly branched; branches arising
at a right angle or even pendent; cladodes mostly in fascicles of 1-5 (8),
mostly unequal, 1-5 cm (usually 1.5-2 cm) long, slightly faleate or more
often straight and spreading at a right angle, rarely ascending or descending,
very thin or thickish; smooth; scalelike leaves commonly spurred; flowers
on the main axis and on the branches; pedicels rather long, jointed (mostly
considerably) above the middle; berry spherical, red, 6-7 mm long. May.

Saline meadows and meadow solonchaks, tugaic thickets, shore thickets
in canyons, and chalk outcrops.— European part: L.V.; Caucasus:

E. Transc.; W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Minusinsk-
Achinsk steppes); Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Kyz. K., Syr D.,

Amu D., Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Dzu.-Kash.
Described from N. Iran, vicinity of village of Ask, near Demavend. Cotype
in Leningrad.

Note. A. persicus Baker is presented here as a collective species.
This is one of the most polymorphic species of Asparagus, containing
a large number of minor species and local races, some already described,
the majority as yet unknown. A. Ledebourii Miscz., A. inderiensis
Blume, A. oligocladus Bornm.et Sint. and A. leptophyllus Schischk.
are clearly not synonyms but already described minor species of this cycle.
Thus, for instance, the characteristics distinguishing these forms from the
true A. persicus Baker are, inthe case of A. Ledebourii Miscz.,
the longer and thicker cladodes; in the case of A. inderiensis Blume,
the more numerous and mostly somewhat curved cladodes;

A. oligocladus Bornm. et Sint. is distinguished by the mostly somewhat
descending usually and almost solitary cladodes; A. leptophyllus
Schischk. differs in the more numerous (4-8), longer and more slender
cladodes. The herbarium material suggests that there are other species
of the same standing. There is no doubt that this cycle of species, unified
439 here under the name A. persicus, needs to be subjected to detailed
monographic study before it can be brought into an orderly system adaptable
to practical use.

17. A. pseudoscaber Grecescu, Consp. fl. Rom. (1898) 556. —
A. officinalis b. pseudoscaber Asch. u. Gr. Syn. Ill (1905) p..295. —
A. scaber Pacz. Schmalh. (p.p.); Mat. dlya Fl. Bess. (1912) 78 (non
Brien):

336

440

Perennial; branches often horizontal, scabrous due to cartilaginous
tubercles, very rarely nearly smooth; stem in upper part and branches
mostly flexuous; cladodes in fascicles of 6-20, 4-10 mm long, spreading,
sulcate, straight or rarely very slightly curved, smooth; scalelike leaves
distinctly but slightly spurred; flowers nodding; pedicels ca. 20 mm long,
jointed in upper part; perianth of staminate flowers 5-6 mm long, cylindric-
campanulate, yellowish-green, brownish below; anthers oblong, as long
as or shorter than filaments; perianth of pistillate flowers ca. 3 mm long,
cup-shaped to funnelform; berry spherical, 7-8 mm long, May-June.
(Plate XXV, Figure 9).

Flooded areas and floodplains. — European part: Bl. Gen. distr.:
Rumania. Described from Rumania, from the Cranguri area of Prahova
District. Type in Bucharest.

18. A. Levinae Klok. in Tr. Sil.-Gosp. Bot. I, 3 (1927) 171.

Perennial; stem 20-75 cm long, densely longitudinally striate except
at base; branches more or less obliquely ascending to subhorizontal,
scabrous due to small tubercles; cladodes 5-50 mm long, in fascicles of
4-10, relatively thin, 0.25-0.5 in diameter, striated and ‘often tuberculate-
scabrous tonearly smooth, slightly spreading subappressed; scalelike
leaves essentially spurless; staminate flowers 5-6 mm long; pedicels
7-12 mm long, jointed above the middle; berry spherical, 5-6 mm long, red.

Sandy shores of seas and brackish lakes.— European part: Bl. (Dolgii,
Dzharylgach and Biryuchii islands), Crim. (Lakes Donuzlovskoe and
Sasykskoe, mouth of Bol'shoi Karasu River). Endemic. Described from
Dolgii Island. Type in Kharkov; cotype in Leningrad.

Note. Specimens from the Crimea have shorter cladodes than those
from Dolgii and Dzharylgach islands (var. tauricus Ijin). It is possible
that they represent distinct races. The author has not seen the flowers.

19. A. officinalis L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2 (1755) 108; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
196;.Shmal'g., Fl.Il, 478;.Kryl., Fl. Zap..Sib. III,.645.— A..altilis
Aschers. Fl. Prov. Brand. I (1864) 730.— A. officinalis var. altilis*
LeySpe. pleve( 7.53), 31 34— A. horpensisy Mill. Gard. Dict..edy 8, Ne, 1
(1768).—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. X, tab. 518, 967.— Exs.: Herb. Mus.
Tirol. No. 629.

Perennial; stem 50-150 cm long, erect, smooth, branched; branches
arising at an acute angle; cladodes in fascicles of 3-6, slender, straight,
filiform, 1-3 cm long, obliquely ascending or more or less appressed to
stem; scalelike leaves spurred; flowers solitary or paired, borne on main
axis and on branches; pedicels rather long, jointed slightly below to slightly
above the middle; perianth segments oblong; staminate flowers ca. 5mm
long; anthers about the length of filaments; pistillate flowers half as long
as the staminate; berry spherical, red. May-July.

Meadows, northern steppes, and shrub thickets. — Throughout Europe,
except the north; Caucasus: Cisc., Tal.; W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt., Alt.
Gen. distr.: Scand., “Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur., Balk.

Note. The relationship between this species and A. polyphyllus
Stev. is not quite clear, and thus, contrary to Mishchenko's opinion, their
unification is fully justified. It is possible that A. hebecarpus Andrz.,

* The epithet altilis, signifying fat, was adopted by Linnaeus for the cultivated asparagus.

B37

441

of which the author has not seen the original specimens, is one of the forms
of this species. It is referred by Baker to A. caspius Hohen.

Economic importance. Var. altilis L. is cultivated as a truck crop,
the young shoots of the cultivated form being used (April-June) as a
vegetable. They contain asparagin and also have a diuretic effect.

20. A. setiformis Kryl. in Animadvers. Syst. ex Herb. Un. Tomsk.
No.9 (1928) 20; Fl. Zap. Sib. III (1929) 648.

Perennial; stem 60-100 cm long; branches obliquely ascending or
spreading; cladodes in fascicles of 2-6 (8), capillary, 1.5-3.5 cm long,
0.125-0.2 mm in diameter, straight, mostly divaricate; pedicels 10-15 mm
long, jointed at or just above the middle; perianth of staminate flowers
funnelform-campanulate, ca. 4 mm long; anthers oblong-ovaloid, slightly
shorter than filaments; berry spherical, 6-7 mm long, dark red. June.

Meadows.— W. Siberia: Irt., Atl. Described from W. Altai, the first
report indicating the vicinity of town of Kolyvan. Type in Tomsk.

Note. The author has not had an opportunity of seeing specimens of this
species. As far as can be deduced from the description, two different
species appear to be confused here: 1) var. typicus Kryl 1.c.— obviously
belonging to A. persicus, and 2) var. tenuis Kryl. l.c. which is
one of the shade-loving forms of A. officinalis L. This assumption
needs confirmation.

21. A. caspius Hohen. Enum. Talysch. (1837) 24.— A. davuricus
Ldb. Fl. Ross, IV (1853) 198 (p.p.).— A. offinicalis var. strictus
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 336 (p.p.).— A. oxycarpus Stev. in Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mose. XXX (1857) 344.— A. officinalis var. divaricatus [I)jin,
Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 397.

Perennial, glaucescent; stem relatively long, longitudinally striate,
much branched; branches mostly strongly spreading; cladodes in fascicles
of 5 (3)-15, slender, not more than 0.5 mm in diameter, commonly equal,
10-30 mm long, straight, divaricate, striate, smooth or scabrous (var.
oxycarpus Miscz.); scalelike leaves long-spurred; flowers on main
stem and on branches; pedicels 8-15 mm long, jointed at or slightly above
the middle; perianth of staminate flowers ca. 6-7 mm long; anthers
ovaloid-oblong, shorter than filaments; perianth of pistillate flowers small;
berry 6-8 mm long, spherical to ovaloid-spherical, red. May-June.

Groves, woods, gardens, and slopes.— Caucasus: Dag., W., S. and E.
Transc.; Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd. (?). Described
from Transcaucasia, from vicinity of German colony of Elenendorf. Type
in Leningrad.

Note. The distinguishing characteristics hardly justify separation of
this species from A. officinalis that is insisted upon by P. Mishchenko.
Postponing the final solution of this problem until a thorough systematic
study has been carried out, the author presents this species within the
scope proposed by Mishchenko.

22. A. oligoclonos Maxim. Primit. fl. Amur. (1859) 286.

Perennial; stem 40-75 cm long, erect, branched; branches arising at
an acute angle; stem in upper part and branches prominently striate, the
striations scarcely denticulate; cladodes in fascicles of 8-15 on the stem

338

and 5-10 on branches, 1 (0.5)-2.5 cm long, straight, mostly flabellately
spreading, deeply striate; scalelike leaves spurless, on the main stem
short-spurred; flowers mostly in pairs; pedicels very long, pendulous,
commonly jointed above the middle; perianth of staminate flowers 7-10 mm
long; anthers oblong, longer than filaments; berry spherical, 8-10 mm
long, red. June-July.

Dry meadows, dry stony slopes, and coastal sands.— E. Siberia: Dau.;
Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from the estuary
of the Onon River. Type in Leningrad.

23. A. polyphyllus Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXX (1857) 343. —

A. officinalis var. serotinus C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1848) 265.—
A. officinalis var: strictus Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1888) 336 (p. p.).—
A. officinalis var. caspicus Asch. et Graeb. Synopsy MI (1905-7) 295
p.p.).— Alsoffiei malis pi. (ore vifolius? Trautv..dnm Shmal'g,, .Fl. I

—a—

1897) 478.— A. officinalis var. jergenicus Racz., Flor. i fit.
issl. v Kalm'shch. st. (1892) 123.— Exs.: Callier. It. taur. III No. 799.
Perennial; stems 30-50 cm long, erect, glabrous, smooth, branched,
often angled; branches arising at an acute angle; cladodes fairly thick,
0.25-1.5 cm long, appressed to stem or slightly spreading; scalelike leaves
spurred; flowers on the main axis and on the branches; pedicels rather long,
jointed slightly below to slightly above the middle; berry smaller than in
the preceding species. May-July. (Plate XXV, Figure 8).
Steppes, solonetz soils, and chalk outcrops.— European part: Caucasus;
W. Siberia: U. Tob.; Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (Irba); Centr.
Asia: Ar.-Casp. (N.) and Balkh. (N.). Gen. distr.: not ascertained.
Described from the Crimea, from the vicinity of Sudak. Type in Leningrad.
Note. Most closely related to A. officinalis L., from which it
differs in trivial characters and possibly constitutes a southern variety of
this species. The author retains within the framework established by
P.Mishchenko.

442

24. A. litoralis Stev. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XXX (1857) 344;
Miscz. Aspar. (1916) 34.

Perennial; stem 30-50 cm long, slightly sulcate and angled, smooth,
mostly flexuous in upper part, divaricately branched; branches smooth,
arising at a straight or nearly straight angle; cladodes in fascicles of
4-10, 5-10 mm long, rarely 1.5mm [?], straight or slightly curved,
spreading, smooth; scalelike leaves slightly spurred; flowers in 2's—4's,
borne on the main axis and on branches of first order; pedicels long,
jointed in upper part; perianth of staminate flowers campanulate, 5-6 mm
long; anthers oblong, about the length of filaments; perianth of pistillate
flowers ca. 3mm long; berry spherical, 7-8 mm long, red. May-June.

Rocky seacoasts. — European part: Crimea. Endemic.

Genus 285. DANAE* MEDIC.**
Medic, Malvenfam. (1787) 72.

Flowers bisexual; perianth fleshy, gamophyllous, urceolate, with small
deltoid equal teeth; stamens 3, the filaments united into a tube, the anthers

* A mythological name.
** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

339

443

444

exserted; ovary sessile, incompletely 3-locular, the locules 2-ovuled;
style short; stigma capitate; berry spherical, mostly 1-seeded. Subshrubs
resembling Ruscus, with lanceolate phylloclade, but with gamophyllous
flowers in terminal racemes.

1. D. racemosa (L.) Moench, Method. (1794) 179.—Ruscus
riaciem oss “la/Sp. pl (1753 )004 y= Lee GeartnieCarpolwtabwmG,
Figure 8; Dippel, Laubholzk. I, 11, Figure 6.

A perennial, evergreen, branched subshrub, 1/2-1 m tall, with erect
branches; cladodes obliquely oblong-lanceolate, 5-6 (8.5) cm long,
1.5-2 cm broad, acuminate; flowers small, white, in terminal racemes of
6-9 arising from axils of upper cladodes; pedicels barely shorter than the
flowers, jointed at the end; berry large, red. Fl. May-July. Fr. October.
(Plate XXVI, Figure 5 a-d).

Shaded woods.— Caucasus: Tal. (up to 1000 m above sea level).
Gen. distr.: Syria and N. Iran (coast of Caspian Sea, Gilan and Astrabad).

Note. In the Caucasus the local population uses this plant as a laxative
and as an infusion against colds. Introduced into cultivation as ornamental
(Grossg., Obsled. efiron. i lek. r. ASSR. Bot. Sb. AZGNI, 1932).

Genus 286. RUSCUS* TOURN.**
Tourn. Inst. 79 tab. 15.

Perennial, dioecious, erect subshrubs, with creeping rhizome and finely
sulcate stem; branches transformed into persistent coriaceous sessile
prominently parallel-nerved cladodes; leaves small, hyaline, triangular-
subulate; flowers bisexual [sic], small, with a greenish perianth,
developing from a bud inserted on the midrib on the upper or rarely the
lower face of the cladode; perianth marcescent, 6-parted; perianth segments
spreading, the inner narrower; flowers staminate consisting of stamens
connate into an ovoid tubule terminating in fertile anthers; pistillate flower
consisting of a short-stipitate ovary surrounded by filaments destitute of
anthers; ovary 3-loculed, the locules 2-ovuled; style very short; stigma
capitate; fruit a fleshy red short-stipitate berry, mostly 1-celled and
1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed subglobose.

1, Cladodes*large , green} io= 12) enn lone aie 40mm tbr oad. A27k ae DALE 2.
+ Cladodes small firm, terminating inva spiny point 2oowin ieee: 3.
2. Flowers 5 or 6, on the lower face of cladodes, subtended by a small

hyaline obtusely lanceolate bract............ 1. R. hypophyllum L.
+ Flowers 3-5, on the upper face of cladodes, subtended by a large

folnaceousdbract(s ea. .nigjameli. to spel aver. ‘2. R. hypoglossum L.
3. Branches alternate; flowers 1 or 2.50... 0.. 3. R. ponticus Woron.
+ Branches 4-5, apparently verticillate at the end of stem; flowers in

CUBIS TSF SPO Ne 5 ee i a, oe nene Seen emu st APS 4. R. hyrcanus Woron

1. R. hypophyllum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1041.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. tab. 2049.

* The name of this plant, as mentioned by Virgil and Pliny.
** Arranged by E.G. Chernyakovskaya.

340

447

Perennial; a subshrub, 45-55 cm tall; stems erect, mostly simple;
cladodes dense, very large, coriaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
6-9 cm long, 2-4 cm broad, acuminate, narrowed toward base, the lower
opposite, the upper alternate; flowers 5 or 6, small, borne on the lower
face of the cladode and subtended by a small lanceolate obtusish bracts;
berries stipitate, red, 8-10 mm in diameter, 2-seeded. Fl. April-May;
fr. July-September. (Plate XXVI, Figure 4).

Shady woods, among shrubs in canyons, up to 1800 m above sea level. —
Caucasus: Cisc., W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Med. Described from Italy.

Note. A plant varying greatly in the shape and breadth of cladodes that
are up to 11 cm long and 8 cm broad.

2. R. hypoglossum L. Sp. pl. (1753) 1041; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 478.—
leo Nenb. Ie) Fl. Germ. Wab) 968)" Fl. ‘graec te 9aa%

Perennial; a subshrub, 20-40 cm tall; branches erect, commonly simple;
cladodes large, coriaceous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 cm long,
12-22 mm broad, acuminate, narrowed toward base, the upper opposite,
the lower alternate; flowers in 3's to 5's, borne about the middle on the
upper face of the cladode, subtended by a foliaceous coriaceous oblong-
acuminate bract, up to 2-2.5 cm long and 5-8 mm broad. ,Fl. April-May;
fr. July. (Plate XXVI, Figure 3).

Shady and stony places in the mountain and forests. — European part:
S. Crim. Gen. distr.: W. Med., Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described
from Bulgaria. Type in London.

3. R. ponticus Woron. in schedis; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I (1926) 240.—
R. aculeatus 6 angustifolius Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 341.—

R. aeculeatis) kdb. HIV Rosse Ly (1841 ).129;\ Shmal's.,/ FI. Il, 477. —
Ic.: Monit. Jard. Tifl. (1907) tab. II (sub R. aculeatus v.
angustifolius).— Exs : HFR No. 534.

Perennial; a glaucescent subshrub, 30-55cm (upto 1m) tall; stem erect,
finely sulcate, scaberulous on the ribs; branches erect to scarcely
reclinate, alternate; leaves narrowly long-subulate, hyaline, borne at the
base of the cladode; cladodes firmly coriaceous, lanceolate to ovate-oblong,
tapering to a spiny point, with prominent midrib and few lateral nerves;
flowers small, borne on the lower half of the lower face of the cladode,
subtended by a small hyaline subulate-acuminate lanceolate bract; berry
large, red. Fl. February-April; fr. October-December. (Plate XXVI,
Figure la-c).

Stony places in mountain forests, up to 900-1000 m above sea level,
among shrubs and among stones, in canyons, light juniper woods, in the
lower zoneon the southern slopes of the main range of the Crimean
Mountains and in pine woods of the Crimea; on coastal rocks and in beech
woods along the Black Sea coast. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus:

W. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Lazistan, Bal.-As. Min. Described from
the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The size of cladodes varies from 12 to 25 mm long and from
59 to 8 mm broad. The USSR species differs from the W. European
R.aculeatus inthe narrower firmer and thinner acuminate 1-3-nerved
cladodes.

341

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Sy
Ss) 5

a
ye
7

WW
ONE

VE,

SW

pw \
> Nah N 4 ! \
AD YG =\}s

Wy

Plate XX VI

1, Ruscus ponticus Woron.: a) pistillate flower, b) ovary in section, c) staminate flower, d) fruit,

e) fruit in section. — 2. R. hyrcanus Woron.: a) ovary, b) pistillate flower.— 3, R. hypoglossum L.—
4, R. hypophyllum L.—5. Danaé racemosa Moench.: a) fruiting branch, b) flowering branch,

c) flower, d) fruit.

342

448

E.V. Wulff (Fl. Krymal, 3, 68) reports that within its distribution area
the plant is used for making whisks and is therefore subjected to severe
extermination.

var. macrophyllus Woron.— with stronger growth and cladodes
3.5-4 cm long, 2 cm broad.— W. Transc. (Sukhumi and Kutaisi).

4, R. hyrcanus Woron. in Monit. Jard. Tifl. (1907) 33.—R. aculeatus
f. verticillata Alexeenko in schedis.—Ic.: ibid. tab. 1.— Exs.: Fl.
cauc. exs. No. 309.

Perennial; 25-40 cm tall; stems sulcate; branches 5, rarely 4 or 6,
arising at one point at the end of stem, the lateral forming an apparent
whorl, the central one apparently forming as extension of the stem, all
subequal, arcuately spreading or declined; cladodes green, oblong-ovate
or verticillate-elliptic [sic], rarely broadly lanceolate, 12-25 mm long,
8-13 mm broad (including point), distinctly and closely parallel-nerved,
the spiny point 2-2.5 mm long, the carinate midrib very prominent;
flowers commonly in clusters of 2-5, rarely solitary. Fl. April; fr.
September-October. (Plate XXVI, Figure 2a, b).

Box thickets in woods up to 1200 m above sea level. — European part:
Crim. (near Yalta, Levandovskii); Caucasus: Tal. Gen. distr.: N. Iran.
(Caspian coast — in woods). Described from Iran. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 287. CLINTONIA* RAF .**
Raf. Journ. d. Phys. (1819) 102.

Perianth petaloid, 6-parted down to base, deciduous, the elongated
round-tipped narrow-based subequal segments spreading or campanulately
approximate; stamens 6, inserted at the base of segments; anthers
2-loculed, elongate, bilobed at base; pistil with 2- or 3-celled ovary and
1 stamen; stigma obscurely 2- or 3-lobed; fruit a spherical or ovaloid
2- or 3-celled berry, the cells 2—12-seeded. Plants with leafless scape,
umbellate inflorescence, and radical leaves.

1. C. udensis Trautv. et Mey. Flor. ochot. (1856) 92; Maxim. Prim.
FL... Amurt,218)) Kom inpeaen Pi XX, 468iscleo: Traptw. jetsMey. ibid. 30.

Perennial; rhizome creeping, with thick fibrous roots, enveloped
together with the base of radical leaves in a hyaline translucent sheath;
growth habit changing in the course of development; at flowering scape
(17) 20-40 cm long, terete, glabrous in lower part, tomentose at the top;
basal leaves 3-6 (7), congested, prostrate, oboval, petiolately narrowed
at base, mostly mucronate, (12) 15-25 (27) cm long, 4-8 cm broad, green
above, pale beneath, glabrous on both sides, slightly ciliate on the margin;
flowering raceme umbellate, 2—4 cm long, loosely 2-12-flowered; flowers
upturned, slightly spreading, ebracteolate; pedicels tomentose, as long as
or slightly longer than flowers; perianth yellowish-white; perianth segments
narrowly oblong, narrowed toward base, round-tipped to acutish, 0.7-1.0cm
long, 5-nerved, equal; stamens equal, shorter than perianth; filaments
dilated at base; anthers ellipsoid, erect, 2-loculed, 2-rimose, opening

* Named after DeWitt Clinton, Governor of New York at the beginning of the 19th century.
** Arranged by O.1. Kuzeneva.

343

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Plate XX VII

1, Clintonia udensis Fisch. et Mey.; 1a) flowering cluster; 1b) flower.— 2. Smilacina trifolia
Desf, 2a) flower.— 3. Streptoptus ajanensis Tifl.; 3a) flower.— 4. Majanthemum bifolium
F. Schmidt: 4a) flower.— 5. Streptoptus amplexifolius DC.: 5a) flower; 5b)same without perianth.

344

451

452

lengthwise; ovary 3-celled, ellipsoid, smooth, green; stigma 3-lobed,
the short lobes recurved; in fruiting leaves 20-33 cm long and 4-10 cm
broad, more appressed to the ground; scape elongating to (35) 45-80(87)cm
long; inflorescence elongating to 5-28 (40) cm; pedicels widely scattered
except at the top where gathered in an umbel of 3-6, arcuately upcurved,
2-6 cm long; fruit at first apparently baccate, dark blue, ca. 1 cm long,
at length drying into a dehiscent capsule with 3 imperfect cells. May-June.
(Plate XXVII, Figure 1 a,b).

Mountain areas, primeval forests, especially among conifers with moss

‘undergrowth, rarely in mixed forests.— Far East: Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uda,

Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from the Uda estuary. Type
in Leningrad.

Genus 288. SHILACINA* DESF.**
Desf. in Annales du Mus. IX (1807) 52,

Perianth petaloid, 6-parted down to base, stellate, deciduous; stamens 5,
inserted at the base of perianth segments; anthers ovoid, introrse; pistil 1,
with a 2- or 3-celled ovary, a short style and an obtuse 2- or 3-lobed
stigma; fruit a spherical berry. Caulescent plants with sessile or
amplexicaul leaves and a terminal inflorescence.

Ie estenawp tO .20 cm. Jone: eaves 2 OFS . ee. ye ae ne 3. 8S. trifoliata Desf,
Totem joke chan 20 em long: leaves ey we a ae a
PORNO TSR OM RCS eal Sehr ok l= ee eee ee 1. S. dahurica Turcz.
Bet OW CTO tea eiie Dr CIC ae en eg hs) 2. S. hirta Maxim.

1. Ss. dahurica Turcz. Cat.,.Baic.-Dah. (1837) No. 1129 nom. nud.; ‘db’
Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 128; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. II (1856) 206.—Ic.: Miyabe
et Miyake, Fl. Saghalin (1915) t.12.— HFR No. 443.

Perennial; rhizome slender, creeping, 2-3 mm long [?]; stem erect,
slightly arched at the top, ribbed, covered with scattered hairs,

(25) 35-60 cm long, clothed in lower part with 1-3 membranous sheaths;
leaves 7-11, alternate, sessile, semiamplexicaul, oblong to oblong-elliptic,
terminating in a sharp or obtusish point, green and glabrous above,
glaucescent beneath, sparsely hairy on the lower surface and on the margin,
(5) 6-10 (12) cm long, 2-3 (4) cm broad; raceme simple, rather dense,

2-5 cm long; pedicels pubescent, in clusters of (2) 3 or 4 (5), 0.3-0.7 cm
long, the subtending scalelike bracteolate 0.1-0.3 cm long; perianth wide
open, white, 0.5-0.8 cm across; segments elongate, narrowed at both ends,
0.5 cm long, 0.1 cm broad; stamens about the length of perianth; pistil
including style shorter than perianth; berry spherical, in maturity black
tinged with red, 0.5-0.8 cm long. June-July.

Woods (mostly broad-leaved) and wood margins, river valleys, rarely
slopes.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol. (basin of upper Aldan), Dau.; Far East:
Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uda, Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: China. Described from
Dauria. Type in Leningrad.

* Derived from the generic name Smilax and implying systematic affinity between the two genera.
** Arranged by O.I. Kuzeneva.

345

453

2. S. hirta Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 276.—S. japonica var.
mandshurica Maxim. m Mélang. Biol. XI (1883) 857; Kom., Fl.
Manchzh. I (1901) 471; Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I
(19310) 37 %

Perennial; rhizome horizontal, creeping, 0.5-0.8 cm in diameter,
fleshy, whitish, stem (20) 30-50 (70) cm long, coated at base with 1-3
scalelike sheaths, 0.3-0.5 cm in diameter, erect, slightly flexuous at the
end, glabrous or sparingly hairy in lower part, hispid or rarely glabrous
in upper part; leaves (4) 5-7, borne on the upper part of the stem,
alternate, petiolately narrowed at base, semiamplexicaul, broadly elliptic
to elongate-elliptic, pubescent at the margin, ciliate, glabrate elsewhere,
5-12 (14) cm long, (2) 4-7 (9) cm broad, the upper smaller than the lower;
flowers numerous in a compound branched raceme (2) 4-7 cm long; pedicels
puberulous, subtended by a hyaline bracteole; perianth wide open, white,
ca. 0.8-0.9 cm in diameter; segments oblong, round-tipped; anthers
yellowish, about as long as perianth segments; pistil including style shorter
than perianth; berry reddish-black, 0.4 cm in diameter. May-June.

Deciduous woods, wood margins, and shrub thickets.— Far East: Uss.
Gen. distr.: China. Described from Ussuri area. Type in Leningrad.

3. S. trifoliata Desf. in Ann. du Mus.-Paris [X,.@807) 52° Ldb. Ft.
ROSSE LV, elon

Perennial; rhizome slender, creeping, 0.2-0.3 cm in diameter; stem
erect or slightly curved, simple, glabrous, 8-20 cm long, clothed in lower
part with 1-3 membranous scales; leaves 2 or 3, alternate,
semiamplexicaul, oblong-elliptic, acuminate or somewhat rounded in upper
part, terminating in a small point, green, glabrous, sometimes with short
hairs on the margin and the upper part, (4) 6-10 (12) cm long, (1) 2-3 cm
broad; flowers 4-10, small, in a loose terminal raceme (2) 4-6 (8) cm long;
pedicels subtended by a hyaline bracteole, the upper 0.2-0.5 cm long, the
lower 0.5-2.0 cm long; perianth wide open, white, 0.5-0.8 cm in diameter,
with elliptic segments; stamens with violet anthers, about equaling the
perianth; pistil shorter than perianth; berry spherical, dark red,
0.5-0.7 cm in diameter. May-June, beginning of July. (Plate XXVII,
Figure 2, a).

Mossy shallow bogs, also very wet places in swampy forests. —
W. Siberia: Ob. (sporadically in the SW part of the Yenisei River basin);
E. Siberia: throughout; Far East: throughout except Kamchatka.

Gen. distr.:Jap.-Ch., N. Am. Described from Siberia. Type in Florence.
Note. Material from E. Siberia is largely characterized by a more
elongated inflorescence and longer lower pedicels (up to 2 cm) as compared

with material from the Far East.

Genus 289. MAJANTHEMUM WIGG.*
Wigg. Prim. Fl. Holsat., (1780) 14; Bifolium Gaertn. Fl. Wetter. 1(1799) 209.

Perennials with creeping rhizome; stems erect, with 2 or rarely 3 leaves
near the top; leaves alternate, cordate-lanceolate; inflorescence a terminal

raceme; flowers small; pedicels slender, 2-jointed; perianth with

* Arranged by B.A. Fedchenko.

346

454

4 spreading segments; stamens 4, shorter than perianth segments; anthers
ovoid, dorsifixed; ovary subsessile, short, 2-celled; the cells 2-ovuled;
style filiform.

1. Plants to 40 cm tall; leaves to 10 cm broad, somewhat fleshy; flowers
toot mman diameter;* perianth/segmentsibroadly rounded”. 280070"...
fe ofits . milee ot to. vision. 8: 2. M. dilatatum (Wood.) Nels. et Macb.

2. Plants to 25 cm tall; leaves to 6 cm broad, more pointed; flowers ca.

mm un icimnreter: perianth segments oblong] . PPB Ye Aedes ol.
me to 9860.16 Osireenl eames eats 1. M. bifolium (L.) F. Schmidt.

1. M. bifolium (L.) F. Schmidt, Fl. Boehm. Cent. IV (1824) 55.—
Smilacina bifolia Schult: Syst. veg: ed: 7, 1 (1829) 307: —
Pervallaria bifalia %. Sp: pl. (fos) o16,— lc.: Rehb, Tce. El.
germ. X, tab. 336.— Exs.: Hayek Fl. stir. No.17; Fries Herb. norm.
fasc. XVI.

Perennial; 12-25 cm tall; rhizome slender, creeping, often producing
underground offshoots; stem erect, bearing in upper part 2 (rarely 3)
leaves; leaves close to base of peduncle, short-petioled; leaf blade deeply
cordate-ovate, to 10 cm long, with a rather broad sinus at base, narrowed
toward apex, acute, the lower surface usually with short hairs on the veins;
flowers in aterminal raceme; bracts small, scarious; perianth segments
white, oblong, not more than 3 mm long; style linear, as long as ovary;
berry at first gray with reddish spots, becoming cherry-red. May-July.
(Plate XXVII, Figure 4a).

Woods, mostly coniferous or mixed.— European part: all regions, except
L.V.; W. Siberia: Ob, U. Tob., Irt., Alt.; E. Siberia: all regions;

Far East: Kamch., Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uda. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Scand.,
Med., Bal.-As. Min., Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from N. Europe. Type
in London.

2. M. dilatatum (Wood.) Nels. et Macb. in Bot. Gaz. LXI (1916) 30.—
M. bifolium dilatatum Wood. in Proc. Acad. Sc. Philadelph. (1868)
174.—Convallaria bifolia var. kamtschatica Chamiso in Linnaea
Vi (1631) 587.—. Smillacina bifolia var.-kamtschatica Ldb. FI.
Ross. IV, 127.—M. kamtschaticum Kom., Puteshestv. v Kamchatku
(1909) 453; Fl. Kamch. I, 302.—Unifolium dilatatum Howell. Fl.
N. W. Amer. I (1902) 657.—M. canadense Kom. Fl. Mansh.I, 474
(non Desf.).—Ic.: Le Roy Abrams. Fl. Pacif. states, Figure 1.

Perennial, 15-25 cm tall, rarely up to 40 cm (var. vegetior Kom.);
rhizome nodose, stouter than in the preceding species, sometimes branched;
stem etect, with 2 leaves in upper part (rarely 3 — var. trifolia Kom.);
leaves rather thick, somewhat fleshy, lustrous green, the sinus broader
and the basal lobes more spreading than in the preceding species;
inflorescence denser than in the preceding species, containing up to
25 flowers; flowers somewhat larger, almost completely inodorous;
perianth segments broader, slightly fleshy, sometimes up to 4 mm long
(var. vegetior Kom.); May-June.

Birch woods, slopes, clearings, meadows, and coastal dunes. —

Far East: Kamch., Uss., Uda, Sakh. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch., N. Am.,
Sitka Is. [Baranof Island], Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, California.
Described from Oregon (from Astoria to Dallas). Type in Washington.

347

Genus 290. DISPORUM SALISB.*
Salisb. in Trans ..Hort. Soc. 1(1812) 331 (nomen solum); Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepl. 50.

Rhizome creeping, horizontal; stems little branched, leafy; leaves
alternate, sessile or short-petioled, ovate to lanceolate, membranous,
with a dense network of veins; flowers solitary or in pairs, at the ends
of branches, rarely numerous in an umbellate inflorescence; pedicels
spreading to pendent; perianth deciduous, narrowly campanulate; segments
distinct, erect or reflexed at tips; stamens inserted at base of and not
exceeding the perianth segments; filaments linear or dilated; ovary sessile
or tapering at base, 3-celled, the cells 2- or rarely 4-6-ovuled; style
filiform, 3-fid; fruit subspherical, baccate; seeds ovoid-globose.

1. D. viridescens (Maxim.) B. Fedtsch. comb. nova —D. smilacinum

Asa Gray; Plant. japon. in Parry's exped. p. 321.—D. var.

455viridescens Maxim., Mél. biol. XI, 858.—Uvularia viridescens
Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur (1859) 273.—Prosarthes viridescens Rgl.
Pl...,Ussun. Ne. 493!

Perennial, 40-70 cm tall, glabrous; root fibrous; floriferous stem
accompanied by another stem due to flower the following year and bifurcate
below summit; cauline leaves alternate, the lowest subvaginate, the others
borne on very short petioles, oblong-ovate, 5-7-nerved; inflorescence
umbellate, commonly of 2 flowers in the axil of a leaf on one of the branches;
pedicels slender; filiform, pendent; perianth segments oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, glabrous, cupuliformly spreading, whitish-green; stamens less
than half the length of perianth; filaments subulate; ovary subspherical,
the cells 2-ovuled;’ style about the length of ovary; stigmas 3, recurved,
fruit a juicy berry. June.

Banks of rivers and streams, among plants in shaded soil, and in the
shade of trees of bottomlands.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.,

N. China, Manchuria. Described from the Amur River between the estuaries
of the Khungari and Dondon rivers. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 291. STREPTOPUS** L.C. Rich. t
L.C.Rich. in Michx., Fl. bot. amer. I (1803) 200.

Herbaceous perennials with leafy stem; flowers solitary or paired in the
axils of stem leaves; pedicels appressed to the superposed node and thus
the flower appearing sessile under the next cauline leaf; perianth
campanulate, the segments slightly united at base; stamens inserted at the
base of perianth segments; style 3-fid; ovary sessile, 3-celled, the cells
many-ovuled; fruit a many-seeded berry; seeds oblong.

1. Stem branched, long; leaves amplexicaul, oval to oval-oblong; flowers
solitary, axillary, small, the segments of the rosy perianth reflexed

af tips; berry oblones red a Mal taser Seen 1. S. amplexifolius DC.
Stem to 40 cm long, simple or with very few axillary branches; flowers
darkered:; pbenry subsphericall! pore. when erect. wll Bt, hemline Oo Lede
ROR WON AUS tlhe ae oe 2. S. streptopoides (Ldb.) Nelson et Macbr.

* Arranged by B.A. Fedchenko,

** From Greek streptos, twisted, and pus, leg, referring to the apparently twisted pedicel,
t Arranged by B.A. Fedchenko.

348

456

457

1. S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. in Lam. et DC. Fl. Franc. III (1805) 174;
db. Hl. cRosssi il V,. 1122). Uv. uw haadlapaiaapdiercdsfie dl i a alti Spr ply d(N753)
304.—Ic.: Mich. Fl. bor. amer. I, tab. 18; Redouté, Liliac. tab. 259;
Richbiide. Fl. Germ: X,, tab. 4215 7. 959:

Perennial, 40-100 cm long; rhizome short, giving rise to thick roots;
stem branched only in upper part; leaves oval to oblong-ovate, deeply
cordate at base, amplexicaul, thin, acute, glabrous, grayish-green
beneath, with irregularly scattered veins; peduncles to 5 cm long, simple
or branched, strongly recurved in upper part; perianth segments rosy,
oblong, somewhat convolute in upper part; style shortly 3-fid; filaments
very short; fruit a red berry. July-August. (Plate XXVII, Figure 5a,b).

Wet mossy woods and coppices.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol; Far East: Uda,
Kamch., Uss. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Med., Jap.-Ch., N. Am.
Described from Czechoslovakia. Type in London.

2. S. streptopoides (Ldb.) Nelson et Macbr., Bot. Gaz. vol. LXI (1916)
30.—S. ajanensis Tilling. inmss.—Kruhsea Tillingiana Rgl. in
Rgl. et Till. Fl. ajanens. (1858) No. 281.—K. streptopoides (Ldb.)
Kearney in Herron. Explor. Alaska, Adj. Gen. Off. 31 (1901) 74, ex Le Roy
Abrams, Fl. pacif. States I, 458.—Smilacina streptopoides Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV (1854) 128, quoad plantam ajanensem.—Ic.: Le Roy Abrams
(1916) 30 Fl. pacif. States, Vol. I, 458.

Perennial, 10-20 cm tall; rhizome producing a single stem each year;
stem with 2 coriaceous sheaths at base, erect, glabrous, terete, simple
or with lor 2 axillary branches in upper part; leaves alternate,
subamplexicaul, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-9-nerved,
to 50 cm long, glabrous, entire or the margin with small elongate linear
teeth; peduncles monanthous, recurved, situated close to leaf margin,
filiform, jointless, one-fourth to one-third the length of leaf; berry red;
seeds striate, yellowish. 15-30 mm [?].

Wet places.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol. (Yablonovyi Range); Far East:
Okh., Ayan, Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (N. Korea, Nippon); N. Am.
(from Alaska to Washington State; reports for Sitka refer to
Streptopus roseus Michx.). Described from Ayan. Type in Leningrad.

Adans., Fam. II (1763) 53.

Flowers bisexual, axillary; périanth tubular, gamophyllous, greenish-
white, sometimes rosy, with 6 short teeth; stamens 6, inserted and
included in perianth tube; pistil with a long filiform style and a 3-lobed
stigma; ovary 3-celled; fruit a 1-9-seeded berry, the cells 1-seeded [?];
flowers 1-4 in the leaf axils, with pendent pedicels; rhizome stout,
horizontal, thickened at the site of rounded scarlike depressions left by
dead old aerial stems.
din pLeCAVeESIVeFHICHApe? | Fi ik APN. CPR) 22 oO SAP BOO EOP Se, . C Zs
PeMbcavemaltermnatcin ie: 1 This kr Recontde lk. WL Oa PEMOMT es .. 6.

* From Greek polis, many and gonum, angle, edge.
** Arranged by O.E.Knorring.

349

458

aw + co 4 te

Flowers rose; bracts minute......... 1. P. roseum (Ldb.) Kunth.

EBlowérsiwhite:s bractsmmorermdevelop6d A.V 7 ttn ae! ty PROT, ohh ok aS
Eilaments@ubescentvoriglandular ..1 LOR. 508 55, OEMs Oh eh 4.
Filaments and leaves glabrous <C¥ «huhu h od oo du:. ERG. ok hone tae stan 0.

Filaments pubescent; leaves covered with short hairs ............
SIGS . Maver BioldG, OF LAV Baeveel, ie: 3. P. verticillatum (L.) All.
Filaments glandular-margined; leaves glabrous, recurved at apex.

Hee Od, IO 2 O0 Aa OUR BUSY, Dat lis 28 Vi" S&. P. Sewerzowi Rgl.
Bracts minute; peduncles much longer than bracts ..............
(ESI. Arts Vite slese, -Tteg 1 mer eth at 4. P. sibiricum Redouté.
Bracts larger)! abouttwice the lengthiof pedunclest s Ili. tone. YIey .
StOaA Sao loMnarmah. mkt Se. oon, Bien 2. P. stenophyllum Maxim.
Flowers narrowed above the ovary, with perianth distinctly constricted

Leaves broadly oval, subsessile, hairy beneath; flowers small......
Ae as Bare ae et We Wes i es Pe ey Oe a a 15. P. obtusifolium Miscz.

Leaves sellipticy om hanceolate: Lon dav). \SG51) » OO ATRLE tS odth kote ot 8.
Leaves obiong-lanceolate, covered beneath with short hairs; filaments
slightly pubescent ........... 16. P. polyanthemum (M.B.) Dietr.
Flowers smaller; leaves glabrous, cinerescent beneath; filaments

FOUN ESIC CUM vary etches > iain etig Rade 17. P. multiflorum (L. ) All.
ders) liaise, ofolveaceomsi asbetg aciontes. . ed Ao UR). ta ey. 4 10.
Braet sghyalinesorsabsent t22%.9. 3866.28. 2000S AVOSIEI92 § Ae 00 al.
Leaves broadly oval; peduncles short; flowers 2, large, inclosed in
broad green ovate-lanceolate bracts .... 6. P. involucratum Maxim.

Leaves narrower; flowers paired, each inclosed in a broad bract.
acter. Leo), at. 2eOLo. badtendia..: DOV aT - mo 7. P. Desoulavii Kom.
Stems covered in upper part with short hairs; peduncles pubescent.

SE Toe ee ee ee ee ne me BoB Se ts ee ee 11. P. latifolium Desf.

Stemisyplabreusesl. avanoldsY). .lodi-ansl. aliesdid ..3.- .68ealq Jaw LZ.
Peduncles bearing 1 flower each, glabrous, short; leaves oblong-

lanceolate, lustrous above; low plants......... 8. P. humile Fisch.
Peduncles bearing 2 or rarely 1 flower, longer; taller plants ..... 13.

Leaves oval-lanceolate, gradually tapering to a point; flowers few. .14.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, oval or broadly oval, subobtuse; flowers on the
middle partcof stem, more Miner GUS AAMOMIOY of RR. INTER) oe was 15.
Filaments pubescent in upper part; perianth narrowed toward summit
ee oe ES eee oT eee eo Se. REIS one Wee 12. P. acuminatifolium Kom.
Filaments glabrous; perianth regularly enlarged toward summit.

to betianal. 2 anemeia. test tMode 13. P. glaberrimum C. Koch.
Leaves pubescent on the veins beneath; very broad; filaments more or

lessuseabrotss,..en! ...¢ ed babmean 8 10. P. Maximowiczii F. Schmidt.
Leaves;glabrouson the, veins;beneathiji™ alive eal odie. tobe 7awe 16.
Leaves oblong-ovate to lance-elliptic; peduncles not thickened,

LS 2, DUO Sh EC ae oe ee on, rr ee enn IRE NT 9. P. officinale All.
Leaves broadly elliptic to broadly oval; peduncles thickened,

et OCT O oo iy ols de ie es egies ke Be eS 14. P. ovatum Miscz.

Series 1. Verticillatae Kom.— Leaves verticillate, narrow.

1920

350

459

1. P. roseum (Ldb.) Kunth, Enum. (1850) 144; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 123;
Kryls) Fly Zap.0Sib.) (1929) 656. Convallaria rosea Ldb) Fl. Alt: II
(1830) 41.—Ic.: Ldb. Ic. Fl. Ross. I (1829) tab. 1; Bot. Mag. XXXIV (1858)
tab. 5049.

Perennial, 35-70 cm tall; stem terete, angled; leaves verticillate,
alternate [?], oval-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 7-15 cm
long, 1-2 cm broad, green above, cinerescent beneath, glabrous; peduncles
glabrous, bifurcate, several in leaf axil, erect in fruit, bearing 2 flowers,
the hyaline bract very small; perianth rose, tubular, constricted above the
ovary, the elongate teeth slightly pubescent at the tips within; filaments
glabrous, adnate to perianth; fruit a brownish-red berry. May-June.

Spruce and broad-leaved forests, mountain scrub, and meadows. —

WERE Siberia: tieta; (Centr wAsia: (Pamir AlN, Shv/Gen* distr..eD7Zu=Kash.
Described from the Irtysh River. Type in Leningrad.

2. P. stenophyllum Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 274; Bullet. de
1'Acad. IV (1881) 216; Kom., Fl. Manchzh. I (1901) 481. —

P. verticillatum var. stenophyllum Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc.
XIV (1870) 561.—Ic.: Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I
(1931), Plate 117.

Perennial, 60-75 cm tall; stem angled, smooth; leaves narrow, linear,
long-acuminate; 10 cm long, 5 cm broad, in whorls of 4-6, glabrous, green
above, cinerescent beneath; peduncles short; glabrous, bifurcate, the
subtending hyaline bracts about twice the length of peduncle; flowers small,
white, in axillary whorls of 6; filaments glabrous, the upper part adnate
to perianth; fruit a black berry. June. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 8, a,b).

Broad-leaved forests, shrub thickets, and meadows.— Far East: USs.,
Ze.-Bu. Described from the southern course of the Amur (Bureya
Mountains). Type in Leningrad.

3. P. verticillatum (L.) All. Fl. Pedem. I (1785) 131; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV, 823; Boiss! VEL VOr nega 37 Shmals, Pl TL S46 Mairey) SA live
(1912) 13353 Glo nv alia ra alive etre lie tacihe Sp ple) (i758 hills. =
Ic.: Ann. du Mus. Paris. Lil. t. 144.

Perennial, 30-60 cm tall; stem angled, glabrous; lower leaves sessile,
alternate, the others in whorls of 4-8, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 7 to as much as 17 cm long, 1-2.5 cm broad, or else 12-15 cm
long and 2-3 cm broad (var. longifolium Miscz.); peduncles glabrous,
axillary, with 2 or 3 pendulous flowers; perianth tubular-campanulate,
white, the teeth pubescent at the tips within; filaments pubescent; fruit a
violer red berry. sume July,

Shady woods, at 1500-1800 m.— Caucasus: Cisc., W. and E. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., E. Med., Bal.-As. Min.,
Ind.-Him., Jap.-Ch. Described from Europe. Type in London.

4. P. sibiricum Redouté, Lil. VI (1912) 314; Ldb. Fl. Ross. V, 124;
Turez. Fl. Baic.-Dahur. II, 203; Maxim, Mélang. Biol. XI (1841) 854;
Maxim., Prim. Fl. Amur. 478.—Ic.: Redouté, Lil., VI (1812) t. 315.

Perennial, 40-55 cm tall; stem glabrous, ribbed; leaves linear to
linear-lanceolate, 7-8 cm long up to apical curl and 5 mm broad, the tip
circinate; upper leaves in whorls of 4-6, the lower alternate, glabrous,

351

460

463

green above, dull cinerescent beneath; peduncles axillary, long, at first
erect, becoming cernuous, bifurcate at the end, bearing small hyaline
bracts; flowers in 6's or 7's; perianth tubular, white, slightly constricted
above ovary, with elongate teeth; filaments glabrous, the upper part adnate
to perianth. May. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 5a).

Woods.— E. Siberia: Dau. Gen. distr.: N. Mongolia, Jap.-Ch.
Described from Siberia. Type in Geneva.

5. P. Sewerzowi Rgl. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XII, 2 (1868) 436.—
P. aflatunense B. Fedtsch., Rast. Turk. (1915) 255.—

P. Haussknechtii Bornm. et Sint. in Mitt. Thur. Bot. Ver. XVIII
(1903) 52.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. As. Med. No. 347.

Perennial, 50-70 cm tall; stems angled; lower leaves alternate, sessile,
broadly amplexicaul at base, lance-oblong; upper leaves in whorls of 3
or 4, linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 9-13 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm broad,
upcurved, attenuate to a tapering point; peduncles axillary, arched,
glabrous, slender, bearing 2 or 3 flowers, the hyaline bract lanceolate;
perianth tubular, white, the ovate obtusish teeth slightly pubescent at tips
within; filaments glandular-margined, inserted at the middle of perianth;
anthers 1-1.5 times the length of filaments. May-June. (Plate XXVIII,
Figure 1, a).

Woods and coppices, meadows, among mixed vegetation on mountain
slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Amu D., Syr D., T. Sh. Described
from Bugun (Kazakhstan). Type in Leningrad.

Series 2. Bracteatae Kom.— Bracts large, at first completely covering
the flowers; rhizome regular, subcylindric.

6. P. involucratum Maxim. in Mélang. Biol. XI (1883) 844; Bull. Acad.
Pétersb. XIX (1883) 205.—Periballanthus involucratus Franch.
et Sav. Enum. Plant. (1879) 524.—Ic.: Pl. Nippon. VI (1910) tab. 31;
Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I (1931) Plate 116.

Perennial, 23-35 cm tall; stem between the leaves sulcate, elsewhere
terete, glabrous; leaves broadly oval, pointed at both ends, glabrous,

6-10 cm long and 3.5-5 cm broad, short-petioled, green above, cinerescent
beneath, all leaves borne on upper part of the stem; peduncles short,
bearing 2 large flowers enclosed in broad ovate-lanceolate green bracts;
perianth white, the triangular teeth slightly pubescent at the tips within;
filaments glabrous, inserted on upper third of perianth. May-June.

(Plate XXVIII, Figure 7, a).

Mixed and relatively shady woods.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from Japan. Type in Japan.

7. P. Deoulavyi Kom. Bull. Inst. Bot. Ac. URSS XXX (1932) 199.—
Ic.: Kom. andAl., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I (1931), Plate 117.

Perennial; rhizome horizontally creeping, white; stems erect, pliable;
leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, obtuse-tipped, prominently 3-5-nerved;
flowers in pairs, covered by bracts; perianth white, tubular, subcylindric
or slightly inflated above the middle, the deltoid teeth greenish; filaments
dilated, smooth.

B52

(461)

1
y
\ | Vv
\S ,
t QI ZZ
1 n
\\y:

Plate XX VIII
1. Polygonatum officinale All.: la) flower in section.— 2. P. Sewerzowii Rgl.: 2a) flower
in section.— 3. P. latifolium Desf.: 3a) flower in section,— 4. P. multiflorum (L.) All., 4a) flower
in section.— 5. P, sibiricum Redouté; 5a) flower in section.— 6. P. humile Fisch.- 6a) flower in
section.— 7. P. involucratum Maxim.; 1a) flower in section.— 8. P. stenophyllum Maxim.:

8a) flower in section; 8b) fruits.

353

464

Far East: Uss. Endemic. Described from Russkii Ostrov. Type in
Khabarovsk.

Series 3. Angulatae Kom.— Leaves alternate; peduncles ebracteolate;
stems angled; rhizome thickened at the base of stems, monoliform.

8. P. humile Fisch. ex Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 275; Kom.,

Fl. Man"echzh, 1/902) 477; Kryl/), “Pia Zap, Sib. Igioos;— DB. officinale
var. humile Bak. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1875) 554.—Ic.: Makino
Icon. Pl. Nippon. VI (1910) tab. 7.

Perennial, 14-30 cm tall; stem ribbed, glabrate; leaves alternate,
sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, semiamplexicaul, green on both
sides, lustrous and smooth above, hairy onthe veins beneath, 3-8 cm long,
1.5-3.5 cm broad; peduncles in the axils of middle leaves, glabrous,
arched, each bearing a solitary flower; perianth white, with green teeth,
15-18 mm long and ca. 4.5 mm broad; filaments papillose, inserted above
the middle of perianth; fruit a glaucescent-black berry. May-June.

(Plate XXVIII, Figure 6, a).

Broad-leaved and pine woods, shrub thickets, and rarely steppe meadows
or meadow slopes.— W. Siberia: Ob, Irt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau. ;
Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from Dauria (Nerchinsk).
Type in Leningrad.

9. P. officinale All. Fl. Pedem. I (1785) 131; Turez. Fl. Baic.-Dahur.
If (1852) 203: Miesaim.” Prim?! F1. (Amur 2@/8402717;, Cdem El. Ross. 1V,
123; Shmal's., HeEVII, 480; Kom.) Fl-"Manfehzhy [°@O01)479; Kryl., Fi.
Zap. Sib. IIL, \65a3— Comvallaria poly gonattm ply Sp pl. (1753)
315; Ldb. Fl. Alt. II (1830) 41.—Polygonatum vulgare Desf. Fl. or.
(1867) 382.—Ic.: Syreishch., Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 243; Benth. Handb.
Brit. Fl. (0865)shigures1018.— Exs.: Piegiml.)exs™NWomiG6e" HER No p2os.

Perennial, 30-65 cm tall; stem angled, glabrous; leaves alternate,
amplexicaul, oblong-elliptic, rarely ovate, 10-12 cm long, 4.5-5 cm
broad —v. robustum Korsh. of 12-14 cm long and 2-3 cm broad —
var. angustifolium Miscz., green above, cinerescent and dull beneath;
pedicels 1 or 2 in the leaf axils, nodding; perianth tubular, white, the
6 ovate greenish teeth pubescent at the tips within; filaments inserted at
the middle of perianth tube, glabrous; anthers linear, the length of
filaments; fruit a bluish-black berry. May. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 1, a).

Coniferous or birch woods and coppices. — European part: Lad.-Ilm.,
U.V., V. Kant, UU. DnpseV.-Don. Tease, “Bigrerim-y, «_)Don ea:
Caucasus: Cisc., Dag.; W. Siberia: ‘@byeUl Tobe ligt. pA EM Siberia;
Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Seand:, Centr: Eury
Atl. Eur., W. Med., Mong., China. Described from Europe. Type in
London.

10. P. Maximowiczii F. Schmidt. Fl. Sachal. in Mém. Acad. Petr. Sér.
VII, XII, No. 2 (1868) No. 449; Trudy Sibir. eksped. (1874) 202, No. 465. —
P. officinale var. Maximowiczii Maxim. in Mél. Biol. (1883) 847.—
Japanese: ''o-amadokoro", Gilyak: ''vet-puks."

354

Perennial; stems angled, to 1m long, arched-recurved; leaves ranged
in one plane, large, 20 cm long, 8 cm broad, oboval-elliptic, acute, very
short-petioled, prominently 7-9-nerved, pruinose beneath, smooth and dull
above; peduncles axillary, closely spaced, reclinate, 2- or 3-flowered,
forked at the middle, ca. 3 cm long; flowers narrowed toward base,
subinfundibular, prominently 6-nerved outside, to 4 cm long, white, with
green-tipped teeth; stamens adnate to perianth for two-thirds its length,
strongly arched; berry spherical, black, ca. 12 mm across; seeds globose,
ca, 3 mm long, smooth, dark-colored. June-July.

Shrub thickets, wood margins, mountain meadow slopes, often solitary
or in small groups.— Far East: Sakh., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.
Described from vicinity of Due on Sakhalin Island. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The characteristic features of this plant are well expressed in
Sakhalin specimens. They are less distinct on the mainland and in westerly
direction they gradually acquire the characteristics of typical
Prob aia ei made, yAl?.

11. P. latifolium Desf. in Ann. Mus. Paris IX (1807) 50; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV, 123; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1867) 332; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 480; Vul'f., Fl:
Kryma I (1930) 70.—Convallaria latifolia Jacq. vecolVit Heart?
taur.-cauc. I (1808) 282.—Ic.: Hegilll. Fl. Mittel. Eur. II (1909) 272;
Redouté Liliac. V (1809) 243.

Perennial, 30-50 cm tall, stem angled, the upper part rather densely
covered with setiform hairs; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, puberulous
beneath, 9-12 cm long, 4-6 cm broad, tapering at base into a short petiole;

465 peduncles axillary, 1-4-flowered, nodding, puberulous; bracts minute;
hyaline; perianth tubular, without constriction, the 6 tips pubescent at the
tips; filaments glabrous, inserted at the middle of perianth; fruit a bluish-
black berry. April-May. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 3, a).

Woods and coppices. — European part: V.-Ka., U. Dnp., V.-Don,
Transv., Bl., Crim., L. Don. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min.
(E.), Dzu.-Kash. Described from France. Type in Paris.

12. P. acuminatifolium Kom. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XVII (1916)
157.—Ic.: Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I (1930) 378,
tab. 116, Figures 3 and 6 (f1.).

Perennial, 20-35 cm tall; stem erect, angled, glabrous; leaves oval-
lanceolate, acuminate, short-petioled, 5-7 at the end of stem, glabrous;
pedicels bearing 2 large flowers, nodding, glabrous; perianth tubular, the
deltoid teeth slightly pubescent at the tips within; filaments pubescent in
upper part, the upper part adnate to perianth. April.

Shaded places in mixed woods. — Far East: Uss. Endemic. Described
from the Suputinka River. Type in Leningrad.

13. P. glaberrimum C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 267; Grossg.,
Fl. Kavk. I, 240.

Perennial; rhizome thickened, moniliform; stem angled, furrowed,
falcately curved at the end, 40-60 cm long; leaves short-petioled, oval-
lanceolate, gradually tapering to a point, acute, glaucous beneath, ca. 8 cm
long, 3-4 cm broad, with 3-6 translucent veins beside the midrib; peduncles
few, axillary, bearing 1 or 2 flowers; flowers white, ca. 2.5 cm long, quite

355

466

smooth; stamens in lower part fused with perianth, distinct above the
middle of perianth tube; fruit subspherical, black. May, June.

Middle mountain zone, in woods.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Elizavetpol' [Kirovabad]. Type in Berlin.

Note. Not being in possession of authentic specimens, the author treats
this characteristic species as marked by A.A. Grossgeim in the herbarium.
If Grossgeim's determinations do not refer to Koch's plants, then this is
a well defined new species.

14. P. ovatum Miscz. in shedis; Grossh., Fl. Cauc. I (1928) 241.

Perennial; rhizome thickened, more or less monoliform; stem angled,
furrowed, densely leafy, 0.5-1 m long; leaves broadly elliptic or broadly
oval, to 12 cm long and 6 cm broad, round-tipped and minutely mucronulate,
glaucous beneath, with 9 translucent veins on either side of the midrib;
peduncles numerous, axillary, flattened, bearing 2 or 3 pedicels, distinctly
thickened as compared with those of other species; flowers 2.25 cm long,
white, enlarged upward, the margins of teeth quite smooth; stamens fused
with perianth up to the middle, distinct above, smooth, reaching two-thirds
the length of tube; berry spherical, black. April, May.

Mountain woods. — Caucasus: Cisc., W. Transc. Endemic. Described
from the vicinity of Mineral'nye Vody. Type in Leningrad.

Series 4. Parviflorae Kom.— Stem as in the preceding species, but
flower more numerous, small.

15. P. obtusifolium Miscz. (ined. ); Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 241.

Perennial, 20-30 cm tall; stem furrowed, glabrous; leaves crowded
on upper part of stem, alternate, broadly oval, obtuse, triangular, short-
petioled to subsessile, 5-6 cm long, 3-3.5 cm broad, the veins on lower
surface hairy; pedicels short, pendent, bifurcate at the ends, glabrous,
bearing 2 or 3 flowers; perianth 6-7 mm long, white, strongly constricted
above the base; filaments attached to perianth at the middle. May.

Woods.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from Abkhazia.
Type in Leningrad.

16. P. polyanthemum (M.B.) Dietr. in Otto Gartenz. (1835) 223; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 125; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1867) 332; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 480. —
Convallaria polyanthema M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 272.—
Exs.: HFR No. 690.

Perennial, 20-30 cm tall; stem angled, glabrous; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, narrowed toward base, 11-8.5[?] cm long, 3.5-4.5 cm broad,
sometimes numerous and dense (v. talyschense Miscz.), the nerves
on the lower surface covered with short hairs; flowers in 2's to 4's, rarely
more numerous (var. talyschense Miscz.), small, borne on slender
glabrous pedicels; perianth white, constricted above the base, then again
enlarged; filaments slightly pubescent, attached to perianth above the
middle. April-May.

Spruce-and-fir and broad-leaved woods, and coppices. — European part:
Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min.,
Arm.-Kurd. Described from the Caucasus. Type in Leningrad.

356

467

468

Series 5. Teretes Kom.— Stem terete; perianth constricted above base
and then again enlarged upward.

17. P. multiflorum (L.) All. Fl. Pedem. I (1785) 131; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
Ivet t2ab;) Borssie hh: Orgiv (Le 77362; Shmalionn Pl; Mer4Sieniieylo, sa
Baath Sibt TWinGe5b-1C olmya lhawiiee nalahktitoriaw L.nSp.e pli (1 58)
315.—Ic.: Redouté Liliac. IV (1808) tab. 229; Syreishch., Fl. Mosk. gub.
(1906) 244.— Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 164.

Perennial, 30-60 cm tall; stem terete, glabrous; leaves oblong or
elliptic, slightly narrowed at base, glabrous, short-petioled, green above,
cinerescent beneath, 10-11 cm long, 4-4.5 cm broad or the lower leaves
14-15 cm long (v. macrophyllum Albov.); peduncles glabrous,
3-5-flowered; perianth constricted above ovary, slightly enlarged upward,
the 6 greenish teeth puberulous at the tips within; filaments hairy; fruit a
bluish-black berry. May-June. (Plate XXVIII, Figure 4, a).

Mixed coniferous and birch woods, and coppices.— European part:
Ladin UE wise sass Daps, Wo -Don; imansv 40 Blk, eo Don!) Crim
L.V.; Caucasus: Cise. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur.,
W_.OMeds Bal>oAs . \WiMiin,o Arimn?= Kurds) Indi-Him)sJapy-ChiaiNn,,.Anis
Described from Europe. Type in London.

Note. As far as can be deduced from a single specimen,

P. pseudopolyanthemum Miscz. (in Herb. nostro), described by
A.A. Grossgeim (Fl. Kavkaza I (1928) 241), does not appear to differ in
any way from the widely distributed P. multiflorum (L.) All. It is
reported for Dagestan.

Genus 293. CONVALLARIA* L.**
L. Syst. ed. I (1737) 96.

Perennial, 15-30 cm tall, with a creeping underground rhizome and
numerous small branched roots; scales at the base of aerial shoots white
or rose-tinged; cauline leaves 2 or 3, lanceolate to obovate, long-sheathing;
perianth spherical-campanulate, with 6 reflexed teeth; stamens 6, the short
stout filaments inserted at the base of perianth; style 1, short, stout, with
a small stigma; berry 1- or 3-seeded; flowers white, borne on pendent
pedicels in a long loose leafless raceme, the pedicels subtended by short
hyaline bracts.

1. €. majalis, L; Sp.,Pl.ed.1,(4753).314; ide: FY. Ross: IV, 126;
Boiss...F1.. Or.» V_(1884),.331;.Shmal'g., Fl. Il,.481.— Convallaria
transcaucasica Utkin, Journ. Bot. Russ. XIV (1929) 187:—Ic.: Rchb.
Ic. Fl. Germ. (1808) tab. 950; Syreishch., Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 244;
Fl. Yugo-Vost. III (1929) 404, tab. 198.— Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No.576.

Perennial, 15-30 cm tall; leaves 2 or 3, large, oblong-elliptic,
acuminate, long-petioled, 10-20 cm long, 4-8 cm broad; raceme loosely
6-20-flowered; pedicels long, pendulous, the subtending bracts hyaline,
shorter than the pedicels, in var. transcaucasica the bracts one-third
to one-half the length of pedicels; perianth white, spherical-campanulate

* From Latin words lilium, lily and convalis, valley, i.e., lily of the valleys.
** Arranged by O.E. Knorring.

304)

469

or campanulate (in var. transcaucasica (Utkin) Knorr.), or broadly
campanulate (var. manschurica Kom. ), suffused with purplish-violet

at base; stamens 6, inserted at the base of perianth; filaments short and
stout, mostly shorter than anthers (inv. transcaucasica filaments
regular or sometimes narrowed at summit, as long as or shorter than the
anthers); style short, with triangular stigma; fruit ared berry. Fl. April:
June. (Plate XXIX, Figure 2, a).

Commonly in woods, coppices and wood margins, on mossy soil, rarely
in water meadows. — European part: Lad.-Ilm., U.V., V.-Ka., U. Dnp.,
M. Dnp., V.-Don, Transv., L.V. (Sarepta), L. Don (only in N. part as
far as the latitude of the Don), Bl. (Kherson), Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc.,
Dag... W.sandrSj<imeansiciik (Siberia Dan 7 (Haw Hasty Okh Sizer Buf
Uda, Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med.,
Asia Minor, China, N. America. Described from Europe. Type in London.

Note. L.A. Utkin distinguished in the Caucasus the species
C. tramscaucasica, Utky Was, however, revident: fromthe materi all
examined that some of the characteristics, such as the regular filaments,
are not constant, as specimens occur with more thickened cuneate-based
filaments. Similarly shaped filaments are to be found in specimens from
the Far East designated by V.L. Komarov as C. manshurica Kom.

A distinguishing and fairly constant feature of both Caucasian and Manchurian
specimens appears to be the broadly campanulate open corolla. In addition,
the Manchurian variety is characterized by strong growth and large leaves.
Finally, a Japanese species was established for Sakhalin, C. Keiskei

Miq., Prol Fl. Jap. (1867) 312. Thus the Linnaean species C. majalis
breaks up into four geographically distinct but morphologically little
diversified recent species, not to mention the species from the Alleghany
Mountains of North America, for which no separate name has so far been
proposed but which are also distinctive.

C. majalis L. was introduced into Russian medicine by Botkin and
later (1881) by Bogoyavlenskii. The flowers of the lily-of-the-valley are
used bothfreshanddried. An infusion made of fresh flowers exerts a
stimulating and regulatory effect on cardiac action. The flowers contain
two glucosides, 0.2 per cent of convallarin and convallamarin, as well as
the alkaloid maialin and an essential oil. These components of the flowers
are, toxic.

L. Sp. pl. (1753) 367.

Perennial; rhizome long creeping, covered with scales; stem 15-30 cm
long, erect, bearing at the ends 4-10 leaves, leaves obovate, short-
acuminate; flowers solitary; perianth segments 8 or rarely 4, the outer
broadly lanceolate green, the inner linear yellowish-green; stamens 6-10;
filaments short, flattened, inserted at base of perianth; anthers linear,
as long as or slightly longer than filaments, prolonged into a long point;
styles 3-5, connate at base; fruit a glaucescent-black many-seeded berry;
seeds ovaloid, concave.

“ From Latin par, referring to the even number of leaves and perianth segments.
** Arranged by O.E. Knorring.

358

470

Io. IBe@ren siaelal WATS Ser Sr eS ae Ce ha sea beret win alee ia ne ei Rang ut eR diet aL a aaa tiaer AR ee an ee SE

pe iicsiterattalanaomisiurentatey oe ee LE ie rainy fatne bea Bats eae a's wal gs A Lah cas at Oe ee 2.
2. Outer perianth segments lanceolate; aristate point of stamens the

Temet he ot Aine 1) me. Cais el MR ML ccc Bk) «Paar o dhe 1. P. quadrifolia L.
+ Outer perianth segments ovaloid-pointed or ovoid; aristate point of

stamens mostly shorter than anthers........ 4. P. manshurica Kom.
3. Leaves obovate, pale green, dull beneath; filaments much shorter than

antheeSine . 5.) MAN Mee. Mee. POA IAT. 2. P. incompleta M.B.

+ Leaves lanceolate, strongly tapering to a point, pale green on both sides;
filaments as slong) as on sliehtly sherter than anthers, osuy. 6.2.5 -.-+.-.

1.. Pijquadrifolia COSp. pli weds (14.53) 367;° Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 120;
Boiss el (Or. Vp Geen) mshimal a FW (189 QNae2s Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib.
ii 65 tees cha Giakeas Ecchi sull: Soc. wNater WiOSe ols 201. —

P. vepaenerllata MB «8b. taun.tcauc. ILL, 26% Lid... / Ross. [V
(1841) 121.— FP. obovata Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 120.—Ic.: Ldb. Ic. F1.
Ross. I (1829) tab. 16; Syreishch., Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 245; Redouté
Luliacwwive tab, 220e-— i xs)..) )Plashiniesexsy, sNOP Sil te

Perennial, glabrous, 15-35 cm tall; leaves in terminal whorls of mostly
4 (in var. obovata Ldb. (pro sp.) in whorls of 5-8, invar. genuina
Maxim. 4 or rarely 5), obovate, short-petioled, narrowly acuminate,

5-14 cm long, 2-8 cm broad, distinctly 3-nerved; perianth biseriate of 4
outer lanceolate green segments and 4 inner segments or 10-merous

(v. obovata Ldb.), the filaments short; anthers long, linear, terminating
in a Sharp point the length of anther; styles 4, connate at base, shorter
than stamens, recurved at the ends; fruit a glaucescent-black berry. May-
June. (Piatesxxix) Figure 1,%a, b).

Birch, mixed or coniferous woods and coppices in wet places. — European
part: Nar\.Lapy, DvfoPech... ad tlm LV). Kar, a) Onp... M. Dnp.,
V.-Don}y Ugevs, Bl.; Gatieasus: Cisc., Dags<W ed ransc#yW.-Siberia: Ob,
U. Tob.; E. Siberia: Lena-Kol., Ang.-Say., Dau. Gen. distr.: Scand.,
Centr. Eur., Med. Described from Europe. Type in London.

Note. P. quadrifolia is very variable and comprises a number of
intermediate forms between the varieties and allied species. Thus, in
collections from a single location, one may find specimens with a larger
number of perianth segments and stamens as well as a most varied leaf
shape.

2. P. incompleta M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 306; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
121; Boiss Fl. Or, WV (1884): 331; Shmal'g. Fl. Il, 482; Grossg., Fl. Kavk.
II (1928) 242.— P. apetala Hoffm. in Comm. Phys. Med. Mosc. I (1808)
See Ociophyidiudotimndort. Mosq. (1808) 27.— le.) M.B. Cent.

Pl. Rar. II-III (1843) tab. 74.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs. No. 330; Fl. cauc. exs.
No. 30.

Perennial, 15-20 cm tall; leaves obovate or oblong-oval, 10-13 cm long,
8-2.5 cm [?] broad, pale green, distinctly 3-nerved, short-acuminate,
narrowed at base into a short petiole, dull beneath, in terminal whorls of
6-12; perianth of 4 outer lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate segments, 3-3.5 cm
long and 1-1.5 cm broad; anthers much shorter than filaments, terminating
in avery short point; styles greatly exceeding the stamens; fruit a
glaucesccent-black berry. March-April. (Plate XXIX, Figure 3).

359

(471)

1. Paris quadrifolia L.: 1a) flower in section; 1b) stamens.— 2. Convallaria majalis L.:
paige

2a) flower in section.— 3. Paris inco
j excelsa L., 5a) flower.— 6. Dios
Lipsky, 6a) flower.— 7. D. batatas Dene., 7a) flower.— 8. D. polyatachya Turcz., 8a) flower.

360

473

Shady woods, up to 2000 m.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. Transc.
Described from the Caucasus (Tiflis). Type in Leningrad.

3. P. hexaphylla Cham. in Linnaea VI Gis IiweBork ledby, FL .wRoss. lV,
120; Kom., Fl. Manchzh. I (1901) 484-485.—Ic.: Kwa-wi (transl. Savatier)
Herb. II (1759) tab. 5.

Perennial, 16-17 cmtall; leaves lanceolate, pale green, strongly
tapering to a point, serrate, in terminal whorls of 4-8, 4-6.5 cm long,
1.5-2 cm broad; perianth of 4 rather narrow lanceolate segments, 1.5 cm
long, 0.25 cm broad; stamens 8; filaments as long as or shorter than
anthers; extension of connective shorter than anthers; styles united at base,
deeply parted above, slightly recurved; fruit a bluish-black berry. June.

Mixed or coniferous, rarely broad-leaves woods.— Far East: Ze.-Bu.,
Uss., Okh., Sakh. Gen. distr.: China. Described from plants collected
by Chamisso on the way from Yakutsk to Okhotsk. Type in Leningrad.

Note. This species is distinguished by its general aspect: the plants
are more slender and rather low, while the narrowly lanceolate leaves are
pale in color. There are a number of intermediate forms, between
PY'hexaphylla ‘andthe species: sei yqt'adrifolaa, and P: manshurica.

4, P. manshurica Kom. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 748; Kom. et Al.,
Opred. (rast: Dal'mevost.}/kr 11 (21931), 385.

Perennial; 30-38 cm tall; leaves in terminal whorls of 4-8, obovate,
short-acuminate, 9-11 cm long, 3-6 cm broad, serrulate, narrowed at
base into a rather short petiole; flowers solitary, long-peduncled; perianth
segments 8, of these 4 large, oval-pointed or ovate, green or purple, and
4 inner ones narrowly lanceolate; stamens 8; anthers linear, mostly longer
than or as long as filaments, obtusely short-acuminate, the extension of
connective elongating in maturity. May-June.

Coniferous and mixed woods, more rarely coppices.— Far East. Uss.
Gen. distr.: Manchuria and Korea. Described from Ussuri area. Type
in Leningrad.

Sp. Pl. ed. 1(1753) 329,

Rhizome stout; stem with numerous brown scales at base; perianth
segments 6, the outer 3 greenish herbaceous, the inner 3 white petaloid;
stamens 6, inserted at the base of perianth; pedicels short and stout; ovary
3-celled; seeds numerous, globose.

1. T. kamtschaticum Pall. in Herb. Lamb. exPursh. Fl. Am. Sept. I,
(1814) 246; Miyabe et Miyake Fl. Saghal. 481; Miyabe and Kudo Fl. of
Hokkaido in Journ. Fac. Agr. Hokk. Imp. Univ. XXVI 3 (1932) 342.—
DPoepallasit Hulten. Fl. of Kamtsen. 11927) 2o2.— 1. Gb owe t wim
(non, Pursh) Kunth Enum. pl. V (1833) 124 "p. p.; “Edb. “F1."Ross. 1V}"124;
Kom, Hil Khamtscha, i 305. — le... Kom. Ic. tab. o<.

* From Latin tres, three, and lilium, lily, the parts being predominantly in threes.
** Arranged by O.E. Knorring.

361

474

475

Perennial, 15-35 cm tall; rhizome stout, tuberlike; stems ribbed,
clothed at base with numerous dry brown scales, 5-8 cm long; leaves 3,
broadly oval-rhomboid, sessile, reticulately veined, 8-10 cm long, and
7-9 cm broad, gradually acuminate, sometimes obtusely tipped, dull green
beneath, dark green above; flowers solitary; perianth segments 6, the
outer 3 pale green oblong, the inner 3 much larger obovate or oval; anthers
linear, 2-3 mm long; filaments short; ovary ovaloid; stigma sessile,
3-lobed: fruit a 3-celled green berry. May-June. (Plate XXIX, Figure 4 a)

Coniferous woods, in moss-covered soil.— Far East: Sakh., Kamch.
Gen. distr.: N. Japan. Described from Kamchatka.

2. T. rhombifolium Kom. sp. nova in Addenda Ill, p. 748. Differing
from the preceding species in having a stouter rhizome, broad leaves, and
narrower perianth segments. Described quite recently from Ussuri
(Suputinka).

Subfamily 6. Smilacoideae ENGL.

Perianth distinct or united; stamens 6, occasionally 3 or up to 15; berry
with 1-3 spherical or hemispherical seeds. Erect or creeping shrubs or
herbs, branched, profusely leafy; leaves reticulately veined; inflorescence
a raceme or umbel, borne on an axillary peduncle; tendrils paired, from
the margin of leaf base.

Genus 296. SMILAX* (TOURN.) LINN.**
Linn. Syst. ed. I (1735)

Glabrous shrubs, with twinning stems; leaves petiolate, alternate,
coriaceous, reticulately veined, cordate at base, with a pair of tendrils at
the leaf base; flowers dioecious, in axillary racemed umbels; perianth
segments 6; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth; stigma 3, sessile,
recurved; fruit a 3-celled berry; seeds ellipsoid.

1. Stems obscurely tuberculate, prickly; peduncles 1-2 cmlong........
eS nr, OE Ae ek he a a: Oe a Cee i 5S. excelsa. Iu.
+ Stems strongly tuberculate, unarmed; peduncles 2.5-4.5 cm long......
Baa a Read. te a tit SUR ae +, ieee Cece a ou aces Aes 2. S. Oldhami Miq.

io. excelsa iL, Sp. pl. ed: 1, 1458; edb: Pl, Noss. 1V, 129, Boorse,
Hi Wms Vi(1884) 342; Shmal'o, Fl. Il, A77; ‘M_B. Fl taur.-caue. iii (eh)
632.— Iec.: Engler und Drude, Veget. Erde, XI (1909) tab. 9.— Exs.: HFR
No. 1745.

Perennial, 2-3 mm [?] tall, destitute of pubescence; stems creeping,
prickly, 4-8 mm [?] long; leaves cordate-ovate or broadly ovate, 6-8.5 cm
long, 4-8 cm broad, mucronate, reticulately veined, the petiole 1-1.5 cm
long, with tendrils at base; flowers 4-10, in umbels; peduncles 1.5-2 cm
long; pedicels 5-7 mm long; perianth of 6 segments, petaloid, greenish;

* From Greek smilex, name for yew (mentioned by Dioscorides).
** Arranged by O.E. Knorring.

362

476

stamens 6, inserted at the base of perianth; stigmas 3; fruit a 1-—3-celled
red berry. Fl. May. (Plate XXIX, Figure 5, a).

Associated with damp woods, wood margins, and river valleys, climbing
high up the trees and forming dense curtains. — Caucasus: Cisc., Dag.,
W. and E. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: W. Med., Asia Minor, Iran.
Described from Europe. Type in London.

2. S. Oldhami Miq. in Versl. Med. Kon. Acad. Wetensch. VI (1868) 86;
Prol. Fl. Japon. II (1867-1868) 314; Kom., Fl. Manchzh. II (1904) 486. —
S.excelsa v. ussuriensis Maxim. Mém. de 1'Acad. VII, t. IV
(1862).—S. herbacea v. Oldhami Maxim. Mélang. biolog. VIII (1872)
413.

Perennial, 2-3 mtall; stems sturdy, strongly furrowed, glabrous,
unarmed; leaves cordate-ovate, broadly ovate or sometimes lanceolate,
6-8.5 cm long, 4-8 cm broad, mostly strongly tapering toward apex,
occasionally broadly ovate and obtusely mucronulate, coriaceous,
reticulately nerved, on petioles 5-6 mm long or sometimes sessile, with
tendrils at base; flowers 19 or more, axillary; peduncles 4-5 cm long,
sometimes 2-2.5 cm long, 23-3 times the length of pedicels; perianth of
6 segments; stamens 6, inserted at base; fruit a black berry. Fl. May-June.

Water meadows, riverside woods, and shrub thickets. — Far East: Uss.
(S.), Gen. distr.: Japan. Described from plants collected by Oldham in
Korea.

Family XXXIV. AMARYLLIDACEAE LINDL.

In main features closely resembling Liliaceae. The stamens in some
representatives of the family transformed into staminodes, their number
rarely exceeding 6; anthers mostly introrse; stamens often with extensions
united to form a staminal corona; ovary inferior, rarely half-inferior;
ovules in two series; capsule loculicidal, in few members of the family
transformed into a berry; seeds few; pollen grains biseriate; embryo sacs
mostly paired. About 1000 species, distributed through dry semidesert
and steppe regions, especially numerous in southern Africa and in Mexico.
Nearly all are ornamental and are grown in greenhouses, in houses and in
gardens. Some are of importance as fiber plants. The USSR representatives
of the family are all bulbous.

Mee Or Ollat Wt OUL COC OMAR se crn etn uta: | ntetinen Gt? cube acmartebcglim amen babeaaae i. 2.
Me Corolla with corona, this sometimes; reduced to, 2 Gis. ae chce: bs 6.
2. Stems leafy; leaves grasslike; corolla funnelform; androecium of
altermatime long and Short Stamens.) 2% - ss tale 301. Ixiolirion Fisch.
Slentne placed Dyn aul atLesG SCAM Mn tre oe eee ea, 3.
3. Corolla tube elongated; stamens inserted at the level of ovary; seeds
lettened: flOW SES SOUL BIA ie eee cana te 300. Sternbergia Waldst. et Kit.
+ Corolla tube very short or none; stamens inserted above the ovary... 4.
4, Perianth somewhat irregular, with a short curved tube; umbel few-
MoOwered.™ civic OPE Umm Sethe nem Sn, ww lek ay amen 299. Ungernia Bge.
+ Flowers solitary or few; perianth regular; seeds globose......... 5.

363

477

5. Inner perianth segments differing from the 3 outer segments; flower
nearly always solitary, enclosed in a 2-leaved involucre .....5......
Mii Rene Male Dae . She tt boaen.. GeO Oee ree ae 297. Galanthus L.

+ All 6 perianth segments equal; flowers nodding or [?] slightly sagittate
at base). Omi ese .. ad VE te RR eee ee a ae 298. Leucojum L.

6. Stamens inserted within the cup-shaped corona, this borne on the throat
Of a lons perianth tube at the base OL periantin Seo ments. oat eta cle). cae
5 8 A seek fs Ta Bar Some Oe Te A ct ee CCIE iy 302. Narcissus L.

+ Stamens inserted on the upper edge of corona, this rather reduced.....

303. Pancratium L.

2 eps Be ve) id ple sl en caged loti ‘lat iae As, ©, Bullet Calne: else Aye ne teiel. | a Meee ahd eines aR inh (ee we

Genus 297. GALANTHUS* L.**

Perennial; bulbs small, 2—3 cm in diameter; leaves 2, erect; linear or
oblong-lanceolate, arising from a truncate cylindric sheath; scape bearing
a solitary flower; peduncle slender, twisted at base, borne in the axil of
a floral leaf, this lanceolate, hyaline, with 2 green marginal nerves;
perianth 6-merous; outer segments oval or ovate, concave, 15-30 mm long,
white; inner segments cuneate-obovate, notched at apex, narrowed toward
base, erect, with convergent margins and a green spot in upper part; anthers
borne on short filaments at the base of perianth segments, enlarged toward
base, strongly tapering upward, mostly mucronate; ovary 3-celled,
spherical or oblong; style filiform; stigma pointed; seeds globose.

All species are of value as decorative plants.

HM HEC AWE ST TI 5. sy ctcaety 3: ibkcmtmmrds ws mill wail oh tlt ihe ee Mec nay chee ss Ue Oh aac lena 2.
MGSO SN OIGMGEG sescus Soh laser Tate clue wmeene ms aya CORRS eioceh a (oy RSE RR Re ae a en By,
2. Leaves of equal breadth throughout; anthers subulate-tipped....... 4.
* Leaves broad in upper part, tapering downward into a petiole; anthers
USUI ag ht ee a ee Na a cae a a 1. G. latifolius Rupr.
3. Scape shorter than or equaling the leaves; anthers subulate-tipped.
FEE PS ee Oe ERE hE hie, “Bars 2. G. transcaucasicus Fomin.
+ Scape exceeding the leaves at anthesis; anthers subulate-acuminate.. 4.
4. Leaves 10-15 mm broad; outer perianth segments 15-18 mm long,
PMS eT OPO Ga a te ee a 4. G. caucasicus (Bak. ) Grossh.
+ Leaves to 10 mm broad; outer perianth segments 12-13 mm long, 8 mm
| SVE aay A PR a ST ARN nc I AO oe RAR RR 3. G. nivalis L.
5. Anthers subulate-acuminate; leaves of equal breadth THrOUSHOUE 6: oe 4.05
* Inner anthers subobtuse, the outer pointed; leaves broadest in upper
OSSD EC Dae me eee Dig aR pl ANE Mm Sum ye: UUBtA Mel 5. G. alpinus Sosn.
6. Leaves pruinose, plicate while still enclosed in sheath, at anthesis
much shorter than stem, the plaits introrse .... 6. G. plicatus M.B.
+ Leaves pale green, without bloom, equaling or exceeding the stem,
plicate after flowering, the plaits extrorse. ...7. G. Woronowii A. Los.

1. G. latifolius Rupr. in Gartenflora XVIII (1868) 130.—Ic.: Gartenflora
(1868) t. 578.

Perennial; bulb large (3 cm in diameter), elongated, the outer scales
light-colored; leaves dark green, lustrous, broadly oblong-lanceolate, flat,

* From Greek gala, milk, and anthos, flower,
** Arranged by A.S.Lozina-Lozinskaya.

364

478

479

mucronate, to 20cm long, 3 cm broad, tapering downward into a petiole;
scape equaling or slightly surpassing the leaves; flowers rather small;
outer segments narrowly elliptic, 15-20 mm long, 6-8 mm broad, tapering
at both ends; inner segments one-third as long as the outer, strongly
emarginate or subobtuse, the green spot very small or absent; anthers
slightly narrowed at summit, without a subulate point. April-May.

Alpine and subalpine zone.— Caucasus: E. and W. Transc. Endemic.
Described from Ossetia.

2. G. transcaucasicus Fomin in Fomin and Voronov, Opred. Rast.
Kr. i Kavk. I (1909) 281.

Perennial; leaves intensely green, dull, linear, carinate, to 1.5 cm
broad, slightly canaliculate, obtuse; scape shorter than to slightly exceeding
the leaves; flowers large; outer segments 2-2.5 cm long, oblong-~-oval;
inner segments emarginate, two-thirds as long as the outer, the green spot
semicircular and enlarged downward; anthers with a subulate appendage.
February-March.

Woods in the foothills.— Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal. Endemic.
Described from Talysh. Type in Tiflis.

3. G. nivalis L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 288; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 13.—

G. plicatus Hohenack. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. VI (1833) 228.—Ic.:
Rehby Ic. Hl. GermiX® t.)3634 Redouté Lil. t- 200.

Perennial; bulb not more than 1 cm in diameter, the outer scales brown;
leaves linear, to 1 cm broad, flat in vernation, carinate, subobtuse, at
anthesis pruinose; scape variable in length, terete, at anthesis twice the
length of leaves; outer perianth segments obovate-oblong, narrowed toward
base, revolute at apex and thus apparently acute, 15-20 mm long, 8 mm
broad; inner segments half as long as the outer, cuneate-obovate, strongly
cordately emarginate, the green spot reniform-cordate or cordate; anthers
mucronate. January-April.

Damp soil in woods. — European part: L. Don (S.); Caucasus: Cisc.,

W. Transc. (Abkhazia, Batumi, Ossetia), E. Transc. (Tiflis). Gen. distr. :
Eur., E. Med. Described from Europe. Type in London.
Note. Grown in gardens. Valued as a harbinger of spring.

4. G. caucasicus (Baker) Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 244.—G. nivalis
var. caucasicus Baker, Handb. of Amaryl. (1888) 16.—G. nivalis 8
major Redouté et var. caspicus Rupr. in Gardenfl. XVII (1868) 131,
132.32 Bxsmaebhlaneaes exsgiNow GS

Perennial; bulb 1.5 cm in diameter, the outer scales light brown; leaves
linear, 1.5-2 cm broad, flat, carinate, obtuse, at anthesis pruinose,
finally with an oily sheen; scapes cylindric, at anthesis exceeding the leaves,
finally becoming much elongated; flowers larger than those of G. nivalis
L.; outer perianth segments obovate-oblong, to 25 mm long; inner segments
half as long as the outer, obovate-cuneate, slightly emarginate, the green
spot broadly reniform-obcordate; anthers mucronate. January-February.

Woods in the middle and lower mountain zone.— Caucasus: W. and E.
Transc. Gen. distr.: N. Iran. Described from Transcaucasia.

5. G. alpinus Sosn. in Monit. Jard. Tifl. 19 (1911) 26.

365

480

Perennial; bulb large, ovoid, the outer scales brownish; scapes 6-8 cm
long; leaves broadly lance-spatulate, broadest in upper one-third, subacute,
pruinose, nearly flat in distal part, carinate and with 2 lateral plaits in
lower part, 8-9 cm long, 2 cm broad, finely cartilaginous on the margin,
at anthesis shorter than scape; outer perianth segments broadly spatulate,
tapering toward base, obtuse, spoon-shaped, ca. 1.5 cm long; inner
segments about half as long as the outer, with a triangular sinus and a
narrow horseshoe-shaped green spot; outer anthers mucronulate, the inner
subobtuse; flowers with a strong bitter almond scent. April.

Alpine meadows.— Caucasus: E. Transc. (Georgia). Endemic.
Described from vicinity of Borzhomi. Type in Tiflis.

6. G. plicatus M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 255; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
114: 7Shmale:, Bhollm473.— Gainiwali siele ssprp la catun: eGottliebiy .
Tan. Mon. Am. (1904) 35, 65.—Ic.: Gartenfl. (1863) t.400; Bot. Mag.
tw21919— ExsinGallier, ters Tauro il Now4o':

Perennial; bulb large, oblong, to 3 cm in diameter, the outer scales
light-colored; scapes 25-30 cm long, terete, pruinose; leaves dark green,
pruinose, cartilaginous, introrsely plicate, strongly carinate, gradually
acuminate, slightly callous-tipped, conduplicate in vernation, at anthesis
half as long as the scape; floral leaf 35 mm long, with lateral nerves about
1.5 mm thick, at anthesis greatly exceeding the peduncle, this later
elongating to 3 cm; outer perianth segments to 25 mm long and 14 mm
broad, oval; inner segments narrowed toward base, cordate and reflexed
at apex, involute at the margins, the green spot deeply and broadly cordate;
anthers subulate-tipped; flowers strongly scented. March-April.

(Plate XXX, Figure 7, a,b,c).

In the shade of shrubs and in the woods of the Crimea. Endemic.

Described from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad.

7. G. Woronowii A. Los. sp. nova in Addenda III, p.749.—G. plicatus
Philippov Fl. cauc. critica 44, III (1916) 6; Wulf. Fl. Taur. v. I, 2 (1928)
62; Voron. and Fom., Opred. rast. Kr. i Kavk. I (1909) 280, non M.B.

Perennial; bulb large, 3 cm in diameter; the outer scales yellowish;
scapes 20-25 cm long, slightly ribbed; leaves linear, gradually acuminate,
callous-tipped, 1.5 cm broad, pale green, initially flat, 20-25 cm long,
after anthesis exceeding the scape and becoming introrsely plaited; outer
perianth segments 20 mm long, 13 mm broad, ovate-ovate; inner segments
11 mm long, 8 mm broad, cuneately narrowed toward base, flat, cordate
at apex, the cordate green spot truncate at base; anthers mucronate;
flowers with an agreable scent. January-February.

Woods in foothills. — Caucasus: W. Transe. Endemic. Described from
Sochi. Type in Leningrad.

L. Syst. ed. 1(1735) et in Sp. pl. (1753) 289.

Perennial; bulbs small or fairly large, the outer scales white
membranous; leaves 2—4, linear; flowers several or solitary; perianth

* From Greek leuco, white, and coum, violet.
“* Arranged by A.S. Lozina-Lozinskaya.

366

broadly campanulate; perianth segments overlapping, white, tipped yellow
or green; anthers opening at apex; style clavate; ovary 3-celled, many-
ovuled; capsule fleshy, loculicidal; seeds globose, black.

1. Flowers in umbels of 3-8; scape to 40cm long..... 1. L. aestivum L.
+ Flowers solitary, rarely paired; scape to 20cm long ...*L. vernum L.

1. L. aestivum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1759) 975; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 143;
Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 473; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I, 244.—Nivaria monadelpha
Medic. Acta Palat. VI (1790) 422.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. 1X, 362, £.805.

Perennial; bulb ovoid, to 3 cm broad; scapes to 40 cm long or longer,
slightly compressed; leaves broadly linear, lustrous, green, to 1 cm
broad, often exceeding the scape; bracts lanceolate, to 5 cm long; peduncles
fairly long, nodding; flowers in an umbel of 3-7; perianth segments broadly
oblong, to 5 cm long, white, tipped green; stamens half the length of
perianth segments, the filaments shorter than the anthers; capsule
subspherical, to 1.5 cm broad, April-May. (Plate XXX, Figure 6, a,b).

Wet meadows among lowland valleys. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus:
Cisc., W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran.
Described from S. Europe.

481 * L. vernum L. Sp. pl. ed. I (1753) 289; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 478.—Ic.:
Rehb, IX, tab. s62,..1. 802.

Perennial; bulb to 2 cm in diameter, spherical; leaves 3 or 4, tol cm
broad, broadly linear; flowers solitary, rarely in pairs; perianth turbinate;
seeds light-colored, with a rostrate appendage. February-May.

Growing wild in SE part of Poland, near Volhynia.— Gen. distr.: Central
and partly S. Europe. Grown in parks and gardens; becoming readily
naturalized.

Genus 299. UNGERNIA BGE.*
Bge in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc, XLIX, 2(1875) 271; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 149.

Perianth funnelform without corona, nearly regular, the more or less
curved tube shorter than the limb; stamens 6, inserted at the middle of
the tube, the inner longer; anthers dorsifixed slightly below the middle;
ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; stigma subcapitate; capsule 3-lobed inflated;
seeds flat. Bulbous plants. Leaves appear in spring and wither with the
approach of summer; a leafless scape, bearing a few-flowered umbel and
at first enclosed in a spathe, develops after an interval of 1 or 2 months.

Economic importance. The bulbs of Ungernia are used for the
production of glue. The large-sized and, as a rule, profusely formed bulbs
of this genus are undoubtedly of technological value and ought to be
subjected to detailed chemical analysis.

Note. As a result of studies on live plants in natural conditions and,
more particularly, on material that has accumulated in recent years in the
Botanical Garden of the Central Asian National University, a considerable
number of Ungernia species have been found to grow in Soviet Central
Asia. It is now perfectly clear that unification of the already described
species, U. trisphaera and U. Severtzovii, as proposed by

* Arranged by A.I. Vvedenskii.

367

482

483

B. A. Fedchenko (Rast. Turk. (1915) 256), is quite inappropriate. To judge
by the already known material, the species presented here do not provide
a full cover of the taxonomic composition of the Central Asian ungernias.
In the spring of 1931 the author saw inthe Turkmen Botanical Garden several
live specimens from Androsov's Kopet Dagh (Gyuen) collections*, which
undoubtedly represent a new Ungernia. To the author's knowledge, none
of the known species has such dense 2-ranked coiled glaucous leaves.
The author deals with other incomplete data, referring to more or less
disjointed locations, in notes to individual species.
1. Leaves borne around the stem and forming an apparent rosette, the
outer several times as broad as the inner...... 1. U. trisphaera Bge.
+ Leaves in 2 ranks, the outer not more than twice as broad as the inner.
Pia: LICIIOM, eho dolO 1eGate, AB. EE BIOWGIE WeebeOe | Brod viata: Bs
2. Perianth segments plain brick-red, in drying purple-tinged; stem terete.
mom aT. Oe Lees TeoeLe. B 6. U. Severtzovii (Rgl.) B. Fedtsch.
+ Perianth segments plain pale ochrous, yellowish or rosy-yellowish,

or with a brownish or purplish band on both faces ............. oe
3. Stem 5-10 cm long; leaves 8-12 mm broad; bulbs 2-4 cm in diameter;
perianth segments brownish-banded on both faces .. 4. U. minor Vved.

+ Outer leaves 1.5-4 cm broad; bulbs 4-10 cm in diameter; perianth
segments plain or with a purple or rosy-purple band on the inner face.
4. Capsule 3-3.5 cm in diameter; perianth segments purple-tipped ......
PAA OG. OT SL OL oR ies DLs 5. U. ferganica Vved.
+ Capsule 2 cm in diameter; perianth segments with a purple or rosy-

purple Gand onthe innenriface 80,0") 26 Ting we as DLiw ewe. 6 Di.
5. Stem 5-10 cm long; umbel (2) 4-—7-flowered, subsecund; leaves 2-3 cm

broad; perianth segments 20-25 cm long....... 3. U. Victoris Vved.
+ Stem 25-30 cm long; umbel 7-17-flowered; leaves 2.5-4 cm broad;

perianth segments 25-30 mm long ....... 2. U. tadshikorum Vved.

1. U. trisphaera Bge in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLIX 2 (1875) 273.

Perennial; bulbs oblong-ovoid, 7-12 cm in diameter, the numerous
blackish-brown membranous coats strongly produced at the neck; leaves
8-15, apparently rosulate, linear, glaucescent, smooth, the outer
(3)-4-5 cm broad, several times as broad as the inner leaves, 25-40 cm;
long; stem terete, scarcely tapering toward summit, often reddish,

10-25 cm long; spathe 2-cleft, shorter than the long pedicels; umbel
(5)-10-20-flowered; pedicels unequal, 2-5 cm long, subtended by few
short bracts; perianth segments 20-25 mm long, 5-8 mm broad, 2-3 times
the length of the tube, lanceolate, acutish to obtusish, brighter-colored
within, in drying becoming purple-tinged; capsule ca. 2 in diameter, with
cordate valves. August.

Consolidated sands and bedrock outcrops.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
(Sary-yazy, Kushka, Pul'-i-khatum, Serakhs, Kaakhka Yablonovskoe).
Gen. distr.: Iran, NE Khurasan. Described from Meshed. Type in
Leningrad.

Note. Description based on live specimens grown inthe Botanical Garden
of the Central Asian State University, from bulbs gathered in Kushka.

2. U. tadshikorum Vved. in Sched. H.F.A.M. (1935) No. 650.

* See the author's note in Fl. Turkm. II (1932) 317.

368

484

Perennial; bulbs oblong-ovoid, 7-10 cm in diameter, with numerous
blackish-brown membranous coats; leaves 8-12, 2-ranked, linear,
glaucescent, smooth, slightly crisped, subequal, the outer 2.5—-4 cm broad,
25-30 cm long; stem compressed, strongly tapering toward summit,
(15)-25-35 cm long, yellowish-green; spathe 2-cleft, shorter than the
pedicels; umbel 7-17-flowered, divaricate; pedicels very unequal, 2-7 cm
long elongating in fruit to as much as 14 cm, yellowish, subtended by
numerous long bracts; perianth segments 25-30 mm long, 5-7 mm broad,

3 times the length of the tube, narrowly lanceolate, acutish, yellowish or
rosy, with a broad purple median band on the inner face; capsule 2-2.5 cm
in diameter, with cordate valves. July-August.

Clay slopes in the dry steppe mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Sanglok, Guli-zandan, Tevil'dar, Khodzha Mastan and other places).
Endemic. Described from Mount Sanglok. Type in Tashkent.

Note. Description based on live specimens grown inthe Botanical Garden
of the Central Asian State University, from bulbs collected by Granitov in
the Sanglok mountains. Closely related to the preceding species, the
outstanding feature being the larger size of all parts.

3. U. Victoris Vved. in Sched..-H. F.A.M. (1935) No. 650.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid, 4-7 cm in diameter, the rather numerous brown
membranous coats more or less produced at the neck; leaves 7-10,
2-ranked, glaucous, smooth, scarcely crisped, subequal, the outer 2-3 cm
broad, 20-25 cm long; stem compressed, 5-10 cm long; spathe 2- (3)-cleft;
longer than the pedicels; umbel (2)—4—7-flowered, subsecund; pedicels
unequal, 2-5 cm long, subtended by long bracts; perianth segments
20-25 mmlong, 4-6 mm broad, 2-3 times the length of the tube, narrowly
lanceolate, acutish, yellowish or finally yellowish-rose, with a rosy-purple
band on the inner face. August.

Mild slopes at altitudes of 2000-2500 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Chul'bair mountains). Endemic. Described from Sina. Type in Tashkent.

Note. Description based on live specimens gathered by Vvedenskii
in Chul'bair mountains near village of Sina.

The plant collected by Bobrov in Kugitang and recorded in the Flora of
Turkmenistan (II (1932) 318) apparently belongs to this species.

4. U. minor Vved. in Sched. H.F.A.M. (1935) No. 650.

Perennial; bulbs ovoid, 2—4 cm in diameter, the rather few grayish
membranous coats produced at the neck; leaves 3-5, 2-ranked, linear,
glaucescent, smooth, subequal, the outer 8-12 mm broad, ca. 20 mm long;
stem 5-10 cm long, elongating in fruit up to 15 cm; spathe 2-cleft, slightly
exceeding the pedicels, rose-tipped; umbel 4- or 5-flowered, subsecund;
pedicels unequal, 2-—3.5 cm long, slightly 3-angled to subterete, pale rose,
subtended by short bracts; perianth segments 20-25 mm long, 5-6 mm
broad, 2-3 times the length of the tube, narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to
acutish, pale yellowish or finally yellowish-rose, with a narrow brownish
band on both faces, in drying becoming purple-tinged; capsule 2-2.5 cm
in diameter, with broadly cordate valves. July-August.

Stony slopes, at altitudes of 1700-2300 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(Turkestan Range). Endemic. Described from Zaamin. Type in Tashkent.
Note. Description based on live specimens, grown in Tashkent from

bulbs gathered by Popov in Zaamin woodland.

369

485

5. U. ferganica Vved. in Sched. H.F.A.M. (1935) No. 650.

Perennial; bulbs oblong-ovoid, 4-5 cm in diameter, the rather few
blackish-brown coats produced at the neck; leaves (fully developed not
seen) 10, 2-ranked, subequal, the outer ca. 1.5 cm broad; stem compressed,
10-20 cm long; spathe 2-cleft, shorter than the long pedicels; umbel
loosely 5-15-flowered; pedicels very unequal, 1.5-8 cm long, ebracteolate
or subtended by long solitary bracts; perianth segments 20-25 mm long,
3-4-5 mm broad, twice the length of the tube, linear-lanceolate to narrowly
lanceolate, acutish, pale ochrous, purple-tipped within; capsule 3-3.5 cm
in diameter, with broadly cordate valves. August.

Stony (and fine textured) slopes in the steppe mountain zone. — Centr.
Asia: T. Sh. (Fergana Range). Endemic. Described from Kugart. Type
in Tashkent.

Note. The author has seen only dried specimens and his conclusions
concerning flower color are based chiefly on Titov's oral communication
and on Korzhinskii's notes in the herbarium. Titov reported that the general
impression suggested dingy yellow flowers. Korzhinskii writes; ''flowers
greenish, reddish-brown on the margins; purple-tipped''. Herbarium
specimens display darker hues on the back rather than at the margins.

6. U. Severtzovii (Rgl.) B. Fedtsch. in Rast. Turkm. (1915) 256 (excl.
syn. U. trisphaera Bge.).—Lycoris Severtzovii Rgl. in Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. XLI, 1 (1868) 435.—Ic.: Gartenfl. XXVI (1877) t. 914.

Perennial; bulbs elongate-oblong, 5-7 cm in diameter, the rather few
mostly coal-blacx membranous coats much produced at the neck; leaves
4—6, 2-ranked, glaucous, linear, smooth, slightly crisped, subequal, the
outer 1.5-2 cm broad, ca. 20 cm long; stem terete, tapering toward
summit, (15)-—20-40 cm long; spathe 2-cleft, shorter than the pedicels;
umbel (5)—7-12-flowered; pedicels very unequal, 2-8 cm long or in fruit
up to 10 cm long, subtended by long bracts; perianth segments 20-25 mm
long, 4-5 mm broad, 3 times the length of the tube, narrowly lanceolate,
acutish, plain brick-red, in drying becoming purple-tinged; capsule
2-2.5 cm in diameter, with broadly cordate valves. July-August.

Stony and gravelly slopes in the steppe mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
T. Sh. (SW spurs of Talass Ala Tau, Chatkal Range). Endemic. Described
from Chirchik. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The author saw live flowering plants in Chimgan and fruiting
plants in Ugam. Knorring gathered in 1932, in the Nura-tau mountains
(5 km from Koshbarat), a fruiting Ungernia that, judging by the
characteristic slender black-coated bulbs, possibly belonged to this species.
Also in need of further study are specimens from the W. part of the
distribution area of U. Severtzovii (Dorofeevka, Ala-gushuk, Tyul'—
kubas), since, the herbarium material suggests that their flowers are not
unicolor.

Genus 300. STERNBERGIA* WALDST. et KIT.**
Waldst. et Kit. Fl. rar. Hung. II (1805) 172.- Oporanthus Herb. App. (Bot. Rgl.) (1821) 38.

Scape leafless, bearing a solitary flower enclosed in a spathe; perianth
funnelform, the short straight tube gradually expanding, the regular limb

* Named for K. Sternberg (1761-1838) from Regensburg.
** Arranged by S.G. Gorshkova.

370

486

489

6-parted; stamens 6, of these 3 shorter, inserted on upper part of the

perianth tube; anthers oblong, obtusish; style 3-angled; stigma 3-lobed;

capsule somewhat fleshy, indehiscent; seeds subglobose. Bulbose perennials
with narrowly or broadly linear obtuse basal leaves.

1. Flowers in early spring, together with leaves; leaves flat, sometimes
exceeding ithessecape Per -Oan) wy eee 1. S. Fischeriana (Herb. ) Roem.
Hipwers intial, Swe LB. oe a BOS. Soe Pw tt. Bs {pee ve

2. Plants 5-9 cmtall; bulb spherical-ovoid to oblong-ovaloid; leaves
narrowly linear, subobtuse, smooth-margined, appearing in spring
after flowering; scape short, scarcely raised above ground..........
a ee eee. 2-2 all: . bub hg 2. S. colchiciflora Waldst. et Kit.

+ Plants 20-40 cm tall; bulb large, spherical; leaves broadly linear,

cartilaginous-margined, appearing in fall toward the end of flowering;
sicapeveloneate; islightlmshorter than thesleave sk ly jw) Ads bli ate be ead en
tne the leavee, bootie aceneeesd. lakves ene kk 3. S. lutea (L.) Ker.-Gawl.

1. S. Fischeriana (Herb.) Roem., Amaryll. (1847) 46; Filippov,
Amaryllid. Fl. caus. crit. 44, 11.—Amaryllis lutea M.B.FIl. taur.-
cauc. III (1819) 255.—Oporanthus Fischerianus et O. luteus
Fisicheriamus” Herb), \Amaryll: "(183 7).412.— St.\lutea Ldb., FI.

Ross. IV (1853) 115 (exclus. syn.).—St. Fischeriana Rupr., Gartenflora
XVII (1808) 100.—Ic.: Herb., Amaryll. (1837) tab. 47, fig. 3 (sub.

O. Fischerianus Herb.); Rupr. in Regel Gartenfl. XVII (1868) tab. 576
(sub St. Fischeriana Rupr.).— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Gauc. No. 20

Perennial, 20-35 cm tall; bulb large, spherical, enveloped in dark brown
membranous coats; leaves broadly linear, flat, obtuse, entire, the base
of leaves and scape enclosed in a leafless sheath; scape exceeding the
leaves; spathe oval-lanceolate, obtuse, tubular at base, two-thirds the
length of flower; flowers large, appearing with leaves in spring; perianth
bright yellow, broadly funnelform, the tube very short, the segments
obtusish; stamens half as long as anthers; ovary stipitate, oblong-ellipsoid,
tapering at both ends, enclosed in the spathe. March.

Steppes and dry hills in the lower mountain zone.— Caucasus: E. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from Karabakh, Akh-Oglan. Type in
Leningrad.

2. S. colchiciflora Waldst. et Kit. Fl. rar. Hung. II (1805) 172,
tap. [ods db. fl. Shoss. LV, 1: Shinal’ so.) 1. Bi a3. te. : Rel. Ie.
Fl. Germ. IX, gabes72,. Figures 823-24.

Perennial, 5-9 cm tall; bulb spherical-ovoid to oblong-ovaloid, 1-2 cm
broad, enveloped in brown coats; leaves appearing in spring (the season
following flowering), linear, 4-5 mm broad and 15 cm long, narrowed
toward base, obtusish; flowers in fall; scape short, scarcely raised above
soil level, with a short sheath; spathe as long as the tube of the sulfur-
yellow perianth; perianth segments as long as or slightly longer than the
tube, the outer acuminate, the inner obtuse; stamens one-third to one-half
as long as the perianth; ovary sessile, oblong-ovaloid, enclosed in a spathe.
September.

371

(487)

Plate XXX

1. Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl.— 2. Narcissus caucasicus (Fom.) Gorschk.—

3, N. pseudonarcissus L.— 4. Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Herb.— 5. Pancratium
maritimum L.—6. Leucojum aestivum L.; 6a) bulb, 6b) leaf.— 7. Galanthus plicatus M.B.:
Ta) outer perianth segments, 7a) inner perianth segments, 7c) style and stamens.

372

Dry stony steppes and meadows — European part: Bl., Crim., Caucasus:
Cise., E. Transc Gen. distr.: Med.,,Eur,,Deseribed from former
Austro-Hungary, from Budaors. Type in Vienna.

Note. N.A. Troitskii (Zhurn. Russk. Bot. O-va X (1925) 200) records
that flowers of this species sometimes develop underground within the bulb,
while the fruit is raised above soil level and there attains maturity.

3. S. lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. in Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII, 2 (1830) 795;
igi Wh. AkOss.. 1vi,) L1b: “Halt ppov,. gH Ly Cawe ny Crdbun A 4; (1916 \el2 .
Peormaeay lds. liate,a;, Ls Sp.4 pl. (125s) 292. Oporanthe s.luteea, Herb.
Appen. (1821) 38 et Amaryll. (1837) 188.—Ic.: Rchb. Icon. Fl. Germ. IX,
LaDy Stance Exes. HE AM, No.4 hs.

Perennial, 9-20 cm tall; bulb large, 3-4 cm in diameter and 5 cm long,
spherical, enveloped in dark brown coats; leaves broadly linear, 4-5 mm
broad, concave, scaberulous-margined due to minute sharp teeth,
appearing in fall together with flowers; scape elongated, slightly shorter
than the leaves, both scape and leaves enclosed in a small leafless sheath;
spathe oval-lanceolate, tubular at base, one-half to two-thirds the length
of perianth; perianth yellow, ca. 5 cm long, broadly funnelform, with a
very short tube and obtuse oblong-elliptic segments; stamens one-half to
two-thirds as long as the perianth limb; ovary ovoid-oblong, enclosed in
the spathe. September-October. (Plate XXX, Figure 1).

Dry steppe slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.,
Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Med. Described from W. Europe. Type in London.

Genus 301. IXIOLIRION* FISCH.**
Fisch Herb. App. (1821) 37,.- Amaryllis Pall. It. I1(1776) 727.-Kolpakowskia Rgl. inA.H.P.
V 2 (1878) 634,

Inflorescence mostly few-flowered, rarely paniculate; flowers large,

490 regular, bisexual; perianth 6-parted nearly down to base, funnelform-
campanulate; segments 3-nerved, the 3 outer slightly narrower than the
inner, mucronate; stamens 6, inserted at the base of perianth segments;
ovary inferior, 3-celled, many-ovuled; style long, filiform; stigma 3-lobed;
capsule coriaceous, oblong-clavate, narrowed at base, 3-valved, dehiscent
at the top; seeds ovaloid-oblong. Bulbose perennials, the leafy stem with
a membranous sheath at base; leaves borne mostly on the lower part of the
stem, linear.

1. Plants 10-50 cm tall; leaves linear, rather narrow; flowers large, in
a racemose or paniculate inflorescence; anthers oblong, straight or
eurved! 43-5 times as done vas, broad AR asets, ah bikats ss Bee 4. 2.
+ Plants 5-10 cm tall; flowers rather small, in an umbelliform
inflorescence; anthers rounded, straight, 2-3 times as long as broad.
SORE ik, ene EE eee Peery eS ee ne 1. I. karateginum Lipsky.
2. Bulb ovoid; flowers in racemose inflorescence; perianth segments
pra ShoawiOlet Toth ae? voblome el liapie ety Bye RV NN BA ee bes os
ROME. STROSS Se SR, ED. 2. I. tataricum (Pall. ) Roem. et Schult.
+ Bulb ovaloid; flowers mostly in a paniculate inflorescence; perianth
segments azure-blue, oblong-linear .. 3. I. montanum (Lia Bill. ) Herb.

Ixia, a genus of the family Iridaceae, and Greek leirion, lily.
Arranged by S.G. Gorshkova.

we

373

491

1. I. karateginum Lipsky, A.H.P. XVIII (1901) 108, No. 72.—Ic.:
Lipsky A.H.P. XXIII (1904) tab. 11.

Perennial, 5-10 cm tall; bulb ovoid to ovoid-oblong, 1-1.5 cm in
diameter and 1-2 cm long, covered with brownish scales; leaves 3 or 4,
narrowly linear, attenuate toward apex, filiform-tipped, 2-3 times the .
length of stem or even longer; flowers 2-7, rather small, in an umbelliforn)
inflorescence; bracts lanceolate, broadly membranous, shorter than to
equaling the pedicels; claws of perianth segments folded into a tube in lower}
part, the longer upper part reflexed and thus the perianth rotate; segments
pale lilac, the inner obovate and rather broad, the outer elongate elliptic,
terminating in a greenish mucro; stamens unequal; anthers rounded,

2-3 times as long as broad, straight after anthesis; ovary oblong-ovaloid,
July.

Mountains (3000-4000 m), on slightly gravelly grassy slopes. — Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. Described from Karategin (Peter the Great Range, Kara-
Shura River valley). Type in Leningrad.

2. I. tataricum (Pall.) Roem. et Schult. Syst. VII, 1 (1829) 752; Rgl. in |
A.H.P. VI, 2 (1880) 492; Filippov, Fl. cauc. crit. v.44, 13; Krylov, FI.
Zap. Sipe Wi *6592— Aimar yllvs" tata a sean aie rn (Tere) sie 1,
tab? Dr risure 1. —=T VPatlasii'hisch? ‘et Mey Mdb. wk “Ross. iv
(1853) 116; Shmal"oy'Fl.4l 474". Korpakows kaa m ume “Hel ar Py
VI, 2 (1879) 494.—Ic.: Herb. Amaryllid. (1827) tab.19; Fl. Yugo-Vost.
pt."3,%40%, Figsure’200, “xs, ?"H. FPA. MP Noe4To"(v. brachy anthers um
Riele)).

Perennial, 20-45 cm tall; bulb deep-seated, ovoid, 1-1.5 cm broad,
1.5-2.5 cm long, covered with dark brown coriaceous coats; leaves linear,
scabrous-margined, slightly canaliculate, finely pointed; flowers 2-4,
pedicellate, in a racemose inflorescence or rarely in a many-flowered
loose raceme, slightly open or wide open (var. Ledebouri Regl.);
segments of the campanulate perianth azure-blue to dark violet, 5-7 mm
broad and 2-3 cm long, oblong-ellitpic, to lanceolate; anthers oblong to
oblong-ovoid, straight, 3-5 times or 2-3 times (var. brachyantherum
Rgl.) as long as broad, after anthesis straight or recurved at the middle
(var. intermedium Rgl. and var. crispum Rgl.) or spirally arched-
recurved (var. Ledebourii Rgl.); ovary oblong-obovoid, inferior. April,
May, July, in mountains. (Plate XXX, Figure 4).

Terraces along waterways, sands, feathergrass-wormwood and
wormwood-fescue steppes, and stony steppe slopes; in the mountains up to
the subalpine zone. — W.. Siberia: Irt., Alt., Centr. Asia:,Ar.>Casp., Balkh.,
Dzu.-Tarb., Kyz. KeeKara K.,.Mitne Domkit.».Amu Uae amg sAlee de Sm).
Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from Inderskie mountains. Type in
Leningrad.

3. I, montanum (La Bill.) Herb. App. (1821) 37 et Amaryll. (1837) 125.—
Amaryllis montana La Bill. Ic..Syr. dec.) (1791).—=1.,Rallasii Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 116 (non Fisch. et Mey).—Ic.: Herbert. Amaryllid.
(1837) tab. 20.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 21.

Perennial, 25-30 cm tall; bulb j= the ecm broad and Do cm long, ovaloid,
covered with brown coats; leaves linear, narrow; flowers 3-17, pedicellate,
in a narrow paniculate or rarely corymbose inflorescence; perianth azure,

374

elongate-funnelform, 3-4 cm long; segments oblong-linear, 3-nerved, the
inner obtuse, the outer elongate and mucronate; anthers oblong-linear,
straight, 4-5 times as long as broad; ovary oblong, inferior; capsule
oblong-clavate. April, May, June.

Steppe mountain zone. — Caucasus; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described from the Lebanon Mountains
in Syria [Lebanon]. Type in Paris.

Genus 302. NARCISSUS* L.**
L. Gen. pl. (1764) 161.

Flowers large; perianth with a long cylindric tube, a 6-parted limb,
and a campanulate or cup-shaped corona at the throat; stamens free from
corona, inserted in perianth tube; ovary oblong or ovaloid, 3-angled,
3-celled, many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma truncate or somewhat
3-lobed; capsule 3-valved; seeds black, angled or globose. Bulbose
perennials with linear basal leaves and an elongated leafless scape
surrounded at base by membranous sheaths.
1. Scape bearing a solitary flower; corona campanulate or patelliform,
with an incised or crenulate margin; perianth segments longer than the
tuber? bedizoseG ..beM .W....5G0. .ttee . eth eet) cnt. .M 2!
+ Scape bearing 5 flowers; corona cup-shaped, with an entire margin;
peBianth secoments shorter, thansthe tubes tavitiosoag: of-eeyrseaet) ...9-bawyi.. -
ene Dbermmcinga! ot. ob. naveiiuoss & 1. N. caucasicus (Fomin. ) Gorschk.
2. Perianth segments pale yellow; corona large, campanulate to cup-
shaped, yellow, with irregularly incised undulate margin...........
co RES ER De eee eae ee ae rae ee ere ee A ee 2. N. pseudo-narcissus L.
+ Perianth segments white; corona small, patellate, yellow, with bright
Hesicrenulatetmarsim ioc. mela .:nelecialb.ct.ca2 @«& *N. poeticus L.

1. N. caucasicus (Fomin) Gorschk. comb. n.—N. lacticolor Baker
var. caucasicus Fomin in Fomin and Voronov. Opr. rast. Kavk. iKr.I
(1909) 284; Filippov, Fl. Cauc., crit. 44 (1916) 16.<lt'Te

Perennial; 35-55 cm tall; bulb large, 34-4 cm in diameter and 4—-4.5 cm
long, spherical-ovoid, covered with dark brown coats; leaves straight,
broadly linear, 12 mm broad, obtuse, glaucous, flat, about equaling the
scape; scape with an oblong spathe; flowers 5-7; pedicels elongated,
unequal, longer than the spathe; perianth segments white or yellowish-white,
broadly elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse, mucronulate, shorter than the
tube; corona golden-yellow, cup-shaped, entire, slightly exserted from the
perianth tube. March. (Plate XXX, Figure 2).

Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from the Caucasus,
Shemakha area and village of Akhsu. Type in Tiflis.

Note. Cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant.

2. N. pseudo-narcissus L. Sp. pl. (1753) 289; Baker. Amaryll. (1888) 3;
Ldb. Ee Rnosse* IVE 116 Pilvopov, Fi“Cauc) ert. 44°19 16 )*16.— Te”:
Rehbp slew sCemmy geo ata, 369, EPioure 816,,Heoi FL. Mitt. Bur. I)
(1909) tab. 67, Figure 4.

* From Greek naren, numbness; named after the mythological hero Narcissus.
** Arranged by S.G. Gorshkova.

Sif)

Perennial, 20-25 cm tall; bulb large, 3.5-4 cm in diameter, 4-4.5 cm
long, spherical-ovoid, covered with dark brown coats; leaves straight,
broadly linear, 7mm broad, flat, subobtuse, shorter than the compressed

493 monanthous scape; spathe oval-lanceolate, obtuse, half the length of flower;
perianth pale yellow; segments broadly lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate,
longer than the tube; corona very conspicuous, cup-shaped to campanulate,
yellow, with a regularly incised undulate margin. March. (Plate XXX,
Figure 3).

Slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Med. Described from
W. Europe. Type in London.

*N. poetieus L, Spec. pl. (1,753) 289; Shmaal'g¢ Hiei, 472. Ie: elie:
Ic.: Fl. Germ. IX, tab. 364, Figure 808; BaillonIc. Fl. Franc. I (1885-94)
tal. Ane

Perennial, 20-30 cm tall; stem 2-angled, terminating in a spathe and
a solitary nodding flower; bulb spherical-ovoid, covered with dark brown
coats; leaves 2-4, elongated, bluish-green, linear, flat, subobtuse, about
equaling the scape; perianth white; segments obovate, longer than the tube;
corona rather small, patellate, yellow, with a bright red crenulate margin.
March-April.

Grown in gardens, occasionally becoming naturalized. — European part:
U. Dnp., M. Dnp. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., W. Med. Described from
Europe. Type in London.

Note. Deserves to be cultivated on a large scale as one of the early
spring-flowering plants. Survives in the ground even in the Leningrad area.
A valuable source of essential oil.

*N. tazetta L. Sp. pl. (1753) 290.—

Perennial; bulb 3-5 cm in diameter; stem compressed, 30-50 cm tall;
leaves 4-6, linear, grayish-green, carinate, subobtuse, about as long as
the scape; inflorescence of 3-18 flowers; pedicels unequal; perianth tube
greenish, cylindric, ca. 2 cm long; segments horizontally spreading,
obovate, white, varying in breadth; corona cup-shaped, mostly entire,
golden-yellow; stamens and stigma exserted from the perianth.

Gen. distr.: Mediterranean Region, where it flowers from December
to May. Growing in sun-exposed places, on slopes and in dry meadows.
Described from S. Transc. Cultivated in the USSR in gardens along the
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.

Note. A beautiful and highly productive plant. In view of its winter
blooming, it is likely to meet with extensive demand and, with the
development of air transport, it may be rapidly transported from the south
to the central parts of the USSR.

es Genus 303. PANCRATIUM* L.**

L. Gen. pl. (1764) 161 No. 404.

Flowers large, white, enclosed in a spathe; perianth with an elongated
cylindric tube and a 6-parted limb; corona campanulate, split into teeth

*

From Greek pan, all, and cratos, power.
** Arranged by S.G. Gorshkova.

376

495

and attached to base of perianth segments; stamens free or adnate to
corona; ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma somewhat
3-lobed; capsule ovaloid-trigonous, 3-celled, 3-valved; seeds subglobose.
Bulbose perennials, with basal leaves and a stout leafless scape.

ion Pwimaritimum., Li:) Spevplisli(@ 153)29 13 »Edb) Fly Rossii 115;
Filippov, ‘Fl. cauc. crit: v. 44,(1916) 18;—1c.: Rehb. Icon. Fl. Germ. IX,
fabri, beagle ebasiics ber, Mile geancs Noy 2Gor

Perennial, 40-60 cm tall; bulb large, 4.5-6 cm in diameter and 8-10 cm
long, ovaloid-oblong, covered with numerous brown membranous coats;
leaves straight, elongated, broadly linear, 20 mm broad, glaucous, shorter
than to as long as the scape; spathe 2-valved, lanceolate, one-third to
one-half the length of flower; flowers 2-8, subsessile; perianth funnelform,
white; perianth tube long, expanding upward; perianth segments lance-
linear, acutish, reflexed, green-banded on the back; corona with 12 acute
triangular teeth, shorter than perianth segments. August. (Plate XXX,
Figure 5).

Sandy seashores.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.,
Med. Described from Spain. Type in London.

Family XXXV. DIOSCOREACEAE LINDL.*

Flowers unisexual, dioecious; perianth biseriate, 6-merous, deeply
6-parted; staminate flowers with 6 stamens and a rudimentary tubercle-
shaped ovary; pistillate flowers with 6 minute staminodes; ovary inferior,
3-celled; styles 3, very short, distinct or united; stigmas 3; fruit a
3-celled 3-winged capsule or berry. Perennial lianous plants with a twining
stem and underground rhizomes, tubers, or tuberous roots. Leaves
alternate or opposite; flowers small, in simple or branched axillary spikes
or racemes.

Key to Genera

1. Fruit a 3-winged capsule; seeds flat, winged; stamens inserted on the

PC RUAMEECULOe. (kde Rei ue ty ems Lacs cages, ee aenyc gnats 304. Dioscorea L.
+ Fruit a berry; seeds globose, wingless; stamens inserted at bottom of
TVET Syn APA ha ted oct yee ae lenbe jet nap erp aah Nahe al | esis sb MN 2 Aiayl 305. Tamus L.

Genus 304. DIOSCOREA** L.
L. Gen. ed. 1(1737) 306; L. Spec. pl. (1753) 1032.

Perianth of staminate flowers campanulate, deeply 6-parted, the
segments equal or nearly so; stamens inserted on the perianth tube, shorter
than the segments; perianth of pistillate flowers 6-parted; ovary 3-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell; capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, the wings vertical,
semioval or crescent-shaped; seeds flattened, winged; staminate flowers

* Arranged by N.F. Goncharov.
** Dedicated to the Greek physician Dioscorides who wrote, in the 1st century A.D., five books dealing
with medicinal plants, etc. In the Middle Ages he was considered as the principal authority on plant
science.

377

496

solitary or in glomerules of 2-4, forming simple or. branched axillary
spikes or racemes; pistillate flowers in simple spikes or racemes.
1. Wing of seeds the same breadth all round except on the inner side;

capsulestorbiculan or cordatesorbicular! Aiiw. ais.oie tod aaeulee: |: 2.
+ Wing of seeds very narrow in lower part, broad and elongated in upper
part; capsules broadly oblong or oboval..... 2. D. polystachya Turcz.

2. Male spikes mostly 2 to 4 in the leaf axils; perianth segments inflexed,
their margins convergent; rachis of male inflorescences flexuous;
wapsulesrcordare:orbicul aagisi ind (aet.ao eee: *D. batatas Decne.

+ Male spikes mostly solitary in the leaf axils; perianth segments reflexed;
rachis of male inflorescence not flexuous; capsules orbicular .......
er one: late loners .bavisy~<. eciege . aqeos ent 1. D. caucasica Lipsky.

Subgenus I. HELMIA (Kunth) Benth. in Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. III (1883)
743 (pro sectio). Knuth Monogr. in Pflzr. IV (1914) 50.— Wing of seeds
retrorse.

1. D. caucasica Lipsky in Mém. Soc. Nat. Kiew XIII, 1 (1894) 143.—
154; Knuth Monogr. in Pflzr. IV, 43 (1924) 173.— Ie?Mém. Soe: Nat.
Kiew Mail, “1, °t.6, %> Knuth Monogr *Proure’ dia. — xs sealer exse
No. 79"

Perennial, with a long stout horizontal rhizome; stems glabrous; leaves
alternate or nearly opposite, the lower verticillate in whorls of 3-5,
membranous, cordate-ovate, acuminate, often with slightly sinuate margins,
glabrous above, with very short appressed hairs on the veins beneath,
6-15 cm long, 5.5-11 cm broad, 9-13-nerved, the marginal veins often
bifurcate; petioles as long as or slightly shorter than blade, with short
glandular hairs at base; staminate flowers scattered, solitary or in
glomerules of 2 or 3, sessile; spikes axillary, mostly solitary, loosely
branched or rarely simple; perianth of staminate flowers campanulate,
green, the reflexed oblong segments as long as the tube; stamens inserted
on the perianth tube, near its base; anthers oblong; capsule glabrous,
chartaceous, mostly emarginate at the top and often at base, 2.5-3.3 cm in
diameter; seed wings very thinly membranaceous. Fl. May-July; fr.
July-September. (Plate XXIX, Figure 6, a).

Woods and coppices.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described from
vicinity of Novyi Afon. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The Caucasian dioscorea constitutes a disjunct enclave far
removed to the north from the ancestral area, the nearest locations of the
genus Dioscorea being, in one direction, Ethiopia and, in the other
direction, Sikkim in the Himalayas. D. villosa, growing in the Atlantic
part of North America, is thought to be most closely related to our species.
The discovery in 1913 of the new species Dioscorea balcanica
KoSanin in the mountain forests of northern Albania proved that this group
of dioscoreas had covered at one time a large area. The three northern
species, together with one Korean species, 14 Himalayan, 3 Japanese,

9 Chinese, and 5 Himalayan species, compose Section 20 Macropoda
Uline which is distinguished, among other characters, by the most
primitive structure of inflorescences, fruits, and flowers within the entire
genus. D. caucasica is not related to the African species.

378

497

Subgenus II. EUDIOSCOREA Pax. in Engl. et Prantl. Pflzfam. IJ, 5 (1888)
134.— Wing of seeds membranous, uniformly surrounding the seed on
all sides.

*D. batatas Decne. Rev. Hortic. ser. 4, III (1854) 243, VI (1855) 69;
Knuth Monogr. in Pflzr. IV, 43 (1924) 261.—Ic.: l.c., Figure 55.

Perennial, glabrous, producing underground tubers; stems angled,
vigorous, purple-striped; leaves alternate, opposite, or ternate; leaf
blades 6-10 cm long and broad, more or less 3-lobed, the lateral lobes
rounded, the middle lobe acuminate; staminate inflorescences simple
spikes; flowers 2 mm in diameter. (Plate XXIX, Figure 7, a).

General distribution: China, Japan. Described from China. Type in
Pacis:

Note. Cultivated as a vegetable in Manchuria and China, as well as in
southern Africa, for its edible tubers. Introduction into the USSR seems
feasible.

Subgenus III. STENOPHORA (Uline) Knuth; Uline in Engler et Prantl.
Pflzfam. Nachtr. zu Il, 5 (1897) 84 (pro sectio); Knuth Monogr. in Pflzr.
IV, 43 (1924) 313.— Wing of seeds introrse.

2. D. polystachya Turcz. in Bull. Soc, Nat. Moscou VII (1837) 158. —
D. Giraldii Knuthin Pflzr. IV, 3 (1924) 315.—D. quinqueloba
Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 277 (non Thunb.); Kom., A.H.P. XX,
487.—Ic.: Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. Kr. 1, Plate 119;
Knuth fe) Figure 60.

Perennial; with a stout horizontal rhizome; stems glabrous, vigorous;
leaves alternate; leaf blades thickly membranous, broadly cordate,
6-10(-14)cmlong, 4.5-8.5 (-13) em broad, glabrate above with scattered
short white hairs, covered on the veins beneath with short appressed hairs,
7-lobed, mostly 9-nerved, the inner veins bifurcate, the lateral lobes
obtuse or rounded, the longer central lobe elongate acuminate, or rarely
the blade merely emarginate or emarginate-lobate, the slender petiole
mostly as long as the blade; staminate flowers short-pediceled, in cymules
of 3-7 or rarely solitary, forming simple or rarely branched solitary
axillary racemes; perianth segments oblong or oval, slightly shorter than
the tube; stamens inserted on the upper part of the perianth tube; anthers
oblong-ovaloid; capsules more or less emarginate at the top, sessile or
borne on very short stipes, 1.6-2.5 cm long, 1.3-2 cm broad; wing of seeds
long, thinly membranous. Fl. June-August; fr. July-September. (Plate
(Plate XXIX, Figure 8, a).

Woods margins and coppices; also thin broad-leaved and mixed woods. —
Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from Peking.
Type in Tokyo?

Note. While the northern limit of dioscorea in Europe lies at 43°N.
lat., the Far Eastern dioscorea in the Bureya River estuary reaches 49° N.
lat. The affiliation of this species (57th section Eustenophora Knuth)
is excusively East Asian, and comprises 7 species of which 4 grow in
Japan, one in Indochina, and the rest in China.

379

498

499

Genus 305. TAMUS* L.
L. Gen. ed. 1(1737) 305.— L. Sp. pl. ed. 1(1753) 1028.

Perianth of staminate flowers urceolate-campanulate, deeply 6-parted,
the segments subequal; stamens inserted at the bottom of the perianth;
anthers minute, ovaloid; style rudimentary, tubercle-shaped or shortly
3-parted; perianth of pistillate flowers with 6 minute narrow segments;
staminodes minute or absent, ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell;
berry globose, fleshy-succulent, indehiscent; underground part tuberous;
leaves alternate, cordate, entire or nearly 3-lobed; flowers pedicellate;
staminate flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymules, forming axillary
racemes; pistillate flowers in simple racemes.

i. .T. communis .l.,Sp.ed. 1 (1753))1028;. Knuth,,(Monogr,) inyPizrgehy,
43 (1924) 341-342.—Ic.: Baxter. Brit. phaen. Bot. IV (1840) tab. 391;
Lam. III (1791) tab. 817; Knuth Monogr. Figure 20.— Georgian dzaglis-
satekhela, dzagli satatsuri, shelavi urdzeni; Armenian
lashtak vairi; Lezghian dzyrkhuchu; Chechen tsytskia twelys he

Perennial; leaves deeply cordate, mostly entire, membranous, long-
petioled, 8-14 (-20) cm long, 4.5-11 (-16) cm broad; staminate racemes
mostly longer than peduncle, simple or branched; flowers mostly in
cymules; pedicels slightly shorter than flowers; perianth urceolate-
infundibular, yellowish, white, 3-6 mm indiameter; stamens exserted from
perianth tube; rudimentary styles 3, subulate, distinct down to base or
united at base; pistillate racemes abbreviated, much shorter than peduncle,
few-flowered; pistillate flowers pedicellate, with urceolate-campanulate
perianth; stamens 6, more or less rudimentary; stylar column 3-angled,
the length of perianth segments. Fl. April-June; fr. (June) July-September.

Woods or rarely coppices.— European part: Crimea; Caucasus: all
regions except the high-mountain part. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., W. and E.
Med., Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran., Centr. Eur. (rare). Described
from S. Europe. Type in London,

Note. Berries poisonous, with deadly effect on children. Young shoots
are used as a substitute for asparagus. The root has diuretic, emetic,
and laxative properties. A powder made from the roots is used for dressing
wounds (Rollov, Dikor. r. Kavkaza, 1908, 497). An ornamental plant,
suitable for pergolas and hedges.

Family XXXVI. IRIDACEAE * LINDL.
Lind. Nat. Syst. ed. 2(1836) 332.

Perennials with creeping or bulbous rootstock, rarely subshrubs (none
in the USSR); leaves ensiform or rarely linear, erect; inflorescence
terminal, 1-flowered or spicate or paniculate; flowers bisexual,
actinomorphic or zygomorphic; perianth corolline, with a more or less
elongated tube, the segments equal or the inner differing from the outer;
stamens 3, distinct or connate; ovary inferior, 3-celled, with numerous
ovules in each cell and central placentation, or rarely ovary 1-celled with

* Adopted from the Roman writer Pliny.

*“ Arranged by B.A. Fedchenko, except for the section Juno of the genus Iris and the genus Gladiolus.

380

500

parietal placentation; upper part of style 3-cleft, the style-branches more
or less petaloid; fruit an oblong or spherical many-seeded dehiscent
capsule; seeds globose or angular due to mutual pressure during growth,
the testa thin or thickened; embryo small in horny or fleshy endosperm.

Iridaceae contain about 60 species distribution chiefly through the tropics
and subtropics. The Cape Province in South Africa and tropical America
are particularly rich in plants of this family. In Europe there are 7 genera
and 105 species or groups of species.

Key to Genera

ta RioweRs AdcthinomorphichaGsd, abt is ...colww A » oes che ee ty ts hel ai, 2,
+ Flowers zygomorphic, slightly bilabiate, in 1-sided spicate
Ta LOrES COMES ITOK Vk cee MRS LOR | OR Le 8 309. Gladiolus L.

2. Aerial stem absent; terminal flower solitary; axillary flowers several,
each spathe containing only one flower; perianth segments equal; perianth
tube elongated and surrounded by leaf bases; ovary at or below soil
surface; leaves linear or filiform; style branches funnelform or more

OEMS S SILLIMAN IVS sibel. Be.) Mckay chlanuswndAtiy wh eejer ou ey a eu 306. Crocus L.
* Aerial stem mostly leafy, each spathe enclosing 2 or more flowers;

phevwiwo avhorls: Oriperianth SESMeENES UNEQUAL, ape... .. wloy c- a eolt sh when Deg oe en's 3.
3. style branches 'petaloid, covering the: anthers Lesnar. stig 30%) Iris L.
+ Perianth segments undifferentiated, mostly rounded, alternating with

SEAMLEIS) .- sot 2). Mage the SAMAR Bw Rakes. ato: ORR Beara . 4.

4. Stamens distinct; style branches slightly dilated in upper part; stem
leafy; leaves ensiform; seeds the size of peas. .308. Belamcanda Adans

+ Filaments of stamens united into atube; style branches narrow; leaves
elongated, long-pointed, almost subulate-tipped; seeds smaller.......

*Sisyrinchium L.

ot Se reer tw Meo) oe fet oh aA ie! vehle a of lot) oh oN vall volt cull cheep pie teh el wel «ee tie/tfanline pon jane

Genus 306. CROCUS* L.
L. Gen. pl. (1735).

Perennial; corm covered with membranous or fibrous tunics, giving rise
to a tuft of fibrous roots; stem none; flowers solitary or several, apparently
arising directly from the corm, being enclosed in membranous scales;
green leaves developing after or rarely together with flowers; scape
enclosed at base by a membranous spathe or basal spathe absent; floral
spathe borne about the middle of the scape; flowers long-funnelform, the
narrowly cylindric tube enlarged at throat, the limb of 6 segments; stamens
inserted at throat, shorter than perianth; anthers erect, linear, commonly
longer than filaments; ovary oblong, 3-celled, the cells many-ovuled; style
filiform, with 3 stigmas. Nearly all crocus species have beautiful flowers
and deserve to be grown in gardens. Information concerning species of
technological importance (as a source of saffron) is given in connection
with individual species.

* Name occurring in the writings of ancient authors.

381

PS 38 ©) oP 9 oe es

501

1920

Flowers appearing in spring... 26 605 ft ee ne Qe

Flowers appearing in fall... 2. 61 ee ine
Tunics of corm forming a fibrous network ................4.. 3.
Tintessotcormmoet meticulater, liasia .~vetase <ROaeouth-t> ciate) ase: 5.
Mlowensiyellow! .iGiis caved Ria 2elooce. Os. tie 9. C. susianus Ker.
Blowene white or MiaceaistA. tie. si male ee OG Jeet). mete: 4.

Fibers of corm tunics slender; flower solitary.................
OS ee ee cia as. seca | oa oe 6. C. Heuffelianus Herbert.

Fibers of corm tunics coarse; flowers in 2's or 3's..............
8. C. variegatus Hoppe et Hornsch.

inlowers yellow... .. - «+ « Oa CF Yee 2 2 ce eit ae eee De
Filo. Gisee Win exOreeONCT fic uae a oP Sie) unsieeel eee) ace oder ee ie
Leaves ciliolate, narrow-keeled; stigmas considerably overtopped by
antherses.. eg e PRbsent ih. aistds lic. siie 12. C. aureus Sibth. et Sm.
Leaves glabrous, broad-keeled; stigmas slightly overtopped by or at
one level with! anthers. ..0s thon ae: 13. C. Korolkowi Rgl. et Maw.
Tunics at base of corm separating into a ring (C. biflorus Mill.
ccoup) woled. uo. decree. Lee? teak. wd bebason soe. bs bate nets yee 8.

Tunics at base of corm not separating into a ring; flowers lilac......
See OE, AOE ee ee Oe, Fe Ee ee eee ee 14. C. Michelsoni B. Fedtsch.
Tunics at base of corm not separating into a ring; flowers whitish.

Saat aad by Sar Bien a+ <etow th rece cal sp eee RENEE Aa eee 10. C. alatavicus Rgl. et Sem.
Flowers white, suffused with purple; outer leaves with 3 conspicuous

yiolennenvest) «babs: wlieosn.. kipted hiep 2 1: 15. C. tauricus Trautv.
Flowers bluish-violet; sometimes with darker stripes .......... 9).
Outer perianth segments elliptic-lanceolate, subobtuse; inner segments
shorter) icound-tipped.. 2620.24 ae 17. C. artvinensis (Philipp.) Grossh.
All perianth segments oblong-lanceolate, acutish ............. 10.
Klowersi golden-yellow atithroatlucdics eons ls. beak 16. C. Adami J.Gay.
Flowers pale, not yellow, at throat......... 18. C. Roopiae Woron.
IEE OMG SPV UOC ach ine cape) ck otarctach te = hap eh pide ye noe celke aig es) ed DE Ma aes 12.
EMOWeresh WhibeyOR sellOW gaye civepiam orgie tiey n Take scnesey ait oh alta teach Ci es 13.
Leaves @a:y lmnubroad iA ..aS2RRo,. 00. MR... » 5. €. Autrand (Alioy
Leaves Upto,3,mmibroad 2 ote) J% Paya. as) 19. C. speciosus MB.
Flowers yellow or orange; leaves of the preceding year usually
persistenttillvflowerifigw: auonatcdsness diiw be 4. C. Scharojani Rupr.
Flowers lilac, white or stramineous, sometimes reddish- or yellowish-
tinged? dleavesureplacediecachyean. BU80. .cYtGD oat Matt. -ilogeip a: 14.
Leaves’ and, flowers appearing topethe nw awaits meljolaveh.teveel. 15.
Leaves appearing in spring and withering before flowering ...... 16.
Stigmas much longer than'stylewss5 s)i).0 alobb.w. 7. C. Pallasii MB.
Stigmas much shorter than style..... 11. C. caspicus Fisch. et Mey.
Mowers) 2Sarem, longke. evediin,.~cwaokeacn Becta 3. C. karsianus Fom.
lowers: 4:>s6remilongss .netior: 2... 0a Peo ede SG, ead Ihe
Flowers ca. 6 cm long, the throat bearded. ..1. C. vallicola Herbert.

Flowers cas. 415 =5:emvslong)s thesthroatmaked, 1) syse0g..o4-0), ov. eaeh Be
O) ADI NA PE AQ eh bot ths 2 ho. 2ONE IR: 2. C. Suvorovianus C. Koch.

382

502

Subgenus I. INVOLUCRATI Maw.— A basal spathe present in addition to
a 2-leaved floral spathe borne about the middle of the scape.

Section 1. FIBROEMEMBRANACEI Maw.— Corm tunics membranous -
fibrous, the fibers not netted.

ites valicola, herbert in ete her Sood, Misc. pe (i tes. Pin or.
eso eo, cui. tee Bot. hep sol SOC tab. 164, Pisune. 3) Mia,
Crocus, tab. 2.

Perennial; 6-12; corm depressed-globose, 1.3-2 cm in diameter, the
outer tunic thin, fibrous; leaf sheaths shorter than spathe; perianth throat
bearded, the segments pale milky, ca. 6 cm long, elliptic to lanceolate,
acuminate and point-tipped, the inner face with purple stripes and 2 orange
spots near the throat; anthers pale; style cleft to the level of anther tips;
stigmas short, subentire to slightly denticulate-fimbriate, orange. —
September. (Plate XXXI, Figure 3).

High mountain meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc. (near Mamisonskii Pass),
W. andS. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from Trebizond
[Trabzon] Mountains, near Stavros. Type inknown.

2. C. Suworowianus C. Koch. in Linnaea XXI, 633.—C. vallicola
Herb. Vat... UW Or Owl a hu's, Maw, Crocus, 60). tab. 2. hig. 3, ool. 15 =
C.vallicola var. Zohrabii Maw, Gard. Chron. new series, vol. XVI,
Itc. Bxs.C. koeh. No, O15.

Perennial, o—-12. corm depressed-slobose, 1.2 cm in diameter, the
outer tunic finely fibrous; sheath exceeded by the spathe; perianth white,
4.5-5 cm long; perianth segments elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse to acutish,
not point-tipped, the throat naked; style cleft to the level of anther tips;
stigmas yellowish-orange, fimbriate-denticulate at the tips. September-
October.

High mountain meadows.— Caucasus: W. Transc., sources of Rion, .
South Ossetia. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described from Pontic Range.
Type in Berlin; cotype in Leningrad.

3. C. karsianus Fom. in Fomin. and Voronov, Opred. rast. Kavk. i
Kryma, Vol.I (1907) 292.

Perennial, 5-8; corm tunics thin, membranous, separating into fibers;
leaves appearing in spring and withering about flowering time, throat of
perianth naked; perianth segments to 3 cm long, white, with slender nerves
and 2 yellow spots at base; stigmas orange, pectinate-ciliate at tips.
September.

Growing in adjoining Turkey and likely to occur in USSR in 8. Transc.
Described from former Ol'ta District. Type in Tiflis.

4. C. Scharojani Rupr. in Gartenfl., vol. XVII, 134, 135.— Exs.: HFR
No. 640 and No. 32 (var. flavus Lipsky).—Ic.: Gartenfl. XVII, tab. 578,
Figure 2a, b.c; Maw, Crocus.

Perennial; 10-25; corm small, globose, ca. 1.3 cm in diameter, the
outer tunic thin fibrous-membranous; leaf sheaths exceeded by the spathe;
leaves glabrous, ca. 1.3 cm broad, sometimes retained until the following;

383

503

flowering season; perianth bright yellow, unstriped, less often yellow
(var. flavus Lipsky), the throat beardless; anthers pale yellow,
overtopping the stigmas; style cleft to the level of stigma bases; stigmas
entire, orange. September.

High mountain meadows.— Caucasus: Cisc., W Transc. Described from
Mount Oshten and upper Ingur River. Type in Leningrad.

5. C. Autrani Alb. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. I (1893) p. 242, tab. IX.

Perennial, 10-20; corm rather small, globose; outer corm tunic
membranous, separating into fibers at the top; leaves scarcely developed
at flowering time, glabrous; throat of perianth white or pale lilac; perianth
segments bright violet, acute; anthers whitish or sulfureous, as long as
the white anthers; style overtopping the anther tips, the style branches
linear; stigmas bright orange, short-branched, fimbriate. October.

Mountain meadows and limestone ranges.— Caucasus: W. Transc.
Described from Abkhazia, from Chisshir. Type in Geneva; cotype in
Leningrad.

Note. This plant ought to be introduced into cultivation for its flowers.

Section 2. RETICULATI Maw.— Fibers of the corm tunics netted.

6. C. Heuffelianus Herbert, Hist. Crocus, No.25, p.27 ex Journ. Hort.
Soc. London II (1847) p.273.—S. banaticus Heuff. in Flora XVIII (1836)
2590.— Exs.: Heuf. Banat. 37; Wierzb: Banat. 2011; Dorfl...Herb..norm,
DiliGS35chultz Herbs norm»)! 2589 5—Te.“)¢Rchb vic ial, Germ. GX, fab® 361,
Figures 800, 801; Maw. Crocus, t. 24.

Perennial, 25-35; corm rather small, subglobose, 13-15 mm in
diameter, the tunics fibers rather slender; leaves scarcely exserted from
their sheaths at flowering, developing later on, mostly pubescent, 0.7-1 cm
broad, narrow-keeled, sometimes subrevoluate; spathe 1-leaved; flowers
commonly solitary; perianth tube purple; throat purple, beardless; perianth
segments purple, commonly with a dark spot near apex, the pale inner
segments obtuse or emarginate; anthers orange, slightly longer than the
glabrous white filaments; style cleft to the level of anther tips; stigmas
orange, fringed with crowded divisions; seeds globose. March-April.
(Plate XXXI, Figure 5).

Woods and coppices=— European part: M. Dnp.: vicinity of Kamenets-
Podol'sk. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.; Bal.-As. Min. Described from Banat.
Cotype in Leningrad.

7. C. Pallasii Goldb. Monogr. gen. Croci, Mém. Soc. Nat. Moscou
(1817) 157;.M.B..¥1. Taur.-Cauc. III, (1819) 35'—C. autumiunialis Pall
Ind taur. M.B. Fl. cauc. I (1808) 127.—C. sativus var. Pallasii
Maw, Synops. Crocus in Gard. Chron. new ser. vol. XVI, p.430.—Ic.:
Rchb., Ic. fl. Germ. IX, tab. 360, fig. 796-7; Maw, Crocus tab. 29, d.—
Bese Pee NO, oad:

Perennial, 8-16; corm flat-based, 2-3 cm in diameter; outer tunic thin,
netted-fibrous, produced at the top; leaves narrowly linear, 0.3-0.4 cm
broad, the height of flower at anthesis, elongating in spring, the margin
and keel ciliate; spathe 2-leaved; throat of perianth yellow, bearded;

384

504

505

perianth segments elongate, bright lilac, purple at throat, purple-striped;
anthers orange, longer than the white or lilac filaments; style cleft to base
of anthers; stigmas yellow, pendulous, bright orange, slightly ciliate,
shorter than or sometimes as long as anthers. September-November.
(Plate XXXI, Figure 2).

Stony slopes of hills and wood margins, on Yaila, in wormwood steppes
nearly to the limit of solonchak vegetation. — European part: Crimea.
Gen. distr.: Med., Bal.-As. Min.

Note. This species is very closely related to the extensively cultivated
C. sativus L. and, as it is endowed with all its properties, it may be
used for medicinal and economic purposes. According to the opinion of
specialists, collecting stigmas of this species from wild growing plants
may not be expedient, but the species is perfectly suited for cultivation.
Prof. V.A. Tikhomirov maintains that it equals the best varieties of
Crocus sativus and, as it has a lower mineral content (4.8% as against
7-8% in Crocus sativus), it is actually superior.

Subgenus NUDIFLORI Maw.— Basal spathe absent.

Section 3. RETICULATISSIMI B. Fedtsch. — Fibers of corm coat netted.

8. C. variegatus Hoppe et Hornsch., Tagebuch (1818) 187.—

C. reticulatus Stev. ex Adam in Weber et Mohr. Beitr. zur Naturk. I
(1805) 45.—C. reticulatus var. M.B. Fl. taur. cauc. I (1808) 28.—
Exs.: Tommasini No. 2010 (topotype); Fl. austro-hung. No. 3477; HFR
No. 2045.—Ic.: Maw, Crocus, tab. 35.

Perennial, 8-30; corm globose, ca. 1.3 cm in diameter; corm tunics
composed of rather thick fibers, these netted and produced at the top;
fibers of an additional, apparently inner, coat at the corm base, firm,
united at base; leaves ca. 1.5 mm broad, strongly elongating after anthesis;
leaf sheaths shorter than spathe; throat of perianth naked; perianth
segments acute, white or bright lilac, the outer segments purple-striped
on the outside; anthers orange, twice the length of the orange filaments;
style cleft to the middle of anthers; stigmas subentire, orange, overtopping
the anthers. March-April. (Plate XXXI, Figure 10).

Virgin soils, open glades, and oak woods.— European part: M. Dnp.,
Bl., L. Don; Caucasus: ‘Cisc., W. Transc. (Novorossiisk). Gen. distr.:
Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Lipizza forest near Trieste.
Cotype in Leningrad.

9. C. susianus Ker. in Bot. Mag. tab. 652; M.B. Cent. pl. ross.
tab, 1.—C. reticulatus var. MB. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) p. 28.—
C. reticulatus var. aureus Trautv. in Bull. phys. math. Acad.
Petersb. XVII, p.329.—C. Roegnerianus C.Koch in Linnaea,

Vol. X21, sp. 6.33 ole .2 Botin Mag., t..652;,, MawerCrocuss! taba36i

Perennial, 10-30; corm globose, tunic fibers firm, netted, produced
at the top into distinct cusps; inner basal tunic consisting of a firm
cartilaginous disk surrounded by radiating cusps; leaves the length of
flowers, the margin and keel ciliate; throat of perianth naked; perianth

385

506

segments tapering, orange; outer segments brown-striped, rarely plain
or brown throughout; anthers orange, twice the length of the orange
filaments; style cleft to anther bases; stigmas long, entire, orange,
greatly exceeding the anthers. February-March.

Coppices, exposed slopes, and juniper woods. — European part: Crimea.
Gen. distr.: also reported for Bal.-As. Min. (Thrace). Described from
Crimea:

Section 4. FIBROMEMBRANACEI Maw.— Corm tunic fibro-membranous,
the fibers not netted.

10. C. alatavicus Rgl. et Semen. in Bull. Soc. Nat. de Moscou 1868
2, 434, No.1730.—Ic.: Gartenfl. 1877 tab.906; Maw, Crocus, tab. 45.

Perennial, 10-30; corm rounded-globose; tunics fibers parallel, joined
by a thin membrane; leaves 6-9; ca. 1.5 mm broad, the keel two-thirds
the breadth of blade, the margin and keel ciliate; throat of perianth
yellowish, beardless; perianth segments slightly attenuate toward apex,
whitish, the outer segments suffused on the outside with dingy purple or
pale yellowish-brown or rarely pure white (var. albus Rgl.); anthers
orange, longer than the orange filaments; stigmas orange, entire,
commonly overtopped by the anthers. — April-May.

Mountain meadows.— Centr. Asia: Dzung., T. Sh., Syr D. Endemic.
Described from Aral-Dzhel in Dzungarian Ala Tau. Type in Leningrad.

11. C. caspicus Fisch. et Mey. in Hohen. Enum. pl. Talysch. p.22.—
Ic.: Maw, Crocus, tab.46.— Exs.: Hohenacker No. 2598.

Perennial, 10-30; corm ovoid; corm tunics membranous, brown,
fibrous at base; inner basal tunic consisting of short radially spreading
fibers; leaves 4 or 5, glabrous, ca. 1.5 mm broad; throat of perianth
orange, beardless; perianth segments white, suffused with yellow at throat,
attenuate toward apex; anthers yellow, twice as long as filaments; style
cleft, greatly overtopping the anthers; stigmas very narrow, pendulous,
entire. October-November.

Caucasus: Tal. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from Talysh.
Type in Leningrad.

12. C. aureus Sibth. et Sm. Prodr. fl. Graec. vol. I, p.24.—Ic.:
Sibth. et Sm. Fl. Graeca, tab. 35; Maw, Crocus, tab. 55.

Perennial, 15-30; corm oblong-globose; corm tunics membranous, the
longitudinal fibers united but separating at the top; leaves ca. 4.2 mm
broad, the margin ciliolate, the dorsal keel narrow; perianth bright orange,
the throat naked; perianth segments attenuate toward apex, the somewhat
longer outer segments sometimes gray-striped on the outside; anthers
pointed at base, divergent at tips, twice the length of the yellow filaments;
style yellow, cleft to middle of anther level; stigmas yellow, rarely
orange, obscurely dissected.

European part: Crimea (possibly anescape from cultivation). Gen. distr.:
Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Greece.

386

509

13. C. Korolkowi Rgl. et Maw, Maw in Gard. Chron. new Ser.,
vol. XIII, p.531 (apr. 24, 1880).— Exs.: Fedtsch. Fl. turkest. exs.:
No.58: H. B.A. ME No. 68--=1c.: Maw, ‘Crocus, tab:55.

Perennial, 10-20; corm oblong-globose; fibers of the membranous
corm tunics slender, parallel, somewhat intertwined and obscurely netted;
leaves 8-12, at anthesis about reaching the perianth tubes, later
considerably elongating, ca. 2 mm broad, the concave keel but slightly
narrower than the blade; throat of perianth naked; perianth segments
yellowish-orange, the somewhat longer outer segments brownish-tinged
on the outside; anthers orange, not divergent at tips; style cleft to middle
of anther level; stigmas orange, entire, shorter than to as long as anthers.
March. (Plate XXXI, Figures 6,9).

Centr. Asia: Syr D. and Amu D. Endemic. Described from the foothills
between Tashkent and mountains of Karak-ata. Type in Leningrad.

14. C. Michelsoni B. Fedtsch. sp. nova in Addenda, III, p. 749.—

Perennial, 10-25; corm oblong, ca. 20-25 mm in diameter; tunics
membranous, separating into longitudinal fibers, brownish-tawny, produced
at the top and enclosing the stem base; vaginate leaves 4 or 5, white-
membranous, enveloping the stem and the green leaves, these emerging
at anthesis; leaves at fruiting time up to 30 cm long, ca. 2 mm broad,
glabrous, the midrib broad; basal spathe leaf absent; floral sheath 2-leaved;
perianth tube ca. 7.5 cm long, the throat naked; perianth segments
lanceolate, the inner slightly shorter than the outer; stamens about as long
as Style, the yellowish filaments slightly longer than the orange stigmas;
style shortly parted at apex into 3 subentire stigmas; capsule ovoid-oblong.
March.

Stony slopes of the high mountain zone of the Kopet Dagh.— Centr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm., Kopet Dagh, Aidere Ravine and vicinity of Kheirabad
meteorological station. Endemic. Described from Kheirabad. Type in
Leningrad.

Note. One of the most beautiful crocus species. Being a plant of high
mountains, it is likely to be hardy in northern regions.

Section 5. ANNULATI Maw.— Basal tunic discoid, radiating into 2 or
3 spines.

15. C. tauricus (Trautv.) Puring in A.H. Jur. 1 (1900) 194.—
C. biflorus var. tauricus Bull. phys.-math. Acad. Pétersb. XVII
(1859) 329.— Exs.: Callier. Iter taur. tert. No. 740 (C. Adami).

Perennial, 8-22; corm depressed-globose; tunic firmly coriaceous;
basal tunic disk-shaped, radiating into 2 or 3 spines, these strongly
ciliate-toothed on the margin; leaves glabrous, appearing with flowers,
ca. 2 mm broad; throat at perianth bearded; perianth segments yellowish-
white to violet, the outer segments with dark violet stripes on the outside;
anthers orange; style deeply cleft; stigmas entire, orange. March.

Glades, stony slopes, also on Yaila.— European part: Crimea;
Caucasus: W. Transc. (Novorossiisk). Endemic. Described from the
Crimea. Type in Leningrad.

387

(507)

Plate XXXI

1. Crocus speciosus M.B. 4) stigmas, 7) fruiting plant, 8) bulb with base.— 2. C. Pallasii M.B.,
stigmas.— 3. C. vallicola Herb., stigmas.— 5. C. Heuffelianus Herb., stem.— 6. C. Korolkovii
Rgl. et Maw., 9) bulbs.— 10. C. variegatus Hoppe, bulb and enlarged fragment of outer tunic.—

11. Iris uniflora Pall, fruit.— 12. I. tianschanica (Maxim.) Vved., fruit.— 13. I. sibirica L.,
fruit.— 14. I. orientalis Thunb., fruit.— 15. I. ensata Thunb., fruit.— 16. Belamcanda
chinensis Leman.

388

16. C. Adami Gay in Ferus. Bull. Soc. Nat. vol. XXV (1831) 319
(219).—C. biflorus var. Adami Baker Rev. Croc. in Gard. Chron.
new. ser. (1879) 434.—C. biflorus, M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819)
ats te. Maw, (Crocus, tab. 39-b, “Pisure 2. —"Exs.: PE@or vexs.

No. 204-205.

Perennial, 5-20; corm depressed-globose; tunics firmly coriaceous;
basal tunic disk-shaped, the 2 or 3 marginal spines without ciliate teeth;
leaves glabrous, appearing together with flowers, ca. 2 mm broad; throat
of perianth yellow, bearded; perianth segments lilac, acutish, sometimes
not more than 2.5 cm long (var. Fomini Woron.); the outer segments
sometimes with 3-5 purple stripes on the outside; anthers orange, longer
than the verrucose orange filaments; style cleft to middle of anther level;
stigmas entire, orange, Slightly longer than anthers. March.

Coppices and grassland, rarely in solonchak soils.— Caucasus: Dag.,
S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Iran. Described from the vicinity of Tiflis. Type
in Leningrad.

510 17. C. artivensis (I. Phil.) Grossh. in Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 248.—
Croifl ors var arivinensis Woehilvon Mokrzhetskin
V.A. Tikhomirov and Yu. A. Filippov, Kul'tura shafrana v Krymu in na
Kavkaze (Crocus Cultivationin the Crimea and the Caucasus) (1917) 46.—
ler. Fuhippove: Lic.

Perennial, 5-10; corm depressed-globose; tunic thinly coriaceous;
basal tunic disk-shaped, the peripheral spines toothless; leaves glabrous,
ca. 2mm broad; throat of perianth bearded; perianth segments bluish-
violet, with pinnate blackish-violet stripes; other segments elliptic-
lanceolate, obtusish; inner segments much shorter, obtusely rounded at
apex. May.

Rocks and ravines.— Caucasus: W. S. Transc. Endemic. Described
from former Artvin District. Type in Tiflis.

18. C. Roopiae Woron., Not. Syst. ex Herb. H.B.P.V (1924) 62;
Grossgeim, Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 248.

Perennial, 10; corm depressed-globose; tunics firmly coriaceous; basal
tunic disk-shaped, with 2 or 3 peripheral rings; leaves appearing with
flowers, ca. 2 mm broad; throat of perianth bearded, pale, not yellow-
tinged; perianth segments violet, without stripes or obscurely striped;
stigmas orange, their lobes thickened at tips. April.

Caucasus: W. Transc. (in former Kars Region). Endemic. Described
from former Kars Region. Type in Tiflis.

19. C. speciosus M.B.Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 27.—Ic.: M.B. Cent.
pl. Ross. tab. 71; Maw, Crocus, tab. 64; Gartenfl., tab. 379.— Exs.:
Eli vorsvexs.) Noe Z0Gr

Perennial, 10-40; corm rather large, globose or depressed-globose,
bearing adventitious cormlets at base; tunics membranous, thinner than
in other crocus species, separating into rings; basal tunic membranous,
consisting of 1 or 2 rings; leaves 2-4, appearing after flowers and greatly
increasing in size by following season and then up to 40 cm long, 6-8 mm
broad, the blade revolute, the margins and midrib ciliate; throat of perianth
white, naked; perianth segments acuminate, lilac, the 3 longitudinal purple

389

511

512

stripes reticulately branched; outer segments purple-based outside; style
cleft to the level of anther tips; stigmas lobate, orange, greatly exceeding
the anthers, sometimes recurved. September-October, (Plate XXXI,
Figures 1, 4, 7, 8).

European part: Crimea; Caucasus: W.S. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from the Crimea and
E. Caucasus. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Prof. Tikhomirov studied this species with a view to extracting
saffron from its stigmas to replace the imported product obtained from
C. sativus. The results of his studies have shown that perfectly
satisfactory saffron can be secured from C. speciosus.

Genus 307. IRIS* L.
L. Sp. pl. ed. 1(1753) 38.

Herbaceous perennials, usually with an underground rhizome, rarely
a tuber or a bulb; rhizome thickened, horizontal or creeping, rarely
slender and long-creeping, sometimes very short; stems solitary or tufted,
simple or branched; sometimes enlarged at base into a tunicated tuber or
a bulb enveloped in fibrous coats; leaves mostly basal, flat, ensiform,
2-ranked, sometimes linear or filiform; cauline leaves few or flowers
borne on a leafless scape; flowers solitary or in a few-flowered
inflorescence; pedicels rather long; inflorescence subtended by a
1-3 valved spathe, the valves elongate acuminate, sometimes inflated;
flowers actinomorphic, usually large, 6-parted, with a rather long tube,
this sometimes persistent in fruit as a beak; perianth segments consisting
of a narrow claw and a broader limb, the transition between the two parts
gradual or abrupt; the 3 inner segments often differing conspicuously in
shape and size from the outer segments, sometimes very small; stamens
inserted at base of outer segments, the slender filaments commonly distinct;
anthers linear, basifixed, extrorse; ovary 3-celled, with numerous ovules
in each cell, oblong, attenuate upward or rounded at the top, sometimes
beaked, often ribbed at angles; style rather short, 3-parted, the style
branches petal-like in shape and color; each style branch [referred to in
the Russian specific descriptions as style] with a 2-lobed tip [crest], the
stigma situated on the lower side at the base of each lobe; fruit a 3-angled
sometimes ribbed loculicidal many-seeded capsule; seeds flattened or
subglobose, with membranous or coriaceous testa, sometimes
conspicuously arillate.

Key to Sections

Lee olboselplantsee? 10 9800018 .2e ISL TShIe st BV tO? es eeeeeel Ree Di
4 fhhizomatous om tube riferousplants®s’ 28. BIRLA IR? BROMO NNS ait se 4.
2 i@utersbulbie cats\imembraneiss (V5; BLUS RGSS, BP Aege. ASPs Tene 3.
+ Outer bulb coats reticulate (page 421) .......... Section Reticulatae
3. Roots cordlike or fusiform, lasting through the winter (page LOPES SIMS

(aq 20 JOON, SIRI GHIDiin DMS. BR Iso, SF .SeOVvet Bon! Section Juno

* Name used by Theophrastus.

390

513

+ Roots dying off before winter (page 421) ........... Section Xiphion
4. Tuberous plants, the tuber coats reticulate (page AO ae Res Bee ee tethed oo eX:

RARE eM ae. Hoey VR LOR YAIRO TOW WQS O® 2 Section Gynandriris
+ Rhizomatous plants, the rhizome never covered with a reticulate coat.

sal Be tmles Spee it CER as BOs pets Euan, Serer G16 aed eaks 624 SOL TORO. BE
5. Outer perianth segments bearded with multicellular hairs......... 6;
+ Outer perianth segments beardless, glabrous or sparsely hairy..... ae
6. BSyoeceuds with, ascons picuous, milk-white aril sore v.19. i) BeOS OWLG OLeie... . ls
+ Seeds! withouians aris (pager 13)eis.00d Neon ..wollay. cu Section Pogoniri
fea saremiOlett lowered. (Mage AOS) oa csc. wcheuncsunn ao opuetiue deueronaens Section Oncocyclus
+ stem, 2- ores fowereds(pasec4in iam. scud dloskpers fromet Section Regelia
8. Inflorescence a raceme; seeds conspicuously winged (page 404).......

PORK. AEN WOOO! Sst ASR. SLE os. Bia Section Pardanthopsis
=

Inflorescence not racemose; seeds wingless (page 391).............

1. Section APOGON Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. London XVI (1877) 137—
Rhizomatous irises; outer perianth segments beardless. This section contains
a number of well defined groups, each composed of between 2 and 10 closely
related species, oftenonly slightly differing from each other. The following
groups may be distinguished: Groupl1, I. unguicularis, representedinthe
USSR by the species I. lazica; Group2, I. tenuifolia, represented inthe
USSR by 3species: I. tenuifolia, I. tianchanica, I. ventricosa, and
also joined byl. songarica; Group3, I. ruthenica, alsocontaining I. uni -
flora;; Group4, I. ensata, withone polymorphic species; Group 5, I. sibi-
rica; containing 2 USSRspecies, I. sibirica andl. orientalis; Group 6,
I. tripetala, represented in the USSR by only one species, I. setosa;
Group 7, I. foetidissima, consisting merely of this species and
apparently confined to the flora of the USSR; Group 8, Il. laevigata,
also including the closely related species I. Kaempferi and readily
extendable to I. pseudacorus; Group 9, I. spuria, represented in the
USSR by no less than 5 not easily distinguishable species (I. halophila,

I. sogdiana, I. musulmanica, I. notha, lI. violacea), also
embracing the species I. graminea, I. humilis, I. Ludwigii, and

I. songarica.
i. geemonthwube usually longer than theimb, «cin, ma sate 2 Su ee 2.
+ Perianth tube about one-third as long as the limb ............. 8.
2, cavessto.o ummrbroad eit gaczit lesacer. eineneees of 1. I. lazica Alboff.
a gpecaves motrmore than.2, mim, Droad’ yo. says, ee -ye erat tae ee yee fees 3.
3. Rhizome slender, bearing 1 or few stems, not covered with vestiges of
precedineywear!sileavesa wiajad a4)-ua-one” ae 23. I. Ludwigii Maxim.
+ Plants densely cespitose; rhizome covered with vestiges of preceding
WES OU OIG NIE NG) ave st 2 aS ate REE” lar EMRE VMTN, SOMSRAE le 8) WMriaeie He arp rics amr a 4,

4. Spathe-valves inflated, reticulate due to transversal nerves ........
I a a a ano ene en, 4. I. ventricosa Pall.
Spathe-valves with longitudinal nerves only, not reticulate ........ O.

5. Plants densely cespitose; flowers subradical, on very short peduncles.

Plants not densely cespitose; peduncles well developed .......... 2

SL wleaves 2 —4. imme broad; | mountainous plantsee, . WA. order l. i. of. 6s ee
EE RABE WYP SIRT PP. ea OE Paneer ae eae 3. I. tianschanica (Maxim. ) Vved.

391

+ Leaves 1-2 mm broad; arenarious plants of the desert region.......
ceca deus ule OD el) cable eet ae Ate eee eee 2. I. tenuifolia Pall.

7. Stem a leafless scape; flower mostly solitary... 22. I. humilis M.B.
+ Stem more or less leafy; flowers 2-4..... do. I. songarica Schrenk.
BETO WIOMS ATE MEOW: cece yscaec oe co ae v4 eae at eh uh 9 A we AES Bee oe he MeN tel gee ae oF
+ Flowers azure, purple or violet, rarely whitish ............. ubG)s
9. Flowers bright yellow; inner perianth segments much smaller than

Style DrAnNGhes. ou. nae bom OLN ALES - BAtGdi2 15. I. pseudacorus L.
+ Flowers dingy yellow; inner perianth segments larger than style

PAA CIVSTSPO OD oo cece: acunceome, +=sassanibenesi ne. Wage, aga eRe ED 16. I. halophila Pall.

10. Stem flattened; perianth tube cup-shaped; seeds purple
- AAD. exter ent ct a Vl a ye ep Ae Er, 2 Gene 12. I. foetidissima L.

+ Stem more or less terete; perianth tube commonly conical; seeds

never, purpletl cist) easlgein. ebags 2s80eneeLt nn aoneceetoital «= ilale
iA Cease OSA), «a -.) sa paige ua xe -ayechie be maaunmidni=ip= ve or Ke: Mayes eae wee I 9 ee ae
+) Capsule beakleSs Os. ose sus peat Geo (= lattes ellie acim ageeealelia ae Leen 1%.
12. Stem terete, up to 150 cm long; flowers blue or/azure ........... ise

+ Stem 2-angled, upto 25 cm long; flowers whitish, the claws purple
PUNO ate GEMM ty MEIN CN EO. Le AMO SIO. OY RHE. he 21. I. graminea L.
13. Beak of capsule short; limb of outer perianth segments gradually

Passime Tinto Theiclaw 9 6 OM «4. bk SPC ad. Sie 4 i 8. I. ensata Thumb.

+ Beak of capsule long; limb of outer perianth segments sharply
giiierentiated. frond thes elaw 6,.1..3.,644.9.03 8 8 25... Ge, IGGes WE Pcaue 14.
14. Limb of outer segments two-thirds as long as the claw......... PS.
+e LLimbvof outer segments as lonpsas! thevclawas ss... .2.q90%.) .\@%9: 16.
514 15. Flowers violet; plants of Transcaucasia ...... 20. I. violacea Klatt.
+ Flowers pale azure; plants of Central Asia .... 1%. I. sogdiana Bge.

16. Flowers azure or pale azure tinged with yellow; spathe valves narrow
LIA EB tk ats QUOTA. heals ST 26s eas, f 18. I. musulmanica Fomin.

+ Flowers azure; spathe valves broad ........... 19. I. notha M.B.
ts Iinfieorescence, of 1ior:2 Howerset.]. .6.4). 10.9 G0 AP. .) 00 20s aera LS.
v1 inflorescencesmany-flowerem@sisai) ¥1ienS. ion © RG). Bes. OF. BO. A ioc 197

18. Spathe valves acute, membranous, marcescent-.--.+-.-+++++++ees
AS BOW Rid) REEL UL ak Oe eT ee 6. I. ruthenica Ker. -Gawl.
+ Spathe valves obtuse, at length subchartaceous, not marcescent......
Preis ‘ap aga. isi eae” Ant Stato a UD ORE APGhe, ROO. Aree 7. I. uniflora Pall.
19. Inner perianth segments about the same size as the outer........ 20.
+ Outer perianth segments several times the size ofthe inner ........
Baia tia aut sth lep’ ae Hae te hintin Fall alfio tont a Rak ct MPR a AS ORL nA, Gta 11. I. setosa Pall.
20. Ovary 2-3 times as long as or rarely equaling the perianth tube... .21.
+ Ovary many times as long as the barely perceptible perianth tube. . . 22.
21. Stem exceeding the leaves; capsule twice as long as broad .........
sohisit aie, basis iP eRe Mino tia” otter se ches auhad oN ametes aka git. + Sek aneh em 9. I. sibirica L.
+ Stem not exceeding the leaves; capsule 3 times as long as broad .....
Pe SR ER CEE CH Gh hata tiat aoe ar aha Tat chao M Eh ma at eam 10. I. orientalis Thunb.
22. Flowers blue; leaves with a distinct midrib .. 13. I. laevigata Fisch.
+ Flowers purple; leaves without a distinct midrib................

1. I. lazica Alboff., Prodom. Fl. Colch. (1895) 232.—I. unguicularis
Pour. Voy. Barb."T1*(7'785) 86; “var. laziea -Dykes, lris p.543—

392

I. cretensis Jankaf. latifolia Lipsky in A.H.P. XIII (1894) 339.—
Exs.ayFl4vor.)-6x%S. No.<-65;

Perennial, 30-50 cm tall; rhizome short, stout; stem leafless,
sometimes up to 20-30 cm long; leaves all radical, 2-ranked, broadly
linear, 20-30 cm long, 6-9 mmbroad, firm, acuminate; pedicels 2-3 cm
long, solitary or in pairs; spathe valves 2, lanceolate; flowers solitary;
perianth tube greatly exceeding the ovary, 7-10 cm long, as long as or
longer than the perianth segments; outer segments with ovate-spatule limb
gradually passing into the claw, azure above, pale beneath, yellow-banded;
inner segments resembling the outer; style branches pale purple with a
golden bloom; style crests long, narrow, biparted at tips, toothed; stigmas

515 small, oblong; ovary oblong-cylindric, beakless; capsule rounded 3-angled;
seeds small, globose or flattened, rugose. March. (Plate XXXII, Figure 2).

Wet stony places.— Caucasus: W. Transc.: Chorokh River. Gen. distr.:

Asia Minor. Described from Abkhazia. Type in Geneva.

2. I. tenuifolia Pall., Reise durch versch. Prov. III No. 66 (1776) 714;
Lab,, FE) ..Rosss, LVign93s Shmalton 1 lp A703) Keyl» BljeZapecsib (Wh;
593; Dykes Iris p.32.—I. acaulis Pall. Reise Ill, 213.—I. Regelii
Maxim. .exsRel. in, A.HsP.. VI (1879).115.+.le.s RPallass) ex telyaC. witos 2p

Perennial, 20-40 cm tall; rhizome creeping, slender, branching at top
and forming dense tufts, covered with brownish fibrous vestiges of leaf
sheaths; stem obsolescent or concealed by tufts of leaves, very short;
basal leaves up to 40 cm long, to 1.5 mm broad, linear-filiform, revolute,
the uppermost commonly subobtuse, the others acuminate; flowers 2, lilac
or pale blue, fragrant; pedicels very short; perianth tube slender, filiform,
to 8 cm long, half as long again to twice as long as perianth segments;
outer segments beardless, the claw long and broad, the limb oblong,
sometimes with a band of unicellular hairs; inner segments slightly shorter
and narrower than the outer, style branches narrowly linear; style crests
oblong, attenuate at tips; capsule ovaloid, rounded 3-angled, to 4 mm long,
short-beaked; seeds turbinate, blackish-brown, the testa rugose. April-
May. (Plate XXXII, Figure 4).

Sands in desert steppes and sandy river banks. — European part: L.V.;
W. Sibenia:, U. dob ; EF. Siberia: Dau. Centr. Asia: Ar. Casp.,¢ibalkh.
Gen. distr.: Mongolia, China. Described from Dauria (near Tareinor).
Type in London.

3. I. tianschanica (Maxim.) Vved. in Fl. Turkm. I (1932) 377.—

Ilo tenuitolia Pall. var. tianschanica. Maxim. in, Bully Acad. coc,
Pétersb. XXVI (1880) 511.

Perennial, 25-40 cm tall; rhizome slender, branching at the top and
forming dense tufts of matted shoots, these somewhat bulbous at base and
densely covered with brown vestiges of old leaves; stem commonly very
short, not exceeding 3-5 cm, concealed in the leaf bundles; basal leaves
to 40 cm long, linear, erect, to 5mm broad, long-acuminate, rigid; spathe
valves long-acuminate, to 15 cm long; flowers 1 or 2, lilac or pale blue;
pedicels very short; perianth tube very slender, ca. 10 cm long, much
longer than perianth segments; outer segments beardless, narrowly
spatulate, gradually passing into the claw, pale azure with darker veins,

316 the upper third reflexed; inner segments erect, slightly shorter than the

393

517

outer, the claw narrower compared with the preceding species; style
branches short, the lanceolate crests falcate; capsule ovaloid, the rounded
ribs to 3 cm long, the beak short. April-May. (Plate XXXI, Figure 12;
Plate XXXII, Figure 5).

Stony mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb.; T.Sh., Pam.-Al.
Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. Described from E. Tien Shan (Kometydavan
Ravine and Se-chai River, Przheval'skii). Type in Leningrad.

4. I. ventricosa Pall. Reise durch versch. Prov. Russ. Reichs III
(1776) 320; 712; Dykes Iris p.34; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 94; Turcz. Fl. Baic.-
Daa eel T2093" le. a Paiste. fab 13) Gets “SW yice sets pot

Perennial, 20-35 cm tall; rhizome thickened, short; stems leafless,
scapose, as long as the leaves, clustered above the rhizome, densely
covered at base with brown fibrous vestiges of leaf sheaths; leaves all
radical, linear, to 30 cm long and 6 mm broad, thickish; spathe valves
large, inflated, netted-veined; pedicels short; perianth tube 2.5 cm long
or slightly longer; outer perianth segments narrowly obovate, the limb
scarcely one-quarter to one-third the length of the slightly dilated claw;
inner segments lanceolate; style branches narrow, the crests long and
narrow. June.

Stony siopes.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Mong.,
China. Described from the mountain zone of Dauria, between valleys of
Urulunguya and Argun rivers. Type in London.

5. I. songarica Schrenk in Fisch. et Mey., Enum. pl. nov. I (1841) 3;
Boisss* Riviere Vv 79126; “db. rl! Ross. 1V "99>" Dykes iris, "pst. —
Ioniris songarica Klatt in Bot. Zeit. XXX (1872) 502.—Iris
multiflora B. Zing. in Acta Hort. Bot. Jurj. II, 1 (1901) 163.

Perennial, 40-80 cm tall; rhizome slender, dark; vestiges of the
preceding year's dense tufts of leaves separating into fibers, these obliquely
superposed and giving the impression of a spiral ball; stem terete, firm,
to 40 cm long; leaves to 10 cm longand 4-6 mm broad, firm, the
longitudinal veins prominent; spathe valves tightly clasping the bud, pale
green, the upper margin distinctly coriaceous, the tip lanceolate; peduncles
1-4, well developed, each bearing 2 or 3 flowers, rarely 3-5 (var.
multiflora O.Ktze); pedicels ca. 1 cm long; perianth tube 4-6 cm long,
outer segments elliptic, with a constriction between limb and claw; claw
elongate-ovate, with reddish-purple spots on pale azure ground; limb azure
with pale margins; inner segments oblanceolate, with reddish-purple spots
on white or faintly purple ground; style branches slightly narrower than than
the claws of inner segments; style crests narrow, overlapping; stigmas
2-lobed, with 2 triangular teeth; filaments purple; anthers reddish; capsule
oblong; seeds cylindric, dark brown, the test rugose. April-May.

Clayey desert steppes.— Centr. Asia: Ar.-Casp., Balkh., Dzu.-Tarb.,
Kyz. K., Kara K., Syr D., Amu D. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran.,
Dzu.-Kash., Jap.-Ch. Described from Balkh., near Ayaguz River. Type in
Leningrad.

6. I. ruthenica Ker.-Gawl. in Bot. Magaz. (1808) tab. 1123; Ldb. FI.

Ross. IV, 94; Turez. Fl. Baic.-Dah. II (2), 193; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. IIT,
945; Dykes Iris p.52.—I. caespitosa Pall. ex Link. in Spreng.,

394

518

Schrader und Link, Jahrb. I, 3 (1820) 72.—I. verna Pall. Reise III,
pr213;°250)—Ie.: Bot.) Mag. (1808) t. 1123, (1811)'t. 1393.+> Exs.: HFR
NofZ9 1+

Perennial, 25-50 cm tall; rhizome ropy, creeping, branched, 2-3 cm
thick; stem slender, to 12 cm long, with few vestiges of leaf sheaths at
base; radical leaves exceeding the stem, green, not rigid; cauline leaves 3,
confined to lower part of stem, small, amplexicaul; spathe valves elliptic-
lanceolate, membranous, finally marcescent; flowers solitary, terminal,
fragrant; perianth tube cylindric, campanulately enlarged upward, two-
fifths the length of segments, 2-3 times as long as or rarely equaling the
ovary; outer segments oblong, gradually tapering toward base, round-
tipped and usually minutely emarginate, beardless, bluish-violet, darker
at the tip, the middle part marked with violet nerves and spots on violet
or whitish ground; inner segments linear-obcuneate, one-third to one-half
as broad as or just slightly narrower than the outer segments, obtuse,
emarginate, bluish-lilac; style branches pale lilac, broadly linear, the
broadly ovate crest lobes round-tipped and crenate; stigmas squarely
truncate, with a prominent tooth at the middle; capsule ovaloid to
subglobose, obtusely 3-angled, beakless, ca. 15 mm long and 8 mm broad;
seeds 3-angled, the aril adhering to edge of seed throughout its length.
End of May-June, August (second bloom).

Blind creek and steppe meadows, meadow slopes, birch woods, and pine
forests; in mountains sometimes ascending into alpine meadows in the
southern part of the high-mountain zone.— W. Siberia: Ob., Irt., Alt.;

E. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say.; Far East: Uss.; Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-
Tarb., T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Mong., Jap.-Ch.- Described from a cultivated
Specimen. Type not preserved.

7. I. uniflora Pall. in Link, ap. Spreng., Schrader et Link Jahrb. I,
Skles0 ems dibietis Ross. 1V, 94: Tires. Fl: ‘Baic.-Dah-? Il, 2; 194.—
I. ruthenica var. uniflora Baker, Handb. of Irid. (1892) 4.—

I. ruthenica (pro parte) Dykes Iris p. 52.

Perennial, 20-50 cm tall; rhizome creeping, branched; stem slender,
to 15 cm long; radical leaves green, not rigid, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, broader thanin I. ruthenica, upto 10 mm broad; cauline
leaves few, close to flowers; spathe valves shorter than in I. ruthenica,
somewhat inflated and firm at anthesis, becoming papery before fruit
ripening, yellowish or at tips violet, the upper margin coriaceous; flowers
resembling those of the preceding species; capsule globose, 3-angled, the
truncate top cuspidate, the square valves 12 mm long and broad, enclosed
in the lustrous spathe valves; seeds subglobose, dull black, the testa
puncticulate, the small aril merely one-quarter to one-third the length of
seed. May. (Plate XXXI, Figure 11).

Deciduous woods, blind creeks, and stony mountain slopes. — E. Siberia:
Dau.; Far East: Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Mong. Described from
Siberia. Type in Berlin.

8. I. ensata Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London II (1794) 328; Boiss.
Fl. Or. V, 127; Dykes Iris, p.85; Krylov, Fl. Zap. Sib. III, No. 544. —
I. anspuria? Pall. Reise durch versch. Prov. III Append. p. 713,
No.65.—I. lactea Pall. ibid. No.64?—I. biglumis Vahl. Enumer. II

395

019

(1806)) 14.0; ...dby,. 1. Ross, 1V,...953Bumnez.p lib Batcee-Dahs 12. 194-5

I. oxypetala C.A.M. in Ind. pl. Mus. Acad. Petr. II (1834) 8 sec. Ldb.
Bl. Ross. lV, 99.—L. Rallasii.bisch. intirey sind? Semmyhorti)Verathicl:
(1821).—1..fragrans.Lindl. Bot. Reg. XXVI,. tab. 1l;—Is caricifolia
Pall. ex Link in Spreng. Schrad., Link. Jahrb. I, 3 (1820) 72.—

Lelom sismat hayMisch., in Bots Magy (825, 4.2528) lew tala ol) Ge
tab. C f.1; Gartenflora (1880) t.1011 (var. chinensis Maxim.); (1898)
til a (SAT ee Bend | Ate io. oN audi), BO Wace m( 1G 22) ie doe de

Perennial, 25-40 cm tall; rhizome rather stout, to 10 mm in diameter,
beset with ropy root fibers; stems to 35 cm long, sometimes very short,
compressed, firm within; radical leaves in clusters, covered at base with
rigid vestiges of leaf sheaths, thickish and rigid, grayish-green, linear,
to 50 cm long, greatly exceeding the stems; spathe valves green,
lanceolate, long-acuminate, the margins white hyaline; pedicels as long
as or slightly longer than perianth; perianth tube persistent in fruit and
forming the beak; segments many times the length of tube; outer segments
slightly reflexed, pale lilac or whitish, obtuse or acutish (var. chinensis
Maxim.), the limb gradually narrowed into claw; inner segments but
slightly shorter and narrower than the outer, bluish-lilac; style branches
lilac; style crests oblong-ovate, attenuate or pointed; stigmas minutely
triangular-lobate; capsule elongate-ovaloid, to 5 cm long, subhexagonal,
the beak to 5 mm long. May-July. (Plate XXXI, Figure 15).

Dry sandy places around lakes, meadows, clay-solonetz places in
steppes, and solonetz meadows. — W. Siberia; Irt., Alt.;.E. Siberia:
Ang,-Say..,, Dau.; Far East: Uss..; Centr. Asia:;..Balkhs, Dzu.-Tarb.; SyrD.,
T. Sh. Gen. distr.: Afghanistan, Mongolia, Himalayas, Tibet, Jap. -Ch.
Described from Japan. Type in Uppsala.

Economic importance. The leaves of this iris species are of some forage
value, this being of particular significance in view of the marked salt
resistance (see Gartenflora 1898, 370). The abundance of structural fibers
in the leaves enables exploitation of the plant for production of cordage
and coarse cloth.

Note. This is to some extent a compound species, as it contains
several forms that display morphological differences and have distinct
distribution areas.

Jel sibimica J. Sp. pl ed i (lias.oo° dbo Rosas es .cGe
Simao. BL Il, 468: Boiss. El. Om Vio 26: Dykes Iris p, 20: Wuree] Jai
Baic.-Dah. Il, 2, 195;,Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib..No.548.—Ic.,: Bot..Mag. (1788)
Pots nen. te. Hl Germ. L0G. tf Cec LiL. Figure 768; Dykes Iris tab. 1-a.—
Eres. ER No. 250,

Perennial, 70-110 cm tall; rhizome creeping or ascending, the upper
part densely covered with brown leaf vestiges; stem erect, to 1 m long,
hollow, branched in upper part; radical leaves commonly much shorter
than stem, linear, green, not rigid, to 50-80 cm long and 4 mm broad;
cauline leaves 3, small, amplexicaul at base; inflorescence terminal,
of 2 or 3 flowers; pedicels unequal; spathe valves membranous, light
brown, oblong-elliptic, to 4 cm long; perianth tube very short,
subcampanulate; outer segments oblong-obovate, deflexed, dark blue, the
limb narrowed at base into a pale blue claw; inner segments plain dark
blue, about as long and broad as or slightly narrower than the outer

396

segments; style branches oblong, slightly narrowed toward base, less

520 bright in color; crests ovate, unevenly toothed; stigmas acutely triangular-
Spatulate; capsule oblong-ovaloid, about twice as long as broad, beakless.
June. (Plate XXXI, Figure 13).

Inundated, wet and forest meadows, birch woods, forest margins. —
European part: all regions except Kar.-Lap., Crimea and L.V.; Caucasus:
Cisc., Dag., E. ands. Transc.; W. Siberia: all regions; E. Siberia:
Ang.-Say. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from
Austria, Switzerland and Siberia. Type in London.

10.11. orientalis Thunb. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, II (1794) 328;
Dykes Inisu,pa2s.— & sibairitea vargyysanguinea Kers-Gawl-"in Bot.
Mag. t.1604.—I. Nertschinskia Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1845 (1832-33).—
I. haematophylla Fisch. in Ind. I] sem. h. Petrop. (1823) 401; Sweet.
Brit.(/@e,eand. (1825) t-M8i—1. siibsrich vag oriemhalis Baker
Handb. Irid.@(1892) Sf stbir ivea var/ haem atiophyiiia isch.
urez. CatalmabaicolanN o. 1 1M. db Fl. -RoSseaiVe 962 — lo "Gartentlora
(1813) t. 1604; Dykes Iris tab. 1b.

Perennial, 50-75 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping, densely covered
with brownish leaf vestiges; stem erect, to 70 cm long, hollow, unbranched;
radical leaves commonly shorter than stem, often red-tinged at base,
linear, Somewhat glaucescent, not rigid, 50-70 cm long, to 8 mm broad;
cauline leaves small; inflorescence solitary, terminal, of 2 or 3 flowers;
pedicels unequal; spathe valves membranous, light brown or creamy;
perianth tube very short, subcampanulate; outer segments suborbicular,
tapering toward base, bright violet, the claw and the base of limb with a
white ground; inner segments plain dark blue, slightly narrower than the
outer segments; style branches shorter than the inner segments, scarcely
enlarged upward; crests narrow, subquadrate, overlapping, the margins
serrate; stigmas triangular; capsule oblong, about 3 times as long as
broad, beakless; seeds small, relatively thick, subcubical. June.

(Plate XXXI, Figure 14).

Wet meadows and deciduous woods with dwarf arctic birch.— E. Siberia:
Dau.; Far East: Okh., Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described
from Japan. Type in Uppsala.

11. I. setosa Pall. ex Link. in Spreng, Schrader und Link, Jahrbuch. I,
3 (1820) 71; Ldb. Fl. Ross:, IV, p.96; Dykes Iris p.92.—I. brachycuspis
Fisch. ex Sims. Bot. Mag. (1824) 2326.—I. brevicuspis Fisch. ex

523 Roem. et Schult. Syst. Veg. Mant. I, 306.—I. arctica Eastwood in

Botan. Gaz. XXXIII (1904) 132.—Ic.: Gartenflora (1861) 322.

Perennial, 50-100 cm tall; rhizome stout, covered with fibrous leaf
vestiges; stem erect, much branched, to 1 m long, sometimes obsolete
(f. serotina Kom.) or poorly developed (f. alpina Kom.); leaves
ensiform, green, slightly glaucescent, commonly with a purple blotch at
base, 50 cm long and 2.5 cm broad; upper cauline leaves much smaller,
but a rudimentary leaf present at each ramification; spathe valves narrow,
acuminate, the inner to 5 cm long, the outer short, green or suffused with
purple, white-margined; flowers 2 or 3 in inflorescence, sometimes
solitary (f. alpina Kom. andf. serotina Kom.); perianth tube 0.5-1 cm
long, much shorter than ovary and scarcely separated by constriction;

397

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Plate XXXII

1. Iris dichotoma Pall.— 2. I. lazica Alb.— 3. I. humilis M.B.— 4. I. tenuifolia Pall.—

do. I. tianschanica (Maxim.) Vved.— 6. I. setosa Pall.— 7. I. laevigata Fisch.—

8. I. musulmanica Fom.— 9. I. violacea Klatt.— 10. I. pseudacorus L.— 11.1. gramineaL,.

398

524

outer segments to 6-7 cm long, orbicular or cordate, abruptly constricted
into a short claw, 3.5-4 cm long and ca. 4 cm broad, the limb bluish-
purple, the claw with purple or sometimes raspberry or even white veins
on whitish ground; inner segments not more than 2 cm long, commonly
broad at base and abruptly narrowed to a lanceolate point; style branches
short, oblong; crests subquadrate, overlapping, serrate-margined; stigmas
rounded-triangular, ligulate; filaments of stamens purple or yellow
suffused with purple; anthers purple; capsule strongly inflated, 3-angled
with enlarged faces, barely twice as long as broad; seeds soon ripening and
then swaying loosely within the capsule, light brown, lustrous, with a
conspicuous seam on one side. June-July. (Plate XXXII, Figure 6).

Commons, dry and wet meadows, birch woods, shores, and peat bogs. —
BH Siberia: dhena-Kol Sens hacth#ast *ikamch Okhn 79Ze.- Bue. Uda,
Uss., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch., Ber. Described from E. Siberia. Type
in Berlin.

ined) foetidissime je Sam.oly .edi: (1a) a3 Ory Boiss Bl Oreiv, 127;
Dy secs Lnis), Yp..507¢bidbia ls LRossieIVed19e— Tete Rehbete.a blk Germ.

t. CCCXLI, Figure 775; Redouté Liliac. t. 354.

Perennial, 40-60 cm tall; rhizome rather slender, weak; stem ca. 50 cm
long, with 2 or 3 obsolescent leaves; radical leaves thick, persistent
through winter, slightly glaucescent at base, ensiform, to 45 cm long and
to 2.5 cm broad; inflorescence 2 or 3, terminal, each of 2 or 3 flowers;
spathe valves green throughout, firm, lanceolate, ca. 7.5 cm long; pedicels
unequal, 2.5-7.5 cm long; perianth tube ca. 1.5 cm long, rounded 3-angled,
separated from ovary by a constriction; outer segments obovate to
orbicular, slightly emarginate, the dusky bluish-violet limb separated from
the dark yellowish-violet claw by a slight constriction, the claw gradually
narrowed toward base inner segments narrowly obovate to oblanceolate,
emarginate, the claw channeled; style branches ca. 2.5 cm long, gradually
enlarged upward; crests small, deltoid; stigmas biparted, 2-toothed;
filaments relatively short; anthers relatively long, reaching or even
surpassing the stigmas; ovary 3-angled, gradually attenuate at both ends,
with a depression on each face; seeds globose, purplish-red, not falling
out of capsule even at maturity. June.

Wet meadows.— Caucasus: E. Transc. ? Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Med.
Described from England, France and Etruria.* Type in London.

Note. This species is recorded for the Caucasus and for the USSR
generally on the basis of a single imperfect specimen preserved in Marshal
Bieberstein's herbarium and labelled ''Iberia'', Coll. Adam. Since the
nearest location of this species is in Italy (Trieste), it seems reasonable
to exclude it from the flora of the USSR

13. I. laevigata Fisch. in Turcz. Catal. pl. Baical. No. 1119 (nomen);
Fisch. et Mey Ind. V sem. h. Petrop. 36; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1V, 97; Turcz.
Hy (BaiCig Dahil) 2. el I6.sDykesolrics, sont 3:¢leonGan elsiind ledias@omment.
in Gmel. Fl. Sibir. in Denkschr. d. Botan. Gesellsch. in Regensburg III,
p.48.—I. Maacki Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Petersb. XXVI (1880) 54.—

Ic.: Gartenflora (1864) t.442; Bot. Mag. (1874) t. 6132, Bot. Mag. t. 7511,
sub nom. I. atropurpurea Baker.

* [Modern Tuscany and part of Umbria .]

399

925

Perennial, 60-85 cm tall; rhizome firm, sometimes fairly slender; stem
erect, to60cmlong, witha single leafbelow the middle; radicalleaves sur-
passing the stem, to 75cm longand4cmbroad, pale green, without a distinct
midrib; spathe valves green, unequal, sharply carinate, the inner valve some-
times to 10cm long, the outer not more than6.5cm long; inflorescence terminal,
of 3 or 4 leaves, sometimes 2 or 3 flowers on a new branch; pedicels at
first short, becoming fairly long; perianth tube to 2 cm long; outer
segments broadly obovate, the limb about twice as long as the narrow
channeled claw, the yellow median band of the claw reaching and sometimes
extending onto the limb; inner segments blue, erect, oblanceolate; style
branches enlarged upward; crests broad, rounded; capsule oblong, rounded-
trigonous, obtuse; seeds compressed, the lustrous testa loose and hence
the seeds float in water. June-July. (Plate XXXII, Figure 7).

Swamps, oxbow lakes, and lake shores.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol.,
Ang.-Say.,° Dau. ; FarEast: Okh., Ze.-Bu.; Uss., Uda Genitimistr 1
Jap.-Ch. Described from Baikal. Type in Leningrad.

14. I. Kaempferi Sieb. ex Lemaire, Illustr. hortic. V (1858) t. 157;
Dykes Iris, p.74.—I. laevigata var. Kaempferi Maxim. in Bull.
Acad. st. PetersbaccxV1o52). =leailustr chor! ye(eblundds’serres
tab. 2073, 2074; Gartenflora (1864) tab. 442, (1880) tab. 1773 (sub nom.
Ln lia ey We adel),

Perennial, 60—95 cm tall; rhizome strong, short-creeping; stem to
75 cm long or longer, erect, with 1-3 obsolescent leaves; radical leaves
ensiform, with a distinct midrib, exceeding the stem; spathe valves ca.

7 cm long, narrowly lanceolate, scaberulous; inflorescence terminal, of

3 or 4 flowers, often 2 flowers developing on a lateral branch; pedicels
unequal, 1-5 cm long, elongating after anthesis; perianth tube 1-2 cm long,
pale green, cylindric; outer segments ovate or oval, the limb bright purple,
the narrow oblong claw yellow with purple margins; inner segments
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, the same reddish-purple color as the outer
segments; style branches bright violet, round-tipped; crests narrow,
subquadrate; ovary rounded-trigonous; capsule short-ellipsoid, narrowed

at both ends, the beak obtuse, the faces concave, the ribs emarginate;
seeds flat, suborbicular. July.

Wet meadows.— Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.
Described from Japan. Type unknown:

Note. One of the favorite ornamental plants in Japan. Numerous
varieties also known in European horticulture.

15. I. pseudacorus L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 38; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III,
No. 946; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 9%: °Shimalio? srl) 1hM4beeiboiss Pr Or. V.
127: Dykes Iris, p. 76.—TIec.: Redouté Lil. 1V (1808) t. 235: Rebbe Teun,
Germ! IX, t.CCCXLIV, oFigure 771)— Exs.: PI.! or exs No. bPT.

Perennial, 75-160 cm tall; rhizome stout, to 20 mm in diameter, long,
branched; stem hollow, to 150 cm long, branched in upper part; leaves
green, broadly linear to linear-lanceolate, to 2 cm broad, with a distinct
midrib; basal leaves often as long as the stem; spathe valves green,
membranous-margined; flowers in clusters of 3-8 on stem ramifications;
pedicels long and stout; perianth tube about half the length of ovary, the

400

526

527

segments several times as long as the tube; outer segments deflexed, ovate,
pale yellow, with an orange spot at center and purple veins, abruptly
narrowly into claw, this about half the length of the limb; inner segments
small, linear, shorter and narrower than styles; style branches oblong,

ca. 3.5 cm long; crests acute, irregularly toothed at apex; capsule
obscurely 3-angled, oblong-ovaloid, short-beaked; filaments creamy,
suffused with purple; seeds compressed, lustrous. June-July. (Plate XXXII,
Figure 10).

Swamps and wet shores of rivers and lakes.— European part: all regions
except Kar.-Lap. and Dv.-Pech.; W. Siberia: U. Tob.; Caucasus: Cisc.,
E. Transe., Tal. Gen. distr.: Atl. and Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min.
Described from Europe. Type in London.

16. I. halophila Pall. Reise durch versch. Prov. russ. Reichs II, (1776)
733, No.99.—T1. Gueldenstaedtiana Lepech. in Acta Academ. Petrop.
Pr (178P)292-" Shrial"pi) BIS 1) 4689 Ldbi "FR Ross! IVy°98.= Tels Pall
Reise III, t. B, f. 2; Redouté Lil. tab. 310 (sub nom. I. stenogyna);
M.B. Cent. pl. rar. ross. II, t.81 (sub nom. I. dilut a); Lepechin
We Stra re:

Perennial, 70-100 cm tall; rhizome creeping, stout; stems erect, to
90 cm long, smooth; radical leaves lance-linear to subensiform, exceeding
the stems; cauline leaves few, shorter; spathe valves commonly acute,
lanceolate, membranous at apex, scaberulous or smooth; flowers 3 or 4,
terminal; pedicel of lowest flower longer than the others; perianth tube
about as long as ovary; outer segments subelliptic, the horizontally
spreading limb abruptly passing into the claw; inner segments erect; style
branches as long as the claw of outer perianth segments; ovary 6-angled,
beaked; capsule 6-angled, approximate in pairs; seeds rugose. June.

Solonetz and wet meadows.— European part: Bl.; Caucasus: Cisc.,

Dag.; W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt., Alt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. Gen. distr.:
Mongolia (near the borders of the USSR). Described from locations between
Zhelezinka and Yamyshevo districts. Type not preserved.

Note. I. halophila, together with a number of other kindred species
described below (I. sogdiana Bge, I. musulmanica Fom.,

I. violacea Klatt, andI. notha MB.), form a cycle of closely related
species that are very difficult to distinguish and are in turn extremely close
to the south European I. spuria L. andthe Persian I. daenensis
Kotschy. It would perhaps be correct to combine all these forms intoa single
species.

17. I..sogdiana Bge Beitr. z. Kennt. Fl. Russ. and Centr. As. in Mém.
pres. al'Acad. Sc. St. Pétersb. VII (1851) 507. — Exs.: H.F. A.M.

No. 420.

Perennial, 75-110 cm tall; rhizome stout, creeping; stems to 90 cm
tall, somewhat compressed, smooth; radical leaves as long as the stems,
linear, to 10 cm broad, acuminate; cauline leaves 4, progressively
decreasing in size; spathe valves lanceolate, acuminate, carinate; flowers
3 or 4, terminal; pedicels commonly terete, that of lowest flower shorter
than the rest; perianth tube ca. 8 mm long, the length of ovary; outer
segments horizontally spreading, not deflexed, obovate, round-tipped,

40]

528

azure with darker veins, the claw twice the length of the limb, oblong, with
2 teeth at base; inner segments erect, obovate or oblong, slightly
emarginate and mucronate or obtuse, entire, brown at base, azure at apex;
style branches linear-oblong; ovary 6-angled, long-beaked; seeds somewhat
compressed, the uneven surface lustrous. June-July.

Wet places.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., Pam.-Al., T. Sh. Endemic.
Described from vicinity of Kermia near Melik. Type in Paris.

18. I. musulmanica Fomin in Monit. Jard. Bot. Tifl. XIV (1909) 46.

Perennial, 50-70 cm tall; rhizome stout, creeping; stem erect, to 40cm
long, somewhat compressed; leaves linear, to 13 mm broad; radical leaves
not exceeding the stem; cauline leaves smaller; spathe valves herbaceous,
lanceolate, with broad white membranous margins; flowers several,
terminal; perianth tube one-third to two-fifths as long as ovary; outer
segments rounded-elliptic to suborbicular, not emarginate, abruptly
constricted into the claw, the lanceolate claw strongly narrowed at base;
inner segments oboval, emarginate, azure-margined, gradually narrowed
into the claw; style branches as long as the claw of outer perianth segments;
ovary 6-angled, long-beaked, the angles approximate in pairs. June-July.
(Plate XXXII, Figure 8).

Wet places.— Caucasus: E. andS. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Armenia, Davalu*. Type in Tiflis.

Note. Fomin's original description mentions flowers varying in color
from whitish-yellow to azure tinged with yellow. The author compares his
species with I. halophila Pall. and distinguishes it from the latter by
the shorter perianth tube (in I. halophila as long as ovary, in
I. musulmanica one-third to two-fifths the length of ovary) and the
shape of the limb of outer perianth segments. The reference to variability
of perianth color suggests the existence of two forms. This resembles the
position in the case of the Central Asian I. halophia sensu lato, where
there are also two forms, one with yellow flowers (I. halophila Pall.
s.str.), the other blue-flowered (I. sogdiana Bge). In Grossheim's
Flora of the Caucasus, we already find 1. musulmanica Fom. among
blue-flowered species, while the yellow-flowered form is referred to
I. halophila Pall. which Grossheim also reports for Transcaucasia.

19. I. notha MB. Fl. taur.-cauc. III (1819) 45; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 99;
ShinalioQunl ihragopeatc ite My BreCentiapl. rar maRossaimeriptab..77.

Perennial, 30-50 cm tall; rhizome stout, creeping; stem erect, simple,
leafy, to 45 mm long; leaves linear, long-acuminate, ca. 6 mm broad,
smooth; radical leaves about 50 cm long, the cauline much shorter; spathe
valves herbaceous, linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate; flowers in a terminal
inflorescence of 3-5; pedicels unequal; perianth tube to 20 mm long; outer
segments deflexed, broadly elliptic, abruptly narrowed into the claw, dark
blue, the claw with a broad yellow band; inner segments erect, oblong,
strongly-narrowed at base, slightly emarginate at apex; style branches as
long as the claw of outer segments; crests subacute, slightly recurved;
ovary 6-angled; capsule 6-angled, beaked, the angles approximate in pairs;
seeds compressed, angular, rugose. June-July.

* (Former name of town of Ararat. |

402

529

Wet places — Caucasus: Cisc. Endemic. Described from N. Caucasus,
near Konstantinogorsk (Circathermas Constantinomontanas). Type in
Leningrad.

20. I. violacea Klatt, Flora XXXV (1867-68) 384.—I. Carthaliniae
Fomin. in Monit. Jard. Tifl. XIV (1909) 44.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs. No. 387.

Perennial, 50-90 cm tall; rhizome thickened, creeping; stem slightly
compressed, to 85 cm long; radical leaves exceeding the stem, ensiform,
to 18 mm broad; cauline leaves much smaller; spathe valves green,
coriaceous, sharply carinate, the margin scarcely white-membranous;
flowers in a terminal inflorescence of 4 or 5; pedicels subequal; perianth
tube cylindric, about two-fifths the length of ovary; outer segments
horizontally spreading (not reflexed as in I. notha MB.) deeply and sharply
notched at apex, the blade sky-blue with dark blue veins, abruptly
constricted into the claw, this linear-lanceolate to sublinear and slightly
dilated at base, with a narrow yellowish median line; inner segments erect,
oblanceolate, emarginate, gradually narrowed into claw; style branches
slightly shorter than the claw of outer segments; capsule ovaloid-cylindric,
6-angled, long-beaked, the angles approximate in pairs. June-July.
(Plate XXXII, Figure 9).

Wet places.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from the
Caucasus. Type in Berlin.

2 ia) 1. prominea wl. .cSo tiple edrolii(w7?s3) 39:0 Bossa, Oriiw VA 128%
Sshmal'g. sj FIS11, 469s, ‘Dykes: Iris p65; Ldb. SF). Ross.w1V,994:—
I. Adami Willd. in herb. Linn. in Spreng, Schrad. i. Link, Jahrb. 1, 3
(1820) 72.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. t. 681 (1803); Redouté Lil. (1809) t. 299.

Perennial, 40-60 cm tall; rhizome slender, branched, giving rise to
dense tufts; stem strongly compressed, prominently ribbed; leaves
narrowly ensiform to narrowly linear, firm, with several distinct veins,
bright green and lustrous above, pale grayish-green beneath; spathe valves
to 25 cm long, sharply carinate, the lower bract usually much longer than
the upper; flowers solitary or in pairs; pedicels to 6 cm long, rounded-
triangular in section; perianth tube short, funnelform; outer segments with
purple veins on yellowish-white ground, the suborbicular limb separated
from the claw by a gentle but distinct constriction; inner segments broadly
lanceolate, short-unguiculate, slightly shorter than outer segments; style
branches carinate, enlarged upward, pale purple; crests broadly 3-angled;
stigmas with 2 ligulate projections; anthers purple; capsule 3-4 cm long,
abruptly attenuate at the top, 6-angled, 3 angles broader than the other 3;
seeds pyriform, sometimes slightly compressed, the testa papery rugose.
June. (Plate XXXII, Figure 11).

Subalpine meadows.— European part: M. Dnp., Bl.; Caucasus:
W. TransessCise., Dag.oGen. bdistr! } pAth sand Centr. Eur) ,aMed, ‘Bal.-Ais.
Min. Described from Austria. Type in London.

22. I. humilis M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. I (1808) 33; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
95; Shmal'g., Fl. 11,469; Boiss. Fl. Or. V, 125; Dykes Iris p. 68. —
Neubeckia humilis Alef. Bot. Zeit. XXI (1863) 297.—Ioniris
hum i ljijs;| Klatt,» BotZeits XXX (1872)502..— hris,ponticqalZapal Fl
Galic. I (1906). 191.—Ic.: M.B. Cent. pl. ross. t.XXXI.

Perennial, 15-35 em tall; rhizome stoutish; stem obsolescent, the
peduncle not more than 2-3 cm long; leaves 2, radical, linear-lanceolate,

403

530

to 35 cm long and 6 mm broad, firm, distinctly veined; spathe valves
5-6 cm long, very close to the pair of leaves; pedicels very short; perianth
tube 2-5 cm long, gradually enlarged upward, 3-4 (sometimes 5) times as
long as ovary; outer segments suborbicular, the limb clearly separated
by a constriction from the winged claw, the basal part of the limb dark
purple with darker veins, the claw marked with bright reddish-brown veins
and spots on a greenish-yellow ground; inner segments oblanceolate,
unguiculate, bluish-purple; style branches obscurely carinate, narrowed
at base and enlarged upward; crests subquadrate, strongly recurved;
stigmas 2-lobed, with 2 teeth; filaments yellow; anthers azure; ovary
cylindric, 3-angled, the angles somewhat concave; capsule short and broad,
the angles 2-ribbed; seeds globose or pyriform, reddish-brown, the testa
papery. May-June. (Plate XXXII, Figure 3).

Steppes. — European part: M. Dnp., Bl.; Caucasus: Cisc. Gen. distr. :
Eur., Bal.-As. Min. Described from the subalpine zone of the Caucasus,
near Narzan. Type in Leningrad.

23. I. Ludwigii Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. Petersb. XXVI (1880) 528;
Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 661, No. 582.

Perennial, 25-40 cm tall; rhizome stout, creeping; stem obsolete, the
peduncle not more than 2-3 cm long; leaves 2-4, radical, linear-
lanceolate, firm, distinctly 5-7-nerved, to 40 cm long and 5 mm broad;
spathe of 3 lanceolate valves inserted close to a pair of leaves; flowers
commonly 2, violet-blue; pedicels very short; perianth tube slender,
filiform, 3 or more times as long as the ovary and about equaling the
perianth segments; claw of outer segments narrow, twiceas longas the ovate
limb, covered with short unicellular hairs; inner segments shorter than
the outer, oblong, narrowed toward base; style branches linear; stigmas
biseriate; filaments yellow. May.

Steppe meadows, thickets of Stipa splendens, and gravelly slopes. —
W. Siberia: Alt. (Zyryanovskii mine on Bukhtarma and Katon-karagai).
Endemic. Described from S. Altai, near Zyryanovskii mine. Type in
Leningrad.

Note. This species was described by Maksimovich from a single
specimen separated in the herbarium from among collections of
I. ruthenica According to Dykes (Iris, p.68, 69) this plant belongs to
I. humilis MB., but it is difficult to agree with this statement.

Section PERDANTHOPSIS (Hance) Baker, Handb. Iridac (1892) 7, 16.—
Stems much branched, the branches sometimes apparently dichotomous.

24. I. dichotoma Pall. Reise durch. versch. Prov. russ. Reichs III
(1773) 712; Dykes Iris p.96.—Pardanthus dichotomus. Ldb. FI.
Ross. IV, 106; Turcz. Fl. Baic:=Dah. IL, 2, 199:—TIe.: Pall. lve: tab. A,
Figure 2; Bot. Mag. tab. 6428.

Perennial, 50-100 cm tall; rhizome slender; stem more than 5 cm long,
much branched, the branches often arising opposite each other and thus
apparently dichotomous, each branch subtended by a short bract; leaves
bluish-green, whitish-margined, 6-8 flabellately arranged in one plain
at the stem base to 40 cm long and 3.5 cm broad, the basal leaves often
falcate; spathe valves short, coriaceous throughout; inflorescence

404

531

532

3-5-flowered; pedicels to 4 cm long, terete, distinctly jointed below the
ovary; perianth tube very short, not exceeding 2 mm; limb of outer
segments horizontally spreading, white with few brownish-purple spots,
gradually passing into the claw, this at an angle of 60°, purple-dotted ona
white ground at center and yellowish brown at margins; inner segments
much shorter than the outer, ascending at and angle of about 60°, gray with
purple stripes, the blade rounded-oblong, the claw channeled and
marked with brownish-purple dots; style branches suboval, the median
band suffused with purple, the margins colorless and almost transparent;
crests narrow, lindar, relatively long; stigmas with 2 prominent teeth;
ovary cylindric, readily pulled off after flowering if unfertilized; capsule
oblong, to 4cmlong, the face deeply channeled. August-September.
(Plate XXXII, Figure 1).

W. Siberia: Ang.-Say. (?), Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.:
Mong , Jap.-Ch. Described from Dauria from Ingoda to Argun. Type not
known.

Section ONCOCYCLUS Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVI (1877) 142. —
Oncocyclus Siemssen in Bot. Zeit. IV (1846) 706.

Characterized by asolitaryflower at the end of a rather short stem; outer
perianth segments covered on lower part with velvety hairs; inner segments
as long as or much longer and broader than the outer. This section contains
the most beautiful iris species, greatly valued by horticulturists. The
distinguishing features of some of the species described below are very
insignificant and in certain instances do not extend beyond distinct coloration
of perianth segments.

1. Outer and inner perianth segments the same color, violet, azure or

pale jyellow;; theainner slightly broader tham thewouter’). MaisoL0N .

Bm ep bye o> a ceased - Fak ayrstvres ata) bes Ybhey Shut 2h Set ako he 27. I. Camillae Grossh.
+ Outer and inner perianth segments differing in color, and if similarly

Colored thenibrownl’ : 44 Fea Sere he. <bean: Cele ihre | Weise es 2p
2. Outer and inner perianth segments orbicular, about equal in size.... 3.
+ Outer and inner perianth segments differing markedly in size and shape.

his Mich Bia Te poh ke APL? Te. aed Pele a a aaa ES Pe). alle kp nee | See RN RRR os Di

BaP. Seen ane ey eas SO MEN ED. ene oe ae, MO eee 33. I. lycotis Woron.
22 PAtleast thie; outer, Sesments notjybrownish-purpleypeaaia- 2 8h... |. 4.
4. Ground color of inner perianth segments almost white or pale azure....
Say aoe Megas bie SE eveuicy. -(iet ree Stel cotaseyberica Hofim.
+, (Ground, colox,of,inner,perianth segments! pale smoky-yellow, .gwoi.....
2 ad oY MBI a asone LE5is ae: ieee aloes 26. I. elegantissima Sossn.
5. Outer segments consisting of a long linear claw and a small semicircular
limb, the two elements distinct, the claw densely covered with velvety

PhaliiSant Aas avin? igthala- adh eleaes Stott eke te ead - meeps Ps. 6.
+ The large oblong limb passing imperceptibly into the claw, this destitute
Givenvety"pubeseenee Fete es. ME Sok. Lt Bet TiN Be a ees es he

Gy Ynner;sesments bright violet or,dark violet;. anthers azure: ..i.......
PARE OE AARNE REA ARE Ry, EER TE Floors 2 eee a netale oe cidlae one g 34. I. paradoxa Stev.

405

533

+ Inner segments white, bluish-violet veined; anthers pale yellow......

fer re. ey. coe SY QT aee moe We”. PACE. tee ees 35. I. Medwedewi Fom.
ta Hers onllower part of outer! seomentstyecllow ING». ta) peu eaiaee . . . . |
30. I. Schelkownikowi Fom.

“witairsion loweripart ofouter seoments brown! J Vita salem . 8.
on Outemseaments withi2 patehesirIR pte ts. ae tiene, © I. Fomini Woron.
SHsOuterisegmentsowith atsingle*patehiot Sah) oh? Pattie Acre oe She

oF “Outer:sesments-obtuses orbictlar, Sersia"emional HW. DOTS . 2 2.
EL ie MA ee SST: ONS Sky ARR, 32. I. Grossheimi Woron.

Pwa@uterisesmients obleons- linear, vVacute, (i— 4 en lower te, Ree e, = OF
10. Outer segments horizontally spreading..... 31. I. Ewbankiana Forst.
* Outer segments reflexed at the middle... .28. I. acutiloba C.A. May.

25. I. iberica Hoffm. in Comm. Soc. phys. Mosqu. I, 41 (1806-08);
M,;B. Fl. taur.-caucy 1, 32:(1808); Ldbx Fl. Ross: IV, 105; Boiss) FM Or. V,
131; Dykes I, 111.—I. Helena C. Koch. in Linnaea XXI (1848) 639. —
Ie.: Gartenfl. (1863) t. 386, (1872) t. 713; Flore des serres (1873) tab. 1963;
Radde Mus. Caucas. II t.1 (1901).— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 61.

Perennial, 15-20 cm tall; rhizome slender, creeping; stem to 15 cm
long, erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves glaucescent,
narrowly linear, subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; spathe valves
lanceolate, acute, carinate, herbaceous-membranous; pedicel very short;
perianth tube cylindric, fairly long; outer segments at first horizontal,
finally recurved, distinctly concave, the limb orbicular to rounded-oblong,
the limb with a triangular purplish-black patch on a whitish-yellow ground,
the margin densely netted-veined with purple, the claw broad, the crest
hairs, purplish-black; inner segments often narrower than the outer,
connivent, much lighter in color than the outer segments, the limb
orbicular, the claw short; style branches recurved, adherent to outer
segments, strongly convex, dark purplish-brown at base, fading toward
apex to almost milky white with brownish-purple veins; style crests rather
small, triangular, recurved; stigmas entire, light brown; filaments pale
purple; anthers milky, capsule 3-angled ellipsoid. May. (Plate XXXIII,
Figure 8).

Stony slopes.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from the
vicinity of Tiflis. Type in Leningrad.

26. I. elegantissima Sosn. in Monit. Jard. bot. Tiflis (1915) 2.—
I. speciosissima Sosn. inherb.; Filippov, ibid. (1917) 48.

Perennial, 15-25 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 20 cm
long, erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; pedicel short; perianth tube to 15 mm
long, cylindric; outer segments deflexed, concave, transversely rounded-
oval, yellowish-brown, veined and spotted dark brown, with a large dark
brown patch at center; inner segments slightly longer and broader than the
outer, violet-veined on a pale smoky yellow ground. May. (Plate XXXIII,
Figure 1).

Dry slopes.— Caucasus: S. Transc. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., N. Iran.
Described from Kars area. Type in Tiflis.

27. I. Camillae Grossh. in Sched. ad herb. A. Grossh. et B. Schischk.
Plante orientales exsiccatae (1928).— Exs.: l.c. No. 357.

406

534

Perennial, 20-40 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 40 cm long,
erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; spathe valves lanceolate, acute,
carinate, herbaceous-membranous; pedicels fairly long; perianth tube
slightly longer than ovary; outer segments short-ligulate, broadly obovate,
deflexed, slightly narrowed at apex, pale yellow or azure-violet, sometimes
with a violet patch; hairs of claw yellow; inner segments about the same
size as but slightly broader than and same color as outer segments, erect;
style branches recurved, shorter than the outer segments; crests short,
Gecumyed | April:

Stony places.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Lake
Kazan-gel'. Type in Leningrad.

28. 1.. acutiloba,C,A. Mey in Verz? Pil, Cauc. (183 1))32)) db. Fl.
Ross AV, LOS seBoisse Fl. Oman Veli A Dyices Meese 11 3... Chere Pw Abit
Bot. sada V1, Soyataciasroager42 (var waime ol/at aT rautv).

Perennial, 8-15 cm tall; rhizome firm, compressed; stem erect,
to 10 cm long, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves all radical, to
10 cm long and 6 mm broad, linear, subfalcate, usually not overtopping
the flower; spathe valves lanceolate, acuminate, green, to 5 cm long;
pedicel very short; perianth tube cylindric, ca. 5 cm long, green dotted
with purple; limb of outer segments lanceolate, strongly deflexed,
gradually passing into the claw, light broad with purplish-brown veins and
a rather small round dark purplish-brown spot, the lower part covered
with dark brown hairs, the claw destitute of velvety pubescence; inner
segments commonly much longer than the outer, sometimes only slightly
longer (var. lineolata Trautv.), always broader than the outer segments,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, light brown, unspotted, veined brownish-purple;
ovary [?] cylindric, style branches more densely brown-spotted. March.
(Plate XXXIII, Figures 5 and 9).

Dry hills.— Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal. Endemic. Described from
E. Transc. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The report by Dykes (Genus Iris, p.113) for the Danube estuary,
referring to a specimen collected by Sintenis and marked Bailovo, is
definitely due to a misunderstanding, as Bailov is situated near Baku and
it is there that the plant was collected by Sintenis on March 15, 1900.

The specimen is preserved since then in the herbarium of the Botanical
Institute of the Academy of Sciences. The name of the locality in the Danube
estuary is Brailovo and not Bailovo.

29. I. Fomini Woron. in Grossg., Fl. Kakv. I (1928) 285.—

I. acutiloba C.A. Mey var. bimaculata Fom. in Fomin and Voronov,
Opred. rast. Kavk. I (1907) 300.

Perennial, 10-20 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 15 cm long,
erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves several, narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; perianth segments lanceolate, acute,
carinate, herbaceous; pedicel short; perianth tube to 15 mm long, cylindric;
outer segments lanceolate, acute, the upper third reflexed, the limb with
2 spots, of these one orbicular purplish-violet at center and the outer
rounded-reniform brown near the apex; inner segments erect, veined with

407

535

Plate XXXIII

1. Iris elegantissima Sosn.— 2. I. Fomini Woron.— 3, I. reticulata M.B.— 4. I. hyreana
Woron.— 5. I. acutiloba var. lineolata Trautv.— 6. I. Medwedewii Fom.— 7. I. paradoxa
Stev.— 8. I. iberica Hoffm.—9. I. acutiloba C.A.M.— 10. I. Schelkownikowii Fom.—

PA Ulie lycotis Woron.

408

536 purplish-violet, oblong-lanceolate, acute, much longer and somewhat

538

broader than the outer. April. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 2).
Dry hills.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Baku.
Type in Tiflis.

30. I. Schelkownikowi Fom. in Fom. and Vor., Opred. rast. Kr. i
Kavk. I (1907) 299.—I. acutiloba C.A. May var. Schelkownikowi
Fom. in Tr. Tifl. Bot. Sada VI, No.3 (1904) 44.—Ic.: Tr. Tifl. Bot.
Sada VI, p. 44.

Perennial, 20-35 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 30 cm long,
erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; spathe valves lanceolate, acute,
carinate, herbaceous-membranous; perianth tube rather long; outer
Segments oblong-lanceolate, acute, much smaller than the inner segments,
brown, with a round purple patch at center and purplish-lilac veins, the
hairs of the claw yellow; inner segments oval-oblong, acutish, violet or
bluish-violet, with slender dark veins; style branches shorter than outer
segments, brown; stigmas broadly triangular. April. (Plate XXXIII,
Figure 10).

Hills.— Caucasus: E. Transc. Described from Azerbaijan, from hills
of Karadzhi-dag, Boz-dag Range.

31. I. Ewbankiana Foster in Gard. Chron. XXIX (1901) 397; Dykes
icisan oe tia ate. Crary telarOn, 1. Cc. "lh roure Toz.

Perennial, 20-35 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 30 cm long,
erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; spathe valves to 15 mm long, cylindric;
outer segments lanceolate, acuminate, distinctly veined with brownish-
purple on a milky white ground, the limb horizontal and not reflexed as in
related species; inner segments obovate-lanceolate, veined with brownish-
purple on a milky white ground, the claw sometimes covered with few
yellow brown-tipped hairs; style branches short, chocolate-brown; crests
quadrate, with slender brownish-purple veins; stigmas oblong, entire;
filaments brownish-purple; capsule cylindric, narrowed at both ends.
April-May.

Grassy mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.:
Bal.-As. Min. Cappadocia — var. Elisabethae (Siehe) Dykes; Tavr —
var. Sprengeri (Siehe) Dykes; it is possible that both these forms are
in fact distinct species. Described from mountains some 125 km from
Ashkhabad (apparently Kara-kala area, Mount Syunt). Type in Leningrad.

32. I. Grossheimi Woron. in Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 255.
Perennial, 10-15 cm tall; rhizome slender, creeping; stem to 1 cm
long, erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves as long as the stem,
narrowly linear, subfalcate; spathe valves lanceolate, acute, green;
pedicel short; outer segments obtuse, orbicular, a blackish-brown patch
covering most of the limb, the rest light-brown with brownish-purple
veins, the hairs of the claw almost black; inner segments oblong-oval,
obtuse, much longer and broader than the outer, a dark brown batch also
covering most of the limb, the rest light brown veined with brownish-purple.
May.

409

539

Rocky slopes in the upper mountain zone (2400-3000 m). — Caucasus:
E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Nakhichevan Republic, Mount Soyukh.

Type in Baku.

33. I. lycotis Woron., Izv. Kavk. Muzeya IX (1915) 33.

Perennial, 25-35 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 30 cm long,
erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; spathe valves lanceolate, acute,
carinate, herbaceous-membranous; pedicel rather long; perianth tube about
as long as ovary; outer segments orbicular, purple-violet, with a large
velutinous black patch at center; inner segments upright, slightly larger
than the outer, profusely veined with purplish-violet on a light-colored
ground. The great variability of perianth coloration prompted A.Grossheim
to establish a number of varieties (var. magnifica Gross.— ground color
dark cherry-red; var. heterochroa Grossh. — ground color of outer
segments brownish-cherry, of the inner segments light; var. typica
Grossh. — both inner and outer segments distinctly veined on a light ground;
var. panthera Grossh. — spots on a light ground; var. pardus
Grossh. — the inner segments veined, the outer spotted, on a light ground),
style branches dark reddish-brown, shorter than perianth segments; crests
toothed. April-May. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 11).

The middle mountain zone.— Caucasus: E. Transc.— Darry-dag and
Negramskie mountains. Endemic. Described from Nakhichevan Republic,
north of Dzhul'fa, on Darry-dag slopes. Type in Leningrad.

34. I. paradoxa Stev. in Mém. Soc. Natur. de Moscou V (1820) 355;
Liodb GE iwbossce wl L0o;, Boiss. HL. .Or. \alo2: sy kesainvic.. 7 a0. —
Exs.; Jeljvorw exs, No,,625— 1c.) Gartent| M1863 )ipadeo., Bot. Mac. siioce)
te lOgiee Raddes Vius. Caue., (90m i. 1.

Perennial, 25-40 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 30 cm long, ;
erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves several, narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; spathe valves lanceolate, acute,
carinate, herbaceous-membranous; pedicel rather long; perianth tube
slightly shorter than ovary; outer segments linear, horizontally spreading,
almost black-violet, the claw densely covered with blackish-purple hairs,
the rather small suborbicular limb not point-tipped; inner segments much
larger than the outer, oval-orbicular, subtruncate, bright violet or dark
violet; anther azure; style branches brown, spotted; crests short, rounded.
May. (Plate XXXIII, Figure 7).

Dry slopes in the mountain zone; sometimes associated with calcareous
soil.— Caucasus: S. and E. Transc. Endemic. Described from
Transcaucasia. Type in Helsinki.

35. I. Medwedewi Fom. in Monit. Jard. Tifl. XIV (1909) 43; Dykes
lens, Os

Perennial, 30-45 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem to 40 cm long,
erect, bearing a solitary terminal flower; leaves several, narrowly linear,
subfalcate, not exceeding the stem; spathe valves lanceolate, acute,
carinate, herbaceous-membranous; pedicel rather long; perianth tube
Slightly shorter than ovary; outer segments linear, horizontally spreading,
the claw densely covered with blackish-purple hairs, its margin veined

410

540

blackish-purple, the rather small suborbicular blackish-purple limb often
point-tipped; inner segments much larger than the outer, subtruncate,
irregularly toothed-margined, white, densely veined azure-violet, concave
within, carinate outside, with scattered hairs at base; anthers pale yellow;
style branches shorter than the outer perianth segments, brown, spotted
cinnamon-brown, the margins revolute; style crests short, rounded. May.
(Plate XXXIII, Figure 6).

Dry hills.— Caucasus: Tal. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Iran. Described from
Talysh, near village of Kosmal'an. Type in Tiflis.

Section REGELIA Lynch. The Book of the Iris (1904) 116. — Resembling
the section Oncocyclus, but stem longer, up to 75 cm, bearing 2 or
3 flowers instead of 1; perianth segments broader, pointed at apex, the
beard consisting of long hairs; seeds distinctly arillate.

The few species of this section are all confined to the mountain massifs
of Soviet Central Asia and do not occur elsewhere. They occur chiefly in
central Pamir-Alai and only a few locations in W. Tien Shan. The
differences between the species are very insignificant and identification
is very difficult. All the species are of great horticultural value owing to
their beautiful flowers; they are, moreover, very hardy plants, as opposed
to the species of the section Oncocyclus that are extremely fastidious
in cultivation.

IPMElowers iaLaby tla Oe AE Pe re ROO, COTA COO OR eee a, . 2.
+ Flowers mainly brown, gray or whitish tinged with lilac......... 3.
2. Leaves 1-1.5 cm broad; inner pene segments gradually narrowed
RAGS MCL ORS ce ee eee, mg ene a YAR Oc eee a 39. I. Hoogiana Dykes.
+ Leaves ca. 0.5 cm broad; inner perianth segments abruptly narrowed
ao IS RCE RE RT ie ee se a oe 40. I. karategina B.Festsch.
3. Perianth brownish with dark brown veins and a dark patch at the throat
GHouvaeiSesimentsn 1 Mage hin. es ag Se 38. I. Korolkowi Rgl.
Weerianthweorortmiiterent trom above vis 8. eT MR: ARR So... 4.

4. Perianth segments lilac at center, with a broad bronze margin and dark
spots; plants’ commonly producing rather long ‘stolons “27. .29:3.....
MEE be REM MRE Ger ee aE RENE EY ek Lk ee ss 36. I. stolonifera Maxim.

+ Perianth segments greenish-yellow, with oblique raspberry-colored
veins; plants not Stoloniterous’)., Wf he Rees we 37. I. darvasica Rel.

36. I. stolonifera Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. XXVI (1880)
535; Dykes Iris, 125.—I. Leichtlini Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 680. —
I. vaga Foster, Gartenfl. (1887) 201-5.—Ic.: Gartenfl. tab. 1244; Dykes
Iris, tab. 29.

Perennial, 30-60 cm tall; rhizomes very short, with long fleshy root
fibers; long fleshy stolons arising from the collar through the sheaths of
old leaves; stems erect, bearing 2 or 3 terminal flowers; radical leaves
obsolete; cauline leaves broadly linear, 5-11 mm broad, up to 50 cm long,
gradually attenuate toward apex; uppermost stem leaf not reaching the base
of spathe; lower spathe valves obtusish, the inner shorter and narrower
than the outer; pedicels 2-4 mm long; outer perianth segments obovate,
obtuse, the base of the limb and the claw bearded with yellow clavate hairs,

411

541

542

the blade lilac with a broad bronze-colored margin, the lower part whitish
or yellowish-ferruginous; inner segments slightly narrower and shorter
than the outer, pale lilac, undulate, the margin crisped; style branches
pale lilac; crests brown; capsule elongate acuminate; seeds pyriform, with
a milky white aril. May-June.

Wet meadows and near mountain streams.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
Endemic. Described from Sangydzhuman Ravine on the Zeravshan. Type
in Leningrad.

Note. Dykes (in Garden Chron. vol. LXV (1912) 256-258) describes and
illustrates under the name I. turcomanica a garden hybrid between
1. stodonaneriacandi:yikio rodikco vageltel ,

Siveletidarvasica Rel ».inj~Aj He Bey Vl (1884) 679; Dykes, Iris,...1262—
I. Suworowi Rgl. in A.H.P. IX (1886) 619.

Perennial, 20-35 cm tall; rhizome rather stout, firm, creeping,
covered at the top with fibrous vestiges of leaf sheaths; stem erect, covered
at base with leaf sheaths, bearing several leaves, somewhat branched at
the end; leaves erect, narrowly linear-ensiform, ca. 1 cm broad; spathe
valves oblong-navicular, herbaceous at base, above the middle and at
margins membranous; perianth tube shorter than the spathe but exceeding
the ovary; limb of outer perianth segments obovate or linear, acute,
narrowed at base into the claw, greenish-yellow with oblique raspberry-
colored veins, the bluish beard reaching beyond the middle of the limb;
inner segments nearly identical with the outer. June. (Plate XXXIV,
Figure 8).

Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from
Mount Ala-kisryak east of Lulyab mountains (Tadzhikistan). Type in
Leningrad.

38. I. Korolkowi Rgl. in A.H.P.I (1873) 432; Dykes Iris, 124.—Ic.:
Gartenflora (1873) t. 766.

Perennial, 40-60 cm tall; rhizome short, firm; stem erect, branched
at the end; leaves glaucescent, the cauline progressively decreasing in
size, linear-ensiform, slightly acuminate, nearly straight; spathe valves
herbaceous, slightly ribbed, broadly lanceolate, membranous and translucid
only at apex; pedicels very short; flowers 2, very close together; perianth
tube subcylindric, rather short; limb of outer segments elliptic, abruptly
narrowed into the claw, spreading, emarginate, dingy white with purple
veins, the claw blackish-brown within; inner segments nearly identical with
the outer; filaments blackish-brown; style branches oblong, brown; crests
acute, bearded at the margin. June.

Mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh., Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described
from cultivated specimens, grown from rhizomes supplied by N. Korol'kov
from mountains near Tashkent, and not from Turkmenia as erroneously
reported by E. Regel. Korol'koy never collected plants in Turkmenia and
generally at that time, in the early seventies of last century, the mountains
of Turkmenia were inaccessible to Europeans. Type in Leningrad.

39. I. Hoogiana Dykes in Garden. Chron. vol. LX (1916) 216.—

I. splendens O. Fedtsch., in herb. (1913); O. Fedchenko in Bull. Jard.
Bot. Princ. XXIII (1924) 111.—Ic.: Gard. Chron. LX (1916) Figure 84.

412

543

Perennial, 40-60 cm tall; rhizome short, the long stolons emerging
through the sheaths of old leaves and spreading in different directions;
stems erect, bearing 2 or 3 terminal flowers; radical leaves obsolete;
cauline leaves broadly linear, attenuate toward apex, acuminate, the upper
third membranous, tinged with red; pedicels short; perianth tube ca. 2.5 cm
long, purple-tinged; limb of outer segments oboval, gradually narrowed
into the claw, plain lilac-violet or sometimes white, the beard spreading
partly onto the limb and not confined to the claw as in I. Korolkowi Regl.;
inner segments same color as the outer, gradually enlarged from base;
style branches not differing in color from perianth segments; crests
triangular, straight; capsule elongated, pointed at the top; seeds pyriform,
brown, with a milky white aril. May. (Plate XXXIV, Figure 2).

Grassy mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described
from a cultivated specimen grown in the horticultural firm of Tubergen
(Haarlem) from rhizomes collected in Central Asia. Type not preserved.

40. I. karategina B.Fedtsch. in Izv. Tadzh. bazy A.N. II (1935).

Perennial, 25-40 cm tall; rhizome short, often giving rise to short
stolons; stems erect, bearing 2 or 3 terminal flowers, surrounded at base
with fibrous vestiges of old leaves; leaves nearly all cauline, broadly linear,
attenuate toward apex, slightly recurved, ca. 15-20 cm long, ca. 5mm
broad; spathe valves carinate, acuminate, the upper one-third membranous;
pedicels short; perianth tube 2.5-4 cm long; blade of outer segments
oboval, gradually narrowed into the claw, essentially violet, the beard
spreading slightly onto the limb as in I. Hoogiana; inner segments the
same color as the outer, rather abruptly narrowed into a very narrow claw;
style branches not differing in color from perianth segments; crests
lanceolate, long-acuminate. May.

Mountain slopes, at an altitude of about 1600 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
Endemic. Described from Tadzhikistan, Karateginskii Range, Zardalyu
Pass. Type in Leningrad.

Section POGONIRIS Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XCI (1877) 143.—
Tall or low; rhizome and stem sometimes branched; flowers 1-3, terminal;
outer perianth segments densely bearded with multicellular hairs; seeds
not arillate.

1 wiLeovest filbstorna orimarrowly lime aie we . eee ee Ge Te Se 2.
fi, duéavestbroadiv linear ior ensi ferme. Qty anes t) OR Bate Ie 3.
2. Leaves subterete, nearly all erect; perianth tube not more than 24 mm
LOW des? Lepr: Sitios + ore wot Pate ieee. 41. I. longiscapa Ldb.
+ Leaves channeled, more or less recurved; perianth tube up to 30 mm
LOGE READ SOME ORCI ROL hat: OME BDO ce ITM MRE OR I. falcifolia Bge.
3. HloweMs oliterya pathev2> valved Br gee LAINE 2S OHOT? BES 4.
* Inflorescence of 2, rarely 3 or 4 flowers; spathe commonly 3-valved . 7.
4. Base of stem not covered with vestiges of leaf sheaths ........... 5.
+ . Base of stem covered with vestiges of leaf sheaths .. 2.0. .0.00.. 6.
5. Spathe valves much longer than perianth tube; inner segments gradually
narrowed intothevelaw 4. BALI F749, QMO SHA, ih 45. I. Timofejewi Woron.

413

544

+ Spathe valves equaling or shorter than perianth tube; inner segments

abruptly narrowed inte thekclaw2 24 e, Hh.8" BONES: Oe ae: 44. I. pumila L.
6. Stem obsolete; leaves obtuse; perianth tube as long as or longer than

the Sep IISMPSO MIS AP PUA ES WOT, VIMO TIG. A 46. I. Potanini Maxim.
+ Stem short; leaves acuminate; perianth tube much shorter than the

SSPHICHES CAMRY ONS Z| ROS, RL RE POS A 47. I. tigridia Bge.
7. Stem simple, terminating in a 2-flowered inflorescence ........ 8.
+ | \Stemebranched usually*rather ong) Panne, 1 ey ee HOY
8. Peritanthifunnelform;*spathe-valvestinilatedes ‘PORPO Fille ® BIAS g ve 3.
+ Inner perianth segment spreading; spathe valves not inflated.......

OVINE OOO OB, HOLD SEI DOI. MIAO, S Ba} 43. I. flavissima Pall.
9. Outer segments much longer than the inner; flowers commonly yellow.

FUL TOGSLT LO | NA Le, (ere OP | Be 48. I. Bloudowii Ldb.
+ Outer segments about as long as the inner; flowers commonly lilac

DAIRY. MORE AT CEE BEE ASL PH EP) OS OED Ff 49. I. scariosa Willd.

10. “stem branched at oreven below the middle... 2". 50. I. aphylla L.
+ ‘Stem#branched. only inapperipart Ya. 0F eRe e.7. as eee tae Ae il
11, "Plowers thlinsh vole tg! {NLS A APY,» Ld TAS ae ee 12.
+ Shlowersityellowfesometimes Vidlet=veined> BAH aU, TS ewe Te 13.
L2neStyleverests rounded} Voverlappine Sa. eee aero: 54. I. Alberti Rel.
+ <Styleverests Gpreadingt + o).oms “momar ® yl ay is 53. I. germanica L.
13. Spathe valves at anthesis green, not coriaceous... 51. I. variegata L.
+ Spathe valves at anthesis partly coriaceous... 52. I. imbricata Lindl.

41. I. longiscapa Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 93.—I. filifolia Bge.
in Mém. pres. al'Acad. Sc. St. Pétersb. div. sav. étr. VII (1851) 506, non
I. filifolia Boiss. Voy. Espagne (1839-45) 602.

Perennial, 50-75 cm tall; rhizome creeping, abbreviated, consisting
of nutlike fragments (smaller than in I. falcifolia Bge), one such
fragment developing each year; roots numerous, thick, densely covered
with fibrous leaf vestiges; stem leafless, erect, to 70 cm long, more
slender than in I. falcifolia Bge.; leaves all radical, narrowly filiform,
not falcate, at length greatly elongating; spathe valves 3, more pointed
than in I. falcifolia, thinner, sometimes almost hyaline throughout or
at least the margin broadly hyaline; pedicels short; flower 2 or 3, lilac-
violet, somewhat smaller thanin I. falcifolia Bge.; outer segments
oblong, much narrower than in I. falcifolia Bge., bearded, thehairs
at the middle of the beard clavate, yellow, at the margins slender and paler;
inner segments narrowly spatulate, with few clavate hairs on the claw or
sometimes glabrous throughout; capsule 3-angled, pointed. April-May.
(Plate XXXIV, Figure 10).

Clayey deserts; sometimes sandy-clay sites or granite hills. — Centr.
Asia: Kyz. K., Kara K., Mtn. Turkm. Endemic. Described from deserts
of Kyzyl-Kum from Chakyrat to Yany-darya (I. filifolia Bge, non
Boiss.). Type in Leningrad.

42. I. falcifolia Bge, in Mém. pres. A1l'Acad. Sc. St. Pétersb. div.
Sav. étr. VII (1851) 505; Dykes Iris, 127.—Ie.: Dykes l.c., 128.

Perennial, 50-100 cm tall; rhizome creeping, abbreviated, consisting
of nutlike fragments, one such fragment developing each year; roots
numerous, thick, covered with fibrous vestiges of leaf sheaths; stem

1920 414

leafless, to 90 cm long (including flowers); leaves subradical, the 2 at the
base of each scape translucent, vaginate, short, the 3 upper ones falcate
filiform-linear from a sheathing base; spathe valves 4, scabrous,
membranous-margined, the outer entire, the inner ones 2-cleft, a fourth
minute valve sometimes present; pedicels short; flowers 2 or 3, lilac-
violet; outer segments, the broadly ovate claw separated from the limb
by a constriction, the upper one-third of the limb horizontally spreading
or reflexed; inner segments spatulate-oblong, about as long as the outer,
the lower two-thirds bearded, the rather sparse beard consisting of

545 yellowish hairs; style branches pale lilac; crests overlapping, semiovate.
March.

Clayey deserts.— Centr. Asia: Kyz. K., Kara K. Endemic. Described

from clayey desert between Bukhara and Kermin. Type in Paris.

43. I. flavissima Pall. Reise durch. versch. Prov. russ. Reichs I
(170s) TAS SIGaT6) es: edb. wk Ross: dVg wi2Qss Tunez: Mile obaicet <dahr
Lennon: Ceyie sy mlinZAape Sibia Ui w669 >» Dykesslvissidhaiw leanvemauni a
Waldstntericte Hier. oiungs | 1802), 56 aShmalionghl. 1bi471:0 bdbaqkl.
Ross lV lOc ice: Waldst) etisit: (Pili car: shuns: tab.57; Gmel. FI.
sibs If tab PV 2 Pigurev2,--dxsie: HHER Now09 le

Perennial, 6-12 cm tall; rhizome stout, creeping, branched, the upper
part covered with fibrous vestiges of leaf sheaths; stem erect, to 8 cm long,
bearing 2 or 3 flowers and terminating in a 2-flowered inflorescence;
radical leaves in clusters of 3 or 4, enclosed at base in bladeless
membranous sheaths, about equaling or exceeding the stem (including
flowers), linear or lance-linear; pedicels very short; flowers 2, yellow;
spathe valves 3, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, folded and slightly inflated;
perianth tube enlarged upward, about the length of ovary, one-third to
two-fifths as long as the segments; limb of outer segments obovate to
oblong-obovate, round-tipped, gradually narrowed into the claw,
conspicuously bearded; inner segments slightly shorter and narrower than
the outer; style crests obliquely oblong-ovate, attenuate toward apex, the
margin irregularly toothed; stigmas rounded-lobulate, minutely crenulate;
capsule ovaloid, pointed at both ends, the beak very short. May-June.

Steppe meadows, rocks, birch woods, and sands.— European part:

MS Dip?) V>-Don eBis:; * WieSiberia: "Ob; UU. Moby Minty Alvear ER eSiberia:
Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Uss., Okh. (a dubious specimen from the
collections of Redovskii, without precise records). Gen. distr.: Centr.
Eur., Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Transbaikalia. Type unknown.

Note: The plants described by Pallas from Siberia and by Waldstein
and Kitaibel from Hungary, are not fully uniform. According to more
recent investigations of K.A. Ugrinskii, Die Gesammtart Iris flavis-
Sima Pall. in Fedde Répert. spec. nov. Béihefte, XIV (1922), there are
forms that can be distinguished within the form cycle 1. flavissima
sensu lato, such as subsp. stolonifera Ugr. (Il. arenaria W.K.)

f. occidentalis Ugr. (Hungary), f. orientalis Ugr. (Ukraine, Kursk,
Orel, Saratov) and subsp. trans uratensiws Wsr MOG ilay tsisimea
s. str.), from Orenburg to Transbaikalia, Khanka and Okhotsk.

44. I. pumila L. Sp. pl. ed. I (1753) 38; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 104;
Shima oie iM 470, orss. Minor. Vy lass Dykestiris tear

415

546

549

Py laequilob ay db.\ und: sem..‘h.) Dorpat. (11823))4¢ idby» ye n04he
L.sdivain tmav@rKoch in'Linnaea XXII, 637; Tndb. lIkie. W087 Sl pha ea Ga
Loddiger Bot. Cab. 1930, tab. 1506; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 471. —Ic.: Bot. Mag.
fabreOs #1209) £ L262; (Rehb sic... sFiueGerms tab. Sante Higunesiia2iimiase
tab. 328, Figures 754, 755; Dykes Iris. pl. XXXII. Exs.: HFR No.1138.

Perennial, 10-15 cm tall; rhizome branched; stolons bunched; stem
obsolescent, sometimes up to 12 cm long (var. elongata Lipsky); scape
bearing a solitary flower; leaves all radical, glaucescent, broadly linear,
to 10 cm long and 12 mm broad, leaves developing after flowering twice
as broad; spathe valves narrow, green, coriaceous only at apex; the inner
valve membranous; flower sessile, yellow or lilac, a second mostly
abortive flower sometimes present; perianth tube to 48 mm long, with
3 purple stripes; limb of outer segments orbicular or oblong, cuneate at
base; inner segments about as long as but broader than the outer, oblong,
emarginate, rarely as broad as the outer segments (var. aequiloba Ldb.);
style branches almost colorless at margins, the keel bluish-purple (in a
lilac-flowered form); style crests triangular, the upper margin toothed;
capsule 3-angled, pointed at the top, sessile or nearly so; seeds small,
globose. April-May. (Plate XXXIV, Figure 3).

Stony slopes and steppes, rarely on solonchaks (var. aequiloba Ldb.).

Europeam part: (MM. Dnps)V.7Don, Mransv., Bli, Crim<~rlewWonk EfV.;
Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. Transce. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.,. Med.,
Bal.-As. Min. Described from Hungary. Type in London.

Note. Prodan (Die Irisarten Rumaniens in Bull. Grad. Bot. Univ. Cluj,
XIV (1934) 105-198) maintainsthat I. pumila L. occurs only in Transylvania
and that all the related forms are distinct species or subspecies.

45. I. Timofejewi Woron., Not. Syst. Herb. H.B.P. V (1924) 62;
Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) No. 1954.

Perennial, 10-20 cm tall; rhizome stout, branched; scape monanthous;
leaves all radical, strongly glaucous, falcate, rather narrowly linear,
ca. 5-6 mm broad; spathe valves acute, sharply carinate, greatly exceeding
the perianth tube; pedicel short; flower solitary; perianth tube 4-5 times
the length of ovary; limb of outer segments obovate, violet, the yellow claw
bearded, whitish and yellow; inner segments oblanceolate-oblong,
gradually narrowed toward base, round-tipped or slightly emarginate, about
as long as outer segments; style branches as long as the outer segments.
(Plate XXXIV, Figure 13).

Dry slopes in the middle mountain zone. — Caucasus: Dag. Endemic.
Described from Dagestan. Type unknown.

46. I. Potanini Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Petersb. XXVI (1880) 528; Dykes
Iris; 164; Kryls; Fl. Zap:.Sib. sll, 668:—1. flawis simia ivar)
rupestris Bgein Ldb. Fl. Alt. I (1829) 60.—I. pumila. Pall. Reise III
(7G) hae..

Perennial, 10-15 cm tall; rhizome short, rather slender, with ropy
root fibers; stem and leaf clusters covered at base with fibrous leaf
vestiges; stem to 7 mm long; radical leaves clustered, pale green, about
equaling or slightly exceeding the flowering stem, narrowly linear, acute,
to 15 cm long; cauline leaves 2 or 3, with membranous sheath and linear-
subulate blade; spathe valves membranous, whitish, the somewhat broader

416

‘547)

dhict jig
/ Vy }

}) (aw ] \\

i

Plate XXXIV

1. Iris Alberti Rgl.— 2. I. Hoogtiana Dykes.—3. I. pumila L.—4. 1. Winogradowi Fom.—
5. I, Kolpakowskiana Rgl.— 6. I. tigridia Rgl.—7. I. maricoides Rgl.— 8. I. stolonifera
Maxim.— 9. I. imbricata Lindl.— 10. I. longiscapa Ldb.— 11. 1. aphylla L.— 12. I. Potanini

Maxim.— 13. I. Timofejewi Woron.

417

550

outer valve elliptic-lanceolate, the inner lanceolate; flower solitary,
terminal; perianth tube long, slender, subfiliform, enlarged upward, as
long as or longer than the segments; outer segments bearded, the obovate
round-tipped limb gradually narrowed into the claw; inner segments about
as long as but slightly narrower than the inner, sharply notched at apex;
style crests oblong, crenate; stigmas rounded, sometimes slightly
emarginate. May-July, (Plate XXXIV, Figure 12).

Valleys of desert mountain streams; gravelly slopes of hills and
mountains.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Dau. Gen. distr.: Mong.
Described from Transbaikalia. Type in Leningrad.

47. I. tigridia Bge in Ldb. Fl. Alt. I (1829) 60; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 104;
Kryli, i Zape sib V1lk 668 Nogo00;" Dykesiiris,® iba ybureag, HNMiBaic .-
Daa, JL) 2s a9)8) = Ne@nme Ibe, Wel Tel. Io Sies WW Ee Bitte)

Perennial, 10-20 cm tall; rhizome creeping or ascending; stem to 7 cm
long, erect, bearing a solitary flower, covered at base with fibrous
vestiges of leaf sheaths; radical leaves clustered, glaucescent, linear,
long-acuminate, commonly exceeding or equaling the stem including flower;
spathe valves 2, membranous, slightly colored, broadly lanceolate, acute,
conduplicate; flower solitary, reddish-violet, veined with violet; pedicel
very short; limb of outer segments obovate, commonly somewhat
emarginate, narrowed into the claw; inner segments slightly shorter than
but not differing in color from the outer; style crests obliquely oblong-
ovate, attenuate and toothed toward apex; stigmas rounded, crenate.
April-May. (Plate XXXIV, Figure 6).

Gravelly hill slopes and sandy places in steppes.— W. Siberia: Alt. ;

E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau., Lena-Kol. (?). Gen. distr.: Mong.
Described from Altai. Type in Leningrad.

48. I. Bloudowi Ldb. Icon. pl. Fl. Ross. II (1830) tab.101; Ldb. Fl.
Alt © IViA8s3 jiS3is) Ldb} FD) Ross. IVs) 102; Keyl 1. ea. iSibieilh
Now025) Turez) Bl Baic.- Dahe Ily 2, 19a Dykestiriss i aa,

I. flavissima var. umbrosa Bge in Ldb. Fl. Alt. I (1829) 58.—
Te. pdb? Tle Ggel. tl! oss TRA abbyet O11 :

Perennial, 15-25 cm tall; rhizome stout, creeping, branched, the
upper part covered with short brown fibers; stem to 30 cm long,
terminating in a 2-flowered inflorescence and bearing 2-4 leaves; radical
leaves clustered, surrounded at base by membranous sheaths, about
equaling or slightly exceeding the stem including flowers, broadly linear
or lance-linear, short-acuminate, inflated, hyaline-margined; pedicels
short or up to 15-20 mm long; perianth tube as long as ovary and 3-4 times
the length of the segments; limb of outer segments obovate, slightly
emarginate, yellow, bearded, gradually narrowed into the distinctly violet-
veined claw; inner segments shorter and narrower than the outer; style
crests narrowed upward, the margin irregularly toothed; capsule ovaloid,
6-angled, pointed at both ends. May-June.

Mountains in the lower alpine zone and alpine meadows; lower down,
meadows and slopes in the timber zone, wood margins, and valleys of
mountain streams.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia: Yen., Ang.-Say., Dau.,
Far East: Uss.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh. Gen. distr. : Kash.,
Mong. Described from Altai. Type in Leningrad.

418

551

552

49. I. scariosa Willd. ex Link in Spreng, Schrad. u. Link., Jahrb. I
(1620) piiipLidbeBldsRosswlVy S04yKrylassF ly Zap eSibidll;Ne.553;
Dykes Iris, 178.—I. glaucescens Bge in Ldb. Fl. Alt. (1829) 58; Ldb.
PA esses 024 —Aoipu ninias wakes, sie ayn hosvay Shimalacs» Shmal'g.,.F1. I1
(897)"4 70 Leo: plidbioletopleyfle Ross.) Hy tab. 102a(sub/nom-

I. glaucescens Bge).

Perennial, 10-20 cm tall; rhizome creeping, covered at the top with
short brownish fibers; stem to 15 cm long, bearing 3 or 4 leaves and
terminating in a 2-flowered inflorescence; radical leaves commonly
clustered, covered at base with membranous sheaths, broadly linear to
sublanceolate, falcate, about as long as the stem including flowers; spathe
valves membranous, commonly lilac, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate,
conduplicate; inflorescence 2-flowered; flowers lilac, short-pediceled
or sessile; perianth tube 2-3 times the length of ovary, about as long as
the segments, slightly enlarged upward; limb of outer segments oblong-
obovate, obtuse, gradually narrowed into the claw, white-bearded at base;
inner segments as long as but slightly narrower than the outer; style crests
elongate, acuminate, often crenate; stigmas crenate; capsule oblong-
ellipsoid, 6-angled, pointed at both ends. April-May.

Solonetz spots and stony soil in steppes; also stony slopes of low
mountains.— W. Siberia: U. Tob., Irt., Alt. Centr. Asia: Balkh., Dzu.-
Tarb. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., Mong., near the USSR border. Described
from Siberia. Type in Berlin.

50.01. ‘aphylla L: Sp: pl. ed: 1,(1753) 38;, Dykes Iris, 157.—
I. nudicaulis Lam. Encycl. III (1789) 296; Shmal'g. Fl. II, 470.—
I. bohemica P.W. Schmidt, Fl. Boehm. Cent. IV, (1794) 5; Ldb. Fl.
RossislvecL0Re=- Lahn ariiea cWaldstie ct Kit.dPly rary Hung: ke25l.—
I. furcata M.B. Cent. rar. ross. ad. tab. LI (1832-42); Ldb. Fl. Ross.
1 (103). tes: Ain Bie lee stab ps1,

Perennial, 30-50 cm tall; rhizome short, creeping; stem firm, to 50 cm
long including flowers, commonly branched somewhat above the base;
flowers solitary atendsofbranches; leaves often in radical clusters,
broadly linear-ensiform, equaling or slightly exceeding the stem including
flowers; cauline leaves few, successively decreasing in size; spathe valves
ovate to oblong, inflated, herbaceous, green, often purple-veined; flowers
short-pediceled or subsessile, bright violet; perianth tube commonly twice
the length of ovary; limb of outer segments obovate, gradually narrowed
into the claw; inner segments not differing in color from the outer,
sometimes somewhat paler, the limb abruptly narrowed into the claw;
style crests short-lanceolate, acute, toothed; capsule oblong, 3-angled.
May-June. (Plate XXXIV, Figure 11).

Steppes.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., E. Transc.; European part: U. Dnp.;
M>yDnp:¥e- Don; Transv. (BL), (EL. Don.,Gen distr. : ‘Centro Eur.,
Bal.-As. Min. Type in London.

51. I. variegata L. Sp. pl. ed. I (1753) 38; Dykes Iris, 159; Shmal'g.,
PLS se Tel?oBott Mass £167 °Rchbs ler fuVGernk Do svsA OCC XIV,
Ergure’ (el :

Perennial, 40-50 cm tall; rhizome stout; stem erect, to 50 cm long,
branched in upper part, the branches bearing compact terminal

419

553

inflorescences; radical leaves broadly ensiform to linear-ensiform; not
exceeding half the length of stem; spathe valves herbaceous throughout at
anthesis, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, strongly inflated, abruptly attenuate
to an acute apex, the upper valves sometimes obtusish; flowers very short-
pediceled or subsessile; limb of outer segments oblong-obovate, round-
tipped or emarginate, yellowish-white, with numerous bright brownish or
dark purple veins, yellow-bearded; inner segments about as long as the
outer, bright golden-yellow, veinless or with few veins merely at base;
style crests rather broad, strongly or faintly toothed; capsule oblong.
May-June.

Coppices and woods on slopes; also stony places.— European part:
possibly Bl. and M. Dnp. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., Balk. Described from
Hungary. Type in London.

52. I. imbricata Lindl. Botan. Reg. (1845) 35; Dykes Iris p.179. —

I. sulphurea C. Koch. ex K. Koch in Linnaea XXI (1848) 637; Ldb. FI.
Ross. IV, 101.—Il1. flavescens Sweet in Ornament. Fl. Gard. (1854)
2529= loos mbaric inasdudbesFlgiRosstelVe ol Ol) moma ileok alae haha.
Foster in Bot. Mag. tab. 7701 (1900).—I. talyschi Foster in Grossg.,
Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 256.—Ic.: Bot. Mag. (1900) tab. 7701 sub nom.

[Mo btulsif£o kirahiBaksi->Exsh & Herb ..EilsTeaticc@Nonlhs.

Perennial, 40-50 cm tall; rhizome short; stem to 50 cm long;
inflorescence compact, terminal, its lateral branches apparently subsessile
before flowering; leaves broadly ensiform, pale yellowish-green, the outer
leaves in each leaf cluster commonly obtuse; spathe valves strongly inflated,
navicular, pale green, membranous, scarcely coriaceous-margined; the
outer valves sharply carinate; pedicels very short; perianth tube ca. 25 mm
long, bright green with purplish-brown spots; limb of outer segments
obovate, cuneate at base, greenish-yellow, the claw and sometimes the
limb veined with brownish-purple, the ridge consisting of dense white
bright-orange-tipped hairs; inner segments the same color as the outer,
the rounded-oblong limb abruptly narrowed into the claw, this spotted with
reddish-brown; style branches very broad, pale yellow, translucent,
carinate; crests subquadrate, the margins serrate; stigmas entire, oblong;
filaments colorless or yellowish; anthers white or pale yellow; capsule
eylindric, gradually attenuate at both ends; seeds compressed, with a small
white aril. June. (Plate XXXIV, Figure 9).

Wet meadows.— Caucasus: E. Transc., Tal. S. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Arm.-Kurd. Described from a garden specimen. Type unknown.

53acl. gexnmanicay dL: Sp: plinvedehc(dil 53)s13 8:6 Ldb. Hla ROsSanbVer 00:
Shmal'g.5 Fly W,.471;.Boiss. )Fls, Or} Vauh3%; Dykesylrissal62.— Jc. Bot.
Mag. t.670; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. IX, t. CCCXXXVIII, Figure 765.

Perennial, 40-100 cm tall; rhizome compact, short-creeping; stem
firm, or [?] strongly branched somewhat above the base, the branches
terminating in dense flower clusters; leaves grayish-green, the radical
broad, acuminate, the cauline smaller; spathe valves oblong, navicular,
dry coriaceous above the middle; flowers short-pediceled or subsessile,
with a powerful and agreable scent, varying greatly in color: perianth tube
slightly longer than ovary; limb of outer segments broadly obovate,
commonly dark violet, the yellowish-white claw brown-veined,

420

554

yellow-bearded; inner segments rounded-obovate; abruptly narrowed into
the claw, a paler violet; filaments commonly as long as anthers; style
branches enlarged upward; crests divaricate; capsule large, oblong-
ovaloid. May-June.

Grown in gardens and parks for its beautiful flowers, sometimes
naturalized; the naturalized plants occasionally recorded as wild-growing. —
European part: U.V.; V.-Don, Transv., Bl., Crim., L. Don. Gen. distr.:
Centr. Eur., Med., Bal.-As. Min; also reported for Canary Islands and
S. Arabia. Described from mountainous Germany. Type in London.

54. I. Alberti Rgl. in A.H.P. V (1877) 260; Dykes Iris, 181.—JIc.:
Gartenflora (1880) tab.999; Bot. Mag. (1888) t. 7020.

Perennial, 30-40 cm tall; rhizome short; stem to 40 cm long;
terminating in a 3-flowered inflorescence, each of the 2 or 3 branches
also bearing 1-3 flowers; leaves broad, erect, glaucescent, slightly
rounded at apex, commonly suffused with purple at base; spathe valves
green, slightly inflated (but not navicular as in 1. imbricata), the
margins only slightly coriaceous in flower; pedicels very short; perianth
tube ca. 12 mm long, greenish, slightly enlarged upward; limb of outer
segments obovate, cuneate at base, commonly purplish-violet, the reddish-
brown-veined claw separated from the limb by a line; inner segments
suborbicular, the same color as the outer, the limb abruptly narrowed into
the yellowish claw; style branches broad, the same color as perianth
segments, crests short, subquadrate, overlapping, spreading, the upper
margin serrate-crenate; stigmas broad, oblong; filaments whitish; capsule
short, broad, subglobose, not distinctly angled; seeds hemispherical. May.
(Plate XXXIV, Figure 1).

Mixed-grass steppes in foothills.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh. Endemic.
Described from vicinity of Alma-Ata. Type in Leningrad.

Section XIPHION Bak. in Journ. Linn. Soc. XVI (1877) 122.—
Xiphionm Mediks Phil. Botsi1 (1789)'173)—Diaph ane’ Salisb. in Trans.
Hort. Soc., London I (1812) 305.— Rootstock a bulb, hyaline-coriaceous
coats not separating into reticulate fibers; inner perianth segments broad,
erect; stamens not adhering to style branches.

55. I, Winkleri Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 677.

Perennial, 10-20 cm tall; bulb covered with brown membranes not
separating into fibers; stem obsolete; scape monanthous; leaves 3 or 4,
all radical, enclosed at base in a common membranous sheath, falcate,
linear-filiform, 1-2 mm broad; spathe valves acuminate, green; pedicel
ca. 1 cm long; outer segment lanceolate, bluish-violet; inner segments
oblong, slightly broader than the outer; style crests oblong. June.

High-mountain zone, at altitudes from 3000 to 4000 m.— Centr. Asia:
T. Sh. Endemic. Described from Yassy Pass in Fergana Range. Type
in Leningrad.

Section RETICULATAE Dykes, Iris, 220.— Rootstock a bulb, its coats
netted-fibrous; stems rather short; leaves filiform or narrowly linear.

421

39090

1WePlowersipaletyellow — Seva: SSF Seat 56. I. Winogradowi Fom.
+) SHlowercazcine OF VOLES. Vin nto, AMR bea. haere aye ee es De
2) Weavesitubulan-tiliforme with four isnialltribse tes yey yee een felts aE
+ Wieaves narrowly linear, with thickenedimargins’ ! iaiene uae. “eats eee

SOS Bar 9S He WE is AE. FP et 59. I. Kolpakowskiana Regl.
3. Flowers bright violet; adventitious bulbs none... 57. I. reticulata M.B.
+ Flowers sky-blue, the outer segments with a yellow band; adventitious

builbsynimereuse. 1.0 Tee ROU GALS. We. Bere ss 58. I. hyrcana Woron.

56. I. Winogradowi Fom. in Schedae ad Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 166. —
Exes? sole . TNo .u6G:

Perennial, 10-20 cm tall; bulb globose, covered with netted-fibrous
coats; stem obsolete; scape monanthous; leaves all radical, quadrangular;
spathe valves lanceolate; flowers pale yellow; limb of outer segments
one-third as long as the claw, the median line dark-dotted; inner segments
equaling the outer, broadly oblanceolate, obtuse, erect; style branches
broadly linear, shorter than perianth segments. (Plate XXXIV, Figure 4).

Subalpine zone.— Caucasus: W. Transc., mountains above Gagra;

E. Transc.: Mount Lomis-mta. Endemic. Described from Adzhar-
Imeretian Range, Mount Lomis-mta. Type in Tiflis.

57. I. reticulata M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. (1808) 34; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
93> Boiss El sOre Vy 120; Dykestiris) 225 oShmaleye Firdly 468%—ile. :
M.B. Cent. pl. rar. I, t.11; Gartenflora (1864) tab. 452 and (1873)
taba? [f= dies .« Whierb! i lareauc.. Nor63 Shion. vexstsNo: Sor

Perennial, 25-35 cm tall; bulb globose, to 25 mm in diameter, the
whitish coats regularly netted-fibrous; stem obsolescent; scape monanthous;
leaves 2-4 on each bulb, nearly all radical, to 30 cm long at anthesis,
quadrangular, narrowly linear, the sides unequal in cross section, the ribs
near apex Subcorneous, each leaf arising from 2 almost colorless sheaths;
spathe valves narrow, clasping the perianth tube, with split margin;
perianth tube not longer than the spathe at anthesis, but greatly exceeding
it within a day or two; pedicel initially very short, elongating to 6-7 cm
after flowering; perianth tube to 7-12 cm long, violet, with 6 darker
stripes; limb of outer segments broadly banded bright yellow and dark-
dotted along the median line, oblong-pandurate, the channeled claw
3-4 times as long as the limb; inner segments oblanceolate, obtuse, erect,
as long as or more often slightly longer than the outer segments; style
branches about equaling the perianth segments, with nearly parallel
margins; crests long, triangular, remotely serrate; capsule cylindric,
3-4 times as long as broad, narrowed at both ends; seeds when fresh
consisting of two spherical portions, white and brown, separated by a slight
constriction, in drying the white portion diminishing greatly in size. April.
(Plate XXXIII, Figure 3).

Hills, steppes, and coppices.— Caucasus: Cisc. (?), Dag. (?), S. and
E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min., Arm.-Kurd. Described from
Iberiya (Transc.). Type in Leningrad.

Economic importance. Many varieties of this early spring-blooming
plant are grown in gardens for the beautiful flowers.

98. I. hyrcana Woron. in Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) No. 1026.

422

556

557

Perennial, 10-25 cm tall; bulb globose, to 25 mm in diameter, with
coats consisting of a net of parallel fibers and surrounded by numerous
bulbils; stem obsolescent; scape monanthous; leaves all radical, 2-4
on each bulb, to 25 cm long at anthesis, quadrangular, narrowly linear,
the basal sheaths not united and clasping each leaf in pairs; spathe valves
narrow, enveloping the perianth tube; pedicel initially very short, finally
much elongated; perianth tube long; outer segments sky-blue with a yellow
band and dark spots; inner segments sky-blue; style branches about equaling
the perianth segments; crests oblong, remotely serrate. April.

(Plate XXXIII, Figure 4).

Hills. — Caucasus: Tal., E. Transc. Endemic. Described from Lenkoran.

Type unknown.

59. I. Kolpakowskiana Rgl. in A.H.P. V (1877) 263; Dykes Iris, 228.—
Ic.: Gartenflora tab. 939; Bot. Mag, (1880) t.6489 sub nom. Xiphion
Kolpakowskiana Baker.— Exs.: H.F.A.M. No. 421, 1a, b.

Perennial, 15-25 cm tall; bulb densely covered with reticulate leaf
vestiges; stem obsolete; scape monanthous; leaves 3 or 4, all radical,
surrounded at base by a common membranous sheath; sheath ca. 5 cm long
at anthesis, linear-filiform, ribbed; spathe valves acuminate, green;
pedicel 1-2 cm long; perianth tube 5-7.5 cm long; outer segments
lanceolate, the outer face greenish-yellow tinged with purple, the inner
face of the limb reddish-purple veined with darker purple at apex, milky
white with a bright yellow ridge at base, the claw yellow on both sides of
the crest; inner segments oblong, plain pale purple; style branches pale
purple; crests narrow, acuminate; stigmas entire. April-May.

(Plate XXXIV, Figure 5).

Grassy and stony slopes (from the foothills up to 1000 m above sea
level).— Centr. Asia: T.Sh. Endemic. Described from vicinity of Alma-
Ata. Type in Leningrad.

Section GYNANDRIRIS Benth. in Benth. et Hook, Gen. pl. III (1883)
687.—Gynandriris Parl., Nouv. gen. et spec. Monocotyl. (1859) 49.—
Rootstock a corm, covered with netted-fibrous coats; stems leafy; flowers
fugacious.

60. I. maricoides Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 679.— I. sisyrinchium
(pro parte) Dykes, Iris p.229; O. Fedchenko in Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ.
XXII, 2 (1924) No.72.—Ic.: Flora Turkmenii, pt. 1, Figure 114.—Exs.:
Pl. *tark ed.“ HB. "PP Nov!59"(sub nom. I. sis yi Tne wim):

Perennial, 30-60 cm tall; corm globose, the surrounding light brown
membranes separating at the top into pectinate fibers; stem terete; cauline
leaves commonly 2, linear, subfalcate, with prominent longitudinal veins;
Spathe valves lanceolate, coriaceous and somewhat inflated at anthesis;
pedicels very short or the flowers sessile; flowers 2-4, at the end of the
stem, faintly fragrant, fugacious, lilac or bluish-violet; perianth tube
slender, ca. 2 cm long, longer than ovary; outer segments recurved, the
limb with a yellow or whitish blotch at base, gradually passing into the
claw, this bearing a line of hairs; inner segments erect, slightly shorter
than the outer, obtuse, lanceolate; filaments as long as anthers;

423

558

style branches equaling the perianth segments; crests large, oblong-
lanceolate; capsule elongate-cylindric, obtusely 3-angled; seeds small,
spherical. March-April. (Plate XXXIV, Figure 7).

Semisteppes and semideserts, slopes of sandy hills, and pistachio
groves.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm., especially in Kushka area; Amu Dar.,
only on slopes of Kugitang, Pam.-Al. along Pyandzh and near Baisun.
Endemic. Described from Soviet Central Asia, near Pishpek, not
uncommonly from village of Sayat on the Pyandzh (Tadzhikistan).

Section JUNO (Tratt.)* Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 118 et auct. plur.—
Juno Tratt. Auswahl. I (1821) 135.

Inner perianth segments recurved or horizontally spreading, much
reduced, often almost rudimentary; outer segments destitute of hairs, the
entire or dissected ridge sometimes descending from the limb right down
to the base of the claw; perianth tube very long, not less than the length of
perianth segments; filaments distinct; leaves channeled, 2-ranked, in
most species falcate, the margin more or less cartilaginous; bulbose herbs,
usually with cordlike or fusiform roots.

Note. The study of species of the section Juno, as of other
Iridaceae, ought to be conducted with live material. There are some
species that the author has not seen either in natural condition or in
cultivation, and therefore the various descriptions presented here are by
no means of equal value. In all cases where the description was based
solely on herbarium material, it is necessary to approach with caution not
merely the records of color but also those referring to the shape of flower
parts. The consistency of such characters is subject to doubt, since even
a properly dried flower (a great rarity in the herbarium) is difficult to study
due to its crumpled state.

Another difficulty involved in the study of species of the Juno section
is that many of the descriptions, based on cultivated specimens, are not
sufficiently detailed and, more particularly, lack any indication as to the
provenience of the described plants.

Economic importance. Many irises of the Juno section are ornamental
flowers that have been in cultivation for a long time for their beautiful
flowers. They can be found in catalogs of international florists which
are anxious to supplement their stocks by imports from the USSR.

The species that may be unconditionally recommended for large-scale
cultivation in the Soviet Union are I. Warleyensis, I. vicaria,

I. bucharica »J. magnifica, Io Widdbmottiane wh omehae ides,
and I. Rosenbachiana.

Other species, though unlikely to be widely accepted are nevertheless
of interest to collectors of whom there are considerable numbers, e.g.,
in the U.S.A. Attention should therefore be given to the export of all
species in the Juno section.
beeh@ols Slende rs. fall fOr, i. sisted cure che cee od 87. I. leptorhiza Vved.
+ Roots more or less thickened, cordlike or fusiform............ 2
2, Leaves united at base into an amplexicaul sheath, and if the sheath

occasionally short then the claw of outer perianth segments broader

Ee A TIN cl tc alate Beit emt Sle A eee ou eee 3.

* Arranged by A.1. Vvedenskii.

424

599

> +t co at me +

ant

17.

Beavestatbase nottunitedtintovalsheatho uy Sant Go Sao eN wh Hae: Ty
Outer perianth segments yellow; inner segments violet, obtuse, 2 cm

long ikseeds not arillates io in Hive 61. I. Fosteriana Aitch. et Baker.
Perianth segments more or less alike in color, the inner acute and

YD iceMNlonS Teuku Mean Ulan ae hiya sp apraniah) iw 4.
Mowersthyellow /ithe erest mostly lentiwe: Yul PRR Pee Pe, 5.
Flowers greenish or pale violet, Khe midge GUSSeChCU Mae, in Mine.) 2m 6.
Outer perianth segments 22-3 emiilomgw son. 69. I. Vvedenskyi Nevski.
Outer perianth segments 32-4 cm long. . 68. I. linifolia O. Fedtsch.
Outer perianth segments pale yellowish- ee 3-32cm long; leaves
nearly straight, with nearly parallel margins... 66. I. parvula Vved.
Outer perianth segments pale violet, 4-4z2cm long; leaves falcate,
gradually attenuate toward apex ......... 67. I. tadshikorum Vved.

Claw of outer perianth segments with nearly parallel margins, the
broadest part little broader than the narrowest part, the limb commonly
broadse'than’ ther elaw il ay cM MVS a. ae ORES eh RE, 8.
Claw of outer perianth segments greatly enlarged with upturned
auricles, the broadest part 2—3 times as broad as the narrowest part,

the limb icommonly narrower thanwhevclaw i Pee yey ee 21.
Perianth tube 6-10 cm long; flowers usually appearing together with
ARES AIS Seas Ce RMON ES | OL SSE EERE EIR OPIN Ai ER. NOES. 2).
Perianth tube 3-5-(6) cm long; flowers appearing when leaves fully
Gene lope as Lvs aE PD ey Te RE LE. BRO SS I Teg 12.
Inner perianth segments acute, 4mm broad.... 65. I. Popovii Vved.
Inner perianth segments obtuse or more often ema weineies SLs algal
He) RETARD UO CAL EE) I, SOB Rees, LTS RRR SUSIE, a RRR I + OE ORS 10.

Flowers yellow; outer perianth segments veined with violet.........
LOPE BE MONS FELT LOE EG BOAT, OG TL | Bee Ph 62. I. baldshuanica B.Fedtsch.
Flowers violet or pale rose-violet, the limb of outer segments darker.

RPE I RG ARTY SR REM TIL Gk PE, ER LR, A, SE ae ne lil
Flowers violet; leaves attenuate at apex ...64. I. Rosenbachiana Rgl.
Flowers pale rose-violet; leaves attenuate from the middle.........
BERR ERAS, VO LO ei Baits... ER ae, OR ae 63. I. Nicolai Vved.

Inner perianth segments linear, 5-10 mm long; seeds arillate..... 13.
Inner perianth segments 10-35 mm long, the limb oblanceolate or
rFhombotdal S=16bEdN' 2108. VAR TR MR) Piya), SIRNA Comme eRS S ne 14.

Flowers pale yellow; claw of outer segments with parallel margins
SMR IPQ 2B L oto Me Tans, 85. I. drepanophylla Aitsch. et Baker.
Flowers greenish; claw of outer segments gradually and slightly

enlarged above the middle???) i 2 2% 86. I. kopetdaghensis Vved.
Stem 3-10 cm long, the internodes inconspicuous in flowering period.
Mii aa i arf mia ale ta Nai at Ie este a AM le Uh bl a dies Lo
Stem (15)—20-40-(50) cm long; the internodes conspicuous at least
DyMtherenaror tei lOWer lS "PEEIOG I. ears etare ent. Mun ata ew na wee. 19.
Inner perianth segments 1-2 cm long, the limb rhomboidal 3-lobed. . 16.
Inner perianth segments 2-3 cm long, the limb oblanceolate ...... ie
Flowers pale dingy green or lilac to nearly colorless, the ridge

GSS ECCLCE UNS mee Te eee te ee et en ree Sea 73. I. subdecolarata Vved.

Flowers pale violet, the ridge undissected, crenate..............
bir a aS Fill hoa ul lac I Sh A A 72. I. Kuschakewiczii B.Fedtsch.
Stem enveloped at base by 1 leafless sheath; ridge dissected........
EHR ean Metre hasan elites eile Dep ene ie fee al as ala 70. I. narynensis O. Fedtsch.

425

560

561

+ Stem enveloped at base by 2 or 3 leafless sheaths; ridge undissected.
ie DA wegriaccah poe dak WoL eyed eee. diel req. .18Ie)., 18.
18. Flowers violet; leaves gradually attenuate toward apex; roots fusiform.
NE Aine. wen. Gia edee. of ediktn.2aokyeen tet 71. I. Narbuti O. Fedtsch
+ Flowers azure; leaves abruptly narrowed at apex; roots cordlike.
Mime.. Amapic heh fe om Seated: ehtanar ee 74. I. coerulea B.Fedtsch.
LON lowercty ellow is heath. is atte, teks Peep 77. I. bucharica Foster.
wave lowersivaiolet! ..9@.......9nol aio 28h. eloemieee tinge 7s. 20).
A0hstimibyofsouter perianth segmentsndark- violetemiere ine ltog OMe =.
Pet bcd Le hg > Awe shetet «cd fe Bla ate 76. I. warleyensis Foster.
+ Limb of outer perianth segments without a dark violet blotch........
Heefabreawen ael-niet be D..teie bye hed. |eéeneatie 73. Loviearia Vved.
21. Wings on the claw of outer segments gradually passing into the limb.

AP Mindte-iceen. Deel |S vibe vl ott eho. aewerery.o & ahs inte Lo, $0, MAO 22).
+ Wings on the claw steeply receding, the back part of the limb more or

LESSinacrroweds. <j.eMewe dvatwict: Jdeavan commode pels eebaard.. 23.
22°F lowerswpalenvellowis mer itgeup eircom 83. I. caucasica Hoffm.
TER MLowersraZzuneros Dadudi er esirmos- £3 84. I. pseudocaucasica Grossh.
23... Elowers: variousyshadesrofsvioletecianiiwon Teo DOR ve wad... 24.
tH) Floweysivanioussshades wotivyedlowwlh .waniraredblae wiledtineds othe: 29%
24. Stem 25-40 cm long, with distinct internodes; enlarged part of the

clawe2 2p eidibnoddwsctiae wxewel krroleanet bbe: 78. I. magnifica Vved.
+ Stem 10-20 cm long, the internodes imperceptible; enlarged part of

jaegeliaw dina emnbroadiphed aie Se comer at 79. I. Willmottiana Foster

Zone lowers wyellow; -cnlareedspartiofthe.clawil0ommebroad bie 2 ent cutie -
oe pee. Ce atency of euch Shernetoare fa. 82. I. Tubergeniana Foster.

+ Flowers pale yellow; enlarged part of the claw 15-25 mm broad .. . 26.

26. Stem 10-15 cm long, the internodes imperceptible; flowers strongly
scented, not changing in color at fading; ridge entire; stigmas

Siena Cale Weare. ROMY TM Lakme. Fee eed yy oie Pe 81. I. maracandica Vved.
+ Stem (10) 20-(30) cm long, the internodes distinct; flowers fading to
a violet shade; ridge commonly dissected ... 80. I. orchioides Carr.

61. I. Fosteriana Aitch. et Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. II, III
(1888) 114.—I. ecaucasica var. bicolor Rgl. in A.H.P. IX (1884)
b2i05 — Te Bot. *Nlaiss tthe 72, Uo,

Perennial; roots thickened, cordlike; bulb ca. 13cm in diameter,
elongated, poorly developed; stem (5) 10-20 cm long, elongating in fruit;
leaves approximate in flower, distant in fruit, falcate, the nearly parallel
margins smooth; lower leaves 5-8 mm broad; flowers 1 (2); perianth tube
3zcem long; outer perianth segments pale yellow, ca. 4cm long, with parallel
margins, 5mm broad, gradually enlarged into the limb; limb obovate,
obtuse or emarginate, with a large dark yellow blotch, 1-1.5 em long, the
ridge entire; inner segments violet, ca. 2 cm long, the obovate obtuse limb
mostly abruptly narrowed into the claw; style crests obliquely triangular,
obtuse, crenate, 4-10 mm long; stigmas commonly reniform. March-April.

Gravelly slopes of the steppe mountain zone. — Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
Gen. distr.: N. Afghanistan. Described from Badkhyz.

62. I. baldshuanica B. Fedtsch. in Journ. Russe Bot. (1909) 77.

426

962

Perennial; roots thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. lzem in diameter, well
developed; stem obsolescent, with closely approximate leaves and
imperceptible internodes; leaves developing together with flower, at
anthesis greatly overtopped by the flowers, with nearly parallel margins,
attenuate at apex, narrowly marginate, the margins smooth; lower leaves
ca. 1 cm broad (I have not seen fully expanded leaves); flowers 2, yellow;
perianth tube ca. 10 cm long; outer segments 43cm long; claw with nearly
parallel margins, 7mm broad, gradually passing into the limb; limb
obovate, marked with violet veins, 10-17 mm long, the ridge undissected,
the margins entire; inner segments ca. 2 cm long, the obtuse or more often
emarginate limb oblong-ovate, ca. 7mm broad; style crests obliquely
triangular, obtuse, crenate, 6-15 mm long; stigmas semicircular.

Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from cultivated specimens
obtained from the firm Tubergen with indication of origin from Bukhara.

63. I. Nicolai Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 151.—

I. Rosenbachiana var. coerulea Rgl. Gartenfl. 35 (1886) 411?—
Juno Nicolai Vved. ibid.

Perennial; roots thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. ies cm in diameter, well
developed; stem obsolescent, with closely approximate leaves and
imperceptible internodes; leaves developing together with flowers, at
anthesis greatly overtopped by the flowers, subcordate, attenuate from
the middle, narrowly marginate, the margins more or less scabrous; lower
leaves 1-3 cm broad; flowers 1 or 2 (3), pale rose-violet; perianth tube
8-9 cm long, dusky purple-violet; outer segments 4-43 cm long; claw
whitish-margined, yellow veined with purple-violet at center, with nearly
parallel margins, 9-10 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the claw; claw
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 10-12 by 17-20 mm, tipped dark purplish-
violet, white on both sides of the ridge; ridge yellow purple-spotted, the
margins entire; inner segments 3-32cm long, 5-9 mm broad, the oblong
oblanceolate obtuse or emarginate pale rose-violet limb gradually narrowed
into a darker claw; style crests obliquely triangular, obtuse to subacute,
dentate-crenate, 6-8 by 18-20 mm; stigmas shortly semicircular, slightly
emarginate. March-April.

Clayey slopes in the lower mountain zones, up to 2000 m.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Chul'bair mountains, Vakhsh and Kyzyl-su river valleys).
Endemic. Described from Chul'bair mountains, above Sin village. Type
in Tashkent.

Note. The author saw them in natural condition in Chul'bair mountains.

64. I. Rosenbachiana Rgl. in A.H.P. VIII (1884) 675, t.8.—

I. Rosenbachiana var. violacea Rgl. Gartenfl. (1886) 411?—
Juno Rosenbachiana Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935)
152.

Perennial; roots thickened, short, fusiform; bulb ca i= cm in diameter,
well developed; stem obsolescent; with closely approximate leaves and
imperceptible internodes; leaves developing together with flowers, at
anthesis commonly greatly exceeded by the flowers, subfalcate, with almost
parallel margins, attenuate at apex, narrowly marginate, the margins more
or less scabrous; lower leaves 2-3 cm broad; flowers (1) 2 or 3, violet;

427

563

perianth tube 9-10 cm long; outer segments (4)-5-5.5 cm long; claw with
nearly parallelmargins, gradually enlarged into the limb; limb 12-17 by
17-22 mm, dark violet, on both sides of the ridge white with dark violet
spots; ridge undissected, with entire margins, the front part dark violet,
the back part yellow (?); inner segments 22-3 cm long, the oblong-obovate
to obovate-obtuse or often emarginate limb 6-12 mm broad; style crests
obliquely triangular, subacute to obtuse, crenate-dentate, 5-10 by

15-22 mm; stigmas shortly semicircular. March-April.

Stony slopes of the lower mountain zone, up to 2000 m.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al.; valleys of Khingov; Yak-su and Pyandzh (east of Bal'dzhuan-
Kulyab meridian) rivers. Endemic. Described from upper Ak-su. Type
in Leningrad.

Note. Even after separation of I. baldshuanica, I. Nikolai and
I. Popovii, the remaining herbarium material is not uniform. Further
studies are possible only with live material.

65. I. Popovii Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 152.—
Juno Popova Vved.; ibid.

Perennial; roots much thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 1zcm in diameter,
well developed, the outer coats papery; stem 5-10 cm long, with
approximate leaves and imperceptible internodes; leaves almost fully
expanded by the time of flowering, subfalcate, with nearly parallel margins,
narrowly margined at apex, scabrous; lower leaves 2—2.5 cm broad; flowers
2-4, azure (? or pale violet); perianth tube 6-9 cm long; outer segments
3.5-4.5 cm long; claw with nearly parallel margins and darker veins,

6-10 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the limb; limb oboblong,
emarginate, yellowish (?) with violet veins, 10-15 mm long, the ridge
undissected crenate; inner segments ca. 2 cm long, the obovate acute limb
ca. 4mm long, gradually passing into the claw; style crests obliquely
triangular, acute, crenate, 5-13 mm long; stigmas obreniform. June.

Near melting snow, on clay soil, at altitudes about 3600 m.— Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. Endemic. Described from Gardan-i-kaftar Pass. Type
in Leningrad.

66. I. parvula Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No.663.— Juno
parvula Vved., ibid.

Perennial; roots much thickened, short, fusiform; bulb ca. 1 cm in
diameter, well developed, the outer coats papery; stem 5 (10) cm long, with
subdistant leaves and more or less distinct internodes; leaves nearly
straight, very slightly recurved, with nearly parallel margins, attenuate
only at apex, acute, narrowly marginate, the margin scaberulous; lower
leaves 5-8-(15) mm broad; flowers 1 or 2—(5), pale yellowish-green;
perianth tube ca. 4 cm long; bluish-green; outer segments 3-3.5 cm long;
claw with parallel margins, 5 mm broad, marked with longitudinal bluish-
green veins, gradually enlarged into the blade; blade oblong to oblong-ovate,
acutish to obtuse, 6-8 by 10-12 mm, with dingy green veins and dingy yellow
spots on both sides of the pale yellowish-green dissected ridge; inner
segments ca. 5 mm long, acute, 3-lobed; style crests obliquely triangular,
acute, entire, 3 by 5mm; stigmas obreniform. May-June.

Fine-textured stony slopes in the upper mountain zone, at altitudes of
2500-3000 m.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Gissar and Zeravshan ranges).

428

564

Endemic. Described from Chul'bair mountains near Sin village. Type
in Tashkent.

Note. The author saw this species in natural state in Chul'bair
mountains. From the upper Mogian-darya to Tash-kurgan in the southwest,
one comes across specimens with falcate gradually attenuate leaves that
do not apparently differ in flower color from the described species. Very
similar to these are specimens collected in Basmandinskoe Ravine, but
their flowers in dry condition make the impression of being violet. The
plant material is unsufficient for definite determination.

67. I. tadshikorum Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 152.—
Junoytadshikorum Wwed., ibid.

Perennial; roots much thickened, fusiform; bulb 1.5-—2 cm in diameter,
well developed, the outer coats papery; stem ca. 5 cm long, with
approximate leaves and imperceptible internodes; leaves subfalcate,
gradually attenuate, marginate, the margin scaberulous or smooth; lower
leaves (6)—10 cm broad; flowers (1) 2-4, pale violet (?); perianth tube
3.5-4 cm long; outer segments 4-4.5 cm long; claw with nearly parallel
margins, 7-8 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the blade; blade acutish
or emarginate, obovate, 12 by 15 mm, the ridge white dissected; inner
segments ca. 1.5cm long, acute, obtusely 3-lobed; style crests obliquely
triangular, obtuse, crenate, 5 by 12 mm; stigmas obreniform. June.

Stony slopes in the upper mountain zone, about 2500 m.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.Al. (Darvaz). Endemic. Described from the area between Sarydash
and Tavil'dara. Type in Leningrad.

68. I. linifolia O. Fedtsch., Bull. Jard. Bot. Imp. St. Pétersb. V
(1905) 159 —Iris@eaucasica vary limofolia’ Rel: AVM: P. VIII (1884)
678.— Juno liawfolia Vved. in Bull# Univers. “As'@entr. 21 (1935)'152.

Perennial; roots much thickened, short, fusiform; bulb ca. 1 cm in
diameter, well developed, the outer coats papery; stem 5-10 cm long,
slender, with subdistant leaves and more or less distinct internodes; leaves
subfalcate, gradually attenuate, marginate, the margin smooth or scabrous;
lower leaves 4-7 mm broad; flowers 1 (2), pale yellow; perianth tube
ca. 4cm long; outer segments 3.5-(4) cm long; claw with nearly parallel
margins, ca. 6 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the limb; limb obtuse
or shortly emarginate, broadly oblong, darker than the claw, 9-12 by
12-15 mm; ridge white (?), undissected, crenate, more conspicuously so
in the back part, very rarely dissected; inner segments ca. 1 cm long,
acute, obtusely 3-lobed; style crests obliquely triangular, obtuse, entire,

5 by 11 mm; stigmas obcordate. May-June.

Stony and gravelly slopes in the upper mountain zone (about 2500 m).—
Centr. Asia: T. Sh., Ab-Yaza and Kendyr-auz passes; Pam.-Al.: Alai
Range. Endemic. Described from Kendyr-auz Pass. Type in Leningrad.

69. I. Vvedenskyi Nevski in Fl. Turkm. (1932) 323.

Perennial; roots much thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 1 cm in diameter,
well developed, the outer coats papery; stem 3-5 cm long, with subdistant
leaves and more or less distinct internodes; leaves falcate, gradually
attenuate toward apex, prominently veined, marginate, the margin
scaberulous; lower leaves 4-5 mm broad; flowers 1 (2), pale yellow;

429

: : YY,
sg
Neel = f.
pee ) ZZ
j “ J
bey

PRED

a

Y
ae A

(565)

430

Plate XXXV
-, 4) style branch, b) outer perianth segments, c) inner perianth segment.

1. Iris magnifica Vved

perianth tube 2.5-3 cm long; outer segments 2.5-3 cm long; claw with
nearly parallel margins, ca. 5 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the limb;
limb darker, obovate, obtuse, 7 by 12 mm, the undissected crest orange
crenate; inner segments ca. 6 mm long, acute, sublinear or obtusely
3-lobed; style crests obliquely triangular, acutish, 2 by 7 mm, the margins
entire; stigmas obcordate. May.

567 Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Kugitang). Described from Kugitang mountains,
above Khodzha-fil'-ata. Type in Leningrad

70. I. narynensis O.Fedtsch. in Bull. Jard. Bot. St. Pétersbg. (1905)
159.

Perennial; roots much thickened, short, fusiform; bulb ca. 1.5 cm in
diameter, well developed; stem ca. 5 cm long, with approximate leaves
and imperceptible internodes; leaves falcate, gradually attenuate toward
apex, marginate, the margin more or less rough-ciliate; lower leaves
5-10 mm broad; flowers 1 (2), pale violet; perianth tube 4.5-—5 cm long;
outer segments ca. 4 cm long; claw slightly enlarged in upper part (ca.

8 mm), with nearly parallel margins; limb acutish or obtuse, 9 by 10 mm,
dark violet except for the margins, the white ridge dissected; inner
segments ca. 2 cm long, linear-oblanceolate, gradually narrowed toward
base, acute to obtuse; style crests obliquely triangular, acutish, 4by 10mm,
the margins entire; stigmas semicircular. March-April.

Gravelly slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: T. Sh.
(Namangan, Naryn River valley). Endemic. Described from Naryn River
valley. Type in Leningrad.

ide? lL. Narbuti O)Medtseh? in Izv. O-va Lyub. st); Ante. 1 Eta CHI
(1902) 147.—I. caucasica var. oculata Maxim., A.H.P. VI (1880)

497 p.p.—I. dengerensis B.Fedtsch. in Bull. Jard. Bot. St. Pétersb. V
(1905) 157.—I. hissarica O.¥Fedtsch. inO.B.Z. (1905) 157.—Ic.: Bull.
Jard. Bot. Pétersb. V (1905) 158.

Perennial; roots thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 2 cm in dimater, well
developed; stem 5-10 cm long, with closely approximate leaves, the
internodes sometimes perceptible in fruit; leaves dark green, falcate,
gradually attenuate toward apex, broadly margined, the margin smooth or
very rarely scabrous; lower leaves 5-25 mm broad; flowers 1 or 2-(6),
inodorous; perianth tube gradually enlarged upward, greenish, violet-tinged,
4—5 cm long; outer segments 3.5-4-(5) cm long; claw pale violet or
yellowish with greenish-yellow median part and violet lateral veins,

4—7 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the limb, the lateral veins prolonged
onto the limb; limb obovate, emarginate, 7-12 by 9-16 mm, a dark violet
velvety blotch varying in size and sometimes broken up, the dark blotch
surrounding a dark yellow or rarely pale yellow spot situated on both sides
of the white undissected sometimes crenate ridge; inner segments
2.5-3.5 cm long, violet, with few darker veins, the oblanceolate or obovate
acutish or obtusish or emarginate and often crenate limb gradually narrowed
568 intothe claw; stylebranches pale violet or very often dingy yellow; stylecrests
narrow, obliquely triangular, acutish, 4-5 by 11-12 mm, the margins entire;
stigmas elongate-semicircular; anthers whitish or often azure; pollen
whitish. March-April.

43]

569

Rocky and gravelly slopes in the foothills.— Centr. Asia: Syr D.:
Tashkent area, Dal'verzinskaya Steppe; Pam.-Al.: Dzhizak, Mirshade,
Dengora. Endemic. Described from the surroundings of Samarkand and
Tashkent. Type in Leningrad.

Note. The author saw wild-growing plants in the vicinity of Tashkent
and Dzhizak and cultivated specimens from Samarkand and from the Baisun
area. Plants from West Tien Shan are distinguished by paler color (the
blotch on the limb of outer perianth segments less developed and sometimes
nearly absent) and very likely should be separated as a distinct species.

72. I. Kuschakewiczii B. Fedtsch. in Bull. Jard. Pétersb. V (1903)
158.—I. caucasica)var..oculata’ Maxim., A: H)P. (1880))497% p. p.

Perennial; roots thickened, cordlike; bulb ca. 1.5 cm in diameter,
well developed; stem ca. 3 cm long, with quite imperceptible internodes;
leaves 4 or 5, closely approximate, dark green, gradually attenuate toward
apex, broadly marginate, the margin scabrous; lower leaves 1-1.5 cm
broad; flowers 1-3 (4), pale violet, inodorous; perianth tube 3.5-4.5 cm
long; outer segments 3.5-4 cm long; claw slightly enlarged above the middle
(up to 1 em), constricted below the limb (ca. 0.5 cm), the 5 dark violet
interrupted veins prolonged onto the limb; limb oblong-obovate, 7 by 12 mm,
white or faintly lilac-margined, the dark violet blotch overflowing onto the
front part of the ridge; ridge white, undissected, crenate, or very rarely
dissected and then not down to base; inner segments 1-1.5 cm long, the
limb 3-lobed acute; style crests obliquely triangular, acutish, 4 by 10 mm,
the margins entire; stigmas semicircular; anthers whitish. April-May.

Gravelly slopes in the foothills. — Centr. Asia: T.Sh. In the foothills,
along the northern periphery from Malyi Burul (Aulie-ata) to Zaitsevka
(Alma Ata). Type in Leningrad.

Note. The author saw the plants cultivated in the vicinity of Samsonovka
and Sarybas-tau.

73. I. subdecolorata Vved. in Opred. rast. okr. Tashkenta I (1923) 75,
Figure 105.

Perennial; roots thickened, cordlike; bulb ca. 1.5 cm in diameter, well
developed; stem ca. 3 cm long, the internodes imperceptible even in fruit;
leaves 4-6, closely approximate, dark green, falcate, gradually attenuate
toward apex, broadly marginate, the margin rough-ciliate; lower leaves
8-20 mm broad; flowers 1-3, pale dingy green or lilac-tinged, transparent,
nearly colorless, inodorous; perianth tube ca. 4.5 cm long; outer segments
4—4.5 cm long; claw slightly enlarged above the middle, 7-9 mm broad,
slightly constricted below the limb, 5-6 mm broad, often the breadth of the
limb, the 2 dingy violet longitudinal sometimes interrupted veins prolonged
onto the limb; limb oblong to oblong-obovate, round-tipped, 7-10 by
14-16 mm, with dingy green diffuse spots on both sides of the ridge; ridge
white, dissected, sometimes nearly reaching the base of the claw; inner
segments 15-20 mm long, the limb acute rhomboidal or often 3-lobed;
style crests obliquely triangular, acutish, 4X11-13 mm, the margins
entire; stigmas semicircular; anthers and pollen whitish; filaments azure.
March-April.

Loess foothills.— Centr. Asia: Syr D., vicinity of Tashkent. Described
from the vicinity of Tashkent. Type in Tashkent.

432

570

Note. The author saw the plants in natural condition in the vicinity of
Tashkent. A species closely related to the preceding one.

74. I. coerulea B. Fedtsch. in Bull. Herb. Boiss. IV (1904) 917.

Perennial; roots thickened, cordlike; bulb 2—2.5 cm in diameter, well
developed; stem 5-7 cm long, with closely approximate leaves and
imperceptible internodes; leaves falcate, ca. 10 cm long, abruptly
narrowed toward apex, broadly marginate; the margin smooth or
scaberulous; lower leaves (1)-2-3 cm broad; flowers (1) 2-5, azure;
perianth tube ca. 4 cm long; outer segments ca. 4 cm long; claw with
parallel (?) margins; limb with yellow spot on the sides of the ridge; ridge
white, undissected, the margins entire; inner segments 2-—2.5 cm long,
oblanceolate; stigmas shortly semicircular; anthers and pollen whitish.
June.

Stony clay slopes in the mountains (about 2000 m).— Centr. Asia: T.Sh.,
valleys of Dzhebogly-sy, Pskem and Ugam rivers; Fergana Range (?).
Endemic. Described from S'emesas in Pskem River valley.

Note. The plant material from Fergana deserves supplementary study.

75. I. viearia Vved. in Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 666. —

I. orchioides var. coerulea Baker., Handb. Irid. (1892) 46.—
Juno vicaria Vved., ibid.

Perennial; roots thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 2.5 cm in diameter, well
developed; stem 20-40 (-50) cm long, the leaves distant at least toward the
end of flowering, the internodes distinct; leaves pale green, falcate,
gradually attenuate toward apex, marginate, the margin scabrous; lower
leaves 1.5—4 cm broad; flowers (1) 2-4 (-8), inodorous; perianth tube
4—4.5 cm long, violet with darker veins; outer segments 4-5.5 cm long,
pale violet; claw with parallel margins, 5-10 mm broad, gradually enlarged
into the limb, the 4 longitudinal ramified veins dark violet; limb oblong,
often emarginate, 8-14 by 12-17 mm, white or yellowish, with pale violet
margins, violet veins and a dark yellow spot on the sides of the ridge;
ridge yellow or white, or white with yellow base, undissected, crisped;
inner segments 2-2.5 cm long, violet with darker veins, the limb acute
rhomboid or 3-lobed or rarely obovate obtuse or emarginate; style crests
pale violet with darker veins, obliquely triangular, obtusish,

4-6 by 11-20 mm, the margins entire; stigmas semicircular, emarginate;
anthers and pollen whitish. March-April.

Stony slopes and among rocks in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al. (Baisun mountains, Gissar, Range, Kugitang?). Endemic.
Described from Gissar Range, near Shargun. Type in Tashkent.

Note. The author saw the plants growing wild in the Gissar Range and
the Chul'bair mountains, and also cultivated specimens originating from
the Baisun area.

76. I. warleyensis Foster in Gardn. Chron. XXXI (1902) 386, f£.134.—
Ic.: Flora and Sylva III (1905) 344 (dextra).

Perennial; roots only slightly thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 2.5 cm
in diameter, well developed; stem 20-40 cm long, with distant leaves and
conspicuous internodes; leaves pale green, falcate, gradually attenuate

433

O71

toward apex, marginate, the margin scabrous; lower leaves 1.5-3 cm
broad; flowers 2-5, inodorous; perianth tube 4.5-5 cm long, greenish,
faintly marked with few violet veins; outer segments 4-5.5 cm long; claw
with parallel margins, 7-12 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the blade,
pale violet, the midvein white, the 4-6 longitudinal lateral veins violet;
limb obovate to oblong, often emarginate, 1-1.5 by 1.4-2 cm, velvety violet
with white margin and a dark yellow blotch on the sides on the ridge; ridge
white, yellow at base, sometimes (in dark colored specimens) violet-tinged,
undissected, crenate; inner segments 12-20 mm long, violet with darker
veins, acute, obstusely 3-lobed; style crests obliquely triangular, pale
violet, acutish, 4-7 by 1-1.5 cm, the margins entire; stigmas
semicircular, emarginate; anthers and pollen whitish. March-April.

Stony slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
(W. part: Samarkand mountains to Mogian-darya, Shakhrisyab, Derbent).
Endemic. Described from cultivated specimens without precise indication
of provenience. Dykes (Iris, 204) mentions Bukhara and lists various
locations unknown to the author.

Note. The author saw the plants growing wild and cultivated specimens
originating from the Samarkand mountains.

77. I. bucharica Foster in Gard. Chron XXXI (1902) 385, f.135.—

I. orchioides auct. fl. As. Med., p.p.—Ic.: Flora and Sylva III (1905)
344 (sinistra).

Perennial; roots thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 2 cm in diamter, well
developed; stem 15-30 (50) cm long, the leaves distant and the internodes
more or less distinct toward the end of flowering; leaves pale green, falcate,
gradually attenuate toward apex, narrowly marginate, the margin more or
less rough-ciliate; lower leaves 1.5—3 (5) em broad; flowers (1)-4 (6),
inodorous or scented (?); perianth tube 3.5-5 cm long, greenish-yellow;
outer segments 3.5-4.5 cm long; claw with parallel margins, 6-10 cm
broad, pale yellow to almost white, gradually enlarged into the limb, the
2-4 longitudinal greenish-violet veins prolonged into the blade and there
terminating on the sides of the ridge in diffuse greenish-violet spots; limb
oblong to oblong-ovate, emarginate, dark yellow, 8-20 by 10-20 mm; ridges
dark yellow, undissected, crenate; inner segments 1-2 cm long, pale
yellow to almost white, acute, the more or less elongate rhomboidal limb
often obtusely 3-lobed; style crests pale yellow to almost white, obliquely
triangular, acutish, 4-7 by 10-15 mm, the upper margin more or less
crenulate; stigmas more or less obreniform to nearly semicircular;
anthers and pollen whitish. March-April.

Pebble beds and slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al., valleys of Surkhan-darya, Kafirnigan, Vakhsh, Ak-su and Kizyl-
su rivers. Endemic. Described from cultivated specimens originating
from Surkhob River valley.

Note. The author saw the plants growing wild on the Gissar Range.

The species displays great variability in the shape and size of perianth
parts, but all the small-flowered specimens from areas of the former
Bal'dzhuanskoe beylic require special attention.

434

572

78. I. magnifica Vved. sp.n.—I. caucasica var. major Maxim.
in A.H.P. (1880) 497.—I. amankutanica O.Fedtsch. in Herb. pp. et in
Bull. Jard. Bot. Princ. XXIII (1924) 115 (nomen nudum).

Perennial; roots much thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 3 cm in diameter,
well developed; stem strong, 25-40 cm long, with distant leaves and
pronounced internodes; leaves pale green, lustrous, falcate; scarcely
marginate, the margin scabrous; lower leaves 3-5 cm broad; flowers
(2)-3-7, inodorous; perianth tube 4.5-5 cm long, greenish-violet; outer
segments ca. 5 cm long, pale lilac or sometimes almost white; claw winged,
2-2.5 cm broad in enlarged part and ca, 7 mm at base, the 4 longitudinal
violet veins sometimes prolonged to the base of the limb; limb white,
oblong, scarcely narrowed toward base, 13-22 by 20-25 mm, scarcely
emarginate at apex, a dark yellow blotch on the sides of the undissected
white ridge overflowing at the front onto the ridge; inner segments pale
lilac, faintly marked with 3 violet veins, 22-27 mm long, the limb obovate
obtuse; style crests pale lilac, obliquely triangular, obtuse, 4-5 by
10-11 mm, the margins entire; stigmas flattened semicircular; anthers
and pollen whitish. April-May. (Plate XXXV, Figure 1, a-c).

Rock crevices and fine-textured spaces among rocks. — Centr. Asia:
Pam.-Al.: Samarkand mountains. Endemic. Described from Ak-sai Ravine.

Note. The author saw the plants growing wild in the Samarkand
mountains and cultivated specimens derived from the same area.

79. I. Willmottiana Foster in Gard. Chron. XXIX (1901) 261, f.100.—
I. amankutanica O.Fedtsch. in herb. p.p.—Ic.: Garden LXVI (1904)
20264, deli

Perennial; roots cordlike, only slightly thickened (?); bulb ca. 2 cm
in diameter, well developed; stem 10-20 cm long, with approximate leaves
and imperceptible internodes; leaves falcate, gradually attenuate toward
apex, marginate, the margin smooth; lower leaves ca. 3 mm broad; flowers
4-6, ranging from white to violet; perianth tube ca. 5 cm long; claw winged,
ca. 15 cm broad in enlarged part and ca. 8 mm at base, with violet veins;
limb oblong, scarcely narrowed toward base, slightly emarginate at apex,
10 by 17 mm, violet, white in median part, marked with darker nerves; ridge
undissected, white (?); inner segments ca. 1.5 cm long, violet, the limb
acute rhomboidal or 3-lobed; style crests broadly and obliquely triangular,
acutish, 5 by 12mm, the margins entire; stigmas obreniform; anthers and
pollen whitish. May.

Slopes in foothills. — Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Derbent. Endemic.
Described from cultivated specimens originating from ''Eastern Turkestan".

80. I. orchioides Carr. in Rev. Hort. (1880) 337.—I. Tubergeniana,
Vved. in Opr. rast. okr. Tashk. 1 (1923) 75 (non Foster).

Perennial; roots cordlike, little thickened; bulb ca. 2 cm in diameter,
well developed; stem (10)—20 (30) cm long, the leaves subdistant, the
internodes distinct at least by the end of flowering; leaves pale green,
falcate or rarely nearly straight, gradually attenuate toward apex,
marginate, the margin more or less scabrous; lower leaves 1.5-3 (4.5) cm
broad; flowers (1)—3-4 (8), pale yellow, in fading anthocianin-tinged,
inodorous or faintly scented; perianth tube 3-6 cm long, often violet; outer
segments 3-4.5 cm long, pale yellow; claw strongly winged, 1.5-2.5 cm

435

573

broad in enlarged part and 6-9 mm at base; limb elliptic, slightly narrowed
toward base, often emarginate at apex, 8-12 by 12-18 mm, the large dark
yellow well defined blotch occupying nearly the entire surface and sometimes
dotted violet-green on the sides of the ridge; ridge dark yellow, reaching
far down the claw, sometimes to its base, onthe limb undissected crenate,
on the claw dissected*; inner segments 7-15 mm long, pale yellow, the
limb 3-lobed acute; style crests pale yellow, obliquely triangular, obtusish,
A=6by 910mm; the margins entire; stigmas obreniform; anthers and
pollen whitish. March-July.

Stony clay slopes, from the foothills up to 2000 m.— Centr. Asia:
Syr D., T.Sh.; Kara-tau, Aleksandrovskii Range, Talass and Tashkent
Ala Tau, Mogol-tau. Endemic. Described from station of Darbaz (vicinity
of Tashkent). Type in Tashkent.

Note. The author saw the plants growing wild in the vicinity of Tashkent
and cultivated specimens originating from Ugam and Alamedin. Comparison
of this plant material indicates a marked lack of uniformity.

81. I. maracandica Vved. in Sched. Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) No. 662.—
Juno maracandica Vved., ibid.

Perennial; roots fusiform, thickened; bulb ca. 2 cm in diameter, well
developed; stem 10-15 cm long, with approximate leaves and imperceptible
internodes; leaves falcate, gradually attenuate toward apex, smooth-
margined, the lower leaves 1.5-2 cm broad; flowers 1—(4), strongly
scented, violet-tinged in fading; perianth tube 3-4.5 cm long; outer
segments 3.5-4 cm long, pale yellow; claw winged, ca. 2 cm broad in the
enlarged part and 9 mm at base, black-dotted along the veins; limb elliptic,
slightly narrowed toward base, ca. 1 by 1.5 cm, dark yellow; ridge dark
yellow, undissected, crenate; inner segments pale yellow, 1-1.5 cm long,
the limb rhomboidal acute; style crests pale yellow, obliquely triangular,
obtusish, 5 by 10 mm, the margins entire; stigmas semicircular; anthers
and pollen whitish. March-April.

Gravelly slopes in foothills.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.: Dzhizak,
Samarkand, Akrabat. Endemic. Described from Dzhizak. Type in
Tashkent.

Note. The author saw the plants growing wild in the vicinity of Dzhizak.

82. I. Tubergeniana Foster in Gard. Chron. XXV (1899) 225.—Ie.:
Garden. LXVI (1904), t.1264, f. 2.

Perennial; roots cordlike, only slightly thickened; bulb ca. 2 cm in
diameter, well developed; stem ca. 10 cm long, with approximate leaves
and imperceptible internodes; leaves pale green, falcate, gradually
attenuate toward apex, marginate, the margin more or less scabrous; lower
leaves 1.5-2.5 cm broad; flowers 1-3, yellow, lustrous, inodorous;
perianth tube 4.5-5 cm long, slightly suffused with violet; outer segments
4-4.5 cm long, yellow; claw winged, ca. 1 cm broad in the enlarged part
and 5 mm at base, faintly marked with greenish-violet longitudinal veins
and dotted along the midvein; limb obovate, narrowed toward base,
lby 1.5cm, dark yellow, with violet-green spots on the sides of the ridge;
ridge dark yellow, reaching down to the middle of the claw, dissected;

* In plants from Mogol-tau mountains and from Ugam the ridge is often undissected.

436

574

o¢D

inner segments ca. 1.5 cm long, yellow, the limb 3-lobed acute; style
crests yellow, obliquely triangular, obtusish,. 4 by 9 mm, the margins entire;
stigmas elongate-semicircular; anthers and pollen whitish. March-April.
Clay hills in the foothill zone.— Centr. Asia: Syr D. Endemic. Described
from specimens grown by the Tubergen establishment, without indication
of provenience. Dykes (Iris, 196) writes that these specimens originate
from the vicinity of Tashkent.
Note. The author saw the plant growing wild at the station of Darbaz and
at the Kaplan-bek natural boundary.

83. I. caucasica Hoffm. in Comm. Soc. Phys. Mosc. I (1808) 40.—
Juno caucasica (Hoffm.) Klatt in Bot. Zeit. XXX (1872) 498.—Ic.:
Sweet. Brit. Fl. Gard. III (1828) tab. 255.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 60;
Pl. orient. exs. No. 33.

Perennial; roots subfusiform, only slightly thickened; bulb ca. 2 cm
in diameter, well developed; stem 10-20 cm long, the leaves approximate
to subdistant, the internodes only just discernible; leaves glaucescent,
falcate, gradually attenuate toward apex, marginate, the margin densely
woolly-ciliate or very rarely nearly smooth; lower leaves'5—20 mm broad;
flowers 1-3; perianth tube ca. 4 cm long, sometimes flushed with violet;
outer segments (3)-3.5-—4 cm long, pale yellow or grayish; claw winged,
(12)-15-20 mm broad in enlarged part and 3-7 mm at base; limb elongate-
semiorbicular, not narrowed at base, (7)—12-15 by (10)-17—20 mm; ridge
yellow, undissected, crenate; inner segments 15-20 mm long, pale yellow,
oblanceolate, entire or rarely 3-lobed at the top; style crests broadly and
obliquely triangular, obtusish, 5-8 by 9-11 mm, the margins entire; stigmas
obreniform. March-April.

Dry gravelly hills in the foothills zone, ascending to 2000 m.— Caucasus;
E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr.: N. Iran, Asia Minor (?). Described from
the vicinity of Tiflis.

Note. Plants from S. Transcaucasia deserve further study, as the
specimens derived from there have a smooth leaf margin and weakly
developed wings on the claws of outer perianth segments.

84. I. pseudocaucasica Grossh. in Minot. Jard. Tiflis 40-41 (1916) 11.

Perennial; roots fusiform, thickened; bulb well developed, ca. 2 cm in
diameter; stem ca. 10 cm long, with approximate leaves and imperceptible
internodes; leaves falcate, gradually attenuate toward apex, marginate,
the margin scabrous; lower leaves 1-2 cm broad; flowers 2-4, azure or
yellowish-azure, drying pale violet; perianth tube 3.5—4.5 cm long; outer
segments 3.5-4 cm long; claw winged, (15)-18-22 mm broad in the enlarged
part and 5-7 mm at base; limb oblong, not narrowed at base, round-tipped,
8-11 by 10-12 mm, apparently witha yellow blotch at the base of the ridge;
ridge undissected, yellow; inner segments 15-18 mm long, oblanceolate,
acute; style crests obliquely ovate, obtusish to obtuse, 5-6 by 8-10 mm;
stigmas obreniform. April.

Dry stony slopes, at an altitude of about 1000 m.— Caucasus: E. Transc.,
Tal. Endemic. Described from Zuvant. Type in Tiflis.

Note. The author saw the authentic plants. The inner perianth segments
are incorrectly described: they are oblanceolate and not linear.

437

576

85. I. drepanophylla Aitch. et Baker in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. II,
III (1888) 115.

Perennial; roots thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 1.5 cm in diameter,
well developed; stem 10-20 cm long, with subdistant leaves and distinct
internodes; leaves falcate or very often obliquely twisted, gradually
attenuate toward apex, slightly margined; the margin scabrous; lower
leaves 5-10-16 mm broad; flowers (1)-2-4-(6), pale yellow, inodorous;
perianth tube greenish, ca. 4 cm long; outer segments 3.5-4 cm long;
claw with parallel margins, 5-7 mm broad, gradually enlarged into the
limb, marked with interrupted buff veins; limb obovate, 8-10 by 12-15mm,
the central part dark yellow; ridge undissected, yellow, the margin entire;
inner segments linear, acute, 5-8 mm long; style branches obliquely
triangular, acutish, 4by10mm long, with entire margins; stigmas very
short, emarginate; anther white, with yellowish pollen. April.

Clay hills.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. (Kushka area). Gen. distr.:
Badkhyz. Described from Hari Rud Valley.

Note. The author saw the plants growing wild in the Kushka area and
cultivated specimens originating from the same area.

86. I. kopetdagensis Vved. in Sched. Herb. Fl. As. Med. (1935) 660. —
Juno kopetdagensis Vved., ibid.

Perennial; roots thickened, fusiform; bulb ca. 1.5 cm in diameter,
well developed; stem 15-30 cm long, usually with closely approximate
leaves and imperceptible internodes; leaves falcate, gradually attenuate
toward apex, marginate, the margin scabrous; lower leaves (1) 2-3 cm
broad; flowers 2-6-(10), pale greenish, inodorous; perianth tube 4-4.5 cm
long; outer segments 3.5-5.5 cm long; claw gradually narrowed at both
ends, broadest about the middle and there 6-8 mm broad, marked with
green veins; limb elliptic, obtuse, 6-10 by 10-15 mm, green-veined,
a yellow blotch occupying one-third of the limb surface; ridge yellow,
undissected, crenate; inner segments linear, acute, ca. 1 cm long; style
crests obliquely triangular, acutish, 3-4 by 10-14mm, the margins entire;
anthers white, with yellowish pollen. April.

Stony and clayey slopes in the lower mountain zone.— Centr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh). Gen. distr.: N. Iran. Described from Karakal.
Type in Tashkent.

Note. The author saw cultivated specimens originating from the Karakal
area.

87. I. leptorhiza Vved. in Bull. Univers. As. Centr. 21 (1935) 151.—
Juno leptorhiza Vved. ibid.

Perennial; roots slender, filiform; bulb ca. 1 cm in diameter, well
developed, the coats brown with very prominent convex nerves; stem
obsolescent with quite imperceptible internodes; leaves 3 or 4, closely
approximate, falcate, gradually attenuate toward apex, marginate, the
margin moreorless scabrous; lower leaves 7-10 mm broad; flower
solitary, violet-green; perianth tube ca. 4 cm long; outer segments ca.
3.5 cm long; claw with parallel veins, ca. 5mm broad, gradually enlarged
into the limb; limb obovate, emarginate at apex, 7 by 10 mm; ridge
undissected; inner segments linear-lanceolate, acute, ca. 1 cm long; style
crests obliquely triangular, acutish, 3by 10mm, the margins entire;
stigmas elongate-semicircular; anthers barely shorter than filaments. March.

438

577

Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Found by Michelson on a single occasion in
mountains of Tabakcha, at Vakhsh River. Endemic. Type in Leningrad.

Note. Flower color as has been reported in conformity with the
collector's notes on the label.

Natural hybrids are known between species of the Juno section. The
author found a hybrid I. Narbuti X I. maracandica inthe environs
of Dzhizak, and in the vicinity of Darbaz station came across hybrids of
i orenitovdes ke). Narbwti and i "stbdecoelorata’ X1TN arputit

Several thousand bulbs of I. vicaria, collected at the same location
in the Badkhyz area, gave rise to one specimen which was intermediate
between I. vicaria and I. bucharica in all characters, but the claw
in this specimen has winged auricles — a feature absent in the species
mentioned.

Adans. Fam pl. IT (1768) 70.

Perennial plants with ensiform-lanceolate leaves and a leafy stem;
inflorescence subdichotomously branched; perianth brightly colored, widely
Spreading, rotate, of 6 segments shortly united at base; stamens inserted
at the base of perianth, with siender filaments; anthers lanceolate,
basifixed; ovary obovoid, 3-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell;
style filiform, 3-cleft; stigmas villous; capsule obovoid, membranous,
loculicidal, the valves curving away at dehiscence and exposing the slender
central column; seeds large, subglobose.

1. B. chinensis (L.) Leman in Redouté Liliac., t.121; Kom. and Alis.,
Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr..386.—Ixia chinensis L. Sp. pl. ed, I
(1753) 36.—Pardanthus chinensis Ker.-Gawl. in Ann. of Botany
t. 246: Baker Iridac., 117.—Ic.: Redouté Liliac., t.121., Flore des Serres
XVI (1865-7) tab. 1632.

Perennial, 60-100cm long, stoloniferous, with fleshy rootstock; leaves
15-20mm broad; inrlorescence spreading, containing 3-12 flowers; bracts
subtending inflorescence branches abbreviated, green; involucralbracts
coriaceous membranous; pedicels 15-20 mm long, joined at the end; perianth
reddish-brown or yellowish with blackish-purple spots. May-June.

(Plate XXXI, Figure 16).

Sandy coastal meadows.— Far East: Uss. (Pos'et Bay area). Gen. distr:.:
Jap.-Ch., India. Described from India. Type in London.

Note. A perennial garden plant, hightly valued for its hardiness and
beautiful flowers.

Genus* SISYRINCHIUM?+ L. tt
L. Gen. pl. (1735) 273; Sp. pl. (1753) 954,

Perianth with obsolescent tube and a flat, convex or widely campanulate
limb; segments subequal, obovate or oblong; stamens inserted at the base

* A local Indian name for the species.
** Arranged by B.A .Fedchenko.

+t Name used by Theophrastus for some plant with a sweet-tasting bulb.
tt Arranged by B.A.Fedchenko.

439

578

of perianth, the filaments usually more or less adnate to the tube; anthers
erect or ascending; ovary spherical or shortly oblong, 3-celled, with
numerous ovules in each cell; style filiform, short or exceeding the
stamens, the tips of style branches acting as receptive stigmatic surfaces;
capsule globose to oblong, loculicidal; rootstock very short, sometimes

thickened, with tufts of roots; stem terete or compressed with sharp

angles; leaves mostly radical or borne on the lower part of the stem,
narrow; floral leaf [bract] mostly solitary, terminal; flowers several on
common peduncle, in an inflorescence subtended by the floral bract.

S. angustifolium Mill., Gard. dict. ed. 8 (1768) No. 2; Baker Handb.
Irid. (1892) 124.—S. bermudiana L. Sp. pl. (1763) 954 pp. —
S. gramineum Curt.,, Bot» Mag» (1799) tab. 646.— less Bot: (Mag. js lees
Perennial, 25-35 cm tall; stem erect or ascending, conspicuously winged

toward base, the wing 3-5 mm broad; leaves radical, linear-ensiform,

3-5 mm broad; floral bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, with a narrow white
margin; flowers 1-4 in inflorescence, ca. 15 mm in diameter; perianth
segments oblong to oblong-ovate, pale violet, apiculate; filaments adnate

to anthers; fruit globose, 2.5-3 mm long.

European part: U.V., (near Moscow, adventive). Gen. distr.: N. Am.,
adventive in Atl. Eur. (Great Britain), N. Eur. (Germany, Czechozlovakia,
Austria).

Genus 309. GLADIOLUS * L.**
L. Syst. ed. I (1735)

Perianth zygomorphic, with a more or less curved tube and 6 unequal
segments; stamens 3; anthers linear, slightly bifid at base; ovary superior,
3-celled, the cells many-ovuled; style filiform; stigmas 3, dilated
spatulate or ovate from a filiform base; capsule membranous; seeds
compressed and winged or wingless, globular-pyriform. Herbaceous
bulbose plants with linear-ensiform leaves; inflorescence a 1-sided or
2-sided spike; bracts [spathes] 2-valved.

Note. Bulbs of species of this genus were formerly used in medicine
for the treatment of wounds Radix victorialis rotundae’, although
their use is explained rather by superstition than by their effectiveness.
Most of them are bred for the beauty of their flowers.

ile, Wveaves: parallel=nerved. 02.5: ee en ee eee ee S.

+ Leaves with irregular nervature, the nerves approaching the margin
about the middle™or the DIade we. Stir es ese Gere ren ae ce ee eee 2.

2. Seeds globose, wingless; perianth segments not approximate, the upper
Seemient SOmMeEewnat GIVeErSeent our wn coe gy soe et oe ot) nee 3.
Seeds narrowly winged; all perianth segments approximate....... 4,

3. Flowers 5-5.5 cm long, suberect, the tube short, the upper perianth
segments somewhat divergent and reflexed at the tip; anthers obtusish;
spike 2-sided, loose; capsule globose-ovoid, to 10 mm long, umbilicate
SLE CEL OD, tet tc ete titan. stale 2 hata ae 1. Gl. segetum Ker.-Gawl.

* Name first occurring in the writings of the Roman author Pliny (Ist century A.D.), a diminutive form of
gladius, sword, referring to the ensiform leaves of gladiolus.
** Arranged by E.G.Chernyakovskaya.

440

579

380

Flowers smaller, horizontally spreading, the upper segment arched-
declined above the others; spike 1-sided, longer, many-flowered;
Gapsile ovaloidov oid mo mls=20emnidoneh Wms Pies PAS tetas
SIA Diahe Beaks lees vat). OE te 2. Gl. turkmenorum E. Czerniak.
Flowers large, 4-4.5 cm long, dark purplish-violet; perianth segments
broadly ovate to suborbicular, the claws narrow; upper segments
shorter than the lower; leaves broadly linear-ensiform, to 2 cm broad,
overtopped by inflorescence; stems) 75=100iem longs wie Je helmeerms.. .
PROG NASA 2! AORN IS EN ah he ell Rigen. Neh mane 3. Gl. communis L.
Stem shorter; flowers smaller; perianth segments oblong; leaves

Sa MAD ROAGIR De ROC, LEN GRODt bdo tig eat oir eat). DOM Mea y eta: 5.
Spike 2-sided, short, loosely 3-5-flowered; flower tube slightly curved;
perianth segments narrow, rhomboidal-oblong, obtuse apiculate, the
upper segments longer and broader than the lower, the lateral segments
narrower and shorter than the upper; leaves 3, acuminate, linear,

3-6 mm broad, exceeding the stem; stigmas abruptly enlarged from the
middle to form a suborbicular-ovate stigmatic surface; bracts about
equaling the flowers; capsule obovoid ...... 4. Gl. tenuiflorus Koch.
Spike shore d ssidedirs 7atlower ed P2624. BOAO OREO. elie e GN
Spike doose? cormrtinics, coarsely’ reticulate-fibrous 22a Qeeing...
BREUER BAS TD SU Gy) ES DEN cea A BEN, TROON LG ey 5. Gl. palustris L.
Spike dense; corm tunics consisting of fine parallel fibers . 25.000. es
Flowers dark lilac, closely approximate, imbricated, with a strongly
curved tube; perianth segments subequal, rounded-obovate, subobtuse,
the claws narrow; stigmas gradually enlarged from base, oblanceolate;
capsule 8-10 mm long, obovoid, umbilicate at the top; leaves 2,
overtopped by inflorescence, linear-ensiform to lance-linear, 5-15 mm
broad, othe lowest leaf subobtusie (C9. GF. ORM 2.8) 6. Gl. imbricatus L.
Flowers dark violet, the tips of segments paler; flowering spike short,
densely 3- or 4-flowered; perianth segments ovate-spatulate, narrowly
unguicular, theupper segments shorter, the lower exceeding the lateral;
leaves 2, broadly linear, 7-9 mm broad, long-acuminate, exceeded
byctheustem; Neapsimlevoverd? ft LOlAN. PTE yy. 7. Gl. Kotschyanus Boiss.
Plants 45-75 cm tall; leaves narrowly linear, 4-7 mm broad, acuminate,
equaling or slightly exceeded by the stem; spike 1-sided, 5-8-flowered;
flowers dark lilac to almost blackish-lilac, 3-3.5 (4) cm long; lower
perianth segments longer than the upper, the lateral segments of the
upper lip and central segment of the lower lip shorter; capsule oblong,
umbilicate, 15 mm long; seeds wingless... 8. Gl. atroviolaceus Boiss.
Plants 15-25 cm tall; stems slender; leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 mm
broad, glaucous, rigid, shorter than to slightly exceeding the stem;
spike very loose, 2- or 3-flowered; spathe bracts lanceolate, barely
longer than perianth tube, the margin and apex membranous; flowers
pink, 2.5-3 cm long; lateral perianth segments shorter’... .........
eaten. bam. anthers sharier, Uaeareey 9. Gl. halophilus Boiss. et Heldr.

1. Gl. segetum Ker-Gawl. in Bot. Mag. (1803) tab. 719; Ldb. Fl. Ross.

IV, 108; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 466.—G. Ludoviciae Jan. in Nov. Comm.
Bonon., I (1834) 74.—Ice.: Bot. Mag. t.719; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. IX (1847)
Miscure fol; Renb. Ic. ‘crits tab.o00.— Mxs.: Herb? ET” cauc: No: 11s.

441

581

Perennial; bulb globose, ca. 2 cm broad; corm tunics brown, of coarse
parallel fibers, very firm, reticulate with longitudinal alveoles in upper
part; stem 30-80 cm long; leaves ensiform, to 18 mm broad, acute,
few-nerved, the midnerve thicker than the rest; the nerves in lower part
part of the blade abruptly curved and approaching the inner margin; leaves
greatly overtopped by inflorescence, scarcely reaching the lowest flower;
spike loosely 6-10-flowered, nearly 2-sided, slightly curved; spathe bracts
lanceolate, one about twice as long as the other, the lowest bracts
5-6 mm long and nearly equaling the flowers; flowers suberect; perianth
pink, spreading campanulate, 5-5.5 cm long; perianth tube to 5 mm long,
slightly curved; perianth segments oblong; upper segment longer and
broader than the two lateral segments, slightly divergent backward,
overlapping and leaning over the lateral segments, its tip slightly reflexed;
lower segments narrower than the lateral, equaling the upper segment, with
a white-banded keel; anthers obtusish, slightly longer than filaments;
stigma attenuate from base to the middle and then gradually enlarged into
an oblong-spatulate surface, ciliate; capsule globose-obovoid to
subturbinate, to 1 cm long, umbilicate at apex, 3-grooved, obtusely
3-angled; seeds brownish, globose-turbinate, wingless, with a downward-
pointing process. June-July. (Plate XXXVI, Figure 2, a,b).

Dry sunny slopes of low loess hills, water meadows, river banks
(Bukhara), and meadows (Crimea). In the Caucasus, on slopes among spiny
shrub and in cultivated fields. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: Dag.,

E. and S. Transc., Tal.; Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. (Bal'dzhuan on banks of
Kizyl-su River up to 1700 m above sea level; Kulyab on river floodplains,
on Vakhsh on wooded mountain slopes), Turkm. Mtn. (in Kushka area).
Gen. distr.: Med., Canary Islands, Iran. Described from S. France
(Dauphine Province). Type in London.

var. gigantea E. Czerniak. f. n. Strongly developed in all its parts;
stem more than 1 m long; leaves 5, broad, acuminate; spike elongated,
2-sided, 15- or 16-flowered; spathe bracts very large, unequal, the outer
to 16 cm long, the inner considerably shorter, to 3.5-4 cm long; capsule
ca. 1 cm long, obovoid-turbinate, umbilicate. Coming into flower in May.
Fl. and fr. June.

Caucasus: E. Transc. (Perimbal, Kusary, Sal'yany, Mugan), Tal.
(Limar).

Note. This species differs from the closely related Gl. communis
in its narrower leaves and in perianth shape. The broader upper segment
is divergent and reclining above the lateral segments, whereas in
Gl. communis the upper segment is included among the remaining
segments; the upper lateral segments are about as long and narrower than
the 3 lower segments, these all the same length, the middle segment
somewhat narrower than the others, while in the case of Gl. communis
the lateral segments are usually broader than the three lower segments,
the central segments twice as broad.

2. Gl. turkmenorum E. Czerniak. sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 750. —
Exs.: Sint. transc.-pers. (1900-1901) No. 306 (sub Gl. atroviolaceus
var floribusy pallidioribus magoriub us.,Bornm. jet pint. ).

Perennial; corm ca. 2 cm in diameter; upper tunics brown, lower tunics
cinnamon-colored, thin, finely fibrous, entireabove, slightly reticulate-
fibrous, with narrow elongated alveoles, in lower part with parallel fibers,

442

582

topped beneath the outer tunic by a short firm hyaline hood; stems 45-85 cm
long, 3-leaved; leaves green, about equaling the stem (the uppermost leaf
commonly overtopped by inflorescence), lanceolate, 6-13 mm broad, long-
acuminate, irregularly nerved, the nerves in lower part of the leaf blade
converging and approaching the margin; first sheathing leaf to 5 cm long,
the lowest 9-20 cm long, obliquely truncate, obtuse; spike 1-sided, rather
compact, long, sometimes up to 30 cm, many-flowered; bracts green,
broadly lanceolate, 3.5-4 cm long, the lower outer bracts foliaceous to
7-11 cm long; flowers 8-12, curved, obliquely spreading, 4-4.5 cm long,
raspberry-pink; perianth tube to 10 mm long, slightly recurved; 3 lower
segments subequal, barely longer than the upper bract, oblong-ovate,
narrowed to a short claw, slightly acuminate, the lateral segments shorter
than the upper; upper segments arching above the other segments; anthers
about twice the length of filaments; acuminate, to 15 mm long; stigmas
obovate; capsules upto 11, ovaloid-ovoid, 16-20 mm long, 1 cm in
diameter, the valves membranous-coriaceous; seeds large, reddish-brown,
2.5-3mmindiameter, wingless. Fl. April-May; fr. June. (Plate XXXVI,
Figure 1, a-c).

Water meadows, river valleys, old fields, cotton fallows, and as a weed
in wheat fields. Ascending to 1500 m above sea level. — Centr. Asia:

Mtn. Turkm. (town of Vannovskii, Sumbar and Chandyr valleys, Kara-Kala,
Syunt). Gen. distr.: Iran (N. part). Described from town of Vannovskii.
Type in Leningrad.

Note, This species differs from the closely related "Gl. segetum in
its broader leaves (up to 2 cm), larger (5-5.5 cm long) suberect flowers,
slightly spreading dorsal segment, short tube, 2-sided spike with more
scattered flowers, and the turbinate umbilicate capsule to 1 cm long. All
leaves of Gl. segetum are the same length, shorter than and barely
reaching the inflorescence. The features distinguishing the species from
Gl. atroviolaceus are the shape of perianth, broader bracts, and
thicker stems.

3. Gl. communis L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 36, pro parte; Shmal'g., FI.
II, 466; Bot. Mag. (1793) tab. 86; ibid. t.1575; Redouté Lil. t.267.—
lee rehbr te Erits trove, EW Gernot s40e 1 ite

Perennial; stems 75-100 cm long; corm tunics coarsely parallel-nerved,
reticulate narrowly alveolate in upper part; leaves 2 or 3, shorter than
inflorescence, linear-ensiform, to 2 cm broad; spike 1-sided, densely
5-8-flowered, 7-9 cm long; bracts to 3 cm long, lanceolate shorter than
flowers, unequal, to 4.5 cm long in fruit; flowers large; perianth
campanulate, 4+4.5 cm long, dark purplish-violet with strongly curved tube;
perianth segments convergent, subequal, approximate; upper segments
broadly ovate, obtuse, narrowly unguiculate; dorsal segments ca. 2 cm
broad; lower segments longer, narrower, also broadly ovate, with a whitish
median band; anthers shorter than filaments, ca. 2 cm broad; stigma
gradually enlarged from base to an obovate surface, the margin pubescent;
capsule large, ovaloid to obtusely obovoid, 14 cm long, sharply angled,
deeply grooved; seeds flattened, broadly winged. Fl. May-August.
(Plate XXXVI, Figure 3, a,b).

443

583

Subalpine meadows in mountains up to 2100 m above sea level, forest
glades, mountain meadows (Crimea), river valleys, and barley fields
(in Armenia). Often cultivated. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc.,
E., W. andS. Transc. Gen. distr.: Med., Iran (Ziarat). Described from
S. Europe.

4. Gl. tenuiflorus C. Koch, Linnaea XXI (1848) 636; Grossh., Fl. Kavk.
1,(1928)).258.— Gil. dllyrdiews oC. Kocha(piranatod i dms) Boiss,pFl.,Or.
V (1884) 140.—Ic.: Rchb. Fl. Germ. t.352, f. 780.

Perennial; stem 90-120 cm long; corm tunics thin, reticulate, entire,
split and parallel-nerved in lower part; leaves 3, elongate, exceeding the
stem, linear, 3-6 mm broad, acuminate, the nerves not parallel; spike
short, loose, 2-sided; bracts lanceolate, acute, the lower about the length
of flower; flowers 3-5, with slightly curved tube; perianth segments
narrowly rhomboid-oblong, obtuse, apiculate; dorsal segments longer and
much broader than the lower segments; lower segments broader than the
lateral, the latter narrower and shorter than the dorsal; anther about as
long as the filaments; stigmas linear to the middle and then abruptly
enlarged to a rounded ovate surface; capsule obovoid, trigonous; seeds
narrowly winged. (Plate XXXVI, Figure 4, a).

Cultivated fields on marls, up to 200 m above sea level. — Caucasus:

E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, W. Persia. Described from Shirvan.
Type in Berlin.

5. Gl. palustris Gaud. Fl. Helv. I (1828) 97.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
taloay3 Silk hs Sameal'y., eilvll«.465;.4Redehs, andihler jek Lapiivare Bass.
ApoE

Perennial; bulb ovaloid; corm tunics coarsely parallel-nerved, reticulate
with round or oval mesh; stem slender, 30-60 cm long; leaves 2 or 3,
linear, to 9 mm broad, fine-pointed; spike 1-sided, loosely 2- or 3
(-5)-flowered; bracts green, lanceolate, to 2 cm long, shorter than flowers;
flowers purple with curved tube; perianth segments obovate, obtuse, closely
approximate, the dorsal broader than the rest; anthers shorter than
filaments; capsule oblong-obovoid, shallowly 3-grooved, rounded at apex;
seeds winged.

Boggy meadows. Infrequent. In USSR in U. Dnp., near Mogilev and
Rogachev. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. Described from Switzerland.

6, Gl. imbricatus; Ly )Sp..Pls eds, £44753), 3%gShmealo);) Mle slip 4655 —
Gli temudsyM.Bu, Fly. Tava -Gavew); (1800), 29-lew) MLB .@ent ale
EL: Ross; tab. «60; Rehb. Je. Crit. t.599:, Rehb. le... «Germ:
Figure 778.— Exs.: HFR No. 840a and 840; Fl. polon. exs. No. 387.

Perennial; corm globose, 1-1.5 cm in diameter; corm tunics finely
parallel-nerved, tightly implexed in upper part; stems erect, slender, to
70 cm long, 2-leaved; basal leaves 1 or 2, scalelike, 2-6 cm long, obtusely
and somewhat obliquely truncate; cauline leaves 2 or 3, ensiform or lance-
linear, 5-15 mm broad, few-nerved, the nerves shifting toward the margin
in lower part; lower stem leaf ensiform, obliquely divergent, broader than
the rest, mostly obtuse; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
the uppermost leaf short, all leaves overtopped by inflorescence; spike
1-sided, 5-8 cm long, 3-angled in outline, densely 3-—7-flowered; flowers

444

584

587

closely approximate, imbricated; bracts green, herbaceous, short-
lanceolate, 25-30 cm long, subequal, half the length of flower; perianth
purplish-violet, (2.5)-—3-3.5 cm long, the tube strongly curved; perianth
segments subequal, rounded-obovate, obtusish, narrow-clawed,
subconnivent, all about the same length; filaments slightly longer than
anthers; stigmas gradually enlarged from base, oblanceolate; capsule
8-10 mm long, obovoid, obtusely 3-angled; seeds ferruginous-brown,
narrow-winged, ovaloid, 3-5 mm long. Fl. May-July; fr. July-August.
(Plate XXXVI, Figure 6).

Wet, boggy and inundated meadows, dry valley meadows, coppices,
mixed oak and spruce woods, swampy grass plots, subalpine mountain
meadows and near glaciers up to 1500 m, rarely as weed in wastelands,
long-fallows, and cultivated fields. — European part: Lad.-Ilm., U.V.,
V.-Ka., U. Dnp., U. Don, L. Don, Crim.; Caucasus: throughout except
Tal.; W. Siberia: U. Tob. (Mugodzhary Mountains). Gen. distr.: Bal.-As.
Min., Centr. Eur., W. Med. Described from the European part of the
USSR.

Note. There are white-flowered forms, reported as var. albiflorus
V. Krecz. (Belorussian SSR, Kalitinskii District, Balynkovichskii Region).
Similar forms also occur in other regions, Small-flowered forms
(Gl. tenuis M.B.) occur in W. Transcaucasia.

7. Gl. Kotschyanus Boiss. Diagn. Ser. I, 13 (1853) 15.—
Gl.imbsigatius. L. BeKotschyanus Boiss lor. Vata
Gl. Raddeanwus, TrautwerteH.P. 1, 2.(18'%5) 273:

Perennial; stems 35-65 cm long; corm tunics with parallel reticulately
implexed fibers; leaves 2, broadly linear, 7-9 mm broad, long-acuminate,
5- or 6-nerved, the nerves not parallel, the midnerve thicker and curved;
spike short, densely 3- or 4-flowered; spathe bracts acuminate, broadly
membranous-margined, much longer than the perianth tube; flowers fairly
large, dark violet, the perianth segments lighter in color on the periphery;
tube strongly curved; segments ovate-spatulate to suborbicular, narrow-
clawed, the upper segments shorter, the lower segment longer than the
lateral one; anthers much shorter than filaments; stigmas glabrous,
abruptly enlarged above the middle into an oval ciliate surface; capsule
ovoid, 3-angled, umbilicate; seeds narrow-winged. Fl. May-June, August.

Subalpine meadows up to 3000 m above lea level.— Caucasus: S. Transc.
(area of Nakhichevan and Sarykamysh). Gen. distr.: Asia Minor, Arm.-
Kurd., Iran. Described from Mesopotamia.

8. Gl. atroviolaceus Boiss. Diagn. Ser. I, 13 (1853) 14.—
Gl. aleppicus Boiss, ibidem.

Perennial; corm tunics rigidly parallel-fibered, reticulate with narrow
elongated mesh; stem slender, 45-75 cm long, bent at the end; leaves 3,
narrowly linear, 4-7 mm broad, acuminate, 6-nerved, all nerves
equidistant and of same thickness, the lowest leaf shorter than the others,
these barely overtopped by or equaling the inflorescence; lowest sheathing
leaf 4-14 (17) cm long, obliquely long-truncate; spike short, rather loosely
2-3-6 (8)-flowered, 1-sided; spathe bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
unequal, the lower longer than perianth tube; flowers dark lilac,

445

(585)

Plate XXXVI

1. Gladiolus tu trkmenorum E, Czemiak., a) perianth, b) stigmatic lobes, c) capsule, d) seed.—

2. G. segetum Ker-Gawl., a) perianth, b) capsule.— 3. G. communis L., perianth, a) capsule,

b) seed.— 4. G. tenuiflorus C.Koch., perianth, a) stigmatic lobes.— 5. G. atroviolaceus Boiss.—
6. G. imbricatus L., a) flower,

1920 446

588

3-3.5 (4) cm long, spreading or deflexed; tube strongly curved; segments
obovate to oblong-spatulate, considerably narrowing to a short claw; dorsal
segment strongly recurved, the paler upper segments shorter than the
lower; lateral segments of the upper lip and usually also those of the lower
lip shorter; anthers as long as or barely longer than filaments, terminating
in a scarcely curved cusp; stigmas linear to the middle then web-footed;
capsule oblong, 15 mm long, 7-9 mm in diameter, concave, 3-grooved,
torulose, the valves thin; seeds globose-turbinate or pyriform, wingless,
4-angled, dark cinnamon-brown, ca. 2 cm in diameter. Fl. April-May;
fr. May-June. (Plate XXXVI, Figure 8).

Steppe foothills, wormwood or feathergrass mountain steppes, rocky
crevices, dry barren stony places, mountain slopes up to 1900 m above
sea level, as a weed in waste and cultivated fields. — Caucasus: S. Transc.
(surroundings of Erivan, Nakhichevan and Zangezur Range); Centr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm. (Kopet Dagh Mountains, mountain slopes in the steppe zone).
Gen. distr.: E. Med., Arm.-Kurd., Iran (N.). Described from Persia
(Teheran, in cultivated fields). Type in Leningrad.

Note. A species readily distinguishable from the closely related
Gl. imbricatus by its nervature, the wingless seeds, and the leaves
that nearly surpass the inflorescence.

Boiss. (Fl.Or. V, 142)recordserroneouslyunder G. atroviolaceus
Buhse's specimens from Azerbaijan (Schah-Jordi) which are undoubtedly
Gl. Kotschyanus Boiss.

In Central Asia, Gl. atroviolaceus occurs in mountainous part of
Turkmenistan in Kara-Kala area, and in central Kopet Dagh in area of
Firyuza (Chuli-Chaek-Dushak) and Kurt-su, invariably in the grass-steppe
zone, where it replaces Gl. turkmenorum that does not ascend to
such altitudes. Its distinguishing characteristics are the few-flowered
inflorescence, the dark almost blackish-violet flowers, the nearly bilabiate
perianth with lower segments much longer than the upper, the lateral
segments of the upper lip and the central segments of the lower being
shorter than the rest.

9. Gl. halophilus Boiss. et Heldr. Diagn. Ser. I 13 (1853) 14; Boiss.
Fl. Or. V, 142.—G. Szovitsii Grossh. Beih. Bot. Centr. XLIV (1927)
Abt. II 206; Grossg., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 258.—G. tenuis auct. in herb.,
pr. parte (non M.B.).

Perennial; corms ovoid, 1.5-2 cm long; corm tunics with thick stiff
parallel fibers from base to apex, the fibers anastomosing over the whole
surface; stems 15-25 cm long, slender, flexuous at the ends; spike short,
bent, very loosely 2- or 3- (5)-flowered; bracts lanceolate, thick, barely
exceeding the perianth tube, the margin and apex membranous; flowers pink,
2.5-3 cm long; perianth wide open, with curved tube; perianth segments
obovate, obtuse, the lateral shorter than the rest; anthers slightly shorter
than filaments; stigmas gradually enlarged from base, oblanceolate.

Fl. May-June.

Wet saline meadows, solonchak plains, and dry clayey hills.— Caucasus:
E. Transc. (between Migra and Karchevan; reported by A.A. Grossheim
(Fl. Kavk. 258) for Nakhichevan); Gen. distr.: Asia Minor; Iranian
Azerbaijan, vicinity of Khoi and Maragh. Described from Asia Minor.
Type in Leningrad.

447

Note. The new species described by Grossheim (Beih. Bot. Centrb.
XLIV, 1927) under the name Gl. Szovitsii does not differ in any way
from Gl. halophilus of Asia Minor. A comparison of the Caucasian
and Persian material from the Szovits collections referred to by Grossheim
with the authentic specimens of Gl. halophilus discloses perfect
identity of these two species. The author himself refutes in a later study
(Fl. Kavk., l.c.) one of the main characters in pointing our that the leaves
of Gl. Szovitsii are grayish and not green as Stated in the original
description.

As regards Szovits' collections from Iran, listed as No. 134 under the
name Gl. tenuis, it appears upon close scrutiny that we are here
concerned with mixed material which contains, in addition to the above-
mentioned Gl. halophilus, also Gl. tenuiflorus C. Koch. and
Gl. Kotschyanus Boiss. et Heldr. All the three species were collected
by Szovits in Iran (vicinity of Khoi, Azerbaijan province).

Order 9. Microspermae

Flowers perfect, 3-merous, 5-seriate, of the monocotyledonous type;
perianth corolloid, mostly zygomorphic, rarely subactinomorphic (certain
Burmanniaceae); style 6, in Burmanniaceae 3, in Orchidaceae androecium
greatly reduced; fruit a capsule; seeds minute and very numerous,
albuminous (Burnmanniaceae) or desalbuminous (Orchidaceae); embryo
very undeveloped (commonly subspherical, externally undifferentiated into
organs).

580 Family XXXVII. ORCHIDACEAE LINDL.*

Lindl, Nat. Syst. ed. 2(1836) 336; Rehb Nomencl. (1841) 50.— Orchideae Hall. Enum. Stim. Helv. I
Praef. (1742) 33.

Flowers perfect, zygomorphic; perianth commonly colored, corolloid,
of 6 segments in 2 series, the 3 outer segments [sepals] similar, but the
lateral ones usually inequilateral and sometimes united into one apically
2-toothed sepal, or more rarely all 3 sepals united to form a 3-lobed hood;
segments of the inner perianth whorl unequal: two of them [petals] more
or less resembling the sepals, though mostly shorter, narrower and
directed upward; the third, referred to as the lip [or labellum], usually
directed downward, though it is in fact dorsal, but due to torsion of ovary
and consequent reversion of the entire flower, appearing to be the lower
segment, differing more or less conspicuously in shape, size and coloring
from all the other segments, often prolonged at base into the spur; of the
6 biseriate stamens only 1 or 2 developed, the others completely
undeveloped or rudimentary and transformed into staminodia, the single
fertile stamen (the anterior one of the outer series) united by its filament
with the style into a column or gynostemium, the anthers thus appearing
sessile, coalescent through their entire length or merely at base; witha _

* Arranged by S.A.Nevskii.

448

590

single stamen, there are 2 small staminodia at the site of the 2 anterior
stamens of the inner series; in the case of 2 developed stamens
(Cypripedium); these are the anterior ones ofthe inner series, their very
short filaments united in lower part with the style into a thick column,

and between them the anterior stamen of the outer series replaced by a large
petaloid staminodium; anther bilocular, the approximate or more or less
distant locules dehiscent due to a longitudinal chink, the connective
sometimes prolonged into a small pointed process (in Serapias and
Ophrys); pollen in each locule commonly cohering in a clavate or cuneate
called pollinium, rarely pollen grains separate (in Cypripedium);
pollinia loose with powdery pollen or compact and often adherent by means
of a stalk [or caudicle] to a viscid gland or cushion [retinaculum], this
surmounted by a beak [rostellum] and readily detachable; the beak
constitutes a more or less developed extension of the column, arising at

the base of the anther locules, lamella-shaped and sometimes trilobate;

in the latter case the middle appendage or lobe of the beak arises between
the bases of anther locules, forming together with the lateral appendages

a hemispherical single or double pouch containing glands adherent to
caudicles; the pollinia together with their stalks or caudicles and the glands
are designated as pollinaria; a single gland sometimes serves both pollinia,
but more often each pollinium has its own gland or retinaculum; stigma a
glutinous and mostly concave surface situated below the anther locules
below the beak; more rarely stigmas 2, borne on thickish appendages

(in Habenaria); ovary inferior, sessile or stalked, 1-celled,
3-carpellate, with 3 parietal placentae and numerous ovules; fruit a capsule
dehiscent by 6 longitudinal chinks; seeds minute, desalbuminous, with a
broad transparent reticulate coat and a subspherical, mostly undifferentiated
embryo.

Perennial plants with creeping or short rhizomes, or with tuberlike roots
[tuberoids] representing thickened roots and serving as organs for food
storage; tuberoids commonly 2: one old and more or less wrinkled,
supporting a stem with leaves and flowers; the other young, smooth, filling
up with photosynthetic products and giving rise to a new stem the following
year. In some genera, the base of stem displays an oblong-ovoid or ovoid
tuberlike swelling [pseudobulb] clothed with membranous sheaths of old
leaves.

Key to Genera
1. Saprophytic plants, destitute of chlorophyll and without developed leaves.

+ Stem bearing green leaves or rarely flowering stems leafless and
covered with membranous sheaths, the leaves arising separately from

the xia Zoniter OL TUE * AAKLOLTC sur IVC, CULAR nh, som ineeas Ree oe Skee ke 6.
2. Eip'with'a-more orvless developed Spur”... So... eee. Sth a
FLT SPUTLOSS LU CO AIM E AAT NC, GURBET GMA CON, Meee SMPTE name “SA MCUMET AD 2, 4.
oO, Eip and spur tanned Upward tsi... betta te 325. Epipogon S.G.Gmelin.
+ Eip’andspur'turned downward.” .oo8 lS. 324. Limodorum L.C. Rich.
4. Sepals and petals united into a sac cleft on the lower side, 5-lobed on

the maresin and enclosing the tree tipi 2c an: wae. 326. Gastrodia R.Br.

449

592

14,

18.

Perianth seoments Gistinet. 90... 2 cee ee ome gee cere ee Be
Rhizome fleshy, coralloid, destitute of root fibers; pollinia waxy,

(© (SG1"S (Ey NEE ea eee in ee opment leicty role secrecy 316. Corallorhiza Hall.
Rhizome short, densely beset with rather thick upturned roots; pollinia
containing powdery pollen .......-.+-++++4-+.-- 321. Neottia Sw.
MGM VSPULICSS pce ee ce ptees ay ot cuneate wasaael Rs aces del cee RE ie
Lip with a more or less developed spur.........---+.-+++-.- 24.

Lip inflated, saccate, slipper- or shoe-shaped; flowers large, showy.
Lip flat or more or less concave or convex, but not inflated shoe-
BIGMOCd oun te ee hoe se gece mie | SPN oc ls eMC nae ee aca mea 9.
Perianth segments 4 (discounting the lip), the lateral sepals being
united into one terminally 2-cleft segment behind the lip...........
_ eS etek pes ale a hi a aos sess yi acy ethading 3 AE taper A 310. Cypripedium L.
Perianth segments 5 (discounting the lip), subequal, ascending and

SPRCUALEIY, STOR CQQUING ce rac ae eric ae oe 314. Calypso Salisb.
Inflorescence axis spirally twisted ...... 327. Spiranthes L.C. Rich.
Inflorescence Axis Mot TWISLEd I Of 2. eye ee tat ahiews lnc mnt mana 10.
Plants with elobose Or*ovoid tUuperOldS: .° 7m. wees Mee a-ha tone es

Plants with creeping rhizomes, beset with cordlike roots or clusters

of slender spreading roots, or the base of scape forming an ovoid
pseudobulb clothed with membranous sheaths of old leaves ...... TAs
Flowers small; perianth segments 2.5—3.5 (4) mm long; glands naked.
si i net Aa oR at cor tata ial Mr teen nib he Mea oi ree hob EM a3 BLS Peal ig oe 12.
Flowers large or medium-sized; perianth segments 6-30 mm long;
slands Contained I POUCHES 2h rw Son eae ie et eh ct Lae eee 13.
Tuber solitary, globose; leaves 2 (3) ....... 331. Herminium R.Br.
Tubers 2, ellipsoid or ovoid; leaves 6-10, crowded on the lower part
Sipe "Setar s AR wn ona cae tenets: Omen ee 332. Chamaeorchis L.C. Rich.
Sepals and petals acuminate, together forming a hood; lip divided into

a broadly reniform concave posterior part and a pendent lanceolate

AeuUmminateriromtal warts, .. hie Meee ABs eka ke Meet Aan va eens 351. Serapias L.
Sepals and petals obtuse, spreading; lip convex and velvety, entire or
Soloed: eee se RCSB! Peetee ke, Searels, Ama 352. Ophrys (L.) Sw.

Base of scape forming an ovoid tuber clothed with membranous sheaths
of old leaves; sometimes tubers several, approximate and resembling

GhigOmMes 7s wee we, dhe. 2 gahem eyes. LARRY Ba ae, ee eee Loi
Plants with creeping rhizomes beset with cordlike roots or with
clusters jof «slender spreading: roots, 6 .wnicine Eo. LO) m6 eee ieee 18.
Flowers nodding to pendulous; lip 3-lobed, with 2 keel-like lamellae
BUWDASCydyd ayer they wea bas. 2 eS aie eR ea 317. Oreorchis Lindl.
Flowers borne on upright or slightly divergent pedicels; lip entire,

flat or concave; the upper surface devoid of lamellae.......... 16.
Petals, much shorter than sepals . os. 6%... soa. 311. Malaxis Soland.
Petals as long as but much narrower than petals............. Wee

Lip flat or nearly so, with crisped wavy margin, 4.5-11 mm long.

ie Pee A eee tardied «oy shes eben. Ape era 3i3epkiparis LC. Bich.
Lip to 2.75 mm long, broadly ovate and slightly concave at base,
narrowed at apex to a linear-lanceolate point. . . 312. Microstylis Nutt.
Lip with a notch or constriction on each side, divided into a more or |
less concave posterior part (gynochil) and a flat or nearly flat and
sometimes smaller anther part (epichil). <. 2 .°. . 2 anu iS)e

450

+ Lip not divided into gynochil and epichil, 3-lobed or 2-lobed, flat or

COMCAVE Tn, 2. Met OE es RRMA GER ee SA Ont Seta, te deed ad SEER. 3 Me 22.
19. Flowers small; perianth segments 3-4 (5) mm long; dorsal sepal and

petals ‘tnited Into"a hood? Vateral*sepalsispreading .\. wie oh... Zoe
+ Flowers larger; perianth segments 6-25 mm long, spreading or in

CalMpamtiale- ar FLANSSMNCME a, LR A ee eee Gr he te 20,
20 Leaves ovate or"elliptiey Piet PREV aMy I, APA fF 328. Goodyera R.Br.
=). thoeayes narrow, linearvgs Pat me Pigs. aie Meats Ag 329. Zeuxine Lindl.

21. Flowers sessile or subsessile; ovary twisted at base..............
OP eR EE ONS LS eager en ees 323. Cephalanthera L.C. Rich.
+ Flowers with a straight ovary borne on a twisted pedicel...........
RE OR eae Bh tts Me te tate Saha Pelt Make be te te 322. Epipactis Adans.
22. Lip 3-lobed, the large central lobe with velvety-bearded margins;

Mowerrssolitarys large, qari. ++. a: 0c. teite te tebe Bete Serhe Te 319. Pogonia Juss.
+ Lip without a velvety-bearded lobe, 2-lobed or entire; flowers rather
small, shades ofyellowish-sreen or greenish. «202 Fav ae. .. 23.

23. Stem bearing in the middle a pair of approximate nearly opposite leaves
5 he heitias Ne, Ya Ae, Re tice: Mai ¥ nits) “AEE ee DD CARS 2 ERLE: 320. Listera R.Br.

OM eRe te ake he Me he ie SORE Me Se LORD, SRM ole OEE, 315. Ephippianthus Exell) i.
24. Stems leafless, with membranous sheaths; leaves narrowly linear,
reminiscent of grass leaves, MLSS in a separate cluster from the

Hose rrand developine TAGCT +. 6.5. t. 0. oe. oe Se te cw bee Boho 318. Eulophia R.Br.
593
Siemcr leaky ee Cee rt SCOP LG eo EIS sot ee. ORL AMES aI eee Mea Rs. coe 295.
25. Tuberoids digitately branched or elongate-ovoid and tapering to a
ropelike tip, or else the plants producing creeping rhizomes..... Z2Gi.
+ Tuberoids unbranched, ovoid to subglobose, obtuse........... 38.

26. Anther terminal, attached at base; lip notched on both sides, divided
into gynochil and epichil, the upper surface ot the epichil with keel-like

IieiaaiSdhIees ye Pe ties sol nana it a Me OR Da ee 323. Cephalanthera L.C. Rich.
+ Anther attached through its entire length; lip undivided, without lateral

notches, the upper surface without keel-like lamellae.......... Pie
Zim e lowers Hilte=pink, purple’ or-violet-purplet <8) FO). .PPrRe& eis... PREYS
+ Flowers white, greenish-white, yellowish, greenish, or if yellowish-

greenish then sometimes faintly flushed with reddish-brown ..... 31.

28. Plants with creeping rhizome; leaf solitary at the base of the scape
et SEE PCP EES | I a a te a No he be te haha 343. Galeorchis Rydb.
+ Plants with tuberoids, these digitate or elongate-ovoid and prolonged
PILOSAY COR MIZCMELO Ts het s co lta es Maat cha ta Ne Mo Sana ts ae The eee 29.
29. Flowers plain, not spotted; glands naked or none ............ 30.
+ Lip marked with darker spot, very rarely almost plain; glands
Contanied na DUrsSiculery ae TAG Se CO ree ee et ea a
Stoke. Sh? Subgenus Dactylorhiza Neck. of the genus Orchis — 348.
30. Leaves rounded-elliptic or broadly elliptic; caudicles and glands absent
EA EEA RR RE Pk REE hs OL LP LEE EE 334. Neolindleya Kranzl.
+ Leaves linear or lance-linear; caudicles and glands present........
PG. DARN ERE A et, Baler, g ON | .... 342. Gymnadenia R.Br.

ole S-lebedtorls -Vecthed at apex TV eee eee eet ete oe a2.
THRMiprentiwe DF TRLAO? AO.659 TEES UEar Pave Sot RE Oa LAT, So)
32. Spur longer than the lip, 5-20 mm long; glands contained in bursicules.

PUREE ten A opt ar TEN Oy si Re DIM Nak MIR td Riel a Gl er Val Rat ee. Le Mates Meinl dale) alia Sti 33.

451

594

595

Spur shorter than the lip, 2-—2.5 mm long; plandsinaked) jue agi: 2 ¥ 34.
Lip at base with a short triangular appendage or a tooth on each side;
flowers small, yellowish-greenish .......... 338. Perularia Lindl.
Lip shortly 3-lobed at apex; flowers medium-sized, yellowish ......
bo: Weete eae ee Subgenus Dactylorhiza Neck. of the genus Orchis — 348.
Flowers yellowish-greenish, sometimes flushed with reddish-brown;
lip 3-toothed at apex, the median tooth usually shorter than the lateral,
the lip several times the length of the spur... ..........5.--24..,
. os aos 8s agen ty babeied sree: oleeaedn 335. Coeloglossum Hartm.
Flowers whitish or whitish-yellowish; lip 3-lobed at apex, the median
lobe longer than the lateral, the lip only slightly longer than the spur.
Pim BIE Oe a ce eos cor tot he we er caine Nok er etare 336. Leucorchis E.Mey.
Stem densely leafy; leaves acuminate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly

Lemecolavega sc. ios ese tt eo ee tee 341. Limnorchis Rydb.
Stem bearing 1 or 2 leaves at base, in lower part, or about the middle;
leaves elliptic, obovate or, elliptie-ovate,,,Obtuse.. .9d .¢9- -tenee 2% 36.

Lip suborbicular, 1-1.25 mm long and 1 mm broad; flowers very
smalle ‘thetpertanth Segments ca. 2 mm long... 5 4.5 2s ee ae ee a eee
PY REET i IS: Be et Bos Bitieg ae edad ae 337. Pseudodiphryllum Nevski.
Lip dimeatorvlinear-lanceolare: flowers larger i Cre. oe TOGhs Oi ee Sk:
Lip with 2 obtuse tubercles near the base above; leaf solitary at the
basebofistem: flowers) small ) the lips3 3.25) mms long poe A eon: = 5 ak
itecbagy' SPE TPs). PAE BOR OT Vil ay ot at ere 340. Lysiella Rydb.
Lip flat, not tubercled; flowers larger, the lip5-20 mm long.......
of QaPPSRe her Blows ate atts Ha Bert sae 339. Platanthera L.C. Rich.
Stigmas 2, on more or less separated and long thickish processes.

feat Poe. Mery. WOME dot OP Rigve! fbeardo re: 330. Habenaria Willd.

Stigmaissessile,, forming a;viscid,surfaces : oy. 7 2RMAasy Seaae ee 39.
Sepals uimited) into.an.apically,3-toothed hood... byjsg. SAR Meee Pee. © 40.
Penisnphusceoments distinct }20:0,. SOF O00 T, LOT oy. w. OR hare ae eae 41.
Lip 3-lobed, the median lobe rounded-expanded, the lateral lobes

subfaleate Maia Akt Ad To laes tucditw aoets 347. Steveniella Schlechter.

Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes extended into very long filiform tips,

the median lobe bifid with 2 such filiform processes; ovary short-
stalkedsy.f. Ape bs AYES BE Mi fe ety Tae RS a Ge 346. Comperia C. Koch.
Ovary short-stalked; lip 3-lobed, the median lobe lorate and

oa Ope WOMs . 9% le oe ee 350. Himantoglossum W.D. Koch.
Ovary sessile or nearly so; lip entire or 3-lobed, the median lobe
never’so long”. Ge 202 FT FROAG IO PU. 6... 6 bapa etek =e 42.
Caudicles attached to a single common gland; lip shortly 3-lobed, with
2 crestlike lamellae at the base above... .349. Anacamptis L.C. Rich.
Each caudicle attached to a separate gland; lip without prominent
Lemma Siu, ele Ee. kod A oat a Mr Pa TM ee AR ORES on ho tome 43.

cio) fiteeotis Abode: Brie Red star ie “ae ey BE ee Mg AEP eee Ae 45.
Sepals and petals united into a broad hood; glands naked...........
Foch Sapa et erie oP aa UR. AO si ae Same ae 333. Neottianthe Schlechter.
Lateral sepals recurved-spreading; glands contained in 2 separate

Memisphenical, bumsieulesyAAl “spc. hk ave BAP He 344. Chusua Nevski.

452

596

45.

pa

Perianth segments long-acuminate, spatulate and slightly thickened

at tips; glands not completely contained in 2 separate pouches.......
3 STO NG re TA ea ae cats a a ERIN fsa OU PMA AD 345. Traunsteinera Rchb.f.
Perianth segments not spatulate at tips; glands enclosed within a
2-celkedhpoved (Ar tres ig i tiioe 2 eed. Se ae & det Soe 358...'Orchis «LL.

TRIBE I. CYPRIPEDIEAE LINDL.

Lindl. Orch. Scel. (1826) 718.

Stamens 2, the third infertile and transformed into a petaloid staminoid.

Genus 310. CYPRIPEDIUM* L.
Jip Gena Pleeds eiGiiisi) pon as

Perianth segments spreading; dorsal sepal ovate or elliptic, the lateral
ir united into one bifid segment behind the lip; petals dblong or pandurate;

lip sessile or minutely unguiculate, strongly inflated, slipper-shaped, the
involute margins of the wide orifice forming a rim enlarged at base into
broad obtuse lobes on each side; column stout, the petaloid staminodium
surmounting the stout column and representing the third infertile stamen,
sessile or short-stalked, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-rectangular,
Sagittate-cordate or rounded at base; anthers of the 2 fertile stamens on

each side of the column, the very short filaments produced above the anthers

into thickish processes; stigma peltate, 3-angled or 3-lobed, the papillose

surface reaching the bottom of the lip; ovary not twisted.

1. Stem bearing 2 approximate leaves about the middle; flower solitary;
petals obtuse (Section 1. Ambyopetala Nevski)............. Dr.
+ Cauline leaves (3) 4; flowers solitary or gathered in a small terminal
raceme [(Section 2:1/Omy pet a lar’ Nevski) Afins Oo areeedeisy 10-8. . a
2. Petals pandurate, gradually attenuate from a broad inequilateral base,
not enlarged or scarcely enlarged at apex; lip 2-—2.3 cm long, but
slightly exceeding the petals and shorter than or about equaling the
dorsal sepal, this white like the lip and marked with large more or
less) conilwent violet pinkispotslin aia . avon es IGN .i- 1. C. guttatum Sw.
+ Petals fiddle-shaped, attenuate from a broad inequilateral base, expanded
and rounded at apex; lip 2.5-3.1 cm long, greatly exceeding the petals
and longer than the greenish-yellow dorsal sepal; lip brownish-yellow
to greenish-yellow or dingy purple and faintly spotted .............
Wee Jean JORG yo whew. Je Bee & 2. C. Yatabeanum Makino.
3. Lip yellow, shorter than sepals and petals....... 4. C. calceolus L.
*polhip lilac-pinkierviolet-pink (rarely white)! so J .fe-2.1. .goel tay 2.0: 4,
4. Lateral sepals and petals ovate-lanceolate, not longer than the lip;
darsal sepalibnogadiwiovate .,o aac. ie Seow. OP2 Fs. 3. C. macranthum Sw.
+

*

Lateral sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, slightly longer than the lip;
dorsal -sepailweliapiic 2Briol p70.0. 08. - sda. Sty ethyl Aaa ema es
sg tO. aed ge Fen 3. C. macranthum Sw. var. ventricosum (Sw.) Rchb. f.

Distortion of Greek Cypripedilum, the shoe of Cypris (Venus).

453

SS)

Section 1. AMBLYOPETALA Nevski (Sect. Eucypripedilum
subsect. Obtusipetala Pfitzer in Engl. Pflzr., Orch. Pleon. (1903) 29).

1. C. guttatum Sw. in Acta Acad. Holm. (1800) 251; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
Seuehurez iH. baic.-dah. Il, .2, 191; Shmal's.,. Fla ll, A64d;uidomy ie
Mansh 1 (1901) 508, Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. IM, 675. |] C.«C. alee olms, sic.
var. lu. Sp,, Pl. ed, 1.(1753) 951, iC. varie gatum Geos, Hevse t
(1775) 232, nomen.—C. orientale Sprgl., Syst. III (1826) 746.—

C. Yatabeanum Kranzlin Orch. Sibiriae in Journ. Russe Bot. (1913) 56
(non Makino). —Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII (1851) t. 143. — Exs.: HFR
No 533, 2042.

Perennial; rhizome long, creeping; stems 15-30 cm long, covered with
long spreading hairs below the leaves and with short glandular hairs above;
leaves elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acuminate, 6-12 cm long, 3.5-6 cm broad,
the nerves beneath and the margin sparsely hairy; bract foliaceous, ovate-
lanceolate to lanceolate; dorsal sepal elliptic-oval, acuminate, 1.8-2.8 cm
long and to 1.8 cm broad, white or marked with violet-pink spots; lateral
sepals united, green, glandular-pubescent, 1.2-1.7 cm long; petals
lip white with large confluent violet-pink spots; staminodium oblong-
rectangular, notched at apex; ovary fusiform, densely covered with short
glandular hairs. May-June. (Plate XXXVII, Figure 3).

Coniferous and mixed woods, and glades.— European part: Dv.-Pech.,
VAKRashis Vijevet Donii Us) DnpigeT ransyv.iga Weesiberiace U..ehobeNObs glctre
Yen., Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau., Lena-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bu.,
Uss., Uda, Sakh. Gen. distr.: Mong., Jap.-Ch. (Manchuria, Korea), Tibet.

Note. There are no reliable specimens of this species from Kamchatka
in Russian herbaria, although Hulten reports Cypripedium guttatum
from the peninsula. It also appears that C. guttatum does not occur in
North America, since all the plants from Alaska and Unalaska that the
author has been should be referred to C. Yatabeanum Makino.

2. C. Yatabeanum Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo XIII (1899) 91; Kom.
Flora penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 309.—C. guttatum Sw. var.
Yatabeanum (Makino) Pfitzer in Engl. Pflanzr. IV, 50 (1903) p.33.—
Ic.: Miyoshi et Makino Pock. Atl. Alp. Pl. Jap. I (1907) t.1, Figure 3.

Perennial; rhizome long, creeping; stems 25-40 cm long, furnished
at base with 2 brown membranous sheaths, the hairs up to the leaves long
and spreading, short and glandular above; leaves subdistant or nearly
opposite, practically always 2 (very rarely 3), ovate to elliptic-ovate,
8-15 cm long, 4.5-8 cm broad, acuminate, hairy on the nerves beneath
and on the margin, as in C. guttatum turning black upon drying; bract
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-3 cm long, 0.7-1.2 cm broad; dorsal sepal
broadly oval, slightly pubescent on the outer face and on the margin,

2-2.5 cm long, 1.4-1.7 cm broad, yellowish-green; lateral sepals united,
greenish, 2-fid, 1.3-1.8 cm long, 0.6-0.9 cm broad; petals fiddle-shaped,
inequilateral and 0.6-—0.7 cm broad at base, attenuate upward to ca. 2 mm
and rounded-enlarged again at apex to 3-3.75 mm, yellowish-green (rarely
whitish) with dingy purple spots, 1.6-1.9 cm long; lip brownish-yellow or
greenish-yellow or often dingy purple and faintly spotted at base or
throughout; staminodium orange-yellow, short and broad; ovary densely
glandular. July-August. (Plate XXXVII, Figure 4).

454

598

D999

Betula Ermanni Cham. woods.— Far East: Kamch. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. (Japan), Ber., N. Am. Described from Hokkaido. Type in Tokyo.

Section 2. OXYPETALA Nevski (Sect. Eucypripedilum subsect.
Acutipetala Pfitzer in Engl. Pflzr., Orchid. Pleon. (1903) 29).

3. C. macranthum Sw. in Acta Acad. Holm. (1800) 251; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
Neo .tucez. wil oatc. Galt it, 2a OUe. simmer, WE) SU Ao. ional eh
Mansh. I (1901) 506; Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. II (1927) 210; Kryl., FI.
Ae. Mi oti — ot cOuon maecramt ium Matin... il. oleic siv)
Gissoyao — we? cho. le Fl "Germ. <I (18 at) treo.

Perennial; rhizome short, creeping, stout, with filiform flexuous roots;
stem 25-45 cm long, with brownish sheaths at base, bearing 3 or 4 leaves
higher up, rather sparsely glandular; leaves alternate, sessile,
amplexicaul at base, broadly elliptic or oval, acuminate, 8-16 cm long,
4-7 cm broad, slightly hairy on the nerves and on the margin; flower as
a rule solitary; bract foliaceous, elliptic, 7-10 cm long, 2.5-6 cm broad;
perianth lilac or violet-pink with darker veins, the base’of all segments
and the lower face of the lip paler and speckled; dorsal sepal broadly oval,
4-6 cm long, 2.5-3.5 cm broad; lateral sepals united into one bifid
segment, shorter than the dorsal; petals asymmetrical, ovate-lanceolate
to lanceolate, glabrous, 4-6 cm long, 1.5-2 cm broad below the middle;
lip obovate, (4) 4.5-5-7 cm long, with a narrow orifice, shorter to longer
than petals; staminoid whitish, speckled with violet-purple, ovate, obtusely
tipped, subsessile, cordate at base, 1.3-1.5 cm long, 0.75-1.1 cm broad;
ovary subsessile or tapering to a very short pedicel, glandular-pubescent
or glabrate.— In var. ventricosum (Sw.) Rchb. f. (= C. ventricosum
Sw. in Acta Acad. Holm. (1800) 251) the petals are lanceolate and exceed
the lip, the dorsal sepal is elliptic, and the flower somewhat paler in color,
This variety occurs invariably together with typical plants and is linked to
them by intermediate forms. June-July. (Plate XXXVII, Figure 1, 2).

Forest glades and broad-leaved (rarely pine) woods. — European part:

UA Dnp wah HKat OW. Sibleriasau.. Wobr, Oby! let vA lta) Yeu. ¢ i esiberia:
Ang.-Say., Dau.;'Lena-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Uda, Sakh.,
Kamch. Gen. distr.: Mong., Jap.-Ch.

4. C. caleceolus L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 951, p. pt.; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
86;%iurez) Fl) baic“dahe tl,” 2? 189°’ Boiss! “F1l/%Or.* V7(1884) 94:;"Shmal's.,
Pie 464: homie F le Mansh® (1901) 505; "Krylty PiaiZapt Sib. iy 679 S—
C. microsaccos Kranzlin Orch. Sibiriae in Journ. Russe Bot. (1915)
58.—Ic.: Rchb. Ie. Fl. Germ. XIII (1851) t.144.— Exs.: HFR No. 79.

Perennial; rhizome creeping, stout, beset with long flexuous roots;
stem (20) 25-50 cm long, with brown sheaths at base, covered all the way
up with short glandular hairs; leaves 3 or 4, elliptic or broadly elliptic,
acuminate, (7) 10-17 cm long, 3.5-7 (10) cm broad, both sides and the
margin hairy; flowers 2 or 3 or solitary, subtended by a foliaceous elliptic -
lanceolate acuminate bract; sepals and petals reddish-brown; lip pale
yellow, reddish-speckled within; dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate, rarely
ovate, acuminate, sparsely glandular outside at base, profusely veined,
3.5-5 cm long, 1.2-2.5 cm broad; lateral sepals united into one bifid sepal

455

600

resembling the dorsal but somewhat narrower; petals horizontal,
asymmetrical, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 cm long, 0.5-0.8 cm
broad, slightly twisted; lip ca. 3 cm long; staminodium whitish, purple-
speckled on upper face or merely on the margins, broadly oblong, obtuse,
slightly cordate at base and narrowed to a short claw; stamens and style
with stigma pale yellow; ovary glandular. June.

Thin deciduous and mixed woods, coppices, and glades. — European part:
Kareslap., Dvap ec.) Lad.-lm, ,. U.. Dnp.,,, M=Dnp, av. Won. UAV:
V.-Kas. Transvs, dy. Don, Crim.,.Ws Siberian U. obra Ob, lek. Autos
Yen.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau., Lena-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.,
Uda. Sakh.. Gen. distr, : Scand., Centr. Eur.,.Pals-As:¢Ming Ail "Hum,
Med., W. Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Eurasia. Type in London.

Note. The species Cypripedium microsaccos, established by
Kranzlin, was described by him from poorly developed specimens of
C. calceolus and is synonymous with the latter. This author and
V.L. Komarov both report for the Far East a hybrid C. calceolusxX
C. macranthum, but the hybrid origin of the specimens here referred
to is subject to doubt and they are probably mere color variants of
C. macranthum Sw. The hybrid derivation of C. macranthum Sw.
var. ventricosum (Sw.) Rchb. f (Rolfe) is also widely assumed, but
it does not stand up to criticism.

TRIBE Il. MALAXIDEAE LINDL.
Lindl, @Orchpscel, (la26)" 75) Iie

Stamen 1; anther terminal, attached at base; pollinia waxy, compact;
caudicles none; lip spurless.

Genus 311. MALAXIS* SOLAND
Soland. ex Sw. Prodr. Veget. Ind occ. (1778) 119.

Sepals oblong-ovate, the dorsal turned upward, the lateral ones
downward; petals much shorter, asymmetric, lanceolate; lip directed
upward by a twist of pedicel, oval, concave, more or less pointed, thicker
and shorter than sepals; column short; anther persistent, small, reniform,
with approximate locules, the locule-halves superposed; pollinia cuneate,
biparted; beak longer than anther, erect, bladelike, concave above, the
margin with 3 or 2 small teeth; ovary about half the length of the twisted
pedicel; flowers small, yellowish-green, glabrous, more or less erect.

1. M. paludosa (L.) Sw. in Acta Acad. Holm. (1800) 235; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
1Vj ol} .lurez., Kl. baict-dah. Ii; 2,,174; Shmal'g.) Blo), 446: Kyla, we
Zaps sib. LL 929) 714.—Ophmys) pa budosia+L.eSph Pit) ed.) My iGiios)
947.—Orchis paludosa), Pall. Reise Ill (1776) 320. Hamm arbya
paludosa O. Ktze, Rev. Gen. II (1891) 665.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
XII (1851) t.142.— Exs.: HFR No.1495; Pl. Finl. exs No.171la andb, 582.

Perennial; rhizome filiform, the oblong-ellipsoid tuber renewable each
year, covered with leaf sheaths; stem slender, 6-20 (25) cm long; leaves

* From Greek malacos, soft.

456

601

3.or 4) rather thick, elliptic, 1-—2.7 ecm long, on the average 0.5-—1.1 cm
broad, borne near the stem base, a swelling in the axil of the upper leaf
destined to develop into next year's tuber; raceme erect, many-flowered,
2-7 (sometimes up to 12) cm long; bract shorter than to about as long as
pedicel with ovary, lanceolate; sepals 2.5-3 mm long and 1.5 mm broad;
petals 1.5 mm long and much narrower; lip 1.75-2 mm long, 1.25 mm
broad. July-August. (Plate XXXVII, Figure 5).

Rearoogs:-—- Huropean warty Kars Raps, Dvs Pech?) hU.F Dap V.=Don,
ip V . eld? Mimifevie-Katy "Dont * Wis-+Siberia'Ob;* BY Siberia’ Ane say»
Dau. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., W. Med. Described from Sweden.
Type in London.

Genus 312. MICROSTYLIS*« NUTT.

Nutt, Gen Amer. II (1818) 196, nomen conservandum — Achroanthes Rafin., Med. Repos.
N. York V (1808) 352,

Flowers with lip turned upward by torsion of the pedicel, small,
greenish, slightly spreading; sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved,
the median sepal turned downward; petals as long as sepals but merely
a quarter to one-third as broad, linear, directed downward and slightly
recurved; lip broadly ovate at base, attenuate to a linear-lanceolate tip,
thickish, slightly incurved, the narrow recurved folds near the base
terminating in teeth, the margins below somewhat thickened and densely
covered with minute tubercles up to the apex; column short and rather
thick; anther caducous, broadly ovaloid, the locule-halves side by side;
pollinia 2, cuneate; beak 3-angled, shorter than anther; ovary short-
stipitate.

1. M. monophyllos (L.) Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1840) 19; Ldb. Fl.
Ress. tv oO grurez. tl bated; dah lly 2 locas lia Vos SRL i ee Oe
Kom. El, Mansh. 1 (1901) 530; "Kryl., PI Zao. Sib: Mi (W929) a5
Omiiey sv mono phy lors , Sp. Pl, ved. 1 (1753)947.— Wiha tacos
monophyllos Sw. Acta Acad. Holm. XXI (1800) 234.—Achroanthes
monophylla Greene, Pittonia II (1891) 183.—Malaxis diphylla
Chamisso, Linnaea III (1828) 34.—Microstylis diphylla Lindl. Gen.
et pp, Orch: (1840) 23.— Ices) Rehb | ic, Fly Germ Sam (reoiyts 141
Bexs. 2 ELE Nop is.

Perennial; stem (8) 10-25 (30) cm long, the basal tuber surrounded by
sheaths of old leaves; leaf solitary (rarely 2), borne above the tuber,
ellipsoid or ovoid-oblong, attenuate to an obtuse apex, 3-10 cm long,

1.2-—5 ecm broad, narrowed at base into an amplexicaul petiole; second leaf,
if present, much smaller; raceme many-flowered, 3-15 cm long; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, equaling or shorter than ovary with pedicel; perianth
segments all about same length, 2-—2.7 mm long; lip 0.5-0.8 mm broad at
broadest part; column about one-sixth as long as the lip. June-July.

(Plate XXXVII, Figure 6).

Forest glades and coppices. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech.,
Lage ra Ny Bove na. Ve Kam Vi Dorm. IM) Dinas Wop Siberia U).. TLobr,
Ob, Alt., Irt.; W.,Siberia: Ang: -Say. Dau.,/Lena-Kol:; Far Bast: Kameh.,
Okh., Uss., Ze.-Bu., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., W. Med.,

* Alluding to the small size of the gynostemium.

457

602

Bal.-As. Min., Jap.-Ch., Mong., N. Am. Described from E. Siberia:
Type in London.

Genus 313. LIPARIS* L.C. RICH.
L.C.Rich. in Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 52.

Sepals ligulate-lanceolate or lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, commonly
auriculate at base; petals narrowly linear, 1-nerved, about as long as
sepals; lip about equaling the petals, ovate or cuneate-obovate, directed
downward or rarely upward, narrowed toward base, with slightly undulate
margins, obtuse with a small obtuse point; column curved, elongated;
anther with a membranous process, caducous; the locule-halves side by
side; pollinia 4; beak short; ovary clavate, borne on a twisted pedicel;
flowers erect or slightly spreading.

Plarts with an ovoid tuber covered with dead leaf sheaths, bearing a
pair of leaves and an angled scape more or less winged on the angles.

1. Lip elliptic or oval, narrowed toward base, 4.5 mm long, 2.3 mm
broad; leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 1.2-2.5 cm broad......:

5. ‘o leshearue there isiohe:s delallin tect 5k PPwieed le niecige deta FRE ake 1. I. “Eoeselire(h. io. © bleh:
+ Lip cuneate-obovate, 6.5-1 mm long, 5-8 mm broad; leaves ovate to

Ovate-Oolonen 2-1 Cll WLOAG. s\t sts fare n cos corn eee ays ee oAt mee eee Qe
2, Raceme many-flowered (flowers (6)9-21); lip and petals wine-red,

Oe na, TOMS... daa seay ae: Ee ae eee 3. L. Makinoana Schlechter.
+ Raceme loosely few-flowered (flowers 3-11 (15)); lip, petals and sepals

yellowlrsh-oreen, o— 1 mn lone s— -. . 2. 2. L. japonica (Miq. ) Maxim.

Note. The species Liparis sachalinensis, described by Nakai
from the southern part of Sakhalin, resembles, according to that author,
the Japanese L. auriculata Bl. It is possible that this plant occurs
also in the northern part of the peninsula. The species is not represented
in Russian herbaria.

1. L. Loeselii (L.) L.C. Rich. in Mém. Mus. Par. IV (1819) 60;
dp eRoss. LV" 02, shimal’s °F” 4475 Kreyvis Ei: Zao. Sala. sul
(13.— Ophrys Loeselii LL.) Sp. Pl. ed.“ 1 (1753) 947.— Matlaxis
Loeselii Sw. in Acta Acad. Holm. (1800) 235.—Sturmia Loeselii
Rehb. Pl. Crit. IV (1826) 39.— Leptorchis Loeselii Mac Mill.
Metasp. Minn. (1893)173.—Ophrys lilifolia L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753)
946 p.pt.—O. trigona Gilib. Exerc. phyt. II (1792) 488.—Ic.: Flora
Ross. Austr Or. Til (19) "Figure 216: Rehb. Ic! HE Germ, Xi) (leat)
foleOe— xs: EER No: ov.

Perennial, 8-20 cm tall; leaves 2, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate,
attenuate to an obtuse apex, subopposite, 4-11 cm long, 1.2-—2.5 cm broad,
borne at the base of scape, gradually narrowed at base into a winged
petiole, this a quarter to one-half the length of the blade; racemes
2-10-flowered, 1.5—6 cm long; bracts hyaline, small, ovate-lanceolate,
much shorter than ovary with pedicel; flowers yellowish-green; sepals
ligulate-lanceolate, obtuse, minutely auriculate at base, 3-nerved, 5-6 mm
long and 1.75-2 mm broad; petals recurved, narrowly linear, ca. 1 mm

* From the Greek liparos, fat, alluding to the greasy luster of the leaves.

458

603

604

broad, 1-nerved; lip elliptic or oval, with a small semioval tubercle at
the narrow base, slightly undulate at the margin, obtuse, slightly enlarged
below the middle and there 2.3 mm broad, about as long as the petals and
sepals; column ca. 2.5mm long. June (July). (Plate XXXVII, Figure 8).
Peat bogs. — European part: Lad.-Ilm., U.V., V.-Dnp., M.Dnp., L. Don,
Transv., V.-Ka.; W. Siberia: Ob, Irt.; Centr. Asia: Balkh. (valley of
central part of Ili River). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Bal.-As. Min.
(W. part of the region), W. Med., Atl. Eur., N. Am. Described from
Sweden. Type in London.

2. L. japonica (Miq.) Maxim. in Bull. Ac. Sc. Pétersb. XXXI (1887)
102; Kom. Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 531.—Microstylis japonica Migq.
in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. II (1865-1866) 203.— Leptorchis japonica
O.Ktze. Rev. Gen. (1891) 671.—Ic.: Somoku Dzusetsu, ed. Makino
(Iconogr. Pl. Nippon. ) XVIII (1912) t.67. A. fig. sinistra.

Perennial, (15) 20-45 cm tall; leaves 2, ovate or elliptic, obtuse,
6.5-14 cm long, 3.5-7 cm broad, narrowed at base into a winged petiole
to 7cm long; raceme loose, 3.5-9 (15) cm long; bracts small, oval, obtuse;
flowers yellowish-green; median sepal ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 6-6.5 mm
long and 2-2.5 mm broad; lateral sepals 6.5-7 mm long, 2.5 mm broad,
inequilateral, 3-nerved; petals linear, obtuse, 7 mm long, 0.75 mm broad,
1-nerved; lip greenish, 6.5-—7 mm long, 5-6 mm broad, cuneate-obovate,
very slightly crisped-wavy on the margin; column curved, 3.5 mm long.
June-July.

Deciduous woods.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described
from Japan. Type in London.

3. L. Makinoana Schlechter in Fedde Repert. sp. nov. Beihefte 1V
(1919) 63.— L. lilifolia auct. fl. jap.; Kom. Flora Mansh. I (1901) 532
p.pt.; Kranzlin, Orch. Sib. Enum. in Fedde, Repert. Beih. LXV (1931)
89, non Rich.—Ic.: Somoku Dzusetsu, ed. Makino (Iconogr. Pl. Nippon. )
XVII (1912) t.67. A, fig. dextra.

Perennial, 11-23 cm tall; leaves asymmetrically elliptic or oval-oblong,
gradually narrowed at base into a petiole, obtuse to subobtuse, 6-12 cm
long, 2-3.5 cm broad; raceme rather loose, to 10 cm long; bracts small,
acuminate, 1-1.5 mm long; sepals greenish; median sepal lanceolate,
obtusish, auriculate at base, 8-11 mm long, set at a right angle to ovary;
lateral sepals 8-10 mm long, inequilateral, distinctly auricled at base;
petals narrowly linear, obtusish, purple, lip arched-pendulous, wine-red,
round-tipped and mucronate, (0.9) 1-1.1 cm long, 7-8 mm broad; column
curved, 4-5 mm long, greenish. June-July. (Plate XXXVII, Figure 7).

Deciduous woods.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described
from Japan (Hokkaido-Nakamura). Type in Berlin.

Note. Closely resembling the North American L. lilifolia (L.)
Rich., but distinguishable by the distinct auricles at the base of sepals.
Schlechter also indicates as a distinguishing feature the less curved
column. The Japanese plant is characterized in fact by the slightly curvature
of the gynostemium, while Soviet Far East specimens are related in this
respect to L. lilifolia. Nakai (Bot. Mag. Tokyo XLV (1931) 107)
separated these plants as a distinct variety, var. koreana Nakai,
distinguished by the narrower leaves and labellum. It is possible that the
native plant may prove to be a species distinct from the Japanese.

459

607

Genus 314. CALYPSO* SALISB.
Salisb. Parad. Lond. (1807) t.89, non Thouars (1805) ;Cytherea Salisb, Trans. Hort. Soc. 1 (1812) 301.

Flower solitary, large; sepals and petals ascending and arched-
spreading, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, all alike but the lateral sepals
slightly inequilateral; lip turned downward, saccate, slipper-shaped and
narrowed toward apex, biparted, a flat petaloid ascending appendage in
front of the orifice covering the narrowed biparted tip of the slipperlike
part, the base of the appendage furnished with 3 tufts of hairs; column
petaloid, ovate, broadly winged on both sides, cylindrically thickened at
center; anther free, pendent, covered with the membranous process of
the column; pollinia 2-parted, ovoid-cuneate; beak 3-toothed; ovary
straight on a slightly twisted pedicel.

1. C. bulbosa “(ls)aRehb.*f. Ic.) FL (Germ JiXTE (1850) 188;!Tuneszndal
baic.-dabwal, 2a’ 5; "hry LY Zap .Sib: ly ofl Gr-tC yoy) peidauz
b wibiosiumy my Sever heed.inl (4753): 951 = Cy mb id iumbioirrea he -Swe,
Now. Acta Ups. (1799) 76.—Calypso borealis Salisb., Parad. Lond.
(1807) t. 89; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 52; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 447;; Kom. Fl.
mansh: ‘I (1901) 532.— Ies2 Rehb. Ics Fl. Germ. XII tab..137..— Exs-:

HFR No. 491, 2664.

Perennial; tuber clothed with membranous sheaths, with cordlike roots
below; stem 8-20 cm long, with 2 membranous sheaths; leaf solitary from
the upper part of the tuber, ovate to ovate-elliptic, acuminate, dark green
above, paler beneath, the blade 2.3-4 cm long, 1.5-3 cm broad, the petiole
1.5-7 cm long; flower subtended below the pedicel by a linear-lanceolate
bract; sepals and petals dark pink, acuminate, 1.2-1.5 cm long, 2.5-3 mm
broad; lip 1.5-1.9 cm long, the saccate part whitish or yellowish,
variegated with reddish-brown stripes and speckles, the petaloid appendage
pink with yellow hairs at base; column to 1 cm long and 0.8 cm broad, pink.
May-June. (Plate XXXVII, Figure 9,a).

Shady and mossy coniferous woods.— European part: Kar.-Lap.,
Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Ilm., V.-Ka., U.V., V.-Don; W. Siberia: Ob; E. Siberia:
Ang.-Say., Yen., Dau., Lena-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Uda, Okh.,
Sakh. Gen. distr.: Scand., Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Lapland.
Type in London.

Note. Replaced in North America by a closely related species,
Calypso americana R.Br. which differs in the darker spots on the
saccate part of the lip and a commonly violet-spotted lip appendage. The
species growing in Japan is C. speciosa Schlechter, in which the lobes
of the inflated part of the lip are longer than the petaloid appendage.

Genus 315. EPHIPPIANTHUS ** RCHB.
Rehb. f. in F. Schmidt, Reis. Amurl. (1868) 180.

Inflorescence 2—5-flowered; flowers pendulous; sepals and petals oblong-
elliptic, obtuse, 3-nerved, subequal, the petals slightly shorter; lip oblong-

ligulate, turned downward, short-clawed, with very short broad obtuse

* A mythological name.

** From Greek ephippion, saddle, and anthos, flower.

460

(605)

Plate XXX VII

1-2. Cypripedium macranthum Sw., flower.— 3. C. guttatum Sw., flower .—

4. C Yatabeanum Makino, flower.— 5. Malaxis paludosa (L.) Sw., flower.—

6. Microstylis monophyllos Lindl., flower.— 7. Liparis Makinoana Schlechter, flower.—

8. L. Loeselii L.C.Rich., flower.— 9. Calypso bulbosa Rchb. f., 9a) column.—

10. Ephippianthus Schmidtii Rchb. f., flower.— 11.— Corallorhiza trifida Chatel., rhizome
and flower analysis.

608

auricles on both sides of the base and a small 2-lobed swelling above;
column arched-recurved, slender; anther terminal, mitriform; pollinia 4,
round; ovary glabrous, borne on a slightly twisted pedicel. A small plant
with a filiform creeping rhizome, the short slender stem bearing at base
a solitary oval petiolate leaf.

1. E. Schmidtii Rchb. f. in F. Schmidt, Reis. Amurl. (1868) sub. tab. 5
et in Flora LI (1868) 33.— E. sachalinensis Rchb. f. in F. Schmidt.
l.c., p.180.—Iec.: Rehb. f. Xenia Orch. II (1873) t.180.— Exs.: HFR
Nor2s7o.

Perennial; stem 10-16 cm long, with 2 transparent sheaths; leaf obtuse,
reticulately nerved, 1.3-2.5 cm long, 1-2.3 cm broad, the petiole 1-2.5 cm
long; flowers greenish, scattered; bracts very small, 1 mm long, obtuse,
slightly crenulate at apex, semitransparent, shorter than pedicel; sepals
and petals 4.5-5.5 mm long, 1.75-2.25 mm broad; lip as long, 2-2.5 mm
broad, obtuse; column 3.5-4 mm long. July-August. (Plate XXXVII,
Figure 10).

Coniferous woods.— Far East: Sakh., Uss. Gen. distr. : Japan.
Described from Sakhalin.

Genus 316. CORALLORHIZA * HALL.
Haller. [Enum. stirp. Helv. 1(1742) 278] Hist. II (1768) 159.

Flowers more or less nodding; dorsal sepal and petals united into a hood
and only slightly spreading; lateral sepals spreading downward and united
at base by means of a tubercle; lip turned downward, oval, obtuse,
narrowed toward base, with an obtuse tooth on each side below the middle;
column elongated and recurved; anther caducous, subreniform; pollinia 4,
a pair superposed in each locule, asymmetrically obovoid; beak laminate,
short and broad; ovary straight on a twisted pedicel. Perennial leafless
plants with a fleshy coralloid rhizome destitute of root fibers.

1. C. trifida Chatel., Sp. inaug. Coroll. (1760) 8.—Ophrys
eorallorhiwa gi), Sp. /Pligged I (1753) 945°4+ Corallorhizva Neottia
Seop. Fl.) Carn’ /ed. 2, digtaag2h207; Yoryl “ees Zap Sib: TH, * 717°
C. innata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V (1813) 309; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV) 493°Wurez (fl. baie Sdahe/ll, 2, #73: Shmalteyerrl. Il aa
C. Corallorhvza Karst. Deutsch. Fl.-4883)2448-— tc. ? Rene. ¢. Ic.
Fl. Germ. XIII (1851) t.138.— Exs.: HFR No. 234.

Perennial; rhizome buried, whitish, coralloid with short divisions;
stems erect, slender, glabrous, yellowish, 10-25 (30) cm long, with
2-4 membranous sheaths; raceme loosely 2-10-flowered, 2-8 cm long;
bracts small, lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-2 mm long, much shorter than
the short-pediceled ovary; flower nodding, glabrous; sepals and petals
oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, 1-nerved, 4-6 mm long, yellowish-white or
greenish-white, the tips sometimes reddish-brown; lip slightly shorter
than to about as long as sepals and petals 3-lobed below the middle, the
lateral lobes minute and toothlike, the terminal lobe large, whitish, with
2 longitudinal reddish stripes and speckles near the base. In var.
ericetorum (Drej.) Rchb. f., the lateral lobes of the lip are

* From Greek corallion, coral, and thiza, root.

462

609

imperceptible and the plant as a whole is characterized by a squat growth
habit and small flowers. June. (Plate XXXVII, Figure 11).

Damp woods; in the polar-arctic region in meadows and in tundra. —
Ech wArcH, ur); Huropean party! Kar /-Lapy Dv. >Pech)) Vi=KalU: Dnp.,
Me Dap adil U.Va VesDon;, Crim Caucasus? Cise!s Dag!’
Balmansers> Wi. Siberia! Arct 2Sibl JU. “Pob?} iri 2cOb oAlt.; EB Siberia: Ang. -
Say; Dau.; Lena-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bu.; Okh., Kamch!; Centr. Asia:
Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., W.Med., Centr. Eur::
Bal.-As. Min. (W. part of the region), Mong., Jap.-Ch., N. Am. Described
from N. Europe. Type in London.

Genus 317. OREORCHIS * LINDL.
Lind]. in Journ. Linn. Soc. III (1859) 26.

Flowers nodding; sepals and petals distinct, similar, lanceolate,
obtusish, 5-7-nerved; lip as long as the sepals and petals, turned
downward, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes small and linear, the middle lobe
large and broad, the base of the lip with 2 keel-like lamellae; spur none;
column long and slender; anther terminal; pollinia 4, hemispherical; ovary
straight on a Slightly twisted pedicel. Plants with rhizomelike ovaloid
tubers; leaves solitary, linear-lanceolate, arising from the top of the tuber;
stems leafless, with 2 obtuse membranous sheaths, terminating in a many-
flowered raceme.

1. O. patens Lindl. in Journ. Linn, Soc. III (1859) 27; Kom. Fl. Mansh.
I (1901) 533.—Corallorhiza patens Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. (1840)
535.— Oreorec his) Lancifolia, A. Gr. im Mém.Acad. Arti, etySe: Bost.
(1859) 400.—Ic.: Kom. and Alis., Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. (1931),
Plate 126.

Perennial; rhizome to 1.5 cm thick, covered with dead brown
membranous sheaths; leaf solitary, ensiform, acuminate, 18-20 (25) cm
long, (1) 1.5-2.5 cm broad, rigid; stem glabrous, 20-40 cm long, with
2 sheaths to 4.5 cm long; raceme 9-24-flowered, loose, 9-16 cm long,
without a terminal flower; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4.5 mm long, much
shorter than ovary with pedicel; sepals and petals greenish-yellow,
sometimes with reddish-violet speckles near apex, lanceolate, obtuse, the
lateral slightly inequilateral, 8-9 mm long, 2.25-2.5 mm broad; lip 8-9mm
long, cuneate-obcordate, whitish dotted with reddish-violet, 3-lobed, the
linear lateral lobes 3.5 mm long, the crisp-margined and slightly
emarginate median lobe to 6.5 mm broad; column slightly arched-recurved,
4.5mm long. June-August.

Shady mixed woods.— Far East: Uss., Sakh., Kamch. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from ''Siberia''’. Type in Kew.

TRIBE IIl. CYRTOPODIEAE PFITZER.

Pfitzer. Entw. Natur. Anordn. Orch. (1887) 102.

Stamen 1; anther terminal, attached at base; pollinia waxy, compact,
short-stalked; lip spurred.

* Meaning in Greek the mountain orchid.

463

610

611

Genus 318. EULOPHIA R.BR.
R. Br. in Bot. Reg. (1823) t. 686.

Sepals and petals distinct, spreading, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate,
acuminate, the median sepal obtuse; lip drooping, short-spurred, 3-lobed
or rarely entire, the upper surface with prominent crestlike entire or
fringed lamellae on the median nerves; column elongated, concave inside,
marginate; anther terminal, witha small entire hornlike dorsal process
above; pollinia 1, waxy; beak short. Terrestrial or rarely epiphytic
plants with leafless scapes covered with numerous membranous sheaths
and separate leafy shoots arising from the tuber or rarely the stem
normally leafy in lower half (in tropical species).

1. E. turkestanica (Litw.) Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XII
(1913) 374.— Kranzlin. Orch. Sib. Enum. in Fedde Report. Beih. t. LXV
(1931) 92.—Limodorum turkestanicum Litw. in Trav. Mus. Bot.
As. Sc. Petersb. I (1902) 18.—Ic.: Fedchenko, Rastit. Turk. (1915),
Figure iso Hxs. {ahi R No. 1894;

Perennial; leafy shoots with narrow linear rigid grasslike leaves; stem
25-45 cm long, 2.5-5 mm thick, with numerous pointed membranous sheaths
1.6-3.5 cm long; raceme many-flowered, loose, to 22 cm long; bracts
lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1.2-1.5 cm long, about as long as ovary with
pedicel; flowers nodding, bright yellow; pedicels 7-10 mm long; sepals
1.3-1.6 cm long and upto 4 mm broad, the median sepal narrow and obtuse;
petals resembling the sepals but slightly shorter, not exceeding 1.5 cm;
lip with basal spur 5-5.5 mm long, concave. 1.5 cm long, 0.8-0.9 cm
broad, 3-lobed; terminal lobe obtuse, 5 mm long and as broad; back part
of lip in dry flowers pinkish with dark veins, the median nerves gradually
enlarged from base into fringed bearded lamellae, these most prominent
and dissected on the terminal lobe; column to 7 mm long. April-May.

Tugai.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Described from banks of Amu Darya,
near Farab. Type in Leningrad.

TRIBE IV. NEOTTIEAE LINDL.
Lindl, Orch. Scel, (1826) 7.

Stamen 1; anther terminal, attached at base; pollinia commonly
stalkless, with powdery pollen; rhizomatous plants.

Genus 319. POGONIA* JUSS.
Juss., Gen. (1789) 65.

Flowers large, solitary (rarely 2 or 3); sepals and petals free, alike;
lip straight, 3-lobed, the margins of the large median lobe more or less
fringed-bearded; column long, clavate; beak short; pollinia not stalked,
with powdery pollen; ovary oblong.

* From Greek pogon, beard.

464

612

1. P. japonica Rchb. f., Linnaea XXV (1852) 228.— P. similis Blume,
Orch. Arch. Ind. (1858) 148.— P. ophioglossoides Nutt. var.
j apo daca Maxim intierby—9Pophi op los sordieswAT Gri Mem-"Amer .
Acad. VI (1859) 409; Kom., Fl. Manshur. I (1901) 522 (nec Nutt. ).—TIc.:
Blume l.c. tab. 32 et 54 A.

Perennial; roots slender, spreading in a cluster; stem solitary,
10-15 (30) cm long, glabrous, 1-leaved; leaf borne at the middle of stem,
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3.5-8 cm long, 0.5-—1 cm broad, acuminate;
flower solitary, bright pink, subtended by a foliaceous bract 1.5-4 cm
long; sepals 0.3-0.4 cm broad; petals 0.5-0.6 cm broad; sepals and petals
oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, equal, 1.5-2 (2.3) cm long; column
0.8-1.1 cm long, June-July. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 14,a,b, ).

Wet meadows. — Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu., Uda. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.
Described from Japan.

Genus 320. LISTERA* R.BR.
R. Br. in Ait. Hort, Kew. ed. 2, V (1813) 201, nomen conservadum.— Diphryllum Rafin, Med.
Rep. N. York. V (1808) 356. (

Sepals and petals subequal, 1-nerved, obtusish; lip 2-3 times as long
as sepals and petals, drooping, spurless, flat, deeply 2-cleft at summit;
column short, straight; beak straight, slightly notched; anther overlying
the beak; pollinia 2-lobed, stalkless, adherent to a small gland secreting
at the touch a droplet of viscid liquid which congeals in retinaculum.
Plants with slender roots and a pair of subopposite stem leaves; flowers
greenish or yellowish-green, the petals sometimes dingy purple.
1. Raceme many-flowered, 10-25 cm long; petals strongly twisted;
leaves. elliptie-ovate, large, 6-14.5.cm long, .2.8-9.cm,broad........0; .. .
ooh Ah! fife Seibert ROE PON 1p 1, ovata: (l:.9) Inger.
+ Raceme smaller, (3) 4-12-flowered, 2-—8.5 cm long; pedicels not twisted
or very slightly twisted; leaves cordate or cordate-reniform, 1-3 cm
Tone and BD OUba:S DOA, woe h joey inRie hs lhe iat, wind bees eek. lon lear ry: Bs
2. Lip parted to the middle into 2 narrow linear-lanceolate gradually
acuminate lobes; bracts very small, 1-1.5 mm long, ovate; pediceis

DF IIA ON a dare imi veel cei RekaRets 2 Prune COmdatrs (ls dieing ST.
+ Lip parted at apex into 2 broad obtuse lobes; bracts larger, 2-4 mm

fone; pedicels 4.5—-6 mm lobe, pws IIT Mae tT. ol dere veda) a1! 3.
3. Lip with a tooth on each side at base; pedicels glabrous; leaves

muenonate, Diciaht green (lustrous nt hot. 3. L. brevidens Nevski.

+ Lip not toothed at base; pedicels pubescent; leaves obtuse, dull green.
RE. PR cae. rin a. chee me clam mek, bela. 4. L. major Nakai.

ft, .L yovata. le ) R.Br. iin, Ait. Hort...kew.,ed. 2, Vab6813),201%, Jedb.
hii Ross: IV. 80; Boiss. BY. Or. V (1884) 92: Kryl.,. Fl. Zap. Sida tl,
708. —Ophrys ovata L. Sp. pl. ed. 1 (1753) 946.—Diphryllum
ovatum Beck, Glasn. IX (1903) 229.—Ophrys bifolia Gilib. Exerc.
phytol, II, 486.—Ic.: Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII et XIV (1851) tab. 127;
Syreishch.,,. UL. Fl. ,.Mosk..gubs (1906)).267.— Exs...F1.,Aust:-Hung-
No. 1846.

* Named for Martin Lister (1638-1712), physician to Queen Anne of England, one of the earliest investigators
of fossils.

465

613

Perennial; rhizome short, rather thick, densely beset with roots; stem
25-60 cm long, below the leaves glabrous, thicker, brown-sheathed, above
the leaves covered with short glandular hairs and bearing 1-3 minute
rudimentary leaflets; leaves narrowed toward base, sessile, amplexicaul
at base, obtuse or mucronate; bracts 3.5-—5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate; pedicels 4-6 mm long, covered with glandular hairs; sepals
and petals green, 4-(4.5) mm long; sepals ovate; petals narrowed, linear-
oblong; lip yellowish-green, obcuneate, 0.7-1 (1.1) cm long, cleft nearly
to the middle into 2 linear-oblong lobes. June-July.

Damp forest meadows; glades in deciduous and mixed woods. —
European part: War,-Lay wDy.-Pech., V_-Ka.) Ul afinpey ead. = lines Upeeis
M. Dnp., V.-Don, Transe.))) Crimy~Caucasus: Wa,and.—E. dranse,,; Cise 7
Tals; Siberiaz:.U. Tob>, Ob, Angi-Say.; CGentr., Asia; 9]. Sh.Gen--distz. :
Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from
Europe. Type in London.

Note. In Mologa River basin (Upper Volga region) village girls make
use of the plant as rouge for their cheeks. For this purpose the roots are
dissolved into a mass which is rubbed into the cheeks and brings out a
bright and long-persisting glow. The plant also finds application in folk
medicine against children's rashes.

2 *cordata (LL) R'"Br?*in Wit “Hort. Kewed. 2, veers 200 dh.
FR Ross. lV, 80? Boiss. Pl Or. V (Tees) 92 snmalie a nT oa:
Keyl hi Zap mio tik 0S Opi rys "co md ata © op. ple cust (1753)
946.—Cymbidium cordatum Londes, Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. I (1811)
200, Dupin yn luim coraavum OF; "Rtze,, Nev, renew: i ll (1891)
booy— le. > Reno le. Germ. xiit—x<ry (teal) ize; oy rershncn ite
Fl. Mosk. gub. I (1906) 267.— Exs.: HFR No. 235a.

Perennial; rhizome slender, creeping; stem (4.5) 6-15 (22) cm long,
with 1 or 2 brownish sheaths at base and with 2 subopposite leaves near
the middle, slightly glandular thinner and devoid of rudimentary leaflets
above the leaves; leaves sessile, cordate-ovate, often nearly triangular,
mucronate, thin, paler beneath, 1-2.5 cm long and as broad at base;
raceme rather loosely 4-12-flowered, 2-3.5 (5) cm long; sepals and
petals equal, 2—(2.5) mm long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse; lip twice the
length of sepals and petals, 3.5-4.5 mm long, obcuneate, with a lanceolate
tooth on each side at base; sepals green; petals and lip dingy purple. June-
July (August). (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 3 a,b, ).

Shady coniferous and mixed woods.— European part: Kar.-Lap., Arc.
Burs Dv!=Peeht, VW. -Ka J) Lad: hn) Ur va Ul aii / "Caucasus: -Cises,
W. and E. Transc.; W. Siberia: Ob; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Lena-Kol.
(reported by Gmelin for Lena); Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Uda, Uss.

(N. part of the region). Gen. distr.: Scand., N. Eur., Bal.-As. Min.,
W. Med., Atl. Eur., N. Am., Jap. Described from N. Europe. Type in
London.

Note. The plant Listera nephrophylla, described by Rydberg
from the Rocky Mountains, belongs apparently to the same series as
L. cordata, but its position has not so far been sufficiently clarified.

It differs evidently from L. cordata in its reniform leaves and a distinct
small tooth at the bottom of the sinus between the apical lobes of the lip.

466

3. L. brevidens Nevski in Acta Inst. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS, ser. I, II
(1935).— L. Savatieri Kom. (non Maxim.) in A.H.P. XX (1901) 526,
ex parte.— L. Eschscholtziana Maxim. in Mém. pres. Acad. Sc.
Pétersb. IX (1859) 269, non Chamisso in Linnaea III, p.33.— L. Smallii
Wiegand in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. XXVI (1899) 169, ex parte.

Perennial; rhizome slender, little creeping; stems erect, 15-23 cm
long, slightly glandular-pubescent and without rudimentary leaflets above
the leaves, glabrous and furnished with 1 (or 2) brownish sheath below the
leaves; leaves 2, opposite, sessile, cordate-reniform or ovate-deltoid,
mucronate, lustrous, 1.7-2.6 cm long, 1.8-3.6 cm broad; raceme rather

614 loosely 5-12-flowered, 3-8 cm long; flowers yellowish-greenish; pedicels
glabrous, 4.5-—8 mm long; bracts 3 mm long; sepals and petals oval-
lanceolate, obtuse, 3-4 mm long; lip about twice the length of sepals and
petals; 0.5-0.65 cm long, obcordate, 2-lobed at apex, with a small tooth
at the bottom of the sinus between the 2 lobes, 4-5 mm broad near apex,
with a smali tooth (0.6-—1 mm long) on each side at base; column
1.5-1.75 mm long. July-August. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 1, a,b).

Shady spruce and fir forests.— Far East: Uss., Uda. Endemic.
Described from Yana Range (Khabarovsk District). Type in Leningrad.

Note. The series of L. brevidens also includes the North American
species L. Smjallii Wieg. s. str. (L. reniformisSmall., Bull.
Torr. Bot. Cl. XXIV (1897) 334, non Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. (1825) 28) which
is distinguished by the consistent presence of a small rudimentary leaflet
above the pair of normal leaves as well as large flowers. The Japanese
L. nipponica Makino (L. Savatieri Maxim. ex parte) differs in
having larger teeth at base of labellum.

4. L. major Nakai in Bot. Mag. Tokyo, XXVIII (1914) 327.—
L. Savatieri Maxim. ex Kom. in A.H.P. XX (1901) 526 ex pte;
Kraenzlin, Orch. Sib., Journ. Russ. Bot. (1921) 46, p.p.

Perennial; rhizome slender, creeping only slightly; stems erect,
11-22 cm long, above the leaves more slender, slightly glandular and bearing
1 or 2 (3) rudimentary leaflets, below the leaves with 1 light brownish
sheath; leaves 2, opposite, sessile, cordate, obtuse, dull green, 1.4-3 cm
long, 1.6-3.2 cm broad; raceme loosely 4-9-flowered, 2.7-—7.5 cm long;
flowers greenish; pedicels pubescent, 5-7 mm long; bracts acuminate,
2-4 mm long; sepals and petals subequal, 2-2.5 (3) mm long, oval-
lanceolate, obtusish; lip exceeding the sepals and petals, 7-10 mm long,
oblong-obcordate, with a shallow sinus at apex between 2 obtuse lobes and
there broadest (3-4.5 mm), narrowed toward base; column 1.75-2 mm
long, July-August. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 3, a,b, ).

617 Shady spruce and fir forests. — Far East: Uss., Uda, Sakh., Ze.-Bu.;
E. Siberia: Lena-Kol. (Aldan R. near mouth of Uchur). Gen. distr. :
Jap.-Ch. Described from North Korea. Type in Tokyo.

Note. A species closely related to L. major Nakai and belonging
to the same series is L. puberula Maxim. which occurs in Kansu
Province and is distinguished by its firm thickish leaves.

467

(615)

Plate XXX VIII

1. Listera brevidens Nevski, 1a) flower, lb) flower analysis.— 2.- L. cordata (L.)R. Br. flower.—
3, L. major Nakai, 3a) flower, 3b) flower analysis.—- 4. Neottia nidus avis (L.)Sw. flower,

4a) flower analysis, 4b) column.— 5. N. papilligera Schlechter, flower analysis.- 6. N.camtschatea
(L.) Rchb. f. lowest flower of inflorescence Gchematically, without pubescence).— 7. N. asiatica Ohwi,
flower analysis feversed).— 8. Cephalanthera epipactoides Fisch. et Mey., flower, 8a) lip.—

9. C. longibracteata Bl., flower with bract, 9a) lip with column and ovary (according to Blume).—

10. C. rubra (.) L.C. Rich., lip.— 11. C. grandiflora (L.) Bab., flower with bract, 11a) lip.—

12. C. longifolia (Huds,) Fritsch., flower, 12a) lip.— 138. Epipactus Thunbergii A.Gray, flower,
13a) lip (according to Blume).— 14. Pogonia japonica Rchb. f., flower (two perianth segments bent
down), 14a) lip with column, 14b) lip (according to Blume).

468

618

Genus 321. NEOTTIA* SW.
Swartz, Acta Acad. Holm. XXXI (1800) 224,

Sepals and petals subequal or the petals shorter, spreading, obtusish

or acuminate; lip drooping and much longer than sepals and petals or (in

N. asiatica Ohwi) upturned and short, always spurless, slightly concave

at base, 2-lobed or rarely entire at apex; column commonly elongated,

with a rather long beak; anther leaning over the beak; pollinia 2-lobed,

with powdery pollen, joined by a common gland. Saprophytic plants, without

developed leaves, destitute of chlorophyll, yellowish-brown in color; stems

covered with brownish scales; flowers in loose or fairly dense raceme;
ovary straight, on a more or less twisted pedicel.

Lilsip, cniace, pointed, shorter athan sepals, 2s 3) nammelon gy, Jot yf. bean, oueatiee - -
t gonteniteBaP CUSRR ny PSNR EMRE Nae ree ay Oe eR: Soe erremen Renner na 4, N. asiatica Ohwi.
Lip 2-lobed at apex, exceeding the sepals and petals, 6-12 mm long. . 2.

2. Lip parted at apex into 2 straight, downward directed lobes.........
Ain raga gy aay ET RE a RE eh Pog air el cee ee 3. N. camtschatea (L.) Rchb.f.

+ Lip parted at apex into 2 divergent and slightly faycotely upward arching
[PN OVS ey OR ONE) ee SE Oe OR ene Rem aS TR Mater ES PO Ue eee ee 3.

evap 40. %),0:4—0,9.cm longs aw undivided part 3.5-4 mm long, the
posterior part to 2.5 mm broad; column 3 mm long; rachis of
inflorescence, pedicels and ovaries commonly densely covered with
ferruginous-brown glandular hairs...... 2. N. papilligera Schlechter.

+ Lip 1-1.2 cm long, the undivided part (4) 4.5-6 (6.5) mm long, the
posterior part 3-5 (5.5) mm broad; column together with anther
3.5-4 (4.5) mm long; plants glabrous in all parts, rarely slightly
fe eGR GLEN I en el antec iets IE oy 1. N. nidus-avis (L.) L.C. Rich.

Section 1. NIDUS Nevski.— Raceme in lower part loose, in upper part
dense; lip drooping, parted at apex into 2 upward arching lobes; column
3-4.5 mm long; plants apparently dying off after fruiting.

1. N. nidus avis (L.) L.C. Rich. in Mém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 59;
db. Hl, Ross. WipedleBoiss..Fl.Or.V (1884) 91; Shmal's., Pili 449;
Kryl..Fl,Zap. Sib, 11, ./10.— Ophrys; niduszayis; Lop. Pl. ed. 1
(1753).945.—Ie.: Rehb.,Ic,.Fl..Germ. XIN-XIV (1851) t.121.> Exs.:
HER Now2043-a, 2043-b,,P1.,Finl. exs. No.o8 1.

Perennial; plant pale grayish-brown or brown throughout; stems
25-45 cm long, solitary (specimens with a pair of stems rarely occurring),
arising from rhizome densely beset with thick roots, these radiating and
forming a nestlike ball; sheathing scales 3-5, brownish, 3-5 cm long;
raceme (7) 9-18 (21) cm long, (1.8) 2-3 (3.5) cm broad; rachis, ovaries
and pedicels glabrous or rarely sparsely covered with short glandular hairs
(var. glandulosa Beck.); bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 mm
long, exceeding the pedicels, these twisted and 3-6 mm long; tlowers
brownish, with the fragrance of honey; sepals obovate or elliptic-
subrhomboid, obtuse, 4-6 mm long, (2.5) 3-4 (4.5) mm broad; petals
scarcely shorter than sepals; lip darker, grayish-brown, the undivided
part oblong, the lobes cordate-oblong spreading round-tipped; ovary at anthesis
4-8mmlong, commonly glabrous. June-July. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 4, 21,10)

* From Greek neottia, nest.

469

Shady coniferous and mixed woods. — European part: Kar.-Lap.; Dv.-
Pech); Vi-Ka., ad s-llm., U. Dap.; U-V., Me Dap... Ve-Dom, Uransve:
L. Dons Crim.= Caucasus; Dag, E:, S..and Wofranse.,”"Cise.; W. Siberia:
Ob. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As.
Min. Described from Europe. Type in London.

2. N. papilligera Schlechter in Fedde, Repert, sp. nova. XVI (1920)
356.—N. nidus-avid var. manshurica Kom. in A.H.P. XX (1901)
528.

Perennial; tuber subhorizontal or ascending, cylindric, densely beset
with roots; stems 2-4 or solitary, (16) 20-35 (45) cm long, clothed with
4 or 5 pale brownish sheathing scales 3-3.5 cm long; raceme many-
flowered, (8) 9.5-12.5 (15) cm long, (1.5) 2-2.5 (2.8) cm broad, cylindric,
the rachis densely covered with ferruginous-brown papillary hairs (rarely
glabrous or nearly so: f. subglabra Nevski); bracts linear-lanceolate,
hyaline, acuminate, the lower about equaling the ovary with pedicel, the
upper much shorter (3-6 mm long); pedicels more slender than in
N. nidus avis, (2.5) 3-5.5 (6) mm long, twisted; flowers resembling
those of N. nidus avis, but somewhat smaller, brownish; sepals oblong,
obtuse, minutely papillose on the outer surface; 4-5 mm long, 2.5-2.75 mm

619 broad; petals scarcely shorter, 1-nerved, glabrous; lip oblong at base,
the undivided part 3.5-—4 mm long and to 2.5 mm broad; lobes divergent,
(4) 5-6 mm long, often crisped on the margin and sometimes emarginate;
ovary at anthesis 4-5 mm long, densely covered with glandular papillary
hairs, rarely glabrate. June-July. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 5).

Dense coniferous forests.— Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu., Sakh. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from Japan, Nikko-Hayakawa. Type in Berlin.

Section2. APHYLLOPHRYS Nevski.— Raceme rather loose both in lower
and upper part; lip drooping, parted at apex into 2 straight lobes; column
2.5-3 mm long. Perennial plants.

3. N. camtschatea (L.) Rchb. f. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) 146. —
Ophrys camtschatea L. Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753) 948.— Neottia
nectariy labio bifido Halenius Pl rar’) Camtsen, (1750),20,

Figure 24.—N. camtschatica Spreng., Syst. Veg. III (1826) 707; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. [V, 82; Murcz. Fl: baic.-dah; 11, 385; kryl. Flora Zap. (sila, Ail,
(11. tea RChbeaec. et. lao

Perennial; stems solitary or 2 or 3, slender, 15-30 (35) cm long, below
the inflorescence glandular-pubescent, from a short rhizome densely beset
with roots; sheathing scales 3 or 4, 2-3.5 cm long; raceme 5-10 (14) cm
long, 1-1.8 cm broad, the rachis densely glandular; bracts ovate, 3-6 mm
long, the lower short-acuminate, the upper subobtuse, shorter to barely
longer than pedicel; pedicels glandular, 4-6.5 cm long, twisted;sepals and
petals pale green, the darker lip dingy greenish; sepals oblong-ovate,
obtusish, 3.5-4 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm broad, the lateral ones subfalcate;
petals linear, narrower, obtuse, about as long as sepals, 0.5-1 mm broad;
lip obcuneate, narrowed toward base, 6-9 (10) mm and to 3 mm broad,
the obtusish lobes to 3 mm long, the margins densely beset with small
whitish papillae; ovary glandular, at anthesis ca. 3.5 mm long. July.
(Plate XXXVIII, Figure 6).

470

Shady coniferous or more rarely deciduous woods.— E. Siberia: Ang.-
Say.; W. Siberia: Alt.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr. :
Dzu.-Kash. Described from Siberia. Type in London.

Note. This plant was described by Halenius in ''Plantae rariores
Camschatcenses", (1750), p. 28, andlike various other plants described in
this work it does not occur in Kamchatka. N. camtschatea and the
closely related N. listeroides Lindl., that are distinguished from all
other species of the genus Neottia by the glabrate ovary and broader lip,
are closest to species of the genus Listera in respect of the shape of
inflorescence and the color and shape of flowers.

Section 3. LINDLEYANTHUS Nevski.— Raceme rather loose; lip entire,
pointed, turned upward; column 0.75 mm long.

620 ; 4. N. asiatica Ohwi in Bot. Mag. Tokyo XLV (1931) 384.—
Nemverantha™’ Lind!.,~Gen. and Spec: OrchidesPl"( 1840) 458: ‘Kamly,
Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 528, non La Lilave et Lex. (1825).

Perennial, pale brown, glabrous; stems solitary or paired from the
rhizome, 15-25 cm long, slender; sheathing scales 3-5, 1.5-4 cm long;
raceme (4) 6.5-9 cm long, 8-10 mm broad; bracts lanceolate or ovate,
subobtuse, 2-2.5 mm long, barely shorter than the pedicel; pedicels
straight, not twisted, 2-3 mm long; flowers pale brownish; sepals linear -
lanceolate, 3-4.5 mm long, 1 mm broad, strongly pointed, spreading;
petals much shorter than sepals, 2-3 mm long; lip ovate, acuminate,
slightly concave at base, shorter than sepals, 2-3 mm long, 1.25 mm broad;
ovary at anthesis 2-3 mm long. May-June. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 7).

Coniferous and mixed woods. — Far East: Uss., Kamch. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from ''Siberia''. Type in Kew.

Note. This species differs to such an extent from the generic type in
flower shape, especially the upturned lip, that it seems to justify
separation into a distinct genus together with two closely related species,
N. acuminata Schlechter (Szechwan) and N. parviflora (King. et
Pantl. ) Schlechter (Himalayas).

Genus 321a. HOLOPOGON KOM. ET NEVSKIIN Addenda III, 750.

1. H. ussuriensis Kom. et Nevski in Addenda III, 751.

Genus 322. EPIPACTIS* ADANS.
Adans., Fam. II (1763) 70, nomen conservandum; Helleborine Hill., British Herbal (1756) 477.

Flowers nodding on short or fairly long twisted pedicels; sepals and
petals somewhat spreading, the sepals slightly longer; lip spurless,
oblong, divided by a deep constriction into a posterior gynochil and anterior
epichil; gynochil commonly concave and cup-shaped, nectariferous from
.its bottom; epichil almost flat, with smooth or rugose tubercles or crests
at base; column short; anther attached at base; pollinia asymmetrically

* Name used by Theophrastus for a plant resembling Helleborus (hence Helleborine).

47l

621

622

pyriform, 2-parted, adherent to a small gland; ovary straight. Perennial
plants with numerous green leaves.
1. Gynochil concave, with 2 obtuse lateral lobes; flowers rather large,
the sepals and petals to 1.8 cm long; rhizome creeping, with long
internodes (Section 1. Arthrochilium Irmisch.)............ 2.
+ Gynochil cup-shaped, thickened, without lateral lobes; flowers smaller,
the sepals and petals to 1.4 cm long; rhizome abbreviated, short-

eréeping (Section 2 «iP welp ipiaectiis ) Inmisch man 441-7) do-9ee 49: Be
2. Gynochil about twice as broad as epichil (Series 1. Longifoliae

Neveki)wul: suber ocala ees te ie RES WA is Ga ee a

Gynochil not) broader than epiehil (250. 2a 5d a. BE, RN EE Re 4.

3. Gynochil with small warts in middle part; inflorescence rather loose,
3.5-12 (13) cm long; lower bracts to 5-7 cm long, exceeding the flower;
ovary glabrous or nearly som “oad ere 1. E. Thunbergii A.Gray.

+ Gynochil without warts in middle part; inflorescence loose, 6.5—20
(24) cm long; lower bracts to 12-13.5 cm long, many times longer than

flower; tovaryepapilicsehrintiiaghonw Var e 2. E. Royleana Lindl.
4. Gynochil oblong-navicular, with 2 lateral lobes at base (Series 2.
VielirwatrnifiolsaeoNevski)e wuss owen 3. E. veratrifolia Boiss. et Hoh.

+ Gynochil slightly concave, with 2 obtuse lobes at its apex, narrower
than the broadly oval epichil and joined to it by a very narrow bridge
[mesochil] (Series 3. Palustres Nevski)... 4. E. palustris Crantz.

5. Callosities at base of epichil smooth or nearly smooth; flowers
inodorous; sepals and petals 1-1.4 cm long (Series 4. Latifoliae

Newsline, attevornl ) vanel awe toh onitegde iia ined Boo alate 6.
+ Callosities at base of epichil rugose and crenulate; flowers scented;

sepals and petals 7-8 mm long (Series 5. Rubiginosae Nevski) .. 7.
6. Leaves glabrous, smooth; epichil broadly ovate-cordate, 5-5.5 mm

long and as broad... .weAal.eaet ...spradi2’: ar 5. E. latifolia (L.) All.

+ Leaves scabrous, densely beset on the nerves and margins with whitish
papillae; epichil narrowly cordate, 4-5.5 mm long and (2.5) 3-3.5 mm

proacdebaiaven:. doneto od Petite orlicso4s 6. E. papillosa Franch. et Sav.
7. Leaves small, much shorter than internodes, 1.5-3.5 cm long; flowers

Sreenishywhitewneddish-hmeed — Ey. +e 8. E. microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw.
+ Leaves larger, 4-8 cm long, exceeding the internodes; flowers dark

purplers labia. bifid a. Beleete P).. pers: 7. E. rubiginosa Crantz.

Section 1. ARTHROCHILIUM Irmisch in Linnaea XVI (1842) 451 et XIX
(1846) 121, emend. noval (incl. sect. Megapactis et Cymbochilium
Schlechter).

Series 1. Longifoliae Nevski.

1. E. Thunbergii A.Gray in Perry Exped. Jap. II (1856) 319.—
Helleborine Thunbergii Druce in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. XXXVI(1909)
547.—Serapias longifolia Thbg. Flor. Jap. (1784) 28, non Huds. —
Epipaectis longifolia Bly Orch. Arch) Ind /(1858)0e544Be§ miami
shurica Maxim. ined.— E. gigantea Hook. var. manshurica
Maxim. ex Komarov, Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 524.—Ic.: Blume l.c. t. 65,

Tie. ADE) L— 1.0)

Perennial; stems erect, sulcate, 40-90 cm long; short basal sheaths;

leaves 4-8, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-16 cm long, 4-—5.5 cm broad,

472

glabrous; inflorescence rather loosely 5-10-flowered; bracts green,
broadly lanceolate, 1.6-3.3 cm long, the lower 5-7 cm long; sepals dingy
brownish-green, oval-lanceolate, 1.2-1.6 cm long, 0.5 cm broad,
acuminate, the lateral asymmetric; petals 1—-1.5 cm long, oval,
0.65-0.7 cm broad, yellowish, the midvein purple-tinged; lip pale lilac;
gynochil concave, expanded 1-1.1 cm broad, 0.6 cm long, the median part
yellow-speckled and minutely warted, the 2 lobes turned to the front;
epichil much narrower, 0.5 cm broad, 0.7 cm long, purple-violet, with
2 prominent ridges at base; column with anther 6 mm long. July.
(Plate XXXVIII, Figure 13a).

Wet meadows.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from
Japan.

2. E. Royleana Lindl. in Royle, Illustr. Bot. Himal. (1839) 364.—
Cephalanthera Royleana Rgl. inA.H.P. VI (1879) 490; Boiss.

Fl. Or. V (1884) 85.—C. kokanica Rgl. in herb.

Perennial; stems erect, 30-95 cm long, with several basal sheaths;
leaves 7-10, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, glabrous, 7-19 cm long,
2.5-5.5 em broad; raceme loose, 3-9-flowered, the flowers much more
scattered than those of E. Thunbergii, the rachis papillose; bracts
green, linear-lanceolate to linear, 2-5 (7) cmlong, the lower to 12-13.5cm
long; sepals oval-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.6-1.8 cm long, 0.6-0.8 cm
broad, brownish-green, the lateral asymmetric and falcate; petals oval,
obtusish, 1.4-1.7 cm long, 0.7 cm broad, pinkish; lip brownish-red;
gynochil concave, expanded 1.4-1.6 cm broad, 1 cm long, the 2 spreading
obtuse lateral lobes adherent to column; epichil much narrower, 0.4 cm
broad, 0.8-—0.85 cm long; column with anther 0.7-0.8 cm long, June-July.

623 Wet meadows near mountain streams.— Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al.
Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him. Described from the Himalayas. Type in Kew.

Note. Inadditionto E. Thunbergii and E. Royleana, this series

also contains the North American E. gigantea Hook.

Series 2. Veratrifoliae Nevski.

3. E. veratrifolia Boiss. et Hoh. in Boiss. Diagn. Ser. I, fasc. XIII
(1853) 11; Fl. Or. V (1884) 87.— Exs.: Th. Kotschy. Pl. Pers. bor. (1846)
No. 401.

Perennial; stem (30-40) 50-100 cm long, erect, with 3 or 4 basal
sheaths; leaves 6-10, oval-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate,
glabrous, to 20 cm long and 4 cm broad; raceme erect, 1-sided, rather
loosely 4—20-flowered, (10) 15-40 (45) cm long; the upper part of stem
and rachis of inflorescence puberulous; bracts foliaceous, spreading,
narrowly lanceolate, the lower many times the length of flower, the upper
as long as or shorter than flower; ovary and pedicel pubescent; flowers
nodding, greenish-purple; sepals narrowly oval, acuminate, 5-nerved,
1.3-1.6 cm long, slightly pubescent on the back, the lateral asymmetric;
petals asymmetrically oval, obtuse, 1.2-1.5 cm long, glabrous, 5—7-nerved;
lip about equaling the petals, 1.2-1.4 cm long, between the tips of gynochil
lobes to 7mm across; gynochil oblong-navicular, slightly attenuate from
base, warty within; epichil oval, 3-lobed, 6-7 mm long, expanded ca. 5 mm
broad; column straight, 5 mm long. June-July.

473

624

Wet meadows near mountain streams.— Caucasus: S. Transc.
Gen. distr.: Iran., Arm.-Kurd., E, Med., Bal. As. Min. Described from
Persia. Type in Geneva.

Note. This section, distinguished by the gynochil with lateral lobes
at base, also contains the Himalayan E. consimilis Wallr.

Series 3. Palustres Nevski.

4. E. palustris (L.) Crantz. Stirp. Austr. (1769) 462; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IV, 82; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 186; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 87;
Shmal'e., Flodl, 451; -Kyyl., Pil. Zap. .Sib. Mls) (402. Se malpaiars
Helleborine 7Vpalustristtl., SpieoPltediad.(1 753)950l—S.erapiaas
palustris’ Mill: Gard, ‘Diet: ed. 8)(1768) No. 8e— Ar thr bichalia m
palustre Beck. FI \Nied. Oesterr. (1890)\212.—le.:eRehby Ich@El,
Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) 131.— Exs.: HFR No.185; H.F.A.M. No. 350.

Perennial; stems 20-50 (70) cm long, glabrous in lower part, slightly
pubescent above; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtusish or acuminate,
glabrous, 8-15 cm long and 2.5-3.5 (4) cm broad, the upper lanceolate,
smaller, resembling the bracts; raceme 6-15 (20) cm long, rather loose;
bracts lanceolate, shorter than the nodding flowers except for the lowest,
these equaling or exceeding the flower; sepals lanceolate to oval-lanceolate,
acuminate, greenish, faintly striped within with dingy violet, 8-12 mm long,
3-nerved, sparsely puberulous on the back; petals narrowly oval, obtuse,
glabrous, 3-nerved, slightly shorter than petals, whitish, in lower part
with rather faint violet-pink stripes; lip 1-1.2 cm long, glabrous; gynochil
slightly concave, pinkish-white outside, with orange papillae and pinkish-
violet veins within, expanded 4.5-5.5 mm long and as broad between the
lateral lobes; epichil broadly oval, white, 5.5-6.5 mm long, 5-6 mm broad,
obtuse, slightly emarginate at apex, narrowed at base into the mesochil,
this occupied by a protuberance divided by a longitudinal groove into
2 prominent ridges, the lobate lower margin of the protuberance yellow;
column 4-5 mm long; ovary pubescent. June-July. (Plate XXXIX, Figure 5).

Wet boggy meadows.— European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka.,
Radestm.,AU.eDnpiiM Dip V Don, Transvabe Don? Bit vCrine:
Caueasus:’ Cise.,, Bi Shand W. Transe.; W: Siberia: U/Tobsiiirth? Ob
Alt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh.: Gen. distr.:
Seand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min.; Dzu.-Kash.
Described from Europe. Type in London.

Section 2. EUEPIPACTIS Irmisch. in Linnaea XVI (1842) 450 et XIX
(1846) 113.

Series 4. Latifoliae Nevski.
5. E. latifolia (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. II (1785) 151; 9 LdberhlieRessyilv,
83; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 186; Boiss. Fl. Or. V)(1884)'87; Shmal'g.,

PM 4527 tear yhol la Zape Sib, 703.—Serapias Helleborine a.
latifolia L. Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753) 949.—Serapias latifolia Willd.

474

625

Sp. Pl. 4 (1805) 83.—Epipactis pyenostachys C. Koch. in Linnaea
XXII (1849) 289.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV t.136.— Exs.: Fl.
Hung. No. 1221.

Perennial; stems 35-80 (100) cm long, glabrous at base, sparsely
pubescent above, 4-—10-leaved; leaves oval to elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or
subobtuse, 5-9 cm long, 3-5.5 cm broad; raceme erect, more or less
1-sided, 10-40 cm long, many-flowered; bracts lanceolate or the lower
ovate-lanceolate, green, the lower ones overtopping the flowers; sepals
oval to oval-lanceolate, acuminate, commonly glabrous, greenish, 1-1.3 cm
long; petals 0.9-1.1 cm long, elliptic-oval, pale green, the lower part
more or less suffused with pinkish-violet; lip about the length of petals;
gynochil 5-5.5 mm long and broad, round, hemispherically saccate,
glabrous and dark reddish-brown within, greenish with greenish-white
margins outside; epichil 5-5.5 mm long and as broad, broadly cordate-
ovate, greenish-white tinged with violet, slightly acuminate, with 2 smooth
or nearly smooth protruberances at base; columnca. 3-3.5 mm long; ovary
sparsely pubescent, together with pedicel 7-9 mm long. July-August.

(Plate XXXIX, Figure 3).

Deciduous and mixed woods.— European part: Kar.-LUap., Dv.-Pech.,
Vi-Ka., Lad. -Iim} Ul Dip.’ UAV 2, Wee Dont'’l ransyv.7) WL) eDon, VL Diipe ;
Ble, Crim.§ Caucasus: S., E. andewW.-Transe.jaDag.; Cise., fal. ;

We Siberiay U/"ob.; Irt., Ob, Alt.; E. Siberia: Angm-Say., Dau. (W. part);
Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T. Sh., Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr.
Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., E. Med., Iran. Described from
Europe.

E. latifolia All. X E. rubiginosa Crantz (= Epipactis
Schmalhausenii Richter, Plant. Eur., I (1890) 284). Plants resembling
E. latifolia in general habit (large ovate-lanceolate long-acuminate
leaves of whichthe uppermost surpassing the base inflorescence, long bracts,
and strongly drooping flowers); but approaching more closely E. rubiginosa
as regards shape of gynochil and epichil and the time of flowering (reported by
Schmalhausen (Fl. II, p.452) for the former Peterburg Province).

Note. In his monumental monograph (1933), M.J. Godfrey, who applied
himself for a number of years to the study of the genus Epipactis,
records for the USSR (without precise indication of locality), in addition
to E. latifolia, also E. violacea Durand Duquesnay. This species,
according to Fleischman and Rechinger, should apparently be named
E. varians Crantz. R. Schlechter (Monogr. u. Icon. Orch. Eur. I,

9-10 (1928) 272) calls it E. purpurata Smith and does not report it

for the USSR. The features distinguishing E. varians from E. latifolia
are the long vertical rhizome (in E. latifolia it is short and horizontal),
narrow and often violet-tinged leaves, pubescent ovary, and even less

bright colored flowers. It is possible that this plant actually occurs in the
European part of the USSR, but the author has not come across specimens
which he could list with certainty under this species. It should, however,

be pointed out that Epipactis latifolia on USSR territory does not
make the impression of a homogeneous entity, and it may have to be split

in the future into several species.

475

626

6. E. papillosa Franch. et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. Il (1879) 519.—

E. latifolia var. papillosa Maxim. ex Komarov, Fl. Mansh. I (1901)
523.—Helleborine. papillosa Druce in Bull. Torr; Bot.,@1, 394vI
(1909) 547.—Ic.: Miyoshi et Makino, Pocket-Atlas Alp. Pl. Jap. I (1906)
to Spi Figune.26,,

Perennial; stems (30) 35-75 cm long, pubescent in upper half; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, covered on the nerves on both sides and on the margin with
small whitish papillae, scabrous, to 12-14 cm long and 3-6 cm broad,
acuminate; raceme rather loosely many-flowered; bracts linear to linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, rough on the margin due to whitish papillae, the
lower one surpassing the flower; sepals oval-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
1-1.4 cm long, 3-5 mm broad, greenish; petals oval, 0.9-1.2 cm long,
4-6 mm broad, acuminate, greenish-pink; lip about the length of petals;
gynochil round, saccately concave; epichil narrowly cordate, more pointed
than in EB. latifiolia, .445:5,.mm dong and (2.5) 3-3.5 mm broad, with
2 inconspicuous smooth tubercles at base, the margins slightly undulate;
ovary sparsely papillose; pedicels more or less pubescent. July-August.
(Plate XXXIX, Figure 4).

Shady woods.— Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Uda, Uss. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from Hokkaido. Type in Paris.

Series 5. Rubiginosae Nevski.

7. E. rubiginosa Crantz, Stirp. Austr. VI (1769) 467. E. rubigonosa
"Gaud.'' ex Koch Syn. ed. 2, I (1844) 801.—Serapias atrorubens
Hoffm. Deutschl. Fl. ed. 2, II, 1 (1804) 182.— Epipactis atrorubens
Schultes, Oester. Fl. ed. 1 (1814) 538; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 83; Boiss.

Fl. Or. V, 88; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 452.—E. atripurpurea Rafin. Car.
(181.0).8%; KreyhgcPloZap.Sibiollga? 0 tect LeaeRehbieleshhh yGemmn
XII-XIV (1851) t.133.— Exs.: Fl. Austr.-Hung. No. 1845.

Perennial; stems 25-60 cm long, in upper part densely puberulous and
often suffused with dingy violet; leaves 5-9, rigid and scaberulous, oval
to oval-lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the internodes, 4-8 cm long and
1.5-4 cm broad; raceme erect, 1-sided, 7 to upward of 20 cm long, the
rachis densely pubescent; flowers dark purple, vanilla-scented; bracts
lanceolate, the lower surpassing the flower; sepals ovate, acuminate,
3-nerved, sparsely puberulous outside, 6-7 mm long and 3 mm broad,

629 the lateral asymmetric; petals elliptic, slightly shorter; lip 5.5-6.5 mm

long; gynochil saccate, 2.5-3 mm long and about as broad; epichil cordate-
reniform, 3-3.5 mm long, 4-5 mm broad, mucronulate, obtusely crenulate
on the margin, with 2 rugose tubercles at base; column not more than

2.5 mm long; ovary and pedicel densely pubescent. July. (Plate XXXIX,
Figure 2).

Deciduous woods and stony (calcareous) mountain slopes. — European
part sbary=Lapss DvcPech...9.Vi.sKay,o Unio Ue Dn. Jebadipalimigit, snp.
LasDonpiTransv amiCaucasus?: Ciscupsksulranse. }o Woisiberniat Ui Robs
Ob. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described
from Germany.

476

(627)

Plate XXXIX

1. Epipactis microphylla Sw.— 2. E. rubiginosa Crantz, flower and lip.— 3. E. latifolia
All., flower.— 4. E. papillosa Fr. etSav.— lip. 5. E. palustris (L.) Crantz, lip.— 6. Epipogon
aphyllum Sw.: 6a) flower, 6b) pollinarium.— 7. Gastrodia elata Blume, 7a) flower, 7b) lip with
part of perianth tube, 7c) column with anther.— 8. Spiranthes amoena (M.B.) Spreng., flower,

8a) lip.— 9. S.sinensis (@ers.) Ames., flower, 9a) lip.— 10. S. autumnalis L.C. Rich., flower,
10a) lip.— 11. Goodyera repens (L.)R. Br., flower, 11a) flower in section, 11b) column.—

12. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schlechter, flower.

477

630

Note. The existing herbarium specimens from the Caucasus
(Ladovskii — Mount Beshtau, Wilhelms — Imeretiya, Sredinskii — "in
mountains of the Caucasus'') raise doubts as to the correctness of location
records. Confirmation is needed for the occurrence of this species in the

Caucasus.

8. E. microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw. in Acta Acad. Holm. (1800) 232; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 84; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 88; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 452.—
Serapias!) microphylla Ehrh.|Beity. IV (1789) 423. ic :yRehbY Te:
Fl. Germ. XIII), XIV"@85@) tab..132:— Exs.: Fl. Austr —Hung.) No’ 1472.

Perennial; stems 17-40 cm long, pubescent at the top; leaves 3-6,
small, much shorter than the internodes, 1.5-3.5 cm long and to 0.9 cm
broad, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the margin commonly
minutely puberulous; raceme loosely 4-15-flowered, 1-sided, 3-12 cm
long, the rachis densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, minutely
puberulous, the lower ones the length of flower; flowers faintly clove-
scented; sepals elliptic-oval, 3-nerved, subobtuse, puberulous, pale
greenish tinged with red outside, whitish green within, 7 mm long; petals
whitish-green, oval, acuminate, 5-nerved, glabrous, 5.5-6 mm long;
lip with greenish-brown gynochil and whitish or whitish-pink epichil;
gynochil saccate, 3.3 mm long and broad; epichil rounded-ovate, to 3.5 mm
long and broad, obtusisnh, with crenate and slightly undulate margin, the
base furnished with 2 rugose-warted elevations; ovary and pedicel densely
pubescent. July. (Plate XXXIX, Figure 1).

Shady beech woods. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W. Transc.,

S. Transc. Report for Dagestan requiring confirmation. Gen. distr.:
Secand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from
NW Germany. Type in Moscow.

Genus 323. CEPHALANTHERA* L.C. RICH.
L.C. Rich. in Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 51.

Ovary sessile, cylindric, slightly twisted; sepals and petals similar,
but petals slightly shorter and broader, the entire flower campanulate;
lip with narrow constriction about the middle; gynochil concave, with oval-
triangular lateral lobes, sometimes minutely spurred at base; epichil
broadly oval or reniform, obtuse or pointed, with slightly undulate margins,
with 3-7 crestlike lamellae or ridges above; column erect, together with
anther 0.5-1.1 cm long; pollinia cylindric, 2-parted, stalkless. Plants
with short horizontal or ascending rhizomes and rather densely leafy stems.
1. Lip prolonged at base into an obtuse spur (1) 1.5-3 mm long. .... 2.
a) Lip concave at base, “spurless oO. °.y, PP Sr CRA, GMit., Te aate eee 3.
2. Leaves small, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-4 cm long; flowers

pink; isepals*and' petals’ 152° 2*emvlons ere Se Pee Oe

cesta Sie thas he Mita raat, Ma rh 1. C. epipactoides Fisch. et Mey.
* Leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-12.5 cm long; flowers white;

Sevuals and petals? — ls CiilOnO wr yr. lo. semnns 2. C. longibracteata Bl.
3. Flowers pink; upper part of stem, pedicels, and ovaries puberulous;
epichil pointed)... 6/5 as so ape, eee 69 Cirrubras (i. els '@sRich:

* From Greek cephale, head, and anthera, anther.

1920 478

Flowers white; upper part of stem, pedicels and ovary always glabrous;
epichil obtuse
4. Upper bracts very small, scalelike, 1-2 mm long; epichil on upper
surface with 5-7 prominent keel-likelamellae; leaves linear-lanceolate
to lamceolates & aria ae TRAP ee aF 4. C. longifolia (Huds. ) Fritsch.
Bracts lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, the uppermost but slightly
shorter than to equaling the ovary; epichil with 3 (very rarely 5)
lamellae; leaves oval or elliptic, to 6.5 cm long and 3.3 cm broad.

a ede. Ces TE RREY he aT We Ma 3. C. grandiflora (L.) Babing.
++ Upper bracts linear-subulate, commonly half the length of ovary;
epichil with 3 lamellae; leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, to 11 cm

long and 5 cm broad; plant known only from the Talysh area........
MOS AAG LID - HELM. 20 Sense ee er Bi 5. C. caucasica Kranzlin.

631 1. C. epipactoides Fisch. et Mey., Ann. Sc. Nat. Sér. IV, 1 (1854) 30. —
CC. kurdica Bornm. et Kranzl., Bull. Herb. Boiss. III (1895) 143. —
Ciao riitound ak'Gs Wer. Monit. dard, Bot. Tiflis.x’ (1908) 22..—
C. cucullata Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 272, non Boiss. et Heldr. in
Sched. Cret. (1847).—Ic.: Schlechter, Monogr. et Icon. Orch. Eur. (1928),
t. doLpebio umes 14 0,3

Perennial; stems erect, (25) [?] 20-60 cm long; leaves small,
glaucescent, elliptic, ovate or ovate-lanceolate; raceme erect, rather
densely many-flowered, 6-20 (40) cm long and to 4.5 cm broad, the rachis
sparsely and minutely papillose ; sepals 1.9-2.2 (2.4) cm long, 0.4-0.6 cm
broad, elliptic-lanceolate, obtusish, the dorsal 3-nerved, the lateral
asymmetric and 5-nerved; petals shorter, 1.5-1.75 cm long, ovate,
d-nerved; lip 1.4-1.5 cm long; gynochil broadest between the lateral lobes
and there 0.9 cm across, spurredat base, the spur 3 mm long; epichil
broadly oval, obtuse, rounded at base, 0.8-1 cm long, 0.6-0.7 cm broad,
with minutely papillose margin and 5 prominent crenulate ridges on the
upper surface; column 0.7-0.8 cm long. May. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 8a).

Coppices and deciduous woods. — Caucasus: W. Transc. Gen. distr.:
Arm.-Kurd., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Troy. *

Note. The plant first reported by Lipskii for the Caucasus under the
name C. cucullata Boiss. et Heldr., occurs solely onthe island of Crete.
Lipskii recorded that the flowers of his specimens collected near
Novorossiisk were yellowish-white, but this is difficult to verify with
herbarium specimens. Should this fact be confirmed, one may have to
consider these plants as representing a distinct race differing from the
South Caucasus.

2. C. longibracteata Bl., Orch. Arch. Ind. (1858) 188.—C. erecta
Kompyer lS aVianshwol, (9101) 523 -non 3 lumes— lea pain Ie. 1.60, .bisure 3.
Perennial; stems erect or slightly flexuous, 35-50 cm long, densely

leafy; leaves thin, green, 6-12.5 cm long, 1.7-3 (3.4) cm broad;
inflorescence 5-9 (13) cm long, few-flowered, the rachis sparsely
papillose; flowers relatively small, white, erect, 1-1.3 cm long (excluding
ovary); lower bracts foliaceous, 6-9.5 cm long, linear, two or more times
as long as the flower, the upper shortér, linear-subulate, as long as or

* [Troas, ancient region, on Menderes River, Turkey. ]

479

633

shorter than ovary; ovary 1.1-1.5 cm long; sepals 1-1.2 cm long, the
lateral asymmetric; lip with a constriction above the middle; gynochil
with 2 lobes, spurred at base, the spur 1—1.5 mm long; epichil oval, obtuse,
the upper surface with 3 crested stripes on the upper surface; column
0.5-0.65 cm long. May-June. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 9 a).

Deciduous woods. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Korea,
Manchuria, Honshu, Hokkaido. Described from Japan.

3. C. grandiflora (L.) Babing. Man. Br. Bot. (1843) 296; Shmal'g.,

Fl. Il, 151.—Serapias grandiflora L. Systs ed. 12'(1767) 595)—
Epipactis alba Crantz, Stirp. Austr. ed. II fasc. VI (1769) 360,

excl. var.8.—Cephalanthere alba Simonk., Enum. Fl. Transs.
(1886) 504.—Serapias pallens Jundz. Fl. Lithuan. (1791) 268. —

G. pallens, LeC.. Rich. in Mem. Mus. Par. [Vi(1818),,605) db. Dilwhess,
IV, 78; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 85.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV
(LSet P1h.0%

Perennial; stem erect, 20-60 cm long, glabrous; rhizome horizontal,
short, densely beset with roots; leaves oval to elliptic-oval, acuminate
or subobtuse, glabrous, the middle ones 4-6.5 cm long, 1.8-3.3 cm broad;
inflorescence erect, to 12 cm long, loosely 3-8-flowered; lower bracts
exceeding the flower, foliaceous, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate;
flowers erect or slightly spreading, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm long (excluding
ovary); white; ovary glabrous, 1.1-1.3 cm long; sepals oblong to lance-
oblong, obtusish, 5-nerved, (1.5) 1.7-2 ecm long; petals obtuse, obovate-
elliptic, 5-nerved, 1.4-1.6 cm long; lip white, yellowish within, witha
yellow crescent-shaped spot at the base of epichil; gynochil 3.5-5 mm
long, with obtuse oval-triangular lobes, concave at base, expanded 7-9 mm
broad; epichil reniform, obtuse, 6.5—7 mm long, above the middle
1-1.2 mm broad, with slightly undulate margins and 3 (vary rarely 5)
prominent crestlike stripes on the upper surface; column 0.8—-1.1 cm long.
May-June. (Plate XXXVIII, Figure 11a).

Deciduous woods — European part: U. Dnp., Bl., Crim.; Caucasus:
Cise.;-W. and E. Transe. ; Dag Gen.) distr. :'Seand,)\Centr:,Burd)),Al
Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Europe. Type in London.

4. C. longifolia Huds)). Fritsch. Oesterr. Bot. Ztschr. (1888) 81;
Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 700.—Serapias Helleborine . longifolia
Li: Sp. Pl. .ed.'1 (1753) '950)—'S. ‘Ton'gifolia) Huds Rl Angl.1( 762) 641,
ppt. ~Epipactis alba Bpangustifolia iCrantz. Stirp Austr, ed,
fasc. VI (1769) 460.—Serapias xiphophyllym Ehrh. vel.

S. grandiflora ensifolia L. f. Suppl. (1781) 404.—Cephalanthera
ensifolia L.C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 60; Ldb. IV (1858) 78;
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 85.—C. xiphophyllum Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
XIUM=AIV; (1851) 135; Shmal'g.), FY. 1) 451: te > "Rebbe. 4 tee
Besa: Pil Pint, exs: No. 580!

Perennial; rhizome horizontal, short, with cordlike roots; stem
15-45 cm long, erect or subflexuous, glabrous; leaves 6-9, linear-
lanceolate, often conduplicate, acuminate, the middle ones 7-16 cm long
and 0.9-2.8 cm broad; inflorescence erect, 5-10 (17) cm long, rather
sparsely 3-10- (rarely more) flowered; lowest bract foliaceous, lanceolate,
exceeding the flower; upper bracts very small, scalelike, 1-2 mm long;

480

634

flowers white, small, spreading, glabrous; sepals lanceolate, acuminate,
3-5-nerved, 1.2-1.6 cm long; petals obovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-nerved,
1-1.2 cm long; lip shorter than sepals; gynochil 8-9 mm broad when
expanded, 3.5-4 mm long, concave at base with triangular obtuse lobes;
epichil reniform-ovate, obtuse, with 5-7 prominent crestlike stripes,
golden-yellow and minutely papillose at the tip, 4.5-5 mm long, 7-8 mm
broad; column 7-9 mm long; ovary glabrous, ca. 1 cm long. May-June.

Deciduous woods.— European part: U. Dnp., U.V., V.-Ka., V.-Don,

My Dnp- i) Crim: ;) Caucastist wCise:;.W.-and E. a ranses; Dag.) Tal.; Centr.
Asia: Pam.-Al. (Fergana). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur.,
W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., E. Med., Iran., Ind.-Him. Described from
Europe. Type in London.

Note. The author records this species for Soviet Central Asia on the
basis of D.I. Litvinov's collection, although it is possible that the plant
collected by him is Cephalantherea acuminata Lindl. This species
is considered to be synonymous with C. longifolia (C. ensifolia
Rich. ). This view is adopted by Hooker f. (Fl. of Brit. Ind. VI p.125) and
apparently also by M. Godfrey (Monogr. and Iconogr. Brit. Orch. (1933) p.
52-53). The author was unable to distinguish it with herbarium material,
but is not convinced that it would also be undistinguishable in live condition.

5. C. caucasica Kranzlin in Fedde, Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 67.—
Ce2cuminata doin Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 78" (non Lind!) ),

Perennial; rhizome short, horizontal or ascending; stems to 55 cm
long, densely leafy; leaves 7-9, approximate, elliptic to oblong-elliptic,
acuminate, to 11 cm long, 4-4.5 (5) cm broad; inflorescence erect, rather
loose, to 12 cm long; bracts linear-subulate, the upper ones commonly
half the length of ovary, 0.5-1 cm long; flowers erect, glabrous, 2-2.6 cm
long (excluding ovary); petals oblong-lanceolate, obtusish, 2-2.5 cm long;
petals obtuse, elliptic, 1.5-1.7cmlong; lip 1.2 cm long; gynochil with
obtuse rounded lobes, concave, expanded 10 mm broad;epichil rounded-
reniform, 6 mm long, 9-10 broad, with 3 crestlike stripes on the upper
surface, densely covered at the tip with small mamillae; column together
with anther 1.1 cm long. May.

Deciduous woods. — Caucasus: Tal. Described from woods near village
of Suvant. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A species occupying an intermediate position between
CY grandiflora and C.lonpofolias ii differs fron’ Cs bromeitolia
in its longer bracts and the 3-crested epichil; the features distinguishing
it from C. grandiflora are the large leaves and the linear-subulate
bracts. It might be considered a hybrid between these two species but for
the fact that C. grandiflora apparently does not occur in Talysh.

6., C.'rubra.(L.) LC /Rich.,’ Mém. Mus.) Par. IV (818) 602) db. Fl.
Ross: 17.19. Boiss. B1/"Or. WA(1L884)"S45 Shimal"s) 4 1; JP Sake > FD.
Zap. Sib yi, (00. Sera pials rub Tal 4 Syst. -edioiay ihuar6i7)9594. —
S.ilLon gif oliasttuds: Fl, Amp. (762)341, ‘tpt. Gels *Nehbo wet Fl,
Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t.117.— Exs.: Herb. Fl. Cauc. No.25; Fl. Cauc.
exs. No. 226.

481

635

Perennial; rhizome ascending to subvertical; stems 25-60 cm long,
puberulous at the top; leaves 5-8, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 5-12 cm
long, 1-3 cm broad; inflorescence rather loosely (2) 4-8 (12)-flowered,
erect, rarely more than 12 cm long, the rachis densely pubescent; bracts
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, shorter than to equaling the ovary; flowers
large, lilac-rose, with a white lip, spreading; sepals lanceolate, obtusish,
minutely puberulous on the outside, 1.7-2.2 (2.5) cm long, 5-nerved, the
midnerve thicker than the others; petals 1.5-1.8 (2) cm long, ovate-
lanceolate; lip about as long as the sepals, white, reddish-margined;
gynochil concave, the erect obtuse lobes enveloping the column; epichil
ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, 4.5-6 mm broad above the middle,
the upper surface furnished with somewhat prominent crisped yellowish
stripes; column 7-9 mm long; ovary pubescent. June-July, (Plate XXXVIII,
Figure 10).

Deciduous woods.— European part: Lad.-Ilm., U. Dnp., U.V., V.-Don,
Vi-Ke:"Eransv.; Ls Don; MY Dnp.; CrimigoCaucasuss Cis csp Wha and
S. Transc., Tal; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr.
hur, Ath sEur.; W. Med! ?°Bali=Aswy Min, -Arnmekurnd ¥¢ lrant, Wiypetan
London.

Genus 324. LIMODORUM* L.C. RICH.
(Tournf., Inst. 437) L.C.Rich., in Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 50.

Sepals and petals erect; sepals oblong-lanceolate; petals shorter and
much narrower; lip furnished with a long slender cylindric spur, adnate
at base to the column; gynochil short and relatively narrow; epichil broad,
oval, obtuse, with slightly undulate margins; column long; pollinia 2,
oblong, borne on a round retinaculum. Saprophytic plants, with no green
leaves, the stems clothed with scalelike sheaths.

1. L. abortivum (L.) Sw. in Nov. Acta Ups. (1799) 18; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IVGicnis Boiss: Ml Or. Vy(tee4) eo. Samalla, Bl. Il, 450,—Orehis
abortiva’ L.; Sp. Pl. ed) 1 (1753) 943.—"E pd pacts aboriinamaul.
Fl. Pedem. II (1785) 151.—Centrosis abortiva Sw. Summa Veget.
Scand. (1814) 32.—Inorchis abortiva Beck. Fl. Nied. Oesterr.
(1890) 215.—Ie.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XITI-XIV (1851) t..129.

Perennial; rhizome short, profusely covered with thickish roots; stems
40-80 cm long, pale greenish-violet, stout; scales numerous, subobtuse
to obtuse; raceme erect, large, (10) 15-33 cm long, loosely 6-20-flowered;
bracts oval-lanceolate, acuminate, violet-tinged in upper part, exceeding
the ovary, (1.5) 2-4 (5) em long; flowers large, lilac, the sepals and petals
ca. 2 cm long; lip pale lilac, 1.6-1.7 em long, 3-5 mm broad at base,
the enlarged epichil 7-9 mm broad; spur to 1.5 cm long; column
1.2—-1.5 cm long; ovary short-stipitate, not twisted. May-June.

Deciduous woods.— European part: Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc.; W. and
E. Transc. Described from S. Europe. Type in London.

* First mentioned in error by Dodoneus for Hae modorum, a name applied by Theophrastus to a red-
flowered parasitic plant.

482

636

Genus 325. EPIPOGON* S.G.GMELIN.
S.G. Gmelin, Flor. Sibir. 1(1747) 12, t.2. Figure 2.

Sepals linear-lanceolate, recurved, slightly narrower than petals,
petals lanceolate, free, drooping; lip erect, spurred at base, 3-lobed;
spur short, thick, obtuse, erect; median lobe large, ovate, pointed at apex,
entire or finely crenulate; lateral lobes small, auriclelike; column short,
rather thick, short-beaked; pollinia 2, ellipsoid, nodding; ovary stipitate,
clavate, glabrous. Saprophytes with a coralloid articulated strongly
branched rhizome; stems brittle, pale yellow, red-striped, clothed with
hyaline scales.

1. E. aphyllum (Schmidt) Sw., Summa Veget. Scand. (1814) 32; Turcz.,
El baic.-dah. 11,1849 Boiss /#PL7VOrR WW. (1884)193h Shmal'g., Fl. 11, 450,
ie tZapt sibey Li 70ar— Or chis aphylla Schmidt in, Mey Phys.
Auis.(1791) 240..—Saty rium ,epipogium) d. Spa Pl.ived. 1:(1%53)
945.—Epipogium Gmelini L.C.Rich. in Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818)
81.—Epipogon Gmelini Ldb. Fl. Ross. 1V (1653) 77.—Epipogum
Epi po gium.Karst.~ Deutsch]. Fly (1883) 455.— le. : Gmelin F1. ‘Sibir. I
(IiWAG \utullwhipure 2uihia~ Ress Austr -On..41l(1929) Figure 213.— Exs.:
Fl, cauc. exs. No. 356.

Perennial, glabrous throughout; stems 7-32 cm long, hollow, somewhat
inflated above the base and there to 1.2 cm thick; raceme initially nodding,
becoming erect, loosely 2—8-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolate, obtusish,
spreading, 0.5-1 cm long; flowers nodding, fragrant; sepals and petals
pale yellow, sometimes striped with violet-reddish, 1-nerved, 1.2-1.4 cm
long; lip equaling to slightly exceeding the sepals, whitish, with 4 or 6
longitudinal rows of purple or light violet warts; spur light violet, 6-8 mm
long, 3-4 mm thick; column ca. 4 mm long. July. (Plate XXXIX,

Figure 6, a,b).

Shady coniferous and mixed woods.— European part: Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka.,
L. Dapp load: -Miarg) Us Va rimsCaucasus Mc isc.; Dae: , GE” A Wie and.s:.
Transc.; .Wi.. Siberia: Ob; Irt.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East:
KameheatSakipees Uda, #Zer-Bu.,.Uss.Gen. distr.,:.Scands, Centr? Bur .,
Atl. Bur.,.W.\Med. Bal.-As: Min., Jap.-Ch. Described from Siberia.
Type in London.

Genus 326. GASTRODIA** R. BR.
R. Br., Prodr. (1810) 330.

Perianth tubular, inflated; sepals and petals united into a sac, this split
on the lower side, with 5 short obtusish lobes at the margin, enclosing
the lip; lip adnate only at base, otherwise free, oblong-oval, fimbriate on
the margin; column long, with 2 pointed drooping lateral teeth near its
apex; anther terminal; pollinia 2-lobed, with powdery pollen; rhizome
tuberlike, obscurely articulate; stem leafless, clothed with short scalelike
amplexicaul sheaths.

* From Greek epi, above, and pogon, beard, referring to the projecting lip that was considered by
early botanists to be a beard.
** From Greek gaster, life, belly.

483

637

638

1. G. elata Bl.; Mus. Bot» Lugd) »Bot, ID (1856))174.—Ile,: Blume,
Orch. Arch. Ind. (1858) t.53, Figure 1; Kom. and Alis., Opr. I, Plate 125.
Perennial; rhizome tuberlike, annular, horizontal, to 4-4.5 cm thick
stems stout, 50-100 cm long, glabrous, brownish; sheaths scalelike,
1.5-2.5 cm long, obtusish; raceme 15-25 cm long, 2.5-3.5 em broad;
rather loose; bracts equaling or longer than ovary, linear, pointed or
obtusish, to 1.6 cm long; pedicels 2—2.5 mm long; sepals and petals
1-1.1 cm long, pale greenish-brown; lip whitish, channeled above; ovary
5-6 mm long, glabrous. July. (Plate XXXIX, Figure 7a-c).

Damp woods and riverside osier groves. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from China and Japan.

Genus 327. SPIRANTHES* L.C. RICH.
L.C. Rich. in Mém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 50, nomen conservandum.— Gyrostachys Pers. Syn. II
(1807) 511.—Ibidium Salisb. Trans. Hort. Sc. I (812) 291.

Flowers small, white or bright pink; sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, 3-nerved; petals oblong-linear, 1-nerved, adnate at margins to
median sepal, slightly leaning forward; lip spurless, subsessile or with
a very short and broad claw, oblong to oblong-ovate, slightly constricted
at or slightly above the middle, with 2 small marginal callosities at base,
the margins crisped-undulate, the tip rounded; column short, tightly
embraced by the margins of the lip; beak 2-toothed; anther straight;
pollinia clavate, 2-parted, with narrow oblong retinaculum; pollen powdery;
ovary glandular, subsessile, straight, while rachis of inflorescence spirally
twisted; roots clustered, more or less tuberous.

1. Basal leaves dying off before flowering (with only a leaf rosette of the
preceding year's shoot present at flowering time); flowers white......

. Beep STR. new Eee ai ete 1. S. autumnalis (Balb. ) L.C. Rich.

Basal leaves retained at flowering time; flowers bright pink....... 2
2. Flowers small, 0.3-0.5 em long (excluding ovary); inflorescence

0.4-0.8 cm broad; lip oblong, short-clawed, strongly constricted,

rounded and dilated at apex, with small callosities on each side somewhat

abevebasG ns, Site Bub. HA a Tae h as 3. S. sinensis (Pers. ) Ames.
+ Flowers larger, 0.5-0.7 cm long (excluding ovary); inflorescence

(0.7) 0.8-1.2 (1.3) em broad; lip subsessile, oval or oblong-oval,

slightly attenuate toward apex, with 2 small callosities at the very base.

ec RE Es oe RL TR Ra 2. S. amoena (M.B.) Spreng.

1. S. autumnalis (Balb.) L.C.Rich., in Mém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 59;
Ldb..Fl. Ross. IV; 85; Boiss. FI. Or. 'V (1884),.90; Shmal'g) (Fin liy449, —
Ophrys autumnalis Balb. Elench. (1801) 96.—Gyrostachys
autumnalis Dum. Fl. Belg. (1827).134.—Ophrys spiralis, (iL,

Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753) 945, p.pt.—Ibidium spirale. Salisb., in Trans.
Hort. Soc. I (1812) 291.—Spiranthes spiralis C.Koch, Linnaea XXII

* From Greek speira, spiral, and anthos, flower.

484

639

(1849) 290.—Ic.: ‘Rehb. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) %.122.— Exs.: FI.
Austro-Hung. No. 1024.

Perennial; stems 10-25 (35) cm long, with several appressed strongly
acuminate green sheaths 1.5-4 cm long; basal leaves dying off before
flowering, the leaves present at flowering time being the rosulate ovate
leaves on the preceding year's shoot; tubers oblong, obtuse; inflorescence
1-sided, 5-10 cm long, with twisted glandular rachis; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, 0.5-0.9 (1) cm long, to 3 mm broad, acuminate, slightly
pubescent, equaling or slightly exceeding the ovary; flowers white, slightly
pubescent outside; sepals obtusish, 3-4.5 (5) mm long; petals ligulate,
1-nerved; lip oblong-ovate, obtusish, somewhat dilated above the middle,
slightly undulate at the margin, with 2 small obtuse auricles at base.
September. (Plate XXXIX, Figure 10, a).

Meadows. — Caucasus: W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur.,
W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Condova (Italy).

2. S. amoena (M.B.) Spreng., Syst. III (1826) 708.—Neottia
amoena M.B. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. III (1819) 606.—Gyrostachys
augena Bl, Orch: Arch. Ind. (1858) 129°—"Spiranthes "conpes't a
Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1824) sub t.823.—S. australis auct. fl. ross. et
Lindl, pro max pt., non Neottia australis R.Br.—Ic-: Gmelin,

Fl. Sibir. I (1747)t.3, Figure 1.— Exs.: HFR No. 1388.

Perennial; tubers slender, cylindric, 2-—2.5 mm thick; stems 15-30
(35) cm long, bearing 2-4 leaves in lower part and acuminate sheaths in
upper part; leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, subobtuse, (3) 4-7.5
(9) em long and 0.4-0.7 (0.9) cm broad; inflorescence dense, (1.5) 2.5-10
(11.5) cm long, (0.7) 0.8-1.2 (1.3) cm broad, the rachis more or less
glandular; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 0.5-0.8 cm long, 2-2.5 mm
broad, equaling the ovary; sepals obtusish; 5-7 mm long; lip about as long
(5-6 mm) and 2.5-3 mm broad, oval to oblong-oval, whitish, with slightly
undulate margins, posterior portion broader, glabrous, with 2 approximate
callosities; anterior portion minutely papillose. July-August.

(Plate XXXIX, Figure 8, a).

Wet meadows near rivers and lakes, and peat bogs. — European part:
Ve-ras, We siberia: Ob, irt!; U. Tob.) Alt.; Eo Siberia: Aney-say.. ,
Dau., Lena-Kol.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss., Uda, Sakh. Gen. distr.:
Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Jap.-Ch. (Manchuria, Korea). Described from Siberia.
Type in Leningrad.

3. S. sinensis (Pers. ) Ames. Orch. II (1908) 53.—Neottia sinensis
Pers. Syn. II (1807) 511.—Spiranthes australis Lindl. p.pt.
Perennial; tubers slender, cylindric; stems (16) 30-50 cm long, the
lower part with 3-6 leaves, the upper part with acuminate sheaths; leaves
linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-14 cm long, 0.3-0.9 cm broad;
inflorescence dense, slender, (4) 5-14 cm long, 0.4-0.8 cm broad, the
rachis glandular; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 mm long,
1-2.5 mm broad, equaling the ovary; sepals and petals obtuse, 3-4.5 mm
long, 1-1.5mmbroad; petals slightly narrower and shorter than sepals;
lip 3.5—4 (4.5) mm long, 2-2.25 mm broad, whitish, oblong, constricted

640

at the middle by rolling in of the margins, dilated at apex, as in

S. amoena_ undulate-margined, profusely papillose on the dilated anterior

portion, the 2 callosities very narrow and situated on the sides somewhat

above the glabrous base. July-August. (Plate XXXIX, Figure 9, a).
Meadows. — Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Japan,

Korea, S. and Central China); Ind.-Him. Described from Canton (China).

Genus 328. GOODYERA* R.BR.

R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V (1813) 197, nomen conservadum.— Peramium Salisb., Trans.
Hort. Soc. I (1812) 301.

Sepals oval to oblong-oval, the median united with petals into a
hood; lip spurless, strongly concave in posterior part, rounded-ovate,
the anterior portion forming a very short triangular recurved tip;
gynostemium short; beak straight, pointed, shortly 2-parted; anther
straight; pollinia 2, sessile, obovoid, attached to rather large orbicular
or lanceolate gland; ovary fusiform-cylindric, subsessile, twisted at base;
rhizome cordlike, branched, creeping, giving rise to shoots bearing stems
or leaf clusters; flowers small or medium-sized, in a dense mostly 1-sided
raceme.

1. G. repens (L.) R.Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V (1813).198; Lidb.
FitpRoss!. /lVe86:). ures. ln. baie.=dah. wl, 18e-..Boiss. Or. Val daay)
907k Smale ib late Aso. Komen Bile rae Sh sels G@ OL) 5G: Weyl. ely Zap.
Sib. Ae Wh2.— Sad yr wim, ure pe m'spulus) Spiel. ed. Db (ii53) 9455—
Peramitumarieme newisalicbhs., Jrans 7 Hort. Soes.l(1 12). 301
Tusacea Tiepens),Ratin.,, Préc. .Décour. (1819), 43. Ore hsodes
repens O. Ktize, Rev..Gen. (1891) 675.— le, Rehb. Ic, Hl) Germ,
XII-X1V (1831) t.130.— Exs.: HFR No. 588.

Perennial; stems 8-25 (35) cm long, covered above with short glandular
hairs; leaves 4-8, borne on the lower part of the stem, ovate or elliptic,
acuminate to subobtuse, 1.8-3.5 cm long, 1-2 cm broad, prominently
reticulate due to 5 longitudinal and numerous transversal veins, rounded
at base or cuneately narrowed into a short broad amplexicaul petiole;
inflorescence 1-sided, (2) 4-7 (15) cm long; bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
exceeding the ovary; flowers small, white or faintly yellowish-white,
minutely glandular outside; sepals and petals 3-4 mm long, 0.75-2.5 mm
broad; lip strongly concave, slightly shorter than sepals and petals, with
a depression 1.5-1.75 mm deep, the triangular tip 1 mm long; ovary
glandular. July-August. (Plate XXXIX, Figure 1la,b).

Shady coniferous and mixed woods. — European part: Kar.-Lap.; Dv.-
Pech Y V -Ka., ad-ollm:, WV. .Us Dnp...Crim., V.—Don:, Caucasus:
Casey Dac. Eas We and S.vlransc...W. Siberia:, Ob. Miche, Alt:

E, siberia: Ang.-say., Yen., Juena-Kol., Dau.; Far Hast: Kameh., Salary
Wda Ze.-Bu.; Uss.; Centr. Asia: Dzu,-Tarb., T.sa, Gen. distr. :
seand,., Centr. Eur., Atl. Hur., W. Med., Bal--As. Min. Afghanistan,
Himalayas, North America. Described from Sweden. Type in London.

“Named for John Goodyer, a 17th-century botanist who worked in the Oxford area.

486

641

Genus 329. ZEUXINE* LINDL.
Lindl., Orch. Scel. (1826) 9.

Median sepal united with the petals into a hood; lateral sepals spreading;
lip short than sepals, saccate at base but narrow, the anterior portion
entire, slightly enlarged at apex, distinctly separated from the inflated
base by a narrow constriction; column short; pollinia 2-lobed, with a very
short caudicle. Small plants with densely leafy stems and slender rhizome;
inflorescence a dense spikelike raceme; flowers small.

Section 1. EUZEUXINE Lindl. (Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1840) 485). —
Leaves linear, without petioles; inflated part of lip saccate, glabrous within
or furnished with small callosities.

1. Z. strateumatica (L.) Schlechter., Orch. Dtsch. Neu Guin. (1911)
ie @© rehi sisitimatheuma tic ami. wSp wl. ved. 1 (1053). 043i.—=
Adenostylis strateumatica Ames. Orchid. II (1908) 59.—
Pterigodium sulcatum Roxbg. Hort. Beng. (1814) 63.— Zeyxine
sulcata Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1840) 485.—Ic.: Fédchenko, Rast.
Maes 1905 )} fig? 1 Te:

Perennial; rhizome slender, ascending; stems 6-16 cm long, with
numerous narrow linear leaves; raceme 2.5-5 cm long, 0.9-1.8 cm broad;
bracts exceeding the flower, hyaline, acuminate, 1-nerved, 0.8-1.5 cm
long; flowers white; sepals and petals 3.5-5 mm long; lip enlarged
reniform at apex. March-April. (Plate XXXIX, Figure 12).

Centr. Asia: Pam.-Al. Gen. distr.: Ind.-Him., Jap.-Ch. Described
from Ceylon. Type in London.

TRIBE v. OPHRYDEAE LINDL.

Lindl, Orch. Scel. (1826) 12.

Stamen 1; anther adnate dorsally throughout; pollen powdery; plants
glabrous, except for the sometimes more or less pubescent or papillose
petals; tuberoids more or less developed.

Genus 330. HABENARIA* WILLD.
Willd. Sp. Pl. IV (1805) 44,

Sepals unequal, the median straight oval obtuse concave, the lateral
longer asymmetric often falcate drooping; petals straight, asymmetric,
broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, the outer margin sometimes
dentate; lip 3-lobed, the lobes variously shaped, often with fimbriate-
dentate margin, spurred at base; spur long, cylindric, more or less
clavately enlarged at tip; column short; anther short, the anther cells
divergent at base and prolonged into short forward-turned channels; beak

* From Greek zeuxis, union, referring to union in pairs of the 4 or 8pollinia and also the union of lip

and column.
** From Latin habena, bridle.

487

642

643

3-lobed, its lateral lobes united with the anther channels and each
terminating in a glabrous retinaculum; stigmatic surfaces borne on 2 rather
long thickish processes, these mostly exceeding, rarely shorter than the
anther channel; ovary short-stipitate, twisted; bracts herbaceous; tubers
entire, ellipsoid, formed at the ends of underground shoots.
1. Sepals white; lip olive-green, cruciform, with linear-oblong lobes.
p Fee on Pied he Ble ah. og ARGS RRO ORR 1. H. linearifolia Maxim.
+ Sepals green; lip white, withbroad fimbriate-dentate lateral lobes,
reniforny in outlines areweel. Aes? Haak 2. H. dianthoides Nevski.

1. H. linearifolia Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 296; Kom. Fl.
Mansh. 1(1901)520.—H. sagittifera Kranzl. inFedde, Repert. Beih. LXV
(1931) 63 [non Rchb. f. in Bot. Ztg. (1845) 334].—Ie.: Regel. Tent., Fl.
Usstrmst210) feri4=£6:

Perennial; stems to 90 cm long and 6 mm thick; leaves narrowly linear,
long-acuminate, to 15 cm long and to 7-(9) mm broad; raceme loosely
many-flowered, to 15-(18) cm long; bracts long-acuminate from ovate base,
8-20 mm long, green, the lower equaling and the upper exceeding the ovary;
flowers 8-12 (15), white with olive-green lip, faintly scented; median sepal
broadly ovate, obtusish, 6-(7)-nerved, 7-(7.5) mm long, 6-(7) mm broad
at base; lateral sepals falcately curved, asymmetric, 8-8.5 mm long and
to 6 mm broad, commonly 4-nerved; petals 6-7 mm long, to 6 mm broad
at base, ovate, obtuse, at base on outer margin with a triangular tooth,
this slightly dissected at the tip, 2-2.5 mm long; lip thickish, pale
olivaceous, 15-16 mm long, between the tips of lateral lobes to 20-22 mm
broad, cruciform, the undivided part narrowly linear 1 mm broad; lobes
to 2 mm broad, the lateral ones spreading at right angles, to 12 mm long,
falcately curved, the tips dissected into narrowly linear teeth; median
lobe oblong-linear, entire, 9-11 mm long; spur slightly curved and
somewhat thickened at the end, whitish-green, 17-22 mm long. July-
August. (Plate XL, Figure 1).

Wet meadows with clayey or peaty soil and overgrown lake shores. —
Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from southern
course of Amur, below village of Onni. Type in Leningrad.

2. H. dianthoides Nevski sp. nova in Addenda III, p.751.—H. radiata
f. pauciflora Kom. in ''Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr.'' I (1931) 402.—

H. radiata Kranzl. in Fedde, Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 64, non Mig.
Proll, FinJap) (te6s—67) 139)

Perennial; small plants with slender stems 13-20 cm long; tubers small,
ellipsoid, formed at the ends of rather long underground shoots; leaves
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5-3.5 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm broad; flower
solitary, terminal, rarely 2; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
8-10 mm long, green; median sepal elliptic-ovate, obtuse, concave,

6-7 mm long, 3-3.5 mm broad, ribbed by prominent nerves; lateral sepals
about as long (7 mm) and similarly green-colored; petals white, many-
nerved, broadly ovate to suborbicular-ovate, 7-8 mm long and 5-7 mm
broad, asymmetric, subobtuse, on the outer margin at base faintly crenulate
or rarely with 2-3 small inconspicuous obtuse teeth; lip reniform in outline,
12 mm long and 20-24 mm broad, divided in front by 2 clefts into 3 lobes;
median lobe triangular-oblong, obtusish, 5-7 mm long, 2.5-4 mm broad

488

at base, entire; lateral lobes broad, crescent-shaped, the outer margin
fimbriate-dentate; spur straight, cylindric, scarcely clavate at the end,
1.5-2.3 cm long. August. (Plate XL, Figure 2).

Sandy coastal meadows.— Far East: Uss. Endemic? Described from
mouths of Mongugai River. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A species closely related to the Japanese H. radiata Miq.,
from which it differs in the following characteristics: the shape of petals
(these are ovate in H. radiata); the more pointed dentate-margined lip,
as opposed to the lip of H. radiata with its long and narrower median
lobe and the more long-fimbriate lateral lobes with longer teeth; and,
finally, the short and slender spur (on the case of H. radiata to 4cm
long and 2.5 mm thick), the low stature, and small flowers.

Genus 331. HERMINIUM R. BR.
R. Br. in Ait Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V (1818) 101,

Flowers somewhat nodding due to a twist of ovary; perianth campanulate;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; petals longer than sepals, subhastate,
with a long narrow tip; lip 3-lobed; lateral lobes subulate-linear, obtuse;
median lobe 2—22 times as long, thickish; base of lip with saccate
depression forming a kind of very short spur; column very short; anther
cells parallel; pollinia small, with very short caudicles; glands large,
concave, naked, not contained in pouches; stigmatic lobes 2, distinct,
semicircular, slightly protruding from the cavity; ovary sessile, twisted,
slightly curved at apex; bracts herbaceous; tuber solitary, globose; young
tubers forming at the ends of underground shoots.

1. H. monorchis (L.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V (1813) 191;
db. Bly Ross. 1V, 73: Ture. bleebaic.-daht! Uin2). les Bosses -@r?
V (1884) 82; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 460; Kom. Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 512; Kryl.,
Fl. Zap. Sib. III, 690.—Ophrys Monorchis L. Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753)
947.—Orchis Monorchis All. Fl. Pedem. II (1785) 148.— Dienia
Gite i na Lindl: Gen.’ et/Sp. ‘Orel. «(1830) 23). We no Rchba vk ac). ve.
Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t.63.— Exs.: HFR No. 442.

Perennial; tuber 5-8 mm in diameter; stem 8-25 cm long, clothed at
base with brownish sheaths; leaves 2 (3), borne at the stem base,

644 lanceolate or oblong-obovate, 4-10 cm long, 0.6-1.5 cm broad;
inflorescence rather loose, to 8-10 cm long and 8 mm in diameter; bracts
linear-lanceolate to linear, acuminate, shorter than or rarely equaling the
ovary; flowers small, yellowish-green, honey-scented; sepals 2.5-3 mm
long and 1-1.25 mm broad; petals and lip 3.25-3.75 mm long. June-July.

Damp meadows and forest glades.— European part: Lad.-Ilm., U. Dnp.,
V.-Don, U.V., V.-Ka., Transv., Dv.-Pech. (Vologda), L. Don; W. Siberia:
Us Debi. sObipcAlt ...drtisy BaeSiberian Ang.ic Say, Daus.,pdsena aKely:| Har
East; Ze.-Bu., Uss.; Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr.
Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. (W. part), Ind.-Him., Tibet,
Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Europe. Type in London.

Note: The plant portrayed by Gmelin (I.G. Gmelin, Fl. Sib. I, 18,
tab. IV, f.1) under the designation ''Orchis radice subrotunda, labello
hastato'' is without any doubt Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br.

489

645

Similarly, Schlechter commited an error in listing '' Dienia Gmelini",
described by Lindley from Gmelin's same illustration, among the synonyms
of Microstylis monophyllos Lindl.

Genus 332. CHAMAEORCHIS* RICH.
L.C. Rich in Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 49.

Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, forming ahood; petals oblong,
1-nerved, shorter than sepals; lip spurless, oblong-ovate, obtuse, scarcely
concave at base, entire or obscurely 3-lobed; column short; anther
ellipsoid, obtuse, with subparallel locules; pollinia oblong-ovoid, the very
short stalks adherent to 2 large round naked glands; ovary sessile, twisted.
A small arctic or alpine plant with ellipsoid or ovoid tubers and herbaceous
bracts.

isvCh. alpinus (1s).1iC» Rich daMeéme, Mus. Par. LV, (eke ai. a
OiphmysialpiniayLsSpeoPM sedeslo(h.753)9948 0 ne hice adyoi.o.a sso:
Fl. Carn. ed. 2,.I.(1772),.196:—Chamaerepes alpina, Sprengl., Syst.
Il (1826 )702;: Ldbxi FlxeRoss/.1V,.74.—Herminium .alpinum, Lindl,
BotacRegss (823 )psubstabay 1493) lege Rehbaof. Leet. Germ .»_ XL Sal
(1851) t.64,— Exs.: Fl. Austr. Hung. No. 1025.

Stem 4-8 (10) cm long, with 2 obtuse membranous whitish or brownish
sheaths; leaves 6-10, crowded above the stem base, narrowly linear,
acuminate, 4-10 cm long and 1-2 mm broad, equaling or slightly exceeding
the inflorescence; inflorescence to 3 cm long and 1.2 cm in diameter,
densely 6-14-flowered; flowers slightly nodding, yellowish-green,
sometimes partly brownish-violet; sepals ca. 3 mm long, the lateral
asymmetric; petals narrower, about as long as sepals; lip greenish-yellow.
3.5-4 mm long, 2-2.5 mm broad, obtuse. July.

Stony slopes. — European part: Arct. Eur. (Kola Peninsula; the only
available record being that of J. Fellman: ''ad peninsulam Karelsgammen".
Ledebour and Beketov repeat this record. It has not been possible to
identify the exact location referred to on the Kola Peninsula). Gen. distr.:
Scand., Centr. Eur., W. Med. (Alps). Described from Lapland. Type
in London.

Genus 333. NEOTTIANTHE** SCHLECHTER
Schlechter in Fedde, Repert, XVI (1919) 290,

Sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, united with petals into a rather
narrow hood; lip densely and minutely papillose above, deeply 3-lobed,
the smaller lateral lobes narrowly linear, the median lobe ligulate; spur
below the lip turned downward and more or less curved, tapering from a
relatively broad base, subspherically inflated at the end; anther oblong-
ovoid, obtuse, narrowed toward base; beak 3-lobed, the central lobe slightly
projecting from between the anther cells, the lateral lobes short and
recurved; pollinia clavate, with short caudicles; glands subglobose, each

* Literally — dwarf Orchis.
** Derived from Neottia and anthos,

490

646

situated between a lateral lobe of the beak and the margin of anther cell;
stigma concave; ovary subsessile, twisted; tubers subglobose.

1. N. cucullata (L.) Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XVI (1919)
292,— Orchis culedliatasl. Spsspl-f (l7p3) 939: = Gy mina-diem ia
ewcullata:L.C. Richin Mém: Mus, Par. IV (1818) 57; Ldb. Fle Ross.
TV, 66; \mwurez.cKilsbaic.-dah! Me 291805 Kom, FY. Mansha it: (1901) 23%
Kyl. Fle Zaps Sib. Ill, 695.5 Hab ema ri asenjeumlda tay Hoeft a Cat yPl.
Koursk. (1826) 56; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 462.—Ic.: Gmelin Fl. Sib. I, tab. III,
f.2 et 2*; Rchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t.66.— Exs.: HFR No. 1534.

Perennial; tubers globose or subglobose; stem 10-25 (30) cm long,
slender, ribbed; leaves borne near base, subopposite, the lower elliptic
short-acuminate 2.5-5.5 (7.5) cm long and 1.5-3 cm broad, the upper
narrowly lanceolate acuminate; sheathing scales above the leaves 1 or 2,
small, narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate; raceme erect, 1-sided,

3-8 cm long, rather loosely 6-20-flowered; flowers violet-rose, inodorous;
bracts linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1-nerved, equaling or slightly
exceeding the ovary; sepals 1-nerved, 6-8 mm long and,1.5 mm broad;
petals 1 mm broad; lip drooping, 7-9 mm long, 3-lobed from the middle,
the lobes linear, the median lobe slightly longer than and twice as broad as
the lateral; spur ca. 5mm long. June-August.

Pine forests, mixed and deciduous woods, shrub thickets in stony soil,
and mountain meadow slopes.— European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp., U.V.,
We -Wonse Ve. -—Kaien. Wee Siberiat, UsLob .;| Irt., (Ob, -Adtay Exesiberia: vane.
Say., Dau.; Far East: Uss., Ze.-Bu., Sakh. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur.,
Dzu.-Kash., Mong., Jap.-Ch. Described from Siberia. Type in London.

Genus 334. NEOLINDLEYA KRANZL.
Kranzl, in Orehidac. Gen. et Sp, 1 (1901) 651,

Median sepal lanceolate, 3-nerved, obtuse, forming a hood with the
petals; lateral sepals inequilateral, spreading sideways, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, also 3-nerved and obtuse; petals obliquely ovate,
inequilateral, with a broad process on the outer side; lip drooping, cuneate,
3-toothed at apex, the median tooth smaller, the lateral teeth slightly
curved, the base of lip united with the column and spurred; spur very short,
cylindric, recurved, obtuse, 1/9 to 1/7 the length of ovary; column very
short; anther with a very narrow connective, the parallel lobes contiguous
and not prolonged into a channel; pollinia stalkless; glands absent; stigma
forming a slightly convex scarcely 2-lobed persistent stigmatic body,
prolonged at center into a short free triangular rostellum, the minutely
papillose sides receiving the pollen masses, these papillose marginal pollen
surfaces coalescent with the lip; ovary sessile, twisted; flowers rose-lilac;
bracts herbaceous; tuber cylindric-fusiform, gradually attenuate toward apex.

1. N. camtschatica (Cham.) Nevski comb. nova.—Orchis
camtschatica Cham. in Linnaea Ill (1828) 27; Ldb..Fli Ross. IV, 63.—
Gymnadenia camtschatica MiyabeetKudo, Flora of Saghalin (1915)
441; Hulten, Fl. Kamtsch. I (1927) 262.—Platanthera decipiens

49]

647

648

Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 290; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 71; Kom. Fl,
penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 314, non Wight.—Neolindleya decipiens
Kranzl., Orchidac. Gen. et Sp. I (1901) 651.—Gymnadenia Vidalii
Franchet et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. II (1879) 29.—Ie.: Rcehb. f. Ic. Fl.
Germ.) XMMI=IVi (1851)%4. 65) Tig: 2;<Kom. lcs tab... xi

Perennial; tuber to 7 cm iong, 1 cm thick at base; stems stout, fleshy,
30-60 cm long and to 1.3 cm thick, densely leafy; leaves broad and
auriculate at base, rounded-elliptic or broadly elliptic, obtuse, 5-13 cm
long and (4) 5-9 cm broad; spike dense, many-flowered, to 17 cm long
and 3-4.5 cm in diameter; bracts narrowly lanceolate, green, equaling
or exceeding the flower except for the upper ones, subobtuse; sepals
6.5-7 mm long and ca. 3 mm broad; petals 6 mm long; lip 6-7 (7.5) mm
long and near apex 4-5 mm broad; spur 3-4 mm long and 0.5 mm thick.
June-July. (Plate XL, Figure 3, a).

Birch woods and shrub thickets. — Far East: Kamch., Sakh. Gen. distr.:
N. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Described from Kamchatka, from the
Petropavlovsk area. Cotype in Leningrad.

Genus 335. COELOGLOSSUM* HARTM.
Hartm. Handb. Scand. Flor. ed. 1(1820) 329,

Median sepal ovate, connivent with the linear petals; lateral sepals
slightly spreading; sepals and petals turned upward, greenish, sometimes
slightly suffused with reddish or purplish-brown; lip drooping, obcuneate,
3-toothed at apex, the median tooth commonly shorter than the lateral;
lip yellowish or yellowish-brown; spur very short, gibbous, obtuse;
anthers obovoid, the locules slightly divergent at base; rostellum 3-angled,
slightly protruding between the bases of locules; pollinia clavate, with short
caudicles; glands rounded-ovate, naked; stigma concave; ovary sessile,
twisted; bracts herbaceous; tubers 2-parted, with elongate-subulate tips.

1. C. viride (LL.) Hartm. Handb. Scand. Flor. ed. I (1820) 329; Kom.
Fl. penins Kamitseh. 1 (1927) 312: Kryli; Fle‘Zap! Sibs Tijs691. =
Satyrium viride L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 944.—Habenaria viridis
R. Br. tin/Ait: Hort. Kew.éd.. V (1813) 192; ‘Shmal! si) /Fl.°m, 4639—
Gymnadenia viridis L.C. Rich. inMém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 57.—
Platanthiera vitridis “Mind! oSyn\ Brit Flori X(is29)\2610 iT urease:
baieisdah.) Ilpe2,. 182; Boiss: Fl. Orgov (2884)e63y—Peristiyivs
viridis’ Lindl soSyn. Brit. Fl. ed) /2)(1835)\261; Ldb. FRY Ross) IVY 122—
Peristylus islandicus Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 297.—
Coeloglossum islandicum (M. Schulze) Kom. l.c. p.313.—

C. viride Bp. islandicum M. Schulze in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
(1898) 113.—C. bracteatum Parl. Fl. Ital. III (1850) 409.—Orchis
bracteata Willd. Sp. Pl. IV (1805) 34.— Coeloglosum bracteatum
(Willd.) Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XVI (1920) 374.—C. viride
var. Dracteata? Rehb)#.;' Kom. 1e//ps312)— Te, 6 Rehb, GerF 1: (Germ:
XITI-XIV (1851) t.82.— Exs.: Fl. Austr.-Hung. No. 3085.

* From Greek coelos, hollow, and glossa, tongue.

492

649

Perennial; tubers oblong, 2-parted, with elongate-subulate tips; stem
10-35 (40) cm long, clothed at base with brownish sheaths; leaves 2-5,
elliptic-ovate, elliptic-lanceolate or rarely lanceolate, 3-8 (11) cm long
and to 3-5 cm broad, the upper ones smaller and acuminate; bracts linear -
lanceolate to lanceolate, subobtuse, in the typical form the lowest exceeding
the flower and to 2.5-3 (4) cm long, the upper shorter than the flower;
in var. bracteatum (Willd.) the lowest leaves greatly exceeding the
flowers, to 4-7 cm long, the upper ones also exceeding the flowers;
inflorescence 2-10 (15) cm long, rather loosely 5-—25-flowered; sepals
ovate, obtusish, 4.5-6 (7) mm long, 2.5-3.5 (4) mm broad, the median
concave, the lateral inequilateral; petals linear, 1-nerved, obtusish, about
as long as petals but merely ca. 1 mm broad; lip 6-8 (9) mm long, near
apex 3-3.5 (4) mm broad, flat; spur ca. 2 mm long and 1 mm thick. —
June-July.

Wood margins and glades, shrub thickets, and high mountain meadows. —
Bunopean, pact: .Kar.-(ap., Dy .;Pech.,. Lad.cllma) Us, Vie. phase VienDon,
ie, Dap... WL. Dop:, ;\Crim: Caucasus. (Cisce., Wagan, Wah wandyon.bransic. ;
Wiiiolberian Obw Uinta eA sGentr. —AsitacgDZu. olucucloe yeti. (Slane alaapi oA:
EH, Siberia: Ange.-Say., Dau., Lena-Kol.; Far Bast,,Ze.-Burc ssi) Okhg,
Kamch. (the typical form as wellas var. bracteatum (Willd.)), Chuk.,
pakh.. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl.. Eur., Centr. Eur.,.W. Med., Bal.-As.
Mins, Dzuz-Kash., Mong., Tibet, Jap.-Ch., Ber.,.N. Am. Described from
Central Europe. Type in London.

Note: The author does not regard as justified the separation of the form
with particularly long bracts, that occurs in Japan and North America,
and in USSR in Kamchatka, into a distinct species —C. bracteatum
(Willd.) Schlechter. Side by side with this.form, one encounters in these
regions specimens undistinguishable from typical C. viride (L.) Hartm.,
and there are no differences in flower structure between typical specimens
of C. viridis.and,var. bracteatum: The genus Coeloglossum
should evidently be regarded as monotypic.

Genus 336. LEUCORCHIS* E. MEY.
E. Mey. Preuss. Pflanzgatt. (1834) 50.

Sepals and petals forming a campanulate or subspherical hood; lateral
sepals obliquely ovate, obtusish; median sepal ovate, concave, obtuse;
petals inequilateral, oblong-ovate, obtuse, enlarged on one side at base;
lip connivent with sepals and petals, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes linear-
lanceolate acuminate, the longer and broader median lobe obtusish; spur
short; cylindric, thickened at apex, obtuse, one-third the length of ovary;
anther ovoid, with subparallel locules; rostellum small, the central lobe
protruding between the locule bases, the ear-shaped lateral lobes enclosing
the glands; pollinia clavate, with short caudicles, the glands small and
naked; stigma concave; ovary sessile, twisted, much longer than perianth;
flowers white or yellowish-white; bracts herbaceous; tubers deeply digitate
with slender cylindric divisions.

* From leucos, white, milky, and orchis.

493

650

1. L. albidus (L.) E. Mey. ex Schur. Enum. Pl. Trans. (1866) 645. —
Satyrium albidum L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 944.—Orechis albida
Scoph, Hlor,) Garn.red. 2210 (1773) 04. = Gy mn a denies allinid aviMeee
Rich. Mem, Wust Par. TV (VWelsive7> Kryle Pl atZap sto: WEP ean
Coe loslossum albi/dum ‘Hartm..HandSeand Mr lore (e270) o290—
Pertstyl us aloidu's! Lindt Syn), Brit ‘Flor! (829) QoiP aldol.
Ross. IV, 73.—Blephariglottis albida Rafin. Fl. Tellur: II (1836)
38.—Bicchia albida Parl. Fl. Ital. III (1850) 397.—Ic.: Rchb. f. Ic.
Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t. 67.

Perennial; tubers palmately divided down to base, the slender cylindric
divisions thickened at the ends; stem 12-39 (40) cm long, with 2 or 3
membranous sheaths at base; leaves 3-5, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate,
acuminate, 4-8 cm long and (0.7) 1-1.5 cm broad, the lowest leaves more
obtuse and broader; inflorescence densely many-flowered, cylindric,
cae "zen long andl =143 "em, in diameter;“bracts ovate—lanceolater lone—
acuminate, 3-nerved, the lower exceeding and the upper slightly shorter
than ovary; Sepals 3-nerved, ca. 3 mm long and 1.5-1.75 mm broad; petals
slightly shorter; lip barely longer than sepals and 2 mm broad; spur ca.
2-(2.5) mm long. July.

Boggy meadows and peat bogs. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech.
(the most southerly location in the USSR in the former Sol'vychegodsk
County); Arc. Sib. (Arctic Urals). Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., Centr.
Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. (NW), Greenland. Described from
N. Europe. Type in London.

Genus 337. PSEUDODIPHRYLLUM * NEVSKI gen. nov.
Nevski in Addenda III, p.752.

Flowers greenish, very small, with perianth ca. 2 mm long; median
sepal oblong or oblong-orbicular, obtuse, 1-nerved; lateral sepals
spreading, oblong, 1- or 2-nerved, obtuse; all sepals thin, membranous;
petals oblong-obovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, thickish, slightly shorter than
the median sepal; lip drooping, orbicular to rounded-ovate, obtuse, entire,
3-nerved, thickish, spurred at base; spur small, cylindric, slightly clavate
at the end, half as long again as the lip and much shorter than ovary; column
very short; glands naked; rostellum 3-lobed; stigma quadrate; ovary
twisted, narrowed toward base, constricted and slightly curved just below
the flower; bracts herbaceous; tuber cylindric-fusiform, gradually attenuate
toward apex.

1. P. Chorisianum (Cham.) Nevski comb nova.— Habenaria
Chorisiana Cham. in Linnaea III (1828) 31.—Platanthera
Chorisiana Rehb..f..in ic. Fly Germ.’ XIN—XLy (85d) Vea Keane:
im) Fedde, Repert.’Beih) LXV (1931)53.— Peristylus Chorisianus
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 297; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 71. —
Platanthera Matsudoi Makino in Tok. Bot. Mag. (1902) 56.—

P. Ditmariana Kom. in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XIII (1914) 165.—
Ic.: Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) t. XIII.

a

Name referring to similarity of habit to Diphryllum Raf. (rejected prior name for Listera orchids).

494

651

Perennial; stem 7-25 cm long (inf. elatum (Finet) Nevski to 45 cm
long), with 2 short obtuse brownish membranous scales; leaves 2, borne
in the middle of the stem, approximate, rounded-ovate, obtuse, 2.5-5
(7.5) cm long and 1.8-4 (6.5) cm broad, the upper smaller than the lower
and more ovate and pointed; bractlike leaves above these 1 or 2 (3), small,
linear-lanceolate; inflorescence rather densely many-flowered, 2.5-6
(9) em long and 0.8-1 cm in diameter; bracts green, 1-nerved, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, the lower longer and the upper shorter than flower;
lateral sepals 1.8-1.9 mm long, 0.75-0.8 mm broad; petals 1.25-1.5 mm
long and 0.6-0.7 mm broad; lip 1-1.25 mm long and 1 mm broad; spur
2mm long. (June) July-August. (Plate LX, Figure 4).

Osier beds in river valleys and birch woods.— Far East: Kamch., Sakh.
Gen. distr.: Ber., N. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Described from Unalaska.
Cotype in Leningrad.

Genus 338. PERULARIA* LINDL.
Lindl. in Bot. Reg. (1835) sub. t.1701.

Lateral sepals spreading, ovate to oblong-ovate; median sepals and
petals turned upward, connivent; median sepals ovate or rounded-ovate,
obtuse, 3-nerved, like the lateral obscurely crenate-undulate near apex;
petals thickish, obtuse, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3-nerved; lip
drooping, oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse, with a short lobe ora
triangular tooth on both sides at base and with a prominent obtuse swelling
there above; spur slender cylindric, slightly curved, longer than the lip
and about as long as or just longer than ovary; column short; anther with
parallel slightly separated locules; pollinia entire, with short caudicles;
glands contained in pouches on both sides of rostellum base; central
appendage of rostellum projecting between the locule bases; ovary twisted;
flowers yellowish-green; bracts herbaceous; tubers deeply cleft into
cordlike divisions.

1. Flowers small; perianth segments 4-6 mm long; leaves obovate or
broadhby eliiptac, 92.5=—8.5 combroddiyeaa! .ostt 1. P. fuscescens (L.) Lindl.

+ Flowers very small; perianth segments 2.5-3 mm long; leaves oblong-
lanceolategor oblemag-oblanceolate, 1.5—2 xem broad. . sae. 5.6. - 6: -

; SO. buat See 2. 3. aaa eeinaee 2. P. ussuriensis (Maxim. ) Schlechter.

1. P. fuseescens (E.,) Lindl., 1.¢., t. 1701 Genet So-O@ren: (1835)
Zoli eelidbashile Rossy Vi wWibGsap ple? shure) tlk, baie-Gahp wii 2 oksO; —
Orchis-fuscescens Li Sp, Pl. red. 1,(1753).943:— Platanthera
fuscescens Kranzl. Orch. Gen. et Sp. I (1901) 637; Kom. Fl. Mansh. I
(1901) 517,—2e Gmelin Fl. Sib. 1,.t.4, fig-Il; Rehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ:
XITI-XIV (1851) t. 74.

Perennial; stem 25-50 (75) cm long, with 2 brownish membranous
obtuse sheaths at base; leaves 3, the 2 lower ones and especially the lowest
larger, obovate or rounded-elliptic, narrowed toward base into an
amplexicaul sheath, obtuse, 6-15 (17) cm long and 3-8.5 cm broad; third
leaf short and only 3-4 cm broad, acuminate; bractlike leaves above the
true leaves 1 or more often 2, small, acuminate, 2.5-5 (10) mm broad and
2-3 cm long; inflorescence cylindric, rather densely many-flowered,

* From Latin perula, pouch, referring to the bursicules.

495

652

655

7-20 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter; bracts narrowly lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, the lower longer and the upper
slightly shorter than flower; sepals crenate-undulate on the margin near
apex; the median 4-5 mm the lateral 4.5-—6 mm long; petals 1.25 mm broad,
narrower than the lateral sepals; lip 4-5.5 mm long, oblong-linear,
ca. 1mm broad; lateral teeth of the lip triangular, pointed 0.5-1 mm long,
Spreading at a right angle, the distance between their tips up to 3 mm;
spur cylindric, scarcely thickened at the end, 7-9 mm long, equaling or
barely longer than the ovary. June-July. (Plate XL, Figure 6).

Mountain woods (chiefly pine) and shrub thickets. — W. Siberia: Alt.;
BH. Siberia: Ang.-Says;iDau; FarvHast) Ze; Buts Uss:} ssakh? Gent mists. :
Jap.-Ch. Described from Siberia: Type in Leningrad.

2. P. ussuriensis (Maxim.) Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. Beih. IV
(1919) 99.—Platanthera ussuriensis Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Imp.
Sc. St. Pétersb. XXXI (1887) 107; Mel. Biol. XII p.551, t.10.—

Pl. tipuloides Lindl. var. ussuriensis Regel Fl. Ussur. (1861)
fot, — Pl herbvrola Wind svart))aponicarhimet. any BullerSecessot.
ire SV MING OO) 261. —ie.: Hegel l cy, 1.x, fig. 7-9)

Perennial; stems slender, (18) 20-35 (40) cm long, with 2 leaves in
lower part; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-oblanceolate, narrowed
toward base into a sheath; obtuse, 5.5-13 cm long and 1.2-2 (2.5) cm broad,
the lower leaf more obtuse and larger; bractlike leaves above the true
leaves 2-4, very small, linear-subulate, to 2 cm long and 2-3 mm broad;
inflorescence cylindric, rather dense, 4-9 cm long and 1-1.7 cm in
diameter; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter to slightly longer
than flower; median sepal rounded-ovate, obtuse, 2-2.5 mm long; lateral
sepals oblong-ovate, 2.5 orca. 3mm long, 3-nerved; petals oblong,
1-nerved lip 3 mm long or very slightly longer, thickish, oblong-
lanceolate to nearly oblong-ovate, 1mm broad, with an obtuse triangular
lobe on each side at base; spur shorter than ovary, 5-5.5 mm long, slightly
curved, slender. July-August. (Plate XL, Figure By)

Deciduous woods and shrub thickets.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from the Ussuri River. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 339. PLATANTHERA* L.C. RICH.
L.C. Rich. in Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 48.

Median sepal broadly ovate or ovate, concave, obtuse, turned upward
and connivent with petals into a hoodlike structure; lateral sepals spreading,
inequilateral, oblong to oblong-ovate; lip drooping, entire, linear to linear-
lanceolate, spurred at base; spur long, straight or more or less curved,
as long as to much longer than the ovary; column short and broad; anther
with broad emarginate connective and discontiguous divergent locules or
with narrow connective and contiguous parallel locules; pollinia clavate,
with rather long caudicles; glands naked, beside the margin of the concave
stigma; rostellum broadly triangular, very short; ovary sessile, short;
flowers white, greenish-white or greenish; stems with 1 or 2 obtuse leaves

* From Greek platis, broad, and anthera, anther. The name indicates that, under the name
P, bifolia, Richard was referring to the plant now called P. chlorantha Cust.

496

(653)

Plate XL

1, Habenaria linearifolia Maxim., flower.— 2. H. dianthoides Nevski, flower.—

3. Neolindleya camtschatica (Cham.) Nevski, flower; 3a) lip with column and ovary.—

4, Pseudodiphyrllum Chorisianum (Cham.) Nevski, flower and bud.— 5. Perularia
ussuriensis (Maxim.) Schlechter, flower,— 6. P. fuscescens (L.) Lindl., flower.— 7. Platanthera
ophrydioides F.Schmidt, 7a) flower.— 8. P. cornubovis Nevski, flower.— 9. P. sachalinensis
F.Schmidt, flower; 9a) column with anther.— 10. P. bifolia (L.) L.C.Rich, flower; 10a) column with
anther.— 11. P, Freynii Krdnzl., flower.— 12. P. chlorantha Cust, ex Rehb., flower and column
with anther.— 13. Lysiella oligantha (Turez.) Nevski, flower; 13a) column with anther.—

14. Gymnadenia conopsea (L.)R. Br., flower.

NOTE: In preparation of this plate use was made of some of the drawings by K.I. Maksimovich, that were
attached toherbarium specimens.

497

656

at base or at the middle, and higher up with 1-5 small bractlike leaflets;

bracts herbaceous; tubers oblong-ovoid or fusiform, tapering into a cordlike

process.

1. Leaves 2, at the base or on the lower part of the stem, subopposite or
subdistant, narrowed at base into an amplexicaul sheath or apparently
petiolate; bractlike leaflets above the leaves 1-4; very rarely basal leaf

solitary and darrowed into ay winged petiole. / Ff. ae) li ae en. oe
+ Leaf solitary at or just below the middle of the stem, amplexicaul;
bractlike leaflets above the-leaves *1=3"* 2 ag. = Ames. 2. PRE. 6.

2. The two leaves on the lower part of the stem subdistant, 2-4 cm apart;
flowers small, the perianth segments 3=o mm long ..,.777"........-
Ate , eM (MMM, "| SS. 5. P. sachalinensis F. Schmid

+ The two leaves at the base of the stem approximate to subopposite (very
rarely leaf solitary); flowers larger, the perianth segments 4.5-13 mm

LOG Fe Me a ee, Oe RR Es AE LS Se oe re ee 3.
3. Connective narrow, the anthers contiguous, parallel; flowers powerfully

scented; spur filiform, ‘Slender’... ... 1.) PS 'bifealiay (Len; CleRich,
+ Connective broad and hence the anthers discontiguous, divergent below;

flowers often inodorous; spur more or less clavate at the end...... 4.

4, Petals lanceolate or subovate-lanceolate, slightly attenuate toward apex,
obtuse, (4) 5-6.5 mm long; spur slightly clavate at the end; a rather
small plant with lowers like those of P 2 7oito famtar) A rears ee Oe
See ee ee os ee. eee eee 2. P. extremiorientalis Nevski.

+ Petals narrowly lanceolate or linear from asymmetric curved broad
base, much narrower than the lateral sepals, obtusish, 6.5-—10 mm long;
Spur father strongly clavate at the end; largeyplants ~ 1%. Phe. Hae: 5.

5. Spur commonly upturned, rather strongly curved and crooked; petals
without asymmetric curved base, abruptly narrowed at a narrowly linear

tip? ae eee PRS eee ae 4. P. Freynii Kranzl.
+ Spur horizontal or obliquely descending; petals more gradually narrowed
to a linear tip from asymmetric curved base ...3. P. chlorantha Cust.

6. Anther with contiguous parallel locules; solitary large leaf oblong-
lancéolateter jon long) )0.5=158"(2)"caubroad”. MPM. 1). eT gerad. ae
ee a, er ae. ee, Re 6. P. tipuloides (L.f.) Lindl.

+ Anther with a connective ca. 3 mm broad and separated divergent
locules; solitary large leaf ovate-elliptic, oblong-elliptic or oblong-

lanceolate, 1.3-—385 cmaponoadd ("fF Py Ne . Se cc
7. Spur scarcely curved, as long as or barely longer than the ovary,
9-10 mm long and 0.5 mm thick ...... 7. P. ophrydioides F.Schmidt.

* Spur arched, thick, commonly half as long again to nearly twice as long
as ovary,’ 14=18:(22) mm eng’ and! 1) 5=2inaim thick)... Jeear to Tie:
AS SLA SON, ol, Cie, ae OE, Va eee | 8. P. cornu bovis Nevski.

1. P. bifolia (L.) L.C. Rich. in Mém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 47 (quoad
nomen); Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 69; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 2, 181; Boiss.
Fl. (Or: VA(1884) 82) Kryl., Bly ZapaySib., ly 696 ; Ore hits» bi folsiiamae
Sprele ly edi 1(1753)989, p-pte.— Lysias bifolia Salisb. in Trans.
Hort. Soc. I (1812) 288.— Habenaria bifolia R. Br. in Ait. Hort.
Kew. ed. 2, V (1813) 193; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 462.—Plantathera
solstitialis Bonningh in Rchb. f. Fl. Germ. Exc. (1830) 120.—

Pl. minor Kranzl. in Fedde, Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 57, non Rchb. f.—
ie. : Rehb. £. ic, Bl Germ. XIT=XIV (1851) t. 77.— Exs.: HERR Nosoue

498

657

658

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, tapering at the end into a cordlike
process; stems 25-60 cm long, with brownish basal sheaths; leaves 2,
approximate, oblong-obovate or elliptic, obtuse, narrowed at base into a
winged petiole, 8-18 cm long (including petiole) and (1.7) 3-5.5 (7.5) cm
broad (very rarely leaf solitary); small leaflets higher up the stem 1-3,
lanceolate; inflorescence rather loosely 10-25-flowered, cylindric, 6-20cm
long and 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter; bracts lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate,
subobtuse, commonly as long as ovary; flowers with powerful fragrance
resembling that of Daphne mezereum, white, the perianth segments
slightly greenish-tipped; median sepal broadly ovate, obtuse, concave,
4.5-—7 mm long and at base 4-5 mm broad, commonly 5-nerved, lateral
sepals longer and narrower, 7-10 mmby 3 mm, inequilateral ovate-
lanceolate, obtusish, commonly also 5-nerved; petals inequilateral, obtuse,
4.5-6.5 mm long and 1.8-2 mm broad, 3-nerved, one of the outer nerves
with 1 or 2 small ramifications; lip linear or ligulate, obtuse, 8-12 mm
long and 1.75-—2.25 (2.5) mm broad; spur filiform, slender, slightly curved
or straight, pointed and greenish at the end, horizontal or obliquely
descending, 2.2-3 (3.3) cm long and ca. 0.75 mm thick; anther obovoid
with a narrow connective and hence contiguous and parallel. June-July.
(Plate XL, Figure 10, a).

Forest glades, wood margins, and thickets. — European part: Kar.-Lap.,
Dv.-Pech., Lad.-Ilm., U.V.,; V.-Ka., V.-Don, U. Dnp., M: Dnp., L. Don,
Transv.; Caucasus: Cisce. (Overin, Akinfiev); W. Siberia: U. Tob., Ob,
Irt., Alt., Yen.; E. Siberia: Ang. -Say., Dau. (W. part). Gen. distr.:
Scand., Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from
Europe. Type in London.

2. P. extremiorientalis Nevski sp. nova in Addenda III, p.753.—
Pl. chlorantha F. Schmidt, Reis. Amurl. (1868) p.181, non Cust. ex
Rebbe £36

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, to 1.2 cm thick, tapering at the end into
a cordlike process; stems 25-65 cm long; leaves at base 2, as in
P. bifolia, approximate, oblong-obovate or elliptic, obtuse, 5-13 cm
long and (1.5) 2-6 cm broad, the bractlike leaflets higher up the stem 2-5;
inflorescence many-flowered, 6-20 cm long and to 3.5 cm in diameter;
flowers white, the perianth segments greenish-tipped; median sepal broadly
ovate, very obtuse, 5-7-nerved, 5-6.5 cm and 4-5 mm broad; lateral
sepals 8-9 mm long and 3 mm broad, inequilateral, ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse; petals lanceolate to nearly ovate-lanceolate, gradually attenuate
toward apex, obtuse, recurved at base, inequilateral, (4) 5-6.5 mm long,
2mm broad, 3-5-nerved; lip oblong, ligulate, scarcely narrowed toward
apex, obtuse, (6) 7-12 mm long and 2-2.5 mm broad; spur slender,
cylindric, horizontal or declined, slightly clavate at the end, with slightly
crooked tip, 1.5-2.5 cm long, at the swelling 1-1.5 mm thick; anther
slightly emarginate at apex, the subdistant locules slightly divergent, the
connective 0.5-—0.75 mm broad at apex and 2 mm below between the locules.
July-August.

Thickets and coniferous woods. — Far East: Sakh., Uda, Uss. Endemic.
Described from Sakhalin, Cape Due. Type in Leningrad.

499

659

Note. Replaces in the Far East the closely related P. bifolia from
which it differs in the divergent subdistant anther locules and the thicker
short spur. It is readily distinguishable from P. Freynii Kranzl. by
the size of flowers and particularly the shape of petals.

3. P. chlorantha Cust. ex Rchb. ap. Moessl. Handb. ed. 2 II (1828)
P5653 db! Fl. Rossy iV} 10 Kryl se) Zapis sip bil, 96982 =O ricinus
chlorantha Cust. Neue Alp. II (1827) 401.—Habenaria chlorantha
Babing. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XVII (1836) 463; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 463.—
Platanthera bifolia L.C. Rich. inMém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 57
(quoad plantas).— Orchis montana Schmidt. Fl. boém. (1793) 35?—

P. montana Rchb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) 123; Boiss. Fl. Or. V
(1884) 83.—Orchis virescens Zollik. ap. Gaudin Fl. Helv. V (1829)
497.—Platanthera virescens C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 288. —
Ic.: Rehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-—XIV (1851) t. 78.— Exs.: A. Callier, Fl.
Siles. exs. No. 481.

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovate with elongated slender subulate tips;
stem 30-60 cm long, stronger thanin P. bifolia; leaves 2, onthe
lower part of stem, obovate or elliptic, narrowed toward base into a short
petiolelike portion, obtuse or round-tipped, 10-18 cm long and 2.5-7 cm
broad; leaflets higher up the stem 1-3, small, lanceolate; inflorescence
rather loosely many-flowered, cylindric, 7-25 cm long and 3.5-4 cm in
diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, the lower slightly longer than
ovary; flowers greenish-white, inodorous (or almost inodorous?), slightly
larger than in P. bifolia; mediansepal rounded-cordate to subreniform -
cordate, 5-nerved, 6.5-7.5 mm long, 7.5-8.5 mm broad above the base,
obtuse; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, attenuate toward apex, obtusish,
9-12 mm long and 5 mm broad, 5-nerved; petals narrowly lanceolate,

2.5 mm broad at base, concave, inequilateral, gradually narrowed into a
narrow linear limb, 1mm broad, 1-—3-nerved, equaling the median sepal;
lip linear-lanceolate, slightly narrowed toward apex, obtuse, 11-14 mm
long and to 3 mm broad; spur horizontal or obliquely declined, slightly
crooked and recurved, 1.8-2.7 cm long, 1 mm thick, thicker and clavate

at the end, half as long again to twice as long as the ovary; anther witha
broad connective and strongly divergent distant locules, the dsitance between
the locules to 1.5 mm at apex and to 4 mm below. May-June. (Plate XL,
Figure 12).

Deciduous and mixed woods and shrub thickets (in the Crimea and in the
Caucasus most frequently in beech woods). — European part: Lad.-Ilm.,
Uane, WieDnp-, V )-Dony Crim; Caueasus; (CiserjoDag../Win “HScand sr
Transc. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As.
Min. Described from Europe.

Note. P. bifolia does not apparently occur at all in Crimea and
in Transcaucasia, and only P. chlorantha Cust. grows there.

A.A. Grossgeim also reports P. bifolia only for N. Caucasus. In
Transcaucasia, however, a form with a narrower connective and scarcely
divergent anther locules occurs side by side with P. chlorantha. In
this form the distance between the locules averages about 1 mm near the
apex and 2 mm at base. Its sepals and petals do not differ from those of
P. chlorantha. The spur is also clavate, but more slender than in the
latter species. According to the observations of S. V. Yuzepchuk, who was

500

660

first to point out the differences between this plant and typical

P. chlorantha and marked it for description under the name

P. Woronovii Juz., its flowers are inodorous but the anther locules
do not diverge at*base. We do not propose to separate this plant from
P. chlorantha, but it is possible that future studies of Caucasian
specimens of P. chlorantha in live condition may leadto a different
decision.

Those specimens classified by E. V. Vul'f in the Flora of Crimea under
the name P. bifolia that the author was able to see, should be referred
to P. chlorantha Cust.

The tubers of P. chlorantha and P. bifolia, like those of
Orchis species, find medicinal use under the name ''salep".

4. P. Freynii Kranzl. in Journ. Bot. Russ. (1913) 37; in Fedde, Repert.
Beih. LXV (1931) 58.—P. chlorantha var. orientalis Schlechter in
Fedde, Repert. Beih. IV (1919) 109.— P. chlorantha Kom., Fl. Mansh.
I (1901) 515 (non Cust.).— P. densa Freyn in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
XLVI (1896) 96, non Lindl. in Wallr. Cat. No. 7046.—Ic.: Kom. and Alis.,
Opred. rast. Dal'nevost. kr. I (1931) t. 124.

Perennial; stems commonly thicker and firmer that in P. chlorantha;
basal scales 2, obtuse, brownish, membranous; leaves 2, somewhat above
the base, obtuse, obovate or elliptic-ovate, narrowed into a winged petiole-
like portion, to 21 cm long and 7 cm broad; inflorescence many-flowered,
to 26 cm long and 3.5-5.5 cm in diameter; bracts lanceolate, subobtuse,
the lower slightly exceeding the ovary, to 2.2 cm long; flowers greenish-
white, inodorous, larger than those of P. chlorantha; median sepal
rounded-cordate, obtuse, (7) 8-10 mm long and commonly 8 mm broad,
many-nerved; petals to 10 mm long, at the lanceolate asymmetric recurved
base 2-2.25 mm broad, abruptly narrowed into a narrowly linear subobtuse
limb 0.8-1 mm broad, commonly 3-nerved; lip oblong-linear ligulate,
obtuse, 1.2-2 cm long and 2-3 mm broad; spur commonly upturned and
more or less curved, 2.5-2.9 cm long, at the clavate end up to 2 mm thick;
anther with a broad connective as in P. chlorantha and divergent locules;
caudicles of pollinia longer than in P. chlorantha, 2-2.5 mm long (those
of P. chlorantha ca. 1.5 mm long), the glands round. June-July.

(Plate XL, Figure 11).

Deciduous woods and shrub thickets.— E. Siberia: Dau. (E. part; the
most westerly location: the vicinity of Nerchinsk); Far East: Ze.-Bu.,

Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. Described from Kirpichnaya near Nerchinsk.
Type in Prague,

Note. Replaces P. chlorantha inthe Far East. Freyn, and later
Kranzlin, for some reason believed this species to be a hybrid of
P. chlorantha and P. obtusa and recorded it for the Far East together
with P. chlorantha, but a perusal of their descriptions readily discloses
that they were dealing with a representative of the eastern race of
P. chlorantha and that their assumption concerning its hybrid origin
was completely unfounded.

5. P. sachalinensis F. Schmidt, Reise Amurl. (1868) 181 in Mém. Ac.
Se. St. Pétersb. Ser. 7, XII, pt. 2.

501

661

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, to 8 mm thick, attenuate—cordlike at
the end; stem 35-50 cm long and to 5 mm thick; leaves 2 on the lower part
of the stem, distant, obovate to oblong-obovate, very obtuse, narrowed
at base into a sheath, 8-12 cm long and 2.7-5 cm broad, the upper
somewhat shorter and narrower than the lower; leaflets higher up the stem
2-4, small, lanceolate; inflorescence densely many-flowered, oblong,
8-13.5 cm long 2-—2.5 cm in diameter; bracts lanceolate, obtusish, the
lower equaling or exceeding and the upper shorter than the flower; flowers
whitish-greenish, numerous, small, fragrant; median sepal ovate, obtuse,
3-4 mm long, 3-nerved; lateral sepals inequilateral, ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, 3-nerved, ca. 5 mm long; petals connivent with median sepal,
oblong-ovate, inequilateral, obtuse, abruptly narrowed at apex, 3 mm long;
lip linear, obtuse, 5-6 mm long andca. 1 mm broad; spur filiform,
acuminate, greenish, 1.4-1.9 cm long and 0.5 mm thick, nearly straight
or slightly curved, commonly horizontal, about twice the length of ovary;
anther locules slightly divergent, approximate and contiguous or nearly
contiguous at apex. July-August. (Plate XL, Figure 9,a).

Far East: Sakh. Gen. distr.: Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Described
from Sakhalin. Type in Leningrad. ;

6. P. tipuloides (L.f.) Lindl., Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 285; Ldb. Fl.
Ross. IV, 69; Kom. Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 316.—Orchis
tipuloides, L. fils Suppl: (17814)/40b.> Tiipularia’ kamtsiehatiea
Spreng. Syst. veget. vol. III, p.734.—Habenaria behringiana Ames.
Stud. Fam. Orchid. IV (1910) t.60.—Ic.: Rchb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV
(WS bt. (Gse hie. Lol bo).

Perennial; tubers fusiform, attenuate—cordlike at the end; stem slender,
20-40 (50) cm long, with 2 membranous brownish obtuse sheaths at base;
leaf solitary near the middle, oblong-lanceolate, oblong to rarely oval-
lanceolate, obtuse, 3.5-12 cm long and 0.5-1.8 (2) cm broad, amplexicaul
at base; bractlike leaflets higher up the stem 1 or 2 (3), linear-lanceolate
to lanceolate; inflorescence oblong, (3) 4-12 cm long, rather loose to fairly
dense; bracts narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subobtuse,
commonly exceeding or equaling or the upper somewhat shorter than the
flower; flowers greenish or yellowish-greenish, sometimes with brownish
petals; median sepal 3.5-3.75 mm long and ca. 2.5 mm broad, ovate,
obtuse, 3-nerved; lateral sepals also 3-nerved and obtuse, oblong-ovate,
4-5 mm long and ca. 2 mm broad, slightly inequilateral; petals 3.5-4 mm
long, inequilateral, lanceolate, gradually attenuate, obtuse, connivent with
median sepal; lip lanceolate, ligulate, 4-5.5 mm long and ca. 2.5 mm
broad, obtuse; spur slenderly cylindric to subfiliform, 1-1.5 (1.8) cm long
and 0.5 mm thick, slightly curved and pointing sideways, obtuse, longer
than the ovary; anther locules approximate and parallel. July-August.

Peat bogs, boggy meadows, and swampy shores.— E. Siberia; Lena-Kol.,
Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Uda, Uss., Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch.

(N. Japan: Hokkaido, Honshu). Described from Kamchatka.

7. P. ophrydioides F. Schmidt.in Reise Amurl. (1868) 182 in Mém.
Acad. Pétersb., sér. 7, XII, pt.2.—P. Reinii Franch. et Sav., Enum.
Pl. Jap. II (1879) 513.—Ic.: Miyoshi et Makino, Pocket Atlas Alp.,Pl.dJap.
II (1907) t. 70, fig. 406.

502

662

Perennial; tubers to 6 mm thick, oblong-ovoid, attenuate-cordlike at
the end; stem 15-35 cm long, with 2 membranous whitish-brown basal
sheaths; leaf solitary at the middle of the stem, large, amplexicaul, broadly
elliptic or oval-elliptic, very thin, obtuse or subobtuse, 3.5-7 cm long and
1.6-3.2 cm broad; bractlike leaf higher up the stem 1 or rarely 2,
lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm long and 3-10 mm broad; inflorescence loosely few-
flowered, 4-10 cm long; bracts lanceolate, subobtuse, 7.5-20 mm long and
1.5-4 mm broad, the lower equaling or exceeding and the upper shorter
than the flower; flowers 3-10, greenish; median sepal broadly ovate,
acuminate, 5-7 mm long and at base 4-5 mm broad, 3-nerved; lateral
sepals narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, 7-8 mm long
and 1.5-2 mm broad, 1l-nerved; petals 6-8 mm long, at base to 3 mm
broad, abruptly narrowed from an asymmetric ovate base to a subulate-
linear point 0.25-0.3 mm broad; lip narrowly linear, 8-10 mm long and
1-1.5 mm broad, slightly narrowed toward apex, slightly pointed, as long
as or barely longer than the ovary; anther with a very broad connective
and widely separated locules. July. (Plate XL, Figure 7, a).

Woods.— Far East: Sakh. Gen. distr.: Japan (Honshu). Described from
Sakhalin. Type in Leningrad.

8. P. cornu bovis Nevski sp. nova in Addenda III, p. 752. —

P. mandarinorum Kom. Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 516; Kranzl. Orchid. Sib.
Enum. in Fedde, Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 57, non Rchb. f. in Linnaea
SVT S52) 2:26"

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, to 7 mm thick at base, long-attenuate
and cordlike at the end; stem 20-50 cm long; leaf solitary at or just below
the middle of the stem, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse,

oo em lone and 1.5—3.5 cm broad, small leaves higher up the ‘stem J=3,
lanceolate, acuminate; inflorescence loosely few-flowered, oblong,

5-12 (16) em long and ca. 3 cm in diameter; bracts ovate-lanceolate to
lanceolate, the lower ca. 2 cm long about equaling, the upper shorter than
the flower; flowers greenish; median sepal broadly ovate, scarcely
attenuate at apex, obtuse, 5-6 mm long and 4-6 mm broad; lateral sepals
oblong, 6-7 mm long and 1.5-2.5 mm broad, obtuse, narrowed and
apparently constricted at the asymmetric base; petals 6-6.5 mm long,
connivent with median sepal, ovate and asymmetric at base, 3 mm broad,
abruptly narrowed to an oblong-linear obtuse tip 0.5-0.75 mm broad; lip
linear, 8-9 mm long, ca. 1.75 mm broad at base, 1 mm at the middle,
obtuse; spur arched, stout, cylindric or cylindric-subconical, pointed at
the end, commonly half as long again to twice as long as the ovary; anther
with a very broad emarginate connective and widely separated locules, the
distance between the locules near apex ca. 3 mm. (June)-July. (Plate XL,
Figure 8).

Wood and thickets. — Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.: Manchuria, N. Korea.
Described from lodzikhe River valley (Ussuri area). Type in Leningrad.

Note. Most closely relatedto Platanthera Maximovicziana
Schlechter (= P. minor Maxim., non Rchb. f.), from which it differs in
the less divergent anther locules, the shape of lip which in P. Maximo-
vieziana is linear-lanceolate from a rhomboid base ca. 3 mm broad and,

663 finally, in the more strongly curved spur and the longer and looser

503

663 inflorescence. P. Maximovicziana is reported by Schlechter (in

664

Fedde, Repert. Beih. IV (1919) 114) for Honshu and Korea, but it is
apparently replaced on the continent by our species. Our plant cannot be
identified with P. mandarinorum Rchb. f., since the sepals, as pointed
out by Reichenbach, differ in shape, and the petals are described as

being lanceolate and obtuse, while nothing is said about the spur.

K.I. Maksimovich and R. Schlechter considered as P. mandarinorum
Rchb. f. a Japanese plant with a straight spur 2.5-—3 mm long, differing
markedly from USSR species. The author has not been able to ascertain
whether it conforms to the original P. mandarinorum described by
Reichenbach from Fortune's Chinese collections.

Genus 340. LYSIELLA * RYDB.
Rydb. in Mem. N.J. Bot. Gard. I (1900) 104,

Median sepal rounded-oval to suborbicular; lateral sepals spreading
sideways, oblong, inequilateral; petals connivent with median sepal,
asymmetric, lanceolate or narrowed from an ovate base to a narrowly
linear point; lip drooping, rhomboid-lanceolate or linear, obtusish, with
2 obtuse tubercles at the base above; spur cylindric, turned downward,
scarcely pointed and slightly curved, about as long as or slightly shorter
than the lip; anther emarginate at apex, with divergent discontiguous
locules; pollinia with short caudicels; glands naked; rostellum very broad
and short; ovary sessile, slightly twisted; flowers few, white, the tips of
sepals greenish; stem with a solitary leaf at base and sometimes a bractlike
leaflet higher up; bracts herbaceous; roots cordlike.

1. L. oligantha (Turcz.) Nevski comb. nova.—Platanthera
oligantha.Turez. in Fl. baic.-dah.. 1,,,2 (1856) 182.— Habenaria
ehlorantha\.Turezs)Cat. Baie. Dah; “No! 1098; postea, H: war idaho ce
nominata.— Platanthera parvula Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. sp.
nov. XV (1918) 301; Hulten Fl. Kamtsch. I (1927) 265.—P. obtusata
Rehb, f. le} Germ. XIN-=—XIV (1851) 119, pro parte. —Ic.: Schlechter
Monogr. is leonogr Orch. Bur .'t.)3d,/pipy 22 a

Perennial; roots 3-5, cordlike; stem 7-20 cm long, with a membranous
obtuse sheath and a solitary leaf at base; leaf oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
5-7 em long and 1.2-—2.1 cm broad, strongly narrowed at base into a narrow
winged amplexicaul portion; inflorescence 4-6 (9)-flowered, 2.5-4.5 cm
long; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as
ovary; median sepal orbicular, 2—2.25 mm long and as broad, very obtuse,
concave, 1-nerved or with 2 obscure nervules on each side of the
conspicuous midnerve; lateral sepals oblong-ovate, 2.5-3 mm long and
ca. 1.5-1.8 mm broad; petals inequilateral, lanceolate, obtuse, 1-nerved,
2mm long; lip rhomboid-lanceolate, gradually attenuate, obtusish,

3-3.25 mm long and at base 1 mm broad; spur 2.5-3 mm long, half as long
as the ovary. (June)-July. (Plate XL, Figure 13, a).

Deciduous and coniferous woods.— E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau., Lena-
Kol.; Far East: Okh., Kamch. Gen. distr.: Scand. Described from Nukhu-
Daban pass. Type in Kharkov; cotype in Leningrad.

* Diminutive form of Lysias (Lysias Salisb. (nomen nudum), a synonym of Platanthera Rich.).

504

665

Note. The features distinguishing this species from the American
L. obtusata (Pursh.) Rydb. are apparent at first sight. In L. obtusata
the flowers are twice as large; the median sepal is ca. 4 mm long,
distinctly 3-nerved; the petals are broadly ovate at base, attenuate toa
narrowly linear tip; the lip is 5-5.5 mm long and not more than 0.5 mm
broad, the spur barely shorter than the lip.

Genus 341. LIMNORCHIS* RYDB.
Rydb. in Mem. IV. J. Bot. Jard. 1 (1900) 104,

Median sepal ovate or rounded-ovate, obtuse, (3)-—5-(7)-nerved; lateral
sepals spreading sideways, linear-lanceolate oblong-lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, inequilateral, commonly 3-nerved; petals lanceolate,
asymmetrically enlarged at base, subobtuse, forming a hood together with
the median sepal; lip drooping, entire, linear or linear-lanceolate or
lanceolate, commonly slightly dilated at base, rarely oblong-obovate and
narrowed toward base, obtuse; spur slenderly cylindric, obtusish, slightly
curved, shorter to rarely longer than the ovary; anther with approximate
parallel locules, rarely with a fairly broad connective and slightly separated
but parallel locules; glands naked; ovary sessile, twisted; flowers
greenish, whitish-greenish, or white; stem densely leafy; leaves
progressively decreasing in size up the stem, more or less long-acuminate;
bracts herbaceous; tubers fusiform or biparted with long cordlike divisions.
1. Spur filiform, 1.5-2 cm long, much longer than ovary; lip ligulate

(oblometobowste)maot U anits. £2 heats & 3. L. hologlottis (Maxim.) Nevski
+ Spur cylindric, 0.5-0.8 cm long, shorter than ovary; lip linear or
faneeolate. slightly attenuate towalnd)thesend secs... o> SA eee: 2.

2. Lip slightly rhomboidally dilated at base, lanceolate; flowers white.
pC Bi sone’? chbthsad orcit bediaba: 2. L. dilatatus (Pursh.) Rydb.

+ Lip scarcely dilated at base, linear-lanceolate or linear; flowers
gneenish,.yeov. aiitrnte 1. L. convallariaefolius (Fisch. ex Lindl.) Rydb.

1. L. convallariaefolius (Fisch. ex Lindl.) Rydb. in Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club. XXVIII (1901) 628.— Orchis convallariaefolia Fisch. ex Lindl.
Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 287.—Platanthera convallariaefolia
Eandbl eri ps2s7; Mdb “EI! Rossel ;170.. > Aahypemb oriea yBiyvare
convallariaefolia Kranzl. Orchid. Gen. et Sp. (1901) 640.—

P. hyperborea Kom. Fl. Penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 264, non Lindl.
ives wp 2a: = TeicdRydbi 1, erorigw2 0%

Perennial; tubers fusiform; stem 25-60 cm long, densely leafy; leaves
commonly 5-7, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate,
slightly narrowed toward base, (4) 5-10 cm long, 1-2.5 cm broad, spike
densely many-flowered, 7-20 cm long, 1.5-1.7 cm in diameter; bracts
linear-lanceolate, subobtuse, the lower longer and the upper shorter than
flowers; flowers with the scent of Platanthera bifolia, greenish;
median sepal broadly ovate, 3.5-4.5 mm long, obtuse; lateral sepals
lanceolate, 5 mm long; lip 5-6 mm long, at base 1.5 (1.6) mm broad,

* Literally lake Orchis,

505

666

obtuse, linear to linear-lanceolate; spur cylindric, obtuse, slightly curved,
commonly the length of the lip, 5-5.5 mm long. June-July.

Wet forest glades, meadows on slopes near springs.— Far East: Kamch.
Gen. distr.: Ber. Described from Kamchatka. Type in Leningrad.

Note. L. hyperboreus (L.) Rydb., that occurs only in Spain and in
the eastern part of North America, differs from this species in the shape
of labellum which is lanceolate and rather strongly dilated at base, and the
lateral sepals which are very asymmetric at base; Fischer's authentic
herbarium specimen comprises, in additionto L. convallariaefolius,
also two nonflowering stem fragments of Neolindleya camtschatica
(= Platanthera decipiens), and this probably accounts for the not
very appropriate epithet ''convallariaefolius' chosen by Fischer.

2. L. dilatatus (Pursh) Rydb. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. XXVIII (1901)
622: Britton. Man. Fl. N. Stat. (1901) 294.—Orchis dilatata Pursh.,
Fl. Am. Sept. (1814) 588.—Habenaria dilatata Hook., Exot. Fl.
(1825) pl.95.—Platanthera dilatata Lindl.»ex Beck., Bot. north. and
middl. St. (1833) 347; Hulten, Fl. Kamtsch. I (1927) 262.—P. hyper-
borea Y var. dilatata Kranzl., Orch. Gen. et Sp. (1901) 640.—

Ic.: Rydb. l.c. fig. 12; Rcehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t. 81, fig. 1.

Perennial; stem 30-60 cm long; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
7-20 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, acuminate or subobtuse; spike densely
many-flowered, 4-20 cm long; flowers white; median sepal obovate,

4.5-5 mm long and 4 mm broad, obtuse; lateral sepals 7 mm long and

3-4 mm broad, ovate, inequilateral, obtuse, 5-nerved; lip lanceolate,
rhomboidally dilated at base and there 2-3 mm broad, attenuate to a tip

not more than 1 mm broad, obtuse, 7-8 mm long; spur cylindrical, curved,
7mm long andca. 1 mm thick. July.

Wet meadows.— Far East: only on Komandorskie Islands (Bering Island).
Gen. distr.: Ber., N. Am. Described from Labrador. Type in Dickson's
herbarium.

Note. The USSR plant is distinguishable from the North American
species by the more obtuse median sepal and the stouter spur; it represents
apparently a distinct geographical race.

3. L. hologlottis (Maxim.) Nevski comb. nova.— Platanthera
hologlottis Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. (1859) 268; Kom. Fl. Mansh. I
(1901) 519.—Habenaria neuropetala Mig. Prol. (1867) 139.—
Piatanth era. me ulr o p.étallag i'r acehSav.{/JEnumy Pls dapi nl (uet9 gas, —
Ic.: Somoku-Dzusetsu. Ed. Makino (Iconogr. Pl. Nippon.) XVIII (1912) t. 55.

Perennial; tubers 2-parted, the spreading elongate-fusiform divisions
to 12 cm long and 1 cm thick at base; stem to 70-90 cm long and to 1 cm
thick, densely leafy; leaves linear, glaucescent, slenderly long-acuminate,
slightly narrowed at base into a short amplexicaul sheath, gradually
attenuate toward apex, to 15-(20) cm long and 0.5-2 cm broad; spike
densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindric, 6-19 cm long and 2-3 cm in
diameter; bracts linear, acuminate, narrow, equaling or slightly longer
than flowers; flowers pure white; median sepal elliptic to broadly elliptic,
5-7 mm long, very obtuse; lateral sepals 7-8 mm long and 3.5-4 mm
broad, asymmetrically elliptic-ovate, obtuse, 5-7-nerved; petals obliquely
ovate, inequilateral, 5-6 mm long and 3.5 mm broad, also obtuse,
5-7-nerved; lip oblong-obovate, thickish, obscurely crenulate at apex,

506

667

668

very obtuse, 8-9.5 mm long and near apex 2.5-3 mm broad; spur curved,
1.5-—2 cm long, much longer than the ovary. July.

Water and mountain meadows.— E. Siberia: Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu.,
Uss. Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (Manchuria, Japan). Described from the
southern reaches of the Amur. Type in Leningrad.

Genus 342. GYMNADENIA* R. BR.
R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, V (1818) 191.

Lateral sepals spreading, oblong or elliptic, inequilateral; petals
together with the ovate median sepal forming a hood; lip rhomboid, more
or less distinctly 3-lobed, spurred at base; spur filiform or cylindric, as
long as or longer than ovary; anther obovoid, with parallel locules; pollinia
clavate, with short or fairly long caudicles; glands oblong or ovate, white,
not contained in pouches, adherent at the base of rostellum to its laminar
lateral lobes; central lobe of rostellum forming a mitriform process
between the bases of anther locules; stigma concave; ovary sessile, twisted;
flowers light purple or lilac-purple; bracts herbaceous; tubers palmately
lobed; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear.
1. Spur as long as or slightly shorter than ovary, cylindric, obtuse; glands

Silene? Sli pric wie! om, & 82. eLen% 1. G. odoratissima (L.) L.C. Rich.
+ Spur longer than ovary, filiform, pointed; glands linear-oblong.......

Posts "anne virotla petharns oi, aay tele: 2. G. conopsea (L.) R. Br.

1. G. odoratissima (L.) L.C. Rich. in Mém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 57;
ido. Ek. Ross. LV (1853) 65.—Orchis, odaratirsts inva Al sisyst. 0
(1759) 1243.— Habenaria odoratissima Franch. Fl. Cher. et Loire
Gissojea ie: sbmal'o?) AF]. 10; 462. S atvwirivm dodoratvs si mam
Wahlenb: Fl.Suec. (1826) 557.—Ic.: Rcehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII—XIV
(1854) +.69.=— Exs); HER Noi2665.

Perennial; stem slender, 15-30 (45) cm long, leafed at base; leaves
linear or narrowly linear, acute, to 20 cm long and to 0.5 (1) cm broad;
though mostly narrower and shorter; spike more slender than that of
G. conopsea, densely many-flowered, to9-(15)cmlong and to 1-1.2 cm
in diameter; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, commonly about equaling the
ovary; ovary 4.5-5 mm long; flowers smaller than in G. conoposea,
lightly purple or pale lilac-purple, vanilla-scented; sepals oblong to oblong-
ovate, obtuse, 2.5-3 mm long; median sepal concave; petals broadly ovate,
very asymmetric, with a round appendage on the outside; lip 2.3-3 mm
long and as broad, rhomboid-ovate, shortly 3-lobed, the lateral lobes very
short and obtuse, the median lobe much longer ovate and also obtuse; spur
directed downward, 4mm long. June.

Meadows. — European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp. Gen. distr.: Scand.;
Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. (W. part). Described
from Europe. Type in London.

2. G. conopsea (L.) R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2 V (1813) 191; Lab.
Fl. Ross. IV, 64; Turcz. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 179; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884)
Sie Kom. El. Mansh. 1.4901) 514; Kryl., Fl. Zap. Sib. Ill, 693.—-Orchis

* From Greek gymnos, naked, and aden, gland, alluding to the naked glands of the pollinaria.

507

conopsea L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 942.—Satyrium conopseum
Wahlenb. Fl. Suec. (1826) 557.—Habenaria conopsea Benth. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. XVIII (1880) 354; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 461.—Orchis
conopea A. Gras in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. IX (1862) 334.—Gymnadenia
conopea Gren. Fl) Chaineiduras(l865) 78leGrisib imioay Munczinex
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 277.—G. comigera C. Koch in Linnaea
XXII (1849) 286.—Orchis densiflora Wahlenb. in Acta Holm. (1806)
68.—Gymnadenia densiflora Dietr. in Allgem. Gartenztg. VIII
(1839) 70.—G. conopsea var. densiflora Lindl. l.c. p.276.—

G. conopsea var. ussuriensis Rgl. inTent. Fl. Ussur. (1861) 474.—
Ie. : “Rehb. f.. dei Fly Germ: )XID—XIV (851) te%0=713.— Exs.; (HER

No. 2666; Pl. Finl. exs. No.579 (f. lapponica Zetterstedt).

Perennial; stem 25-65 cm long, clothed at base with brownish sheaths;
leaves 4-7, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less mitriform at apex,
slightly conduplicate and thus carinate beneath, 7-20 (25) cm long and
0.5-2 (2.5) cm broad, the upper ones smaller; tubers palmately 4—6-lobed,
laterally compressed; spike densely many-flowered, cylindric, 6-15 cm
long and to 2 cm in diameter; bracts elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
the lower mostly slightly exceeding or equaling, the upper shorter than
the flower; flowers lilac-rose or pale lilac-purple, faintly clove-scented;
sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, 2-3 mm broad; median sepal
concave, 4-—4.5 mm long; lateralsepalsca. 5 mm long; petals broadly ovate,
obtuse, 3-nerved, inequilateral; lip 5mm long and 5 mm broad, rhomboid,
3-lobed, the lobes subovate obtuse, the median slightly longer than the
lateral; spur commonly arched, 1.3-1.8 cm long and half as long again to
twice as long as the ovary; ovary strongly twisted, ca. 8 mm long. June-
July. (Plate XL, Figure 14).

Meadows, glades, and thickets. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech.,
Lad.=Timeg iW).aV .§ «Vie Dap.ge MieDnipsy (Bl:f eC rim, f(A lta) (Med 7 EM ssibemia:
Ang.-Say., Dau., Lena-Kol.; Far East: Okh., Sakh., Uss., Ze.-Bu.,

669 Uda; Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. andS. Transe., Dag. Gen. distr.: Scand.,
Centre! Hur ye We ied, Bakk-As: (Minijpliran.y,DazudsKasha, Mongendap.-
Ch. Described from Europe. Type in London.

Genus 343. GALEORCHIS* RYDB.
Rydb. in Britton, Man. (1901) 292.

Flowers 1-3-(5), with elliptic or lanceolate foliaceous bracts; sepals
lanceolate, obtusish or attenuate subobtuse, 3-nerved, forming a broad
hood; petals narrower, oblong, 1-nerved; lip rounded-obovate or more
narrow, entire or distinctly lobed, slightly crenulate, flat, spurred at
base; spur cylindric, slightly pointed, declined or horizontal; column
straight; pollinia oblong-ovoid, with long caudicles; glands round,
enclosed in 2 small pouches; ovary sessile, slightly twisted. Small plants
with creeping rhizome; leaves 1 or 2, obovate or rounded-obovate,
narrowed into a winged petiolelike portion; bracts herbaceous.

* From Greek galea, hood, and Orchis.

508

670

1. G. cyclochilus (Franch. et Sav.) Nevski comb. nova.—Habenaria
eyiel omine iia i rarch: etySav.? Enum !*Pie dap) il! (V8 79), 5165 S'Or'chis
cyclochila Maxim. Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Pétersb. XXXI (1887) 104; Kom.
Fl. Mansh. 1 (1901) 511.—Gymnadenia cyclochila Korsh. in.
A.H.P. XII (1892) 396. —Orchis Palcezewskii Kranzl. in Journ. Russ.
Bot. (1913) p.26 et in Fedde Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 45.—Ic.:
MeMviiyoshitethT. Makoni,iPock! 7Atl? “Alp.” Pl > Jap: (Ph (W907)? Vib fie 409 —
Bes rH ERIN? L93'T

Perennial; stem 10-20 cm long, with 1 or 2 membranous brownish-
white obtuse sheaths; leaf solitary, rounded-obovate or obovate, strongly
narrowed at base, obtuse, 5.5-8 cm long and 3-6 cm broad; bracts
1.2-3 cm long and 0.5-1.2 cm broad, green, elliptic or lanceolate; flowers
slightly nodding, pale pink; lip speckled with darker reddish-pink; sepals
7-9 mm long and 3.5 mm broad; petals narrower, not more than 1 mm
broad; lip 1-1.1 cm long, 0.6-0.75 cm broad, conspicuously crenate,
narrowed toward base; spur to 8 mm long. June. (Plate XLII, Figure 11).

Damp mixed and coniferous woods.— Far East: Uss. Gen. distr.:
Jap.-Ch. Described from Japan. Type in Paris.

Note. Franchet and Savatier noted in the description of their
Habenaria cyclochila that the glands in that species are naked
(“glandulae nudae''). Kranzlin (Orch. Sib. Enum. p.44) apparently placed
full reliance on their description in recording the same character. An
analysis of the flower discloses, however, that the glands are enclosed
in two small pouches. In the kindred American species G. spectabilis,
the two glands, which are round and slightly concave beneath, are also
enclosed in two separate bursicules. K.I. Maksimovich, in his analysis
of the flower of Habenaria cyclochila, was apparently misled by
Franchet's description and doubted the presence of bursicules. They are
not shown in his drawing, but there is a marginal annotation ''bursiculae''
with a question mark. Beside the species indicated, the genus also contains
G. Roborovskyi (Maxim.) Nevski and G. Reichenbachii Nevskii
nom. n(= Orchis spathulatus Rchb. f. ex. Benth. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. XVIII (1881) 355, non L. f. Suppl. 396).

Genus 344. CHUSUA* NEVSKI gen. nov.
Nevski in Addenda III, p.753.

Flowers few, in a 1-sided inflorescence; bracts herbaceous; Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, subobtusely attenuate; lateral sepals long, spreading
sideways; median sepal forming a hood together with the petals or else
distinct and slightly turned upward; lip with a cylindric spur, rhomboid
or rounded-rhomboid, 3-lobed or entire, cuneately narrowed toward base;
anther obovate, with parallel locules; pollinia clavate, with rather short
caudicles; glands contained in 2 small distinct hemispherical pouches;
ovary sessile, twisted; tubers small, undivided, globose or ovoid, the
size of peas.

1. Ch. secunda Nevski nom. nov.—Orchis pauciflora Fisch. ex
Lindl: Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 280;,.Turez. Fl. baic.-dah.,I],.2, 176;

* A local Indian name for Orchis Chusua (Don) (choo-swa ),

509

Git.

Kom. Fl. Mansh. I (1901) 510, non Tenore, Prodr. (1811) p. LII. —
Gymnadenia pauciflora Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 280; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 66.—Ic.: Rcehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t. 170,
fig hy,

Perennial; tubers 0.5-1 cm long; stem 14-30 cm long, slender, with
2 membranous brownish sheaths at base; leaves (1) 2, oblong-lanceolate,
subobtuse or acuminate, sessile, 3-8.5 cm long and 0.4-1.8 cm broad;
inflorescence 1-sided, 2-8 (11)-flowered; flowers lilac-purple, with violet-
speckled lip; bracts foliaceous, lanceolate, 1-—4.5 cm long and 2-7.5 mm
broad, acuminate, the lower commonly equaling and the upper shorter than
the flower; lateral sepals spreading, inequilateral, acuminate, 7-10 mm
long and to 4.5 mm broad, ovate to ovate-lanceolate median sepal elliptic-
ovate, acuminate, 7-9 mm long, 3.5 mm broad, slightly raised above the
petals; petals forming a hood, ovate, obtuse, inequilateral, 5-8 mm long
and 4 mm broad; lip shortly 3-lobed, rhomboid, narrowed toward base,
7-10 mm long and as broad; lateral lobes obtuse; median lobe obtuse or
obtusely truncate, sometimes minutely mucronate; spur horizontal or
slightly turned upward, obtuse, 1-1.5 cm long. June-July. (Plate XLII,
Figure 10).

In peat soil of wet valleys and in mountain meadows. — E. Siberia:
Ang.-Say. (surroundings of Irkutsk), Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu., Uss.
Gen. distr.: Jap.-Ch. (N. China, Manchuria). Described from Dauria.
Type in Leningrad.

Note: Differs from the related Himalayan species Chusua Donii
Nevski nom. nov. (= Orchis Chusua Don) in the large horizontal or
upturned and not declined spur.

Genus 345. TRAUNSTEINERA* RCHB. f.
Rchb. f. in. Flor, Saxon. (1844) 87.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, spatulately
enlarged and slightly thickened at apex; petals ovate, acuminate, slightly
shorter than sepals; lip broad at base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rhomboid,
the median lobe oblong; spur less than half the length of ovary, short,
slender, conical, obtuse or subobtuse; anthers obovate, obtuse; rostellum
3-lobed, the central appendage projecting between the bases of anther
locules, the lateral appendages very short, forming 2 bursicules, these
only partly enclosing the glands; pollinia clavate, each with a distinct round
hemispherical gland; ovary sessile, fusiform-cylindric, slightly twisted;
bracts membranous; tubers undivided, obtuse, ovoid.

1. Flowers lilac-rose; the lip dotted with darker purple; median lobe of
the lip oblong, truncate, obscurely emarginate and minutely mucronate
Any tiet Ape as HAUSy OF Uh. eee eB 1. ‘T. globosa (L.)) Rehte f.
Flowers white, the lip speckled with purple; median lobe of the lip
olilons, -artenuateitoa a linear Tiewmiate- tip oo ele i teks Pe oe

* Named for Joseph Traunsteiner (1798-1858), a pharmacist who studied the flora of the NE Tyrol.

1920 510

672

675

T. globosa (L.) Rchb. f. Fl. Sax. (1842) 87.—Orchis globosa L.
Syst. nat. ed. 10 (1759) 1242; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 50; Boiss. Fl. Or. V
(1884) 66; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 455.—Nigritella globosa Rchb. f., Fl.
Germ. Exs. (1830) 121.—iIce.: Rehb. f.\Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851)
(eee. s; Es). ¢ ie Austr’ Hunigt “Noy 3086).

Perennial; stems erect, 30-65 cm long, with 2 membranous obtuse
sheaths at base, higher up with 2 or 3 leaves and 1 or 2 foliaceous sheaths;
leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, abruptly narrowed to a very
short cusp, spreading, 5.5-11 cm long, 1.5-3 em broad, narrowed at base
into a long closed sheath; inflorescence very dense, initially pyramidal,
becoming ovoid-spherical, 1.2-4 cm long, 1.4-2.7 cm in diameter; bracts
lanceolate, long-acuminate, the lower herbaceous, green, violet-tinged
on the margin, equaling or exceeding the ovary; median sepals slightly
concave, 5 mm long; lateral sepals 6 mm long; petals slightly shorter than
sepals, 3-nerved; lip 4.5 mm long, the distance between the tips of lateral
lobesca. 4mm; spur3mm long. June. (Plate XLI, Figure 1, a).

Wet glades — European part: Crim., M. Dnp. (Vinnitsa); Caucasus:
Cisc. Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min., Centr. Eur., W. Med: Described from
Europe. Type in London.

2. T. sphaerica (M.B.) Schlechter in MonoesE uy Ice@rch: *Hur.1, 7=8
(1928) 227.—Orchis sphaerica M.B. in Fl. Taur.-Cauc. II (1808)
362.—O. globosa L. var. sphaeric’a Schmalh. in Fl. Sr: and Yuzh.
Ross. II (1897) 456.—Ic.: Rcehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t. 28. —
Exs.: G. Woronow. Pl. Abchaz. No. 194.

Perennial; stems 25-65 cm long, with 2 obtuse brown membranous
sheaths at base, higher up with 2 or 3 erect or slightly spreading leaves
and 1 or 2 acuminate sheaths; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-13 cm long,
0.6-2 cm broad, abruptly attenuate to a very short cusp, narrowed at base
into a long closed sheath; inflorescence very dense, many-flowered,
pyramidal or ovoid-spherical, 1.5-4.5 cm long, 1.7-3.2 cm in diameter,
bracts green, lanceolate, long-acuminate, commonly as long as or slightly
shorter than ovary; flowers white (in dry specimens pale yellowish), the
lobes of the lip purple-speckled above; sepals ovate-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, spatulately enlarged and slightly thickened at the tip, 3-nerved,
7-8 mm long; petals 3-5-nerved, 5-6 mm long; lip 3-lobed, 6-7 mm
long; lateral lobes rhomboid, slightly crenulate on the margin, the distance
beteen the lobe tips to 7.5 mm; median lobe oblong, 4 mm long, the linear
apical point ca. 1.25-1.5 mm long; spur 3-5 mm long. June-July. (Plate
(Plate XLI, Figure 2, a,b, ).

High mountain meadows and forest glades.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag.,
W., E. ands. Transc. Gen. distr.: Lazistan. Described from Georgia.
Type in Leningrad.

Genus 346. STEVENIELLA* SCHLECHTER
Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XV (1918) 392,

Sepals united into an ovoid hood, this 3-toothed at apex; petals small,
narrowly linear, obtusish, free, 1-nerved; lip 3-lobed, spurred; spur

* Named for the botanist Christian Steven (born in 1781 in Fredrikshamn [now Hamina, SE Finland], died
in 1863 in Simferopol’), who studied the flora of the Crimea and the Caucasus.

511

(673)

Plate XLI

1. Traunsteinera globosa (L.) Rchb. f., flower; 1a) lip with column.— 2, T. sphaerica (M.B.)
Schlechter, flower; 2a) lip, 2b) perianth segments.— 3. Orchis Fedtschenkoi E.Czerniak., flower;

3a) lip.— 4. O. pallens L., lip.— 5. O. mascula L., flower and column with anther.—

6. O. caspia Trautv., flower.— 7. O. chlorotica Woron., flower.— 8. O. provincialis Balb.,
flower.— 9. O. coriophora L., flower.— 10. O. ustulata L., flower.— 11. O. purpurea Huds.,
lip.— 12. O, maxima C,.Koch., lip.— 18. O. Schelkownikovii Woron., lip.— 14. O. punctulata
Stev., flower.— 15. O. militaris L., flower, 15a) lip; 15b) pollinarium; 15c) column with anther
(schematic).— 16. O. simia Lam.; 16a) flower; 16b) lip.

2) 192

676

short, conical, 2-parted at the end; median lobe entire, ligulate, rounded
enlarged and thickened at apex; lateral lobes inequilateral, rhomboid,
subfalcate, obtuse; column straight; anther ovate-elliptic, obtuse, with
subparallel locules; rostellum small, with an appendage projecting between
the bases of anther locules, prolonged at base into a reniform-hemispherical
pouch, this containing 2 glands adherent to the caudicles of ovoid-clavate
pollinia; style semielliptic, concave; ovary sessile, slightly twisted; bracts
membranous; tubers ellipsoid.

1. S. satyrioides* (Stev.) Schlechter in Fedde, Repert. sp. nov. XV
(1918) 295.—Orchis satyrioides Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. II
(1809) 176, t. XI; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 63.—Himantoglossum
satyrioides Spreng. Syst. III (1826) 694.— Peristylus satyrioides
Rchb. f. in Bot. Zeitg. VII (1849) 868.—Platanthera satyrioides
Rchb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) 166; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 83.—
Coeloglossum satyrioides Nym., Syll. (1855) 359.—Habenaria
satyrioides Benth. et Hook. ex Schmalhausen. Fl. Sr. i Yuzh. Ross. II
(1897) 463.—Stevenorchis satyrioides Wankow et Kranzl. in Fedde,
Repert.,Beih. LXV (1931) 45.—Icy: Rehb. f. 1.c. t.85:

Perennial; tubers 10-20 mm long; stems 22-40 cm long, with a solitary
leaf slightly above the base, and higher up with 2 amplexicaul green
foliaceous acuminate sheaths; leaf lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, 6-14 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad; inflorescence erect,
rather densely 7-20-flowered, 5-13 cm long; bracts commonly less
than half the length of ovary, 1l-nerved, whitish, slightly lilac-tinged
on the margin, lanceolate or ovate-deltoid, acuminate or erose-dentate
at apex; flowers spreading; hood 7-10 mm long, green, flushed with
brownish-red, composed of the 1-nerved median sepal and the 2-nerved
lateral sepals; petals ca. 4 mm long; lip 6-8 mm long, brownish-green,
reddish-brown at base, minutely papillose above, when expanded the
distance between the tips of lateral lobes 4-4.5 mm; median lobe 4-4.5 mm
long; spur 2mm long. April-May. (Plate XLIII, Figure 1 a-e).

Light woods, thickets, and grassy slopes, in calcareous soil. — European
partioC rim: |;Caucasus;) Dagy,| | E. wand W.)'Transv..) «Pali! Géendistra ;
Iran., Asia Minor (E. part). Described from Georgia. Type in Helsinki.

Genus 347. COMPERIA** C.KOCH.
C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 287.

Sepals galeately united for 3/4 their length; hood ovate, obtusely 3-toothed
at apex; median sepal 3-nerved, elliptic-ovate; lateral sepals 4-nerved,
inequilateral, ovate; petals linear, much narrower than sepals, acuminate,
slightly enlarged at the middle, with 1-3 long filiform teeth on the margin;
lip broadly cuneate, narrowed toward base, 3-lobed; lateral lobes prolonged
into very long filiform processes; median lobe 2-parted; with 2 similar
long filiform appendages; spur cylindric, obtuse, as long as the ovary;
column straight; anther obovate, obtuse, with parallel locules; glands

* j.e., resembling the genus Satyrium.
** Named for Komper, an amateur botanist who lived in Crimea, where he collected plants which he sent
on to Steven.

513

contained in a bursicule; ovary fusiform, slightly twisted, short-stipitate;
bracts membranous; tubers obtuse, ovoid or ellipsoid.

1. C. taurica C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 288.—Orchis
Comperiana Stev. in Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. VIII (1829) 253;
bdby Fl. 7 Ross) Vo 68in Boiss? Fl) OrgiVe(i884)e61;9Shamal'ls,, Hl) 114 453.—
Comperia Karduchorum Bornm. et Kranzl. in Bull. Herb. Boiss.
Ill (1895) 141.—Orchis Karduchorum Kranzl. Orch. Gen. et Sp. I
(1897) 115.—Comperia Comperiana Asch. et Gr. Synops. III (1907)
620h—e? : (Stevennl oe. trix!

Perennial; tubers ovoid or ellipsoid; stem (15) 25-50 cm long, 5-7 mm
thick, with 2 or 3 (4) leaves below, and 2-4 amplexicaul acuminate pale
green sheaths higher up; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-elliptic,

677 subobtuse, narrowed toward base, 6-13 cm long, 2-3.5 cm broad; raceme
erect, rather loosely 3-10 (25)-flowered, 7-17 cm long; bracts linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-5-nerved, whitish-greenish or suffused with
purple, equaling or exceeding the ovary; flowers large; hood dark brownish-
purple, greenish at base, 1.3-1.8 cm long; lip whitish-pink, densely and
minutely papillose at the base and about the middle above, 3-lobed; lobes
triangular, 3-nerved, with filiform appendages to 5.5-6 (7) cm long,
whitish-green or greenish-purple; median lobe with 2 such filiform
appendages; lateral lobes each with 1 appendage; spur whitish, 1.4-1.8 cm
long. May. (Plate XLIII, Figure 2, a,b, ).

Light woods. — European part: Crim. Gen. distr.: Asia Minor.
Described from the vicinity of Laspi (Crimea). Type in Leningrad.

Genus 348. ORCHIS* L.
(Tourn. Inst. 431 tab.247, 248.) L. Gen. Pl. (ed. 1, 270 et ed. 5 (1754) 405),

Subgenus 1. EU-ORCHIS I. Klinge.—I. Klinge in A.H.P. XVII (1899) 148.

Sepals oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate, acuminate or obtusish, contiguous
in a hood or the lateral spreading; petals linear or linear-oblong, forming
the hood with the median sepal or all the sepals; lip drooping, 3- or 4-lobed,
rarely entire, glabrous or minutely papillose above, spurred at base; spur
straight or curved, pointed or obtuse, cylindric conical or saccate; column
short; anther dorsally adherent, commonly elliptic, with parallel locules,
a process of the rostellum at base between the locules; pollinia clavate,
the caudicles attached to 2 glands contained in a common 2-celled bursicule;
ovary sessile, twisted; tubers undivided, globose or often ovoid or ellipsoid;
inflorescence spiciform, with thin membranous bracts.

Note. The dried orchis tubers yield the better sorts of so-called
"salep'' which is used in medicine. The chief constituent of salep is
mucilage (arabin and dextrin), beside starch, proteins, and sugar. The
salep mucilage, obtained by agitation of powdered tubers with water, is
chiefly used as protective coating in the case of poisoning accompanied by
acute gastroenteric disorders. Aphrodisiac properties are ascribed to salep

* The Greek word orchis corresponds to the Latin testiculi.

514

in popular medicine. The Russian name for Orchis, ''yatryshnik"', is
derived from yatro (or yadro), testicle, alluding to the shape of the

678 tuberoids.
mer lowers yellowish or yellowish-sréen T47hUves). Papp Parke... 2.
+ Flowers various shades of purple, brownish-purple or light roseate. 6.
2. Lip entire, sometimes minutely notched at apex, broadly ovate to
SUpOPDICTIAT Ae QmG! CR SL O-re: Nation got 10. O. chlorotica Woron.
* Lip shortly 3-lobed or 4-lobed, the linear lateral lobes arising from
ITASISE BELGE R PIES WOE SARA PM ODP aE TH RIOR WO APOds Ghd . .*, 3.
3. Spur horizontal or turned upward, 7-18 mm long; lip broadly 3-lobed.
SEO LANE OL, RAPE. COL el. DARA, pA WR ae a ea Ay.
+ Spur directed downward, slightly curved, (2.5) 3-6 mm long; lip
4-lobed, two linear lateral lobes arising at base, the larger median
lobe 2-lobulate; hood marked within with small purple dots....... oe
4. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, with brownish-violet spots; spike loose;
lip yellowish, the middle part marked with violet or purple dots.......
ee APE, PAN ee PE ES RO) eee 5. O. provincialis Balb.
+ Leaves not spotted, oblong-obovate; spike dense; lip yellow with
darker veins,’ sreenish=yellow at center 5... ..% . 4. O. pallens L.
5. Median lobe of the lip linear-oblong, reniformly enlarged and shortly
2-lobulate at apex, the lobules as broad as or broader than long......
eS eS Le TP arin Ia aiy tors tue 18. O. puncticulata Stev.
* Median lobe of the lip obcordate from a linear-oblong base, 2-lobulate
at apex) thelopules commonly twiceas long as broads 2 Uf): oe...
PERE LASS TE DMR IAS POMS ti hye (Oates 19. O. Schelkownikovii Woron.
6. Flowers very small; sepals 3-4 mm long, forming a blackish-purple
or dark brownish-purple hood; lip pale rosulate or whitish with purple
SPs a emery PL: ees Ew eer eee Sa eo. Be. 12. O. ustulata L.
7 tlowers larger; sepals 5-14 mm long, “differing in coloriryeir 10°". - he
7. Bracts very small, 1.25-3 (4) mm long, much shorter than ovary; lip
with 2 linear lateral lobes arising at base, the larger median lobe
2-lobulate, with a small linear tooth in the sinus between the lobules.
re OU. ee PIS eee es" ee ork Ge Terk Viera 8.
* Bracts larger, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, (4) 7-25 mm long,
equaling or exceeding or rarely somewhat shorter than ovary; lip
679 entire or 3-lobed, the median lobe commonly slightly notched..... La.

8. Hood rosulate or greenish-white, densely covered with blackish-
purple or bright violet-purple more or less confluent speckles, often
blackish-purple or bright purple-violet almost throughout; lip lighter-

colored, whitish or pale rose with dark purple speckles ......... oe
+ Hood whitish-rose or grayish rose-lilac, not spotted; lip the color of

theyhoodyorsdarkerswith dishtppurplelobess sieges iqnetal .elacianss 10.
9. Hood dotted with blackish-purple; lobules of the median lobe 4.5-6 mm

peeads identarer i) RS, AER SSA eee 16. O. purpurea Huds.

+ Hood dotted with bright violet or purplish-violet; lobules of the median

lebe. 255-35 mimi broad, obseurelyerenulate at tips! .¢¢o¢llieel -O.-. -
AP Os cod 68S. (2881) TIVE etait of Meek: 17. O. maxima C. Koch.

10. Lobules of the median lobe to 1 cm long, narrowly linear...........
Me Ret a Rees ES RY Brak, Dag Re es ee 15. O. simia Lam.

+ Lobules of the median lobe short, divergent, obovate or oblong-obovate,
toss fnimiblono tiation snk aecll of tesa ll 3% 2 eves 14. O. militaris L.

515

680

re

14.

LT 3

is .

Leaves gradually attenuate from a broad base, long-acuminate, linear.
PLO ake ees RIA Bo ctat see Bh ek 1. O. palustris Jacq.

Leaves more or less distinctly narrowed toward base, obtuse or

subobtuseee oi. . Hoe. Wh. Bia whi Tn es Pape aie Be ayn fh a Ze
liiprentire, ‘sometimes minutely notched ioh ska pyahraw Meets: 2 13,
Lip Srlobedwxd: oes to. bathotall La ieee Ae iORROR! eaitie att 14.

Lip emarginate; spur saccate, 5-6.5 mm long and 3 mmthick ......
Mamaia waddle wun deothh BAY. Me 11. O. Fedtschenkoi E. Czerniak.
Lip obovate or obovate-rhomboid from a narrow cuneate base, the
margin crenate; spur cylindric, 8-12 mm long, ca..1.5 mm thick...
OA, MRR Gin oe eis, Stem, (bes BS, 9. O. caspia Trautv.
Flowers rose-lilac; lip pale rosulate with dark purple speckles,

3-lobed with linear-spatulate lateral lobes arising at base, the median

icbe obeordatetic Warne Atte « httte. Bell spelbot 13. O. tridentata Scop.
Flowers dingy brownish-purple, purplish-violet or greenish-purple;
lipsshortlsed slobeds iyi Mii lain det pone BLOB he Ge” eR Re yale 2 15.
itateralagepalls ‘Spreading Pw overs eee Pe Par ee). oe 3. O. mascula L.
All sepals contiguous in a hood, rarely the lateral very slightly
Gaversent 8 20 ee oe e ae elt aye FS | at Qa? @ cdo Bee Le.
Hood rostrate, dingy brownish-purple; lip 4-5 mm broad, olivaceous,
at base whitish with purple dots): sis. 288 sy 2. O. coriophora L.

Hood not rostrate, purple or violet-purple outside; lip 7-13 mm broad,
the color of the hood or at center whitish with violet-purple speckles
Hood purple outside, greenish with brown speckles within; lip red;
Spur. dinectedydewnwardina!. ata &<€. elacee. LL 6. O. viridifusca Albov.
Hood violet-purple, outside at base sometimes greenish; lip the color
of the hood, at center whitish with dark purple speckles; spur horizontal

or upturned: th. Wetter Ain Ff. e(hose 6s TR Beearore ee; 18.
Tubers globose, 0.6-1 (1.2) cm in diameter; spur commonly as long as
fe iipoad). antes 2k .1ead te enieise gudel lanedel tee: %.$@simorio LL,
Tubers ovoid or ellipsoid, 1-2.2 cm long and 0.8-1.3 cm thick; spur

commonlythali as longiagain asthe lip) Pi. re. 8. O. picta Lois.

Section 1. PLATYCHILON Nevski.— Lip broad, shortly 3-lobed or

entire; lateral sepals spreading, rarely contiguous in a hood; bracts 0.6-3
(3.5) cm long, commonly equaling or exceeding the ovary.

Series 1. Laxiflorae Nevski.— Leaves gradually attenuate, linear,

acuminate; lateral sepals spreading; flowers lilac-purple or very rarely
white.

O. palustris Jacq. Coll. I (1786) 75; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 76. —

O. laxiflora lLdb. Fl/’Ross:“1V (1853) 57; (Shmal'g); FE>11,9 457 (non
Lam.).—O. elegans Heuff. in Flora XVIII (1885) 250.—Ic.: C. Ugrinsky,
Diagn. sp. trium gen. Orch. (1917) fig. 1.— Exs.: HFR. No. 1682,
H.F.A.M. No. 348.

Perennial; tubers ellipsoid, to 3 cm long and 2 cm thick; stem (30)

40-75 cm long; leaves 3-6, linear to linear-lanceolate, channeled, erect,

516

681

682

gradually attenuate from base, acuminate, to 15 cm long and to 2-(2.5) cm
broad; spike to 20 cm long, loose; bracts acuminate, faintly purple-tinged
on the margin, 1-3.5 cm long, the lower 3-5-nerved; sepals 3-nerved,
oblong, obtuse, the median 6-8 mm long, the lateral inequilateral 7-9 mm
long; petals resembling the sepals, oblong, obtuse; lip whitish at center
with lilac-purple speckles, obovate or rarely obcordate in outline, 9-12 mm
long, 9-12 (13) mm broad, 3-lobed; lateral lobes very obtuse; median lobe
reniform, emarginate, sometimes obsolescent and the lip apparently
obcordate; spur straight or nearly so, 1-1.5 cm long, slender, cylindric,
whitish or almost the same color as perianth. May-June.

Wet meadows and swamps.— European part: Bl., M. Dnp., V.-Don, L.V.
(Ergeni), Caucasus: Tal., E., W. andS. Transc.; Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.,
Pam.-Al., SyrD., Balkh. (Ili River valley). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur.,
Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Describedfrom Austria. Type
in Vienna.

OL. pelaistials.» Jacgaox1O.Ye 0 Bao pmomyay la) (Ore Koeddemediam a.
Ugrinsky in Diagn. specier. trium gen. Orchis (editio auct.) p.5.—

O. pseudoparviflora Ugrinsky 1.c.—C. Reinhardii Ugrinsky l.c.;
Ugrinsky's last two species possibly represent the hybrid O. coriophora
L. X O. palustris Jacq.). Leaves lanceolate, acuminate; flowers dull
purplish-brown, larger than those of C. coriophora; lateral sepals
spreading, rarely contiguous in a hood; lip 3-lobed, semiorbicular,
resembling in shape the lip of O. coriophora lL.— European part:
V.-Don (surroundings of Kharkov), Crimea.

Note. Orchis palustris Jacq. andthe W. European O. laxiflora
Lam. are distinguished by the very broad obreniform lip, forming a very
compound and critical, little explored form cycle, within which some authors
are trying to set up a number of other species. There is, however, no doubt
that the cycle is represented in the USSR by only one species which is
apparently identical with Jacquin's O. palustris. The excellent drawing
of this plant, presented by Jacquin in ''Icones plantarum rariorum"' I
(1781-86), Plate 181, and the herbarium material from Europe relating to
this species, correspond in the author's view more or less to the plant
occurring in the USSR. The W. European form differs only in lower average
growth and narrower leaves. The greatest deviation from the type is
displayed by some of the Crimean individuals, but these should be referred
to O. palustris rather thanto O. laxiflora Lam. In agreement
with West European botanists, we regard O. elegans Heuff. as a synonym
of O. palustris, and that in opposition to K.A.Ugrinsky who proposes
separation of these species.

Series 2. Coriophorae Nevski.— Leaves subobtuse, narrowed toward
base; sepals and petals forming a rostrate hood.— This series also includes
O. sanctus L. of Asia Minor.

2. O. coriophora L. Sp. Pl. ed. I (1753) 940; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 59;
Boiss. Fl. Or. I (1884) 61; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 455.—O. cassidea M.B.
Fl, Taur:-Cauc; Ill (1819) 600:—O. fragrnans Wulff Fl. Taur. I, 3 (1930)
100, nec. Poll.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t.15.— Exs.:
Fl. Austr.-Hung. No. 3087.

Perennial; tubers ellipsoid, to 2.4 cm long; stem 15-40 (50) cm long,
leafy up to the middle, with foliaceous acuminate progressively smaller

S17,

683

sheaths above; leaves 4-8, narrowly linear or linear or linear-lanceolate,
(3.5) 4.5-13 cm long, 0.4-1 (1.5) cm broad, attenuate, obtuse; spike
cylindric, densely many-flowered, 3.5-13 (14) cm long, 1.5-3 cm broad;
bracts linear-lanceolate or linear, long-acuminate, l-nerved, green or

on the margin purple, the lower commonly equaling the flower to 2 cm long,
the upper 0.55—-0.8 cm long; flowers dingy brownish-purple, with the odor
(in the typical form) of forest bugs; sepals linear-lanceolate, (0.4) 0.5-0.7
(0.9) em long; lip 3-lobed, 4-6 (6.5) mm long, between the tips of lateral
lobes 4-5 mm broad; median lobe oblong, obtuse; lateral lobes commonly
slightly and obtusely dentate on the outer margin; spur cylindric-conical,
slightly curved, 4-7 (8) mm long. O. cassidea M.B. differs from type
in broader leaves (to 1.5 cm broad as against 0.8 cm in the type) and
possibly in the scent of flowers; Crimea, Caucasus. O. pseudofragrans
Nevski sp. ined. is distinguished from typical specimens of O. corio-
phora by its hood which is more long-pointed, pale dingy olivaceous-
purple, 0.9-1 cm long. (Caucasus: Tal., E. Transc.). May-June.

(Plate XLI, Figure 9).

Wet meadows. — European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp., Bl., V.-Don., L.V.,
Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W., E. and S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.:
var? typiea; ‘Centr Eurs) AthoEursBal!-Asp Ming (N; part)m van)
fragrans (Poll.) Boiss.: W. Med. (Portugal, Spain, S. France, Italy,
N. Africa), Bal.-As. Min. (W. part: Greece); var. pseudofragrans
Nevski: Iran., E. Med.; var. cassidea (M.B.) Nevski: Arm.-Kurd.,
Asia Minor. Described from Europe. Type in London.

Note. Most systematicians have refrained from separating
O. fragrans asa distinct species. However, Pollini himself (Fl. Veron.
II (1824) 7) had written that O. coriophora L. and O. fragrans Poll.
differ in the scent of flowers. While the former has the unpleasant odor of
forest bugs, the latter according to Pollini, has the fragrance of
Crataegus monogyna or C. oxyacantha L. Inthe author's
opinion, O. fragrans canbe considered as an independent species since,
apart from scent, it is distinguished by the large purple-colored long-
pointed hood; this species, however, does not occur in the USSR and its
distribution is confined to the W. Mediterranean region. E.V.Vul'f reports
it for Crimea, but the Crimean specimens would be more appropriately
named O. cassidea, if considered a distinct species at all. Most closely
related to O. fragrans is the new variety (or species) O. coriophora
L. var. pseudofragrans Nevski, that occurs in Talysh and in
E. Transcaucasia, as well as in Persia and Syria. It is distinguishable
from O. fragrans by its long narrow and loose inflorescence. There is
no information concerning its scent.

Series 3. Masculae Nevski.— Leaves narrowed toward base, oblong-
obovate or broadly lanceolate; lateral sepals spreading; spur horizontal
or Slightly turned upward.

3. O. mascula L. Flora Suec. ed. 2 (1755) 310; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 56;
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 68; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 456; Kryl., Fl: Zap. Sib. II,
683.—O. Wanjkovii Wulff, Flora Taur. I, 3 (1930) 97.—

O. pinetorum Boiss. et Kry., Fl. Or. V (1884) 68.—O. olbiensis

518

684

Reuter in Ard. Fl. Alp. Mar. (1867) 353.—O. Parreisii Presl. Reliq.
Bem. (1844) 112.—O. speciosa Host. Fl. Austr. IT (1831) 527.—Ic.:
Rehb. Ie. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t.38.— Exs.: Pl. Finl. exs. No. 538.

Perennial; tubers broadly ovaloid to subglobose; stem violet-speckled
in lower part, rarely unspeckled, 20-50 cm long, leafy in lower part,
higher up with 1 or 2 amplexicaul acuminate foliaceous sheaths; leaves
commonly speckled with purplish-violet, 7-14 cm long, 1.5-3.5 em broad;
spike densely many-flowered, cylindric, 6-18 cm long and to 4-4.5 em
broad; bracts lilac-tinged, lanceolate, acuminate. 1-nerved or rarely the
lower ones obscurely 3-nerved, about as long as or slightly shorter than
ovary; flowers purple or pale violet; lip whitish at base with dark purplish-
violet speckles; sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or
subobtuse; median sepal 3-nerved, 7-8 mm long; lateral sepals
inequilateral, 2- or 3-nerved, 8-10 mm long, 3-3.5 mm broad; petals
obtusish, 3-nerved, slightly shorter than the median sepal; lip minutely
papillose above, broadly oval, 3-lobed, 7-12 mm long, 7.5-12 mm broad
between the tips of lateral lobes; lateral lobes broad, obliquely ovate;
median lobe commonly shallowly incised-retuse, semiquadrate, broader
than the lateral lobes; spur horizontal or slightly ascending, obtuse,

1-1.5 cm long, lilac-tinged. (April)-May. (Plate XLI, Figure 5).

Thickets and forest glades.— European part: U. Dnp. (according to
Schmalhausen), V.-Ka., Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc., W., E. and S. Transc.,
Tal. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Atl. Bur., Bal:-As. Min.,
E. Med., Iran. Described from Gotland Island. Type in London.

O. mascula L. XO. provincialis Balb.— Leaves lanceolate or
broadly lanceolate, dark-spotted; bracts very faintly lilac-tinged; lip with
few darker speckles at base; pollinia dingy greenish; stem green. European
panty. © ram:

O. mascula L. X O. pallens L.— Flowers flesh-colored, with the
scent of O. pallens L. This hybrid is reported by E. V. Vul'f from
Crimea, but the color is given as pale or dark pink.

Note. The species O. Wanjkovii, described by E. V. Vul'f does not
differ in any way from O. mascula. Similarly, the plant described by
Boissier under the name O. pinetorum Boiss. et Ky. merely represents
a simple modification of O. mascula, distinguished by somewhat smaller
bracts and paler flowers. O. anatolica Boiss. has been erroneously
reported for the Crimea and the Caucasus (the very same O. mascula
having been mistaken for that species).

“Oopaliiens ji.Mants,pl)ialtgl1 (771).29 29 db... Fl aRessHAlv 56:
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 68.—O. pseudopallens C.Koch, in Linnaea
XIX (1847) 13.—Ie.: Rchb. f. le. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t.34.— Exs.:
Herbs bweancr Nov 209.

Perennial; tubers ovoid-ellipsoid, to 2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm thick;
stem 15-35 cm long, with 2 whitish membranous obtuse sheaths at base,
3-5 approximate leaves a little higher up, and above the leaves a solitary
amplexicaul acuminate foliaceous sheath; leaves obtuse, narrowed toward
base, oblong-ovate, green; spike densely many-flowered, 3.5-7 cm long,
3-4 cm broad, ovoid or short-cylindric; bracts lanceolate, commonly
equaling the ovary, 1-1.3 cm long, to 4 mm broad, 1-nerved, yellowish;
flowers pale yellow, the scent resembling that of Sambucus nigra

519

flowers; median sepal slightly concave, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 1-nerved,
7-8 mm long; lateral sepals inequilateral, 3-nerved, oblong-ovate, 8-9 mm
long; petals obtuse, 5-6 mm long; lip brighter yellow than sepals and
petals, dark-veined, yellowish-green at center, broadly rounded-ovate,
7-8.5 mm long, 7.5-10 mm broad, rather shallowly 3-lobed, minutely
papillose above, rounded at base; lateral lobes semioval, obtuse; median
lobe broadly quadrate, obtuse, slightly notched or entire; spur cylindric,
obtuse, 7-11 mm long, slightly shorter than ovary. April-May. (Plate XLI,
Figure 4).

Mountain meadows and forest glades.— European part: Crim.; Caucasus:
W. and E. Transec. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min.
Described from Europe. Type in London.

O. pallens L. X O. provincialis Balb.— Leaves oblong-ovate,
as in O. pallens, but dark-spotted; spur 1/2—3/4 the length of ovary.
Recorded by E.V. Vul'f for the Crimea. He also reports for the Crimea
the hybrid O. pallens L. X provincialis Balb. X mascula L.,
but the author rather doubts the formation of such a hybrid.

Series 4. Provinciales Nevski.— Leaves narrowed toward base, oblong-
lanceolate, with dark spots; lateral sepals spreading; spur turned upward,
cylindric. Of the species occurring outside the USSR, O. pauciflora Ten.
(nec Fisch. ) also belongs to this series.

685 5. O. provincialis Balb. Misc. alt. (1806) 33; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884)

69.—Ic.: Balb. l.c.'t.2; Rehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII=XIV (1851) t:35.

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid or ellipsoid; stem 15-35 (37) cm long,
with 3-7 leaves at base and 2 or 3 green, acuminate foliaceous sheaths
higher up; leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, covered above
with brownish-violet spots that disappear in drying; spike loosely 5-18
(20)-flowered, cylindric, 3-14 cm long, 3—4.5 cm broad; bracts about
equaling the ovary, 1-—2.4 cm long, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower
3-nerved, the upper 1-nerved; flowers pale yellowish or whitish-creamy;
lip a deeper yellow shade, with small violet or brownish-purple speckles
at center; sepals with 3 green veins each; lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate,
10-13 mm long; median sepal oblong, (9) 10-12 mm long, mitrate at apex;
petals obscurely 3-nerved; sometimes with a lilac spot, ovate-oblong,
obtuse, obscurely notched at apex, 9-10 mm long, united with the median
sepal into a hood; lip suborbicular in outline but longitudinally folded,
10-13 mm long, 1-15 mm broad, 3-lobed; median lobe subquadrate,
obtusely truncate, slightly notched, 2.5-3 mm long, 5-5.5 mm broad;
lateral lobes triangular, obtusish; spur obtuse; 14-18 mm long. April-
May. (Plate XLI, Figure 8).

Mountain meadows and thickets on mountain slopes. — European part:
Crim., Caucasus: W. Transc. (Sochi). Gen. distr.: W. Med., Bal.-As.
Min. (W. part). Described from SE France.

Series 5. Patentes Nevski. — Leaves narrowed toward base; lateral
sepals scarcely spreading or decidedly contiguous in a hood; lip deeply
3-lobed; spur directed downward.

520

686

687

6. O. viridifusca Albov, Prodr. Fl. Colch. (1895) 229.—Ic.:
iy. Sehiechter Monogr.” [con:’ Oreh vir 1, "56 (1927) t22)) fig? 'S6"

Perennial; tubers ovoid; stem 20-30 cm long, with 3 or 4 leaves at
base and 2 amplexicaul acuminate sheaths higher up; leaves lance-obovate,
short-acuminate or round-tipped and very obtuse, to 12 cm long and
1-3.3 cm broad; spike oblong, to 7 cm long and ca. 3.3 cm in diameter,
10-15-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolate, strongly acuminate, 1- or few-
nerved, equaling or exceeding the ovary; flowers greenish-purple; sepals
contiguous in a hood or the lateral scarcely spreading, red outside, green
and brown-speckled within; lip red, with a purple throat; petals oblong-
ovate, obtuse, slightly smaller than sepals, ca. 7mm long, 3-nerved, also
obtuse; lip broadly ovate in outline, minutely papillose above; median lobe
obtuse, slightly notched; lateral lobes narrower, inequilateral, obtuse,
irregularly dentate; spur cylindric-conical, rather stout, more than half
the length of ovary (7 mm long).

High mountain meadows.— Caucasus: W. Transc. Endemic. Described
from Abkhazia. Type in Geneva. Type in Tiflis.

Note. The series also contains the W. Mediterranean'O. patens Desf.,
with a shorter saccate spur.

Series 6. Pictae Nevski.— Leaves slightly narrowed toward base,
oblong-lanceolate; sepals contiguous in a hood; lip broad, shortly 3-lobed;
spur horizontal, cylindric.

1) O mmorio! (Spr Pld edy o10(753)9940;> Leb PR Rosst lV9"G0; pep:
Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 60 p. pt.; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 456, p.pt.—Ic.: FI.
Dan. t.253.— Exs:: PilgvAustro-Hung. No. 675.

Perennial; tubers globose, 0.6-1 (1.2) cm in diameter; stem (9) 10-25
(28) em long, with 5-8 leaves at base and higher up, nearly right up to the
spike, with 3 or 4 foliaceous acuminate sheaths; leaves linear-oblong or
narrowly lanceolate, obtusely attenuate or obtuse, (2) 2.5-7 cm long,
0.5-1.7 cm broad; spike rather loosely (2) 4-19-flowered, 2-—7.5 cm long,
2-3.5 cm in diameter; bracts lanceolate, lilac-tinged, acuminate,

1-1.5 (2) cm long, the lower 3-5 nerved and equaling the ovary; flowers
spreading, violet-purple, the lip whitish at center with dark purple speckles;
sepals commonly brownish-green outside at base, with veins of the same
color, oblong-ovate, 6-9 (10) mm long, to 3.5-(4) mm broad, obtuse,
5-nerved; petals oblong, slightly shorter than petals; lip rounded-reniform
or subreniform, 6-9 mm long, 9-13 mm broad, rather shallowly 3-lobed

in fruit; median lobe slightly notched, obtuse, semiquadrate; spur slightly
turned upward or subhorizontal, commonly as long as or just longer than
the lip, 6-9 (9.5) mm long, obtuse, suffused with lilac-purple. May-June.

Meadows and forest glades.— European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp., V.-Don.
(Kharkov), Bl. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur. Described
from Europe. Type in London.

Gu, OL spictaPiLeisy, WMémi:\' Soc }a4ainn. (Par. MXie2)43ie=— O: morro “L.
Vaird deta, Rehb.. fle.) lw Germs, MIL Vs (09 51) 237 = ©. bmio ri o7 Le.
var. caucasica C.Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 280.—O. Scorpili
Velen. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1886) 267.— Exs.: Fl. Cauc. exs.

INO@. Si, sllsy

521

688

Perennial; tubers ovoid or ellipsoid, 1-—2.2 cm long, 0.8-1.3 cm in
diameter; stem 14-35 (40) cm long, with 5-7 leaves at base and higher up,
nearly right up to the spike, with 3-5 foliaceous acuminate sheaths; leaves
narrowly lanceolate or oblong-ovate, obtuse or obtusely attenuate,

2.5-10 cm long, 0.7-1.8 cm broad, often folded lengthwise and arched-
recurved; spike rather loosely 6-21-flowered, cylindric, 2.6-11 cm long,
2-4 cm in diameter; bracts lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, strongly
acuminate, lilac, 1-1.5 cm long, equaling the ovary; flowers slightly
smaller than those of O. morio, spreading, bright purple-violet; lip
whitish at center, with dark purple speckles; sepals faintly brownish outside
at base, with dark veins, 5-9 mm long, 2-—3.5 mm broad, oblong-ovate

or oblong, obtuse; petals slightly shorter; lip rounded-reniform, 0.5-0.8cm
long, 0.7-1.2 cm broad, rather shallowly 3-lobed in front; median lobe
semiquadrate, slightly notched, obtuse; lateral lobes inequilateral, also
obtuse; spur obtuse, often slightly turned upward, 0.7-1.2 cm long,

mostly half as long again as the lip. April-May.

Thickets, glades, and meadows. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus:
Cisc..,. Dags, Wi. ,and,.E.. Dranse.,yTal: Gens distri, Wi Medes) BalezAst
Min., E. Med. Described from Toulon.

O. picta, Lois. X O..coriophoyra lL. > Flowers faintly scented;
hood purple; lip brownish-violet, 3-lobed, broad, with dark purple dots
at center; spur pointed, about the length of ovary.— European part: Crimea.

O. picta Lois. X O. caspia Trautv.— Tubers elongate-ovoid; leaves
more pointed than in O. picta; flowers purple (not violet-purple as in
O. picta); lip practically plain, obscurely speckled; rhomboid, tapering
and strongly narrowed toward base, entire or perceptibly 3-lobed,
minutely crenulate; bracts as in O. picta Lois.; spur directed dornward,
as in the case of O. caspia.— Caucasus: E. Transc.

Note. Uptill now, both O. morio L. and O. picta Lois. have been
reported for the Caucasus and the Crimea. But all the author's attempts
to distinguish between these two species with Caucasian and Crimean
material have proved unsuccessful and he has arrived at the conclusion that
the only species that grows in the Crimea and the Caucasus is Orchis
picta Lois. This species is distinguishable from O. morio by slight
and not always clearly pronounced characters. The true O. morio occurs
in the western and south-western border area of the USSR and it is
distributed through Scandinavia and the northern part of central Europe.
We thus consider O. picta as its southern race, distributed in the
Mediterranean region. The original O. picta Lois. from the surroundings
of Toulon differs slightly from Crimean and Caucasian plants in a looser
few-flowered inflorescence and conforms fully to Reichenbach's illustration
(Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1852), Plate 13, fig. 1-3). A similar
representation is given by J. L.A. Loiseleur Deslonchamps in ''Flora
Gallica'' (II (1928), Plate 26), the tubers appearing in the drawing having
the typical ellipsoid shape.

Series 7. Papilionaceae Nevski.— Leaves oblong, narrowed toward
base; sepals and petals forming a hood; lip entire, narrowed toward base;
spur cylindric, obtusely attenuate, directed downward.

522

689

9. O. caspia Trautv. in A.H.P. II (1873) 434.—0. papilionaceéa L.

6B Bruhnsiana Gruner, Plant. Bakuens. Bruhnsii (1868) 74. —

O. Bruhnsianus Majorov ex Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 263. —

O. papilionaceus ssp. Bruhnsianus S06 in Keller u. Schlechter
Monogr. u. Ic. Or. Eur. II (1932) 136.—O. schirvanica Woron. in
Mitteir, Kauk. Mus. IV (1909) 263.—O. papilionaceus ssp.
schirvanicus Sood, Rev. Orch. Stidosteur. u. Stidwestas. (1928) 36.—
Ic.: R. Schlechter Monogr. u. Icon. Orch. Eur. 1, 5-6 (1927) t. 23,
imeag0s-— Pes iaoherk, bly cauc INorz3.

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, to 2.8 cm long and 1.7 cm thick; stem
12-30 cm long; leaves 5 or 6, to 9 cm long and 1.5 cm cm broad, sometimes
folded lengthwise and falcately spreading, obtuse, gathered on the lower
part of the stem; foliaceous sheaths higher up the stem 3 or 4, large,
amplexicaul, free above, acuminate; spike rather dense, oblong to oblong-
ovoid, 3-7 (12) cm long and to 4-4.5 cm in diameter; bracts large,
exceeding the ovary, purple-tinged, lanceolate, acuminate, 5—7-nerved;
flowers purple; sepals obtuse, 8-10 mm long, 3-nerved, oblong-lanceolate,
with darker nerves, the lateral inequilateral; petals oblong-linear,
3-nerved, slightly shorter than sepals; lip to 11 mm long and to 7.5 mm
broad, obovate or obovate-rhomboid from a narrow cuneate base,
denticulate or crenulate, obtuse, paler at center, sometimes purple-
speckled; spur paler, 8-10 (12) mm long, slightly curved. April-May.
(Plate XLI, Figure 6).

Grassy slopes and thickets— Caucasus: E. Transc., Dag. Gen. distr.:
Iran. Described from the surroundings of Baku. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A characteristic representative of the series Papilionaceae
is the W. Mediterranean O. papilionacea which differs from
O. caspia in its large and broad lip.

Series 8. Saccatae Nevski.— Leaves slightly narrowed toward base;
sepals spreading; lip entire or notched at apex; spur saccate.

10. O. chlorotica Woron. in Mitteil. Kauk. Mus. IV (1909) 265. —
O. papilionaceus ssp. chloroticus Sod, Revis. Orch. Sudosteur. u.
Stidwestas. (1928) 36.—Ic.: R.Schlechter, Monogr. u. Ic. Orch. Eur., I, 5-6
(UG27 28 ptie (O12

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid; stem 20-30 cm long; leaves 4-6, on
the lower part of the stem; foliaceous sheaths higher up the stem,
acuminate, amplexicaul; leaves oblong-obovate to oblong-oblanceolate,
4-8.5 cm long and to 2.5 cm broad, obtuse; spike oblong, 5-11 cm long,
to 3 cm broad; bracts yellowish-green, lanceolate, acuminate, to 3 cm
long, slightly exceeding or equaling the flower; flowers about 15, greenish-
yellow; median sepal oblong, obtuse, 7-8 mm long; lateral sepals
inequilateral, oblong-lanceolate, 9-10 mm long; petals oblong-linear to
linear, forming a hood together with the median sepal; lip whitish at center
and at throat, broadly ovate to suborbicular, obtuse or slightly notched at
apex, 9-10 mm long and 9 mm broad; spur whitish, stout, 5-6.5 mm long,
to 2.5 mm thick, obtusely attenuate, less than half the length of ovary,
directed downward. April. (Plate XLI, Figure 7).

523

690

Thickets. — Caucasus: E. Transc. Endemic. Described from the
Al'dzhigyan-chai River. Type in Tiflis; cotype in Leningrad.

Note. A species closely related to O. saccata Ten. and
O. Fedtschenkoi E.Czerniak., but differs in the rather pointed spur
and the greenish-yellow flowers.

11. O. Fedtschenkoi E.Czerniak. in Not. Syst. ex Herb. Horti Bot.
Petrop. III (1922) 147.—O. saccata ssp. Fedtschenkoi Sod, Rev.
Orch. Stidosteur. u. Stidwestas. (1928) 51.—Ic.: R.Schlechter, Monogr.
weole: Orch Hur. 1,05=6 (192%) t) 22goFigiBse

Perennial; tubers ovoid, 2—2.5 cm long and to 1.5 cm thick; stem 27 cm
long, with 5 or 6 leaves in lower part and higher up with 4 foliaceous
amplexicaul acuminate sheaths 4-5 cm long; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely
attenuate, 6-7 cm long, 2—3 cm broad; spike erect, densely 10-13-flowered,
9 cm long, 2.5cm broad; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, i S52: Seem, honps
0.7 cm broad, 5-nerved, greenish, about equaling the flower; flowers
violet; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lateral sepals inequilateral, obtuse,
3-nerved 8-10 mm long, 4 mm broad at base, spreading; median sepal
8 mm broad, concave; petals lanceolate, inequilateral, tapering and slightly
elongate at apex, obtuse, 1-nerved, forming a hood together with the
median sepal; lip rounded-ovate, 0.8-1 cm long and as broad, slightly
notched at apex; lateral lobes minute, obtuse, barely perceptible; spur
5-6.5 mm long, 3 mm thick, obtuse, scarcely enlarged from base, nearly
straight, whitish, half the length of ovary. April. (Plate XLI, Figure 3, a).

Thickets on mountain slopes.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm. Endemic.
Described from Tutli-bil' in Kara-Kala area. Type in Leningrad.

Section 2. ANTHROPOCHILON Nevski.— Lip suggestive in outline of
the shape of the human body; lateral lobes arising at base, linear-oblong;
median lobe relatively large, 2-lobulate at apex; sepals and petals forming
a hood; bracts commonly very small, 1-4 mm long, much shorter than
ovary, rarely (in O. tridentata) to 10 mm long and about equaling the
ovary.

Series 9. Ustulatae Nevski.— Flowers very small, 3-4 mm long; bracts
half the length of ovary.

122OPtustulatath.’Sp?) Plyvedond(a753)194ip! Lider Ross: IV M63t
Boiss Fi? Oris VAWnss4) 61: 9Shmal"ay Fle 11 495; Krylt, PL ap (sina
681.—Ic.: Rehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIV (1851) t.16.— Exs.: HFR No. 1041;
BL pletexs! Novesd:

Perennial; tubers ovoid or rarely subglobose, 1-1.7 cm long, 0.7-1 cm
thick; stem (10) 15-30 (45) cm long, leafy for two-thirds its length, higher
up with acuminate foliaceous sheaths; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed
toward base, obtusish, abruptly attenuate to a small point, slightly
spreading, 3-8 cm long, 0.5-1.5 (2) cm broad; spike densely many-
flowered, cylindric, 3-10 cm long, 1-2 cm in diameter, relatively loose

524

691

in lower part; bracts 1-nerved, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
half or less than half, the length of ovary (rarely nearly as long as ovary)
3-4 mm long, lilac; flowers honey-scented; hood blackish-purple, obtusish;
petals rosulate; lip pale rose or whitish speckled with purple; spur white;
sepals ovate, the lateral inequilateral and somewhat longer than the median;
petals linear-oblong; lip slightly exceeding the sepals, 4-5 mm long;
lateral lobes arising from base, oblong-linear, obtuse; median lobe
gradually enlarged toward apex, shortly bilobulate, the lobules subobtuse
and slightly denticulate; distance between tip of lateral lobes ca. 4.5-5 mm,
between the tips of lobules of the median lobe ca. 2.5 mm; lateral lobes
2-3 mm long and 0.75-1 mm broad; spur 1 mm long, obtuse, directed
downward and slightly arched. June-July. (Plate XLI, Figure 10).

Glades and margins of deciduous woods. — European part: Lad.-Ilm.,
Ui sDnpie We DWongau: Vie Ver KaanaMl.; Dipmrsik: pilecDon? Dv. eRech?
(former Arkhangel'sk Province?); W. Siberia: Ob, U. Tob.; Caucasus:
Cise., E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med.,
Bal.-As. Min. (W. part). Described from Europe. Type in London.

Series 10. Tridentatae Nevski.— Hood 8-9 mm long; bracts about the
length of ovary.

13. O. tridentata Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2 II (1772) 190; Boiss. Fl. Or. V
(1884) 62; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 454. —O. variegata All. Fl. Pedem. II
(1785) 147; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 61.—O. taurica Lindl. Gen. et: Sp.) Orch.
(1835) 271.—O. commutata Tod. Orch. Sic. (1842) 24.—O. brevi-
labris Fisch. et Mey. Ann. Sc. Nat. Sér.1V, 1. (1854) 30.—Ic.: Rchb.
feb Mea en Gemnac< IIL Xl Va('85 1))tod 94 Exsen FL Austro: Hung.) Nov673.

Perennial; tubers ovoid or ellipsoid; stem 15-38 (45) cm long, with
3-6 leaves in lower part and higher up with 2-5 acuminate amplexicaul
foliaceous sheaths; leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtusely
attenuate, narrowed toward base, 5-9 cm long, 1-2 cm broad; spike dense,
ovoid to subspherical, 2-4.5 cm long, 2.2-3.7 cm in diameter; bracts
lanceolate, strongly acuminate, 1-nerved, suffused with lilac-purple except
the green nerve, slightly shorter than or nearly equaling the ovary,

4-10 mm long; flowers rose-lilac, the lip pale rose (sometimes almost
white) with dark purple speckles; sepals ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
8-9 mm long; median sepal 1-nerved; lateral sepals inequilateral,
2-nerved; all sepals connivent in a hood; petals oblong, obtusish, 1-nerved,
shorter than sepals; lip 3-lobed; lateral sepals arising at base, linear-
spatulate, bidentate at apex; median lobe obcordate, narrowed toward base,
emarginate and crenate at apex; entire lip 7-9 mm long, between the tips
of lateral lobes 7-8 mm broad, the median lobe 5-5.5 cm broad; spur
shorter than ovary, 5-7 mm long, 1mm thick, directed downward,
cylindric, obtuse, slightly curved. April-June.

Meadows and forest glades.— European part: Crim., Caucasus: Cisc.,
Dag., W. and E. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr.: Centr. Eur. (S. part),

W. Med., E. Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Idrija [Yugoslavia].

Series 11. Militares Nevski.— Bracts small, scalelike; hood pale pink
or pale grayish-violet.

525

692

693

14. O. militaris L. Sp. Pl. ed. 1 (1753) 941, ex parte; Ldb. Fl.

Ross. IV, 61; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 64; Shmal'g., Fl. Il, 454; Kryl., Fl.
Zap. Sib. Ill, 628.—Strateuma militaris Salisb. in Trans. Hort.
Seay ly (1812).-290: HOriehis..Rivini, Gouams Wile(1i@5) stai4ac

©. Raddeana Rgl. Ind. Sem. Horti Petrop. Suppl. (1869) p. 22 (n.v.).—
O. Steveni auct. fl. cauc., p.pte.—O. militaris L. var. sibirica
Schlechter in Keller et Schlechter Monogr. u. Ic. Orch. Eur. I (1928) 220.
Ic.: Rehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XI1V (1851) t.24.— Exs.: HFR No. 992.

Perennial; tubers ovoid; stem 20-45 cm long, with 2 whitish
membranous sheaths at bse, 3-5 leaves above the base, and 2 amplexicaul
sheathing acuminate leaves higher up the stem; leaves oblong-elliptic or
elliptic, obtuse, narrowed toward base, 8-18 cm long, 2.5-5 cm broad;
spike densely many-flowered, initially pyramidal, becoming cylindric,
4-10 cm long, 3.5-5 cm in diameter; bracts violet-rosulate, ovate,
acuminate, 2-3 mm long; flowers scented; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 1-nerved, slightly shorter than and one-third as broad as the
sepals, pinkish; lip at base whitish purple-speckled and minutely papillose,
the lobes violet-rose; lip 10-14 mm long; lateral lobes arising from base,
linear, to 8 cm long and 1 mm broad; middle lobe larger, cuneate or
obcordate from a linear-oblong base, 2-lobulate at apex, with a subulate
tooth at sinus, the oblong-obovate lobules to 4 mm long; lip between the
tips of lateral lobes 7-10 mm broad, the median lobe 2 mm broad at base
and 6-8 mm between the tips of apical lobules; spur whitish or pale pink,
obtuse, narrowly cylindric, slightly curved, 5-6 mm long, half the length
of ovary. May-June. (Plate XLI, Figure 15, a-c).

Damp meadows, glades and wood margins. — European part: Lad.-Ilm.,
Wi...) Vi-Kal, UO Dnp.,) V.-Don; Ms 'Dnp.. Blo). Ceim.,Transy., Wosiseria:
U. Tob., Ob, Alt., Irt., Yen.; E. Siberia: Ang.-Say., Dau.; Caucasus:
Cise., W. and E. Transc. Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur.,
W. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran., Mong. Described from Europe. Type in
London.

O. militaris L. X O. purpurea» Huds. —Spike ‘cylindric, dense;
to 15-20 cm long; hood marked with dark purple lines and dots, but lighter
in color that that of O. purpurea, 1-1.1 cm long; lip intermediate in
shape between O. purpurea and O. militaris; apical lobules of the
median lobe 5-6 mm long and 2.75-3 mm broad, with obtusely dentate
margin (in O. militaris entire or nearly so, in O. purpurea
dentation more pronounced); spur ca. 5 mm long and 2 mm thick. —
European part: Crimea.

O. militaris L. X O. simia Lam. (O. Steveni Rchb. f. in Bot.
Ztg. (1849) 829; Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851); Plate 20); hood pale
rosulate, to 1.2 cm long; lobules of the median lobe of the lip longer and
narrower (0.9-1.5 mm broad) and more directed to the front as compared
with O. militaris, but shorter and broader than in the case of
O. simila Lam.— European part: Crim.; Caucasus: Cisc.

Note. Orchis Steveni Rchb. f. remains as yet as a problematic
species. The illustration given by Reichenbach indicates clearly that the plant
concerned is intermediate in all characters between O. militaris and
O. simia. This applies particularly to labellum shape. It is possible,
however, that the future solution of the O. Steveni problem will tend
towards synonymity with O. militaris. As a matter of fact, Caucasian

526

694

specimens of O. militaris often deviate from the typical form in having
longer lobules of the median labellum lobe (though not nearly as long as in
the O. Steveni illustration) as wellasa longer inflorescence, but there
is no reason for considering them on these grounds as belonging to a
different species. Yu.N. Voronoy and A.A. Grossheim erroneously assumed
some of the Caucasian specimens to be a distinct species —O. Steveni.
Boissier as well, in reporting O. Steveni for Persia, was dealing in fact
with Orchis militaris L.— My assumption concerning the hybrid
nature of O. Steveni Rchb. finds confirmation in M. Godfery's publication;
"Monogr. alcon. Brit. Orch." (1933) which includes an illustration of the
hybrid O. militaris X O. simia. This illustration is strongly
reminiscent of Reichenbach's drawing (l.c.) of O. Steveni.

i5ttPOvwsimiagzaim.. dls Hranced I 9(4:278) 50.7%; | Boiss. oFila.QriaVa( 2884)
b2yhimaliles Pil. di) 454: —.©, oe pihaes and hos. (Vill. 41.) Dauph: IP (4787)
32; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853) 62.—Ic.: Rehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV
(1851) t.21.— Exs.: Fl. cauc. exs. No. 82; Herb. Fl. Cauc. No. 24.

Perennial; tubers ovoid or ellipsoid; stem 20-45 cm long, with 4 or 5
leaves above the base, and higher up with 1 or 2 amplexicaul foliaceous
sheaths higher up; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse, narrowed
toward base, 5.5-15 cm long, 2-3.5 cm broad; spike densely many-
flowered, ovoid at anthesis, 3-7 (8) cm long, 3-4 cm broad; bracts
1.25-3 (4) mm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, whitish; sepals
pale grayish-violet or pale grayish-purple, connate at base, ovate-
lanceolate, strongly acuminate, 3-nerved, 1-—1.4 cm long, the lateral
inequilateral; petals linear, acuminate, 1-nerved, almost white, slightly
shorter than sepals; lip pale purple or light pink; median lobe in undivided
portion paler and purple-speckled; lateral lobes arising on each side of the base,
narrowly linear, curved, to7.5mm long; median lobe oblong-linear with 2
oblong-linear, curved apical lobules 8-11 mm long anda subulate tooth 2-3 mm
long at sinus; entire lip 1.4-1.5 cm long; spur cylindric, obtuse, 4-5 mm
long and ca. 1.5-1.75 mm thick, half the length of ovary, directed downward
or scarcely recurved. April-May. (Plate XLI, Figure 16, a,b).

Thickets on mountain slopes, glades, and mountain meadows. — European
parisyGrim).; Caucasus: \Cise.; W., E..and,S.,Transe., Dag.; Gentr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur. (S. part), W. and E.
Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from S. Transc.

O. simia Lam. X O. purpurea Huds.— Spike longer and broader
than in O. simia, dense, ovoid; hood whitish-pink, conspicuously marked
with small dark purple speckles; lip intermediate in shape between
O. simia and O. purpurea, with dark purple speckles; apical lobules
of the median labellum lobe obtuse or obtusely truncate, to 7 mm long and
ca. 1.5-(2) mm broad. — European part: Crimea.

Series 12. Purpureae Nevski.— Bracts small, scalelike; hood blackish-
purple or conspicuously violet-dotted.

16. O. purpurea Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. I (1762) 334; Shmal'g., Fl. I
453, p.pte.—O. fusca Jacq. Fl. Austr. IV (1776) t.307; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
IVMivGd depute: Boiss.e fl. Oris Vo (le84) 65, p,pie.— le..: Rehb. le. Fl.
Germ. XIII—XIV (1851) t.26.— Exs.: Fl. Austr.-Hung. No. 1476.

527

695

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, to 4 cm long; stem 30-80 cm long,
above the base to 1.2 cm thick, with 3-6 leaves in lower part, and higher
up with a solitary long amplexicaul acuminate foliaceous sheath; leaves
approximate, oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly
narrowed toward base, 6-14-(20) cm long, 3-6.5 cm broad; spike densely
many-flowered, 5-20 cm long, 4-5.5 cm in diameter; bracts 1.5-3 mm
long, ovate, almost translucent; flowers large, vanilla-scented; sepals
elliptic-ovate, subobtuse to acuminate, 3-nerved, 9-13 mm long, 4.5-5 mm
broad, united into a hood; hood ovate, dotted with blackish-purple or
brownish-purple on a pale pink or greenish-white ground, sometimes
blackish-purple almost throughout; petals commonly 8-9 mm long and
1-1.5 mm broad, linear, obtuse, narrowed toward base, l-nerved,
contiguous with the margins of the median sepal; lip whitish or light pink
with dark purple dots; lateral lobes arising at base, linear, truncate,

(6) 7-10 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad: median lobe large, obcordate,
dentate, notched and shortly 2-lobulate, 1-1.5 cm broad; with a tooth to
2mm long at sinus; apical lobules 4.5-6 mm broad; entire lip 1-1.4 cm
long, the distance between the tips of lateral lobes 1.3-1.8 cm; spur 4 mm
long, one-third to two-fifths the length of ovary, curved, obtuse. April-
May. (Plate XLI, Figure 11).

Mountain woods and forest glades.— European part: Crim. Gen. distr.:
Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. (W. part). Described
from England. Type in London.

17. O. maxima C. Koch in Linnaea XIX (1847) 14.—O. caucasica
Rgl. Ind. Sem. Horti Petrop., Suppl. (1869) p.22.—O. purpurea auct.
fl. cauc. (nec Huds.).—O. fusca auct. fl. cauc. (nec Jacq.).— Exs.:

Ely ‘eave. “exs.” No. at:

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, to 4.2 cm long; stem 35-70 cm long, ;
with 2 whitish membranous sheaths at base, 5 or 6 leaves above them,
and higher up 1 (2) amplexicaul acuminate foliaceous sheath; bracts broadly
ovate, acuminate, lilac-colored, 2 mm long; flowers large, fragrant;
sepals ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 0.85-1 cm long and ca. 5 mm broad,
forming a purplish-violet-dotted hood; petals linear, shorter than sepals
and merely ca. 1 mm broad, obtusish, 1-nerved, suffused at apex and on
the margin with pale violet or purplish-violet; lip minutely papillose above,
whitish or pale pink with purplish-violet dots; lateral lobes arising at base,
linear, obtusely truncate, 7-10 mm long and ca. 1 mm broad; median lobe
large, cuneate-obcordate, with a deep sinus between 2 apical lobules;
lobules much narrower than in O. purpurea, not more than 2.5-3.5 mm
broad and 5-8 mm long, crenulate at apex; tooth at sinus between the
lobules 0.5-2 mm long; entire lip 12-17 mm long, the distance between
the tips of lateral lobes 11-13 mm, between the tips of lobules of median
lobe 9-12 mm; spur whitish, curved, obtuse, 3-5 mm long, one-third to
two-fifths the length of ovary. April-May. (Plate XLI, Figure 12).

Mountain woods.— Caucasus: Cisc., Dag., W. and E. Transc.

Gen. distr.: SE coast of the Black Sea, whence described.

Note. The authentic specimen of O. caucasica Rgl. is missing
in the herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences and
the author has not succeeded in tracking it down. Regel apparently
described, under this name, a specimen of the Caucasian race of
O. purpurea deviating from the north.

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696

697

Series 13. Punctulatae Nevski.— Bracts small, much shorter than
ovary; hood greenish-yellow, purple-dotted within; lip rather thick.

18. O. punctulata Stev. ex Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 273; Ldb.
Fl. Ross. IV, 62; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 64; p. pte; Shmal'g., Fl. II, 454,
p.pte.—O. Steveniana Compére in sched.; Leveillé in Demid. Voy.
Russ. Merid. II (1842) 168, nomen.

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid or ovoid, 2-3 cm long; stem 25-62 cm
long and above the base to 9 mm thick, with 4 or 5 leaves in lower part
and above them 1 or 2 acuminate foliaceous sheaths; spike rather loosely
many-flowered, cylindric, 7.5-22 (25) em long, 3-4 cm in diameter;
bracts 2-3 (5) mm long, greenish, ovate, acuminate; flowers with a strong
vanilla scent; sepals yellowish-green, marked on the inside with small
brownish-purple or brownish-lilac dots often nearly confluent into
longitudinal lines, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 8-10 mm long, 3.5-4 mm broad;
median sepal 3-nerved; lateral sepals inequilateral, commonly 4-nerved;
petals linear, 1-nerved, obtuse, shorter than sepals and not more than
ca. 1mm broad; lip yellowish-green or olivaceous; lateral basal lobes
linear-oblong, lunately curved, obtuse and somewhat spatulately enlarged,
3-3.75 mm long (along inner margin) and 0.9-1.5 (2) mm broad; median
lobe larger, oblong at base, reniformly enlarged and shortly bilobulate at
apex, with a linear tooth ca. 1-1.25 mm long at sinus; apical lobules of
the median lobe suborbicular or rounded-triangular, longer than or rarely
as long as broad (breadth (2) 2.5-3 mm as against length at inner margin
2-2.5 mm); entire lip 6-8 mm long, the distance between the tips of lateral
lobes (5.5) 6-8 mm, between the tips of apical lobules 4.5-6.5 mm; spur
cylindric, slightly curved, obtuse, (2.5) 3-4 (5) mm long, 1-1.75 mm thick,
two-fifths (one-third) the length of ovary. May. (Plate XLI, Figure 14).

Thickets and forest glades.— European part: Crim.; Caucasus:

W. Transc. (Tuapse, Novorossiisk, Sochi). Endemic. Described from
vicinity of Lapsi (Crimea). Type in Helsinki; cotype in Leningrad and in
London.

Note. Flower coloring of this species is wrongly reported by
Reichenbach and by Schmalhausen.

O. punctulata Stev. X O. purpurea Huds. (O. Wulffianus
Soo in Keller u. Schlechter, Monogr. u. Ic. Orch. Eur. II (1937) 184).—
Spike many-flowered, long, with faintly colored bracts; hood roseate-
yellow outside, with purple dots and stripes within. Lip much larger than
that of O. punctulata, dark bronze-colored; pollinia yellowish-
greenish. — European part: Crimea (reported by E.V. Vul'f).

19. O. Schelkownikovii Woron. in Mitt. Kauk. Mus. IV (1909) 266. —
Oss epwhe hrjad is Boiss. etHeldr., var» virid iflora’ Kiingeinisehed’,
pSprepiGmoss ole Flo Kavkh1.(1928)'263)—Hxsa: Herb. fl caue’

No. 32.

Perennial; tubers oblong-ovoid, to 5 cm long and 2.5 (3 ecm thick); stem
45-85 cm long, with 5-7 leaves above the base and higher up with 1 or 2
long amplexicaul acuminate foliaceous sheaths; leaves oblong-obovate to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 7-19 cm long and (2.5) 3-—5.5 cm broad; spike
rather densely many-flowered (50-100 or more flowers), cylindric,

7-26 cm long and 3-4 cm in diameter; bracts broadly ovate, obtuse to

529

698

acuminate, whitish-green, 1-4 mm long; flowers with a strong vanilla
scent; sepals dingy yellowish-green, with purple often linearly confluent
dots within, ovate, obtuse, 8-11 mm long, 4 mm broad, 3- or 4-nerved;
petals linear, 1-nerved, obtuse, shorter than sepals and not more than
ca. 1mm broad; lip brown or reddish-brown or dark olivaceous; lateral
basal lobes linear-oblong, straight or nearly so, obtuse and scarcely
enlarged at apex, (3.75) 4-5 (5.5) mm long at the inner margin and
0.9-1.5 mm broad; median lobe larger, obcordate from a linear-oblong
base, bilobulate at apex; lobules oblong, spreading at nearly right angle,
round-tipped, 2.5-3 (3.5) mm long at the inner margin and 1.5-—2 mm broad;
tooth at sinus between the lobules to 1.25 mm broad; entire lip 7-10 mm
long, the distance between the tips of lateral lobes 8 mm, between the tips
of apical lobules 5.5-6.5 mm; spur cylindric, whitish, scarcely curved,
obtuse, 4-6 mm long and 1.25-2.25 mm thick, two-fifths to half the length
of ovary; gynostemium lilac-purple. April-May. (Plate XLI, Figure 13).
Thickets. — Caucasus: Cisce., E. Transc., W. Transc. (south of
Novorossiisk). Described from village of Akh-su in former Shemakha
County. Type in Tiflis; cotype in Leningrad.

Subgenus 2. DACTYLORHIZA (Neck.) Nevski. — Neck., Elem. III (1790)
129, pro genere.— Dactylorchis Klinge in A.H.P. XVII (1894) 148.

Lateral sepals spreading; median sepal united with petals into a hood or
rarely all sepals galeately united; lip drooping, shortly 3-lobed at apex
or entire, minutely papillose above and marked with a more or less
conspicuous darker pattern of distinct speckles and lines, broad, spurred
at base; spur straight or slightly curved, cylindric or conical; anther
ellipsoid, with parallel locules, a process of the rostellum projecting at
base between the anther locules; pollinia clavate, with caudicles adherent
to 2 glands; glands contained in a common 2-celled bursicule; ovary
sessile, twisted; flowers shades of lilac, pink and violet, rarely yellowish;
tuberoides palmately lobed, the lobes attenuate and rootlike at the ends;
bracts herbaceous, green.

Note. Little is known about hybrids within this subgenus, but there is
not doubt that in the USSR hybridization takes place in the case of certain
Species growing together. Hybrids are also known between the palmately
tubered orchids and Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br., but the
author has not come across them in herbarium material from the USSR.
As regards hybridization with species of the genus Orchis s.str., they
are mentioned in the literature, but their occurrence is not very likely.

It would be more correct to consider this subgenus as an independent genus
(Dactylorrhiza Neck.) related to the genus Gymnadenia R. Br.
rather thanto Orchis s. str.

1. Stem with short creeping offshoots at base; all three sepals forming a

hood (Section 1. Iberanthus (Schlechter). .... 20. O. iberica M.B.
+ Stem without creeping offshoots at base; lateral sepals spreading
SH EW ASE ie reed bit-err a panded eorhosveue aries I+ 8 ol win eel pte he Bi PAS

2. Tuberscylindric (not compressed), shortly lobed at the ends; flowers
yellowish or purple, the lip very slightly yellowish at base (Section 2.
Sc. ndier btexr ant-hans) Nevsla), oot «oak keaeteelh-wre a lenieh tanie ae

530

699

a

10%

Lag

12.

13.

14.

Tubers laterally compressed (very rarely subterete), more or less
long-lobed at the ends, the tips of the lobes long-tapering and root-
shaped; flowers without any yellowish shade, rose-lilac, lilac-purple
or violet-purple, rarely almost white (Section 3. Klingeanthus

bebicelhtee)mynotianrm (bt) hin A eqs gael cum ielol eemew oda, 5.
spumdiecered. downward... .4 2 6 ORs a a he ewe 23. O. sambucina L.
SpumherizontalLorimoretomless turned upward 202s. 98 WPF Gee it 4,

Speenlo= 20nnim tions iiwicerthe length, of their. 6c weet) fo.
Ric Beis RIOR AD. Been Gg cou) Gti ..1 pase 22. O. romana Seb. et Maur.
Spur (6.5) 7-10 mm long, slightly longer than to half as long again as

FAR i SO. APR fe AER 2 SOY Oe aia Dg 21. O. flavescens C. Koch.
Sepals long acuminate and almost aristate; petals about half as long as
SCHICK ELL WPGQIE SHO Rat fom POSE: 1450 29. O. aristata Fisch. et Lindl.
Sepals not aristate; petals just slightly shorter than the median sepal
ie cphiviah-- wiedian 2edabeiliotic: ceneave -wees sbtuge oR eae Gs.
Eeayes neverdSpottediianmred: hein ec gail: alinie seve: ele. Here .
Leaves spottedlabo vey yornes rk PAA . ML SAG oo, DMO ORE 10.

Flowers small, the lip 4:5—5.5 (6) mm long and 5-7 mm broad......
THOTER SS AAS BQ Pe GGt GQa, SO). BAQOE Aas ines 36900! Gatifoliatl.
Flowers larger, the lip 6-10 (12) mm long and 7-12 (14) mm broad. . 8.
Spur cylindric, (10) 12-15 (18) mm long, more or less curved.......
Raped bP te a Bek bP NERS Sd Oy ROR, 33. O. umbrosa Kar. et Kir.
Spur cylindric or conical-cylindric, (7) 9-11.5 mm long, slightly

etinvedrorinGarl yfeie aight. Yt oS TSOP? PEO, MOBRERS TES Gee 4 Sh
Spur cylindric, (7) 9-11.5 mm long and 1.8-2.25 mm thick, commonly
poe: leneih Gt, ovaryywlip entimews.:. ,Anivin “cattiat 32.4107 *salina : Turez.

Spur conical-cylindric or almost saccate-cylindric, stout, (7) 9-10 mm
long and 2.5~3 (3.5) mm thick, two-thirds the length of ovary; lip
Short he Sloped" 09. 208+ &, TO, a Gat au 34. O. sanasunitensis Fleischm.
Flowers small; lip entire, (4) 5-5.5 (6) mm long and 5-6 mm broad.

PE IO AORESS PRA TOS MATER TNO NBR Tae 35. O. cruenta Muell.
Flowers larger; lip 3-lobed or rarely entire, (6.5) 7-10 mm long and
CAioVie 1) REM roaduS SYP) GS: BOS) PE AURA SMRTCEIE SOR it.
Lip entire, obtusely attenuate; spur saccate-cylindric, shorter than
evaleyh (625) 7810) rmmt lefigtand 3345 (4) mime thicls PINRO TENS. .
PBR SSO 2 LAERAS REO OF VRE, APO By Ehie RR 28. O. euxina Nevski.
Lip 3-lobed, or very rarely entire and then the spur longer and more

Sede > pA EOE 29A87 ORO Ais. WEI CUk f PBR AOS PY, eee ee ee 2.
Spur cylindric-conical or conical, distinctly tapering to a subobtuse

tip, not more than 10 mm long; stems hollow............... 13.
Spur cylindric, obtuse; stems solid or nearly solid (with a narrow
lumen worth hollow then “spur’l2—14 1mm longawe Ss Oe 14.

Tuber lobes with very long-tapering rootlike tips; leaves commonly
folded lengthwise and strongly arched-recurved, rarely straight, linear
or linear-lanceolate, the lower 0.5-1.4 cm broad and 6-14 cm long.
Eunmnts Ol peat, bogs felt wie Set 30. O. Traunsteineri Saut. et Rchb.
Tuber lobes with shorter rootlike tips; leaves oblong-lanceolate to
lanceolate, spreading, flat, the lower (1.5) 2.2-3.2 cm broad and

6-20 cm long. Plants of wet swampy meadows. . 31. O. baltica Klinge.
Spur slightly shorter to longer than ovary, 8-14 mm long and 2.25-3
(mea Precitariele ster Wire, Se Deere kT te, ie, enn. Ie 15.

581

701

+ Spur slightly shorter to nearly as long as ovary, 6-8 (9.5) mm long
and <Ibsdh 35) thickiya ws dod eet to Mee eke eee at ee ate etd 16.
15. Flowers rose-lilac; spur,;8—10 mm long and)2.25-2:5 mm thick... ...
2h Py lr PRY Bo Siege? uo Sie Pete 26. O. amblyoloba Nevski.
+ Flowers violet-purple; spur (11) 12-13 (14) mm long and 2.5 -3 (3.2) mm
Ghaclagy. ee ney.0b org, Str ert. ot, Ree ay Ae 27. O. triphylla C. Koch.
16. Lip rounded-rhomboid or broadly rounded-rhomboid in outline, 3-lobed
to one-third or one-half the length; median lobe strongly correct,
3-4 (5) mm long and at base 1.5-2.5 mm broad; flowers rose-lilac or
FOOSE WHeLet 4. Mek. oh. wba eon at Serres 25. O. Fuchsii Druce.
+ Lip obreniform or rounded-obreniform, shortly 3-lobed at apex;
median lobe conspicuously narrower and smaller than the lateral,
toothlike, 2-2.5 mm long and at base 2.5-3 mm broad; flowers
commonly pallepmosestilacy wv faerie yaiiieha wep eet 24. O. maculata L.

Section 1. IBERANTHUS Schlechter in Monogr. u. Ic. Orch. Eur. I,
3-4 (1926) p.160.— All sepals converging to form a hood; stem giving rise
at base to short creeping offshoots; tubers not lobed or else 2-parted.

20. O. iberica M.B. ex Willd. Spec. Pl. IV (1806) 25; Ldb. Fl. Ross.
LV aGlSs3))5>deishmael s) Pheil> 456.'— Ov angustifolia MUS, ii) Taim,-
Cauc. II (1808) 368; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 65.—O. leptophylla
C. Koch. in Linnaea XXII (1849) 282.—O. Natolica Fisch. et Mey. Ann.
Sc. Nat. (1854) 30.—Ic.: Rcehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-—XIV (1851) t. 154
et 56) fig.) [ITs

Perennial; tubers cylindric-fusiform, gradually tapering at apex,
sometimes 2-parted, to 6 mm thick at base; stem forming short offshoots
at base, erect, (20) 25-55 cm long, with 2 or 3 lanceolate-linear erect
leaves and 1 or 2 linear acuminate upper leaves; lower leaves subobtuse,
to 20 cm long and 2 cm broad, though mostly shorter and narrower; spike
erect, cylindric, 8-20 cm long and 2.25-3 cm in diameter; bracts narrowly
lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as ovary, the upper ones shorter;
flowers pale pink, the lip covered with darker purple-rose speckles; sepals
ovate-lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 7-9 mm long
and 2.5-3 mm broad; median sepal concave and slightly shorter than
the lateral sepals; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
2-nerved, 6 mm long and 1 mm broad; lip obovate-cuneate, minutely
papillose above, narrowed toward base, shortly 3-lobed at apex, the lateral;
lobes broad and obtuse, the median lobe pointed dentiform; lip 8-11 mm
long, 7-7.8 mm broad; spur cylindric, obtuse, curved and slightly enlarged
from a narrower base, 5.5-6 mm long and 1-1.25 mm thick. June-July.
(Plate XI, Figure 10).

Wet meadows in the upper mountain zone and swampy meadows in river
valleys. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: E. and S. Transc., Cisc.

Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min., E. Med., Iran. Described from Georgia.
Type in Leningrad.

Section 2. SCHLECHTERANTHUS Nevski.— Sepals spreading; stem
without creeping offshoots; tubers cylindric (not compressed), shortly
2—4-lobed at the end.

532

702

21. O. flavescens C.Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 281, p. pte; Ldb.
Figekoss) 1V7256° [Ot eu tholi'al (C Koch? 1 ep! 281 forma
Hiormt bus ralbir is) SO! romana auct iil. *cauc.) non'seb! et
Matne+ Ol spisiawidios aim bulcime (auch ail: ‘eauc.) non’ Tenore.—
Ofiscoregic'a Kiinge in’ ASHP? SVW (1898) 166/— Te. * | Rehb. \f)" le FY.
Germ? XHT=X1V (1851) ¢:61, «fig: Wvet't. 62;"fig. Tet Tis Exs.: Herb. FI.
Cauc. No.208.

Perennial; tubers shortly 2—4-lobed at the end; stem 10-35 cm long,
with 2 membranous obtuse whitish-brown sheaths at base; leaves 5-10 (12),
crowded on the lower part of the stem, linear to oblongly linear-lanceolate
or rarely oblong-lanceolate, commonly 8-12 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm broad,
obtuse; spike short-cylindric to subovoid, 3-8 cm long and 3-3.5 cm in
diameter, densely many-flowered; bracts narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate,
the lower exceeding and the upper equaling the flower, subobtuse, the lowest
3-5 cm long and 5.5-7 mm broad; flowers pale yellow or violet-purple,
rarely whitish; median sepal elliptic, concave, very obtuse, 6-7 mm long
and 3-3.5 mm broad, 3-nerved; lateral sepals elliptic-ovate, also very
obtuse and 3-nerved, slightly inequilateral, (6) 7-8.5 (9) mm long and
(3) 4-4.5 (5) mm broad; petals ovate, inequilateral, obtuse, 4-nerved,

5-7 mm long and 4 mm broad; lip broadly rounded-oval, shortly 3-lobed

at apex; laterallobes round-tipped, crenulate; median lobe quadrate, often
obscurely or distinctly notched at apex; entire lip 5-7 mm long and 7-9 mm
broad; spur horizontal or slightly turned upward, obtuse, cylindric,

(6.5) 7-10 mm long, slightly longer than to nearly half as long again as the
lip. April-May. (June).

Forest glades and thickets in the middle mountain zone. — Caucasus:
Cisse, 4 Dag EowSivandsw. Transe. (Artvin district); Tal.; Centr. Asia:
Mtn. Turkm. Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Iran. Described from
Transcaucasia. Type in Berlin.

22. O. romana Seb. et Maur., Pl. rom.1(1813)12.—O. pseudosam-
bucina Tenore, Syn. ed. 1 (1815) 72; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 57; p. pte;
Boiss: ln Or: (vi (1884) 72) p. pte: — let: Rehb fp les Bl. (Germ / HI =xIV
(1851) t.61, fig. I-II]. — Exs.: Fl. cauc. exs. No. 32.

Perennial; tubers 2-4 parted;stem 15-35 cm long, with 2 or 3 obtuse
whitish-brown membranous sheaths at base; leaves 4-13 (mostly 5-7),
crowded on the lower part of the stem, linear or oblongly linear-lanceolate,
0.4-1.4 cm broad and to 15 (20) cm long, obtuse; spike short-cylindric,
looser and fewer-flowered than in D. flavescens (C.Koch), (3) 4-8 cm
long and 3-4 cm in diameter; bracts exceeding the flowers, lanceolate or
narrowly lanceolate, subobtuse, commonly 2-3 cm long and 3-4 mm broad;
flowers yellowish or violet-purple, rarely whitish; median sepal elliptic-
ovate, 3-nerved, obtuse, 6-8 mm long and commonly 2.5 mm broad; lateral
sepals ovate, obtusish, inequilateral, 7-9 mm long and 3.5-4 mm broad;
petals broadly ovate or ovate, 4-nerved, obtuse, strongly asymmetric,

6-8 mm long and to 5 mm broad; lip broadly rounded-ovate, shortly
3-lobate at apex; lateral lobes rounded at the outer margin; median lobe
subquadrate, more or less distinctly notched at apex; entire lip 7-9 mm
long, 8-12 mm broad; spur horizontal or more or less turned upward,
cylindric, obtuse, 13-20 mm long, commonly twice the length of the lip.
April-May.

Deciduous and pine woods. — European part: Crim. Gen. distr.: W.Med.,
E.Med., Bal.-As. Min. Described from Italy.

033

23. O. sambucina L., Fl. Suec. ed. 2 (1755) 312; Ldb. Fl. Ross: IV,
55, pi pte: Ont mearnalt ail. FIs Sueel sedp ya (1755) Sila; 9Wwillanispl P11.
IV (1806) 30 (f. floribus purpureis).—O. lutea Dulac. Fl. Haut.
Pyren. (1868).125.—Ic.: Fl. Dan. t, 1232 et. 2737; M. Schulze, Orch.
Deutschl. (1894) t.22.— Exs.: HFR no. 941.

Perennial; tubers cylindric, not compressed, commonly 2-parted at
the end; stem 10-30 cm long; leaves 4 or 5, on lower part of the stem,
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 1-2 (2.5) em broad and 5-10 cm
long; spike short-cylindric, densely many-flowered, to 6 cm long and
3-4 (4.5) cm in diameter; bracts linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate,
subobtuse, equaling or exceeding the flower; flowers yellowish with few
purple speckles on the lip or purple throughout, with a faint scent
reminiscent of Sambucus nigra flowers; sepals oblong-ovate, obtusish,
3-nerved, the median 7-8 mm long, the lateral 8-9 mm long and 4 mm
broad; petals ovate, very asymmetric, slightly shorter than the median

703 sepal; lip rounded-rhomboid to suborbicular, shortly or obscurely 3-lobed
at apex; lateral lobes rounded and crenulate at the outer margin or almost
entire, Semirhomboid, obtuse; median lobe ovate-triangular or subquadrate,
obtuse or obtusish; entire lip 7-8 mm long, 7-9 mm broad; spur turned
downward, stout, cylindric, obtusish, sometimes scarcely curved,

10-12 (15) mm long. May-June.
Thickets and deciduous woods. — European part: U. Dnp., M. Dnp.
Gen. distr.: Scand., Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min.
(W. part). Described from the surroundings of Stockholm. Type in London.

Section 3. KLINGEANTHUS Schlechter in Monogr. u. Ic. Orch. Eur.I
3-4 (1926) p.160.— Lateral sepals spreading; stem without creeping
offshoots; tubers compressed, the lobes long-tapering and rootlike.

24. O. maculata L. Sp. Pl. ‘ed: 1 (1753) 942.— O. elode’s’ Griseb.,
Ueber die Bildung des Torfs in der Emsmooren (1846) 25, in adnot. —

O. ericetorum Linton, Fl. Bournm. (1900) 208.—O. basilla L. Oel.
et Gothl. Resa (1745) 48, p. pte.—Ic.: Fl. Dan. VI (1787) tab. 933;
M.Schulze, Orch. Deutschl. (1894) tab. 23 (excl. fig. 3-5).

Perennial; stemfirm, 25-50cmlong and at base 3.5-8 mm thick; leaves
(2) 5-6 (8) spotted, spreading or arched-recurved, nearly flat or slightly
conduplicate, subobtuse or acuminate; lowest leaf 5-10 cm long and
0.8-3 cm broad, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse or subobtuse;
next 2 leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-15 cm long and commonly
1-2 cm broad; uppermost leaves linear or subulate-linear, often slightly
flexuous, acuminate, 2-9 mm long and 2-5 mm broad, not reaching the
spike base; spike ovoid-cylindric, densely many-flowered, 3-9 cm long
and 2.9-3.9 cm in diameter; bracts narrowly linear, lanceolate, acuminate,
shorter than or the lowest sometimes slightly exceeding the flower,

2-2.5 cm long, the upper commonly 4-7 mm long; flowers pale rose-lilac;
lip with small violet speckles, these arranged in bulging longitudinal
discontinuous rows or partially confluent into short lines; sepals lanceolate
or broadly lanceolate, about as long as the median sepal, lanceolate,
inequilateral; lip obreniform or rounded-obreniform, (7) 8-10 mm long
and (9) 10-12 (14) mm broad, shortly 3-lobed at apex; median lobe much

534

704

707

smaller and narrower than the lateral, dentiform, broadly triangular,
obtusish, 2-—2.5 mm long and at base 2.5-—3 mm broad, shorter than the
lateral lobes or scarcely noticeable beside them; lateral lobes rounded and
crenulate-denticulate at the outer margin; spur cylindric, straight, obtuse,
slightly shorter than to about the length of ovary, 6=8 (9.5) mm long and
1-1.5mm‘thick. July..(Plate’-XLII, Figure 2).

Swampy woods and their margins. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech.
(W.part), Lad.-Ilm., U.V. (former Tver Province), U. Dnp. Gen. distr.:
Seand., Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur. (N. part). Described from N. Europe.

Type in London.

25), OysHuchsii Druce,) Reps Bot.u.Exch. Cy Brit: ) Isles Ly (4914,),105. —
Oj mpacul at.ay LdbFl.)Ross 4411853), \promimaxt »ptej Shmal' oy,ei lh
Tiong) pro max.ptes KryhioklyZap«Sib Mipngses— len; TE. jeri hAn
Stephenson in Journ. of Bot. LVIII (1920) t.556, fig. 21 et 22.— Exs.: HFR
No. 290; Hayek Fl. stir. 324; Fl. Hung. (Herb. Mus. Nat. Hung. Bud.)
no. 87.

Perennial; tubers 2—4-lobed, compressed; stem (15) 25-65 cm long
and at base to 7 mm thick, solid or scarcely hollow; leaves commonly 6
(4-8), dark green with violet-brown spots above, plain glaucescent-green
beneath, spreading, flat; lowest leaf obovate or oblong-obovate or oblong-
lanceolate, obtusely round-tipped, 4-12 cm long and (1.5) 2—4.5 cm broad;
next 2 leaves oblong-lanceolate or rarely oblong-obovate, obtuse or
subobtuse, 6-15 cm long and 0.8-3.5 cm broad; uppermost leaves narrowly
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, erect, bractlike, far from reaching the spike
base; spike cylindric, dense, though looser and more slender than that of
D. maculata, (3) 4-14 cm long and (2.2) 2.5—3 emibroad; bracts linear -
lanceolate, acuminate, all shorter than the flower, commonly 6-12 mm
long, very rarely the lowest exceeding the flower and up to 2.5 cm
(or slightly more) long; flowers pinkish lilac-violet; lip with a very well
defined violet pattern of speckles, these more or less confluent into
thickish, interrupted, somewhat outward-bulging longitudinal lines; sepals
lanceolate or broadly lanceolate, obtusish; lateral sepals 6.5-9 mm long
and to 3 mm broad, sometimes with scattered darker speckles; median
sepal barely exceeding the petals, 6-8 mm long; lip rounded-rhomboid in
outline, 7-9 (10) mm long and 9-10 (12) mm broad, 3-lobed for one-third
to one-half the length; median lobe porrect, oblong-ovate or oblongly
ovate-triangular, obtusely attenuate or acuminate or obtusish, 3-4 (5) mm
long and at base 1.5-2.5 mm broad; lateral lobes rhomboid, slightly broader
than the median lobe, obtusish, crenate and obtusely dentate on the outer
margin; spur cylindric, straight, 6-8 mm long and 1-1.5 mm thick,
slightly shorter than ovary. June-Mid July. (Plate XLII, Figure 1, a).

Glades, wood margins, and thickets. — European part: Dv.-Pech.,
acts int WU) Ve. We-KaineV. Dona wUP Daply Me Dnp es Libonwy iransws5
We, Siberia» Oby (Ui. wTobipoleth,. Alt..,Yen.; EL@Siberian Ang. Say. Dain,
Léena-Kol. Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Scand., Centr. Eur., N. Mong.
Described from England.

Note. O. maculata and O. Fuchsii differ not only morphologically
but also in habitat conditions and in time of flowering. O. maculata
is associated with damp mossy woods and with their margins and glades,
and is accompanied rather extensively by sphagnum mosses. O. Fuchsii

38)5)

(705)

Plate XLII

1. Orchis Fuchsii Druce, 1a) flower.— 2. O. maculata L., flower.— 3. O, amblyoloba Nevski,
flower.— 4. O. triphylla C.Koch., flower.— 5. O. euxina Nevski, flower.— 6. O. majalis Rchb. f.,
seed.— 7. O. umbrosa Kar. et Kir., flower.— 8. O. latifolia L., flower.— 9. O. iberica M.B.

ex Willd., flower.— 10. Chusua secunda Nevski.— 11. Galeorchis cyclocheila (Fr. et Say.)
Nevski.

536

708

is a meadow-forest species, common in shrub thickets and at the margin

of woods, and is confined to places where Sphagnum species do not grow.
At the time O. maculata is just beginning to flower, the flowering of

O. Fuchsii is coming to an end or at least close to that condition.

In geobotanical investigations in the forest zone of the USSR, care should

be taken to ensure distinction between these two species. ’*

26. O. amblyoloba Nevski sp. nova in Addenda III, p.753.—Orchis
mie Culieaws tauetivdlh: caucs promparte; (non L.— OO; Carithia lamiiae
Kite imAS He Pioevil fl (1898) 196, pro min. parte; Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I
(1928) 268, pro parte.— Exs.: Pl. or. exs. No. 331.

Perennial; tubers 2—4-lobed, the lobes tapering into cordlike tips; stem
nearly solid, with a narrow lumen, erect, 25-55 (60) cm long and above
the base 3-5 (7-9) mm thick; leaves 3-5 (8), spreading, spotted; lowest
leaf oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, rounded-obtuse to subobtuse,
7-12 (15) cm long and 1.2) 1.5-2.5 (3.5) em broad; narrowed toward sub-
obtuse, 9-15 cm long and 1-2 (2.5) cm broad; uppermost leaves (1 or 2)
bractlike, narrowly linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 2.5-—7 cm long and
(1.5) 2-—5(7) mm broad; spike cylindric, densely many-flowered, 5-14
(17) cm long and 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter; middle and upper bracts shorter
than the flower, 0.9-1.5 cm long and 2—2.5 mm broad, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate; lowest bracts commonly half as long again as the flower,
narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2.2-3 cm long and 2.5-3.5 (4) mm
broad; flowers rose-lilac; lip marked at base with well defined very small
round or elongated speckles and dots, these mostly disposed in interrupted
divergent longitudinal lines; median sepal oblong-elliptic, obtuse, concave,
(6) 7-8 mm long and ca. 3 mm broad, 3-nerved; lateral sepals ovate-
lanceolate or ovate, inequilateral, 3- or 4-nerved, obtusish or obtuse,
8-10 mm long and 3-4 mm broad; petals ovate, slightly shorter than the
median sepal, obtuse; lip minutely papillose above, broadly rounded-
rhomboid or transversely,rhomboid or transversely rounded-elliptic,

7-8 mm long and 8.5-10 (12) mm broad; median lobe broadly ovate,
obtuse or round-tipped, 3-3.5 mm long and 2.5-3 (3.25) mm broad; lateral
lobes more or less crenate and obtusely dentate, subrhomboidal, obtuse,
shorter than the median lobe; spur straight, cylindric, obtuse, slightly
shorter than to as long as ovary, 8-10 mm long and 2.25—-2.5 mm thick.
June-July (August). (Plate XLII, Figure 3).

Mountain woods in the middle and lower mountain zones.— Caucasus:

E. Transec. (W. part: vicinity of Borzhomi — Libani, Bakuriani; vicinity
of Tiflis; Fes-Feten), W. Transc. (atthe E. border ofthe region; Kudarskii
District). Endemic. (Described from Bakuriani. Type in Leningrad.

27. O. triphylla C. Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 283.—O. affinis
Chikoch?) ljea ip. 284.10, lane ibracthea ta: )C sKoehd sei px284s—
Oa rita iniiaie Adlinge in Avo) P) XVII (189.8) 96) pro maximy\parte. —
O. lancibracteus Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 269.—O. maculatus L.
Sspovlanieibraeteat us, Soo) Rep.) (4927) 32.— O, maculata, L.war.
Brotheri Somm. et Lev., Enum. Pl. Cauc. in A.H.P. XVI (1900) 419.—

* The author has recently become convinced that this USSR plant which he is treating as O. Fuchsii,
is in fact a new species of O. saccifera Brogn. and O. amblyoloba m. affiliation. He will,
however, be unable to settle this problem finally before receiving herbarium and live material relating
to the British O. Fuchsii s. str.

537

709

O. pontica Fleischm. et Hand.-Maz., Ann. Hofmus, Wien. XXIII (1909)
208.—O. saccifera Kranzl. in Fedde Repert, Beih. LXV, (1931) 43,
pro parte, non Brogn.

Perennial; tubers 2-—4-lobed, with rootlike tips; stem 25-35 cm long;
above the base, 3-9 mm thick; hollow but strong-walled; leaves 3-6 (8),
spreading, spotted; lowest leaf broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or subobtuse, 4-9 cm long and 1.5-3.8 cm broad, the breadth to
length ratio 1:2.3-1:3.6 (1:5); middle leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate,
subobtuse, 6-13 cm long and 1.2-3.2 cm broad; uppermost leaves bractlike,
narrowly linear, acuminate, ca. 0.4-0.8 cm broad; spike cylindric or
short-cylindric, 4-13 cm long and 2.5-3.5 (4) cm in diameter, densely
many-flowered; bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; lower bracts
spreading, greatly exceeding or rarely just slightly exceeding the flower,
2-4cm long and 3-5 mm broad; upper bracts much shorter, commonly equaling
the flower, 1-1.9 (2) cm long and 2-3 mm broad; flowers violet-purple or
reddish-violet-purple [magenta?]; lip with a pattern not very pronounced
against the ground color and consisting of interrupted or sometimes
continuous lines and distinct speckles, the lateral perianth segments also
commonly dark-speckled; median sepal ovate-lanceolate, 8-10 mm long
and ca. 3-—3.5 mm broad, subobtuse; lateral sepals also ovate-lanceolate
and subobtuse, inequilateral, commonly 5-nerved, 9-12 mm long; petals
broadly lanceolate, commonly 8 mm long and ca. 2.5 mm broad; lip
minutely papillose above, obreniform or rarely broadly rounded-cordate,
8.5-10 mm long and 11-14 mm broad, 3-lobed at apex; median lobe
triangular-ovate or often triangular, subobtuse or acuminate, commonly
3-5 mm long and at base 2.5-3 mm broad; lateral lobes subrhomboid,
crenate-dentate on the outer margin, obtuse, broad, shorter than the
median lobe; spur cylindric, obtuse, straight, equaling or slightly exceeding
the ovary, (11) 12-13 (14) mm long and 2.5-3 (3.2) mm thick, the color
of perianth segments or paler. (June) July-August. (Plate XLII, Figure 4).

Subalpine mountain meadows.— Caucasus: Cisc., E., S. and W. Transc.:
Gen. distr.: Arm.-Kurd., Bal.-As. Min. (E. part of Asia Minor), Iran.
Described from Lazistan. Type in Berlin,

Note. In addition to typical specimens, one comes across two other
forms which, upon future study of live material, may possibly have to be
established as independent species: 1) f. longicuspis Nevski, witha
long and narrow linear and sometimes recurved median tooth of the
labellum, which reaches on the average 4-5 (6) mm in length, and
lanceolate long-acuminate sepals (9) 10-13 mm long (Abkhazia);

2" hologlottis Nevski, with an entire or nearly entire rounded-cordate
labellum (= O. turkestanica Schlechter in Schlechter u. Keller.
Monogr. u. Te Orchy,Eur. I, 5-6 (1927) 173 p. pts? non Klinge)y (Cise: ).

28. O. euxina Nevski nom. nov.—O. cordigera Kranzl. in Fedde,
Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 39, non Fries.—O. cordigera var.
caucasica Klinge ex Lipsky Fl. Cauc. impr. Colch. novit. (1898) 306.—
O. monticola Klinge ssp. caucasica Klinge in A.H.P. XVII (1898)
181.—O. caucasicus Soo, Berlin. Notizbl. (1926) 909, non Regel in Ind.
Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1869) 22.—O. caucasica Schlechter in Keller et
Schlechter Monogr. u. Ic. Orch. Eur. I, 5-6 (1927) 173, non Rgl. —

O. catrcasieu's) Soo var: Markowits ¢hit Soo, Reve Orch ‘Sudosteur.

538

710

ig a

me sudwestas. (1926) 75; — lel "Schlechter, We fab! 168 tis tem
Hogs ¢ Worenow Pl’ 'Cauct No-320!

Perennial; stem 10-25 (30-35) cm long; leaves (3) 4 or 5, spotted:
lower leaves elliptic-lanceolate or oblongly elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse,
slightly narrowed toward base, spreading, (2) 3-7 cm long and (1) 1.5-2.2
(3) em broad (breadth to length ratio 1:2-1:3); upper leaves subobtuse and
narrower; spike short-cylindric to subovoid, dense, 2.5-5 cm long and
2-3 (3.5) cm in diameter; lower bracts exceeding, the upper equaling or
shorter than the flower, green or more or less violet-tinged, lanceolate
or narrowly lanceolate, short-acuminate; middle bracts 1.5-2 cm long
and 4-5.5 mm broad; flowers dark violet-purple; lip with an even darker
pattern, not very pronounced against the ground color and consisting of
speckles more or less confluent in rounded longitudinal lines; sepals
narrowly ovate-lanceolate, obtusish, 3—5-nerved, the median (7.5) 8-9mm
long and 3-3.5 mm broad, the lateral inequilateral 9-10 mm long and
3-4 mm broad; petals asymmetrically lanceolate, barely shorter than
the middle sepal; lip entire, more or less crenate-dentate, rounded
rhomboid-ovate or broadly rounded-ovate, broadest at base, (7) 8-9
(10) mm long and 10-12 (14) mm broad, subobtuse or obtuse; spur saccate-
cylindric to subconical, short and stout, shorter than and sometimes only
half as long as ovary, (6.5) 7-8 (9) cm long and 3-3.5 (4) mm thick.
June-July. (Plate XLII, Figure 5).

Alpine and subalpine high-mountain meadows. — Caucasus: Cisc.
(Greater Caucasus), Dag. (N. part), W. Transc. Gen. distr.: Turkish
Armenia. Described from vicinity of city of Ordzhonikidze. Type in
Leningrad.

29. O. aristata Fisch. ex Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 262; Kom.,
Fl. penins. Kamtsch. I (1927) 311.—O. latifolia var. Beeringiana
Cham. in Linnaea III (1828) 26.—Ic.: Rchb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV
(aS T)ip s8¢

Perennial; tubers 2—5-parted; the attenuate rootlike lobes again
2-parted; stem (10) 20-40 cm long, hollow and rather slender; leaves (2)
3 or 4 (7), spotted or spotless, obovate (the lower), oblong-obovate or
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed toward base, the 2 lowest commonly
4.5-12 (16) cm long and (1.8) 2—3.5 (4) cm broad, spreading, the upper
small acuminate lanceolate; spike short-cylindric, (2) 4-10 (14) cm long
and 3-4 (4.5) em in diameter; bracts broadly lanceolate, green or more
or less violet-tinged, acuminate, the lower slightly exceeding the flower
(1.8) 2-3 em long and 4-7 (7.5) mm broad, the upper shorter than the
flower, sometimes subobtuse, slender-pointed, 1-1.5 cm long and
3-4.5 mm broad; flowers violet-purple; lip obscurely patterned at base;
sepals sometimes with darker speckles, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate,
slenderly long-acuminate to subaristate; lateral sepals 9-15 mm long and
at base 3-4.5 mm broad; median sepal 8-13 mm long and 3-4 mm broad;
petals much shorter than sepals (about half the length), 5-7 mm long and
2-4 mm broad, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; lip densely and minutely
papillose above, 6—9 (10) mm long and 7-10 (11) mm broad, rounded-
obovate, subentire or shortly 3-lobed at apex, the dentiform median lobe
pointed; spur (9) 10-14 (16) mm long and 2.25-2.5 mm thick, horizontal
or slightly turned upward. June-July.

539

(2

Forest glades.— Far East: Kamch., Sakh., Okh. Gen. distr.: N. Am.,
Ber., Jap.-Ch. (Japan, Korea). Described from Unalaska. Type in
Leningrad.

30. O. Traunsteiner Saut. ex Rchb. f. Fl. Germ. Exs. (1830) 140;
Shimalioas, Fleih 4583. 7O. amo ucot sl Roda Lois. Wexalielao, mre. Crit. ie
(1831) 17.—O. curvifolia Nylander. Spicil. Pl. Fennic. II (1843) 11;
Fries Summa Veg. Scand. I (1846) 217; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1859) 55;
Meinshausen Fl. Ingr. (1878) 337.—O. angustifolia var. Russovii
Klinge, Revis. O. cordig. et O. angust. (1893) 84.-O. angustifolia
Rehb.»ssp.a Ryu sis.0 Vii, Klinge invA. BWP «XVII (1898). 17.7. —O. »Ra gs ov ii
Klin ge: licaysub ptabs al allas Oc lia pone a. Laestadiue ex Mchb. foo te. il.
Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) 97.—O. maculata. var. lapponica Nyl. et
Sael. Herb. Mus. Fenn. (1859) 20.—O. Traunsteineri var.
la pIpION Les phantmiy.eexRehb. of. ah. Cue Did lop LO. Kings lee. uA Ee)
t.1, Il.— Exs.: Dorfler. Herb. Norm. No. 4379.

Perennial; tubers 2- or 3-lobed, the lobes long, long-tapering and
rootlike at the ends; stem 20-35 (50) cm long, hollow, erect or slightly
flexuous; leaves 3-5, spotted, commonly conduplicate and strongly arched-
recurved, rarely straight or nearly so, linear to linear-lanceolate,
subobtuse or acuminate; lowest leaves 6-14 cm long and 0.5-1.4 cm broad
(the breadth to length ratio (1:7) 1:12-1:20), broadest above the middle or
rarely nearer base; spike short-cylindric to subovoid, rather dense,

3-6 (9) em long and 2.7-3.5 cm in diameter; bracts lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, the lower slightly exceeding or equaling and the

upper shorter than the flower; flowers violet-purple or purple; lip with

a darker rhomboid-obovate violet pattern composed of somewhat-
interrupted lines; sepals lanceolate, subobtuse, 3- or 4-nerved; lateral
sepals inequilateral, (7.5) 8-11 mm long and at base 2 5-4 mm broad;
median sepal (6.5) 7-9 mm long and 2.5-3 (3.5) mm broad, mitrate at apex;
petals 5.5-8 mm long and 2-3.5 mm broad, subobtuse; lip minutely
papillose above, broadly rounded-rhomboid or rounded-obovate 7-10 mm
long and 8-11 (12) mm broad, shortly 3-lobed at apex (rarely almost entire);
median lobe ovate-triangular or triangular, subobtuse, 2-—3.25 (4) mm long
and at base 2.5-3 mm broad; lateral lobes semiorbicular-rhomboid, obtuse,
the margin crenulate; spur cylindric-conical, straight, slightly attenuate
toward the end but obtuse, 7-10 mm long and 2-2.5 (3) mm thick. June-July.

Peat bogs.— European part: Kar.-Lap:, Arc..Eur.; Lad:-Ilm4,,..Dv.-
Pech}, U)\VegeVerDnpisie Va-Kais (Nw part) )M.,Dnp,, (Zhitomix), > W..Siberia:
Ob. Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur. Described from the Tyrol.

Note. In opposition to Schlechter, who separates USSR plants from
the Central European under the name Orchis Russovii Klinge, it must
be noted that there are no serious grounds for this approach. The sole
noticeable difference consists in the leaves of northern USSR plants being
strongly arched-recurved, but specimens from the Baltic States and the
Western Region* already have straight or nearly straight leaves. As
regards differences in flower structure indicated by Klinge and Schlechter,
they are in fact nonexistent, and one is obliged to dismiss the length of
spur, as proposed by Schlechter, or the labellum shape, according to

* [Since 1937 Smolensk and Orel regions. ]

540

713

Klinge, as distinguishing characters. Even if leaf curvature were to be
considered an important enough character to justify the setting up ofa
distinct species as a counterpart to straight-leaved O. Traunsteineri
s. str., such a species should by right be named O. curvifolia Nyl. and
net). yRowsisio vali (Ola ppio miicias haests isi an/aretic forni of

O. Traunsteineri, distinguished by its short leaves, 3-5 cm in length,
more obtuse median labellum lobe, and the spur being 4-8 mm long.

31. O. baltica Klinge in A.H.P. XVII (1898) 170, p. max. pte. —

Oa vladiytod Hal) idbs tihtikeecRoss wiViz~54 ep ph HO olatafolian var
junialis Vermeulen in Ned. Kruidk. Archief. (1933) 397; Journ. Bot.
LIO1D (1934) 974— Os) paerdia lamway Pugsleyin Journ) Linn» Soe. KLX
(1.935). b3eiealea- Jour Boteud cit pl. S56 ff okSwd4, Aéx

Perennial; tubers3-—5 parted , the ends of the iobes attenuate and
rootlike; stem hollow, erect, (20) 30-60 cm long, at base 8-10 mm thick;
leaves (4) (4) 5 or 6, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, subobtuse or
acuminate, slightly narrowed toward base, marked with rather small spots;
lower leaves (6) 9-20 cm long and (1.5) 2-3.2 (3.7) cm broad (the breadth
to length ratio 1:3-1:8); uppermost leaves reaching the base of inflorescence,
small and narrow, acuminate; spike short-cylindric to ovoid, 3-9.5 cm
long and (2.4) 2.5-3 (3.5) cm in diameter, densely many-flowered; bracts
narrowly lanceolate or lanceolate, subobtuse, the lower bracts exceeding
the flower, 2-3 (3.5) cm long and (2.5) 3-5.25 mm broad, the upper
commonly about equaling the flower; flowers violet-purple, the lip speckled
with dark violet; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, obtuse or obtusish;
median sepal concave, 7-9 mm long; lateral sepals inequilateral, 3-10 mm
long and 3-4 mm broad, commonly marked with darker speckles; petals
obtuse, subovate, inequilateral, slightly shorter than the median sepal;
lip transversely rounded-elliptic or rounded-rhomboid in outline, 3-lobed,
minutely papillose above, 7-8.5 (9) mm long, (8) 9-10 (12) mm broad;
median lobe ovate-triangular, obtuse, round-tipped, 2.5-3,5 mm long and
at base 2.5-2.8 (3) mm broad, slightly projecting in relation to the lateral
lobes, these almost semiorbicular, obtuse, with rounded crenulate outer
margin; spur cylindric-conical, obtuse or obtusish, turned downward,

(7) 7.5-9 mm long and 2-2.75 (3) mm thick. June-July.

Wet meadows. — European part: Lad.-Ilm. (W. part, area of Pskov,
Narva and Pavlovsk), Dv.-Pech. (Pechora Territory, Ust-Tsil'ma);

W. Siberia: Irt., Ob. (Chulym River basin), Yen., Ang.-Say. (NW part).
Gen. distr.: Atl. Eur., Scand. Described from the Baltic States. Type in
Leningrad.

Note. The distribution of O. baltica inthe USSR is most interesting.
After the Baltic concentration, there is an enormous disruption, probably
to be accounted for by one of the glaciation periods, and then the species
reappears in the northern part of the Ural area (Pechora Territory,
collection of R. Pole), and then again west of the Yenisei and the former
Semipalatinsk Region (Kandygataiskie Mountains). It is impossible to
distinguish the Yenisei and Semipalatinsk specimens from the Baltic.

It is difficult to explain how L.Sergievskaya, who devoted a special study
to the distribution of O. incarnata auct. and O. latifolia auct.,

non L. in W. Siberia (in Animadv. Syst. ex Herb. Univ. Tomsk. (1929) 1),
arrived at the conclusion that only O. incarnata occurs in Siberia;

541

714

and that in spite of the fact that Orchis baltica (= Dactylorhiza
baltica m.) had been gathered by many collectors in the former Yenisei
Province (N. part) and Semipalatinsk Region. The dimension recorded by
Sergievskaya for the labellum of W. Siberian specimens of ''O. incarnata'
(4-7 and 5-8 mm) arouse the suspicion that some kind of error may have
occurred here, as the author does not know of any O. incarnata auct.,
non L. plants with labellum more than 5.5-(6) mm long. The author is

also unable to figure out the precise connotation of O. incarnata v.
intermedia as described by Sergievskaya. As regards the appellation

of O. incarnata auct., non L., this plant, according to H. W. Pugsley
("On Some Marsh Orchids" in Journ. Linn. Soc. XLIX (1935) 553), should
be named O. latifolia L., since Linnaeus had applied this name to the
very plant that in due course became to be known under the epithet
"incarhata’! Om in cach ata Li bisrimifactianred-celored) ©O.(saminwcina L,

1

32. O. salina Turcz. ex Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 259; Ldb. Fl.
Ross. IV, 83; Turez. Fl. baic.-dah. II, 177; Kom. Fl. Mansh. I (1901)
909.—O. latifolia L. var. salina Trautv. Cat. pl. a Lomonossovio in
Mong. Or. lect. (1871) 92.—O. orientalis Klinge ssp. O. salina
Klinge in®A)H) PX Vil(808)"185yeex parte. = IcriRcehb wiiiien PlS Germ
XMWI=XIV (1851) t. 43, fig. I.

Perennial; tubers (2) 3-5-parted; stem (10) 15-25 (30) cm long, hollow,
rather stout; leaves (4) 5- or 6, never spotted, linear-lanceolate or
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, more or less arched-recurved or
spreading; lower leaves commonly 4-10 cm long and (0.8) 1-2.2 em broad,
slightly narrowed toward base; upper leaves narrower and more pointed,
the uppermost bractlike and reaching the base of spike; spike short-
cylindric, densely many-flowered, 3-12 cm long and (2) 2.5-3 (4) cm in
diameter; bracts green or more or less violet-tinged, narrowly lanceolate
to lanceolate, acuminate; lower leaves commonly equaling or exceeding the
flower, 1.75-3 cm long and 3-4 (5) mm broad; upper leaves shorter than
flower, 1-1.5 cm long and 3-4 mm broad; flowers violet-purple; lip
marked at base with a pattern consisting of a continuous line shaped liked
the Greek letter ™, the area enclosed by this line whitish due to a dense
cover of minute papillae, the remaining surface violet-purple; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse or obtusish; lateral sepals inequilateral, 7.5-9.5 mm
long and 3-3.75 (4) mm broad, 3-nerved; median sepal 6.5-—9 mm long;
petals ovate-lanceolate to subovate, about the length of the median sepal
and ca. 3 mm broad, obtuse; lip broadly rounded-ovate to suborbicular,
obtuse or subobtuse, entire or very rarely obscurely 3-lobed, broadest
above the middle (i.e., nearer the base), (6) 7-9 mm long and 7-10 mm
broad; spur cylindric, slightly attenuate and somewhat recurved toward
apex or nearly straight, (7-9) 9-11.5 mm long and 1.8-—2.25 mm thick,
always slightly longer than the lip and usually the length of ovary. June-July.

Meadows, mostly somewhat saline.— W. Siberia: Alt.; E. Siberia:
Ang.-Say., Dau.; Far East: Ze.-Bu. Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash. (NE part),
Mong., Tibet. Described from Dauria. Type in Kharkov; cotype in
Leningrad.

33. C. umbrosa Kar. et Kir. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. XV (1842) 504.—
O. orientalis Klinge ssp. O. turkestanica Klinge in A.H.P. XVII

1920 542

715

(1895) 183.—O. turkestanica Klinge ap. Fedtschenko, Journ. Bot.
Bussee(1908)/191\—(O, incarnate Liovar ) hiner ringia na’ Kranz):
in Fedde, Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 34.—O. salina Kranzl. l.c. p. 35,
ex parte, non Turez.— Exs.: H.F.A.M. No. 349.

Perennial; tubers 3-6-parted; stem (10) 30-50 (80) cm long, hollow,
erect, stout, at base to 1.5 cm thick; leaves 4-12 (mostly 6 or 7), never
spotted, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly spreading or
more or less recurved; lower leaves (7) 10-30 cm long and 2-5 cm broad,
very slightly narrowed toward base; upper leaves narrower, usually
reaching the base of spike; spike cylindric or short-cylindric, densely
many-flowered, 3-25 cm in diameter; bracts green or violet-tinged,
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, more or less spreading; lower bracts
commonly equaling or more or less exceeding the flower, 2.5-4 mm long
and 3-4.5 mm broad, the upper 1.2-1.8 cm long and 2.5-3 mm broad;
flowers violet-purple or lilac-purple; lip at base faintly whitish, witha
violet pattern consisting of a continuous line shaped like the Greek letter w
and a fine hachure inside the line, the remaining surface also dark-speckled;
lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtusish, (8) 9-11 (13) mm long and 3-3.5
(4) mm broad, inequilateral; median sepal 7-9 (10-11) mm long and
2.5-3.5 mm broad, obtuse; petals about the length of the median sepal;
lip minutely papillose above, rounded-rhomboid or rounded-obcordate,
rarely rounded-cordate or suborbicular, very obscurely 3-lobed at apex
or with a small obtuse median tooth, very rarely shortly 3-lobed, (7) 8-10
(12) mm long and (7) 8-12 (14) mm broad, narrowed toward base and
broudest below the middle (i.e., nearer apex); spur cylindric, more or less
curved, obtusish or obtuse, (10) 12-15 (18) mm long and 1.5-2.25 mm thick,
always longer than the lip and mostly the length of ovary. May-June.

(Plate XLII, Figure 7).

Wet mountain meadows.— Centr. Asia: Dzu.-Tarb., T.Sh., Syr D.,
Pam.-Al.; W. Siberia: Alt. (only the southernmost part: Kal'dzhir and
Arda river valleys), U. Tob. (Naurzum-Karagai pine forest). Gen. distr.:
Dzu.-Kash., Ind.-Him. (Hindu Kush). Described from osier bed on islands
of the Lepsa River. Cotype in Leningrad; type in Moscow (?).

Note. The plant listed in the Herbarium of Central Asian Flora under
No. 349, differs from the type in its shorter spurs and a somewhat different
labellum coloring. Of particular interest is the location of this species in
the former Tugai Region, without any connection with the main distribution
area.

34. O. sanasunitensis Fleischm. in Annal. Hofmus. Wien, XXVIII
(1914) 35.—O. holocheilos Soé var. sanasunitensis Sod in Rev.
Orch. Stidosteur. u. Siidwestas. (1928) 73.—O. incarnata (+O. baltica)
var. Raddeana Klinge in herb.—O. incarnatus Grossh. Fl. Kavk. I
(1928) 267, non L.—O. latifolius Grossh. l.c. p.268, p.pte?, non L.—
Lent) Eleischim eay pes6; (fis eTsptaboily fige2s

Perennial; tubers flattened, 3- or 4-lobed, the lobes tapering into
rootlike tips; stem hollow, rather stout, (10) 15-35 (40) cm long and at
base to 9-10 mm thick; leaves 4-7, apparently never spotted, slightly
narrowed toward base; lower leaves obtuse, oblong-lanceolate or oblongly
ovate-lanceolate, 4.5-10 (14) cm long and 1.5—3.5 cm broad (breadth to
length ratio (1:2) 1:3.3-1:4); upper leaves narrower, acuminate; spike

ad

543

716

TUG

short-cylindric or cylindric, 4-9 cm long and 1.5—-3 (3.5) cm in diameter,
densely many-flowered; bracts lanceolate, rather short and subobtuse,
the lower longer than the flower, the middle 1.7-2.5 cm long and 3.5-6 mm
broad; flowers violet-purple; lip with a faint pattern of darker violet
speckles, densely and minutely papillose above; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
obtusish; median sepal concave, 3-nerved, 7-8 mm long and ca. 3 mm
broad; lateral sepals inequilateral, 7.5-9 mm long and to 3-4 mm broad;
commonly 3- or 4-nerved; lip 6—7 (8) mm long, 8-10 (11) mm broad,
broadly rhomboid-orbicular in outline, shortly and sometimes obscurely
3-lobed at apex, the lobes obtuse, the lateral always crenate; spur always
longer than the lip, but only about two-thirds the length of ovary, conical-
cylindric or subsaccate-cylindric, stout, slightly curved and somewhat
attenuate toward the end but obtusish, (7-8) 9-10 mm long and 2.5-3

(3.5) mm thick. June-July.

Wet meadows. — Caucasus: Dag., E. and S. Transc. Gen. distr. :
Arm.-Kurd. Described from Turkish Armenia, Meleto-dag. Type in
Vienna.

Note. Displays kinship with O. osmanica Klinge (= Orchis
holocheilos Sod), from which it differs in the following features: spur
longer than the lip; lip smaller and with 3 distinct short lobes and a
crenulate margin. O. osmanica does not occur in the USSR.

35. O. cruenta Muell. Fl. Dan. (1782) t.876.—O. latifolia y
eruenta Lindl. Gen. et Sp: Orch, (1835),260.—O. inecarnata var.
cruenta Schmal'g., Fl. 11(1897) 458.—O. cruentiformis Neum. in
Bot: Not 71909) 243 paptex--die):) Muelle: 12 ce. ta.87.6t

Perennial; tubers compressed, 2-4-parted; stem 11-35 cm long,
hollow, above base 4-6 cm thick, erect, leafy all the way up; leaves 3 or 4
(5), slightly spreading or ascending, broadly lanceolate or lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, densely covered above with small spots, the
underside mostly also spotted or violet-tinged; lower and middle leaves
(3.5) 6-11 (13.5) em long and (1.3) 1.5-2.6 cm broad, the breadth to length
ratio (1:2.3) 1:3-1:6.5 (1:9); uppermost leaves shorter and narrower,
surpassing the base of spike; spike densely many-flowered, short-
cylindric, 3-10 cm long, 2.2—3 (3.2) cm broad including the spreading
bracts; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, more or less violet and commonly
spotted, the lower exceeding and the upper mostly equaling the flower;
flowers small, violet-purple or violet-rose; lip with a more or less
pronounced dark violet pattern; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved;
median sepal concave, 5-6 mm long; lateral sepals inequilateral,

5.5-7 mm long and ca. 2.8 mm broad, often with few darker speckles;
petals inequilateral, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, ca. 5-5.5 mm long; lip
minutely papillose above, broadly rhomboid-oval, entire, obtuse witha
somewhat produced obtuse tip, scarcely crenulate, (4) 5-6 mm long,

5-6 mm broad; spur conical to cylindric-conical, obtusish, scarcely
curved, 4.5-6 mm long and at base 1.5-2 mm thick, often barely produced
or flush with the lip surface. June-July.

Wet swampy meadows.— E. Siberia: Lena-Kol, Dau., Ang.-Say. ;

Wey Siberia: @bieU:;Tobei(N-a part) ihuropeanypant: Uransves wver ia
V.-Don, U.V., Lad.-Ilm. Gen. distr.: Scand. Described from the vicinity
of R6ros in central Norway.

544

718

Note. The spots on the leaves of O. cruenta often disappear in
drying, and thus considerable difficulties are involved in attempts to
distinguish dried specimens from those of O. latifolia. There is need
for thorough investigations on the distribution of this species in the USSR
based on study of live material. But it may already be indicated at this stage
that this species has a distinct distribution area that spreads over Siberia,
the NE half of the European USSR, and Scandinavia; and in some places
(e.g., the Upper Volga region) it is more common than O. latifolia.
There are as yet insufficient grounds for referring to O. cruenta the
species O. purpurea relatively recently established by T. and
T.A.Stephenson (in Journ. Bot. (1920) 164). M.Godfery (Monogr. a. Icon.
Brit. Orch. (1933) 218) writes that the spots on the leaves of
O. purpurella are very few, small and confined to the upper surface,
whereas the leaves of O. cruenta are densely spotted on both the upper
and the lower surface. In fact, O. cruenta, which the author observed
in live condition in the Argayash area (east of the Urals) and in the Upper
Volga region, mostly has leaves intensely spotted on both surfaces. On
the other hand, in the Kalinin area the author has come across specimens
which, as far as the character of leaf spottiness is concerned, he would
indeed be tempted to identify with O. purpurella T. and T.A.Steph.

36 OM latifolian lL, Spiqely fede’ 14(1753) 94d excl.wvar. 10}. mls suec?
edu 2a fsa) S12 OAinicar naa (iidb) 'F1> Ross; "LV9 564 papay Shmaliig®
Eu Lintner iiry 4 (Pe ZapeeSib 111,684," \ppwy nentk. #(O, anes r mist ama:
= ©. sambucina L.).—O. lanceolata Dietr. Fl. Boruss. (1833)
tables! —Nele -Rehby less Fl. W$Germy XTISXIV (185a)ittab) 45. — Exs)- El.
Hung. (Herb. Mus. Nat. Hung. Bud.) No. 86; Fiori, Beguinot, Pampanini,
Ee tale Nov 423 .

Perennial; tubers compressed, 2-4-parted; stem 25-55 cm long,
hollow, above base to 10 mm thick, somewhat attenuate upward, erect,
leafy all the way up; leaves 4-6, erect, narrowly lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, gradually attenuate toward apex, subobtuse and cucullate at
apex, spotless; lower and middle leaves (8) 11-20 cm long and 1.4-2.8 cm
broad, the breadth to length ratio (1:4.2) 1:5.5-1:8.3; uppermost leaves
shorter and narrower, surpassing the base of inflorescence; spike densely
many-flowered, cylindric, 4-12 cm long and 2.5-3 cm broad including the
spreading bracts; bracts commonly exceeding the flower, the uppermost
forming a tuft above the unopened flower, lanceolate, acuminate; flowers
small, lilac-rose; lip with a darker-purple-violet pattern; sepals oblong-
ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved; median sepal concave, 5-5.5 mm long; lateral
sepals inequilateral, 5-7 mm long and 2.75-3 mm broad, mostly with few
darker speckles; petals inequilateral, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 4.75-5.25mm
long; lip (4.25) 4.5-5.5 (6) mm long and 5-7 mm broad, minutely
papillose above, broadly rhomboid, entire, obtuse, sometimes witha
produced tip and perceptibly 3-lobed, the margin scarcely crenulate;
spur paler than perianth segments, conical or cylindric-conical, obtuse,
scarcely curved, 5-6 (6.5) mm long and ca. 1.5-2 mm thick, somewhat
longer than the limb of the lip. May-July. (Plate XLII, Figure 7).

Wet swampy meadows. — European part: Kar.-Lap., Dv.-Pech., V.-Ka.,
Up npae Don Crime LaVtht ransy:; Caucasus: Cise.; W-Siberia:
Uist Hobie jObanlnherAlts> (HeSibentats: Ang --Sayiy Centr, Asians Dzu-sarb«,

545

a9

T. Sh. (E. part). Gen. distr.: Dzu.-Kash., NW Mong., Scand., Centr.
Eur., Atl. Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Min. (NW part). Described from
Europe. Type in London.

Note. Specimens with yellowish-white flowers (var. ochroleuca
Boll. ) occur very rarely.

Genus 349. ANACAMPTIS* L.C. RICH.
L.C. Rich in Mem. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 17.

Lateral sepals spreading; median sepal elliptic-ovate, concave, forming
a hood with the petals; lip with 2 longitudinal ridges near base, 3-lobed,
the lobes subequal obtuse, the median narrower oblong, the lateral oblong-
rhomboid; spur filiform, long, pendent, nearly straight, obtusish, about
the length of ovary; column straight; anther elliptic, with parallel locules;
rostellum small, forming a thickened plate between the bases of anther
locules; caudicles of pollinia adhering to a single nearly round gland, this
contained in a bursicule; ovary sessile, cylindric, twisted; bracts
membranous; tubers undivided, ellipsoid or ovoid.

1. A. pyramidalis (L.) L.C. Rich in Mém. Mus. Par. IV (1818) 41;
Ldb. “Fl Ross."1V,.64; ‘Boiss: Fl. Or! VW(1884) 57.— Or ehis
pyramidalis L. Sp. Pll ‘ed 1 (1753) 940; Shmall!s.)) Fil, 458 7—
Acéras pyramidalis Rehb. f) Ic. Fl: Germ. XIlI—XIV (185?) 6:—
Orchis condensata Desf. Fl. Atl. II (1800) 316.—Anacamptis
condensata C.Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 285.—Ic.: Rchb. f. l.c.
toe iscs AE ENO. Oo, sooo ae

Perennial; tubers ellipsoid or ovoid; stem 25-65 cm long, leafy below
and with long-acuminate green amplexicaul sheaths higher up; leaves linear,
acuminate, 10-25 cm long, 0.7-1.4 cm broad; inflorescence ovoid-
pyramidal, densely many-flowered, 2.5-8 cm long, 2.3-4 cm in diameter;
bracts 1-nerved, long-acuminate from an oval-lanceolate base, shorter
than the flower; flowers purple-red (rarely pink or white); sepals 4-6
(7) mm long, the median 1-nerved, the lateral commonly 2-nerved; petals
1-nerved, about equaling the sepals; lip 6-8 (9) mm long and 7-10 (11) mm
broad, the median lobe ca. 4 mm long and 2 mm broad; spur to 1.3-1.4 cm
long. (May)-June-(July). (Plate XLIII, Figure 3, a).

Glades and thickets. — European part: Crim., U. Dnp. (Kiev ?);
Caucasus: Cise., W. and Ek. Transe., Dag., S. Transc., Tal. Gen. distr’:
Atl. Eur., Centr. Eur., W. and E. Med., Bal.-As. Min., Iran. Described
from Switzerland. Type in London.

W.D. Koch in Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helw. (1838) 689.—- Loroglossum L.C.Rich,, in Mem Mus. Par.IV
(1818) 47, p.pte.- Himantoglossum Spreng. Syst. III (1826) 675, p.pte.

Sepals and petals forming a food; sepals elliptic to oblong-elliptic;
petals lance-linear, entire or shortly 3-lobed; lip very long, greatly

* From Greek anacampto, tuin upward; it isnot clear why Richard employed this verb in forming the
new generic name.
** From Greek himas, belt, strap (the original inflexion — himantos) and glossa, tongue, referring
to the lorate median labellum lobe.

546

720

exceeding the other perianth segments, 3-lobed; lateral lobes shorter,
triangular or linear-subcordate; median lobe lorate, narrowly linear,
notched or 2-lobed at apex, initially twisted; spur conical or cylindric,
short, as long as or shorter than ovary; column straight; anther large,
obtuse; pollinia ovoid, with thickish caudicles, the common gland
semiorbicular or elliptic, contained in a hemispherical bursicule; ovary
cylindric, twisted, short-stipitate; bracts membranous; tubers entire,

ellipsoid.
1. Median labellum lobe 3.5-6.5 cm long, deeply parted into 2 narrow
MEN NI eyed 4 aire Pepys (A. Ac) Tw sybes Di gah ai 1. H. caprinum (M.B.) Spreng.

+ Median labellum lobe 1.3-1.6 cm long, scarcely notched at apex......
RD Ripe pega ae et iM cian) 22 PS da aban eth a oof 2. H. formosum (Stev.) C. Koch.

1. H. caprinum (M.B.) Spreng. Syst. III (1826) 694.— Orchis
caprina M.B. Fl. Taur.-Cauc. III (1819) 602._Aceras caprina
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 282; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 68.—
Loroglossum caprinum Beck. in Ann. Nat. Hofm. Wien. V (1890)
Bit ELM ant.ogl oss um), bir ci nwm, 2 capri ume, Richt) Pl. Bur. £
(1890) 276.—Ic.: R.Schlechter Monogr. u. Icon. Orch. Eur. I, 5-6
(1927) fig. 44.

Perennial; tubers ellipsoid; stem erect, 50—75 mm long and to 8-10 mm
thick, with 4 or 5 leaves in lower part and 3 or 4 foliaceous sheaths higher
up; leaves oblong, narrowed at both ends, to 16 cm long and 2-3 cm broad;
raceme erect, loosely (9) 15-20 (24)-flowered, 19-30 (48) cm long; bracts
linear, long-acuminate, 2-4 cm long, exceeding the ovary; flowers
spreading, the sepals and petals forming an ovoid hood, this whitish-green
outside, spotted reddish-violet within; median sepal oblong, obtuse,
concave, 3-nerved, 10-11 mm long; lateral sepals cordate, commonly
4-nerved, 13 mm long; petals linear, slightly narrower, obtusish, 2-nerved,
slightly shorter than sepals; lip pendulous, 4-—7.5cm long (up to the apex
of median), minutely papillose at base; lateral lobes falcately recurved,
acuminate, along the outer margin ca. 9 mm long; median lobe lorate,
3.5-6.5 cm long and 2-2.25 mm broad, slightly twisted, the narrowly linear
apical lobules to 1.5 cm long; base of lip whitish-greenish with reddish-
violet dots, the lorate median lobe and the lateral lobes brownish-green or
olivaceous; spur conical, slightly curved, ca. 4-5 mm long; column
5.5mm long. June. (Plate XLIII, Figure 5,a-e).

Calcareous soil in light woods and thickets. — European part: Crim.
Endemic. Described from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad.

2. H. formosum (Stev.) C.Koch in Linnaea XXII (1849) 287.—Orchis
formosa Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. Mosc. IV (1813) 66.—Aceras
formosa Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 282; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV (1853)
68; Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884) 56.—Orchis mutabilis Stev. in Mém.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. III (1812) 244, nom. nud.; in Transc. Linn. Soc. XI
(1815) 417 t.39.—Ic.: R.Schlechter Monog. u. Icon. Orch. Eur. I, 5-6
(1927) fig. 48.

Perennial; stem 50-70 cm long and to 1 cm brick, bearing leaves in
lower part and acuminate sheaths higher up; leaves oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, subobtuse, 7.5-15 cm long and 1.5-2.75 cm broad; raceme
erect, loosely many-flowered, to 30 cm long; bracts linear-lanceolate,

547

721

122

subobtuse, the lower exceeding and the upper equaling the flower; flowers
15-30, spreading; sepals purple with greenish margins; median sepal
oblong-elliptic, obtuse, concave, 3-nerved, 9.5-12 mm long, ca. 5 mm
broad; lateral sepals connivent with the median into a hood, inequilateral,
oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, as long and broad as the median sepal; petals
1-nerved, ca. 10 mm long and 3 mm broad, 3-toothed, rhomboidally dilated
at the middle, with 2 minute obtuse lateral teeth, the long median tooth
suffused with light purple; lip ca. 2.5 cm long, at base obcuneate, 6~8 mm
broad, purple, undulate and greenish on the margin, with very short oblong
obtuse lateral lobes; median lobe ligulate, 1.3-1.6 cm long, brownish-
greenish (olivaceous), slightly enlarged and notched at apex, 2.5-3 mm
broad; spur slightly curved, cylindric, obtuse, ca. 9 mm long, half as long
as ovary; column straight, ca. 6mm long. May-June. (Plate XLIII,
Figure 4).

Shrub thickets in lower mountain zone.— Caucasus: Dag., E. and
S.Transc., Tal. Endemic. Described from the vicinity of Kuba. Type in
Helsinki; cotype in Leningrad.

Genus 351. SERAPIAS* L.
L. Syst. ed. 5(1754) 406.

Sepals and petals long-acuminate, connivent in a hood; lip spurless,
minutely clawed and with an undivided or 2-lobed callus at base, divided
by a constriction into a posterior and an anterior portion; gynochil broadly
reniform, with rounded upturned lateral lobes; epichil lanceolate, long-
acuminate, longer and narrower, spreading downward at a right angle to
the gynochil; column straight; connective of anther to 5mm long, subulate,
with a channeled appendage below; pollinia clavate, the caudicles attached
to a common round or reniform gland, this contained in a hemispherical
bursicule; rostellum straight and short; stigma concave, -oval; ovary
sessile, straight; bracts membranous; tubers undivided, ovoid to
subglobose.

1. S. vomeracea (Burm.) Briq. Prodr. Fl. Cors. I (1910) 378. —
Orchis vomeracea Burm., Fl. cors. (1770) 237.—Helleborine
longipetala Ten.Fl. Nap: Prodr; (1811) p. LW.—Serapias
longipetala Poll. Fl. Veron. III (1824) 30; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV, 76.—
S. pseudocordigera Moric. Fl. Venet. (1820) 374; Boiss. Fl. Or, V
(1884) 54.—Ic.: R. Schlechter, Monogr. u. Ic. Orch. Eur. I, 5-6 (1927)
fig. 38.— Exs.: Fl. Cauc. exs. No. 80.

Perennial; tubers ovoid or subglobose; stems erect, 20-50 cm long,
with 3 or 4 leaves at base and 3 or 4 similar leaves or foliaceous bracts
higher up; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-14 cm long,
0.9-1.4 cm broad; inflorescence to 12 cm long, 3-10-flowered; bracts
erect, large, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 cm long, purple, with
numerous darker nerves, equaling or exceeding the flower; sepals
lanceolate, strongly acuminate, greenish- to reddish-brown, dark red
within, 5-nerved, 2-2.7 cm long, the lateral inequilateral; petals prolonged
from a dark purple ovate base into a long narrowly linear acuminate limb,

* Probably from Serapis, the name of an Egyptian deity.

548

725

slightly shorter than sepals; lip to 3 cm long, short-clawed, with basal
callosity of two small thickish lamellae, slightly papillose-hairy at the
middle; gynochil reniform, to 8 mm long and 1.7 cm broad, with rounded
dark purple lateral lobes; epichil pendulous, oblong-lanceolate, reddish-
brown, 1.6-2.3 cm long and above the middle 0.8-0.9 cm broad; callosities
at base of lip whitish or reddish; column including the subulate process
of the connective to 1.2 cm long. May-(June). (Plate XLII], Figure 6, a-c).
Meadows.— Caucasus: W.Transc. Gen. distr.: W. Med., Bal.-As. Min.
Described from Corsica.

Genus 352. OPERYS* (L.)SWARTZ.
[L. Gen. Pl. ed. 1(1787) 272, ed. 5(1754) 406] char. reform. Swartz in Acta Holm, (1800) 22,

Perianth segments spreading; sepals oblong-or elliptic, obtuse,
glabrous; petals much smaller, oblong-linear or ligulate, densely
pubescent, rarely glabrate; lip spurless more or less convex, undivided
or 3-lobed, velutinous, resembling in some species both in shape and
coloring a bee or bumblebee, commonly with 2 tubercles or pointed hornlike
appendages at base, rarely without them; column rather long, straight or
nearly so; anther obtuse or the connective with a cuneate process; pollinia
with caudicles; glands contained in 2 distinct bursicules; rostellum
obsolescent; stigma concave; ovary slightly twisted; flowers in a loose
racemose inflorescence; bracts membranous; tubers globose or ellipsoid.

i Lipvalmost fate” notched atapex a>. ut. Ss Suna 1. O. muscifera Huds.
Pekip convex, avith aisnial apical appendage, obtusishme 4-32-14 4. - - 2.
2. Sepals yellowish-green, more rarely bicolor within, the upturned part
arcenisine Athe dower spark: pik Shas 2 ik a A. es ad 3.
Sepals pinkioginlactccreen= veinedyMne io). ch. Beal. i Ne foes 2) 6.
3. Lip 3-lobed, rarely obscurely lobed and then the beaklike anther
appendare Ca'2, mm Jone la. cee eee. FR a ie wa al a are ahs 4.
+ Lip entire, elliptic or rounded-obovate; beaklike anther appendage ca.
Uisalea LOM. i.) i ee ioe. bei. ere Nemesis { .. 5.\ URN Ieee an 5

4, Lip bigibbous at base; beaklike appendage of anther ca. 2mm long.....
Bk chk Woe SiO aie acme © Veen 2. O. transhyrcana E.Czerniak.
+ Base of lip with 2 large mammiform gibbi to 1.5 mm high; appendage
of connective very small, ca. 1 mmlong..... 3. O. caucasica Woron.
5. Lip scarcely gibbous at base or with very small gibbi not more than
ino: high ey. wt... 3a. O. caucasica Woron. f. cyclocheila Nevski.
+ Base of lipwwith lapse mammiform fibbit2.dS—-Ssymmi high, ges: i...
ME PY ee 8 Set Pe Bg 4. O. taurica (Agg. ) Nevski.
6. Apical appendage of lip upcurved; beaklike process of connective ca.
AS AN LOMONeSL PALL yl Wen Onte Fineseh is canes 5. O. oestrifera M.B.
+ Apical appendage of lip recurved toward the lower lip surface; beaklike
process of connective ca. 3 mm long and more or less S-shaped ......
Te Ae: NE PEO SII SUNT TS INS. 9 DEI BE AAR 6. O. apifera Huds.

Section 1. MYODES Schlechter in Keller et Schlechter, Monogr. u.
Icon. Or. Eur. I, 3-4 (1926) 90, charact. reform.; Sect. Europhrys

* Greek ophrys, eyebrow; applied by Pliny to some 2-leafed plant (Listera ?),

549

(723)

Plate XLIII

1. Steveniella satyrioides (Stev.) Schlechter, la) flower; 1b) hood; lc) lip; 1d) petal;

le) pollinarium.— 2. Comperia taurica C.Koch, 2a) petal; 2b) column with anther, —

3. Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) L.C.Rich., lip; 3a) pollinarium with common gland,—

4, Himantoglossum formosum (Stev.) C.Koch, lip.— 5. H. caprinum (M.B.) Spreng., a) flower;
b) lip; c) petal; d) column with anther; e) pollinarium.— 6. Serapias vomeracea (Burm.,) Briq., flower;
6a) lip; 6b) petal; 6c) column.— 7, Ophrys taurica (Aggeenko) Nevski.— 8, O. muscifera Huds.,
flower.— 9. O. oestrifera M.B., flower, 9a) column.— 10, O. apifera Huds., flower; 10a) lip.

550

subsect. Musciferae Godfery in Journ. of Bot. (1928) 36.— Lip notched
at apex, 3-lobed, slightly convex; sepals greenish; anther obtuse.

1. O. muscifera Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. I (1762) 340.—Orchis
muscifera Salisb. Prodr. (1796) 7.—Ophrys insectiferaa
mime desi: Ha So. Pln ede; 1(1753) 9484 SO namyiod és dacq. (eiePlijnar. 1
(1 Foal 86) ¢.°1845) Lidb.e FL. Rossi; 1Va(18538).74 Shimal'a. jo 1. 11,459). >
Ic.: Rehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t.95.— Exs.: Fl. Austro-
Hung. No. 1856.

726 Perennial; tubers globose or oblong, ca. 1 cm thick; stems 15-40 cm
long, with 3-5 leaves in lower part; leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong,
subobtuse, 3-12 cm long, 1-—2.5 cm broad at the middle; uppermost leaf
vaginate, amplexicaul; inflorescence loosely (2) 5-9-flowered, to 17-20 cm
long; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower equaling or slightly
exceeding and the upper shorter than the flower; median sepal ovate, obtuse,
3-nerved, concave, 6-8 mm long, 4 mm broad; lateral sepals barely
longer, oblong-ovate, inequilateral, 3-nerved; petals linear-subulate,
obtuse, 1-nerved, minutely puberulous, 4-5 mm long, reddish-brown;
lip oblong-obovate in outline, 3-lobed, densely covered with minute papillae,
velutinous, dark reddish-brown, with a glabrous square azure-colored
blotch at center; lateral lobes very small; median lobe deeply emarginate;
entire lip 9-10 mm long and 6-7 mm broad; column about half the length
of the median sepal; ovary 9-12 mm long, June-July. (Plate XLIII,

Figure 8).

Meadows, thickets on calcareous soil, and rarely swamps.— European
part: Lad.-Ilm., U.V., V.-Ka. (former Kostroma County), Kar.Lap.
(Munozero). Gen. distr.: Scand., Centr. Eur., Atl. Eur., Bal.-As. Min.
(NW part), W. Med. Described from England.

Note. According to Zinger (Sb. sv. (1885), p.421), the Kostroma
plant differs in having a white blotch on the lip. but such coloring may
generally be observed in isolated specimens.

Section 2. ARACHNITES Schlechter in Keller et Schlechter Monogr.
u. Iconogr. Orch. Eur.I, 3-4 (1926) 97.— Lip terminating in a small
appendage, subobtuse, entire or 3-lobed, convex; sepals yellowish-
greenish or rarely the lateral ones bicolor on the proximal side, the lower
part slightly flushed with pink; connective of anther with a beaklike process.

2. O. transhyrcana E. Czerniak. in Not. Syst. ex Herb. Horti Bot.
Petrop. IV (1923) 1.

Perennial; tubers subglobose, 1-1.5 cm in diameter; stems 24—45 cm
long, with a white membranous basal sheath; leaves 4 or 5, borne on the
lower part of the stem, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 5-6 mm long, 1.5-2 cm
broad; sheaths above the leaves 2 or 3, foliaceous, acuminate; inflorescence
5-15 cm long, loosely 2-6-flowered; bracts 1.5-3 cm long, 4-6 mm broad,
lanceolate, yellowish-green, slightly exceeding the ovary; sepals oblong-
lanceolate, slightly cucullate, obtuse, 3-nerved, yellowish-green,

10-15 mm long, 4 mm broad, glabrous, the lateral slightly inequilateral;
727 petals narrowly linear, obtusish, ciliolate-margined, 6-8 mm long, 1.5 mm
broad, half as long as petals; lip 11-14 mm long and as long, velutinous,

Jel

728

broadly obovate in outline, slightly and often obscurely bigibbous, 3-lobed
from above the middle, with very small oblong-triangular obtuse long-
pilose lateral lobes and a large, nearly round median lobe, or sometimes
with hardly perceptible lobes, dark raspberry-colored with a bluish-gray
H-shaped mark, this consisting of two parallel slightly divergent lines
confluent at base and at the middle; margin of median lobe slightly upturned,
buff-colored; column 7 mm long; beaklike process of anther greenish,
Stravchtn tower longeer Apres

Grassy mountain slopes and shrub thickets.— Centr. Asia: Mtn. Turkm.
Gen. distr.: Iran. (Astrabad Province, Sintenis No. 1514). Described from
a spring near Alty-vaem (Kara-Kala area). Type in Leningrad.

3. O. caucasica Woron. in Acta Horti Tiflis. VIII, 3 (1908) 70, nom.
nud.; Grossh., Fl. Kavk. I (1928) 261.—O. Ferrum equinum C.A. Mey.
Verzeich. (1831) 39, non Desf.—O. atrata auct. fl cauc., non Lindl.

Perennial; tubers subglobose, 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter; stem (5)

20-35 cm long and to 4 mm thick, with leaves crowded on the lower part and
2 green acuminate sheaths higher up; leaves oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse,
6-8.5 cm long and to 2.5 cm broad; inflorescence loosely (2) 4-10-flowered,
(2.5) 5-18 cm long; sepals 10-12 mm long, 4-4.5 mm broad, oblong-
lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, obtuse, yellowish-green, 3-nerved,
inequilateral; petals linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 6-7 mm long, ca. 2mm
broad, 1-nerved, glabrate, greenish-brown; lip velutinous, broadly obovate
in outline, entire (inf. cyclocheila Nevski) or 3-lobed, with very short
oblong-triangular obtuse lateral lobes and a spatulately reniform-cordate
median lobe, produced at apex into a very short callous process, dark
reddish-brown bluish-violet (?) H-shaped mark and 2 small mammiform
basal gibbi to 1.5 mm high; total length of lip 12-13 mm, the breadth
between the tips of lateral lobes 10-12 mm; column 5~6 mm long; beaklike
process of anther straight, ca. 1mm long. May.

Meadow slopes. — Caucasus: W. Transc. (Tsebel'da near Sukhumi).

E. Transce. (f. cyclocheila Nevski predominant, the typical form
occurring only in the Tiflis area), Dag. (f. cyclocheila Nevski).
Endemic. Described from Tsebel'da. Type in Tiflis; cotype in Leningrad.

Note. In respect of lip shape and other characters, O. caucasica
approaches most closely O.transhyrcana E.Czerniak., but the process of
the connective is shorter and the tubercles at the lip base are much larger.

As regards Ophrys caucasica Woron. f. cyclocheila Nevski
(Ophrys cyclocheila Nevski in sched.), this form gravitates decidedly
toward the eastern periphery of Transcaucasia and it may possibly be a
distinct species. The color of its flowers has not been sufficiently
ascertained. C.A. Meyer, who collected it ''in collibus siccis provinciae
Baku" and, after much hesitation, referred it to the Greek O. ferrum
equinum Desf., describes the pattern on the upper surface of the lip
as pink.

4. O. taurica (Agg.) Nevski comb. nova.—O. aranifera Huds. var.
taurica Aggéenko in Scripta Bot, Horti Univ. Imp. Petrop. I (1886-87)
29 lp Olan anaiteraiiuds vars.our Sous=espe Os t aii cam a @eter
A. Camus, Iconogr. Orch. Eur. II (1929) 333.—O. aranifera Kranzl.
Orch. Sib. Enum. in Fedde, Repert. Beih. LXV (1931) 13, ex parte, non

paZ

ee

729

Huds © (atGatal vari *tawnwea Schmalh.; inthiisr. i Youzhny Ross: 11
(1897) 460.—O. mammosa E. Wulff, Fl. Taur., 13 (1920) 80 (non
Desf.).—Ic.: Aggéenko, Flora taurica I (1890) tab. 2, in Trav, Soc. Nat.
St. Pétersb. XXI (1890).

Perennial; tubers subglobose, to 2 cm in diameter; stems (25) 30-58 cm
long and to 5 mm thick, with a membranous basal sheath, leaves crowded
on the lower part, and 2 or 3 green acuminate sheaths higher up; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, the lower sometimes subelliptic, obtuse, to 9 cm long
and 2-3 cm broad, narrowed toward base; inflorescence loosely
3-8-flowered, (7) 10-28 cm long; bracts oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
equaling or slightly exceeding the ovary; median sepal oblong, obtuse,

13 mm long, 4.5-5 mm broad, greenish outside, greenish with tawny-pink
margins within; lateral sepals the same length and to 6 mm broad,
inequilateral, 3-nerved, greenish outside, bicolor within, the lower part
pink, the narrower upper part green; petals 0.7-0.8 cm long, 0.2-0.3 cm
broad, ligulate, 1-nerved, yellowish or brownish, glabrate; lip 10-15 mm
long, 9-11 mm broad, velutinous, rounded-ovate in outline, convex, entire,
terminating in a triangular green appendage 0.5 mm long, dark violet-
brown, with a glabrous azure-colored mark, this consisting of two oblong
lines joined at upper end by a short transversal line, the junctures dotted
with darker azure; base of lip with a large hairy mammiform gibbi

2.5-3 mm high; lower lip surface pink with green margins; column 6-7 mm
long; beaklike appendage of anther straight, ca. 1mm long. April-May.
(Plate XLIII, Figure 7).

Stony slopes. — European part: Crim.;.Caucasus: W. Transc. (near
Sochi). Endemic. Described from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad.

Note. A species related to the European O. atrata Lindl.,

O. aranifera Huds. andO. mammosa Desf., described from Greece,
but differing markedly from these species. The lip of O. aranifera is
notched and yellow-margined. In O. atrata Lindl., as opposed to our
species, the lip is also notched and the gibbi are more densely covered
with longer hairs. As regards O. mammosa Desf., some monographers
of Orchidaceae (E.G.Camus, R. Schlechter) maintain that it is identical
with O. atrata; but on the illustration given by Desfontaines (Choix de
Plant. (1808), t.2), the lip margin of this species is rounded-toothed —

a feature distinguishing it from both O., atrata Lindl. and O.taurica.
Allthe same, O. mammosa, distributed in Greece and much smaller
than O. taurica, approaches this species most closely.

Section 3. POICILOPHRYS Schlechter in Keller et Schlechter Monogr.
u. Icon. Orch. Eur. I, 3-4 (1926) 114.— Lip terminating in a lanceolate
upcurved or recurved appendage, deeply 3-lobed, convex; sepals lilac or
pink, green-spotted; anther with a beaklike process.

5. O. oestrifera M.B. Fl. taur.-cauc. II (1808) 369; Ldb. Fl. Ross. IV,
(5 Boiss. Ell Or, wWalec4) 79: (Slama oe, Ee eieeA Ge E. Wrlket Ele meer. 1,
3 (1930) 81.—O. cornuta Stev. in Mém. dela Soc. Nat. de Mosc. II
(1809) 174.—O. oestrifera var. cornuta Boiss. Fl. Or. V (1884)
79.—O. bremifera Stev. in Mém. Soc. Nat. de Mosc. II (1809) 174. —
O. Proteus Radozytski in ''Zhurnal Sadovodstva" (Horticultural Journal)

553

730

(1842) No.4 p. 46 (cum tab. ).—Ic.: R. Schlechter, Monogr. u. Icon.
Eur. I, 5-6 (1927) fig. 24.

Perennial; tubers subglobose to ellipsoid, 0.8-1.75 cm in diameter;
stems 20-45 cm long, with 2-5 leaves at base and acuminate green
amplexicaul sheaths higher up; leaves oblong, obtuse or subobtuse, 5-10 cm
long and to 2-—(3) em broad; inflorescence loosely (2) 3-8 (13)-flowered,
5.5-20 (25) cm long; bracts linear-lanceolate, acuminate, green, commonly
somewhat exceeding the ovary; sepals 12-14 mm long, 4.5-5 mm broad,
pale lilac, 3-nerved, the median oblong-obovate and very obtuse, the lateral
oblong inequilateral obtuse; petals 3-4 mm long, ca. 1.5 mm broad, oval-
lanceolate, obtuse, 1-nerved, lilac, velutinous within; lip blackish-brown,
velutinous, narrowed at base, broadly oval in outline, 3-lobed above the
middle; lateral lobes ligulate, incurved, obtuse, eachbearing along slender
ascending densely hairy horn; median lobe suborbicular, large, terminating
in an upcurved subobtuse appendage 2 mm long; upper lip surface witha
horseshoe-shaped glabrous bluish-violet mark, this surrounded by a narrow
yellow rim; each side of the lip similarly marked with a yellow-rimmed
spot; horns 5-8 mm long, acuminate, enlarged at base, tawny with a green
tip; invar. bremifera (Stev.) Richt. (Pl. Eur. I (1890) 264) the horns
not more than 2 mm long; total length of lip 12-14 mm, the breadth
8-11 mm. (March) April-May. (Plate XLIII, Figure 9, a).

Coppices and light woods. — European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W., E.
and S. Transc. (var. brumifera). Gen. distr.: Bal.-As. Min. Described
from the Crimea. Type in Leningrad.

6. O. apifera Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1 (1762) 340.—O. apifera Huds.
var. Olympiadae Ugrinsky in Monit. Jard. Bot, Tiflis 22 (1912) 17.—
O. apifera subsp. Olympiadae Ugrinski ap. G. Cam. Atlas Icon.
Orch. Eur. (1921) p.5.—Ic.: Rcehb. f. Ic. Fl. Germ. XIII-XIV (1851) t. 105.

Perennial; tubers subglobose to ellipsoid, rather small, ca. 1 cm in
diameter; stems 20-45 cm long and to 7 mm thick; leaves 4-7, the lower
broadly lanceolate acuminate 5-10 cm long and 1.5-2.8 cm broad, the upper
smaller and amplexicaul; inflorescence to 18 cm long, loosely 3—8-flowered;
bracts lanceolate, pale green, exceeding the ovary; sepals glabrous,
oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 14-15 mm long and to 7 mm broad, 5-nerved,
bright pink or whitish-pink, the lateral inequilateral; petals ca. 3-4.5 mm
long, 3-nerved, velvety-pubescent, obtusish, greenish or faintly pink; lip
convex, velutinous, broadly oval, 3-lcobed, with a deep incision on each
side; lateral lobes ovate-triangular, obtuse, curved downward, long-
pubescent; median lobe large, broadly rhomboid, long-lanceolate-pointed,
the appendage recurved toward the lower lip surface, hence the lip
apparently entire and rounded in outline; lip including appendage 11-12 cm
long [sic], and between the tips of lateral lobes ca. 1 cm broad; lateral
lobes to 5 mm long; median lobe 7-8 mm long and 8-10 mm broad; apical
appendage ca. 3 rm long; the purplish-tawny surface of the lip marked at
base with a singly subquadrate glabrous yellowish-brown or reddish-yellow
spot, this surrounded by a double yellow rim; median lobe with two small
yellow speckles; column twice as long as petals; beaklike process of anther
to 3mm long. May-June. (Plate XLIII, Figure 10,a).

Light woods and coppices.— European part: Crim.; Caucasus: W. and
Ss. Lranse. Gen. distr:: Atl. Eur,, Centr..Eur., W. Med., Bal.-As. Main.,
E. Med., Iran. Described from England.

554

733 ADDENDA III

DIAGNOSES PLANTARUM NOVARUM

IN TOMO IV FLORAE URSS COMMEMORATARUM *

(DIAGNOSES OF NEW SPECIES MENTIONED IN VOLUME IV)

Octobri 1935

VERATRUM

1. V. calycinum Kom. sp. nova.— V. Eschcholézii var. in Kom. FI.
Mansh. 1, A. H. P. XX (1901) 435.

Caulis erectus validus plus quam metralis, folia membranacea sessilia
late oblonga, acuta, subtus breviter ac sparse arachnoidea, supra glabra
fusco-viridia, satis ampla. Inflorescentia racemosa ramosa laxa, axibus albo-
tomentellis, pedunculi brevissimi, perigonii laciniae anguste lanceolatae
obscure virides, margine dentatae, exteriores vena unica praeditae, interiores
obsolete triveniae; omnes acutae intus glaberrimae extus tomentellae; fovea
nectarifera linearis profundior ac major, ut in congeneribus.

Typus: in valle fl. Sutar 14/26 VI 1895 in silva acerosa legit
V. L. Komarov; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

EREMURUS

2. E. Korowini sp. nova B. Fedtsch.

Radices numerosae, paulo incrassatae usque 10 cm longae; collum reli-
quiis foliorum vetustorum nigris, fibrosis, dense obtectum; scapus usque
80 cm. altus, parte inferiore breviter pubescens, ceterum nudus, usque 8 cm
in diametro; folia breviter pubescentia, linearia, acutiuscula, usque 30 cm
longa, usque 15 mm lata, racemum non attingentia. Racemus _laxiusculus
20—30 cm longus florendi tempore 4—6 cm in diametro; bracteae: lineari-
lanceolatae, albomembranaceae, linea longitudinali fusca percursae, basi
sparse ciliatae; pedicelli versus apicem adscendentes, tenues, apice articu-
lati, florendi tempore flores paulo superantes; perigonium late campanulatum,
foliola ejus alborosea, tenuia, 15—18 mm longa et circ. 5 mm lata; filamenta
tenuia, albida, basi dilatata, lutescentia; stylus albus, filiformis; ovarium
globosum.

Hab. in regione finitima Tadshikistaniae et Usbekistaniae.

Ty pus: ad traj. Kendyraus 20 V 1880 florens (A. Regel); in Usbeki-
staniae valle Angren, 2200 m. supra mare 19 VI 1924 (Korowin) fl. et fruct.;
in Herb. Inst. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

A specie affini E. Olgae Rgl. foliis pilosis differt, ab E. Kaufmanni Rg].

foliis minus dense pilosis, perigonii forma et colore differt.

* [This appendix has been reproduced photographically from the Russian original. ]

Sis)

734

3. E. Saprjagajevi sp. nova B. Fedtsch.

Radices usque 20 cm longae; collum reliquiis numerosis fibrosis folio-
rum vetustorum obtectum; scapus usque 140 cm altus; folia loriformia, usque
2.5 cm lata, vix carinata, margine glabra. Racemus sub anthesi densiusculus,
versus finem florendi laxus, multiflorus; bracteae e basi late lanceolata line-
arifiliformes, margine ciliatae; pedicelli sub anthesi suberecti, bracteis paulo
breviores, apice articulati, tunc demum elongati et bracteas circ. duplo supe-
rantes, ab axi racemi sub angulo acuto reflexi; perigonium luteofuscum,
foliola perigonii circ. 15 mm longa, lanceolata, nervo longitudinali percursa,
perigonium sub anthesi subtubulosum, tunc demum infundibuliforme, foliola
ejus non involuta; filamenta sub anthesi perigonii foliolis breviora, tunc
demum ea superantia; ovarium globosum.

H ab. in regione subalpina Tadshikistaniae orientalis.

Typus: prope pagum Schurabad, 1932 legit Th. Saprjagajev; in
Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

Ab E. altaico (Pall). M. B. perigonii foliorum forma, bracteis, pedi-
celli longitudine, foliorum forma differt.

GAGEA

4. G- Joannis Grossh. sp. nova. (Sect. Nudiscaposae Terr.)

Bulbus ovatus, mediocris; bulbus secundus minutus, foveolato-rugulosus,
atratus; tunicae coriaceae fuscae; caules 3—10 mm alti; folium basale soli-
tarium, inflorescentia 11/,-plo longius, anguste-lineare, fistulosum, 1.5—
2 mm in diam.; folium floralium unicum, lanceolatum, inflorescentiam aequans
vel eam paulo superans; folia superiora valde diminuta, lineari-subulata.
Inflorescentia ramosa pauciflora; pedicelli tenues, floribus 2 —3-plo longiores;
phylla lutea, dorso virescentia, 9—10 mm longa, oblongolanceolata, obtusa
vel obtusiuscula, interdum retusa; filamenta perigonio duplo breviora, anthe-
ris ovato-rotundatis, ovarium obovato-subcordatum; stylus ovarium aequans,
sat tenuis. Capsula obovato-oblonga, perigonio paulo brevior.

Hab. in Transcaucasia australi (Armenia, respublica Nachiczhevan)
in regione alpina.

Typus: in monte Tehe-donduran VII 1931, leg. I. Karjagin; in Herb.
Azerb. centr. in Baku conservatur.

Species ex affinitate G. spathaceae (Hayne) Salisb., sed longe differt
folio radicali solitario (nec binis), statura tenuiore, phyllorum forma etc. —
Hanc speciem viro clarissimo Johanni Karjagini dedico. (Tab. XLIV,
fig. 2, a—c).

5. G. minuta Grossh. sp. nova. (Sect. Nudiscaposae Terr.).

Bulbus parvus, solitarius, tunicis atro-fuscis tectus; caulis 2—5 cm
altus, gracilis, tenuis; folium radicale solitarium, subcapillare, lineare, basi
non attenuatum, 3—4 mm latum inflorescentia brevior vel eam aequans;

556

735 folium caulinum breve, lineare; internodium interdum nullum. Inflorescentia

1—4-flora; pedicelli inaequales, tenues, floribus 2—3-plo longiores, tenuiter
crispule-villosi vel subglabri; perigonii phylla 7—9 mm longa, anguste-
linearia, acuta vel acutiuscula, intus pallide-lutea, extus viridiuscula; antherae
phyllis fere duplo breviores, parvae, ovato-rotundatae.

Hab. in montibus Bucharae.

Typus: Darvas, in valle Wangsch, supra castellum Wansch 6000’
IV 1883 leg. Mussa; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

Affinis G. filiformi (Ldb.) Kunth et G. pseudoerubescenti Pascher sed

differt caule humili, floribus parvis etc.

6. G. Korshinskyi Grossh. sp. nova (Sect. Nudiscaposae Terr.).

Bulbus parvus, solitarius, oblongo-ovatus, cum vaginis 15—18 mm
altus; tunicae intimae albae, mediae griseae subcoriaceae, externae reticulato-
fibrosae, in vaginis productae, caulis 8—15 cm altus. Folium radicale solita-
rium, inflorescentia longius, anguste-lineare, ad 2 mm latum, subcanalicula-
tum, folium florale solitarium, anguste-lineare, basi fere non dilatatum,
inflorescentia brevius; folia summa parva, bracteata, tenuiter crispule-villosa.
Inflorescentia ramosa, 2—7-flora; pedicelli erecti, inaequales, tenuiter cri-
spule-villosi, floribus duplo vel triplo longiores; perigonii phylla oblongo-
lanceolata, ad apicem attenuata, extus purpurascentia.

H ab. in prov. Darvas in montibus Bucharae.

Typus: Darvas, Ssary-dasch 8—9000' 31 V 1897 leg. S. Korshinsky;
in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

Affinis G. kopetdagensi Vvedensky, sed elatior, pluriflora, floribus 10—11
nec 6—8 mm longis etc.

7. G. longiscapa Grossh. sp. nova ad interim (Sect. Nudiscaposae
Terr.).

Bulbus mediocris solitarius, ovatus, tunicis fuscis vel griseo-fuscis vestitus;
scapus 15—25 cm altus, gracilis; folium radicale solitarium, planum, 3—4 mm
latum, inflorescentiam superans, apice attenuatum cucullatum, interdum
glaucescens; folia floralia opposita, valde inaequalia; inferius inflorescentia
brevius, anguste lineari-lanceolatum, ad 3—4 mm latum, superius lineare.
Inflorescentia caule 5—8-plo brevior, 3—7-flora; pedicelli inaequales, tenues,
floribus multo longiores, post anthesin erecti; perigonii phylla anguste lance-
olato-linearia, 10—12 mm longa, obtusiuscula vel acutiuscula, intus lutea,
extus viridia. Antherae phyllis breviores, ovato-rotundatae. Capsula obovata,
perigonio duplo brevior.

H ab. in Sibiriae pratis.

Typus: Sibiria, distr. Minussinsk, leg. N. Martjanov n° 647; in Herb.
Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

G. erubescenti Bess. affinis, sed differt inflorescentia caulis propor-
tione breviore, pedicellis post anthesin erectis etc.

BS)//

736

8. G. samojedorum Grossh. sp. nova (Sect. Nudiscaposae Terr.).

Bulbus ovatus, alter minimus; tunicae griseae, numerosae, valde fibro-
sae; caulis 8—18.cm altus, gracilis, fistulosus; folium radicale solitarium,
fistulosum, inflorescentiam superans, 1.5—2 mm in diam., apice attenuatum;
folium caulinum inferius inflorescentia brevius, lanceolatum, basi dilatatum,
7—8 mm latum, folium secundum parvum, lineare. Inflorescentia 1—2 (3)-
flora; pedicelli fere aequales, longi, tenues, glabri; perigonii phylla 14—
15 mm longa, oblongo-elliptica, obtusa, apice paulo angustata, lutea, extus
fere non virescentia; antherae perigonio duplo breviores, oblongo-ovatae.

Hab. in prov. Petshora, in pratis et calcareis.

Typus: mons Sablja, leg. V. Soczava; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc.
URSS conservatur.

Affinis G. fistulosae Ker.-Gawl., sed gracilior, inflorescentia pauci-
flora, perigonii phylla valde obtusa, tunicae semper griseae etc.

9. G. mirabilis Grossh. sp. nova (Sect. Nudiscaposae Terr.).

Bulbus ovatus, alter minimus; specimina sterilia saepe cum bubbillis
minutis numerosis munita; tunicae atro-fuscae, coriaceae; caulis 8—15 cm
altus, fistulosus, crassus, sub inflorescentia ad 4 mm in diametro; folium
radicale solitarium, fistulosum, 2—4 (5) mm in diametro, inflorescentiam
paulo superans, lineare, apice attenuatum; folium caulinum inferius lanceo-
latum, basi semiamplexicaule 10—12 mm latum, apice angustatum, inflores-
centiam aequans vel ea paulo brevius; folium secundum lineari-lanceolatum,
inferiore brevius. Inflorescentia subumbellata, 2—6-flora; pedicelli fere
aequales, crassi floribus 3—4-plo longiores; perigonii phylla 10—12 mm
longa, lanceolato-oblonga, apice attenuata et acutiuscula, pallide lutea extus
viridiscentia; stamina perigonio duplo breviora, antheris oblongis. Capsula
perigonio 1.5—2-plo brevior, obovata, apice emarginata.

H ab. in planitiebus Kasakstaniae borealis.

Typus: Kasakstan, prov. Aktjubinsk, Mugodshary, prope Ber-
Tschogur. 23 V 1927, leg. F. Russanov; in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS con-
servatur.

Affinis G. anisanthos C. Koch, sed differt caulibus pedicellisque cras-
sis, tunicis atro-fuscis, nec pallidis etc.

10. G. Caroli-Kochii Grossh. sp. nova (Sect. Euplatyspepmum Miscz.).

Bulbus ovatus, fibris tenuibus dense vestitus, tunicis griseis; scapus 5—
12 em altus, tenuis, 3—5-florus, rarius uniflorus, tenuiter pubescens; folium
radicale solitarium, lineare, tenue, rarius tenuissimum, ca 2, rarius 1—0.5mm
latum; scapus apice et pedicelli tenuiter pubescentes, rarius glabri; folia cau-
lina bina vel pluria, inferius lineari-lanceolatum, floribus saepius brevius vel
eos paulo superans. Pedicelli floribus sublongioribus; perigonii phylla glabra,
8—11 mm longa, lutea, dorso virescentia, longe acuminata, apice interdum
barbulata. Capsula obovata, perigonio duplo brevior; semina plana.

1920 558

7137

Hab. in Transcaucasia australi (distr. Migry, Nachitschevan) in regi-
one montana media, in declivibus siccis.

Typus: Prope Migry, 15 V 1934, leg. 1. Karjagin; in Herb. Azerb.
Centr. in Baku conservatur.

Differt a G. Alexeenkoana Miscz. scapo graciliore folio basali tenuiore,
floribus minoribus, phyllorum forma.

var. subaniflora m. (G. Alexeenkoana var. tenuis Grossh. Ma. Kapx.,
1 (1928) 196).—Scapus uniflorus, rarissime biflorus, 5—8 cm altus. Folium
radicale tenuissimum. Cum typo. (Tab. XLIV, fig. 4, a—c).

11. G. improvisa Grossh. sp. nova (Sect. Euplatyspermum Miscz.)

Bulbus ovoideus, bulbillis numerosis maturis nigro-fuscis, tunicis coria-
ceis fuscis vel nigro-fuscis; caulis 10—25 cm altus, glaber; folium basale
caulem longe superans, cylindraceum fistulosum, 5—6 mm in diametro;
folia caulina 2—3 pauca, inferiora lanceolato-oblonga, superiora lanceolata,
valde diminuta. Racemus 2—3-florus; pedicelli tenues, subnutantes. Flores
10—12 mm longi; phylla oblongo-elliptica, obtusiuscula, lutea, dorso viridia;
antherae oblongae, ovarium oblongo-ellipticum, sessile; stylus crassus, brevis.

Hab. in Transcaucasia australi, respublica Nachitschevan.

Ty pus: prope oppidum Ordubad, in calcareis IV 1933, leg. T. Heide-
man et L. Prilipko; in Herb. Azerb. centr. in Baku conservatur.

Differt a G. Chomutovae Pascher ex Asia media bulbilis numerosis,
tunicis griseis nec atro-fuscis, habitu etc. (Tab. XLIV, fig. 1, a—c).

12. G. anisopoda M. Pop. sp. nova (Sect. Euplatyspermum Miscz.,
cycl. Chloranthae Grossh.).

Bulbus ovatus parvus, tunicis fuscis reticulatis vestitus apice in vagi-
nam brevem 10—15 mm long. angustam productis; caulis 6—10 cm altus,
rectus; folium radicale solitarium, anguste-lineare, ca 1—1.5 mm latum, supra
improfunde canaliculatum, subtus carinatum, bilateraliter sulcatum, glabrum,
inflorescentiam paulo superans; folia caulina angustissime linearia subcapil-
lacea, superne subito in bracteas abeuntia. Flores solitarii, raro bini, pedicel-
lis subflexuosis; perigonium 8—9 mm long. intus luteum, extus viride; peri-
gonii phylla lineari-oblonga, angusta, apice attenuata, cucullata; antherae
oblongae.

H ab. in regione montana media locis aridis Turcomaniae.

Typus ex mont. Kopet-dagh occidentalis; in Herb. Univers. As.
Mediae conservatur.

13. G. Vvedenskyi Gressh. sp, nova (Sect. Euplatyspermum Miscz.).

Bulbus oblongo-ovatus, tunicis griseis, apice fere reticulatim fibrosis;
caulis 5—15 cm altus, glaber; folium radicale anguste-lanceolatum (interdum
ad 2—3 mm latum), inflorescentia brevius vel paulo longius; folia caulina
anguste-linearia, pauce gradatim diminuta. Inflorescentia 2—3-flora, saepe

1920 559

738 uniflora; pedicelli longi valde inaequales, perigonii phylla oblongo-oblanceo-
lata, (9) 12—16 mm longa, in parte superiore dilatata, apice acuminata,
intus pallide lutea, fere alba, extus purpurascentia; stamina perigonio duplo
breviora; antherae parvae oblongae. Capsula perigonio 1'/,-plo brevior,
obovato-lanceolata, angusta, obtusa hexagona.

Hab. in montibus Pamiro-Alaj et Tjan-Schan, in regione montana
media in graminosis.

Typus: in regione montana media, leg. A. Vvedensky; in Herb. Uni-
vers. As. Med. in Taschkent conservatur.

Affinis G. Olgae Rgl. sed differt floribus pallidioribus, majoribus, peri-
gonii phyllis acutiusculis nec obtusiusculis. A G. pamirica Grossh. differt
foliis caulinis conformibus ebulbiferis.

14. G. pamirica Grossh. sp. nova (Sect. Euplatyspermum Miscz.).

Bulbus solitarius ovatus; tunicae subcoriaceae, in vaginam brevem
productae, 8—20 mm altae; caulis 4—9 mm altus; folium radicale inflores-
centiam paulo superans ut 1—2 folia caulina inferiora anguste-lineare; folia
sub inflorescentia valde diminuta, parva, fere capillaria, bulbifera. Flores
saepe solitarii; perigonii phylla 9—10 mm longa, lanceolata apice obtusius-
cula, lutea, extus viridia; antherae oblongae.

Hab. in montibus Pamiro-Alaj et Tjan-Shan in regione alpina ad
4350 m.

Ty pus: Fergana jugum alaicum, in fauce Taldyk in decliv. borealis
12.000. 1 Jul. 1901, leg. Alexeenko; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS con-
servatur.

Ab omnibus speciebus e serie Euchloranthae Pascher foliis caulinis
valde diminutis, bulbiferis, longe differt.

RHINOPETALUM

15. R. arianum A. Los. et Vved. sp. nova.

Bulbus luteolus ad 2 cm in diametro; caulis ad 40 cm altus, 6 mm
in diametro, laevis, glaber; folia glaucescentia, glabra, alterna, 2 infima
approximata lineari-lanceolata, acuminata, 10—14 mm lata, media anguste-
lineari-lanceolata, valde acuminata, 2.5 mm lata, folia floralia parva, appro-
ximata, foliis medianis aequilonga vel eis breviora floribus aequilonga. Flores
in racemo 1—8, zygomorphi, pedunculis 2—2.5 longiores; perygonii phylla
ovato-lanceolata, ad 22 mm lg., 7—9 mm It., obtusata, pallide-rosea, in parte
mediana rosea, nervis purpureis; inferiora basi macula lutea, exteriora sor-
dida obsita, foveae nectariferae calcariformes, inaequales, una magna pro-
funda, ceterae minores; stamina perigonii phyllo duplo breviora, antheris
suborbicularibus, purpurascentibus filamentis pubescentibus; pistillum stami-
nibus paulo longius, stylo pallide-viridi stigmate punctato; capsula caudicu-
lata aptera suborbicularis, costis acutatis inferne obtusatis 1.8 mm lg. et It.

560

739

Hab.: in arena mobili, in declivibus arenosis Asiae Mediae.

Culta in Horto Bot. Univers, Asiae Mediae, misit Vvedensky (e Ku-
schka). Typus in Herb. Hort. Bot. Univ. As. Med. in Taschkent conservatur.

A R. Karelini Fisch. differt perigonio non tessellato, foliis cauleque
glabris et magnitudine.

FRITILLARIA

16. F. Grossheimiana A. Los. sp. nova.

Bulbus albidus, orbiculatus 1—1.5 cm in diametro; caulis 5—20 cm
altus, glaber, laevis, in parte basali aphyllus, in 2/3 superioribus dense folia-
tus folia alterna approximata, glauca, late lanceolata et anguste linearia,
valde acuminata ad 5 cm lg. Flores 1—2 perigonio anguste campanulato,
perigonii phyllis inferioribus oblongo-ovatis, exterioribus ellipticis, angus-
tioribus, 1.7—2 cm longis, extus violaceis, interne luteis ‘tessellatis parte
basali sordidioribus, parte superiore pallidioribus; stylus ad 1/3 longitu-
dinis 3-divisus, stamina perigonii phyllis subduplo breviora.

Hab. in declivibus aridis saxosis Transcaucasiae et Persiae bor.

Typus: Azerbeidjan, decliv. austr. m. Sechend. 18 V 1916; leg.
Schelkownikow et Schiptschinsky.

Differt a Fr. Michailowskyi Fom. perigonio minore et colore.

17. F. Regelii A. Los. sp. nova. —F. ruthenica Wikstr. var. bucharica
Rgl. in sched.

Bulbus 1 cm in diametro; caulis ad 40 cm altus, erectus, paulo sulcatus
in parte mediana foliatus, parte inferiore aphylla partem foliatam subaequante ;
folia basalia et inferiora opposita, folia media alterna vel opposita; folia
basalia lanceolata, obtusa, folia media et inferiora anguste lanceolata
acuminata, omnia erecta 6—7 cm longa, 0.5—1.5 cm lata, multinervia ner-
vis non prominentibus; folia bracteata 2—3, linearia, acuminata, erecta apice
paulo spiraliter contorta. Flores praecipue 1, raro 2, deflexi, non nutantes,
pedicellis in parte inferiore recurvis 1.5—2 cm longis; perigonium campanu-
latum fusco violaceum, extus glaucescens, perigonii phyllis ovato-lanceolatis,
basi angustatis, apice acuminatis ad 3 cm lg., 9—12 mm Ilt., foveis nectari-
feris oblongis superficialibus; antherae filamentum aequilongae, pistillum peri-
gonio brevius, stylis ad 1/3 divisis; capsula 6-aristata, apice emarginata.

Hab. in declivibus montosis, in herbaceis, solo humoso, in Pamiro-
Alaj mont. Darvas et Karategin.

Typus. In angustiis Sachan, inter Darvaz et Langar V—VI 1884, leg.
Regel; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

Differt a F. Olgae Vved. caule unifloro, foliorum dispositione; ab af-
fini F. ferganensi A. Los. differt autem floris colore et foliis medianis verti-
cillatis (nec alternis).

561

740

18. F. ferganensis A. Los. sp. nova. — F. verticillata auct. fl. As. Med...
p. pte.

Bulbus 1 cm in diam.; caulis tenuis sulcatus pallide viridis 25—40 cm
altus uniflorus ad 1/3 longitudinis aphyllus, in parte superiore foliatus; folia
basalia et inferiora opposita, media 3—4 verticillata, linearia, apice atte-
nuata et acuta, ad apicem plus minus spiraliter torta, ad 12 cm lg., 0.6 cm
lata, basalia latiora et breviora, lineari-lanceolata, obtusata; bracteae subuli-
formes valde contortae. Flores pedicellis brevibus, deflatis; perigonium late-
campanulatum basi paulo attenuatum, pallide-roseo-violaceum, basi viridius-
culum tessellatum; perigonii phyllis ad 3 cm lg., exterioribus oblongo-ellip-
ticis, obtusis, 0.8—0.9 mm It., inferioribus oblongo-obovatis apice obtusato-
cuspidatis, 1.2—1.3 cm lt., foveis nectariferis oblongis, ad faciem exteriorem
perigonii phyllorum prominentibus; stamina perigonio subduplo breviora,
filamentis dilatatis, antheris obtusis longioribus; stylo 3-diviso; capsula 1.5 cm
lg. late-alata, alis apice acuminatis et emarginatis.

Hab. in declivibus saxosis, in juniperetis mont. Pamiro-Alaj jug. Alai-
cum et. Transalaicum.

Ty pus: ad fl. Kandura et Air-Tasch, decliv. bor.-occ. 7 V 1913, leg.
O. Knorring; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

Differt a F. Regelii sp. nov. foliorum dispositione et florum colore,
a F. Olgae Vved. caule unifloro, foliorum forma et colore, a F. verticillata —
caule unifloro, florum colore et foliis angustioribus.

SCILLA

19. S. atropatana Grossh. sp. nova (Sect. Prospero Baker).

Bulbus ovatus ca 15 mm longus, 8—10 mm Iatus; scapus tenuis, 10—
20 cm altus; folia bina, scapum longe superantia, anguste-linearia, 2—3 mm
ata, viridia vel subglaucescentia; scapus bifidus; racemus densiusculus, 10—
20-florus; bracteae minimae, ovatae, obtusae, pedicellis multo breviores;
pedicelli subarcuati, tenues, 5 mm longi, floribus duplo longiores. Perigonium
oblongum, 6 mm longum; segmenta oblongo-linearia, ca 2 mm lata, obtusi-
uscula, pallide coerulea; stamina perigonio paulo breviora, filamentis non
dilatatis, antheris coeruleis; ovarium late obovatum, loculis biovulatis; stylus
ovario 2—3-plo longior; capsula obcordato-ovata trivalvis. breviter rostrata;
semina nigra, oblonga, basi angustata.

562

741

i
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i
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Plate XLIV

1. Gagea improvisa Grossh.; la) perianth segments; 1b) ovary; 1c) cross section of leaf.—

2. G. Joannis Grossh.: 2a) perianth segments; 2b) ovary; 2c) cross section of leaf.— 3. Scilla
atropatana Grossh.: 3a) flower; 3b) ovary; 3c) stamen; 3d) capsule.— 4. G. Caroli-Kochii Grossh. :
v. subuniflora Grossh.: 4a) perianth segments; 4b) ovary; 4c) cross section of leaf.

563

743 Hab. in Transcaucasia australi respublica Nachitshevan in regione
montana inferiore et media (Shachtachty, Shachbuz, Dzhulfa, Darry-dagh,
Ordubad) in lapidosis.

Typus: Prope Dzhulfa 25 1V 1933, leg. T. Heideman et L. Prilipko;
in Herb. Azerb. centr. in Baku conservatur.

Differt a .S. pratensi W. et K. scapo bifido, foliis angustioribus, capsu-
lae forma, floribus minoribus, a S. /eucophylla Baker ex Iran occidentali —
scapo foliis breviore, nec longiore, bifido, floribus pallide coeruleis nec pur-

pureis etc. (Tab. XLIV, fig. 3, a —d).

ORNITHOGALUM

20. 0. Woronowii H. Krasch. sp. nova. (Sect. Heliocharmos Baker).

Bulbus ovatus; folia linearia) 4—7 mm lata, 20—25 cm longa, dorso
albo-lineata, scapo breviora, aequilonga vel longiora. Corymbus pauciflorus
(4—8), pedicelli inferiores basi arcuati adscendentes valde elongati, 8—10 cm
longi; bracteae anguste-lanceolatae, 1—4 cm longae; perigonii phylla oblongo-
obovata, vel ovato-lanceolata, 12—15 mm longa; capsula ovoidea, 6—7 mm
longa, angulis alatis binatim approximatis.

Hab in silvis, agris Ciscaucasiae, Transcaucasiae occidentalis, Tauriae
australis.

Typus: Transcaucasia occidentalis, Abchasia, Zebelda, leg. Woronow;
in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

21. O. Schischkini H. Krasch. sp. nova. (Sect. Heliocharmos Baker).

Bulbus ovoideus, 4—5 cm long.; folia late-linearia, 4—5 mm lata, 25—
30 cm longa, subplana, basi sensim attenuata apice obtusata; scapus 15— 20 cm
altus, tenuis. Corymbus pauciflorus (2—4), pedicelli tenues 1—3 cm longi,
subarcuati; bracteae lanceolatae, apice sensim acuminati pedicellis valde bre-
viores; perigonii phylla 2—2.5 cm longa, lanceolata; capsula subglobosa, alis
binatim approximatis.

Typus: Transcaucasia orientalis, Atropatania prope pag. Zargeran
in pratis silvaticis, leg. Schelkownikow et Woronow; in Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc.
URSS conservatur.

22. O. magnum H. Krasch. et Schischk. sp. nova. (Sect. Beryllis
Salisb.). — O. arcuatum Boiss. in Fl. Or. V (1884) 215, non Stev.

Bulbus ovoideus non magnus, diametro 2 cm; caules robusti usque ad
1 m alti et 6 mm crassi; folia late lanceolato-linearia, 2—4 cm lata basi atte-
nuata apice breviter acutata. Inflorescentia magna pluriflora, cylindrica laxius-
cula, 20—25 cm longa; pedicelli ad 4 mm longi, tempore florendi plus minusve
recti erecto-patentes, in fructificatione arcuato-adscendentes capsulam rectam
gerentes, bracteae lanceolatae pedicellis 3—4-plo breviores; perigonii phylla
oblongo-linearia 2cm longa, alba, obtusata et ipso apice mucronulata stria

564

744 mediana viridi demum brunnescente percursa; filamenta late-lanceolata apice
subito angustata dimidium perigonii aequantia; capsula ovoidea valvulis
subconvexis marginibus depressis, matura 12 -13 mm longa.

Ty pus. Caucasus septentrionalis, prope pag. Karas non procul ab
oppido Pjatigorsk, leg. Hohenacker“; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS
conservatur.

Nostra species affinis est O. arcuato Stev. sed caulibus robustioribus
usque ad 1 m altis, foliis latioribus apice mucronulatis, phyllis perigonii stria
mediana viridi munita sat diversa.

MUSCARI

23. M. dolychanthum Woron. et Tron sp. nova (Sect. Eumuscari
A. Los. nov.).

Bulbus magnus 4 cm in diametro; folia 3—4 ad 35 cm longa, 5—10 mm
lata, late linearia, depensa, saepe constricta, scapo florifero valde longiora,
supra glaucescentia, infra atro-viridia basi rubescentia; scapus 25—35 cm
altus, basi fusco-ruber, erectus. Racemus 7—10 cm longus, longo-cylindricus
densus, pluriflorus; pedunculi florum fertilium deflexi, perigonio breviores;
pedunculi florum sterilium erecti; perigonium florum fertilium longe cylindri-
cum 8—10 mm longum, 5—6 mm latum violaceo-coeruleum, striis atro-
violaceis fauce in maculam abeuntibus, dentes albidi, ovato-triangulares,
reflexi, obtusi.

Hab. in regione alpina Transcaucasiae occidentalis.

Typus: Krassnaja Poljana, in monte Aczischcho. Culta in Horto Bota-
nico Academiae Scientiarum URSS (misit Steup anno 1928).

Ab affini M. polyantho Boiss. statura, perigonii forma et colore dis-
tinctum.

24. M. Woronowii A. Los. et Tron sp. nova (Sect. Pseudomuscari

A. Los. nov.).

Bulbus minimus 1—1.5 cm in diametro; folia late linearia, atro-viridia,
paulo concava, paulo canaliculata, infra glaucescentia, 35—40 cm lg., 6 mm
It. seapo longiora. Racemus ad 8 cm longus anguste cylindricus pluriflorus,
latus. Flores steriles numerosi, tubulosi, violaceo-coerulei, striati, breve pedun-
culati; flores fertiles tubuloso-cylindrici, 6—7 mm lg. in fauce paulo con-
stricti; dentibus magnis valde recurvis, violaceo-coeruleis, pedunculi paulo
perigonio breviores paulo reflexi; capsula orbicularis.

Hab. in declivibus montium Kopeth-Dagh.

Culta in Horto Botanico Academiae Scientiarum URSS in Leningrad,
misit Czernjakowskaja anno 1923 e Turcomania montana.

A M. leucostomo Woron. perigonio violaceo-coeruleo, nec atro-
violaceo differt.

565

745

25. M. Steupii Woron. et Tron. sp. nova (Sect. Eumuscari A. Los. nov.).

Bulbus ovatus magnus ad 4 cm longus; folia 3—4, late-linearia, 5—
10 mm It., 40—60 cm lg. canaliculata apice acutiuscula, dependentia, scapum
valde superantia, supra glaucescentia, infra saturate viridia basi rubescentia;
scapus 30—35 cm altus basi fusco-ruber. Racemus longe cylindraceus 8—
10 cm lg., pedunculis florum fertilum perigonio aequilongis vel eo paulo
brevioribus arcuato-deflexis; pedunculis florum sterilium inferioribus horizon-
talibus, superioribus erectis. Flores fertiles violaceo-coerulei, oblongo doliifor-
mes, ad basin paulo angustati in parte media expansi; perigonium 7—8 mm lg.,
5.5 mm It., in fauce, ad dentium basin albido-marginatum dentibus albidis
latis, triangularibus, reflexis; flores steriles minores. Stamina subbiserialia.

Hab. in regione alpina Transcaucasiae occidentalis.

Typus: Krassnaja Poljana in monte Aczischcho; culta in Horto Bot.
Ac. Sc. URSS (misit V. Steup, anno 1928); in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS
conservatur.

Ab affini M. dolychantho differt autem perigonio doliiformi (nec
cylindrico).

26. M. coeruleum A. Los. sp. nova (Sect. Pseudomuscari A. Los.)

Bulbus oblongus 1—2 cm in diametro; folia linearia, basi attenuata,
apice acuta, plana, nervosa, 10—18 cm longa, 3 mm lata sub anthesi scapo
breviora, post anthesin eo longiora. Racemus breve-ovoideus, compactus,
pauciflorus; pedunculi deflexi 1.5 mm longi, coelesti; bracteae albae truncatae,
ad 1 mm longae; perigonium ovato-cylindricum, in herbario coeruleum 5 mm
longum, 3 mm latum dentibus ovalibus albis suberectis ad 0.75 mm _ longis.
Flores steriles parvi claviformes; antherae orbiculares coeruleae; capsula
4 mm longa, 6 mm lata, basi angustata, apice complanata (truncata).

Typus: Balkaria, Sukan 21 VII 1931, leg. E. et N. Busch.

Differt a M. pallente Fisch. floribus et pedunculis coeruleis.

ASPARAGUS

27. A. Popovii Iljin sp. nova (Sect. Neoasparagus* Iljin sect. nov., clado-
diis cylindricis, compressis vel irregulariter angulatis. Subsect. Leptantheri
Ijin subsect. nov., antheris oblongis filamentis aequalibus vel longioribus.
Series Aphylli Iljin cladodiis nullis).

Caulis 50—80 cm alt. divaricato-ramosus, ramis cylindricis, glabris et
laevibus, cladodiis nullis, squamis non calcaratis. Flores solitarii vel bini, lon-

* Subgen. Euasparagus Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV (1875) 594. Sect. Archiasparagus
Iljin (Stirps A. verticillati p. p. et stirps A. lucidi Baker |. c.). Cladodiis semper manifeste
triquetris.

Sect. Neoasparagus Iljin (Stirps A. officinali et stirps A. verticillati Baker, p.p., l. c.)
1. c., subsect. Sphaerantheri Iljin, antheris rotundatis filamentis multoties brevioribus.

Subsect. Leptantheri.. . Iljin |. c.

566

746 gipedicellati, pedicellis 10—15 mm long., sub flore articulatis, plerumque
patentes, perianthium floris feminei 3—4 mm long. late campanulatum. Bacca
rotundato-ovalis vel ovalis, apice acuta, 5—7 mm diam.

Hab. in arenis Kara-kum.

Typus: Asia media, Turcomania, st. Perevaljnaja, 26 IV 1889, leg,
A. Antonov.

Ab affini A. turkestanico M. Pop. pedicellis longioribus, floribus paten-
tibus differt.

28. A. bucharicus Iljin sp. nov. (Sect. Neoasparagus Iljin, subsect. Lep-
tantheri Iljin, series Foliafti Iljin, cladodiis semper evolutis).

Caulis 30—60 cm alt. divaricato-ramosus, cladodiis in fasciculo 10—40,
valde tenuibus, 0.25—0.3 mm diam., brevibus 5—12 mm long., leviter falcatis,
in fasciculo divaricatis, atque ramis pilis brevibus, subcrispatis, mollibus
dense obtectis, squamis calcarem fere non evolutis. Flores solitarii vel bini,
pedicellis 10—20 mm long., sub flore articulatis; perianthium floris masculini
4—5 mm long., campanulatum; perianthium floris feminei 2—2.5 mm long.
Bacca circiter 7—8 mm diam.

Hab. in montibus Pamiro-Alaicis.

Typus: Asia Media. Tadshikistan: prope pagum Arzan-czy non procul a
Kulab, 14 V 1910, n° 138, leg. R. Roshevitz.

A speciebus omnibus bene dignoscitur.

29. A. Misczenkoi Iljin sp. nova. (Sect. Neoasparagus Iljin, subsect. Lep-
tanheri lljin, series Foliati lljin).

Caulis flexuosus, divaricato-ramosus, ramis flexuosis basi utrinque ramulis
semper evolutis et hic fasciculis cladodiorum divaricatorum instructis, clado-
diis in fasciculis 4—10, 10—25 mm long., tenuibus, circiter 0.25 mm diam,
leviter falcatis et valde divaricatis, atque ramis glabris, squamis longe calca-
ratis. Flores longepedicellati, pedicellis 8—12 mm long. supra medium articu-
latis,apice solum ramorum primariorum dispositi. Bacca sphaeromorpha 6—
7 mm diam.

Hab. in Dauria.

Typus: Sibiria Orientalis: Dauria prope Kjachta.

A speciebus omnibus nostris florum dispositione facillime distinctissima.

30. A. angulofractus Iljin sp. nova. (Sect. Neoasparagus Iljin, subsect.
Leptantheri Ijin, series Foliati Iljin).

Planta 30—80 cm alt., flavescenti-viridis, glabra et laevis; caules et ram
angulofracti, cladodiis in fasciculis 1—4, crassiusculis, 1—1.5 mm diam., ple-
rumque 10—45 mm long. deorsum reclinatis, squamis vix conspicue calcaratis.
Flores saepius bini, brevissime-pedicellati, pedicellis fructificatione solum:
elongatis ad 5—6 mm long., per caulem et ramos primarios dispositi;
perianthium fl. masc. angusto-campanulatum, flavidum, 5—6 mm lg., pedicellis

567

747 supra medium, rarius medio vel infra medium articulatis; perianthium fl. fem.
cupuliforme, 3—3.5 mm long., pedicellis sub flore articulatis. Bacca sphaero-
morpha, 6-—8 mm diam.

Hab. in Kasakstania orientali.

Typus: Asia media, arenae prope lacum Balchasch, in valle fl. Ili.
27 VIII 1927, leg. W. Dubjansky et N. Basilevska.

Haec species ad A. Breslerianum Schult. appropinquat, sed caulibus
atque ramis angulofractis, laevibus manifeste distat.

31. A. soongoricus Iljin sp. nov. (Sect. Neoasparagus Iljin, subsect.
Leptantheri lljin, series Fcliati lljin).

Caulis 20—60 cm alt., divaricato-ramosus, cladodiis inaequalibus, ple-
rumque 1—5 mm long. in fasciculis 3—10, rectis vel leviter falcatis, divari-
catis, atque ramis laevibus, crassiusculis, saepius 1—1.5 mm diam.; squamis
vix tuberculato-calcaratis vel non calcaratis. Flores bini-quaterni, brevipedi-
cellati, pedicellis medio vel vix supra medium articulatis, flore brevioribus
per caulem et ramos primarios dispositi; perianthium fl. masc. 6—7 mm long.
Bacca sphaeromorpha, rubra, circiter 7 mm diam.

Hab. in Kasakstania orientali.

Typus: Asia media, regio balchaschensis, in valle fl. Karatae (ostium)
1 VIII 1928, n° 693, leg. V. Smirnov.

Ab affini A. dahurico Fisch. cladodiis crassiusculis aberrit.

32. A. tuberculatus Bge sp. nova (in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ak. Sc. USSR).

Caulis 30—75 cm, erectus, basi laevis et plerumque lacteus, in parte
reliquo scabridus, divaricato-ramosus, cladodiis 4—8 in fasciculis, inaequali-
bus, 0.5—5 mm longis, divaricatis, raro supra solum solitariis, saepe arcuatis,
striatis, scabridis; squamis membranaceis, ramealibus non calcaratis. Flores
plus minusve brevipedicellati, pedicellis subaequalibus, medio articulatis,
perianthio subaequilongis, plerumque bini in caule et in ramis dispositi;
perianthium 5—6 mm longum. Bacca sphaeroidea, 7—8 mm diam., rubra,
mox atro-rubra.

Hab. in Dauria, Mongolia, Mandshuria.

Typus: In locis subarenosis Mongoliae chinensis, 1831. leg. Turcza-
ninov.

Ab affini A. dahurico Fisch. ramis divaricatis et scabridis, cladodiis
inaequalibus in fasciculis magis numerosis differt.

(descripsit M. Ijin).

33. A. kasakstanicus Iljin (Sect. Meoasparagus lljin, subsect. Leptan-
theri Iljin, series Foliati Ijin).

Caulis 20—50 cm alt. saepe apice flexuosus, ramis plerumque oblique
et sursum dispositis, cladodiis 3—4 (1—6) mm long. et 0.75—1 mm lat., in
fasciculis saepius ternis, inaequalibus, crassiusculis, complanatis, erectis vel

568

748 irregulariter et leviter flexuosis fere ad caulem appressis, squamis vix vel non
calcaratis. Flores longepedicellati, pedicellis supra medium articulatis, per
caulem et partes inferiores ramorum primariorum dispositi, perianthium flavi-
dum. Bacca sphaeromorpha, rubra, 6—7 mm diam.

Hab. in Tauria or., Wolga infer., Kasakstania.

Typus: prope lacum Inder, Aksai, 5 VI 1927, n° 129, leg. M. Iljin et
G. Grigoriev.

Ab A. brachyphyllo Turcz. cladodiis longioribus, crassioribus, valde
inaequalibus etc. recedit.

PARIS

34. P. manshurica Kom. sp. nova (Sect. Euparis a. petaliferae).

Rhizoma gracilis horizontale, usque 5 mm crassum; caulis erectus usque
3 cm altus; apice verticilla foliorum, basi alabastro oblongo acuto auctus
laevissimus; folis 4—8 (saeplus 6—8) breviter petiolatis obovatis, apice
acuminatis, varie plus minusve latis vel angustis, oculo nudo trinerviis, venis
anastomosantibus; petioli 5—12 mm lg., lamina 3—7 cm lata, 8—10.5 rarius
usque 13 cm lg.; pedunculi solitarii 2—8 cm lg.; sepala 4 late vel anguste
ovata vel lanceolato-ovata acuminata vel acuta viridia vel rubescentia usque
sordide-violacea ca 3.5 cm lg., 1.5 cm lata; petala 4 angustissima patentia,
usque recurvata ca 20 mm lg.; stamina plerumque 8 erecta 15—29 mm lg.;
connectivo ultra antheram in appendicem 3—8 mm lg. producto; ovarium
sessile 8-sulcatum subglobosum nigrum; styli 4 ca 4 mm lg. cirrhosi; bacca
coeruleo nigra succosa, seminibus ovatis compressis 4, nigris.

Hab. in silvis frondosis vel mixtis primaevis in declivibus solo sicciore,
rarius in silvis ripariis secus fluvia montana. Floret V. VI.

Typus: in valle fl. Sutchan, prope Novitzkoje (foliis octo latis) regionis
Primorskaja florae Austro-Ussiriensis. 26 VI 1921, leg. E. N. Alisova;
in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

A. P. hexaphylla Cham. differt foliis sepalisque multo latioribus, sepalis
Saepius coloratis nec staminum appendice longiore. A P. obovato Ldb. foliis
numerosioribus amplioribus, sepalis amplioribus coloratis, staminum appendice
longiore.

TRILLIUM

35. T. rhombifolium Kom. sp. nova.

Rhizoma carnosum ovale 2—2.5 cm crassum, usque 4 cm lg., dense
radicibus crassiusculis obsitum; caulis usque 60—65 cm lg. sulcatus glaber
erectus, basi squamis brunneis acuminatis membranaceis 1—2 obtectus; apice
foliis tribus, fere sessilibus, circa 1.5 cm lg. ac latis rhomboideo late-ovatis,
apice breviter acuminatis 3—5 veniis margine integro. Pedicello solitario
3 cm lg. subnutante, flore candido usque 7 cm in diametro; sepala viridia

569

749 late lanceolata acuta 3—3.5 cm lg., 1—1.2 cm lata, petala 2.73.7 cm Ig.
usque 2 cm lata; stamina 6 antheris filamenta brevissima multo superantibus
ovario adpressis 15 mm lg. luteis: capsula 2.5 cm lata ac longa late pyrami-
data parum succosa, matura viridis; semina numerosa brunnea 2.7 mm lg.,
2 mm lata reniformia minute longitudinaliter striatula.

Typus: fl. Suifun, in silvis mixtis vallis Suputinka 14 VI 1913, legitV. L.
Komarov; in Herb. Inst. Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

A. T. kamtschatico Pall. rhizoma crassiore (16 mm), foliis multo amplio-
ribus (12 cm) brevius acuminatis, venis plus evolutis, petalis angustioribus
(2.7 cm); semina multo ampliora fere glabra latiora (2.5 mm lg., fere sulcata).

GALANTHUS

36. G. Woronowii A. Los. sp. nova.

Bulbus magnus 3—4 cm in diametro; scapus 20—25 cm altus, cylindrico-
costatus; folia 15—20 cm longa 1.5 cm lata luteoviridia, late linearia, apice
attenuata et callosa, plana, post anthesin quam scapam longiora et introrsum
plicata; perigonii phylla exteriora 20 mm longa, 13 mm lata, ovato elliptica,
inferiora 11 mm longa, 8 mm lata, plana, basi cuneata apice cordata, maculis
viridibus cordatis, basi truncatis; anthera mucronata. Flores odorati.

Hab. in montosis Transcaucasiae occ. et Caucasi centralis.

Culta in Horto Botanico Academiae Scient. URSS, misit Steup anno
1928 e Krassnaja Poljana.

Typus in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Se. URSS.

Differt a G. caucasico (Baker) Grossh. foliis plicatis, a G. plicato M. B.
floribus minoribus, foliis luteo-viridibus, neque, introrso plicatis.

CROCUS

37. C. Michelsoni B. Fedtsch. sp. nova.

Cormus elongato-subglobosus circa 20—25 mm in diametro; tunicae
membranaceae, in fibras longitudinaliter fissae, fuscae, apice productae,
caulis basin obtegentes; folia basilaria vaginantia 4—5, albomembranacea,
caulem et folia viridia amplectentia, folia viridia florendi tempore parum
evoluta, fructificationis tempore folia usque 30 cm longa, circa 2 mm lata,
nuda; carina eorum latiuscula. Involucri folium basilare non evolutum; invo-
lucrum florale e foliis membranaceis duobus constans. Perigonii violacei tubus
elongatus (circ. 7.5 longus), fauce nudus; limbi laciniae lanceolatae, circ.
30—32 mm longae et 10—11 mm latae; laciniae interiores paulo breviores;
stamina pistillum fere aequantia, lutescentia, filamenta antheras aurantiacas
paulo superantia; stylus apice breviter fissus in stigmata tria subintegra; cap-
sula ovoidea oblonga.

Hab. in locis lapidosis regionis altimontanae jugi Kopet-dagh.

570

eid Ty pus: prope stationem meteorologicam Cheirabad, alt. supra mare
circa 2000 m, detexit Paschinski 1931;in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS
conservatur.
A specie proxima C. Korolkovii Rgl. et Maw. colore florum optime
differt.

GLADIOLUS

38. G. turkmenorum E. Czerniak. sp. nova.—G. atroviolaceus var.
floribus pallidioribus majoribus Bornm. et Sint. in exs. n°. 306 transc.-pers.

1900—01.

Bulbi ad 2 cm in diam.; tunicae radicales supernae fuscae, infernae
brunneae, tenui-fibrosae, parte superiore integrae, subreticulato-fibrosae,
areolis angusto-elongatis, inferne fibris parallelis, super sub tunica laterna
calyptra brevi compacta membranacea; caulis 45—85 cm altus, 3-foliatus;
folia viridia, caule subaequilonga, omnia lanceolata, 6—13 mm lata, longe-
acuminata, inaequinervia, folium superius inflorescentia breivus; folium primum
vaginatum ad 5 cm lg., folium inferius 9—20 cm lg., obliquotruncatum, obtu-
sum. Spica unilateralis, compacta, longa, interdum ad 30 cm lg., multiflora,
bracteae virides, late-lanceolatae, 3.5—4 cm lg., inferiores externae foliaceae,
ad 7—11 cm lg.; flores 8—12, oblique-reclinati, 4—4.5 cm lg. purpureo-
rosei, tubo perigonii 10 mm longo subcurvato; lobi laterales labii inferioris
oblongo-obovati, in unguem brevem attenuati sub-acuminati, lobo superiore
longiores, lobi laterales labii superioris lobo superiore breviores; antherae
filamentis subduplo longiores, acuminatae ad 15 mm longae; stigmata obo-
vata. Capsulae 11, elliptico-ovatae, 16—20 cm lg., 1 cm diam., valvis mem-
branaceis, coriaceis, seminibus magnis rubro-brunneis, 2.5—3 mm diam.
apteris.

Typus: Turcomania. Montes Kopet-dagh ad pagum Wannovskoje.
17 IV 1912 n° 1340 leg. V. Lipsky; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Se. URSS
conservatur.

Differt a G. segeti foliis angustioribus, floribus minoribus et reclinatis,
spica unilaterali multiflora, capsula longiore et elliptico-ovata.

39. Holopogon Kom. et Nevski gen. novum.

Flores hermaphroditi, albi. Sepala petalaque subaequalia, circ. 3 mm
longa, subpatentia, uninervia; sepala oblongo-lanceolata, obtuse acuminata,
dorso vix papilligera, lateralia leviter obliqua; petala obovato-oblonga, obtusa,
glabra. Labellum petalis simile, integrum, oblongo-obovatum, 3 mm longum,
circ. 1.5 mm latum, obtusum, concavulum, uninerve, subpatens. Gynostemii
2.5 mm longi structura Neottiarum nonnularum; anthera terminalis, bilocu-
laris; pollinia 2 granulosa, viscidio sine stipite affixa. Ovarium longiuscule
pedicellatum, papillosum.

Herba saprophytica habitu Neottiae camtschateae.

Sid

et Genus a Neottia Sw. s. str. praesertim labelli integri oblongo-obovati

fabrica et florum colore distinctum. Nonnulae WNeoftiae (N. asiatica Ohwi,
N. acuminata Schlechter etc.) fieri potest pertinent ad genus nostrum,
attamen quoque bene differunt labello sepalis vulgo acuminatissimis breviore,
gynostemio abbreviato et glabritate absoluta.

40. H. ussuriensis Kom. et Nevski sp. novax Herba 15—20 cm alta,
saprophytica rhizomate brevi, dense radicibus tenuibus simplicibus obsesso,
caule stricto tereti aphyllo vaginis 3—4 membranaceis 1.5—2 cm longis
superne laxis sed limbo orbatis, racemo paucifloro, circ. 5 cm longo axi
dense papilligero, floribus 4—9 albis; bracteis membranaceis papillosis
pedicellis circ. 5 mm longis vix tortis subbrevioribus; sepalis petalisque
subsimilbus uninervibus, labello integro sepalis non longiore.

Typus: Oriens Extremus, districtus Possjet, in valle Kedrovaja, in
umbra arborum, 24 VIII 1935, lg. V. L. Komarov.

HABENARIA

41. H. dianthoides Nevski sp. n.—H. radiata (Thunb.) Mig. f. pauci-
flora Kom. in Bull. Jard. Bot. de Pierre Gr. XVI (1916) 159.

Pumila, caule 13—20 cm alto; foliis lineari-lanceolatis, 1.5—3.5 cm lg.,
0.2—0.5 cm It.; flore vulgo solitario basi bractea ovato-lanceolata longe
acuminata. 8—10 mm lg. viridi donato; sepalo intermedio concavo elliptico-
ovato, obtuso, 6—7 mm lg., 3—3.5 mm It. dorso costato-nervoso; sepalis
lateralibus 7 mm lg. viridibus; petalis albis, plurinerviis late ovatis vel orbicu-
lato-ovatis, 7—8 mm lg., 5—7 mm It., obliquis, obtuse acuminatis margine
vix crenatis, rarius (basi) 2—3 denticulatis, labello reniformi, magno, 12 mm lg.,

* A saprophytic plant, destitute of chlorophyll, its habit resembling that of Neottia camtschatea (L.)
Rehb. f.; rhizome short, densely beset with simple slender radiating roots; stem leaves replaced by
membranous sheaths slightly dilated at apex; raceme loosely few- flowered, the rachis and bracts densely
papillose; pedicels longer than ovary, very slightly twisted; flowers 4—9, white; sepals and petals
l-nerved, subequal, ca. 3mm long; sepals oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, slightly papillose on the back;
petals more obtuse, glabrous; lip entire, obtuse, very slightly concave, drooping, resembling in size the
other perianth segments, 3 mm long and ca. 1.5 mm broad; column 2.5 mm long, of the Neottia type.

Undoubtedly a distinct genus, the features distinguishing it from Neottia Sw. s. str. being chiefly the
small entire lip and flower color. As regards lip shape, certain Neottia species (N. asiatica Ohwi,
N. acuminata Schlechter) should perhaps also be referred to this genus; these plants, however, differ
markedly in complete absence of vesture, the strongly abbreviated column, and the lip being much shorter
than the long-acuminate sepals and petals.

Holopogon ussuriensis was collected by V.L. Komarov at Kedrovaya Pad in the Pos'et area
(Far East: Uss.) in a mixed wood, upon decomposing remnants of a felled tree trunk (24 August, 1930),

572

752 9024 mm It., apice trilobato lobo intermedio minore, 5—7 mm lg. basi
2.5—4 mm It., deltoideo, obtuse acuminato, integerrimo, lateralibus semicor-
datis margine fimbriato-dentatis; calcari recto, cylindrico, apice vix clavato-
incrassato, 1.2—2.5 cm lg.

Appropinquat ad H. radiatam Miq., sed differt petalorum obtusiorum
forma, labelli lobo intermedio latiore brevioreque, lateralibus margine
fimbriato-dentatis, nec fere longe fimbriatis et habitu graciliore.

Typus: Oriens Extremus, in pratis humidis adlitora maritima prope
ostium fluvii Mongugai 26 VIII 1913 leg. N. Diukina; in Herb. Inst. Bot.
Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

42. Pseudodiphryllum Nevski gen. novum.

Flores virescentes, perparvi sepalis circ. 2 mm lg. Sepalum intermedium
oblongum vel oblongo-rotundatum, obtusum, uninerve, membranaceum;
sepala lateralia oblonga, divergentia. Petala oblongo-obovata, obtusa, triner-
via, crassiuscula. Labellum patens, rotundatum vel rotundato-ovatum, obtu-
sum, integerrimum, crassiusculum vix 1—1.25 mm lg., basi breviter, calcaratum,
calcari cylindraceo, apice leviter clavato-incrassato, 2 mm lg. Columna
brevissima. Polliniorum glandulae nudae. Rostellum trilobatum. Stigma
quadratum,

Typus gen.: Pseudodiphryllum Chorisianum (Cham.) Nevski=Habe-
naria Chorisiana Cham. in Linnaea Ill (1828) 31.

PLATANTHERA

43. P. cornu-bovis Nevski sp. nova.— P. mandarinorum Kom. FI.
Mansh. | (1901) 516; Kranz]. Orchid. Sib. Enum. in Fedde Repert. Beih.
LXV (1931) 57, non Rchb. f. in Linnaea XXV (1852) 226.

Tuberibus oblongo-ovatis, basi ad 7 mm crass. apice longissime attenuatis
caule 20—50 cm alt. prope medium phyllo unico oblongo-lanceolato vel
oblongo-elliptico obtuso, supra medium phyllis 1—3 parvulis lanceolatis,
acutis donato; spica laxa, pauciflora, oblonga, 5—12 (16) cm lg., circ. 3 cm
m diam.; bracteis ovato-lanceolatis vel lanceolatis, inferioribus circ. 2 cm lg.
flores aequantibus, superioribus eis brevioribus; floribus virescentibus; sepalo
intermedio late ovato vel orbiculari-ovato, apice interdum paulo attenuato,
obtuso, 5—6 mm lg., 4—6 mm It., sepalis lateralibus oblongis 6—7 mm lg ,
1.5—2.5 mm It. obliquis, obtusis; petalis 6—6.5 mm lg. basi ovatis, obliquis,
3 mm It., superne subito acuminatis oblongo-linearibus 0.5—0.75 mm It.,
labello lineari 8—9 mm lg. basi circ. 1.75—2 mm It., obtuso; calcare arcuato,
crasso, cylindrico vel cylindraceo-conico, apice acuto, ovario 1.5—2-plo
longiorae; anthere connectivo latissimo loculis divergentibus.

Typus: Oriens Extremus, in valle fl. Jodziche, in silva, 8 VII 1907,
Ig.N. Desoulavy, n° 1168; in Herb. Inst. Bot. Sc. URSS conservatur.

3,

Ta3

Appropinquat ad P. Maximoviczianam Schlechlter (= P. minor Maxim.,
non Rchb. f.), sed differt labello angustiore lineari (nec lanceolato basi fere
rhomboideo), calcari valde curvato, antherae loculis minus divergentibus et
habitu; P. mandarinorum Rchb. f. differt a specie nostra calcari longissimo
fere recto.

44. P. extremiorientalis Nevski sp. nova.— P. chlorantha F. Schmidt,
Reise Amurl. (1868) 181, non Cust. ex Rchb. f.

Species intermedia inter Platantheram bifoliam et P. Freynii; a priori
antherae loculis leviter divergentibus et calcari crassiore brevioreque; a po-
steriori antherarum connectivo angustiore differt.

Typus: Sachalin, Dui, 19 VII 1861, leg. Glehn; in Herb. Inst. Bot.
Ac. Sc. URSS conservatur.

45. Chusua Nevski gen. novum.

Spica laxa, pauciflora, vulgo secunda. Flores basi bractea herbacea
viridi donati. Sepalum intermedium cum petalis in galeam connivens, lateralia
ovato-lanceolata, obtuse acuminata, reflexa. Labellum rhomboideum vel
rotundato-rhomboideum, trilobatum vel integrum, basi cuneato angustatum,
calcaratum, calcari cylindraceo. Anthera obovata loculis parallelis. Pollinia
clavaeformia in caudiculum brevem producta; polliniorum glandulae in sac-
culos duos rostelli distinctos semiglobosos immersae. — Plantae parvae tuberi-
bus globosis vel ovatis.— Genus a Galeorchide Rydb. tuberibus distinctum.

Typus gen.: Chusua secunda Nevski. = Orchis pauciflora Fisch. ex
Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. (1835) 280, non Tenore.

ORCHIS

46. 0. amblyoloba Nevski sp. nova.— O. basilica ssp. Carthaliniae
Klinge in A. H. P. XVII, 1 (1898) 196, pro min. pte.

Tuberibus 2—4-palmatis, compressis; caule stricto, 25—55 (60) cm alto,
supra basin 3—5 (7—9) mm crasso; foliis 3—5 (8) patentibus, maculatis,
infimo oblongo-lanceolato vel oblongo-obovato, obtuso vel obtusiusculo,
7—12 (15) cm lg., (1.2) 1.5—2.5 (3.5) cm It., basi angustato; intermediis
angustioribus, obtusiusculis, 9—15 cm lg. 1—2 (2.5) cm It., superioribus
(1—2) bracteiformibus, anguste lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, 2.5—7 cm lg.,
(1.5) 2—5 (7) mm It.; spica cylindrica, densa, multiflora, 5—14 (17) mm lg.,
2.5—3.5 cm in diam.; bracteis floribus brevioribus solum inferioribus floribus
1'/,-plo longioribus, anguste lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis, 2.2—8 cm lg.,
2.5—3.5 (4) mm It.; floribus roseo-lilacinis, labello basi violaceo-punctulato
punctis parvulis in lineas divergentes interruptas constitutis; sepalo inter-
medio oblongo-elliptico, obtuso, concavo, (6) 7—8 mm lg., circiter 3 mm It.,
trinervi; sepalis lateralibus ovato-lanceolatis vel ovatis, obliquis, 3—4-ner-
viis, obtusiusculis vel obtusis, 8—10 mm lg., 3—4 mm It.; petalis ovatis,

574

754 obtusis, sepalis brevioribus; labello supra brevissime papilloso, rotundato-
rhombeo vel rotundato transversi-elliptico, 7—8 (9) mm lg., 8.5—10 (12) mm
It., apice breviter trilobato, lobo intermedio late ovato, obtusissimo, 3—
3.5 mm lg., 2.5—3 (3.25) mm It., lateralibus fere rhomboideis, obtusis, paulo
brevioribus; calcari recto, cylindrico, apice obtuso, 8—10 mm lg., 2.25—
2.5 mm crasso ovarium subaequante.

Typus: Georgia, distr. Borzhom, prope pagum Bakuriani, 1500 m; in
silva, 26 VII 1925, leg. V. Kozlovsky —in Herb. Inst. Bot. Ac. Sc. URSS
conservatur.

Species ex affinitate O. sacciferi Brogn. labelli forma et colore
distincta.

575

ALPHABETIGAL List
of Families and Genera Appearing in Volume IV

English Russian English Russian
pings Rese Per Come PENSE

Acelidanthus Trautv. Comperntave wochve se 013 676

SE IME NC Sb ete aes fl 9 Convaililania ie pre aes 307 467
AEChroam tines Rats. . 457 600 Corallorhiza Hall. . 2. 462 608
Aucrabitsrics Wit ne 2. 302 394 Govona Fisch set
ZSMIMUNT I rene tote se a 87 il, PAG Taner eee .. «Pent 232 302
lioncete we Tee wate. AT 61 Crocus iit: Aken. eareme 381 499
Amaryllidaceae Lindl. . 363 475 Cypripediese Lindl, .wasullAos 095
FASS VAIS PAE aN). Sekai 373 489 Cypripediuimblys ses oF: 453 O90
JAN (60). 16) JTL On REN ES ea) 232 302 Cyriopadieae Piitzeieig = weo63 609
Ammo lirion Kar, Gy bien walls bie vie LOU 604

CU: Meenbane. 33 42 Daet ylorbiza Neck. 500 697
Anacamptis L.C.Rich. . 546 718 Danae Medien (a a. 339 442
ALMENeiayethoa Is clo yegan 40 53 Drapiane Salish ees. une ee 004
Asparagoideae Vent. .. 324 422, DiGsGareay 5 ase 377 495
ENSPaka OWS Eee <a to lane 325 424 Dioscoreaceae Lindl... 377 494
Asphodeline Rehbee se. 24 31 Dip hry lima eae, Ge 611
Asphodeloideae Vent. . 24 39 Disportim Salish... .... 348 454
Beant i ara aes liad so 5. <ee 285 372 Ephippianthus Rchb. f.. 460 607
Belamcanda Adans.... 439 076 EPID Chis AVGamS. vei «ce aby 1. 620
Bellevalia Lapeyrouse. . 303 395, Epipogons.G/Gimel... es 635
Buon umGaerti, . 4 BAG) Dee mEveMUnts: Mabe 1s 5, ae 27 of
Biilipocociiag Is, 2c sa. 16 20 [Shs Aan fOjnilihical eee eee 280 364
Calloscordum EMlOpWiay RS Bire ( eo. sls Jie HOnn Me moue

ICH CT ia icin cae. ies 2S ag Eurotel Ayia a eo eee re 232 302
GalypsoSaliSDinn gis 460 604 Puiista SPECI Cnc aw aae 4l o4
Cephalanthera L.C.Rich. 478 630 Gageat Sa tsb Wve os. 47 61
Chamaeorchis L.C.Rich. 499 644 GaeamGMsgi so coe ce tee 364 476
(CIMA! INESIRis PBN 2 509 670 GaleorelisRydb. 2... ds 669
(Glinroinlie) "RAN ee as 343 448 CAsmoadiauhy. Bingen cee 483 636
Coeloglossum Hartm... 492 647 Cladiolisti. ee «ee 440 578
Golelmewmimi ye ve lke 18 23 GCOOSSHA Ra Bilis — 5 Seoeec 486 639

576

English Russian

Gymnadenia R.Br.
Gynandriris Parl.
Gyrostachys Pets. .
Fagenatiay Willd. ... .
Bemlebormime Hilly)
Eemmerocadlis Li... 5 ss
Henningia Kar. etKir,
HemminiuniyR Bre...
Himantoglossum

Himantoglossum
Spreng.
Holopogon Kom. et Nevski.
Eositva “Eratt. < 2... )5
Hyacintella Schur. .
Hyacinthus Tourn.
GPU Oa Ui oe mi fet nian
Ibidium Salisb.
Dimmpierialws Adans...

ee) 8 6 ie) (o) fee

IndaceaeyLindl. ........
Paisnli
Davolirton Fisch’... 2...
Kolpakowskia Rgl..
Korolkowia Rgl......
Leopoldia Parl.
Leucorchis E.Mey.

8) ler tener elfe! e! @) ‘e080

LEUCOVUITa Wig Go ood &
mittaceaenvHa ll... 3...
ulWordede= VP). sw ar os
DOMED co 6 8 8s a os
Limnorchis Rydb.....
Limodorum LC .Richi. ;
DipenisvbnG RUC. . 0.
(ISH DAV RIOBE sh 4S cl ae
Elovdia SalisD. . 25. ss
Loroglossum

Kystella Rydb. ......
Majanthemum Wigg...
Malaxideae Lindl.

Malaxis Soland. .....
Melanthaceae R.Br.

page

3007
423
484
487
471

43

Pec

667
506
637
641
620

aya)

Melanthioideae Engl. .
Merendera Ramond...
Microstylis Nutt. ....
Morucodon Salsib..
IMimsyeztire IMM 5a 5 5 6) o
Muscarimia Kostel. - .
Mosh arilansalishaun
Narcisus L.

27 © © © © «© ©

Narthecium (Moer.) Huds.

Nectarobotryum Ldb, .
Nectaroscordum

Neolindleya Kranzl.. .
INSCMHE! SWic ooo 6 6 6 ae
Neottianthe Schlechter
NEOUMEAS ILinelil, so 6 ¢
Oncocyclus Siems.
Ophioscordon Wallr.
Ophrydeae Lindl......
Ophiys (aa)eSw. . 2...
Oporanthus Herbert.
Oreorchys Wid ee) es-
Orchidaceae Lindl. ..
Omehuidie are, Wallilizgas
(Ghivelotitsy Enya
Ornithogalum L.
Pancratium L.

PeBUS uel Vs, voclayras tarrens
Peramimiwum Salish. .
Perularia Lindl.
Phyllodolon Salisb.
Platanthera L.C.Rich.
Plecostigma Turcz,
HO OMe MLSS Gus bs
Polygonatum Adans.

Pseudodiphryllum Nevski.

Puschkinia Adams...
Rhinopetalum Fisch.
RUSCUIS WOWIMIS Bo 5 5 6
‘Sy CHIE BN Raat een ence
Serapias L.
Sisryrinchium L.....

57

English Russian

page

page

English Russian English Russian

page page page page
Smilacina Desf. . «452% 345 451 Toneldia Huds. 37.4.8 2 3
Similacoideae Engl. . 362 AT4 Traunsteinera Rchb. f.. 510 671
Smale, Tere Memes alta vee at 362 474 Tismaleitrag Tete, tenet 361 473
Spiranthes L.C.Rich... 484 637 ula Weyer a tokio A : 246 320
Stenanthium Kunth.... 5 6 UnigerniarBge.” a snshins 367 481
Sfembergiaiw.K, + wt 370 485 Veratiom i) 3 aap. 8 10
Steveniella Schlechter . oll 675 Xi phvon Mediuki 2%. 421 504
Smepropus MsC Richie's % 348 455 Zeasine dra, Pie bY 487 640
SHMSup Mon, Rey ss. 18 23 Zygadenus L.C.Rich. . 5 9
CAMS Lic Peni.) sa canelenees 380 eo

578

VEGETATION REGIONS OF THE USSR

Abbreviated name Full name
LeATreLic
Me Nesey NUE, icy og ties Goad au thoi eke Arctic (European part)
BRNO ye ela yak cepa on ah cole au Novaya Zemlya
PN COU ieee ait cage eben oe Le Arctic (Siberia)
BE UNS Ui aug A ulin starr aul ten Sealine nog rea Chukchi
ETN Neal Forney pl ice tS cay a toiot etme Anadyr
II. European part
Beenie lao Was a Whee erate a ene, Karelia- Lapland
AROSTE EAI) eX Ce Wi ice ae ae aa ce Dvina-Pechora
3) Selon Sie Paar a le i erage Baltic States
Saale weve eater fare Wer Otc Ladoga-Il'men
ROPE Gre) Ceska! ouehahns ss Beets tae ees Upper Volga
nN CANINA en rset oe ese 8 ea Volga-Kama
Lies) DMS A0) Ba) Fae a ane a i alae ar te Upper Dnieper
Latch LSND eA ap Re lh Mla Maal Ne Middle Dnieper
EMV GROOT 2 SUA a ee tg wee se oe Volga-Don
HDRES) 5s. Bish bio See a ela se Transvolga area
‘ea UUM DGS). ar era mee ena aati Upper Dniester
MEMES SU cant ts alti ge em ddsn ie) ao SSN Bessarabia
TLS oi TES a areclebatmae teethap laine teak her tages ancl abe Black Sea area
eee olttanie, ey cet enrrciat eS te ere atts Crimea
reece, OOM ses hb ne tee see Lower Don
2 Lull | Legg lil A Paka i ba a Lower Volga

ARE COMS Coeur pense SY coerce tts kaees tot day Ciscaucasia

PD EN ie wine i ue, | und uk poi d an epptinntg no) Dagestan

eM ins SEMANAS: | ici ch Eunceed licguae Epc ee Western Transcaucasia
Ze re eATENING Che Nie 1 et cleceuci EM aoeehain oy PAP Eastern Transcaucasia
DOPE OP EMSC! Poa ie, cet eo Southern Transcaucasia
PG eee come akc BN, sep ucla eaweiaiem Sih boas Dad Talysh

IV. West Siberia

2B3 MOGI OT,

TB BERET Ae ORI! Ob region (from the eastern slopes
of the Urals to the Yenisei R. )

579

2S), We, Wolo
SOP lacks poke
Shae my ANI! Madea ee

ftp apeitey tof) fa) Gijar sist) wap lgee weaves -ieftine

V. East Siberia

32.
33.
34.
35.

Wile

36.
Ble
38.
39.
40.
41.

VII.

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
ol.

BYA GAGs paves beh suisse coe
HE SiMey ION. ite, Os Nas acai
GAS SLY 2. "py ciae) Sobre eto been sag
DANO See es cate va ah meeioeea Senay ene
Far East
[eiag(@lals pele rena wm Quen Naa tis:
(BIE ave.) a Anno OMe ee EE Ln PS
Hiof 3H SHV Th een ta TR alls
Wii eee een ea erie Liat:
LOIS Shs Ba nis, ess ee eciep ee beter See
SS TSU Ed Glntua Bee aes tie RAMs BRIE a
Soviet Central Asia

Amu D.

CPO aie Or Co PCN TD OD GO

fo; ie) te! \m) ia Nelpisy pene: 6c wiluite,

ote) Neh fauele ie, Nei jeuyielh sols eeranie:

Upper Tobol
Irtysh
Altai

Yenisei
Lena-Kolyma
Angara R.-Sayans
Dauria

Kamchatka
Okhotsk
Zeya-Bureya
Uda R. area
Ussuri
Sakhalin

Aral-Caspian

Lake Balkhash area
Dzungaria-Tarbagatai

Kyzyl-Kum

Kara-Kum

Mountainous part of Turkmenistan
Amu Darya

Syr Darya

Pamin—-Alai

Tien Shan

Accepted Regions for Indication of General Distribution of
Species Appearing in ''Flora of the U.S.S.R."

o: jens is) ol /e) (0 piuebiou Rat om ev us,

ela y Ne, ee) s)F ie. ol athe, s\eeselae ya

wh eel) Soe el) el iets el ae elsie:s jac: false

oO Uelyveh (a: \ Yel) vel io) ey Wo! yoga. “a. ) ve

PAvrerae= Kui Ciducienesnett eenenns

by) coh Wied te) Citld of key le he De Hak has e

- Arctic (Spitsbergen, Greenland and
farther)

- Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark,
Sweden, Finland)

- Central Europe (Germany, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria,
Switzerland)

- Atlantic Europe (Netherlands,
Belgium, England, France, Portugal)

- Mediterranean (including North
Africa) (V' Western, V'' Eastern)

- Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor

- Lesser Armenia and Kurdistan

- Iran and Afghanistan

- India and Himalayas

580

Oo Sey Coulee ta eos aul eileen We cer CHET ye mre MLL MaCIn, 8C)

CM Owetor Gh OR (or > Sioyeecamroy Oo ae UK ee

[Dzungaria-Kashgar area] Eastern
or Chinese Turkestan (Sinkiang)

Mongolia

Japan and China

North American coast of the Bering
Sea

North America (U.S.A. and Canada)

Tibet

Other Geographical Abbreviations

aioev fon ws) tei lem senecer <a) eimiet a, les eine, ie} lie! iat ya

aida. cabceni le: ariel (= iia) ia icelie) 6: Jey teliiten | is ibe

TO, ROM UeeCEe Conn (OM-On Dc HOC Omi O eo Temecu eerd

sien Wetiien ve) coh bed fe cas te lowe May er, 0) geidia tery fe

SB) eee; Ge cle: (ol ie ella ohalsliaecMe se, jou 2° \(e)" sels elk le

OM aD cy CO Coahror adh Cup ch OM spn OAM «- gies

ai eee Melee le Neh ie) el sigh ewiel ier ia sey ja cose. Ja

ye Mt ko. ve se ewe fel Jen te Une, vai) 6) ie: Je) Bie tow

peeves! ate anle@iee. Mal o\ej jae) iiey Teemieih ey Vet doe Ss iiiiel)) Jez se.

Africa
Australia
Central
East(ern)
Great, Greater
Island, Islands
Mount
Mountains
North(ern)
River

South (ern)
West(ern)

TRANSLATOR'S NOTE

The Russian term ''Srednyaya Aziya'' is in English Central Asia (or

Soviet Central Asia).
Russian ''Tsentral'naya Aziya'’, which

Therefore the term Middle Asia has been used for

is non-Soviet inner Asia, comprising

western China (Sinkiang and Tibet) and Mongolia.

581

EXPLANATORY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF RUSSIAN
INSTITUTIONS AND PERIODICALS APPEARING
IN MHS, ge

Abbreviation Full names (transliterated) Translation
Bot.-geogr.

issled.v Turkest.

Botaniko-geograficheskie Botanical and Geographical
issledovaniyav Turkestane Investigations in Turkestan

Bot. Mat. Gerb.
Bot. inst. AN
SSSR

Bot. Mat. Gerb.
Gl. Bot. Sada

Bot. zap. SPb.
univ.

Bot. zhurn. SSSR

Byull. Glavn. Bot.
Sada

Byull. Obshch.
lyubit. estest-
vozn., antrop. i
etnogr.

Dendr.

Der. i kust.

Der. i kust. Kavk.

Dikie polezn. i
technich. raste-
niya SSSR

Dikorastuchchie
r. Kavkaza, ikh
rasprostranenie,
Svoistva 1 pri-
menenie

Dokl. AN Azerb.
SSR

ISLE
Fl. Abkh.

Botanicheskie Materialy
Gerbariya Botaniches-
kogo instituta AN SSSR

Botanicheskie Materialy
Gerbariya Glavnogo
Botanicheskogo Sada

Botanicheskie zapiski
Sankt-Peterbur gskogo
universiteta

Botanicheskii zhurnal
SSSR

Byulleten' Glavnogo
Botanicheskogo Sada

Byulleten' Obshchestva
lyubitelei estestvozna-
niya, antropologii i
etnografii

Dendrarii

Derev'ya i kustarniki

Derev'ya i kustarniki
Kavkaza

Dikie poleznye i tekhni-
cheskie rasteniya SSSR

Dikorastushchie raste-
niya Kavkaza, ikh ras-
prostranenie, svoistva
1 primenenie

Doklady Akademii Nauk
Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR

Flora
Flora Abkhazii

582

Botanical Materials of the
Herbarium of the Botanical
Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR

Botanical Materials of the
Herbarium of the Main
Botanical Gardens

Botanical Notes of St.
Petersburg University

Botanical Journal of the
USSR

Bulletin of the Main
Botanical Gardens

Bulletin of the Naturalists',
Anthropologists' and
Etnographers' Society

Arboretum

Trees and Shrubs

Trees and Shrubs of the
Caucasus

Wild Useful Plants and
Industrial Crops of the
USSR

Wild Plants of the Caucasus,
Their Distribution,
Properties and Uses

Reports of the Academy of
Sciences of the Azerbaijan
SSR

Flora

Abkhazian Flora

Fl. Almat.

zapovedn.
Fl. Alt.
Fl. Alt. i Tomsk.
gub.
Fl. Az. Ross.
Fl. Evrop. Rossii
Fl. Gruzii
Fl. Kamch.
Fl. Kavk.
Fl. Man'chzh.
Fl. Sev. Kraya
igs esnioys
12, SHlos DEW ial,
Vost.

Hl. Sr. Ross:
Siew Youzhny,

Ross.
Fl. Talysh.
HL ovugo- Vost:
Fl. Zap. Sib.

Gerb. donsk. fl.
Gerb. Orlovsk. gub.
Gerb. Ukr. fl.

GRF
Ill. Fl. Mosk. gub.

Izv. AN SSSR
Izv. Bot. Sada

Izv. Bot. Sada.
Petra Vel.
Izv. Gl. Bot. Sada

Izv. Kavk. Muzeya

Izv. Kazakhst.
fil. AN SSSR

Izv. Kievsk. Bot.
Sada

Izv. Obshch.
lyubit. estest.
vozn., antrop.
i etnogr.

Konsp. rast. okr.
Khar'kova

Korm. rast
estestv. senoko-
sovi i pastb. SSSR

Flora Alma-Atinskogo
zapovednika

Flora Altaya

Flora Altaiskoi i
Tomskoi gubernii

Flora Aziatskoi Rossii

Flora Evropeiskoi Rossii

Flora Gruzii

Flora Kamchatki

Flora Kavkaza

Flora Man'chzhurii

Flora Severnogo Kraya

Flora Sibiri

Flora Sibiri i Dal'nego
Vostoka

Flora srednei Rossii

Flora srednei i yuzhnei
Rossii

Flora Talysha

Flora Yugo-Vostoka

Flora Zapadnoi Sibiri

Gerbarii donskoi flory

Gerbarii Orlovskoi gubernii

Gerbarii Ukrainskoi flory

Gerbarii Russkoi Flory
Illyustrirovannaya Flora
Moskovskoi gubernii

Izvestiya AN SSSR

Izvestiya Botanicheskogo
Sada

Izvestiya Botanicheskogo
Sada Petra Velikogo

Izvestiya glavnogo Bota-
nicheskogo Sada

Izvestiya Kavkazskogo
Muzeya

Izvestiya Kazakhstan-
skogo Filiala Akademii
Nauk SSSR

Izvestiya Kievskogo
Botanicheskogo Sada

Izvestiya Obshchestva
lyubitelei estestvoz-
naniya, antropologii i
etnografii

Konspekt rastenii okruga
Khar'kova

Kormovye rasteniya estest-
vennykh senokosov i
pastbishch SSSR

583

Flora of the Alma-Ata
Reserve

Altai Flora

Flora of Altai and Tomsk
Provinces

Flora of Asiatic Russia

Flora of European Russia

Georgian Flora

Kamchatkan Flora

Caucasian Flora

Manchurian Flora

Flora of the Northern
WerimMtOcy,

Siberian Flora

Flora of Siberia and
the Far East

Flora of Central Russia

Flora of Central and
Southern Russia

Talysh Flora

Flora of the Southeast

Flora of West Siberia

Herbarium of Don Flora

Herbarium of Orel Province

Herbarium of Ukrainian
Flora

Herbarium of Russian Flora

Illustrated Flora of
Moscow Province

Bulletin of the Academy
of Sciences ofthe USSR

Bulletin of the Botanical
Gardens

Bulletin of Peter the Great
Botanical Gardens

Bulletin of the Main
Botanical Gardens

Bulletin of the Caucasian
Museum

Bulletin of the Kazakhstan
Branch of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR

Bulletin of the Kiev
Botanical Gardens

Bulletin of the Naturalists’,
Anthropologists' and
Ethnographers' Society

Compendium of Plants of
Kharkov

Fodder Plants of Natural
Hay-meadows and
Pastures of the USSR

Lesn. zhurn.
Mat. (dlya) Fl.
Kavk.
Nov. obozr.
©cheobozr
Karpat
Ochenk. Maine ia:

TTL

Opis. Amur. obl.
Opred. der. i kust.
Opred. rast.
Dal'nevost. kr.
Opred. rast. Kavk.

Opred. vyssh. rast.

Opred. (vyssh.)
rasten. Evrop.

casti SSSR
Perech. rast.

Turk.
Putesh.

Rast. i fl. Karp.

Rast. letn. pastb.
Gandzh.

Rast. res. Lurkm.

Rast. resursy
Kavkaza

Rast. Sib.

IRYSIb, Sie. JAAS

Rastit. Kavk.
Rastit. pokrov.
vost. Pamira
Rastit. syr'e
Kazakhst.

Rastit. Turkm.
Rezul't. dvukh pute-
shestv. na Kavk.

Russk. FI.
Russk. lek. rast.

Sbor, sushkairaz.
lek. rast.

Soria, ies, SSish
Sov. Bot.
Spis. rast.

Lesnoi zhurnal

Materialy dlya Flory
Kavkaza

Novoe obozrenie

Ocherki rastitel'nosti i
flory Karpat

Ocherki Tiflisskoi flory

Opisanie Amurskoi oblasti

Opredelitel' derev'ev i
kustarnikov

Opredelitel' rastenii
Dal'nevostochnogo kraya

Opredelitel' rastenii
Kavkaza

Opredelitel'vysshikh
rastenii

Opredelitel' (vysshikh)
rastenii Evropeiskoi
chasti SSSR

Perechen' rastenii
Turkmenii

Puteshestviya

Rasteniya i flora Karpat

Rasteniya letnikh
pastbishch Gandzhi

Rastitel'nye resursy
Turkmenii

Rastitel'nye resursy
Kavkaza

Rastitel'nost! Sibiri

Rastitel'nost Srednei Azii

Rastitel'nost' Kavkaza

Rastitel'nyi pokrov
vostochnogo Pamira

Rastitel'noe syr'e
Kazakhstan

Rasteniya Turkmenii

Rezul'taty dvukh puteshest-
vii na Kavkaz

Russkaya Flora

Russkie lekarstvennye
rasteniya

Sbor, sushka i razvitie
lekarstvennykh rastenii

Sornye rasteniya SSSR

Sovetskaya Botanika
Spisok rastenii

584

Forestry Journal

Materials on Caucasian
Flora

New Review

Survey of Carpathian
Vegetation and Flora

Survey of Tiflis [Tbilisi]
Flora

Description of the Amur
Region

Key to Trees and Shrubs

Key to Plants of Far
Eastern Territory
Key to Caucasian Plants

Key to Higher Plants

Key to Higher Plants of
the European USSR

List of Turkmenian Plants

Travels

Plants and Flora of the
Carpathians

Vegetation of Gandzha [now
Kirovabad]Summer
Pastures

Plant Resources of
Turkmenia

Plant Resources of the
Caucasus

Vegetation of Siberia

Vegetation of Soviet
Central Asia

Vegetation of the Caucasus

Plant Cover ofthe Eastern
Pamirs

Plant Resources of
Kazakhstan

Vegetation of Turkmenia

Results of Two Travels to
the Caucasus

Russian Flora

Russian Medicinal Plants

Gathering, Drying and
Development of Medicinal
Plants

Weed Plants of the USSR

Soviet Botany

List of Plants

Tr. Bot. inst. AN
SSSR

Tr. Bot. Sada

Tr. Bot. Sada

Yur'evsk. Univ.

ice Dall neviost.
bazy AN SSSR

Tr. Inst. nov. lub.

syr'ya

Tr. Obshch. isp.
prin. Khar'k:
univ.

Tr. Peterb.
obshch. estest-
voisp.

Tr. pochv.-bot.
eksp. Peresl,
upr.

Tr. po geobot.
obsled. pastb.
Azerb.

Thien joven glay ovo} ie
(gen. i sel. )

Tr. Ross. Obshch.

sadov.
Wie, SAU)

Tr. Sarat.
obshch. estest-
voisp.

Tr. Sil'sko-
gospod. komit.
bot.

Tr. SPb. obshch.
estestv.

Tr. Tadzh. bazy
AN SSSR

Iie, Well, leyore.
inst.

Trudy Botanicheskogo
instituta AN SSSR

Trudy Botanicheskogo
Sada

Trudy Botanicheskogo
Sada Yur'evskogo
Universiteta

Trudy Dal'nevostochnoi
bazy AN SSSR

Trudy Instituta novogo
lubyanogo syr'ya

Trudy Obshchestva
ispytatelei prirody
Khar 'kovskogo
universiteta

Trudy Peterburgskogo
obshchestva
estestvoispytatelei

Trudy pochvenno-

botanicheskoi ekspeditsii

Pereslavsxogo uprav-
leniya

Trudy po geobotaniche skim

obsledovaniyam past-
bishch Azerbaidzhana

Trudy po prikladnoi
botanike, genetike i
selektsii

Trudy Rossiiskogo
obshchestva sadovodov

Trudy Sredneaziatskogo
Gosudarstvennogo
Universiteta

Trudy Saratovskogo
obshchestva estest-
voispytatelei

Trudy sil'skohospodar'-
skoho komiteta botaniky

Trudy Sankt-Peterburg-
skogo obshchestva
estestvoispytatelei

Trudy Tadzhikskoi bazy
AN SSSR

Trudy Tbiliskogo botani-
cheskogo instituta

585

Transactions of the Botanical
Institute of the Academy
of Sciences of the USSR

Transactions of the Botanical
Gardens

Transactions of the Botanical
Gardens of Yur'ev [now
Tartu] University

Transactions of the Far
Eastern Base of the
Academy of Sciences of
the USSR

Transactions of the Institute
of New Fiber Raw Materials

Transactions of Naturalists'
Society of Kharkov
University

Transactions of St.
Petersburg Naturaliats'
Society

Transactions of the Soil-
Botanical Expedition of
Pereslavl Administration

Transactions of
Geobotanical Investigations
of Azerbaijan SSR Pastures

Transactions of Applied
Botany, Genetics and
Selection

Transactions of the Russian
Horticulturists' Society

Transactions of the Soviet
Central Asian State
University

Transactions of the Saratov
Naturalists' Society

Transactions of the Botanical
Agricultural Committee

Transactions of the
St. Petersburg Naturalists'
Society

Transactions of the
Tadzhikistan Base of the
Academy of Sciences of the
USSR

Transactions of Tbilisi
Botanical Institute

ie Hue (ox Lighs)
bot. sada

Tr. Turkmensk.
bot. sada

Tr. Turk. nauchn.
obshch.

Vest. Akad. Nauk
(or AN)
Kazakhsk. SSR

Vestn. estestv.
nauk

Vestn. Ross.
Obshch. sadov.

Vest. Tifl. bot.
sada

Trudy Tbilisskogo
(Tifliskogo) botaniche -
skogo sada

Trudy Turkmenskogo
botanicheskogo sada

Trudy Turkmenskogo
nauchnogo obshchestva

Vestnik Akademii Nauk
Kazakhskoi SSR

Vestnik estestvennykh
nauk

Vestnik Rossiiskogo
obshchestva sadovodov

Vestnik Tiflisskogo
botanicheskogo sada

Vizn. (or Vznachn.) Viznachnyk roslyn USSR

rosl. URSR

V obl. polupustyni

Yadov. rast. lugov
i pastb.

Zam. po sist. i
geogr. rast.
Mbit bots ise:

Zhurn. Bot.
obshch.

Zhurn. opytn.
agron. Yugo-
Vost.

1670

V oblasti polupustyni

Yadovitye rasteniya lugov
i pastbishch

Zametki po sistematike
i geografii rastenii
Tbilisskogo botaniche-
skogo instituta

Zhurnal Botanicheskogo
obshchestva

Zhurnal opytnoi agronomii
Yugo-Vostoka

586

Transactions of the Tbilisi
(Tiflis) Botanical Garden

Transactions of the
Turkmenian Botanical
Garden

Transactions of the
Turkmenian Scientific
Society

Bulletin of the Academy of
Sciences of the Kazakh SSR

Bulletin of Natural Sciences

Bulletin of the Russian
Horticulturists' Society
Bulletin of Tiflis Botanical

Garden
Key to Plants of Ukrainian
SSR
(In the) Semidesert Region
Poisonous Plants of
Meadows and Pastures
Notes on Taxonomy and
Geography of Plants of the
Tbilisi Botanical Institute

Journal of the Botanical
Society

Journal of Experimental
Agronomy of the Southeast

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