Flora of Yucatan

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FLORA OF YUCATAN

PAUL C. STANDLEY

Soon after the organization of Field Museum of Natural History,
in 1893, the Curator of the Department of Botany, the late Dr. Charles
F. Millspaugh, became interested in the botanical exploration of the
Yucatan Peninsula. It would have been difficult to choose a part
of tropical America less known botanically or, probably, one which
would prove more interesting. Practically nothing was known at
that time of the plants inhabiting the limestone plains and low hills
of Yucatan. Today we are far from possessing a complete knowl-
edge of the Yucatan flora, but what information we do have — a
very respectable amount, as the ensuing pages will prove — is the
result almost wholly of the work of two men, Dr. Millspaugh and
Dr. George F. Gaumer, performed with the support of Field Museum.

Dr. Millspaugh made two visits to Yucatan in order to collect
plants. Dr. Gaumer, who died as recently as September 2, 1929,
forty-five years in the state, and throughout this time he
maintained an interest in natural history. A list of his earliest
plant collections, from Cozumel Island, was inserted in the fourth
and supplemental volume of Hemsley's Botany of Salvin and
Godman's monumental Biologia Centrali- Americana. For years he
collected intermittently, but when, through Dr. Millspaugh's
igency, his work was financed by Field Museum, he devoted an
increased amount of his time to botanical exploration of Yucatan
and Quintana Roo. As a result, a huge quantity of specimens was
assembled. Some of these were gathered personally by Dr. Gaumer,
and others under his supervision by his sons or by native collectors.

Dr. Gaumer's botanical activities continued for more than thirty
years, until his work was made difficult by physical infirmities
resulting from advancing years, about the time of Dr. Millspaugh's
death. He collected with some degree of completeness over much
of Yucatan and the adjacent portions of Quintana Roo. Of the
flora of the southern part of the latter territory, unfortunately, we
still know absolutely nothing, except by inference.

Dr. Gaumer did more than merely assemble a collection of dried
herbarium specimens. Himself a practising physician, he was keenly
interested in medicinal properties attributed to the plants by the
native people. He gathered assiduously all available data upon the

157

158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

subject, and himself employed the local plants in treating his pa-
tients. His eulogies of the supposed therapeutic properties of certain
members of the Yucatan flora, especially when further embellished
by Dr. Millspaugh's own somewhat unorthodox medical views,
arouse mild amusement. It is scarcely necessary to caution the
reader that the medicinal properties ascribed to certain plants in
the present flora are to be taken with liberal reservations. It is
unfortunate only that it is impossible to determine from the notes
at the writer's disposal which of the supposed curative properties of
the plants are ascribed to them by the Yucatecans, and which by
Dr. Gaumer. The former would have a real interest from a strictly
ethnological standpoint.

Dr. Gaumer exerted himself, also, to obtain data regarding gen-
eral economic applications of the plants, and here he was eminently
successful. It is to be regretted that he was not a trained ethnolo-
gist, that he might have searched for possible remnants of ritual
uses of the plants, or have investigated their place, if any, in folk
lore.

As is well known, the majority of the present-day Yucatecans
speak Maya rather than Spanish, some of them nothing at all of
the latter language. Dr. Gaumer devoted a great deal of time to
learning the Maya plant names, and his success is indicated by the
fact that a Maya name is recorded here for nearly every species.
Ralph L. Roys, who has engaged in study of Maya botany,
reports that the names recorded by Dr. Gaumer are usually well
written, and apparently exact. Some of the notes to which I have
had access state that his plan in assembling these names was to
show the plants to several Mayas, record the names they gave, and
then select the one he considered most apt or appropriate. This
method is not to be commended. It would have been preferable to
report all the names communicated by the informants, and let the
reader make his own selection, perhaps with an indication of the
preference of the compiler. If such a complete list had been pre-
served, probably it would now be possible to identify some of the
perplexing names of the old medical works.

It would be unjust to leave the subject of the Gaumer plants
without mentioning their handling after receipt in Chicago. The
large collections formed by Dr. Gaumer included great numbers of
duplicates, especially of his later series. At the time of Dr. Mills-
paugh's death, these remained unorganized, along with many dupli-
cates of his earlier years. In many or most cases the data for the

FLORA OF YUCATAN 159

numbers had to be sought with the original specimens distributed
into the herbarium of Field Museum.

Assistant Curator J. Francis Macbride undertook the organiza-
tion of this imposing mass of duplicates, and to him and to Miss
Edith M. Vincent, who assisted in the work, are indebted the her-
baria which have received sets of this important series, containing
so many endemic or rare species. The immense amount of uninter-
esting and tedious labor involved in such a task can be appreciated
only by one who, like the present writer, has himself undertaken
such a discouraging and thankless task. However, the work finally
was brought to an end, and the material all labeled and arranged in
sets, most of which have been distributed to the principal herbaria
of the United States and Europe.

A word of explanation might be offered regarding the quality of
some of the material included in the sets as distributed. They con-
tained specimens of many common species, because it is of such
plants that most floras are chiefly composed. In some instances
material of rare or endemic species that had been somewhat damaged
by insects was included, since it was believed that most herbaria
would prefer to have even an inferior specimen of a rare species
rather than no representation at all. The quality of the material
of this sort, if it needs any defense or apology, is not the fault of the
one who prepared it for distribution. The insect damage had been
done before the collection came to his attention, and in preparing
the sets for distribution he properly destroyed a vast amount of
material badly damaged or representing common weedy species.

PREPARATION AND SCOPE OF THE FLORA

Dr. Millspaugh's papers upon the flora of Yucatan fill the greater
portion of the first two volumes of the Botanical Series of Field
Museum, and constitute the first two parts of the third volume, of
which the present flora forms the concluding part. In these papers
he brought together previously published reports of Yucatan plants,
and added the records based upon the collections of Dr. Gaumer
and himself, as well as those of the few other collectors who visited
the region.

It was his intention to publish a complete flora of Yucatan, and
a beginning was made in the third volume, with accounts of the
ferns, grasses, and sedges. A few drawings were prepared to illus-
trate further parts.

160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

At the time of Dr. Millspaugh's death there had accumulated
a large quantity of the Gaumer collections which never had been
studied or determined. By the Director of Field Museum the present
writer, then at the United States National Museum, was requested
to determine the collections and to prepare an enumeration of them.
The list here published is the result. The greater part of it was
written at the National Museum and during six weeks spent at
Field Museum in September and October, 1927.

The manuscript has lain almost complete, except for the intro-
duction and certain final touches of minor importance, ever since
the writer became a member of the staff of Field Museum, in June,
1928. Only a certain innate indolence has delayed its final sub-
mission to the printer until the present time.

The very large accumulations of Gaumer plants required a long
time for their determination. They consisted principally of material
gathered from 1917 to 1921, but included also many earlier numbers,
fragmentary or otherwise difficult, which never had been identified.

Dr. Millspaugh himself in his later papers changed many of his
early determinations, and recent systematic work necessitates many
other corrections. In the following list an attempt has been made
to indicate all published Yucatan reports of species incorrectly
named. In a few instances, especially in the case of Seler plants, of
which there is only a partial set in the herbarium of Field Museum,
it has been impossible to verify or correct the records, because the
specimens on which they were based could not be found.

In listing the specific names of the Yucatan flora full biblio-
graphic citations are given only for species described from the re-
gion. For these it has been the intention to report every generic
transfer to which they have been subjected. For other species listed
there have been cited, as a rule, only such synonyms as have been
employed in reporting Yucatan material, besides erroneous deter-
minations, when these have been discovered.

In order to lessen the space required for this tiresome and, like
all synonymy, useless repetition of discarded names, certain greatly
abbreviated forms have been used for citation of works to which
most frequent reference is made. These abbreviations are the fol-
lowing: FMB., Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series;
BJE., Engler's Botanische Jahrbiicher; CNH., Contributions from
the United States National Herbarium.

In the preparation of this enumeration of the Yucatan flora an
attempt has been made to examine every specimen from the region

FLORA OF YUCATAN 161

in the herbarium of Field Museum and in the United States National
Herbarium. The former contains by far the largest and most com-
prehensive representation of the Yucatan flora, and the few other
collections deposited elsewhere probably would add little or nothing
to the present list.

The word "Yucatan" is used here in a broad sense which is far
from accurate from a political standpoint. This flora has been
planned to cover all parts of the Yucatan Peninsula lying in Mexico,
that is, the states of Campeche and Yucatan and the territory of
Quintana Roo. The term "Yucatan" as used in Dr. Millspaugh's
papers included Yucatan and Quintana Roo, the latter territory not
having been created politically at that time.

As a matter of fact, the use of the word "Yucatan" in the title
is not at all inappropriate, because most of the Gaumer collections
were made in that state, with only occasional forays into Quintana
Roo, a region shunned even at present, for the most part, as it has
been for the past hundred years, by all except its sturdy Maya in-
habitants, who are far from hospitable toward strangers. Of the
flora of Campeche our present knowledge probably could be recorded
on a single page of not very small print.

In order to bring within the present paper some species certain
to occur in the outskirts of the three states which it is aimed to
cover, there have been included a few records from collections just
outside the proper limits of the flora. A number of plants found by
Rovirosa on the border of Tabasco are enumerated, and a small
number obtained by 0. F. Cook in northern Pete'n, Guatemala.

The writer could add a substantial number of species which he
is morally certain grow in southern Quintana Roo, but such a pro-
cedure would scarcely deserve approbation in a work supposedly
scientific. If there had been available two years ago the collections
now at hand from northern British Honduras, only a few miles
away from Quintana Roo, I should have included that region in
the flora of Yucatan.

GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE

The Yucatan Peninsula consists properly of the states of Yucatan
and Campeche and the territory of Quintana Roo, in Mexico, the
colony of British Honduras, and the Department of Pete'n, Guate-
mala. The present flora purports to deal only with the Mexican
portion, which is remarkably uniform geologically and geographically.

162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

The Mexican region consists of a great plain having an area^of
about 55,000 square miles, approximately the same as that of the
state of Illinois. It is formed by a vast sheet of Recent limestone
rock of porous and friable character. The northern part of the
Peninsula is a uniform, almost level plain, but farther south the
surface is undulating, with alternating depressions and low hills,
which in Yucatan and Quintana Roo do not exceed an elevation of
275 meters, and in Campeche but slightly more. There are no
mountains and no eruptive rocks. The beds of sedimentary rocks,
mainly coralline limestone, are horizontal or only slightly tilted.

Data concerning climate are available only for M£rida, in
northern Yucatan, where conditions doubtless are typical of those
existing throughout the northern part of the Peninsula. The re-
cords which I have seen for this locality cover fifteen years. The
annual mean temperature is 25.8° C. The highest temperature re-
corded was 40.8°, in March; the lowest 7.2°, in December, January,
and February. The warmest months are March to October, the
cooler ones November to February.

The average annual rainfall is 80.7 cm. The wet months are
June to October, followed by a prolonged dry season, from November
to May. None of the months are altogether rainless, the lowest
average rainfall being that of March, with only 14 mm. According
to all writers upon the region, the southern part of the Peninsula
has a substantially greater rainfall, and doubtless a higher mean
temperature.

Perhaps the most striking physiographic feature of Yucatan is
the absence of surface streams. No permanent ones exist except in
the extreme southwest and southeast. There are a few stream beds
in which there is running water for a short time, but as soon as the
rains cease the water quickly disappears. The limestone is so porous
and the surface so level that rain water sinks immediately below the
surface, where it forms underground reservoirs in the great caves
which abound here.

These underground tanks, or cenotes, have always been the chief
source of drinking water for the inhabitants. Frequently, especially
in the more hilly regions, there are depressions lined with marl in
which pools or small lakes are formed during the rains, to remain
sometimes almost throughout the dry season. There are several
permanent lakes of small or medium size. The best known is Lake
Chichankanab, near the center of the Peninsula, whose water is

FLORA OF YUCATAN 163

strongly alkaline. Farther south is Lake Bacalar, a salt-water lagoon
about thirty-seven miles long and only one mile wide.

VEGETATION

Notwithstanding the considerable number of plants collected in
Yucatan, we have scant information regarding the general aspect of
the vegetation. The nature of the plant covering of the coastal
dunes, rocks, and beaches it is easy to picture, because it must be
like that existing elsewhere along the warmer parts of the Gulf
Coast. In the dry region of the northern plains there are few large
trees, with only occasional palms. Where not under cultivation, the
land is covered with shrubs or small scrubby trees, many of them
spiny, and most of them shedding their leaves during the dry season.
A few cactuses are plentiful. It is here that henequen is cultivated
so extensively.

In the central, undulating part of the Peninsula, where there is
a substantially heavier rainfall, there are extensive forests, the trees,
apparently, seldom of great size but often in dense stands. This
part of the Peninsula, as well as th6 southern portion, is but sparsely
inhabited, by Maya Indians who have little intercourse with the
settlements of the north.

The forests of Quintana Roo and Campeche yield many valuable
woods and other products. They are the center of the logwood trade,
formerly, at least, an industry of great commercial importance. The
region^is also the center of chicle production, and chicle gum is now
its chief natural article of export. Large amounts of mahogany,
Spanish cedar, and fustic have been exported, with smaller quanti-
ties of cacao, sarsaparilla, allspice, and rubber.

The most important article now exported is henequen fiber.
Most of it is grown on the plains of Yucatan, and to this state it
has long been its principal source of wealth. Without henequen the
farmers of the United States as well as those of many other
countries would find it difficult to harvest their wheat, for no
satisfactory substitute ever has been found for it in the manufacture
of binder twine.

Among the other agricultural products, maize still holds the
eminent position which it has always held among the Mayas. There
are grown, also, rice, beans, sugar cane, cotton, a great variety of
tropical fruits, and many of the common vegetables of tropical and
temperate climates.

164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE YUCATAN FLORA

By its geological and physiographic features as well as by its
human inhabitants the Yucatan Peninsula is sharply differentiated
from the rest of Mexico. The interests and welfare of the Yucatecans
have so little in common with central Mexico that on several occa-
sions it has been proposed seriously that Yucatan should secede and
form an independent country. Indeed, the state sometimes has
functioned as a practically independent country, with scant regard
to the wishes or mandates of the federal government.

Analytical study of the Yucatan flora confirms one's expecta-
tions that it should prove radically different from that of other
portions of Mexico and Central America. The prevailing limestone,
the absence of surface streams, and the long dry season, something
quite unusual along the eastern coast, are a sufficient guarantee
that the Yucatan plants will be different from those of neighboring
countries.

There are many matters of plant distribution in Mexico and
Central America which are hard to explain. In the mountains —
not in the lowlands — of Salvador there have been collected several
Yucatan species whose distribution, so far as known at present, is
at least curious. Perhaps their ranges will appear natural enough,
and continuous, when the intervening regions are better known.

A glance at the map will explain why Yucatan, jutting far out
beyond the rest of Mexico, and almost reaching Cuba, should possess
many species in common with the latter country, especially since
their geological conditions are so similar. The writer has never been
greatly impressed by any evidence of a close relationship between
the floras of Mexico and the West Indies. Apparently there is none.
In the case of Yucatan the conditions are different. Since there is
no published list of the Cuban flora, it would be necessary to make
a search throughout the herbarium in order to determine what per-
centage of the plants here listed is common to Cuba and Yucatan,
and the time necessary for such a task might be spent more profit-
ably in other work. It is evident to any one at all familiar with the
flora of tropical North America that the percentage of such species is
a very high one, higher, no doubt, than could be found elsewhere
along the mainland.

In naming recent collections of British Honduras plants, I have
been surprised many times, in attempting to determine some species
evidently new to Central America, to discover that it was a well-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 165

known Jamaican species, or else closely related to one. British
Honduras seems to be the only region of Central America whose
flora has pronounced Antillean affinities. It appears to be almost
as much out of place in Central America as is that of Yucatan in
Mexico.

In the following list there are enumerated not only the native
and naturalized plants but also those in cultivation. For one visit-
ing or living in a region, the cultivated plants are almost or quite
as interesting as the native ones, and usually they include a large
proportion of the species of economic importance. On this account
they deserve a place in every flora.

This list includes 129 families, 667 genera, and 1,263 species.
Subtracting the introduced elements, the native Yucatan flora, as
known at present, consists of 557 genera and 1,068 species. The
number of species certainly is not large, and compares very un-
favorably with the flora of such a tropical region as the Panama
Canal Zone, or a temperate area like the District of Columbia, each
with only a fraction of the area of the Peninsula. The only con-
spicuously large Yucatan families are the following:

Genera Species

Leguminosae 44 119

Compositae 56 86

Euphorbiaceae 19 69

Gramineae 32 68

Perusal of the systematic list will reveal a surprisingly large
number of species endemic in Yucatan. The total number of such
plants is 185, or 17 per cent of the native flora. Particularly note-
worthy are the Euphorbiaceae, with 39 per cent of the species con-
fined to the region. I have considered those species which occur in
northern British Honduras as endemic to the Peninsula. No doubt
further exploration in neighboring territory will reduce the percent-
age of endemism, but it will always remain high for a continental
area.

Three genera of the Rubiaceae and Compositae — Asemnanthe,
Goldmanella, and Plagiolophus — are confined to the Peninsula.

There deserve mention, also, forty-two species (probably an even
larger number, since they have not been verified carefully) which,
in Mexico, are known only from Yucatan. Several of them are
plants of the coastal dunes or rocks, some of them known only on
the islands, and most of them are widespread West Indian species.

166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF THE
YUCATAN PENINSULA

Of the various floras prepared by the present writer, this is the
only one covering a region in which he has not himself collected.
His personal experience with the Yucatan flora is a remote and in-
tangible one, consisting as it does of a view of the low green shore
from the deck of a ship bound southward to Guatemala.

Yucatan collections available for study are rather extensive,
those in the herbarium of Field Museum amounting to more than
7,000 specimens.

The coast of the Yucatan Peninsula was the first part of Mexico
discovered by the Spaniards, but it is to be doubted that the earliest
visitors were much interested in the vegetation, except as the tangled
mangroves impeded their access to the shore. Many of the trees and
plant products seen by Hernandez de Cordoba and Juan de Grijalva
and their men were already familiar to them from their residence
in Cuba.

Of the peculiar products of Yucatan, logwood and mahogany
must have been among the first to reach Europe. Logwood was
shipped to Spain at a very early date. There are numerous pre-Lin-
naean references to it, and it is one of the two plants closely asso-
ciated with Yucatan which are described by Linnaeus in the 1753
edition of the Species plantarum.

The first botanist who collected in the Yucatan Peninsula seems
to have been William Houstoun. Several species which he obtained
in Campeche are described by Philip Miller in 1768. In the Nova
genera et species of Humboldt and Bonpland (1815-21) there are
described several additional species from Campeche. It is not cer-
tain who collected them, but probably they were obtained by
Humboldt and Bonpland while their ship lay in port, on the way
from Veracruz to Cuba.

In 1835 Jean Jules Linden, en route to Veracruz, gathered about
twenty-five species in Yucatan. The next collection recorded is that
of Ezekiel Porter Johnson, who is said to have visited the region in
1848. His specimens, most of them in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden (they were sent to Dr. Torrey) and some
in the Kew herbarium and the herbarium of Field Museum, are
labeled as coming from "Yucatan and Tabasco." Since most of the
species represented have not been found by other collectors in

FLORA OF YUCATAN 167

Yucatan, it is suspected that most of them, at least, were obtained
in Tabasco.

The first large collection of Yucatan plants was made in 1864-
66 by Arthur Schott, who had been engaged by the Mexican govern-
ment to make a geological survey of the Peninsula. His specimens,
amounting to about 850 numbers, were distributed to various her-
baria of the United States and Europe, but his own herbarium,
containing the original set of specimens, was acquired some years
ago by Field Museum.

The largest series obtained by any one collector in the region is
that assembled by Dr. G. F. Gaumer, to which reference already has
been made. Dr. Gaumer's first specimens were gathered in 1885-86
on Cozumel and other islands off the east coast, while he was engaged
in collecting birds for Godman and Salvin. In those years he ob-
tained 224 species of plants, which are listed by Hemsley in the
fourth volume of the Botany of the Biologia Centrali- Americana. In
1895, through the influence of Dr. Millspaugh, Dr. Gaumer obtained
about 600 numbers of plants, which were listed in the first volume
of the Botanical Series of Field Museum. In later years, especially
from 1917 to 1921, his collections were greatly increased. In the
herbarium of Field Museum there are more than 5,400 specimens
collected by Dr. Gaumer.

Porfirio Valdez, in 1887, made a small collection of plants, chiefly
medicinal ones, about Progreso, MeYida, and Tikul, and Field
Museum has 100 specimens which he collected in 1896.

In 1890 Witmer Stone, of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences,
while a member of a geological expedition conducted by Angelo
Heilprin, gathered about 300 plants in northern Yucatan.

Dr. Charles F. Millspaugh, in January, 1894, collected about
Chichen Itza and on Cozumel and Mugeres islands. Again, in
February and March, 1899, while a guest of Allison V. Armour
on the yacht Utowana, he botanized about Chichen Itza and Pro-
greso and on Alacran Shoals. His Yucatan collections in the her-
barium of Field Museum amount to 620 sheets.

The same herbarium contains forty-six specimens collected in
Yucatan in 1900 by Efraim Gutierrez Rivas. E. A. Goldman, of
the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of
Agriculture, visited Yucatan in 1901 in order to study the fauna.
Incidentally to this zoological work, he made a small collection

168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

of plants, of which there are fifty-three specimens in the Museum
herbarium.

One of the larger collections of Yucatan plants is that made by
Eduard Seler and his wife, Caecilia Seler. He was one of the fore-
most authorities upon the ethnology of Central America, and was
interested also in its natural history. He collected in Yucatan in
1902-3, obtaining 236 numbers; in Yucatan and Campeche in the
autumn of 1907; and in Yucatan again in the autumn of 1911. There
are 172 specimens of his collections in Field Museum herbarium.

Dr. Jesse More Greenman collected in northern Yucatan for
Field Museum in 1906, obtaining about 180 numbers of plants. Guy
N. Collins, of the United States Department of Agriculture, visited
the region in the winter of 1912-13. His original collection is in the
United States National Museum, and twenty-five duplicates are in
Field Museum.

In the summer of 1929 Dr. J. Becquaert collected about 100
numbers of plants for the Arnold Arboretum in northern Yucatan.
A nearly complete series has been deposited in Field Museum.

Of Campeche plants Field Museum possesses only a few, col-
lected by E. A. Goldman and by Eduard Seler. Probably no other
herbarium contains many more, and the state is practically a virgin
field for collectors.

The statement that this list of the plants of Yucatan is far from
being a complete enumeration of the flora of the Peninsula may be
made with all confidence. The chief collections made in the area
have been gathered by a man who was scarcely a botanist, although
evidently possessing a good general knowledge of plants.

Dr. Gaumer devoted little attention to the cryptogams, of which
there must be several hundred species in the region. Even in the
phanerogams it is certain that there must be much to be discovered.
Further exploration should almost or quite double the number of
species of Gramineae and Cyperaceae. A collection of only 100
numbers of plants gathered in the most frequented parts of Yucatan
in 1929 contained three species of rather conspicuous plants not
reported previously.

As has been remarked elsewhere, scarcely anything is known of
the floras of Quintana Roo and Campeche. Having a heavier rain-
fall, and by all the fragmentary reports a much more luxuriant vege-
tation, they must have a richer flora than the state of Yucatan. I
have little doubt, therefore, that the total flora of the whole Penin-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 169

sula includes fully twice as many species of flowering plants as there
are listed in the present enumeration.

It is not probable that the botanical exploration of the region
will be completed in the near future. Botanists, at least modern
ones, like other naturalists, choose the pleasant and agreeable regions
in which to work rather than those of prime botanic interest. It is
an easy matter to indicate on a map the areas of tropical America
in which the richest results could be obtained, but try to find a
botanist who will explore them. Collectors are not to be blamed
harshly for such an attitude, since a visit to some of the most allur-
ing localities would involve not only such bodily discomforts as
mosquito and ant bites, or the occasional absence of fresh meat or
hot milk, of which I have heard botanists complain, but a somewhat
more real danger of disease and permanent disability or even death.

Quintana Roo is still a sparsely inhabited territory because of
the unfriendliness of its few primitive inhabitants toward strangers.
Moreover, it is reputed to be infested with malignant malaria.
Campeche possesses large tracts difficult of access. It may be pre-
dicted with all confidence that for some time to come most botanists
who visit the Yucatan Peninsula will continue, as heretofore, to con-
fine their travels to the usual tourist routes of the state of Yucatan,
or to the more easily accessible portions of northern British
Honduras.

VERNACULAR NAMES

Under each species in the following list are cited the vernacular
names recorded from the area under consideration. The names are
of three languages, Maya, Spanish, and English. The Maya names
are those used by the Maya-speaking natives of the Yucatan Penin-
sula, and are the ones first listed under the species. The Spanish
names, preceded by the abbreviation "Sp.," are those reported as in
use in Yucatan, Campeche, or Quintana Roo. In some instances
names current in Tabasco also are listed, since they are likely to be
employed in Campeche, even if not reported for that state. The
English names, in most cases readily recognizable as such, are
those used in British Honduras.

The majority of the Maya names here listed were collected by
Dr. G. F. Gaumer and are included in his manuscript Sinonimia
cientifica y vulgar de las plantas yucatecas, but others have been
extracted from the works of various authors cited in the bibliog-
raphy. Ralph L. Roys has been kind enough to examine the

170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

lists, and has corrected some of the names, but it is not to be under-
stood that he approves of all those cited. Some of these are indi-
cated plainly as taken from the publications of certain writers, and
these, even when obviously incorrect, have been included, so
as to make a complete record of the Maya plant names found in
literature.

Some of the Maya names are highly descriptive, and in certain
instances they follow closely the derivation of Aztec names for the
same or related plants. In only a few cases has the etymology of
the names been indicated, because in few instances has it been
explained by other writers, and the present writer's scant knowledge
of the language is quite unequal to the dangerous task of suggesting
meanings for the plant names.

There are recorded in old manuscripts and in various Maya
dictionaries many plant names which have not been identified. A
list of these is given, with the hope that future workers in the region
may interest themselves in discovering their significance. One of
the most prolific sources of plant names is the manuscript Motul
Dictionary, mentioned in the bibliography.

The Maya language is spoken in the Yucatan Peninsula and even
as far away as Chiapas. In Guatemala there are Indian tribes
whose languages are closely related. Many plant names from their
dialects have been cited on the succeeding pages, for comparison
with the vernacular names of Yucatan.

In connection with some of the vernacular names abbreviations
are used to indicate the regions from which these are reported. The
abbreviations are self-explanatory to one familiar with the local
geography: Yuc., Yucatan; Camp., Campeche; Q. R., Quintana
Roo; Tab., Tabasco; and B. H., British Honduras.

MAYA BOTANICAL TERMS

The Maya language contains a large number of words relating
to plants, not so large a number as the Nahuatl tongue, but never-
theless a surprisingly rich vocabulary, as one may learn by glancing
over the pages of any Maya dictionary. Such an extensive botanical
terminology proves that these people were and are on intimate
terms with the plants growing about them.

It may be of interest to make reference here to some of the
general Maya terms relating to plants and their parts. Such words,

FLORA OF YUCATAN

171

as found in the dictionaries, are insignificant in number in com-
parison with those of the extensive Nahuatl vocabularies.

Xiu. Herb or plant.

Che. Tree or wood. The Motul Dic-
tionary gives as synonyms cheel,
cheil, chelel, and chelil. The word
cheel signifies also "wood" or "trunk."

Ak, akil. Vine.

Zic. Firewood.

Sool. Bark. The Motul Dictionary
defines coo as "corteza sacada del
arbol, para sogas," and hool as tough
bark used for tying. Upach che also
is defined as "bark."

Chilib. Branches or stems of trees or
herbs.

Chilibche. A leafless tree with many
branches.

Kab. A tree branch.

Ol. A young shoot or branch.

Kix, kiix. Spine or thorn.

Motz. Root.

UL A thick, fleshy root or bulb.

Le, ual. Leaf.

AlamiL Sprouts.

Canil. Sprouts or offshoots from the

roots of plants.
Toopp. Flower bud.
Nicte, nic. Flower.
Lol. A large flower.

Bab. A cluster of fruits, such as grapes,
coconuts, bananas, cotton, or beans.

Ich. Fruit.

Pacax. Fresh seed of melons, beans,
maize, etc. (Motul Dictionary).

Nek. Seed or stone of a fruit.

UNIDENTIFIED VERNACULAR NAMES

In the various publications relating to Yucatan, especially in
medical literature and manuscripts and in the dictionaries, there
are listed many Maya plant names, unassociated with their Latin
designations. These are listed here, in the hope that they may
attract the interest of some resident or visiting botanist or ethnolo-
gist, who may exert himself to learn whether they are still current.
If so, herbarium specimens of them should be procured, so that
they may be identified. Some of the names are important, and
their determination would be of great interest both ethnologically
and botanically.

Abal-ac.

Abaxtut. A tree.

Ac. A tall grass with broad leaves
which sometimes are used for thatch-
ing.

Ac-aban.
Acal.

Acam. Gann states that the leaves are
applied hot to reduce swelling and
relieve pain in the case of enlarge-
ment of the spleen and liver.

Acam-xiu.

Acan. Also written ak-can. According
to Perez, an herb with cordate leaves
and with milky sap which was used
to cure toothache and snake bites.
Called also yaax-acan.

Acanceh. A spreading herb.

Acche. Certain herbs whose leaves are
eaten by the Indians in time of
famine, and from whose flowers the
bees make honey (Motul Diet.).

Achaban. An herb with offensive odor,
but useful for flavoring food (Motul
Diet.).

Ahauche. Certain trees without fruit
from which they make ax handles,
and their roots if chewed take away
pains of the stomach (Motul Diet.).

Ahchacuech. A tree and its fruit, a
kind of kumche (Motul Diet.). Per-
haps a species of Crescentia.

Ah-chicam-kuch.

Ah-chuch.

Ahich. A fruit tree (Motul Diet.).

Ahichilche. A fruit tree (Motul Diet.).

172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Ahkiixche, ahkiixilche. A spiny tree
(Motul Diet.). Perhaps a generic
term for spiny trees.

Ahnacchacchu. Large gourds used to
hold water (Motul Diet.). Perhaps
a cucurbit.

Ah-tab.

Ah-tukub.

Alegria. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Am-ak. Probably a cactus.

Amakil. An herb, used medicinally;
said to resemble sarsaparilla, and per-
haps a species of Smilax.

Amcan-ak.

Amcan-xiu.

Anal-kak. Possibly Asclepias curassa-
vica.

Anal-xiu. Perhaps Asclepias curassa-
vica.

Apche. A tree.

Arbol de corcho. Sp. A tree of Quintana
Roo, with a trunk 30 cm. or more in
diameter; used for construction pur-
poses.

Arraydn. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo
with a trunk 30 cm. in diameter;
wood used for cabinet work and con-
struction.

Babtun. A plant with broad leaves,
bearing certain mazorcas which are
eaten by pigs; root eaten by the In-
dians in time of famine (Motul
Diet.).

Bacche. A tree.

Bahain, babain.

Bataban. A vine with white flowers;
used as a remedy for fevers and other
diseases.

Beescan. A vine, used medicinally.

Bez-can.

Bich-coc.

Bilim-coc.

Bob. A tree with large leaves (Motul

Diet.).
Bob-chich.
Bobote-ak.
Bocanche. A tree whose leaves are used

medicinally.
Boloconte. Said to be a very common

tree of Tabasco, with small red fruits;

reported also from Yucatan.
Boloncote. A tree, probably the same as

the preceding.
Bolon couch. Probably the same as

bolon-uoh. A remedy for fevers.

Bolonhobon. Called also yalahobon. A

vine with yellow flowers.
Bolon-uoh.

Boxek. A timber tree.
Boxhich. A timber tree.
Boxhocab. A timber tree.
Boxsachec-che. A timber tree.
Boxzlnic-che. A timber tree.
Buhum-kak, buhum-coc.
Bulceh. An herb growing along sea-

shores.
Buluchcaan. "Balsamo o liquiddmbar

— y unas manzanillas de esta tierra"

(Motul Diet.).

Butz-coc. A medicinal plant.
Buul-che.

Cabacche. The tree which gives the gum

called chox (Motul Diet.).
Cabalchi. An emetic herb with flowers

like those of nancen (Perez).
Cabalkin. A small, medicinal plant

with small leaves and flesh-colored

flowers.
Cabal-kopte.
Cabalkuiche. A low, medicinal plant

with the odor of cedro.
Cabal-put.
Cabal-zilil.
Cabal-ziz.

Cacalia. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Cacate. "Fire-tree." A giant tree of

Chiapas and Tabasco. The white,

bitter kernels of the hard fruits are

cooked with salt and eaten.
Cahum. A tree.
Cal-pakam. Probably a cactus.
Campel-tsu. A vine with medicinal

properties.
Canacin. A timber tree.

Canal-hulub.

Canbal-zac.

Canche, cocche. An herb, a remedy for

asthma and other affections.
Canela de cuyo. Sp. A timber tree.
Can-taa-uii.
Cante-tsu.

Cantibte-ak. A vine.
Caracolillo. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Cataox. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Ceh-che.
Ceh-chikin.

FLORA OF YUCATAN

173

Cencerro. Sp. A timber tree.

Cib-ak.

Cib-che. A medicinal tree. Perhaps
Protium,

Cicim kuch. A medicinal herb.

Cihom. A tree whose leaves were scat-
tered in the temple courts when chil-
dren were baptized (Landa).

Ciruelillo. Sp. A timber tree.

Citam-ac. '

Coc-aac.

Coc-ak.

Cocom. A vine with yellow flowers.

Copal gomoso. Sp. A tree with medi-
cinal properties.

Corales-ak. Sp. and Maya. A pros-
trate herb; leaves small, pale; flowers
white; roots red like coral; sap milky.
An infusion of the root is applied as
a remedy for erysipelas (Cuevas).

Co-tzimin.

Cuchil-uc. A medicinal herb.

Cum-kanan.

Cuntan.

Cup-kak, cup-che.

Cutsuc. The wood, ground into a paste,
is applied to the heads of small chil-
dren suffering from fevers and convul-
sions (Gann).

Cuxum-che.

Cuyum-che. The same as cib-che.

Choc. A timber tree.

Chacab. A timber tree.

Chacd bianco. Maya and Sp. A tree of
Quintana Roo.

Chacahuate. A timber tree.

Choc ak. Same as cacleumak. A medi-
cinal vine.

Chacal. A timber tree.

Chacam-che.

Chac-biken.

Chacbohon. A timber tree.

Chac-cancel-xiu. A medicinal plant
with milky sap.

Chac-catzim. Probably one of the
Leguminosae.

Chac-chimtok.

Chac-chixixmo, chicixmo. A shrub with
milky sap; a remedy for erysipelas
(Cuevas).

Chac-chom. Perhaps a bromeliad.

Chach. An herb used as a yellow dye.

Chac-hulubtekaak. Called also hulubte,
anal, xpolcutzil. A medicinal plant

with milky sap and small, pink and
yellow flowers. Milk administered
for affections of the spleen; crushed
leaves applied as poultices to relieve
erysipelas and inflammation (Cue-
vas). According to Cuevas, the plant
belongs to the Apocynaceae.

Chac-kuch.

Chac-kuxub.

Chac-le-onob.

Chac-leum-ak.

Chac-lubte-on.

Chac-lutz ubteob.

Chac-mul.

Chac mulah kak. Called also mapche.

Chac-nich-max.

Chac-pichi. Pichi is the guava.

Chac-sabacche. A timber tree.

Chactam. A timber tree.

Chac-tez.

Chac-xicin-che.

Chac-ya.

Chaczaum. A medicinal herb.

Chac-zubin-che.

Chaczuk. A low shrub with linear
leaves and small, pinkish flowers;
used medicinally (Cuevas).

Chake. A timber tree.

Chakni. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Chechen bianco. Maya and Sp. A tree
of Quintana Roo. Chechen is Meto-
pium.

Chem-chac-che-ak.

Che-tulub.

Chicbul-can.

Chich.

Chicharillo. Sp. A timber tree.

Chicix-me-ak.

Chicix-mo. A plant with milky sap.

Chic-kak.

Chic kuk. A medicinal herb.

Chikec. A timber tree.

Chilim-can.

Chimtok. Reported as a medicinal herb.
Also as a tree with strong wood good
for construction purposes. A decoc-
tion of the bark with alum is used to
harden the gums.

China amarilla. Sp. A tree of Quintana
Roo, the trunk 20 cm. or less in diam-
eter. Wood used for cabinet work.

Chintok. A timber tree. Reported also
as chintoc.

174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Chin-uoh.

Chipororo. A plant with edible fruit;
root used medicinally. Reported
from the Bacalar region. The name
evidently is not Maya.

Chiuoh-kaak. A small plant of the form
of a black spider; leaves thick; has no
flowers or fruit. Root a remedy for
gangrene (Cuevas).

Cho. A tree, probably one of the Bom-
bacaceae. Used as a remedy for
fevers.

Choc. A vine.

Choch. A tree and its fruit (Perez).

Choche. A timber tree.

Chochyuc. A timber tree.

Chokobcaat. A large tree with diuretic
properties.

Cholul. A tree.

Choo.

Chooc. A timber tree.

Chotche. A tree.

Chox. Gum of the tree called cabacche;
mixed with nin and tahte the Indian
women used it for removing hair
from their bodies (Motul Diet.).

Chuenche. A tree.

Chulceh.

Chulche. A medicinal shrub.

Chulinte. A tree.

Chunun. A medicinal tree.

Chutte. A tree of Chiapas (Maler).

Chuy-che.

Dzidzilche. A timber tree.
Dzuyu. A timber tree.

Ebano. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Wood used for cabinet work.
Ek-huleb.
Ek-lum-chac.
Ek-mayil-ak.
Ek-muyal-ak. A vine, employed as a

remedy for blindness.
Ek-teel.
Elemuy box. A timber tree. Elemuy is

Guatteria leiophylla.
Ep-che.
Escobetilla. Sp. A tree of Quintana

Roo.

Granadillo. Sp. A tree of Quintana
Roo, the trunk 30 cm. or less in
diameter. Wood used for cabinet
work.

Guayabillo. Sp. A tree of Quintana

Roo.

Guayacdn negro. Sp. A timber tree.
Guayacte. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Guayate. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Guayuncox. A timber tree.

Ha. "An herb with which the Indians
wash their heads" (Perez).

Haa. "An herb whose seeds or fruits
serve as soap" (Motul Diet.).

Haaz-can.

Haaz-maax.

Haaz-max-che.

Haban can. A medicinal herb.

Haban-che.

Hacay.

Haiti. Sp.(?) A timber tree.

Halab-che or ik-che.

Hasche. A timber tree.

Haz-ak.

Haz max. "This shrub is so called be-
cause the herbalists say that the
monkeys, when their children anger
them, beat them with its branches."
Used medicinally.

Hiail.

Hibin-ha. An aquatic plant with large,
smooth leaves. Used medicinally.

Hinim.

Hmuc. A vine.

Hobnil-haa.

Homa. A gourd.

Hom-toloc.

Ho-iial.

Huk-chi.

Hul-im-kak.

Hulub. A plant whose leaves are used
in place of cord for stringing fish.

Humpetskin. A tree of Chiapas with
showy, yellow flowers (Maler).

Hunab-tzootz. A "parasite" on trees.
An infusion of the plant is applied to
the hair as a tonic (Cuevas).

Hun-chac.

Hunpetskin-xiu.

Huuhub. A tree.

Huun-can.

Ic-bach.

Ic-che.

Ich-huh. "Iguana eye." So called be-
cause its flower resembles an iguana's
eye. Medicinal. Perhaps a Eugenia.

FLORA OF YUCATAN

175

Ik-ak.

Ipsac. A timber tree.

Itz-chac.

Itzin-can.

Ix-bacal-ac.

Ix-bibiz-luumil.

Ix-cabal-chi.

Ix-cabal-chun-kak.

Ix-cabal-kak.

Ix-canzel-ak.

Ix-canzel-xiu.

Ix-chilim, ix-chilim-kak.

Ixchuch. "A. medicinal herb. If its
juice is placed in the right ear of a
scrofulous person the day of the con-
junction of the moon, and on the
following conjunction in the other
ear, the scrofulous swellings disap-
pear. The plant also reduces swell-
ings, if it is placed, moistened with
its juice, upon them" (Motul Diet.).

Ix chui che. A medicinal vine growing

over trees.
Ix-cotz-cab-na.
Ix-hal-kin.
Ix-hoch-che.
Ix hunpetzkin ak. Said to be similar to

Aloe.

Ix-hun-uoh.

Ix-hutul-ek or zac-hutul-ek.
Iximche. A tree.
Ix-kakal-cab.
Ix-kan-haaz.
Ixkaxi, ixchel. An herb used to cure

swellings (Perez).
Ix kaxil chel. A vine, the same as ix

kaxil ku.
Ix-kin-uoh.
Ix-mac-hol-cab.
Ix-mamac-lumil.
Ix-mom-nicte.
Ix-much.
Ix nech bac che.
Ix-miche.
Ix-och-can.
Ix-tibib-ak.
Ix-tsoc-chakanil.
Ix-tsui-can.
Ix tuab. Sp. Cadanera. A medicinal

shrub.
Ix-tu-ak.
Ix-tulix-hobon.

Ix-tuu-canil.

Iztahte. A tree producing very fragrant

resin (Landa).
Izte.

Jabali. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Jahua. Sp. A timber tree.

Jobillo. Sp. A timber tree.

Joyillo. Sp. A tree.

Kabulche. A timber tree.

Kamaz-can-ak.

Kambulche. A timber tree.

Kampac. A tree of Pete'n "on whose
bark the Indians sleep" (Motul
Diet.)-

Kampocolche. A medicinal tree with
small leaves, yellow flowers, and
small, yellow fruits (Cuevas).

Kanab-yuc.

Kanal-zin.

Kanasin. A tree with fine yellow wood.

Kan-chikin-ak.

Kanchikinche. A medicinal tree.

Kan-coc.

Kan-coc-che.

Kan-mucuy-che.

Kan-mucuy-coc. Called also chac-ak.
A medicinal vine.

Kante. A tree with yellow flowers (in
Peten, according to Maler). In
Guatemala the name is given to
Gliricidia. The Motul Dictionary
states that the roots of kante are
used as a yellow dye.

Kante-ceh.

Kapab-yuc.

Katabox. A timber tree.

Katalox. A timber tree.

Kax. A tree.

Kaxab yuc. A vine. Eaten by horses.

Kaxil. A timber tree.

Kaxil-ix-chel. A vine.

Kaxil ku. A medicinal vine.

Kaxixchel. A medicinal vine.

Keb. A tree parasite.

Kik-aban.

Kik-ni-och.

Kinim. A tree, probably Spondias.

Kintal. A small, medicinal plant whose
leaves are sweet when chewed.

Kisiyuc. A timber tree.

Kixche. A timber tree.

176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Kix haban. A tree.

Kokob ok. Called also xtuchi tunich.

A remedy for headache and other

pains.
Kokobche. A shrub with aromatic

leaves; used medicinally.
Kom-kuch.
Kukliz-cab.
Kun-can, kum-can.
Kuxub-ak.
Kuxub-che. A tree with aromatic leaves

and small, white flowers; a remedy

for jaundice (Cuevas).
Kuxub-ic.

Lakintan. An herb, applied moistened
as a remedy for swellings.

Lakintan-mo.

Lamparones-ak. Sp. and Maya. A vine
with milky sap. A decoction of the
plant is used to cleanse ulcers.

Laurelillo. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Lee. A kind of gourd used for making
dishes or other kitchen utensils.

Leche. A tree with large leaves, growing
in Chiapas and Guatemala (Maler).

Likintan. Probably the same as lakin-
tan.

Lithibzots. "A plant whose seeds re-
semble bats hanging by their claws"
(Perez). The name signifies "bat on
its toes." The plant is perhaps a
Bidens.

Loth-coc.

Luin. A timber tree.

Lumche. A timber tree.

Macal-cox.

Macal-ku.

Macap-lum.

Macap-na.

Machiche. A timber tree.

Machicho. Sp.(?) A timber tree.

Mac-much. "Toad-stopper." A shrub
of wet places, with hairy leaves like
those of cotton; flowers yellow, in
racemes. The ancient Mayas made
clay jars in the form of a toad in
which they kept seeds of corn and
other plants for sowing. For covering
these receptacles they used the wood
of this plant, which is much like cork.
The wood was used also to make
rough furniture in the huts (Cuevas).
Perhaps Cochlospermum.

Maco. Sp.(?) A timber tree.

Mac-oc.

Malacale. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Mangle amarillo. Sp. A tree of Quin-
tana Roo. Bark used for tanning,
wood for construction purposes.

Mangle negro. Sp. A tree of Quintana
Roo. Bark used for tanning, wood
for construction purposes.

Mante. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Mastote. Name probably not Maya. A
timber tree.

Matzab chicbul. An herb with burs
which stick to clothing.

Matzab kuch. A medicinal herb.

Man. Defined by Perez as "pita," a
word which may mean any one of
several things. Perhaps only cord
or twine.

Max-ak.

Max cal. An herb, said to be similar to
Aloe or maguey (Agave). The name
signifies "monkey throat," and is
said to refer to the appearance of the
root.

Maxcalcots. An herb said to be taken
to produce abortion; used also as a
remedy for swellings (Motul Diet.).

Mehen-xaan. A small palm, perhaps
Chamaedorea.

Muc ceh. An herb used in witchcraft.

Much. A medicinal plant (Cuevas).

Muc-ta.

Mucuy-che. "Dove-tree."

Mukay-che. Perhaps Nopalea, since
mukay signifies "cochineal."

Mukay-onob-can.

Mul och. An herb.

Musmacoy. A timber tree.

Na.

Nach-bacil-che.

Nantaha.

Napoche. A timber tree.

Nazareno. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo,
with a trunk about 30 cm. in diam-
eter. Wood used for cabinet work.

Nech lum, nach lum. A tree.

Nemax-ak.

Nemax-xiu. Perhaps the same as nemax,
Heliotropium.

Ne-tab.

Ni-ax.

Nictac.

FLORA OF YUCATAN

177

Nitze. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Nohol-aban.

Nok-ak.

Ojite. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Ojo-ak, Sp. and Maya.
Ojoxiu. Sp. and Maya. A medicinal
herb with purple flowers (Cuevas).
Olualuc. A tree.
Opche-hum. A timber tree.

Pach-max. A timber tree.

Pahte.

Pahtub.

Palo bianco. Sp. A tree of Quintana

Roo.

Palobravo. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Polo de sangre. Sp. A tree of Quintana

Roo.
Palo sandiego. Sp. A tree of Quintana

Roo.
Pats-can.

Paxalche. A timber tree.
Pechnox. A timber tree.
Pek-xiu. The same as tseb-xiu.
Pocte. A timber tree.
Polche. A timber tree.
Pol-kokob.
Pop.
Pop-che.

Popiste. A timber tree.
Popistle. A timber tree.
Popte.

Ppoppox-can.
Pugasqui. A timber tree.
Pulul. A kind of fruit (Brasseur de

Bourbourg).
Putsub-che.

Quiebrahacha. Sp. A tree of Quintana
Roo.

Quina. Sp. A medicinal tree of Quin-
tana Roo.

Ramon bianco. Sp. A tree of Quintana
Roo. Wood used for construction
and cabinet work. Perhaps one of
the Mpraceae, since the common
ramon is Brosimum Alicaslrum.

Roble bianco. Sp. A timber tree.

Sacauah. A tree of the Bacalar region,
possibly Podocarpus.

Sacbacelcan, sachacalcan. A large shrub
with long leaves and small, blue
flowers; a remedy for snake bites
(Cuevas). Gaumer uses the first
name for Cereus Donkelaarii.

Sachitziche. A timber tree.

Sac-nabche. A tree.

Sacna-che. A tree, used medicinally
(Cuevas).

Sacsilil. A timber tree.

Sactaman. A timber tree.

Sac-tinte. A medium-sized tree whose
bark yields a fiber. The seeds, pul-
verized and boiled, are considered an
excellent remedy for disorders of the
stomach.

Sakanche. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Sakiab. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Sandiego. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Sasquiche. A timber tree.

Sibul. A timber tree.

Sicil-much. A spiny vine with white
flowers. Said to have emollient prop-
erties; leaves and root pulverized,
mixed with oil, and applied externally
as a remedy for cutaneous diseases.

Sisinicche. A timber tree.

Soscil-chac. A vine; used medicinally
(Cuevas).

Sosolokricte. A tree of Quintana Roo.
Subidtul. A timber tree.
Sucte. A tree.

Sufre y calla. Sp. A tree of Quintana
Roo.

Taa-ceh.

Taan-coc.

Taan-kozen.

Taastab. A timber tree.

Taa-tzimimin.

Tah kee. A spiny vine with white flow-
ers. Reputed to have antisyphilitic
properties.

Tahte.

Tahua. A timber tree.

Takin-che. A shrub with rounded leaves
and bright yellow flowers. Used
medicinally (Cuevas).

Talega de pedernal. Sp. A timber tree.

Taman-can.

Taman-cooc. A medicinal herb.

Tan-ceh.

Tan tsunun. A medicinal herb. Per-
haps a Euphorbia of the Chamaesyce
group.

178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Tapoch. A timber tree.

Taray. Sp. A tree.

Tasche. A timber tree.

Tastab. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Tatuan. A timber tree.

Te-ik.

Tela de cebolla. Sp. A timber tree.

Tel-ak.

Tekox. Said to be a shrub with spines
on the stem and leaves; used medi-
cinally (Cuevas).

Tel kuch. Called also sicil pack. An
herb with fragrant leaves; used to
clean the teeth.

Thax-ak.

Tibib-xiu.

Tinto verde. Sp. A timber tree.

Tok.

Tok-zuuc.

Too. An herb with broad leaves
(Perez).

Toon-can.

Toon-che.

Toon-tzimin.

Topoxte. A shrub with small, hollow
fruits having a thin rind. When
stepped upon, they burst with a
slight detonation (Maler).

Tovillo. Sp. A timber tree.

Toztab.

Tseb-xiu.

Tsez-cat.

Tsilam. One of the important towns
of Yucatan. Its name is derived, it
is said, from that of a plant so called,
known in Spanish as pico de polio,
and very ornamental.

Tsubac. A vine with small, white flow-
ers (Cuevas).

Tsuhum-che.

Tsula.

Tsul-xiu.

Tsumyail. A vine with large leaves and
yellow flowers (Cuevas).

Tsuts-mohoch, tsots-mohoch.

Tuhache. A timber tree.

Tulcozon, Turco-uzam.

Tulix-kik.

Tulum. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Tup.

Tup-palal.

Tuz-ik-che.

Tuz-ik-lum.

Tzaibacil. A small, medicinal herb.

Tzay-pach.

Tzemez-akab.

Tzic-aban.

Tziminche. A timber tree.

Tzotz-ceh.

Tzotz-kuyuch. A vine with leaves like
those of the grape; fruit hairy; sap
milky. Reported to have emollient
properties (Cuevas).

Uayate. A timber tree.

Ucam. A medicinal plant.

Ucan. A tree of Peten with large, lan-
ceolate leaves. The ashes with tal-
low are used in soap-making (Maler).

Urn-can. A tree parasite.

Uruyam. A timber tree.

Unas. A timber tree.

Uuayuncox. A timber tree.

Uvero. Sp. A tree of Quintana Roo.

Xah-ceh.

Xanab-chich.

Xay-ak. A vine.

Xcamuc-olal. A small plant with

toothed leaves and clustered, purple

flowers (Cuevas).
Xchache. A timber tree.
Xchocte. A timber tree.
Xco. A medicinal plant of Quintana

Roo.
Xcuc-tsub. A shrub with small, round

leaves and white flowers (Cuevas).
Xhantumbu. A plant used in decoction

as a remedy for fevers.
Xhas-ak. A slender vine with aro-
matic, oval leaves and purple flowers

(Cuevas).

Xhubche. A timber tree.
Xhulcu. A timber tree.
Xib-cel.
Xicin-ceh.
Xicin che. A fungus resembling ears,

and growing on the trunks of trees.
Xicin-coh. A vine.
Xiuil tsac. A medicinal herb.
Xlabon-ak. A parasitic vine with thick,

pale leaves (Cuevas).
Xloht-che. A small, woody plant

(Cuevas).
Xnetab. A shrub of the coast; leaves

with three or four leaflets like ceiba,

but thicker (Cuevas).

FLORA OF YUCATAN

179

Xopol. A medicinal plant.
Xponkanbul. A shrub with large, thick

leaves and white flowers; sap milky

(Cuevas).

Xtabyu. A timber tree.
Xtadzi. A timber tree.
Xtobyo. A timber tree.
Xtog. A medicinal plant of Quintana

Roo.

Xtokoche. A timber tree.
Xtuciscan, putcan. A vine with tubers

and milky sap (Cuevas).
Xtul-coson, Sp. Malujo. A vine with

leaves like those of chile; flowers

yellow, in racemes (Cuevas).
Xtuyache. A large tree with white

flowers and round three-seeded fruit

(Cuevas).
Xuaranchin. A vine with small, pink

flowers (Cuevas).
Xul. "Un arbol de que se sacan ciertas

varas para las casas palizas" (Motul

Diet.).
Xul-ceh.

Xulinche. A timber tree.
Xulub-ceh.
Xuul. A timber tree; wood used for

carts.

Yaak-ek. A tree.

Yakal-xiu. A small, medicinal plant

(Cuevas).
Yakba-xiu.

YasxuL A tree of Quintana Roo.
Yax-can-ak.
Yax-chacah.
Yax-cocay-ak.
Yax-ppehel-che.

Yaya. Sp.(?) A tree of Quintana Roo.
Yerba del sapo. Sp. A plant with thick,

hairy leaves and yellow flowers

(Cuevas).

Zabac nicte. A tree with red flowers,

used medicinally.
Zacalbac. A medicinal herb.
Zac-beeb. Sp. Zarza. Used medicinally,

especially as a remedy for syphilis.
Zac-beec.
Zac-che.
Zac-chucum. A medicinal tree with

aromatic compound leaves and small

flowers. Referred by Cuevas to the

Leguminosae.

Zacchuenche. A tree.
Zac-chuen-che. A medicinal shrub.
Zac-ek. A timber tree.

Zac-ha-na. A tree of Cozumel Island,
"under whose roots there is always a
spring of pure, clear water" (La
Plongeon).

Zache. An herb used to cure swellings

(Motul Diet.).
Zac-kanan.

Zackintal. An herb of which horses are
fond (Motul Diet.).

Zac kokob che. Called also canche. A
shrub or small tree, a remedy for
asthma.

Zacla. "A kind of nettle" (Motul

Diet.).
Zac-lal.
Zac-leum-ak.
Zac-muyal-xiu.
Zac-ne-ceh.
Zac-tab-can.
Zac-tsubto.
Zac-tsunan.
Zac-yik-che.
Zam-chac.

Zapote murcielago. Sp. A tree of Quin-
tana Roo.

Zapotillo, Sp. A timber tree.
Zicil-tab.

Zicilte. A small tree from whose seeds
is extracted an oil with medicinal
properties.

Zinan che. A tree which stings like a
scorpion if it is merely touched.

Zizal-tsum-ya.

Zizim-kak. Called also nipcibche and
zizim-kuch. A medicinal herb.

Zizim-kuk.

Zoh-bach.

Zoh-bach-ak, zah-bach-ak.

Zol-can. The same as am-ak.

Zoot-coc.

Zubin-thul. A tree, its wood used for
construction purposes.

Zuluay-xiu.

Zupte. A tree growing in savannas.
Wood used for making wheels and
other articles.

Zuput. A tree whose wood is used for
construction purposes.

180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The list of works here presented is intended to include all
publications devoted primarily to the flora of Yucatan. There are
included, also, papers in which new species are described from
Yucatan and important monographs in which material from the
Peninsula is cited. There are added other publications containing
only incidental but sometimes important references to the vegetation,
and various ethnological or linguistic papers in which Maya plant
names are recorded.

The writer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Miss Edith M.
Vincent, Librarian of the Department of Botany, in the preparation
of the bibliography.

Anonymous. Resumen sucinto de las caracteres de las principales familias
botanicas, siguiendo el metodo natural de Jussieu [Review]. Emulation 1:
71-72. 1873.

Cuadro demostrativo de la exportaci6n del henequen habida en el puerto

de Progresso (Yucatan, Mexico) durante el decenio corrido de 1882 a 1891.
Bol. Agr. Min. Industr. (Mexico) 2: No. 10: 83-120. 1893.

El Xkan-chim como planta forrajera. El Agricultor 1: 140-141. 1907.

La clasificacion del zapupe y del henequen de Yucatan. El Agricultor

1: 167-168. 1907.

"El pochote," su cultivo e importancia actual. El Agricultor 2: 75. 1908.

Nuestra antigua moneda. El Cacao. El Agricultor 2: 94. 1908.

Arboles regionales de provecho. Maderas preciosas y de construcci6n.

Algunas riquezas inexplotadas. El Agricultor 2: 101-103. 1908.

A list, by vernacular names, of Yucatan trees.

Clasificacion del agave "sisalano" o henequen. El Agricultor 2: 118-119.

1908.

El zapote. El Agricultor 4: 81-82. 1910.

An account of Achras Zapota.

Nombres de algunas maderas enviadas a la Camara Agrfcola para la

exposici6n regional de agricultura. El Agricultor 4: 151. 1910.
A list of vernacular names of Yucatan woods.

Otras maderas presentadas en la exposition regional celebrada por la

"Camara Agricola National" con motivo de las ultimas fiestas del Centenario.
El Agricultor 4: 166-167. 1910.
A list of vernacular names of Yucatan woods.

Aellen, Paul. Beitrag zur Systematik der Chenopodium-Arten Amerikas.
vorwiegend auf Grund der Sammlung des United States National Museum
in Washington, D.C. 1. Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 31-64. 1929.
Chenopodium Berlandieri subsp. yucatanum is described.

Ames, Oakes. Notes on Mexican species of Triphora. Orchidaceae 7: 39-44.
pi. 109. 1922.

Contains description of Triphora yucatanensis.

Baker, Edmund G. See under James Britten.

Bentham, George. A synopsis of the Dalbergieae, a tribe of the Leguminosae,
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 4: Suppl. 1-134. 1860.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 181

Includes descriptions of Dalbergia campechiana and Lonchocarpus rugosus
from Campeche.

Blake, S. F. Two new Mexican amaranths. Journ. Bot. 53: 103-104. 1915.
Amaranthus annectans is described from Yucatan.

New and noteworthy Compositae, chiefly Mexican. Contr. Gray Herb.

52: 16-59. 1917.

Vernonia oolepis is described from Yucatan.

Five new species of Cedrela. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 33: 107-112

1920.

C. yucatana is described from Yucatan.
New trees and shrubs from Yucatan. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34:

43-46. 1921.

Six new species are described.

New American Asteraceae. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22: 587-661 pi

54.-6S. 1924.

Otopappus scaber is described from Yucatan.

Blanco, Cenobio. Notas adicionales a la monografia del chico zapote. Me"x
Forestal 2: 46-51. figs. 1924.

Bonpland, Aime". See under Alexander von Humboldt.
Brasseur de Bourbourg. See under Diego de Landa.

Briquet, John. Especes nouvelles ou peu connues de 1'Herbier Delessert. Ann
Cons. Jard. Geneve 4: 213-243. 1900.
Includes description of Jatropha yucalanensis.

Britten, James, and Baker, Edmund G. Notes on Ceiba. Journ. Bot 34 •
173-176. 1896.
Ceiba Schottii is described from Yucatan.

Britton, N. L., and Rose, J. N. The Cactaceae. Vols. 1-4. Washington. 1919-
23.

Includes descriptions of several species from Yucatan.

Mimosaceae. N. Amer. Fl. 23: 1-194. 1928.
New species are described from Yucatan.

Calvino, Mario. Posibilidades cientificas de mejoras en el cultivo del heneque"n
Estado de Yucatan, Depart. Agr. Bol. 7: pp. 1-23. 1916.

Pro horticultura. Estado de Yucatan, Depart. Agr. Bol. 8: pp 1-15

1916.

Gandolle, Casimir de. Piperaceae novae. Linnaea 37: 333-390. 1872.
Includes description of Piper yucatanense from Yucatan.

Carillo y Ancona, Crescencio. Historia antigua de Yucatan, pp. 1-670
Merida, 1883.

Gasares, David. El nopal sin espinas y las Cactaceas yucatecas. El Agricultor
1:175-178. 1907.

Gatalogo de plantas reputadas medicinales en la Republica de Guatemala.
Fiestas de Minerva de 1913, Exposici6n Nacional, pp. 1-71. Guatemala
1913.
The list was prepared by Dr. Rafael Tejada A.

Ghase, Agnes. Notes on genera of Paniceae. III. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
21: 175-188. 1908.

Includes description of Olyra yucatana.

The North American species of Paspalum. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb 28:

1-310. /. 1-1 W. 1929.

Yucatan specimens are listed.

See also under A. S. Hitchcock and Charles F. Millspaugh.

182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Choisy, Jaques Denys. Convolvulaceae. In DC. Prodr. 9: 323-462. 1845.

Ipomoea ampliata is described from Campeche.
Cogniaux, Alfred. Cucurbitacees. In DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 325-951. 1881.

Cayaponia alata and C. grandiflora are described from Yucatan.

Crossette, Louis. Sisal production, prices and marketing. U. S. Dept. Com-
merce Trade Inf. Bull. 200: pp. 1-7. 1924.

Cruz, M. E. Datos sobre los cultivos, producciones minerales y flora, en el
departamento de Pichucalco. Bol. Agr. Min. Industr. (Mexico) 3: No. 11:
3-38. 1893.

Relates to Tabasco; contains some Maya names.

Cuevas, Benjamin. Ensayo botanico escrito por el naturalista Benjamin Cuevas
compuesto de ciento veinticinco plantas medicinales del pais clasificadas por
familias naturales e indicaciones para su aplicacion en la enfermedades. pp.
i-vi, 1-51. Merida, 1894.

El guano, en Maya Xaan. Variedad de clases, su utilidad y produccion.

El Agricultor 1 : 36. 1907.

Plantas medicinales de Yucatan y gula medica practica dome'stica. pp.

1-278. frontispiece. Merida, 1913.

Ilustraciones de la obra "Plantas medicinales de Yucatan," y manual o

gula practica domestica. 37 unnumbered colored plates. Merida, 1913.
Each plate illustrates three plants.

Cuevas Gonzales, Remigio. Breves consideraciones sobre plantas utiles de
Yucatan. El Agricultor 108: 19-20. 1923.
An account of a plant called "yich-caan."

Breves consideraciones sobre plantas utiles de Yucatan. "Mac-much."

El Agricultor 108: 16. 1923.
Account of a plant called "mac-much."

Breves consideraciones sobre plantas industrializables de Yucatan. "El

chucum." El Agricultor 102: 9-10. 1923.
Account of a plant called "chucum."

Dewey, Lyster H. Fibers used for binder twine. U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook
1911: 193-200. pi. 3-5. 1912.

Dominguez Ortega, J. Datos sobre produccion agricola en Yucatan. Boletin
de Agricultura, Mineria e Industrias (Mexico) 2: No. 10: 64-79. 1893.

Resena historica del cultivo del henequen. Bol. Agr. Min. Industr.

(Mexico) 2: No. 10: 80-82. 1893.

Donde, Joaquin, y Donde, Juan. Apuntes sobre las plantas de Yucatan,
pp. 1-200. Me>ida, 1874.

Apuntes sobre las plantas de Yucatan, pp. 1-134. Merida, 1907.

Lecciones de botanica, arregladas segun los principios admitidos por
Guibourt, Richard, Duchartre, de Candolle y otros. pp. i-xvii, 1-264.
Merida, 1905.

Includes (pp. 232-246) a list of vernacular names current in Yucatan,
prepared by Tomas Aznar Barbachano.

Donde, Juan. Apuntes sobre las plantas de Yucatan. Emulaci6n 3: (1 un-
numbered page). 1878.

Apuntes sobre las plantas de Yucatan. Emulacion 3: 13-20. 1878.

Calendario botanico de Merida y sus alrededores, para los meses de

Mayo y Junio. Emulacion 3: 152-155. 1878.

Calendario botanico de Merida y sus alrededores, formado con algunas

de las plantas que florecen durante el mes de Octubre. Emulacion 3: 222-223.
1878.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 183

Calendario botanico de Merida y sus alrededores formado con algunas

de las plantas que florecen durante el mes de Noviembre. Emulation 3:
224-225. 1878.

Calendario botanico de Merida y sus alrededores, formado con algunas
de las plantas que florecen en el mes de Diciembre. Emulation 3: 238-239.

1878.

Edwards, H. T. Production of henequen fiber in Yucatan and Campeche. U. S.
Dept. Agric. Bull. 1278: pp. 1-20. fig. 1-10. 1924.

Engelmann, George. Notes on the genus Yucca. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 3:
17-54. 1873.
Yucca yucatana is described on p. 37.

Engler, A. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Araceae. X. Bot. Jahrb. Engl. 37: 110-143.
1906.
Xanthosoma yucatanense is described from Yucatan.

Fernald, M. L. A systematic study of the United States and Mexican species
of Pectis. Proc. Amer. Acad. 33: 57-86. 1897.

P. elongata var. Schottii is described from Yucatan.

Fernandez Envila, Miguel. El estado de Campeche con sus fuentes naturales
de riqueza sin explotacion ofrece un amplio campo a los hombres emprende-
dores y de buena voluntad. pp. 1-26. Mexico, 1914.

Flores, Ramon S. Estudios de botanica. I. Xcoch-lee. II. Chac-sic. El Agri-
cultor 107: 8-10. ill. 1923.
Accounts of two plants, Cecropia and Jacquinia.

Estudios de botanica. II. Peine de "Xtabay." El Agricultor 10": 6-7.

ill. 1923.

An account of Pithecoctenium.

Estudios de botanica. III. El Agricultor 1016: 16-18. ill. 1923.

Gann, Thomas W. F. The Maya Indians of southern Yucatan and northern
British Honduras. Bur. Amer. Ethnol. Bull. 64: pp. 1-142. pi. 1-28, fig. 1-81*.
1918.
Contains numerous references to plants.

Ancient cities and modern tribes, pp. 1-256. ill. New York, 1926.

Gleason, Henry Allan. A revision of the North American Vernonieae. Bull.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 144-243. 1906.

Vernonia hirsutivena is described from Yucatan.

Greenman, J. M. New species and varieties of Mexican plants. Proc. Amer.
Acad. 35: 307-315. 1900.

Includes Spilanthes filipes from Yucatan.

Studies in the genus Citharexylum. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 185-190. 1907.
C. Schottii is described from Yucatan.

New or noteworthy spermatophytes from Mexico, Central America, and
the West Indies. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 247-287. 1907.
Several new species are described from Yucatan.

— , and Thompson, G. H. Diagnoses of flowering plants, chiefly from the
southwestern United States and Mexico. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1 : 405-418.
pi. 21>-26. 1915.

Randia Gaumeri and R. truncata are described from Yucatan.

See also under B. L. Robinson.

Griffiths, David. Einige neue Opuntioideen. Monatsschr. Kakteenk. 23:
130-140. ill. 1913.

Nopalea inaperta is described from Yucatan.

184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Heilprin, Angelo. Observations on the flora of northern Yucatan. Proc. Amer.
Phil. Soc. 29: 137-144. 1891.

The botanical names used in this list are mostly incorrect, and they are a
disgrace to any scientific publication.

Heller, Carl Bartholomaeus. Reisen in Mexiko in den Jahren 1845-1848.
pp. I-XXIV, 1-432. fig. A, map. Leipzig, 1853.

Hemsley, W. Betting. Botany, in Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-
Americana, vols. 1-5. 1879-1888.

Lists many species from Yucatan. Pp. 96-110 contain a list of plants
collected on Cozumel Island by "F. Gaumer."

Herrera, A. L. Las manchas del heneque"n. El Agricultor 1 : 39-44. 1907.

Notes on a supposed myxomycete (Plasmodiophora Agaves, sp. nov.) and
a fungus (Colletotrichum Agaves) which attack the leaves of Agave.

Hitchcock, A. S. Mexican grasses in the United States National Herbarium.
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 181-389. 1913.

The North American species of Oplismenus. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
22: 123-132. /. 21-2^. 1920.

The North American species of Echinochloa. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

22: 133-153. /. 25-35. 1920.
Yucatan material is cited.

The North American species of Chaetochloa. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
22: 155-208. /. 36-62. 1920.
Yucatan specimens are cited.

, and Chase, Agnes. The North American species of Panicum. Contr.

U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: i-xiv, 1-396. /. 1-370. 1910.
Yucatan specimens are cited.

Tropical North American species of Panicum. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

17: 459-539. /. 11-149. 1915.
Yucatan specimens are cited.

Hoffmann, K. See under F. Pax.

House, Homer Deliver. Studies in the North American Convolvulaceae. I.
Bull. Torrey Club 33: 313-318. 1906.
Jacquemontia simulata is described from Yucatan.

Humboldt, Alexander von, Bpnpland, Aime", and Kunth, C. S. Nova genera
et species plantarum quas in peregrinatione Orbis Novi collegerunt, descrip-
serunt, partim adumbraverunt. Vols. 1-7. Paris, 1815-25.
Includes descriptions of a few species from Campeche.

Inf orme que rinde al C. Presidente de la Republica el jefe de la comision nombrada
por el mismo, para hacer el estudio del territorio federal de Quintana Roo,
integrada por el C. General Amado Aguirre, capitan de fregate Alberto
Zenteno, ingeniero civil Salvador Toscano, C. Juan de Dios Rodriguez,
ingeniero agronomo Rafael Lopez Ocampo y Cc. Gregorio M. Avalos y J.
Guillermo Freymann. Estudio practicado de Enero a Abril de 1925. pp.
1-56. ill., maps, tables. Tacubaya, Mexico, 1925.

J. J. de T. La montana de Bacalar (en el departamento de Yucatan). Boletin de
Agricultura (Mexico), pp. 15-20. 1846.
Reprinted from Registro Yucateco.

Koehne, E. Lythraceae novae. Bot. Jahrb. Engl. 29: 154-168. 1900.
Describes Cuphea Gaumeri from Yucatan.

Kunth, C. S. See under Alexander von Humboldt.

Landa, Diego de. Relation des choses de Yucatan. Texte espagnol et tra-
duction francaise en regard, comprenant les signes du calendrier et de 1'alpha-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 185

bet hie'roglyphique de la langue Maya, accompagne' de documents divers
historiques et chronologiques, avec une grammaire et un vocabulaire abr6g6s
Franc.ais-Maya — por l'Abb6 Brasseur de Bourbourg. pp. I-CXII, 1-516.
Paris, 1864.

The original was written in or about 1566.

Lanz Trueba, Joaqufn. El much-cok. El Agricultor 10": 7-9. 1923.
Account of a plant called "much-cok."

Las mejores materiales. Vol. 1, nos. 1-12, pp. 1-480. Campeche, 1858-59.
Edited by Tomas Aznar Barbachano.

The articles published, written chiefly by the editor, relate mostly to
agriculture.

Le Plongeon, Alice D. Here and there in Yucatan, pp. 1-146. ill. New York,
1889.

Leonard, Emery C. The North American species of Scutellaria. Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 22: 703-748. 1927.
Scutellaria Gaumeri described from Yucatan.

Lindau, G. Monographia generis Coccolobae. Bot. Jahrb. Engl. 13: 106-229.
pi. 5. 1890.
C. yucatana is described.

LinnS, Carl. Hortus Cliffortianus. pp. 1-501. Amsterdam, 1737.
Contains references to Haematoxylum campechianum.

Species plantarum. pp. 1-1200. Stockholm, 1753.

Contains descriptions of Haematoxylum campechianum and Solanum
campechiense.

Loesener, Th. Mexikanische und zentralamerikanische Novitaten. III. Repert.
Sp. Nov. Fedde 9: 355-367. 1911.

One new species is described from Yucatan and a few other species, collected
by Seler, are listed.

Mexikanische und zentralamerikanische Novitaten. IV. Repert. Sp.

Nov. Fedde 12: 217-244. 1913.
Includes references to Yucatan plants and descriptions of new species.

Plantae Selerianae. VIII. Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 55: 151-194. 1913.
Includes records of Yucatan plants.

Mexikanische und zentralamerikanische Novitaten. VII. Repert. Sp.
Nov. Fedde 18: 347-363. 1922.

Two new varieties are described from Yucatan and a few other plants,
collected by Seler, are listed.

tiber Maya-Namen und Nutzanwendung yucatekischer Pflanzen. In

Walter Lehmann, Festschrift Edward Seler, pp. 321-343. 1922.

Plantae Selerianae. X. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 65: 84-122. 1923.
Contains references to new and old Yucatan species.

Eduard Seler. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 65: 78-83. 1923.
Includes references to collections of plants made in Yucatan.

Mackinney, Ernilio. El Nuevo Judio. Apuntes que serviran para la formation
de "La Flora Yucateca." Entrega I, pp. 1-56. Merida, 1889.

Maler, Teobert. Researches in the central portion of the Usumatsintla Valley.
Mem. Peabody Mus. 2: 1-75. pi. 1-83, fig. 1-26. 1901.

Researches in the central portion of the Usumatsintla Valley. Mem.
Peabody Mus. 2: 81-216. pi. 3^-80, fig. 27-68. 1903.

Explorations of the Upper Usumatsintla and adjacent region. Altar de
Sacrificios; Seibal; Itsimt6-Sacluk; Cankuen. Mem. Peabody Mus. vol. 4,
no. 1, pp. l-4a. map, pi. 1-13. 1908.

186 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Explorations in the Department of Peten, Guatemala, and adjacent

regions. Topoxte; Yaxha; Benque Viejo; Naranjo. Mem. Peabody Mus. vol.
4, no. 2, pp. 55-127. /. 9-22. 1908.

Explorations in the Department of Peten, Guatemala, and adjacent

regions. Motul de San Jose; Peten-Itza. Mem. Peabody Mus. vol. 4, no. 3,
pp. 131-170. pi. 45-46, f. 23-25. 1910.

Martinez Hernandez, Juan. La flora de Yucatan. Los trabajos del Dr.
Charles Frederick Millspaugh. El Agricultor 2: 3-4. 1908.

Martinez, Maximino. Chicozapote (Achras Zapota L.). Mex. Forestal 2:
39-40. fig. 1924.

Mendez, Santiago. The Maya Indians of Yucatan in 1861. Indian Notes and
Monographs, Mus. Amer. Ind. 9: 143-201. 1921.

Translated from Bol. Soc. Mex. Geogr. Estad. 2: 374-387. 1861.

Mercer, Henry C. The hill-caves of Yucatan, pp. 1-183. map, figs. 1-74-
Philadelphia, 1896.

Mexico. Institute Medico Nacional. Catalogo de los productos que exhibe el
Institute Medico Nacional en la Exposition de Coyoacan. pp. 1-89. Mexico,
1895.

Includes some Maya names of Tabasco woods.

Mez, Carl. Theophrastaceae. In Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 236a, pp. 1-48. 1903.
Jacquinia flammea Millsp. is described from Yucatan.

Miers, John. On the Apocynaceae of South America, with some preliminary
remarks on the whole family. London, 1878.

Stemmadenia insignis is described from Yucatan.

Miller, Philip. The Gardener's Dictionary, ed. 8, pp. 1-1348. ill. London, 1768.
Contains descriptions of several species from Yucatan, collected by
Houstoun.

Millspaugh, Charles Frederick. Contribution to the flora of Yucatan. Field
Mus. Bot. 1 : 1-56. pi. 1-4. 1895.

Second contribution to the coastal and plain flora of Yucatan. Field
Mus. Bot. 1 : 281-339. pi. 8-21 . 1896.

Third contribution to the coastal and plain flora of Yucatan. Field
Mus. Bot. 1: 345-410. 1898.

Plantae Utowanae. Plants collected in Bermuda, Porto Rico, St.
Thomas, Culebras, Santo Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, the Caymans, Cozumel,
Yucatan and the Alacran Shoals, Dec. 1898 to Mar. 1899. Field Mus. Bot.
2: 1-110. pi. 25. 1900.

Plantae Utowanae. Reconsideration of the Cyperaceae. Reconsider-
ation of Cakile. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 113-135. figs. 1900.

Plantae Yucatanae. Polypodiaceae, Schizaeaceae. Gramineae and
Cyperaceae (by Charles F. Millspaugh and Agnes Chase). Field Mus. Bot.
3: 1-84. map, figs. 1903.

Primera contribucion a la flora de Yucatan. El Agricultor 2: 5-6. 1908.
A translation of the introduction to his first paper.

Segunda contribucion a la flora de la costa y de la llanura de Yucatan.
El Agricultor 2: 51-53. 1908.
A translation.

The genera Pedilanthus and Cubanthus, and other American Euphor-
biaceae. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 353-377. 1913.
Yucatan specimens are cited.

Contributions to North American Euphorbiaceae — VI. Field Mus. Bot.
2:401-420. 1916.

Several new species are described from Yucatan.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 187

Vegetation of Alacran Reef. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 421-431. map, figs. 1916.

, and Chase, Agnes. Plantae Yucatanae. Compositae. Field Mus.

Bot. 3: 85-151. figs. 1904.

• , and Loesener, Th. Plantae a clariss. Ed. et Caec. Seler in Yucatan

collectae. Bot. Jahrb. Engl. 36: Beibl. 80: 11-30. 1905.

Motul Dictionary.

This manuscript dictionary of the Maya-Spanish languages is preserved in
the John Carter Brown Library at Providence, Rhode Island. It is the most
comprehensive dictionary of the Maya language thus far prepared. It is
believed to have been prepared in the seventeenth or early eighteenth century
by a Franciscan monk who probably resided in the convent of Motul, eight
leagues from Merida. The dictionary contains a large number of words
relating to plants. A photostat copy is in the library of Field Museum.

Nash, George V. Poaceae. N. Amer. Fl. 17: 77-196. 1909-12.

Includes description of Schizachyrium Gaumeri from Yucatan.

Niedenzu, F. De genere Stigmaphyllo. Pars posterior, pp. 1-36. 1900.
Includes description of StigmaphyllonLindenianum var. yucatanum.

Ober, Frederick A. Travels in Mexico and life among the Mexicans, pp. 1-672.
ill. Boston, 1884.

Pax, F. Euphorbiaceae-Hippomaneae. In Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 147, v, pp.
1-319. 1912.
Sebastiania adenophora is described from Yucatan.

Pax, F., and Hoffmann, K. Euphorbiaceae-Crotonoideae-Acalypheae-Acaly-
phinae. In Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 147, xvi, pp. 1-178. 1924.
Acalypha Gaumeri is described from Yucatan.

PSrez, Juan Pfo. Diccionario de la lengua maya. pp. 1-437. Me>ida, 1877.

Piper, C. V. Studies in American Phaseolineae. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 22:
663-701. pi. 61>. 1926.

Phaseolus scolecocarpus is described from Yucatan.

Pittier, Henry. New or noteworthy plants from Colombia and Central America.
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 431-466. pi. 78-96, f. 57-91. 1912.
Sideroxylon Gaumeri is described from Yucatan.

The Middle American species of Lonchocarpus. Contr. U. S. Nat.

Herb. 20: 37-93. pi. 1-6, f. 1-tf. 1917.

Two new species are described from Yucatan.

On the species of Dalbergia of Mexico and Central America. Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci. 12: 54-64. 1922.
Describes D. cibix from Yucatan.

Rejon Garcia, Manuel. Los Mayas primitives. Algunos estudios sobre su
origen, idioma y costumbres. pp. 1-125. Merida, 1905.

Robinson, B. L. Diagnoses and synonymy of Eupatorieae and certain other
Compositae which have been classed with them. Proc. Amer. Acad. 42:
32-48. 1906.
Eupatorium hemipteropodum is described from Yucatan.

On the classification of certain Eupatorieae. Proc. Amer. Acad. 47:
191-202. 1911.

Ageratum Gaumeri is described from Yucatan,
and Greenman, J. M. Revision of the genera Montanoa, Perymenium,

and Zaluzania. Proc. Amer. Acad. 34: 507-534. 1899.
Montanoa Schottii is described from Yucatan.

188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Rose, J. N. Studies of Mexican and Central American plants — No. 3. Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 1-55. pi 1-12, fig. 1-11. 1903.

Studies of Mexican and Central American plants — No. 5. Contr. U. S.

Nat. Herb. 10: 70-132. pi. 16-tf, fig. 1-6. 1906.

Lotoxalis yucatanensis is described from Yucatan.

See also under N. L. Britton.

Rovirosa, Jose" N. Una excursion a las lagunas de Atasta. Hallazgo de plantas
sudamericanas en Tabasco. Naturaleza II. 1: 289-294. 1889.

Pteridografia del sur de Mexico, o sea clasificacion y description de los
helechos de esta region, procedida de un bosquejo de la flora general, pp.
i-iv, 1-298. frontis., pi. 1-70. Mexico, 1909.

Safford, William Edwin. Acacia cornigera and its allies. Journ. Washington
Acad. Sci. 4: 356-368. 1914.

Acacia globulifera is described from Yucatan.

Sanchez, Pedro C., and Toscano, Salvador. Breve reseiia de una exploration
en Quintana Roo, 1916-1917. Mem. Soc. Antonio Alzate 38: 199-247. pi.
22. 1919.

Santamaria, F. J. El provincialismo tabasqueno. Ensayo de un vocabulario
del lenguaje popular, comprobado con citas, comparado con los mexicanismos
y los de otros palses hispanoamericanos. Tomo 1, A-C. Mexico, 1921.

Sapper, Carl. Sobre la geografia fisica y la geologia de la peninsula de Yucatan.
Inst. Geol. Mex. Bol. pp. 1-57. pis., maps. 1896.

Das nordliche Mittel-Amerika nebst einem Ausflug nach dem Hochland
von Anahuac, Reisen und Studien aus den Jahren 1888-1895. pp. i-xii,
1-436. frontis., fig. 1-17, 8 maps. Brunswick, 1897.

Seler, E. Ein Wintersemester in Mexico und Yucatan. Zeitschr. Gesell. Erdkunde
Berlin 38: 477-502. 1903.

Zwei Fruhlingsmonate in Yucatan. In Urban and Graebner, Festschrift
zu P. Aschersons 70 Geburtstage, pp. 371-382. 1904.

Sloane, Hans. Catalogus plantarum, quae in insula Jamaica sppnte proveniunt
vel vulgo coluntur cum earundum synonymis et locis natalibus. pp. 1-232.
London, 1696.

Contains references to the occurrence of logwood in Campeche.

A voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and
Jamaica, with the natural history of the herbs and trees, four-footed beasts,
fishes, birds, insects, reptiles, etc., of those islands. 2 vols., pp. 1-264 and
1-499. 1707-1725.
Contains references to the occurrence of logwood in Campeche.

Spinden, Herbert J. Ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America,
pp. 1-238. frontis., map, fig. 1-81. New York, 1917.

Standley, Paul C. The Allionaceae of Mexico and Central America. Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 377-430. 1911.

Two new species are described from Yucatan.

The Mexican and Central American species of Ficus. Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 20: 1-35. 1917.

Includes references to Yucatan material.

Studies of tropical American phanerogams — No. 3. Contr. U. S. Nat.

Herb. 20: 173-220. 1919.

Yucatan material of the genus Erythrina is listed.

Trees and shrubs of Mexico. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 23: i-vii, 1-1721.

1920-26.

Contains many references to Yucatan plants.

Stephens, John L. Incidents of travel in Yucatan. 2 vols. ill New York, 1843.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 189

Stoll, Otto. Zur Ethnographic der Republik Guatemala, pp. I-IX, 1-175.
chart, map. Zurich, 1884.

Die Sprache der Ixil-Indianer. pp. I-X, 1-156. Leipzig, 1887.

Die Maya-Sprachen der Pokom-Gruppe. Erster Theil. Die Sprache

der Pokonche-Indianer. pp. 1-202. Wien, 1888.

Thompson, C. H. See under J. M. Greenman.

Torres, Jose Joaquin de. El chichibe. El Agricultor 1 : 141. 1907. (Reprinted
from Registro Yucateco, vol. 3. 1846.)

Notes upon the uses of a Malvaceous plant (Sida acuta?).

Toscano, Salvador. See under Pedro C. Sanchez.

Tozzer, Alfred M. A comparative study of the Mayas and the Lacandones.
Archaeological Institute of America, Report of the fellow in American archae-
ology, 1902-1905. pp. i-xxi, 1-195. pi. 1-29, fig. 1-1*9. New York, 1907.
Contains numerous references to plants.

A Maya grammar with bibliography and appraisement of the works
noted. Papers of Peabody Mus., vol. 9, pp. i-xvi, 1-301. 1921.

Trelease, William. The genus Phoradendron. pp. 1-224. map, pi. 1-21*5.
Urbana, 1916.
Includes references to Yucatan specimens.

Additions to the genus Phoradendron. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 471-477.

1927.

P. Millspaughii is described from Yucatan.

New Piperaceae from Central America and Mexico. Journ. Washington
Acad. Sci. 19: 327-337. 1929.

Two new Pipers are described from Yucatan.

Uline, Edwin B. Studies in the herbarium. I. Field Mus. Bot. 1: 413-422.
pi 22-21*. 1899.

Includes descriptions of several new species from Yucatan.

Urban, Ignatius. Nova genera et species V. Symb. Antill. 7: 151-432. 1912.
Calyptranthes Millspaughii is described from Yucatan.

Watt, George. The wild and cultivated cotton plants of the world, pp. i-xiv,
1-406. ill. London, 1907.
Includes description of Gossypium Schottii from Yucatan.

Wernham, Herbert Fuller. A monograph of the genus Sabicea. pp. 1-82. pi.
1-12. London, 1914.

S. flagenioides is described from Yucatan.

William, Prince of Sweden. Between two continents, pp. I-XVII, 1-246.
ill. London, 1922.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to several
persons who have aided in the determination of various families:
Edwin B. Bartram, Mosses; Dr. William R. Maxon, Ferns; Agnes
Chase, Gramineae; Dr. N. L. Britton, Cyperaceae; Professor Oakes
Ames, Orchids; Ellsworth P. Killip, Passifloraceae. Special thanks
are due to Ralph L. Roys, who has been generous in giving
assistance with the Maya vernacular names.

190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

FUNGI

There must be a large number of fungi native in Yucatan, but
only a specialist in the group can collect them intelligently, and up
to the present time they have not been studied systematically.

PERISPORIALES

Asterdium moniliforme Ellis & Everh.; Millsp. FMB. 2: 16.
1900.

San Miguel, on leaves of Tetrapteris mexicana, Millspaugh 1484,
in part.

Asterina yucatanensis Ellis & Everh. in Millsp. FMB. 1:
285. pi. 9. 1896.

Type from Yucatan, on living leaves of "Pterocarpus sp.,"
Gaumer.

SPHAEROPSIDALES

Macrophoma surinamensis (B. & C.) Millsp. FMB. 1: 285.
1896.

Yucatan, on leaves oi Epidendrum sp. Determined by J. B. Ellis.

Pestalozzia Coccolobae Ellis & Everh.; Millsp. FMB. 1: 286.
pi. 9. 1896.

Type from Tsilam, on leaves of Coccoloba uvifera.

HYPHOMYCETALES
Aspergillus flavus Lk.

"On various plants that were allowed to remain too long in plant
press without changing driers." Determined by Ellis.

Aspergillus fuliginosus Peck?

On leaves of Epidendrum sp. Determined by Ellis.

Penicillium glaucum Lk.

On the interior of the shells of fruits of Jacquinia. Determined
by Ellis.

MELANCONIALES

Gloeosporium affine Sacc.

On leaves of Epidendrum sp. Determined by Ellis.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 191

USTILAGINALES
Mykosyrinx Cissi (DC.) G. Beck.
A frequent smut in the inflorescences of the various species of

Cissus.

Sorosporium Borrichiae Ellis & Everh. in Millsp. FMB. 2:
16. 1900.

Type from Cozumel Island, on flower heads ofBorrichia argentea,
Millspaugh 1586, in part.

Ustilago Zeae (Beckm.) Unger.

Tahchaac (Gaumer). Sp. Tizdn de maiz. Reported as frequently
attacking maize (Zea Mays).

AGARICALES

This group includes the common mushrooms or toadstools, and
the shelf or bracket fungi. Mushrooms are said to be called in
Yucatan "quitasol del diablo." The Maya name "xicinche" also
is reported.

Agaricus yucatanensis Ellis & Everh. in Millsp. FMB. 1: 285.
pi. 8. 1896.

Type from Izamal, Gaumer 788.

Lentinus nicaraguensis B. & C.
Reported from Cozumel Island and Piste*.

Lentinus villosus Klotzsch.

Boxlolluum (Gaumer). Me*rida, E. H. Thompson 947.

Polyporus similis Berk.

Caleta, Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1615.

Polystictus albocervinus Berk.
Caleta, Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1559.

Polystictus sanguineus (L.) Fries.
Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 161 4-

Poria vincta Berk.?
Piste*, Millspaugh.

Trametes venustus Berk.
Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1613.

192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

ALGAE

Microspora amoena (Keutz) Raben.

Xkomha. Common in water tanks at Izamal, Gaumer 571.
Determined by Miss Josephine E. Tilden.

Nostoc verrucosum Vauch.

Aguada Chulubmay, nine miles east of Izamal, Gaumer 1097.
Determined by W. G. Farlow.

CHARACEAE. Stonewort Family

Chara gymnopus A. Br.

Common in aguadas east of Izamal, Gaumer 913. "An indeter-
minable sterile subspecies of this form" (T. F. Allen).

Chara gymnopus var. inconstans A. Br.

Abundant in cenotes near Izamal, Gaumer 4$4- Determined by
Allen.

LICHENS

Ramalina calicaris var. farinacea Schaer.
Mextsul. On shrubs, Progreso, Schott 311.

Ramalina calicaris var. fraxinea Fr.
Common at Progreso, Gaumer 1175.

Ramalina rigida (Pers.) Tuck.

On trees and shrubs, Progreso, Schott 311.

The Motul Dictionary reports the names "tzucmax" and
"zocichac" for plants which are probably lichens.

MUSCI. Mosses

Mosses probably are not plentiful in the Yucatan Peninsula,
but the number must be vastly larger than has been recorded. The
Maya name "cuxun" has been reported for a plant of this group.

Tortula agraria Sw. Barbula agraria Brid.

Reported from Cozumel Island, on dry limestone, Millspaugh 48;
on dry limestone near Izamal, with Didymodon aeneus, Millspaugh
80, in part. Determined by Cardot.

Cryphaea filiformis Brid.

Common in brush and forest about Izamal, Gaumer 320. Deter-
mined^by Mrs. E. G. Britton.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 193

Didymodon aeneus Sch.

Near Izamal, on dry limestone, Millspaugh 80, in part. Deter-
mined by Cardot.

Hypnum sp.

In brush and forest lands about Izamal, Gaumer 340. Determined
by Mrs. Britton.

Leucobryum albidum (Brid.) Lindb. L. incurvifolium C. Muell.
Type of L. incurvifolium, from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1117.
Octoblepharum albidum (L.) Hedw.
Tsilam, Gaumer 665. Determined by Mrs. Britton.

Stereophyllum leucostegum (Brid.) Mitt.

Cozumel Island, on limestone, Millspaugh 33, 47. Determined by
Cardot.

Stereophyllum perpusillum C. Muell. in Millsp. FMB. 1:
348. 1898.

Type from forest near Izamal, Gaumer 340.

Thuidium involvens (Hedw.) Mitt.

On rocks at Cenote of Xcholac, Gaumer 560. Determined by
Mrs. Britton.

HEPATICAE. Liverworts

Cheilolejeunea sp.

On tree trunk, Mascab Pixoy, Millspaugh 151. Determined by
Underwood.

Cheilolejeunea sp.

On trunk of ceiba tree, Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 37.

Eulejeunea lepida L. & G.

On bark of ceiba tree, Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 32. Deter-
mined by Underwood.

Frullania ericoides Nees?

On trees, Izamal, Gaumer 339. Determined by Underwood.
Mastigolejeunea auriculata Wils.

On tree trunks, Chichen Itza, Millspaugh 106. Determined by
Underwood.

SCHIZAEACEAE. Curly-grass Family

Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw.

Muchcockax (Gaumer). Apparently frequent. — Rhizome creep-

194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

ing, hairy; sterile fronds ovate-deltoid, 7-30 cm. long, 2-3-pinnate,
hairy; fruiting fronds with only the basal pinnae fertile.

Anemia cicutaria Kunze. A. bipinnata Moore; Ornithopteris
cicutaria Underw.; A. Wrightii Millsp., not Baker; 0. Wrightii
Millsp. FMB. 3: 14. 1903, excluding synonymy.

Uiitsilxiu (Gaumer). Collected only on Cozumel Island. — Leaves
dimorphous, the fruiting ones wholly fertile.

Lygodium polymorphum (Cav.) HBK. L. venustum Sw.

Reported by Rovirosa from Atasta, Tabasco, and probably oc-
curring, therefore, within the limits of this flora. — A large slender
hairy vine, often forming dense tangles. One of the common climb-
ing ferns of the more arid regions of Mexico and Central America.

GYATHEACEAE. Tree Fern Family

Alsophila microdonta Desv. A. armata Mart.

Collected at Atasta, Tabasco, Rovirosa 48. — A handsome tree
fern with a slender trunk 1-5 m. high; leaves few, 2-2.5 m. long,
ovate-oblong, subtripinnate.

Hemitelia Hartii Baker has been reported from Cozumel Island,
but there are no specimens available, and the record is very doubtful.

POLYPODIACEAE. Polypody Family

In local publications there has been reported frequently from
Yucatan a fern under the name Ceterach officinarum or as Ceterach
aureum. Its identity is altogether obscure, but probably it is one of
the species listed here. It is reported to be known as "muchcoc"
and "doradilla," and it is stated that the dried plants are sold
commonly in the markets. They are used as a remedy for gonorrhea
and for affections of the liver and bladder, as well as for various
other ailments. It is possible that the plant may be rather a species
of Selaginella.

Acrostichum daneaefolium Langsd. & Fisch.
Without locality, Gaumer 24348. — A large coarse fern with simply
pinnate leaves, growing usually in open swamps, in shallow water.

Adiantum petiolatum Desv. A. Kaulfussii Kunze.
Reported by Rovirosa from Atasta, Tabasco. — Leaves once pin-
nate, 15-25 cm. long, the pinnae glaucous beneath.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 195

Adiantum tenerum Sw.

Sp. Culantrillo. Apparently frequent. — Leaves decompound, del-
toid-ovate, the segments trapeziform or rhombic-oblong, glaucous
green. — It is perhaps this species for which the name "teltsiu" is
reported, the plant being employed in domestic medicine, especially
as an emmenagogue.

Adiantum tetraphyllum Willd.

Reported by Rovirosa from Atasta, Tabasco. — Leaves twice
pinnate; pinnules not glaucous, sessile.

Adiantum tricholepis Fe*e.

Sp. Culantrillo. Frequent. — Leaves 3-4-pinnate, ovate, the seg-
ments roundish-rhombic.

Asplenium dentatum L.

Cenote de Telchaguillo, Schott 747. — Leaves small, pinnate, 6-20
cm. long, the pinnae 8-12 pairs, mostly opposite.

Asplenium pumilum Sw.

Zizalchen (Gaumer). Sp. Culantrillo. Collected in shady places
at several localities; also on Cozumel Island. — Leaves pinnately
parted, the lower segments petiolate and more or less 3-lobed,
crenate-dentate. — The plant is sometimes used in domestic medicine.

Cheilanthes horridula Maxon.

Only a single Yucatan specimen has been seen, collected long
ago at Me>ida, Schott 3.

Cheilanthes leucopoda Link has been reported as collected by
Gaumer on Cozumel Island, but no specimens are at hand to sub-
stantiate the record.

Cheilanthes microphylla Sw. Pellaea aspera Millsp. FMB.
1:287. 1896, not Baker.

Apparently frequent. — Plants low, with wiry glabrous blackish
stipes; fronds pinnatisect, rusty-pubescent, the segments very small,
pinnatifid, obtuse.

Dryopteris augescens (Link) C. Chr. var. puberula (Fe"e) C.
Chr. D. patens Millsp. FMB. 1: 287. 1896, not Sw.

Sp. Culantrillo bianco. Frequent. — A large coarse plant, the
leaves pinnate, the pinnae pinnatisect.

Dryopteris meniscioides (Liebm.) C. Chr. Polypodium menis-
cioides Liebm.

Reported by Rovirosa from Atasta, Tabasco.

196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Dryopteris reptans (Gmel.) C. Chr. Goniopteris reptans Presl;
Nephrodium reptans Diels.

Schott 779. Reported also from Tsitas, Seler 3955. — Leaves
stellate-pubescent, 14-22 cm. long, the pinnules ovate, obtuse.

Dryopteris subtetragona (Link) Maxon. Phegopteris rudis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 349. 1898, not F£e; Polypodium tetragonum Sw.;
Goniopteris tetragona Presl.

Apparently frequent. — Fronds 25-30 cm. long, the pinnae lan-
ceolate, pinnatifid, sparsely pubescent, the segments obtuse, entire.

Hemionitis palmata L.

Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1072. — Fronds palmately 3-5-lobed,
deeply cordate at the base, the lobes almost entire.

Nephrolepis occidentalis Kunze.

Reported by Rovirosa (as N. cordifolia var. pectinata Baker)
from Atasta, Tabasco.

Paltonium lanceolatum (L.) Presl.

Reported by Rovirosa (as Taenitis lanceolata R. Br.) from the
vicinity of Atasta, Tabasco.

Polypodium astrolepis Liebm. Gymnogramme elongata Hook.
Reported by Rovirosa as growing on trees near Atasta, Tabasco.

Polypodium decumanum Willd.
Reported by Rovirosa from Atasta, Tabasco.

Polypodium Palmeri Maxon. P. lycopodioides Millsp. FMB.
1:348. 1898, not L.

Naabtsuts (Gaumer). Frequent. — Creeping on tree trunks; leaves
small, oblong or lanceolate, entire.

Polypodium Phyllitidis L. Campyloneuron Phyllitidis Presl.

Occasional as an epiphyte on trees. — Leaves 30-70 cm. long,
stiff, oblong-linear to oblong-lanceolate, long-tapering to the base,
nearly entire.

Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt. P. incanum Sw.

Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1110. — Growing on trees, the root-
stocks long and creeping; fronds 6-10 cm. long, pinnatifid, densely
grayish-scaly.

Pteridium caudatum (L.) Maxon. Pteris aquilina var. caudata
Link.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 197

Xualcanil (Gaumer). Occasional. — The plant is very similar to
the widely distributed bracken, Pteridium aquilinum.

Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav. Aspidium trifoliatum Sw.
Chacchauayxiu. Frequent in moist places. — A large coarse fern
with pinnatisect fronds and very large, rounded fruit dots.

SALVINIACEAE. Salvinia Family

Salvinia auriculata Aubl.

Izamal, Gaumer 1007. — A small floating aquatic plant.

SELAGINELLACEAE. Selaginella Family

Selaginella cuspidata Link.

Mutscoc. Occasional in dry places. — This Selaginella forms
rosettes similar to those of the resurrection plant of the south-
western United States.

Selaginella erythropus Spr.

Without locality, Gaumer 23171.

Selaginella longispicata Underw. FMB. 1: 287. pi. 10. 1896.

Mutscoc (Gaumer). Sp. Doradilla. — Type from Izamal, Gaumer
825. Nohcacab and Me"rida, Schott 669. This species occurs also in
Haiti.

GYCADACEAE. Cycad Family

Dioon spinulosum Dyer.

Chamal (Gaumer). Reported from Progreso. — This is a little-
known species, and has not been found among recent Yucatan col-
lections; perhaps only cultivated at Progreso. The trunk is said to
reach a height of 15 m.

Zamia furfuracea L. f.

San Anselmo, Gaumer 21*30; Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1076. —
A forest plant, stemless or with a short trunk; leaves pinnate, the
numerous leaflets lance-linear, glabrous, serrulate, attenuate, finely
nerved; fruit a large cone. — The roots are poisonous, and are reported
to have been used in Central America for criminal poisoning. This
species probably is common in the southern part of the Peninsula.
The roots of some Zamias were an important article of food among
the Caribs and other American natives, the poisonous property be-
ing destroyed by heat.

198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

PINACEAE. Pine Family

Pinus caribaea Morelet.

Huhub (Tozzer). — Cuban pine. No specimens of pines are avail-
able from Yucatan, but the trees (presumably of this species, which
is common in near-by regions) are reported as occurring abundantly
on the pine and cohune ridges near the border of British Honduras.
The Ixil (Guatemala) name for pine tree is "tza," the Pokonchi
name "chah."

TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family

Typha angustifolia L. T. domingensis Pers.

Puh. Sp. Espadana. Progreso, Millspaugh 1676.— Cat-tail. Prob-
ably common in suitable habitats throughout the region.

This plant has been reported from Yucatan under the almost
incredible name of "Pandanus utilis" (see Millsp. FMB. 1: 9. 1895).
Just how this mistake occurred, it is impossible to determine at the
present time, but apparently it is based upon an earlier published
record.

Cat-tail leaves are sometimes employed for weaving mats. In
Guatemala the fluff from the fruiting spikes is used for stuffing
pillows.

NAIADACEAE. Naias Family

Naias guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong.

Reported as common in quiet water. Aguada Xkaxek, Gaumer
23230. — A slender branched herb with opposite linear leaves, grow-
ing submerged in water.

ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family
Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb.

Progreso, Millspaugh 1692. — An herbaceous plant of marshy
soil with ovate cordate leaves; flowers white, racemose.

GRAMINEAE. Grass Family

Andropogon Gaumeri (Nash) Hitchc. & Chase, CNH. 17: 202.
1913. A. semiberbis Millsp. FMB. 1: 350. 1898; Millsp. & Chase,
FMB. 3: 19. 1903, not Kunth. Schizachyrium Gaumeri Nash, N.
Amer. Fl. 17: 102. 1912.

Known only from the type, collected at Izamal, Gaumer 1037. —
A tufted annual; leaves 3-4 mm. wide, glabrous; spikelets 1-flowered,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 199

in pairs at each joint of the slender racemes, these 4-6 cm. long;
sessile spikelet scabrous, the rachilla joint with a few hairs at the
summit only.

Andropogon malacostachyus Presl. A. hirtiflorus Millsp.
FMB. 1: 350. 1898; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 19. 1903, not Kunth.

Collected only at Tekax. — A slender annual 1 m. high; leaves
3-4 mm. wide, glabrous; racemes 4-6 cm. long; sessile spikelet and
rachilla joint pilose.

Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze. A. elegans Schreb.

A common weed. — An annual, rooting at the lower nodes; leaves
flat, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous or hirsute; spikelets 1-flowered, 4.5
mm. long, in clusters of 3 or 4 in long slender spikes.

Aristida adscensionis L. A. bromoides HBK.; A. nigrescens
Presl.

Frequent. — A small much-branched annual; blades scabrous, 2
mm. wide or narrower; spikelets 1-flowered, 3-awned, in narrow
panicles 5-10 cm. long.

Aristida jorullensis Kunth.

Reported (Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 12. 1905) from
Chichen Itza, Seler 3999. — The specimen, determined by Pilger, has
not been seen by the present writer.

Aristida ternipes Cav. A. scabra Kunth; Streptachne tennis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 354. 1898, not HBK. A. tennis Millsp. & Chase,
FMB. 3: 48. 1903, not Kunth.

Frequent. — An erect perennial; blades 2-3 mm. wide; spikelets
1-awned, in a large open panicle.

Arundo Donax L.

Tekhalal (Gaumer). Cultivated and perhaps naturalized; native
of the Old World. — Giant reed. Plants 3-5 m. high, forming dense
clumps; leaves flat, 5-8 cm. wide; inflorescence a feathery panicle
50-80 cm. long.

Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Guadua latifolia Millsp. FMB. 1:
352. 1898, not HBK.

Sp. Bambu. Planted for ornament; native of the Old World
tropics. — Bamboo. The plant is cultivated generally in tropical
America for ornament, and the stems are used extensively for the
construction of houses as well as for many other purposes.

200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Bouteloua disticha (HBK.) Benth.

Collected only at Nohcacab, Schott 741 • — An erect cespitose per-
ennial 30 cm. high; spikelets 1-2-flowered, in dense one-sided spikes,
these about 25, racemose, 1.5 cm. long.

Bouteloua filiformis (Fourn.) Griffiths. B. americana Millsp.
FMB. 1: 350. 1898; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 53. 1903, not Scribn.
B. bromvides Millsp. FMB. 1: 350. 1898, not Lag.

Sp. Pelillo. Frequent. — A cespitose perennial; blades 1.5-2 mm.
wide; spikes 1.5-2 cm. long; spikelets about 10 in each spike.

Bouteloua juncea (Desv.) Hitchc. & Chase. B. Triaena Scribn.

Frequent. — A cespitose erect hairy perennial; spikes 20-70, 7-12
mm. long, racemose.

Cenchrus echinatus L. C. brevisetus Fourn.

Muul (Gaumer). Sp. Guisaso. Common. — Sandbur. An erect
or decumbent annual; inflorescence densely spicate; spikelets
enclosed in a spiny involucre or bur 5.5 mm. long.

Cenchrus insularis Scribn. in Millsp. FMB. 2: 26. 1900.

On the islands off the east coast; type from Pajaros Island,
Millspaugh 1759; also in Colombia and Brazil. — Spikes 5-10 cm.
long, not very dense; burs 6-7 mm. long.

Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. C. tribuloides Millsp. FMB. 2:
27. 1900; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 42. 1903, not L. C. carolinianus
Millsp. FMB. 2: 430. 1916, not Walt.

Sp. Rosetilla. Frequent. — Plants annual, sometimes forming
large mats; spikes 3-8 cm. long, rather crowded; burs 3-7 mm. wide.

Cenchrus pilosus HBK. C. pallidus Fourn.

Mul (Gaumer); reported also as "mool." Frequent. — Spikes
5-14 cm. long, dense; burs 4-4.5 mm. long. — All the species of this
genus, called "sandbur" in English, are much alike in general appear-
ance, and probably all have the same Maya name. The very sharp
spines of the burs adhere to clothing, and even penetrate shoes
easily.

Cenchrus viridis Spreng. C. pallidus Millsp. FMB. 1: 351.
1896, in part, not Fourn.

Frequent. — Spikes 4-10 cm. long, dense; burs 4 mm. long.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 201

Chloris ciliata Swartz.

Frequent. — A decumbent or erect annual; leaves flat, 7-20 cm.
long; spikelets 1-flowered, arranged in 2 rows on one side of the
rachis, the spikes few, 4-7 cm. long.

Chloris petraea Swartz.

Occasional in the coastal region. — Perennial; leaves 1 cm. wide
or less, obtuse, smooth; spikelets 2 mm. long, the spikes usually
4-6, 4-11 cm. long.

Chloris virgata Swartz. C. elegans HBK.; C. barbata Millsp.
FMB. 1: 351. 1898, not Swartz.

Sp. Barba de indio. Common. — An annual ; leaves narrow, rough ;
spikelets long-awned; spikes 5-10, 4-6.5 cm. long.

Coix Lacryma-jobi L.

Rare; native of the Old World. — Job's-tears. A coarse tall grass
with broad leaves, the inflorescence of 1-5 spikes; pistillate spikelets
enclosed in hard, ovoid, pearly or grayish, beadlike bodies. — The
"seeds" are often used for making necklaces and bracelets. Tozzer
gives the Lacandon name of the plant (in Chiapas) as "sukpaen."

Cymbopogon Nardus (L.) Rendle. Andropogon Nardus L.

Sp. Zacate de limon. Cultivated; native of tropical Asia. — Citron-
ella grass. A tall perennial, lemon-scented ; leaves glabrous, glaucous,
1.5-2 cm. wide; spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs, one sessile, the other
stalked, forming large panicles, the pairs of spikelets subtended by
red-brown sheathing spathes 1-2 cm. long. — A tea made from the
leaves is given as a remedy for colic. This grass seldom or never
flowers in Central America.

Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers.

Canzuuc (Gaumer). Sp. Grama. Common, especially about
towns; probably introduced. — Bermuda grass. A perennial grass,
creeping and often forming a dense sod; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4
mm. wide, scabrous above; spikelets 1-flowered, in 2 rows along one
side of slender spikes, these digitate; spikelets 2 mm. long. — A decoc-
tion of the plant is employed in domestic medicine as a diuretic.

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Eleusine aegyptiaca
Desf.

A frequent weed. — A decumbent annual, often creeping; leaves
2-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough, sometimes pubescent; spikelets

202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

2-flowered, with 2 rudimentary florets above, 3.5 mm. long, densely
crowded in 2-4 digitate spikes 1.5-4 cm. long.

Digitaria filiformis (L.) Muhl. Syntherisma filiformis Nash.

Frequent. — Plants slender, the sheaths, at least the lower, hir-
sute, the blades 1-4 mm. wide; spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs in
secund digitate racemes; rachis of the filiform raceme not winged,
not long-hairy.

Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Syntherisma setosa Nash.

Occasional. — Plants slender, decumbent, rooting at the lower
nodes; leaves hirsute, 2-7 mm. wide; racemes filiform, 3-14 cm. long,
the rachis not winged, long-hairy.

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Syntherisma sanguinalis
Dulac; Panicum marginatum Millsp.

A common weed. — Crabgrass. Plants slender, decumbent and
rooting; leaves glabrous or pubescent, the blades 5-10 mm. wide;
rachis of the slender raceme winged.

Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene.

Frequent on sea beaches and lake shores.— Saltgrass. A low
dioecious perennial; culms very leafy, the leaves narrow, spreading;
spikelets several-flowered, compressed, in short dense panicles.

Echinochloa Colonum (L.) Link. Panicum Colonum L.

Common. — An annual, usually much branched, the culms
spreading or erect, 20-40 cm. long; blades 3-10 mm. wide, scabrous
on the margins, often with transverse purple bands; spikelets 1-
flowered, 3 mm. long, crowded in dense panicled spikes.

Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. var. Crus-pavonis
(HBK.) Hitchc.

Aguada Kanachen, Schott 832. — Barnyard grass. A tall coarse
grass, the sheaths glabrous; spikelets with long stiff awns.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Sp. Grama de caballo. A common weed; native of the Old World.
—Plants annual or perennial, erect or decumbent; leaves 2-6 mm.
wide, smooth or scabrous; spikes 3-6-flowered, in digitate spikes 2-9
cm. long.

Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight. & Arn. E. plumosa Link; E.
ciliaris Millsp. FMB. 1: 288. 1896, not Link. E. mexicana Millsp.
FMB. 1: 288. 1896, not Link.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 203

Zaczuuc (Gaumer). Common. — A delicate tufted annual 10-20
cm. high; blades 2-10 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less; panicles broad
and open; spikelets 2 mm. long, 4-8-flowered, in lax panicles.

Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) Link.

A common weed. — A slender tufted annual 30 cm. high or less;
leaves 2-5 mm. wide; panicles long, narrow, and dense; spikelets
3-4 mm. long, 6-16-flowered.

Eragrostis mexicana (Lag.) Link.

Bayal (Gaumer). Frequent. — A tall slender annual; panicles
6-13 cm. long, broad and open; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long, 7-9-flow-
ered, pale, on slender pedicels.

Eragrostis secundiflora Presl. E. elongata Millsp. FMB. 1:
351. 1898, not Jacq. E. amoena Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 62. 1903,
not Presl.

On sea and lake shores. — Perennial; panicle narrow, stiff, 3-12
cm. long, 1 cm. wide; spikelets 10-15 mm. long, 16-30-flowered.

Gouinia latifolia (Griseb.) Vasey.

Sp. Canote. Occasional. — A tall slender perennial with broad
blades; spikelets 3-4-flowered, 12-15 mm. long, in 2 rows along one
side of the branches of a large spreading panicle 25 cm. long; awns
4.5-5.5 mm. long.

Gouinia virgata (Presl) Scribn.

Collected at Izamal and Tekax. — Plants tall and slender, the
blades broad and flat; panicles 35-40 cm. long, lax and open, tawny-
tomentose in the axils; spikelets 15-18 mm. long, on slender pedicels;
awns 8-10 mm. long.

Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze.

Occasional. — A branched annual; leaves hirsute, 3-15 mm. wide;
spikelets 1-flowered, in spikelike racemes, partially imbedded in
excavations in the jointed rachis; perfect spikelets deeply pitted.

Heteropogon contortus (L.) Beauv. Andropogon contortus L.

Chichen Itza, Seler 3998. — An erect perennial 30-80 cm. high;
leaves smooth, 3-7 mm. wide; spikelets 1-flowered, 8 mm. long, with
long entangled awns, forming spikelike racemes 4-7 cm. long.

Ichnanthus lanceolatus Scribn. & Smith, U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 36. pi. 5. 1897.

204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Xkanchim (Gaumer). Frequent; endemic; type from Izamal,
Gaumer 854- — Plants erect or spreading at base, 40-60 cm. high,
more or less pubescent; blades petioled, oblong to oval, 1-3 cm.
wide; spikelets 1-flowered, 4 mm. long, lanceolate, glabrous, in pan-
icles 5-12 cm. long. — The plant is said to be abundant in many
places, and to be a good forage grass.

Ichnanthus pallens (Swartz) Munro.

Atasta, Tabasco, Rovirosa 642. — Plants much branched, spread-
ing, creeping at base, pubescent; leaves sessile, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2
cm. wide; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous or with a few stiff
hairs, the panicles 5-10 cm. long.

Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. Panicum divaricatum L.

Zit (Gaumer). Frequent in thickets. — A slender, somewhat
woody vine, glabrous or nearly so; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5-12
cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide; spikelets 1-flowered, 4 mm. long, the
panicles open, 5-20 cm. long.

Lasiacis Rugelii (Griseb.) Hitchc.

Collected only at Lake Chichankanab. — A much-branched vine;
culms appressed-hispidulous; blades oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
2-5 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide, hispidulous or puberulent; spikelets
5 mm. long, the panicles few-flowered, usually not more than 5
cm. long.

Lasiacis ruscifolia (HBK.) Hitchc. Panicum compactum Sw.;
P. divaricatum var. Millsp. FMB. 1: 288. 1896; P. divaricatum var.
latifolium Millsp. FMB. 1: 353. 1898, not Fourn.

Mehenzit (Gaumer), Siit (Schott). Frequent. A coarse woody
vine, pubescent; blades 10-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, ovate-oblong
or lance-oblong, acuminate; spikelets 3-4 mm. long.

Leersia hexandra Sw. Homalocenchrus hexandrus Kuntze.

Atasta, Tabasco, Rovirosa 648. — A plant of wet soil, the culms
slender, rooting at the lower nodes; blades flat, 3-6 mm. wide, rough;
spikelets 1-flowered, 4-4.5 mm. long, in panicles 4-8 cm. long.

Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin.

Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23545. — An erect perennial; leaves nar-
rowly linear; spikelets several-flowered, in 2 rows along one side of
the slender rachis, the spikes racemose.

Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) Gray.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1568; without locality, Gaumer 24361.—
An annual, the sheaths smooth or scabrous; blades narrowly linear;

FLORA OF YUCATAN 205

spikes numerous, in large panicles; spikelets 8-10 mm. long, 4-10-
flowered.

Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 71. 1812.
L. mucronata Kunth.

Common. — An annual, the sheaths pilose; spikes 25-40, filiform,
6-15 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, 4-5-flowered.

Monanthochloe littoralis Engelm.

Tsilam, on beaches. — A low perennial with crowded short rigid
leaves; plants dioecious, the spikelets 2-3-flowered, usually sessile
in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves.

Olyra latifolia L.

Atasta, Tabasco, Rovirosa 1*3. — A coarse perennial, often 2 m.
long or more; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. wide;
spikelets 1-flowered, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, in open panicles 10-15 cm.
long.

Olyra yucatana Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 21: 178.
1908. 0. semiovata Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 46. 1903, not Trin.

Occasional; endemic; type from Pocoboch, Gaumer 2372. — A
large coarse perennial; leaves large, ovate-oblong, acuminate; pistil-
late spikelets 8 mm. long, scabrous, the awns 4-12 mm. long; pan-
icles contracted, 8-14 cm. long, 2 cm. wide.

Oplismenus Burmanni (Retz.) Beauv.

A frequent weed. — Plants annual, ascending or prostrate, 10-40
cm. long; blades lance-oblong, acuminate, 2-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm.
wide, pubescent; spikelets 1-flowered, in dense panicled spikes, with
long, antrorsely scabrous awns. — One of the most abundant weedy
grasses of southern Mexico and Central America.

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv.

Without locality, Gaumer 24425. — Plants perennial, creeping;
blades lance-oblong, acuminate, 5-10 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, gla-
brous or pubescent; awns smooth.

Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. 0. hirtellus
Millsp. FMB. 2: 26. 1900; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 36. 1903, not
Roem. & Schult.

Collected only on Cozumel Island. — Plants perennial, ascending
or nearly prostrate, 10-20 cm. long; blades 1-3 cm. long, 4-10 mm.
wide, pilose or glabrate; awns smooth.

206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Oryza sativa L.

Sp. Arroz. Grown for food; native of the Old World tropics. —
Rice. Upland rice is cultivated in many localities, and is one of the
important foods of the region.

Panicum barbinode Trin.

Sp. Zacate Para. Grown for forage and also naturalized; native
of South America. — Para grass. A coarse pubescent grass with long
sterile culms, rooting at the nodes; leaves 6-16 mm. wide; spikelets
1-flowered, glabrous, 3 mm. long, in open panicles 15-20 cm. long.—
This is one of the best pasture grasses of tropical America, and it is
planted everywhere in the wet lowlands for forage.

Panicum Chapmani Vasey.

Without locality, Gaumer 21^60. — Plants cespitose, glabrous, the
blades 2-5 mm. wide; spikelets 2 mm. long, in panicles 30 cm. long
or shorter.

Panicum fasciculatum Swartz. P. fuscum Swartz.

Common. — Plants erect-spreading, copiously hispid; leaves flat,
6-20 mm. wide; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous, in panicles 5-15
cm. long.

Panicum geminatum Forsk. Paspalum paspaloides Millsp.
FMB. 1: 354. 1898. Panicum paspaloides Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3:
34. 1903.

Frequent. — Plants glabrous, cespitose; leaves 3-6 mm. wide,
flat; spikelets 2.2-2.4 mm. long, the panicles narrow, spikelike, 12-30
cm. long.

Panicum Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. P. hirticaulum Millsp. & Chase,
FMB. 3: 32. 1903, not Presl.

Occasional. — Plants in small tufts, erect, 60-80 cm. high, hirsute;
leaves flat, 12 mm. wide or less; spikelets 3 mm. long, glabrous, the
panicles 20-30 cm. long, broad and open.

Panicum hirticaulum Presl.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1501, 2466. — Plants erect, branched from
the base, the blades broad and flat, sparsely hairy; panicles 5-15
cm. long; spikelets 3.7 mm. long, glabrous, on flexuous pedicels.

Panicum maximum Jacq.

Sp. Zacate Guinea. Cultivated commonly for forage, also natural-
ized; native of South America. — Guinea grass. Plants perennial, in
dense clumps 1-2.5 m. high, more or less hirsute; blades 1-3.5 cm.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 207

wide; spikelets 3 mm. long, glabrous, the panicles 20-50 cm. long. —
Guinea grass is planted very widely in Mexico and Central America
for pasture, and seems to be the grass best adapted to the purpose
in most regions. It forms a rank growth, and it is often almost
impossible to force one's way through the pastures, so dense and tall
are the leaves and culms. Such places are all the less attractive
because they are usually infested with millions of garrapatas, or ticks.

Panicum molle Swartz. P. carthaginense Millsp. FMB. 1: 353.
1898; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 35. 1903, not Swartz.

Occasional. — Plants ascending or spreading from a decumbent
base, 30-70 cm. high, pubescent; blades 4-15 cm. long, 7-15 mm.
wide; spikelets 3.5 mm. long, pubescent, the panicles 6-15 cm. long.

Panicum trichoides Swartz. P. bremfolium Millsp. FMB. 1:
288. 1896; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 32. 1903, not L.

Cuhuech (Gaumer). Common. — Plants spreading, 20-40 cm.
high, pubescent; blades oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm.
wide; spikelets 1.2 mm. long, pubescent, the panicles 5-20 cm. long,
broad and open.

Paspalum Langei (Fourn.) Nash. P. Schaffneri Millsp. FMB.
2: 24. 1900, not Scribn. P. oricola Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 28. 1903.

Cozumel Island. — Perennial, 25-70 cm. high; blades 7-20 cm.
long, 12-15 mm. wide; spikelets 1-flowered, 1.6-2.4 mm. long, in 2
rows along one side of a flattened rachis, the spikes panicled. — The
type of P. oricola is Millspaugh 1480 from Cozumel Island.

Paspalum malacophyllum Trin. P. elongatum Millsp. FMB.
1: 353. 1898; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 27. 1903, not Griseb.

Collected only at MeYida. — Panicle of 12-14 racemes, these
2-3.5 cm. long; spikelets 2.3 mm. long, glabrous.

Paspalum yucatanum Chase, CNH. 28: 121. /. 71. 1929. P.
paniculatum Millsp. FMB. 1: 288. 1896, not L. P. lentiginosum
Millsp. FMB. 1: 353. 1898; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 28. 1903, not
Presl.

Endemic; type from MeVida, Schott 597. — An ascending perennial;
blades flat, 8-15 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, finely appressed-pubes-
cent; spikelets semihemispheric, 1.4 mm. long, forming slender one-
sided spicate racemes.

Phragmites communis Trin. P. vulgaris Trin.
Zachalal (Gaumer), Halal (Aznar). Sp. Canoto. Frequent in low
swampy places. — Reed. Plants 1.5-4 m. tall, forming dense clumps;

208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

leaves 1-5 cm. wide, smooth, glabrous; inflorescence a plumelike
panicle 15-30 cm. long or larger. — The plant is probably the "halal"
of the Motul Dictionary, used by the Indians for arrow shafts.
This grass extends far northward through most of the United States,
and occurs also in Europe.

Saccharum officinarum L.

Sp. Cana de azucar. Cultivated commonly; probably native of
southern Asia. — Sugar-cane. The plant is extensively grown as a
source of sugar, especially in Campeche. Aznar reports from that
state the following varieties: "cana blanca," "cana morada"; "cana
criolla" or "nehuech," a variety now rarely seen. Its Maya name
means "armadillo tail," and the variety is so called because the
joints are short and the nodes so close together that the canes
resemble an armadillo's tail. The Quich£ name of sugar-cane is
"ahitz"; the Pokonchi name "ahih"; the Ixil name "utzal."

Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. S. flava Kunth; Chaetochloa
geniculata Millsp. & Chase.

Sp. Zacate cerdoso. A common weed. — An erect or spreading
perennial; blades 8 mm. wide or narrower, glabrous, scabrous, or
villous; spikelets 1-flowered, 2-2.5 mm. long, in dense bristly spike-
like panicles. — This is one of the most common weedy grasses of
Mexico and Central America.

Setaria Grisebachii Fourn. Chaetochloa polystachya Millsp. &
Chase, FMB. 3: 38. 1903, not Scribn. & Merr. S. yucatana Herrm.
Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen. 10: 51. 1910.

Izamal, Gaumer 2478 (type collection of Setaria yucatana). — An
erect or spreading annual; blades usually less than 1 cm. wide,
puberulent and scabrous; spikelets 2 mm. long, the panicles narrow
and interrupted.

Setaria vulpiseta (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.

Without locality, Gaumer 24292. — A perennial, sometimes 2 m.
tall; blades 3 cm. wide or less; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the panicles
as much as 30 cm. long and 4-5 cm. wide.

Setariopsis auriculata (Fourn.) Scribn.; Millsp. FMB. 1: 289.
1896. Setaria auriculata Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 43. 1886.

Frequent; type collected in Campeche by Linden; widely dis-
tributed in Mexico. — An erect annual with narrow flat pubescent
blades; spikelets 1-flowered, 3 mm. long, ovoid, acute, subspicate
and panicled, the panicles 5-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 209

Sorghum Drummondii Nees.

Sometimes cultivated and escaping; native of the Old World. —
Chicken corn. A tall coarse annual with broad leaves and a very
dense panicle; awns 8-10 mm. long.

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Andropogon halepensis Brot.

Akilzuuc (Gaumer). Sp. Zacate Parana. Cultivated for pasture,
also escaped; native of the Old World. — Johnson grass. A tall
perennial with long rootstocks; leaves 1-3 cm. wide, flat; spikelets
1-flowered, in decompound panicles up to 60 cm. long.

Sorghum vulgare Pers.

Sp. Millo. Sometimes cultivated for fodder and for the seeds;
native of the Old World. — Sorghum. A tall coarse annual with
leaves 2-5 cm. wide, the panicles very dense; awns 5 mm. long.

Spartina Spartinae (Trin.) Merr.

Without locality, Gaumer 24356; a plant of brackish swamps. —
A stout stiff perennial; spikelets 1-flowered, 7 mm. long, crowded in
rows along a one-sided spike, the spikes forming a long slender dense
spike.

Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth. S. domingensis Millsp.
FMB. 2: 27. 1900; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 50. 1903, not Kunth.

Occasional in saline soil. — An erect perennial 30 cm. high or less;
leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spikelets 1-flowered, 1.5 mm.
long, in narrow or broad panicles 4-7 cm. long.

Sporobolus atrovirens (HBK.) Kunth.

Izamal, Gaumer 313 in part. — Panicles pyramidal; leaves short
and flat, mostly basal; spikelets 1 mm. long.

Sporobolus minutiflorus (Trin.) Link.

Collected at Izamal and Chichankanab. — Panicles short-exserted,
12-30 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide; spikelets 1.3 mm. long, glabrous, on
short slender pedicels.

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth.

Common on seashores. — An erect, fastigiately branched peren-
nial 15-50 cm. high, with creeping rootstocks; leaves 3-20 cm. long,
4 mm. wide or less, distichous; panicles 3-7 cm. long, dense and
spikelike; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long.

Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze. S. americanum
Schrank.

210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Occasional. — Plants perennial, creeping or ascending, glabrous;
leaves 4-10 mm. wide, blunt; spikelets 6 mm. long, mostly 2-flowered,
in narrow dense spikes 4-13 cm. long.

Trichachne insularis (L.) Nees. Panicum lanatum Rottb.; P.
insulare Meyer; Syntherisma insulare Millsp. & Chase; Valota
insularis Chase.

Common. — An erect perennial, growing in clumps; leaves 1-2
cm. wide, glabrous or with pubescent sheaths; spikelets 1-flowered,
usually in pairs, forming numerous silky racemes, long-hairy. —
The feathery inflorescences are often used in Central America for
decorations.

Tridens eragrostoides (Vasey & Scribn.) Nash. Triodia eragro-
stoides Vasey & Scribn.

Tsilam, Gaumer 1239. — A slender tall perennial with narrow
leaves; panicles loose and open, 15-25 cm. long; spikelets 5 mm.
long, 7-10-flowered.

Zea Mays L.

Ixim (sometimes written "ixin" and "xiim"). Sp. Maiz. — Maize,
Indian corn. Maize is undoubtedly the most important plant of the
whole Maya region, for it is today, as it has been for at least 2,000
years, the chief food of the Mayas. Upon the maize plant is based
the whole Maya civilization. Exhaustion of the soil consequent upon
the growing of the plant is believed to have caused the successive
migrations of the Mayas.

The usual system of agriculture in this region, as well as in most
parts of Central America, is to clear a piece of land toward the end
of the dry season, felling the trees and cutting the brush and coarse
herbs. When dry, this litter is burned, the ashes serving as fertilizer.
When the rains begin, corn (or other crops) is planted in holes made
with a sharp stick. During the growing season the plants are not
cultivated, but the larger weeds are usually cut, to prevent their
smothering the corn. Sometimes the same plot of ground is planted
a second year, but more often a new field is cleared. It is obvious
that this is an exceedingly wasteful system of crop growing.

Maize is believed to be a native of central Mexico, but there is
still much doubt as to its origin. It is not known in the wild state.

The maize grown in Yucatan is of the flint variety, with hard
plump kernels. The ears are usually small, and vary greatly in
color. Tozzer mentions the following local varieties: "sakxim" or

FLORA OF YUCATAN 211

"xnuknal," a large white corn; "chakchoch" or "chakxnuknal," a
large red corn; "kanxim," a yellow kind; and "chikintsonot," a blue
variety. The Motul Dictionary defines "peeu" as "a kind of small
red maize, which makes in 40 days, and is very early"; "xacin" as
a kind with white and black kernels intermixed.

There is a large Maya vocabulary relating to maize. A cornfield
or "milpa" is called "col" (in Ixil "avual" or "com"); "yaxcal" is a
field planted without having been burned. "Puch" is defined by the
Motul Dictionary as "maize when it is hardening in the field, but is
not quite dry." Cornstalks are called "zakab"; the green plant
"nal." The name "ixim" refers to the dry kernels removed from the
cob. The Motul Dictionary gives the same definition of "co."
"Pach'cab" indicates ears which are blown down by the wind.
"Zacnal" is defined as "el mismo maiz cuando esta en las caiias."
"H'ec" is an ear of corn while it is attached to the stalk. Corn silk
is called "tzucnal"; corn husks are "h'oloch" or "coloch" ("baa"
in Mame; "achben," Jacalteca; "auc," Chuje). Green tender ears
suitable for roasting ("elote" inNahuatl) are called "aknal," "axnal,"
or "heek" (in Ixil, "ma'tzin hal"; "xeba," Aguateca; "ih" or "iih,"
Mame; "ahan," Tzental; "aham," Chuje; "ho'ch," Quiche"). A
corncob is "bacal." This word is used commonly by the Spanish-
speaking people of Tabasco in place of the usual Nahuatl "olote"
current in Mexico. In Quiche" the corncob is "hal"; Pokonchi,
"bahlak"; Tzental, "nal." "Cootoloc" is corn with small kernels.
"Zucuchacal" is an ear which does not develop kernels. "Choinak"
are the ears kept hanging in the houses for seed.

The chief food of the Mayas consists of tortillas, thin cakes of
ground maize which are baked or toasted upon hot stoves or a
griddle. Tortillas are prepared today exactly as they were a thou-
sand years ago, except that now the soaked corn is sometimes ground
in a small mill. The shelled corn is soaked with lime or lye until the
outer coating can be removed. It is then ground upon a stone
metate or "piedra" with a heavy stone somewhat like a rolling-pin,
until it becomes a fine sticky mass, or "masa." The quality of the
tortillas depends upon how thoroughly the corn has been ground.
The native women spend a large part of their lives at this hard
daily task. Tortillas are usually eaten hot and crisp, for when cold
they are not very good, and a sadly heavy food.

The corn ready for grinding is called "kuum" (in Nahuatl and
Mexican, "nistamal"). The ground corn, or "masa," is called
"zacan." The tortilla is called "pacach" or "pecuah"; in Ixil, "le";

212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Pokonchi, "mukun," "vua," "vuec," or "vuic." "Chepa," accord-
ing to the Motul Dictionary, is a kind of bread made from new
tender corn. "Canlahuntaz" is defined as large loaves of maize
bread made of numerous tortillas filled with beans or frijoles, and
eaten at the feast accompanying the "misa milpera."

Men traveling, or working in a field, where tortillas can not be
toasted, use "totoposte" or "pozol," which consists of the "masa"
prepared for tortillas, shaped into small cakes, which are eaten or
mixed in water. These are called "maats" or "zacpet" (in Pokonchi,
"chac'o'c" ; Ixil, "vuh" or "vuah" ; Mame, "chovue" ; Chuje, "vuail").

Visitors to Mexico and Central America soon learn that there is
a prejudice among the native people against drinking cold water.
This must be of Indian origin, and Landa states that the Mayas
did not drink water alone. Coffee is now taken in its stead, and in
Yucatan various beverages made from corn are drunk habitually.
"Pinol" (Nahuatl) or "kah" (Maya) consists of ground roasted
maize mixed in water with sugar or sirup; and often with chile,
cacao, or spices. It is taken either hot or cold. In the Ixil dialect
this is called "c'a." "Chocosaka" or "chocosacan" consists of "masa"
mixed with hot water and a little salt. "Atol" or "atole" (Nahuatl)
is much like "chocosacan," but it is boiled until it becomes a thick
glutinous liquid. In Maya this is called "za," "akza," or "izul,"
according to the manner of its preparation. In Mame atole is called
"bo'ch"; Jacalteca, "culul"; Ixil, "tzatzal" or "uc'a"; Pokonchi,
"picab," "picob." "Zaca" or "sacha" is a cold drink of raw corn
meal and water, sometimes flavored with cacao. It was a customary
offering to the gods. "Keyem" is defined as a similar beverage.
"Ul" is defined by the Motul Dictionary as sweet atol made from
new corn, and "akalix" or "aklix" as another beverage made from
tender corn. "Copen" is described as a hot drink made from corn
and sweet potatoes.

An infusion of corn silk is administered as a diuretic. Corn had
an important place in the religious beliefs and ceremonies of the
Mayas. Me"ndez describes a curious custom, namely, that gourds
of "saca" were hung about beehives, in order that the bees might
not abandon the hives, and might bring home ample stores of honey,
and also that their owners might be free from sickness.

The Maya word "zuuc" is equivalent to "zacate" (Nahuatl),
and signifies grass in general. The name "ac" is said to refer to a
tall grass with wide blades, growing in savannas, which is used for

FLORA OF YUCATAN 213

thatching houses. It has not been identified. "Koxol-ac" ("mos-
quito-grass") is a seashore grass, according to Pe"rez. Brasseur de
Bourbourg reports "ochux" as a kind of reed or cane, and "colomche"
as a kind of bamboo. The name "xcuzuuc" is applied to a grass
which furnishes forage for horses.

CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family

Cyperus brunneus Sw. C. Ottonis Millsp. FMB. 1: 11. 1895;
2: 29. 1900, not Boeckl. C. brizaeus Millsp. FMB. 2: 121. 1900,
not Vahl.

Frequent. — Inflorescence a dense umbel consisting of 2-6 spikes;
spikelets dark red, about 20, usually 6 mm. long and 2 mm. wide.

Cyperus canus Presl.

Frequent, growing in water or wet soil. — Plants coarse, some-
times 2.5 m. high; inflorescence an open many-rayed umbel, the
spikes digitate at the ends of the rays; spikelets dioecious, com-
pressed, 10-15 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, 20-30-flowered, oblong,
grayish chestnut. — The plants are sometimes eaten by stock. Jn
some parts of Central America the stems of this species are utilized
extensively for weaving mats, especially those used as mattresses.

Cyperus compressus L.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1291. — Inflorescence a 2-5-rayed umbel,
the spikes flabellate, green, somewhat mottled with chestnut; spike-
lets compressed, oblong, 8-20 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, 6-30-flowered.

Cyperus elegans L. C. viscosus Sw.

Common. — Inflorescence a 6-10-rayed umbel, the spikes pale
green and brown, subglobose, composed of 8-20 spikelets spreading
from the short rachis; spikelets compressed, oblong, 8-10 mm. long,
3 mm. wide, about 10-flowered.

Cyperus esculentus L.

Occasional. — Inflorescence a 4-10-rayed umbel, the spikes golden
brown, oblong, of 5-25 spreading spikelets; spikelets compressed,
oblong, 10-15 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, 8-14-flowered.

Cyperus ferax L. Rich. C. densiflorus Millsp. FMB. 2: 28. 1900,
not Mey.

Common. — Inflorescence a large broad compound umbel with
3-6 primary rays, the spikes composed of numerous spreading spike-
lets; spikelets ferruginous, subterete, very slender, linear, often zig-

214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

zag, 15-30 mm. long and about 1 mm. thick, 5-12-flowered. — One
of the most common weedy plants of Central America. Reported
by Millspaugh and Chase (FMB. 3: 74. 1903) as C. Michauxianus
Schult.

Cyperus globulosus Aubl. C. echinatus Millsp. & Chase, FMB.
3: 71. 1903, not Wood.

Sisal, Schott in 1865. — Inflorescence a 1-8-rayed umbel, the spikes
russet-colored, subglobose, the 10-25 spikelets congested; spikelets
little compressed, oblong, about 6 mm. long and 2 mm. wide,
3-4-fruited.

Cyperus lentiginosus Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 74. 1903.

Frequent; type from Chichankanab, Gaumer 1290; reported from
Costa Rica. — Plants tall, the leaves 5-10 mm. wide; inflorescence an
umbel with 10-16 rays, the spikes russet-brown or green, oblong,
composed of many pectinate spikelets; spikelets scarcely compressed,
slender, 10-13 mm. long, 1.3-2 mm. wide, 4-6-fruited.

Cyperus ligularis L.

Occasional. — Inflorescence a compound umbel with 8-12 rays,
the spikes rufous, sessile or nearly so, the terminal one very dense
and cylindrical; spikelets reddish brown, ellipsoid, 3-5 mm. long and
1.5 mm. wide, 2-4-fruited. — One of the common weedy species of
tropical America.

Cyperus ochraceus Vahl.

Mazcabzuuc (Gaumer). Occasional. — Inflorescence a decom-
pound umbel with 6-10 rays, the spikes pale yellowish, subglobose,
1 cm. wide; spikelets strongly compressed, ovate-oblong, 5-10 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide, 18-20-flowered.

Cyperus rotundus L.

Occasional. — A perennial with long tuber-bearing rootstocks; in-
florescence a 3-7-rayed umbel, the spikes wine-colored, the 2-7
spikelets spreading, compressed, oblong, 5-20 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm.
wide, 6-24-flowered.

Cyperus uncinatus Poir. C. aristatus Millsp. FMB. 1: 10. 1895,
not Rottb. C. squarrosus Millsp. FMB. 1: 354. 1898, not L.

Chabxan, Chabxaan, Cabaxan (Schott). Common. — Inflorescence
a 2-5-rayed umbel, the spikes russet or chestnut, densely flabellate,
composed of 6-25 spikelets divergent from the very short rachis;
spikelets compressed, oblong, 6-12 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 215

Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc.

Sisal, Schott 176. — Bracts leaflike, white near the base; inflores-
cence consisting of a white head composed of 8-16 ovoid spikelets
5-8 mm. long. — The plant is a showy one because of the conspicuous
white bracts subtending the inflorescence.

Dichromena radicans Schlecht. & Cham.

Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1562. — Bracts sometimes white within
near the base; heads composed of 1-3 pale brownish spikelets 9
mm. long.

Eleocharis caribaea (Rottb.) Blake. Eleocharis capitata Millsp.
FMB. 1: 290. 1896, not R. Br.

Common. — Stems terete, the single spike light brown, ovoid,
obtuse, 3.5 mm. long; achene 1 mm. long, black, shining, the tubercle
white.

Eleocharis cellulosa Torr.

Occasional. — Spike pale brown, 2-4.5 cm. long, obtuse; achene
2.8 mm. long, brown, the tubercle stramineous, tipped with black.

Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl. F. laxa Vahl; Iria poly-
morpha Kuntze.

Pocoboch, Gaumer 2376; Holbox Island, Gaumer in 1886. — Inflo-
rescence a corymbose umbel of 3-6 rays; spikelets reddish brown,
ovoid, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long; achene pale stramineous, 1.2 mm.
long, longitudinally ridged.

Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl. F. spadicea Millsp. FMB. 2:
29. 1900, not Vahl.

Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1594- — Inflorescence umbellate,
several-rayed, the rays 2-3 cm. long; spikelets ferruginous, ovoid,
obtuse, 8-10 mm. long; achene pale brown, 1.4 mm. long, faintly
marked by longitudinal rows of hexagonal reticulations.

Fimbristylis spadicea (L.) Vahl.

Sp. Esparto (Gaumer). Common. — Inflorescence a compound
umbel, the rays 1-6 cm. long; spikelets chestnut-colored, ellipsoid,
acutish, 10 mm. long, the scales indurate; achene blackish, 1 mm.
long.

Fuirena simplex Vahl.

Common.— A coarse plant of wet soil; spikelets many-flowered,
in terminal or axillary clusters, subtended by a hairy leaflike bract,

216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

1-2 cm. long; scales obovate, obtuse, pubescent, bearing a scabrous
awn; achene stipitate and beaked.

Mariscus jamaicensis (Crantz) Britton. Cladium jamaicense
Crantz; C. germanicum Millsp. FMB. 1: 290. 1896, not Schrad.
C. Mariscus Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 83. 1903, not R. Br.

Holche. Reported also as "holsacbe." Frequent in salt water
swamps. — Sawgrass. A tall coarse sedge, sometimes 3.5 m. high,
with thick, very rough-edged leaves; inflorescence a large panicle
composed of dense many-flowered corymbs; spikelets fascicled, chest-
nut, 2-flowered; achene ovoid, acute, 3 mm. long. — The leaves are
very tough, and in Florida they are sometimes employed for weav-
ing baskets and other articles. The rough-edged leaves may cut
one's hands and arms if the plants are handled carelessly.

Rynchospora micrantha Vahl.

Occasional.— A low annual with narrow leaves; inflorescence a
slender panicle of several lax corymbs; spikelets in clusters of 2-3,
1-fruited, 1.5-2 mm. long; achene 1 mm. long, light brown, trans-
versely rugose, with a depressed tubercle.

Scirpus validus Vahl. S. lacustris Millsp. FMB. 1: 290. 1896,
not L.

Halal. Frequent in wet or swampy places. — Bulrush. A coarse
sedge, sometimes 2.5 m. high, with terete green spongy stems;
inflorescence a compound, lax, usually drooping umbel; spikelets
clustered, ovoid, obtuse, 6-9 mm. long; achene grayish black, 1.5-2
mm. long. — The stems are used for making mats, which are employed
as rugs and mattresses. It is probably this plant for which the Motul
Dictionary gives the name "cheel poop," defining the term as "the
leaves and branches of the rush from which they make mattresses
and mats." There is listed also the word "zay," "el corazon de
junco de que se hacen petates o esteras."

Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw.

Collected at San Felipe and Pocoboch.- — Plants very slender,
low; inflorescence a few-flowered panicle; spikelets clustered, of 2
sexes; achene shining white, marble-like, 2.5 mm. long, with a tri-
angular base.

PALMACEAE. Palm Family

The palms of Mexico are still imperfectly known, and it is prob-
able that others besides those listed may occur in the Peninsula. It
is to be presumed, also, that some exotic palms are in cultivation.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 217

Acanthorrhiza Mocinni (HBK.) Benth. & Hook.

Sp. Palma de escoba. Campeche, and perhaps elsewhere in the
Peninsula. — This species is widely distributed in southern Mexico,
and occurs in Guatemala. The vernacular name indicates that the
fan-shaped leaves are used for making brooms. The trunk, of medium
height, is covered with long spines, and the fruit is about 12 mm. in
diameter.

Acrocomia mexicana Karw.

Tuk. Sp. Coyol, Cocoyol. MeYida, Schott 805. Apparently com-
mon.— Mexican wine palm. A tall plant with pinnate leaves, the
trunk armed with long black spines; fruit about 4 cm. in diameter,
borne in dense heavy panicles. — Cuevas reports that there is a variety
called "istuk," and PeYez states that the "nut" is called "cheech."
The name "coyol" is Nahuatl. The flesh of the fruit is described
as sweet and edible. Charcoal made from the roots and taken in
water is a local remedy for diabetes. Rosaries are made from the
seeds. In Mexico and Central America a mild fermented wine is
made from the sap of the trunk of this and other species.

Attalea cohune Mart.

Tutz (Pete"n, according to Stoll). Sp. Corozo. Manaca (B. H.).
Cohune palm (B. H.). Hacienda Oxcom, Schott 726. — This is the
finest and largest of Mexican and Central American palms, some-
times attaining a height of 60 m. The enormous but graceful,
feathery, pinnate leaves are sometimes as much as 15 m. long. The
corozo is reported as abundant in the southern part of the Peninsula,
where it grows on the low hills known as cohune ridges, associated
with pines. It grows also on low ground, often forming dense stands.
The fruits, resembling a small coconut, and about 7 cm. in diameter,
are borne in very large, dense, and heavy, pendent panicles. They
are rich in oil, but their hardness makes its extraction difficult, else
the tree would be an important source of revenue. Gann reports
that the Indians break the nuts and boil them in water; the oil rises
to the surface and is skimmed off. They burn it in lamps and use it
for cooking, and the oil has been used locally as a substitute for
linseed oil. It is said that palm wine is obtained from the trunks of
the trees. Rejon gives the Maya name of this palm as "mop."

Chamaedorea graminifolia Wendl. C. gracilis Millsp. FMB.
1:355. 1898, not Willd.

Xiat, Chiat. Collected at Nohpat, Xcholao, Buena Vista Xbac,
Izamal, Libre Union. — A handsome and graceful, slender, dwarf

218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

palm 4.5 m. high or less, the green unarmed reedlike stems 2.5 cm.
thick; leaves pinnate, with linear segments; spadices once branched;
fruit a small black berry. — It grows in clumps, and is sometimes
planted for ornament. The Maya name signifies "near the edge of
the water," in allusion to the habitat. Chamaedorea is the largest
and the only large genus of Central American palms. The unopened
inflorescences, which resemble small ears of corn with the husk,
called "pacayas," are much used as a vegetable in many parts of
Mexico and Central America. They are delicious when properly
cooked. The Pokonchi name of the Chamaedoreas is reported as
"k'ip."

Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sarg. Thrinax argentea Lodd.

Nakaz. Progreso, Gaumer 23350. — A palm of the coastal region,
the trunk usually not over 6 m. high, sometimes very short; leaves
fan-shaped, silvery-white beneath; fruit black, 8-12 mm. in diameter.
—This palm does not have pads of fiber like those surrounding the
trunks of Thrinax Wendlandiana, which it somewhat resembles. It
has a network of fiber but not the dense "fuzz." The silver palm
has a wide distribution in the West Indies and occurs in southern
Florida.

Cocos nucifera L.

Coco, Cocotero. Common, especially on seashores. — The coconut
is one of the most characteristic plants of tropical America, and one
of the most useful. Small commercial plantations of it are reported
from Yucatan, especially from Cozumel Island. Gann states that
the Indians extract and utilize coconut oil like that of the corozo.
The meat of the nut is used locally for making dulces, and the sweet
clear liquid of the young nuts is a refreshing beverage, always cool,
no matter how hot the air. The "milk" has diuretic properties, and
the fruit is reputed efficacious in expelling intestinal parasites. The
ancient Mayas made cups and other utensils from the shell of the
fruit. The midrib of the leaf of this and other palms is called
"chilib."

It is significant that no Maya name is recorded for the coconut.
I believe that it lacks, likewise, an Aztec name, and it may well be,
therefore, that the palm was introduced into the region even after
the appearance of the Spaniards, although this is difficult to believe
when one views the present abundance of this graceful tree along
the coasts of Mexico and Central America. No other tree is quite
so important in giving to tropical shores their distinctive appearance.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 219

Inodes japa (Wright) Standl.

Sabal japa Wright. S. mexicana Millsp. FMB. 1: 11. 1895, 1:
355. 1898, not Mart.

Xaan, Xan. Sp. Guano, Huano, Palma de guano. Very common
in dry forests, flowering throughout the year. — In Mexico this pal-
metto is known only from the Yucatan Peninsula, but it occurs also
in Cuba. The trunk is reported to attain a height of 24 m.; the
leaves are green and fan-shaped; the spadices are large and much
branched; the fruit is a black berry 8-10 mm. in diameter. This
palm is one of the most useful local plants, and is said always to
be left standing when ground is cleared. The fruits are eaten by
children. The leaves are used commonly for thatch and for making
hats, mats, brooms, and other articles. The hats were formerly an
important article of export to the United States. Rope is said to be
made from the leaf fiber. The names "bayal," "bayal-xaan," and
"bom" are reported for this species. Cuevas reports as varieties of
guano "bon," "tulhoc," "xanilkax," and "cabalxaan," but some of
these names may relate to other palms. The name guano seems to be
of Carib origin. This species is probably the "bonxaan" of Tabasco.

The plant finds some use in local medicine, and is reported to
have "tonic, nutritive and vitalizing" properties. The extract is
said to calm irritation of the nervous system, and to stimulate diges-
tion, increase appetite, and augment assimilation. Gaumer states
that it is a powerful remedy in the treatment of diseases of the air
passages, and that it is specific in various affections of the sexual
system.

Phoenix dactylifera L.

Sp. Datil, Datilero. The date palm, native of the Old World
tropics, is planted infrequently.

Oreodoxa regia HBK.

Sp. Palma real. The royal palm, native in Cuba, Hispaniola,
and Florida, is reported as planted for ornament. It is one of the
handsomest of American palms, and is grown generally in tropical
America.

Thrinax Wendlandiana Becc. ?T. parviflora Millsp. FMB. 1:
11. 1895, not Swartz. T. argentea Millsp. FMB. 1: 355. 1898, 2: 30.
1900, not Lodd.

Chit. Common, especially in the coastal plain. Occurring also
in Cuba, and reported from Honduras. — A low palm, usually about

220 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

3 m. high, unarmed, with fan-shaped leaves; fruits globose, about
1 cm. in diameter. — The fruits have a pleasant taste and are edible.
The soft fiber produced on the trunk is said to be called "mirahuano,"
and is used for stuffing pillows and mattresses. Gaumer states that
the plant is "tonic, corroborant, and vigorative. The extract pos-
sesses sedative properties, and is nutritive and diuretic. It is useful
in the treatment of phthisis, bronchitis, and other affections of the
air passages, and has a vitalizing effect upon the sexual system. In
cases of debilitated sexual and digestive functions, with faulty as-
similation and malnutrition, it produces very satisfactory results.
It also develops the mammary glands." "Chit" is said to be the
preferred spelling of the Maya name, although several other forms
are reported, and to signify "burst into flower." This palm is said
to flower twice, in March and May.

Thrinax parviflora has been reported from Cozumel Island, and
it may be that two species of the genus occur in this region.

The names "tasiste" and "palmito" are reported for two palms
of the Bacalar region which have not been identified.

BROMELIACEAE. Pineapple Family

Aechmea bracteata (Swartz) Mez. A. laxiflora Millsp. FMB.
1: 12. 1895, not Benth.

Xkeu, Xkeo, Chaccanahzihii (Gaumer). Izamal, Progreso, Chi-
chankanab. — A large coarse epiphyte with spine-margined leaves;
flowers very numerous, forming a large panicle. — The leaves are
enlarged at the base, and contain a substantial quantity of water,
which often is drunk by travelers in the forests.

Ananas magdalenae (Andre*) Standl.

This important fiber plant is not represented by Yucatan speci-
mens, but it occurs in Pete"n, Guatemala, and northward as far as
Tampico, Mexico, and is pretty certainly to be found in southern
Yucatan. In British Honduras it is called "silk-grass," and usually
in Central America "pita floja." In Pet£n it is known as "pinuela."
The plant is terrestrial, the leaves armed with prickles, which toward
the apex of the leaf are small and closely set. The inflorescence is
a large, dense, hard, bracted, red head. The leaves give a superior
quality of fiber, notable for its strength and fineness.

Ananas sativus Schult. f.

Sp. Pina. — The pineapple is grown commonly in Yucatan, as in
most other parts of tropical America. The plant is said to be a

FLORA OF YUCATAN 221

native of Brazil. The Quich4 name of Guatemala is reported as
"mazati." The Pokonchi name is "ch'op" ; the Mame name "chuba."

Bromelia Karatas L. Karatas Plumieri Morr.

Cham,Chom. Sp. Pinuela. Wild pinguin (B. H.). Common. — A
terrestrial plant, the leaves long, spine-margined; flowers borne in
a dense head nearly sessile among the leaves. — A sirup made from
the fruit is used as a diuretic and as a remedy for intestinal parasites
in children. Recent writers give the Maya name as "chom," but in
the old dictionaries it is given as "cham."

Bromelia Pinguin L. B. sylvestris Willd.

Tsalbay. Sp. Pinuela, Pinuelilla. Common. — A terrestrial plant,
similar to B. Karatas, but with a long-stalked paniculate inflores-
cence.— The yellow, very acid fruit is edible. The names "cham,"
"chom," and "hman" are reported for this species.

B. sylvestris is considered a distinct species by Mez, but it is
certainly very close to B. Pinguin.

Hechtia Schottii Baker; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3:318.
1884.

Endemic; type from Cerro de Maxcanu, Schott 645. Collected
only at Xcholac and Maxcanu. — A coarse acaulescent terrestrial
plant with long spine-armed leaves, small flowers in a large panicle,
and capsular fruit.

Tillandsia Balbisiana Schult. T. setacea Millsp. FMB. 1: 356.
1898, not Sw.

MeYida, Schott 842, 842a in part; Izamal, Greenman 403. — Leaves
numerous, with long narrow recurved blades, thin and inflated at
base; scapes about 30 cm. high, bearing few compressed flower
spikes. — All the plants of this genus are epiphytes. In Yucatan
they are called "gallitos."

Tillandsia brachycaulos Schlecht.

Miz, Chu, Mexnuxib. Sp. Gallitos. Izamal, Me"rida. — Pe>ez
states that the "chu" is sometimes called "canazihil."

Tillandsia bulbosa Hook.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23722. — The Maya name is reported from
Pete"n, Guatemala, as "holunzial."

Tillandsia circinata Schlecht. T. yucatana Baker, Journ. Bot.
Brit. & For. 25: 280. 1887.

222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

MeYida, Schott 250. — Plants cespitose, 20 cm. high, stout, finely
lepidote; leaves recurved, with broad bases.

Tillandsia dasyliriifolia Baker.
Me"rida, Schott 288.

Tillandsia f asciculata Swartz. T. fasciculata var. latispica Mez
in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9: 683. 1896.

Chuc, Xolohbenal (Schott), Canazihil (Gaumer). Izamal, Me*rida.
— Plants coarse and stout, 30 cm. high or larger; leaves numerous,
erect, very narrow, with thick hard bases; scapes stout, bearing few
or numerous broad thick spikes, the bracts indurate, closely imbricate.

Tillandsia recurvata L.

Common on trees. — Plants small, usually 15 cm. high or less,
forming dense clumps; leaves narrowly linear, loosely scurfy; scapes
slender, bearing a single few-flowered spike.

Tillandsia streptophylla Scheidw.

X-holom-x-al, Xoloblenal (Gaumer), Xholobenal, Hkolomxal,
Muliix. Frequent.— Plants stout, about 30 cm. high, densely and
loosely gray-lepidote; leaves numerous, spreading, often twisted;
scape bearing one or several broad spikes. — Specimens collected by
Schott were distributed as T. anceps Lodd.

Tillandsia usneoides L.

Mexnuxib, Meexnuxib, Soscilchac (Maler). Sp. Barba espanola.
Probably common. — Spanish moss is a common epiphyte in many
parts of Mexico and Central America.

Tillandsia utriculata L.

Frequent. — Plants often a meter high; leaves broad, finely
lepidote, with long slender tips; inflorescence much branched.

Tillandsia vestita Schlecht. & Cham.

Xeen. Common. — Plants 20 cm. high or less, with short stems,
clustered; leaves linear, coarsely lepidote; scapes stout, bearing one
or more short dense terete spikes.

Tillandsia filifolia Schlecht. & Cham, has been reported from
Yucatan (Millsp. FMB. 1: 12. 1895), but the specimens on which
the record was based are said to have been collected in Tabasco.
T. polystachya L. also has been recorded (Millsp. FMB. 1: 12. 1895),
but the record is probably an error.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 223

A plant reported by Cuevas (PI. Med. 52. 1913) under the name
"humpets-kin" may belong to the genus Tillandsia. The crushed
leaves are applied as poultices to relieve neuralgia and headache.

Vriesia psittacina var. decolor Wawra, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
30: 183. 1880; Mez in DC. Monogr. Phan. 9: 581. 1896.
Reported from Yucatan by Mez, Schott 75 being cited.

Two plants reported under the names "xceeb" and "pooxnuc"
are said to belong to the Bromeliaceae, but their identity is doubtful.

LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family
Lemna minor L.

Iximha. Without locality, Gaumer 1437, 2393, 23234.— Duck-
weed. A minute plant, floating on the surface of quiet water; thallus
oblong or elliptic, green, each with a single root. — The specific
determination of these collections is somewhat doubtful.

Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd.

Iximha. Izamal, Gaumer 570; Hacienda San Rafael Xteppen
and Hacienda de Chable", Schott 541- — An aquatic plant, consisting
of a minute green thallus, without roots.

ARACEAE. Arum Family

Anthurium tetragonum Hook. var. yucatanense Engl.;
Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80. 12. 1905.

Ukutzhbox (Gaumer). Sp. Tabaco de negro. Type from Chichen
Itza, Seler 3997; Maxcanu, Gaumer 23840; Uxmal, Schott 638; Izamal,
Gaumer 741, Greenman 450.

Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent.

Sp. Papagayo, Manto de la reina. Cultivated for its beautifully
colored leaves. Native of tropical South America. — A terrestrial
acaulescent plant; leaves broadly ovate, hastate, peltate, thin, hand-
somely blotched with red, pink, cream, or silver. — It is probably
this plant which has been listed in local publications as C. sagittae-
folium, a name referable to the genus Xanthosoma.

Monstera deliciosa Liebm.

Izamal, Gaumer 1413, 23200, Greenman 453; wild and cultivated.
— A large glabrous epiphytic vine with huge, deeply pinnatifid
leaves. — Often grown for the edible fruiting spadices, which are
sweet and very juicy. The usual name in Mexico is "pinanona."

224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Philodendron oxycardium Schott. P. trifoliatum Millsp. FMB.
1: 355. 1898. Arum italicum Millsp. FMB. 1: 355. 1898, not Mill.

Akalkumche (Gaumer). Izamal, Gaumer 1422, 23174, 23823,
Greenman 376; Mayapan, Schott 836; M4rida, Schott 489; Camino de
Sacalamino, Schott 630. — A large glabrous epiphytic vine with broad,
entire, deeply cordate leaves.

Philodendron lacerum (Jacq.) Schott.

Ochil (Gaumer). Chichen Itza, Schott. — A large glabrous epiphy-
tic vine with broad leaves pinnatifid into numerous narrow seg-
ments.— The specimens are sterile, and the determination therefore
somewhat doubtful.

Pistia Stratiotes L.

Ibinha (Gaumer). Sp. Lechuguilla. Maxcanu, in water tanks,
Gaumer 23275. — Water-lettuce. A floating aquatic plant, with a
rosette of broad spongy leaves; very different in appearance from
all other Araceae. — It is perhaps this plant which is listed in the
Pe"rez dictionary under the name "xicinchah."

Syngonium podophyllum Schott. Arisaema sp. Millsp.
FMB. 1:355. 1898.

Ochil (Gaumer). Izamal, Gaumer 1091, Greenman 375. — A large
glabrous epiphytic vine; leaves pedately parted into 5 or more oblong
or oblanceolate segments.

Xanthosoma yucatanense Engl. BJE. 37: 138. 1906.

Xmacal (Schott). Endemic; type from Camino de Sacalum,
Yucatan, Schott 630; Izamal, Gaumer 23831. — A terrestrial acaules-
cent plant; leaves long-petioled, the blades broadly hastate-cordate.

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is listed by Gaumer in his Sino-
nimia, with the Maya name "cucutmacal." It is probable that this
plant is grown in Yucatan for its edible roots, but the Maya name
may relate to Xanthosoma. Gaumer lists two other names, "yaax~
tzotzmacal" and "chactzotzmacal," for plants presumably of this
relationship. Calvino states that the "macal" is grown upon a small
scale. It is the "malanga" of Cuba.

COMMELINACEAE. Dayflower Family

Callisia repens L.

A frequent weed. — A small fleshy creeping herb, glabrous except
on the leaf sheaths; leaves ovate to lance-oblong, acute or acumi-
nate; flowers small, white, in dense spicate clusters.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 225

Commelina elegans HBK. C. erecta Millsp. FMB. 1: 13. 1895,
not L. C. virginica Millsp. FMB. 1 : 13. 1895, not L. C. pallida
Millsp. FMB. 1: 356. 1898, not Willd.

Xhubulha, Pahtsa, Cabalzit (Gaumer), Yaaxhaxiu (Gaumer). Sp.
Colevil (Gaumer), Hierba de polio. A common weed. — A fleshy per-
ennial herb, glabrous or nearly so, ascending; leaves ovate-oblong or
lance-oblong, acute; flowers blue, subtended by a cuplike com-
pressed spathe, with united margins. — Some specimens of this species
(Gaumer 876} have been distributed as Callisia repens, but this num-
ber seems to have been a mixture. This is perhaps the plant which
has been reported as C. communis, with the Maya name "cabalsit."

Commelina longicaulis Jacq. C. nudiflora Millsp. FMB. 1:
356. 1898, not L.

Bachaxiu (Gaumer). Sp. Pajilla (Gaumer). Probably common,
but only two collections are known, Schott 32 from Me"rida, and
Gaumer 1231, without locality. — A slender fleshy herb, glabrous or
nearly so, ascending or prostrate; leaves petioled, ovate to oblong,
acute or obtuse; flowers small, blue, the subtending spathe with free
margins.

Rhoeo discolor (L'He"r.) Hance.

Chactsam, Chactsan, Yaxtsam, Yaxtsan, Yaxtsana, Yaxtsanah.
Frequent, growing on walls of ruins and cenotes. — A low stout erect
perennial herb with short stem; leaves numerous, strap-shaped,
15-40 cm. long, sessile; flowers white, in dense clusters subtended by
a large foliaceous cup-shaped spathe. — The plant is grown commonly
for ornament in tropical America. The leaves are usually dark red
or purplish beneath, but sometimes green. Dr. Gaumer reports that
the red form of the plant yields a bright red decoction, which is used
as a cosmetic. When applied to the face or other parts of the skin it
imparts a red color, and also irritates the cuticle, thus increasing the
effect.

The name "chactsam" is derived from "chac," red, and "tsam,"
to soak in water. "Tsan" or "tsanah" signifies to bulge or ruin a
wall, in allusion to the fact that the plant often grows upon walls.

Spironema fragrans Lindl.

Xcholac, Gaumer ^21; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23512; without
locality, Gaumer 23968. On rocks about cenotes. — A large perennial
herb with fleshy oblong attenuate leaves, glabrous or nearly so;
flowers small, white, in dense spicate-paniculate clusters.

226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Tradescantia cordifolia Swartz. Callisia umbellulata Millsp.
FMB. 2: 31. 1900, not Lam. T. floridana Greenm. FMB. 2: 249.
1907, not Wats.

Frequent in moist soil. — A small creeping fleshy perennial herb,
nearly glabrous; leaves ovate to oblong, acute, sessile or nearly so;
flowers small, white, in peduncled clusters.

Zebrina pendula Schnizl.

Sp. Cucarachita (Gaumer). Cultivated at Izamal and San An-
selmo, Gaumer 1+12, 1756. — A fleshy perennial herb, more or less
pilose; leaves lance-oblong, acute or acuminate, dark purple beneath,
the upper surface striped with green and silver. — A native of the
mountains of Central America and the West Indies, and probably
also of southern Mexico, this is the Wandering Jew with striped
leaves which is a common house plant in the United States. It is
grown for ornament generally in tropical America.

PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerelweed Family

Heteranthera limosa (Swartz) Willd.

Hacolel. Izamal, Gaumer 840; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1992. —
A small glabrous aquatic plant with blue flowers; leaves long-
petioled, oblong-ovate or broadly ovate.

Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth, the water hyacinth, is listed
in Gaumer's Sinonimia, with the name "jacinto de agua." It is
probable that this and E. crassipes (Mart.) Solms, even if not native
in Yucatan, are found there in cultivation.

LILIAGEAE. Lily Family

Allium Cepa L.

Cucut (Gaumer). Sp. Cebolla. — The onion is grown commonly,
as it is throughout tropical America.

Allium Porrum L.

Sp. Puerro. — The leek, reported in Gaumer's Sinonimia; it is
little grown in tropical America.

Allium sativum L.

Cucut (Gaumer). Sp. Ajo. — Garlic is cultivated abundantly in
Mexico and Central America, and is all too generally employed in
seasoning food.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 227

Allium Schoenoprasum L.

Sp. Cebollina. — Chives, whose leaves are used for seasoning food,
is listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia. The plant is seldom grown in
tropical America.

Aloe vera L.

Hunpetskinci (Gaumer). Sp. Zabila. Cultivated, and perhaps
naturalized; native of the Mediterranean region. — Aloe. A large
coarse stemless perennial ; leaves strap-shaped, tapering to the apex,
fleshy, the margins armed with short prickles; flowers borne in a
dense bracted raceme, on a long scape. — Cuevas states that the
crushed leaves are applied as poultices to reduce inflammation, and
that the viscid sap is applied to boils to bring them to a head. The
plant is employed also as a cathartic, and in the treatment of
chlorosis, scrofula, indigestion, and anemia. Women wean children
by rubbing on their breasts the bitter juice of the plant.

Asparagus officinalis L.

Sp. Esp&rrago. Reported as cultivated occasionally in Yucatan.
Native of Europe and Asia. — Asparagus is rarely seen in tropical
gardens.

Asparagus plumosus Baker.

Reported in Gaumer's Sinonimia. A native of South Africa,
grown commonly for ornament in tropical America.

Asparagus Sprengeri Regel.

Listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia. An African plant, grown com-
monly for ornament in tropical America.

Beaucarnea pliabilis (Baker) Rose, CNH. 10: 89. 1906. Dasy-
lirion pliabile Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 18: 240. 1880; Millsp.
FMB. 1:12. 1895.

Tsipil (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Sisal, Schott; Kancab-
tsonot, Gaumer 23520; without locality, Gaumer 24327. — A large
treelike plant sometimes 10 m. high; leaves linear, very long, smooth;
flowers small, whitish, in large scarious-bracted panicles; trunk much
thickened at base.

This plant has been reported (Millsp. FMB. 1: 9. 1895) from
Yucatan under the fantastic name of "Pandanus candelabrum
Beauv." The error seems to have resulted from an earlier published
record.

228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Echeandia paniculata Rose. E. terniflora Millsp. FMB. 1: 292.
1896, not Ort.

Izamal, Gaumer 843; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1995. — A bulbous
plant with widely branched panicles of small yellow flowers; leaves
lance-linear, glabrous. — According to Weatherby, the determination
of the Yucatan material is uncertain because of incompleteness of
the specimens.

Liliuni candidum L.

Sp. Azucena. Listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia. — A European
species, grown commonly in Mexico and South America.

Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton.

Without locality, Gaumer 1455. — A small bulbous plant with
umbels of white flowers; in general appearance much like an Allium,
but without alliaceous odor.

Yucca aloifolia L. var. yucatana (Engelm.) Trel. Rep. Mo.
Bot. Gard. 13: 93. 1902. Y. yucatana Engelm. Trans. Acad. St.
Louis 3: 37. 1873.

Tuc. Endemic; type from Nohpat, Schott 706. — A tree, the
trunk sometimes 7 m. high; inflorescence tomentose; leaves linear,
stiff; flowers large, white, campanulate.

Yucca elephant ipes Re^el.

Tuc. Pocoboch, Izamal; doubtless cultivated. — A tree about
6 m. high with few thick branches, and with large panicles of creamy
white flowers; leaves linear, thick and stiff, sharp-pointed. — Flowers
in June. Probably native in Veracruz, but naturalized in many
parts of Mexico and Central America. In some regions the flowers
are used as a vegetable, usually prepared by dipping them in eggs
and frying.

The Kekchi name of Yucca guatemalensis Baker is reported as
"kukilh," and some of the Guatemalan names listed for Y. elephan-
tipes are "pasquiy" and "pasqui."

Dracaena americana Donn. Smith, a handsome tree resembling
a Yucca, but with very small flowers arranged in large panicles,
probably grows in Quintana Roo, because it is known from adja-
cent parts of British Honduras, where it is given the Spanish name
of "cerbatana." In Guatemala it is called "cana de arco," and the
Kekchi name is reported as "kukil."

FLORA OF YUCATAN 229

SMILACACEAE. Sarsaparilla Family

Smilax mexicana Griseb. S. Gaumerii Millsp. FMB. 1: 357.
1898.

Xcoche (probably an error), Xcoceh (Gaumer), Xcocehak,
Coceeh, Coceh. Sp. Zarza, Zarzaparrilla. Apparently common. — A
large glabrous woody vine, armed with stout prickles; leaves short-
petioled, lance-oblong to broadly ovate, leathery, glabrous; flowers
small, brown-purple, in axillary umbels; fruit a black berry. — The
type of S. Gaumerii was collected at Izamal, Gaumer 687. The plant
is called "bejuco de chiquihuite" in Tabasco.

The Middle-American species of Smilax, especially those yield-
ing sarsaparilla, are imperfectly known. Probably neither of the
species here listed is a source of sarsaparilla, but that drug is said to
be exported from Yucatan and Quintana Roo. Perhaps the source
is S. ornata Lem., which is plentiful in adjacent Guatemala. The
names "amakil," "zazaccoceh," and "ixtamal-tzuc" are reported for
Yucatan plants of this genus.

Sarsaparilla is much used in medicine in the Peninsula. It has
tonic, stimulant, and depurative properties, and is employed
especially in the treatment of syphilitic affections, fevers, and
rheumatism.

Smilax mollis Willd.

Without locality, Gaumer 24276, 24401 . — A small unarmed vine,
copiously pilose; leaves lance-oblong to oblong-ovate, cordate at the
base; umbels long-stalked. — Called "bejuco de chiquihuite" in
Tabasco.

DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family
Dioscorea alata L.

Macal, Maxcal, Maaxcal, Akilmacal. Sp. Name. Cultivated
for its edible root, the white yam or water yam. Native, probably,
of southern Asia. — A large glabrous herbaceous vine; leaves ovate,
long-acuminate, cordate at base; stems narrowly winged. — The
yams are important food plants in tropical America, filling, to a
large extent, the place occupied in the North by potatoes. Most of
those grown in tropical America are believed to have been intro-
duced by the early slaves. The Maya name is said to signify "mon-
key neck," given because of the form of the stem. Gann gives the
name of the yam as "xaci macal," a term referring, perhaps, to some
special variety. P£rez reports a plant called "maxcaltzotz," which

230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

"is of the same genus" as the common yam, "but poisonous." It
may be one of the native species. In local Yucatan literature the
yam has been listed as Caladium esculentum. One of the cultivated
yams is said to be called "macal box."

Dioscorea bulbifera L. D. sativa Millsp. FMB. 1: 357. 1898,
not L.

Bauiak. Sp. Volador. Cultivated occasionally; native of tropical
Asia. — A large glabrous herbaceous vine; stems not winged; leaves
broadly cordate, abruptly acuminate; flowers in very long, slender,
fascicled spikes. — The roots are eaten, also the large bulblets borne
in the axils of the leaves.

Dioscorea convolvulacea Schlecht. & Cham.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1582; without locality, Gaumer 927. — A
slender vine; leaves ovate-cordate, puberulent, acute; flowers minute,
green, in long slender interrupted spikes.

Dioscorea densiflora Hemsl.

Reported from Cozumel Island, Gaumer in 1886. Not seen by
the writer, and the record doubtful.

Dioscorea matagalpensis Uline.

Without locality, Gaumer 1391, 21*331. — A slender glabrous vine;
leaves small, deltoid-cordate, acuminate; flowers minute, in small
spicate clusters.

Dioscorea pilosiuscula Bert.

Izamal, Gaumer 2041. — A slender vine, sparsely pilose; leaves
triangular, subcordate, acute; flowers pubescent, in loose, spicate or
racemose clusters.

Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl.

Common; Izamal, Gaumer 928; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1579;
Suitun, Gaumer 23432, 23433, 23434, 23435; Me"rida, Schott 929.— A
large coarse glabrous vine; leaves broadly cordate, acuminate; flow-
ers minute, green, in long slender interrupted spikes; fruit an oval,
deeply 3-lobed capsule 2 cm. long. — The plant is said to have medi-
cinal properties.

Dioscorea spiculiflora Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 361.
pi 92. 1884. D. floribunda Millsp. FMB. 1: 357. 1898, not Mart. &
Gal. D. macrostachya Millsp. FMB. 1: 357 in part. 1898, not Benth.

Akilmacalkuch (Gaumer). Type collected in Yucatan by Linden;
without locality, Gaumer 794 in part, 898, 925, 926, 1578; Izamal,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 231

Gaumer in 1904; Buena Vista, Gaumer in 1899. — A large glabrous
vine; leaves broadly cordate, acute; flowers in long lax panicled
spikes. — Called "corrimiento" in Tabasco.

Dioscorea synandra (Uline) Standl., comb. nov. Higginboth-
amia synandra Uline, FMB. 1: 415. pi. 22. 1899.

Endemic; type from Yucatan, Gaumer 794 in part; without
locality, Gaumer 928, 1580. — A slender glabrous vine; leaves broadly
cordate, acuminate; flowers in long racemes.

Dioscorea yucatanensis Uline, FMB. 1: 416. 1899.

Type from Izamal, Gaumer 927 in part; without locality, Gaumer
1120 in part; endemic. — A slender glabrous vine; leaves small,
ovate-cordate, acute; flowers minute, green, glabrous, in short spikes.

AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family

Agave americana L. is listed by Gaumer as cultivated for orna-
ment, with the name "maguey." The determination is doubtful.

Agave angustifolia Haw.

Babci (Gaumer). Reported from Yucatan and Campeche; origi-
nally described from plants grown in Europe. — Plants subacaules-
cent; leaves gray-green, 40-65 cm. long, 8 cm. wide, with a stout
red-brown terminal spine 2.5-4 cm. long, the margins with slender
teeth 3-5 mm. long and 2-2.5 cm. apart.

Agave decipiens Baker, Kew Bull. 1892: 183. 1892. A. laxifolia
Baker in Curtis's Bot. Mag. 122: pi. 7477. 1896.

This species was described from plants cultivated in Europe, and
grown in southern Florida, to which they are believed to have been
imported from Yucatan. Gaumer 23164, from Izamal, has been
referred here. — Plants with a trunk 2-3 m. tall; leaves green, rather
fleshy and concave, 70-125 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, the dark chest-
nut terminal spine 1-2.5 cm. long, the marginal teeth slender, flexu-
ous, 2 mm. long, 1-2.5 cm. apart.

Agave fourcroydes Lem. 111. Hort. 11: Misc. 65. 1864. A.
rigida var. elongata Baker, Kew Bull. 1892: 33. 1892.

Sacci. Sp. Henequen, Henequen bianco. Planted upon a large
scale; the species was described from plants cultivated in Europe.—
Trunk 1.5 m. high or less; leaves bluish gray, 1.3-2.5 m. long, 8-10
cm. wide, rather flat, with a black-brown terminal spine 2-3 cm.

232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

long, the marginal teeth blackish, upcurved, 1-4 mm. long, 1-2 cm.
apart.

This is the Agave most extensively planted in Yucatan as the
source of henequen fiber, the most important export of the country.
The fiber is employed for the manufacture of binder twine, and is
the principal fiber used for that purpose. In 1923 about 280,000,000
pounds of henequen were exported from Yucatan. There are very
large plantations of this and related species in the eastern part of
the Peninsula. The most recent and accurate information concern-
ing the industry is contained in Bulletin 1278 of the United States
Department of Agriculture (1924), "Production of Henequen Fiber
in Yucatan and Campeche," by H. T. Edwards.

The taxonomy of the Yucatan Agaves is still in a confused con-
dition because the plants have not been studied carefully by any
botanist. There is said to be much confusion locally, also, as to the
vernacular names applied to the plants, probably because the forms
are so much alike. It is stated by Edwards that eight varieties are
recognized locally, but some writers indicate an even larger number.

Agave ixtli Karw. in Salm-Dyck, Hort. Dyck. 8: 304. 1834. A.
silvestris D'Utra, Bol. Agr. S. Paulo 1909: 169. 1909. A. minima
D'Utra, Bol. Agr. S. Paulo 1909: 169. 1909. A. prolifera Schott in
sched.

Babci, Chelem, Chelemci, Chucum, Chucumci, Citamci (reported
also as "cintanci"), Pitaci (Sp. and Maya), Xixci, Xtucci. Culti-
vated extensively, the type grown in Europe from Yucatan. — Plants
acaulescent or with a short trunk; leaves grayish but greener than
in A. fourcroydes, often marked with small brownish spots, some-
what concave, short, the spine and prickles much as in A. fourcroydes.

The name A. ixtli, in its narrowest sense, applies to the "xixci,"
which is said to be a form with small leaves and inferior fiber. A.
silvestris is the "babci" and "chelemci," which is said to be a wild
form with small leaves. A. minima is the "chucumci" (reported
also as "chucunci") and "citamci," which is planted commonly.

These plants were doubtless important to the early Mayas as a
source of cordage. Hammocks were, and still are, made from the
fiber, which served also for bowstrings. "Ci" is the generic name
for the Agave plant. The extracted fiber is called "zozci" or "zozcil"
("zuccil," the ancient form, according to the Motul Dictionary).
"Bob" is the name given to the flower stalk. "Kan" is cord made

FLORA OF YUCATAN 233

from henequen fiber, and this word is also the name of one of the
twenty days of the Maya calendar.

The Maya manuscripts are said to be written on paper made from
Agave leaves, which was rubbed with finely powdered lime to give
it a smooth surface. Books were written also upon deerskin.

Agave sisalana Perrine, U. S. Sen. 25th Congr. Sess. 2. Doc. 300.
pi. 1, 2, 4- 1838. A. rigida var. sisalana Baker, Kew Bull. 1889: 254.
1889. A. sisalana f. armata Trel. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 49. 1913.
A. siciliana Donde", Apuntes 124. 1907.

Yaxci. Sp. Henequen verde. Cultivated on a small scale; origi-
nally described from plants grown in Florida. — Plants acaulescent;
leaves bright glossy green, nearly flat, 150 cm. long, 10 cm.
wide, with a chestnut terminal spine 2-2.5 cm. long, the margin
unarmed or with a few rudimentary teeth, rarely very prickly (f.
armata} .—In Yucatan the fiber of this species is said to be used only
for making hammocks. The plant, however, is grown in other
regions, such as Java, East Africa, and the Bahamas, for its fiber,
sisal or sisal hemp. The name sisal is given because of the fact that
the fiber was first exported from Yucatan through the old port of
Sisal.

Furcraea cahum Trel. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg II. Suppl. 3:
908. pi. 39. 1910.

Cahum, Cahumci. Endemic; type from Sisal, Schott 809. — Plants
subacaulescent; leaves narrow, green, flat, 5-6 cm. wide, the margins
with short blackish teeth, the apex sharp-pointed; inflorescence a
tall panicle, producing bulblets. — This plant probably is not grown
for fiber, although fiber may have been extracted from the young
leaves in earlier times. It is reported that one or more forms of
Agave are called "cahumci" or "cahunci."

The Quiche" name of Furcraea quichensis Trel. is "chich."

Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Urban. Amaryllis equestris
Ait.

Sp. Adonis, Azucena roja. Cultivated for ornament. Native of
tropical America, but probably not known in a wild state in Mexico
or Central America. — Amaryllis. A handsome bulbous plant with
large red flowers.

Hymenocallis americana (Jacq.) Salisb. H. lacera Millsp.
FMB. 1: 292. 1896, not Salisb.

Sp. Lirio. Collected at Chiceh and Izamal. — Spider lily. A
bulbous plant of wet soil, with long broad strap-shaped leaves and

234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

with umbels of handsome long-tubed white sweet-scented flowers. —
Frequently cultivated in gardens of Mexico and Central America.
The plant often grows along seashores, or in brackish marshes near
the beach. Maler reports from Chiapas and Guatemala the name
"anaite" for a plant which is probably of this species.

Polianthes tuberosa L.

Sp. Nardo, Azucena. Cultivated for ornament. — Tuberose. A
native of the mountains of Mexico, grown commonly in American
gardens for its white, exceedingly fragrant flowers.

Zephyranthes citrina Baker. Z. Lindleyana Millsp. FMB. 1:
357. 1898, not Herb.

Cucutchom. Sp. Mayito. Chichankanab, Gaumer 1363; Izamal,
Gaumer 836; Pocoboch, Gaumer 2361 . — A small bulbous plant with
bright yellow flowers 3-4 cm. long. — Z. citrina was based on a culti-
vated plant reported to have come from Demerara, but the locality
may well have been an erroneous one, as is so frequently the case
with cultivated plants. The Yucatan plants agree with the original
plate and description (Curtis's Bot. Mag. 108: pi. 6605. 1882), ex-
cept for their slightly shorter perianth. The form of the stigma is
certainly the same, and very few species of Zephyranthes have a
short subcapitate stigma of this type. It may be, of course, that
the Yucatan plant represents an undescribed species, but I should
hesitate to describe it without comparison with authentic material
of Z. citrina.

Zephyranthes Lindleyana Herb.

Sp. Mayito. Chichankanab, Gaumer 1484- — Leaves long, linear,
somewhat fleshy; flowers deep rose, 3-3.5 cm. long. — Here probably
belongs a plant from Buena Vista Xbac, which has been determined
as Z. rosea Lindl., a Cuban species. Z. Lindleyana is a favorite
garden plant of Central America.

IRIDACEAE. Iris Family

Cipura paludosa Aubl.

Izamal, Gaumer 734, Gaumer in 1904; without locality, Gaumer
24092. — A small bulbous herb with grass-like leaves and delicate
white flowers.

Tigridia violacea Schiede.

Reported from Yucatan, Linden 227. — The report is based upon
Hemsley's record of the species.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 235

Nemastylis Becquaertii Standl. Journ. Arb. 11: 47. 1930.

Type from Chichen Itza, Becquaert 109; also in British Honduras.
— A slender herb about 30 cm. high from a bulblike corm; scapes
branched, bearing several spathes, these about 6-flowered, the bracts
2-3 cm. long, leaves linear, the basal ones 13 mm. wide, 5-nerved;
flowers blue, the perianth nearly 1 cm. long.

MUSACEAE. Banana Family

Musa paradisiaca L

Haaz. Sp. Platano. Commonly cultivated. — Plantain. A native
of Asia, now grown throughout the tropics. The plantain is
one of the most important food plants of tropical America, taking
the place, to a large extent, that is filled by the potato in the North.
It is unfortunate that the fruit is so little known in the United
States, for a plantain properly cooked is one of the best of foods, and
the fruit could be imported even more easily than bananas.

Musa sapientum L.

Haaz, Sachaaz, Boxhaaz. Sp. Guinea. Grown commonly for its
fruit. — Banana. The banana was doubtless introduced into the
Peninsula soon after the arrival of the Spaniards, having been
brought first to the West Indies from the Canaries. Several varieties
besides the common banana (guineo) are grown in Yucatan. Gaumer
mentions the "platano rojo" or red plantain, and the "chachaaz" or
"platano morado." Cuevas states that the young leaves of the
"boxhaaz" are crushed and applied as a poultice to relieve pain in
the chest. The Pokonchi name of the banana is given as "ts'ahlec"
and "tulul."

Heliconia latispatha Benth. is called "suk" in the Kekchi dialect.
For a species of the genus Maler reports the name "chancala" from
the Mayas of Chiapas. He states that the black spherical seeds are
used for necklaces. Therefore the plant is probably rather a Canna
than a Heliconia.

CANNACEAE. Canna Family

Canna edulis Ker. C. speciosa Cuevas, PI. Med. 32, Ilustr. pi. 7,
f. 1. 1913, not Rose.

Chankala. Sp. Platanillo, Lengua de dragdn. Izamal, Gaumer
963; Chichen Itza, Millspaugh 1636; San Anselmo, Gaumer 2102.
Frequent in wet soil. — A coarse glabrous herb 1 m. high or larger,
with thick rootstocks and large broad leaves; fruit a tuberculate

236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

capsule containing several large rounded hard black smooth seeds. —
The determinations of both the species here listed are somewhat
uncertain. Both plants have showy, red or yellow flowers. No
doubt some of the large-flowered cannas of hybrid origin are grown
for ornament in the Peninsula.

Cuevas states that the crushed leaves and roots are applied as
poultices to relieve nervous pains and the pain caused by spider
bites. In some regions of the tropics canna roots are cooked and
eaten.

Canna indica L.

Reported (Millsp. FMB. 1: 13. 1895) as collected on Cozumel
Island by Gaumer.

ZINGIBERACEAE. Ginger Family

Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw.

Pahtsab. Sp. Tirabuzdn. Izamal, Gaumer 23315, growing about
aguadas; without locality, Gaumer 23194- — A tall herb with densely
leafy stems, the leaves broad, glabrous; flowers collected in a dense
headlike terminal spike, the broad bracts closely overlapping. —
The Kekchi names for plants of this genus are given as "ku" and
"pakuite."

Curcuma longa L.

Sp. Curcuma. Listed by Gaumer as in cultivation. — Turmeric.
A native of the East Indies. Often grown in tropical America for
its rootstocks, which yield a yellow dye.

Renealmia aromatica (Aubl.) Griseb. R. occidentalis Sweet.

Nabay (Pete'n). No specimens seen from Yucatan, but the
species has been collected in Pete'n, Guatemala, and doubtless occurs
farther northward. — A tall coarse herb, 2-2.5 m. high, with thick
roots and broad leaves; panicles arising from the base of the plant,
20-30 cm. long, the corollas yellow; fruit a red globose capsule
7 mm. in diameter.

Zingiber officinale Rose.

Sp. Jengibre. Cultivated in Yucatan. — Ginger. A native of the
Old World, grown in tropical America for its aromatic rootstocks,
which are used as a condiment and in medicine.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 237

MARANTACEAE. Arrowroot Family

Maranta arundinacea L.

Chaac. Sp. Sagu, Sagu del monte. Apparently common; some-
times cultivated. — Arrowroot. A large slender glabrous branched
herb with tuberous rootstocks and large white flowers; leaves long-
petioled, or the upper nearly sessile, ovate, acuminate. — Sometimes
cultivated for the starch obtained from the roots. Maranta starch
was exported formerly from Cozumel Island, and probably from
other localities. Gann reports that the roots, eaten raw, are regarded
by the Indians of the eastern part of the Peninsula as a good remedy
in all bladder and urethral complaints.

Thalia geniculata L.

No specimens seen from the area of this flora, but the plant
occurs in Pete*n, Guatemala, and in Tabasco, and doubtless is found
within Campeche or Yucatan. It is a tall herb of marshes, with pur-
ple flowers. Known in Tabasco as "quento."

ORCHIDAGEAE. Orchid Family

The determinations of the orchids in the following list have been
verified by Professor Oakes Ames. The number of species known
from the Peninsula is surprisingly small, probably because the plants
have not been collected exhaustively. The climate of northern
Yucatan is presumably too dry for most orchids, but in the south
there must be many more species.

Brassavola cucullata (L.) R. Br.

Tsilam and Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 798; Sitilcum, Gaumer
23372, G. J. Gaumer 1. — Epiphytic, growing in large masses on trees;
leaves narrowly linear; flowers large and showy, the sepals and petals
linear-attenuate .

Brassavola Digbyana Lindl. Laelia Digbyana Benth.

Tsilam, Gaumer 667; Izamal, Gaumer 23147; Libre Union, Gaumer
23357; Chichankanab, Gaumer 23752 (?; sterile); without locality,
Gaumer 24078. — Epiphytic; leaves oblong, obtuse, thick; flowers
large, the petals and sepals oblong, the lip with a dense long fringe.—
The plant is reported to have medicinal properties.

Catasetum maculatum Kunth.

Chitcuuc. Izamal, Gaumer 847, 23178, 23815. — Epiphytic on
trees, blooming from August to October; leaves large, oblanceolate,

238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

thin, conspicuously nerved; flowers large and showy, in a few-flow-
ered long-stalked raceme. — The viscous sap of the pseudobulbs is
used like glue for mending the wood of violins.

Cyrtopodium punctatum Lindl.

Chitcuuc. Nohcacab, Schott 806; Kabah, Schott 705; Chichan-
kanab, Gaumer 1357; Labna, Stone 281. — Epiphytic; leaves lance-
linear, long-acuminate, thin, 3-nerved. — This is apparently the
orchid which has been reported by local botanists as "Cypripedium
Calceolus L.," although the reports may relate rather to Catasetum.

Epidendrum alatum Batem.

Tsilam, Gaumer 988; Izamal, cultivated, Greenman 451 ; without
locality, Gaumer 23812; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23916 (a small form).
— Epiphytic in dry forests; pseudobulbs narrow, the leaves linear,
thick; flowers numerous, in an open panicle.

Epidendrum imatophyllum Lindl.

Without locality, Ames 106. — Plants without pseudobulbs;
peduncle elongate, the flowers rose-purple or rose-pink.

Epidendrum Stamfordianum Batem.

Izamal, Gaumer 23175, 23196; Gaumer in 1888; Kancabtsonot,
Gaumer 23511. — Forming large masses on trees; leaves oblong or
elliptic, obtuse, thick; flowers in large panicles.

Epidendrum xipheres Reichenb. f. E. yucatanense Schlechter
ex Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 12. 1905, nomen nudum.

Izamal, Gaumer 588, Greenman 445; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1860;
Chichen Itza, Millspaugh 1640; Xcholac, Stone 249; Piste", Seler
3989. — Epiphytic in dry forest; plants small, in dense masses, the
pseudobulbs ovoid; leaves linear; flowers in few-flowered narrow
panicles.

Harrisella porrecta (Reichenb. f.) Fawc. & Rendle.

Tsilam, Gaumer 660; Suitun, Gaumer 23359. — A small plant, 5-10
cm. high, epiphytic on tall shrubs; leaves deciduous; flowers in short
panicles.

lonopsis utricularioides Lindl.

Labcah, Schott 529; Tsilam, Gaumer 672; Suitun, Gaumer 23305.
Flowering in May. — A beautiful small epiphyte with bright lilac
flowers; leaves broadly linear.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 239

Schott 798 from Nohpat, without flowers, is perhaps Laelia
rubescens Lindl.

Two collections by Gaumer, No. 660 bis from Tsilam, and No.
23358 from Suitun, perhaps represent the genus Leochilus. Both
specimens lack flowers.

Notylia multiflora Lindl.

Yaxcabi, Gaumer 1095. — An epiphyte with small pseudobulbs;
leaves oblong; flowers small, in a long many-flowered raceme, the
pedicels recurved.

Oncidium adscendens Lindl. 0. cebolleta Sw.

Putsche, Ahoche (Gaumer). Izamal, Gaumer 401, 4-29; Piste",
Millspaugh 1617; Xcholac, Stone 250; Piste", Seler 3990; Chichan-
kanab, Gaumer 23688; Izamal, Gaumer in 1888; between Dzita and
Chichen Itza, Ames 104- — Epiphytic; leaves subterete, slender,
fleshy; flowers panicled, brown and yellow.

Oncidium carthaginense (Jacq.) Sw.

Izamal, Gaumer 401; Nohpat, Schott; Chichankanab, Gaumer
1536; Libre Union, Gaumer 23202; Hotos, Gaumer 23813, 23814.— A
common epiphyte with small showy yellow flowers in large broad
panicles, blooming from October to May; leaves large, oblong.

Oncidium pusillum (L.) Reichenb. f.

Izamal, Gaumer in 1895. — Epiphytic on shrubs; plants small, the
leaves linear, equitant; scapes 1-few-flowered.

Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23664- — Growing in dense clumps on the
trunks of large trees; flowering in April; leaves long, linear; flowers
in large broad panicles.

Schomburgkia tibicinis Batem.

Tsilam and Xcholac, Gaumer 431; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1768;
Progreso, Schott 270; Tsilam, Gaumer 23256; Telchac, Gaumer 23333.
—An epiphyte with large, bright purple flowers, the racemes often
2 m. long; leaves oblong, thick, obtuse.

Spiranthes acaulis (Smith) Cogn. S. orchioides Millsp. FMB. 2:
32. 1900, not L. Rich.

Piste", Millspaugh 1616. — Terrestrial in deep forest, the scape
tall, glabrous, bracted, the large flowers in a long raceme; leaves
absent at time of flowering.

240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Spiranthes polyantha Reichenb. f.

Cutziz (Gaumer) . Xcholac, Gaumer 442; Sayil, Ames 102. — Plants
30-60 cm. high, growing in crevices of rocks; flowers small, dull red;
leaves present at flowering time.

Stenorrhynchus orchioides (Sw.) L. Rich. Spiranthes orchi-
oides A. Rich.

Sp. Terciopelo ("velvet"). MeYida, Schott 396; Izamal, Gaumer
874; Suitun, Gaumer 23298; without locality, Gaumer 24082; Piste",
Millspaugh 1616. — A terrestrial plant, 60-90 cm. high, with a cluster
of fleshy roots; flowers red, showy, in a dense long-stalked raceme;
leaves basal, absent at time of flowering.

Triphora yucatanensis Ames, Orchid. 7: 39. pi. 109. 1922.

Known only from the type, collected near Izamal, Gaumer 1008 —
Terrestrial, 10 cm. high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, 10-17 mm. long;
flowers white, tinged with purple.

Vanilla fragrans (Salisb.) Ames. V. planifolia Andr.

Zizbic, Zizbickax. Sp. Vainilla, Canela de cuya. Common in for-
ests and scrublands. — Vanilla. A large vine, forming dense masses
over low shrubs, or climbing to the tops of the highest trees. — The
dried seedpods are the "vanilla beans" of commerce. The pods are
used in Yucatan for flavoring chocolate, and in local medicine for
their supposed excitant and aphrodisiac properties. Vanilla was
formerly an article of commerce in the region, but it is now of little
importance. Most of the world's supply of this native American
plant is derived from plantations in the tropics oi the Old World.

Gann states that the "leaves of a species of vanilla called chichle
are used to flavor tobacco, giving it a distinctive flavor and fra-
grance." The plant so utilized is probably not a Vanilla. In the
Kekchi dialect vanilla is called "chesivik."

CASUARINACEAE. Beefwood Family

Casuarina equisetifolia L.

Sp. Pino, Cipres. A native of tropical Asia and Africa; a com-
mon shade tree of the Peninsula. — Beefwood. In general appear-
ance the tree resembles a conifer; its branches are whorled, and their
leaves reduced to small scales. It grows rapidly. The wood is used
locally for cart axles, and for various other purposes.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 241

PIPERACEAE. Pepper Family

Peperomia crassiuscula Millsp. FMB. 2: 33. 1900.

Endemic; known only from the type, collected at Chichen Itza,
Millspaugh 1628. — An epiphytic herb, glabrous, fleshy; leaves verti-
cillate, petiolate, elliptic, obtuse, entire; flowers minute, green, in
dense long stout terminal spikes.

Peperomia glutinosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 293. pi. 12. 1896.

Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer J$5; Chichankanab, Gaumer
23697; San Anselmo, Gaumer 1769. — An epiphytic herb with fleshy,
simple or branched stems; leaves opposite or the upper verticillate,
petioled, broadly elliptic, acute or obtuse, fleshy; flowers in very
long and slender spikes. — A Peperomia very similar in general
appearance has been collected in Pete"n, Guatemala, with the Maya
name "mahauchuuncaac."

The plant listed by Cuevas (PI. Med. 62, Ilustr. pi. 11, f. 2.
1913) as "mahanchunkak" belongs to some other family, if the
illustration is correct.

Peperomia pellucida (L.) HBK.

Apparently a common weed. — A small fleshy terrestrial annual,
glabrous, branched; leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse or
acutish; flowers in short slender spikes.

Piper auritum HBK.

Xmakulam. Maculan (Motul Diet.). Sp. Momo (Gaumer).
Common in moist places. — Plants suffrutescent or herbaceous, 1-2
m. high, very fragrant when crushed, with an odor resembling that
of sarsaparilla; leaves large and deeply cordate; flowers in long,
stalked, very dense spikes. — The fruit has an agreeable flavor, and
the leaves are used for flavoring various dishes. Gaumer states that
the plant has diaphoretic, diuretic, and stimulant properties, and
that it has been utilized in the treatment of fevers, erysipelas, gout,
and angina. Cuevas reports (PI. Med. 62, Ilustr. pi. 9. f. 2} that the
leaves are applied as poultices to relieve pain. According to the
Motul Dictionary, the leaves were heated and applied to wounds.
The Kekchi name is "xaklipur."

Piper cordoncillo Trel. var. apazoteanum Trel. Journ.
Washington Acad. Sci. 19: 331. 1929.

Type from Apazote, Campeche, Goldman 475 in 1900. — The type
of the species is from Tabasco, where the plant is called "cordon-

242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

cillo." This is the name usually applied to species of Piper in most
parts of Central America and Mexico.

Piper Gaumeri Trel. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 19: 332.
1929. P. medium Millsp. FMB. 1: 293. 1896, not Jacq.

Yaxtehc-che, Yaxtec-che, Yaaxpehelche (Gaumer). Endemic; type
from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 783; Chichankanab, Gaumer 23678;
without locality, Gaumer 23973, 24383. — A shrub 2.5 m. high; leaves
short-petioled, broadly elliptic-ovate, abruptly acuminate, glabrous
or nearly so. — A plant similar in general appearance has been col-
lected in Pete*n, Guatemala, with the Maya name "kuksub."

Piper yucatanense C. DC. Linnaea 37: 334. 1873.

Endemic; type collected in Yucatan by Linden (No. 184)', Tizi-
min, Schott 775; Izamal, Gaumer in 1888. — A slender shrub; leaves
slender-petioled, broadly ovate, acuminate, subcordate at the base,
glabrous or nearly so; spikes short, stalked.

In southern Yucatan there must be numerous species of Piper
besides those listed here.

MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family

Myrica cerifera L. M. mexicana Standl. CNH. 23: 164. 1920,
in part, not Willd.

Tea bark, Tea box (B. H.). Puerto Morelos, in mangrove swamps,
Goldman 623. — A shrub or small tree, the small narrow leaves dotted
beneath with waxy glands. — In some parts of its wide range wax is
obtained from the small hard spherical nutlike fruits by boiling
them in water. The wax is used frequently for making candles,
which have a characteristic greenish color, and burn with a peculiar
agreeable fragrance.

The Pokonchi name for a species of Salix or willow is reported
as "c'os." The names "pitan" and "zinuh" are reported for species
of oaks or Quercus in the same dialect. No oaks have been reported
from Quintana Roo or Yucatan, but they grow in near-by British
Honduras.

ULMACEAE. Elm Family

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. Mertensia laevigata HBK.
Zitsmuc, Muc. Common in scrublands. — A spiny shrub or small
tree, often subscandent, flowering in March, the small yellow fleshy

FLORA OF YUCATAN 243

fruit ripening in May and June; leaves alternate, oblong to elliptic
or oval, short-petioled, 3-nerved, serrate or nearly entire, glabrate;
flowers small, greenish yellow. — The fruits are eaten by children and
birds.

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume.

Apparently common, although not reported previously from the
region; Gaumer 1112, 1414, 23530, 24009, 24068, 24386.— A small
tree with rough pubescence; leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate,
acuminate, obliquely cordate at base, finely crenate, pale beneath;
flowers small, green, in dense axillary clusters; fruits very small,
fleshy, clustered, red. — The bark contains a strong tough fiber. The
wood is light, soft, and close-grained. The Kekchi name is reported
as "Mb."

MORACEAE. Mulberry Family

Artocarpus communis Forst. A. incisa L. f.

Sp. Arbol de pan. A native of the Pacific islands, cultivated as a
shade tree in the Peninsula. — Breadfruit. This tree makes one of
the handsomest shade trees because of its dense foliage and sym-
metrical crown. The large leaves are usually pinnate-lobed. The fruit
is globose or oval, rough, green, and about 30 cm. long. The
young fruits are often cooked and eaten, especially by the negro
inhabitants of Central America, with whom it is a favorite vegetable.

Brosimum Alicastrum Sw. Alicastrum Brownei Kuntze.

Ox. Sp. Ramdn (Yuc., B. H.), Capomo, Masico (B. H.). Breadnut,
Wild Cherry (B. H.). One of the most common trees of the Penin-
sula.— Breadnut. A large or medium-sized tree with milky sap,
sometimes 18 m. high, with a trunk 1 m. in diameter; leaves small,
elliptic or oval, acute or acuminate, entire, glabrous; fruit sub-
globose, yellow or orange, containing a single large seed about 12
mm. in diameter. — This is one of the most important trees of Yucatan
because of its great value as a forage plant. The leaves and young
branches are cut and fed to horses and mules, often, especially
during the dry season, being the chief or only food given them. The
wood is useful for many purposes, especially for the curved parts of
farming machinery. The pulp of the fruit is edible, and the seeds,
when boiled, are nutritious, somewhat resembling potatoes in flavor.
They are eaten alone or with plantains, maize, or honey; when
roasted, also, they are good to eat. When dried they are ground
into a meal, from which a kind of bread is made, and they are also

244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

boiled and made into a sweetmeat. The milky latex, which flows
freely from a cut in the trunk, resembles cream, and when diluted
with water is reported to afford a satisfactory substitute for milk.
Diviners' rattles or sonajas were made by placing ramon seeds in a
hollow calabash.

The tree is much used locally in domestic medicine. The milk
in water is administered as a remedy for asthma and bronchitis.
The seeds are eaten by nursing women to promote the secretion of
milk.

Castilla elastica Cerv. C. gummifera Pittier.

Yaxha, Kiikche; reported as "kiche." Sp. Rule, Vie, Caucho.
Frequent in the southern part of the Peninsula, and often planted
elsewhere. — Mexican rubber tree. A large tree, often 15 m. high,
with deciduous branchlets and large drooping leaves; leaf blades
oblong, abruptly short-acuminate, cordate at the base, entire,
densely velvety-pubescent; flowers borne on flat many-flowered
receptacles, these red at maturity. — From incisions in the bark
there flows a white latex which, on coagulation, yields a good quality
of rubber. The tree grows rapidly from seed, and is said to be ready
for tapping at the age of 8-10 years. The rubber was well known to
the ancient inhabitants of Mexico, who made from it balls which
they used in certain games. Courts in which these popular games
were played are found in some of the ruined Maya cities. The
Mayas probably employed the rubber also for waterproofing gar-
ments. The best raincoats now procurable for use in tropical rains
are those made in Central America and Mexico by coating heavy
cotton cloth with this crude rubber. Gaumer states that the pulp
surrounding the seeds of Castilla is edible.

The name "yaxna" is perhaps derived from yax, green, and hal,
skirt, in allusion to the drooping leaves; "kiikche" from kiik, blood,
and che, tree. The Pokonchi name of the rubber tree is reported as
"cheel k'i'c."

Gecropia obtusa Tre"cul. C. peltata Flores, Agricultor 107: 8.
1923, not L.

Koochle (Cuevas). Common. — A tree 6-18 m. high, with whitish
bark, hollow stems, and few branches; leaves peltate, deeply lobed,
densely white-tomentose beneath; flowers in dense thick terete
spikes, these clustered at the end of a long peduncle. — The Cecropias
are among the most conspicuous and characteristic trees of the
Central American lowlands, in appearance quite unlike any other

FLORA OF YUCATAN 245

plants of the region. The hollow branches nearly always are in-
habited by savage ants. In Tabasco this tree is called "guarumo,"
a name of Carib origin used throughout Central America. Cuevas
states that the tree has sudorific, tonic, and emmenagogue proper-
ties, and is employed as a remedy for fevers, and to ease parturition.
The name "xobin" is reported for one of the Guatemalan species of
Cecropia.

Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Morus celtidifolia Millsp.
FMB. 1: 293. 1896, 1: 359. 1898, not HBK.

Sp. Mora, Palo Moral. Common. — Fustic. A tree 15 m. high or
less, often armed with long spines; leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate,
glabrate, often deeply lobed; pistillate flowers in globose heads, the
staminate in slender catkins. — Flowering in May; fruit ripe in June
or July. Called "moral liso" in Tabasco. Sometimes planted as a
shade tree because it remains green during the dry season. The
strong tough wood is used for hubs of cart wheels and for many
other articles. It is the fustic wood of commerce, which gives yellow,
brown, and green dyes, and is employed particularly for making
khaki dye. The fruit is said to be edible.

Dorstenia Contra jerva L. D. Houstoni L.; "D. Contrajerva var.
Houstoniana" Millsp. FMB. 1: 293. 1896.

Xcambalhan, Cabalhau. Sp. Contrayerba. Common in forests. —
An acaulescent perennial herb with long-petioled, angled or deeply
lobed leaves; flowers borne on a flat green quadrangular receptacle.—
The rootstocks are much used in domestic medicine, and the plant
is considered an antidote for all poisons. It is employed as a stimu-
lant tonic and diaphoretic in fevers, dysentery, diarrhea, and indi-
gestion. In Central America the rootstocks are sometimes employed
for flavoring tobacco.

The typical form of the species has deeply lobed leaves. In var.
Houstoni the leaves are merely angulate, but this form is scarcely
worthy of nomenclatorial recognition.

Ficus Carica L.

Sp. Higo, Higuero. Sometimes grown for its fruit. Native of the
Old World.— Fig.

Ficus cotinif olia HBK. F. longipes Miq. ; F. rubiginosa Millsp.
FMB. 1: 14. 1895, not Desf.;F. subrotundifolia Greenm.

Copo. Sp. Alamo. Common. — One of the largest trees of the
region; reported to flower in May and to ripen its fruit in June.

246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

The leaves are said to furnish excellent fodder for horses and mules.
The milky sap contains rubber, and is reported to be employed for
adulterating chicle, and it is also combined with chicle sap to form
a very adhesive bird-lime. It is stated that the sweetish fruits are
eaten raw, dried like the cultivated fig, or preserved with sugar.
The leaves of this fig, according to Landa, were scattered in the
courts of the temples during certain ceremonies.

Maler reports "chimon" as a Maya name for one of the Ficus
species of Chiapas.

The wild figs of the genus Ficus are among the most common
tropical American trees, and in general the least useful. They are
often epiphytic, at least in early stages of growth, germinating upon
the trunk of some tree, especially of palms, and sending down long
roots or branches which finally envelop, strangle, and kill the host
plant. The sap is milky and contains rubber. The wood is soft,
weak, and useless. From the bark some of the ancient Mexicans,
probably also the Mayas, prepared a kind of paper for writing pur-
poses. The fruits are usually small and insipid, and of little use for
human food, although they are sought eagerly by parrots and other
birds. The strangling figs are perhaps the principal plants respon-
sible for the destruction of the old Maya buildings.

Ficus involuta (Liebm.) Miq. F. Bonplandiana Miq.

Progreso, cultivated as a shade tree; Izamal and Cozumel Is-
land.— A large tree with leathery cuneate-oblovate leaves, rounded
at the apex.

The report by Millspaugh (FMB. 1: 388. 1898) of F. Bonplan-
diana, based on Schott 352 from Celestun, relates to a different species.
The specimen is incomplete, and its identification uncertain. The
tree is said to be known as "alamo" and "golondrino." The former
name, applied in Yucatan to the wild figs, is given in Spain to species
of Populus.

Ficus laevigata Vahl. F. lentiginosa Vahl; F. tecolutensis Standl.
CNH. 20: 12. 1917, in part, not Miq.

Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23850, 23867; without locality, Gaumer
24059; Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer in 1899. — A large tree of dry
forests.

Ficus lapathifolia (Liebm.) Miq. F. Bonplandiana Millsp.
FMB. 1: 388. 1898, not Miq.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 247

Sp. Alamo, Golondrino. Celestun, Schott 352. — A large tree;
leaves oblong to oval, abruptly acute, pubescent beneath; receptacles
stalked, globose.

Ficus mexicana Miq.

Saccabah. Aguada Colotyax, Schott 783. — A large tree with rough
leaves; bark smooth and pale.

Ficus nitida Thunb. F. laurifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 14. 1895,
not Lam. F. populnea Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 13. 1905,
not Willd. F. indica Donde*, Apuntes 93. 1907, not L.

Sp. Laurel, Laurel de la India, Alamo extranjero. Planted com-
monly as a shade tree; native of Asia. — One of the handsomest of
the fig trees, when well grown of great size; often assuming the
banyan form, with many aerial roots, some of which enter the
ground and form new trunks remote from the central one. Donde"
states that this species was imported into Yucatan about 1860 from
Cuba. The leaves are sometimes eaten by cattle.

Ficus padifolia HBK.

Champoton, Campeche, Collins 42; without locality, Gaumer
24346, 24427. — A large tree with small leaves. — Known in Tabasco
as "amatillo" or "capulin."

Ficus radula Willd.

Collected at Chichen Itza, Chichankanab, and Puerto Morelos.—
A large tree with slightly roughened leaves.

Ficus religiosa L.

Sp. Alamo cubano. Cultivated at MeYida, and probably else-
where, as a shade tree. Native of the East Indies. — Easily recog-
nized by the ovate-deltoid leaves with long linear acumination.

Ficus yucatanensis Standl. CNH. 20: 33. 1917.

Endemic. Type from Chichen Itza, Goldman 554; Cozumel Is-
land, Goldman 657.

The identity of the plant listed from Chichen Itza by Millspaugh
(FMB. 1: 14. 1895) as "Ficus grandifolia?" is doubtful. The Maya
name is given as "akum." The same tree, probably, is mentioned
elsewhere (Agricultor 2: 101) as a wood producing a resin which
resembles that of "mile" (Castillo).

Gaumer lists in his Sinonimia three species of Morus: M. alba
L., M. nigra L., and M. rubra L. It may be that some of these mul-

248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

berries ("moras") are cultivated in the region for their fruit, or as
shade trees.

URTICACEAE. Nettle Family

Pilea herniarioides (Swartz) Lindl.

Frequent in moist soil. — A small succulent annual with much-
branched brittle stems; leaves slender-petioled, rounded, entire;
flowers minute, green . — This is easily confused with P. microphylla,
and probably bears the same vernacular names.

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. P. muscosa Lindl. Adicea
microphylla Kuntze.

Yomha. Sp. Frescura, Hierba de la viruela. A common weed,
especially in moist places. — A small much-branched fleshy annual;
leaves petioled, elliptic or obovate, glabrous. — The name "hierba de
la viruela" would indicate that the plant is employed as a remedy
for smallpox, but I have found no reference to its use.

Rousselia humilis (Swartz) Urban. Parietaria pennsylvanica
var. floridana Millsp. FMB. 1: 293. 1896, not Wedd.

Frequent in moist places, especially on stone walls. — A small
slender inconspicuous annual, sparsely pubescent; leaves alternate,
long-petioled, broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, entire; flowers minute,
green, axillary. — Unknown elsewhere in Mexico or Central America.

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud. Urtica urens Cuevas, PI. Med. 59.
1913, in part, not L.

Laal,Laal tzimin,La (Motul Diet.). Sp. Ortiga, Ortiga de caballo.
Reported as common; Izamal, Gaumer 936. — A shrub or small tree
2-5 m. high, armed with broad-based stinging prickles and with
coarse stinging hairs; fruit white, juicy. — The plant is said to be
used for hedges in Yucatan, as it is in many parts of Central America.
The hairs on slightest contact with the flesh cause excruciating pain,
which may last for as much as 24 hours.

Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Griseb. Urera microcarpa Millsp.
FMB. 1: 14. 1895, 1: 359. 1898, not Wedd.

Laal,Lal,Laltsimin(Schott'). Sp. Ortiga, Ortiga de caballo. Fre-
quent.— A shrub or small tree 2-6 m. high, furnished with stinging
hairs; leaves large, broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, crenate,
pubescent; flowers small, green, in dichotomous cymes; fruit small,
red and fleshy at maturity.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 249

PROTEACEAE. Protea Family

Grevillea robusta Cunn.

Reported in Gaumer's Sinonimia, and doubtless grown as a shade
tree in various parts of the Peninsula. It is one of the common orna-
mental trees of Mexico and Central America. Native of Australia.
— Silk-oak.

LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family

Phoradendron Gaumeri Trel. Gen. Phorad. 114. pi. 167. 1916.
P. flavescens Millsp. FMB. 1: 294. 1896, in part, not Nutt.

Endemic in Yucatan and Campeche; type from Izamal, Gaumer
561 in part; Izamal, Gaumer 23829; Suitun, Gaumer 23824, 23825,
23828. — A small parasitic shrub, glabrous; leaves oblong to oval-
oblong, rounded at apex, thick; flowers minute, greenish, in short
spikes; fruit a translucent berry. — Reported as parasitic on Pithe-
colobium tortum, P. Unguis-cati, Cassia emarginata, etc.

Phoradendron Millspaughii Trel. Bull. Torrey Club 54: 475.
1927.

Endemic; type from Suitun, Gaumer 23827. — Leaves oblanceo-
late-oblong, 4-6 cm. long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, glabrous.

Phoradendron vernicosum Greenm. FMB. 2: 250. 1907. P.
flavescens Millsp. FMB. 1: 294. 1896, in part, not Nutt.

Xkeu, Yaax-xkeu. Sp. Caballero. Endemic in Yucatan. Type
from Izamal, Greenman 440; Tsilam, Gaumer 876; Chichankanab,
Gaumer 1850, 2011, 23657; Yaxactun, Gaumer 23211 ; Tecoh, Gaumer
23775; San Pedro, Gaumer 23774. — A glabrous parasite; leaves op-
posite, petioled, lance-oblong to elliptic, obtuse or rounded at the
apex, thick; flower spikes axillary, short and dense. — Reported as
growing in large masses on Bumelia buxifolia. Gaumer states that
the plant is employed as an aid to parturition, also in the treatment
of nervous diseases such as epilepsy, dementia, and paralysis.

The name "xkeu" is said to be applied generally to plants of
this family. Other names reported for "Phoradendron flavescens"
are "xmuyche," "yax-zcm," and "xac-xciu."

Phoradendron yucatanum Trel. Gen. Phorad. 118. pi. 173.
1916. P. flavescens Millsp. FMB. 1: 294. 1896, in part, not Nutt.
P. mucronatum Greenm. FMB. 2: 250. 1907, not Krug & Urb.

Endemic in Yucatan; type from Izamal, Gaumer 561 in part;
Pixila,Gcmmer 23214; without locality, Gaumer 24384. — Stems angled,

250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

puberulent; leaves nearly sessile, rounded-obovate or orbicular;
flower spikes short and dense.

Psittacanthus americanus (Jacq.) Mart. Loranihus ameri-
canus Jacq. ; P. calyculatus Don.

Xkeu, Chacxeu. Sp. Muerdago. Apparently common in Yucatan.
— A large glabrous parasite, growing upon Spondias and other trees;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the obtuse apex; fruit a large
black berry; flowers red and handsome, 3-5 cm. long. — The leaves
are employed as emollient poultices, and a decoction of them is
administered as a diuretic. Gaumer reports that the plant has reso-
lutive, vulnerary, emmenagogue, and abortivant properties, and
is employed in the treatment of chorea, asthma, hysteria, and all
spasmodic affections. It is used also as a depurative in chronic
syphilitic affections.

Psittacanthus calyculatus usually is regarded as a distinct species,
but it is difficult if not impossible to separate it definitely from P.
americanus. At any rate, it seems preferable to refer the Yucatan
material to P. americanus.

Struthanthus cassythoides Millsp. ex Standl. FMB. 8: 7. 1930.

Type from Progreso, Gaumer 1174; Progreso, Gaumer 2220, 2458;
without locality, Gaumer 23997. — A glabrous epiphytic shrub; leaves
subsessile, obovate or oblong-obovate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, broadly
rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base; cymes solitary or fascicu-
late at the nodes, 3-10-flowered; petals 4, linear, 3 mm. long.

BALANOPHORACEAE. Balanophora Family

Helosis mexicana Liebm.

Tikal, Guatemala, Cook & Martin 167. — A root parasite, resem-
bling in general appearance some mushrooms, the stout fleshy naked
stalk bearing an ovoid or ellipsoid, very dense head of minute
flowers.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family

Aristolochia grandiflora Sw.

Uahko, Uahkoh. Sp. Flor de pato, Hierba del indio, Guaco. Cul-
tivated at Izamal, the plants said to have been brought from Ruatan
Island, Honduras. — A large herbaceous vine, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves long-petiolate, broadly cordate, acute or acuminate. — This
vine is one of the most remarkable of tropical American plants

FLORA OF YUCATAN 251

because of its giant brown-purple flowers, perhaps the largest pro-
duced by any American plant. In form they suggest the body and
head of a duck, and when well developed they are of about the same
size. A linear appendage which hangs from the calyx is sometimes
a meter long. The plant is grown frequently in northern greenhouses
under the names "swan flower," "duck flower," and "pelican flower."
The roots are employed in some regions as a remedy for snake bites
and scorpion stings. Cuevas, writing probably of this species, states
that a tincture of guaco is used as a lotion for rheumatism, malaria,
and syphilitic affections, and that the infusion is taken internally
for colera. Maler states that in Pete"n and Chiapas the plant is
known as "bonete del fraile" and "bonete del diablo."

The name "uahko" is evidently an attempt to write in Maya
the Spanish name "guaco." That term is applied generally in
tropical America to numerous species representing several unrelated
families, all of them being plants which are supposed to be remedies
for snake bites.

Aristolochia maxima L.

Sp. Guaco del sur. Frequent. — A large woody vine; leaves ob-
long, rounded or obtuse at the base and apex; flowers dark brown-
purple, racemose; capsules about 10 cm. long, pendent. — Known in
Tabasco as "canastilla" and "farolito," both names relating to the
large capsules.

Aristolochia odoratissima L. A. elegans Millsp. & Loes. BJE.
36: Beibl. 80: 13. 1905.

Reported from Me*rida; without definite locality, Gaumer 24457,
24364- — A large herbaceous vine; leaves broadly deltoid-cordate,
acute to rounded at the apex, glabrous; flowers about 10 cm. long,
dull green spotted with purple-brown. — Known in Tabasco as "co-
coba." The plant listed from Yucatan as "kokobak" is probably
this vine. I have not seen Seler 3847 from Me"rida, on which the
report of A. elegans Mast, is based, but that species is probably not
distinct from A. odoratissima, and the report doubtless relates to the
latter species.

Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. A. brevipes Millsp. FMB. 1:
294. 1896, 1: 359. 1898, not Benth.

Chanuahko, Mehenuahkoh (Gaumer). Sp.Gwaco. Izamal, Gaumer
441; Me"rida, Schott 426a, 426, 426b; Tsitas, Schott 839.— A small

252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

slender pubescent herbaceous vine; leaves hastately 3-lobed, the
lobes obtuse to acuminate. — Used locally, according to Donde", as a
tonic and febrifuge. The plant is employed also as an emmenagogue
and in the treatment of gout and rheumatism.

OPILIACEAE. Opilia Family

Agonandra obtusifolia Standl.

Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23870, 23609; Tsilam, Gaumer 64.5;
Izamal, Gaumer in 1907. — A glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves
alternate, lanceolate to broadly elliptic, obtuse, entire; flowers small,
green, in short racemes on old wood; fruit a small drupe.

OLACACEAE. Olax Family

Schoepfia Schreberi Gmel.

Frequent. — A glabrous shrub or small tree with crooked whitish
branches; leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate or elliptic, acumi-
nate, entire; flowers small, in short few-flowered axillary cymes.

Ximenia americana L.

Xkukche. Occasional in thickets. — A spiny shrub or small tree
with a yellow plumlike edible fruit; leaves alternate, oblong to ovate,
obtuse, entire, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, whitish, in dense
axillary racemes, the perianth densely hairy within.

POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. A. cordatum Mart. & Gal.

Chaclomacal (Gaumer). Sp. Flor de San Diego. Frequent. — A
large vine, herbaceous or suffrutescent, the racemes furnished with
tendrils, the bright pink flowers very showy; leaves broadly deltoid-
hastate, obtuse or acute, entire or undulate, glabrous. — Called "Con-
federate vine" in Florida. Cultivated generally for ornament in
tropical America. Donde* states that the roots bear tubercles which
are used medicinally. The plant is reported as a local remedy for
enlarged spleen.

Goccoloba cardiophylla Standl. FMB. 8: 8. 1930.

Type, Gaumer 24013, without definite locality; Kancabtsonot,
Gaumer 23865, 23905; also in British Honduras. — A glabrous tree;
leaves ovate-rounded, 5-7 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the apex,
at the base rounded and emarginate or deeply cordate.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 253

Coccoloba cozumelensis Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 4:
108. 1887. C. yucatana Lindau, BJE. 13: 190. 1890.

Endemic. Type collected on Cozumel Island by Gaumer in
1885. The type of C. yucatana is Gaumer 18 from Yucatan. — A tree
9-15 m. high, glabrous throughout; leaves thin, ovate-oblong, 2.5-10
cm. long, obtuse or subacute; flowers pale green, the slender racemes
sometimes 15 cm. long.

Coccoloba Schiedeana Lindau. C. coronata Millsp. FMB. 1:
294. 1896, not Jacq.

Bobche. Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23894; without locality, Gaumer
23976; Izamal, Gaumer 819. — A shrub or small tree; leaves thick,
oval, obtuse to cordate at the base, glabrous; flowers white, the
rachis of the raceme pubescent.

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) Jacq.

Niiche. Sp. Uva del mar, Uva. Common along seashores. — Sea-
grape. A shrub or small tree, the handsome thick rounded leaves
often red when young. — The wood, when of sufficient dimensions, is
useful for cabinetwork. The calyx is accrescent and at maturity
large, fleshy, juicy, and edible. The plant is astringent, and tonic
properties are ascribed to it. It is employed locally as a remedy for
chronic diarrhea and dysentery, and for venereal diseases.

Gymnopodium antigonoides (Robinson) Blake, Bull. Torrey
Club 48: 84. 1921. Millspaughia antigonoides Robinson in Millsp.
& Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 14. 1905.

Tzitzilche, Zactsitsilche. Sp. Cruceto (B. H.). Type from Progreso,
Millspaugh 1657. Common and widely distributed in dry brush-
lands and on rocky plains; also in Chiapas. — Usually a shrub about
5 m. high, sometimes a tree of 12 m.; leaves alternate, nearly sessile,
obovate to oval-elliptic, obtuse or rounded at the base and apex,
densely pubescent beneath; flowers in panicled racemes; sepals cor-
date at the base. — Gaumer remarks of this plant: "Like the flowers
of Podopterus mexicanus, those of this species yield a large amount
of clear transparent honey of fine flavor and exquisite taste. The
wood makes a charcoal of the highest grade, noted for its intense
heat and lasting qualities."

Gymnopodium ovatifolium (Robinson) Blake, Bull. Torrey
Club 48: 84. 1921. Millspaughia ovatifolia Robinson in Millsp. &
Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 14. 1905.

254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Known only from the type, collected at Progreso, Millspaugh
1672. — Leaves rhombic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, entire, acutish or
obtuse, pubescent beneath; sepals rounded at base.

Neomillspaughia emarginata (Gross) Blake, Bull. Torrey
Club 48: 85. 1921. Podopterus emarginatus Gross, Repert. Sp. Nov.
12: 218. 1913. Podopterus mexicanus Millsp. FMB. 1: 294. 1897, 1:
359. 1898, not Humb. & Bonpl.

Zacitsa (Gaumer), Tsaitsa (Schott); reported also as "xtzacitza."
Frequent; endemic; type from Kabah, Seler 5600; Izamal, Gaumer
750; Suitun, Gaumer 23407; without locality, Gaumer 24217, 24385,
24017; Me"rida, Schott 487. Endemic. — A tree sometimes 15 m. high,
common in low forests and brushlands; flowering in June and July.

Podopterus mexicanus Humb. & Bonpl.

Putsmucuy. Common. — A deciduous shrub or small tree some-
times 6 m. high, with spinose branchlets. — The Maya name signifies
"dove's needle," in allusion to the sharp spine prolonged beyond the
apex of the flower clusters. The flowers yield a large amount of
clear transparent honey of excellent flavor.

Polygonum sp. Sterile specimens of a Polygonum, with foliage
similar to that of P. lapathifolium L., were collected by Gaumer at
Chichankanab, No. 1503. The Maya name is given as "xkaxek."

AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family

Achyranthes aspera L.

Zacpayche. Sp. Zorrillo bianco. A common weed. — An erect or
ascending, pubescent herb, usually less than 1 m. high; leaves mostly
elliptic, acuminate; flowers green, reflexed, in long slender spikes.—
The calyces are armed with hooked spines which penetrate the skin
readily and are difficult to remove. The Maya name has been
reported as "sacpiche" and "xacpiche."

Alternanthera Bettzickiana (Regel) Standl.,comb.nov. Telan-
thera Bettzickiana Regel.

Izamal, doubtless in cultivation, Gaumer in 1888. Native, per-
haps, of Brazil, but often grown for ornament. — A low erect annual,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves long-petioled, mostly rhombic-ovate,
often red or purple; flowers white, in small sessile axillary heads.

Alternanthera halimifolia (Lam.) Standl., comb. nov. Achy-
ranthes halimifolia Lam.; Alternanthera asterotricha Uline, FMB. 1:
419. pi. 23. 1899.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 255

Frequent on seashores. — A coarse procumbent herb stellate-
pubescent; leaves oblong to oval, rounded at the apex; flowers in
dense sessile axillary heads. — The type of Alternanthera asterotricha
was collected at Tsilam, Gaumer 1303.

Alternanthera obovata (Mart. & Gal.) Millsp.

Izamal, Gaumer 905, in part. — A perennial herb, prostrate or
decumbent; leaves obovate to oblong, glabrate, rounded at the apex;
flowers white, in large globose sessile heads. — The only specimen
seen is associated with specimens of Gomphrena dispersa. The species
has not been collected in Yucatan at any other time, and I suspect
that the Alternanthera specimen may have become associated by
accident with the Gomphrena, and perhaps was not collected in
Yucatan.

Alternanthera polygonoides (L.) R. Br.

A frequent weed. — A prostrate herb, rooting at the nodes, villous
or glabrate; leaves elliptic or obovate, obtuse; flowers white, in sessile
axillary heads.

Alternanthera ramosissima (Mart.) Chod. A. brasiliana
Uline & Bray, not Gomphrena brasiliana L.; A. straminea Millsp.
FMB. 1: 16. 1895, 1: 360. 1898, not Mogiphanes straminea Mart.
Gomphrena capituliflora Millsp. FMB. 1: 16. 1895.

ZacmuuL Sp. Amor seco del monte. Common. — A large herb,
often subscandent, glabrate; leaves chiefly lanceolate, acuminate;
flowers in globose or oblong, long-stalked heads. — A decoction of the
plant is reported to be used as a remedy for coughs.

Alternanthera repens (L.) Kuntze.

Cabalxtez (Gaumer). A common weed. — A prostrate annual,
copiously villous or glabrate; leaves mostly elliptic, petiolate, obtuse;
flowers in dense villous sessile axillary heads. — This plant, as I have
seen it in tropical America, is almost wholly confined to streets,
where it grows between the paving stones.

Amaranthus annectens Blake, Journ. Bot. 53: 103. 1915.

Xtez. Endemic. Type from Celestun, Schott 360; Tsilam, Gaumer
1243; Progreso, Gaumer 23149. — A seashore plant, apparently pro-
cumbent, dioecious; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse or rounded at
the apex; flowers in small clusters, forming long branched spikes.

Amaranthus cruentus L. A. hybridus Millsp. FMB. 1: 360, in
part. 1898, not L.

256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Me>ida, Schott 817. — A tall, nearly glabrous annual; leaves lanceo-
late or ovate; flowers often purple-red, forming long slender pan-
icled spikes.

Amaranthus dubius Mart. A. hybridus Millsp. FMB. 1: 15.
1895, 1: 360, in part. 1898, not L.

Xtez, Chactez (Gaumer). A common weed. — An erect or ascend-
ing annual, glabrous or nearly so; leaves chiefly ovate, obtuse; flow-
ers in dense panicled spikes.— Some of the specimens have been
distributed as A. tortuosus Hornem.

Amaranthus hybridus L.

Xtez. Sp. Bledo, Quelite. A common weed. — Pigweed. A tall
coarse annual, nearly glabrous; leaves chiefly ovate; flowers in dense
clusters, these forming large thick panicled spikes. — It may be this
plant which is said to be known as "tezmucuy."

Amaranthus polygonoides L.

Zactez, Zacxtez, Sacxtez, Xacxtez. Frequent. — A slender annual,
nearly glabrous, erect or spreading, usually 30 cm. high or less;
leaves chiefly ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, often emarginate;
flowers in small sessile axillary clusters.

Amaranthus spinosus L.

Xtez, Kixxtez. Sp. Bledo. A common weed. — Spiny pigweed. A
somewhat succulent annual, armed with sharp axillary spines; leaves
chiefly ovate, long-petioled; flowers forming elongate spikes. — The
decoction of the plant is used as a remedy for rheumatic pains and
inflammation of the bladder, and as an emmenagogue. The Quiche"
name for this or some other Amaranthus is reported from Guatemala
as "tzetz" and "labtzetz." This species is a common weed in many
parts of the United States.

Celosia argentea L. C. cristata L.

Sp. Abanico, Cresta de gallo. — The cristate form of the species,
the garden cockscomb, is grown for ornament.

Celosia nitida Vahl. C. paniculata Millsp. FMB. 1: 15. 1895, 1:
295. 1896; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 15. 1905, not L.

Zabacpox. Frequent. — Plants erect, glabrous, herbaceous or
suffrutescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate; flowers borne in dense few-
flowered spikes.

Celosia virgata Jacq.

Hatanal, Xhalalnal (Valdez), Xhatalnal. Apparently common.
— An erect branched glabrous herb about a meter high; leaves ovate

FLORA OF YUCATAN 257

to lanceolate, acuminate, long-decurrent upon the petiole; flowers
green, in dense spikes, these forming large panicles. — Valdez states
that the plant has astringent properties, and is employed as a remedy
for diarrhea.

Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) HBK. Kokera paniculata Kuntze.

Common in thickets.— A large, often scandent, weedy plant, her-
baceous or suffrutescent, dioecious; leaves large, lanceolate or ovate,
acuminate, glabrous; flowers green, in small dense clusters arranged
in panicled spikes. — A common weed in many parts of tropical
America.

Gomphrena dispersa Standl. G. decumbens Millsp. FMB. 1:
295. 1896, 1: 360. 1898, not Jacq. Alternanthera obovata Millsp.
FMB. 1: 360, in part. 1898, notBucholzia obovata Mart. & Gal.

Chacmol Sp. Amor seco, Siempreviva, Inmortal. A common
weed. — A low annual or perennial, appressed-pilose, erect or decum-
bent; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse; flowers white, in dense
globose bracted heads. — The same medicinal properties are attrib-
uted to this as to G. globosa. This species is perhaps only a form
of G. decumbens Jacq.

Gomphrena globosa L.

Chacmol, Tmuul. Sp. Amor seco. Cultivated for ornament and
perhaps escaped from cultivation.— Bachelor's-button, immortelle.
The plant is of American origin, but its native habitat is unknown,
although no doubt it has been grown in Mexico for many centuries.
Cuevas reports that the plant (it is possible that he refers rather to
G. dispersa) has sudorific and emollient properties, an infusion of the
leaves and flowers being administered for fevers, and a decoction for
dysentery. The dried flowers often are used as decorations in houses.

Gomphrena nana (Stuchl.) Standl.

Tekax, Gaumer 1428; without locality Gaumer 24452; M4rida,
Schott 30; Izamal, Gaumer in 1888; Chichankanab, Gaumer 23726, in
part. — A stout erect annual, appressed-pilose; leaves chiefly oblong;
heads large, white, sessile, clustered, subtended by several large
leaflike bracts.

Iresine Herbstii Hook.

Cultivated for ornament, Gaumer 1078.— Probably only a form
of I. paniculata developed in cultivation; leaves mostly retuse at
the apex, colored with red, yellow, or white.

258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze. /. celosioides L.; /. lanceolata
Moq.; I. luzuliflora Millsp. FMB. 1: 16. 1895, not Griseb.

Zactezxiu (Gaumer). A common weed. — A slender herb, some-
times scandent, usually 1 m. high or less, dioecious, pubescent or
glabrate; leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate; flowers
minute, white, spicate, the spikes forming large lax panicles. — This
is one of the most abundant weedy plants of tropical America, and
is widely distributed.

Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) R. Br. Gomphrena vermicularis L. ;
Lithophila vermiculata Uline.

Xukuk (Gaumer). Common on seacoasts and lake shores. — A
low much-branched perennial herb, ascending or prostrate, fleshy;
leaves linear; flowers white, in dense, globose or oblong, sessile or
stalked heads.

GHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family

Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) Standl. Atriplex cristata H. & B.
Putbacxtez (Gaumer). Common on seashores. — A depressed
much-branched pale herb.

Beta vulgaris L.

Sp. Remolacha. — The beet, native of the Mediterranean region,
is cultivated here, as it is in many places in the tropics.

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Lucumxiu (Gaumer). Sp. Apazote. An occasional weed. — Worm-
seed. A very ill-scented, glandular, perennial herb. — The plant is
abundant in many parts of tropical America. In Mexico, as else-
where, it is administered to expel intestinal parasites, for which it is
very efficient. Locally it is employed also as a remedy for nervous
diseases, especially chorea, and for catarrh and asthma. The name
"apazote" is of Nahuatl origin. Among the names reported from
Guatemala are "sicah," "siquih," and "achih."

Chenopodium Berlandieri Moq. subsp. yucatanum Aellen,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 59. 1929. C. album Millsp. FMB. 1: 359.
1898, not L.

Sp. Quelite. Type collected in Yucatan, without definite locality,
Gaumer 1065; Chichankanab, Gaumer 2159, 24^7. Reported also
from New Mexico. — A tall, nearly glabrous, much-branched annual;
leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-rhombic, coarsely dentate, some-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 259

what fleshy; flowers small, green, panicled. — This is probably the
plant cited by Aznar as "Quenopodium vulgaris." The word "que-
lite," of Nahuatl origin, is applied in Mexico to almost any plant
used as a pot herb, being comparable to our English word "greens."

Salicornia Bigelovii Torr.

Tsilam, Gaumer 633; Celestun, Schott 297. — A fleshy annual sea-
shore plant, unknown in Mexico except from Yucatan. It occurs in
Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Bahamas, and on both coasts of the
United States. The Kekchi name is reported as "kaxlan ixkih."

Salicornia perennis Mill.

Progreso, Seler 4934 (distributed as S. fruticosa L.). — A perennial
fleshy seashore plant, unknown elsewhere in Mexico.

Spinacia oleracea L.

Sp. Espinaca. — Spinach is listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia, but pre-
sumably it is not grown commonly in Yucatan. It is rarely culti-
vated in Mexico and Central America.

Suaeda mexicana Standl., comb. nov. Dondia mexicana Standl. ;
D. linearis Millsp. FMB. 2: 35. 1900, not Heller.

Common on sea and lake shores. — A fleshy annual with linear
leaves, growing along seashores or about lakes. — The name "tsaycan"
is reported in the Motul Dictionary for a "soap plant of the coast
whose ashes are used for making soap." I suspect this plant may be
Suaeda, although the Maya name is said to refer to Sesuvium Portula-
castrum, which perhaps may be used for the same purpose.

NYCTAGINACEAE. Four-o'clock Family

Boerhaavia caribaea Jacq. B. hirsuta Willd.; B. viscosa Lag. &
Rodr.; B. repens Millsp. FMB. 2: 40. 1900, not L.

Uxiuam (Gaumer), Chacilxiu (Gaumer). Sp. Mata de pavo
(Gaumer). A common weed. — A procumbent herb with small
flowers and viscid pubescence; leaves opposite, petioled, oval to
broadly ovate, obtuse, undulate; flowers red, in small heads. — The
dry viscid fruits adhere to clothing and to the feathers and feet of
birds.

Boerhaavia erecta L.

Xaacil, Zacxiu, Zacxiuthul, Xacilsacxiu, Xacilxacxiu. Sp. Hierba
blanca. A common weed, generally distributed in tropical America.
— An erect annual with minute, white or pinkish, corymbose-

260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

paniculate flowers; leaves long-petiolate, oblong to broadly rhombic-
ovate, sinuate.— The plant is reputed to have antispasmodic
properties, and is employed locally in the treatment of epilepsy,
chorea, and other nervous diseases.

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy.

Sp. Carolina (Gaumer). A native of Brazil, grown for ornament
nearly everywhere in tropical America. — Bougainvillea. Valdez
reports that the fresh leaves are used to keep wounds clean.

Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standl. Boerhaavia scandens L.;
B. erecta Millsp. FMB. 1: 295. 1896, in part, not L.

Frequent. — Plants large, slender, glabrous, herbaceous or suf-
frutescent, clambering over shrubs and large herbs; leaves opposite,
petioled, deltoid or ovate-deltoid, usually obtuse, entire; flowers
small, greenish yellow, in umbels; fruit dry, with numerous viscid
glands.

Mirabilis Jalapa L.

Tutsuixiu (Gaumer). Sp. Maravilla. The four-o'clock, grown
here, as elsewhere throughout the tropics, for ornament. — A nearly
glabrous, perennial herb, with broadly ovate or deltoid, usually acute
or acuminate, petioled leaves. — The handsome sweet-scented flowers
open in the evening and close in the forenoon. They are purple-red,
white, or yellow, and often exhibit striking variegations. The native
habitat of this plant is not known, but doubtless it has been in cul-
tivation in Mexico and Central America for many centuries. The
root is employed in domestic medicine as a drastic purgative.

Neea choriophylla Standl. CNH. 13: 384. 1911.

Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer 761; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer
23875; without locality, Gaumer 23964, 24049.— A shrub 2 m. high;
leaves opposite, slender-petioled, oblong-elliptic, acuminate, glabrous;
flowers small, pink, in slender-stalked cymes; fruit oval, with fleshy
pericarp, 1-seeded.

Neea sphaerantha Standl. CNH. 13: 384. 1911.

Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer 697. — A slender shrub 3 m.
high with green flowers, produced in May, in long-stalked cymes;
leaves oblong to elliptic, obtuse, glabrous.

Okenia hypogaea Schlecht. & Cham.

Progreso, Gaumer 23152; without locality, Gaumer 24328. A
plant of coastal sand dunes. — A prostrate viscid-villous annual with

FLORA OF YUCATAN 261

long-petioled, oval or rounded leaves; flowers purple-red. — The
pedicels lengthen after anthesis, and the fruits are developed under
ground, like those of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea).

Oxybaphus violaceus (L.) Choisy. Allionia violacea L.; "Mira-
bilis longifolia L.;" Millsp. FMB. 1: 16. 1895.

Xpakumpak. Sp. Hierba del golpe (Gaumer). Common. — An
inconspicuous perennial herb with red-purple flowers; leaves long-
petioled, ovate or deltoid, acute or acuminate, often cordate at the
base, nearly glabrous.

Pisonia aculeata L.

Beeb. Sp. Una de gato. Common in thickets. — A shrub or small
tree, armed with stout recurved spines, the branches long and usually
pendent or subscandent; leaves ovate to broadly elliptic, acute or
obtuse, pubescent or glabrate. — The fruits of this plant are distinc-
tive, being club-shaped, and furnished on the 5 angles with stalked
glands. These exude a very sticky substance which, even in herba-
rium specimens, conserves its viscidity for 50 years and more. The
fruits are reported to entangle small birds, which are unable to
extricate themselves. A decoction of the leaves taken internally or
applied externally is considered in Yucatan an excellent remedy for
articular pains, especially those of syphilitic origin.

The Motul Dictionary gives the definition of "beeb" as "matas
espinosas de que huyen los murcie'lagos," a phrase whose significance
is not altogether clear.

Torrubia linearibracteata (Heimerl) Standl. CNH. 18: 100.
1916. Pisonia linearibracteata Heimerl, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 221.
1913.

Endemic; type from Chichen Itza, Seler 5575; without locality,
Gaumer 23999, 24343; Suitun, Gaumer 23834; Chichankanab, Gaumer
23720. — A large shrub or small tree; leaves slender-petioled, oblong
to oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, glabrous, blackening when dried;
flowers small, dioecious, in long-stalked puberulent cymes; fruit oval,
fleshy, 1-seeded.

BATIDAGEAE. Batis Family

Batis maritima L.

Common on seashores, growing about mangrove swamps. — A
low, perennial, herbaceous or suffrutescent, glabrous plant, 1 m.
high or less; leaves short, linear, fleshy; flowers minute, green, in

262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

short sessile conelike axillary spikes. — Gaumer 611, which belongs
here, was distributed as "Atriplex sp." The plant is said to be
employed, both externally and internally, in the treatment of cutane-
ous diseases.

PHYTOLACGACEAE. Pokeberry Family

Agdestis clematidea Moc. & Sesse*.

Izamal, Gaumer 871. — A large herbaceous vine, climbing over
trees to a height of 12 m.; flowers white; root large and turnip-
shaped.

Petiveria alliacea L.

Payche. Sp. Zorrillo, Hierba de las gallinitas. A common weed. —
Plants erect, herbaceous or suffrutescent; leaves alternate, short-
petioled, oblanceolate-oblong, acute or obtuse, nearly glabrous;
flowers small, whitish, in long slender spikes. — The plant, when
crushed, has a strong odor of garlic, which is said to be communi-
cated to the milk of cows that browse upon it. The Maya name
signifies "skunk plant," and the term "zorrillo" has the same mean-
ing. The fruits are armed with slender spines which penetrate
the skin readily if one brushes carelessly against the plant, and they
are difficult of removal. The plant is said to be used commonly by
the Mayas in domestic medicine, the crushed leaves being applied
as poultices to relieve rheumatism, and to bring boils to a head. A
decoction of the plant is said to be used in fomentations to promote
motion in paralyzed limbs. It is reported that the Mayas crush the
seeds, place them upon a leaf of the plant, and apply them as a
poultice to reveal bewitchery in the sick. Gaumer states that the
extract of the plant is useful as an antispasmodic in hysteria and
other nervous affections, and as a diaphoretic in fevers.

Phytolacca icosandra L. P. mexicana Gaertn.; P. octandra
Millsp. FMB. 1: 295. 1896, not L. P. nova-hispana Millsp. FMB. 2:
41. 1900. P. novohispanica Millsp. ex H. Walt, in Engl. Pflanzen-
reich IV. 83: 60. 1909, as syn.

Telcox, Telcocox. Apparently common. — Pokeweed. A large suc-
culent herb with thick root and juicy black berries; leaves petioled,
elliptic, acute, glabrous; flowers small, pinkish, in long racemes. —
Closely related to the common pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) of
the United States. The plant is used locally as an alterant in
chronic and mercurial rheumatism and in syphilis, especially for the
reduction of swollen glands.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 263

Rivina humilis L. R. humilis var. glabra L.; R. laevis L.; R.
humilis var. laevis Millsp.

Kuxubcan (Gaumer). Sp. Coral. A common weed. — Plants her-
baceous or suffrutescent, erect, branched, the flowers racemose, the
fruit a small, bright red, one-seeded berry; leaves slender-petioled,
mostly ovate and acute, glabrous or nearly so.

BASELLACEAE. Basella Family

Boussingaultia leptostachys Moq. Dioscorea calyculata Donn.
Smith.

Xayillol (Gaumer). Chichankanab, Gaumer 2063; without local-
ity, Gaumer 931, 24231. — A large fleshy glabrous herbaceous vine;
leaves alternate, petiolate, chiefly ovate, acute or acuminate;
flowers very small, whitish, in long slender naked racemes.

AIZOACEAE. Carpetweed Family

Sesuvium Portulacastrum L.

Tsaycan. Sp. Verdolaga de la playa. Frequent on seashores. — A
trailing, very fleshy plant with opposite linear leaves and small
axillary flowers.

PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family

Portulaca halimoides L.

Tsayoch (Gaumer), Tsay-och-can. Izamal, Gaumer 603, 1001.—
A small hairy annual with large fleshy terete leaves and yellow
flowers.

Portulaca oleracea L.

Xucul. Sp. Verdolaga. A frequent weed. — Pusley. A fleshy
glabrous annual with cuneate-obovate leaves and small yellow
flowers. — Cuevas states that the plant is used in local medicine as
an emollient and purgative. In many parts of Mexico and Central
America the plant is cooked and eaten as a vegetable. The Quiche*
name of Guatemala is reported as "paxlac."

The name 'Verdolaga" is given to the plant everywhere in Central
America and Mexico. In the Motul Dictionary the word "cabal-
chun" is translated as "verdolagas," and Pe*rez gives the same equi-
valent for "ixtsacalbac," but it may be that neither of these names
relates to plants of this family.

264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Portulaca pilosa L.

Tsayoch, Tsotsiltsaioch (Gaumer). Frequent. — A low hairy an-
nual with fleshy terete leaves and small purple flowers.

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.

Saioch (Gaumer). Frequent. — A tall erect fleshy branched herb
with elliptic leaves and small, yellow or pink, panicled flowers.

Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.

Occasional. — A succulent erect branched herb with obovate
leaves and small, yellow, pink, or white flowers in few-flowered
cymes. — The leaves of this and the preceding species make an ex-
cellent substitute for spinach, and the plants are well worthy of
cultivation for the purpose.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family
Dianthus barbatus L.

Sp. Clavel de poeta. A native of Europe, listed by Gaumer as
cultivated for its showy flowers. — Sweet William.

Dianthus Caryophyllus L.

Sp. Clavel. The carnation, of Old World origin, is grown for
ornament in Yucatan, as it is generally in tropical America.

Dianthus chinensis L.

Sp. Clavellina. A native of China and Japan, listed by Gaumer
as in cultivation in Yucatan. — Pink.

Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britt. & Rendle. S. Cucubalus Wibel.
Collected at Izamal as an escape, Gaumer 545. Native of the Old
World.

NYMPHAEACEAE. Waterlily Family

Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. Castalia ampla Salisb.

Naab, Sacnab (Maler). Sp. Sol de agua, Ninfa. Common in lakes
and pools. — Waterlily. A large plant with floating leaves and hand-
some showy white flowers; leaves orbicular, deeply cordate at the
base, coarsely dentate. — The Maya name has been reported incor-
rectly as "lab." Stephens gives the name "xicinchah" for an aquatic
plant which is apparently this.

Cabomba aquatica Aubl. has been reported from Yucatan, but
the record is doubtful. It is probable that the plant does occur in
the region.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 265

RANUNCULAGEAE. Buttercup Family

Clematis dioica L. C. caripensis HBK.; C. flammulastrum
Griseb.

Mexnuxib. Sp. Barbas de viejo, Barba espanola. Common. — A
woody vine with ternate leaves and panicled white flowers; leaflets
ovate, acute or obtuse, entire, glabrous or nearly so; fruit a cluster
of long-tailed achenes. — Cuevas states that the fluffy seed heads are
used for stuffing pillows and cushions, and that a decoction of the
root is applied to the gums and to cavities in the teeth to relieve
pain in those organs. The shrub is a rather handsome one when in
full blossom.

Delphinium Ajacis L.

Sp. Espuela, Espuela de caballero, Miramelinda. A native of
Europe, grown for ornament in Yucatan, as it is in other parts
of tropical America. — Rocket larkspur. The flowers are blue, white,
or pink.

MENISPERMACEAE. Moonseed Family

Cissampelos Pareira L.

Tsutsuc, Tsutsuuc, Peteltun. Common. — Velvet-leaf. A woody
vine with rounded velvety peltate leaves, small greenish dioecious
flowers, and small red drupes. — The plant is employed locally as a
diuretic and as a remedy for snake bites. Gaumer states that it
has tonic and diuretic properties, and may be employed in treating
chronic distention of the bladder and other disorders of the urinary
organs, leucorrhea, dropsy, rheumatism, and jaundice.

The names "butua" and "pareira brava" are reported from
Yucatan for the plant, but I assume that they are "book" names,
rather than current vernacular terms. The Kekchi name is "kuxso-
gui." The plant reported from Yucatan with the name "ix-petel-
tunak" is probably Cissampelos. The plant described by Cuevas
(PI. Med. 76, Ilustr. pi. 30, /. 1. 1913) as "petetunich" may belong
here, for the illustration and description agree, except that Cis-
sampelos does not have the milky sap which is mentioned by Cuevas.
The name "ixcatucan" is reported for Cissampelos Pareira from
Guatemala.

Hyperbaena nectandrifolia Standl. FMB. 8: 11. 1930.
Type from Izamal, Gaumer in 1888. — Probably a shrub; leaves
petiolate, coriaceous, oblong, 11-24 cm. long, acute or acuminate,

266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

at the base acute or acutish, glabrous, entire; flowers very small, in
slender panicles slightly longer than the petioles.

Hyperbaena Winzerlingii Standl.

Sisal, Schott 415. Also in British Honduras. — A shrub or small
tree, glabrous or nearly so; leaves short-petioled, mostly obovate or
cuneate, most of them more or less 3-lobed near the apex, leathery,
long-tapering to the base; flowers very small, in lax axillary panicles.
— The determination of the two specimens available is not altogether
certain, for both are sterile. They are referable either to this species
or to a closely related one which is not described. The plant seems
to have been overlooked by Dr. Millspaugh. The specimens were
discovered in the herbarium labeled with the quaint name of "Quer-
cus aquatica Catesb.," and it must be admitted that the foliage
does suggest strikingly that of some forms of Quercus nigra.

Virola merendonis Pittier (Myristicaceae) is called "banak" and
"palo de sangre" in British Honduras.

The Kekchi name of Siparuna riparia (Monimiaceae) is recorded
as "chuche."

ANNONACEAE. Annona Family

Annona Cherimola Mill.

Pox, Poox. Sp. Chirimoya. Cultivated for its fruit. — A small
tree with obtuse pubescent leaves; fruit globose or ovoid, the sur-
face with rounded protuberances or marked with U-shaped areoles,
sometimes nearly smooth. — The white pulp of the fruit is sweet and
of pleasant flavor. The tree is believed to be a native of the Peruvian
Andes, but it was introduced into Mexico at a very early date. The
name "chirimoya" is of Peruvian origin. In the Kekchi dialect of
Guatemala this species is called "tsumuy."

This is probably the Annona described by Cuevas (PI. Med. 71,
Ilustr. pi. 26, f. 1. 1913) under the name "Anona glabra." He gives
the vernacular names as "op" and "anona," and states that the seeds
are believed harmful to the eyes, and that the bark and root are
poisonous. A decoction of the leaves is used as a lotion for burns,
to reduce the pain. The pulverized seeds of this and other species
are utilized as an insecticide.

Annona glabra L. A. palustris L.

Xmaak, Xmak. Sp. Corcho, Palo de corcho. Bobwood, Corkwood
(B. H.). Frequent. — Pond-apple, alligator-apple. A small tree with

FLORA OF YUCATAN 267

glabrous, usually acute leaves; fruit small, ovoid, smooth, yellow at
maturity. — The tree grows usually at the edge of water. Its fruit
is insipid and of little use for food. Gaumer reports that the plant
has pectoral properties, and is used as a remedy in early stages of
tuberculosis, and it is employed also for jaundice.

The Maya name for this species has been reported as "mac,"
"mak," and "xmacoop," and, incorrectly, as "mag."

Annona muricata L.

Takob. Sp. Guanabano, Guanabana. Cultivated for its fruit.
Native region not definitely known, but the tree is planted through-
out tropical America. — Soursop. A small tree with glabrous ill-
scented leaves; fruit very large, covered with recurved fleshy spines,
the flesh white, acidulous. — The fruit is used chiefly for making
cool beverages and ices, to which it gives a distinctive and delicious
flavor. It is also made into preserves, or eaten fresh. The juice is
considered a remedy for dysentery.

The Motul Dictionary defines the word "poox" as "fruta grande
y espinosa, especie de anonas," a description which applies only to
Annona muricata. There is much confusion with regard to the
Maya names of the Annona species, especially as to the application
of the term "op" or "oop," but this is probably a generic term.
The "zaop" is described as a "good-flavored anona with much flesh
and few seeds." The name "xolop" is reported for a species of this
genus, also the names "kanoop," "yaxoop," and "zacoop." The
name "guanabana" is of Haitian origin.

Annona purpurea Moc. & Sesse".

Polbox ("black head"), Chacoop. Sp. Anona morada. Of frequent
occurrence in the forests of the eastern part of the Peninsula. — A
medium-sized tree with large broad leaves; flowers large, pendent,
brown-purple; fruit ripening in August, ovoid or subglobose, about
15 cm. long, covered with large hard spinelike protuberances, and
with a brownish felt; flesh orange-colored, fragrant, fibrous. — The
fruit is of little value for eating, and in some regions is regarded as
a source of chills and fevers. This species is widely distributed,
ranging from southern Mexico to Venezuela.

Annona reticulata L.

Tsulipox, Zulipox, Pox. Sp. Anona colorada. Cultivated for its
fruit. Native in Mexico and Central America, but perhaps not in
this region. — Custard-apple. A small tree with narrow, nearly gla-

268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

brous leaves; fruit large, its surface divided into angled areoles, the
flesh sweetish and insipid. — This is a favorite fruit in Mexico and
Central America, and is planted commonly. Its Maya name signi-
fies stranger or exotic chirimoya. The Pokonchi name of Guatemala
for this species is "pac." The name "cahuex" also is reported from
Guatemala.

Annona squamosa L.

Tsalmuy. Sp. Saramuya, Saramuyo. Cultivated for its fruit. A
native of tropical America but the native habitat uncertain. — Sweet-
sop, sugar-apple. A small tree with narrow, acute, nearly glabrous
leaves; fruit globose or heart-shaped, as large as an orange, com-
posed of loosely adherent carpels, these rounded at the apex and
forming a tuberculate surface; flesh yellowish white, sweet, of agree-
able flavor. — In Yucatan the leaves are placed in hens' nests to
keep away vermin.

Guatteria leiophylla (Donn. Smith) Safford. G. Gaumeri
Greenm. FMB. 2: 251. 1907.

Elemuy, Elemuy box. Apparently of frequent occurrence, growing
in forests. — A large shrub or small tree 6-10 m. high, with narrow
acute glabrous leaves; fruit a dense cluster of stalked berries. — The
fluid extract, according to Gaumer, is efficient in expelling calculi of
the kidneys and bladder, and it has been used also in the treatment
of leucorrhea and gonorrhea. Cuevas states that "birds and Indians"
eat the fruit. The type of G. Gaumeri was collected at Izamal by
Gaumer.

The Maya name signifies burned or roasted rabbit. The name
has been published also as "eklemuy," and it is recorded from
Nakum, Pete"n, as "eklemoy."

Sapranthus campechianus (HBK.) Standl. CNH. 23: 279.
1922. Asimia campechiana HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 61. 1821.
Asimina insularis Hemsl. in Hook. Icon. PI. 16: pi. 1514- 1886.
Annona insularis Millsp. FMB. 1: 17. 1895.

Chacmax (Schott). Nitxmaxche (Pet£n). Type collected near
Campeche. Apparently frequent. — A tree about 10 m. high with
soft-pubescent leaves and large flowers. — Known only from Yucatan,
Pete"n, and Campeche. The type of Asimina insularis was collected
on Cozumel Island by Gaumer in 1885.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 269

,.,- LAURACEAE. Laurel Family

Cassytha filiformis L.

Occasional. — Love-vine. A yellow parasite resembling dodder
(Cuscuta), the leaves reduced to scales; flowers minute, white; fruit
small, globose, white, berrylike.

Nectandra sanguinea Rottb.

Apparently frequent in Yucatan and Campeche. — A tree with
lanceolate to elliptic, glabrous leaves, and small white flowers. —
This has been reported from Yucatan as N. coriacea (Sw.) Griseb.
Specimens collected by Gaumer on Cozumel Island, and listed as N.
Willdenowiana Nees (Millsp. FMB. 1: 18. 1895) probably belong to
this species.

Nectandra globosa Mez is called "koyokiche" in the Kekchi dia-
lect, and Ocotea veraguensis Mez "pububuk."

Persea americana Mill. P. gratissima Gaertn.

On. Sp. Aguacate. Planted commonly as a fruit tree. Native in
Central America and northern South America. — Avocado, alligator
pear. One of the most common and highly esteemed fruit trees of
tropical America. The fruit varies greatly in size, shape, and color.
The large thick-skinned avocados called "pahuas" are grown in
Campeche. The "peeuon" is mentioned in the Motul Dictionary as
a small early avocado of good flavor. In various Mayan dialects of
Central America the avocado is called "o," "oj," and "un." The
name "aguacate" is of Nahuatl origin.

In Yucatan the tree finds various applications in domestic medi-
cine, astringent, expectorant, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, and
emmenagogue properties being ascribed to it. An infusion of the
leaves and seeds is administered for diarrhea and chronic catarrh.
A belief that the fruit has aphrodisiac properties is general in Mexico
and Central America, a belief perhaps based on the derivation of
the Nahuatl name.

HERNANDIACEAE. Hernandia Family

Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.

Ciis (reported also as "xkis"). Sp. Volador, Palo hediondo.
Frequent. — A medium-sized deciduous tree with alternate, long-
stalked, entire or palmately lobed leaves, and small unisexual flow-
ers in cymes. — The nutlike fruit is surrounded by the enlarged calyx,
which has 3 narrow lobes 10-12 cm. long. When the fruit falls from

270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

the tree, it whirls about and floats gently to the ground like a para-
chute, hence the name "volador." The wood is white, very soft,
and light in weight.

PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family

Argemone mexicana L. A. mexicana var. ochroleuca Lindl.

Kixzaclol, Kixkanlol, Kanlal (Motul Diet.), Ixkanlol (Pe>ez).
Sp. Cardosanto. A common weed. — A large, very prickly herb with
yellow sap; leaves alternate, deeply lobed.— The flowers are either
yellow or (var. ochroleuca) whitish, the latter being, apparently, the
common form in Yucatan.

The decoction of the plant is employed locally for affections of
the liver and spleen, and for jaundice, biliousness, and lack of appe-
tite. The powdered seeds are administered as an emetic and pur-
gative, and pectoral and soporific properties are attributed to them.
The sap is employed as a remedy for skin diseases and inflammation
of the eyes.

Among the Guatemalan names reported for the plant are "cah-
huoc" and "kixatucan."

CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family

Capparis cynophallophora L. C. amygdalifolia Millsp. FMB.
1:297. 1896, not Jacq.

Frequent in thickets. — A shrub or small tree 2-5 m. high; leaves
elliptic, acute, glabrous above, lepidote beneath; flowers white or
purplish, fragrant. — Known in Mexico only from Yucatan.

Capparis flexuosa L. C. "cynocephallophora" Millsp. FMB. 1:
362. 1898, not C. cynophallophora L.

Xbayunak (Gaumer); reported also as "xpayumac" and "xpa-
yunak." Collected at MeYida, Progreso, and Izamal. — A glabrous
shrub; leaves oblong to obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex;
flowers white, fragrant; fruit long and slender, the seeds imbedded
in'fscarlet pulp. — This species has been known generally as C.
cynophallophora.

Capparis incana HBK.

Xcoche. Frequent in thickets. — A shrub or small tree 2-6 m.
high, the pubescence of grayish or rusty stellate hairs; leaves small,
lanceolate to elliptic, acuminate to obtuse; flowers white; fruit

FLORA OF YUCATAN 271

globose or oblong. — Some of the Yucatan specimens have been
distributed as C. asperifolia Presl.

Capparis indica (L.) Fawc. & Rendle. C. amygdalina Lam.; C.
Grisebachii Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 16. 1905, perhaps not
Eichl.

Infrequent. — A shrub or small tree with linear to obovate, acute
or obtuse, lepidote leaves; fruit slender, torulose, 6-25 cm. long.

Capparis oxysepala C. Wright.

Chochcitam. Tsilam, Gaumer 661. — A tree 9 m. high; leaves
oblong-obovate, glabrous, obtuse or rounded at the apex; flowers
large, white. — Called "zapote prieto" in Oaxaca.

Capparis verrucosa Jacq.

Sp. Naranjilla. Nakum, Pete"n, Cook & Martin 85. — A shrub or
small tree, nearly glabrous; leaves subsessile, oblong, acute; flowers
large, white; fruit oblong, 2.5-6 cm. long, tuberculate.

Cleome aculeata L. C. polygama Millsp. FMB. 1: 297. 1896,
not L.

Sp. Flor de cabalkro. San Anselmo, Gaumer 2060; Tsilam,
Gaumer 617. — A small annual, armed with axillary spines; leaflets 3;
flowers small, white.

Cleome spinosa Jacq.

Collected at Izamal and Me*rida. — An erect herb, armed with
axillary spines; leaflets 5 or 7; flowers purple or whitish.

Crataeva Tapia L. C. gynandra Millsp. FMB. 1: 297. 1896, 1:
362. 1898; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 16. 1905, perhaps not
L. Morisonia americana Cuevas, PI. Med. 56. 1913, not L.

Kolokmax (Gaumer), Yuy (B. H.). Sp. Cascorrdn, Tres Marias.
Waika bead (B. H.). Common. — A glabrous tree 6-9 m. high; leaves
deciduous, with 3 entire ovate acute leaflets; flowers green or pur-
plish, racemose or corymbose; fruit globose, 3-5 cm. in diameter,
green or yellow. — The roots are acrid, and their juice, applied to the
skin, produces blisters. The plant is used locally as a remedy for
rheumatism, the tincture of the leaves and fruit being applied as a
lotion. The name "yuy" is reported by Blanco as the name of a
tree of Quintana Roo.

Forchammeria trifoliata Radlk. FMB. 1: 399. 1898. Ptelea
pentandra Millsp. FMB. 1: 25. 1895, not DC.

272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Sp. Tres Marias (Yuc., B. H.). Common; type, Gaumer 417;
occurring in the Yucatan Peninsula and in Salvador. — A glabrous
tree sometimes 18 m. high; leaves long-stalked, with 3 coriaceous
obovate-oblong leaflets; flowers small, green, panicled. — It is stated
that in British Honduras the leaves are applied by the Indians to
the soles of the feet to cure fevers.

Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq. G. pentaphylla DC.

San Ignacio, Seler 3812; Me"rida, Seler 3851. — A glandular-pubes-
cent annual; leaflets 3 or 5; bracts of the inflorescence 3-foliolate;
flowers small, white or pink.

Gynandropsis speciosa (HBK.) DC.

Yot Tsonot, Gaumer 1329; Calotmul, Gaumer 2309. — A large,
glabrous or pubescent herb; leaflets 5 or 7; bracts entire; flowers
large, pink or rarely white. — A showy plant with handsome flowers,
often cultivated for ornament.

CRUCIFERAE. Mustard Family
Brassica campestris var. Rapa (L.) Hartm.
Sp. Nabo. — Turnip. A plant of Old World origin, cultivated as
a vegetable.

Brassica integrifolia (West) 0. E. Schulz.

Sp. Mostaza. Collected at Calotmul and Chichankanab, Gaumer
1782, 1781; Izamal, Gaumer in 1888; without locality, Gaumer 1668.
An Old World plant, found as an escape in various parts of tropical
America. — The Yucatan specimens have been determined previously
as B. Rapa L.

Brassica oleracea L.

Sp. Repollo, Col. — Cabbage. A plant of Old World origin, grown
commonly as a vegetable in Yucatan as well as elsewhere in tropical
America.

Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. C. aequalis Millsp. FMB. 1: 18.
1895, 1: 297. 1896, 2: 128. 1900, not L'He"r. C. maritima Millsp.
FMB. 1: 362. 1898, 2: 43. 1900, not Scop. C. cubensis Millsp. FMB.
2: 131. 1900, not HBK. C. alacranensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 130.
1900. C. edentula var. americana 0. E. Schulz; C. edentula var.
alacranensis 0. E. Schulz in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 105 (Heft 84):
27. 1923.

A common plant of seashores. — A stout fleshy glabrous herb;
leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate to oblong or obovate, entire or

FLORA OF YUCATAN 273

sinuate-dentate, petioled; flowers in long racemes; fruit a hard
jointed beaked pod. — C. alacranensis was based on Millspaugh 1744,
1 764, and 1 767 from PeYez and Pajaros Islands. Schulz, in his mono-
graph of the genus, recognized two varieties from this region: C.
edentula var. americana, in which the upper joint of the fruit is
slender, 0.5 mm. broad at apex, and acute; and C. edentula var.
alacranensis, in which the upper joint is short-ovoid or subglobose,
up to 1 cm. in diameter, and very shortly attenuate.

Lepidium virginicum L. L. apetalum Millsp. FMB. 1: 297.
1896, 2: 43. 1900; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 16. 1905, not
Willd. L. virginicum subsp. centrali-americanum Thell.

Putxiu, Putcan (Gaumer). Sp. Mastuerzo. A common weed;
probably introduced, perhaps from the United States. — Peppergrass.
A low annual with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers in long
racemes; pods small, orbicular, obcompressed, notched at apex. —
The plant has a pungent flavor. Cuevas (PI. Med. 81. 1913) states
that it is used as an emmenagogue and as a remedy for stomach
affections. Diuretic properties also are attributed to it, and it is
employed in the treatment of kidney diseases.

The P£rez dictionary lists the name "cabaput," with the defini-
tion "mastuerzo yerba," which would seem to indicate this plant.

Roripa Nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Rusby. Nasturtium offici-
nale R. Br.

Sp. Berros. Listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia. — Watercress. This is
a popular salad plant in Mexico and Central America, and is grown
wherever conditions are suitable. It is a native of Europe.

Raphanus sativus L. R. Raphanistrum Millsp. FMB. 1: 362.
1898, not L.

Sp. Rabano. Cultivated as a vegetable; sometimes found as an
escape from cultivation; native of Asia. — Radish.

RESEDACEAE. Mignonette Family
Reseda odorata L.

Sp. Reseddn. Listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia, and doubtless culti-
vated in the Peninsula for its fragrant flowers. Native of northern
Africa. — Mignonette.

MORINGACEAE. Horseradish-tree Family

Moringa oleifera Lam. M. pterygosperma Gaertn.; M. aptera
Gaertn.

274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Sp. Paraiso bianco, Paraiso de Espana, Acacia (Gaumer). Planted
as a shade tree. Native of the East Indies. — Horseradish-tree. A
small tree with 2 or 3 times pinnate leaves, white flowers, and long
3-angled pods containing winged seeds. — The roots have the odor
and flavor of horseradish. From the seeds is extracted ben oil, used
for lubricating delicate machinery.

CRASSULACEAE. Orpine Family
Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz.

Sisalxiu, Tzitzalxiu, Tzitzilxiu. Sp. Siempreviva, Admirable,
Sinverguenza (Maler). Grown in gardens and also naturalized.
Probably native of Asia. — A succulent herb with simple or pinnate
leaves. — The plant is remarkably tenacious of life. If a leaf is
separated from the plant and laid upon the ground, or even upon a
stone, buds and new plants form at the marginal serrations.

ROSACEAE. Rose Family
Chrysobalanus Icaco L.

Sp. Icaco. Coco-plum (B. H.). Probably common along the
coast. — Coco-plum or pigeon-plum. A shrub with small thick leaves;
flowers small, white; fruit a drupe 2-4 cm. long, white or purple. —
The edible but insipid fruit is eaten fresh or made into dulces. The
seeds are said to have an agreeable flavor and to be rich in oil.

Couepia dodecandra (DC.) Hemsl.

Uspib (Gaumer). Cultivated, and probably wild in the southern
part of the Peninsula. — A tree about 10 m. high with oblong, obtuse
or acute, entire leaves which are white-tomentose beneath; flowers
in thyrselike panicles; fruit ellipsoid, 5-6.5 cm. long, 1-2-seeded. —
The fruit is edible. Known in Tabasco as "pio" or "uspio"; in
British Honduras as "baboon-cap." This is probably the plant
listed from Yucatan as "uzbib."

Many varieties of roses ("rosas") of the genus Rosa are grown
for ornament in the gardens of the Peninsula.

Hirtella americana L. is known in British Honduras as "uayam-
che," "wild coco-plum," "pigeon-plum," and "granada."

Licania hypoleuca Benth. is called "pigeon-plum" and "chozo"
in British Honduras.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 275

LEGUMINOSAE. Bean Family

Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze. A. filicina Millsp. FMB.
1: 298. 1896, not Willd.

Xaax (Gaumer). Kantemo (Gaumer; Yuc., Tab.). Uaxim (Gau-
mer; Nahuatl). Common in thickets. — A shrub or small tree,
unarmed, pubescent or glabrate; leaves bipinnate, the leaflets num-
erous, oblong, 3-5 mm. long; flowers white, pedicellate, in globose
heads; pods flat, thin. — The Maya name is reported also as "kan-
tebo." Cuevas states that a tree he lists as "kantemo" is employed
as a remedy for enlarged spleen.

Acacia Collinsii Safford. A. cornigera Millsp. FMB. 1: 19.
1895, in part, not Willd. A. spadicigera Millsp. FMB. 1: 19. 1895,
1: 298. 1896, 1: 363. 1898, not Schlecht. & Cham. ?A. campecheana
Schenck, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 361. 1913. A. yucatanensis Schenck,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 361. 1913.

Zubin (Gaumer; "spur"). Sp. Cornezuelo. Common. — Bullhorn
acacia. A shrub or small tree, armed with pairs of large hollow
brown spines 3-5 cm. long; leaflets numerous, oblong, 1 cm. long or
smaller; flowers yellow, in short, very dense, thick spikes; fruit te-
rete, short, dehiscent by 2 sutures. — This species and A. globulifera
belong to the interesting American group of bullhorn acacias, which
have large inflated spines resembling the horns of a bull. These
spines are practically always inhabited, each by a separate colony of
ants, which enter at a small hole punctured near the apex of the
spine. They feed upon nectar bodies borne upon the young leaves.
When the plant is molested in any way, the ants sally forth imme-
diately and attack the offending object, inflicting very painful bites.

The type of A. campechiana was collected in Campeche by
Chrismar. The type of A. yucatanensis is Seler 5549 from Yucatan.

Acacia dolichostachya Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34:
43. 1921. A. acatlensis Standl. CNH. 23: 378. 1922, in part, not
Benth. Senegalia dolichostachya Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23:
112. 1928.

Endemic; type from Bocas de Tsilam, Gaumer 23329; Tsilam,
Gaumer 679; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1853, 1358. — An unarmed tree
sometimes 10 m. high, nearly glabrous; pinnae about 5 pairs, the
leaflets about 25 pairs, linear-oblong, 3.5 mm. long; flowers pale yel-
low, in dense spikes 3-4 mm. long.

276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Acacia Farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Kankilizche (Gaumer; reported also as "kankirische" and "kan-
tiriz"), Subin (Seler), Subinche (Seler). Sp. Aroma (Yuc.), Huizache
(Camp., a Nahuatl name). Common.- — Opoponax. A shrub or
small tree armed with long whitish spines; leaflets numerous, 2-6
mm. long; flowers bright yellow, very fragrant, in dense globose
heads; pods terete, 5-7.5 cm. long, glabrous. — The wood is hard,
close-grained, brownish red to yellow, and heavy. The shrub is
grown in southern Europe for its flowers ("cassie flowers" of com-
merce), from which perfume is made. In the Peninsula ink is some-
times made from the pods. This species may be the tree reported by
the Motul Dictionary under the name "kantix." The flowers are
used locally as a remedy for nervous diseases.

Acacia Gaumeri Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34: 44.
1921. Senegalia Gaumeri Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 110. 1928.

Catzim (Gaumer), Yaxcatzim (Gaumer), Catzin. Common;
endemic; type from Tsilam, Gaumer 23332; south of Chobenche,
Gaumer; without locality, Gaumer 24-253, 23954; Izamal, Gaumer 701 ;
Buena Vista, Gaumer in 1899; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1494, 1924- —
A tree 8 m. high armed with numerous short dark recurved prickles;
pinnae 4 pairs, the leaflets 9-16 pairs, oblong, 8-11 mm. long,
pubescent beneath or glabrate; flowers in panicled spikes 1-1.5 cm.
long; pods broad, flat, thin, glabrous.

Acacia globulifera Safford, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 4:
360. 1914. A. cornigera Millsp. FMB. 1: 19. 1895, in part, not
Willd. A. sphaerocephala Millsp. FMB. 1: 298. 1896, not Schlecht.
& Cham. Myrmecodendron globuliferum Britt. & Rose, N. Amer.
Fl. 23:93. 1928.

Zubin (Gaumer), Zubinche, Zaczubinche (Gaumer). Sp. Corne-
zuelo, Cornezuelo bianco. Occasional; endemic; type from Tsilam,
Gaumer 655. — Bullhorn acacia. A shrub armed with large hollow
whitish spines; leaflets numerous, oblong, 3-4 mm. long; flowers
yellow, in dense globose heads.

Acacia Milleriana Standl. Journ. Arn. Arb. 11: 29. 1930,
Mimosa campechiana Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Mimosa No. 20. 1768.
not A. campechiana Schenck, 1913. A. Farnesiana Millsp. FMB.
1: 298. 1896, not Willd. Poponax campechiana Britt. & Rose, N.
Amer. Fl. 23: 90. 1928.

Chimay (Gaumer). Common in thickets; type from Campe-
che. — A shrub or small tree armed with stout compressed spines

FLORA OF YUCATAN 277

2.5-5 cm. long; leaflets very numerous, linear, 2 mm. long; flowers
yellow, in globose heads; pods 10-12 cm. long, somewhat com-
pressed, scarcely dehiscent. — This has been reported from Yucatan
as A. macracantha H. & B.

Acacia riparioides (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov. Sene-
galia riparioides Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 117. 1928.

Yaxcatzim (Yuc., Gaumer), Chukem (B. H.), Chukum (B. H.).
Frequent. — A large shrub, usually scandent, armed with very short,
recurved prickles; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, 5-7 mm. long;
flowers creamy white, in panicled globose heads; pods flat, about 9
cm. long and 2 cm. wide. — A plant reported from Yucatan under
the name "chukun" probably belongs here.

Acacia sesquijuga (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov. Acaci-
opsis sesquijuga Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 95. 1928.

Cabico (Gaumer). Endemic; Tsilam, Gaumer 1307, type; Pro-
greso, Gaumer 2297. — A shrub or small tree; pinnae 1 pair, the leaf-
lets 3 or 4 to each pinna, obovate, rounded at the apex, 1.5-3 cm.
long, glabrous; flowers in dense elongate spikes.

Albizzia tomentosa (Micheli) Standl. Pithecolobium tomen-
tosum Micheli.

Xiahtsimin (Gaumer). Frequent. — A tree 6-15 m. high; leaves
bipinnate, the leaflets numerous, oblong, rounded at the apex,
puberulent, 1-1.8 cm. long; flowers white, in globose panicled heads;
pods thin, flat, broad.

Calliandra Cookii (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov. Anneslia
Cookii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 68. 1928.

Type collected between Yaxmuxan and Yaxha, Pete*n, Guate-
mala, Cook & Martin 209. — Glabrous; pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, the
leaflets 3 pairs, broadly obovate, membranous, 2-3.5 cm. long,
rounded at the apex; pods 10 cm. long and 1 cm. wide.

Calliandra Grisebachii (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov. C.
gracilis Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 8: 180. 1860, not Klotzsch.
Anneslia Grisebachii Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 67. 1928.

Uaylahaltsac (Gaumer); reported also as "cabalpich" and "yala-
hatsac." Common. — A slender shrub 1-2.5 m. high, nearly glabrous;
leaves bipinnate, the pinnae 2 pairs; leaflets 5-7 pairs, oval or oblong,
5-25 mm. long; flowers white, in long-stalked panicled heads; pods
flat, elastically dehiscent, 6-7 cm. long, about 4 mm. wide. — This
has been reported from Yucatan as C. formosa Benth.

278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Calliandra portoricensis (Jacq.) Benth.

Rare. — A slender shrub, nearly glabrous; pinnae 3 or more pairs;
leaflets 8-15 pairs or more, 1.8 cm. long or shorter; flowers white;
pods 8 mm. wide.

Calliandra yucatanensis (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov.
Anneslia yucatanensis Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 53. 1928.

Without locality, Gaumer 24240, type. — A shrub; pinnae 1 pair;
leaflets usually 3 to each pinna, oblong-obovate, rounded at the
apex, glabrous; flowers purple, in few-flowered peduncled heads.

Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd. Acuan virgatum Medic.; D.
depressus Millsp. FMB. 1: 20. 1895, 1: 367. 1898, not Humb. &
Bonpl.

Cabalpich (Gaumer); reported as "cambapich." Frequent. —
Plants usually a meter high or less, herbaceous or suffrutescent,
unarmed; leaves bipinnate, the leaflets numerous, oblong, 2-4 mm.
long, ciliate; flowers white, in globose slender-stalked heads; pods
flat, 4.5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, acute, glabrous.

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. Calliandra porto-
ricensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 298. 1896, 1: 364. 1898, not Benth.

Pick. Sp. Guanacaste (B. H.; of Nahuatl derivation). Tubroos
(B. H.). Common. — Ear-tree. A giant deciduous tree with broad
spreading crown; leaves bipinnate, the leaflets very numerous,
linear-oblong, 10-12 mm. long; flowers small, white, in long-stalked
globose heads; fruit a broad, flat, dark brown, coiled pod. — The
wood, which is grayish tinged with yellow, hard, resistant, and
elastic, is used for furniture and for general construction. In Tabasco
the tree is called "piche." It has been listed from Yucatan as "Inga
xylocarpa DC."

The genus Inga probably is represented in the southern part of
the Peninsula. Maler reports from Chiapas the Maya name "huitz"
for a tree of this genus. Among the names used in Tabasco for the
species are "guatope," "chelele," and "bitze."

Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth.

Uaxim (Gaumer); reported as "xaxim." Sp. Guaje (of Nahuatl
derivation, as is probably also the Maya name). Frequent. — A
shrub or tree, rarely 10 m. high; leaves bipinnate, the leaflets numer-
ous, narrowly oblong, acute, 7-15 mm. long, nearly glabrous; flowers
whitish, in dense globose peduncled axillary heads; pods flat, 10-15

FLORA OF YUCATAN 279

cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide. — The wood is hard, close-grained, and light
brown.

Lysiloma bahamense Benth. L. latisiliqua Millsp. FMB. 1:
300. 1896, not Benth.

Tzalam (Gaumer) ; reported also as "zalam." Frequent. — A tree
sometimes 16 m. high; leaves bipinnate, the leaflets numerous, ob-
long, obtuse, 1 cm. long, pale beneath, nearly glabrous; flowers
white, in globose peduncled heads; pods flat, thin, 8-15 cm. long,
2.5 cm. wide. — The wood is hard, tough, close-grained, and dark
reddish brown. In Mexico the species is known only from this region.

Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl.

Frequent. — A shrub 1-3 m. high, armed with short recurved
prickles; pinnae 1 pair, the leaflets 1 or 2 pairs, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse,
pubescent; flowers pink, in racemose globose heads; pods 2-3 cm.
long, 5 mm. wide, hispid.

Mimosa Ervendbergii Gray.

Sp. Sierrilla. Atasta, Campeche, Rovirosa 655. — A scandent
shrub armed with very short, recurved prickles; leaflets numerous,
1-3 cm. long, rhombic-oblong; flowers in panicled heads.

Mimosa hemiendyta Rose & Robins. CNH. 8: 32. 1903.
Pteromimosa hemiendyta Britt. & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23: 172. 1928.

Zaccatzim (Gaumer); reported also as "sascatzim." Catsem log-
wood, Logwood brush, Bastard logwood (B. H.). Common; endemic;
type from Apazote, Campeche, Goldman 513. — A shrub or small
tree 2-6 m. high, armed with short prickles; leaflets numerous, oval
or oblong, 4-5 mm. long, glabrate; flowers pink, in dense panicled
heads; pods flat, the margins with a thin lacerate wing. — There is
reported from Yucatan a "boxcatzim," which is probably of this
genus or family, but it has not been identified.

Mimosa pigra L. M. asperata L.

PeteX and doubtless elsewhere in the region. — A shrub 1-2 m.
high, armed with stout pale prickles, usually growing in water; leaves
prickly, the numerous leaflets linear, 5 mm. long; flowers pink, in
globose heads; pods 1 cm. wide, hispid.

Mimosa pudica L.

Xmuts (Gaumer), Xmumuts (Pe"rez). Sp. Dormilona, Sensitiva.
A frequent weed. — Sensitive-plant. A slender annual; leaflets numer-
ous, linear-oblong, 1 cm. long, setose-ciliate; flowers pink, in

280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

globose slender-peduncled heads; pods prickly.- — The leaves are
sensitive, the leaflets folding together if touched, and also at
night or in cloudy weather. The Kekchi name is "kak-kix."

Mimosa somnians Humb. & Bonpl.

Sp. Zarza (Camp.). Campeche and perhaps elsewhere. — A small
shrub armed with stout prickles, glandular-pubescent; leaflets numer-
ous, oblong, 4-5 mm. long; flowers pink, in heads; pods 3-4 mm.
wide.

The plant collected by Johnson and listed (Millsp. FMB. 1: 20.
1895) as M. trijuga Benth. is doubtful, but it may be M. somnians.

Pithecolobium albicans (Kunth) Benth. Trans. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 30: 592. 1875. Acacia albicans Kunth, Mimos. PI. Le"gum. 87.
pi 27. 1819-24. P. brevifolium Millsp. FMB. 1: 300. 1896, not
Benth.

Chucum (Gaumer), Chimay (Gaumer). Sp. Huisache (Camp.; a
Nahuatl word). Common; endemic; type from Campeche. — A tree
sometimes 20 m. high, armed with short spines; leaves bipinnate,
the leaflets numerous, oblong, 3-6 mm. long; flowers in panicled
heads; fruit flat, thin, 10 cm. long, finely pubescent. — The wood is
used for rafters and other construction purposes. The bark is re-
ported to be rich in tannin, and to be used for tanning skins. An
infusion of the bark is employed as a remedy for diarrhea.

There are reported also "chac-chucum," which has red wood,
and "sac-chucum," with white wood. The former is probably Pithe-
colobium albicans. The wood is said to be used for railroad ties and
other purposes. Formerly, in order to make the calicanto floors
harder and more durable, the bark of this tree was soaked in water,
coloring it red, and the infusion was then poured over the floor at
intervals of several days, treading the floor thoroughly each time.
The "sacchucum," which is probably some other species, is used
for tanning, also as an astringent and a remedy for dyspepsia.

Pithecolobium calostachys Standl.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23703. — A spiny tree 10 m. high or less;
leaflets 4, oval or obovate, obtuse or acute, glabrate; flowers spicate;
pods terete, constricted, dehiscent, the seeds with a large fleshy
aril. — This is perhaps the tree which has been reported (Millsp.
FMB. 1: 19. 1895) from the region as P. ligustrinum Klotzsch, and
for which Gaumer reports the name "tuncuy."

FLORA OF YUCATAN 281

Pithecolobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coulter.

Frequent. — A spiny shrub or small tree; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, the
leaflets 3-5 pairs, oblong or obovate, 5-12 mm. long, glabrous;
flowers in short spikes; pods very hard and woody, somewhat com-
pressed, 10-15 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide. — The wood is hard, close-
grained, dark red or purplish brown, with yellow sapwood, and
heavy.

Pithecolobium keyense Britton. P. guadalupense Standl.
CNH. 23: 395, in part. 1922.

Collected at Tsilam, Progreso, and on Cozumel Island. — An un-
armed shrub or small tree; leaflets 4, obovate, 4-7 cm. long, rounded
at the apex, coriaceous, glabrous; flowers pink, in slender-stalked
heads; pods compressed, 10-15 cm. long, twisted, dehiscent; seeds
with a red fleshy aril. — The species is known in Mexico only from
this region.

Pithecolobium Saman (Willd.) Benth.

Sp. Algarroba. Occasional. — A large tree; leaflets oblong, rhom-
bic, or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, pubescent; flowers pink, in dense
long-stalked globose umbels; pods compressed, thick, 10-20 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. wide, pulpy within.

Pithecolobium platylobum (Spreng.) Urban. P. sericiflorum
Benth.

Occasional. — A small spiny tree; leaflets numerous, large,
rounded-obovate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers in few-flowered
slender-stalked heads.

Pithecolobium leucospermum Brandeg. Lysiloma Sabicu
Millsp. FMB. 1: 300. 1896, not Benth. P. tortum Millsp. & Loes.
BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 17. 1905, not Mart. Chloroleucon leucospermum
Britt. & Rose.

Yaaxek (Gaumer); reported as "xiaxek." Common. — A spiny
shrub or small tree; leaflets numerous, oblong or obovate, 7-15
mm. long, pubescent or glabrous, rounded at the apex; flowers in
slender-stalked, mostly solitary heads; pods compressed, glabrous,
often 20 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide. — The strong wood is used for
construction purposes. The outer bark peels off and hangs on the
trunk in long shreds.

Pithecolobium Unguis-cati (L.) Mart. P. oblongum Millsp.
FMB. 1: 19. 1895, 2: 45. 1900, not Benth.

282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Tsuiche (Gaumer); reported also as "tsiuche." Common. — A
spiny shrub or small tree; leaflets 4, obovate, 2-4 cm. long, rounded
at the apex, glabrous or nearly so; flowers greenish yellow, fragrant,
in racemose slender-stalked globose heads; pods 8-12 cm. long, 6-12
mm. wide, twisted. — The white or reddish aril surrounding the seeds
is sweet and edible. The plant is reported to have astringent prop-
erties, and is employed as a remedy for chronic diarrhea, hemor-
rhages, and bronchial affections. The hard wood is much used in
the construction of houses.

The tree reported from Yucatan as Inga dulcis Willd. (a synonym
of Pithecolobium dulce Benth.) may be P. Unguis-cati. It is said to
bear the name "tsitsilche."

Pithecolobium latifolium (L.) Benth. is known in British Honduras
by the names "chilillo" and "chec-che." P. albicaule Britt. & Rose
is called "chickem" in the same country, and an undetermined species
of Pithecolobium is reported to bear the name "yaxek."

Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz. P. juliflora DC.

Catzimek (Gaumer). Sp. Mezquite. Common. — Mesquite. A
large spiny shrub or tree sometimes 12 m. high; leaves bipinnate,
the leaflets linear-oblong, 5-10 mm. long, glabrous; flowers small,
greenish yellow, fragrant, in slender spikes; pods 10-20 cm. long,
1 cm. wide, compressed, hard, with sweet pulp. — The wood is hard,
close-grained, and dark red or brown, with yellow sapwood. The
flowers are much visited by bees. The pulp of the pods is edible,
and the pods are eaten by cattle.

Bauhinia divaricata L. B. pes-vaccae Donde", Emulation 3: 15.
1878. B. Lamarckiana Millsp. FMB. 1: 20. 1895, not DC.

Tsulubtok (Gaumer), Utsomeltok (Cuevas). Sp. Pata de vaca
(Yuc., B. H.), Calzoncillo. Common. — A shrub or small tree; leaves
3-9 cm. wide, subcordate, deeply bilobate, the lobes obtuse or acute;
flowers white, racemose, 2 cm. long; only 1 or 2 of the stamens fer-
tile.— The inner bark is sometimes used for making rope and twine.
The infusion of the flowers is said to have expectorant properties,
and is a domestic remedy for bronchitis. The infusion of the leaves
is used as a lotion for sore feet, and to relieve lameness.

Bauhinia glabra Jacq.

Frequent. — A scandent unarmed shrub; leaves 5-7.5 cm. long,
bilobate, the lobes obtuse, brown-sericeous beneath; flowers in long

FLORA OF YUCATAN 283

racemes, the calyx densely brown-pubescent; stamens 10; pods flat,
2-3-seeded, densely pubescent.

Bauhinia Jenningsii P. Wilson.

Puerto Morelos, Goldman 624; known otherwise only from the
Isle of Pines, Cuba. — An unarmed shrub; leaves ovate-oblong, 4.5-10
cm. long, entire, acute or obtuse, pale beneath; flowers 1.5 cm. long.

Bauhinia spathacea DC. B. divaricata Millsp. FMB. 1: 20.
1895, in part, not L. B. latifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 20. 1895, not Cav.
B. porrecta Millsp. FMB. 1: 364. 1898, not Swartz.

Tsulubtok, Zactsulubtok. Sp. Pata de vaca, Mano de vaca. Com-
mon.— A shrub or small tree; leaves 2-2.5 cm. wide, shallowly bilo-
bate, the lobes short, rounded; flowers white, in short dense racemes;
stamens all except 1 or 2 sterile. — The specimens referred here are
very close to B. divaricata, and perhaps not specifically distinct. The
plant is said to be used as a remedy for asthma.

Bauhinia ungulata L. B. Cavanillei Millsp. FMB. 1: 364. 1898.

Chactsulubtok (Gaumer). Sp. Pie de venado. Common. — An un-
armed shrub or small tree; leaves 3-10 cm. wide, bilobate, the lobes
narrow, acute, glabrous above, brown-pubescent and gland-dotted
beneath; flowers 4-5 cm. long, in long racemes, the 10 stamens
white. — The extract of the plant is reported to have purgative and
vermicidal properties, and is administered to expel intestinal para-
sites. Schott states that the plant has sudorific properties. The
flexible poles cut from the tree are much used for constructing huts.

The plant collected by Johnson and reported as B. splendens
HBK. (Millsp. FMB. 1: 364. 1898) is doubtful.

Caesalpinia Crista L. C. bonducella Fleming.

Sp. Taray, Cojdn de gato. Common on seashores. — Nickernut. A
low shrub armed with numerous prickles, the branches long and
straggling; leaves bipinnate, prickly, the leaflets 1.5-4 cm. long;
flowers small, greenish yellow, racemose; pods 6-8 cm. long and
nearly as broad, densely covered with long prickles; seeds globose,
gray, 2 cm. in diameter. — The seeds are one of the "sea beans"
found commonly on tropical shores. The shrub is confined to the
narrow belt of thicket edging sea beaches. In places much exposed
to wind it forms low and very compact thickets, but if somewhat
protected the branches are frequently long and straggling.

284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Caesalpinia Gaumeri Greenm. FMB. 2: 330. 1912.

Citinche (Gaumer). Frequent; endemic; type from Progreso,
Millspaugh 1675. — A tree, said to reach a height of 20 m., unarmed;
leaflets numerous, rhombic, 2-3 cm. long, glabrate; flowers large,
yellow, in long racemes; pods flat, elastically dehiscent. — The wood
is reported to be used for telegraph poles.

Caesalpinia platyloba Wats.

Chacte (Gaumer; "red tree"). Sp. Brasil, Brasilete. Braziletto
(B. H.). Common. — A tree, reported to attain a height of 18 m.,
unarmed; leaflets ovate or oblong, acute to rounded at the apex,
2-5.5 cm. long, pubescent; flowers yellow, in long racemes, the larg-
est sepal pectinate-lobed; pods broad, flat, thin, pubescent, indehis-
cent, 6-13 cm. long. — The wood is hard, heavy, and close-grained.
It yields a red dye, which is said to be the pigment used in imprint-
ing the "red hand" found on the walls of many of the Maya build-
ings. Some of the Yucatan specimens have been referred to
C. cubensis Greenm.

One writer (Agricultor 2: 102) states that there are three kinds
of chacte, the best being "sac-chacte," which is used for rafters of
houses. "Chactecoc" is a dyewood, perhaps the species here con-
sidered. "Luumchacte" or "chactechuhum" is an inferior wood.
The wood of all three is employed for cart axles and railroad ties.
It is probable that these names relate to distinct species, and per-
haps even to trees of other genera or families.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.

Chaczinkin (red-flowered form), Kanzinkin (yellow-flowered
form); also listed as "sikin." Sp. Flor de camardn, Guacamayo.
Cultivated commonly and naturalized; perhaps native. — A glabrous
shrub or small tree, unarmed or prickly; leaflets oblong to oval or
obovate, rounded at the apex, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, pale beneath;
flowers large and showy, in large racemes, long-pedicellate, usually
red variegated with yellow, sometimes wholly red; pods flat, broad,
elastically dehiscent. — An infusion of the flowers is employed as a
remedy for amenorrhea. The Kekchi name is "utsuh." Robinia
pyramidata Mill. (Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Robinia No. 7. 1768), described
from Campeche, is apparently a synonym of this species.

Caesalpinia vesicaria L. C. bijuga Sw.

Toxob, Yaxkixkanab (Schott). Frequent. — A small, nearly gla-
brous tree, armed with spines; leaflets few, broadly obovate, obcor-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 285

ifjk

date, or rounded, 1.5-3.5 cm. long; flowers yellow, in long racemes;
pods somewhat swollen, succulent, 3.5-5 cm. long. — This is probably
the "toxobek" reported by Cuevas (PI. Med. 100. 1913). He states
that an infusion of the pods with iron sulphate gives a permanent
black dye, and that the plant has astringent properties. The pow-
dered charcoal of the bark is a common remedy for diarrhea in
children. Gaumer, in his notes accompanying one of the specimens,
gives the Maya name as "ek," doubtless as a result of confusion
with the logwood.

Caesalpinia yucatanensis Greenm. FMB. 2: 252. 1907. C.
exostemma Millsp. FMB. 1: 21. 1895, not DC. C. mexicana Millsp.
FMB. 2: 49. 1900, not Gray.

Kanpocolcum (Gaumer). Sp. Sen del pais. Common; type from
Izamal, Gaumer 371; also in Veracruz. — A shrub or small tree; leaf-
lets oblong to oval, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
glabrate; flowers large, yellow, long-pedicellate, in short or long
racemes; pods broad, flat, velvety-pubescent, elastically dehiscent,
covered with small elevated dark glands.

Cassia alata L.

Sp. Flor del secreto. Occasional. — A shrub 2-4 m. high; leaves
pinnate, the leaflets numerous, oval to oblong, 6-17 cm. long,
rounded at the apex, glabrate; flowers large, racemose, pale yellow;
pods 15 cm. long, with 2 broad longitudinal wings.— Called "tara-
tana" in Tabasco. An ointment made from the flowers is a current
remedy for ringworm.

Cassia anisopetala Donn. Smith.

Kanchinaik (Pete'n). Ixpop, PeteX Cook & Martin 193. — A
shrub or tree, armed with short recurved spines; leaflets 3-9 cm.
long, obtuse or acute; flowers in long dense racemes.

Cassia bicapsularis L.

Sp. Alcaparrillo. Occasional. — A shrub or herb 1-3 m. high,
glabrous or pubescent; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oval or obovate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex; flowers pale yellow, racemose, large and showy;
pods terete, 11 cm. long. — Called "cachimbo" in Tabasco.

Cassia biflora L.

Common. — A slender shrub 1-2.5 m. high; leaflets few, oval,
1-3.5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, glabrous or pubescent; flowers

286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

large, yellow, in few-flowered racemes; pods flat, 5-11 cm. long, 4-5
mm. wide. — Specimens listed from Yucatan (Millsp. FMB. 1: 366.
1898) as C. polyphylla Jacq. are doubtfully distinct.

Cassia emarginata L. C. arborescens Mill.

Xtuab (Gaumer), Xtuhabin (Gaumer). Sp. Barba de jolote (B.
H.). Common. — A shrub or tree 3-7 m. high with thick branches;
leaflets few, oblong to rounded-oval, rounded at the apex, 2-13 cm.
long, densely pubescent beneath; flowers yellow or orange, racemose;
pods flat, thick, 14-40 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, indehiscent.

Cassia Fistula L.

Sp. Canafistula (Yuc., B. H.). Sometimes planted; native of
tropical Asia. — A medium-sized tree; leaflets 4-8 pairs, acutish,
7-20 cm. long, glabrous; flowers large, yellow, in lax drooping
racemes 30-50 cm. long; pods woody, terete, 60 cm. long or less, 2
cm. thick. — The pulp of the fruit has purgative properties.

Cassia flavicoma HBK. C. Chamaecrista Millsp. FMB. 1: 298.
1896, not L. C. tristicula Millsp. FMB. 1: 366. 1898, not HBK.

Common. — Subgenus Chamaecrista. An erect pubescent annual,
simple or branched; leaflets numerous, oblong, rounded or obtuse at
the apex; flowers large, yellow, axillary; pods small, flat, elastically
dehiscent.

Cassia flexuosa L. C. procumbens Millsp. FMB. 1: 366. 1898,
not L.

Buulchich (Gaumer). Progreso, Schott 290; Gaumer 23153. —
Subgenus Chamaecrista. A somewhat woody perennial, usually 30
cm. high or less; leaflets numerous, small, linear-oblong, pubescent
or glabrate; stipules large and conspicuous; flowers large, yellow,
axillary; pods small, flat, elastically dehiscent.

Cassia hirsuta L. C. leptocarpa var. hirsuta Benth.

Zalche (Gaumer). Frequent. — A coarse hirsute herb 1.5 m. high
or less; leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, 4-7 cm. long; flowers yellow, in short axillary racemes; pods
linear, hirsute, compressed, 12-20 cm. long, 5 mm. wide.

Cassia leiophylla Vog. C. sericea Millsp. FMB. 1: 299. 1896, in
part, not Sw.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 287

Sp. Hormiguera (Camp.). Izamal, Millspaugh 225.— A shrub or
herb 1 m. high or less, pubescent; leaflets 2-3 pairs, broadly obovate,
rounded at the apex, 3-5 cm. long; flowers large, yellow; pods com-
pressed, 10 cm. long, 5 mm. wide.

Cassia occidentalis L.

Sp. Bricho, Frijolillo. A frequent weed. — Plants usually herba-
ceous and 1.5 m. high or less; leaflets 4-7 pairs, ovate, 2-8 cm. long,
acute or acuminate, usually glabrous; flowers chiefly axillary, yellow,
large and showy; fruit flat, 8-12 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide.

Cassia Peralteana HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 356. 1823. C.
Liebmannii Millsp. FMB. 1: 365. 1898, not Benth. C. racemosa
Millsp. FMB. 1: 366. 1898, not Mill.

Habinpek (Gaumer), Kdnhabin (Gaumer), Xcantoplatston
(Schott), Yaxhabin (Gaumer). Common; endemic; type from
Campeche. — A tree, reported to attain a height of 10 m.; leaflets
numerous, oblong to oval, 3-6 cm. long, acute to rounded at the
apex, pubescent, at least beneath; flowers large, bright yellow, in
short dense racemes; fruit flat, glabrous, 1 cm. wide.

Cassia reticulata Willd.

Yaaxhabin (Gaumer). Reported from the region, and probably
occurring there. — A large shrub or small tree; leaflets numerous,
oblong to obovate, rounded at the apex, 5-12 cm. long; flowers large,
yellow, in long racemes; pods flat, 12-18 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide,
thin.

Cassia Tagera L.

Atasta, Campeche, Rovirosa 45. — A small prostrate perennial,
nearly glabrous; leaflets 4, cuneate-obovate, 1 cm. long or shorter;
flowers small, axillary; pods short, flat.

Cassia Tora L.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1474- — An erect annual, glabrous or
nearly so; leaflets usually 3 pairs, obovate or rounded-obovate,
rounded at the apex; flowers large, yellow, axillary; pods linear,
15-20 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide.

Cassia undulata Benth.

Frequent. — An erect or clambering shrub; leaflets 4, oblique,
lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, acuminate, 4.5-9 cm. long, nearly
glabrous; flowers large, greenish yellow; pods terete.

288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Specimens reported as C. bacillaris L. f. (Millsp. FMB. 1: 20.
1895) may belong here.

Cassia uniflora Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8. Cassia No. 5. 1768. C.
ornithopoides Lam. ; C. sericea Sw.

Tulubayen (Gaumer), Xtuab (Aznar). A frequent weed; type
from Campeche. — An erect herb, sericeous with fulvous or reddish
hairs; leaflets few, oval or obovate, obtuse or rounded at the apex;
flowers small, yellow, in short axillary racemes; pods small, short,
4-angled, constricted between the seeds.

Cassia villosa Mill. Card. Diet. ed. 8. Cassia No. 4. 1768. C. Ur-
sula Millsp. FMB. 1: 365. 1898, not L. Ormocarpum sp. Millsp. &
Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 17. 1905.

Zalche (Gaumer). Frequent; described from Campeche. — Plants
usually herbaceous and about 1 m. high, sometimes shrubby and
2 m. high, densely stellate-pubescent; leaflets 6-8, acute or acuminate;
flowers yellow, in short racemes; pods turgid, 4-5 mm. wide, deeply
constricted between the seeds. — Easy of recognition because of the
stellate pubescence.

Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. Poinciana regia Boj.

Sp. Flamboyan. Planted as a shade tree; native of Madagascar. —
Poinciana, flame-tree. A medium-sized tree with large deciduous
bipinnate leaves; flowers large, orange-red and scarlet.

Haematoxylum campechianum L.

Ek (Gaumer). Sp. Palo de tinta, Palo de Campeche, Tinta. Log-
wood (B. H.). Abundant in the eastern and southern part of the
Peninsula, and extending into Tabasco; also in the West Indies;
originally described from Campeche. — A small tree with compressed
and fluted trunk, the bark grayish, the branches irregular, armed
with stout spines; leaves glabrous, pinnate, the few leaflets broadly
cuneate, 1-3 cm. long, with numerous parallel veins; flowers yellow,
5-6 mm. long, racemose; pods flat, thin, dehiscent. — The wood is
hard and heavy, with a characteristic odor, the sapwood yellowish,
the heartwood reddish brown, becoming deep red on exposure. The
heartwood is the logwood of commerce, which has been exported in
vast quantities. Its export was formerly the chief industry of the
region, and it and mahogany were the prime cause of the British
settlements along the coast, and of many years of hostility between

FLORA OF YUCATAN 289

the British and Spanish settlements. It is stated that when Grand-
mont captured Campeche, he burned more than a million logs stored
there. The wood was shipped to Spain early in the sixteenth cen-
tury. Its export is still an important industry.

The wood contains a peculiar principle, haematoxylin or hematin,
used for dyeing. It is an official drug of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia,
being employed as an astringent, especially for treating dysentery
and diarrhea. In Yucatan it is employed for the same purpose. The
seeds are sometimes used for flavoring food.

Another species of this genus is common along the west coast of
Mexico and Central America, and on the north coast of South
America.

Hymenaea Courbaril L., a handsome timber tree, is called "guapi-
nol" and "locust" in British Honduras. The Kekchi name is "pak."

Tamarindus indica L.

Pahxuhuc (Tozzer). Sp. Tamarindo. Planted frequently, and
perhaps naturalized; native of the Old World tropics. — Tamarind.
A large or medium-sized, unarmed tree; leaves pinnate, the leaflets
numerous, oblong, 1-2 cm. long; flowers yellow, striped with red,
racemose; pods brown, indehiscent, the 4-7 seeds surrounded by
acidulous juicy pulp. — The flowers are produced in May and June,
and the pods are ripe in March and April. The agreeably flavored
pulp is used for preparing cooling beverages and conserves, and it
is employed also as a laxative. The strong wood is utilized for
construction purposes.

Abrus precatorius L.

Xocoak. Sp. Peonia. Frequent in thickets. — Beadvine. A slen-
der woody vine; leaves even-pinnate, the numerous leaflets oblong,
1-1.5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, sparsely strigose; flowers pur-
plish, racemose; pods containing 4-6 scarlet and black seeds. — The
leaves and root have the flavor of licorice. The seeds are poisonous.
They are very handsome and durable, and are strung to make neck-
laces and bracelets. The plant is rather uncommon in Mexico and
Central America.

Aeschynomene americana L. A. americana var. depila
Millsp. FMB. 1:363.1898.

Common. — A weedy annual with pinnate leaves; leaflets numer-
ous, linear-oblong, acute; flowers small, yellow and brown-red; pods

290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

jointed, deeply notched along the lower margin. — Var. depila was
based on Gaumer 955 from Izamal. It is a common form with gla-
brous, rather than pubescent, pods.

Aeschynomene fascicularis Schlecht. & Cham.

Cabalpich. Sp. Pegapega. Common. — A slender shrub about a
meter high or sometimes herbaceous; leaflets numerous, glabrate,
obtuse; flowers small, yellow. — According to Cuevas (PL Med. 20,
Ilustr. pL12,f.l),a decoction of the plant is employed as a remedy
for tumors. The plant is much eaten by cattle.

Aeschynomene hispida Willd.

Apazote, Campeche, Goldman 497. — A large herb of wet soil with
dull red and greenish flowers.

Andira inermis (Swartz) HBK. (A. excelsa HBK.) has been
reported from Yucatan, and probably occurs in Campeche and Quin-
tana Roo, but there is no authentic record of its existence in the
region. The names reported for the tree are "yakba" (Gaumer),
"yabo," and "yaba." in British Honduras it is called "iximche,"
"chaperno," "cabbagebark," and "cornwood."

Apoplanesia paniculata Presl.

Chulul. Common. — A tree up to 24 m. high, flowering in July
and August; leaves pinnate, the leaflets numerous, oblong or oval,
black-dotted, petiolulate, rounded or emarginate at the apex; flow-
ers small, in panicled racemes, the calyx accrescent. — The Maya
name signifies "bow," indicating the use of the wood for making
bows, as stated in the Motul Dictionary. In Guerrero and Oaxaca
this tree is called "palo de arco," a name having the same meaning.
The wood is used in Yucatan for rafters.

Arachis hypogaea L.

Sp. Cacahuate. Cultivated commonly, and reported as escaped.
Native probably of Brazil. — Peanut. Called "mani" in many parts
of Central America. The name "cacahuate" is of Nahuatl origin,
being formed directly from the name of the cacao tree.

Benthamantha Greenmanii (Millsp.) Britten & Baker f.
FMB. 2: 50. 1900. Cracca Greenmanii Millsp. FMB. 1: 299. pi. 13.
1896, 1: 366. 1898. "Cracca aff. glabrescens Benth.," Loes. Verb.
Bot. Ver. Brand. 65: 90. 1923.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 291

Chicamthul, Xholac (Valdez). Sp. Jicama de conejo. Common;
endemic in Yucatan and Campeche; type collected at Chichen Itza,
Millspaugh 127. — A small herb, the roots bearing fusiform tubers;
leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets, the leaflets ovate or oval, obtuse
or rounded at the apex, thinly strigose; flowers creamy white, in
lax racemes; pods linear, constricted between the seeds. — Valdez
states that the plant is used to expel intestinal parasites.

Benthamantha mollis (HBK.) Alef. Cracca caribaea Millsp.
FMB. 1: 22. 1895, not Benth. C. bicolor Millsp. FMB. 1: 366. 1898,
not Micheli. C. villosa var. cinerea Millsp. FMB. 1: 366. 1898, not
Kuntze. Tephrosia cinerea Millsp. FMB. 1: 299. 1896, in part, not
Pers.

Common. — A slender shrub 1.5 m. high or less, densely silky-
villous; leaflets 7-13, oval or oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex;
flowers greenish yellow, in few-flowered peduncled racemes.

Cajanus bicolor DC.

Cultivated and naturalized; probably native of tropical Asia.—
Pigeon-pea. A shrub 1-3 m. high with 3-foliolate leaves and large
yellow flowers, which are frequently tinged with red. — The plant is
often grown for its edible seeds.

Calopogonium coeruleum Benth.

Collected by Johnson, without locality. — A large vine with
3-foliolate leaves and purple flowers. — The plant is common in
tropical America, and probably occurs in the southern part of the
Peninsula, if not elsewhere. In Gaumer's Sinonimia the names
"cup" and "jicama cimarrona" are given for this species.

Canavalia maritima (Aubl.) Thou. C. obtusifolia Millsp. FMB.
2: 52. 1900, not DC.

Frequent on sea beaches. — A coarse herb, usually prostrate but
sometimes scandent; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets broadly rounded
or emarginate at the apex; flowers pink. — A characteristic strand
plant.

Canavalia mexicana Piper. C. ensiformis Millsp. FMB. 1: 365.
1898, not DC.

Sp. Haba. Occasional. — A large herbaceous vine, glabrate; leaf-
lets oval or ovate, obtuse; flowers pink or purplish, in long-peduncled
interrupted racemes; pods broad, thick.

292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Centrosema Plumierii Turp. Bradburya Plumierii Kuntze.

Sp. Mariposa. Frequent. — A small vine with large, showy, pur-
plish or whitish flowers; leaves, as in the other species, 3-foliolate,
the leaflets broadly rhombic-ovate, obtuse or acute, glabrate.—
Called "frijolillo" and "patito" in Tabasco.

Centrosema Schottii (Millsp.) Schum. in Just's Bot. Jahresb.
261: 353. 1900. Bradburya Schottii Millsp. FMB. 1: 364. 1898.

Buulbech (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Nohpat, Schott 718;
Chichankanab, Gaumer 2062; Izamal, Gaumer 930; San Anselmo,
Gaumer 2061; Suitun, Gaumer 23457; without locality, Gaumer 1662,
24162, 24121. — A slender herbaceous vine; leaflets shallowly hastate-
lobed at the base, glabrous or nearly so; flowers often 5 cm. broad,
purple; pods long, linear.

Centrosema virginiana (L.) Benth. Bradburya virginiana
Kuntze; Clitoria mexicana Millsp. FMB. 1: 366. 1898, not Link.

Kantsin (Gaumer). Common. — A slender herbaceous vine with
purple flowers; leaflets oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, acute or
obtuse, glabrate; pods linear.

The name "zapatito de la reina" is reported for this species in
local publications, but I suspect that the plant to which this name
is applied is rather Clitoria Ternatea L., an introduced plant, culti-
vated in tropical America for its showy blue flowers, and usually
known by this vernacular name.

Bradburya pubescens (Benth.) Kuntze is reported by Millspaugh
(FMB. 1: 23. 1895) on the basis of a Johnson specimen. The record
is doubtful, and may relate to Centrosema virginiana.

Chaetocalyx vestita Standl. FMB. 8: 14. 1930.

Type from Xnocac, Gaumer 23509; Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer
1077; San Anselmo, Gaumer 2165; without locality, Gaumer 24117. —
A slender herbaceous vine; leaves 5-foliolate, the leaflets oval, 1.2-3
cm. long, rounded at each end, apiculate; flowers 12-15 mm. long;
fruit linear, 7.5-11 cm. long, composed of about 10 flat joints.

Cicer arietinum L.

Sp. Garbanzo. Listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia, and probably culti-
vated. Native, perhaps, of the Mediterranean region. — Chick-pea.
Grown extensively in some parts of Mexico for its edible seeds; an
important food staple in Spain.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 293

Crotalaria incana L.

Sacpet, Zacpet. A common weed. — Rattlebox. An erect branched
annual, copiously pilose; leaves long-petiolate, 3-foliolate (as in the
other species listed here), the leaflets rounded or broadly obovate;
flowers greenish yellow, in long racemes; pods inflated, densely hairy.

Crotalaria pumila Ort. C. pumila var. obcordata Griseb.

Sp. Tronadora. A frequent weed. — A small branched annual,
thinly appressed-pubescent; leaflets small, obovate or obovate-
oblong, rounded at the apex; flowers yellow, in few-flowered racemes;
pods appressed-pubescent.

Crotalaria vitellina Ker.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23641, 23518 in part, 23661 .—Plants
large and sometimes suflrutescent, appressed-pubescent or glabrate;
leaflets large, often acutish; flowers 2 cm. long, yellow; pods ap-
pressed-pubescent.— In some parts of Central America the young
shoots of the Crotalarias are cooked and eaten.

Dalbergia glabra (Mill.) Standl., comb. nov. Robinia glabra
Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Robinia No. 5. 1768. D. campeachiana Benth.
Journ. Linn. Soc. 4: Suppl. 37. 1860. Amerimnon campeachianum
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 159. 1891. D. cibix Pittier, Journ. Washington
Acad. Sci. 12: 59. 1922. A. glabrum Standl. CNH. 23: 507. 1922.
A. cibix Standl. CNH. 23: 1666. 1926.

Cibix, Muc. Common; type from Campeche. — A scandent shrub
sometimes 9 m. long; leaves pinnate, the leaflets oval or obovate,
rounded or retuse at the apex, appressed-pubescent; flowers small,
white, in short axillary panicles, opening in May. — The tough inner
bark is used as cordage. The type of D. campeachiana was collected
in Campeche by Linden; that of D. cibix at Yaxcaba, Gaumer 721.

Desmodium adscendens (Swartz) DC.

Reported from Cozumel Island, Gaumer in 1885. — Leaflets oval
to orbicular, rounded at the apex, appressed-pilose beneath; flowers
purple, in loose racemes; pods straight on the upper margin, deeply
notched on the lower. — All the species of Desmodium listed here are
herbs with 3-foliolate leaves, purple to whitish flowers, and jointed
pods.

Desmodium frutescens (Jacq.) Schindl. D. supinum DC.;
Meibomia supina Britton.

294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1550; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1396;
without locality, Johnston. — A slender perennial; leaflets ovate to
elliptic, acute or obtuse, pale beneath, pilose; pods with numerous
broad joints. — One of the common weeds of tropical America.

Desmodium molle (Vahl) DC.

San Anselmo, Gaumer 2425; Me"rida, Schott 885. — A tall stout
herb, densely pubescent; stipules narrow, green, persistent; pods of
2 joints, the terminal joint much larger, notched on one margin.

Desmodium procumbens (Mill.) Hitchc. Meibomia tortuosa
Millsp. FMB. 1: 299. 1896, not Kuntze. M. neomexicana Millsp.
FMB. 1: 367. 1898, in part, not Kuntze.

Kintah. A common weed. — A slender herb, the stems pubescent
with hooked hairs; leaflets lanceolate to broadly rhombic-ovate,
acutish to rounded at the apex, glabrate; pods twisted, with several
joints.

Desmodium purpureum (Mill.) Fawc. & Rendle. Meibomia
neomexicana Millsp. FMB. 1: 367. 1898, in part, not Kuntze.

Kintah. A common weed. — A tall coarse herb, densely pubescent;
stipules large, green, persistent; leaflets rhombic-ovate, obtuse or
acute, thick; flowers in very long racemes; pods spirally twisted.

Desmodium scorpiurus (Swartz) Desv.

Maunakle (Gaumer). Doubtless a common weed, but only two
collections reported: Gaumer 263 and 929, from Izamal. — A low,
often prostrate herb; leaflets oblong to elliptic or ovate, obtuse,
appressed-pubescent; pods with several joints, these narrowly
oblong, about 3 times as long as broad. — This is one of the most
frequent weeds of the American tropics.

Meibomia albiflora (Salzm.) Kuntze, as reported by Millspaugh
(FMB. 1: 367. 1898), is doubtful. The report is based on Johnson
36b. Equally dubious is the report of M. affinis (Schlecht.) Kuntze
(FMB. 1: 22. 1895), also based on a Johnson specimen.

Diphysa carthagenensis Jacq. D. robinioides Millsp. FMB.
1: 367. 1898; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 37: Beibl. 80. 17. 1905, not Benth.
D. minutifolia Standl. CNH. 23: 479. 1922, in part, not Rose. D.
spinosa Rydb. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 213. 1924, at least in part.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 295

Tsutsuc (Gaumer), Xbabalche (Valdez). Common. — A large
shrub or small tree with pinnate leaves and showy yellow flowers;
leaflets oblong to oval, pale beneath, glabrous or nearly so; pods
narrow, inflated and bladderlike. — Valdez reports that the plant has
sudorific properties. The Maya name is recorded as "sucuc," and
from British Honduras the name is reported as "stutztzuk."

It may be that more than one species is represented in the Penin-
sula, but all the specimens examined seem to me to be conspecific.

Erythrina americana Mill. E. carnea Ait.; E. coralloides
Millsp. FMB. 1: 299. 1896, perhaps also of Moc. & Sesse*. E. Coral-
lodendron Millsp. FMB. 1: 367. 1898, not L.

Chacmolche, Xkolokmax, Xoyo. Sp. Colorin, Pinon espinoso.
Frequent. — A small spiny tree with 3-foliolate leaves, red flowers,
and scarlet seeds. — The seeds contain a dangerous poison whose
properties are well known to the Mayas.

Erythrina rubrinervia HBK. is known in British Honduras as
"sumpankle," "pito," "colorin," "chacmolche," and "tiger- wood."

Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urban. G. multiflora Millsp. FMB. 1:
367. 1898, not Rob. Teramnus sp. Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl.
80: 17. 1905.

Xichilax (Gaumer). Common. — An herbaceous or suffrutescent
vine with 3-foliolate leaves and small purplish flowers.

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. Robinia rosea Mill. Gard.
Diet. ed. 8. Robinia No. 4. 1768. R. maculata HBK. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 6: 392. 1823. Lonchocarpus maculatus DC. Prodr. 2: 260. 1825.
G. maculata Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 688. 1841. G. sepium f.
maculata Urban, Symb. Antill. 2: 289. 1900.

Zacyab, Sacyab. Sp. Madrecacao (Quintana Roo, B. H.). Com-
mon.— A tree 4-10 m. high or larger, with pinnate leaves, the leaflets
usually spotted beneath with purple; flowers white or pinkish, very-
showy. — In many regions the tree is called "madre de cacao."
This name alludes to the fact that the aborigines of Mexico and
Central America planted the tree for shade in cacao plantations,
having found that cacao would thrive best in association with it.
The plant is used in some localities for poisoning rats and mice. The
wood is very durable, and is used for many purposes. The Kekchi
names are "kante" and "kansim." The name "yaite" also is
reported from Guatemala.

296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

The type of Robinia maculata was collected in Campeche; that
of R. rosea in Campeche by Houstoun.

Harpalyce formosa DC.

Balche-ceh. Between Ticul and Tabi, Seler 3902; Piste", Seler
3988. — A shrub with pinnate leaves and large rose-colored flowers;
leaflets elliptic, obtuse, puberulent and glandular beneath; calyx
2-lipped.

Indigofera mucronata Spreng. Cracca cinerea Millsp. FMB.
1: 299. 1896, in part, not Kuntze.

Sp. Anilillo. A frequent weed. — A decumbent herb with pinnate
leaves and small, dull red, racemose flowers; leaflets few, elliptic,
rounded at the apex, grayish-strigose; pods short, slender, 4-angled,
reflexed.

Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. /. Anil L.

Choh. Sp. Anil. A common weed. — Indigo. A stiff grayish shrub
1-2.5 m. high with small greenish flowers; leaflets oblong-elliptic,
obtuse, densely grayish-strigose; pods short, obtusely 4-angled,
curved. — Indigo formerly was cultivated extensively in Yucatan,
and was exported as late as 1885, but it is no longer grown. Its use
as a dye plant was known to the early inhabitants of Mexico. In
Yucatan the plant is reported in use in domestic medicine as a tonic
and as a remedy for fevers, abscesses, and epilepsy. The Maya name
is applied to both the plant and its product.

Lens esculenta Moench.

Sp. Lenteja. Listed in Gaumer' s Sinonimia, and perhaps grown
for its edible seeds. Native of southeastern Europe. — Lentil.

Lonchocarpus hondurensis Benth.

Kancabtsonot, Gaunter 23887, 23851; without locality, Gaumer
24387; Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1042. — A tree &-8 m. high;
leaflets about 9, elliptic, obtuse, nearly glabrous; flowers purplish,
in short panicled racemes; pods flat, 1-seeded, winged on the mar-
gins.— Called "gusavo" in Tabasco, and "dogwood" in British
Honduras.

Lonchocarpus longistylus Pittier, CNH. 20: 62. /. 10. 1917.
L. violaceus Millsp. FMB. 1: 22. 1895, not HBK.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 297

Balche, Zaayab (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer
904; Mucuyche*, Schott 691; Chichen Itza, Thompson 1; Izamal,
Gaumer 23180, 23441; without locality, Gaumer 24108, 24429.— A
tree 18 m. high; leaflets about 15, elliptic or ovate, acute, glabrous;
flowers blue-purple, in lax racemes, borne in September and October.
—This is one of the most important and interesting trees of the
Peninsula. By the ancient Mayas the bark was soaked in water
with honey and fermented to produce an intoxicating drink called
"balche." With this the Mayas were accustomed to intoxicate
themselves at religious and other celebrations, and it was also one
of the offerings made to the gods. The beverage is still made and
used, but sirup is usually employed in place of honey. The Spanish
name for the drink is "pitarrilla."

Balche is made in Chiapas and other regions where this species
is not known to grow, hence it is probable that various species of
Lonchocarpus are used for preparing the beverage.

It is probable that the oldest name for this tree is Robinia lati-
folia Mill. (Card. Diet. ed. 8. Robinia No. 9. 1768). The type was
collected in Campeche by Houstoun. The pods of L. longistylus
have not been collected, but if they are found to agree with Miller's
description, there will be little doubt as to the application of his name.

Lonchocarpus rugosus Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 4: Suppl. 92.
1860.

Kantzin. Black cabbagebark (B. H.). Type collected in Campeche
by Houstoun. Izamal, Gaumer 996; without locality, Gaumer 24195,
24266. Widely distributed in Mexico and Central America. — A tree
18 m. high with dull red flowers; leaflets about 13, oblong-elliptic,
obtuse, pubescent or glabrate, reticulate-veined; pods flat, thin,
brown-sericeous.

Lonchocarpus yucatanensis Pittier, CNH. 20: 74. /. 24. 1917.
Amerimnon Brownei Millsp. FMB. 1: 363. 1898, not Jacq.

Balchechi (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Progreso, Gaumer
1146; Izamal, Gaumer 728; Chichankanab, Gaumer 2202; without
locality, Gaumer 24044- — A tree 18 m. high with red-purple flowers.

Medicago sativa L., alfalfa, is listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia, and
may have been planted at some time in Yucatan.

Mucuna Andreana Micheli.

Me"rida, Schott 155 in part (fruit only). — A large vine; pods about
2-seeded, thick and broad, densely pubescent. — Since the specimen
consists of a single pod, the determination is not altogether certain.

298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

Chilean. Sp. Picapica. Common. — Cow-itch, cowhage. A large
herbaceous vine with 3-foliolate leaves; flowers racemose, large, dull
dark purplish; pods covered with long stiff brownish hairs. — The
plant is a close relative of the velvet-bean grown in some regions as
a fodder or manure plant. The hairs of the pods are detached easily
and are often blown about by the wind. They cause intense irrita-
tion and itching when they penetrate the skin, as they do readily.
Gann reports that the southern Mayas administer these hairs in
atol or other beverages as a remedy for intestinal parasites in
children. Similar use is made of the plant in many other regions.

Myroxylon Pereirae Klotzsch. M. peruiferum Millsp. FMB. 1:
368. 1898, not L.

Naba, Nabal. Sp. Balsamo. Balsam (B. H.). Apparently of fre-
quent occurrence. — Balsam of Peru. A large tree with smooth pale
bark; leaves pinnate, with 7-11 translucent-dotted leaflets; flowers
whitish. — The wood is close-grained and nearly of the color of
mahogany, but redder. It takes a good polish, and is suitable for
fine cabinetwork. The balsam of Peru, obtained from incisions in
the trunk and from the fruit, is used in medicine and in the prepara-
tion of the chrism used in services of the church. It is produced
almost wholly in Salvador, from which country it is an important
article of export. The balsam is an official drug of the U. S. Phar-
macopoeia, having stomachic and expectorant properties. According
to Cuevas (PI. Med. 15, Ilustr. pi. 5, f. 1. 1913), it is employed in
Yucatan in the treatment of wounds, and as a remedy for dysmenor-
rhea and amenorrhea. The Motul Dictionary gives "yitz naba" as
the name of the balsam.

Nissolia fruticosa Jacq.

Kanduul, Kanauul. Common. — A woody vine with pinnate
leaves and small greenish flowers, reported to climb to a height of 9
m.; leaflets broadly elliptic, obtuse, puberulent; flowers in long dense
racemes; pods jointed, the terminal joint with a broad thick spatu-
late terminal wing.— Some of the Yucatan specimens have been
determined as N. Nelsoni Rose, a name probably to be reduced to
synonymy under this species.

Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban. "Dolichos tuberosum" Cuevas,
PI. Med. 34, Ilustr. pi. 22, f. 3. 1913.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 299

Chicam, Mehenchicam (Gaumer) . Sp. Jicama, Jicama dulce. Culti-
vated and perhaps wild. — A large coarse vine; leaves 3-foliolate, the
large broad leaflets angulate or shallowly lobed; flowers bluish pur-
ple, in long racemes. — The plant is grown commonly in Mexico and
Central America for its roots, which resemble turnips and are of
about the same size. They are eaten raw, and are crisp and watery,
rather sweet, and of agreeable flavor.

The Maya name chicam is evidently cognate with the Mexican
jicama, which is derived from the Nahuatl. It has been suggested,
therefore, that the plant was introduced into Yucatan from Anahuac,
which is quite probable.

Pachyrhizus tuber osus (Lam.) Spreng. is probably only a form of
P. erosus. The former name is given to the cultivated plant, which
differs slightly from the usual wild form.

Pachyrhizus palmatilobus (Moc. & Sesse") B. & H. Cacara
erosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 300. 1896, not Kuntze.

Xnucchicam (Gaumer), Chicam. Sp. Jicama grande, Jicama.
Apparently common. — Similar to P. erosus, but the leaflets deeply
lobed. — This seems to be a wild plant, but its large tubers are eaten
like those of P. erosus.

Parosela Gaumeri Standl. FMB. 8: 14. 1930.

Type from Chichankanab, Gaumer 1457; San Anselmo, Gaumer
1727; Pocoboch, Gaumer 2408. — A slender shrub, glabrous or nearly
so; leaflets about 7, oblong or cuneate-oblong, 4-7 mm. long, broadly
rounded at the apex; flowers sessile, the spikes 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx
glabrous; petals ochroleucous.

Parosela humilis (Mill.) Rydb. P. domingensis Millsp. FMB.
1: 21. 1895, 1: 299. 1896, 1: 368. 1898, as to specimens cited, not
Dalea domingensis DC.

Frequent. — A stiff shrub about 1 m. high with gland-dotted pin-
nate leaves and small, ochroleucous or purplish flowers; leaflets few,
oblong to obovate, pubescent; racemes short, dense; calyx teeth long
and filiform.

Parosela nutans (Cav.) Rose. Dalea diffusa Millsp. FMB. 1:
366. 1898, not Moric.

Sp. Escoba color ada. Common; growing in old fields and in waste
ground. — A slender glabrous bushy annual with small purple flow-

300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

ers; leaflets numerous, oblong, glabrous, dotted with large glands;
flowers in long slender racemes.

Phaseolus elegans Piper.

Kantzin. Collected at Izamal, Chichankanab, Kancabtsonot,
San Anselmo, Sisal, Sayi. — A slender vine with 3-foliolate leaves;
leaflets lance-oblong to rhombic-ovate, glabrous or nearly so, obtuse
or acute; flowers large, purple, in few-flowered racemes; pods long,
linear.

Phaseolus lunatus L.

Sp. FrijoL Common wild; also cultivated. — Lima bean. A large
herbaceous vine; leaflets deltoid or rhombic, obtuse to acuminate,
glabrate; flowers greenish white or purplish, in long racemes; pods
broad, the seeds compressed. — The wild form, with small pods and
seeds, is a common plant of tropical America. It may be one of the
forms of the lima bean which is known in Yucatan under the name
"ib" or "ip." This is described as flat, broader than the common
"frijoles," and either white or red.

Phaseolus scolecocarpus Piper, CNH. 22: 681. 1926. P. dyso-
phyllus Millsp. FMB. 1: 368. 1898, not Benth.

Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer 924; Buena Vista Xbac,
Gaumer in 1899; without locality, Gaumer 1670; Izamal, Gaumer
923. — An herbaceous vine with pilose stems; leaflets broadly rhom-
bic to ovate-oblong, sometimes with short rounded basal lobes,
densely pilose; flowers in long interrupted racemes; pods narrowly
linear.

Phaseolus speciosus HBK.

Near Champoton, Campeche, Collins 40. — An herbaceous vine
with large showy pink flowers.

Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Buul, Bui. Sp. FrijoL Cultivated. Native of America, but
scarcely known in a wild state. — Bean. Beans or "frijoles" are, next
to maize, the most important food staple of Yucatan, as in most
parts of Mexico and Central America, among all classes of society.
They are grown in large quantities in the Peninsula, and sometimes
are exported.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 301

Beans have been in cultivation in this region for many centuries,
and numerous horticultural varieties have developed. The scandent
varieties are little grown in tropical America. The word "buul" ap-
plies to both the plant and its seeds, especially to the common "frijol
amarillo," a pink or brown-seeded form. Gaumer lists also the
"xcholibuul" or "frijol negro," a small black bean, which is common
throughout Central America. The "xpelon," hispanicized as
"espelon," is the same or a similar variety. There are many local
ways of preparing "frijoles" but the current method is by boiling,
then frying and mashing them. There is reported from Yucatan
"buliuah," a kind of tortilla of maize and "frijoles." Dominguez
reports the names "tzama" and "xcolibul" for varieties of Phaseolus
vulgaris.

The following names are reported for this species in the Guate-
malan dialects: "Chicun," Ixil; "Chicong," Ixil; "Ubal" and "Kuy-
enk," Mame; "Pilin," Pokonchi, a small variety; "Kin'ak," Quiche";
"Tut," Chuje; "Chenek," Tzental; "Ch'ux," Pokonchi, a small red
variety.

Phaseolus adenanthus Mey. (as P. truxillensis HBK.) is reported
by Millspaugh (FMB. 1: 23. 1895), the record based on a Johnson
specimen. The report needs verification, but the species may well
occur in the Peninsula.

Piscidia communis (Blake) Harms. Ichthyomethia piscipula
Millsp. FMB. 1: 22. 1895, not Hitchc. P.Erythrina Millsp. FMB.
1 : 368. 1898, not L. /. communis Blake.

Habin, Habim (Yuc., B. H.), Habi, Haabi. Dogwood (B. H.).
Common in dry forests. — A tree, often 18 m. high, with a trunk
40 cm. in diameter; leaves pinnate, the leaflets petiolulate, oblong to
oval, acute to rounded at the apex, thick, minutely appressed-
pubescent beneath; flowers large, pink; pods with 4 broad longi-
tudinal wings. — Flowering in March, when leafless. The hard and
heavy wood, which is very durable under ground or in water, is
much used locally for purposes in which strength and durability are
important, and in cabinetwork. An extract of the root bark is used
commonly in the Peninsula in medicine. Gaumer gives the follow-
ing notes regarding it: "Local anesthetic, analgesic, antispasmodic,
anti-inebriate, and sudorific. The extract, in doses of 20 drops per
hour, diminishes sensibility, produces profound perspiration, and
augments salivation and transpiration. In doses of 5-10 drops per
hour it acts as a sedative, tranquilizing the nerves; alleviating pain;

302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

and inducing an inclination toward quiet sleep, without the resultant
dryness of the mouth so common to other soporifics. It mitigates
the cough and hectic fever of phthisis. Piscidia extract is very
effective in the treatment of abdominal pains during gestation, and
in dysmenorrhea. It promptly relieves the pain accompanying
fractures and operations, also toothache and headache."

The Piscidias are employed in some regions for catching fish.
The crushed bark is thrown into pools or quiet streams. Soon after-
ward the fish, in a stupefied state, float upon the surface, and may
be secured easily.

The Motul Dictionary defines "tuncuy" as the wood of the
"habim." The Kakchiquel name of the tree is reported as "anipak" ;
the Kekchi name as "tiaxab."

Pisum sativum L.

Sp. Chicharo. Listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia, and perhaps
planted occasionally. Native of the Old World.— Pea.

Platymiscium yucatanum Standl. CNH. 23: 510. 1922.
Pterocarpus Draco Millsp. FMB. 1: 368. 1898, not L.

Subinche,Zubinche. Sp. Granadillo. Endemic; type from Izamal,
Gaumer 377; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23566; Chichankanab, Gaumer
23643; without locality, Gaumer 24131, 24323. — A deciduous tree
about 25 m. high with yellow flowers; leaves pinnate, the leaflets
long-petiolulate, glabrous, lance-oblong to ovate, obtuse-acuminate;
racemes fascicled on old wood. — The dark gray or nearly black wood
is very hard and takes a high polish. It is much used for the axles
of carts.

It is probable that Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq. occurs in the
southern part of the Peninsula, but no conclusive evidence of its
occurrence has been found.

Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC.

Mehenibbech (Gaumer), Ibcho (Gaumer). Common. — A slender
herbaceous vine with 3-foliolate leaves and small yellow flowers;
leaflets broadly rhombic or rounded, obtuse or acute, gland-dotted
and puberulent; racemes slender, few-flowered; pods small, short,
compressed.

Rhynchosia pyramidalis (Lam.) Urban. R. phaseoloides DC.

Without locality, Johnson, Gaumer 24332; Izamal, Gaumer 498a.—

A large herbaceous pubescent vine; leaflets rhombic or deltoid,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 303

acuminate to obtuse, gland-dotted; flowers greenish yellow, in long
racemes; pods compressed. — The handsome, scarlet and black seeds
in some regions are strung to form necklaces.

Rhynchosia reticulata (Swartz) DC. Dolicholus reticulatus
Millsp. FMB. 2:53. 1900.

Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23605; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1397;
without locality, Gaumer 21+122. — A stout herbaceous vine with
densely pubescent, sharply angled stems; leaflets oblong to broadly
ovate, acute or acuminate, densely pubescent; racemes long, inter-
rupted; calyx lobes large and broad, equaling the corolla.

Sesbania Emerus (Aubl.) Urban. ?S. macrocarpa Muhl.

Sp. Bequilla. Izamal, Gaumer 907; Sacnicte, Gaumer 23425. — A
tall slender herb 1-4 m. high, growing in wet soil or in water; leaflets
numerous, oblong, rounded at the apex, glabrous, dark purplish
beneath; flowers pale yellow, in few-flowered racemes; pods long and
slender, linear, terete.

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agati grandiflora Desv.

Sp. Pico de flamenco. Cultivated and said to be naturalized;
native of the Old World tropics. — A small tree with showy, usually
white but sometimes pink or red flowers 6-8 cm. long.

Sophora tomentosa L.

Reported from Mugeres Island, Gaumer in 1886; probably to be
found elsewhere along the coast. — A shrub of seashores with sericeous
pinnate leaves and yellowish white flowers. — The Maya name
"salche" is listed for the plant, but upon whose authority, I do not
know.

Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. S. biflora Millsp. FMB. 1:
369. 1898, not BSP.

Chichibe. Apparently common. — A small herb with 3-foliolate
leaves and small yellow flowers; leaflets lance-linear to lanceolate,
acuminate, glabrate; calyx hispid. — This species is not represented
by specimens from other parts of Mexico. Some of the Yucatan
material has been determined as S. guyanensis (Aubl.) Sw.

Tephrosia cinerea (L.) Pers. CraccacinereaMorong;C. decum-
bens Kuntze; C. littoralis Rydb.

304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Zulche, Sulche. Occasional along the coast. — A low weedy herb
with tough stems, pinnate leaves, and small purplish flowers; leaflets
cuneate-oblanceolate; pods flat, broadly linear.

Tephrosia cathartica (Sesse* & Moc.) Urban (Cracca cathartica
Rydb.) is reported from Yucatan by Rydberg (N. Amer. Fl. 24:
180. 1923). The plant was collected by Gaumer on Ruatan Island,
Honduras, but I have seen no Yucatan specimens.

Vicia Faba L.

Sp. Haba. Listed in Gaumer's Sinonimia, and probably culti-
vated occasionally. Perhaps native of northern Africa and south-
western Asia. — An annual plant, grown extensively in the Old World
for its edible seeds, but seldom planted in Central America.

OXALIDACEAE. Wood-sorrel Family

Oxalis latifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 237. 1822. lonoxalis
latifolia Rose, CNH. 10: 113. 1906.

Yala-elel (Cuevas), Yalelel (Cuevas), Elel (Pe'rez), Zutskeymil
(Gaumer), Zutskeyem (Cuevas). Sp. Acederilla. Apparently fre-
quent. Type from Campeche. — An acaulescent plant with rose-
purple flowers. — The leaves have an acid flavor. The plant is said
to have astringent properties, and is used locally in treating inflam-
mation of the mouth.

In the Motul Dictionary there is listed the word "ixtamancan,"
with the definition, "yerva acedera, o casi ella," which would indi-
cate a plant with leaves like those of Oxalis.

Oxalis yucatanensis (Rose) Standl. CNH. 23: 518. 1923.
Lotoxalis occidentalis Rose, CNH. 10: 115. 1906, not 0. occidentalis
Knuth, 1915. L. yucatanensis Rose, CNH. 10: 116. 1906. 0. Ber-
landieri Millsp. FMB. 1: 300. 1896, 1: 369. 1898, 2: 54. 1900; Millsp.
& Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 18. 1905, not Torr.

Yala-elel (Gaumer). Sp. Agritos. Frequent. — An erect branching
herb with 3-foliolate leaves and small yellow flowers. — The type of
Lotoxalis yucatanensis is Gaumer 715 from Yucatan.

ERYTHROXYLACEAE. Coca Family
Erythroxylon brevipes DC.

Without locality, Gaumer 24220, 24338, 23972, 24288; Chichan-
kanab, Gaumer 2287; Tsilam, Gaumer 1249; Izamal, Gaumer 754- — A

FLORA OF YUCATAN 305

stiff shrub or small tree about 3 m. high; leaves obovate, glabrous,
2.5 cm. long or less, rounded at the apex; flowers small, white, fas-
cicled in the leaf axils; fruit a small red drupe. — In Mexico this
species is known only from Yucatan.

To the genus belongs the coca plant, E. coca Lam., from which
the drug cocaine is obtained.

TROPAEOLACEAE. Nasturtium Family
Tropaeolum ma jus L.

Sp. Mastuerzo, Capuchina. Cultivated for ornament; native of
South America. — Nasturtium.

GERANIACEAE. Cranesbill Family
Pelargonium graveolens L/He"r.

Sp. Geranio de olor. Cultivated for ornament; native of South
Africa. — Rose geranium.

Pelargonium zonale (L.) Ait.

Sp. Geranio. Cultivated for ornament; native of South Africa. —
Geranium. Probably other species than the two here listed are
grown in the region.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Lignum-vitae Family
Guaiacum sanctum L.

Zoon (Gaumer), Zon. Sp. Guayacan, Palo santo. Frequent. —
Lignum-vitae. A small tree; leaves pinnate, with 4-10 glabrous entire
leaflets; flowers blue or purple; fruit an angled capsule. — The wood
is very hard and dense, light yellow, becoming green on exposure.
It is employed for railroad ties and for general construction purposes.
By the ancient Mayas dishes, cups, and other vessels were made
from the wood, and because of its strength and flexibility it was
one of their favorite woods, and perhaps the principal one, for
fashioning bows.

The extract of the wood has stimulant and diaphoretic proper-
ties, and is official in the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. Introduced into
Europe about 1508 by the Spaniards, the wood soon gained great
fame as a remedy for syphilis, for which it had been used by the
American natives. The wood is still employed in medicine in Yuca-
tan. It was long esteemed highly by American and European physi-

306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

cians for treating syphilitic affections, gout, rheumatism, scrofula,
and cutaneous affections, but it is now believed to have no distinct
influence upon such diseases.

Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Torr. & Gray. Tribulus maximus L.

Xichilak (Gaumer). A common weed. — A prostrate annual, the
leaves with 3 or 4 pairs of narrow pubescent leaflets; flowers axillary,
small, yellow; fruit composed of 10 bony unarmed nutlets.

Tribulus cistoides L. T. terrestris var. cistoides Oliver. T.
alacranensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 54. 1900. T. terrestris Donde", Apuntes
41. 1907, not L. T. trijugatus Dond<§, Apuntes 42. 1907, not Nutt.

Chanxnuuc (Gaumer), Chanixnuc (Motul Diet.), Chanxnuc
(Aznar). Sp. Abrojo. A common weed, often growing on seashores.
— A prostrate herb; leaves with 4-8 pairs of narrow silky leaflets;
flowers large, axillary, long-pediceled, yellow; fruit of 5 bony carpels,
these armed with stout spines. — The plant is said to be eaten by
stock. The stiff hard spines can penetrate shoes almost as readily
as tacks. A decoction of the plant is employed in fomentations for
relieving rheumatism, and the plant is reputed to have tonic, stimu-
lant, and aperient properties.

The type of T. alacranensis is Millspaugh 1766 from Allison
Island, Alacran Shoals. It is a form with petals only 1-1.5 cm. long,
those of the typical form being 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Since every grada-
tion in size is found between the two extremes, it seems inadvisable
to consider T. alacranensis more than, at most, a variety of
T. cistoides.

The name "chamtoloc" the Motul Dictionary defines as "especie
de abrojos; danse en las hojas y tienen espinas." The name may
relate to Tribulus, or perhaps to some plant of another family.

RUTACEAE. Rue Family

Amyris sylvatica Jacq.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1379. — A shrub or small tree with alter-
nate persistent glabrous 3-foliolate leaves; leaflets ovate, acute, nearly
entire; flowers small, green, in terminal panicles; fruit a black or
reddish drupe.

Casimiroa tetrameria Millsp. FMB. 1: 401. 1898.

Hyuy, Yuy (Gaumer). Common; type from Xcholac, Gaumer
1006; widely distributed in Mexico and Central America. — A tree
9-18 m. high; leaves alternate, with usually 5, entire, densely pubes-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 307

cent, acute leaflets; flowers small, greenish, in lateral panicles. — The
fruit is edible, but no information is available regarding its use in
Yucatan. It is green or yellow, and resembles a small apple. The
tree is called "matasano" in Central America.

Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. has been reported from Campeche,
with the name "zapote bianco." This species may occur in the
Yucatan Peninsula. The Pokonchi (Guatemala) name for Casimiroa
is reported as "ahache."

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle. C. Limetta Millsp.
FMB. 1: 25. 1895, 1: 301. 1896, not Risso. C. Limonum Cuevas, PL
Med. 60, Ilustr. pi. 33, f. 1. 1913, not L.

Sp. Lima agria (Gaumer), Limoncillo (Millspaugh), Limdn
(Cuevas) . Cultivated for its fruit, and probably naturalized. Native,
like the other Citrus species, of the Old World tropics.— Lime. The
lime is much used in Middle America for seasoning food and for pre-
paring cooling beverages. It is usually called "limon," a name more
properly applied to the lemon. Cuevas reports that a decoction of
the root is administered as a remedy for gonorrhea.

Citrus Aurantium L. C. vulgaris Risso.

Zutspakal. Sp. Naranja agria, Cajera. Planted and probably
escaped from cultivation. — Sour or Seville orange. The fruit is too
sour and bitter for eating, but the juice is sometimes used for
flavoring food, like that of the lime. The decoction of the leaves
and flowers is used in local medicine, especially as a tonic for loss
of appetite, and antispasmodic properties are attributed to it. The
Maya name "sutup" has been reported for the sour orange.

Citrus limetta Risso.

Sp. Limdn duke. Sometimes planted. — Sweet lime. This is a
favorite fruit in Central America, although not likely to be esteemed
very highly by the foreigner. It resembles a lime, but is as large as
a lemon, and full of juice which suggests sweetened water.

Citrus Limonia Osbeck. C. Limonum Risso.

Sp. Limdn real, Limdn agria. Planted. — Lemon. The lemon is
seldom grown in Central America, its place being filled by the lime.

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. C. grandis Osbeck; C. decu-
mana L.

308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Sp. Toronja agria. Reported by Gaumer as cultivated. — Grape-
fruit, pomelo. This fruit is little grown in Central America, being
too sour for the tropical palate, which esteems fruits according to
their degree of sweetness.

Citrus medica L.

Sp. Cidra. — Citron. Grown generally in tropical America for its
large fruits, used in the preparation of delicious dulces. The current
name in Central America is "toronja."

Citrus nobilis Lour. var. deliciosa (Ten.) Swingle.

Sp. Mandarina. Reported by Gaumer as planted in Yucatan. —
Mandarin orange. Seldom grown in Central America.

Citrus sinensis Osbeck. C. Aurantium Millsp. FMB. 1: 25.
1895, 1: 301. 1896, not L.

Pakal, Chuhucpakal (Gaumer), Pakaal. Sp. Naranja, Naranja
dulce, Naranja de China. Grown commonly. — Orange, sweet orange.
The orange is one of the favorite fruits of tropical America, to which
it was introduced immediately after the discovery. Gaumer reports
the navel orange ("naranja de ombligo") as grown in Yucatan.
Gann states that an infusion of orange leaves is administered by
the southern Mayas as a sudorific.

Citrus sinensis is probably only a variety of C. Aurantium, but
the specific name is maintained here as a matter of convenience.

Esenbeckia pentaphylla (Macfad.) Griseb.

Yaaxhokob (Gaumer). Izamal and Cozumel Island. — A tree,
sometimes 15 m. high; leaves alternate, long-petioled, digitately
3-5-foliolate; leaflets oblong to elliptic, obtuse or rounded at the
apex, entire, glabrous; flowers small, green, in large terminal pan-
icles; fruit a large tuberculate capsule. — Known in Mexico only from
Yucatan.

Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle.

Sp. Naranjito, Kumkat. Reported by Gaumer as planted in
Yucatan. Native of Asia. — Kumquat.

Murraea exotica L. Chalcas exotica Millsp.

Sp. Limonaria. Planted for ornament; native of Asia. — A shrub
or small tree; leaves pinnate, with 3-9 entire obovate glabrous obtuse
leaflets; flowers white, fragrant; fruit a red berry.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 309

Pilocarpus racemosus Vahl. P. longipes Rose.

Without locality, Gaumer 21$ 99. — A glabrous shrub or small tree
5 m. high or less; leaves pinnate, with 1-5 oblong to elliptic, obtuse
or acute, entire, glabrous leaflets; flowers in long racemes; fruit of
usually 1 or 2 rugose carpels.

Ruta chalapensis L. R. graveolens Millsp. FMB. 1: 301. 1896,
not L.

Sp. Ruda. Cultivated for its medicinal properties. Native of
the Old World. — Rue. A glabrous glaucous aromatic perennial herb;
leaves bipinnate, the leaflets numerous, narrowly oblong, obtuse;
flowers yellow. — This plant is common in tropical American gardens.
It is reported that it does not flower in Yucatan, and the same is
true in some other regions of Middle America. An infusion of rue
is administered as an emmenagogue and to accelerate parturition.
Gann reports that the leaves are applied externally to remedy con-
vulsions in children, or for the relief of almost any nervous com-
plaint in adults.

Triphasia trifolia (Burm.) P. Wils.

Planted for ornament; native of the Old World. — A spiny shrub;
leaves mostly 3-foliolate, the leaflets crenate, obtuse; flowers white;
fruit a globose red berry.

Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam.

Sinanche (Schott). Progreso, Gaumer 2300; Calotmul, Gaumer
1310; Me'rida, Schott 825; also in Pete*n. — A prickly tree 5-20 m. high
with bitter bark; leaves pinnate, the leaflets 7-13, crenate, acute;
fruit of small woody follicles.— Cuevas (PI. Med. 89, Ilustr. pi. 29, /.
3. 1913) reports a tree under the name "sinanche," and although
his illustration does not suggest a plant of this genus, his description
answers well enough. He states that a decoction of the ill-scented
leaves is used in fomentations to relieve the pain of rheumatism.
The Maya name signifies "scorpion-tree," perhaps an allusion to the
odor, or to the fact that when the leaves are chewed there is felt in
the mouth a prickly sensation, like the biting of many ants.

Zanthoxylum Fagara (L.) Sarg. Z. Pterota HBK.

Tancazche (Gaumer), Tamcazche (Motul Diet.), Xic-che (Mills-
paugh). Sp. Palo mulato (Gaumer). Probably common. — A prickly
shrub or small tree; leaflets 5-13, small, crenate, obtuse, the rachis

310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

winged; flowers green, in short lateral spikes; wood yellow. — The
Motul Dictionary states that the tree cures any disease. The same
work gives "vole" as one of the names of the tree. Gann states that
crosses of "tancasche" bark are worn by nearly all the Indian
children in the southern part of the Peninsula as a charm, and as a
sovereign remedy for flatulence.

Zanthoxylum trichilioides Standl. FMB. 8: 16. 1930.

Type, Gaumer 24014, without definite locality; without locality,
Gaumer 24339, 24005. — Branchlets unarmed; leaflets 9-13, oblong
or lance-oblong, 3.5-8 cm. long, acuminate, subentire, finely stellate-
pubescent at first but soon glabrate; petals 5, 2 mm. long; follicle 1,
stellate-pubescent, 3 mm. long.

MELIAGEAE. Chinaberry Family

Cedrela mexicana M. Roem. C. Glaziovii C. DC.; C. odorata
Millsp. FMB. 1: 26. 1895, not L. C. yucatana Blake, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington 33: 110. 1920.

Kulche (Gaumer; variously reported as "kuche," "cuche," and
"kuiche"). Sp. Cedro, Cedro Colorado. Cedar (B. H.). One of the
common trees of the Peninsula. — Spanish cedar. A large deciduous
tree with pinnate leaves, the leaflets 6-8 pairs, entire, long-acumi-
nate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, greenish, in large panicles;
fruit a 5-valved woody capsule. — The wood is light, coarse, and soft,
with a distinctive odor. Spanish cedar is well known in the United
States, because it is the wood from which cigar boxes are made. The
wood is valued locally for furniture, doors, rafters, sugar casks, and
general construction purposes. It is especially valuable because of
the fact that it is little bothered by the insects which in the tropics
are so destructive to woodwork. In the southern part of the Penin-
sula large canoes are made from cedar trunks, and paddles also are
fashioned from the same wood. Some Spanish cedar wood is ex-
ported from Quintana Roo, and doubtless from other parts of the
Peninsula.

The bitter bark is employed locally as a febrifuge. The gum
obtained from the trunk is used in treating bronchitis, and an infu-
sion of the leaves is used as a mouth wash, to relieve toothache.

The type of C. yucatana was collected at MeYida, Schott 199.

Melia Azedarach L. M. sempervirens Sw.

Sp. Paraiso, Paraiso morado. Planted commonly for ornament;

FLORA OF YUCATAN 311

native of the Old World. — Chinaberry. A small tree with bipinnate
leaves; flowers pink or lilac, panicled, sweet-scented.

Swietenia macrophylla King. S. Mahagoni Donde", Apuntes
80. 1907, not Jacq.

Punab (Pe"rez). Sp. Caoba, Caobo (name of Haitian origin).
Mahogany (B. H.). Common in the eastern part of the Peninsula
and probably in Campeche. — Honduras mahogany. A large tree
with pinnate leaves; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 6-18 cm. long, elliptic to
oblong; flowers small, whitish, panicled; fruit an ovoid woody cap-
sule 15 cm. long, containing numerous winged seeds. — Mahogany
is exported from Quintana Roo, but little information is available
concerning its abundance and distribution. Canoes are sometimes
made from the logs. This well-known wood is highly esteemed
locally as well as in foreign countries, and the mahogany of the region
is considered to be of superior quality. Swietenia macrophylla ranges
from Chiapas and Tabasco southward to Panama.

One other species is known from Mexico and Central America,
growing along the Pacific slope; another grows in Venezuela, one in
Peru, and S. Mahagoni occurs in the West Indies.

Trichilia arborea C. DC. T. terminalis Millsp. FMB. 1: 26.
1895, not Jacq.

Chobenche. Common. — A tree 18 m. high; leaves pinnate, the
9-11 leaflets ovate, acuminate to obtuse, pubescent or finally gla-
brate; inflorescence sub terminal, dense, many-flowered. — The bark
is utilized as an emetic. The juice of the leaves is rubbed on the
limbs to relieve convulsions.

Trichilia hirta L. T. spondioides Jacq.

Kulimziz (Gaumer; reported also as "xkulinsis")- Sp. Cabo de
hacha (Gaumer). Common in dry forests; flowering in May and
June. — A deciduous tree 8-12 m. high; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate to
ovate, pubescent; flowers greenish, in small axillary panicles; fruit a
capsule, the seeds with a red aril. — The wood is compact and yellow-
ish or brownish.

Trichilia minutiflora Standl.

Xpukusikil (B. H.). Uaxactun, Pete"n, Cook & Martin 95. Also
in British Honduras. — A tree with lance-oblong hairy leaves; flow-
ers minute, in small axillary panicles.

312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Trichilia cuneata Radlk. is called "ich-bahach" in British Hon-
duras, and for an undetermined species the name "sisim" is recorded.

SIMARUBACEAE. Simaruba Family
Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm.

Belzinic-che (Gaumer), Beezinic-che (Cuevas), Suetsinic-che
(Schott), Besinic-che (Pete"n). Sp. Palo de hormigas. Common. — A
tree 4-10 m. high; leaves alternate, pinnate, the numerous small
entire leaflets elliptic-oblong, rounded at the apex, pale beneath;
flowers small, greenish, in long racemes; fruit a lanceolate hairy
samara 1-1.5 cm. long. — A decoction of the bitter bark is used as a
remedy for various diseases, especially for itch, and as a tonic for
the digestive system. The Maya name signifies "ant-path tree."
The name has been reported incorrectly as "bel-ciniche"," "xbesinic-
che," and "xbexinic-cheY'

Picramnia antidesma Sw.

Reported from Cozumel Island, Gaumer. — A shrub or small tree;
leaves pinnate, the leaflets 7-13, oblong-ovate, acuminate, entire;
flowers minute, green, in long spikelike panicles; fruit a small red
berry. — The leaves and bark are bitter. Called "chilillo" in Chiapas.

Simaruba glauca DC.

Xpazakil (Gaumer), Pasa-ak (Pete*n). Sp. Negrito (B. H.).
Frequent. — A large tree sometimes 30 m. high; leaves pinnate, the
leaflets 11-21, large, oblong, glabrate, entire, pale beneath; flowers
small, greenish, in large panicles; fruit oval, 1.5-2 cm. long, dark
purple, 1-seeded, resembling an olive. — The white flesh of the fruit
is edible, but very insipid. It is often sold in Central American
markets, where it is called "aceituno" or "jucumico." The Maya
name has been reported incorrectly as "xpaxakil."

Suriana maritima L.

Pantsil (Gaumer). Common on seashores. — Bay-cedar. A stout
dense shrub with small entire pubescent linear-spatulate leaves;
flowers small, yellow; wood very hard and heavy, reddish brown. —
In Mexico known only from Yucatan. This is probably the "paut-
zil" listed by the Motul Dictionary. A decoction of the leaves and
bark, it states, is used to cleanse old sores, and the powdered leaves,
taken in atol, cure bloody flux.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 313

BURSERACEAE. Torchwood Family

Bursera graveolens (HBK.) Triana & Planch. Elaphrium
graveolens HBK.;E". pubescens Schlecht. Linnaea 16: 527. 1842.

Nabanche (Gaumer). Izamal, Gaumer 690. — A tree 15 m. high or
less; leaves pinnate, the leaflets about 7, crenate, acuminate. —
Cuevas describes (PI. Med. 68. 1913) under the Maya name a tree
which he calls also "zazafras." He states that a decoction of the
aromatic bark is given as a sudorific. It is curious that the name
sassafras, of North American Indian origin, belonging properly to
the genus Sassafras of the family Lauraceae, is applied in Mexico
and Central America to trees of other families, in Salvador, for
instance, to a species of Croton.

Elaphrium pubescens was described from Campeche.

Bursera Simaruba (L.) Sarg. B. gummifera L. ; Elaphrium Sima-
ruba Rose.

Chacah (Gaumer; also B. H.), Sac-chacah (Cuevas), Hukup (B.
H.). Sp. Palo mulato (Yuc.), Palo chino (B. H.), Palo jiote (B. H.),
Indio desnudo (B. H.). Birchwood (B. H.), Gumbolimbo (B. H.).
Common. — A tree, usually of small or medium size; leaves pinnate,
the 5 or 7 leaflets entire; flowers small, greenish or whitish; fruit a
small 3-angled drupe. — This is one of the most common trees of
Mexico and Central America, often planted for living fence posts.
The smooth bark peels off in paper-like sheets, leaving a green sur-
face. The sap is aromatic, and yields a sweet-scented gum, which
probably was used like that of Protium. The wood is light brown,
soft, and weak, and of light weight.

The Motul Dictionary gives the following account of the plant:
"Mastic of this region, a tree whose branches are easily broken. With
its wood the Indians light fire. Its resin is mastic. The young leaves
are good for sores, applying them as a poultice and changing them
three or four times a day; and the fruit and young shoots, ground
and dissolved in water, give an efficacious remedy for snake bites.
The juice of the leaves is good for swellings, and the water in which
the leaves have been placed cures rash." The plant is said to be
used as a remedy for fevers, and an infusion of the leaves is adminis-
tered for hemorrhage of the stomach. The Kekchi name of Bursera
Simaruba is "kakah."

It is not certain that the "sac-chacah" is the same tree as "cha-
cah," although the descriptions indicate that it is.

314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Bursera Schlechtendalii Engler.

Without locality, Gaumer 24002.— A shrub or small tree; leaves
simple, obovate, 1-3.5 cm. long.

Protium copal (Schlecht. & Cham.) Engl. Idea copal Schlecht.
& Cham.

Pom. Sp. Copal (Yuc., B. H.; of Nahuatl derivation), Copal
macho (B. H.). Although no specimens are at hand from Yucatan or
Quintano Roo, this tree undoubtedly is found at least in the latter,
and it occurs in British Honduras. — A large glabrous tree with pin-
nate leaves; leaflets 5 or 7, oblong, obtuse, entire; flowers small,
whitish, in axillary panicles. — The resin obtained from cuts in the
trunk was an important article among the ancient Mayas, being
used generally as incense in their religious rites, as varnish, and in
medicine. Incense played a leading part in their religious obser-
vances, hence the tree was indispensable. It is probable that the
similar copal of Bursera Simaruba was employed in the same way.

In the Kekchi dialect of Guatemala the tree is called "pom-te."
Brasseur de Bourbourg lists the word "cib," with the definition
"copal." This species has been reported from Yucatan as Idea
heptaphylla Aubl., a South American species.

MALPIGHIACEAE. Malpighia Family
Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) DC.

Zipche (Gaumer). Sp. Cojdn de fraile (B. H.). Frequent in dry
scrublands; flowering from February to June; fruit ripening in May
or later. — A shrub about 1 m. high; leaves oblong to ovate, acute,
glabrous; flowers yellow, racemose; fruit a red drupe. — The Maya
name is derived from "zip," loaded (with fruit), and "che," tree. The
species is known in Mexico only from Yucatan. Valdez states that
the plant is used in baths to relieve rheumatism. To this species is
perhaps referable the report of B. media DC., a West Indian species
(Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 19. 1905), based on Seler 3942
and 3986, from Itzimna and Piste".

Byrsonima bucidaefolia Standl. FMB. 8: 16. 1930.

Type from Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23869; without locality,
Gaumer 24012, 24391, 23966. — A shrub or small tree; leaves short-
petiolate, obovate or cuneate-obovate, 5-8 cm. long, broadly rounded

FLORA OF YUCATAN 315

at the apex and often emarginate, cuneate at the base, paler beneath
and thinly tomentose with whitish hairs or glabrate; fruit sub-
globose, 8 mm. in diameter, glabrous.

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) DC. B. Karwinskiana Juss.

Chi (Gaumer), Zacpah (Gaumer; Yuc., B. H.). Sp. Nancen agria,
Nanche. Craboo,Crapoo, Wild craboo (B. H.). Apparently frequent;
sometimes cultivated. — A large shrub or small tree; leaves oblong
to elliptic, thick, acute, tomentose, at least when young; flowers
yellow, turning red, in raceme-like panicles. — The fruit is a yellow
drupe about 1 cm. in diameter, juicy and edible, with a flavor sug-
gesting that of apples. It is reported that ink is made from the
green fruit. The ripe fruit is sometimes made into dulces. The
tree is common in many parts of Mexico and Central America,
where it is known usually as "nance" or "nanche." The Pokonchi
name of Guatemala is reported as "tapal."

Gaudichaudia mucronata (Moc. & Sesse") Juss. G. filipendula
Juss.

Chilillo-ak (Gaumer). Frequent in scrublands. — A small slender
woody vine with yellow flowers; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse or acute,
mucronate, sericeous beneath; fruit of 3 samaras. — The vernacular
name is a combination of Spanish and Maya, "ak" signifying
"vine." The term "chilillo" has no obvious application to the plant.

Heteropteris Beecheyana Juss. Banisteria Beecheyana C. B.
Rob.

Common. — A large woody vine; leaves oblong to oval, rounded
to acute at the apex, pubescent beneath; flowers pink, panicled;
fruit of 2-3 samaras.

Heteropteris laurifolia (L.) Juss. Banisteria laurifolia L.; H.
longifolia HBK. ; H. floribunda HBK.

Without locality, Johnson. — A large woody vine with thick,
lanceolate to ovate leaves; flowers yellow; inflorescence ferruginous-
tomentose. — Called "escobillo" in Tabasco.

The type of Heteropteris Lindeniana Juss. was collected by
Linden, perhaps in Yucatan, but the locality is doubtful.

Hiraea borealis Niedenzu. H. Barclayana Millsp. FMB. 1: 23.
1895, not Benth.

316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Apparently frequent. — A shrub or small tree; leaves glabrate,
obovate, rounded at the apex, obtuse to subcordate at the base;
flowers yellow, fascicled on old branches; fruit of 3 samaras.

Malpighia glabra L. M. glabra var. acuminata Juss.; M. glabra
var. typica Niedenzu; Tetrapteris inaequalis Millsp. FMB. 1: 370.
1898, not Cav.

Chi, Kanibinche (Gaumer). Sp. Nancen, Nance. Common in
dry forests.— A shrub or small tree 6 m. high or less; leaves ovate,
glabrate, acute or acuminate; flowers pink; fruit a small red drupe.—
The acid fruit is edible, being eaten raw or made into preserves and
dulces, or used in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. A decoc-
tion of the bark is employed as a remedy for diarrhea. The bark
was used, formerly at least, for tanning skins.

Malpighia incana Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. Malpighia No. 3.
1768. M. campechiensis Lam.

Type from Campeche. Reported from Yucatan. — Leaves acute
or acuminate, pubescent, at least beneath. — I have seen no speci-
mens from this region, but the species occurs in Cuba.

Malpighia punicif olia L. M. punicifolia var. vulgaris Niedenzu.

Uzte (Gaumer), Xbec-che (Gaumer). Common in dry forests.—
A shrub or small tree 3-6 m. high; leaves oblong to oval, glabrous
or nearly so, obtuse or rounded at the apex; flowers pink; fruit a red
drupe. — The fruits bear a few needle-like hairs, which are easily
detached, and cause intense itching and burning if they penetrate
the skin. The fruit is edible. This species is much like M . glabra,
and has the same properties. It is likely that the two are confused
by the native people, and that the same vernacular names are given
to both.

Stigmaphyllon Lindenianum Juss. S. lupulus Wats.; S.
Lindenianum var. yucatanum Niedenzu, Stigmaph. 2: 18. 1900.

Common. — A large woody vine with broad cordate leaves, these
entire or lobed, thinly sericeous beneath; flowers large, yellow, in
dense clusters; fruit of 2-3 samaras.

Stigmaphyllon mucronatum (DC.) Juss. S. mucronatum var.
typicum Niedenzu.

Izamal and Sayi. — A small slender woody vine; leaves glabrous
or nearly so, oval or elliptic, rounded at the base, rounded at the
apex and mucronate; flowers yellow, umbellate.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 317

» • Tetrapteris Schiedeana Schlecht. & Cham. Heteropteris yuca-
tanensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 369. 1898. T. mexicana Millsp. FMB. 2:
56. 1900, not H. & A. ?T. Seleriana Niedenzu in Millsp. & Loes.
BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 18. 1905.

Frequent.— A large, nearly glabrous, woody vine; leaves lanceo-
late to broadly elliptic, acute or obtuse; flowers yellow; fruit of
winged samaras. — The type of Heteropteris yucatanensis was col-
lected at Izamal, Gaumer 816; that of Tetrapteris Seleriana in forests
between Tsitas and Piste", Seler 3982.

Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Smith (family Vochysiaceae) is
reported to have the Kekchi name "ruanchap."

POLYGALACEAE. Polygala Family

Securidaca sylvestris Schlecht.

Izamal, Gaumer in 1888; Yaxcach, Gaumer 554- — A large woody
vine, densely pubescent; leaves alternate, ovate to elliptic, entire;
flowers pink, in long racemes.

Polygala bryzoides St. Hil.

In cornfield, Hacienda Chable", Schott 544-- — A slender low annual,
30 cm. high or less, the stems simple or branched, pubescent; leaves
alternate, linear or lanceolate, 1.5-4.5 cm. long; flowers purple-pink
or greenish, small, in short slender racemes.

EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family

Acalypha alopecuroides Jacq.

Xmizbil (Gaumer), Xnixhax (Millspaugh). Frequent. — A low
pubescent herb with broadly ovate, acuminate, serrate leaves; flow-
ers in short thick catkin-like spikes.

Acalypha flagellata Millsp. FMB. 2: 417. 1916.

Frequent; endemic; type from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1107.—
A glabrate shrub 2-5 m. high; leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate,
long-acuminate, crenate; flowers in very long, slender, lax spikes or
racemes; capsules long-pedicellate.

Acalypha Gaumeri Pax & Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV.
14717: 173. 1924.

318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer 318; without locality,
Gaumer 23943, 24287. — A stiff shrub; leaves oblong or obovate-
oblong, 8-11 mm. long, serrate, sparsely pilose.

Acalypha hispida Burm.

Nemiz (Gaumer). Sp. Cola de gato. Listed by Gaumer as in
cultivation. — Chenille plant. An Old World shrub, often planted for
ornament. Very showy because of the large pendent purple-red
flower spikes. Grown commonly in tropical America.

Acalypha leptopoda Muell. Arg.

Frequent. — A stout shrub 2 m. high; leaves broadly ovate, on
long or short petioles, acuminate, crenate, copiously pubescent;
flowers in dense catkin-like spikes.

Acalypha macrostachya Jacq. A. macrostachya var. macro-
phylla Muell. Arg.

Sayi, Seler 3890. — A stout shrub; leaves large, broadly ovate,
pubescent or glabrate, serrate. — The Kekchi name is reported as
"sesik."

Acalypha Seleriana Greenm. FMB. 2: 254. 1907. A. mollis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 302. 1896; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80:
19. 1905, not HBK.

Chilibtux. Common; type from Xkombec, Seler 4028; also in
Veracruz. — A stout shrub 2-3 m. high; leaves ovate or lance-ovate,
glabrate, dentate, acuminate; flowers in long slender dense spikes. —
The tough flexible branches are used for making baskets.

Acalypha setosa A. Rich.

A frequent weed.— A glabrate annual with long-petioled, broadly
ovate, short-acuminate, serrulate leaves; flowers in stout, dense,
terminal and axillary spikes.

Acalypha simplicissima Millsp. FMB. 2: 417. 1916.

Endemic; apparently rare; type from Progreso, Gaumer 1182;
Chichankanab, Gaumer 2225. — A slender glabrate annual, usually
simple; leaves long-petioled, oval-ovate, acute, crenate-dentate.

Acalypha unibracteata Muell. Arg.

Chilibtux (Gaumer). Frequent. — A slender shrub 1-3 m. high;
leaves short-petioled, small, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, serrate-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 319

dentate, pubescent or glabrate; staminate spikes short, slender;
pistillate spikes on long filiform peduncles, with one or few bracts. —
The slender branches are used for making baskets and bird cages.

Acalypha yucatanensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 371. 1898.

Mixcax (Gaumer). Known only from the type, collected at
Progreso, Gaumer 1176. — A small erect branched annual with broadly
ovate, acute or obtuse, crenate leaves; flowers in short thick sessile
axillary spikes.

Adelia barbinervis Schlecht. & Cham.

Tsilam, Gaumer 640, 23339; Mina de Oro, Gaumer 23326.— A
stout shrub 2-4 m. high with stiff spinose branchlets; leaves obovate,
obtuse to acuminate, usually glabrate but barbate beneath in the
axils of the nerves; flowers small, green, in dense clusters; capsule 1
cm. wide. — The Yucatan specimens are in poor condition, and their
determination is somewhat uncertain.

Adelia oaxacana (Muell. Arg.) Hemsl.

Xtompac. Xcholac, Gaumer 446. — A shrub or small tree 6 m.
high or less; leaves obovate, entire, obtuse, velvety-pilose; fruit a
small capsule.

Astrocasia phyllanthoides Robins. & Millsp. BJE. 36: Beibl.
80: 20. 1905. Phyllanthus nutans Millsp. FMB. 1: 306. 1896, not Sw.

Pixtonkax (Gaumer), Kahyuc, Caba-pixtolon. Common in dry
forests; endemic in the Peninsula; type from Itzimna, Seler 3943. —
A deciduous shrub 1-2.5 m. high, glabrous; leaves long-petiolate,
ovate, obtuse, entire, pale beneath; flowers dioecious, long-pedicel-
late, fascicled; fruit a small capsule.

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume.

Grown for ornament; native of the Old World tropics. — A gla-
brous shrub with variously lobed leaves, variegated with red, pink,
or yellow. — The plants, of which there are many varieties, usually
are called crotons. They are planted abundantly in most parts of
tropical America.

Croton Cortesianus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 83. 1817.

Common; type collected near Campeche. — A shrub; leaves
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, densely stellate-pubescent
beneath, green and glabrous above. — This species is widely distrib-
uted in Mexico, but I have seen no specimens from Yucatan.

320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Croton flavens L. C. zalapensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 26. 1895, not
C. xalapensis HBK. C. Cortesianus Millsp. FMB. 1: 303. 1896, 1:
371. 1898, not HBK. C. rhamnifolius var. salviaefolius Millsp. FMB.
1: 303. 1896, not C. rhamnifolius HBK. C. rhamnifolius Standl.
CNH. 23: 619. 1923, not HBK.

Xabalam (Gaumer), Ekbalam (Gaumer), Icaban (Schott). Com-
mon.— A low aromatic shrub, densely stellate- tomentose; leaves
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the
base; flowers in dense stout racemes. — A decoction of the bark is
employed as a remedy for syphilis, and also for toothache.

The "ekbalam" described by Cuevas (PL Med. 45, Ilustr. pi.
15, /. 2) is a different plant, if the description is accurate, since it is
said to have milky sap, but it is used in local medicine for the same
purposes.

Croton fragilis HBK.

Tanche (Gaumer; reported also as "taanche"). Frequent.— A
slender shrub; leaves lanceolate to ovate, obtuse or acute, green
above, densely covered beneath with silvery stellate scales; flowers
in long slender interrupted racemes.

Croton Gaumeri Millsp. FMB. 2: 418. 1916.

Known only from Izamal, the type collected by Gaumer in
1904. — A small shrub with long-petioled lanceolate acuminate leaves,
sparsely stellate-pubescent and green on both surfaces; flowers in
slender interrupted racemes. — This plant is close to C. humilis L.,
and doubtfully distinct.

X

Croton glabellus L.

Chuts (Schott), Perescuch (Pete"n, Cook). Wild cinnamon (B.
H.). Frequent. — A shrub or small tree, the pubescence of minute
brown scales; leaves lance-oblong to oblong-ovate, obtuse to acumi-
nate; flowers in short racemes. — Known in Tabasco as "copalchi."
The tree reported by Cuevas (PI. Med. 86. 1913) as "sac pocche"
and "pereskuz" is probably of this species. He states that a decoc-
tion of the leaves is used in baths for biliousness, and that the resin
is utilized for cauterizing wounds. The Maya name is reported also
as "pelexcuch" and "perexcuch." The Kekchi name is given as
"canoh."

FLORA OF YUCATAN 321

Croton glandulosepalus Millsp. FMB. 2: 419. 1916.

Frequent; endemic; type collected between Progreso and Me*rida,
Gaumer 1154- Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23544; Chichankanab, Gaumer
2204; without locality, Gaumer 1046, 23953, 24330.— A shrub 1-2 m.
high; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, the sparse pubescence of
appressed stelliform hairs; flowers in elongate terminal spikes; sepals
glandular-ciliate.

Croton humilis L. C. albidus Millsp. FMB. 1: 303. 1896;
Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 19. 1905, not Muell. Arg.

Icaban (Gaumer). Common. — A low slender stellate-pubescent
aromatic shrub; leaves ovate or lanceolate, entire, usually acute;
flowers in short interrupted racemes. — The bark of this and related
species is employed locally as a remedy for malaria, and it is reputed
to have stimulant, diaphoretic, and expectorant properties. The
plant is applied to wounds to cauterize them. Many of the Yucatan
Crotons are much alike, and it is probable that the various ver-
nacular names here listed for them are often applied indiscriminately.

Croton lobatus L.

An occasional weed. — A coarse pilose branched annual; leaves
deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes acuminate, serrate; flowers in long
interrupted spikes.

Croton malvaviscifolius Millsp. FMB. 2: 419. 1916.

Endemic; type from Yot Tsonot, Gaumer 1319; Chankon, Bec-
quaert 58. — A stout shrub 2.5-3 m. high; leaves broadly ovate,
cordate at the base, stellate-tomentose, whitish beneath, acute,
coarsely serrate; flowers white.

Croton Millspaughii Standl. FMB. 8: 18. 1930. C. ciliato-
glandulosus Millsp. FMB. 2: 57. 1900, not Ort.

Sp. Picosa. Known only from the type, collected on Cozumel
Island, Millspaugh 1593. — A shrub; leaves slender-petiolate, small,
ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, obtuse or rounded at the base,
glabrous or nearly so, ciliate with long gland-tipped hairs; flowers in
short dense racemes.— The plant is closely related to the widespread
C. ciliato-glandulosus, which is called "picosa" and "ciega-vista" in
Mexico and Central America. It is stated that the gland-tipped
hairs adhere to the hands, and injure and inflame the eyes if intro-
duced into them.

322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Croton niveus Jacq. C. arboreus Millsp. FMB. 1: 303. 1896.

Chul (Gaumer), Chulche. Common in thickets. — A large shrub or
a tree, said to attain a height of 18 m., the pubescence of minute
silvery scales; leaves ovate or broadly ovate, entire, acute, cordate
at the base; capsule smooth. — Known in various parts of Mexico
and Central America as "quina" and "copalchi." Most of the
Yucatan specimens lack capsules, and some may be referable rather
to C. reflexifolius.

This is probably the "copalche," "palo santo," and "quina" of
Cuevas (PI. Med. 43. 1913). He reports that it has astringent and
febrifuge properties, and is employed as a remedy for hemorrhoids
and malaria.

Croton punctatus Jacq. C. maritimus Walt.

Zac-chunum (Gaumer). Sp. Yerba deljabali (Gaumer). Common
on seashores. — A low herb, the dense pubescence of silvery scales;
leaves oblong to oval or rounded, entire, rounded at apex; flowers in
short racemes.

Croton reflexifolius HBK.

Without locality, Gaumer 24077. — A shrub or small tree, the
pubescence of minute scales; leaves broadly ovate-cordate, acute,
entire; capsules tuberculate.

Dalechampia scandens L.

Moolcoh (Gaumer; reported also as "xmool-coh" and "xmolcoh").
Frequent. — A woody or herbaceous vine; leaves 3-lobate, densely
velvety-pubescent, the lobes acute or obtuse, serrulate; flowers in
small clusters, each cluster subtended by 2 large cream-colored
bracts; fruit a capsule. — The flowers bear numerous bristly hairs
which penetrate the skin easily, causing great irritation. The plant
is a conspicuous one when in flower because of the showy bracts.
The Maya name signifies "puma-foot."

Dalechampia Schottii Greenm. FMB. 2: 255. 1907. D. denti-
culata Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 20. 1905, not Griseb.

Moolcoh. Common; endemic; type from MeYida, Schott 53 If.—
Leaves ovate, simple, obtuse or acute, obscurely serrulate, pubescent
or glabrate; bracts green.

D. Schottii var. trifoliolata Greenm. (FMB. 2: 255. 1907; type
from Chichankanab, Gaumer 1512} is a form with 3-foliolate leaves,
the segments linear-oblong or lance-oblong.

-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 323

Ditaxis tinctoria (Millsp.) Pax & Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich
IV. 1476: 59. 1918. Argithamnia tinctoria Millsp. FMB. 1:302. pi.
14. 1896.

Sp. Tinta roja (Gaumer). Frequent; type from Xcholac, Gaunter
426; also occurring in Central America. — A shrub or herb 1 m. high,
or often herbaceous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, short-petiolate, entire
or nearly so, acuminate, densely sericeous beneath; fruit a small
capsule. — The plant yields a rose-pink dye.

Drypetes lateriflora (Swartz) Krug & Urb. D. crocea Poit.

Frequent in dry forest and thickets. — A small tree with coria-
ceous lanceolate glabrate leaves; flowers small and green; fruit a
velvety red drupe.

Euphorbia Armourii Millsp. FMB. 1 : 28. pi. 2. 1895. Eumecan-
thus Armourii Millsp. FMB. 2: 413. 1916. Euphorbia arenaria
Millsp. FMB. 1: 371. 1898, not HBK.

Common; endemic; type from Chichen Itza, Millspaugh 108. —
An erect branched annual; leaves alternate, long-petiolate, broadly
ovate, rounded to acute at the apex, entire, pubescent; flowers in
small leafy-bracted cymes, green.

Euphorbia astroites Fisch. & Mey. E. astroites var. heterap-
pendiculata Millsp. FMB. 1: 28. 1895. Eumecanthus astroites Millsp.

Frequent in dry soil. — A slender erect pubescent much-branched
herb; leaves small, mostly alternate, long-petiolate, rounded-ovate
or rounded, entire.

Euphorbia barbicarina (Millsp.) Standl., comb. nov. Cham-
aesyce barbicarina Millsp. FMB. 2: 401. 1916. E. adenoptera Millsp.
FMB. 1: 371. 1898, in part, not Bertol.

Frequent; endemic; type from Sitilpech Road, Gaumer 939a. — A
prostrate pubescent annual; leaves small, opposite, rounded at the
apex, serrulate; involucres axillary, pubescent.

Euphorbia Blodgettii Engelm. E. ovalifolia Millsp. FMB. 1:
27. 1895, not Engelm.

Mugeres Island, Millspaugh 19. In the West Indies and Florida,
but not known elsewhere in Mexico. — A glabrous prostrate annual;
stems often pale; leaves oblong to oval, small, opposite, rounded at
the apex, rather thick, entire; involucres axillary, glabrous.

324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Euphorbia buxifolia Lam. E. buxifolia L reclinata Millsp.
FMB. 2: 60. 1900. E. buxifolia f. seminuda Millsp. FMB. 2: 60.
1900. E. buxifolia f. florida Millsp. FMB. 2: 60. 1900. Chamaesyce
buxifolia Small.

Common on seashores. — An erect glabrous shrub 50 cm. high or
less; stems usually very densely leafy; leaves opposite, fleshy, ovate
or oblong, obtuse or acute, entire; involucres and capsules glabrous.—
The forms enumerated above, representing minor variations, were
described from Yucatan.

Euphorbia cozumelensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 61. 1900. E. macu-
lata Millsp. FMB. 1: 27. 1895, not L. E. thymifolia Millsp. FMB. 1:
304. 1896, not Burm. E. cozumelensis var. pilosulca Millsp. FMB.
2: 62. 1900. Chamaesyce cozumelensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 402. 1916.

Sac-xanabmucuy (Gaumer). Common, chiefly on seashores;
endemic; type from Cozumel Island, Millspaugh. — A prostrate
pubescent annual or perennial; leaves opposite, oval, serrulate;
involucres and capsules pubescent. — The type of the variety also is
from Cozumel, Millspaugh.

Euphorbia dioica HBK. E. adenoptera Millsp. FMB. 1: 28.
1895, 1: 304. 1896, 1: 371, in part. 1898; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36:
Beibl. 80: 20. 1905, not Bertol. Chamaesyce dioica Millsp.

Mehenxanabmucuy (Gaumer). Common. — A prostrate pubes-
cent herb; leaves opposite, oblong, serrulate, obtuse or acute;
involucres axillary, with conspicuous, red or pink appendages. —
The name "xanabmucuy" probably is applied to all the small
prostrate Euphorbias of the subgenus Chamaesyce. Cuevas reports
(PL Med. 105. 1913) under this name a plant of this group whose
milky juice is applied to pimples, especially those on the eyelids.
His illustration (Ilustr. pi. 24, f- 2) is Tribulus cistoides, but his
description relates to a Euphorbia. The species of this group are
usually called "golondrina" ("swallow") in Mexico, and the "mucuy"
of the Maya name signifies "dove." Aznar reports a "xanabmucuy
de hojas grandes," which might well be such a plant as Euphorbia
hirta.

The "xpakumpak" listed by Cuevas (PI. Med. 115. 1913) seems,
from the description, to be probably a Euphorbia of this type. The
crushed plant is applied to reduce inflammation, and the decoction
is administered as a remedy for dysentery.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 325

f/ Euphorbia Gaumerii Millsp. FMB. 1: 372. 1898. Aklema
Gaumeri Millsp. FMB. 2: 416. 1916.

Zacitz (Gaumer), Box-chacah (Gaumer). Frequent; endemic;
type from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1073. — A shrub, reported as
subscandent and 3 m. long; leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, obtuse or
acute, entire, pubescent or glabrate; involucres pubescent, in
panicled cymes.

Euphorbia graminea Jacq. E. graminea var. virgata Millsp.
FMB. 1: 372. 1898. E. graminea var. lancifolia Millsp. FMB. 1:
372. 1898. Eumecanthus gramineus Millsp.

Onobkax (Gaumer). Common. — A low herb, glabrous or pubes-
cent; leaves rounded-ovate to linear, entire. — The type of var.
virgata is from Tekax, Gaumer 1128; the type of var. lancifolia from
Izamal, Gaumer 969. The latter is a form with narrow leaves. The
species has been collected in Pete"n with the name "escorpion-xiu,"
a combination of Spanish and Maya.

Euphorbia heterophylla L. E. heterophylla var. cyathophora
Griseb.;#. dentata Millsp. FMB. 1: 372. 1898, not Michx.

Hobonkax (Gaumer; reported as "hobonkak"). A common
weed. — An erect annual, pubescent or nearly glabrous; lower leaves
opposite, the upper alternate, very variable, linear to fiddle-shaped,
entire or dentate; upper leaves often colored red, white, or pink.

This plant may be the "hobonte-kaak" reported by Cuevas (PL
Med. 51. 1913), for the description applies fairly well. The milky
sap is said to be applied as a remedy for erysipelas.

Euphorbia hirta L. E. pilulifera L. ; E. pilulifera var. procum-
bens Boiss.; E. adenoptera Millsp. FMB. 1: 371. 1898, in part, not
Bertol.

Xauay (Gaumer), Xanabmucuy. Sp. Golondrina, Tianguis
(Valdez; a Nahuatl name). A common weed. — An erect or procum-
bent, pubescent annual; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, often blotched
with red; involucres in dense peduncled clusters; capsules pubes-
cent.— The milky sap is used to cauterize granulated eyelids, and
the plant is employed also as a remedy for gonorrhea, itch and other
skin diseases, fevers, asthma, and bronchitis. The species is of
special interest because it and its relatives have been found to be
the hosts of the organisms which cause the tropical ulcers so preva-
lent, especially on the legs of children, in Central America.

326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Euphorbia hypericifolia L.

Toplanxiu (Gaumer). A common weed. — An erect annual,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves oblong, serrulate, opposite, nearly
sessile; involucres glabrous, in small cymes; capsules glabrous. —
The plant is eaten by horses. It is reported to have diaphoretic,
expectorant, laxative, and alterative properties, and is employed in
the treatment of cholera infantum, diarrhea, dysentery, indigestion,
and fevers.

Euphorbia lancifolia Schlecht. is called "ixbul" in Pete"n, accord-
ing to Pittier.

Euphorbia lasiocarpa Klotzsch. E. hypericifolia Millsp. FMB.
1: 27. 1895, in part, not L. E. Preslii Millsp. FMB. 1: 304. 1896,
not Guss.

Common. — An erect pubescent annual; leaves opposite, oblong
or oval, obtuse, denticulate; involucres pubescent, in small cymes;
capsules pubescent.

Euphorbia prostrata Ait. E. rhytisperma Millsp. FMB. 1: 304.
1896, 1: 374. 1898, not Engelm. E. serpyllifolia Millsp. FMB. 1:
304. 1896, 1: 374. 1898, not Pers. Chamaesyce prostrata Small.

Xanabmucuy. A common weed. — A prostrate, pubescent or
glabrate annual; leaves opposite, oblong to ovate, obtuse, serrulate;
involucres axillary; capsules pubescent on the angles.

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.

Sp. Flor de pascua. Commonly cultivated. — Poinsettia. A shrub
or small tree; leaves broadly ovate or panduriform, glabrous or
pubescent; upper leaves, surrounding the inflorescence, bright red,
rarely creamy white or yellow. — The poinsettia is grown for orna-
ment generally in tropical America. Although of American origin,
its native habitat is doubtful. It is called "flor de pascua" ("Christ-
mas-flower") because it is at its best about Christmas time. No
Maya name is reported for it, an indication that it has been intro-
duced into the Peninsula.

Euphorbia rutilis Millsp. E. adenoptera Millsp. FMB. 1: 371.
1898, not Bertol.

Frequent. — A prostrate pubescent annual; leaves opposite,
oblong, obtuse or acute, serrulate; involucres in dense axillary
clusters, the appendages petal-like, red or pink.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 327

t ,,, Euphorbia Schlechtendalii Boiss. E. mayana Millsp. FMB.
1: 304. pi. 16. 1896. Aklema mayana Millsp. FMB. 2: 416. 1916.

Zacchacah (Gaumer), Boxchacah. Frequent. — A shrub 1-2 m.
high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves long-petioled, verticillate, ovate
to rounded, entire, obtuse or rounded at the apex; involucres in
small dense cymes. — The plant is employed as a purgative, also for
affections of the lungs and hemorrhage of the stomach. The type
of E. mayana was collected at Izamal, Gaumer 302.

Euphorbia splendens Boj.

Sp. Corona de Cristo. Listed by Gaumer as cultivated. Native
of Madagascar. — This Euphorbia, with very spiny stems and showy
red involucres, is grown commonly as an ornamental plant in tropical
America.

Euphorbia trichotoma HBK. E. trichotoma var. macilenta
Millsp. FMB. 2: 67. 1900.

Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1598, 1600; Gaumer in 1885. — A
low, fastigiately branched, perennial, glabrous herb; stems densely
leafy, the leaves alternate, oblong-spatulate, rounded at the apex,
minutely serrulate, sessile.

Euphorbia villifera Scheele. E. pilosula Millsp. FMB. 1: 373.
1898, not Engelm. Chamaesyce villifera Small.

Occasional.— A prostrate or ascending, pubescent annual; leaves
opposite, oblong or ovate, serrulate or subentire; capsules glabrous.

Euphorbia xbacensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 374. 1898. Eumecanthus
xbacensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 413. 1916.

Endemic; known only from the type, collected at Buena Vista
Xbac, Gaumer 1108. — A nearly glabrous, erect, perennial herb;
leaves opposite, petiolate, small, ovate-lanceolate, entire, obtuse;
involucres solitary, pubescent.

Euphorbia yucatanensis (Millsp.) Standl., comb. nov. E.
Karwinskyi Millsp. FMB. 2: 65. 1900, not Boiss. Chamaesyce
yucatanensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 407. 1916.

Endemic; known only from the type, collected at Progreso,
Millspaugh 1696. — A small pubescent annual; leaves opposite,
oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute, serrulate; involucres and capsules
densely pubescent.

328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Gymnanthes lucida Sw.

Lignum-vitae (B. H.). Occasional. — A glabrous shrub or small
tree sometimes 10 m. high; leaves obovate-oblong, 5-10 cm. long,
obtuse, serrulate or entire; flowers small, green, spicate; fruit a cap-
sule.-— The wood is hard, heavy, close-grained, and dark brown.
The milky sap is said to be very poisonous if in contact with the skin.
This plant, of course, is altogether different from the true lignum-
vitae (Guaiacum).

Hippomane Mancinella L.

Common on seashores. — Manchineel. A glabrous tree with
smooth bark; leaves oblong-ovate or oval, persistent, acute, serru-
late; flowers small, green, spicate; fruit resembling a small green
apple.— This is one of the most characteristic trees of tropical
American seashores. The milky latex causes intense irritation upon
the flesh, with blistering and swelling, and the fruit, also, is very
poisonous. The wood is dark brown, soft, and close-grained. The
usual name for the tree in Mexico and Central America is "man-
zanillo" ("little apple," in allusion to the fruit), of which man-
chineel is a derivative. The Maya name of this important tree,
strangely enough, has not been reported.

Hura polyandra Baill. H. crepitans Donde", Apuntes 114. 1907,
not L.

Solimanche. Sp. Habilla, Jabilla, Haba de San Ignacio (Gaumer) .
Frequent. — Sandbox. A large tree, the trunk covered with fine hard
prickles; leaves long-petioled, broadly cordate-ovate, glabrous, cre-
nate or serrate; fruit resembling a small pumpkin, 8-10 cm. broad,
separating at maturity into about 15 cells shaped like the sections
of an orange. — The tree is common throughout the lowlands of
most parts of tropical Mexico and Central America. The wood is
light and soft, whitish with brown stripes. The milky latex of the
tree is poisonous if in contact with the skin, causing inflammation
and swelling. It is used in some parts of Mexico for poisoning fish.
The fruits are a favorite food of macaws. When ripe, the fruits
explode with great violence, scattering the seeds to a long distance.
The seeds are employed in Yucatan as a purgative, but their use is
dangerous. The Kekchi name is given as "kakibach."

Jatropha aconitifolia Mill. J. urens Millsp. FMB. 1: 305.
1896, 1: 374. 1898, not L. J. urens var. stimulosa Millsp. FMB. 1:
305. 1896, 1: 374. 1898, 2: 59. 1900, not J. stimulosa Michx.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 329

r , Chay (Gaumer), Tsimtsimchay (Gaumer), Tsintsin-chay (Gaumer),
Xtsats (Schott), Xtsah, Tzah (Pe"rez). Sp. Chaya. Common in
stony waste lands. — A shrub or small tree with milky sap, usually
armed with long stinging hairs; leaves deeply lobed; flowers white. —
The plant varies greatly in the cutting of the leaves and in the
pubescence. Some plants are densely covered with long hairs like
those of a nettle, which sting the flesh and cause excruciating pain,
but other plants are nearly or quite devoid of such hairs. The
young leaves are cooked and eaten as a pot herb in Yucatan, as well
as in some parts of Central America. It is probable that the different
vernacular names are applied to more or less distinct forms of the
plant, depending upon the relative abundance of stinging hairs.
PeYez states that the "tzah" is a very spiny kind of "chaya." The
names "lal" and "xalal" have been reported for the plant.

Jatropha Curcas L.

Xkakalche (Gaumer; reported also as "xcacalche"). Sicilte
(Cuevas), Siclite (Cuevas). Common. — Physic-nut. A shrub or small
tree with thick branches and milky sap; leaves glabrate, long-
petiolate, angled or shallowly 3-5-1 obate; flowers greenish yellow, in
small stalked cymes; fruit a fleshy capsule, containing 1 to 3 large
oily seeds. — This is one of the most common plants of Mexico and
Central America. It is often planted for living fence-posts. The
large chestnut-like seeds, usually called "pinones," are poisonous,
and have violently purgative properties, but when thoroughly
roasted they are well-flavored and edible. They are rich in oil,
which is said to be used in Yucatan in the manufacture of soap and
as an adulterant of almond oil and cod-liver oil. The oil is applied
to burns to relieve the pain and to assist in healing them. The
Kekchi name is "sakilte."

The Motul Dictionary lists "ppih," with the definition, "avel-
lanas desta tierra, fruta purgativa," a description which must indi-
cate the seeds of Jatropha Curcas.

Jatropha Gaumeri Greenm. FMB. 2: 256. 1907. Jacaratia
mexicana Millsp. FMB. 1: 35. 1895, as to specimen cited, not DC.
Ficus jaliscana Millsp. FMB. 1: 293. 1896, not Wats.

Pomolche, Xpomolche (Cuevas), Chip-che (B. H.). Sp. Pindn
(B. H.). Wild physic-nut (B. H.). Common in dry forests; endemic;
type from Izamal, Gaumer 365. — A shrub or tree 3-5 m. high, the
trunk sometimes 50 cm. in diameter; leaves broadly cordate, entire,

330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

glabrous or nearly so; flowers in small, mostly sessile cymes. — The
branches are used for making whistles. A solution of the milky sap
in water is used as a wash to cure sores in the mouth. The name
"chul-che" has been reported for this species.

Jatropha yucatanensis Briq. Ann. Cons. Jard. Geneve 4: 230.
1900.

Type from Campeche, collected by Linden; also in Chiapas.—
A tree; leaves broadly cordate, glabrate.

Manihot aesculifolia (HBK.) Pohl, PL Bras. 1: 55. 1827.
Janipha aesculifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 107. pi 109. 1817.
M. rhomboidea Millsp. FMB. 1: 375. 1898, not Muell. Arg.

Chac-che (Gaumer; listed also as "xchache"). Sp. Yuca cima-
rrona. Type from Bay of Campeche; collected also at Me"rida. — A
large glabrous herb; leaves 5-7-parted, the lobes broad, entire,
glaucous beneath. — No information is available concerning this
species in the Peninsula, but it is apparently a wild plant, probably
of no economic value.

Manihot carthaginensis (Jacq.) Muell. Arg.

Batul (Gaumer), Chac-che (Schott). Collected at Merida, Orchi-
dia, and Izamal. — Similar to the preceding, but the divisions of the
leaves lobed. — A wild plant, probably of no economic importance.
The vernacular name has been listed as "xcache," and "xhac-che."

Manihot dulcis (Gmel.) Pax. M. palmata var. aipi Muell. Arg.

Cicitsin (Gaumer). Sp. Yuca dulce. Cultivated commonly. — A
large glabrous herb; leaves 3-13-parted, the divisions entire, glau-
cous beneath. — The sweet cassava is grown for its large starchy
roots, which are cooked and eaten as vegetable. In the fresh state
they are not poisonous like those of M. esculenta. In Yucatan starch
is extracted from the roots. The plant, which is said not to flower in
Yucatan, is propagated from cuttings.

Manihot esculenta Crantz. M. utilissima Pohl; M. Manihot
Karst.

Tsin, Tsiim (PeYez). Sp. Yuca, Yuca brava, Yuca amarga. Culti-
vated extensively. — Cassava. A glabrous herb 3 m. high or less;
leaves 3-7-parted, the divisions narrow, entire, glaucous beneath;
capsule winged. — This is an important food plant in most parts of

FLORA OF YUCATAN 331

tropical America, being in many regions of South America the chief
starchy food, or a substitute for bread. In Mexico and Central
America the large tuberous roots, which suggest black-skinned sweet
potatoes, are boiled and eaten as a vegetable. Before cooking they
are poisonous, in most varieties at least. Tapioca and starch are
obtained from the roots, and the starch was formerly an important
article of commerce in Yucatan. The plant is a native of Brazil, but
is believed to have been introduced into Mexico before the Conquest.
The words cassava and yuca are apparently of Antillean origin.

Pedilanthus itzaeus Millsp. FMB. 1: 305. 1896.

Yaxhalalche. Frequent; type from Tsilam, Gaumer 452; also in
Cuba and Hispaniola. — A shrub 1.5 m. high with milky sap, the
stems fleshy and green; leaves soon deciduous, broadly ovate, obtuse
or acute, fleshy; involucres slipper-shaped, pink. — The latex has
violent purgative properties, a few drops in water being taken as a
purge. The Indians also have a belief that a single drop placed upon
the navel will act as a purgative. The stems and leaves are reputed
to have emmenagogue and antisyphilitic properties. Donde" states
that pieces of the plant are placed among clothes to bleach them.
This, as well as other species, is sometimes cultivated, especially as a
hedge plant. The Maya name signifies "green-stem shrub."

Pedilanthus nodiflorus Millsp. FMB. 1: 305. 1896.

Yaxhalalche. Common in the coastal region; type from Tsilam,
Gaumer 649; endemic. — A shrub 1-1.5 m. high, usually leafless;
involucres red. — Both the Yucatan species are alike in general
appearance, and they probably are not distinguished locally.

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels. Ribes rubrum Cuevas, PI.
Med. 49, Ilustr. pi. 36, f. 1. 1913, not L.

Sp. Grosella. Wild plum (B. H.). Sometimes planted; native of
the East Indies. — Otaheite gooseberry, star gooseberry. A glabrous
tree with small, entire, orbicular to ovate, distichous leaves; flowers
small, green or pink, panicled on old branches; fruit a large green
drupe. — The very acid fruit is used for preparing dulces. A sirup
made from it is administered for stomach affections.

Phyllanthus conami Sw. P. acuminatus Vahl.
Kahyuc (Gaumer), Xpayhul. Sp. Ciruelillo (B. H., Tabasco).
Common. — A slender glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves distichous,

332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

ovate, acuminate, 3-4 cm. long; fruit a small capsule.— Cuevas
states that the crushed leaves are applied to reduce inflammation,
especially of the breasts.

Phyllanthus glaucescens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 115. 1817.

Xpbixtdon (Gaumer), Pixton (B. H.). Monkey-rattle (B. H.).
Common; type from Campeche. — A glabrous shrub or small tree;
leaves large, oval to orbicular, abruptly short-acuminate, glaucous
beneath; flowers in slender narrow panicles; capsule 2 cm. or more
in diameter.

Phyllanthus carolinensis Walt.

Cababesinixte (Becquaert). Common.— A small erect glabrous
herb, the leaves elliptic to obovate or rounded, 7-20 mm. long; fruit
a small capsule.

Phyllanthus Niruri L.

Occasional. — A small slender glabrous annual; leaves obovate-
oblong, 6-15 mm. long, nearly sessile, rounded at the apex.

Phyllanthus nobilis (L. f.) Muell. Arg.

Xnabalche. Clawberry (B. H.). Frequent in dry scrublands. — A
glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic to oblong, 5-12 cm.
long, acute; flowers greenish white, on slender pedicels, fasciculate.

With the vernacular name "panatela" Gaumer lists in his
Sinonimia Phyllanthus angustifolius, and Aznar "Xylophilla mon-
tana Sw." These names perhaps relate to one of the leafless Antillean
species of the group Xylophylla of the genus Phyllanthus, which may
be in cultivation in Yucatan as an ornamental plant.

Ricinus communis L.

Xkoch, Koch. Sp. Higuerilla. Common. — Castor-bean. A large
glabrous herb or shrub with large, palmately lobate leaves. — The
plant is probably native in tropical Africa, but was brought to
America at an early date. It has been cultivated in the Peninsula
for its seeds, the source of the well-known castor-oil ("aceite de
castor," "aceite de ricino," "aceite de palma-christi")- The oil is
best known as a purgative, but it is used in Yucatan for lighting and
as a lubricant, and it has been exported from the region. Five or
six of the seeds are sometimes eaten as a purgative. The leaves are

FLORA OF YUCATAN 333

employed locally as poultices to relieve pain in the abdomen, and
they are used also as poultices and in decoction to cleanse and heal
sores. The Maya name has been reported also as "xox," "xcooch,"
and "xoch."

Sebastiania adenophora Pax & Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenreich
IV. 1476: 145. 1912. Excoecaria glandulosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 305.
1896, not Sw.

Kanchunup, Canchunup. Occasional in dry thickets and forests;
type from Tsilam, Gaumer 615; endemic; Chichankanab, Gaumer
1870; Suitun, Gaumer 23293. — A glabrous shrub or small tree 3-6
m. high; leaves ovate, 3-5 cm. long, short-petiolate, acute, serrulate;
flowers small, green, in slender spikes; fruit a capsule.

Tragia nepetaef olia Cav.

Popox (Gaumer), Hoobox (Valdez). Sp. Ortiguilla. Common.—
A slender perennial herb, armed with stinging hairs; leaves small,
ovate or lanceolate, serrate; fruit a small capsule. — The hairs sting
the flesh painfully, sometimes causing swelling. The plant is
reported as a remedy for rheumatism.

The Motul Dictionary gives the Maya name as "ppoppox." It
reports also the "sacppoppox," "chacppoppox," and "yaxPP°PP°x/'
which may be stinging plants of other families.

Tragia yucatanensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 420. 1916.

Popox. Type from Chichankanab, Gaumer 1505, 21 5^; San
Anselmo, Gaumer 1931; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23623; endemic.—
Plants herbaceous or suflrutescent, erect or scandent, hirsute; leaves
large, lance-oblong or ovate-oblong, serrate.

ANACARDIAGEAE. Cashew Family
Anacardium occidentale L.

Sp. Marandn. Cultivated in Yucatan, and probably wild in
Campeche. — Cashew. A small tree; leaves obovate, rounded at the
apex, glabrous; flowers small, in terminal panicles. — The cashew is
one of the common trees of the drier parts of Mexico and Central
America, and is planted for its fruit. It is stated that the tree is
not native in Yucatan, and no Maya name is reported for it. The
fruit is a curious one, consisting of a fleshy, red or yellow, pear-
shaped receptacle, at whose apex is borne the kidney-shaped nutlike

334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

drupe, containing a large seed. The receptacle, which suggests a
bullnose pepper, is sweet and very juicy, and spongy, with a peculiar
agreeable flavor. It is eaten raw, or made into dulces and refrescos.
The seeds contain cardol, a caustic acrid oil which blisters the skin.
When the seeds are roasted, the oil is driven off, and they are then
very good to eat, resembling almonds, to which they are perhaps
superior in flavor. They are much used for flavoring candy. The
wood is close-grained, strong, and durable.

Astronium graveolens Jacq.

Kulimche (Gaumer) ; reported also as "kulinche" and "culinche."
Sp. Palo mulato (B. H.). Apparently frequent. — A tree 30 m. high
or less; leaves pinnate, the leaflets oblong, serrate or almost entire,
glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, greenish, panicled. — The wood
is of good quality, and is valued for cabinetwork.

Mangifera indica L.

Sp. Mango. Planted commonly; native of Asia. — A medium-
sized glabrous tree; leaves persistent, narrowly oblong-lanceolate;
flowers greenish, in large panicles. — The mango is perhaps the
favorite fruit tree of tropical America, to which it was introduced
long ago. The fruit ripens in spring and during the summer months.
It varies greatly in quality, that of some trees being full of fiber and
having a strong turpentine taste, but the best varieties have a
delicious flavor.

Metopium Brownei (Jacq.) Urban. Rhus Metopium L.; Persea
gratissima Millsp. FMB. 1: 297. 1896, as to specimens cited, not
Gaertn.

Chechem (Gaumer; "boat- wood"), Cabalchechem (Gaumer),
Chechen (B. H.). Sp. Palo de rosa (Gaumer). Black poison-wood,
Honduras walnut (B. H.). Common. — Reported as varying from
only a shrub to a tree 25 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 1.2 m. in
diameter; leaves pinnate, the 3-7 leaflets obovate or rounded, entire,
glabrous; flowers whitish, in large axillary panicles; fruit a com-
pressed purple drupe, about 8 mm. long. — This tree is best known
for its poisonous properties. In contact with the skin it causes
intense itching, followed by blistering and swelling, and it is stated
that merely passing beneath the trees, if there is dew or rain, is
dangerous. The dark brown wood makes handsome furniture, but
it is somewhat dangerous to work. The fruit is reported to be eaten

FLORA OF YUCATAN 335

by deer and peccaries. Gaumer states that the tree has diaphoretic
and sedative properties, and that it may be used in treating erysi-
pelas, measles, small-pox, inflammatory rheumatism, and various
other diseases. This tree has been reported from Yucatan under the
name Rhus Toxicodendron.

There is reported from Yucatan a "zac-chechem" which has not
been identified.

Spondias Mombin L. S. lutea L.

Kanabal (Gaumer), Abal, Kinin-hobo (Millspaugh). Sp. Ciruela
amarilla (Yucatan), Jobo (B. H.). Hogplum (B. H.). Common.—
A tree, often 10-15 m. high; leaves pinnate, deciduous, the leaflets
abruptly acuminate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers in large panicles,
fragrant, white; fruit ovoid, yellow, 3-4 cm. long. — The hogplum is
a well-known fruit of tropical America, but inferior in quality to the
best forms of S. purpurea. The wood is soft but strong and grayish
yellow. The name "jobo," most generally applied to this species, is
of Carib origin.

The Motul Dictionary lists the "zuliabal," "the yellow ciruela
de Honduras, which ripens in September and October." This is
probably S. Mombin. The Kekchi name is "pok."

Spondias purpurea L. S. Mombin Standl. CNH. 23: 656. 1923,
not L.

Chiabal (Gaumer), Abal. Sp. Ciruela. Common. — Spanish
plum. A small deciduous tree with few thick branches; leaflets
small, rounded to acute at the apex, pubescent or glabrate; flowers
red or purple, in small panicles or clusters along the branches; fruit
small, usually red or purple. — This is one of the most common trees
of Mexico and Central America, usually abundant in the dry regions.
It is often planted for living fence-posts. The wood is soft and light
and useless. The fruit is much like a small plum in appearance and
flavor, hence it was natural that the early Spaniards should call it
"ciruela" ("plum"). The fruits vary greatly in quality, and the
best are very good. They are eaten raw, and often long before they
are ripe. The young leaves and flowers have an agreeable acid
flavor. The rains which come in Yucatan in February and March,
when ciruelas are ripe, are called "aguas de ciruelas." A decoction
of the leaves and bark is used in domestic medicine as a remedy for
fevers and diarrhea.

336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Cuevas enumerates the following varieties of ciruelas: "tus-
pana," "huntura," "xho-uel," "cusmin," "ek-abal," "sabac-abal,"
"aac-abal," "Campech-abal," "keken-abal." Some of these may
be forms of S. Mombin. From Campeche are reported as superior
forms the "chavales" and "ciruelas tuxpanas." The name "jocote,"
of Nahuatl origin, is used widely in Mexico and Central America.
Pe"rez reports the "zabac-abal" or "ciruela morada"; the "ixnuc-
abal," "ciruela grande"; the "kiz" or "kiiz," "una especie de ciruela
ordinaria"; the "kinin" or "kinim," "una especie de ciruela del
pais"; and the "ixpoen," "una especie de ciruela." Some of these
may be plants of other families. "Kinim" is reported by another
author as one of the woods of Yucatan. The Motul Dictionary
lists the "apalac," "ciruelo silvestre y su fruta, la cual es pequena y
dulce como ciruela y la comen los pajaros." This may belong to
some other family. In the Pokonchi dialect of Guatemala Spondias
purpurea is called "rom," "rum," and "cak-rum," and in the Ixil
dialect "kinum."

HIPPOCRATEACEAE. Hippocratea Family

Hippocratea celastroides HBK. H. tenella Millsp. FMB. 1:
33. 1895, not Miers. H. Grisebachii Millsp. FMB. 1: 402. 1898;
Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 20. 1905, probably not Loes.

Tulubalam (Gaumer), Tatsi (Gaumer). Common. — A large
woody vine; leaves opposite, persistent, elliptic, acute, crenate-
serrulate, glabrous; flowers small, greenish yellow, in slender cymes;
stamens 3; fruit a depressed, flat, deeply 3-lobed capsule, the seeds
broadly winged. — The Maya name is said to be derived from
"tulul," ransom, and "balam," the state following too liberal indul-
gence in intoxicants. The plant is employed as a calmant for
nervous excitation.

Hippocratea yucatanensis Standl. FMB. 8:19. 1930.

Salbeets. Type from Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23859; Izamal,
Gaumer 718; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1371; without locality, Gaumer
2366, 23994. — A large woody vine; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic-
oval to oblong-elliptic, 5-9.5 cm. long, obtuse, shallowly and re-
motely crenate-serrate, sometimes sparsely puberulent beneath on
the costa, elsewhere glabrous; cymes few-flowered, about half as
long as the leaves; petals oval, 4 mm. long.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 337

CELASTRACEAE. Bittersweet Family
Elaeodendron xylocarpum (Vent.) DC.

Zacchechem (Gaumer). Occasional. — A glabrous shrub or small
tree; leaves alternate, coriaceous, obovate to elliptic-oblong, acute
to rounded at the apex; flowers small, greenish, cymose; fruit
drupaceous, yellow, 1-3 cm. long.

Maytenus phyllanthoides Benth.

Frequent along the coast. — A glabrous shrub or small tree 6 m.
high or less; leaves alternate, persistent, thick and fleshy, obovate,
usually entire; fruit a 3-valved capsule, the 1 or 2 seeds with a fleshy
red aril.

Myginda Gaumeri Loes.; Millsp. FMB. 1: 401. 1898.

Cambaochlob (Gaumer). Frequent; endemic; type from Buena
Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1049. — A shrub 5 m. high, nearly glabrous;
leaves opposite, oblong to elliptic, serrulate, leathery; flowers small,
cymose, dark red; fruit an obovoid drupe.

Wimmeria obtusifolia Standl. FMB. 8: 20. 1930.

Type, Gaumer 24259, without definite locality. — A shrub or small
tree; leaves short-petiolate, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 3.5-4 cm.
long, narrowed to the obtuse apex, acute at the base, nearly entire,
minutely and sparsely puberulent or nearly glabrous; cymes axillary,
much shorter than the leaves; petals 3 mm. long.

SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family

Allophylus Cominia (L.) Sw. Schmidelia Cominia Sw.

Sp. Palo de caja. Frequent. — A shrub or small tree about 6 m.
high; leaves 3-foliolate, alternate, the leaflets elliptic or obovate,
acute, serrulate, densely pubescent beneath; flowers small, whitish,
in long panicled racemes; fruit a red drupe 4 mm. long.

Cardiospermum Corindum L. C. molle HBK.

Huayunak; reported also as "uayunak." Sp. Munditos. Occa-
sional.— Balloon-vine. A slender, usually herbaceous vine; leaves
alternate, biternate, the segments dentate or lobate, densely pubes-
cent beneath; flowers small, white, in corymbs, these bearing tendrils;
capsule inflated and bladder-like, 2-3 cm. long.

338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. — This tree is listed by Gaumer with the
names "uayum" and "guayo," and it has been reported from the
region by others. These names are given also to Talisia olivaeformis.
It is rather probable that Melicoccus is grown somewhere in the
Peninsula for its edible fruit, but no specimens are available, and it
is possible that the report is an error resulting from an erroneous
naming of Talisia.

Paullinia Cururu L.

Occasional in forests. — A woody vine; leaflets 3, elliptic or
elliptic-lanceolate, glabrate, obtuse to acuminate, serrate; flowers
small, white, in axillary racemes; capsule glabrous, not winged. —
The vines of this and related genera are used widely in tropical
America as barbascos, or fish poisons.

Paullinia fuscescens HBK. P. curassavica Millsp. FMB. 1:
33. 1895, not L. P. fuscescens L glabrescens Radlk.

Kexak (Gaumer). Common. — A large woody vine; leaves biter-
nate, the leaflets obtusely dentate, usually tomentose or pubescent;
flowers greenish white, in long-stalked racemes; capsule winged, the
seeds black, with a large white aril. — The tough pliable stems of
this and related genera are doubtless used locally as a substitute for
rope and twine.

Paullinia pinnata L.

Salatxiu (Pete"n). Collected in northeastern Pete*n. — A large
vine, glabrous or nearly so; leaves pinnate, the rachis winged, the
5 leaflets ovate to oblong, remotely serrate; fruit not winged.—
Called "barbasco" in Tabasco.

Sapindus Saponaria L. S. Saponaria var. inaequalis Radlk.

Zubul (Gaumer), Jabdnche (B. H.). Sp. Jaboncillo. Soapseed tree
(B. H.). Common. — Soapberry. A tree of small or medium size;
leaves pinnate, the leaflets 5-17, linear-lanceolate to oblong, usually
acuminate, entire, glabrate; flowers whitish, in large terminal pani-
cles; fruit a 1-seeded translucent berry. — The wood is dense, light
brown, and heavy. The pulp of the fruits, when rubbed in water,
gives a lather, like soap, and the fruits are sometimes employed as a
substitute for soap.

One of Gaumer's specimens is accompanied by the name "xoken-
cab," which has not been confirmed elsewhere. The Motul Diction-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 339

ary lists the name "zihom" or "zihum," with the definition, "a
certain tree bearing a small fruit which serves as soap." This is
very probably Sapindus.

Serjania adiantoides Radlk.; Millsp. FMB. 1: 403. 1898.

Bui (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer
1114; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23542. — A slender woody vine, the
stems hirsute; leaves bipinnate, the leaflets small, obtuse, crenate,
hirtellous or glabrate; flowers whitish, in short tendril-bearing
racemes.

Serjania atrolineata Sauv. & Wright. S. scatens Millsp. FMB.
1: 33. 1895, not Radlk.

Buiche (Gaumer). Reported from the region (collected by
Johnson), but the occurrence in the Peninsula is uncertain.

Serjania goniocarpa Radlk. S. polyphylla Millsp. FMB. 1:
376. 1896, not Radlk.

Buyak (Gaumer), Kexak (Schott). Occasional. — A large woody
vine; leaves biternate, the leaflets large, ovate, acute, crenate-
dentate, nearly glabrous; fruit (as in the other species) of 3 large
samaras.

Serjania mexicana (L.) Willd. has been reported from the region
(Millsp. FMB. 1: 33. 1895; specimen collected by Johnson), but the
record is doubtful.

Serjania plicata Radlk. Monogr. Serjan. 167. 1875.

Known only from the type, collected by Johnson in Yucatan or
Tabasco. — Leaflets large, ovate, crenate-dentate, softly pubescent
beneath.

Serjania scatens Radlk.

Reported by Radlkofer from Yucatan or Tabasco; occurrence of
the plant in our region uncertain. — Leaflets oblong, remotely crenate,
glabrous.

Serjania trachygona Radlk.

Campeche. — Leaves 2 or 3 times pinnate, the leaflets numerous,
small, lobed or crenate, pilose on the nerves.

340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Serjania yucatanensis Standl. FMB. 8: 21. 1930.

Type from Chichankanab, Gaumer 23676; apparently frequent;
endemic. — A large woody vine; leaflets 3, 5-14 cm. long, obtuse or
acutish, crenate-serrate; fruits glabrous, the partition walls broad,
the wings 13 mm. long and 10 mm. wide.

Talisia diphylla Standl. FMB. 8: 21. 1930.

Type from Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23573. — A tree 12 m. high;
leaves bifoliolate, or the lowest sometimes simple, the leaflets oblong
or oblanceolate-oblong, 5-8 cm. long, obtuse, entire, glabrous; pani-
cles terminal, equaling or slightly exceeding the leaves; fruit at first
sparsely appressed-pilose but soon glabrate.

Talisia olivaeformis (HBK.) Radlk.

Uayum (Gaumer; reported by Pe"rez as "uayam"). Sp. Guayo.
Common. — A tree sometimes 18 m. high; leaves pinnate, persistent,
the 4 leaflets elliptic, obtuse or acute, entire, glabrous; flowers
yellowish white, in small dense panicles; fruit an elliptic drupe 2
cm. long. — The fruit is edible.

Thouinia paucidentata Radlk.; Millsp. FMB. 1: 403. 1898.

Kanchunup (Gaumer). Common; endemic in the Peninsula;
type from Yucatan, Gaumer 865. — A tree 9 m. high; leaflets 3,
lanceolate or lance-elliptic, acute or acuminate, remotely serrate,
barbate beneath along the costa; flowers in raceme-like lateral pani-
cles, whitish; fruit of 2 or 3 samaras 10-12 mm. long.

Urvillea ulmacea HBK.

Puluxtakoc (Gaumer), Apaac (Millspaugh). Common. — A woody
pubescent vine; leaflets 3, ovate, acute, crenate-serrate, pubescent
or glabrate; flowers small, white, racemose; fruit elliptic, 3-winged,
2-3 cm. long. — Locally the plant is reputed to have refrigerant
properties.

Cupania guatemalensis is known in British Honduras as "sacpom,"
"Grande Betty," and "red copal."

RHAMNAGEAE. Buckthorn Family

Colubrina ferruginosa Brongn. Colubrina Colubrina Millsp.
FMB. 2: 69. 1900.

Pimienta-che (a combination of Maya and Spanish). Frequent. —
A tree 20 m. high or less; leaves alternate, oblong to ovate, acute,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 341

glabrate; flowers in axillary clusters, the branches densely rusty-
tomentose; petals small, yellow; fruit black, subglobose, 7-8 mm.
long. — The tree is known in Mexico only from Yucatan.

Colubrina Greggii Wats. C. ferruginosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 376.
1896, not Brongn.

Tsulubmai (Millspaugh), Yaxpucim (Gaumer), Pukim, Puciim,
Pukin. Pimienta-che (Seler). Common. — A shrub or small tree 9
m. high or less; leaves alternate, ovate, acute, finely serrate, densely
hairy beneath; flowers white. — Cuevas states that the infusion of
the leaves is employed as a remedy for dysentery.

Colubrina reclinata (L'He>.) Brongn.

Without locality, Gaumer 2373. — A tree; leaves elliptic to ovate-
lanceolate, acute, glabrate, entire; flowers in small axillary clusters,
brown-pubescent; fruit globose, red or brownish, 7-9 mm. in
diameter.

Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. G. domingensis L.

Xomak (Gaumer). Common. — A woody vine with tendrils in
the inflorescences; leaves alternate, lance-oblong to elliptic, acute,
remotely serrate, nearly glabrous; flowers small, whitish, in terminal
panicles; fruit dry, 3- winged. — A decoction of the root is used as a
gargle for sores in the mouth and throat. The dry stems are, or at
least have been, used in Europe and the United States for making
dentifrices.

Gouania stipularis DC. has been reported (Millsp. FMB. 1: 33.
1895) upon the basis of a Linden specimen, but the locality is
doubtful.

Karwinskia Humboldtiana (Roem. & Schult.) Zucc.

Sp. Cacachila. Occasional in dry forests. — A tree sometimes 9 m.
high; leaves subopposite, oblong to oval, obtuse or rounded at the
apex, glabrous; flowers small, greenish, axillary, umbellate; fruit a
blackish drupe 6-9 mm. long. — The tree, which is widely distributed
in Mexico, is well known for its poisonous properties, the seeds, if
eaten, causing paralysis, especially of the lower limbs, and even
death.

Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban.
Chimtoc (Schott). Sp.Quiebrahacha (B. H.). Axe-master (B. H.).
Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23842; without locality, Gaumer 24091.

342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

British Honduras. — A tree 10 m. high; leaves subopposite, persistent,
petiolate, ovate or oval, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate, nearly
glabrous; flowers in small axillary clusters; fruit a black drupe 5-8
mm. long. — In Mexico this species is known only from the region
of Yucatan.

VITAGEAE. Grape Family

Ampelocissus acapulcensis (HBK.) Planch. Vitis acapulcensis
HBK.

Without locality, Gaumer 23942, 23985, 24034; Buena Vista,
Gaumer in 1899. — A very large, woody vine; leaves broadly cordate,
deciduous, dentate, often shallowly 3-lobate, rusty-tomentose be-
neath; flowers dioecious, red, the staminate in large, often very
dense cymes; fruit wine-colored, 12-25 mm. in diameter. — The fruit
is very acid, and scarcely edible.

Cissus formosa Standl. FMB. 8: 23. 1930.

Type from Suitun, Gaumer 23389; Chichankanab, Gaumer 23713;
without locality, Gaumer 24312. — A large woody vine; leaves varia-
ble, the upper ones deltoid-rounded, remotely serrate, the lower ones
shallowly or deeply 3-5-lobed; flowers deep red; berries purplish red.

Cissus rhombifolia Vahl.

Xtabcanil. Collected at Izamal and Suitun. — A large woody
vine; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, rhombic, or elliptic, acute,
serrate, pubescent; flowers green or red, in cymes; fruit a small black
berry.

Cissus sicyoides L. Vitis sicyoides var. monstrosa Baker;
Ampelopsis cordata Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 21. 1905,
not Michx.

Sp. Sanalotodo (Pete"n). Common. — A large woody vine, often
with numerous long cordlike aerial roots; leaves simple, oblong-ovate
to rounded, obtuse or acute, serrate, pubescent or glabrous; flowers
green ; fruit black. — This is one of the most common plants of tropi-
cal America. The inflorescences are often much distorted by a
smut (Mycosyrinx Cissi), so that they suggest a parasite rather than
a part of the plant itself. The same smut occurs on C. trifoliata. The
description of Cuevas' "xtac-canil" agrees well with C. sicyoides. He
states that the plant is employed, together with "chach u lubte-ak"

FLORA OF YUCATAN 343

and "xich-hulil" as a remedy for hemorrhoids. A "Cissus compres-
sicaulis" reported by Aznar, with the name "tabkanil," and the
"tabcan," "uvas del monte," listed by Pe>ez, are probably this or
some other species of Cissus. C. sicyoides is called "bejuco loco" in
Tabasco.

Cissus trifoliata L. Vitis arborea Millsp. FMB. 1: 307. 1896,
not L. Cissus acida L.

Bolontibi. Common. — A woody vine; leaflets 3, thick and fleshy,
broadly cuneate or rhombic, obtuse, coarsely dentate or lobate, gla-
brous or nearly so; flowers green; fruit a purple or black berry 5-8
mm. long. — The mucilaginous leaves are crushed and applied as
poultices to reduce inflammation, as a remedy for itch and other
skin diseases, and for headache, and to mature boils. An infusion of
the leaves is given for bronchial affections.

Vitis tiliaefolia Humb. & Bonpl.

Sp. Uvilla (Gaumer). Reported from Cozumel Island. — Wild
grape. A large woody vine; leaves broadly cordate, dentate, usually
densely tomentose beneath; flowers small, greenish, in small panicles,
fragrant; fruit purple, 6-8 mm. in diameter. — The fruit is small and
sour and not very palatable. From sections of the stem a substantial
quantity of clear sap may be obtained, to serve as a substitute for
water.

This may be the plant reported by Cuevas (PI. Med. 74. 1913)
as "pasas-ak" and "solocchom," although that is said to have large
white flowers. The crushed plant is applied as a poultice for
erysipelas.

Vitis vinifera L.

Sp. Uva. Listed by Gaumer as planted. — The European grape
does not thrive in Central America, and I presume it is grown in
Yucatan but rarely.

TILIACEAE. Linden Family

Corchorus orinocensis HBK. C. pilolobus Millsp. FMB. 1:
307. 1896, not Link.

Putschichibe (Gaumer). Collected only at Izamal. — A branched
annual; leaves alternate, lanceolate to ovate, obtuse or acute, ser-
rate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, yellow; fruit a linear cap-
sule 3.5-5 cm. long, not 2-horned at the apex.

344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Corchorus siliquosus L.

Putschichibe (Gaumer). Common.- — A slender shrub 1 m. high
or less; leaves petioled, mostly ovate; capsule linear, compressed,
4-5 cm. long, 2-horned at the apex. — The stems contain a tough
fiber.

This may be the "puschichibe" reported by Cuevas (PI. Med.
79. 1913), the infusion of whose leaves is a remedy for venereal
diseases.

Heliocarpus glanduliferus Robinson.

Chaktolol (Gaumer), Tolol (Gaumer). Common. — A shrub or
small tree 2-6 m. high; leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, long-
acuminate, dentate, finely stellate-pubescent or glabrate; fruit a
small woody capsule 6-7 mm. long, the margin fringed with plumose
bristles.

Luehea speciosa Willd. ?L. endopogon Loes. Repert. Sp. Nov.
12: 226. 1913, not Turcz.

Kazcat (Yucatan, B. H.), Chacats (Schott). Sp. Pepe cacao
(Camp.). Common. — A tree 3-10 m. high; leaves short-petiolate,
elliptic or oval, abruptly acuminate, green above, whitish-tomentose
beneath with fine stellate hairs; flowers large, white, in axillary
cymes; fruit a woody capsule 3-4 cm. long, obtusely 5-angled. —
Millspaugh gives the Maya name as "chacah," probably in error.

Muntingia Calabura L.

Sp. Capolin, Capulin. Common. — A tree 5-10 m. high; leaves
alternate, lance-oblong, acuminate, oblique at the base, dentate,
tomentose beneath; flowers white, axillary; fruit a red glabrous berry
1 cm. in diameter, containing very numerous small seeds. — The
bark contains a tough fiber. The intensely sweet fruit is edible.

Triumfetta dumetorum Schlecht. T. semitriloba Millsp. FMB.
1:380. 1898, not Jacq.

Ochmul (Gaumer). Sp. Caditto. Common. — A shrub 1-3 m.
high; leaves long-petioled, ovate to rounded, acuminate, often lobate,
long-pilose with chiefly simple hairs on the upper surface, stellate-
hirsute beneath; flowers small, yellow; fruit a small globose hard
capsule, covered with stiff barbed spines. — The burlike fruits adhere
tenaciously to clothing and to the hair of animals.

Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. T. althaeoides Lam.; ?T. anti-
haemorrioidica Donde", Emulacion 3: 18. 1878.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 345

OchmuL Sp. Cadillo. Common. — A shrub, similar to T. dume-
torum, the leaves stellate-pubescent on the upper surface. — The two
species are so much alike that it is certain they are not distinguished
locally.

The "muloch" described by Cuevas (PI. Med. 67, Ilustr. pi. 17,
f. 2. 1913) probably belongs to this species, although he states that
the flowers are white. The plant is stated to have emollient proper-
ties, and to be employed as a remedy for "flujo bianco" and for
hemorrhoids.

MALVACEAE. Mallow Family

Abutilon Gaumeri Standl. FMB. 8: 24. 1930.

Yaxholche. Endemic; type collected by Gaumer, No. 24072. — A
shrub; leaves petiolate, broadly cordate-ovate, 3-7 cm. long, acute
or acuminate, entire, stellate-tomentose; flowers axillary, solitary or
fasciculate, the calyx 7 mm. long.

Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet.

Me*rida, Schott 121. — A coarse herb, the stems terete, hirsute;
leaves long-petioled, rounded-cordate, dentate, velvety stellate-
tomentose; petals 1.5 cm. long.

Abutilon lignosum (Cav.) Don. A. indicum Millsp. FMB. 1:
29. 1895, not Don. ?Sida Abutilon Donde", Apuntes 60. 1907, not L.

Zacxiu, Mizbil, Yaxholche. Common. — A shrub 1-2 m. high;
leaves ovate-cordate, crenate or dentate, densely stellate-tomentose
beneath; flowers yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long. — The strong fiber of the
stems is used for making twine. The plant has emollient properties,
and is used in domestic medicine.

Abutilon trisulcatum (Jacq.) Urban. Sida triquetra L.; A.
incanum Millsp. FMB. 1: 377. 1898, not Sweet.

Sacxiu, Sacmizbil. Common. — A shrub 1-2.5 m. high, densely
and finely stellate-tomentose, the stems obtusely 3-angled; leaves
broadly cordate, long-acuminate, crenate, whitish; flowers small,
yellow, in broad panicles. — This species is used for the same purposes
as A. lignosum, which it much resembles.

Abutilon umbellatum (L.) Sweet.

Sacxiu (Valdez). Frequent. — A shrub about 1 m. high, the
branches terete; leaves broadly cordate, abruptly short-acute, ere-

346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

nate or dentate, green, finely stellate-pubescent; flowers yellow, 1
cm. long. — This may perhaps be the "vara de San Joaquin," reported
by Donde* (Apuntes 61. 1907) and by others as "Sida" and "Sida
peduncularis," although the description does not apply in all details.

Abutilon yucatanum Standl. CNH. 23: 751. 1923.

Known only from the type, collected at La Vega, Yucatan,
Goldman 634. — Leaves broadly cordate, finely stellate-pubescent
beneath, entire; petals 4-4.5 cm. long.

Althaea rosea Cav.

Sp. Vara de San Jose. Reported as grown for ornament in Yuca-
tan.— Hollyhock.

Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. A. hastata Cav.; A. acerifolia
Millsp. FMB. 1: 29. 1895, perhaps not DC. A. triangularis Millsp.
FMB. 1: 377. 1898, perhaps not DC.

Tzalyaltzai (Gaumer). Sp. Amapolita, Amapolita morada. A
common weed. — An erect branched annual, nearly glabrous; leaves
ovate-triangular, entire, toothed, or lobed; flowers long-peduncled,
blue or lilac, 1-1.5 cm. long. — The plant is mucilaginous, and is
employed as a remedy for affections of the lungs.

Cienfugosia yucatanensis Millsp. FMB. 2: 74. 1900.

Type collected 6 km. south of Progreso, Millspaugh 1693;
Chichankanab, Gaumer 1269. — A low, erect, sparsely branched, per-
ennial herb; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous; flow-
ers axillary, long-pedicellate; petals yellow, 2 cm. long. — Very close
to the Cuban C. heterophylla (Vent.) Garcke, and perhaps not
distinct.

Gayoides crispum (L.) Small. Abutilon crispum Medic.

Common. — A procumbent herb; leaves cordate-ovate, acute,
crenate; flowers small, white, axillary on slender pedicels; fruit of
numerous membranous inflated carpels rounded at the apex.

Gossypium barbadense L.

Tsiin (Gaumer), Taman. Sp. Algoddn, Algodonero. Cultivated
and also found escaped. — This species includes most of the sea-island
and long-staple cottons, with long, white, easily detachable fiber.
Cotton has been grown for export in Yucatan, especially during the

FLORA OF YUCATAN 347

Civil War in the United States, but at present it is grown only upon
a reduced scale for home consumption. The use of cotton was well
known to the early Mayas, who wove from it their clothing, and used
it for cordage. In domestic medicine the cotton plants are employed
as emollients and expectorants in the treatment of chest affections
and dysentery.

Gossypium hirsutum L. G. herbaceum Millsp. FMB. 1: 377.
1898, not L.

Taman. Sp. Algoddn. Cultivated, and escaped. — Fiber white,
not easily detached from the seed. — The short-staple cottons.

Gossypium religiosum L.

Zooh. Sp. Algoddn. Common. — A wild shrubby plant, the cotton
brown or yellowish. — Donde* (Apuntes 56. 1907) states that this is
called also "cancachu."

Gossypium Schottii Watt, Wild & Cult. Cotton 206. pi. 35.
1907. G. religiosum Millsp. FMB. 1: 377. 1898, not L.

Chub (Gaumer), Xchup (Schott). Sp. Algoddn amarillo. Type
from Me*rida, Schott 602. — Perhaps only a form of G. religiosum;
leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, long-attenuate; fiber
brown.

The species of Gossypium are not well understood, and there is
doubt concerning the nomenclature of those occurring in Yucatan.

The following Maya words are reported as relating to the various
forms of cotton: "aktetanam," "algodon bueno y bianco de que se
hila hilo muy delgado" (Motul Dictionary); "kantux," a kind of
cotton (PeYez); "oxil," a cotton ball open or ready to open; "peuil
tanam," early cotton; "ppolan," "algodon hueco y fofo" (Motul
Dictionary); "tux," cotton seed; "yaaxtux," a kind of cotton
(PeYez). It is curious to note that the Maya word for "sheep,"
formed, of course, after these animals had been introduced by the
Spaniards, is "htaman," the word for cotton plus the masculine sign.
In the various Mayan dialects of Guatemala the following words are
reported as signifying "cotton": "mix," Pokonchi; "nooc," Mame;
"teno," Jacalteca; "piitz," Chuje.

Hibiscus brasiliensis L. H. phoeniceus Jacq.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1439. — A shrub 1-2 m. high; leaves
deltoid-lanceolate or deltoid-ovate, crenate-dentate, glabrate; petals
1-2 cm. long, purple.

348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Hibiscus clypeatus L. H. Berlandieranus Moric. ; H. tubiflorus
Millsp. FMB. 1: 30. 1895, not DC.

Hoi (Gaumer). Frequent. — A stout shrub or small tree 6 m. high
or less, densely stellate- tomentose; leaves long-petiolate, rounded-
cordate, usually angulate, obscurely dentate; petals over 4 cm. long.

Hibiscus esculentus L. Abelmoschus esculentus Moench.

Sp. Quimbombd. Cultivated as a vegetable, and sometimes found
as escaped in old fields; native of the Old World tropics. — Okra.
The plant is grown commonly in Mexico and Central America for
the seed-pods, which, when young and tender, are cooked and eaten
as a vegetable, especially in soups and stews. Cuevas (PI. Med. 82.
1913) states that the plant has sudorific properties, and that an
infusion of the roasted seeds is given to produce perspiration in
fevers. Gann reports that the "wild okra" or "quimbombo" is
esteemed by the Indians as an external application in cases of snake
bite.

Hibiscus mutabilis L.

Sp. Cortejo. Cultivated for ornament; native of tropical Asia.—
A large shrub with 5-angled or 5-lobed leaves; leaves sparsely and
finely stellate-pubescent, paler beneath; flowers large, axillary, long-
stalked, at first white or pink, changing to deep red.

Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis L.

Sp. Tulip&n. Grown for ornament; probably native of China. —
Chinese hibiscus. One of the favorite ornamental shrubs of tropical
America, exhibiting many varieties in color and form of the flowers.
Valdez states that the plant has sudorific properties. It is probable
that the closely related H. schizopetalus (Mart.) Hook., with
pendent flowers and lobed petals, also is grown in the region.

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. H. elatus Sw.

Xholol (Gaumer; reported also as "xholo"). Blue moho (B. H.).
Common in coastal swamps. — A large shrub or small tree; leaves
rounded-cordate, abruptly short-acuminate, entire, finely stellate-
tomentose beneath; flowers yellow, 5-6 cm. long. — The bark yields
a strong fiber employed by many of the American aborigines for
making rope. This is perhaps the Yucatan tree for which the name
"majagua" is reported. The name "pox" is applied to this species
in Tabasco.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 349

» Hibiscus tubiflorus DC.

Chinchimpol (Gaumer), Xtupkinil (Millspaugh). Sip. Campanula.
Common. — A slender shrub; leaves deltoid-lanceolate or deltoid-
ovate, crenate, often lobed, stellate-hispid; flowers axillary, slender-
pediceled, red, 2.5-3.5 cm. long.

Malachra alceifolia Jacq.

Sp. Malva. An occasional weed. — A coarse hispid annual; leaves
long-petioled, ovate to orbicular, mostly angled or lobed, dentate;
flowers small, yellow, in heads surrounded by broad bracts.

Malachra capitata L. M. palmata Moench.
Sp. Malva. Frequent. — A finely stellate-pubescent herb; leaves
coarsely dentate or 3-5-lobate; flowers yellow, 1 cm. long.

Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke. M. tricuspida-
tum Gray; Malveopsis spicata Millsp. FMB. 1: 29. 1895, not Kuntze.
Malva americana Donde", Apuntes 56. 1907, PI. Med. 63, Ilustr. pi.
28, f. 2. 1913.

Chikichbe (Gaumer; "path of the garrapata"), Totopzots (Gaumer) ;
reported also as "chechebe" and "chichibe." Sp. Malva. A common
weed. — A strigose, erect, branched, annual or perennial herb; leaves
broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, serrate, strigose
with 4-rayed hairs; flowers small, yellow, in axillary and terminal
clusters. — The plant has emollient properties. Its decoction is
employed to cleanse sores and as a remedy for dysentery.

Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.

Bizil (Gaumer), Tamanchich (Pete"n). Sp. Manzanita, Tulipan
(B. H.). Occasional. — A shrub; leaves ovate to broadly cordate,
crenate, often shallowly lobed, dentate, densely stellate- tomentose;
corolla red, 2.5-3 cm. long; fruit fleshy, red. — The mucilaginous
fruit is edible, as in all the species.

Malvaviscus grandiflorus HBK. M. sepium Schlecht.; M.
concinnus Millsp. FMB. 1: 30. 1895, not HBK. M. Malvaviscus
Millsp. FMB. 2: 73. 1900, not Hibiscus Malvaviscus L.

Bizil, Tamanche. Sp. Manzanita. Common. — A shrub, much like
the preceding, the leaves usually narrower and glabrate. — Some of
the Yucatan material is close to M. Drummondii Torr. & Gray, to
which it has been referred. The species of the genus are highly
variable and poorly understood.

350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

The "tamanche" reported by Cuevas (PL Med. 94. 1913) is
apparently of this genus. He states that the sweet fruit is eaten by
the Indians, and that a decoction of the leaves and bark is employed
as a remedy for scurvy.

Sida acuta Burm. S.carpinifolia~L.f.; S. acuta var. carpinifolia
Schum.

Chichibe. A common weed. — An erect herb, stellate-pubescent
or nearly glabrous; leaves distichous, short-petioled, lanceolate or
ovate, acute, serrate, obtuse at the base; flowers small, white or
pale yellow, open in the morning, closing in the afternoon. — One of
the common weeds of tropical America. The stems give a strong
fiber, which was used formerly in Yucatan for making twine and
hammocks. The stems were soaked in water in order to separate
the fiber. Like other plants of the family, this species has emollient
properties, and has been used locally as a remedy for leucorrhea,
nosebleed, and other affections.

Sida ciliaris L. S. anomala Millsp. FMB. 1: 378. 1898, not
St. Hil.

Occasional. — A small perennial herb, stellate-strigose; leaves
oblong, obtuse, serrate; flowers copper-colored.

Sida cordifolia L. Abutilon sidoides Millsp. FMB. 1: 377. 1898,
not Hemsl. S. acuta var. carpinifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 378. 1898, in
part, not Schum.

Zacmizbil (Gaumer; reported incorrectly as "xacmixbil")- Com-
mon.— A tall stellate- velvety perennial herb or shrub; leaves long-
petioled, ovate-cordate, acute or obtuse, dentate; flowers yellow,
clustered in the leaf axils and at the ends of the branches.

Sida glabra Mill. Wissadula tricarpellata Millsp. FMB. 1: 378.
1898, not Rob. & Greenm.

Kanzacxiu (Gaumer). A slender, erect or decumbent herb;
leaves long-petioled, ovate-cordate, acuminate, serrate, sparsely
pubescent; flowers axillary, long-pedicellate, yellow.

Sida procumbens Sw. S. pilosa Cav.; S. diffusa HBK.; S.
supina var. pilosa Millsp.

Xauayxiu (Gaumer; listed also as "hauyxiu"). Common. — A
small, annual or perennial herb, prostrate; stems hirsute; leaves

FLORA OF YUCATAN 351

small, ovate-cordate, stellate-pubescent, obtuse, crenate; flowers
white or yellowish, axillary on filiform pedicels.

Sida rhombifolia L.

Probably a common weed, but only two Yucatan collections
reported. — An herb or shrub, usually 1 m. high or less; leaves short-
petiolate, oblong to ovate, obtuse or acute, serrate, minutely stellate-
tomentose beneath; flowers small, yellow. — Perhaps the most com-
mon weed of Mexico and Central America; usually called "escobilla."
It is especially plentiful in pastures, and where it is abundant
garrapatas, or ticks, are usually found in profusion. The Kekchi
name is "mesbe."

Sida spinosa L. S. angustifolia Lam.

Chikichbe-kax (Gaumer), Chichibe. Common. — An erect annual,
finely stellate-pubescent; leaves short-petioled, linear-oblong to
oblong-ovate, crenate; flowers axillary, yellow. — Much like S. rhom-
bifolia, with which it probably is confused locally. The Maya name
is derived from "chikich," garrapata, "be," path, and "kax," monte
or woodland, evidently an appropriate name for Sidas of this type.

Sida urens L.

Occasional. — A slender erect hirsute herb; leaves long-petioled,
ovate-cordate, long-acuminate, serrate; flowers yellow, in dense
clusters.

Wissadula amplissima (L.) R. E. Fries. W. mucronulata Gray.

Tsunikax (Gaumer), Tzimikax, Sacxiu. Common. — An herb or
shrub 1-2 m. high; leaves long-petioled, cordate, acuminate, densely
and finely stellate- tomentose beneath, entire; flowers axillary or
panicled, on long pedicels, yellow or orange.

BOMBAGACEAE. Cotton-tree Family

Bombax ellipticum HBK. Carolinea fastuosa DC.; Carolinea
alba Millsp. FMB. 1: 30. 1895, 1: 309. 1896, not Lodd. Pachira
fastuosa Decaisne. P. alba Donde", Apuntes 82. 1907, not Walp.

Zackuyche (Gaumer), Chackuyche (Gaumer), Kuyche (reported
also as "xcunche"). Sp. Amapola, Amapola blanca, Amapola colo-
rada, Mapola (Pete"n). Common. — A large unarmed deciduous tree
with smooth, gray or greenish bark; leaves pedately 5-foliolate, the
leaflets elliptic to obovate, entire, glabrous or nearly so, usually

352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

rounded at the apex; petals 7-13 cm. long; stamens very numerous,
purple-red or white; fruit a woody capsule 10-15 cm. long or larger,
the seeds covered with dirty-white silk or "cotton." — The tree
flowers in January or February, when leafless. The flowers, whose
dense masses of stamens suggest powder puffs, are gathered for
decorating houses and churches. A decoction of the bark and flow-
ers is employed as a remedy for coughs and catarrh. The wood is
soft and of little value. The nectar found in the flowers is placed in
the eyes to relieve inflammation.

Ceiba aesculifolia (HBK.) Britt. & Baker, Journ. Bot. 34: 175.
1896. Bombax aesculifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 298. 1821.
Eriodendron aesculifolium DC. Prodr. 1: 479. 1824. C. pentandra
Millsp. FMB. 1: 30. 1895, not Gaertn.

Piim (Gaumer). Sp. Pochote. Common; type from Campeche. —
A large tree, sometimes 30 m. high, the trunk armed with short
conic spines; leaflets 5-7, elliptic or obovate, acuminate, usually
serrate, glabrous; petals 10-12 cm. long, brown-tomentose outside;
calyx about 2 cm. long, campanulate; stamens purple-red or white,
in 5 fascicles; capsule ellipsoid, 12-18 cm. long, the small seeds
imbedded in brownish "cotton." — The tree flowers in winter or
spring, when leafless. The soft wood is of little use. One writer
reports that in Campeche there are two varieties of this tree (perhaps
two distinct species): one whose trunk is thick and very spiny,
called "pochote macho"; the other more slender and less spiny, and
called "pochote hembra." The abundant silk or cotton surrounding
the seeds is used for stuffing cushions, pillows, and mattresses, and
a tree is said to yield 15 to 20 pounds. In southern Yucatan large
numbers of mantas formerly were made from the silk, which was
used also as tinder. It is stated that the fiber of C. pentandra is
useless for this purpose, since it will not catch fire easily. Donde"
states that the young tender fruits of C. aesculifolia are boiled and
eaten as a vegetable, and the seeds also are roasted and eaten. The
flowers which fall on the ground are eaten by deer.

Pe"rez lists the word "cho" as a synonym of "pochote," and the
Motul Dictionary gives the same definition for the word "ppupp."

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. C. casearia Medic.; Eriodendron
anfractuosum DC.; Bombax Ceiba Millsp. FMB. 1: 30. 1895, not L.

Yaaxche (Gaumer), Yaxche. Sp. Ceiba, Ceibo. Cotton-tree (B. H.).
Common. — A large tree, frequently 30 m. high, with broad spreading
crown; trunk spiny, greenish; leaflets 5-7, oblong or oblanceolate,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 353

acuminate, entire, glabrous; flowers white or pink, 3-3.5 cm. long;
capsule elliptic-oblong, 10-12 cm. long, the small seeds imbedded in
silky "cotton." — This is one of the largest and most widely known
trees of tropical America. The white wood is too soft and light to
be very serviceable, but in the southern part of the Peninsula canoes
are sometimes fashioned from the trunks. The trunks often develop
large buttresses at the base. The tree is excellent for shade, because
of the huge crowns, and it is commonly planted or left to grow about
houses or in pastures. The cotton is used locally for stuffing pillows,
although that of C. aesculifolia is preferred. The cotton of C.
pentandra, known to the trade as "kapok," is exported in large
amounts from the East Indies and West Africa, to be used for stuff-
ing mattresses, life preservers, and other articles, and for insulating
purposes. The Pokonchi name of the tree is reported from Guate-
mala as "nup," and the Kekchi name as "inup." The ceiba tree
plays an important part in Maya mythology. An interesting account
of its place in Yucatan life was published by Donde" (Apuntes, p. 85).

Ceiba Schottii Britt. & Baker, Journ. Bot. 34: 173. 1896.

Piim (Gaumer), Kinim (Gaumer), Cho (Gaumer), Kinin
(Gaumer). Sp. Pochote. Endemic; type from Me"rida, Schott 205;
San Pedro, Gaumer 23368. — A large tree, often 16-30 m. high, the
trunk 40-80 cm. in diameter, prickly; leaflets usually 5, oblanceolate-
oblong, entire, mucronate, glabrous; flowers 15-23 cm. long; petals
yellow- tomentose outside, white within; calyx 3.5 cm. long, tubular.

Hampea trilobata Standl. CNH. 23: 787. 1923.

Toob-hoob (Gaumer), Zacitza (Gaumer). Sp. Majahau (Gaumer).
Moho (B. H.). Endemic in the Peninsula; frequent; type from
Apazote, Campeche. — A large shrub or small tree about 6 m. high;
leaves long-petioled, shallowly lobed or entire, minutely stellate-
pubescent beneath; flowers small, white, clustered in the leaf axils,
on long pedicels; fruit a globose capsule 1.5 cm. long. — The name
given by Gaumer is evidently a variant of "majagua," applied to
various plants of this order whose bark contains strong fiber.
Gaumer reports that the bark is much used for tying.

Pachira macrocarpa (Schlecht. & Cham.) Walp. Carolinea
macrocarpa Schlecht. & Cham.

Kuyche (Gaumer). Sp. Amapola (Gaumer), Zapote reventdn
(Maler), Santo Domingo (B. H.), Zapotdn (B. H.). Provision-tree
(B. H.). No Yucatan specimens seen, but the species is reported

354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

from Quintana Roo and occurs in British Honduras. — A large or
small tree, the trunk unarmed; leaflets 6-8, oblong to obovate,
obtuse or acutish, entire, glabrous; flowers about 20 cm. long, the
stamens purplish; fruit as large as a coconut, hard, the large seeds
(1.5 cm. or more in diameter) imbedded in solid flesh. — The tree
grows usually in swamps. The large seeds are edible.

Quararibea Fieldii Millsp. FMB. 1: 309. pi 19. 1896.

Sp. Maha (Gaumer). Occasional; type from Hacienda de Cha-
benche", Gaumer 879; ranging to Honduras. — A shrub or small tree;
leaves oblong-obovate, 15-30 cm. long, acute, entire, glabrous;
flowers nearly sessile, solitary, opposite the leaves, white, 5 cm. long;
fruit ovoid, indehiscent, 3 cm. long. — The flowers are used for
flavoring chocolate. The dried plant has the odor of slippery elm
( Ulmus fulvd).

The Kekchi name of "Ochroma lagopus" is reported by Pittier
as "puh."

STERCULIACEAE. Cacao Family
Ayenia fasciculata Millsp. ex Standl. FMB. 8: 25. 1930.

Endemic; type from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 2184; repre-
sented also by Gaumer 2184 and 666 and Seler 3980. — A slender shrub
2 m. high; leaves oblong, 1-3 cm. long, acute, biserrate, glabrate;
flowers in axillary 1-3-flowered cymes; sepals 2-3 mm. long;
capsule muricate.

Ayenia magna L.

Pixtonak (Gaumer). Common in dry thickets. — A shrub 1-2 m.
high; leaves alternate, long-petioled, cordate, acuminate, dentate,
pale beneath and finely stellate-pubescent; flowers small, red-brown,
axillary, slender-pediceled; fruit a sessile capsule, densely muricate.

Ayenia pusilla L.

Pixtonchich (Gaumer). Common. — Plants low, slender, essen-
tially annual but often becoming somewhat woody; leaves lanceolate
to elliptic, 1-5 cm. long, dentate, pubescent or glabrous; capsule
stipitate, muricate.

Ayenia yucatanensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 379. 1898.
Type from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1052. — An herb 1 m. high;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate; capsule stipitate.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 355

'"' Byttneria aculeata Jacq. B. carthagenensis Jacq.

Tezak (Gaumer; reported as "xtexak"). Common in thickets.—
A shrub, the branches often long and scandent, hollow, armed with
stout recurved prickles; leaves lanceolate or ovate, usually crenate
or serrate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, often blotched with silver;
flowers small, black-purple, in axillary cymes; fruit a capsule, covered
with long spines. — Called "zarza" in Tabasco.

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. G. polybotrya Cav.; G. tomentosa
HBK.; G. ulmifolia var. tomentosa Schum.; G. Guazuma Cockerell.

Pixoy (Yucatan, B. H.), Cabalpixoy (Gaumer). Sp. Guacima
(Yucatan), Caulote (B. H.). Bay-cedar (B. H.). Common. — A tree
20 m. high or less; leaves short-petiolate, oblong or ovate, acute,
oblique at the base, serrulate, stellate-tomentose beneath; flowers
small, whitish or yellowish green, fragrant, in axillary cymes; fruit a
globose or oval, woody capsule 2-4 cm. long, densely tuberculate,
containing many hard seeds. — One of the most common trees of
Central America. The light, fibrous and coarse-grained wood, gray-
ish and slightly tinged with red or pink, is used for many purposes.
The bark contains a strong fiber, and is used also in Yucatan for
clarifying sirup. The fruit contains a sweet mucilaginous pulp, and
is eaten by deer and other animals, and often by people, although
the many large seeds are unpleasant. The flowers are reported to
yield honey of good quality.

Gaumer gives the name "cabalpixoy" for Guazuma polybotrya.
Gann states that the fruit and bark of "cabalpixoy" are employed
as a remedy for diarrhea and dysentery. "Cabalpixoy" signifies
"low pixoy," and the plant may be only one of the low shrubby
forms of Guazuma ulmifolia. The "cabalpixoy" described and
figured by Cuevas (PI. Med. 20, Ilustr. pi. 37, f. 1} may belong to
some other group, especially since it is said to have diuretic properties.

Helicteres baruensis Jacq.

Tsutup (Gaumer). Common. — A shrub about 2 m. high; leaves
petioled, oval-ovate, obtuse or acute, cordate at the base, denticulate,
densely pale-tomentose beneath; flowers axillary, red; fruit hard and
woody, cylindric, 4-5 cm. long, spirally twisted, densely tomentose,
borne on a gynophore 8-12 cm. long.

Helicteres guazumaefolia HBK. is called "tsubil" in the Kekchi
dialect of Guatemala.

356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Melochia nodiflora Sw.

Frequent. — A slender erect herb, or sometimes shrubby; leaves
petioled, ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers pink
or purple, in dense axillary clusters; capsule depressed-globose.

Melochia pyramidata L.

Chichibe. A common weed. — An herb or shrub, usually 1 m.
high or less; leaves oblong to ovate, acute or obtuse, serrate; flowers
axillary, purple, 7 mm. long; capsule pyramidal, glabrous or nearly
so. — In general appearance the plant suggests certain species of Sida
and Malvastrum, hence it is natural that it should bear the same
Maya name, although belonging to a different family.

Melochia tomentosa L.

Zac-chichibe (Gaumer). A common weed. — An herb or shrub,
said to be sometimes 3 m. high; leaves lanceolate or ovate, densely
stellate-tomentose; flowers pink to violet, 8-15 mm. long; capsule
pyramidal, densely pubescent.

Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karst. S. carthaginensis Cav.

Sp. Bellota (Gaumer). Collected only at Uman. — A large tree;
leaves large, long-petioled, 5-lobed, deeply cordate at the base,
thick, stellate-tomentose beneath or glabrate; flowers panicled, the
calyx corolla-like, 2.5-3 cm. wide, yellow spotted with purple; fruit
of several large dehiscent carpels, hispid within; seeds about 2 cm.
long. — The seeds (called "castanas" in Tabasco) somewhat resemble
chestnuts, and are edible. It is from the Indian name of this tree
that the Republic of Panama derives its name.

Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl.

Pataxte, Balamte. No specimens seen, but the tree grows in
Tabasco, and is doubtless in cultivation in our region, if not wild.—
A tree; leaves oblong, 15-25 cm. long, abruptly acuminate, obtuse
and somewhat oblique at the base, whitish-tomentulose beneath;
fruit smaller than in T. Cacao. — Pataxte is grown extensively in
some parts of Central America as a source of cacao. The Kekchi
name is "balam" or "balamte"; the Pokonchi name, "pec."

Theobroma Cacao L.

Xau (Tozzer), Cacau (Pe"rez). Sp. Cacao. Cultivated commonly;
perhaps native in the more humid parts of the Peninsula. — Cacao.
The use of cacao as a beverage was well known to the ancient Mayas,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 357

and the plant played an important part in their lives. A special
god, Ekchuah, had charge of the cacao plantations. The beverage
as used in Yucatan in former times, and even at present, was pre-
pared differently from that made in the United States. It was
flavored with various substances, often with chile, and was whipped
into a froth with an ingenious wooden beater. Cacao was employed
also for flavoring beverages made from maize.

One of the most important applications of cacao was the use of
the seeds as money, a widely diffused practice, continued in remote
regions until comparatively recent years. The following account of
its use in Yucatan is given by a writer in "El Agricultor" (2 : 94. 1908) :

"Cacao was the money employed by the aboriginal Yucatecans
in minor transactions, and its use was continued until something
over 60 years ago, when there were introduced lead tokens. The
smallest fraction consisted of five grains of cacao, and, above that,
ten, fifteen, or twenty. Twenty was the monetary unit, so that an
object was worth 'two twenties and five, three twenties and ten/
etc. ; and, as the value of cacao was and is highly variable, they in-
creased the number of 'twenties' that were the equivalent of the
'medio real' of silver of the old Spanish money.

"When the price of cacao rose unusually high, three grains formed
the 'five' and twelve the 'twenty,' which caused the governor, Don
Benito PeYez Valdelomar, to say that only in this land did it ever
happen that 'three' were 'five.'

"Any one will recognize the inconvenience of this kind of money,
not only because of the difficulty and time required for counting it,
but also because of its fragile and perishable nature."

The word "chucua" signifies cacao ready for use, and the Motul
Dictionary defines "taacha cauhaa" as cakes of cacao ready for pre-
paring the beverage. "Cocox" is defined as "cacao muy sazonado
en el arbol." Some of the Mayan names applied to cacao in Guate-
mala are the following: "caco," Pokonchi; "cucuh," Maya of
Mopan; "kicou," "kicob," Pokonchi.

Waltheria americana L. W. indica L.

Zacmizib (Gaumer), Zacxiu. Sp. Malva del monte. A common
weed. — An herb or shrub, usually less than 1 m. high, densely stel-
late-tomentose; leaves petioled, oblong to ovate, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, crenate-dentate; flowers yellow, in dense clusters; fruit
a 1-seeded capsule. — The plant is variable in foliage characters. It
is used locally as a remedy for rheumatism.

358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

The family Dilleniaceae probably is represented in Quintana
Roo. Curatella americana L. is called "yaha" and "chaparro" in
British Honduras. A "bejuco grueso" reported from Bacalar is per-
haps Tetracera. The following note is given concerning it: "From
sections of the stems good water may be obtained. If a person has
been so unfortunate as to lose his way, it is necessary only to notice
the first twist that the plant makes, for this is always to the north."

Ouratea nitida, of the family Ochnaceae, is called "tcanlol" in
British Honduras. Sauvagesia erecta L., of the same family, is
represented by Johnson 71 from "Yucatan and Tabasco." It is
reasonable to expect the plant in Yucatan.

The genus Vismia, of the family Hypericaceae, probably occurs
in Quintana Roo, for it is common in northern British Honduras.

CLUSIACEAE. Clusia Family
Clusia flava Jacq.

Chunup (Gaumer), Kanchunup (Gaumer). Frequent; sometimes
planted as shade for cattle; flowering in May.— A large glabrous tree
with yellow latex; leaves cuneate-obovate, thick, rounded at the
apex; flowers yellow, 2-2.5 cm. wide; fruit globose, fleshy. — The
bark is said to be used for making pails to hold liquids. The sticky
latex, which solidifies upon exposure to the air, is reported as em-
ployed to adulterate chicle. The sap is applied to wounds, and the
leaves as poultices to relieve headache. The tree is reported, also,
as a remedy for syphilitic affections.

Mammea americana L.

Chacalhaaz (Gaumer). Sp. Mamey, Mamey de Santo Domingo.
Planted as a fruit tree; native of tropical America, but not of Mexico
and Central America. — A large glabrous tree with broad, very dense
crown, and milky sap; leaves oval or elliptic, rounded at the apex,
thick and leathery, with very numerous lateral nerves; flowers axil-
lary, white, the petals 2 cm. long; fruit subglobose, 8-15 cm. in
diameter, brownish, the flesh yellow or reddish. — The fruit is of good
flavor, somewhat resembling a peach. It is eaten raw or made into
preserves and dulces. The wood is hard, durable, and handsomely
grained. The Quich6 name is "muk."

Rheedia edulis (Seem.) Triana & Planch.
Waika plum (B. H.). Without locality, Gaumer 21$ 50. — A small
or medium-sized, glabrous tree; leaves lance-oblong, 6-13 cm. long,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 359

obtuse or acute, leathery; flowers clustered in the leaf axils, small,
white; fruit oval, yellow, 2.5 cm. long, 1- or 2-seeded. — The fruit is
sweet and edible.

TURNERACEAE. Turnera Family

Turnera diffusa Willd. T. aphrodisiaca Ward; T. diffusa var.
aphrodisiaca Urban.

Mm'6coc(Gaumer). Sp.Dcwmcma. Common. — An aromatic much-
branched shrub 1 m. high or less; leaves alternate, oblong to ovate,
1-2 cm. long, obtuse or acute, serrate, usually tomentose beneath;
flowers yellow, 8-12 mm. long; fruit a small capsule. — A decoction
of the leaves and flowers is a local remedy for asthma and bronchitis.
In some parts of Mexico the plant enjoys a high reputation because
of its supposed aphrodisiac properties.

Turnera ulmifolia L.

Sp. Clavel de oro (Gaumer), Calendula (Donde"), Amaranto
(Donde"). Occasional. — A low herb, simple or sparsely branched;
leaves usually ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate, pilose; flowers
yellow, 2-3 cm. long.

Erblichia odorata Seem., which grows in British Honduras, is said
to bear in Guatemala the Kekchi name "konop."

BIXACEAE. Anatto Family
Bixa Orellana L.

Kuxub. Sp. Achiote (of Nahuatl derivation). Common; some-
times cultivated. — Anatto. A shrub or small tree, usually 6 m. high
or less; leaves alternate, broadly ovate, acuminate, entire, minutely
lepidote beneath; flowers pink, in terminal panicles; fruit a globose
or ovoid capsule 2-3.5 cm. long, usually covered with soft slender
spines; seeds numerous, with a fleshy, bright orange covering. — From
the fruit is obtained an orange-red dye used locally for coloring rice
and other articles of food. The dye is used in America and Europe
for coloring cheese and butter, fabrics, and varnishes. By some of
the American aborigines it was employed for painting the body, and
the Mayas used it for painting pottery. The plant is employed
locally as a remedy for dysentery, and the seeds as an antidote for
poisoning by seeds of Jatropha Curcas or by Manihot. "Ciui" is the

360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

dye in the form of small cakes, as it is prepared for use. The Kekchi
name for the plant is "xayau"; the Chuje name "oox"; the Jacalte-
can name "ox."

COCHLOSPERMACEAE. Cochlospermum Family
Amoreuxia palmatifida Moc. & Sesse".

Zacyab (Gaumer). Progreso, Gaumer 1155; Izamal, Gaumer in
1904. — An herb about 40 cm. high, nearly glabrous, sparsely branched ;
leaves alternate, long-petiolate, palmately 5-lobed nearly to the base,
the lobes obovate, dentate, rounded at the apex; flowers large, yellow,
in terminal racemes; fruit a large pendulous smooth capsule contain-
ing numerous seeds. — The occurrence of this plant in Yucatan is of
special interest, because the nearest other locality at which it is
known to occur is far northward.

Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. C. hibiscoides
Kunth; Maximilianea vitifolia Krug & Urb.

Chum (Gaumer; reported also as "chuun"), Chimu (Seler). Sp.
Madera de pasta (Yucatan), Pochote (B. H.). Common. — A small
tree with red-brown branches; leaves alternate, long-petiolate, cor-
date at the base, palmately 5-7-lobate, the lobes acuminate, serrate,
glabrate; flowers bright yellow, 10 cm. broad, in terminal clusters;
fruit a 5-valved obovoid capsule 7-8 cm. long; seeds numerous, cov-
ered with cotton-like white hairs. — The wood is soft and brittle.
The bark contains a tough fiber. The tree is a very showy one in
flower, when it is usually leafless. The Kekchi name is "tsuyuy."

VIOLACEAE. Violet Family
Corynostylis arborea (L.) Blake. Calyptrion Hybanthus Millsp.

Reported as collected in Yucatan by Johnson, but the locality is
doubtful. — A scandent shrub; leaves alternate, oval to elliptic-ovate,
crenulate, glabrous; flowers whitish, racemose, spurred; fruit a woody
capsule.

Hybanthus longipes (Dowell) Standl. lonidium brevicaule
Millsp. FMB. 1: 311. 1896, not Mart.

Without locality, Gaumer 855; Buena Vista, in 1899, Gaumer. —
A low perennial herb, the stems mostly simple, sometimes somewhat
woody at the base, densely leafy; leaves slender-petioled, ovate or
elliptic, obtuse or acute, sparsely pubescent; flowers axillary, long-
pediceled.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 361

*f Hybanthus riparius (HBK.) Standl. lonidium oppositifolium
Millsp. FMB. 1: 311. 1896, not R. & S.

Occasional. — A simple or branched, erect annual, sparsely pubes-
cent or nearly glabrous; leaves opposite and alternate, short-
petioled, lanceolate to ovate, acute or acuminate, serrulate; flowers
small, green.

Hybanthus yucatanensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 404. 1898. Bumelia
microphylla Millsp. FMB. 1: 376. 1898, in part, not Griseb.

Sacbacelcan (Gaumer; "white snake bone"), Ta (Seler). Endemic
in the Peninsula; known from Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana
Roo; type from Izamal, Gaumer 469. — A shrub 2.5 m. high with
angled branches, the branchlets spinose; leaves alternate or fascicled,
rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate, glabrous;
flowers small, whitish, fascicled in the leaf axils.

Viola odorata L.

Sp. Violeta. Sometimes cultivated; native of Europe. — Sweet
violet.

Viola tricolor L.

Sp. Violeta. Cultivated for ornament; native of Europe. — Pansy.
Usually called "pensamiento" in Central America, where it is one
of the most popular of ornamental plants, at least at middle and
higher elevations.

FLACOURTIACEAE. Flacourtia Family

Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq.

Iximche (B. H.). Common. — A shrub or small tree 1-5 m. high;
leaves short-petiolate, elliptic to oblong, pellucid-punctate, acute,
nearly glabrous; flowers small, white, in axillary corymbs; fruit an
obovoid berry about 8 mm. long. — Called "cafetillo" in Tabasco.

Laetia americana L.

Without locality, Gaumer 24084, 24313, 24335. — A glabrous tree;
leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, pellucid-
punctate, acute; flowers small, white, in axillary corymbs; fruit a
globose berry 2-4 cm. in diameter. — In Mexico this tree is known
only from our region.

362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

*

Prockia crucis L.

Izamal, Gaumer in 1888. — A shrub or small tree; stipules large and
foliaceous; leaves alternate, petioled, ovate or elliptic, acute or
acuminate, serrulate, pilose; flowers in short terminal racemes; fruit
a globose berry.

Samyda yucatanensis Standl. CNH. 23: 842. 1923. S. serru-
lata Millsp. FMB. 1: 380. 1898, not L. S. rosea Millsp. & Loes.
BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 21. 1905, not Sims.

Putsmucuy (Gaumer), Habalkax (Seler). Sp. Aguja de tdrtola.
Common; endemic; type collected in Yucatan, Schott 603; Izamal,
Gaumer 1063, 858, 699; Ebula, Gaumer 23279; Xkombec, Seler 4033;
Itzimna, Seler 3945; Xcanchakan, Seler 3877; MeYida, Schott 603b,
603a, 603; Chichankanab, Gaumer 2001; without locality, Gaumer
24015. — A shrub or tree 10 m. high or less; leaves obovate or oval,
rounded or obtuse at the apex, entire or obscurely serrulate, densely
tomentose or velutinous beneath; flowers small, axillary, cream-
colored, sessile; fruit globose, 12 mm. in diameter, fleshy, opening
at the apex.

Xylosma flexuosa (HBK.) Hemsl.

"Yucatan," without definite locality, Johnson; perhaps not from
Yucatan. — A shrub or small tree armed with long, slender, often
branched spines; leaves short-petiolate, obovate to elliptic-ovate,
obtuse to acuminate, serrate or subentire; flowers small, fasciculate,
the slender pedicels glabrous. — This is, presumably, the plant listed
by Millspaugh (FMB. 1: 32. 1895) as Myroxylon nitidum (Schlecht.)
Millsp.

Xylosma Hemsleyana Standl. X. elliptica Hemsl.

Nuum-tsu-tsui (Pet4n). Yaxmuxan, Pete"n, Cook & Martin 195. —
A shrub or small tree armed with long spines, those of the trunk
usually branched; leaves elliptic to obovate, rounded to acute at the
apex, crenate-serrate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, greenish
white, axillary, the pedicels pubescent; fruit a small globose berry.—
The specimen is sterile and the specific determination uncertain.
This is probably the plant listed by Perez as "num" and "num-
tzutzuy." He states that the Indians use the spines as pins.

Zuelania Roussoviae Pittier.

Tamay (Gaumer). Sp. Volador. Frequent. — A tree 10-20 m.
high; leaves deciduous, oblong to oblong-oval, acute or obtuse,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 363

tdmentose beneath; flowers small, greenish white, in dense lateral
fascicles; fruit a fleshy subglobose capsule 3.5 cm. in diameter. — A
decoction of the bark is employed as a remedy for amenorrhea. The
wood is said to be of little value.

CARICACEAE. Papaya Family
Carica Papaya L. Papaya vulgaris DC.

Put, Chich-put (a wild form). Sp. Papaya (fruit), Papayo (plant).
Planted and also wild. — Papaya. The papaya is one of the best and
most esteemed of tropical fruits, and is planted everywhere in Mid-
dle America. The fruits are eaten raw or made into dulces. They
vary greatly in shape, size, and flavor, those of wild plants being
small and scarcely fit for food. The plants are pistillate and stami-
nate, hence many of them are sterile. They are grown from seeds,
and fruit in a remarkably short time. The roots are said to be used
in Yucatan for the preparation of dulces, and the leaves are employed
by laundresses to whiten clothes. The milky sap, which contains an
enzyme, papain, resembling animal pepsin in its digestive action, is
administered as a remedy for dyspepsia, and also to expel intestinal
parasites.

Pileus mexicanus (A. DC.) Standl., comb. nov. Jacaratia
mexicana DC.; Pileus heptaphyllus Ramirez ; Leucopremna mexicana
Standl.

Kunche (Gaumer); reported as "kumche" and "cuumche." Sp.
Bonete. Frequent in Yucatan and Campeche. — A tree 12 m. high or
less with few thick branches; leaves deciduous, clustered at the ends
Df the branches, with 5-7 obovate acuminate leaflets; flowers dioe-
cious; fruit 15 cm. long or more, 5-angled, pendent, green or yellow. —
The fruit varies greatly in shape. It is usually eaten cooked or as a
salad, and also is made into dulces.

LOASACEAE. Loasa Family
Gronovia scandens L.

Lalmuch. Common. — A small herbaceous vine, covered with
stinging hairs; leaves alternate, long-petioled, cordate at the base,
deeply palmate-lobed, the lobes acuminate; flowers small, yellow-
green, in bifurcate cymes. — The hairs sting the flesh quite as pain-
fully as any nettle.

364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Mentzelia aspera L. Anoda parviflora Millsp. FMB. 1: 377.
1898, not Cav.

Tzayuntzay (Gaumer), Tsootscab (Schott). Sp. Pegarropa. Fre-
quent.— A pubescent weedy branched herb, the hairs hooked at the
tip; leaves alternate, hastate or lanceolate, acuminate, serrate;
flowers solitary, small, pale yellow; fruit a cylindric capsule. — The
leaves adhere to clothing by the hooked hairs, hence the name
"pegarropa."

Various exotic species of Begonia doubtless are grown for orna-
ment, but no information is available concerning them. Many
species of the genus are native in tropical America.

PASSIFLORACEAE. Passionflower Family

Passiflora ciliata Dryand.

Pochkak (Gaumer). Sp. Pasionaria, Flor de la pasion, Flor de
claw. Frequent. — An herbaceous vine with tendrils; leaves deeply
3-lobed, glandular-ciliate, nearly glabrous; flowers axillary, greenish,
subtended by 3 large bracts, these much divided into filiform gland-
tipped segments. — The plant is said to have narcotic and sedative
properties, producing deep and restful sleep. It is employed as a
remedy for insomnia, convulsions in children, and hysteria.

Passiflora coriacea Juss.

Xicozotz (Pete'n). Collected at Puerto Morelos and Chichan-
kanab, and in Pete'n. — A glabrous vine; leaves peltate, transversely
oblong, the ends acute, coriaceous, the petiole with 2 glands near
the apex; flowers small, not bracted.

Passiflora foetida L.

Tuuboc (Gaumer). Common.— An herbaceous vine, ill-scented;
leaves broadly ovate, shallowly 3-lobed, densely soft-pubescent;
flowers white or purplish, subtended by an involucre of finely dis-
sected bracts; fruit ovoid, 2-4 cm. long. — Called "jujito peludo"
in Tabasco.

Passiflora gossypiifolia Desv.

Pochil (Gaumer). Frequent. — A large herbaceous vine; leaves
3-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse or acute, densely soft-pubescent;
involucral bracts dissected into glandular segments.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 365

t Passiflora Palmeri Rose.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23671. — A woody vine; leaves ovate,
shallowly 3-lobate, very densely velvety-pilose; flowers scarlet, sub-
tended by 3 finely dissected bracts.

Passiflora pulchella HBK.

Occasional. — A small glabrous vine; leaves as broad as long,
rounded at the base, shallowly bilobate, with a broad rounded sinus,
the lobes obtuse or rounded; flowers bluish, subtended by 3 entire
bracts. — This plant, like the other species, is employed in domestic
medicine.

Passiflora serratifolia L.

Sp. Jujito amarillo (Campeche). Near Atasta, Campeche, Rovi-
rosa 129. — An herbaceous vine; leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminate,
serrulate, puberulent; flowers long-stalked, subtended by 3 entire
long-acuminate bracts. — The Kekchi name is "karanilicho."

Passiflora suberosa L.

Coceh (Gaumer). Frequent. — A slender vine, herbaceous or with
corky woody stems; leaves oblong to ovate, entire or 3-lobate, pubes-
cent or glabrous; petiole with 2 glands near the apex; flowers small,
greenish, not bracted. — The Maya name "coceh" belongs properly
to Smilax. The leaves of some forms of this Passiflora suggest closely
those of Smilax mexicana. It may be that the same vernacular name
is employed, on this account, for both plants, but it is more probable
that the name "coceh" has been given in error to the Passiflora.

Passiflora yucatanensis Killip in Standl. FMB. 8: 26. 1930.

Type from Cozumel Island, Gaumer 101. — A large vine; petioles
glandless; leaf blades 4-5 cm. long, 2-lobed or obscurely 3-lobed at
the apex, rounded or truncate at the base, glabrous above, puberu-
lent beneath; flowers 3-3.5 cm. wide. — This has been reported
(FMB. 1: 134. 1895) as P. Andersonii DC.

CACTACEAE. Cactus Family

Cereus Donkelaarii Salm-Dyck. C. grandiflorus Millsp. FMB.
1: 35. 1895, not L. Selenicereus Donkelaarii Britt. & Rose.

Chacuob (Gaumer), Zacbacelcan (Gaumer). Sp. Pitajaya, Pitaya.
— Common; apparently endemic. — A large vine, the stems slender,

366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

terete, 9-10-ribbed, the spines 1-4 mm. long, in clusters of 10-15;
flowers white, 18 cm. long; fruit large, edible. — The handsome
flowers open at night and close in the forenoon. They are employed
in local medicine as a heart stimulant.

Here belongs the "tzakam-ak," "zacamak," or "tsacam" reported
from Yucatan; at least the description agrees well with this species.
The fruit is described as large and red, with white pulp.

It is probable that Cereus grandiflorus L. is grown for ornament.
Its spines are very slender, while those of C. Donkelaarii are short
and stout.

Cereus flagelliformis (L.) Mill. Aporocactus flagelliformis Lem.

Canchoh (Gaumer). Sp. Flor de latigo. Common in cultivation,
and also reported as wild or naturalized. — Stems slender, weak,
usually prostrate or climbing, terete, with 10-12 low ribs, the spines
short and slender; flowers red, 7-8 cm. long; fruit globose, red,
spiny, 1 cm. in diameter.

Cereus Gaumeri (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov. Cephalo-
cereus Gaumeri Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 2: 47. 1920.

Endemic in the Peninsula; type from Yucatan, Gaumer 23934-—
Plants 6 m. high, with few columnar branches; ribs 8 or 9, the spines

5 cm. long or less, the upper areoles bearing clusters of long white
wool; flowers light green, 5-7 cm. long; fruit 4.5 cm. long. — This is
probably the "xne-mis" ("cat's tail") reported by Casares, who
describes the fruit as purple and edible.

Cereus griseus Haw. Lemaireocereus griseus Britt. & Rose.

Progreso, Gaumer 23259. — Plants 8 m. high or less, branched, the
stems columnar, with 8-10 ribs, the spines 4 cm. long or less; flowers
pinkish, 7 cm. long; fruit globose, spiny, 5 cm. in diameter, edible,
with red pulp. — Here probably belongs the "xne-bob," described by
Casares.

Cereus pentagonus (L.) Haw. Acanthocereus pentagonus Britt.

6 Rose.

Numtzutzuy (Gaumer); reported also as "nuntzutzuy." Sp. Tuna
silvestre. Common. — Stems climbing, 3-5-angled, rarely 6-8-angled,
the spines 4 cm. long or less; flowers 14-20 cm. long, white; fruit large,
red. — The fruit is edible. The spines are sometimes used as a sub-
stitute for pins.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 367

Cereus undatus Haw. Cereus trigonus Donde", Apuntes 48. 1907.
Hylocereus undatus Britt. & Rose.

Chacuob (Gaumer), Zacwob (Gaumer), Uob, Uoo, Uo. Sp. Pitaya,
Pitahaya, Pitajaya, Pitahaya roja, Pitahaya blanca. Common, grow-
ing over walls and trees. — A large vine, the stems usually 3-angled,
the spines 2-4 mm. long; flowers 30 cm. long, white; fruit 10-12 cm.
in diameter, red, covered with large scales, with white pulp and many
small black seeds. — The flowers open at night. The fruit is very
good to eat. It is reported that some forms have yellow fruit. A
sirup made from the red fruit is employed for coloring candy and
pastry.

Cereus yucatanensis Standl., nom. nov. Pachycereus Gaumeri
Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 2: 71. 1920. C. pecten-aboriginum Millsp.
FMB. 1: 311. 1896, not Engelm.

Culul, Sac-culul, Chac-culul. Frequent; endemic; type from Cenote
Hodo, Gaumer 23778. — Plants 2-7 m. high, the branches columnar,
4-7-angled, the spines 1-3 cm. long; flowers yellowish green, 5 cm.
long. — The fruit is said to be white or red, and good to eat.

There is reported by Gaumer a Cereus known as "kanzacam."
This has not been identified.

Epiphyllum strictum (Lem.) Britt. & Rose. Phyllocactus
str ictus Lem.

Sp. Santa Rita. — Grown for ornament, and apparently also
native. — Plants normally epiphytic, the stems flat, 5-8 cm. wide,
coarsely serrate, unarmed; flowers 15 cm. long, white; fruit globose,
4-5 cm. in diameter.

Mammillaria Gaumeri (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov.
Neomammillaria Gaumeri Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 4: 72. 1923.

Poltzacam (Gaumer). Endemic; type from sand dunes at Pro-
greso, Gaumer 2331+9. — Plants cespitose, the stems globose, coarsely
tuberculate, the spines 5-7 mm. long; flowers creamy white, 10-14
mm. long; fruit clavate, red, 2 cm. long. — This is probably the plant
reported by Casares with the name "pol-mis."

Mammillaria yucatanensis (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov.
Neomammillaria yucatanensis Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 4: 114. 1923.

Type from Progreso, Gaumer 21*367. — Stems globose, 8-10 cm. in
diameter, tuberculate, the spines 5-14 mm. long; flowers small, rose;
fruit oblong, red.

368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Nopalea cochenillifera (L.) Salm-Dyck.

Pacam. Said to be cultivated occasionally. — Plants tall, branched,
often 2-3 m. high; joints oblong, sometimes 50 cm. long; spines none
or minute; flowers red, 5.5 cm. long; fruit red, 5 cm. long. — This
species formerly was grown extensively in many parts of Mexico and
Central America as a food plant for the cochineal insect, from which
was obtained a handsome red dye. This coloring substance must
have been well known to the ancient Mayas. "Mukay" is the Maya
equivalent of cochineal. "Yiihpakam" is defined (Motul Dictionary)
as the cochineal plant "ya de sazon para que salgan y nazcan en el
los gusanillos de la grana." The Pokonchi word for Nopalea is
"chuh."

Nopalea Gaumeri Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 1: 216. 1919.

Zacam. Endemic; type from Sisal, Gaumer 23250; collected also
at Tsilam. — Plants 3 m. high; joints linear-oblong or oblanceolate,
6-12 cm. long; spines very numerous, 5-20 mm. long; flowers red, 4
cm. long, the petals erect, not spreading as in Opuntia; fruit red, 3
cm. long. — It is rather doubtful whether this is distinct from N.
inaperta.

Nopalea inaperta Schott ex Griffiths, Monatsschr. Kakteenk.
23: 139. 1913.

Zacamtsotz (Gaumer). Endemic in Yucatan. — Plants said to
reach a height of 5-7 m.; joints flat, obovate or oblong, 6-17 cm.
long, the spines numerous, 2 cm. long or less; flowers red, 4 cm. long;
fruit red, 1.5 cm. long.

Gaumer lists "mehenzacamtsotz" as a species of Nopalea.

Opuntia Dillenii (Gawler) Haw. 0. Tuna Millsp. FMB. 1: 35.
1895, 2: 78. 1900.

Pakan, Yaaxpakan (Gaumer). Sp. Nopal (the plant; Nahuatl),
Tuna (the fruit). Common. — Prickly pear. A low or tall plant with
large, oblong to obovate joints covered with long spines; flowers
yellow; fruit purplish. — There are doubtless several other Opuntias
in the region, but they have not been collected or studied. The
fruits of some of the plants are good to eat, and the young joints are
cooked and eaten. The joints are heated and applied as poultices to
relieve pleurisy.

Casares reports a "xiknal-tzacam" which is either Opuntia or
Nopalea.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 369

, . Pereskia aculeata Mill.

Without locality, Gaumer 24374; probably cultivated. — A shrub,
srect or clambering, armed with slender spines; leaves lanceolate to
ovate, acute, fleshy; flowers pale yellow or pinkish, 2.5-4.5 cm. broad;
fruit yellow, obconic. — Because of their normal leaves, the Pereskias
are very different in aspect from other cactuses.

The Maya name "tsunya" has been reported as applied to a
plant of this genus.

Pereskia scandens (Britt. & Rose) Standl., comb. nov. Peres-
kiopsis scandens Britt. & Rose, Cactaceae 4: 252. 1923.

Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer. — A slender vine, the spines
5 mm. long; leaves ovate, acute; flowers yellow; fruit 5-7 cm. long.

LYTHRACEAE. Loosestrife Family

Ammannia coccinea Rottb.

Izamal, Gaumer 592. — A small erect glabrous branched herb of
wet soil; leaves opposite, linear, clasping by an auricled base, entire;
flowers small, purple, clustered in the leaf axils; fruit a small capsule.

Cuphea balsamona C. & S.

Occasional. — A low weedy pubescent annual; leaves small,
oblong to ovate-oblong, acute, entire, opposite; flowers small, axil-
lary, purple. — One of the common weeds of tropical American low-
lands.

Cuphea Gaumeri Koehne, BJE. 29: 154. 1900. C. trinitatis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 311. 1896, not DC. Parsonsia Gaumeri Standl.
CNH. 23: 1017. 1924.

Frequent; endemic; type from Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 785. —
An erect annual, glandular-pubescent; leaves sessile, oblong to ellip-
tic, obtuse or acute, ciliolate; flowers axillary and in terminal
racemes, purple.

Lagerstroemia indica L.

Sp. Astrondmica, Jupiter. Commonly planted for ornament;
native of the Old World. — Crape myrtle. A shrub with alternate,
entire, nearly glabrous leaves; flowers white, pink, or purple.

Lawsonia inermis L. L. alba Lam.

Sp. Reseda francesa. Grown for ornament; native of Asia and
Africa. — Henna. A glabrous shrub with opposite oblong entire

370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

leaves; flowers small, yellow, sweet-scented, in terminal panicles.—
The plant furnishes a red dye which is much used, especially in the
Orient, for coloring the hair and nails red, yellow or black.

PUNICACEAE. Pomegranate Family
Punica Granatum L.

Yanuco (Gaumer; probably not Maya). Sp. Granada (fruit),
Granado (plant). Grown commonly for its fruit; native of the Medi-
terranean region.— Pomegranate. A shrub or small tree with op-
posite entire leaves and showy red flowers.— Both sweet and sour
varieties are grown in Yucatan, but the pomegranate is little planted
in most parts of tropical America. In Yucatan the root is employed
as an agent for expelling tapeworms.

COMBRETAGEAE. Combretum Family
Bucida Buceras L.

Pucte. Bullet-tree, Bully-tree (B. H.). Common in the southern
part of the Peninsula.— A large tree with gray bark, often armed
with spines; leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, obovate,
rounded or retuse at the apex, glabrate; flowers small, green, in
spikes; fruit a drupe 5 mm. long.— The wood is hard, close-grained,
yellowish brown, and heavy. The leaves are often colored bronze or
red.

Combretum erianthum Benth.

Campeche.— A large woody vine; leaves opposite, oblong to
elliptic, obtuse or acute, entire, brown-lepidote beneath; flowers
small, spicate; fruit coriaceous, 2 cm. long, broadly winged.

Conocarpus erecta L. C. sericea Forst.; C. erecta var. arborea
Griseb.; C. erecta var. sericea Griseb.; C. erecta var. argentea Millsp.;
C. erecta var. procumbens Jacq.

Kanche ("snake-tree;" Gaumer), Taabche (Gaumer; also written
"tabche"). Sp. Botoncillo, Mangle, Mangle prieto. Buttonwood (B.
H.). Common along the coast, in and near mangrove swamps, and
about Lake Chichankanab.— Button mangrove. A shrub or small
tree, occasionally prostrate, sometimes 20 m. high; leaves alternate,
obovate to elliptic, obtuse or acute, entire, leathery, glabrous or
sericeous; flowers very small, in panicled conelike heads.— The wood
is hard, close-grained, grayish or yellowish brown, and heavy. The
tree is very variable as to size and pubescence.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 371

fif Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.

Zacolcom (Gaumer). Sp. Mangle bobo (Yuc.), Mangle bianco
(B. H.). White mangrove (B. H.). Common along the coast in and
near mangrove swamps. — A glabrous tree 20 m. high or less; leaves
opposite, oblong to oval, rounded at the apex, entire, very thick and
fleshy; flowers small, in clustered spikes; fruit a leathery 10-ribbed
reddish drupe 1.5 cm. long. — The wood is hard, strong, dense, and
yellowish brown.

Terminalia Catappa L. Buceras Catappa Hitchc.

Sp. Almendro. Planted as a shade tree; native of the East
Indies. — Indian almond. A large tree with radiate whorled branches ;
leaves large, obovate, rounded and abruptly pointed at the apex,
nearly glabrous, often tinged with red; flowers small, green, in
spikes; fruit an obovoid drupe 4-7 cm. long. — The wood is hard,
close-grained, and red-brown. The kernels of the seeds are good to
eat.

Terminalia Hayesii Pittier is called "guayabo" and "nargusta"
in British Honduras. The Mayan name of Guatemala is "canxun."

RHIZOPHORAGEAE. Mangrove Family
Rhizophora Mangle L.

Tapche (Gaumer; reported also as "tabche")- Sp. Mangle,
Mangle Colorado. Red mangrove (B. H.). Common in coastal
swamps. — Mangrove. A glabrous tree; leaves oppdsite, elliptic or
obovate, leathery, entire. — The wood is hard, close-grained, strong,
and dark red-brown. The tree is notable for its stiltlike prop-roots.
The bark is rich in tannin, and is used locally, especially by the
Indians, for tanning skins. It is employed also as a remedy for lepra,
diarrhea, and dysentery.

MYRTAGEAE. Myrtle Family

Calyptranthes Millspaughii Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 294. 1912.
Chytraculia Chytraculia Millsp. FMB. 2: 80. 1900, not Myrtus
Chytraculia L.

Type collected on Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1537; also in
British Honduras. — A small tree; leaves opposite, short-petiolate,
oval-elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acuminate, coriaceous, glabrous;
flowers small, white, in terminal many-flowered ferruginous-pubes-
cent corymbs.

372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd.

Sp. Granada cimarrona (B. H.), Vaina de espada (B. H.). Occa-
sional.— A shrub or small tree with pale branches; leaves opposite
and pellucid-punctate (as in other plants of the family), elliptic,
obtuse or acutish, glabrous; flowers small, white, clustered in the
leaf axils; fruit a globose red aromatic berry 1 cm. in diameter.

If the description is correct, the "xich-huhil" of Cuevas (PI.
Med. 108. 1913) must be closely related to Eugenia axillaris. Cuevas
states that it is employed, together with three other plants, as a
remedy for hemorrhoids.

Eugenia Gaumeri Standl. FMB. 8: 28. 1930.

Type from Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23843; without locality,
Gaumer 23984, 24073. — Leaves short-petiolate, oblong or elliptic-
oblong, 4-5.5 cm. long, narrowed to the obtuse apex, acute at the
base, strigose when young but soon glabrate; flowers fasciculate in
the leaf axils or short-racemose, the slender pedicels 6-15 mm. long;
ovary densely whitish-strigose.

Eugenia Jambos L.

Sp. Pomarrosa. Reported as planted in Yucatan; native of
Asia. — Rose-apple. A large tree with dense crown; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, 12-20 cm. long, leathery; flowers greenish white, 1.5 cm.
wide; fruit globose, 3-4 cm. in diameter, yellowish, tinged with
pink. — This is one of the handsomest of tropical shade trees. The
flesh of the fruit is firm and sweet, with a flavor like that of rose-
water.

Eugenia mayana Standl. CNH. 23: 1042. 1924.

Sacloob (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer 714;
Chankon, Becquaert 64; without locality, Gaumer 24123, 24215. — A
shrub or small tree with pale bark; leaves small, obovate or oblong-
obovate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, puberulent; flowers white,
in axillary clusters.

Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urb.

Without locality, Gaumer 24044- — A shrub or small tree with pale
branches; leaves ovate or elliptic, 3-6 cm. long, acuminate, leathery,
glabrous; fruit globose, 1.5 cm. in diameter.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 373

Eugenia yucatanensis Standl. FMB. 8: 28. 1930.

Type from Izamal, Gaumer in 1888. — Leaves short-petiolate,
elliptic, 5.5-8 cm. long, abruptly obtuse-acuminate, rounded or very
obtuse at the base, nearly glabrous; flowers in short racemes, short-
pedicellate; ovary densely whitish-strigose.

Pimenta officinalis Lindl. P. vulgaris Lindl.

Sp. Pimienta, Pimiento de Tabasco. Allspice, Pimento (B. H.).
Cultivated in Yucatan and doubtless native in the southern part
of the Peninsula. — A small or medium-sized, very aromatic, nearly
glabrous tree; bark pale, smooth; leaves petioled, oblong to oval-
oblong, 9-20 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex; flowers small,
white, in axillary cymes; fruit globose, 5-8 mm. in diameter. — The
dried green fruit is the allspice of commerce. The tree is a delightful
one because of the highly agreeable fragrance exhaled by all parts.
The odor is retained indefinitely in herbarium specimens, a very
unusual condition.

Psidium Guajava L. P. pomiferum L.

Pichi, Coloc (Campeche). Sp.Guayaba (fruit), Guayabo (tree);
word of Antillean origin. Common. — Guava. A shrub or small
tree with scaly, pale brown bark. — The guava is one of the common
fruit trees of tropical America, its abundant seeds germinating
everywhere. The fruit, which varies greatly in size, shape, and color,
is esteemed most highly for making the marmalade known as guava
paste, a common dessert. A decoction of the leaves is a local remedy
for diarrhea, and the crushed leaves are applied to ulcers. The
Motul Dictionary gives the Maya name of the tree and fruit as
"pachi." In the Ixil dialect of Guatemala it is called "ch'amxuy";
in Pokonchi "cak"; and in Kekchi "pata."

Psidium Sartorianum (Berg) Niedenzu. Calycorectes mexicana
Millsp. FMB. 1: 312. 1896, not Berg.

Pichiche (Gaumer). Frequent in brushlands. — A tree 15 m. high
with smooth gray bark; leaves ovate, short-petioled, ovate, acumi-
nate, 2-4 cm. long, glabrous; flowers small, axillary, white; fruit
globose, 2 cm. in diameter, greenish yellow or red, containing few
seeds. — The fruit is juicy and has a spicy subacid flavor. Cuevas
states that the crushed leaves are applied to wounds to stop the
flow of blood, and to heal them.

374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

MELASTOMACEAE. Melastome Family

Tibouchina longifolia (Vahl) Baill., Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.)
Don, and Clidemia petiolaris (Schlecht. & Cham.) Triana (a synonym
of C. Deppeana Steud.) have been reported by Millspaugh (FMB. 1:
36. 1895), but the records need verification. Gaumer reports the
name of Conostegia xalapensis as "capulincillo." The family is
abundantly represented in northern British Honduras, and several
species must be found in Quintana Roo.

ONAGRAGEAE. Evening-primrose Family
Jussiaea suffruticosa L.

Mazcabche (Gaumer). Sp. Cornezuelo cimarrdn. Only one col-
lection seen, from Xcholac, but the plant is probably not rare in
the region, since it is one of the most common weeds of Mexico
and Central America. — An erect herb 1 m. high or less, pubescent;
leaves alternate, lanceolate to ovate, entire, petioled; flowers solitary,
axillary, bright yellow; fruit a cylindric capsule. — In Tabasco the
plant is called "flor de camaron."

Some of the South American Fuchsias probably are grown for
ornament in Yucatan.

UMBELLIFERAE. Parsley Family
Anethum graveolens L.

Sp. Eneldo. Cultivated; native of Europe. — Fennel. A glabrous
annual, the leaves dissected into filiform segments; flowers yellow.—
The seeds are used for flavoring food.

Apium graveolens L.

Sp. Apio. Grown as a vegetable. — Celery.

Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft.

Sp. Apio. Listed by Gaumer as in cultivation; native of northern
South America. — A tall coarse herb with large bipinnate leaves. —
The tuberous roots are cooked and eaten.

Coriandrum sativum L.

Sp. Culantro. Cultivated; native of the Old World. — Coriander.
The seeds are used to flavor food. The name "saquil" is reported
from Guatemala for the plant.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 375

•if Daucus Carota L.

Sp. Zanahorria. Grown commonly as a vegetable; native of
Europe and Asia. — Carrot.

Foeniculum vulgare Hill.

Sp. Hinojo. Cultivated and rarely escaping; native of Europe. —
Dill. A large glabrous perennial, the leaves divided into long capil-
lary segments; flowers yellow. — The seeds are employed for seasoning
food.

Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. H. yucatanensis Millsp. FMB.
2: 81. 1900.

Occasional in Yucatan and Campeche. — A glabrous creeping
perennial herb of wet soil; leaves long-petiolate, peltate, orbicular,
crenate; flowers small, green, pediceled, in branched umbels. — The
type of H. yucatanensis was collected at Progreso, Millspaugh 1677.
This is perhaps the plant reported by Aznar as Hydrocotyle umbellata
L., with the vernacular name "coronilla de San Antonio."

Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. H. prolifera Millsp. FMB. 1:
381. 1898, not Kell.

Pacanle (Gaumer). Xcholac, Gaumer 445. — Similar, the flowers
sessile or nearly so, the whorls forming an interrupted spike.

Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Apium Petroselinum L.

Sp. Perejil. Cultivated; native of southern Europe. — Parsley.
The plant is employed generally for flavoring food. It is used locally
as an emmenagogue, and for nephritis and dropsy.

Pimpinella Anisum L.

Sp. Anis. Cultivated; native of the Mediterranean region. —
Anise. Used commonly for flavoring food.

LENNOACEAE. Lennoa Family

Lennoa madreporoides Llave & Lex. L. caerulea Millsp. FMB.
1: 382. 1898, perhaps not Fourn.

Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1116. — A low fleshy herb, parasitic
upon the roots of other plants, without chlorophyll; leaves reduced
to scales; inflorescence branched, the flowers densely clustered at
the ends of the branchlets; calyx deeply 8-cleft; corolla small,
tubular-funnelform, violaceous.

376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

THEOPHRASTACEAE. Theophrasta Family

Jacquinia aurantiaca Ait. J. armillaris Millsp. FMB. 1: 392.
1898, not Jacq. J. ruscifolia Flores, Agricultor 107: 9. 1923.

Muyche (Gaumer), Chacsic (Flores), Tcan-sik (B. H.). Common.
— A shrub or small tree; leaves oblong to elliptic, obtuse or acute,
tipped with a sharp stiff spine; flowers orange, 8 mm. long, in corymb-
like racemes; fruit globose, hard, 2 cm. in diameter. — This is perhaps
the Jacquinia reported from Pete*n by Maler, with the name "chac-
sinkin." In Tabasco it is called "siche" and "flor de San Antonio."
The plant is reported to be employed as a remedy for whooping
cough. The stiff corollas are strung on cords and used for decorations,
and they are described as having been employed in ancient times for
decorating the Maya temples.

Jacquinia axillaris Oerst.

Chacsik (Pete"n). Quintana Roo and Pete"n. — A shrub or small
tree; leaves lance-oblong, stiff, acute, spine- tipped; flowers orange,
7-10 mm. long, in racemes.

Jacquinia flammea Millsp. ex Mez in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV.
236a: 40. 1903. J. aristata Millsp. FMB. 1: 36. 1895, not Jacq. J.
armillaris Millsp. FMB. 1: 312. 1896, not Jacq.

Zinkinkax (Gaumer*), Chaczinkinkax (Gaumer) ; reported as "chac-
tsicikax." Common; endemic; type from Tsilam, Gaumer 531. — A
shrub or small tree; leaves obovate, rounded at the apex, sometimes
pungent-tipped; racemes corymb-like, the flowers orange, 8-10 mm.
long. — This species is employed like J. aurantiaca. In some regions
the Jacquinias are used commonly as fish poisons.

MYRSINACEAE. Myrsine Family

Ardisia escallonioides Schlecht. & Cham. Icacorea paniculata
Sudw.

Zachoclub (Gaumer), Xooknum (Seler). Frequent. — A shrub or
tree, 6 m. high or less; leaves alternate, obovate or elliptic, obtuse
or acute, entire, glabrous; flowers small, pink, in panicled racemes;
fruit globose, 4-8 mm. in diameter, black, 1-seeded, juicy. — The
wood is hard and brown. The fruit in this genus is sweet and edible.

Ardisia revoluta HBK. Icacorea revoluta Standl.

Frequent. — A glabrous shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic or
obovate, 9-19 cm. long, obtuse or acute; flowers pink, in panicled
racemes; fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 377

' • Parathesis crenulata Hook, f . (collected by Johnson) and P.
corymbosa Hemsl. (collected by Linden) have been reported from
Yucatan, but the localities are doubtful.

EBENAGEAE. Ebony Family

Diospyros anisandra Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34:
44. 1921.

Xnobche (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Suitun, Gaumer 23308;
Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23863; without locality, Gaumer 24030;
Suitun, Gaumer 23307; Xanaba, Gaumer 688. — A shrub 3 m. high,
flowering in May; leaves alternate, obovate, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, retuse,
glabrate; flowers small, axillary, yellow; calyx (as in other species)
4-5-lobed.

Diospyros cuneata Standl. FMB. 8: 33. 1930.

Endemic; type, Gaumer 24098; Izamal, Gaumer 700; without
locality, Gaumer 24211, 23955. — Leaves short-petiolate, cuneate-
obovate, 4-8.5 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cuneately
narrowed to the base, beneath strigillose when young but soon
glabrate; flowers in 3-4-flowered axillary cymes; calyx 4-lobed, 3.5
mm. long; corolla 6-7 mm. long, densely sericeous; fruit glabrous.

Diospyros Ebenaster Retz. D. ebeneum Millsp. FMB. 1: 382.
1898, not Koen.

Tauch (Gaumer). Sp. Zapote negro, Ebano. Planted as a fruit
tree, and perhaps native. — A medium-sized tree, flowering in April;
leaves oblong to elliptic, sometimes 30 cm. long, leathery, obtuse or
acutish, glabrous; fruit subglobose, green, 7.5 cm. or less in diameter,
the pulp soft, black; seeds 4-10, large, compressed. — The fruit is
eaten; but it is not very good, and it is certainly most unattractive
in appearance. A decoction of the leaves is used as an astringent
and as a remedy for malaria. This species has been listed from Yuca-
tan as "Diospyros obtusifolia." The wood is an ebony, being black
and very hard.

Maba albens (Presl) Hiern.

Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23862; without locality, Gaumer 24089. —
A large shrub or small tree; leaves oblong to obovate, 3-7 cm. long,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, or sometimes acute, densely pubes-
cent; flowers small, axillary, pedicellate or nearly sessile; calyx 3-
lobate.

378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

SAPOTACEAE. Sapodilla Family
Achras Zapota L. Sapota Achras Mill.

Ya. Sp. Zapote, Chicozapote. Abundant in the southern part of
the Peninsula; often planted as a shade and fruit tree. — Sapodilla.
A large tree, sometimes 30 m. high, with dense crown; leaves clustered
at the ends of the branches, petioled, oblong to elliptic, obtuse, en-
tire, glabrous when mature; flowers small, white, solitary in the leaf
axils, brown-tomentose; fruit ovoid or globose, 6 cm. or more in
diameter, containing 1-5 seeds. — The wood is fine-grained, hard,
reddish, easy to work and polish, and little molested by insects. It
is used for posts, rafters, railroad ties, and cabinetwork, and it was
the chief wood utilized in the ancient Maya temples. Bows, also,
were fashioned from it. The fruit is highly esteemed by many
persons. Its flesh is yellowish brown, translucent, and sweet.

The most important product of the tree is the gum or chicle
obtained from the milky latex, and used as the basis of chewing gum.
The latex is collected from slashes made in the trunk during the
rainy season, and it must be boiled and beaten until it thickens.
Chicle bianco or chicle virgen is obtained from the fruits. Chicle is
the chief article of export from the southern part of the Peninsula.
Mexico is reported to produce an average of 2,812,320 kilograms
per year, and Quintana Roo alone has exported from 169,000 to
1,028,000 kilograms a year.

Chicle or "tsicte" (from the Nahuatl, "tsictli") was well known
to the ancient Mayas, being chewed to quench thirst, and also as an
accompaniment of meals. It was prepared in "barras" about 10 cm.
long and 1 cm. thick, wrapped in banana leaves, a form in which it
is still offered for sale locally. The export of chicle is an industry of
recent development.

The gum is employed also for filling cavities in teeth. The
pulverized seeds are applied to the bites and stings of poisonous
animals.

The Motul Dictionary defines "zaya" as "chicozapote," and also
as atole made from the fruits in times of famine. The latex is called
"itz"; when boiled and ready to chew, "cha." The Nahuatl name
of the tree is "chictzapotl" (hence "chicozapote") or "xicontzapotl" ;
the Quich^ name is "tzaput."

Bumelia retusa Sw. B. buxifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 376. 1898,
not Willd. B. glomerata Millsp. FMB. 1: 376. 1898, not Griseb. B.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 379

microphylla Millsp. FMB. 1: 376. 1898, in part, not Griseb. B.
obtusifolia var. buxifolia Miq. & Eichl.

Putsmucuy (Gaumer), Xpetcitam (Gaumer), Zactsitsilche
(Gaumer), Mulche (Gaumer). Common. — A shrub or small tree,
armed with stout spines; leaves short-petiolate, broadly obovate or
rounded, rounded or emarginate at the apex, leathery, brown-
sericeous or glabrate beneath; flowers small, pediceled, clustered in
the leaf axils; fruit subglobose, fleshy, 8-10 mm. long.

Bumelia spiniflora A. DC.

Calotmul, Gaumer 1313. — A very spiny shrub or small tree;
leaves cuneate-oblanceolate to rounded-obovate, rounded at the
apex, glabrous; flowers small, pediceled, fascicled in the leaf axils;
fruit black, 1-2 cm. long, the flesh sweet and edible; wood hard,
weak, light brown.

Calocarpum mammosum (L.) Pierre. Lucuma mammosa
Gaertn.

Chacalhaas. Sp. Mamey, Mamey Colorado. Planted as a fruit
tree; perhaps native in the region. — Sapote. A large tree; leaves
deciduous, obovate, 10-30 cm. long, short-petioled, rounded to
acute at the apex, thin, glabrate; flowers white, subsessile on leafless
twigs; fruit globose or ovoid, 8-20 cm. long, brown, the flesh pink
or reddish; seed 1, about 8 cm. long, smooth, polished. — This is
one of the common fruit trees of tropical America. The sweet fruit
is eaten raw or made into preserves. The wood is fine-grained, hard,
and compact. The seeds are pulverized, mixed with oil, and applied
to the scalp to promote growth of the hair. The Quich£ name of
this species is "zaltulul." The usual name for the fruit in Mexico
and Central America is "zapote."

Chrysophyllum Cainito L.

Sp. Caimito (of Antillean derivation), Cayumito. Planted com-
monly, and perhaps native in the southern part of the Peninsula. —
Star-apple. A large or medium-sized tree with dense crown; leaves
short-petioled, oval to oblong, abruptly acute or short-acuminate,
densely covered beneath with shining brown hairs; flowers small,
pediceled, clustered in the leaf axils; fruit globose, yellow, green, or
purple, with sweet milky flesh, containing several large seeds. — The
tree is grown generally in tropical America for its sweet fruit.
The rather coarse-grained, purplish gray or nearly black, and heavy

380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

wood is sometimes used for construction purposes. The name star-
apple is derived from the fact that when the fruit is cut transversely
the narrow seeds are seen radiating like the points of a star.

Chrysophyllum mexicanum Brandeg. C. Cainito Millsp.
FMB. 1: 382. 1898, not L. C. monopyrenum Millsp. FMB. 2: 82.
1900, not Sw.

Chiceh (Gaumer; Yuc., B. H.). Sp. Cayumito silvestre. Wild
star-apple (B. H.). Frequent. — A large tree; leaves pale-silky
beneath; flowers smaller than in C. Cainito, the corolla glabrous;
fruit 1-seeded.

Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A. DC.

Txitxya (Gaumer), Tsiisyab (Gaumer), Sac-chum (Gaumer) ; listed
erroneously as "xac-chum." Frequent. — A tree 12 m. high, un-
armed; leaves slender-petioled, oblong or lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long,
acute or acuminate, glabrate; flowers small, whitish, densely clustered
in the leaf axils; fruit subglobose, black, 8 mm. in diameter. — The
hard, strong, fine-grained, dark brown or blackish wood is used for
construction purposes.

Lucuma campechiana HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 240. 1819.
L. multiflora Millsp. FMB. 1: 313. 1896, not A. DC.

Kanizte. Sp. Mamey de Campeche. Cultivated and perhaps
native; type from Campeche. — A tree 15 m. high; leaves slender-
petioled, oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, large, acute or obtuse,
glabrous or nearly so; flowers clustered in the leaf axils, brown-
hairy. — The fruit is edible, but no information is available as to its
quality.

Lucuma hypoglauca Standl.

Chock (Gaumer). Sp. Zapote bianco. Cultivated as a fruit tree,
and perhaps native. — A medium-sized tree; leaves large, petioled,
oblanceolate-oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex, thinly grayish-
sericeous beneath; flowers small, clustered in the leaf axils; fruit
subglobose, 10 cm. in diameter, with a thick hard brownish-green
shell, the pulp acidulous, of agreeable flavor. — This species is known
also from Salvador.

Sideroxylon Gaumeri Pittier, CNH. 13: 460. /. 86. 1912. S.
Mastichodendron Millsp. FMB. 1 : 313. 1896, not Jacq.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 381

» •

Subul (Schott). Sp. Ebano amarillo. Endemic; type collected at
Izamal, Gaumer 763; Calotmul, Schott in 1866; Izamal, Gaumer
23228. — A large glabrous tree; leaves long-petioled, oblong, obtuse;
flowers small, clustered on old branches; fruit ellipsoid, 1-seeded, 2
cm. long. — The fruit is edible.

PLUMBAGINACEAE. Plumbago Family

Plumbago capensis Thunb.

Sp. Embeleso, Jazmin azul. Cultivated for ornament; native of
South Africa. — Plumbago. A shrub, often scandent, with showy,
pale blue flowers. — This has been listed from Yucatan as P. caerulea.

Plumbago scandens L.

Chabak (Gaumer), Chapak (Seler); reported incorrectly as "xca-
baac," "chakhak," and "tsaimentsai." Sp. Hierba de alacran. A
common weed. — Plants suffrutescent, erect or subscandent; leaves
alternate, oblong to ovate, narrowed at the base, acuminate, entire;
flowers white, spicate, the calyx glandular. — The juice of the leaves
blisters the skin quickly. It is employed as a remedy for itch and
other skin diseases, and is reported to be administered as an emetic or
purgative.

OLEACEAE. Olive Family
Jasminum grandiflorum L.

Sp. Jazmin, Jazmin de olor. Listed by Gaumer as cultivated for
ornament; native of southern Asia. — Royal jasmine. A nearly gla-
brous vine with pinnate leaves and fragrant white flowers.

Jasminum Sambac (L.) Soland.

Listed by Gaumer as in cultivation; native of the East Indies.—
Arabian jasmine. An erect pubescent shrub with ovate leaves and
white flowers. — This species is planted for ornament generally in
Central America.

LOGANIACEAE. Logania Family
Spigelia Anthelmia L.

Occasional. — An erect annual, glabrous or nearly so, simple or
branched ; leaves mostly clustered at the top of the stem, lanceolate,
entire, acuminate; flowers small, purplish white, in one-sided spikes;
fruit a small tuberculate capsule.

382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family

Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Griseb.

Occasional in sandy places near the coast or on lake shores. — An
erect glabrous glaucous herb; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, obtuse
or acute, entire; flowers few, blue or nearly white, 2-4 cm. long.

Leiphaimos mexicana (Griseb.) Miq. Voyria mexicana Griseb.

Yaxcabah, Gaumer 2^.54; Chichankanab, Gaumer 2177; Buena
Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1105. — A slender white saprophyte 10-20 cm.
high, the stems simple, the leaves reduced to scales; flowers few,
small, white, in a terminal cyme.

APOGYNACEAE. Dogbane Family
Cerbera Manghas L. C. Odollam Gaertn.
Izamal, cultivated, Gaumer 231 79. Native of tropical Asia.

Echites microcalyx A. DC. E. subsagittata Millsp. FMB. 1: 382.
1898, not R. & P.

Common. — A slender woody vine with milky sap; leaves opposite,
oblong to elliptic, entire, often cuspidate at the apex, cordate or
hastate at the base, usually pubescent beneath; flowers yellow,
2.5-3.5 cm. long, in axillary racemes; fruit of 2 slender pods 8-20
cm. long.

A sterile specimen collected in Peten, apparently an Echites close
toE. Rosana Donn. Smith, bears the name "corrimiento-ak," which
would indicate that it is one of the innumerable remedies for vene-
real diseases.

Echites pinguifolia Standl. FMB. 8; 35. 1930.

Type, Gaumer 815, without locality. — A slender woody vine;
leaves ovate to elliptic, long-acuminate, usually rounded at the base,
densely and minutely soft-pubescent beneath; calyx lobes lance-
attenuate; corolla tube very slender, 18 mm. long, the throat funnel-
form, 1.5 cm. long, the broad lobes about 1 cm. long.

Echites torosa Jacq. E. microcalyx Millsp. FMB. 1: 312, in
part. 1896, not A. DC. E. torulosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 383. 1898, not L.

Occasional. — A slender glabrous woody vine; leaves lance-oblong,
obtuse or acutish, obtuse or rounded at the base; flowers yellow, the
corolla tube 6 mm. long.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 383

9i>

Echites umbellata Jjacq.

Frequent. — A glabrous vine; leaves thick and fleshy, ovate or
oval, rounded at the base; corolla white or pale yellow, the tube
5 cm. long; follicles 15-20 cm. long, thick and stout.

Echites yucatanensis Millsp. ex Standl. FMB. 8: 35. 1930.

Endemic; type from Chichankanab, Gaumer 1979; Tical, Gaumer
23816; without locality, Gaumer 1979, 24039. — A slender glabrous
woody vine; leaves broadly ovate to elliptic-oblong, 6-10 cm. long,
acuminate, usually pandurate and shallowly or deeply constricted
below the middle, or even shallowly trilobate; calyx lobes lanceolate,
long-attenuate; corolla 5-5.5 cm. long; follicles 19-21 cm. long.

Forsteronia spicata (Jacq.) Meyer.

Reported as collected at Campeche by Houstoun.— A woody
vine; leaves oblong or oval, abruptly short-acuminate, entire,
pubescent or glabrate; flowers small, white, in dense spikelike cymes.

Lochnera rosea (L.) Reichenb. Vinca rosea L.; Catharanthus
roseus Don.

Sp. Vicaria. A frequent weed; often planted for ornament;
probably not native. — A glabrate erect herb; leaves oblong to
elliptic, obtuse; flowers axillary, 2.5-3 cm. long, white or pink.

Macrosiphonia macrosiphon (Torr.) Heller was reported from
Yucatan by Millspaugh (FMB. 1: 383. 1898, as M. Berlandieri
Gray), but the specimen, collected by Schott, doubtless was obtained
in northern Mexico. There are no locality data on Schott's original
label.

Nerium Oleander L.

Sp. Narciso, Laurel rosa. Planted commonly for ornament; native
of the Mediterranean region. — Oleander. A shrub or small tree with
white or pink, often double flowers.

Plumeria alba L.

Zacnicte (Gaumer). Sp. Flor de Mayo. Planted and perhaps
native. — A small or medium-sized tree with thick branches and
copious milky sap; leaves alternate, oblong-linear, 16-30 cm. long,
obtuse or acute, finely tomentose beneath; flowers white, in large
terminal cymes; fruit of 2 thick follicles 20 cm. long. — The frangipani
trees are very showy when in flower. The corollas are strung in

384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

chains which are used as decorations in houses and churches, a
custom which doubtless dates from ancient times. The latex is
employed as a drastic purgative.

"Nicte" is a generic term for the Plumerias. The name "flor de
Mayo" is applied because the plants flower about the month of May.

The Plumeria bicolor, with white flowers, reported by Donde*
(Apuntes 33. 1907) may be P. alba. The plant reported by Cuevas
(PI. Med. 69, Ilustr. pi. 11 J.I) as "nictechom" and "flor de zopilote"
seems to be a white-flowered Plumeria, possibly P. alba, or perhaps
P. acutifolia Poir., which, however, is not represented by specimens
from this region. The latex is used as a remedy for toothache and
pains in the gums.

Plumeria multiflora Standl. FMB. 8: 33. 1929.

Type from Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23880; also in northern
British Honduras. — A shrub or small tree with thick branchlets;
leaves narrowly oblong-cuneate, 6-9.5 cm. long, broadly rounded
and apiculate at the apex, glabrous above, densely and minutely
tomentose beneath; calyx 1.5 mm. long, the lobes rounded; corolla
4 cm. long, the lobes equaling the tube.

Plumeria pudica Jacq.

Xtuhuy (Gaumer). Sp. Flor de Mayo. Planted for ornament. —
Flowers yellow, the corolla remaining closed, and never opening as
in the other species.

Plumeria rubra L. P. purpurea Donde", Apuntes 33. 1907.

Zabacnicte (Gaumer), Chacnicte, Nicte. Sp. Flor de Mayo. Com-
monly planted for ornament; probably not native. — A shrub or
small tree; leaves elliptic-oblong to narrowly obovate, 15-40 cm.
long, acute or obtuse, glabrous or nearly so; corolla red or purple,
3.5-5.5 cm. long. — An extract of the plant is reported to have laxa-
tive properties and is employed in the treatment of venereal diseases,
and to expel intestinal parasites. Externally the extract is applied to
cure cutaneous diseases, such as itch, and syphilitic sores. The
name "cumpap" is reported for this species from Guatemala.

Dond£ reports (Apuntes 33. 1907) P. tricolor R. & P. as in
cultivation, and called "flor de Mayo" and "ensalada." In this
species the corolla is red and white outside and yellow within.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 385

Rauwolfia heterophylla R. & S.

Cabamuc (Gaumer), Cabatmuc, Chacmuc (Cuevas), Chacmuc-ak
(Cuevas). Common. — A shrub with milky sap, usually less than 1
m. high; leaves in whorls of 3-5, elliptic-oblong to obovate, acute,
glabrous or nearly so; flowers small, greenish white, in few-flowered
cymes; fruit a drupe 6-8 mm. in diameter, red, changing to purple-
black at maturity. — The latex is applied to granulated eyelids, and
it is reported to have emetic, cathartic, expectorant, and diuretic
properties. It is employed for treating dropsy and various other
diseases.

Rhabdadenia cordata (Mill.) Miers.

Frequent. — A large vine, somewhat pubescent or glabrate; leaves
opposite, elliptic to oval, acute or obtuse and cuspidate-acuminate;
rounded or subcordate at the base; flowers yellow, 6-7 cm. long,
calyx lobes acuminate.

Rhabdadenia paludosa (Vahl) Miers. Echites biflora Millsp.
FMB. 1: 382. 1898, not Jacq.

Frequent in coastal swamps. — A glabrous woody vine; leaves
oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex, petiolate, acutish at the base,
thick and fleshy; flowers pinkish white, 6-7 cm. long; calyx lobes
obtuse; fruit of 2 long slender follicles.

Stemmadenia insignis Miers.

Xlaul (Gaumer). Sp.LemreZ. Occasional; cultivated and perhaps
native; type from MeYida, Schott 430. — A small glabrous tree about
6 m. high; leaves opposite, elliptic or obovate, 8-18 cm. long, petio-
late; flowers pure white, the corolla tube 5 cm. long; fruit of 2 fleshy
follicles 5 cm. long. — Schott states that the seeds are eaten greedily
by birds.

Tabernaemontana alba Mill.

Reported from Campeche. — A shrub with milky sap; leaves
opposite, ovate-oblong, short-acuminate; flowers in cymes; corolla
tube 6 mm. long, the anther tips exserted. — This is probably not
distinct from T. amygdalifolia.

Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia Jacq. T. acapulcensis
Miers; T. citrifolia Millsp. FMB. 2: 83. 1900, not L.

Utsubpek (Gaumer); reported also as "utsupek," "utsuppek,"
and "chusumpek." Sp. Jazmin de perro, Olfato de perro. Common.—
A glabrous shrub 3 m. high or less; leaves elliptic to lance-oblong,

386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

acute; flowers fragrant, the corolla white, the tube 8-15 mm. long;
anther tips exserted; fruit of 2 thick fleshy follicles 4-6 cm. long.—
An infusion of the leaves is administered as a laxative in the treat-
ment of biliousness.

Tabernaemontana citrifolia L.

In forest, Esperanza, Campeche, Seler 4007. — A glabrous shrub
or small tree; leaves petiolate, oblanceolate-oblong to elliptic, 6-20
cm. long, acute or abruptly short-acuminate; flowers white, in dense
or lax cymes, the tube 6-8 mm. long; anther tips included.

Tabernaemontana litoralis HBK.

Type from Campeche. — A glabrous shrub; leaves elliptic-oblong,
acute; flowers 5 cm. long; stamen tips included.

Thevetia Gaumeri Hemsl. in Hook. Icon. PI. 16: pi. 1517. 1886.
T. spathulata Millsp. FMB. 1: 383. 1898.

Acitz (Gaumer; "raw-milk"). Frequent; endemic; type from
Cozumel Island, Gaumer 7 in 1885. — A tree 6-12 m. high, the trunk
sometimes 20 cm. in diameter, glabrous throughout; leaves oblanceo-
late, obtuse, leathery, shining; corolla yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long; fruit
drupaceous, 3 cm. broad, 2 cm. long. — The type of T. spathulata is
from Merida, Schott 321.

Thevetia nitida (HBK.) A. DC. has been reported from Yucatan,
but the record is doubtful.

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum. T. neriifolia Juss.

Acitz (Gaumer). Sp. Campanula, Cabalonga (Gaumer). Planted
and perhaps naturalized; probably not native. — A glabrous shrub or
small tree with milky sap; leaves linear, 7-15 cm. long; flowers
bright yellow, 7 cm. long; fruit 3-4 cm. broad, 2 cm. long, fleshy. —
The latex is applied to decayed teeth to relieve toothache, and is
reported sometimes to resolve them into fragments. It is applied
also to chronic sores or ulcers. The sap is reputed poisonous, and
doubtless is so. The extract of the plant has been employed locally
in the treatment of malarial and other fevers, and of yellow fever.
The sweet-scented flowers are very showy. The name "chohop"
is reported for this species from Guatemala.

Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link.

Reported from Mugeres Island, Gaumer in 1886. — A shrub or
small tree, glabrous or nearly so; leaves alternate, lanceolate, fleshy;

FLORA OF YUCATAN 387

'flowers small, white, in cymes; fruit an oblong white drupe 1 cm.
long.

ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family

Asclepias curassavica L.

Chilillo-xiu (Sp. and Maya), Analkak, Chontalpa, Xpolkuchil,
Cabal-kumche, Kuchilxiu, Cuchillo-xiu (Aznar), Sac-canzelxiu (Cue-
vas). Sp. Cancerillo, Plato y taza, Revienta muelas, Ponchixuis,
Cochinita (Camp.~),Quema-casas (seeds; Camp.). A common weed.—
Red milkweed. An erect perennial herb with milky sap, glabrous or
nearly so; leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate; flowers red and yellow,
in umbels. — The plant is employed for treating cutaneous and
venereal diseases and for fevers. The leaves are applied, either fresh
or dried and pulverized, to cancers and sores, and the fresh leaves
are bound upon the head as a remedy for headache. The latex is
used as a hemostatic, placed in cavities in the teeth to relieve tooth-
ache, or taken as an emetic and purgative. The plant, a showy and
handsome one when in flower, is one of the most frequent weeds of
tropical America. The name "cantil" is reported for the plant from
Guatemala.

Asclepias longicornu Benth. A. pratensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 38.
1895, not Benth.

Cabalkunche (Gaumer). Frequent. — A low simple erect perennial
pubescent herb; leaves oblong to ovate, obtuse; flowers greenish, in
lax or dense umbels. — The milky latex is placed in cavities in the
teeth to relieve toothache.

Dictyanthus yucatanensis Standl. FMB. 8: 37. 1930.

Boochin, Xbockin. Endemic; type, Gaumer 933; Progreso,
Gaumer 1173; Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1173; Chichankanab,
Gaumer 1544- — A slender vine with hirsute stems; leaves long-
petiolate, ovate-cordate, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces;
corolla 22 mm. broad, broadly campanulate, finely reticulate-veined
within, the lobes broadly triangular, acuminate; appendages of the
corona narrowly oblong, dilated and rounded at the apex, extending
well out along the corolla. — The species has been referred incorrectly
to D. ceratopetalus Bonn. Smith, a Central American Dictyanthus.

Funastrum elegans (Decaisne) Schlechter. PhilibertiaErvend-
bergii Gray.

388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Izamal, Gaumer 880. — An herbaceous vine; leaves ovate-cordate,
rounded at the apex, pubescent; flowers umbellate, greenish white,
1 cm. broad.

Funastrum Lindenianum (Decaisne) Schlechter, Repert. Sp.
Nov. 13: 286. 1914. Sarcostemma Lindenianum Decaisne in DC.
Prodr. 8: 541. 1844. Philibertia Lindeniana Hemsl. Biol. Centr.
Amer. Bot. 2: 318. 1881.

Type reported as collected in Yucatan by Linden, the locality
doubtful. — Leaves cordate, rounded at the apex, pubescent; flowers
in sessile umbels.

The plant reported from Yucatan as Philibertia odorata Hemsl.
(Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 23. 1904) has not been seen by
the writer, but it is probably Funastrum elegans.

Hoy a carnosa R. Br. is reported by Gaumer as in cultivation, and
called "flor de cera." This is the wax-plant, which is sometimes
grown as a house plant in the United States.

Macroscepis obovata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 201. pi 133.
1819.

Emtzul (Gaumer). Occasional; type from Campeche. — A large,
hirsute, chiefly herbaceous vine; leaves broadly obovate, 6-17 cm.
long, abruptly short-acuminate, cordate at the base; flowers 2-2.5
cm. broad, in sessile or subsessile cymes.

Macroscepis rotata Decaisne in DC. Prodr. 8: 599. 1844.

Emtzul (Gaumer). Known only from the type, said to have been
collected in Yucatan by Linden. — Leaves obovate, short-acuminate,
cordate at the base; peduncles 2-3-flowered.

Marsdenia Coulteri Hemsl. M. mexicana Millsp. FMB. 1 : 314.
1896, not Decaisne.

Xemtzul (Gaumer). Frequent in dry forests. — A large, pubescent,
somewhat woody vine; leaves ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, obtuse
or acute, rounded at the base; flowers small, whitish, in dense, nearly
sessile cymes; fruit 6-13 cm. long, smooth, glabrous.

Marsdenia macrophylla (Humb. & Bonpl.) Fourn. M. macu-
lata Hook.

Xemtzul. Frequent. — A large woody vine, nearly glabrous; leaves
ovate to oval, 7-14 cm. long, thick, acute or obtuse, often sub-
cordate at the base; flowers yellowish, in many-flowered short-
stalked cymes.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 389

9>f

Metastelma Schlechtendalii Decaisne. M. parviflorum Millsp.
FMB. 1: 38. 1895, not R. Br.

Frequent. — A slender vine, chiefly herbaceous, pubescent or
glabrate, often forming dense tangles over shrubs; leaves oblong-
ovate to oval, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute; flowers whitish, 3 mm.
long, in umbel-like cymes.

Roulinia foetida (Cav.) Standl., comb. nov. Asclepias foetida
Cav. Rouliniella foetida Vail.

Occasional. — A large herbaceous vine, puberulent or glabrous;
leaves broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate; flowers small, white, in
raceme-like cymes.

Vincetoxicum barbatum (HBK.) Standl. Gonolobus barbatus
HBK.

Xtuchcahoy (Gaumer), Bubsaak (Pete"n). Occasional. — An herba-
ceous vine; leaves deltoid-cordate, acuminate, glabrous or nearly so;
corolla 1 cm. long, greenish, densely yellow-hirsute within. — The
plant is employed as a remedy for sores in the mouth, and for
chronic ulcers.

Vincetoxicum crassifolium Standl. FMB. 8: 36. 1930.

Endemic; type from Chichankanab, Gaumer 23704; Kancab-
tsonot, Gaumer 23884- — A coarse vine, the stems densely pilose;
leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, ovate-oval, 4-6.5 cm. long, acutish
or abruptly acute, rounded at the base and shallowly cordate,
densely velvety-pilose beneath; corolla greenish, 1 cm. long and 1.5
cm. broad, puberulent outside, glabrous within.

Vincetoxicum velutinum (Schlecht.) Standl. Gonolobus velu-
tinus Schlecht.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23704; without locality, Gaumer 23975.—
A large hirsute vine; leaves rounded-cordate, velvety-pubescent;
corolla 3 cm. broad; fruit covered with long spinelike tubercles.

A sterile plant, perhaps a Vincetoxicum, from Pete*n is said to be
called "purgacion-xiu." The "purgacion-xiu" listed by Cuevas (PL
Med. 79. 1913) is perhaps of this family. It is a local remedy for
gonorrhea. Gann reports that a plant of the same name is employed
as a remedy for bladder and urethral affections.

CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning-glory Family
Calonyction aculeatum (L.) House. Ipomoea Bona-nox L.
Zutub (Gaumer; reported as "xutu")- Sp. Nicua, Oracidn. Fre-
quent.— Moonflower. A large herbaceous vine, often armed with

390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

fleshy prickles; leaves cordate, entire or lobed, glabrous; corolla
white, the slender tube 8-12 cm. long; sepals with long subulate tips.

Calonyction clavatum Don.

Infrequent; Izamal, Gaumer 23450; Chichankanab, Gaumer
1274. — A large vine, the stems hirsute; leaves broadly cordate, entire
or angled, glabrous; corolla purple and lilac, 15 cm. broad or smaller.

Calonyction muricatum (L.) Don. Ipomoea Bona-nox Millsp.
FMB. 1:384. 1898, not L.

Occasional; Izamal, Gaumer 23808; Nohacab, Schott 684- — A large
vine, glabrous or nearly so, armed with short recurved fleshy prickles;
leaves broadly cordate, entire; corolla purple, the tube 3-5 cm. long.

Evolvulus alsinoides L.

Xiaxiu (Millspaugh). Common. — A small slender herb, erect or
decumbent, pubescent; leaves oblong to linear, acute or obtuse;
flowers axillary, 5-6 mm. broad, blue or white, slender-pediceled. —
The plant is said to be employed as a remedy for gonorrhea.

Evolvulus nummularius L.

Occasional. — A small slender creeping perennial; leaves oval or
orbicular, short-petioled, 5-20 mm. long, rounded or retuse at the
apex, pubescent or glabrate; corolla 5-8 mm. broad, white or pale
blue.

Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam.

Iz. Sp. Camote. Cultivated commonly; also naturalized, but
not native; original habitat unknown. — Sweet potato. The Motul
Dictionary defines "ahzinaz" as "long red batatas." Names given to
the sweet potato in the Guatemalan dialects are: "om," Pokonchi;
"cajix," Ixil; "iis," Mame; "on," Jacaltec, Chuje.

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. /. Jalapa Millsp. FMB. 1: 39. 1895,
not Pursh.

Chocobcat (Gaumer). Frequent. — A large woody vine; leaves
rounded-cordate, densely pubescent beneath; flowers 8 cm. long,
red-purple or pink, in stalked, few- or many-flowered cymes; sepals
rounded at the apex. — In Mexico this species is known only from the
Yucatan region.

Ipomoea cathartica Poir. Pharbitis cathartica Choisy.

Collected on Cozumel Island and in Pete"n. — An herbaceous vine,
pubescent or glabrate; leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or 3-lobed;
corolla red-purple, 5-7 cm. long.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 391

Ipomoea cissoides (Lam.) Griseb.

Kixolok (Gaumer) . Frequent. — A hirsute herbaceous vine ; leaves
digitately 5-foliolate, the leaflets petiolulate, elliptic, dentate, 2-5 cm.
long, acute or acuminate; corolla white, 2-3 cm. long.

Ipomoea dasysperma Jacq.

Frequent. — A slender herbaceous glabrous vine; leaves pinnately
divided into narrow entire segments; corolla pink, 3.5-4 cm. long;
sepals rounded at the apex.

Ipomoea Meyeri (Spreng.) Don.

Tsusuc, Xhail. Frequent. — A small herbaceous vine, glabrous or
pilose; leaves deeply cordate, cuspidate-acuminate, entire or angled;
corolla blue or purple, 2.5-3 cm. long; sepals green, linear, hirsute;
flowers in dense, usually many-flowered cymes. — Some of the Yuca-
tan specimens have been determined as I. iostemma House.

Ipomoea Morelii Duchass. & Walp. "Convolvulus Grayi Rose"
ex Millsp. FMB. 1: 314. 1896.

Yaaxkal (Gaumer). Without locality, Millspaugh 147, 137b;
Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1101. — A glabrous herbaceous vine;
leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate at the base, acute or acuminate,
entire or nearly so; flower clusters long-stalked, the pedicels elongate;
sepals glabrous, about 1 cm. long, rounded at the apex; corolla prob-
ably purple, about 6 cm. long.

Ipomoea Nil (L.) Roth. /. hederacea Millsp. FMB. 1: 384, in
part, 1898, not Jacq.

Common. — A slender herbaceous pilose vine; leaves deeply cor-
date, usually 3-lobed; flowers blue, pink, or purple, 3-4 cm. long, in
long-stalked few-flowered cymes; sepals hirsute, with long linear
green tips.

Ipomoea Pes-caprae (L.) Roth. I. biloba Forsk.

Common on seashores. — Goatfoot morning-glory. A large glabrous
succulent prostrate herb; leaves thick and fleshy, rounded, often
notched at the apex; flowers purple, 4-5 cm. long. — This is one of
the characteristic strand plants of tropical America. Gaumer states
that the stems are sometimes 18 m. long.

Ipomoea sagittata Lam.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1271, 23694. — A slender glabrous vine;
leaves narrowly sagittate, the basal lobes long, often linear; flowers
purple-pink, 6.5 cm. long; sepals unequal, rounded at the apex.

392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Ipomoea Seleri Millsp. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 23. 1905.

Tuuxicin (Gaumer); reported erroneously as "chai." Common
in thickets; endemic; type from Ticul, Seler 3862. — An herbaceous
vine, glabrous or nearly so; leaves long-petioled, broadly cordate,
acuminate, entire; flowers about 8 cm. long, purple, in few-flowered
pedunculate umbel-like cymes; calyx covered with long fleshy
spinelike tubercles.

Ipomoea tiliacea (Willd.) Choisy. /. fastigiata Sweet.

Hebil (Gaumer). Common. — A large herbaceous vine, glabrous
or nearly so; leaves deeply cordate, acuminate, entire; corolla purple
or pink, 5-6 cm. long; sepals acuminate; flowers in dense long-
stalked cymes.

Ipomoea triloba L. Quamoclit coccinea Millsp. FMB. 2: 84, in
part. 1900, not Moench.

Frequent. — An herbaceous vine, glabrous or pubescent; leaves
usually 3-5-lobed ; flowers red-purple.

Ipomoea tuxtlensis House. /. hederacea Millsp. FMB. 1: 384,
in part. 1898, not Jacq.

Frequent. — A densely pubescent vine; leaves cordate, entire or
deeply 3-lobed, sericeous beneath; flowers in dense peduncled cymes;
corolla dark purplish red, 3.5-5 cm. long.

Ipomoea violacea L. /. puncticulata Benth. /. jamaicensis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 39. 1895, 1: 314. 1896, not Don.

Common. — A stout glabrous herbaceous vine; leaves broadly
cordate, cuspidate-acuminate; flowers blue or purple, 5-6 cm. long,
in few-flowered cymes; sepals narrow, pale-margined.

Gann reports that a decoction of Ipomoea leaves, with those of
other plants, is administered as a remedy for asthma and bronchitis.
Ipomoea purga Hayne is called "nakta" in Kekchi.

Jacquemontia azurea (Desr.) Choisy.

Occasional. — A small herbaceous vine, glandular-pilose; leaves
ovate, long-acuminate, slender-petiolate; flowers in mostly 3-flowered
cymes; corolla blue, 1 cm. long; sepals acuminate.

Jacquemontia havanensis (Jacq.) Urban. Convolvulus jamai-
censis Millsp. FMB. 1: 40. 1895, 2: 88. 1900, not Jacq.

Progreso, Millspaugh 208, 1 726, Schott 722. — A slender herbaceous
vine, puberulent or glabrate; leaves short-petiolate, oblong or elliptic,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 393

founded or emarginate at the apex; flowers mostly solitary; corolla
1 cm. long, white; sepals rounded at the apex, unequal. — The species
is known only from Cuba and Yucatan.

Jacquemontia obcordata (Millsp.) House, N. Y. State Mus.
Bull. 233-234: 63. 1921. Convolvulus obcordatus Millsp. FMB. 2:
88. 1900.

Type from Progreso, Millspaugh 1707. — A fleshy, nearly gla-
brous, prostrate herb; leaves slender-petiolate, obcordate or obovate,
small, 1-2 cm. long, acute at the base; flowers solitary, slender-
pediceled, the corolla about 8 mm. long.

Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) Don.

Akilziu (Gaumer; listed as "akixiu"), Sacmix (Valdez), Yaxha
(Schott); reported also as "yaax-hebil" an(j "yaxhal." Sp. Som-
brerito azul. Common. — A small herbaceous vine, glabrate; leaves
ovate or cordate, acute or acuminate; flowers in dense axillary
stalked cymes; corolla blue, 12-20 mm. long; sepals acute or acu-
minate.— The plant is reputed to have refrigerant properties.

Jacquemontia simulata House, Bull. Torrey Club 33: 314.
1906. J. abutiloides Millsp. FMB. 1: 314. 1896, 1: 385. 1898, not
Benth.

Frequent; endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer 574- — A slender
vine, somewhat woody, tomentose or glabrate; leaves broadly ovate-
cordate, obtuse, mucronate; cymes dense, many-flowered; corolla
white, 12 mm. long; sepals rounded at the apex.

Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb.

Yaazebil (Gaumer). Occasional. — A small hairy vine; leaves
ovate or cordate, acuminate; flowers in dense hairy heads, subtended
by leaflike bracts; corolla blue, 12 mm. long.

Operculina aegyptia (L.) House. Ipomoea pentaphylla Jacq.

Tzootzak (Gaumer), Soosac (Schott). Sp. Enredadera peluda.
Frequent. — A large herbaceous vine, copiously long-hirsute; leaves
digitately 5-foliolate, the leaflets elliptic or obovate, acuminate,
entire; corolla white, 2.5 cm. long; peduncles equaling the leaves,
few-flowered.

Operculina ampliata (Choisy) House, Bull. Torrey Club 33:
503. 1906. Ipomoea ampliata Choisy in DC. Prodr. 9: 361. 1845.

Described from Campeche; unknown to the present writer.—
Stem glabrous; leaves cordate, 3-lobate, glabrous; corolla yellow.

394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Operculina dissecta (Jacq.) House. Ipomoea sinuata Ortega.

Izamal, Gaumer 1093;Gaumer in 1888. — A large herbaceous vine;

leaves 5-lobed, the lobes deeply lobate; corolla 3.5-4 cm. long, white.

Operculina ornithopoda (Robinson) House. Ipomoea orni-
thopoda Robinson.

Common in brushlands. — A slender herbaceous glabrous vine;
leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes entire or lobate, linear or broader;
corolla white, 4-5 cm. long; sepals large, rounded at the apex.

Operculina tuberosa (L.) Meisn.

Occasional. — A large glabrous vine; leaves mostly 7-lobed nearly
to the base, the lobes acuminate, entire; corolla yellow, 4-5.5 cm.
long; sepals large, obtuse, enlarged in fruit.

Porana paniculata Roxb.

Cultivated for ornament; native of the East Indies. — Christmas-
vine. A large woody vine, whitish-pubescent; leaves broadly ovate-
cordate, acuminate; flowers 4 mm. long, white, in large panicles.

Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench. Ipomoea coccinea L.

Sp. Hiedra colorada. Common. — A glabrous annual vine; leaves
entire or lobed, cordate at the base; flowers scarlet, the slender
corolla tube 2-4 cm. long, abruptly expanded into a broad limb.

Quamoclit pennata (Desr.) Bojer. Ipomoea Quamoclit L.

Sp. Cambustera. Cultivated for ornament; native of the Old
World. — Cypress-vine. A glabrous annual vine; leaves pinnately
parted into linear segments; corolla scarlet, 2.5-4 cm. long.

Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. Ipomoea sidaefolia Choisy.

Xtabentun (Schott). Frequent in thickets. — A woody vine;
leaves ovate-cordate, abruptly acuminate, entire, glabrous or pubes-
cent; flowers in dense cymes; corolla white, 2-3 cm. long. — Called
"Pascua" and "flor de Pascua" in Tabasco.

CUSCUTACEAE. Dodder Family

Guscuta americana L. C. americana var. spectabilis Prog. ; C.
corymbosa Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 24. 1905, not Ruiz
&Pav.

Kanlecay (Gaumer). Frequent. — Dodder. A small parasitic
twining glabrous yellow herb, the leaves reduced to minute scales;
flowers 3-4 mm. long, white, in small lax cymes. — Cuevas (PI.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 395

Med. 110. 1913) states that the infusion of the plant is a remedy
for dyspepsia and biliousness.

Cuscuta ceratophora Yuncker.

Hacienda San Antonio, Schott 902. — A slender glabrous yellow
parasite; flowers 3 mm. long, in very dense, compact clusters.

POLEMONIACEAE. Polemonium Family

Phlox Drummondii Hook.

Sp. Flox. Listed by Gaumer as in cultivation; native of Texas. —
Phlox. The plant is often planted for ornament in tropical America.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE. Waterleaf Family

Hydrolea spinosa L. H. glabra Choisy; H. spinosa var.
glabra Loes.

Uxmal, Seler 3885. — A viscid-pubescent herb of wet soil, armed
with long slender spines; leaves alternate, elliptic or oblong, 3-10
cm. long, entire; flowers blue, 1 cm. broad. — Called "abrojo" in
Tabasco.

Nama jamaicense L. N. jamaicense var. gracile Brand in
Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 251: 156. 1913.

Xpacumpac (Gaumer). Common. — A prostrate or procumbent,
pubescent annual; leaves alternate, spatulate or obovate, 1-5 cm.
long, rounded at the apex, entire; flowers solitary in the leaf axils,
white or purplish, 6-8 mm. long, slender-pedicellate. — According to
Valdez, the plant is employed as a remedy for inflammation and
blood vomit.

N. jamaicense var. gracile is a form with long-petiolate, scarcely
decurrent leaves and long pedicels. The type was collected on
Cozumel Island by Gaumer.

Pe"rez lists "xpakunpak," which he describes as "the creeping
plant called 'yerba. de la golondrina.' ' This is probably a Euphorbia
of the subgenus Chamaesyce.

BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family

Bourreria pulchra Millsp.; Greenm. FMB. 2: 338. 1912. Cordia
pulchra Millsp. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 24. 1905.

Bacalche (Gaumer), Kakalche (Gaumer). Common; endemic;
type from Itzimna, Seler 3946. — A shrub or tree, sometimes 9 m.

396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

high; leaves alternate, oblong to oval, obtuse, tomentulose beneath,
entire; flowers white, 18 mm. long, in terminal cymes; fruit a drupe.—
The flowers have a heavy and unpleasant odor.

This is probably the "bacalche" described by Cuevas (PI. Med.
15, Ilustr. pi. 19, f. 3. 1913), although the illustration is rather
deceptive. He states that the plant is employed as a remedy for
cutaneous diseases. Here may belong, also, the "kakalche" listed
by Pe"rez, "a plant whose wood resembles ebony."

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Cham. C. gerascanthoides
Millsp. FMB. 1: 40. 1895, not HBK.

Bohun (B. H.). Sp. Laurel bianco (B. H.). Salmwood (B. H.).
Mugeres Island; common in the southern part of the Peninsula.—
A large tree; leaves elliptic-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, entire, finely
stellate-pubescent; flowers white, fragrant, 1 cm. long, in large
panicles. — The close-grained and light or dark brown wood is
employed for construction purposes and cabinet work. The nodes
of the branchlets are nearly always swollen and inhabited by small
ants which bite severely. In Tabasco this species is called "bojon,"
"bojon bianco," "bojon prieto," and "bari." The Kekchi name is
"suchah." The Maya name has been reported from Yucatan
incorrectly as "habeem."

Cordia cylindrostachya (Ruiz & Pav.) R. & S.

Kopche (Gaumer); Koxolxek (Becquaert). Frequent. — A shrub
1-3 m. high; leaves mostly lanceolate or oblong, serrate, scabrous
above, pubescent beneath; flowers small, greenish white, in dense
spikes; fruit a small red drupe. — Called "azota-caballo" in Tabasco.

Cordia dodecandra DC. C. heccaidecandra Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl.
20: 25. 1905.

Chackopte (Gaumer), Kopte (listed also as "copte," and by the
Motul Dictionary as "koopte"). Sp. Siricote (Yuc., B. H.). Common
in the forests; sometimes planted as a shade and fruit tree. — A large
tree, sometimes 30 m. high; leaves oblong to rounded, entire or
nearly so, scabrous; flowers orange-red, 5 cm. long, in small cymes;
fruit ovoid, 5 cm. long, yellowish, slightly acid. — The tree flowers in
April and May, the fruit ripening in July and August. The hard
heavy handsome dark wood, which takes a fine polish, is used for
general construction and cabinetwork. The rough leaves are utilized
for cleaning kitchen pots, and by carpenters as a substitute for sand-
paper. The mucilaginous fruit is eaten raw, and made into dulces.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 397

9ff

A sirup made from the wood and bark is a popular remedy for
coughs. The type of C. heccaidecandra was collected at Chiche'n
Itza, Seler3991.

Cordia Gerascanthus L. C. gerascanthoides HBK.

Bohom (Gaumer; sometimes written "bojon"), Bohonche (B. H.).
Sp. Baria, Barillo, Varillo. Common. — A large tree 15-25 m. high;
leaves lanceolate to oblong, 5-12 cm. long, acute, entire, glabrous or
nearly so; flowers pure white, fragrant, 1.5-2 cm. long, in dense
cymes. — The flowers open in March, covering the trees so densely
that their crowns look like mounds of snow. As they fade, the
flowers turn reddish brown. They are much visited by humming-
birds, and by many insects, especially bees, which obtain from them
a good quality of honey. The hard and elastic wood is valued for
the construction of carts and carriages and many other articles. The
Maya name has been reported erroneously as "habeem."

Cordia globosa (Jacq.) HBK.

Hauche (Gaumer). Occasional in dry thickets. — A shrub 3.5 m.
high or less; leaves lanceolate to ovate, coarsely serrate; flowers
white, in dense stalked globose heads; fruit red.

Cordia Sebestena L.

Zackopte (Gaumer) ; reported also as "kopte" and "coopte," but
perhaps incorrectly. Sp. Anachuite, Anacuite, Anacahuita (of Nahuatl
derivation), Siricote (Camp.), Siricote bianco (Schott). — Common.
A shrub or small tree; leaves ovate to rounded, entire or dentate,
scabrous; flowers large, orange-red, in dense cymes; fruit ovoid,
white, 2.5-4 cm. long. — The tree is reported to flower through most
of the year. Its fruit is sweet and edible. The hard, close-grained,
dark-brown, and heavy wood is used for cabinetwork and con-
struction. A sirup prepared from the bark, flowers, and fruit is a
local remedy for affections of the chest.

Cordia serratifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 76. 1819.

Type from Campeche, the species otherwise unknown. — Leaves
oblong, acuminate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath;
flowers in small globose heads.

Ehretia tinifolia L.

Bee (Gaumer; written also as "beec"). Sp. Roble; reported as
"sauco." Common. — A tree 18-25 m. high, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves oblong to ovate, rounded to acutish at the apex, entire; flow-

398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

ers white, 4 mm. long, in panicles; fruit a red drupe 6 mm. long. —
The leaves are used in baths for crippled persons in the hope of
bettering their condition. The flowers somewhat suggest those of
Sambueus, and are employed locally in the same manner. A decoc-
tion of the leaves is given to stop the vomit of blood.

Heliotropium angiospermum Murr. H. parviflorum L. ; Helio-
phytum parmflorum DC.

Nemaax (Gaumer; "monkey- tail"), Cotsnemax (Cuevas). Sp.
Rabo de mico. A common weed. — An erect pubescent herb 1 m. high
or less; leaves lanceolate to ovate, obtuse or acute; flowers white, in
long recurved spikes. — The plant is much used in domestic medicine,
tonic and stimulant properties being ascribed to it. It is given as a
remedy for dysentery, nosebleed, and diseased gums, and is applied
to sores and swellings.

Seler 3853 is a curious abnormal form of this species, in which the
flowers are replaced by foliaceous bracts.

Heliotropium curassavicum L.

Common on the shores of lagoons and lakes. — A procumbent,
pale green, very fleshy, glabrous herb; leaves linear or nearly so,
obtuse; flowers small, white, in one-sided spikes.

Heliotropium fruticosum L. H. inundatum Millsp. FMB. 1.
41. 1895, 1: 386. 1898, not Sw. H. campechianum HBK. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:86. 1818.

Nemaax (Gaumer). Common. — Plants erect, usually 60 cm.
high or less, herbaceous or usually woody, gray-strigose; leaves
linear to oblong-lanceolate; flowers small, white, in one-sided
spikes. — The type of H. campechianum is from Campeche.

Heliotropium indicum L.

Nemaax (Gaumer). Sp. Alacrancillo. A common weed. — A
coarse erect hirsute herb; leaves ovate or oval, obtuse, repand or
crenate; flowers small, blue, in recurved spikes. — The name "ohesi-
mah" is reported from Guatemala for this species.

Heliotropium phyllostachyum Torr.

Occasional. — A small strigose herb; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
obtuse or acute; flowers white, in the axils of leaflike bracts.

Myosotis scorpioides L.

Sp. No-me-olvides. Reported by Gaumer as in cultivation;
native of Europe. — Forget-me-not. A low herb with small blue
flowers.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 399

Tournefortia gnaphalodes (L.) R. Br.

Sicimay (Gaumer). Common on seashores. — A shrub 1 m. high
or less, densely silvery-sericeous; leaves linear or linear-spatulate,
obtuse or rounded at the apex; flowers small, white, in short one-
sided spikes; fruit ovoid, black, 5 mm. long. — In Mexico the species
is known only from this region.

Tournefortia umbellata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 79. pi. 202.
1819. Heliotropium inundatum Millsp. FMB. 1 : 315. 1896, not Sw.

Common; endemic; type from Campeche. — A woody vine, nearly
glabrous; leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acuminate; flowers small,
whitish, in long clustered one-sided spikes; fruit a small drupe.

Tournefortia volubilis L.

Xulkin (Gaumer), Chacnichmax (Gaumer). Common in thickets.
— A woody vine; leaves lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 4-10 cm. long,
acuminate, usually densely grayish-sericeous, at least beneath, rarely
glabrate; flowers small, whitish, in slender panicled spikes; fruit a
small white drupe.

VERBENACEAE. Verbena Family

Avicennia nitida Jacq. A. officinalis Millsp. FMB. 1: 42.
1895, 1: 316. 1896, 1: 386. 1898, not L.

Sp. Mangle bianco, Mangle prieto, Mangle negro. Black mangrove
(B. H.). Abundant in mangrove swamps. — A shrub or tree, usually
less than 20 m. high; leaves opposite, petioled, oblong, obtuse, entire,
thick, whitish and puberulent beneath; flowers white, in small head-
like cymes. — The wood is hard, close-grained, and dark brown. The
flowers are much visited by bees. A decoction of the bark is em-
ployed both externally and internally for hemorrhoids, sores, and
diarrhea.

Bouchea prismatica (L.) Kuntze. Valerianoides jamaicense
Millsp. FMB. 1: 392. 1898, not Vahl.

Occasional. — An erect annual, simple or branched, finely pubes-
cent; leaves opposite, slender-petioled, ovate, obtuse or acute, ser-
rate; flowers small, purplish, in long slender spikes.

Callicarpa acuminata HBK.

Zacpukim (Gaumer); Pukin (Becquaert). Common in thickets.
— A stout shrub; leaves short-petiolate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, entire or serrate, densely stellate- tomentose beneath;

400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

flowers white, 3 mm. long, in dense axillary cymes; fruit a small
black drupe 5 mm. long. — Some of the Yucatan specimens have
been determined wrongly as C. Pringlei Briq.

Citharexylum Schottii Greenm. FMB. 2: 190. 1907. C. quad-
rangulare Millsp. FMB. 1: 386. 1898, not Jacq.

Tatakche (Gaumer), Iximche (Gaumer). Sp. Palo de violin. Fre-
quent; endemic; type from MeYida, Schott 575. — A small glabrous
tree; leaves slender-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, entire; flowers
small, in long slender racemes; fruit a drupe 5-7 mm. long.

The "ixtatakche" listed by Pe*rez is probably a different plant.
It is described as a "yerba," and is said to be applied to old sores
to heal them.

Citharexylum trinerve Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34:
45. 1921.

Type from Xnocac, Gaumer 23502; without locality, Gaumer
23503, 24096, 24388, 24431; also in Salvador and Costa Rica.— A
small tree, nearly glabrous; leaves petioled, broadly elliptic or obo-
vate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, entire, 3-nerved; racemes short
and few-flowered.

Clerodendron fallax Lindl. C. Colebrookianum Millsp. FMB.
1:386. 1898, not Walp.

Planted for ornament; native of the East Indies. — A large herb
or small shrub; leaves large, long-petioled, cordate-ovate, pilose;
flowers scarlet, in large terminal panicles.

Clerodendron fragrans Vent. var. pleniflora Schauer.

Sp. Jazmin de Italia. Planted for ornament; native of south-
eastern Asia. — A coarse herb, simple or sparsely branched; leaves
large, rounded-ovate, sinuate-dentate; flowers white, double, in
small dense terminal cymes. — A common ornamental plant of tropi-
cal America, often escaping and establishing itself.

Clerodendron ligustrinum (Jacq.) R. Br. C. aculeatum Millsp.
FMB. 1: 316. 1896, 1: 386. 1898, not Schlecht.

Itzimte (Gaumer). Frequent in thickets. — A shrub 1.5-3 m.
high; petiole bases persistent, spinose; leaves ovate to elliptic-
oblong, acute, entire, 4-10 cm. long; flowers white, in small axillary
cymes; fruit a drupe 1 cm. in diameter. — Called "muste" in Tabasco.

Cornutia pyramidata L.

Latche (Pete"n). Collected only at Izamal and in Pete"n. — A large
shrub or small tree with 4-angled branches; leaves broadly ovate,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 401

f9-30 cm. long, acuminate, densely pubescent; flowers small, violet,
in large terminal panicles; fruit a small drupe.

Duranta repens L. D. Plumieri Jacq.

Kanppocoche (Gaumer; "yellow hat tree"), Hombocoche (Schott).
Common in dry thickets; sometimes planted for ornament. — A
slender shrub with recurved or pendent branches; leaves opposite or
verticillate, ovate or obovate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse, entire or serrate,
glabrous or pubescent; flowers small, lilac or white, in long racemes;
fruit a globose yellow drupe 7-11 mm. long. — The Maya name has
been reported incorrectly as "xcambocoche." The fruits are eaten
by birds.

Lantana Camara L. L. horrida HBK.; L. involucrata Millsp.
FMB. 1: 316. 1896, not L. L. aculeata Millsp. FMB. 2: 90. 1900, in
part, perhaps not L.

Petekin (Gaumer), Ikilhaxiu (Gaumer). Sp. Palabra de caballero,
Corona de sol, Alfombrillo hediondo. Common. — Lantana. A pubes-
cent shrub, usually armed with short stout recurved prickles;
leaves petioled, ovate, acute or obtuse, crenate, scabrous; flowers in
dense stalked heads, yellow or orange, changing to red or purple;
fruit a small black drupe. — The plant is a somewhat variable one,
some of whose forms are grown for ornament in temperate regions.
The juicy fruit is edible, but not very agreeable. The plant is
aromatic and is reputed to have stimulant and tonic properties, and
is employed for treating intestinal and throat affections. The names
"xoltexnuc," "xohexnuc," and "ore*gano silvestre," reported for the
species from Yucatan, are said to be erronous.

Lantana canescens HBK. Lippia geminata Millsp. FMB. 1:
317. 1896, 2: 91. 1900, not HBK.

Common. — A slender unarmed shrub; leaves lanceolate to broadly
ovate, acute, crenate or nearly entire, rough-pubescent; flowers
white, in stalked, globose or oblong heads. — The plant contains an
aromatic oil which is reported to have medicinal properties.

Lantana involucrata L. L. odorata L.

Zicilhaxiu (Gaumer). Common. — A dense shrub 1-3 m. high;
leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex, crenate,
puberulent or tomentose beneath; flowers lilac or white, in stalked
headlike spikes; fruit blue, 3-4 mm. long.

402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Lippia dulcis Trevir.

Xtuhuexiu (Gaumer). Sp. Orozuz, Orozuz del pais. Common.—
A small perennial herb, strong-scented; leaves petioled, rhombic-
ovate, crenate, acute or obtuse, strigose; flowers small, whitish, in
long-stalked short-cylindric heads. — When chewed, the plant has
the flavor of licorice. Its decoction is employed as a remedy for
coughs, catarrh, bronchitis, and asthma.

Lippia graveolens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 266. 1817. L.
Berlandieri Millsp. FMB. 1: 316. 1896, not Schauer. L. geminata
Millsp. FMB. 2: 91. 1900; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 25.
1905, not HBK.

Xakilche (Gaumer). Sp. Oregano, Te del pais. Frequent; type
from Campeche. — A small aromatic shrub; leaves oblong or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or acute, crenate, puberulent and glandular; flower
spikes small, 4-6 at each node, the bracts 4-ranked. — The names
"tabay" and "tarbay" have been reported for this species, but their
application is doubtful. The plant is used in domestic medicine as
a stimulant, tonic, and expectorant, especially in the treatment of
cholera morbus, fevers, bronchitis, and catarrh. It is employed also
for flavoring food.

Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx.

Common along seacoasts and about lakes. — A creeping perennial
herb, minutely pubescent; leaves spatulate or narrowly oblanceolate,
obtuse, serrate; flowers white or purplish, in long-stalked axillary
cylindric heads.

Lippia reptans HBK. L. nodiflora Millsp. FMB. 1: 317. 1896,
not Michx.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23670. — Similar to L. nodiflora; leaves
rhombic-ovate, obtuse, decurrent at the base, coarsely serrate, prom-
inently veined, strigose; flowers white, in oblong long-stalked spikes.

Lippia stoechadifolia (L.) HBK.

Cabalyaxnic (Valdez). Sp. Te de Yucatan, Te del pais, Te cimarrdn
(Pete"n). Frequent. — Plants somewhat woody, ascending or nearly
erect, strigose; leaves linear-oblong, serrate; flower heads oblong,
long-stalked. — Although the name "cabalyaxnic" is reported for
this plant by Valdez, it is applied more commonly, apparently, to
Ruellia tuberosa.

Lippia umbellata Cav. ?L. yucatana Loes. Repert. Sp. Nov. 9:
364. 1911. L. albicaulis Greenm. FMB. 2: 340. 1912.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 403

ttt

Xoltenuuc (Gaumer). Sp. Salvia poblana. Occasional. — A shrub
1.5-3 m. high with whitish branches; leaves ovate or oval-ovate,
6-20 cm. long, acute or obtuse, crenate, pubescent; flowers small,
yellowish white, in long-stalked bracted heads. — I have not seen the
type of L. yucatana, collected at Chichen Itza by Seler (No. 4918),
and it may be referable rather to L. myriocephala Schlecht. & Cham.
The type of L. albicaulis was collected at Izamal, Gaumer 971 .

The identity of the plant collected by Johnson and listed as
Lippia origanoides HBK. (Millsp. FMB. 1: 42. 1895) is doubtful.

Petrea arborea HBK. P. volubilis Millsp. FMB. 1: 42. 1895;
Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 26. 1905, not L.

Yochopptzimin (Gaumer), Opptzimin (Seler). Sp.Bejucodecaballo.
Frequent in dry thickets. — Purple-wreath. A large woody vine;
leaves short-petioled, oblong or obovate, obtuse or acute, entire,
stiff, scaberulous; flowers in long pendent racemes; calyx lobes blue,
2 cm. long, long-persistent. — The vine is a strikingly beautiful one
when in flower.

Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. P. echinata Juss.

Tzayentzay (Gaumer), Zayuntzay (Cuevas), Tsayuntsay (Schott).
A common weed. — A low pubescent annual; leaves ovate, acute,
serrate; flowers small, blue, in slender racemes; fruit of 2 prickly
nutlets. — The calyces are covered with small hooked hairs by which
they adhere to clothing. The name "xpakunpak" has been reported
for this plant, but perhaps incorrectly. Cuevas states that a decoc-
tion of the leaves is a remedy for leucorrhea.

Stachytarpheta angustifolia (Mill.) Vahl. Valerianoides ja-
maicense Millsp. FMB. 1: 317. 1896, in part, not Kuntze.

Yaxcaba, Gaumer 744; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1477, 2269; Tekax,
Gaumer 1226. — A stout, erect, simple or branched herb; leaves
linear, serrate, glabrate; spikes elongate, thick. — The plant grows
also in Cuba.

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L. Rich.) Vahl.

Sp. San Diego (Pete*n), Verbena (Pet6n). Pete"n, and perhaps
elsewhere. — Plants herbaceous or shrubby, 1 m. high or less; leaves
ovate or elliptic, obtuse, serrate, pubescent or glabrate; flowers
small, blue, in very slender spikes.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl. Valerianoides jamai-
cense Medic.; S. cayennensis Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 25.

404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

1905, not Vahl. Verbena officinalis Cuevas, PL Med. 104, Ilustr. pi.
13, f. 2. 1913, not L.

Ibinxiu (Gaumer), Talche (Schott). Sp. Verbena. A common
weed. — A stout erect herb, glabrous or nearly so; leaves petioled,
oblong to broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, serrate, glabrate; flowers
blue, in stout spikes. — The juice of the leaves is placed in the ears
to relieve earache. The plant is reputed to have tonic, emetic,
expectorant, and sudorific properties, and has been utilized locally
in treating malaria, yellow fever, amenorrhea, syphilis, and gonor-
rhea. A tincture of the plant in rum is employed as a lotion to
relieve nervous pains. The Kekchi name of this species is "mes."

Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl. Valerianoides muta-
bile Kuntze.

Occasional. — A stout erect herb, copiously pubescent; leaves
ovate, rounded to acuminate at the apex; flowers purple, in long
slender spikes.

Tamonea curassavica (L.) Pers. T. scabra Schlecht. & Cham.;
Ghinia curassavica Millsp.

Chanxnuk (Becquaert). Occasional. — A stiff erect herb, 60 cm.
high or less, nearly glabrous; leaves petioled, ovate, 1^1 cm. long,
obtuse or acute, serrate; flowers small, in long racemes; fruit dry,
nutlike, with 4 stout spines at the apex.

One or more exotic species of Verbena, called "verbena" and
"alfombrillo," are grown for ornament.

Vitex Gaumeri Greenm. FMB. 2: 260. 1907. V. pyramidata
Millsp. FMB. 1: 317. 1896, not Robinson.

Yaxnic (Gaumer; Yuc., B. H.; "blue flower"). Frequent in dry
forests; type from Izamal, Gaumer 607. — A tree 15 m. high or less;
leaves pedately 5-7-foliolate, the leaflets stalked, ovate to oblong,
5-11 cm. long, acute or obtuse, entire, pale-tomentulose beneath;
flowers small, purple, panicled; fruit fleshy, 1.5 cm. in diameter.—
The tough wood is used for the construction of carts, boats, and
agricultural implements.

LABIATAE. Mint Family

Hyptis capitata Jacq.

Reported from Yucatan, and probably occurring in the southern
part of the Peninsula. — A coarse herb, sparsely pubescent; leaves

FLORA OF YUCATAN 405

ovate or elliptic, serrate; flowers white, in dense globose axillary
heads.

Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. Mesosphaerum pectinatum Kuntze.

Xoltexnuc. Common. — A tall puberulent herb; leaves ovate,
long-petioled, obtuse or acute, serrate; flowers small, whitish, in
small dense headlike cymes, these arranged in long panicled spikes.

This is perhaps the "xoltexnuc" described by Cuevas (PL Med.
113, Ilustr. pi. 15, f. 3. 1913). He states that the decoction is used
in fomentations for rheumatic and other pains.

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Xoltexnuuc (Gaumer). Sp. Confitura. Common. — A coarse
pilose herb; leaves ovate, acute or obtuse, serrate, long-petioled;
flowers bluish, in axillary clusters or in terminal leafy panicles.

Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br.

Occasional in Campeche and Yucatan; native of the Old World.
— A coarse tall annual, soft-pubescent; leaves ovate, long-petioled,
obtuse, crenate; flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, scarlet or orange-yellow, in
dense globose axillary clusters; calyx lobes with stiff sharp spinose
tips.

Leonurus sibiricus L. L. glaucescens Millsp. FMB. 1: 387.
1898, not Bunge.

An infrequent weed; native of the Old World. — A coarse herb
with 4-sided stems, puberulent or glabrate; leaves 3-parted, the lobes
incised; flowers purple, 1 cm. long, in dense axillary clusters, the
corolla densely pilose.

Mentha citrata Ehrh. Ocimum Selloi Millsp. FMB. 1: 318.
1896, not Benth. Cedronella mexicana Millsp. FMB. 1: 387. 1898,
not Benth.

Xakilxiu (Gaumer). Sp. Yerbabuena, Toronjil. Sometimes
planted; native of Europe. — A highly aromatic herb with ovate,
obtuse or acute, serrate, glabrate leaves. — In Central America the
plant is rarely seen in flower. An infusion of the leaves is employed
in Yucatan to expel intestinal parasites, and for pains in the
stomach.

Micromeria Brownei (Sw.) Benth. Clinopodium Brownei
Kuntze; Satureia Brownei Briq.

Sp. Poleo. Frequent. — A slender, prostrate or creeping herb,
glabrous or nearly so, strong-scented; leaves long-petiolate, rounded-

406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

ovate, obtuse, remotely crenate; flowers small, axillary, the calyx
tubular. — The plant is employed as a remedy for stomach affections.

Ocimum Basilicum L.

Sp. Albahaca. Cultivated and perhaps escaped. — Basil. An erect
aromatic herb, sparsely pubescent; leaves ovate to oblong, slender-
petiolate, dentate or entire; flowers small, white, nearly sessile, in
axillary clusters. — The plant is employed as a sudorific in treating
fevers.

Ocimum micranthum Willd. 0. campechianum Mill. Card.
Diet. ed. 8. Ocimum No. 5. 1768. Teucrium inflatum Millsp. FMB.
1: 43. 1895, not Sw. 0. canum Millsp. FMB. 1: 318. 1896, not Sims.

Cacaltun (Gaumer). Sp. Albahaca, Albahaca de claw, Albahaca
del monte, Albahaca silvestre. A common weed. — An annual branched
pubescent herb 50 cm. high or less, aromatic; leaves ovate, acute,
serrate; flowers small, whitish, pedicellate, in axillary clusters; calyces
reflexed in fruit. — The plant is a local remedy for stomach affections.
A tincture of the leaves in rum is employed as a lotion to relieve
rheumatism. The vernacular name "apazote" has been reported
incorrectly for the plant.

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Sp. Romero. Planted occasionally; native of Europe. — Rose-
mary. An aromatic shrub; leaves linear, entire, white- tomentose
beneath; flowers blue or white, in axillary racemes.

Salvia coccinea Juss. S. coccinea var. pseudococcinea Gray.

Chactzitz (Gaumer); reported as "tsabtsits" and "tsci-xiu." A
common weed. — An erect hirsute herb; leaves ovate or deltoid,
petiolate, obtuse, crenate; flowers 2.5 cm. long, bright red, racemose.

Salvia Fernaldii Standl. FMB. 8: 41. 1930.

Endemic; type from Chichen Itza, Millspaugh 1634; a frequent
weed. — A low herb, the leaves slender-petioled, deltoid or ovate-
deltoid, 1-2 cm. long, crenate, glabrate; flowers in elongate racemes;
calyx puberulent or scabrous, without gland-tipped hairs; corolla
about 8 mm. long. — The specimens have been referred heretofore to
S. micrantha Vahl and S. serotina Sw.

Salvia micrantha Vahl. S. occidentalis Millsp. FMB. 1: 43.
1895, in part, not Sw. S. serotina Millsp. FMB. 1: 43. 1895, 2: 94.
1900, not L.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 407

t/f

Sp. Te de Cozumel, Verbena (Valdez). Common. — A finely pubes-
cent, erect herb, much branched; leaves broadly ovate, 1-4 cm. long,
obtuse, serrate, slender-petiolate; flowers 6-10 mm. long, white or
blue, in short or elongate racemes; calyx glandular-pubescent. — The
plant is used in domestic medicine. Valdez reports that it is em-
ployed as a remedy for earache. The name "kaknep" or "kaknipp"
is said to be given to it and related species in some parts of Yucatan,
this being a corruption of the English "catnip" (Nepeta cataria L.).

Salvia obscura Benth. S. occidentalis Millsp. FMB. 1: 43. 1895,
in part, not Sw.

Sp. Hierbabuena montes. A frequent weed. — An erect pubescent
herb, much branched; leaves ovate, serrate; corolla 3-5 mm. long;
calyx glandular-pilose, the lobes subulate-mucronate.

Salvia occidentalis Sw.

A frequent weed. — A procumbent, pubescent and viscid herb;
leaves ovate or broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, serrate; flowers blue,
5 mm. long, in elongate racemes; calyx densely glandular-pubescent,
the lobes obtuse.

Scutellaria Gaumeri Leonard, CNH. 22: 742. 1927.

Endemic; type from Pocoboch,Gcmraer 2392. — A pubescent peren-
nial herb; leaves broadly ovate, petiolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse,
crenate; flowers blue, 8 mm. long, in axillary racemes.

Sp. Agrimonia silvestre (Valdez), Claudiosa de monte, Claudiosa
amarga. Occasional. — An erect branched herb, nearly glabrous;
leaves coarsely crenate or the upper deeply lobed; flowers axillary,
fasciculate, pedicellate. — Employed as a remedy for pains in the
back, and as a tonic.

This is perhaps the plant listed by Cuevas (PI. Med. 99, Ilustr.
pi. 12, /. 3. 1913) as Melissa officinalis.

A plant listed by Mercer with the name "sitz," and said to be
used for flavoring posole, may well be a member of this family.

SOLANACEAE. Potato Family

Capsicum annuutn L.

Ic. Sp. Chile, Aji. Extensively cultivated. — Pepper. An Ameri-
can plant, but scarcely known in the wild state. Chile is much used
in Yucatan, as well as in other parts of Mexico, for flavoring food,
and it was employed also by the early inhabitants. Many varieties

408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

are grown, differing in the size and flavor of the fruit. The following
are named by various writers: "xubala," a large, very hot form
(Motul Diet.) ; "bolol," "chile grande" (Motul Diet.) ; "a'h'maxic," a
small, very hot variety, possibly C. baccatum; "yaaxic," "chile verde" ;
"chacic," "chile Colorado"; "chuhucic," "chile dulce"; also "chile
mulato," "chile ancho," and "chile morado." "Icil" is a sauce
made of chile. The root is reputed poisonous. An infusion of the
leaves is used in fomentations to heal skin eruptions on young
children, and the fruit is applied as a poultice to produce rube-
faction or blistering.

Capsicum frutescens L. C. baccatum L.; C. chlorocladum Loes.
Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 355. 1922, perhaps not Dunal.

Maaxic (Gaumer), Max (Seler). Sp. Chile del monte, Chilillo.
Common. — A small shrub; leaves ovate, acute, entire; fruit globose
or ellipsoid, 5-10 mm. long. — This is a wild plant with very acrid
fruits.

Cestrum diurnum L.

Sp. Juan de noche, Dama de noche. Frequent. — A shrub, glabrous
or nearly so; leaves short-petioled, oblong, acute or obtuse, entire;
flowers white, 8-12 mm. long, in short-stalked axillary cymes; fruit
a black berry 6 mm. long.

Cestrum nocturnum L.

Akabyom (Yuc., Pete"n). Sp. Galan de noche. Frequent. — A shrub
1-4 m. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves short-petioled, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate; flowers greenish white, 2-2.5 cm. long, in
axillary cymes; fruit white, 8-10 mm. long. — The flowers are very
fragrant at night.

Datura innoxia Mill. D. Stramonium Millsp. FMB. 1: 44.
1895, in part, not L. D. Metel Millsp. FMB. 1: 318. 1896, not L.

Xtohku (Gaumer). Sp. Chamico. Izamal and Chichankanab,
cultivated and perhaps wild; native of tropical America. — A large
coarse herb, finely grayish-pubescent; leaves petioled, broadly ovate,
acute, coarsely sinuate-dentate; flowers axillary, white, fragrant,
15-18 cm. long; capsule spiny, pubescent. — This plant, like others
of the genus, has narcotic properties, and it is used in local medicine.

Datura Stramonium L. D. Tatula L.

Tohku (Gaumer), Mehenxtohku (Gaumer). Sp. Chamico. An
occasional weed about settlements. — Jimson-weed. A coarse ill-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 409

scented herb, glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate, sinuate-lobate;
flowers white or violet, 10 cm. long; capsule spiny, glabrous. — The
seeds contain a narcotic poison. Their tincture or the crushed
leaves are applied externally for rheumatism, neuralgia, and headache.
The tincture is sometimes administered internally, but its use is
dangerous. For this species the names "lap" and "machul" are
reported from Guatemala.

Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl.

Sometimes cultivated for ornament; native of tropical America.
— A large shrub; leaves mostly entire, villosulous or glabrate; flowers
white, pendent, 25-30 cm. long, sweet-scented, opening in the
evening.

The closely related D. Candida (Pers.) Pasq. is called "koxas" in
Quiche", and "kereba-punt" in Kekchi.

Lycianthes sideroxyloides (Schlecht.) Bitter. Solanum sidero-
xyloides Schlecht.

Without locality, Gaumer 24212. — A woody vine, stellate-pubes-
cent; leaves ovate or elliptic, obtuse or acute, entire; flowers small,
white, fascicled in the leaf axils; calyx with 10 short narrow teeth;
fruit a berry.

Lycium carolinianum Walt.

Frequent on sea and lake shores. — A glabrous spiny shrub with
trailing or recurved branches; leaves narrowly spatulate, 3 cm. long
or less, fleshy; flowers purplish, fasciculate, 12 mm. broad; fruit a
small red berry.

Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Solanum Humboldtii Millsp.
FMB. 1: 44. 1895, perhaps not Willd. Solanum Lycopersicum L.

Ppac (Gaumer; written also "pac" and "paak"), Tsulubppac
(Gaumer; small-fruited wild form; name recorded erroneously as
"zunumbak"). Sp. Tomate, Jitomate (wild form). Cultivated com-
monly, also wild. — Tomato. The tomato is one of the common
vegetables of tropical America, and is native in the region. The
wild plants have small fruits as large as cherries. Cuevas reports
that the ripe fruits are applied to burns to relieve the pain. In
the various Guatemalan dialects the following names are applied to
the tomato: "pix," Quiche"; "pixb," "pixp," Quiche", Pokonchi;
"ixpix," Chuje, Jacalteca; "xcoya," Mame; "pai'c," Ixil; "ch'ut,"
Ixil, the wild form.

410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Nicotiana rustica L.

Noholcikutz (Gaumer). Me*rida, Schott 486. — A viscid-tomentose
annual; leaves petioled, ovate to oblong, cordate to rounded at the
base, obtuse or rounded at the apex; flowers small, about 2.5 cm.
long, yellowish or greenish, the narrow corolla with very short
lobes. — There is some uncertainty regarding the determination of
the specimen, which has been referred to N. glutinosa L. Schott's
label gives no indication as to whether the plant was found wild
or in cultivation.

Nicotiana Tabacum L. N. pilosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 388. 1898,
not Dunal.

Kutz (Gaumer; written also "kuutz" and "cuutz"). Sp. Tabaco.
Cultivated commonly, and occasionally found as an escape; native of
tropical America. — Tobacco. Tobacco of good quality is grown for
local consumption, and the manufacture of cigars for export has been
an industry of some importance in Yucatan. Tobacco has been used
for many centuries by the Mayas. The chewed leaves are applied
to insect bites, and their tincture is employed as a lotion to remove
garrapatas (ticks). The powdered leaves are applied to sores upon
animals to destroy insect larvae. In the Pokonchi dialect tobacco
is called "si'c"; in Aguacateca "si'ch"; in Mame and Chuje "sii'c."

Gaumer gives the name of N. pilosa as "kutzikax" and "tabaco
cimarron."

One or more species of Petunia probably are grown for ornament
in Yucatan.

Physalis Lagascae R. & S.

Pacunilek (Gaumer). Frequent. — An erect branched annual,
sparsely pubescent; leaves long-petioled, broaqUy ovate, entire or
nearly so, acuminate; flowers axillary; corolla greenish yellow; fruit
a globose berry, enclosed in an inflated bladdery calyx 16-18 mm.
long.

Physalis mayana Standl. FMB. 8: 42. 1930.

Endemic; type, Gaumer 21*381 ; Chichankanab, Gaumer 1504; San
Felipe, Gaumer 1421; without locality, Gaumer 1000. — Plants suf-
frutescent, the branches densely stellate- tomentose; leaves broadly
ovate or rhombic-ovate, 6-15 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate,
narrowed at the base and long-decurrent; fruiting calyx broadly
ovoid, 3 cm. long, finely pubescent with chiefly branched hairs.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 411

Physalis nicandroides Schlecht. P. barbadensis var. obscura
Millsp. FMB. 1: 318. 1896, not Rydb.

Frequent in moist soil. — A coarse branched viscid-pubescent
annual; leaves large, broadly ovate, coarsely sinuate-dentate; calyx
in fruit 3-5 cm. long.

Physalis pubescens L. P. foetens Millsp. FMB. 1: 388. 1898,
not Poir.

Paccanil (Gaumer), Pacnul (Gaumer); reported also as "pac-
canul." Sp. Farolito. A common weed.— A viscid-pubescent
annual; leaves broadly ovate, repand-dentate or nearly entire;
corolla yellow, with a brown-purple center; fruiting calyx 2.5-3 cm.
long.— The juice of the leaves is placed in the ears to relieve earache.

Physalis viscosa L. P. mollis var. cinerascens Millsp. FMB. 1:
318. 1896, not Gray.

Pahabcan (Gaumer), Pacnul. Occasional in moist soil. — Ground-
cherry. A perennial, stellate-pubescent; leaves obtuse, entire or un-
dulate; corolla greenish yellow, with dark center; fruiting calyx 2-3
cm. long.

Schwenkia americana L.

Xayulolxiu (Gaumer). Frequent. — A slender, erect, simple or
branched annual, pubescent; leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate to
ovate, entire, usually acute; flowers small, purplish green, in panicled
racemes; fruit a small capsule.

Solatium amazonium Ker. S. fuscatum Millsp. FMB. 1: 388.
1898, not L.

Xkomyaxnic (Gaumer; reported as "xkon-yaxik"), Pacanul
(Schott). Common. — A small shrub, densely stellate-pubescent,
prickly; leaves oval or ovate, shallowly sinuate-lobate, often prickly;
cymes few-flowered, the corolla violet, 4-5 cm. broad; fruit 1.5 cm.
in diameter, glabrous, partly enclosed in the large accrescent calyx.

Solatium bicolor Willd. S. callicarpaefolium Kunth & Bouche".
S. verbascifolium Millsp. FMB. 1: 44. 1895, in part, not L.

Frequent in thickets. — A shrub 1-2 m. high, unarmed, densely
stellate-pubescent; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 10-30 cm.
long, acute or obtuse, entire; flowers white, 7 mm. long, in dense
pedunculate cymes; ovary glabrous; fruit yellow, 6-8 mm. in
diameter.

412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Solarium campechiense L. Sp. PL 267. 1753.

Described from Campeche, Houstoun. — A very prickly herb;
leaves deeply lobed, the lobes sinuate-dentate, stellate-pilose, prickly;
cymes few-flowered, the flowers small, violaceous.

Solarium cornutum Lam. S. rostratum Millsp. FMB. 1: 389.
1898, not Dunal.

Ixpahalcan (Gaumer). Occasional. — A branched annual herb,
densely prickly, sparsely stellate-pubescent; leaves deeply lobed,
the lobes often again lobed, prickly; flowers large, yellow, in few-
flowered cymes; fruit enclosed in the prickly calyx.

Solanum diversifolium Schlecht.

Izamal, Gaumer in 1888. — A prickly shrub 1-2 m. high, densely
stellate- tomentose; leaves large and broad, sinuate-lobate; flowers
white, in stalked cymes; fruit 1-1.5 cm. in diameter.

Solanum hirtum Vahl. S. jamaicense Millsp. FMB. 1: 389.
1898, not Mill.

Putbalam (Gaumer; "tiger papaya"). Frequent. — A large, very
prickly herb or shrub; leaves large, densely stellate-tomentose, cor-
date at the base, sinuate-lobate, usually prickly beneath; cymes few-
flowered, the corolla white, 1.5 cm. long; fruit 2 cm. in diameter,
covered with long soft hairs. — An infusion of the fruit is considered
an excellent remedy for sore throat, used as a gargle. The crushed
fruit is applied also as a poultice.

Solanum lanceifolium Jacq.

Frequent in thickets. — A large woody vine, stellate-pubescent,
the stems and leaves armed with numerous short recurved prickles;
leaves ovate to oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or nearly so; cymes
lateral, few-flowered; corolla white, 9-12 mm. long; fruit orange-red,
1 cm. in diameter.

Solanum mammosum L.

Sp. Chuchito. Frequent. — A large branched herb, densely pilose
with long soft hairs, armed with long yellow prickles; leaves large,
shallowly lobed, the lobes acute; cymes few-flowered, the corolla
violaceous, 2 cm. long; fruit orange-yellow, ovoid, mammillate, 3-5
cm. in diameter. — A decoction of the leaves is used for cleansing
wounds. The dried and powdered leaves are used for the same
purpose, and especially as an application to wounds caused by the
bites of dogs. The Kekchi name is "kantu," "yellow breast," in
allusion to the form of the fruit. The fruit is reputed very poisonous.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 413

#/;

Solatium Melongena L.

Sp. Berengena. Commonly cultivated; of Asiatic origin. — Egg-
plant.

Solanum nigrum L. S. havanense Millsp. FMB. 1: 44. 1895,
not Jacq. S. nigrum var. nodiflorum Gray; Physalis angulata Millsp.
FMB. 1:388. 1898, not L.

Pahalcan (Gaumer); reported as "bahabcan" and "bahalcan."
Sp. Yerbamora. A common weed. — An annual herb, puberulent or
nearly glabrous, unarmed; leaves ovate, sinuate-dentate or entire;
flowers small, white, in umbels; fruit a small black berry. — The
crushed leaves are applied as poultices to reduce inflammation and
to bring boils to a head. Cuevas states that the plant is considered
poisonous, but in some parts of Central America it is eaten as a pot
herb. The Motul Dictionary gives the name as "pahalcan," "pakal-
can," and "pakcan." The Quiche" name is "imut," the Kekchi name
"mah kui." Other Guatemalan names are listed as "challuc,"
"yemoch," "mup," and "amoche."

Solanum Seaforthianum Andrews.

Sp. Piocha. Planted for ornament; native of tropical America.—
A large scandent shrub, unarmed, sparsely pubescent; leaves pin-
nately divided, the 3 or 5 leaflets entire; flowers violet, 1 cm. long,
in dense cymes; fruit red.

Solanum torvum Sw.

Chelic (Gaumer), Tompaap. Sp. Prendedora. Frequent. — A
shrub 1-3 m. high, armed with short prickles, stellate-pubescent;
leaves broadly ovate, sinuate-lobate; flowers white, 10-12 mm. long,
in small short-stalked cymes; fruit yellow, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter.—
The plant is reputed to have narcotic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and
resolutive properties. It has been employed locally in treating con-
vulsions, coughs, asthma, gout, rheumatism, syphilis, and cutaneous
diseases.

Solanum tuberosum L.

Sp. Papa. — The potato, native of the Andes, has been grown in
Campeche and Yucatan, but it does not thrive in so hot a region.
The Pokonchi name of the potato is "caxlan is," "white sweet
potato."

Solanum verbascifolium L.

Tonpaap (Gaumer), Tukux (Valdez); reported as "tompaap"
and "xaxox." Frequent. — A shrub 2-3 m. high, densely stellate-

414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

pubescent, unarmed; leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute, entire; flowers
white, 7-9 mm. long, in long-stalked cymes; ovary stellate-pubescent;
fruit yellowish, 1 cm. in diameter, stellate-pubescent. — The plant is
utilized like S. torvum in local medicine.

Solanum yucatanum Standl. FMB. 8: 43. 1930. S. juripeba
Millsp. FMB. 1: 389. 1898, not Rich.

Heehbech (Gaumer). Endemic; type from Bocas de Tsilam,
Gaumer 24352; Chichankanab, Gaumer 2000. — A shrub, the branches
rather densely covered with stipitate few-branched hairs, armed with
short broad compressed prickles, oblojig or elliptic-oblong, 3-6.5 cm.
long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded or obtuse and very un-
equal at the base, entire, stellate-tomentose beneath, the costa often
armed beneath with 1-2 short prickles; corolla 7 mm. long; fruit
globose, glabrous, 8 mm. in diameter.

The plant reported by Cuevas (PI. Med. 98. 1913) as "telesku"
and "berenjena" is apparently a Solanum, but the species is doubtful.
He states that the plant has the properties of belladonna, and that
the crushed leaves, with oil, are applied as poultices to reduce
inflammation.

SCROPHULARIACEAE. Figwort Family

Angelonia angustifolia Benth.

Sp. Boca de la vieja. Cultivated and perhaps native. — An erect,
simple or branched, glabrous herb; leaves opposite, linear to lanceo-
late, sessile or petiolate, serrate; flowers blue, 1.5-2 cm. broad, race-
mose.— Often planted in Central America because of its showy
flowers. Valdez reports that the plant is employed as a tonic in
the case of nervous affections.

Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Wettst. Monniera Monniera Britton.

Yaaxcach (Gaumer); reported as "xaxcach." Occasional in wet
soil. — A glabrous fleshy creeping perennial herb; leaves spatulate,
sessile, entire or denticulate, 6-20 mm. long, rounded at the apex;
flowers axillary, pediceled, pale blue, about 1 cm. broad.

Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Greenm. Monniera procumbens
Millsp.; B. procumbens var. Schottii Greenm. FMB. 2: 262. 1907.

Xacanlum (Gaumer), Xnokak (Gaumer). Frequent in moist
soil. — A glabrous branched perennial herb, usually decumbent; leaves
ovate or oval, 1-2 cm. long, petioled, obtuse or acute, serrate;

FLORA OF YUCATAN 415

irf

flowers axillary, yellow, 1 cm. long. — The type of var. Schottii was
collected at MeYida, Schott 616.

Buchnera pusilla HBK. B. mexicana Millsp. FMB. 1: 45.

1895, 1: 389. 1898; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 26. 1905,
perhaps not Hemsl.

Cabalchichibe (Gaumer). Frequent in dry soil. — A rough-pubes-
cent, erect, simple or branched herb; leaves mostly opposite, linear;
flowers small, pink or white, in elongate spikes.

Capraria biflora L. C. biflora var. pilosa Griseb.

Chocuilxiu (Gaumer), Pasmoxiu (Pete"n; a mixture of Spanish
and Maya). Sp. Claudiosa. A common weed. — An erect herb,
pubescent or glabrate; leaves alternate, oblanceolate or oblong, ser-
rate, acute; flowers axillary, long-pedicellate, 1 cm. long, white.—
The plant is much used in domestic medicine. An infusion is em-
ployed as a bath or lotion in all uterine and ovarian complaints. A
decoction of the leaves is administered as a remedy for diabetes,
leucorrhea, and gonorrhea.

Capraria saxifragaefolia Schlecht. & Cham. C. biflora var.
pilosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 45, in part, 1895, not Griseb. C. biflora
Millsp. FMB. 1: 319, in part. 1896, 1: 389, in part. 1898, 2: 98, in
part. 1900, not L.

Sp. Claudiosa. Frequent. — An erect herb, glandular-pubescent;
leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate-serrate; flowers nearly sessile.

Castilleja communis Benth. C. arvensis Millsp. FMB. 1 : 319.

1896, not Schlecht. & Cham.

Sp. Hierba del cancer. Occasional. — A perennial herb, erect,
pilose; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire; flowers small, in terminal
spikes, subtended by red bracts.

Conobea pusilla (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.

Occasional in wet soil. — A small slender branched annual, nearly
glabrous; leaves dissected into linear lobes; flowers small, yellowish,
axillary; capsule linear.

Gerardia maritima var. grandiflora Benth. G. cereifera Millsp.
FMB. 2: 98. 1900. Agalinis maritima var. grandiflora Pennell.

Known in Yucatan only from Millspaugh 1702, from Progreso,
the type of G. cereifera. — A slender herb; leaves linear; flowers
purple, in terminal racemes, long-pediceled; corolla 1.5-2 cm. long.

416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Russelia campechiana Standl. CNH. 23: 1309. 1924.

Type collected at Apazote, Campeche, Goldman 1+67; also in
British Honduras. — An herb, nearly glabrous, the stems 4-angled;
leaves ovate, acuminate, entire; flowers red, tubular, 13 mm. long.

Russelia equisetiformis Schlecht. & Cham. R. juncea Zucc.

Sp. Coralillo. Cultivated for ornament. — A glabrous herb, the
leaves small and caducous; peduncles long and filiform, 1-3-flowered;
corolla red, 2 cm. long. — A handsome plant, perhaps native of
Mexico, but probably not known in the wild state.

Russelia sarmentosa Jacq.

Occasional. — Plants nearly glabrous, the stems 4-angled; leaves
broadly ovate, subsessile, acute to rounded at the apex, serrate;
flowers red, 1 cm. long.

Stemodia durantifolia (L.) Sw.

Occasional in moist soil. — An erect, branched, pubescent and
glandular herb; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong or narrowly lanceo-
late, serrate; flowers small, purple, in leafy racemes, the corolla
glandular-pubescent.

Stemodia maritima L. Capraria biflora Millsp. FMB. 2: 98.
1900, in part, not L.

Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1535. — An erect, pubescent and
viscid, branched herb; leaves oblong, sessile, serrate; flowers pur-
plish, nearly sessile in the leaf axils; corolla glabrous.

LENTIBULARIACEAE. Bladderwort Family

Utricularia obtusa Sw.

Without locality, Gaumer 913; Xcholac, Gaumer 430. — A small
aquatic herb; leaves divided into capillary segments, these bearing
few minute bladders; flowers small, yellow, racemose on a slender
scape.

PEDALIACEAE. Sesame Family

Sesamum orientale L. S. indicum L.

Zicilpuuz (Gaumer); listed also as "sicilpus" and "mehensial."
Sp. Ajonjoli. Cultivated and also escaped; native of the East
Indies. — Sesame. An erect pubescent annual; leaves opposite and
alternate, the lower lobed or parted, the upper lanceolate; flowers
white or pink, 2-3 cm. long, axillary; capsule oblong, 2-3 cm. long,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 417

t>?

2-celled. — The seeds are used for flavoring food. The plant has been
grown extensively in Yucatan for the oil which is extracted from the
seeds. A decoction of the seeds is given to children as a laxative,
and it is applied externally for skin eruptions.

MARTYNIACEAE. Unicorn-plant Family

Martynia annua L. M. diandra Glox.

Chucchikil (Gaumer). Sp. Una del diablo. An occasional weed. —
A large coarse viscid-pubescent herb; leaves opposite, ovate-orbicu-
lar, 8-15 cm. long, sinuate-dentate; flowers pink or whitish, 3-5
cm. long, blotched with purple; fruit a woody capsule 2-2.5 cm.
long, obliquely ovoid, with a short hooked beak.

BIGNONIACEAE. Bignonia Family

Adenocalymna fissutn Loes. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand. 65: 102.
1923. Bignonia aequinoctialis Millsp. FMB. 1: 390. 1898, in part,
not L.

Endemic; type from Xkombec, Seler 4034; Buena Vista Xbac,
Gaumer 1068; Chichankanab, Gaumer 2440, 1098. — A large woody
vine; leaves 2-foliolate, often with a terminal tendril, the leaflets
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, puberulent on the nerves; calyx 8 mm.
long, villosulous, conspicuously nerved and dentate; corolla 4.5-5
cm. long, puberulent outside, pink or purple.

Adenocalymna heterophyllum Standl. FMB. 8: 49. 1930.
Bignonia aequinoctialis Millsp. FMB. 1: 390. 1898, in part, not L.

Endemic; type from Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23889; without
locality, Gaumer 1098. — A large woody vine; leaflets 3, elliptic, acute,
rounded, or deeply emarginate at the apex, minutely lepidote or
nearly glabrous; calyx truncate, 6-7 mm. long; corolla 6-7.5 cm.
long, the tube elongate, dilated upward, densely villous-tomentose
outside, the rounded lobes about 1.5 cm. long.

Adenocalymna punctifolium Blake.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 23715. — A woody vine; leaflets 2, oblong-
ovate, acuminate, subcordate, pilosulous, dotted beneath with large
glands; corolla creamy white, 4 cm. long, puberulent; calyx dentate,
densely puberulent.

Adenocalymna Seleri Loes. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brand. 65: 101.
1923. Bignonia aequinoctialis Millsp. FMB. 1: 390. 1898, in part,
not L.

418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Oppolche (Seler). Type collected between Ticul and Tabi, Seler
3901 ; Chichankanab, Gaumer 2162; Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1068;
Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23844- — A woody vine; leaflets ovate-lanceo-
late to broadly ovate, villosulous and glandular-punctate beneath
or nearly glabrous; calyx 6-8 mm. long, sparsely villosulous, con-
spicuously nerved, dentate; corolla puberulent, 3-3.5 cm. long.

Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) HBK.

Near Satscaba, Schott 886. — A small woody vine; leaflets 2 or 3,
rounded-ovate, short-acuminate, often cordate at the base, minutely
lepidote beneath; flowers pinkish white, 3-4 cm. long; calyx bearing
2 or 3 lobelike appendages within; capsule oblong-elliptic, 8-10 cm.
long, 4 cm. wide.

Arrabidaea floribunda (HBK.) Loes. Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 209.
1919. Bignonia floribunda HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 134. 1818. B.
aequinoctialis Millsp. FMB. 1: 390. 1898, in part, not L. B. mollis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 390. 1898, not Vahl.

Zacak (Gaumer), Anicab (Schott). Frequent in thickets; type
from Campeche. — A large woody vine; leaflets 2 or 3, elliptic to
broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, purplish when dried;
flowers purple, 1.3-1.8 cm. long, puberulent, in large panicles.—
Other closely related species are used in some regions as dye plants,
and this one may have been so utilized by the Mayas. Schott
states that the vine is much used for binding in the construction of
thatched roofs.

Bignonia unguis-cati L.

Xkanlolak (Gaumer), Ek-kixilak (Gaumer). Frequent. — A woody
vine, climbing by means of sharp-pointed hooked tendrils, often
with aerial roots; leaflets 2, lance-oblong to broadly ovate, acute;
flowers yellow, 4.5-7 cm. long; capsule linear, 30-40 cm. long, 1-1.5
cm. wide. — The name "chacanicab" has been reported, but probably
in error. This is apparently the plant reported by Cuevas (PI. Med.
109. 1913) as "xkanak." He states that it is employed as a remedy
for diseases of the spleen. The plant listed by him (PI. Med. 46.
1913) as "ek kixil" also may belong here.

Crescentia Gujete L. C. cuneifolia Gardn.

LnjLch (Gaumer), Huaz (Gaumer). Sp. Jicara, Guiro. Calabash,
Wild calabash (B. H.). Common. — A small tree; leaves clustered,
oblanceolate or spatulate, entire, glabrous or puberulent; flowers
green and brown-purple, 5-8 cm. long, borne on the trunk and

FLORA OF YUCATAN 419

' larger branches. — The fruits, which resemble gourds, vary greatly
in size and shape. They are sometimes oval and 15 cm. long, but
frequently globose and 30 cm. in diameter. They are very important
because of their use as kitchen utensils, being employed generally
as receptacles for water and many other substances. The soft close-
grained flexible wood is sometimes utilized for construction purposes.
A sirup prepared from the pulp of the fruit is a popular remedy for
affections of the chest. An infusion of the leaves is administered as
an astringent for diarrhea, and is applied to the hair to promote
growth, and stop its falling. In Kekchi the tree is called "horn."

Cydista aequinoctialis (L.) Miers. Bignonia aequinoctialis L.

Chacanicab (Gaumer). Common in thickets. — A large woody
vine; leaflets 2, oblong to ovate, acute, glabrous or pubescent;
corolla pink or pale purple, lepidote outside, 5-8 cm. long; capsule
linear, 25-40 cm. long, the seeds winged. — Called "bejuco tres-
lomos" in Tabasco. The tough flexible stems of this and other vines
of the family are used like twine.

Cydista diversifolia (HBK.) Miers, Proc. Hort. Soc. Lond. 3:
192. 1863. Bignonia diversifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 133. 1818.

Chacnetoloc (Gaumer), Anicab (Schott) ; Zolak (Schott); reported
also as "tsolak" and "xcolak." Frequent in thickets; type from
Campeche. — A woody vine; leaflets broadly ovate to oblong-elliptic,
acuminate, glabrous or pubescent, often cordate; corolla purple,
finely puberulent or lepidote, 3-4 cm. long.

Lundia Schumanniana Kranzlein, Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 120. 1921.
Described from Campeche, but, according to the author, the locality
is doubtful.

Parmentiera aculeata (HBK.) Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 183.
1854. Crescentia aculeata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 158. 1818. P.
baculis Donde", Emulation 3: Apend. 13. 1878. P. cereifera Millsp.
FMB. 1: 390. 1898, not Seem.

Cacuuc (Gaumer) ; listed also as "catcuuc," "katzuz," "katcuuc,"
"catcuuk" (Donde"). Sp. Pepino de ardilla. Cultivated and wild;
type from Campeche. — A shrub or small tree, armed with short
stout spines; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets rounded to obovate, 1-3
cm. long, rounded at the apex, often toothed, glabrous or puberulent;
flowers large, greenish, borne on young branches; fruit terete, fleshy,
15-25 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, yellow, ripening in October. — The fruit
is edible when cooked.

420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Parmentiera edulis DC.

Cat (Gaumer); reported also as "kaat." Sp. Pepino de arbol,
Cuajilote (Camp.; of Nahuatl derivation). Cow okra (B. H.). Culti-
vated and perhaps native, at least in the southern part of the
Peninsula. — A small tree, armed with short spines; leaflets elliptic
or obovate, 3-8.5 cm. long, usually acute, entire; flowers greenish
white, 7 cm. long; fruit fleshy, 10-16 cm. long, 2 cm. thick or more.
—The fruit is eaten raw or cooked, and is sometimes pickled or
preserved. It is also reputed to have diuretic properties, and is eaten
to relieve pain in the kidneys. An infusion of the root is admin-
istered as a remedy for diabetes.

Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) Schum. P. hexagonum
DC. P. Aubletii Millsp. FMB. 2: 99. 1900, perhaps not Splitg.

Xachextabay (Gaumer), Netoloc (Gaumer, "iguana-tail"), Xtabay
(Flores). Sp. Peine de mico ("monkey comb"). Common in thickets.
— A large or small, woody vine; leaflets 2 or 3, ovate or rounded-
ovate, often cordate at the base, finely lepidote and often pubescent;
flowers dirty white, 4.5-5 cm. long; fruit a woody compressed cap-
sule, oblong or elliptic, 15-20 cm. long, 4.5-6.5 cm. wide, covered
with hard sharp tubercles. — The stems are used for tying fences and
roofs, and the pods to make toys for children. The name "xachex-
tabay" is derived from "xach" or "xachah," to comb, and "xtabay,"
an apparition in the form of a woman, dressed as a mestiza, who
appears, combing her beautiful hair with a pod of this vine, in
isolated spots in the villages.

Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nicholson.

Hahauche (Gaumer). Frequent. — A small deciduous tree; leaves
digitately 5-foliolate, the leaflets obovate, acuminate, stellate-
pubescent or glabrate, entire or serrate; flowers bright yellow,
clustered at the ends of the branchlets; capsules linear, 20-30 cm.
long, often tuberculate. — The wood is dark and very hard.

Tabebuia pentaphylla (L.) Hemsl.

Hokab (Maler). Sp. Roble (B. H.), Maculis, Maquiliz (B. H.; of
Nahuatl derivation), Macuilixuatl (Maler; Nahuatl). Mayflower
(B. H.). Common in the southern part of the Peninsula. — A medium-
sized deciduous tree; leaflets 5, oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, finely
lepidote, entire; flowers pink or purple, 7-10 cm. long, in corymbs;
capsule 20-35 cm. long, 12 mm. thick. — The wood is of good quality,
and useful for cabinetwork and general construction. When loaded

FLORA OF YUCATAN 421

with its beautifully colored flowers, in spring, this is one of the most
beautiful of Central American trees.

Tecoma stans (L.) HBK. T. sambucifolia Donde", Apuntes 70.
1907, perhaps not HBK.

Kanlol (Gaumer). Sp. Tronador, Sauco amarillo, Flor amarilla.
Common, at least in cultivation; planted for ornament. — A shrub or
small tree; leaves pinnate, the leaflets 5-13, serrate, pubescent or
glabrous; flowers bright yellow, panicled, 3.5-5 cm. long; capsule
linear, 10-20 cm. long. — The leaves and flowers are used as a tonic,
and the bark as a diuretic. Valdez states that the decoction of the
leaves and flowers is employed as a bath in the treatment of dropsy.
The Kekchi name is reported as "chakte." The name "candox" is
recorded as in use in Chiapas.

OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-rape Family

Orobanche sp.? Cytinus hypocistis Lanz, Agricultor 1011: 9.
1923. Caetera hydnorea Flores, Agricultor 1016: 18. 1923.

Muchcok, Acam. — This plant, well described by Lanz, probably
belongs to this genus, but no material is available for study. It is
parasitic upon roots of Prosopis, and is described as a tomentose
fleshy purplish plant with bracted stems and crowded bilabiate
flowers having 4 stamens.

ACANTHACEAE. Acanthus Family

Aphelandra Deppeana Schlecht. & Cham. A. pectinata Willd.;
A. Haenkeana Nees.

Chaccankilxiu (Gaumer). Common in thickets. — A shrub 1-3 m.
high; leaves ovate-elliptic to lance-oblong, entire, acuminate, usually
pubescent beneath; flowers bright red, 4 cm. long, in dense bracted
spikes; bracts serrate, appressed.— Called "anilillo" and "anil
cimarron" in Tabasco. The name "chakanal" is reported from
British Honduras.

Blechum pedunculatum Donn. Smith. Ruellia Tweediana
Millsp. FMB. 1: 320. 1896, in part, not Griseb. R. geminiflora
Millsp. FMB. 1: 391. 1898, in part, not HBK.

Yamcotil (Gaumer). Occasional. — A small perennial herb, gray-
ish-strigillose; leaves ovate, acute; flowers clustered at the ends of
the stems, purple, 2.5 cm. long.

422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urban. Blechum Brownei
Juss.; Blechum blechoides Millsp. FMB. 1: 320. 1896, perhaps not
Hitchc. Blechum Blechum Millsp.

Akabxiu (Gaumer). A common weed. — A small puberulent herb,
erect or decumbent; leaves ovate, acute; flowers in dense bracted
4-sided spikes, the bracts ovate, ciliate; corolla purplish, slightly
longer than the bracts. — This is one of the most abundant weeds of
Central America. Valdez states that the plant has refrigerant
properties.

Bravaisia tubiflora Hemsl. in Hook. Icon. PL 16: pi. 1576.
1886.

Hooloop (B. H.; "hulub?"). Common along the coast and on
lake shores; endemic; type from Cozumel Island, Gaumer 52. — A
shrub 1-2 m. high, or reported as a tree of 7.5 m.; leaves elliptic or
oblong-elliptic, 4-7 cm. long, glabrate, obtuse; flowers purplish,
2-2.5 cm. long, in leafy-bracted cymes.

Dicliptera assurgens (L.) Juss. Diapedium assurgens Kuntze.

Nimiz (Gaumer). Sp. Pensamiento. Common. — An erect herb,
1-1.5 m. high, glabrous or nearly so, the branches angled; leaves
ovate or lanceolate, often deciduous, acute or obtuse; flowers in
small bracted clusters arranged in long spikes; corolla red, 2-2.5
cm. long. — Some of the Yucatan material has been referred to D.
mollis Nees, but it is doubtful whether that is distinct from D.
assurgens. The plant is reported by Valdez to be employed as a
remedy for asthma.

Drejerella longipes Standl. FMB. 8: 47. 1930.

Endemic; type from Chichen Itza, Millspaugh 1621; Buena
Vista, Gaumer in 1899. — A low erect herb, densely soft-pubescent;
leaves rounded-ovate, 7-17 mm. long, acute, the petioles slender,
longer than the blades; flowers in dense bracted spikes, the bracts
contracted into short petioles, broadly ovate, obtuse; corolla white,
glabrous, 11 mm. long.

Elytraria bromoides Oerst. Tubiflora squamosa Millsp. FMB.
1: 320. 1896, in part, 2: 99. 1900, not Kuntze.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1833; Me*rida, Schott; Kancabtsonot,
Gaumer 23783, in part; Chichen Itza, Millspaugh 1622. — A small
perennial herb; leaves basal, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse; flowers
small, white, in very dense, bracted spikes; bracts lanceolate, entire,
closely appressed and imbricate.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 423

Elytraria squamosa (Jacq.) Lindau. Tubiflora squamosa Kuntze.

Cabalxaan. A common weed.— A small herb with short leafy
stems; leaves usually clustered at the base of the inflorescence,
oblanceolate, often dentate, acute; flowers small, purple, in slender
spikes; bracts hard, imbricate, 3-dentate at the apex, with a thin
appendage on each side. — An infusion of the plant is a local remedy
for bronchitis and coughs.

Jacobinia leucothamna Standl. FMB. 8: 44. 1930.

Endemic; type from Silam, Gaumer 1242; B\soGaumer 2280, from
the same locality. — A shrub 2 m. high with whitish branches; leaves
broadly elliptic, 2-4.5 cm. long, rounded and apiculate at the apex,
velvety-pubescent beneath; flowers in very short spikes, the bracts
subulate; sepals lance-subulate, 2.5 mm. long; corolla white, 8-9
mm. long, pilose.

Jacobinia spicigera (Schlecht.) L. H. Bailey. Jacobinia mohintli
Hemsl.

Yichcaan (Cuevas), Siitz (B. H.). Wild and also planted about
houses. — A shrub 1-2 m. high; leaves oblong to ovate, acute, gla-
brate; flowers in small, axillary or terminal cymes; corolla red,
3-3.5 cm. long. — The leaves in hot water give a dark blue infusion,
which is used like indigo, for whitening linen. Cuevas states that
the plant probably was employed by the ancient Mayas for painting.
This is perhaps the plant listed by Pe"rez under the name "tzitz."
The Quich^ name is "kaxabal"; the Kekchi name, "kakixuxul."

Justicia carthaginensis Jacq. Beloperone violacea Millsp.
FMB. 1: 320. 1896; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 28. 1905,
not Planch. & Lind.

Zulub (Gaumer). Frequent. — An erect herb 1 m. high or less,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate, acute; flowers purple, in dense
bracted spikes; bracts oblong, ciliate; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long. — Some
of the Yucatan specimens have been referred to J. caudata Gray.

Justicia comata (L.) Lam. (Dianthera comata L.; Millsp. FMB. 1:
47. 1895) is reported from Yucatan, collected by Johnson. The
species probably occurs in the southern part of the Peninsula.

Justicia myriantha Standl. FMB. 8: 45. 1930.

Endemic; type from Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23557; Buena Vista
Xbac, Gaumer 1102; Lake Chichankanab, Gaumer 23718, 23742.—
An erect or decumbent herb; leaves petioled, rounded-ovate, 1.5-4
cm. long, obtuse or acutish, nearly glabrous; flowers in long slender

424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

spikes, these often panicled, many-flowered; bracts subulate, glan-
dular-puberulent; sepals 2.5-3 mm. long; corolla 5 mm. long,
glabrous.

Justicia sessilis Jacq. Siphonoglossa sessilis Oerst.; Dianthera
sessilis Griseb.

Frequent. — A low branching herb, sometimes suffrutescent at
the base; leaves small, short-petiolate, ovate or elliptic, acute or
obtuse, rather copiously pubescent on both surfaces; flowers in very
short spikes with subulate bracts; corolla glabrous, apparently white,
the very slender tube about 15 mm. long, the obovate lobes less than
half as long as the tube.

Louteridium Donnell-Smithii Wats.

Pete"n. — A large herb or shrub 1-3 m. high; leaves very large,
broadly ovate, acute, crenate-dentate, soft-pubescent; flowers dark
red, 7 cm. long, in terminal racemes.

Pseuderanthemum nanum Standl. FMB. 8: 46. 1930.

Endemic; type from Silam, Gaumer 1305; Progreso, Gaumer
2295. — A low perennial with whitish, minutely puberulent, mostly
simple stems; leaves leathery, short-petiolate, broadly ovate, obtuse,
glabrous, the veins nearly obsolete; flowers in short, very dense
spikes, the bracts subulate; sepals subulate-attenuate, 9 mm. long;
corolla tube 9 mm. long, slender, the lobes of about the same length,
spreading.

Ruellia albicaulis Bert. R. paniculata Millsp. FMB. 1: 46.
1895,2:100. 1900, not L.

Tsacalbac (Gaumer); reported as "kabauche." Common. — A
brittle shrub 1-2 m. high, with a strong disagreeable goatlike odor,
glandular-pubescent, the branches whitish; leaves ovate to oblong,
acute, usually denticulate; flowers purple, 2-2.5 cm. long, in loose
cymes. — The Motul Dictionary lists an "ixtsacalbac," whose roots
"are good to cure broken bones."

Ruellia geminiflora HBK. R. Tweediana Millsp. FMB. 1: 320.
1896, in part, not Griseb.

Yamcotil (Valdez). Occasional; MeYida, Seler 3948, Valdez 24;
Izamal, Greenman 484- — A low perennial herb, pubescent or glabrate;
leaves oblong-ovate to oval, obtuse or acute; flowers pale purple,
2 cm. long.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 425

Ruellia malacosperma Greenm.

Occasional. — A low erect herb, pubescent; leaves oblong or
lanceolate, acuminate; flowers purple, 5-6 cm. long, in few-flowered
axillary cymes.

Ruellia tuberosa L.

Cabalyaaxnic (Gaumer). Sp. Hierba de la calentura, Maravilla
del monte. Common. — A perennial herb with fusiform roots, pubes-
cent; leaves ovate or oblong; flowers in stalked cymes; corolla
purple, 4-6 cm. long.— A decoction of the plant is used for cleansing
sores and wounds, and as a remedy for chest affections.

Tetramerium hispidum Nees.

Zacchilib (Gaumer), Xhuayumhak (Valdez). Common in thickets.
— A brittle erect herb with pale branches; leaves lanceolate or ovate,
acute, pubescent or glabrate; flowers cream-colored, in dense short
bracted spikes; bracts broadly ovate, 4-ranked, imbricate, pilose. —
The plant is employed by the Indians to remedy suppression of the
lochia after parturition.

Tetramerium scorpioides (L.) Hemsl. Henrya costata Gray;
T. costatum Millsp.

Kanzahilxiu (Gaumer), Xibkuub (xib-kiik?). Common. — An
erect glandular-pubescent branching herb with 4-angled stems;
leaves ovate, acuminate; flowers small, cream-colored, in long
bracted spikes, the bracts mostly oblong.

PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family

Plantago major L.

Sp. Llanten. An occasional weed; introduced from Europe. — A
perennial herb, glabrous or pubescent; leaves basal, long-petiolate,
broadly ovate, entire or dentate; flowers small, green, in long dense
spikes. — The plant is employed locally as a remedy to prevent
abortion.

Plantago hirtella HBK. is called "kok-pim" in the Kekchi dialect.

RUBIACEAE. Madder Family

Alseis yucatanensis Standl. FMB. 8: 50. 1930.

Cacao-che (Sp. and Maya). Endemic; type, Gaumer 24247, with-
out locality. — A tree; stipules caducous; leaves petiolate, deciduous,
obovate, 8-30 cm. long, acuminate at the apex or rounded and short-

426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

acuminate, long-attenuate to the base, sparsely pilose beneath along
the nerves or glabrate; flowers in dense racemes; calyx lobes ovate,
obtuse; corolla broadly campanulate, 2.5 mm. long; capsules clavate,
14 mm. long, the seeds appendaged at each end.

Asemnanthe pubescens Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI.
2: 107. 1873.

Occasional; endemic; type collected by Linden. — A slender shrub
or small tree; leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate, acute, entire,
pilose beneath; flowers small, yellow, in axillary fascicles; fruit
drupaceous, compressed, orbicular.

Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. Spermacoce laevis Lam.; S.
echioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 344. 1819. S. verticillata Millsp.
FMB. 1: 393. 1898, in part, not L. S. tenuior Millsp. FMB. 2: 103.
1900, in part, not L.

Izamal, Gaumer in 1888; Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1531;
Nohacab, Schott 972a. — An annual or perennial herb, sparsely pubes-
cent; leaves oblong to elliptic, 2-4 cm. long, acute or obtuse; flowers
white, crowded in the leaf axils; calyx lobes 4. — Type of S. echioides
from Campeche.

Borreria ocimoides (Burm. f.) DC.

San Pedro, Gaumer 23872. — A small glabrous annual; leaves
linear to oblong-elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long; flowers minute, white,
clustered in the leaf axils.

Borreria suaveolens Mey. B. thymifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 49.
1895, not Griseb.

Occasional. — An erect perennial herb, scaberulous; leaves linear
or lanceolate; flowers small, white, in dense, terminal and axillary
heads; calyx lobes 4.

Borreria verticillata (L.) Mey. Spermacoce verticillata L. S.
Haenkeana Millsp. FMB. 1: 49. 1895, not Hemsl.

Nizots (Gaumer; reported incorrectly as "nitsox")- Sp. Man-
zanilla de campo. Common. — A low erect perennial herb, glabrous
or nearly so; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long; flowers
white, in dense, terminal and axillary heads; calyx lobes 2. — The
plant is employed in the treatment of sores.

Calycophyllum candidissimum (Vahl) DC.

Campeche. — A large tree; leaves oval to ovate, acuminate, gla-
brous or nearly so; flowers in small corymbs, white; calyx lobes un-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 427

equal, one of them expanded into a large leaflike creamy- white limb;
fruit a small capsule. — The wood is hard, heavy, strong, fine-grained,
and durable. The tree is a very showy and handsome one when in
flower. From Guatemala the names "uca" and "chulub" are
reported.

Ghiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. C. racemosa L. C. racemosa var.
yucatana Loes. Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 361. 1922.

Canchacche (Gaumer). Sp. Cainca. Common in thickets. — A
slender shrub, often subscandent, usually glabrous; leaves short-
petioled, lanceolate to oval, 3-8 cm. long, acute, thick; flowers small,
white, in simple or panicled racemes; fruit fleshy, white, compressed,
orbicular, 4-8 mm. long. — The plant is used as a tonic, diuretic, and
purgative, especially in the treatment of dropsy and rheumatism. It
is considered also a remedy for snake bites. The type of var. yucatana
is Seler 5591, from Hacienda Yaxche, Distrito de Ticul.

Coffea arabica L.

Sp. Cafe. Native of tropical Africa. — Coffee is grown on a small
scale in the region, but the plant does not flourish at such low ele-
vations. It is reported that abandoned plantations of 5 to 10
hectares are still growing and fruiting about Bacalar. These were
planted prior to 1858, when the Spanish population was forced to
abandon that region.

Cosmocalyx spectabilis Standl. FMB. 8: 56. 1930.

Type, Gaumer 24270, without locality; Gaumer 24219; also in
Michoacan or Guerrero. — A tree 5-8 m. high; stipules narrowly
triangular, caducous; leaves slender-petioled, rhombic-obovate or
elliptic-obovate, 6-17 cm. long, acuminate, barbate beneath along
the costa; flowers in large dense terminal panicles; calyx lobes un-
equal, one of them expanding into a large, red or purplish, petioled
limb 2-3.5 cm. long; corolla 7 mm. long; capsule cylindric, 6-8 mm.
long, 2-coccous, the cells 1-seeded.

Coutarea octomera Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 4: 101.
1886. C. acamptoclada Robins. & Millsp. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 28.
1905.

Pailuch (Gaumer); reported also as "cabalkax." Frequent; en-
demic; type from Cozumel Island, Gaumer in 1885; type of C.
acamptoclada from Uman, Seler 4044- — A stout shrub; leaves oval
to rhombic-ovate, obtuse, glabrous or nearly so; flowers greenish

428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

yellow, 2.5-5 cm. long, clustered at the ends of the branches, the
corolla 8-lobed; fruit a capsule 1.5 cm. long.

Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) Schum. (C. speciosa Aubl.; Millsp.
FMB. 1: 48. 1895) has been reported on the basis of a Linden col-
lection, and may occur in the region.

Crusea calocephala DC.

Common. — An erect hirsute annual; leaves lanceolate to ovate,
acuminate, slender-petioled ; flowers bright pink, in terminal leafy-
bracted heads.

Erithalis fruticosa L.

Collected only on Mugeres and Holbox islands. — A glabrous
shrub or small tree; leaves short-petioled, orbicular to oblong-
obovate, 2-10 cm. long, rounded at the apex, thick; flowers small,
white, in axillary cymes; fruit a globose black drupe 2.5-4 mm. in
diameter. — The plant is unknown elsewhere in Mexico.

Ernodea littoralis Sw.

Common on seashores; also about Lake Chichankanab. — A shrub,
erect or with long prostrate branches; leaves lanceolate or lance-
oblong, acute, sessile or nearly so, leathery, glabrous; flowers small,
yellow, axillary; fruit yellow, drupaceous. — The fruits are eaten by
birds. The plant is unknown elsewhere in Mexico.

Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.

Zabacche (Gaumer), Chactsiis (Schott). Frequent. — A shrub or
small tree; leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, barbate beneath along
the costa; flowers solitary in the leaf axils, white, 6-10 cm. long, the
corolla lobes linear; fruit a capsule 1-1.5 cm. long. — The wood is
hard, strong, close-grained, and brown.

Exostema mexicanum Gray.

Zabacche (B. H.). Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23589; without locality,
Gaumer 24011, 24-278; also in British Honduras. — A shrub or small
tree; leaves oblong-ovate to oval, long-acuminate, barbate beneath;
flowers 1.5-2 cm. long, in dense terminal cymes. — The bark is very
bitter.

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.

Sp. Gardenia. Cultivated for ornament; native of China. — Cape
jasmine. A shrub with waxy, white, very fragrant flowers.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 429

frf

Guettarda elliptica Sw.

Kiichche (B. H.). Pricklewood (B. H.). Frequent in dry
thickets. — A shrub or small tree; leaves petioled, oval to rounded or
obovate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, appressed-pilose or glabrate,
1-7 cm. long; flowers white, 9-12 mm. long, in few-flowered axillary
cymes; fruit a subglobose, nearly dry drupe 4-8 mm. in diameter.

Guettarda Gaumeri Standl. FMB. 8: 58. 1930.

Type, Gaumer 24239, without locality; also in British Honduras.
—Leaves short-petioled, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 2.5-4.5 cm. long,
acute or obtuse and apiculate, at the base broadly rounded to obtuse,
very densely pilose beneath with spreading interlaced hairs; cymes
mostly 3-flowered; corolla densely pilose with ascending hairs.

Guettarda Seleriana (Loes.) Standl. CNH. 23: 1384. 1926. G.
scabra Millsp. FMB. 1: 48. 1895, not Lam. G. scabra var. Seleriana
Loes. Repert. Sp. Nov. 18: 361. 1922.

Endemic; frequent; type from Chichen Itza, Seler 5574- — A shrub
or small tree; leaves long-petioled, rounded or broadly ovate, 12-16
cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cordate or subcordate at
the base, puberulent and pale beneath; flowers 2 cm. long, in many-
flowered bifurcate cymes. — Some of the Yucatan specimens have
been distributed as G. Combsii Urban.

Hamelia patens Jacq. H. erecta Jacq.; H. lanuginosa Mart.
&Gal.

Kanan (Gaumer; Yucatan, B. H.), Chactoc (B. H.). Common.—
A shrub or small tree; leaves mostly ternate, lance-oblong to ovate,
acute or acuminate, pubescent beneath; flowers tubular, red, 14-20
mm. long, puberulent, in cymes, secund upon the branches; fruit a
red or black berry 6-10 mm. long. — The fruit is edible, but not very
good. The Kekchi names of the plant are reported by Pittier as
"chahmah" and "sikunkhen."

Machaonia Lindeniana Baill. Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 1: 204.
1879.

Kuchel (Gaumer), Kampocolche (Gaumer). Frequent; endemic
in Yucatan, Campeche, and British Honduras; type collected in
Yucatan by Linden. — A tree 7.5 m. high or less with medium-hard
white wood; leaves opposite or verticillate, ovate or elliptic, obtuse
or acute, barbate beneath; flowers 3 mm. long, white or cream-
colored, fragrant, in dense terminal cymes; fruit small, dry, com-
posed of 2 nutlets.

430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC.

Occasional. — A small branched pubescent annual; leaves oblong
to elliptic, sessile or nearly so, obtuse; flowers minute, white, in
terminal and axillary heads.

Morinda yucatanensis Greenm. FMB. 2: 262. 1907. M. Royoc
Millsp. FMB. 1: 49. 1895, 1: 321. 1896, 1: 392. 1898; Millsp. & Loes.
BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 28. 1905, not L.

Xhoyoc (Gaumer), Hooyoc (Pe"rez), Hoyoc (Cuevas), Xoyencab
(Gaumer). Sp. Pinuela (Pete"n). Common; endemic; type from
Izamal, Gaumer 362. — A slender subscandent shrub; leaves lance-
oblong to oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate, pubescent,
attenuate at the base to a short petiole; flowers small, in sessile or
short-stalked, globose heads 1 cm. in diameter; fruit a small fleshy
yellow syncarp. — Cuevas states that the fruit rubbed upon warts
infallibly removes them. The plant is reputed to have corrobora-
tive, diuretic, laxative, and astringent properties, and is employed
as a tonic for the digestive system, also as a remedy for jaundice
and various other affections. According to Pe>ez, the plant was
used by the Mayas for dyeing.

Oldenlandia callitrichoides Griseb.

Frequent in moist places. — A slender delicate creeping perennial
herb, forming dense mats, nearly glabrous; leaves rounded, 1.5-3.5
mm. long; flowers minute, white, axillary; fruit capsular.

Psychotria microdon (DC.) Urban. P. pinularis Sess£ & Moc.

Sp. Hueso definado (B. H.). Dead man's bones (B. H.). Kanan,
Gaumer 23398; without locality, Gaumer 838, 24213. — A stout shrub
1-2 m. high, nearly glabrous; leaves petioled, mostly obovate, 4-7
cm. long, obtuse or acute; flowers 15 mm. long, greenish white, in
small terminal cymes.

Psychotria pubescens Sw.

Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23541- — A shrub 1-3 m. high; leaves
oblanceolate to elliptic, 6-14 cm. long, acuminate, puberulent be-
neath; flowers in loose corymbs, white; corolla 4 mm. long; fruit a
small red drupe.

Psychotria sessilifolia Mart. & Gal. P. undata Millsp. FMB.
1: 392. 1898, not Jacq. P. papantlensis Standl. CNH. 23: 1391.
1926, in part, not Hemsl.

Sp. Cancerillo. MeYida, Schott 524- — A shrub; leaves lanceolate
to oblong-elliptic, acuminate, minutely puberulent or glabrate be-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 431

i

neath; flowers small, white, in sessile cymes; fruit red. — The leaves
are applied to sores to cleanse and heal them.

Psychotria undata Jacq. Myrstiphyllum horizontal Millsp.
FMB. 2: 102. 1900, not P. horizontalis Sw.

Izamal, Gaumer 974; without locality, Gaumer 24019; Cozumel
Island, Millspaugh 1556a. — A shrub 1-2 m. high, the branches
pubescent; leaves elliptic-oblong or elliptic, acuminate, pubescent
or glabrate; flowers small, white, in sessile terminal cymes; fruit red.

Rachicallis americana (Jacq.) Hitchc.

Collected only on coastal rocks of Cozumel Island. — An erect or
procumbent shrub, densely leafy; leaves linear-oblong to obovate,
2-8 mm. long, coriaceous; flowers small, yellow, sessile in the leaf
axils; corolla sericeous; fruit a small capsule. — The plant is unknown
elsewhere in Mexico.

Randia Gaumeri Greenm. & Thomps. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1:
410. 1915.

Type from Izamal, Gaumer 589. — A spiny shrub; leaves obovate,
5-15 mm. long, broadly rounded at the apex, glabrous or nearly so;
flowers axillary, sessile; calyx 4-lobate; corolla 5 mm. long. — The
species is known also from Colombia and Venezuela.

Randia longiloba Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 4: 101. 1886.

X-kax (Gaumer), Canalkax (Gaumer), Caax (Schott). Frequent
in thickets; endemic; type from Cozumel Island, Gaumer in 1885. —
A spiny shrub or small tree with whitish branches; leaves ovate or
elliptic, 2-4.5 cm. long, acute; flowers terminal, subsessile, clustered;
corolla white, the tube 2 cm. long. — This may possibly be the plant
reported as "akankax," whose root is a remedy for erysipelas.

Randia Millspaughiana Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
34: 45. 1921.

Endemic; type from Maxcanu, Gaumer 23260; Mina de Oro,
Gaumer 23327. — A stout spiny shrub ; leaves ovate or elliptic, small,
acute, glabrous; corolla white, the tube 12 mm. long.

Randia aculeata L. R. mitis L.; R. latifolia Lam.

Pechcitam (B. H.). Cozumel Island, Gaumer 140; British Hon-
duras.— A spiny shrub 1-3 m. high; leaves 1-10 cm. long, glabrous
or nearly so; flowers white, 6-8 mm. long; fruit globose, baccate, 6-13
mm. in diameter.

432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Randia truncata Greenm. & Thomps. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 1:
411. 1915. R. xalapensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 321. 1896, not Mart. &
Gal. R. aculeata Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 28. 1905, not
L. R. tetramera Loes. Verb. Bot. Ver. Brand. 65: 109. 1923.

Cabalkax (Gaumer), Mehenkax (Gaumer),Kax, Pechcitam (Seler).
Frequent; endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer; type of R. tetramera
from Xkombec, Seler 4035. — A shrub 2-3 m. high, armed with stout
spines; leaves obovate or rounded, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, glabrous; calyx truncate; corolla tube 1-1.5 cm. long.

Rondeletia stenosiphon Hemsl. Diag. PI. Mex. 26. 1879.

Type collected by Johnson in Yucatan or Tabasco; not collected
recently. — A shrub; leaves obovate to elliptic-oval, 7-14 cm. long,
acuminate, strigillose or glabrate; flowers cymose-corymbose; corolla
strigose, the tube 8-11 mm. long; fruit capsular.

Sabicea flagenioides Wernham, Monogr. Sabicea 57. 1914.

Known only from the type, collected at Chichankanab, Gaumer
1423. — A scandent herb or shrub; leaves lanceolate, 5 cm. long,
acuminate, puberulent or glabrate; flowers in small dense axillary
cymes.

Spermacoce tenuior L.

Taulmil (Gaumer). A frequent weed. — An erect or spreading,
branched annual 20-60 cm. high, glabrous or nearly so; leaves linear
to elliptic, obtuse to acuminate; flowers minute, white, in small
dense axillary clusters. — This may be the "taumil" of Cuevas (PL
Med. 96. 1913), although that is described as having blue flowers.
It is said to be a remedy for skin eruptions.

Spermacoce tetraquetra A. Rich. Diodia teres Millsp. FMB.
1:321. 1896, not Walt.

Chichankanab, Gaumer 1975; without locality, Gaumer 807, 965.
— An erect, simple or branched annual, copiously hispidulous or
short-hirsute; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-6 cm. long;
corolla white, about twice as long as the sepals. — In Mexico this
species is known only from Yucatan. It has been reported from
this region as Spermacoce tenuior.

Strumpfia maritima Jacq.

Sp. Romero falso. Collected only on Cozumel and Mugeres
islands. — A dense shrub 2 m. high or less; leaves ternate, linear, 1-3
cm. long, rigid, whitish beneath, the margins revolute; flowers small,

FLORA OF YUCATAN 433

pink, in axillary racemes; fruit a white drupe 4 mm. long. — Unknown
elsewhere in Mexico.

Triodon angulatum Benth. has been reported from the region
(Millsp. FMB. 1: 49. 1895), but the record is doubtful.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family

Some of the Old World species of Lonicera or honeysuckle, called
"madreselva," are in cultivation as ornamental plants.

Sambucus mexicana Presl. S. canadensis Millsp. FMB. 1:
321. 1896, 1: 393. 1898, not L. S. niger Cuevas, PI. Med. 87, Ilustr.
pi 27, f. 3. 1913.

Sp. Sauco. Cultivated commonly, but probably not native in
the Peninsula. — Elder. A shrub or small tree; leaves pinnate or
bipinnate, the leaflets ovate or lanceolate, serrate, pubescent; flowers
small, creamy white, fragrant, in large flat- topped cymes; fruit a
small, nearly black drupe. — The infusion of the flowers has sudorific,
diuretic, and expectorant properties, and is used in treating colds,
fevers, syphilis, and rheumatism. The Kekchi name of the plant is
"sakatsun"; the Quiche" name, "tzolotzche." Other Guatemalan
names are recorded as "tzoloh," "tzolohquen," and "bahman."

Lonicera japonica Thunb. L. macrantha Millsp. FMB. 1: 393.
1898, not DC.

Cultivated for ornament. — Japanese honeysuckle. A slender
woody vine with opposite, petioled, oblong or ovate-oblong, entire
leaves; flowers tubular, 2-lipped, white or yellowish, on 2-flowered
axillary peduncles, sweet-scented. — Millspaugh reports Gaumer 1105
with the note, "uncommon in the forests of Tekax," doubtless an
error in locality data.

CUCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family

Cayaponia alata Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 746. 1881.
Akilkax (Gaumer). Frequent; type from Hacienda Saragoza,
Schott 901. — A large coarse herbaceous vine with tendrils; leaves
deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes narrow, scabrous beneath; staminate
flowers solitary, 2 cm. long.

Cayaponia racemosa (Swartz) Cogn.

Occasional. — A large herbaceous vine; leaves lobed or the upper
entire, scabrous; flowers in racemes or panicles, about 1 cm. broad;
fruit oblong, red, 1-2 cm. long.

434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.

Sp. Sandia. Cultivated ; native of Africa. — Watermelon.

Corallocarpus emetocatharticus (Grosourdy) Cogn.

Cizcan (Gaumer). Occasional. — A large vine with fleshy stems;
leaves ovate or rounded, entire or lobed, tomentose beneath; flowers
pale yellow, small, in dense clusters, sessile; fruit fleshy, ovoid, 1
cm. long.

Corallocarpus Millspaughii Cogn. FMB. 1: 322. pi 20. 1896.

Xtucizcan (Gaumer). Frequent; type from Chichen Itza, Mill-
spaugh 215; also in Oaxaca. — A large coarse vine; leaves broadly
triangular-ovate, entire or angulate, glabrous, petiolate; flowers small,
in short racemes; fruit oval, 4 cm. long, at first whitish, becoming
yellow and finally crimson. — The plant has a large tuberous root,
weighing 6 pounds or more, which has a bitter flavor and emetic-
cathartic properties.

Cucumis Anguria L.

Habaplat (Gaumer), Sandia chom (Gaumer). Sp. Sandia de
zopilote. Frequent. — A prostrate vine, hispid; leaves deeply 3-5-
lobed, scabrous; flowers clustered or solitary, yellow; corolla 1 cm.
broad; fruit ellipsoid, fleshy, prickly, yellow, 4-7 cm. long.

Cucumis Melo L.

Sp. Melon. Cultivated commonly; native of the Old World.—
Muskmelon. An infusion of the pulverized seeds is given as a remedy
for venereal diseases. A decoction of the root is administered as a
vomitive.

Cucumis sativus L.

Sp. Pepino. Cultivated commonly; native of Asia. — Cucumber.

Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche".

Sp. Cidracayote, Chilacayote (names of Nahuatl origin). Culti-
vated occasionally; native of Asia. — A perennial vine with broad,
shallowly lobed leaves; fruit large, somewhat resembling a water-
melon; seeds black. — The young fruit is cooked and eaten. The ripe
fruit is used for preparing dulces.

Cucurbita moschata Duch.

Kum (written also "kuum" and "cum"). Sp. Calabaza. Culti-
vated commonly; native of America, but probably unknown in a
truly wild state. — Squash. There is some doubt as to the proper

FLORA OF YUCATAN 435

'specific name of the "calabazas" grown in Central America, but they
seem to be squashes rather than pumpkins, and are therefore refer-
able to Cucurbita moschata, rather than to C. Pepo L., if there is any
essential difference between the two. The name "ca" is given in
Yucatan to a kind of squash, described as white and striped. The
Motul Dictionary defines "tsol" as a kind of green flat "calabaza."
PeYez defines "chu" as "calabazo." Squash seeds are called "zicil."
Gaumer lists also the "calabaza masilla" and "calabaza bonetera."
Squash seeds are ground and taken in water or milk to expel intestinal
parasites.

In Tabasco the names "compate" and "cumpate" are applied
to a kind of "calabaza" with thin smooth skin, which is much esteemed
for making dulces.

Cyclanthera ribiflora (Schlecht.) Cogn.

MeYida and Izamal. — A slender vine; leaves usually 3-lobed,
scaberulous; flowers small, greenish, racemose; fruit fleshy, curved,
2-2.5 cm. long, spiny.

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., comb. nov. Cucurbita
siceraria Molina, Sagg. Chil. 133. 1782. L. vulgaris Ser.

Cultivated and probably escaped; native of Africa. — Gourd. A
large vine with showy white flowers. — The dry hard fruits, globose
and with a long narrow "handle," are used as dippers. This is
apparently the plant reported by PeYez as "tuch." He reports also
the name "lee," "a kind of 'calabaza' which serves the Indians for
Vasijas.' ' In Tabasco the name "leque" is given to the fruit, espe-
cially when it is made into cups and similar containers. In the
same state the fruit is called "bux."

Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. L. aegyptiaca Mill.; L. fricatoria
Donde", Emulation 3: Apend. 20. 1878.

Sp. Estropajo. Planted and escaped: native of the Old World.—-
Sponge gourd. A large vine with showy yellow flowers; leaves deeply
cordate at the base, shallowly or deeply lobed, the lobes acute.—
The spongelike interior of the fruit is used like animal sponges.

Calvino reports Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. as introduced to
MeYida by the Chinese gardeners and called "papangaya." In this
species the fruit is sharply 10-ribbed; in L. cylindrica it is smooth.
The young tender fruits of both species are sometimes cooked and
eaten.

436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Maximowiczia tripartita (Naud.) Cogn. M. Lindheimeri
Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 29. 1905, not Cogn.

Akilkan (Gaumer). Occasional. — A glabrous fleshy vine; leaves
small, 3-lobed or 3-parted, the lobes coarsely dentate; flowers small,
axillary; fruit oval, red, smooth, 2.5 cm. long.

Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. M. fluminensis
Gardn.

Sp. Meloncito. Common. — A small slender vine; leaves broadly
ovate-cordate, 5-angled or shallowly lobed, usually scabrous; flowers
small, racemose, yellow; fruit oval, 1-1.5 cm. long, fleshy.

Melothria pendula L.

Xtulub (Gaumer). Sp. Sandia silvestre. Occasional. — A small
vine; leaves small, 3-5-lobed, scabrous; flowers small, racemose; fruit
ellipsoid, about 1 cm. long. — This is probably the plant for which
the names "kumixtulub" (Motul Dictionary) and "kumxtulub" are
reported. It is a local remedy for gonorrhea and for swellings or
inflammation.

Momordica Charantia L.

Yacunahax (Gaumer). Sp.Cundeamor,B&lsamo,Catagera. Com-
mon.— A slender herbaceous vine; leaves reniform, 5-7-lobed, pubes-
cent or glabrate; flowers small, yellow; fruit fleshy, yellow, ovoid,
2-12 cm. long, tuberculate, the seeds surrounded by red pulp. — The
fruit is sometimes eaten. The leaves are employed in native medicine
as an aphrodisiac. The fruit is applied as a poultice to cure itch,
sores, burns, etc., and it is reputed to have vermifuge and purgative
properties.

Pittiera grandiflora Cogn.; Bonn. Smith, Enum. PI. Guat. 3:
35. 1893. Cayaponia grandiflora Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3:
779. 1881.

Xtabentun (Schott). Type from Ticul, Schott 680; collected also
at Izamal. — A large herbaceous vine; leaves broad, cordate at the
base, entire or lobed, scabrous; flowers solitary, axillary.

Pittiera longipedunculata Cogn.

Pomponzit (Gaumer). Occasional. — A large vine; leaves broadly
cordate, angled or shallowly lobed, tomentose beneath; flowers 4-5
cm. long; fruit oval, 4-5 cm. long.

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.

Sp. Chayote (of Nahuatl derivation). Cultivated occasionally.—
A large perennial herbaceous vine; leaves rounded-ovate, angled or

FLORA OF YUCATAN 437

lobed, rough; flowers small, white, the staminate in racemes. — This
plant is notable from the fact that almost all its parts are edible.
The obovoid, smooth or spiny, 1-seeded fruits are cooked and eaten;
the young shoots and flowers are used as a pot herb; the large
tuberous roots, which may be removed without injuring the plants,
are boiled and eaten as a vegetable, and are also made into delicious
dulces. The roots are called in Mexico "chinchayote," "chayotextle"
and "camochayote." Palma gives the Maya name as "kuum," and
states that the spiny-fruited form is called "kiix-pach-kuum." The
Kekchi name is "chima," and the Pokonchi name is reported as
"ch'uma."

Sicana odorifera (Veil.) Naud.

Sp. Melocotdn, Calabaza melona. Sometimes planted; native of
South America. — A large vine; leaves rounded, lobed, smooth;
flowers large, yellow, solitary; fruit reddish yellow, oblong, 30-40
cm. long, fragrant. — The ripe fruit is employed in making
dulces.

Sicydium tamnifolium (HBK.) Cogn. Triceratia bryonioides
A. Rich.

Chacmots (Pete"n). Common in thickets. — A slender herbaceous
vine; leaves ovate-cordate, entire, densely pubescent; flowers very
small, panicled; fruit black, fleshy, 5-6 mm. long, 1-seeded.

LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family

Isotoma longiflora (L.) Presl.

Lukzahtahan (Gaumer). Sp. L&grimas de San Diego. Frequent.
— A perennial pubescent herb, usually 60 cm. high or less, with
milky sap; leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblong, coarsely sinuate-
dentate; flowers axillary, white, the very slender corolla tube 8-11
cm. long; fruit a large capsule. — The plant is applied to wounds as
a cauterizing and healing agent. It is employed also in the treat-
ment of venereal diseases, asthma, bronchitis, and rheumatism, and
even of epilepsy and hydrophobia.

Lobelia Berlandieri A. DC.

Occasional. — A small slender herb; leaves mostly basal, lanceo-
late to spatulate, sinuate-dentate or entire; flowers small, blue, in
terminal racemes.

438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

GOODENIACEAE. Goodenia Family
Scaevola Plumierii (L.) Vahl. Scaevola Lobelia Murr.
Common on seashores. — A coarse succulent perennial, often

shrubby, glabrous; leaves alternate, obovate, entire, very thick;

flowers white or bluish, in axillary cymes; corolla 2.5 cm. long;

fruit a black berry 1 cm. long.

GOMPOSITAE. Sunflower Family
Achillea Millefolium L.

Sp. Alcanfor, Mil en rama. Collected only at Me*rida; introduced,
probably from the United States. — Yarrow. A perennial pubescent
herb; leaves alternate, finely pinnatifid-dissected and plumelike;
heads small, white, in flat-topped corymbs.

Ageratum Gaumeri Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 47: 191.
1911. A. corymbosum Millsp. FMB. 1: 51. 1895, 1: 323. 1896, not
Zucc. A. conyzoides Millsp. FMB. 1: 323. 1896, 1: 394. 1898, not L.
A. intermedium Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 90. 1904, not Hemsl.

Taulum (Gaumer), Zacmizib (Gaumer), Tsitsilche. Sp. Mota,
Mota morada, Sereno, Flor de San Juan. Frequent; endemic; type
from Izamal, Gaumer 395. — An annual, sparsely pilose; leaves op-
posite, ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, crenate, long-petioled; heads 5
mm. high, purple, few, laxly corymbose; achenes 5-angled, the pappus
of 5 aristate scales. — The name "bakelus" is reported for the plant
by Valdez. The leaves are bound upon the temples to check nose-
bleed.

Ageratum littorale Gray, var. hondurense Robinson. Alo-
mia ageratoides Millsp. FMB. 1: 51. 1895, 1: 394. 1898, 2: 106.
1900; Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 90. 1904, not HBK. A. littorale f.
setigerum Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 468. 1913.

Hauayche (Gaumer). Frequent on the islands off the east coast,
also on the mainland; the typical form of the species occurs in Florida.
— An erect or ascending annual, sparsely pubescent; leaves ovate,
acute, crenate; flowers purple, the heads 6-7 mm. high, in small
dense corymbs; achene 5-angled, the pappus none or of 5 lanceolate
scales. — The type of f . setigerum was collected on Mugeres Island by
Gaumer.

Ageratum maritimum HBK. var. intermedium (Hemsl.)
Robinson. A. intermedium Hemsl.; A. maritimum f. calvum Robin-
son, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 467. 1913.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 439

*,?

Tsitsilche (Gaumer). Occasional; typical form of the species
occurring in Cuba. — An erect or decumbent annual, sparsely pilose;
leaves ovate-oblong or deltoid, crenate, acute; flowers purple, the
heads 7 mm. long, in lax corymbs; pappus of 5 ovate scales, or some-
times wanting.

Ambrosia hispida Pursh.

Sp. Margarita del mar. Frequent on seashores. — A perennial
herb, prostrate, hispid; leaves opposite, 2 or 3 times pinnatifid,
strong-scented; flowers small, greenish yellow, the 2 sexes in separate
involucres; fruit ovoid, beaked, tuberculate. — The plant has been
employed locally as a remedy for fevers.

Artemisia vulgaris L. A. mexicana Millsp. FMB. 1: 323. 1896;
Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 145. 1904, not Willd.

Zizim (Gaumer) ; reported as "tzitzim" and "sisin." Sp. Ajenjo.
Planted for medicinal use or as an ornamental plant; native of
Europe. — A perennial herb, densely white- tomentose or glabrate;
leaves alternate, deeply pinnate-lobed; heads small, greenish, pani-
cled, without rays.— The plant is employed in the region as a bitter
tonic, emmenagogue, and anthelmintic. It is administered for pains
in the stomach and for malaria, and used in a lotion to relieve
rheumatism. The single specimen at hand from Yucatan is imper-
fect, and there is doubt concerning its determination, but it is not
A. mexicana.

Aster laevis L. A. novi-belgii Millsp. FMB. 1: 323. 1896, not L.

Sp. Ramillete. Planted for ornament at Izamal; native of the
United States. — A glabrous perennial herb; leaves oblong or lanceo-
late, entire; heads radiate, the rays violet.

Baccharis heterophylla HBK. B. halimifolia Millsp. & Chase,
FMB. 3: 100. 1904, not L.

Sp. Hierba del pasmo. Frequent on sea and lake shores. — A
glutinous shrub 1-2.5 m. high, densely leafy, nearly glabrous; leaves
alternate, oblanceolate, 2-5.5 cm. long, obtuse, mostly entire; flowers
whitish, the heads 3-4 mm. high, in small dense corymbs; pappus of
slender bristles.

Baccharis trinervis (Lam.) Pers.

Holnuxib (Gaumer). Occasional.— A shrub 1-2 m. high, the
branches long, recurved or clambering, angled; leaves lanceolate to
elliptic, 3-nerved, acuminate, glabrous or nearly so; flowers whitish,
the heads 4 mm. long.

440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Baltimora recta L.

Zalackat (Gaumer). A frequent weed. — An erect annual 1 m.
high or less, hirsute; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate, acuminate,
serrate; flowers yellow, the heads 5-6 mm. high, radiate, panicled;
achenes cuneate, black, 3-angled; pappus a cuplike crown.

Bidens cynapiifolia HBK. B. bipinnata Millsp. & Chase,
FMB. 3: 131. 1904, in part, not L.

Chacxul (Gaumer). Izamal, Gaumer in 1888; Gaumer 2498, 2504
in part. — An erect annual; leaves opposite, 1-3 times pinnatifid, the
segments ovate or oblong; heads long-stalked, yellow, the involucre
2-seriate; achenes linear, the pappus of 4-6 downwardly barbed
awns.

Bidens pilosa L. var. leucantha (L.) Hoffm. B. leucantha
Willd.; B. pilosa Millsp. FMB. 1: 54. 1895, not L. B. alausensis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 54. 1895, not HBK.

Kanmul (Gaumer). Sp. Mulito, Te de milpa. A common weed.
— An erect annual, glabrous or pubescent; leaves with 3 or 5 ovate
or lanceolate, serrate segments; heads with short white rays; achenes
columnar-fusiform, the pappus of 2-4 downwardly barbed awns.—
The Kekchi name of this species is "xubai."

Bidens refracta Brandeg. B. bipinnata Millsp. & Chase, FMB.
3: 131. 1904, in part, not L.

Chacxul (Gaumer). Izamal, Gaumer 2499, 2504 in part. — Similar
toB. pilosa var. leucantha, but the heads not radiate; achenes pilose.

Bidens reptans (L.) Don. B. tereticaulis Millsp. & Chase, FMB.
3: 132. 1904, in part, not DC.

San Anselmo, Gaumer 2083. — A glabrous vine, herbaceous or
slightly woody; leaves pinnately parted into 3-5 lanceolate or ob-
long-ovate, serrate segments; heads 9 mm. high, panicled, with showy
yellow rays.

Bidens squarrosa HBK. B. tereticaulis DC.

Frequent. — A large vine, somewhat woody; leaves pinnately
parted into 3-5 ovate or lanceolate, serrate segments; heads panicled,
with showy yellow rays; achenes linear, the pappus of 2 spreading or
recurved awns.

Bidens Urbanii Greenm.

Apazote, Campeche, Goldman 468; also in Porto Rico. — A slender
vine, nearly glabrous; leaves 2 or 3 times parted into small segments;

FLORA OF YUCATAN 441

*t

heads cymose-paniculate, 8-10 mm. high, with yellow rays; achenes
linear, the pappus of 2-4 downwardly barbed awns.

Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. B. argentea DC.

Sp. Verdolaga del mar. Cozumel, Mugeres, and Holbox islands, on
seashores. — A small shrub, canescent-pubescent or glabrate; leaves
opposite, fleshy, oblanceolate; heads solitary, 12-15 mm. high,
yellow, radiate; phyllaries oblong, appressed; pales acute, thin;
achenes oblong, angled, the pappus a 4-toothed crown.

Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. Borrichia argentea Millsp. &
Chase, FMB. 3: 116. 1904; Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 29.
1905, not DC.

Sp. Verdolaga del mar. Common on seashores. — A low shrub,
densely canescent-strigillose; heads 8-9 mm. high, the phyllaries
ovate, somewhat spreading; pales indurate, spine- tipped.

Brickellia diffusa (Vahl) Gray. Coleosanthus diffusus Kuntze.

Common. — An erect branched annual 1 m. high or less, puberu-
lent or glabrate; leaves opposite, broadly rhombic-ovate, acute,
dentate; flowers greenish white, the heads 7-12-flowered, 7 mm.
high, in large panicles; achenes pubescent, 10-ribbed, the pappus
of capillary bristles.

Calea urticifolia (Mill.) DC. C. axillaris var. urticifolia Robins.
& Greenm.

Xicin (Gaumer). Sp. Hierba de la paloma. Frequent. — A shrub
1-3 m. high; leaves opposite, ovate, 5-12 cm. long, serrate, rough;
heads yellow, 1 cm. high, with short rays, in umbelliform panicles;
achenes pubescent, the pappus of about 20 linear scales. — The flowers
are said to yield a good grade of honey.

The "xicinT reported by Cuevas (PI. Med. 109. 1913) is said to
have milky sap, and is, therefore, probably a member of another
family.

Calea zacatechichi Schlecht.

Tzicin (Gaumer) ; reported also as "xicin." Occasional. — A shrub,
puberulous or pubescent; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, gland-
dotted; heads 1 cm. high, in dense panicles; rays none; pappus of
12-15 oblong scales.

Chaptalia dentata (L.) Cass. C. albicans Northrop.
Sp. Motitas. Cultivated at Izamal and Yot Tsonot. — A perennial
scapose herb; leaves in a basal rosette, oblanceolate, entire or nearly

442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

so, white-tomentose beneath; heads 1.5 cm. high, purplish; achenes
slender-beaked, the pappus of tawny bristles.

Cirsium mexicanum DC. Carduus mexicanus Moric.

Omil. Sp. Cardo. Occasional. — Thistle. A large biennial herb,
white-tomentose; leaves alternate, decurrent, pinnate-lobed, with
spiny margins; heads purplish, 4 cm. high, without rays; pappus of
plumose bristles.

Gonyza lyrata HBK.

Sp. Hierba del histerico. A frequent weed. — A coarse viscid-
pubescent herb 1 m. high or less with very unpleasant odor; leaves
alternate, sessile, obovate, sinuate-lyrate, dentate; flowers greenish
white or yellowish, the heads 6-7 mm. high, with inconspicuous rays;
achenes villous, the pappus of slender tawny bristles.

Cosmos caudatus HBK.

Chactsul (Gaumer; reported as "chacxul"). Sp.Estrella del mar.
Occasional. — A tall branched annual, nearly glabrous; leaves twice
pinnatifid, opposite; heads long-stalked, 1 cm. high, the involucre
biseriate; rays rose-purple; achenes fusiform, the pappus of 2 slender
deflexed awns.

Dahlia variabilis Desf.

Sp. Dalia. Grown for ornament; native of the mountains of
Mexico. — Dahlia. The Kekchi name of the plant is "tsoloh."

Dyssodia cancellata (Cass.) Gray. Chrysopsis sp. Millsp. FMB.
1: 52. 1895.

Sp. Cardosanto del monte. Frequent. — An erect glabrous annual;
leaves alternate, sessile, pinnate-lobed, gland-dotted; heads yellow,
long-stalked, 1.5 cm. high, with short rays; achenes linear-clavate,
the pappus of short scales and of numerous bristles.

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. E. erecta L.

A common weed. — An erect or procumbent, strigose annual;
leaves opposite, oblong, sinuate-dentate; heads greenish white,
axillary, 5 mm. high, with minute rays; phyllaries broadly ovate,
acuminate; achenes cuneate, corky- tuberculate, the pappus of 2
short teeth.

Egletes viscosa (L.) Less. Erechtites sp. Millsp. FMB. 1: 323.
1896. Lactuca sp. Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 151. 1904.

Sp. Llanten silvestre. Me"rida, Valdez. — A viscid-pubescent much-
branched herb; leaves alternate, deeply lobed or bipinnatifid, repand-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 443

t>f

dentate; heads small, yellowish.— Locally the plant is reputed to
have refrigerant properties.

Elvira biflora (L.) DC. E. Martyni Cass.

Bulumekxiu (Gaumer; bolonekxiu?). A common weed. — An erect
strigose annual, usually 50 cm. high or less; leaves opposite, petiolate,
lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved; heads clustered, 2-flowered,
the phyllaries rounded-cordate; ray flowers none; achene obovate,
flat, without pappus.

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf.

Buubxiu (Gaumer). Frequent. — A coarse erect annual about 1
m. high, sparsely villous or glabrate; leaves alternate, pinnate-lobed
or incised-dentate; heads 1.5 cm. high, yellowish white, without rays;
pappus of soft white bristles.

Erigeron pusillus Nutt. E. canadensis Millsp. FMB. 1: 52.
1895, 1: 323. 1896, 1: 395. 1898, not L. Leptilon canadense Millsp.
& Chase, FMB. 3: 99. 1904, not Britt. & Brown.

Tzitzilxiu (Gaumer). A common weed. — An erect pubescent
annual; leaves alternate, linear, usually entire; flowers greenish white,
the heads 3-4 mm. high, with minute rays; achenes pubescent, the
pappus of tawny bristles. — The plant is reputed to have astringent,
diuretic, and tonic properties, and is employed in treating dysentery,
uterine hemorrhages, diabetes, and bronchial affections.

Eupatorium albicaule Schultz Bip. E. drepanophyllum Klatt,
Ann. Naturhist. Hofmus. Wien 9: 356. 1894.

Zactokaban (Gaumer). Common. — A shrub 3-5 m. high (reported
as a tree of 9 m.) with brittle whitish branches; leaves opposite,
oblong or ovate, 5-12 cm. long, serrate or nearly entire, glabrous;
flowers white, the heads 6-7 mm. high, in dense rounded corymbs;
pappus (as in other species) of slender bristles.— The type of E.
drepanophyllum is Gaumer 122 from Cozumel Island.

Eupatorium campechiense Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 43:
30. 1907.

Known only from the type, from Apazote, Campeche, Goldman
504- — A shrub, nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate, 8-10 cm. long,
serrate; heads about 5-flowered, in flattish corymbs.

Eupatorium daleoides (DC.) Hemsl. E. hebebotryum Millsp.
FMB. 2: 105. 1900, not Hemsl.

444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Xtokabal Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1510. — A large shrub or
small tree, nearly glabrous; leaves elliptic-oblong, 10-20 cm. long,
acute, serrate; flowers white, the heads 6 mm. high, 4-5-flowered, in
rounded panicles. — A decoction of the bark, leaves, and flowers is a
local remedy for gonorrhea.

The related E. hebebotryum (DC.) Hemsl. is known in British
Honduras as "soscha," "xoltexnuc," and "old-woman's walking-
stick."

Eupatorium hemipteropodum Robinson, Proc. Amer. Acad.
42: 39. 1906. E. populifolium Millsp. FMB. 1: 324. 1896, not HBK.
E. quadrangulare Millsp. FMB. 1: 324. 1896, not DC. E. aromatisans
Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 92. 1904; Cuevas, PI. Med. 36, Ilustr. pi.
30, f. 2. 1913, not DC.

Sp. (?) Chiople. Frequent; sometimes cultivated; endemic; type
from Izamal, Gaunter 552. — A shrub or herb 3 m. high, glabrous or
nearly so; leaves ovate, serrate; flowers white, the heads 7 mm. high,
about 10-flowered, in ovoid thyrses. — The aromatic leaves are used
for flavoring tobacco. An alcoholic tincture of the plant is applied
externally to relieve rheumatic pains, and taken internally for dys-
pepsia and other digestive disorders.

Eupatorium macrophyllum L.

Arepaxiu (Pete*n). Pete'n. — A coarse herb 1-2 m. high; leaves
broadly ovate, acute, crenate, finely pubescent; flowers greenish
white, the large heads in rounded corymbs.

Eupatorium microstemon Cass. E. paniculatum Schrad.; E.
guadalupense DC.

Xultoxiu (Gaumer). Frequent. — A slender annual, nearly gla-
brous, 1 m. high or less; leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, crenate;
flowers purple, the heads 5 mm. high, about 15-flowered.

Eupatorium odoratum L. E. conyzoides Mill.; E. ivaefolium
Millsp. FMB. 2: 105. 1900, not L.

Tokaban (Gaumer), Tokabal (Gaumer). Common. — A shrub,
erect or with long recurved branches; leaves triangular-ovate or
rhombic-ovate, acuminate, serrate or crenate, glabrous to tomentose;
flowers pale blue or white, the heads cylindric, 1 cm. high, in flattish
corymbs.

Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less.

Frequent. — An erect herb 1 m. high or less, pubescent or glabrate;
leaves deltoid-ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate; flowers purple, the

FLORA OF YUCATAN 445

»/;

heads 4-6 mm. high, about 25-flowered, in small dense corymbs. —
The Kekchi name of the plant is "lokab."

Flaveria linearis Lag. F. longifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 54. 1895,
not Gray.

Kanlolxiu (Gaumer). Common along the coast. — An erect herb
about 50 cm. high, forming dense clumps, glabrous; leaves opposite,
sessile, linear-lanceolate, fleshy, entire; heads yellow, 6 mm. high,
5-6-flowered, in dense corymbs, with a single ray flower; achenes
oblong, glabrous, without pappus.

Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr. F. repanda Lag.; Broteroa
trinervata DC.; F. trinervata Baill.

Frequent. — A glabrous erect annual 1 m. high or less; leaves
oblong or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, serrate; heads 4-5 mm. high,
yellow, 1-flowered, in dense clusters.

Goldmanella sarmentosa Greenm. Bot. Gaz. 45: 198. 1908.
Goldmania sarmentosa Greenm. FMB. 2: 271. 1907. Caleopsis sar-
mentosa Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 8: 326. 1910.

Type collected at Cansayal, Campeche, Goldman 448; also in
British Honduras. — A prostrate or ascending perennial herb, nearly
glabrous; leaves alternate, ovate, entire; heads 6-8 mm. high, in
cymes, the rays white or pale yellow; achenes oblong, glabrous, the
pappus of 2-4 short awns. — The genus consists of a single species.

Grindelia nana Nutt.

Me"rida, Millspaugh 33; introduced from the United States. — An
erect annual; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate or spatulate, serrate
or entire; heads yellow, radiate, 1.5 cm. high, the phyllaries very
viscid.

Helenium quadridentatum Labill. H. autumnale Cuevas, PI.
Med. 64, Ilustr. pi. 1J.2. 1913, not L.

Hetzimxiu (Gaumer). Sp. Manzanilla. Frequent. — An erect
annual, nearly glabrous, with winged stems; leaves alternate, long-
decurrent, lanceolate and entire, or the lower pinnatifid, punctate;
heads 1 cm. high, yellow, with showy 3-lobed rays; achenes villous,
the pappus of 4-6 oval erose-dentate scales. — A decoction of the plant
is administered for fevers and colic pains, and as a diuretic. The
powdered leaves are used as snuff to relieve catarrh, causing sneez-
ing if sniffed into the nose.

446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Helenium tenuifolium Nutt.

Collected only at Uman; probably introduced from the United
States. — An erect, nearly glabrous annual; leaves linear; heads 8-10
mm. high, yellow; pappus of 6 or 7 long-aristate scales.

Helianthus animus L.

Sp. Girasol, Mirasol. Collected only at Uman, as an escape from
cultivation; sometimes planted for ornament; native of the western
United States. — Sunflower. A large hispid annual; leaves mostly
alternate, broadly ovate; heads large, with showy yellow rays.

Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) R. Br. Ageratum paleaceum
Millsp. FMB. 2: 106. 1900, not Hemsl.

Chahancan (Gaumer, Seler), Kutzaban (Gaumer). Common.—
An erect branched pubescent herb; leaves opposite, lanceolate to
linear, entire or nearly so; heads whitish, long-stalked, 8-10 mm.
high, without rays; achenes cuneate, glabrous, without pappus.

Lactuca intybacea Jacq. Stephanomeria runcinata Millsp.
FMB. 1: 325. 1896, not Nutt.

A frequent weed in cultivated ground; perhaps not native. — An
erect glabrous herb with milky sap; leaves alternate, chiefly basal,
runcinate-pinnatifid, clasping; heads 1.5 cm. high, yellow, panicled;
achenes fusiform, tuberculate, short-beaked, the pappus of soft
bristles.

Lactuca sativa L.

Sp. Lechuga. Cultivated for food; native of the Old World.—
Lettuce.

Melampodium divaricatum (L. Rich.) DC. M. paludosum
HBK. Eleuthemnthera divaricata Millsp. FMB. 1: 53. 1895.

Xoy (Gaumer), Copalxiu (Gaumer; a combination of Nahuatl
and Maya). A common weed. — An erect branched annual 1 m.
high or less, pubescent; leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate, short-
petiolate, sinuate-dentate; heads yellow, 8-9 mm. high, long-stalked,
radiate; outer phyllaries 5, rounded; achenes black, obovoid, 3-
angled, glabrous, without pappus. — The name "xoy" signifies stye,
probably in allusion to the application of the sap to boils upon the
eyelids. The name "xkantumbub" has been reported for this plant,
probably in error.

Melampodium gracile Less. M. hispidum Millsp. FMB. 1:
324. 1896, not HBK.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 447

iff

Occasional. — An erect hispid annual; leaves sessile and clasping,
oblong, sinuate-dentate; heads yellow, 8 mm. high, long-stalked, the
rays very short; outer phyllaries 3, ovate; achenes black, obovoid,
glabrous.

Melanthera nivea (L.) Small. Amellus niveus Kuntze; A.
asper Millsp. FMB. 1: 52. 1895, 1: 323. 1896, perhaps not Kuntze.
M. hastata Millsp. FMB. 1: 395. 1898, perhaps not Michx.

Toplanxiu (Gaumer). Common. — A coarse erect scabrous herb,
often a meter high or taller; leaves opposite, usually hastate-lobed;
heads white, 7-10 mm. high, without rays, long-stalked; anthers
black; achenes cuneate, pubescent, the pappus of 2-4 deciduous
awns. — Some of the Yucatan specimens have been determined as
M. deltoidea Rich., a name which is perhaps synonymous with M.
nivea.

Mikania cordifolia (L. f.) Willd. Willughbaeya cordifolia
Kuntze.

Occasional. — An herbaceous vine; leaves opposite, cordate, den-
tate, densely pubescent; flowers dirty white, the heads 1 cm. long,
in dense corymbs; phyllaries 4; achenes 5-angled, the pappus of
rusty bristles.

Mikania micrantha HBK. M. scandens Millsp. FMB. 1: 324.
1896, not Willd. Willughbaeya scandens Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3:
96. 1904, not Kuntze.

Uahkoxiu (Gaumer). Occasional. — An herbaceous vine, nearly
glabrous; leaves hastate-cordate, repand-dentate; flowers white, the
heads 5-7 mm. high. — The vernacular name is evidently a variant
of "guaco," the name applied generally in Central America to the
species of Mikania, which are considered an efficacious remedy for
snake bites. In Yucatan the plant is employed as a remedy
for wounds, bruises, and tumors, colic and other affections of the
alimentary canal, and for syphilitic sores.

M. Houstoniana (L.) Robinson has been reported from the re-
gion (Willughbaeya Houstonis Millsp. FMB. 1: 51. 1895), on the
basis of a Johnson specimen, but the record lacks confirmation.

Milleria quinqueflora L.

Xentoloc (Gaumer) ; reported as "xiutoloc." A frequent weed. —
A branched erect annual, glandular-pubescent; leaves opposite,
rounded-ovate, nearly entire, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath;

448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

flowers yellow, the heads 5-6 mm. high, composed of 1 ray flower
and 4 disk flowers; achene obovoid, black, striate, without pappus.

Montanoa Schottii Robins. & Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 34:
518. 1899. M. hibiscifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 324. 1896, not Schultz
Bip.

Homahak (Gaumer; "trumpet vine"). Sp. Cerbatana. Frequent;
endemic; type collected between MeYida and Sisal, Schott 913.— A
scandent shrub, sometimes 15 m. long, with a stem 5 cm. thick;
leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate, often 3-lobed, serrate, tomentulose
beneath; heads large, in cymes, with long white rays; achenes
cuneate, glabrous, without pappus; pales papery and enlarged in fruit.

Neurolaena lobata (L.) R. Br.

Yaxta (Pete"n). Campeche and Pete"n. — A coarse erect herb 1-2
m. high, rough-pubescent; leaves alternate, lobed; heads 6-8 mm.
high, greenish yellow, without rays, corymbose; achenes pubescent,
the pappus of tawny bristles.

Lagascea mollis Cav. Nocca mollis Jacq.; Tithonia tubaeformis
Millsp. FMB. 1: 325. 1896, not Cass.

Acuate (Gaumer; an Aztec name). Frequent. — A branched
pubescent annual, usually 50 cm. high or less; leaves opposite, ovate,
crenate-dentate; flowers white, the heads 7 mm. high, in dense
clusters subtended by 4-6 ovate leaflike bracts; achenes pubescent,
the pappus a crown of white hairs.

Notoptera Gaumeri Greenm. FMB. 2: 269. 1907. Salmea
Gaumeri Greenm. in Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 124. pi. 1904.

Pucak (Gaumer). Frequent; endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer
977. — A large shrub; leaves opposite, oval-ovate, 5-7 cm. long, ob-
tuse or rounded at the apex, tomentose beneath, entire; heads 7
mm. high, yellow, without rays, in terminal panicles; achenes cune-
ate, compressed, glabrous, the pappus of 2 unequal awns.

Notoptera leptocephala Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
34: 46. 1921.

Pucak (Schott). Endemic; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23620; Chi-
chankanab, Gaumer 23709; without locality, Gaumer 24416, 24436.
Type from Xnocac, Gaumer 23473. — A shrub 2-3 m. high; leaves
ovate, denticulate, densely pubescent beneath, rough above; heads
subcylindric, 7.5-10 mm. high; achene wings ciliolate.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 449

r •

Notoptera scabridula Blake.

Campeche. — A scandent shrub; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
5-12 cm. long, acuminate, rough above, densely pubescent beneath;
heads 4-7 mm. high; achene wings not ciliolate.

Oliganthes oxylepis Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 2:
233. 1873.

Known only from the type, collected in Yucatan or Tabasco by
Johnson. — Leaves rhombic, 8-11 cm. long, acute, crenate-dentate,
tomentose beneath; heads 8-9-flowered, sessile in small clusters at
the tips of the branches, 1 cm. high; pappus a low entire crown.

Otopappus scaber Blake, CNH. 22: 636. 1924. 0. verbesinoides
Millsp. FMB. 2: 270. 1907, not Benth.

Known only from the type, collected at Apazote, Campeche,
Goldman 482. — A scandent shrub; leaves opposite, oblong-ovate,
5-9 cm. long, serrulate, rough; heads yellow, radiate, 3 cm. wide;
pappus of 2 awns and a lacerate crown.

Parthenium Hysterophorus L. Artemiza vulgaris Cuevas, PL
Med. 14, Ilustr. pi. 10, f. 3. 1913.

Hauay (Gaumer). Sp. Altamisa, Artamisa. A common weed. —
An erect grayish-pubescent annual; leaves alternate, bipinnatifid;
heads white, 3-4 mm. high, with minute rays, in cymose panicles;
achenes black, obovate, 3-angled, the pappus of 2 broad membranous
scales. — An infusion of the leaves and flowers is used as an emmen-
agogue.

This is probably the plant listed in the Motul Dictionary as
"hauaicne." The decoction of the leaves was employed as a remedy
for itch, ringworm, and lepra.

Parthenium Schottii Greenm. in Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3:
109. pi 1904. P. fruticosum Millsp. FMB. 2: 106. 1900; Millsp. &
Chase, FMB. 3: 110. 1904, not Less.

Chalha (Gaumer), Chalcha (Schott), Sactoy (Gaumer). Sp. Santa
Maria. Frequent in moist soil; endemic; type from Labcah, Schott
264. — A shrub; leaves triangular-ovate, repand, 5-9 cm. long, acute
or obtuse, pubescent beneath; heads white, 4 mm. high, panicled;
pappus of 2 or 3 short awns.

Pectis linifolia L. P. punctata Jacq.

Mazcabmiz (Gaumer). Collected only at Izamal. — A slender
erect strong-scented annual, nearly glabrous; leaves linear-lanceo-

450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

late, opposite, sessile, entire, gland-dotted; heads 7-8 mm. high,
panicled, yellow, with small rays; pappus of 2 stiff divergent awns.
It is probably a species of Pectis, or possibly of Tagetes, which
is reported from Pet£n by Maler, with the names "itsimte," "maxtic,"
and "pericon." He states that the plant has the odor of anise, and
is used for flavoring beverages. Pe"rez lists "itzinte," a plant used
to flavor posole, stews, and other dishes.

Pectis prostrata Cav.

Occasional. — A prostrate annual; leaves oblong or oblanceolate,
1-3 cm. long, bristly-ciliate near the base; heads 7 mm. high, in
sessile clusters; pappus of 5 thin laciniate scales.

Pectis Schottii (Fernald) Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 143. pi.
1904. P. elongata var. Schottii Fernald, Proc. Amer. Acad. 33: 78.
1897.

Known only from the type, collected at Maxcanu, Schott 666. —
An erect annual, nearly glabrous, much branched; leaves linear-
oblong, gland-dotted; heads 4 mm. high, solitary, slender-stalked;
pappus of about 15 slender bristles.

Perymenium Goldmanii Greenm. FMB. 2: 269. 1907.

Known only from the type, collected at Apazote, Campeche,
Goldman 502. — A shrub; leaves opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, acu-
minate, crenate-serrate or nearly entire, rough above, hirsute be-
neath; heads small, yellow, radiate; pappus of several deciduous
awns.

Plagiolophus M illspaughii Greenm. in Millsp. & Chase, FMB.
3: 126. pi. 1904. Tithonia tubaeformis Millsp. FMB. 1: 325. 1896, at
least in part, not Cass. Tridax procumbens var. canescens Millsp.
FMB. 1: 325. 1896, not DC.

Occasional; endemic; type from Izamal, Gaumer 792. — A branched
pubescent erect annual; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate, crenate-
dentate or nearly entire; heads 6-7 mm. high, yellow, without rays;
outer phyllaries oblong, leaflike; achenes very variable, some of
them winged; pappus of 2 awns. — The genus consists of a single
species.

Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. P. purpurascens Millsp. FMB.
1: 52. 1895, 1: 396. 1898, not DC.

Bobche (Gaumer). Frequent on lake shores and in moist fields. —
A coarse aromatic herb with angled stems; leaves alternate, oblong-

FLORA OF YUCATAN 451

»•.'

lanceolate, acute, dentate, glandular-puberulent; flowers rose-purple,

the heads 6-7 mm. high, in corymbs; pappus of slender bristles.

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. Eupatorium Cuevas, PI. Med. 31,
Ilustr. pi. 35, f. 1. 1913.

Chalche (Gaumer). Sp. Santa Maria. Common. — A shrub 1-2.5
m. high, grayish-tomentose; leaves elliptic to oblong-ovate, entire or
nearly so; flowers pink, the heads 6-7 mm. high. — The plant is
employed as a remedy for fevers and amenorrhea. The hot sap is
applied as a styptic. Gann reports that the leaves are applied to
relieve neuralgic pains, and that an infusion of the leaves is given
for rheumatism. The Motul Dictionary states that the "chalche"
or "sal via" is a remedy for hoarseness and headache.

Porophyllum macrocephalum DC.

Sp. Hierba del venado. Occasional. — An erect glabrous annual;
leaves opposite, elliptic, remotely crenate, with large glands along
the margin; heads greenish, 2.5 cm. high, without rays; achenes
linear, the pappus of slender bristles.

Porophyllum punctatum (Mill.) Blake. P. nummularium
DC.; P. Ervendbergii Millsp. FMB. 1: 396. 1898. P. Millspaughii
Robinson, FMB. 2: 109. 1900.

Xpechukil (Gaumer), Ukche (Cuevas). Common. — A glabrous
perennial herb, or somewhat shrubby; leaves oblong or elliptic,
obtuse, 1-3.5 cm. long, crenate, glandular on the margin and usually
also on the surface; heads 1.5 cm. high, greenish. — The infusion of
the plant is employed as a remedy for gonorrhea. The type of P.
Millspaughii was collected at Progreso, Millspaugh 1648.

Pseudelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr. Distreptus spicatus
Less.

Occasional. — A coarse erect herb 60 cm. high or less; leaves
alternate, sessile, elliptic to oblong, dentate or entire, sparsely
pilose; flowers purplish, the heads 4-flowered, spicate; pappus of
rigid unequal awns, the 2 lateral ones twice recurved.

Sanvitalia procumbens Lam.

Xkantumbub (Gaumer). Sp.Sanguinaria,Ojodegallo. Common.
— A procumbent pubescent annual; leaves opposite, lance-ovate;
heads 7-8 mm. high, terminal, the disk dark purple, the rays yellow,
persistent; achenes obovate to oblong, tuberculate, those of the ray
flowers awned, those of the disk flowers winged. — The plant is a

452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

favorite local remedy for spitting of blood, for dysentery, and gener-
ally for diseases of the respiratory system. It is abundant in many
places, often forming dense carpets over the ground during the rainy
season. The Maya name is reported also as "kantunbub" and
"kantumbu."

Sclerocarpus divaricatus (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.

Hulub (Gaumer), Xiuhulub (Millspaugh). Frequent. — An erect
pubescent branched herb; leaves opposite, petiolate, deltoid to
lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely dentate; heads yellow, long-stalked,
1.5-2 cm. high; phyllaries green, oblong-ovate; achenes obovoid,
pubescent, with corky tubercles; pappus none.

Senecio confusus Britten. S. Berlandieri Hemsl.

Occasional. — A woody vine, glabrous or nearly so; leaves alter-
nate, ovate, acuminate, entire or dentate; heads 1.5-2 cm. high, in
leafy panicled cymes, the rays orange; pappus of soft white bristles.

Senecio salignus DC.

Sp. Jaral amarillo (Gaumer). Ticul, Millspaugh 28. — An erect
glabrous shrub; leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5-15 mm. wide, entire
or nearly so; heads 8-10 mm. high, the rays bright yellow.

Simsia Chaseae (Millsp.) Blake, Proc. Amer. Acad. 49: 385.
1913. Encelia Chaseae Millsp. FMB. 3: 125. pi 1904.

Occasional; endemic; type from Kobah, Schott 911. — A coarse
branched herb, glandular-hispid; leaves alternate and opposite,
ovate-deltoid, acute, dentate; heads 1 cm. high, with showy yellow
rays; achenes obovate, pubescent, the pappus of 2 short awns.

Sonchus oleraceus L. Leontodon Taraxacum Donde", Apuntes
10. 1907.

Nabukak (Gaumer). Sp. Achicoria, Chicoria, Lechuga silvestre.
A common weed, especially about dwellings; native of the Old
World. — Sow-thistle. An annual herb with milky sap; leaves alter-
nate, lyrate-pinnatifid, spiny-dentate; heads yellow, 1.5 cm. high;
achenes compressed, the pappus of soft white bristles. — A decoction
of the plant is given as a laxative, depurative, and mild tonic, and
for liver affections. The leaves are said to be cooked and eaten.
The name "susacque" is reported for the plant from Guatemala.

Spilanthes filipes Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 35: 314. 1900.
S. repens Millsp. FMB. 1: 53. 1895, not Michx. S. Beccabunga
Millsp. FMB. 1: 53. 1895, 2: 108. 1900, not DC.

FLORA OF YUCATAN 453

*,?

Sp. Boton de oro. Frequent; endemic; type from Buena Vista
Xbac, Gaumer 1122. — A small erect annual, sparsely pubescent,
branched; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
dentate; heads 4-5 mm. high, slender-stalked, yellowish, with very
short rays; achenes ciliate, the pappus of 2 minute awns.

Spilanthes uliginosa Sw.

Between Zitas and Piste", Seler 3976. — A slender pubescent herb;
leaves oval-oblong, scabrous; heads 4 mm. high, slender-stalked,
the disk flowers orange, the rays orange-yellow, 2 mm. long.

Spiracantha cornifolia HBK.

Campeche and Yucatan; infrequent. — A low branched herb;
leaves alternate, ovate, acute, entire or denticulate, white-tomentose
beneath; flowers purple, the heads 1-flowered, in dense clusters;
bracts subtending the heads tipped with a short spreading spine;
pappus of barbed bristles.

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Ucacou nodiflora Hitchc.

A common weed. — A pubescent annual 1 m. high or less; leaves
opposite, ovate or lanceolate, serrate; heads yellow, with small rays,
clustered, 9-12 mm. high, the outer phyllaries foliaceous; ray achenes
winged, the disk achenes tuberculate, not winged, their pappus of 2
or 3 stiff awns.

Tagetes patula L. T. tenuifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 54. 1895, not
Cav.

Xpuhuk (Gaumer); reported as "macenal puhuk." Sp. Pastora.
Frequent. — A strong-scented erect glabrous annual; leaves pinnately
divided, gland-dotted; heads long-stalked, 2.5 cm. high, with orange-
yellow rays; achenes linear, the pappus of 5 scales. — In some of the
plants all the flowers of the head have well-developed rays, the heads
thus being "double." The plant is employed as a remedy for fevers
and stomach, liver, and spleen affections, and as a vermifuge. Some
of the Yucatan specimens have been referred to Tagetes remotiflora
Kunze, which is doubtfully distinct from T. patula.

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray.

Chaczuum (Gaumer). Sp. Arnica. Frequent. — An herb or
shrub, sometimes 4.5 m. high; leaves alternate, 3-5-lobed, scabrous;
heads long-stalked, 1.5 cm. high, with large yellow rays; achenes
cuneate, the pappus of chaffy scales.

454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) Blake. T. tagetiflora Desf.; T.
diversifolia Millsp. FMB. 1: 325. 1896, not Gray.

Zuum (Gaumer) ; reported also as "tzum." Sp. Arnica. Common.
— A large annual, sometimes 3 m. high; leaves 3-lobed, rough-
puberulent; heads 1.5 cm. high, with long yellow rays; achenes with-
out pappus. — The flowers are reported to yield a fine grade of
honey. The name "chiople"" has been reported erroneously for this
plant.

Tridax procumbens L.

Sp. Hierba de San Juan, San Juan del monte. A common weed.—
A small procumbent herb, hirsute; leaves opposite, lanceolate to
ovate, serrate; heads long-stalked, 1 cm. high, the rays pale yellow;
pappus of plumose awns. — The plant is used in domestic medicine
as a refrigerant.

Trixis radialis (L.) Kuntze. T. frutescens P. Br.

Tokabal, Tabi; reported as "tokaban" (Valdez). Common in
thickets. — A shrub; leaves alternate, ovate or elliptic, entire or
nearly so, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; heads yellow, 1.8 cm.
high, radiate; achenes linear-oblong, pubescent, the pappus of yel-
lowish bristles. — The plant is reputed to have astringent properties,
and is employed in the treatment of gonorrhea, and of intestinal
affections in children.

Verbesina myriocephala Schultz Bip. Montanoa grandiflora
Millsp. FMB. 1: 395. 1898, not Schultz Bip. V. gigantea Millsp.
& Chase, FMB. 3: 129. 1904, not Jacq.

Frequent. — A large herb or shrub 2.5 m. high; leaves alternate,
pinnate-lobed, tomentose beneath; heads 9 mm. high, white, with
small rays, in broad dense corymbs; achenes cuneate, compressed,
winged, the pappus of 2 slender awns.

Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook, is represented by a
specimen collected by Gaumer at Izamal in 1888. The plant is not
known otherwise from the region. It may have been a waif, or
perhaps the label is incorrect.

Vernonia hirsutivena Gleason, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 175.
1906. V. arborescens Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 89. 1904, not Sw.

Sp. Flor de borla. Endemic; type from Yot Tsonot, Gaumer 1325;
without locality, Gaumer 24120, 23986; Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23540;
Buena Vista, Gaumer in 1899. — A shrub or herb 1-1.5 m. high;
leaves ovate to oblong, acute, densely pubescent beneath; flowers

FLORA OF YUCATAN 455

*/

pink, the heads 5 mm. high, sessile, in naked one-sided spikes, the
lower heads of the spike sometimes bracted; pappus of capillary
bristles. — Some of the Yucatan specimens have been determined
incorrectly as V. canescens HBK. and V. argyrolepis Buek.

Vernonia oolepis Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 20. 1917.

Tamanbub. Endemic; without locality, Gaumer 24134, 24169;
Kancabtsonot, Gaumer 23629; Chichankanab, Gaumer 23648; type
from Izamal, Gaumer in 1886.— A shrub; leaves oblong-lanceolate
to obovate, acuminate, pubescent beneath; heads 4-flowered, clus-
tered in small dense cymes.

Vernonia lanceolaris DC. and V. Schiedeana Less, have been
reported (Millsp. FMB. 1: 50. 1895) from the region on the basis
of Johnson specimens, but the determinations and localities are
doubtful.

Viguiera dentata (Cav.) Spreng. var. helianthoides (HBK.)
Blake. V. helianthoides HBK.; Helianthella sp. Millsp. FMB. 1:
53. 1895.

Tah (Gaumer; reported also as "toh"). Sp. Romerillo de la costa.
A common weed. — A tall branched herb; leaves opposite and alter-
nate, petiolate, lance-ovate, acute, entire, appressed-pilose beneath;
heads long-stalked, 7-8 mm. high, with long yellow rays; achenes
cuneate, sericeous, the pappus of 2 awns.— The plant is a local
remedy for coughs. It is reported to furnish good forage for horses,
and the flowers yield honey of excellent quality. The stems are
sometimes tied in bundles and used as torches.

Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.

Reported from Cozumel Island, Gaumer in 1886. — A procumbent
herb; leaves opposite, dentate or lobate; heads 8-12 mm. high, with
showy yellow rays; achenes oblong, tuberculate.

Xanthium chinense Mill. X. canadense Millsp. FMB. 1 : 397.
1898, not Mill. X. strumarium Millsp. & Chase, FMB. 3: 87. 1904,
not L.

Me"rida, and Progreso; introduced. — Cocklebur. A coarse pubes-
cent annual; leaves alternate, triangular-orbicular, 3-5-lobed,
scabrous; fruit ovoid or fusiform, 1-1.5 cm. long, covered with
stout hooked spines.

Zexmenia frutescens (Mill.) Blake. Z. costaricensis Benth.
Zactah (Gaumer). Frequent. — A shrub, sometimes scandent;
leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, serrate, rough above, strigose or

456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

glabrate beneath; heads 7-12 mm. high, with yellow rays; achenes
3-angled, the pappus of 2 or 3 awns.

Zexmenia hispida Gray var. ramosissima Greenm. in Millsp.
& Chase, FMB. 3: 127. pi. 1904. Z. hispida Millsp. FMB. 1: 326.
1896, not Gray. Aspilia sp. Millsp. FMB. 1: 53. 1895. Wedelia
hispida Millsp. FMB. 1: 326. 1896, perhaps not HBK. Baltimora
recta Millsp. & Loes. BJE. 36: Beibl. 80: 29. 1905, not L.

Zahum (Gaumer). Common; type from Izamal, Gaumer 410b. —
An erect hispid herb; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, dentate; heads
8 mm. high, yellow; achenes of 2 kinds, those of the rays obcordate,
winged, the innermost wingless, tuberculate; pappus none.

Z. trachylepis Hemsl., a synonym of Z. scandens Hemsl., was
based upon a specimen collected by Johnson in Yucatan or Tabasco.

Zinnia elegans Jacq.

Sp. Virginia. Cultivated for ornament; native of Mexico, but
probably not of Yucatan. — A coarse annual with opposite entire
sessile leaves, and large showy heads of variously colored flowers.

INDEX

Synonyms in italics.

Aac-abal 336

Abal 173, 335

Abal-ac 171

Abanico 256

Abaxtut 171

Abelmoschus 348

Abrojo 306, 395

Abrus 289

Abutilon 345, 346, 350

Ac 171, 212

Ac-aban 171

Acacia 274, 275, 276, 277, 280

Acadopsis 277

Acal 171

Acalypha 317

Acam 171, 421

Acam-xiu 171

Acan 171

Acanceh 171

Acanthaceae 421

Acanthocereus 366

Acanthorrhiza 217

Acanthus family 421

Acche 171

Acederilla 304

Aceite de castor 332

de palma-christi 332

de ricino 332
Aceituno 312
Achaban 171
Achben 211
Achicoria 150, 452
Achih 258

Achillea 144, 145, 438
Achiote 359
Achras 378
Achyranthes 254
Acitz 386
Acrocomia 217
Acrostichum 10, 194
Acuan 278
Acuate 448
Adelia 319
Adenocalymna 417
Adiantum 6, 1, 8, 194
Adicea 248
Admirable 274
Adonis 233
Aechmea 220
Aeschynomene 289
Agalinis 415
Agaricales 191
Agaricus 191
Agati 303
Agave 231
Agenjo del pais 146

Ageratum 90, 91, 116, 438,

Agdestis 262

Agonandra 252

Agrostis 49

Agrimonia silvestre 407

Agritos 304

Aguacate 269

Aguas de ciruelas 335

Aguja de tortola 362

Ahache 307

Aham 211

Ahan 211

Ahauche 171

Ahchacuech 171

Ah-chicam-kuch 171

Ah-chuch 171

Ahich 171

Ahichilche 171

Ahih 208

Ahitz 208

Ahkiixche 171

Ahkiixilche 171

A'h'maxic 408

Ahnacchacchu 172

Ahoche 239

Ah-tab 172

Ahtukub 172

Ahzinaz 390

Aizoaceae 263

Ajenjo 439

Aji 407

Ajo 226

Ajonjoli 416

Ak 171, 315

Akabxiu 422

Akabyom 408

Akalix 212

Akalkumche 224

Akankax 431

Ak-can 171

Aketetanam 347

Akil 171

Akilkan 436

Akilkax 433

Akilmacal 229

Akilmacalkuch 230

Akilziu 393

Akilzuuc 209

Akixiu 393

Aklema 325, 327

Aklix 212

Aknal 211

Akum 247

Akza 212

Alacrancillo 398

Alamil 171

457

458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Alamo 245, 246, 247

cubano 247

extrangero 247
Albahaca 406

de clavo 406

del monte 406

silvestre 406
Albizzia 277
Alcanfor 145, 438
Alcaparrillo 285
Alegria 172
Alfombrillo 404

hediondo 401
Algae 192
Algarroba 281
Algodon 346, 347

amarillo 347
Algodonero 346
Alicastrum 243
Alismaceae 198
Alligator-apple 266
Alligator pear 269
Allionia 261
Allium 226
Allophyllus 337
Allspice 373
Almendro 371
Aloe 227
Alomia 90, 438
Alseis 425
Alsophila 11, 194
Altamisia 449
Altaniza 109
Alternanthera 254, 257
Althaea 346
Alvaradoa 312
Am-ak 172, 179
Amakil 172, 229
Amapola 351, 353

blanca 351

colorada 351
Amapolita 346

morada 346
Amaranth family 254
Amaranthaceae 254
Amaranthus 255, 256
Amaranto 359
Amaryllidaceae 231
Amaryllis 233

family 231
Amatillo 247
Ambrosia 87, 439
Amcan-ak 172
Amcan-xiu 172
Amellus 121, 122, 447
Amerimnon 293, 297
Ammannia 369
Amoche 413
Amor seco 257

del monte 255
Amoreuxia 360
Ampelocissus 342

Ampelopsis 342
Amphilophium 418
Amyris 306
Anacahuita 397
Anacardiaceae 333
Anacardium 333
Anachuite 397
Anacuite 397
Anaite 234
Anal-kak 172, 387
Anal-xiu 172
Ananas 220
Anatto 359

family 359
Andira 290
Andropogon 19, 21, 23, 198, 201, 203,

209

Anemia 13, 14, 193
Anethum 374
Angelonia 414
Anicab 418, 419
Anil 296

cimarron 421
Anilillo 296, 421
Anipak 302
Anis 375
Anise 375
Anneslia 277, 278
Annona 266

family 266
Annonaceae 266
Anoda 346, 364
Anona 266

colorada 267

morada 267
Anthephora 23, 199
Anthurium 223
Antigonon 252
Apaac 340
Apalac 336
Apazote 258, 406
Apche 172
Aphelandra 421
Apio 374
Apium 374, 375
Apocynaceae 382
Apoplanesia 290
Aporocactus 366
Arabian jasmine 381
Araceae 223
Arachis 261, 290
Arbol de corcho 172

de pan 243
Ardisia 376
Arepaxiu 444
Argemone 270
Argithamnia 323
Arisaema 224
Aristida 46, 4.7, 199
Aristolochia 250
Aristolochiaceae 250
Arnica 453, 454

FLORA OF YUCATAN

459

Aroma 276
Arracacia 374
Arrayan 172
Arrowroot 237

family 237
Arroz 206
Artamisa 449
Artamiza 449
Artemisia 145
Artocarpus 243
Arum 224

family 223
Arundo 59, 199
Asclepiadaceae 387
Asclepias 387, 389
Asemnanthe 165, 426
Asimia 268
Asimina 268
Asparagus 227
Aspergillus 190
Aspidieae 2
Aspidium 2, 3, 10, 197
Aspilia 456
Asplenium 3, 4
Aster 98, 99, 439
Asterdium 190
Asterina 190
Astrocasia 319
Astronium 334
Astronomica 369
Atheropogon 54
Atol 212
Atole 212
Atriplex 258, 262
Attalea 217
Auc 211
Avicennia 399
Avocado 269
Avual 211
Axe-master 341
Axnal 211
Ayenia 354
Azota-caballo 396
Azucena 228, 234

roja 233

Baa 211
Bab 171
Babain 172
Babci 231, 232
Baboon-cap 274
Babtun 172
Bacal 211
Bacalche 395, 396
Baccharis 100, 439
Bacche 172
Bachaxiu 225
Bachelor's-button 257
Bacopa 414
Bahabcan 413
Bahain 172
Bahalcan 413

Bahlak 211
Bahman 433
Bakelus 91, 438
Balam 336, 356
Balamte 356
Balanophora family 250
Balanophoraceae 250
Balche 297
Balche-ceh 296
Balchechi 297
Balloon-vine 337
Balsam 298

of Peru 298
Balsamo 298, 436
Baltimora 106, 440, 456
Bamboo 199
Bambu 199
Bambusa 199
Banak 266
Banana 235

family 235
Banisteria 315
Barba de indio 201

de jolote 286

espanola 222, 265
Barbas de viejo 265
Barbasco 338
Barbula 192
Bari 396
Baria 397
Barillo 397
Barnyard grass 202
Basella family 263
Basellaceae 263
Basil 406

Bastard logwood 279
Bataban 172
Batidaceae 261
Batis 261

family 261
Batul 330
Bauhinia 282, 283
Bauiak 230
Bayal 203, 219
Bayal-xaan 219
Bayberry family 242
Bay-cedar 312, 355
Be 351
Beadvine 289
Bean 300

family 275
Beaucarnea 227
Bee 397

Becquaert, J. 168
Beeb 261
Beec 397
Beefwood 240

family 240
Beescan 172
Beezinic-che 312
Begonia 364

460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Bejuco de caballo 403

de chiquihuite 229

grueso 358

loco 343

tres-lomos 419
Bel-ciniche" 312
Bellota 356
Beloperone 423
Belzinic 312
Benthamantha 290
Bequilla 303
Berengena 413
Berenjena 414
Bermuda grass 201
Berros 273
Besinic-che 312
Beta 258
Bez-can 172
Bich-coc 172
Bidensl^Z, 130,440
Bignonia^7,418, ^19

family 417
Bignoniaceae 417
Bilim-coc 172
Birchwood 313
Birthwort family 250
Bittersweet family 337
Bitze 278
Bixa 359
Bixaceae 359
Bizil 349
Black cabbagebark 297

mangrove 399

poison-wood 334
Bladderwort family 416
Blechum 421, 1*22
Bledo 256
Blue moho 348
Bob 172, 232
Bobche 253, 450
Bob-chich 172
Bobote-ak 172
Bobwood 266
Boca de la vieja 414
Bocanche 172
Bo'ch 212

Boerhaavia 259, 260
Bohom 397
Bohonche 397
Bohun 396
Boj6n 396, 397

bianco 396

prieto 396
Boloconte 172
Bolol 408
Bolon couch 172
Boloncote 172
Bolonekxiue 443
Bolonhobon 172
Bolontibi 343
Bolon-uoh 172
Bom 219

Bombacaceae 351
Bombax 351, 852
Bon 219
Bonete 363

del diablo 251

del fraile 251
Bonpland 166
Bonxaan 219
Boochin 387
Borage family 395
Boraginaceae 395
Borreria 426
Borrichia 116, 117, 441
Boton de oro 453
Botoncillo 370
Bouchea 399
Bougainvillea 260
Bourreria 395
Boussingaultia 263
Bouteloua 52, 53, 54, 200
Boxcatzim 279
Boxchacah 325, 327
Boxek 172
Boxhaaz 235
Boxhich 172
Boxhocab 172
Boxlolluum 191
Boxsacheck-che 172
Boxzinic-che 172
Bradburya 292
Brasil 284
Brasilete 284
Brassavola 237
Brassica 272
Bravaisia 422
Braziletto 284
Breadfruit 243
Breadnut 243
Bricho 287
Brickellia 97, 441
Bromelia 221
Bromeliaceae 220
Bromus 57

Broom-rape family 421
Brosimum 243
Broteroa 137, 445
Bryophyllum 274
Bubsaak 389
Buceras 371 •
Buchnera 415
Bucholzia 257
Bucida 370
Buckthorn family 340
Buckwheat family 252
Buhum-coc 172
Buhum-kak 172
Bui 339
Buiche 339
Bui 300
Bulceh 172
Buliuah 301
Bullet-tree 370

FLORA OF YUCATAN

461

Bullhorn acacia 275, 276
Bully-tree 370
Bulrush 216
Buluchcaan 172
Bulumekxiu 443
Bumelia249, 361, 378
Bunchosia 314
Bupkthalmum 117
Bursera 313
Burseraceae 313
Buttercup family 265
Button mangrove 370
Buttonwood 370
Butua 265
Butz-coc 172
Buubxiu 443
Buul 300, 301
Buulbech 292
Buul-che 172
Buulchich 286
Bux 435
Buyak 339
Byrsonima 314
Byttneria 355

Ca 212, 485
Caax 431
Cababesinixte 332
Cabacche 172, 174
Cabalchechem 334
Cabalchi 172
Cabalchichibe 415
Cabalchun 263
Cabalhau 245
Cabalkax 427, 432
Cabalkin 172
Cabal-kopte 172
Cabalkuiche 172
Cabal-kumche 387
Cabalkunche 387
Caballero 249
Cabalonga 386
Cabalpich 277, 278, 290
Cabalpixoy 355
Cabal-put 172
Cabalsit 225
Cabalxaan 219, 423
Cabalxtez 255
Cabalyaaxnic 425
Cabalyaxnic 402
Cabal-zilil 172
Cabalzit 225
Cabal-ziz 172
Cabamuc 385
Caba-pixtolon 319
Cabaput 273
Cabatmuc 385
Cabaxan 214
Cabbage 272
Cabbagebark 290
Cabico 277
Cabo de hacha 311

Cabomba 264
Cacachila 341
Cacahuate 290
Cacalia 96, 172
Cacaltun 406
Cacao 356

family 354
Cacao-che 425
Cacara 299
Cacat6 172
Cacau 356
Cachimbo 285
Cacleumak 173
Caco 357
Cactaceae 365
Cactus family 365
Cacuuc 419
Cadanera 175
Cadillo 344, 345
Caesalpinia 284, 285
Caetera 421
Caf6 427
Cafetillo 361
Cah-huoc 270
Cahuex 268
Cahum 172, 233
Cahumci 233
Cahunci 233
Caimito 379
Cainca 427
Cajanus 291
Cajera 307
Cajix 390
Cak 373
Cakile 272
Cak-rum 336
Calabash 418
Calabaza 434, 435

bonetera 435

masilla 435

melona 437
Calabazo 435
Caladium 223, 230
Calea 115, 134, 441
Calendula 359
Caleopsis 445
Calicanto 280
Calliandra 277, 278
Callicarpa 399
Callisia 224, 226
Calocarpum 379
Calonyction 389
Calopogonium 291
Cal-pakam 172
Calycophyllum 426
Calyptranthes 371
Calyptrion 360
Calzoncillo 282
Cambaochlob 337
Cambapich 278
Cambustera 394
Camochayote 437

462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Canpanffla 349, 386 Carnati<»264

Campech-abal 336 Carolina 260

172 Cmit»M 351, 353

11, 19f Cup** *v. :.ir.-...y •:>;;

On* III

<feaico228 Gnooir6a2Tl

-.-:•> Cashew 3»

S family 333

CasunirtMi 306

Cax»-«kl72 :>.-

GteaHiuhib lit C«SSK floweis 276

CanalkaxiSl
Cwiastflla 251

1. Stt Castilla 244, 247

172 Castilleja 415

C«stot4wui 332
, 430 Casuarina3«>

CHM!N 172 Cat 420

CMK**3*I Catagera436

CaBdnmup333 Cataox 172

Cutdoix421 Catasetom 237

Canela de cuyo 172, 240 Catorac 419

CanH 171 Catnrak 419

Caaika23d Catnip 407

famfly235 Catsem k«wood 279

GhMMMM M Cat-tail 19S
Cam* S20 family 198

CMMteMI Catxim276

GUI rt» 1 1 ~ riliiaiil 282

Can-taasm 172 Cattm 276

f^fclM 172 Cancho 244

CantiUe^k 172 Cankte 355

. - Cailanis413

CanrumSTl Cayaponia 433, J*f

Camaoc201 Cayumito 379
CaobaSll dhMtMSBI

GMto«U C€boBa226

Cape jasBiM 428 Cecilia 244

Caper family 270 C«dar 310

Capottn 344 Cedi^a 310

C«drol72,310
cotonao 310

Capnria 415, 41 f OA Ac 172

CaprifoBa«»e 4S3 Ceh-chikm 172

Capsknm 407. 40S Oriba ITS, 352

- ; Ceibo352

CapuKn247,344 ^

374 Odny374

172 CHI mil 256

(MA -4:
OaMjatu 172
Ceoehras 1ft, 39, 209

.

Cerbatana228,448

FLORA OF YUCATAN

Cerbera 382
Cereua 365, 867
Centrum 408
Ceterach 194
Cha 378
Chaac 237
Chabak 381
Chabankan 116
Chabxaan 214
Chabxan 214
Chac 173, 225
Chaca bianco 173
Chacab 173
Chacah 313, 344
Chacahuate 173
Chac-ak 173, 175
Chacal 173
Chacalhaas 379
Chacalhaaz 358
Chacam-che 173
Chacanicab 418, 419
Chacats344
Chac-biken 173
Chacbohon 173
Chaccanahzihii 220
Chac-cancel-xiu 173
Chaccankilxiu 421
Chac-catzim 173
Chacchauayxiu 197
Chac-che 330
Chac-chimtok 173
Chac-chixixmo 173
Cbac-chom 173
Chac-chucum 280
Chac-culul 367
Chach 173

Chach u lubte-ak 342
Chachaaz 235
Chachnichmax 399
Chac-hulubtekaak 173
Chacic 408
ChacUxiu 259
Chac-kuch 173
Chac-kuxub 173
Chackuyche 351
Chac-le-onob 173
Chac-leum-ak 173
Chaclomacal 252
Chac-lubte-on 173
Chac-lutz ubteob 173
Chacmax268
Chacmol 257
Chacmolche 295
Chacmots437
Chacmuc 385
Chacmuk-ak 385
Chac-mul 173
Chac mulah kak 173
Chacnetoloc 419
Chac-nich-max 173
Chacnicte 384
Chac'o'c 212

Chacoop267

Chacppoppox 333

Chac-sabacche 173
Chaotic 376
Cha-ik '41 r,
Chaorinkin 376
Chactam 173, 225
Chacte284
Chactechuhum 284

Chactez 173, 256
Chactoc429
Chactsam225
Chactsan225
Chactoicikax 376
Chacteiia428
Chactoul442
Ctectsulubtok 288
Chactzotzmacal 224
Chacuob 365, 367
Chacieu250
Chac-xicin-che 173
Chacxul 440, 442
Chac-ya 173
Chaczaum 173
Chaczinkin 284
Chaczinkinkax 376
Chac-zubin-che 173
Chaczukl73
Chaczuum 453
Chaetocalyx 292
Chaetochloa 37, 208
Chahl98
Chahancan 446
Ctehmah429
Chai392
Chakanal 421
Chakchoch 211
Chakel73
ChakhakSSl
Chakni 173

Chakte421
Chaktolol344
Chakxnuknal 211

Chalcha 110, 449
Chalchay 103
Chalche451
Chalha449
ChaUuc413
Cham 221
Chamaedorea 217
Ckamaayee 323-327, 395
Chamal 197
Chamico408
Chamissoa257
Chamtoloc 306
Ch'amxuy 373
Chancala 235
Chanixnuc 306

464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Chankala 235
Chanuahko 251
Chanxnuc 306
Chanxnuk 404
Chanxnuuc 306
Chapak 381
Chaparro 358
Chaperno 290
Chaptalia 148, 441
Chara 192
Characeae 192
Chavales 336
Chaxcul 133
Chay 329
Chaya 329
Chayote 436
Chayotextle 437
Che 171, 244, 314
Chec-che 282
Chechebe 349
Chechem 334
Chechen 334
bianco 173
Cheech 217
Cheel k'i'c 244
Cheel poop 216
Cheilanthes 6, 195
Cheilolejeunia 193
Chelele 278
Chelem 232
Chelemci 232
Chelic 413

Chem-chac-che-ak 173
Chenek 301
Chenille plant 318
Chenopodiaceae 258
Chenopodium 258
Chepa 212
Chesivik 240
Che-tulub 173
Chi 315, 316
Chiabal 335
Chiat 217
Chicam 299
Chicamthul 291
Chicbul-can 173
Chiceh 380
Chich 173, 233
Chicharillo 173
Chicharo 302

Chichibe 303, 349, 350, 351, 356
Chichle 240
Chich-put 363
Chicix-me-ak 173
Chicixmo 173
Chicix-mo 173
Chic-kak 173
Chickem 282
Chicken corn 209
Chick-pea 292
Chic kuk 173
Chicle bianco 378

Chicle virgen 378
Chicong 301
Chicoria 150, 452
Chicozapote 378
Chictzapotl 378
Chicun 301
Chiican 298
Chikec 173
Chikich 351
Chikichbe 349
Chikichbe-kax 351
Chikintsonot 211
Chilacayote 434
Chile 407

ancho 408

Colorado 408

del monte 408

dulce 408

grande 408

morado 408

mulato 408

verde 408
Chilib 171, 218
Chilibche 171
Chilibtux 318
Chilillo 282, 312, 315, 408
Chilillo-ak 315
Chilillo-xiu 387
Chilim-can 173
Chima 437
Chimay 276, 280
Chimon 246
Chimtoc 341
Chimtok 173
Chimu 360
China amarilla 173
Chinaberry 311

family 310
Chinchayote 437
Chinchimpol 349
Chinese hibiscus 348
Chintoc 173
Chintok 173
Chin-uoh 174
Chiococca 427
Chiopk 93

Chiopte 93, 119, 444, 454
Chipororo 174
Chirimoya 266
Chit 219, 220
Chitcuuc 237, 238
Chiuoh-kaak 174
Chloris 50, 201
Chloroleucon 281
Chlorophora 245
Cho 174, 352, 353
Chobenche 311
Choc 174
Choch 174, 380
Chochcitam 271
Choche 174
Chochyuc 174

FLORA OF YUCATAN

465

Chocobcat 390
Chocosacan 212
Chocosaka 212
Chocuilxiu 415
Choh 296
Chohop 386
Choinak 211
Chokobcaat 174
Cholul 174
Chom 221
Chontalpa 387
Choo 174
Chooc 174
Ch'op 221
Chotche 174
Chovue 212
Chox 172, 174
Chozo 274
Christmas-vine 394
Chrysobalanus 274
Chrysophyllum 379, 380
Chrysopsis 442
Chu 221, 435
Chub 347
Chuba 221
Chuc 222
Chucchikil 417
Chuche 266
Chuchito 412
Chucua 357
Chucum 232, 280
Chucumci 232
Chucunci 232
Chuenche 174
Chuh 368
Chuhucic 408
Chuhucpakal 308
Chukem 277
Chukum 277
Chukun 277
Chul 322
Chulceh 174
Chulche 322, 330
Chulinte 174
Chulub 427
Chulul 290
Chum 360
Ch'uma 437
Chunun 174
Chunup 358
Chusumpek 385
Ch'ut 409
Chuts 320
Chutte 174
Chuun 360
Ch'ux 301
Chuy-che 174
Chytraculia 371
Ci232
Cib 314
Cib-ak 173
Cib-che 173

Cibix 293
Cicer 292
Cicim kuch 173
Cicitsin 330
Cidra 308
Cidracayote 434
Ciega- vista 321
Cienfugosia 346
Cihom 173
Ciis 269
Cintanci 232
Cipres 240
Cipura 234
Cirsium 11+7, 442
Ciruela amarilla 335

grande 336

morada 336
Ciruelas tuxpanas 336
Ciruelillo 173, 331
Cissampelos 265
Cissus 342
Citam-ac 173
Citamci 232
Citharexylum 400
Citinche 284
Citron 308
Citronella grass 201
Citrullus 434
Citrus 307
Ciui 359
Cizcan 434
Cladium 83, 216
Claudiosa 415

amarga 407

de monte 407
Clavel 264

de oro 359

de poeta 264
Clavellina 264
Clawberry 332
Claw-grass 40
Clematis 265
Cleome 271
Clerodendron 400
Clidemia 374
Clinopodium 405
Clitoria 292
Clusia 358

family 358
Clusiaceae 358
Cnicus 148
Co 211

Coca family 304
Coc-aac 173
Coc-ak 173
Cocche 172
Coccoloba 252, 253
Coccothrinax 218
Coceeh 229
Coceh 229, 365
Cochinita 387
Cochlospermaceae 360

466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Cochlospermum 360

family 360
Cocklebur 455
Cockscomb 256
Coco 218
Cocoba 251
Cocom 173
Coco-plum 274
Cocos 218
Cocotero 218
Cocox 357
Cocoyol 217
Codiaeum 319
Coffea 427
Cohune palm 217
Coix 17, 201
Cojon de fraile 314
Col 211, 272
Cola de gato 318
Coleosanthus 97, 441
Colevil 225
Collins, Guy N. 168
Coloc 373
Colocasia 224
Coloch 211
Colomche 213
Colorin 295
Colubrina 340, 341
Com 211

Combretaceae 370
Combretum 370

family 370
Commelina 225
Commelinaceae 224
Commicarpus 260
Compate 435
Compositae 85, 438
Confederate vine 252
Confitura 405
Conobea 415
Conocarpus 370
Conostegia 374
Contrayerba 245
Convolvulaceae 389
Convolvulus 391, 392, 393
Conyza 89, 100, 102, 442
Coo 171
Coopte 397
Cootoloc 211
Copal 314

gomoso 173

macho 314
Copalche 322
Copalchi 320, 322
Copalxiu 446
Copen 212
Cop6 245
Copte 396
Corales-ak 173
Coralillo 416
Corallocarpus 434
Corcho 266

Corchorus 343
Cordia 395, 396
Cordoba, Hernandez de 166
Cordoncillo 241
Coreopsis 130, 131
Coriander 374
Coriandrum 374
Corkwood 266
Cornezuelo 275, 276

bianco 276

cimarron 374
Cornutia 400
Cornwood 290
Corona de Cristo 327

de sol 401

Coronilla de San Antonio 375
Corozo 217
Corrimiento 231
Corrimiento-ak 382
Cortejo 348
Corynostylis 360
C'os 242
Cosmocalyx 427
Cosmos 133, 442
Costus 236
Cotsnemax 398
Cotton-tree 352

family 351
Co-tzimin 173
Couepia 274
Coutarea 427, 428
Cow okra 420
Cowhage 298
Cow-itch 298
Coyol 217
Crabgrass 202
Craboo 315

Cracca 290, 291, 296, 303, 304
Cranesbill family 305
Crape myrtle 369
Crapoo 315
Crassulaceae 274
Crataeva 271
Crescentia 418, 419
Cresta de gallo 256
Critonia 91
Crotalaria 293
Croton 313, 319
Cruceto 253
Cruciferae 272
Crusea 428
Cryphaea 192
Cuajilote 420
Cuban pine 198
Cucarachita 226
Cuche 310
Cuchillo-xiu 387
Cuchil-uc 173
Cucuh 357
Cucumis 434
Cucurbita 434
Cucurbitaceae 433

FLORA OF YUCATAN

467

Cucut 226
Cucutchom 234
Cucutmacal 224
Cuhuech 207
Culantrillo 7, 195

bianco 2, 195
Culantro 374
Culinche 334
Culul 212, 367
Cum 434
Cum-kanan 173
Cumpap 384
Cumpate 435
Cundeamor 436
Cuntan 173
Cup 291
Cupania 340
Cup-che 173
Cuphea 369
Cup-kak 173
Curatella 358
Curcuma 236
Curly-grass family 193
Cuscuta 269, 394
Cuscutaceae 394
Cusmin 336
Custard apple 267
Cutsuc 173
Cutziz 240
Cuumche 363
Cuutz 410
Cuxum-che 173
Cuxun 192
Cuyum-che 173
Cyatheaceae 2, 194
Cycad family 197
Cycadaceae 197
Cyclanthera 435
Cydista 419
Cymbopogon 201
Cynodon 50, 201
Cynosurus 55
Cyperaceae 67, 213
Cyperus 67, 213
Cypress-vine 394
Cypripedium 238
Cyrtopodium 238
Cytinus 421

Dactyloctenium 55, 201
Dahlia 442
Dalbergia 293
Daka 299
Dalechampia 322
Dalia 442

Dama de noche 408
Damiana 359
Dasylirion 227
Date palm 219
Datil 219
Datilero 219
Datura 408

Daucus 375
Dayflower family 224
Dead man's bones 430
Delonix 288
Delphinium 265
Desmanthus 278
Desmodium 293
Dianthera 423, 424
Dianthus 264
Diapedium 422
Dichromena 78, 215
Dicliptera 422
Dictyanthus 387
Didymodon 192
Digitaria 23, 202
Dill 375

Dilleniaceae 358
Diodia 432
Diomedea 116
Dioscorea 229, 263
Dioscoreaceae 229
Diospyros 377
Dipholis 380
Diphysa 294
Distichlis 63, 202
Distreptus 88, 4.51
Ditaxis 323
Dodder 394

family 394
Dogbane family 382
Dogwood 296, 301
Dolicholus 303
Dolichos 298
Dondia 259
Doradilla 194, 197
Dormilona 279
Dorstenia 245
Dracaena 228
Drejerella 422
Dryopteris 2, 195
Drypetes 323
Duck flower 251
Duckweed 223

family 223
Duranta 401
Dysodium 107
Dyssodia 140, 442
Dzidzilche 174
Dzuyu 174

Ear-tree 278
Ebano 174, 377
amarillo 381
Ebenaceae 377
Ebony family 377
Echeandia 228
Echinochloa 202
Echinodorus 198
Echites 382, 385
Eclipta 112, 442
Egletes 442
Eichhornia 226

468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Ek 285, 288
Ek kixil 418
Ek-abal 336
Ekbalam 320
Ek-huleb 174
Ek-kixilak 418
Eklemoy 268
Eklemuy 268
Ek-lum-chac 174
Ek-mayil-ak 174
Ek-muyul-ak 174
Ek-teel 174
Elaeodendron 337
Elaphrium 313
Elder 433
Elel 304
Elemuy 268
Elemuy box 174, 268
Eleocharis 215
ElephantopiAS 88
Eleusine 55, 56, 201, 202
Eleuther anther a 107, 446
Elm family 242
Elote 211

Elvira 104, 105, 443
Elytraria 422
Embeleso 381
Emtzul 388
Encelia 124, &52
Eneldo 374

Enredadera peluda 393
Ensalada 384
Enterolobium 278
Ep-che 174
Epidendrum 238
Epiphyllum 367
Eragrostis 61, 202
Erblichia 359
Erechtites 146, M2, 443
Erigeron 99, 101, 443
Eriodendron 352
Erithalis 428
Ernodea 428
Erythrina 295
Erythroxylaceae 304
Erythroxylon 304
Escoba colorada 299
Escobetilla 174
Escobilla 351
Escobillo 315
Escorpi6n-xiu 325
Esenbeckia 308
Espadana 198
Esparrago 227
Esparto 215
Espelon 301
Espinaca 259
Espuela 265

de caballero 265
Estrella del mar 133, 442
Estropajo 435
Eucyperus 68

Eugenia 372
Eulejeunia 193
Eumecanthus 323, 325, 327
Eupatorium 91, 443, 444, 451
Euphorbia 323, 395
Euphorbiaceae 317
Eustachys 51
Eustoma 382

Evening-primrose family 374
Evolvulus 390
Excoecaria 333
Exostema 428

Farolito 251, 411
Fennel 374
Festuca 57
Ficus 245, 329
Fig 245

Figwort family 414
Filicineae 1
Fimbristylis 80, 215
Flacourtia family 361
Flacourtiaceae 361
Flamboyan 288
Flame-tree 288
Flaveria 136, 445
Flor amarilla 421

de borla 454

de caballero 271

de camar6n 284, 374

de cera 388

de clavo 364

de la pasion 364

de latigo 366

de Mayo 383, 384

de pascua 326, 394

de pato 250

de San Antonio 376

de San Diego 252

de San Juan 91, 438

de sol 121

de zopilote 384

del secreto 285
Flox 395
Foeniculum 375
Forchammeria 271
Forget-me-not 398
Forsteronia 383
Fortunella 308
Four-o'clock 260

family 259
Frescura 248
Frijol 300

amarillo 301

negro 301
Frijolillo 287, 292
Frullania 193
Fuchsia 374
Funastrum 387
Fungi 190
Fuirena 82, 215

' Furcraea 233
Fustic 245

Galactia 295

Galan de noche 408

Gallitos 221

Garbanzo 292

Gardenia 428

Garlic 226

Gaudichaudia 315

Gaumer, George F 167

Gayoides 346

Gentian family 382
Gentianaceae 382
Geraniaceae 305
Geranio 305
de olor 305
Geranium 305
Gerardia 415
Ghinia 404
Giant reed 199
Ginger 236

family 236
Girasol 121, 446
Orhricidia 295
Gloeosporium 190
'

r nM rmng-gory 391

Goldman, E. A. 167
Goldmanella 165, 445
(soldmania 445

Golondrina 246, 247, 324, 325
Gomphrena 255, 257,258
Gomopteris 9, 196
Gonolobus 389
Goodenia family 438
Goodeniaceae 438
Goosefoot family 258
Gossypium 346
Gouania 341
Gouinia 57, 203
Gourd 435

family 433
Grama 201

de caballo 202
Gramineae 15, 198
Granada 370

cimarrona 372
Granadillo 174, 302
Granado 370
Grande Betty 340
Grape family 342
Grapefruit 308
Grass family 198

More 16S

Gnjalva, Juan de 166
Grindelia 97, 445
Gronovia 363
Grosella 331
Ground-cherry 411
Guacamayo 284
Guacima 355

FLORA OF YUCATAN

Guaco 250, 251, 447

del sur 251
Guadua 64, 199
Guaiacum 305
Guaje 278
Guanabana 267
Guanabano 267
Guanacaste 278
Guano 219
Guapinol 289
Guarumo 245
Guatope 278
Guatteria 268
Guava 373
Guayaba 373
Guayabillo 174
Guayabo 371, 373
Guayacan 305

negro 174
Guayacte 174
Guayate 174
Guayo 338, 340
Guayuncox 174
Guazuma 355
Guettarda 429
Guinea grass 33, 206
Guineo 235
Gtiiro 418
Guisaso 200
Gumbolimbo 313
Gusavo 296
Gymnanthes 328
Gymnogramme 5, 196
Gymnopodium 253
Gymnopsis 113
Gynandropsis 272
Gynoxis 147
Gyrocarpus 269

Ha 174
Haa 174
Haabi 301
Haaz 235
Haaz-can 174
Haaz-maax 174
Haaz-max-che 174
Haba 291, 304

de San Ignacio 328
Habalkax 362
Haban can 174
Haban-che 174
Habaplat 434
Habeem 396, 397
Habi 301
Habilla 328
Habim 301, 302
Habin 301
Habinpek 287
Hacay 174
Hackelochloa 18, 203
Hacolel 226
Haematoxylum 288

469

470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Hahauche 420

Haiti 174

Hal 211, 244

Halab-che 174

Halal 80, 207, 208, 216

Hamelia 429

Hampea 353

Harpalyce 296

Harrisella 238

Hasche 174

Hatanal 256

Hauaicne 449

Hauay 449

Hauayche 438

Hauche 397

Hauyxiu 350

Haz max 174

Haz-ak 174

Hebil 392

H'ec 211

Hechtia 221

Heehbech 414

Heek 211

Helecho 6

Helenium 137, 445

Heleocharis 77

Helianthus 120, 446

Helianto 121

Heliconia 235

Helicteres 355

Heliocarpus 344

Heliophytum 398

Heliotropium 398, 399

Helosis 250

Hemionitis 5, 196

Hemitelia 2, 194

Henequ&i 231
bianco 231
verde 233

Henna 369

Henry a 425

Hepaticae 193

Hernandia family 269

Hernandiaceae 269

Heteranthera 226

Heteropogon 203

Heteropteris 31 5,317

Hetzimxiu 445

Hiail 174

Hibin-ha 174

Hibiscus 347

Hiedra colorada 394

Hierba blanca 259
de alacran 381
de la calentura 425
de la paloma 441
de la viruela 248
de las gallinitas 262
de polio 225
de San Juan 454
del cancer 415
del golpe 261

Hierba del histe'rico 442

del indio 250

del pasmo 439

del venado 451
Hierbabuena montes 407
Higginbothamia 231
Higo 245
Higuerilla 332
Higuero 245
Hinim 174
Hinojo 375
Hippeastrum 233
Hippocratea 336

family 336
Hippocrateaceae 336
Hippomane 328
Hiraea 315
Hirtella 274
Hkolomxal 222
Hman 221
Hmuc 174
Hobnil-haa 174
Hobonkak 325
Hobonkax 325
Hobonte-kaak 325
Ho'ch 211
Hogplum 335
Hokab 420
Hoi 348
HolchS 83, 216
Holcus 21
Hollyhock 346
Holnuxib 439
H'oloch 211
Holsache 216
Holunzial 221
Horn 419
Homa 174
Homahak 115, 448
Homalocenchrus 204
Hombocoche 401
Hom-toloc 174
Honduras mahogany 311

walnut 334
Honeysuckle 433
Hoobox 333
Hool 171
Hooloop 422
Hooyoc 430
Hormiguera 287
Horseradish-tree 274

family 273
Ho-ual 174

Houstoun, William 166
Hoya 388
Hoyoc 430
Htaman 347
Huano 219
Huayunak 337
Hueso de finado 430
Huhub 198
Huisache 280

FLORA OF YUCATAN

471

Huitz 278
Huizache 276
Huk-chi 174
Hukup 313
Hule 244, 247
Hul-im-kak 174
Hulub 174, 422, 452
Hulubte 173
Humboldt 166
Humpetskin 174, 223
Hunab-tzootz 174
Hun-chac 174
Hunpetskinci 227
Hunpetskin-xiu 174
Huntura 336
Hura 328
Huuhub 174
Huun-can 174
Hybanthus 360
Hydrocotyle 375
Hydrolea 395
Hydrophyllaceae 395
Hylocereus 367
Hymenaea 289
Hymenocallis 233
Hyperbaena 265, 266
Hypericaceae 358
Hyphomycetales 190
Hypnum 193
Hyptis 404
Hyuy 306

Ib300

Ibcho 302

Ibinha 224

Ibinxiu 404

Ic407

Icaban 320, 321

Icaco 274

Icacorea 376

Ic-bach 174

Ic-che 174

Ich 171

Ich-bahach 312

Ich-huh 174

Ichnanthus 35, 203

Ichthyomethia 301

Idea 314

Icil 408

Ih211

lib 211

lis 390

Ik-ak 175

Ik-che 174

Ikilhaxiu 401

Immortelle 257

Imut 413

Indian almond 371

corn 210
Indigo 296
Indigofera 296
Indio desnudo 313

Inga 278, 282

Inmortal 257

Inodes 219

Inup 353

lonidium 360, 361

lonopsis 238

lonoxalis 304

Ip 300

Ipomoea 389, 390, 393, 394

Ipsac 175

Iresine 257, 258

Iria 215

Iridaceae 234

Iris family 234

Ischaemum 45

Isocarpha 115, 446

Isotoma 437

Istuk 217

Itsimte 450

Itz 378

Itzchac 175

Itzimte 400

Itzin-can 175

Itzinte 450

Ix-bacal-ac 175

Ix-bibiz-luumil 175

Ixbul 326

Ix-cabal-chi 175

Ix-cabal-chun-kak 175

Ix-cabal-kak 175

Ix-canzel-ak 175

Ix-canzel-xiu 175

Ixcatucan 265

Ixchel 175

Ix-chilim 175

Ix-chilim-kak 175

Ixchuch 175

Ix chui che 175

Ix-cotz-cab-na 175

Ix-hal-kin 175

Ix-hoch-che 175

Ix hunpetzkin ak 175

Ix-hun-uoh 175

Ix-hutul-ek 175

Ixil 390

Ixim 210, 211

Iximche 175, 290, 361, 400

Iximha 223

Ixin 210

Ix-kakal-cab 175

Ix-kan-haaz 175

Ixkanlol 270

Ixkaxi 175

Ix kaxil chel 175

Ix kaxil ku 175

Ix-kin-uoh 175

Ix-mac-hol-cab 175

Ix-mamac-lumil 175

Ix-mom-nicte 175

Ix-much 175

Ix nech bac che 175

Ixnuc-abal 336

472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Ix-nuche 175
Ix-och-can 175
Ixpahalcan 412
Ix-petel-tunak 265
Ixpix 409
Ixpoen 336
Ixtamal-tzuc 229
Ixtamancan 304
Ixtatakche 400
Ix-tibib-ak 175
Ixtsacalbac 263, 424
Ix-tsoc-chakanil 175
Ix-tsui-can 175
Ix tuab 175
Ix-tu-ak 175
Ix-tulix-hobon 175
Ix-tuu-canil 175
Iz390
Iztahte 175
Izte 175
Izul 212

Jabalf 175
Jabilla 328
Jabonche 338
Jaboncillo 338
Jacaratia 329, 363
Jacinto de agua 226
Jacobinia 423
Jacquemontia 392
Jacquinia 376
Jahua 175
Janipha 330

Japanese honeysuckle 433
Jaral amarillo 452 ^ £
Jasminum 381
Jatropha 328, 359
Jazmin 381
azul 381
de Italia 400
de olor 381
de perro 385
Jenjibre 236
Jicama 299
cimarrona 291
de conejo 291
dulce 299
grande 299
Jicara 418
Jimson-weed 408
Jobillo 175
Jobo 335
Job's-tears 201
Jocote 336

Johnson, Ezekiel Porter 166
Johnson grass 209
Joyillo 175
Juan de noche 408
Jucumico 312
Jujito amarillo 365

peludo 364
Jupiter 369

Jussiaea 374
Justicia 423

Kaat 420
Kab 171
Kabauche 424
Kabulche 175
Kah 212

Kahyuc 319, 331
Kakah 313
Kakalche 395, 396
Kakibach 328
Kakixuxul 423
Kaknep 407
Kaknipp 407
Kallstroemia 306
Kamaz-can-ak 175
Kambulche 175
Kampac 175
Kampocolche 175, 429
Kan 232
Kanabal 335
Kanab-yuc 175
Kanal-zin 175
Kanan 429
Kanasin 175
Kanauul 298
Kanche 370
Kan-chichin-ak 175
Kanchikinche 175
Kanchinaik 285
Kanchunup 333, 340, 358
Kan-coc 175
Kan-coc-che 175
Kanduul 298
Kanhabin 287
Kanibinche 316
Kanizte 380
Kankilizche 276
Kankirische 276
Kanlal 270
Kanlecay 394
Kanlolxiu 445
Kan-mucuy-che 175
Kan-mucuy-coc 175
Kanmul 440
Kanoop 267
Kanpocolcum 285
Kanppocoche 401
Kansim 295
Kante 175, 295
Kantebo 275
Kante-ceh 175
Kantemo 275
Kantiriz 276
Kantix 276
Kantol 421
Kantsin 292
Kantu 412
Kantumbu 452
Kantunbub 452
Kantux 347
Kantzin 297, 300

FLORA OF YUCATAN

473

Kanxim 211
Kanzacam 367
Kanzacxiu 350
Kanzahilxiu 425
Kanzinkin 284
Kapab-yuc 175
Kapok 353
Karanilicho 365
Karatas 221
Karwinskia 341
Katabox 175
Katalox 175
Katcuuc 419
Katzuz 419
Kax 175, 351, 432
Kaxabal 423
Kaxab yuc 175
Kaxil 175
Kaxil-ix-chel 175
Kaxil ku 175
Kaxixchel 175
Kaxlan ixkih 259
Kazcat 344
Keb 175
Keken-abal 336
Kereba-punt 409
Kexak 338, 339
Keyem 212
Kib 243
Kiche 244
Kicob 357
Kicou 357
Kiik 244
Kiikche 244
Kiix 171

Kiix-pach-kuum 437
Kiiz 336
Kik-aban 175
Kik-ni-och 175
Kin'ak 301
Kinim 175, 336, 353
Kinin 336, 353
Kinin-hobo 335
Kintah 294
Kintal 175
Kinum 336
K'ip 218
Kisiyuc 175
Kix 171
Kixatucan 270
Kixche 176
Kix haban 176
Kixkanlol 270
Kixolok 391
Kixxtez 256
Kixzaclol 270
Kiz 336
Koch 332
Kokera 257
Kokobak 176, 251
Kokobche 176
Kok-pim 425

Kolokmax 271
Kom-kuch 176
Konop 359
Koochle 244
Koopte 396
Kopche 396
Kopte 396, 397
Koxas 409
Koxol-ac 213
Koxolxek 396
Koyokiche 269
Krugiodendron 341
Ku236
Kuche 310
Kuchel 429
Kuchilxiu 387
Kuiche 310
Kukil 228
Kukilh 228
Kukliz-cab 176
Kuksub 242
Kuiche 310
Kulimche 334
Kulimziz 311
Kulinche 334
Kum 434
Kum-can 176
Kumche 171, 363
Kumixtulub 436
Kumkat 308
Kumquat 308
Kumxtulub 436
Kun-can 176
Kunche 363
Kutz 410
Kutzaban 446
Kutzikax 410
Kuum 211, 434, 437
Kuutz 410
Kuxsogui 265
Kuxub 359
Kuxub-ak 176
Kuxubcan 263
Kuxub-che 176
Kuxub-ic 176
Kuyche 351, 353
Kuyenk 301

La 248

Laal 248

Laal tzimin 248

Lab 264

Labiatae 404

Lactuca 151, Ml, 446

Laelia 237, 239

Laetia 361

Lagascea 104, 448

Lagenaria 435

Lagerstroemia 369

Lagrimas de San Diego 437

Laguncularia 371

474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Lakintan 176
Lakintan-mo 176
Lai 248, 329
Lalmuch 363
Laltsimin 248
Lamparones-ak 176
Lantana 401
Lap 409
Lasiacis 204
Latche 400
Lauraceae 269
Laurel 247, 385
bianco 396
de la India 247
family 269
rosa 383
Laurelillo 176
Lawsonia 369
Le 171, 211
Lebetina 140
Lee 176, 435
Leche 176
Lechuga 446

silvestre 150, 452
Lechuguilla 224
Leek 226
Leersia 204
Leguminosae 275
Leiphaimos 382
Lemaireocereiis 366
Lemna 223
Lemnaceae 223
Lemon 307

Lengua de dragon 235
Lennoa 375

family 375
Lennoaceae 375
Lens 296
Lenteja 296
Lentibulariaceae 416
Lentil 296

Lentinus 191

Leochilus 239

Leonotis 405

Leontodon 452

Leonurus 405

Lepicystis 10

Lepidium 273

Leptilon 99, U3

Leptochloa 56, 204

Leque 435

Lettuce 446

Leucaena 278

Leucobryum 193

Leucopremna 363

Licania 274

Lichens 192

Lignum-vitae 305, 328
family 305

Likintan 176

Liliaceae 226

Lilium 228

Lily family 226
Lima agria 307
Lima bean 300
Lime 307
Limon 307

agria 307

dulce 307

real 307
Limonaria 308
Limoncillo 307
Linden family 343
Linden, Jean Jules 166
Linnaeus, Carl von 166
Lippia 401,402
Lirio 233
Lithibzots 176
Lithophila 258
Liverworts 193
Llanten 425

silvestre 442
Loasa family 363
Loasaceae 363
Lobelia 437

family 437
Lobeliaceae 437
Lochnera 383
Locust 289
Logania family 381
Loganiaceae 381
Logwood 166, 288

brush 279
Lokab 445
Lol 171

Lonchocarpus 295, 296
Lonicera 433
Loosestrife family 369
Loranthaceae 249
Loranthus 250
Loth-coc 176
Lotoxalis 304
Louteridium 424
Love- vine 269
Luch 418
Lucuma 379, 380
Lucumxiu 258
Luehea 344
Luffa 435
Luin 176
Lukzahtahan 437
Lumche 176
Lundia 419
Luumchacte 284
Lycianthes 409
Lycium 409
Lycopersicum 409
Lygodium 194
Lysiloma 279, 281
Lythraceae 369

Maats 212
Maaxcal 229
Maaxic 408

FLORA OP YUCATAN

475

Maba 377

Mac 267

Macal 224, 229

Macal box 230

Macal-cox 176

Macal-ku 176

Macap-lum 176

Macap-na 176

Macenal puhuk 453

Macenal pujuc 140

Machaonia 429

Machiche 176

Machicho 176

Machul 409

Mac-much 176

Maco 176

Mac-oc 176

Macrophoma 190

Macroscepis 388

Macrosiphonia 383

Macuilixuatl 420

Maculan 241

Maculis 420

Madder family 425

Madera de pasta 360

Madre de cacao 295

Madrecacao 295

Madreselva 433

Mag 267

Maguey 231

Mah kui 413

Maha 354

Mahanchunkak 241

Mahogany 166, 311

Mafz 210

Maize 210

Majagua 348, 353

Majahau 353

Mak 267

Malacate 176

Malachra 349

Malanga 224

Mallow family 345

Malpighia 316
family 314

Malpighiaceae 314

Malujo 179

Malva 349
del monte 357

Malvaceae 345

Malvastrum 349

Malvaviscus 349

Malveopsis 349

Mamey 358, 379
Colorado 379
de Campeche 380
de Santo Domingo 358

Mammea 358

Mammillaria 367

Manaca 217

Manchineel 328

Mandarin orange 308

Mandarina 308
Mangifera 334
Mangle 370, 371

amarillo 176

bianco 371, 399

bobo 371

Colorado 371

negro 176, 399

prieto 370, 399
Mango 334
Mangrove 371

family 371
Mani 290
Manihot 330, 359
Mano de vaca 283
Mante 176

Manto de la reina 223
Manzanilla 139, 445

de campo 426
Manzanillo 328
Manzanita 349
Mapche 173
Mapola 351
Maquiliz 420
Maranon 333
Maranta 237
Marantaceae 237
Maravilla 260

del monte 425
Margarita del mar 439
Marginaria 10
Mariposa 292
Mariscus67, 71, 72, 216
Marsdenia 388
Martyniaceae 417
Masa 211
Masico 243
Mastichodendron 380
Mastigolejeunia 193
Mastote 176
Mastuerzo 273, 305
Mata de pano 259
Matasano 307
Matzab chicbul 176
Matzab kuch 176
Ma'tzin hal 211
Mau 176
Maunakle 294
Max 408
Max-ak 176
Maxcal 176, 229
Maxcalcots 176
Maxcaltzotz 229
Maximilianea 360
Maximowiczia 436
Maxtic 450
Mayflower 420
Mayito 234
Maytenus 337
Mazati 221
Mazcabche 374
Mazcabmiz 449

476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Mazcabzuuc 214

Medicago 297

Meexnuxib 222

Mehenchicam 299

Mehenibbech 302

Mehenkax 432

Mehensial 416

Mehenuahkoh 251

Mehen-xaan 176

Mehenxanabmucuy 324

Mehenxtohku 408

Mehenzacamtsotz 368

Mehenzit 204

Meibomia 293, 294

Melampodium 106, 107, 108, 446

Melanconiales 190

Melanthera 122, 447

Melastomaceae 374

Melastome family 374

Melia 310

Meliaceae 310

Melicoccus 338

Melissa 407

Melochia 356

Melocoton 437

Melon 434

Meloncito 436

Melqthria 436

Menispermaceae 265

Mentha 405

Mentzelia 364

Mertensia 242

Mes 404

Mesbe 351

Mesosphaerum 405

Mesquite 282

Metastelma 389

Metopium 334

Mexican rubber tree 244

wine palm 217
Mexnuxib 221, 222, 265
Mextsul 192
Mezquite 282
Micromeria 405
Microspora 192
Mignonette 273

family 273
Mikania 97, 447
Mil en rama 438
Milkweed family 387
Miller, Philip 166
Milleria 104, 105, 447
Millo 209

Millspaugh, Charles F. 167
Millspaughia 253
Milpa 211
Mimosa 276, 279
Mint family 404
Mirabilis 260, 261
Mirahuano 220
Miramelinda 265
Mirasol 121, 446

Mirasolia 118

Misa milpera 212

Misibcoc 359

Mistletoe family 249

Mitracarpus 430

Mix 347

Mixcax 319

Miz221

Mizbil 345

Mogiphanes 255

Moho 353

Momo 241

Momordica 436

Monanthochloe 60, 205

Monimiaceae 266

Monkey-rattle 332

Monniera 414

Monstera 223

Montanoa 114, 115, 129, 448

Monte 351

Mool 40, 200

Moolcoh 322

Moonflower 389

Moonseed family 265

Mop 217

Mora 245

Moraceae 243

Moral liso 245

Moras 248

Morinda 430

Moringa 273

Moringaceae 273

Morisonia 271

Morning-glory family 389

Morus 21t5, 247

Mosquito-grass 213

Mosses 192

Mostaza 272

Mcta 438

mprada 438
Motitas 441
Motz 171
Muc 242, 293
Muc ceh 176
Much 176
Muchcoc 194
Muchcockax 193
Muchcok 421
Muc-ta 176
Mucuna 297
Mucuy 324
Mucuy-che 176
Muerdago 250
Muk 358
Mukay-che 176
Mukay-onob-can 176
Mukun 212
Mukuy 368
Mul 200

Mulberry family 243
Mulche 379
Muliix 222

FLORA OF YUCATAN

477

Mulito 440
Muloch 176, 345
Munditos 337
Muntingia 344
Mup 413
Murraea 308
Musa 235
Musaceae 235
Musci 192
Muskmelon 434
Musmacoy 176
Mustard family 272
Mutscoc 197
Muul 200
Muyche 376
Mycosyrinx 342
Myginda 337
Mykosyrinx 191
Myosotis 398
Myrica 242
Myricaceae 242
Myristicaceae 266
Myrmecodendron 276
Myroxylon 298, 362
Myrsinaceae 376
Myrsine family 376
Myrstiphyllum 431
Myrtaceae 371
Myrtle family 371
Myrtus 371

Na 176
Naab 264
Naabtsuts 196
Naba 298
Nabal 298
Nabanche 313
Nabay 236
Nabo 272
Nabukak 452
Nach-bacil-che 176
Nach lum 176
Naiadaceae 198
Naias 198

family 198
Nakaz 218
Nakta 392
Nal 211
Nama 395
Name 229
Nance 315, 316
Nanc&i 172, 316

agria 315
Nanche 315
Nantaha 176
Napoche 176
Naranja 308

agria 307

de China 308

de ombligo 308

dulce 308
Naranjilla 271
Naranjito 308

Narciso 383
Nardo 234
Nargusta 371
Nasturtium 273, 305

family 305
Nayum 338
Nazareno 176
Nech lum 176
Nectandra 269
Neea 260
Negrito 312
Nehuech 208
Nek 171
Nemaax 398
Nemastylis 235
Nemax 176
Nemax-ak 176
Nemax-xiu 176
Nemiz 318
Neomammillaria 367
Neomillspaughia 254
Nepeta 407
Nephrodium 2, 196
Nephrolepis 196
Nerium 383
Ne-tab 176
Netoloc 420
Nettle family 248
Neurolaena 448
Ni-ax 176
Nic 171
Nickernut 283
Nicotiana 410
Nictac 176
Nicte 171, 384
Nictechom 384
Nicua 389
Niiche 253
Nimiz 422
Nin 174
Ninfa 264
Nipcibche 179
Nissolia 298
Nistamal 211
Nitsox 426
Nitxmaxche 268
Nitze 177
Nizots 426
Nocca 103, 448
Nohol-aban 177
Noholcikutz 410
Nok-ak 177
No-me-olvides 398
Nooc 347
Nopal 368
Nopalea 368
Nostoc 192
Nothoscordum 228
Notoptera 448, 449
Notylia 239
Num 362
Numtzutzuy 362, 366

478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Nuntzutzuy 366
Nup 353

Nuum-tsu-tsui 362
Nyctaginaceae 259
Nymphaea 264
Nymphaeaceae 264

O269

Oak 242

Ochil 224

Ochmul 344, 345

Ochnaceae 358

Ochroma 354

Ochux 213

Ocimum 1+05, 406

Ocotea 269

Octoblepharum 193

Oedera 137

Ohesimah 398

Oj 269

Ojite 177

Ojo-ak 177

Ojo de gallo 451

Ojoxiu 177

Okenia 260

Okra 348

O1171

Olacaceae 252

Olax family 252

Oldenlandia 430

Old-woman's walking-stick 444

Oleaceae 381

Oleander 383

Olfato de perro 385

Oliganthes 449

Olive family 381

Olote 211

Olualuc 177

Olyra 46, 205

Om390

Omil 442

On 269, 390

Onagraceae 374

Oncidium 239

Onion 226

Onobkax 325

Oop 267

Oox 360

Op 266, 267

Opche-hum 177

Operculina 393

Opilia family 252

Opiliaceae 252

Oplismenus 36, 205

Opoponax 276

Oppolche 418

Opptzimin 403

Opuntia 368

Oraci6n 389

Orange 308

Orchid family 237

Orchidaceae 237

Oreodoxa 219
OrSgano 402

silvestre 401
Ormocarpum 288
Ornithopteris 12, 194
Orobanchaceae 421
Orobanche 421
Orozuz 402

del pais 402
Orpine family 274
Ortiga 248

de caballo 248
Ortiguilla 333
Oryza 206
Osmunda 13
Otahaite gooseberry 331
Otopappus 12 It, 449
Ouratea 358
Ox 243, 360
Oxalidaceae 304
Oxalis 304
Oxil 347
Oxybaphus 261

Paak 409

Pac 268, 409

Pacach 211

Pacam 368

Pacanle 375

Pacanul 411

Pacax 171

Pacayas 218

Paccanil 411

Paccanul 411

Pach'cab 211

Pachi 373

PachiraS5i, 353

Pach-max 177

Pachycereus 367

Pachyrhizus 298

Pacnul 411

Pacunilek 410

Pahabcan 411

Pahalcan 413

Pahte 177

Pahtsa 225

Pahtsab 236

Pahtub 177

Pahuas 269

Pahxuhuc 289

Pai'c 409

Pailuch 427

Pajilla 225

Pak 289

Pakaal 308

Pakal 308

Pakalcan 413

Pakam 368

Pakcan 413

Pakuite 236

Palabra de caballero 401

Palm family 216

FLORA OF YUCATAN

479

Talma de escoba 217

de guano 219

real 219
Palmaceae 216
Palmito 220
Palo bianco 177

chino 313

de arco 290

de caja 337

de Campeche 288

de corchp 266

de hormigas 312

de rosa 334

de sangre 177, 266

de tinta 288

de violin 400

hediondo 269

jiote 313

moral 245

mulato 309, 313, 334

sandiego 177

santo 305, 322
Palobravo 177
Paltonium 196
Panatela 332
Pandanus 198, 227
Panicum 23-26, 31, S3, 34, 36, 37, 50,

202, 204, 206, 210
Pansy 361
Pantsil 312
Papa 413
Papagayo 223
Papangaya 435
Papaveraceae 270
Papaya 363

family 363
Papayo 363
Para grass 206
Paraiso 310

bianco 274

de Espana 274

morado 310
Parathesis 377
Pareira brava 265
Parietaria 248
Parmentiera 419
Parosela 299
Parsley 375

family 374
Parsonsia 369
Parthenium 108, 449
Pasa-ak 312
Pasas-ak 343
Pascua 394
Pasionaria 364
Pasmoxiu 415
Paspalum 27, 34, 206, 207
Pasqui 228
Pasquiy 228
Passiflora 364, 365
Passifloraceae 364
Passionflower family 364

Pastora 453
Pata 373

Pata de vaca 282, 283
Pataxte 356
Patito 292
Pats-can 177
Paullinia 338
Pautzil 312
Paxalche 177
Paxlac 263
Payche 262
Pea 302
Peanut 290
Pec 356

Pechcitam 431, 432
Pechnox 177
Pectis 142, 449
Pecuah 211
Pedaliaceae 416
Pedilanthus 331
Peeu 211
Peeuon 269
Pegapega 290
Pegarropa 364
Peine de mico 420
Pek-xiu 177
Pelargonium 305
Pelexcuch 320
Pelican flower 251
Pelillo 200
Pellaea 5, 195
Penicillium 190
Pensamiento 361, 422
Peonia 289
Pepe cacao 344
Peperomia 241
Pepino 434

de arbol 420

de ardilla 419
Pepper 407

family 241
Peppergrass 273
Perejil 375
Perescuch 320
Pereskia 369
Pereskiopsis 369
Pereskuz 320
Perexcuch 320
Peric6n 450
Perisporiales 190
Persea 269, 334
Perymenium 450
Pestalozzia 190
Petekin 401
Peteltun 265
Petetunich 265
Petiveria 262
Petrea 403
Petroselinum 375
Petunia 410
Peuil tanam 347
Pharbitis 390

480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Phaseolus 300
Phegopteris 11, 196
Philibertia 387, 388
Philodendron 224
Philoxerus 258
Phlox 395
Phoenix 219
Phoradendron 249
Phragmites 59, 207
PhyllanthusSiS, 331
Phyllocactus 367
Phymatodes 12
Physalis 410, J^IS
Physic-nut 329
Phytolacca 262
Phytolaccaceae 262
Picab 212
Picapica 298
Pich 278
Piche 278
Pichi 373
Pichiche 373
Pickerelweed family 226
Pico de flamenco 303

de polio 178
Picob 212
Picosa 321
Picramnia 312
Pie de venado 283
Pigeon-pea 291
Pigeon-plum 274
Pigweed 256
Piim 352, 353
Piitz 347
Pilea 248
Pileus 363
Pilin 301
Pilocarpus 309
Pimenta 373
Pimento 373
Pimienta 373
Pimienta-che 340, 341
Pimiento de Tabasco 373
Pimpinella 375
Pina 220
Pinaceae 198
Pinanona 223
Pine family 198
Pineapple 220

family 220
Pink 264

family 264
Pino 240
Pinol 212
Pinon 329

espinoso 295
Pinones 329
Pinuela 220, 221, 430
Pinuelilla 221
Pinus 198
Pio 274
Piocha 413

Piper 241
Piperaceae 241
Piscidia 301
Pisonia 261
Pistia 224
Pisum 302
Pita floja 220
Pitaci 232
Pitahaya 367

blanca 367

roja 367

Pitajaya 365, 367
Pitan 242
Pitarrilla 297
Pitaya 365, 367
Pithecoctenium 420
Pithecolobium 277, 280
Pito 295
Pittiera 436
Pix 409
Pixb 409
Pixoy 355
Pixp 409
Pixton 332
Pixtonak 354
Pixtonchich 354
Pixtonkax 319
Plagiolophus 125, 165, 450
Plantaginaceae 425
Plantago 425
Plantain 235

family 425
Platanillo 235
Platano 235

morado 235

rojo 235

Plato y taza 387
Platymiscium 302
Pluchea 101, 450
Plumbaginaceae 381
Plumbago 381

family 381
Plumeria 383
Poa 62
Pochil 364
Pochkak 364
Pochote 352, 353, 360

hembra 352

macho 352
Pocte 177
P adopter us 254
Poinciana 288
Poinsettia 326
Pok 335

Pokeberry family 262
Pokeweed 262
Polbox 267
Polche 177
Polemoniaceae 395
Polemonium family 395
Poleo 405

FLORA OF YUCATAN

481

Polianthes 234
Pol-kokob 177
Pol-mis 367
Poltzacam 367
Poly gala 317

family 317
Polygalaceae 317
Polygonaceae 252
Polygonum 254
Polyodon 53
Polypodiaceae 2, 194
Polypodieae 9
Polypodium 3, 9, 195
Polypody family 194
Polyporus 191
Polystictus 191
Pom 314
Pomarrosa 372
Pomegranate 370

family 370
Pomelo 308
Pomolche 329
Pomponzit 436
Pom-te 314
Ponchixuis 387
Pond-apple 266
Pontederiaceae 226
Poox 266, 267
Pooxnuc 223
Pop 177
Pop-che 177
Popiste 177
Popistle 177
Poponax 276
Popox 333
Poppy family 270
Popte 177
Porana 394
Poria 191

Porophyllum 141, 451
Portulaca 263
Portulacaceae 263
Potato family 407
Pox 266, 348
Pozol 212
Ppac 409
Ppih 329
Ppolan 347
Ppoppox 333
Ppoppox-can 177
Ppupp 352
Prendedora 413
Prickly pear 368
Priva 403
Prockia 362
Prosopis 282, 421
Protea family 249
Proteaceae 249
Protium 313
Provision-tree 353
Pseudelephantopus 451

Pseuderanthemum 424
Psidium 373
Psittacanthus 250
Psychotria 430
Ptelea 271
Pteridium 8, 196
Pteridophyta 1
Pteris 8, 196
Pterocarpus 302
Pteromimosa 279
Pububuk 269
Pucak 448
Puch 211
Puciim 341
Pucte 370
Puerro 226
Pugasqui 177
Puh 198, 354
Pukim 341
Pukin 341, 399
Pulul 177
Puluxtakoc 340
Punab 311
Punica 370
Punicaceae 370
Purgacion-xiu 389
Purple-wreath 403
Puschichibe 344
Pusley 263
Put 363
Putbacxtez 258
Putbalam 412
Putcan 179, 273
Putsche 239
Putschichibe 344
Putsmucuy 254, 362, 379
Putsub-che 177
Putxiu 273

Quamoclit 392, 394
Quararibea 354
Quelite 256, 258
Quema-casas 387
Quent6 237
Quercus 242, 266
Quiebrahacha 177, 341
Quimbomb6 348
Quina 177, 322
Quitasol del diablo 191

Rabano 273
Rabo de mico 398
Rachicallis 431
Radish 273
Ramalina 192
Ramillete 439
Ram6n 243
Ram6n bianco 177
Randia 431, 432
Ranunculaceae 265
Raphanus 273

482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Rattlebox 293
Rauwolfia 385
Red copal 340

mangrove 371

milkweed 387
Reed 207
Remolacha 258
Renealmia 236
Repollo 272
Reseda 273

francesca 369
Resedaceae 273
Resedan 273
Revienta muelas 387
Rhabdadenia 385
Rhamnaceae 340
Rheedia 358
Rhizophora 371
Rhizophoraceae 371
Rhoeo 225
Rhus 33b, 335
Rhynchosia 302
Rhynchospora 82
Ribes 331
Rice 206
Ricinus 332

Rivas, Efralm Gutierrez 167
Rivina 263

Robinia 28b, 293, 295, 296, 297
Roble 397, 420

bianco 177
Rocket larkspur 265
Rom 336

Romerillo de la costa 455
Romero 406

falso 432
Rondeletia 432
Roripa 273
Rosa 274
Rosaceae 274
Rose family 274

geranium 305
Rose-apple 372
Rosemary 406
Rosetilla 200
Rosmarinus 406
Roulinia 389
Rouliniella 389
Rousselia 248
Royal jasmine 381

palm 219
Rubiaceae 425
Ruda 309
Rue 309

family 306
Ruellia 402, 421,424
Rum 336
Russelia 416
Ruta 309
Rutaceae 306
Rynchospora 216

Sabac-abal 336
Sabal 219
Sabicea 432
Sacate Guinea 33

Parana 21
Sacauah 177
Sacbacelcan 177, 361
Saccabah 247
Sac-canzelxiu 387
Sac-chacah 313
Sac-chacte 284
Saccharum 17, 208
Sacchucum 280
Sac-chum 380
Sacci 231
Sac-culul 367
Sacha 212
Sachaaz 235
Sachacalcan 177
Sachitziche 177
Sacloob 372
Sacmix 393
Sacmizbil 345
Sacnab 264
Sac-nabche 177
Sacna-che 177
Sacpet 293
Sacpiche 254
Sacpom 340
Sacppoppox 333
Sacsilil 177
Sactaman 177
Sac-tinte 177
Sactoy 449
Sac-xanabmucuy 324
Sacxiu 345, 351
Sacxtez 256
Sacyab 295
Sagu 237

del monte 237
Saioch 264
Sakanche 177
Sakatsun 433
Sakiab 177
Sakilte 329
Sakxim 210
Salatxiu 338
Salbeets 336
Salche 303
Salicornia 259
Salix 242
Salmea 124, US
Salmwood 396
Saltgrass 202
Salvia 406, 451

poblana 403
Salvinia 197

family 197
Salviniaceae 197
Sambucus 398, 433
Samyda 362

FLORA OF YUCATAN

483

San Diego 403

Juan del monte 454
Sanalotodo 342
Sandbox 328
Sandbur 200
Sandia 434

chom 434

de zopilote 434

silyestre 436
Sandiego 177
Sanguinaria 451

de flores negros 112
Santa Maria 103, 110, 449, 451

Rita 367

Santo Domingo 353
Sanyitalia 107, 111, 451
Sapindaceae 337
Sapindus 338
Sapodilla 378

family 378
Sapota 378
Sapotaceae 378
Sapote 379
Sapranthus 268
Saquil 374
Saramuya 268
Sarcostemma 388
Sarsaparilla family 229
Sascatzim 279
Sasquiche 177
Sassafras 313
Satureia 405
Sauco 397, 433

amarillo 421
Sauvagesia 358
Sawgrass 216
Scaevola 438
Schizachyrium 19, 198
Schizaeaceae 12, 193
Schmidelia 337
Schoenus 78, 83
Schoepfia 252
Schomburgkia 239
Schott, Arthur 167
Schwenkia 411

Scirpus 77, 79, 80, 81, &t, 216
Scleria 84, 216
Sclerocarpus 113, 452
Scrophulariaceae 414
Scutellaria 407
Sea beans 283
Sea-grape 253
Sebastiania 333
Sechium 436
Securidaca 317
Sedge family 213
Selaginella 194, 197

family 197
Selaginellaceae 197
Selenicereus 365
Seler, Caecilia 168
Seler, Eduard 168

Sen del pais 285
Senecio 14.6, 147, 452
Senegalia 276, 277
Sensitiva 279
Sensitive plant 279
Sereno 438
Serjania 339
Sesame 416

family 416
Sesamum 416
Sesbania 303
Sesik 318

Sesuvium 259, 263
Setaria 38, 39, 208
Setariopsis 38, 208
Seville orange 307
Sibul 177
Si'c 410
Sicah 258
Sicana 437
Si'ch 410
Siche 376
Sicil-much 177
Sicil pach 178
Sicilpus 416
Sicilte 329
Sicimay 399
Siclite 329
Sicydium 437
Sida 345, 346, 350
Sideroxylon 380
Siempreviva 257, 274
Sierilla 279
Sii'c 410
Siit 204
Siitz 423
Sikin 284
Sikunhen 429
Silene 264
Silk-grass 220
Silk-oak 249
Simaruba 312

family 312
Simarubaceae 312
Simsia 452
Sinanche 309
Sinvergtienza 274
Siparuna 266
Siquih 258
Siricote 396, 397

bianco 397
Sisal 233

hemp 233
Sisalxiu 274
Sisim 312
Sisin 439
Sisinicche 177
Sitz 407

Smilacaceae 229
Smilax 229, 365
Soapberry 338

family 337

484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Soapseed tree 338
Sol de agua 264
Solanaceae 407
Solanum W9, 411
Solidago 134
Solimanche 328
Solocchom 343
Sombrerito azul 398
Sonchus 150, 452
Sool 171
Sophora 303
Sorghum 20, 209
Sorosporium 191
Soscha 444
Soscilchac 177, 222
Sosolokricte 177
Sour orange 307
Soursop 267
Sow-thistle 452
Spanish cedar 310

moss 222

plum 335
Spartina 209
Spermacoce ^26, 432
Spermatophyta 15
Sphaeropsidales 190
Spider lily 233
Spigelia 381
Spilanthes 122, 452
Spinach 259
Spinacia 259
Spiny pigweed 256
Spiracantha 103, 453
Spiranthes 239
Spironema 225
Spondias 250, 335
Sponge gourd 435
Sporobolus 49, 209
Spur 275

Spurge family 317
Squash 434
Stachytarpheta 403
Star gooseberry 331
Star-apple 379
Stemmadenia 385
Stemodia 416
Stenorrhynchus 240
Stenotaphrum 45, 209
Stephanomeria 151, 446
Sterculia 356
Sterculiaceae 354
Stereophyllum 193
Stigmaphyllon 316
Stone, Witmer 167
Stonewort family 192
Streptachne 48, 199
Strumpfia 432
Struthanthus 250
Stutztzuk 295
Stylosanthes 303
Suaeda 259

Subidtul 177
Subin 276
Subinche 276, 302
Subul 381
Suchah 396
Sucte 177
Sucuc 295
Suetsinic-che 312
Sufre y calla 177
Sugar-apple 268
Sugar-cane 208
Suk 235
Sukpaen 201
Sulche 304
Sumpankle 295
Sunflower 446

family 438
Suriana 312
Susacque 452
Sutup 307
Swan flower 251
Sweet lime 307

orange 308

potato 390

violet 361

William 264
Sweetsop 268
Swietenia 311
Synedrella 130, 453
Syngonium 224
Syntherisma 23, 202, 210

Ta361
Taabche 370
Taa-ceh 177
Taacha cauhaa 357
Taanche 320
Taan-coc 177
Taan-kozen 177
Taastab 177
Taa-tzimimin 177
Tabaco 410

cimarron 410

de negro 223
Tabay 402
Tabche 370, 371
Tabean 343
Tabebuia 420

Tabernaemontana 385, 386
Tabi 454
Tabkanil 343
Taenitis 196
Tagetes 139, 450, 453
Tah 120, 455
Tahchaac 191
Tah-kee 177
Tahte 174, 177
Tahua 177
Takin-che 177
Takob 267
Talche 404
Talega de pedernal 177

FLORA OF YUCATAN

485

' Talinum 264
Talisia 338, 340
Taman 346, 347
Tamanbub 455
Taman-can 177
Tamanche 349, 350
Tamanchich 349
Taman-cooc 177
Tamarind 289
Tamarindo 289
Tamarindus 289
Tamay 362
Tamcazche 309
Tancasche 310
Tancazche 309
Tan-ceh 177
Tanche 320
Tan tsunun 177
Tapach 178
Tapal 315
Tapche 371
Taratana 285
Taray 178, 283
Tarbay 402
Tasche 178
Tasiste 220
Tastab 178
Tatakche 400
Tatsi 336
Tatuan 178
Tauch 377
Taulmil 432
Taulum 438
Taumil 432
Tcanlol 358
Tcan-sik 376
T6 cimarr6n 402
de Cozumel 407
de milpa 440
de Yucatan 402
del pals 402
Tea bark 242

box 242
Tecoma 421
Tectaria 3, 197
Te-ik 178
Tekhalal 199
Tel kuch 178
Tela de cebolla 178
Tel-ak 178
Telanthera 254
Telcocox 262
Telcox 178, 262
Telesku 414
Teltsiu 195
Teno 347

Tephrosia2Si, 303
Teramnus 295
Terciopelp 240
Terminalia 371
Tetracera 358
Tetramerium 425

Tetrapteris 316, 317
Teucrium 406
Tezak 355
Tezmucuy 256
Thalia 237
Thax-ak 178
Theobroma 356
Theophrasta family 376
Theophrastaceae 376
Thevetia 386
Thistle 442
Thouinia 340
Thrinax 218, 219
Thuidium 193
Tianguis 325
Tiaxab 302
Tibib-xiu 178
Tibouchina 374
Tiger-wood 295
Tigridia 234
Tiliaceae 343
Tillandsia 221
Tinta 288

roja 323
Tinto verde 178
Tirabuzon 236

Tithonia 101*, 117, M8, tfO, 453
Tizon de maiz 191
Tmuul 257
Tobacco 410
Toh 455
Tohku 408
Tok 178

Tokabal 94, 149, 444, 454
Tokaban 444, 454
Tok-zuuc 178
Toloc 105
Tolol 344
Tomate 409
Tomato 409
Tompaap 413
Tonpaap 413
Too 178
Toob-hoob 353
Toon-can 178
Toon-che 178
Toon-tzimin 178
Toopp 171
Toplanxiu 326, 447
Topoxte 178
Torchwood family 313
Toronja 308

agria 308
Toronjil 405
Torrubia 261
Tortula 192
Torulinium 67, 73, 74
Totoposte 212
Totopzots 349
Tournefortia 399
Tovillo 178
Toxob 284

486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Toxobek 285

Toztab 178

Tradescantia 226

Tragia 333

Trametes 191

Tree fern family 194

Trema 243

Tres Marias 271, 272

Triaena 54

Tribulus 306, 324

Triceratia 437

Trichachne 23, 210

Trichilia 311

Trictispis 58

Tridax 127, 135, 450, 454

Tridens 210

Triodia 60, 210

Triodon 433

Triphasia 309

Triphora 240

Triumfetta 344

Trixis 149, 454

Tronador 293, 421

Tropaeolaceae 305

Tropaeolum 305

Tsabsits 406

Tsacalbac 424

Tsacam 366

Ts'ahlec 235

Tsaimentsai 381

Tsalbay 221

Tsalmuy 268

Tsam 225

Tsan 225

Tsanah 225

Tsaycan 259, 263

Tsayoch 263, 264

Tsay-och-can 263

Tsayuntsay 403

Tsci-xiu 406

Tseb-xiu 178

Tsez-cat 178

Tsicilchay 91

Tsicte 378

Tsictli 378

Tsiim 330

Tsiin 346

Tsiisyab 380

Tsilam 178

Tsimtsimchay 329

Tsin 330

Tsintsin-chay 329

Tsipil 227

Tsitsilche 282, 438, 439

Tsiuche 282

Tsol 435

Tsolak 419

Tsoloh 442

Tsootscab 364

Tsotsiltsaioch 264

Tsots-mohoch 178

Tsubac 178

Tsubil 355
Tsuhum-che 178
Tsuiche 282
Tsula 178
Tsulibppac 409
Tsulipox 267
Tsulubmai 341
Tsulubtok 282, 283
Tsul-xiu 178
Tsumuy 266
Tsumyail 178
Tsunikax 351
Tsunya 369
Tsusuc 391
Tsuts-mohoch 178
Tsutsuc 265, 295
Tsutup 355
Tsuyuy 360
Tuberose 234
Tubiflora 422
Tubroos 278
Tuc 228
Tuch 435
Tuhache 178
Tuk 217
Tukux 413
Tulcozon 178
Tulhoc 219
Tulipan 348, 349
Tulix-kik 178
Tulubalam 336
Tulubayen 288
Tulul 235, 336
Tulum 178
Tuna 366, 368
Tuncay 302
Tuncuy 280
Tup 178
Tup-palal 178
Turbina 394
Turco-uzam 178
Turmeric 236
Turnera 359
family 359
Turneraceae 359
Turnip 272
Tuspana 336
Tut 301
Tutsuixiu 260
Tutz 217
Tuuboc 364
Tuuxicin 392
Tux 347
Tuz-ik-che 178
Tuz-ik-lum 178
Txitxya 380
Typha 198
Typhaceae 198
Tza 198
Tzah 329
Tzaibacil 178
Tzakam-ak 366

FLORA OF YUCATAN

487

9ft

Tzalam 279
Tzalyaltzai 346
Tzama 301
Tzaput 378
Tzatzal 212
Tzayentzay 403
Tzay-pach 178
Tzayuntzay 364
Tzemez-akab 178
Tzic-aban 178
Tzicin 134, 441
Tzilzilche 253
Tzimikax 351
Tziminche 178
Tzitz 423
Tzitzalxiu 274
Tzitzilxiu 274, 443
Tzitzim 146, 439
Tzoloh 433
Tzolohquen 433
Tzolotzche 433
Tzootzak 393
Tzotz-ceh 178
Tzotz-kuyuch 178
Tzucmax 192
Tzucnal 211
Tzum 119, 454

Uahko 250, 251
Uahkoh 250
Uahkoxiu 447
Ual 171

Uaxim 275, 278
Uayam 340
Uayamche 274
Uayate 178
Uaylahaltsac 277
Uayum 340
Uayunak 337
Ubal 301
Uca 427
Uc'a 212
Ucacou 129
Ucam 178
Ucan 178
U1171

Uiitsilxiu 194
Ukche 451
Ukutzhbox 223
U1212
Ule244
Ulmaceae 242
Ulmus 354
Umbelliferae 374
Um-can 178
Un269

Una de gato 261
del diablo 417
Unicorn-plant family"417
Uniola 64
Uo367

Uob 367
Uoo 367
Upach che 171
Urera 248
Urtica 248
Urticaceae 248
Uruyam 178
Urvillea 340
Uspib 274
Uspio 274
Ustilaginales 191
Ustilago 191
Utricularia 416
Utsomeltok 282
Utsubpek 385
Utsupek 385
Utsuppek 385
Utsuh 284
Utzal 208
Uuas 178
Uuayuncox 178
Uva 253, 343
del mar 253
Uvas del monte 343
Uvero 178
Uvilla 343
Uxiuam 259
Uzbib 274
Uzte 316

Vaina de espada 372

Vainilla 240

Valdez, Porfirio 167

Valerianoides 399, 403, 404

Vallesia 386

Valota 210

Vanilla 240

Vara de San Joaquin 346

de San Jose 346
Varillo 397
Velvet-leaf 265
Verbena 403, 404, 407

family 399
Verbenaceae 399
Verbesina 112, 128, 454
Verdolaga 263

de la playa 263

del mar 441
Vernonia 89, 454
Vicaria 383
Vicia 304
Viguiera 119, 455
Vilfa 49, 50
Vinca 383
Vincetoxicum 389
Viola 361
Violaceae 360
Violet 360

family 360
Violeta 361
Virginia 456
Virola 266

488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Vismia 358

Vitaceae 342

Vitex 404

Vitis 31t2, 343

Vochysia 317

Volador 230, 269, 362

Vole 310

Voyria 382

Vriesia 223

Vua 212

Vuah 212

Vuail 212

Vuec 212

Vuh 212

Vuic 212

Waika bead 271

plum 358
Waltheria 357
Wandering Jew 226
Water yam 229
Watercress 273
Waterleaf family 395
Water-lettuce 224
Waterlily 264

family 264
Watermelon 434
Water-plantain family 198
Wedelia 128, 455, ^56
White mangrove 371

yam 229
Wild calabash 418

cherry 243

cinnamon 320

coco-plum 274

craboo 315

grape 343

physic-nut 329

pinguin 221

plum 331

star-apple 380
Willow 242
Willughbaea 95, W
Wimmeria 337
Wissadula 350, 351
Wolffia 223

Wood-sorrel family 304
Wormseed 258
Wormwood 146

Xaacil 259
Xaan 219
Xaax 275
Xabalam 320
Xacanlum 414
Xac-chum 380
Xach 420
Xachah 420
Xachextabay 420
Xaci macal 229
Xacilsacxiu 259
Xacilxacxiu 259

Xacin 211

Xacmixbil 350

Xacpiche 254

Xac-xciu 249

Xacxtez 256

Xah-ceh 178

Xakilche 402

Xakilxiu 405

Xaklipur 241

Xalal 329

Xan 219

Xanab-chich 178

Xanabmucuy 324, 325, 326

Xanilkax 219

Xanthium 87, 455

Xanthosoma 224

Xau 356

Xauay 325

Xauayxiu 350

Xaxcach 414

Xaxim 278

Xaxox 413

Xay-ak 178

Xayau 360

Xayillol 263

Xayulolxiu 411

Xbayunak 270

Xbec-che 316

Xbesinic-che" 312

Xbexinic-che 312

Xbockin 387

Xcabaac 381

Xcacalche 329

Xcache 330

Xcambalhan 245

Xcambocoche 401

Xcamuc-olal 178

Xcantoplatston 287

Xceeb 223

X-chab-xan 68

Xchache 178, 330

Xchocte 178

Xcholibuul 301

Xchup 347

Xco 178

Xcoceh 229

Xcocehac 229

Xcoche 229, 270

Xcolak 419

Xcolibul 301

Xcooch 333

Xcoya 409

Xcuc-tsub 178

Xcunche 351

Xcuzuuc 213

Xeba 211

Xeen 222

Xemtzul 388

Xentoloc 447

Xhac-che 330

Xhail 391

Xhantumbu 178

FLORA OF YUCATAN

489

Xhas-ak 178

Xhatalnal 256

Xholac 291

Xholo 348

Xholobenal 222

Xholol 348

X-holom-x-al 222

Xho-uel 336

Xhoyoc 430

Xhuayumhak 425

Xhubche 178

Xhubulha 225

Xhulcu 178

Xiahtsimin 277

Xiat 217

Xiaxek 281

Xiaxiu 390

Xib-cel 178

Xib-kiik 425

Xibkuub 425

Xic-che 309

Xich-huhil 372

Xich-hulil 343

Xichilak 306

Xichilax 295

Xicim 441

Xicin 441

Xicinchah 224, 264

Xicinche 178, 191

Xicin-coh 178

Xicontzapotl 378

Xicozotz 364

Xiim 210

Xiknal-tzacam 368

Ximenia 252

Xiu 171

Xiuhulub 114, 452

Xiuil tsac 178

Xiutoloc 105, 447

Xixci 232

Xkakalche 329

Xkanak 418

Xkanchim 204

X-kan-chim 36

Xkanlolak 418

Xkantumbub 107, 112, 446, 451

X-kax 431

Xkaxek 254

Xkeo 220

Xkeu 220, 249, 250

Xkis 269

Xkoch 332

Xkolokmax 295

Xkomha 192

Xkomyaxnic 411

Xkon-yaxik 411

Xkukche 252

Xkulinsis 311

Xlabon-ak 178

Xlaul 385

Xloht-che 178

Xmaak 266

Xmacal 224
Xmacoop 267
Xmak 266
Xmakulam 241
Xmizbil 317
Xmolcoh 322
Xmool-coh 322
Xmumuts 279
Xmuts 279
Xmuyche 249
X-naab-tsuts 12
Xnabalche 332
Xne-bob 366
Xne-mis 366
Xnetab 178
Xnixhax 317
Xnobche 377
Xnokak 414
Xnucchicam 299
Xnuknal 211
Xobin 245
Xoch 333
Xocoak 289
Xohecnux 401
Xoken-cab 338
Xoloblenal 222
Xolohbenal 222
Xolop 267
Xoltenuuc 403
Xoltexnuc 401, 405, 444
Xomak 341
Xooknum 376
Xopol 179
Xox 333
Xoy 107, 446
Xoyencab 430
Xoyo 295
Xpacumpac 395
Xpakumpak 261, 324
Xpakunpak 395, 403
Xpaxakil 312
Xpayhul 331
Xpayumac 270
Xpayunak 270
Xpbixtdon 332
Xpechukil 451
Xpelon 301
Xpetcitam 379
Xpexhuekil 142
Xpolcutzil 173
Xpolkuchil 387
Xpomolche 329
Xponkanbul 179
Xpuhuc 140

de monte 140
Xpukusikil 311
Xpuluk 453
Xtabay 420
Xtabcanil 342
Xtabentun 394, 436
Xtabyu 179
Xtac-canil 342

490 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Xtadzi 178
Xtexak 355
Xtez 255, 256
Xtobyo 179
Xtog 179
Xtohku 408
Xtokabal 92, 94, 444
Xtokoche 179
Xtompac 319
Xtsah 329
Xtsats 329
Xtuab 286, 288
Xtucci 232
Xtuchcahoy 389
Xtuchi tunich 176
Xtuciscan 179
Xtucizcan 434
Xtuhabin 286
Xtuhuexiu 402
Xtuhuy 384
Xtul-coson 179
Xtulub 436
Xtupkinil 349
Xtuyache 179
Xtzacitza 254
Xualcanil 197
X-ual-kanil 9
Xuaranchin 179
Xubai 440
Xubala 408
Xucul 263
Xukuk 258
Xul 179
Xul-ceh 179
Xulinche 179
Xulkin 399
Xultoxiu 95, 444
Xulub-ceh 179
Xutu 389
Xuul 179
Xylophylla 332
Xylosma 362

Ya378
Yaak-ek 179
Yaax-acan 171
Yaaxcach 414
Yaaxche 352
Yaaxek 281
Yaaxhabin 287
Yaaxhaxiu 225
Yaax-hebil 393
Yaaxhokob 308
Yaaxic 408
Yaaxkal 391
Yaaxpakan 368
Yaaxpehelche 242
Yaaxtux 347
Yaaxtzotzmacal 224
Yaax-xkeu 249
Yaazebil 393
Yaba 290
Yabo 290

Yacunahax 436
Yaha 179, 358
Yaite 295
Yakal-xiu 179
Yakba 290
Yakba-xiu 179
Yala-elel 304
Yalahatsac 277
Yalahobon 172
Yalelel 304
Yam family 229
Yamcotil 421, 424
Yanuco 370
Yarrow 438
Yasxul 179
Yax 244
Yaxcal 211
Yax-can-ak 179
Yaxcatzim 276, 277
Yax-chacah 179
Yaxche 352
Yaxci 233
Yax-cocay-ak 179
Yaxek 282
Yaxha 244, 393
Yaxhabin 287
Yaxhal 393
Yaxhalalche 331
Yaxholche 345
Yaxkixkanab 284
Yaxnic 404
Yaxoop 267
Yax-ppehel-che 179
Yaxppoppox 333
Yaxpucim 341
Yaxta 448
Yaxtec-che 242
Yaxtehc-che 242
Yaxtsam 225
Yaxtsan 225
Yaxtsana 225
Yaxtsanah 225
Yax-zcin 249
Yemoch 413
Yerba buena 405

de la golondrina 395

del jabali 322

del sapo 179

San Juan del monte 136
Yerbamora 413
Yichcaan 423
Yiihpakam 368
Yitz naba 298
Yochopptzimin 403
Yomha 248
Yuca 330

amarga 330

brava 330

cimarrona 330

dulce 330
Yucca 228
Yuy 271, 306

FLORA OF YUCATAN

491

'Za 212
Zaayab 297
Zabac-abal 336
Zabacche 428
Zabacnicte 179, 384
Zabacpox 256
Zabila 227
Zaca 212
Zacak 418
Zacalbac 179
Zacam 368
Zacamak 366
Zacamtsotz 368
Zacan 211
Zacate 212

cerdoso 208

de limon 201

Guinea 206

Para 206

Parana 209
Zacayab 360
Zacbacelan 365
Zac-beeb 179
Zac-beec 179
Zaccatzim 279
Zacchacah 327
Zac-che 179
Zacchechem 337
Zac-chichibe 356
Zacchilib 425
Zac-chucum 179
Zacchuenche 179
Zac-chunum 322
Zac-ek 179
Zachalal 207
Zac-ha-na 179
Zache 179
Zachoclub 376
Zac-hutul-ek 175
Zacitsa 254
Zacitz 325
Zacitza 353
Zac-kanan 179
Zackintal 179
Zac kokob che 179
Zackopte 397
Zackuyche 351
Zacla 179
Zac-lal 179
Zac-leum-ak 179
Zacmizbil 350
Zacmizib 357, 438
Zacmuul 255
Zac-muyal-xiu 179
Zacnal 211
Zac-ne-ceh 179
Zacnicte 383
Zacolcom 371
Zacoop 267
Zacpah 315
Zacpayche 254
Zacpet 212, 293

Zacpukim 399
Zac-tab-can 179
Zactah 128, 455
Zactez 256
Zactezxiu 258
Zactokaban 443
Zactsitsilche 379
Zac-tsubto 179
Zactsulubtok 283
Zac-tsunan 179
Zactxitxilche 253
Zacuob 367
Zacxiu 259, 345, 357
Zacxiuthul 259
Zacxtez 256
Zacyab 295
Zac-yik-che 179
Zaczubinche 276
Zaczuuc 203
Zah-bach-ak 179
Zahum 128, 456
Zakab 211
Zalac-kaat 106
Zalackat 440
Zalam 279
Zalche 286, 288
Zaltulul 379
Zam-chac 179
Zamia 197
Zanthoxylum 309
Zaop 267

Zapatito de la reina 292
Zapote 378, 379 **|

bianco 307, 380

murcielago 179

negro 377

prieto 271

reventon 353
Zapotillo 179
Zapoton 353
Zarza 179, 229, 280, 355
Zarzaparrilla 229
Zay 216
Zaya 378
Zayuntzay 403
Zazaccoceh 229
Zazafras 313
Zea 210
Zebrina 226
Zephyranth.es 234
Zexmenia 127, 455
Zic 171
Zicil 435
Zicilhaxiu 401
Zicilpuuz 416
Zicil-tab 179
Zicilte 179
Zihom 339
Zihum 339
Zinanche 179
Zingiber 236
Zingiberaceae 236

492 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. Ill

Zinkinkax 376
Zinnia 456
Zinuh 242
Zip 314
Zipche 314
Zit 34, 204
Zitsmuc 242
Zizalchen 195
Zizal-tsum-ya 179
Zizbic 240
Zizbickax 240
Zizim 439
Zizim-kak 179
Zizim-kuch 179
Zizim-kuk 179
Ziztalchen 4
Zocichac 192
Zoh-bach 179
Zoh-bach-ak 179
Zolak 419
Zol-can 179
Zon 305
Zooh 347
Zoon 305
Zoot-coc 179
Zorrillo 262

Zorrillo bianco 254
Zozci 232
Zozcil 232
Zubin 275, 276
Zubinche 276, 302
Zubin-thul 179
Zubul 338
Zuccil 232
Zucuchacal 211
Zuelania 362
Zulche 304
Zuliabal 335
Zulipox 267
Zuluay-xiu 179
Zulub 423
Zunumbak 409
Zupte 179
Zuput 179
Zutskeyem 304
Zutskeymil 304
Zutspakal 307
Zutub 389
Zuuc 212
Zuum 454
Zygophyllaceae 305

PUBLICATION 279
BOTANICAL SERIES VOL. Ill, No. 3

FLORA OF YUCATAN

BY

PAUL C. STANDLEY

ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

B. E. DAHLGREN * ^ ' 3 1<

ACTING CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

OF /U,

CHICAGO, U. S. A.
SEPTEMBER 11, 1930

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA