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Title: Forest leaves, v. 33

Place of Publication: Philadelphia

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THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

JANUARY-FEBRUARY
1943

CONTENTS

Falls, Child's State Park Cover

Photograph by The Pennsylvania Department of Highways

Why Better Forest Management 1

by Harris A. Reynolds

Public Policy and Private Forest Management 3

/;v Lawrence W. Rathbun

Editorial 4

John Bartram (Book Review) 5

by Edward E. Wildman

A Letter From Mr. Kell 8

Plants Poisonous to Insects 8

Treasurer's Annual Report 9

Secretary's Annual Report 10

Protection of Forests Is National Defense 11

Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association 12

Timber Sale Operations 12

Our Future Civilization 13

by John IT. Hers hey

Plant An Arboretum On Your Farm 15

Declaration Of Principles 15

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

Labors to disseminate information in regard to the necessity and methods of forest culture
and preservation, and to secure the enactment and enforcement of proper forest protective laws,
both State and National.

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forest Lf.avf.s

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to be limited to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President— WiLnvR K. Thomas

Honorary President-$AM\jr.L L. Smedlev Honorary Vice-President— Kobf.rt S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb Francis R. Taylor

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. E. E. Wildman

Dr. J. R. Schramm George H. Wirt

Edward Woolman

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary-H. Gleason Mattoon

Treasurer— K. A. Wright, C. P. A.

FOREST

LEAVES

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth. Pennsylvania.

under the Act of March 3, 1879

Volume XXXIII— No. 1 Narberth, Pa., January-February, 1943

Whole Number 313

Why Better Forest Management

by Harris A. Reynolds

r^FFlciAL FORESTRY sources Warn us
^^ that we are threatened with a severe
shortage of lumber and other forest prod-
ucts this coming year in meeting our war
needs. This is not a pleasant outlook.
We know that these shortages are not
due to actual lack of forest resources, but
largely to the scarcity of man power and
the location of our remaining timbered
areas.

For more than half a century our lum-
bermen have cut over one after another
of our virgin forest regions until most
of the remaining stands of primeval
growth are to be found in the three Pa-
cific Coast States and Alaska. Our indus-
tries are mainly in the East and our for-
ests are largely in the Far West. With
water transportation crippled by sub-
marine warfare, our overburdened rail-
roads must now shoulder the task of
hauling this heavy commodity long dis-
tances from source to consumer.

Although we have developed the pro-
fession of forestry in this country during
the past forty years and thousands of
men have been trained in the art, less
than a third of the forest land of the
country is under forest management.
Most of our forest lands have been strip-
ped of the virgin growth and with little
or no help from man. Nature, hampered
^Y man-caused fires running over mil-
^ons^f^res annually, insects and dis-

^^pritited from FOREST and PARK NEWS,
'Massachusetts Forest and Path Association.

eases, has failed to reclothe them. And,
when any second growth did reach a
marketable stage the process of unre-
stricted cutting was repeated.

As a result, we have scores of millions
of acres of forest land that are either idle
or producing at less than one-third ca-
pacity. Most of this land, of which we
have many thousands of acres right here
in Massachusetts, is a burden rather than
a servant to society. It is not paying its
way in taxes, it is unprofitable to the
owner and it is not providing raw ma-
terials for our wood-using industries.

The war has brought this condition
into public focus, as no effort on the part
of foresters and conservation agencies
has been able to do. Timber growing
calls for vision, patience and outlay in
capital and the average woodland owner
lacks one or all of these factors. Until
recent years the hazards of timber pro-
duction, such as fire, insects, fungi, taxes
and lack of public support have discour-
aged even the public spirited owners from
recognizing their responsibility of own-
ership and from practicing forestry on
such lands. Shortages of annual crops
can usually be overcome in one growing
season, but for most tree species a half
century or longer is required to produce
a profitable saw log.

Other civilized countries confronted
with this problem of forest maintenance
have, through long experience, been

liH

■i
It

\ ']

1 '

forced to recognize that the public inter-
est in all forest land was such that the
people as a whole had to assume the re-
sponsibility of timber growing. This has
been done through public ownership and
the regulation of private cutting coupled
with adequate assistance to the owners
from the public purse.

In this country we have made some
progress in the establishment of national,
state and community forests, but for the
most part the lands acquired, especially
in the East, were devastated areas, no
longer attractive to private capital. Even
then the public has been slow to recognize
that the growing of timber, like other
crops, costs money and development of
these lands has been retarded through
lack of appropriations.

The next step, public regulation of
private woodland, therefore seems to be
in order if we are to avoid the hazard of
timber shortage in future emergencies.
It is not that we are faced with an abso-
lute shortage of timber now or in the
near future, but rather local shortages,
even in areas where there are adequate
forest lands to supply home industries,
because of neglect of the growing stock.

The problem of protecting the imma-
ture growth and thereby bringing all our
forest lands back to capacity production
is now rapidly becoming recognized even
by the lumbermen. It is not a question
so much as to what should be done — the
forester can provide the technical an-
swers— but who shall do it.

Within the past two years a congres-
sional investigation has done much to
arouse public interest. There are already
bills before Congress which would place
the power to regulate all privately-owned
forest land in the hands of the federal
government. Opposition to that course
has been voiced from every part of the
country, and yet the leaders in the for-
estry profession, conservation and lum-
bermg agree that some action must be
taken to put our house in order. Here

Two

in the Northeast the Council of State
Governments has had a committee of
foresters working on the preparation of
a model bill for regulation. Many of the
states officially have also made studies
and many more have unofficial groups
engaged in formulating plans for legis-
lative action.

This is a trying period in the forest
conservation movement. Laws that do
not have the support of public opinion
cannot be enforced and soon become use-
less. Under the stress of war, radical
programs are sometimes tolerated that in
peace times would meet with overpower-
ing opposition. The present forestry sit-
uation does not call for strong arm
methods under the guise of war measures
by either the federal or state govern-
ments. This problem will be with us
long after the fighting ceases, and ill-ad-
vised action now will do more to retard
than to advance effective conservation.

It is true that under the stress of free
competition the lumbermen have been re-
sponsible for much of the devastation of
our forest resources. But, they have
been no more at fault than the farmer,
who, through poor farming methods,
has ruined the top soil on millions of
acres; the miners whose wasteful meth-
ods have skimmed the cream from our
mineral deposits; the manufacturers who
by dumping waste into our streams have
ruined them for fish life and recreation;
or the hunters who have often reduced
certain species of game birds and animals
nearly to the point of extinction. Pub-
lic ignorance and indifference lie at the
root of these ills and society itself must
make amends or bear the penalty.

Here is where organizations of public-
spirited citizens, such as the Massachu-
setts Forest and Park Association, have
a grave responsibility. In the final anal-
ysis, more progress will be made towards
a sensible solution of these problems by
applying a maximum of public cooper-
ation with a minimum of compulsion.

Forest Leaves

PUBLIC POLICY

and Private Forest Management

by Lawrence W. Rathbun,

Forester Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests

T WISH TO DISCUSS public policy and
i private forestry enterprise. I dare
say no so-called exploiters of natural re-
sources are entirely satisfied either with
their own methods or results. There are,
to be sure, better technical methods than
those customarily employed that may be
adopted. Public policy demands that
somehow forest harvest practices be mod-
ified to protect the future and the not
far future at that. There are, however,
other reasons than mere personal greed
and shortsightedness for present proce-
dures.

Public policy may be expressed in
lofty terms but public practice may be
wrong and the cause of bad private prac-
tices. What should public policy be? Let
me quote a recent release by the New
England Regional Planning Commis-
sion, of which Victor M. Cutter, a mem-
ber of our Society's Executive Commit-
tee, is Director. ''To bring about better
conservation and use of our natural re-
sources, we should put into efl^ect a land
utilization program to the end that no
land capable of producing a profitable
crop shall be idle; that those farmlands
which, because of poor soil condition or
inaccessiblility, are submarginal for
farming shall be withdrawn from cul-
tivation and put to forest or recreation
uses; that our 15,000,000 acres of now
practically idle woodland shall produce
marketable timber on a paying basis;
that overcutting because of the defense
nse in prices shall be avoided; that ero-
sion shall be controlled; that full use
snail be made of such mineral deposits as

^<'l>rintecl from FOREST NOTES, Vol. VII, No. 1. fami-
«rv 1913. Society for the Protection of New Hampshire
rorests '

Janu

ARY - February, 1943

are adequate in quality and quantity for
profitable extraction."

But public policy merely stated is no
better than wishful thinking. This we
have done too long. The Weeks Act of
1911 was public policy with meaning
for it was followed by action. The
United States now owns and administers
nearly 200 million acres of forest land.
Russia went us one or even two better
and nationalized all land as public pol-
icy. England today is publicly adminis-
tering a large area of agricultural land
and nationalization is very much in their
thinking. But before jumping into reg-
ulation or nationalization either by pur-
chase or decree let us scrutinize our
present governmental actions and see if
they support our announced policy.

As I do not believe a government pol-
icy should or can be laid down for the
actual management of free men I shall
take the liberty of restating the conclu-
sion of the aforementioned Planning
Commission.

To bring about better conservation
and use of our natural resources public
policy should make private ownership of
land, which government alone can grant
and make secure, profitable only when
reasonably sound use of that land is
made.

The several States are the only agen-
cies which can really implement a policy
of sound private stewardship as they
alone have direct relationship with the
owners and secure to them their right and
title to the use of their land. It is the
people of the several States which, in
their right of sovereignty, possess the
original and ultimate property in and to
all lands within the jurisdiction of the
State. It is they who in their sovereign

(Continued on Page 6)

Three

FOREST LEAV E S

Published Bi-Monthly at Narherth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russell

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher E. F. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does not
necessarily imply that the views expressed therein are those
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Editorial and ad-
vertising office, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia. Please notify us of any change in address.

JANUARY - FEBRUARY,

1943

TAXATION AND REGULATION

T N PENNSYLVANIA, ovcr the years, three
-■- attempts have been made by law to
adjust or defer part of the taxes on tim-
ber land until the crop has been harvest-
ed. In every case such laws have been
declared unconstitutional. Apparently
without revision of, or amendment to,
the constitution of this Commonwealth,
there is no way of rebating or deferring
taxes on forest land until such time as
the trees are mature. Such a situation is
most unfortunate, because it encourages
clear cutting of immature timber to meet
unfair tax bills.

On another page of this issue is an ar-
ticle by Lawrence W. Rathbun, forester
of the Society for the Protection of New
Hampshire Forests, which discusses tax-
ation as it affects forest land. In that
article he speaks of a constitutional
amendment in New Hampshire which
was acted upon last fall. This amend-
ment, which was carried by a five to two
majority, empowers the legislature, for
the purpose of encouraging conservation
ot the forest resources, to provide for
special assessments, rates and taxes on
growing wood and timber. It is time to
consider a similar amendment to the con-
stitution of Pennsylvania.

The curse of tax delinquency is plainly

Four

attributable to the present unscientific
and unfair method of assessing land. The
curse of clear cutting of forest land is at
least in part due to excessive taxation.

In Congress are several bills calling
for federal regulation of cutting practices
on private forest land. In the state leg-
islature other bills may be introduced
which set up some form of state regula-
tion of cutting. Before any of these are
passed some means should be found to
mitigate the tax burden on uncut tim-
ber. If the tax burden on young grow-
ing stock is not lightened and laws are
passed, either federal or state, restricting
cutting, then will the list of tax delin-
quent lands grow by leaps and bounds.

The forested townships of this state
depend largely upon taxes from forest
land to pay salaries and provide the few
facilities. To meet those taxes the own-
ers of timber land must get some revenue.
In certain townships nearly all of the
timbered area has been cut so recently
that the stand is little more than pole
size. Suppose under regulation none of
that timber could be cut until it reached
saw timber size, thirty or forty years
herice. What the result would be can be
easily imagined. The township would
receive little tax money but it would have
thousands of acres of tax delinquent land
on its hands.

Before regulation laws are passed the
tax system on forest lands should be
thoroughly reviewed and revised. The
process of amending the constitution is
long and tedious. It should be started
now before the forest owner is faced with
regulation, not afterward.

H. G. M.

D. O. Mason, who has a well-started
grove of 500 Chinese Chestnut and 300
grafted walnut at Franklin Park, N. J-
reports that the Thomas is doing well
planted on the campus of Middlebury
College in Central Vermont. Planted in
1932, is now about 20 feet tall, and
bearing.

Forest Leave?^

JOHN

DIARY OF A JOURNEY THROUGH THE CARO-
LINAS, GEORGIA, AND FLORIDA from Julx 1 17fif^
to April 10 1766. JOHN BARTRAM, The Americal
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Paper, .•52.00- Cloth
$5.00. Bound as Part 1 with William Bartram's TRAVFIS
IN GEORGIA AND FLORIDA. Part 2.

To all of US who love Pennsylvania's
forests and other wild life, the name John
Bartram is a familiar and an honored
one. Yet few of us have had the oppor-
tunity to get at the facts of this truly
great man's work.

His house, which he built with his
own hands, still stands, much as he left
it at his death in 1777. The garden
which he laid out along the Schuylkill
in "Kingsessing" in the early 1730's has
not been encroached upon by the ever-
expanding city, thanks to the good work
of the John Bartram Association over
the past forty years. But these things
only whet our interest in the man him-
self.

For more than thirty years John Bar-
tram walked and rode the wilderness of
colonial America, searching for plants to
send his European correspondents and to
grow in his garden. We know that he
made at least a dozen exploring and col-
lecting trips far from home, and that he
kept journals of most of these. But only
two or three of these records have been
preserved. Fortunately this one is the
daily record of the longest and perhaps
the most important journey that Bar-
tram ever made. He had just been made
f^ing s Botanist, which position enabled
him to make this Survey. Now for the
nrst time, this valuable document is
available to the Public.

John Bartram was one of the charter
members of the American Philosophical
Society, founded by Franklin and his as-
sociates just 200 years ago, in 1743—
.ror promoting useful knowledge." It
IS most fitting therefore that the transac-
"ons of this ancient and honorable So-
ciety should carry to the world this
unique Diary. It appears here just as
January - February, 1943

Bartram wrote it, with misspelled words,
lack of capitals and punctuation. Yet it
is filled with references to interesting peo-
ple, places and events. Nothwithstand-
ing all this, however, it would seem
almost like a story in a foreign language
to us moderns were it not for the excel-
lent work of the editor. Dr. Francis
Harper, who has given years to its study.
In order to retrace Bartram's steps in this
famous journey, Dr. Harper enlisted the
help of local landowners and surveyors
throughout its course. His colleagues on
the research staff of the Academy of Nat-
ural Scieiices and scientists, historians and
ethnologists of the states traversed have
helped him identify plants and animals,
mineral and fossil deposits, Indian and
Spanish cultures and customs referred to
in the Diary. Credit is given to Mr.
Arthur Leeds, who initiated the study
and to the sponsors who supported it.

Thus, while the Diary itself covers 43
pages, we are not surprised to find twelve
pages devoted to the interesting Intro-
duction, twenty-two pages of Comments,
geographical, historical, and other, and
twenty-eight pages of Annotated Index,
all full of interesting information. Fol-
lowing a very complete General Index,
the report closes with twenty-two plates
showing photographs of maps such as
Bartram must have used; of houses,
churches, and Spanish forts which he vis-
ited, and still to be seen; of a page of his
Diary, showing his handwriting; and of
beautiful drawings of plants, made by
his gifted son, William.

This issue is very limited. Orders
should be sent promptly with payment
to the American Philosophical Society
104 South 5th St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Edward E. Wildman

Five

Public Policy and Private
Forest Management

(Continued frotn Page 3)

right charge a rental under pain of for-
feiture in the form of a land tax. It is
the States, further, which grant their ten-
ants a low rent for non-use, idleness and
misuse, and conversely exact a dispro-
portionately high levy on productive
enterprise, full use, and in the present
crisis on that production upon which our
very existence as a free nation depends.

The federal government, as you have
heard, plans drastic actions because pri-
vate ownership does not appear too suc-
cessful in the vital role of maintaining
forest production. Government owner-
ship can circumvent the difficulties of pri-
vate ownership, taxes, interest, etc. and
in time create near perfect forests. It is
not necessary, however, to have public
ownership to determine the productive
capacity of the forest. Technicians can
readily determine the potential capacity
of various soil types under proper man-
agement, that is, the measure of the an-
nual value which society should receive
whether the land is under private or pub-
lic ownership.

The State of New Hampshire, through
one department, endeavors to persuade
forest land owners to use their lands for
the public welfare. At considerable pub-
lic expense low price planting stock is
made available. At considerable public
expense fire risk has been reduced to a
small fraction of 1 % a year. Cooperat-
mg with the Extension Service, help is
being extended in organizing coopera-
tive marketing agencies.

But let us look at the duties prescribed
by law of another Department. Does
our tax policy encourage good or bad
land use? You all know the answer. If .
land IS skinned to the last two by four
the assessors can be and frequently are
persuaded to assess its value at $1.00 per
acre and collect in taxes only two to four
cents per acre a year. The wild lands in
the unorganized townships, some 200,-
000 acres, pay on the average only three

Six

cents per acre. A very low land tax is
no spur to good land use but permits
owners to persist in misuse. On the other
hand, a high tax on production or grow-
ing trees is the surest way to discourage
enterprise. We do both deliberately by
law. Therefore, I say our real and effec-
tive public policy is basically opposed to
better land use. The only way around
this for the Federal government is by
decree or subsidy. So far only subsidy,
W.P.A. for landowners has been tried.

The method of taxation is the surest
control for land use. A proper method
will secure good tenants ijnd can elimin-
ate bad ones, just as is done every day in
private business. The public is no more
justified in providing free, or at partial
cost, planting stock, fire protection, and
other services which cannot or will not
be advantageously used than is a housing
authority justified in providing over-
luxurious apartments for tenants who
neither pay the full rent nor properly use
the facilities.

The first public policy which this so-
ciety advocated was Federal acquisition
of the White Mountain National Forest.
The full economic fruition of that pol-
icy will not come to bear for many years
yet. On the whole, the people are satis-
fied but those who live closest to it find
fault, and I believe with some justifica-
tion, that the tenant, the United States,
despite certain aids, does not contribute
its share in local taxes. If the National
Forest is sound policy it should be able
to pay the equivalent of local taxes, if
our tax method is correct.

The next step was the creation of the
State Forestry Department. Fire pro-
tection became public policy and it was
implemented with funds and action. The
provision of inexpensive planting stock
became a policy and still continues at an
appreciable cost. Public recreation be-
came a policy and at some cost. Better
forest management has as yet to become
a goal for which we shall provide proper
implements. As I mentioned before, the
present policy of taxation will negate al-
most any subsidy which the State or
Extension Service or Federal Govern-

FoRKST Leaves

ment becomes willing to grant for bet-
ter forestry.

The proposed constitutional amend-
ment upon which we shall have oppor-
tunity to vote on November 3rd will
pave the way for legislative action to
meet this situation. In my opinion, we
are not ready for immediate action.
A fact-finding study of our forest re-
sources, the trend of utilization, and the
fiscal dependency of each town on the
present tax basis must be carried out.
Any adjustment in taxation should be
on a basis of encouraging or even forcing
better land use. Above all, it should not
be merely to lighten the burden of own-
ing land, to hold on to it in idleness, or
for speculation. It should be carefully
calculated to stimulate activity, the em-
ployment of labor, the creation of wealth
—trees for the raw material of industry,
or the environment for recreation.

Education for better practices will be
far more readily accepted or even sought
under such stimulus. The bad efl'ects of
our present policy have already reduced
large areas to a condition of poverty
which defies private ownership, i. e.. tax
dehnquent land. Many towns in which
the problem is becoming acute strive to
preserve private ownership for the sake
of a paltry few cents per acre annual tax.
No town can afford to have lands yield-
ing less than 1 5 cents per acre. Such low
taxes won't maintain roads, fire protec-
tion, etc.. and automatically increase the
burden on all other real estate. A new
public policy is called for. If a private
owner could possibly hold such land and
retrieve his tax payments after 30 to 60
years from the growth thereon the pub-
lic could do it easily. Therefore, the
ptate of New Hampshire should be will-
ing to assume ownership of any delin-
quent land and pay to the township in
wnich the land lies the equivalent of the
aT ^^ ^^<^^ived from the last owner.
^ noor at an increasing height might be
so created and our people will soon learn
jnat if they reduced the productivity of
tneir land below a certain point they

January - Fkbruarv, 1943

could not afford to pay the taxes and
would have to relinquish it to public
ownership. Such publicly-owned land
might be returned to private ownership
eventually but under contractual restric-
tions or regulation agreeable to both
State and Town.

I would have the State authorized to
borrow as a starter $10,000 annually for
the payment of rentals on lands accept-
able to the State to which towns can and
wish to grant a good title. Eventually
a tax floor of 10 or even 15 or 20 cents
per acre could be established which is cer-
tainly less than the value to the public
of placing land under proper manage-
ment. At 10 cents per acre a year, and
allowing three per cent interest, the State
will have paid less in 26 years than the
average purchase price of all National
Forests secured under the Weeks law. It
would take 40 years for that rental to
accumulate the average acre cost of $7.76
for our own White Mountain National
Forest. Ten thousand dollars a year
could secure to the State from one to two
hundred thousand acres. Furthermore,
it would help out those towns which are
suffering most from tax delinquency and
put them in a position to insist on a min-
imum of 10 cents an acre for all wild
land. This measure, coupled with a
change in taxation of growing wood and
timber, would within a generation make
over the forests of New Hampshire. That
would be public policy in action.

War time restrictions ivill force the owners
of shade and fruit trees to become acquainted
with some excellent fertilizers that are not so
well known as the standard mixtures. Castor
bean meal, soy bean meal, cotton seed meal
tankage, dried blood and many other organic
materials contain the plant food elements in
which most soils are most apt to be deficient.
Those who hax>e been burning xuood in the fire-
place should be sure to save the wood ashes
for the vegetable garden or lawn. They are high
in potash and calcium. Do not use them on acid
loving plants.

Seven

A LETTER .

• ■

from the New Secretary of Forests and Waters

January 28, 1943
Harrisburg, Pa.

Dear Mr. Mattoon:

The very kind felicitations of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association and
yourself, as contained in your letter of
January 18, are greatly appreciated. The
creditable achievements of the Associa-
tion in promoting forestry have been
most beneficial.

Your commendatory statement with
respect to the State Forest timber utiliza-
tion project was read with a great deal
of interest as well as your comments on
the advisability of furnishing marketing
information to private woodland own-
ers. I am informed that the Department
has three cooperative marketing and util-
ization projects which were inaugurated
during the past year in cooperation with
the U. S. Forest Service, for the purpose
of assisting private forest land owners,
particularly farmers, in the management,
utilization and marketing of their for-
est products. Each project is under the
direction of a graduate forester. The total
area comprises approximately 500,000
acres of privately owned forest land. The
projects include the counties of Centre,
Clearfield, Luzerne, Lackawanna, parts
of Lycoming and Columbia, Franklin,
Cumberland and Fulton. Cuttings on a
sustained yield basis and diameter limit
are stressed.

I am quite in accord with your sug-
gestion that the State Forest recreational
areas should be kept in a presentable con-
dition so that they may serve the desired
purpose during the postwar period. As
I view the situation today, it is apparent
that postwar planning must be given
special consideration, not only with re-
spect to State Forest recreational areas,
but to other Department activities.

I note what you say about the condi-

FAfrht

tion of the Schuylkill River. This, as
well as a number of other contaminated
streams throughout the State, will be
considered in connection with the Stream
Sanitation program. The reforestation
by mining companies of refuse banks cre-
ated by mine stripping no doubt would
help to alleviate the condition mentioned,
and the planting of these areas would
furnish gainful employment during the
postwar period.

The forest fire protection and extinc-
tion program must necessarily be contin-
ued if we are to save the forests from
being destroyed by fire.

Please be assured of my interest in the
excellent work of the Association.

Sincerely yours,

Jas. a. Kell

PLANTS POISONOUS TO INSECTS

IT IS GENERALLY well known that
plant extracts or powder have from
earliest time been used for controlling
insects, although a vast proportion of
the insect world feeds upon plants. Some
insects, however, live upon plants the ex-
tracts of which are toxic to other insects.
The tobacco plant, for example, has its
own pests including, we believe, cater-
pillars, yet extracts of the plant in the
form of nicotine are more or less deadly
to all forms of life, though some insects
are too resistant to be controlled by prac-
tical doses. Many of these more re-
sistant pests, however, yield to extracts
of derris or pyrethrum, the lethal char-
acter of these plant products being
known to the natives of China and South
America long before white men knew
of them.

In our earlier days quassia chips were
only just giving way to nicotine, these
chips of the quassia tree yielding a bitter
extract when boiled. Even today, the

FoRKST Lfaves

age of chemistry, no synthetic materials
as yet threaten the plant products as in-
sect killers; indeed the plant materials
that yield insecticides are so important
that the government does not allow their
re-export nor their extracts, except to
specified countries.

But while everyone realizes plant ex-
tracts are dominant among insecticides,
especially where non-poisonous residues
are desirable, it will surprise many per-
haps to learn that according to a survey
made by the Boyce Thompson Institute,
that at least 100 species of plants yield
extracts that are more or less deadly to
some insects. Some, such as the Clove,
Nutmeg and Eucalyptus which we our-
selves use daily, are toxic to ants, and in
a similar way, numerous other plants
harmless to some forms of life are fatal
to others. Many of these plants have
been observed to be toxic to insects when
they ventured to feed upon them. The
pyrethrum industry came about because
a woman in Dalmatia observed dead in-
sects on a discarded bunch of Pyrethrum
flowers.

In studying the killing properties of
around 100 varieties and species of
plants, A. Hartzell and Fredericka Wil-
coxen made extracts either with water or
acetone and used them against the larvae
of mosquitoes. Among the plants that
yielded extracts giving a high kill of the
larvae were Liriodendron tulipfera, Pop-
ulus sp.. Bay, Barberry, Inula, male
rern, Hydrangea arborescens. Sage and
1 umpkin. In all cases either the leaves,
wood, root or seeds were used to provide
the extract and, additionally, crude bo-
tanical oils and drugs in standard use
were tested. A great number of the ex-
tracts tried gave a kill of less than 50 per
cent, but against mosquito larvae, extract
ot Balm of Gilead (Populus) 5.8 p.p.m.
^?s a leathal dose, this in comparison
With rotenone at 0.06 p.p.m. Against
3pnis, a distillate of Inula gave up to 90
per cent kill. An interesting fact is that
an acetone extract of Linden (Tillia
europa) gave a 50 per cent kill of mos-

Jamary - Fkbri'ary, 1943

quito larvae, yet the tree itself is a no-
torious breeding place for aphis. — 'Tlor-
ists Exchange.''

TREASURER'S ANNUAL REPORT

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS

Year ended December 31, 1942

Receipts

Cash Balance
December 31, 1941

The Cheltenham National Bank

Receipts:

Dues — 1941 $

1942 1

1943 ""!!!!"!!!^^''!"'"'

"Forest Leaves"

Donations j

Dividends and Interest

Life Memberships

Miscellaneous

Rent

Advertising

$ 51.44

31.00

.922.50

310.00

117.40

.368.00

664.00

280.00

72.08

480.00

7.00

Total Receipts

Disbursements

^alaries $1,811.93

rraveling Expenses — Mr. Mattoon . 43.85

Office Expenses 139.97

Stationery and Printing 172.16

Postage 170 94

^^^^ ■■■■ 1.050.00

horest Leaves" 857.73

Telephone

Interest — Loans

Miscellaneous

Repayment of Loan

Refund of Interest Bond — Gatineau

Power Co

Refund of Dividend — American Tel

W Tel. Co

5.251.98
$5,303.42

126.83
13.90
49.81

500.00

14.17
22.50

Life Membership — Transfer 280.00

Total Disbursements

5.253.79

Cash Balance

December 31. 1942

The Cheltenham National Bank $

INVESTMENT ACCOUNT
Balance Sheet — December 31. 1942

Assets

Cash —

The Cheltenham National Bank
Securities

49.63

$ 509.26
13.602.87

$14,112.13

Liabilities

Funds :

"Forest Leaves"

General Fund

Life Membership Fund $7,855.17

Additions during 1942 ■ 280.00

M. H. Hansen — Bequest

Louise A. McDowell — Bequest

2.818.88
68.08

8.135.17

3.000.00

90.00

1 'I

$14,112.13

Nine

Secretary's Annual Report

THESE ARE trying times for organiza-
tions such as this. The orienting of
this country's productive capacity for
war, the training of millions of men and
women for a gigantic military machine
and the disruption of our peacetime pur-
suits and plans have necessarily affected
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association.

We may be grateful that this world
disturbance has not as yet been reflected
alarmingly in our income or member-
ship. While our Treasurer will submit
a detailed statement of finances, it is fit-
ting to mention here that income from
dues in 1942 was $75.50 greater than in
1941, although decrease in total income
amounted to about $105. Our paid mem-
bership, this would indicate, is slightly
greater than in 1941. Briefly, the mem-
bership statistics are as follows: Annual
members, 615; Club members ($5.00),
17; Sustaining members ($10.00), 21;
Contributing members ($20.00), 4;
Life members, 114; Subscribers to "For-
est Leaves," 173; "Forest Leaves" ex-
changes, 71. Total distribution of "For-
est Leaves," 1,018.

A year ago your Executive Board was
disturbed by a recommendation of the
U. S. Army Engineers for the construc-
tion of a 250 foot earth dam on the
Clarion River above its confluence with
Mill Creek. Had such a dam been built,
it would have flooded about 1,000 acres
of Cook Forest, destroying most of the
recreational facilities and killing all of
the virgin trees below 1,350 foot ele-
vation.

Through a member of the Association
m the western part of the state an engi-
neer of repute was engaged who made a
thorough study of the situation and later
appeared before the Federal Power Com-
mission where his testimony so impressed
the members that the project was aban-
doned. He also convinced the U. S.
Senators from Pennsylvania that such a
project would not lower the flood crest
at Pittsburgh appreciably.

Ten

Your Secretary took an active part in
the movement for State acquisition of
the Ricketts Glen property in Sullivan
County. The bill calling for an appro-
priation of $150,000 for the purchase
of some 1 1,000 acres was passed by the
last session of the Legislature.

Because a contract to cut timber on
some of the property which the State has
planned to purchase was entered into be-
tween the Ricketts heirs and a sawmill
operator, Secretary Stewart, of the De-
partment of Forests and Waters felt the
property should be reappraised. After
some delay the State took title to part of
the acreage, making a payment of $82,-
000 with a further agreement that addi-
tional land would be acquired in 1943
and 1944. The Kitchen Creek Glen has
thus been preserved, although it is doubt-
ful whether improvements will be made
until after the war is over.

While some may question details of
the cutting program instituted by the
Department of Forests and Water on the
State Forest lands, your Secretary cannot
but be grateful that such a policy was
adopted. It was first advocated by this
Association in 1940 before war engulfed
us. At that time such a policy was urged
as a conservation measure, to harvest
mature timber, to provide more game
food and to demonstrate selective cutting
procedure. Since then the greatly in-
creased need for wood and wood prod-
ucts created by our war program has
made the harvesting of the State Forest
timber more imperative.

The program calls for the removal of
about 100,000,000 board feet. Your
Secretary visited two cutting operations
last June, where the contracts called for
the removal of all trees over a certain
diameter limit. Penalty clauses for ex-
cessive breakage and specific requirements
for the lopping of the tops and the han-
dling of brush were included in the con-
tracts. While the diameter limit method
of cutting is not ideal, your Secretary

Forest Leaves

recognizes that the lack of technical man
power made it necessary.

Because of increased costs, restriction
on the use of paper and the fact that all
the time spent in preparation is volun-
teered without remuneration, only five
issues of "Forest Leaves" were put out
in 1942. Whether additional cuts will
have to be made depends upon the avail-
ability of paper. The reader response to
the contents has been greater than in any
previous year. Your Secretary will be
grateful for manuscripts on forestry and
related subjects and for suggestions or
criticism of the material which appears.

The immediate future of the Pennsyl-
vania Forestry Association will necessar-
ily be influenced by the war and the
degree to which it is essential for the
country to suspend so-called non essen-
tial activities. It is your Secretary's con-
viction that the need for the activities of
such an organization is greater than in
peace time. More effort should be ex-
pended by us to see that the war needs
for wood and wood products are met
without sacrificing the gains conserva-
tion of our renewable resources has made.
But more particularly we give thought
and support to a post war program.

The readjustment will of necessity be
difficult. Planned programs to take up
employment slack will probably be in-
augurated. The administration at Har-
risburg is giving thought to a post war
program. The National Resources Plan-
ning Board and other federal agencies are
makmg plans and preparing programs.
Ihere will be no dearth of programs,
rather the danger lies in the lack of cor-
relation and in the purpose of the pro-
grams.

It is not your Secretary's desire to
suggest that we add to the confusion by
proposing another program, but the
lennsylvania Forestry Association, if it
IS to merit public support as an authori-
tative exponent of conservation of our
renewable resources is obligated to be-
speak their rehabilitation as a logical

January - February, 1943

corollary to the rehabilitation of the mil-
lions of men who shall return to peace
time activities.

H. Gleason Mattoon

Protection of Forests Is
National Defense

/^EORGE H. WIRT, Chief Forest Fire
\> warden, has been appointed Chief
of the Forest Fire Fighters Service for
Pennsylvania by the State Council of
Defense. This service has been organized
nationally by the U. S. Office of Civilian
Defense.

The Forest Fire Fighters Service has
been established to safeguard forest lands
and timber resources, and to lessen the
damage as a result of fire. Enrollment
in the Service provides an opportunity
for civilians to participate actively in a
vitally important war service on the
home front.

Mr. Wirt points out that forest fires
can cause much damage and hamper the
war effort just as seriously as enemy
bombs. They can disrupt transportation
and communication facilities as well as
impede war industrial activities. The
protection of our forests is essential to
our war effort and deserves the support
of every citizen. The diversion of men
to the armed forces and war industries
necessitates the dependence of the State
organizations upon volunteers to help
prevent and control forest fires.

In Pennsylvania thousands of acres of
growing timber are burned annually.
Most forest fires are the result of care-
lessness or incendiarism. Both types can
be stopped before they start. Timber is
one of the most important of our war
materials. Forest fires in Pennsylvania
help the Axis — do your bit and see that
your neighbor does his by keeping out
of the woods.

Reprinted from: PEXXSYIJAXM DEPARTMEXT of
FORESTS and WATERS, SERVICE LETTER.
November — December 1942.

Eleven

Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
Association

A Practical Body of Nut Growers Whose

Aim Is to Stimulate Greater Interest

in Nut-Tree Planting

Black Walnut Kernel

DR. FRANK L. BAUM, VETERAN
NUT GROWER, DIES

DR. FRANK L. BAUM was the first man
to plant a sizeable nut grove in
Pennsylvania and possibly had the larg-
est one in the north. One who always
thought ahead of his profession, he was
responsible for the saving of many lives
when the regular treatment would not
have sufficed. Carrying this thought
into the agricultural field he saw the pos-
sibilities in a black walnut grove of im-
proved varieties. He had over one thou-
sand trees about seventeen years of age.

He is survived by his widow, Isabella
Jane, and two daughters, Dorothy, wife
of William Cope, and Eleanor and two
grandsons all at home.

The love he showed for his farm and
nut grove was an inspiration to others.
The benefit to his fellowmen by pioneer-
ing in this new field of nut culture will
indeed be a lasting monument to his life.

J. W. H.

TIMBER SALE OPERATIONS ON
STATE FOREST LANDS

HThe carefully planned program of
•^ forest utilization by contracting for
the sale of 100,000,000 board feet of
merchantable timber from Pennsylvania
State Forests to meet some of the pres-
ent-day emergency needs, is progressing
according to schedule.

The stock survey, which was com-
pleted m 1940, showed that there are
two billion six hundred million board

Reprinted from: PENNSYU'AMA DEPARTMENT of
FORESTS ami WATERS. SERVICE LETTER.
November — December 1942.

Twelve

feet in living trees on the 1,654,441 acres
of State Forest land. About half of this
total volume is of saw timber size, while
smaller trees from eight to twelve inches
d. b. h. make up the remainder. The in-
ventory shows that there is an annual
growth of over 120,000,000 board feet
of wood.

Utilization is by the selective system
of cutting in forest compartments that
contain mature and hypermature timber.
Regulations which guarantee the protec-
tion of smaller trees, watersheds, recrea-
tional areas, wildlife and other essentials
of sound forest practice are provided for
in the contract of sale.

Before a prospective timber sale area
is advertised for bids, an intensive study
of the compartment is made by the dis-
trict forester, his assistants and a forester
specially assigned to this work. A de-
tailed report is then submitted, after
which the Harrisburg office makes a final
inspection of the area. If all are satis-
fied that the cutting operations will have
no injurious effect on the forest soil and
watershed, and that there is a sufficient
amount of natural regeneration and seed
trees, the sale of timber on the particular
tract is advertised. The Department of
Forests and Waters reserves the right to
reject any or all bids.

The cutting operation is at all times
under the immediate jurisdiction of the
Department. Copies of the contract arc
furnished the district forester and daily
inspections are made to see that the con-
tractor is carrying out the provisions
contained in the contract. A qualified
person is assigned to do the scaling.

The cutting is done to a minimum
diameter at breast height limit, which
usually ranges from sixteen to eighteen
inches for white pine, hemlock, white
oak, black cherry and red pine; fourteen
to sixteen inches for red, black and scar-
let oak, basswood. tulip poplar, sugar
maple and white ash; twelve to fourteen
inches for chestnut oak and beech; ten to
twelve inches for pitch pine, yellow and
black birch and eight to ten inches for
locust, red maple and aspen.

Forest Lkaves

Our Future Civilization

by John W. Hershey

Co MANY comments arrived for me to
<-' go over as I fork and hoe regarding
the subject in a recent issue, I have been
compelled to continue the thought.

As I browse through the dreams of
ambitious bossers on "how they're going
to out-Hitler' Hitler in Hitlerizing us."
As I browse over the benevolent dreams
of ego-intoxicated idealists regarding a
"just" peace by force of arms, and idle
pratmgs such as "Men shall cross the
threshold of a new age" — "that Ameri-
can democracy shall rule the world"

that "the plowing under of crops and
pigs will feed starving millions" — "the
sword of today shall be the bread of
future generations," a classical quotation
comes to me from Omar Khayyam:

''But leave the Wise to wrangle, and xoith me
The (riiarrel of the Universe let be;

And, in some corner of the Hubbub coucht,
Make game of that which makes as
jniich of Thee."

And then pops into my head the ex-
pression that dear old Dr. Deming (80
odd years young) made at the Northern
INut Growers* Convention last year when
the youngsters were going through their
annual convention exercise of trying to
evolve a plan that will make all Amer-
ica nut tree planters. After everybody
had run down, he delightfully explained,

Love of nut growing and grafting nut
frees springs from the heart. You cannot
inject It with a hypodermic syringe or
instil It with propaganda."

So it is with life. The change must
come from within if we are to end eco-
nomic chaos and war. How.? By humil-
ity of the soul before the great universe.
With such awe the rhymes of the Cosmos

tune in" and guide us.
As I, in the corner of the hubbub,
couch viewing and reviewing high water
niarks of ego-intoxication, the cause of
^^1 numan troubles, I compare the petti-
"^ss of it to the greatness of the universe
January - Fkbruary, 1943

and the clear thinking of those cosmic
tuned. My mind goes back to that day
in history where the Children of Israel
demanded a King. Living in a demo-
cratic government under God, they, like
we, tired of the chore of self-government
and wanted a king to make their deci-
sions. But, instead of the great God
saying as ours has, "You'll not only be
ruled by democracy and like it for it's
my best judgment" — he said "if you
want a king, have him" — for "man"
has to work out his own salvation.

This ego-intoxication blinds the sci-
entific world to the real issues of life.
Their continual stream of proclamations
on solving all human problems, leaves a
taste as of ashes. When one views the
net results as of today.

Scientific Breakdown

The medical profession is particularly
adept in kidding the race into believing
they now have everything under control.
Regardless of the marvelous work done
in health problems — in controlling dis-
eases, they are losing a winning battle
fast in the whirlwind of startling failure
to curb cancer, stroke, heart failure, nerve
cracking, many types of tumors, and to
project a simple receipt for contentment,
the true source of health.

In agriculture, I've recently noticed a
typical case. The extension service cele-
brated the 50th anniversary of the to-
bacco experiment station in Lancaster
County. They had a good time telling
the public of the fortitude the different
directors of the station showed in stick-
ing to it — of the remarkable work they
had done for the tobacco growing indus-
try. But, as they talked. Death stalked
the tobacco fields in the form of rust,
ruining as it went, and has been periodi-
cally for years. Little use is a leaf of
tobacco free of all other disease blemishes,
if unsalable because of rust. Little use

Thirteen

Rra

is a man Immunized to all diseases except
the one that kills him. Little use is a
culture that builds barriers, plasters up
knot holes, surrounds itself with moots,
if life oozes out in one uncontrol-
lable gap.

Scientists are too fish minded. They
see a fact and gulp it, seldom seeing the
intangible lines attached. And sneer at
the unseen cycles and rhymes of nature,
factors more important than the tangible.

While the torch carriers of sociology
and democracy force regimentation on
the people to save it — its one essential
feature, the independence of the indi-
vidual— is smothered. And, as the stage
is set for a perfect world, dictatorship is
in the saddle.

A rather pathetic picture — the net re-
sults of the human masses living with-
out God and nature. But be not dis-
couraged, this last "bust" of idealism
(war) will bring many to their senses.

Sample Suggestions for a Solution

If raw milk cannot be delivered in
large cities uncontaminated by human
polution physically and financially be-
cause of the volume handled, move the
people to small towns where it can be
handled, in smaller volume with safety.
If raw vegetables in winter lose 60 'a of
their food value, enzymes and vitamins,
when shipped 2,000 miles to the big
cities, move the people to smaller towns
where they have homes instead of a "box
stall," a garden instead of "bridge," can-
ning instead of "getting canned."

If people in large cities don't breed —
lose their sense of balance, the common
touch — the instinct of self-preservation
because of cultural and intellectual filth
move industry to the country where all
nature enhances productivity. Or, if
necessary, remove industry from among
us until such a time as man learns by slow
degrees to enslave the machine and sys-
tem mstead of being enslaved by the ma-
chme and system. Have the high school
social clubs teach duty instead of "beau-
ty"; loyalty, thrift, and frugality instead

Four teen

of "getting by," and the glory of life on
the soil as fundamental.

Paw and snort as you will — what we
create and cannot control will eliminate
us. I am not arguing, nor am I over-
concerned. Vvcv no uplifter trying to find
expression on the people. But, we the
people must do the deciding. Take your
pick, phenomenal production in large
cities and race suicide, or individual occu-
pation in small towns and farms with
contentedness and health.

People of the soil guided, even though
unconsciously, by the cosmic tuning of
the universe, make poor groundwork for
the discontented uplifter.

The daily association with the myster-
ies of life and growth ranging from the
placid stride of plant life to the jungle
fury of insect, of animal life, temper and
gauge their thoughts and decisions.

I sometimes wonder if it isn't essential
to have one's feet on the soil, planted in
Mother Earth, to receive life-giving
flashes of revelation from the blue, just
as one must have his feet on the ground
to become a conductor of death-dealing
flashes of lightning from the blue.

Insulate the human masses just so long
in the top story by a layer of intellectual
ego — under foot with asphalt and we
have a culture as dead as a cake that has
fallen or a political party that's been in
oflice too long.

Have free enterprise, religion and edu-
cation been so insulated too long? Lost
ability, "to make game of that which
made as much of thee." Or will they arise
to the occasion and rehabilitate them-
selves and the soil?

While the handouts flow along the Potomac

Brink
With the Nexo Deal the Ruby xnntage drink;
And when the Angel with his reality Draught
Draxvs uj) to Thee — take that, and do not

sin ink.

P.S. — Did I hear some say, "What's
that got to do with nut and forest plant-
ing?" Get the people married to the soil
as we must be to "last," and all kinds of
tree crops will be planted. They'll de-
mand them.

F()rp:.st Leaves

Plant An Arboretum on Your Farm

Make It Crop Trees

Tn making a study of "why arboretums
A are planted" the range is wide and
varied.

Many times it is to express the egotism
of the individual. Strange as it may
seem regardless of how much money a
man rnakes unless he's truly attuned to
the universe he has an urge to get up on
a pinnacle with some sort of stunt, so
people see he's doing something different,
and attract attention.

Most colleges have them for botany
study and this is good. But so long as
it's done with the superior feeling that
we're studying inferior specimens, so
long as any specimen of God's creation is
used merely to satisfy our personal de-
sire for knowledge the greatest attain-
P^nt — the fullest value to the observer
is lost.

If any professor of botany, theology
or philosophy wishes to pay a lasting
contribution to society let him or her use
an arboretum to teach the development
and growth of the soul. Take your
classes daily to the temple of God and
contemplate the marvelous magnitude of
a living tree. Get the picture of how
they full-fill their destiny. Add new
trees each year and instill your students
with a zeal to "help" by taking the BEST
of care of those trees. Care, equal to
ones first born in a family that hasn't
gone modern. There's a cosmic tune to
the universe that when aligned with it
"^u- 1^ fo^ P^ace and contentedness from
which worries slick ofl' as water ofl' a
duck's back. An attitude of devotion
With trees will crack this secret for you.

We all know the value of milk from
contented cows "for health" but the in-
[^Hectual, the philosopher and scientist,
has failed to teach the importance of the
value of "the milk of human kindness"
rrom contented people to have contented
people.

January - Fkbruarv, 1943

Albert L. Bailey, Jr., of Sunset Val-
ley, West Chester, Pennsylvania, well
known to many readers, has put out a
small arboretum of a few dozen nut
trees and bird life trees, mostly seedlings
or rare selections or crosses.

You, too, can have the fun of such
an arboretum, for many nurserymen
have trees they're experimenting with
which they'll gladly share at a small cost.

Here are the rules:

Plant it to become closer associated

with creation, and learn their use

and purpose.
To have friends that understand your

whims and never betray you.
To have friends from whom you can

learn the unspoken secrets of the

cosmos, secrets that breed humility,

wonder and awe.
To learn how to convey these secrets

to others on the look.

"Then your days will be filled with
music.

And the cares that infest the day,
Shall fold their tents like the Arabs,

And as silently steal away."

Declaration of Principles

Tree Farm Program as Sponsored by the
N. C. Forestry Association.

Tn recognition of the importance and
-^ value of the forest products indus-
tries of North Carolina and the desira-
bility of perpetuating the state's supply
of timber. The North Carolina Forestry
Association has assumed the sponsorship
of a Tree Farm Program as one of its
major activities. The primary objectives
of the Program are ( 1 ) Fire protection.

Fifteen

(2) Selective harvesting of timber crops,

(3) Reforestation, (4) Information.

1 — Fire is the greatest enemy of the
forests and fire prevention and control
constitute the first and most effective step
in any plan of conservation. The North
Carolina TREE FARMS Program seeks a
solution to the problems of fire pro-
tection.

2 — The judicious utilization of our
forest resources, looking to the produc-
tion of continuous crops of trees, should
be based on a system of selective harvest-
ing. Such a system permits the harvest-
ing of a part of the timber crop at regular
intervals, while maintaining the growing
stock for future use.

3 — Through the exercise of fire con-
trol and selective harvesting, our timber
may be utilized, preserved and increased.
Natural re-seeding, with adequate fire
protection, will provide an abundance of
young growth. On idle or barren lands
it is desirable to plant forest tree seed-
lings and such planting will be encour-
aged and promoted wherever advisable.

4 — Of particular importance in such a
program is the dissemination of informa-
tion to the owners of forest lands and to
the public, with a view to urging the
protection and growing of trees and the
development of better forestry methods
and practices.

As a means to this end it is proposed
to designate, mark and publicize a system

of Tree Farms throughout the state.
Tree Farms is the name selected for
areas, large or small, dedicated to the?
growing of forest crops for commercial
purposes, protected and managed for
continuous forest production. This term
will be used to designate the application
of commonsense forestry practices to the
many types of privately owned forest
lands.

To qualify as a Tree Farm the fol-
lowmg requirements must be met:

Reprinted from Tar Heel Forest Not
Sixteen

(a) The owner must protect his
property from forest fires. This may be
accomplished by cooperating in the for-
est fire control program promulgated by
the North Carolina Department of Con-
servation and Development in localities
where state protection is available, or
through his own efforts under advice
from the State Forester where organized
protection is not available.

(b) The land owner must practice se-
lective logging or other controlled par-
tial cutting, with the view of assuring
continuous production of commercial
timber crops, in accordance with the
practices approved by the State Forester.

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Forest Lkaves

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NARBERTH, PENNA.

/;/

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. T. R. Schrama^

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Roy a. Wright
H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chairman
:>AMUEL F. Houston

-^.*.

Frank M. Hardt

publication committee

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

E. F. Brouse

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wright

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

AUDITING COMMITTEE
Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

. TIONESTA COMMITTEE
^ Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman

Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

FOREST

ill

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

MARCH-JUNE

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

FOREST

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope^ Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

VicnoR Beede
E. F. Brouse
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John VV. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb Francis R. Taylor

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. E. E. Wildman

George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Dr. J. R. Schramm

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Roy a. Wright
H. Gleason jVIattc^on
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

:>AMUEL F. Houston

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chairman

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Frank M. Hardt

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

E. F. Brouse

H. Gleason Mattoon, Cliairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wright

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

AUDITING COMMITTEE
Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

TIONESTA COMMITTEE
Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. [. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

MARCH-JUNE

lA/l '>

CONTENTS

Scene on Presque Isle^ Erie County - - Cover

Conservation and Economic Security

Keep Them Growing

Editorial

Forestry in the Post-War World

Conservation of Our Forests

HE State Forests of Sullivan County

•%

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forest Lf.avfs

President— WiLavR K. Thomas

Honorary President-SAMVEL L. Smedlev Honorary VicePresident-KoBF.RT S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents
Victor Beede Wm. S. B. McCaleb Francis R. Taylor

l-RANcis R. Cope, Jr. Edward C. M. Richards Dr. E. E. Wildman

Dr O E. Jennings Dr. J. R. Schramm George H. Wirt

F. G. Knights Edward Woolman

Secretary-H. Gleason Mattoon

Treasurer— K. A. Wright, C. P. A.

FOREST

L EAV E S

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth. Pennsylvania,

under the Act of March 3, 1879

VoLUMK XXXIII— No. 2 AND 8 Narberth, Pa., March-Jlne, 1943

Whole Number 314

Conservation and Economic Security

by Alfred H. Williams, President

Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia

IT IS BOTH pleasant and worthwhile to
turn aside from the business of war
to the theme of this forum. The two are
in marked contrast, for the business of
war is to destroy and the topic of this
conference is how to conserve, to restore,
to maintain. The economics of war can
be expressed very simply — it is to devote
the greatest percentage possible of the
nation's manpower and materials to the
business of destroying our enemies. The
destructiveness of modern combat is re-
vealed clearly by this fact: a single 4 inch
anti-aircraft battery, if the guns are fired
steadily — this is difficult because of over-
heating—can destroy $ 1 00,000 worth of
ammunition in one hour. Each shell
contains an expensive clocklike firing
mechanism that explodes the charge at
pre-determined heights. The United
States Treasury will spend 100 billion
dollars for war in the calendar year 1 943.

But my topic is not the destructiveness
of modern warfare but the relationship
of the conservation of our natural re-
sources to economic security. In the few
minutes that are at our disposal, I shall
confine myself to economic security for
the group, or nation. Equally impor-
tant, of course, is the effect of conserva-
tion on the economic security of the
individual but time does not permit the
development of this fact.
. My first major point is that an endur-
mg high standard of living must have a

sound basis in natural resources. A few
examples will illustrate the relationship
between standards of living and physical
resources. The United States is a case in
point. This country has the highest
standard of living in the world. On what
IS this based.? It rests, it seems to me,
upon the following factors: first, rich
physical resources; next, a populace that
IS energetic, venturesome, and imbued
with the desire to ^ get ahead." In the
third place, we have a set of sound social
institutions and a dynamic technology.
Last, but not least, we have "lived on our
fat" — that is to say, we have exploited
our physical resources. We have taken
from the land more than we have put
back. In a very real sense, we have lived
on our capital in building up tremendous
exports of cotton, wheat, lard, oil, lum-
ber and other commodities. We have
shipped pounds of rich, southern soil
with every bale of cotton we put aboard
ship. Yes, a fruitful combination of
physical, human, social and technological
assets, plus a policy "after us, the deluge"
has given us a higher standard of living.

Sweden is an excellent example of a
country with a good but not a high
standard of living. If I analyze Sweden's
situation clearly, this is the result of aver-
age physical resources, plus an unusually
homogeneous, intelligent people plus un-
surpassed technology, plus good social
institutions. Last, but not least, Sweden

has practiced resource conservation. The
soil has been conserved systematically in
Sweden since 1 600. A decade ago I vis-
ited this country to study its industrial
development. We went back country to
look at an iron and steel company. This
included not only mining, smelting, roll-
ing and forging of steel products but also
an electric power project, a charcoal dis-
tillation plant, an extensive lumbering
operation and many farms. These un-
like units were integrated into one effi-
ciently operating company that gave to
its employees steady employment and
maximum economic security.

Finally, Japan is an illustration of a
country with a low standard of living.
The Japanese are an homogeneous peo-
ple and are almost without parallel in
the world when it comes to physical
energy and a willingness to expend it.
Likewise, they have an excellent asset in
their modern technology so assidiously
copied from western nations. The coun-
try has such poor physical resources that
they have been unable, despite rigorous
conservation practices, to overcome their
poverty and attain even a reasonable
standard of living.

My second major point is that the
United States must not assume that its
standard of living will continue to be
superior to that of other peoples. The
pages of history are replete with illustra-
tions of the decay of nations that in their
day and age had standards, relative to
those of their neighbors, far superior to
ours. Indeed, the day is now here when
certain sections of our country have low
standards of living. Three areas of re-
source depletion may be cited — the cot-
ton belt, the cut-over lands of Michigan,
and the ''dust bowl." In the cotton belt
soil exhaustion and other evidence of an
impoverished agriculture are to be seen.
The cotton growing industry of the
South is not being conducted by a pros-
perous people. Foreign markets for
Southern cotton were disappearing prior
to the outbreak of the present war. Cot-
ton from Brazil, Russia, China and India

Two

displaced American cotton to such an
extent that our exports declined from
60 per cent to 40 per cent of annual pro-
duction. This was due in considerable
part to high costs arising from erosion,
floods and drought. Poor land makes a
poor farmer and, in turn, a poor farmer
makes poor land. The latter thought
was expressed by Adam Smith in 1770
when he said '*a necessitous man is not
a free man."

A third point is that we cannot safely
rely upon science and technology to **bail
us out" if we do not cooperate with
Nature. Science can, of course, synthesize
many of Nature's products but it cannot
take the place of what has been aptly
called the ''balance of Nature." Nature
in a primeval state is in balance or equi-
librium and the mutual interdependence
of forest and river and soil and grass can-
not be disturbed with impunity. Ero-
sion, flood, drought, silting and pollution
are the result of Man's interference with
the balance of Nature. And, ironically
enough, those who demand free enter-
prise and laissez faire and do not practice
conservation of natural resources bring
about conditions that can only be reme-
died by government interference and the
curtailment of free enterprise. Moreover,
when exhaustion of resources brings re-
trogression in standards to a people
accustomed to the highest plane of living,
the consciousness of decline will cause
dissatisfactions not otherwise present and
perhaps will bring demands for changes
in the form of government.

What is to be our national policy with
respect to this problem of conservation?
Ought we not to strive for the highest
possible standard of living consistent
with minimum waste of natural re-
sources. To continue to cheat Nature, to
continue to take from her more than we
give back to her is to commit national
hara-kiri. Of this we may be sure: the
people of America cannot continue with
impunity to violate Nature's demands.
We must make our peace with her. She
will not be cheated.

Forest Leaves

KEEP THEM GROWING

Save Time and Timber While Harvesting Chemical Wood

by Robert R. Lyman and
Carl E. Ostrom

THE HARDWOOD distillation industry,
though not very large, forms a vital
part of our war machinery. Its charcoal,
carbon, methanol, acids, tars and oils
enter into the manufacture of innumer-
able materials required for war, such as
steel, plastics, explosives, textiles, rubber
and gasoline. Today this industry is fac-
ing a raw-material bottleneck. Opera-
tion at several plants in northern Penn-
sylvania has become intermittent for lack
of wood. Here is a definite challenge to
plant owners, wood jobbers, foresters,
and woods workers.

The most evident cause of the raw
material problem is the shortage of
skilled woodcutters. But even the freez-
ing or allocation of manpower would
not provide a panacea, because the man-
power shortage is a general one, and
because inexperienced men cannot expect
to earn a fair living at the highly-skilled
trade of wood cutting.

The one thing that distillation plant
owners can do about the wood supply
problem is to increase the efficiency of the
woods end of the enterprise. There is
ample room for progress. The harvesting
of chemical wood has been allowed to
proceed along traditional lines with but
little change in the past forty years, while
operating methods in the harvesting of
some other forest products have advanced
steadily under the direction of logging
engineers and foresters.

New hope for improvement in chemi-
cal wood cutting methods springs not
only from accumulating engineering and
forestry information, but in the New
York and Pennsylvania region, it springs
^Iso from the change in character of the
timber and the timber business which has
occurred since the industry became estab-
lished.

March - June, 1943

History of the Cleat Cutting Tradition

In the past, clear cutting in progressive
strips was the method most honored by
chemical wood operators. It developed
from the economic conditions and needs
of the period. Forest land on which the
trees were all cut, the timber removed,
and the brush piled for burning had an
extra value for pasture and farming pur-
poses over the uncut or selectively cut
areas. The forests were considered inex-
haustible and there was no thought of a
future crop. There were no good roads,
no mechanical devices for making cheap
roads, and no trucks for rapid transpor-
tation from remote places. The wood
supply had to come from sites close to
the factory or a railroad, and clear cut-
ting resulted in maximum production
from the nearby points. The wood was
cut in stands of virgin timber where
nearly all the trees were of proper size
for use and only a scattered few small
enough to be left. Conditions have
changed but clear cutting continues
simply because it was always done that
way; human nature is such that old-
established methods are not put aside
without a struggle.

(Continued on Page II)

Irregular wood from clear-cut strip in small timber.

Three

FOREST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monthly at Narberth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russkll

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher E. F. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

MARCH

JUNE,

1943

NO LET UP IN CONSERVATION

The Pennsylvania Forestry Association

Dear Sirs:

Am enclosing $2.00 as my small con-
tribution to the excellent work of the
Pennsylvania Forestry Association in the
protection of wildlife, improvement of
forests and development of forest rec-
reation.

As a member of your organization,
and a graduate of the Pennsylvania State
Forestry School, I sincerely regret my in-
ability to contribute more, at the present.
As a member of Uncle Sam's armed
forces I trust that you will continue the
fine work, and preserve Pennsylvania's
beautiful forests and mountains for thou-
sands of men serving with me to come
home to.

Sincerely yours,

Sgt. Robert S. Frankenburger

Army Air Base

Pueblo, Colorado

(Now Lt. Frankenburger)

This short note is more eloquent than
labored pages of argument for the activi-
ties of conservation organizations in
general and the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association in particular. To be so sin-
gle-minded in waging war against our
external enemies that we forget the con-
tinual fight that must be fought against

Four

destructive forces within, is to undo
much of the good accomplished by con-
servation organization.

The non-profit, non-partisan organi-
zation whose sole objective is the wise
use of our renewable resources has a real
role to play now that the needs of war
are used as an excuse for over cutting of
our timber lands. Agencies of the Gov-
ernment that countenance uneconomic
forest practices as necessary if the war is
to be won must be checked by public
opinion focused through such organi-
zation.

This then is a plea for a militant Penn-
sylvania Forestry Association now, to
preserve the hard won gains of the last
fifty years. It is a plea to each member
of the organization to appeal for more
activity by the Association.

POST WAR FORESTRY

Of the many conservation problems
facing the country those concerned with
the transition from a war to a peace econ-
omy deserve priority. It is probable that
many men now in the armed forces will
for a time require employment on public
works. This burden should not be en-
trusted wholly to the federal gjovernment
with the possibility of its becoming a
political football. Experience durinq the
past decade proves that in the end we
must pay dearly for what appears at first
to be a benefaction by a fatherly central
government. There are millions of acres
of now idle land in this country suited
best for the production of timber. Refor-
estation is a self-liquidating project and
there are literally thousands of towns
with enough idle forest land to provide
useful employment for a large part of
their unemployed. In fact, such employ-
ment is one of the strongest reasons for
the establishment of community forests.
It is not too early to be making plans for
these post-war projects and every city
and town containing such lands should
have a committee at work on this
problem. — Forest and Park Nevus,

Forest Leaves

Forestry in the Post-War World

by Hardy L. Shirley

Up TO THIS POINT, our program has
dealt with forestry during war time.
Daily wrestlings with war's stern facts
have made your speakers hard-headed
realists. You are now to hear from an
impractical idealist who fled in early
youth from the mundane affairs of a
plumbing shop, hardware store, lumber
yard, and general farm to the cloistered
halls of learning, and who, from that
time hence, has steadfastly dwelt in the
ivory towers of education and research.
Those who feel that the knowledge of
the research specialist needs tempering
with the earthy wisdom of the common
man may dismiss my remarks as of little
more merit than those of the crystal gazer
or the reader of tea leaves. With this
warning to you all, I propose to be both
rash and fanciful. One thing I do ask
you to bear in mind — that the view-
points expressed, although not entirely
original, are purely personal and that
they have received no advance approval
from Joseph Stalin, Madame Chiang
Kai-shek, or Cordell Hull.

First, the war probably will end some
time between 1944 and 1947. Second,
the United States will join other nations
in establishing a world federation made
up of executive, legislative, and judicial
divisions having at its disposal an inter-
national police to prevent the rise of
armed aggressors, and an international
econornic authority to promote trade,
supervise international investments, de-
velop economically backward nations,
and control international monopolies in
transportation, communication, and of
such important resources as rubber, tin,
quinine, and nickel. Third, we will have
an American Beveridge Plan providing
more adequate old age pensions, sickness
and accident insurance, hospitalization
and medical care for all income levels,
and unemployment insurance for all
types of workers. Fourth, a long-range,
flexible program of public works involv-
March - June, 1943

ing soil conservation, forest rehabilita-
tion, housing by both public and private
authorities, school improvements, mod-
ernization of transportation, and other
socially useful jobs will be a permanent
feature of our economy, and so timed as
to take up the slack in periods of indus-
trial depression. Fifth, within this
framework, private enterprise as we now
know it will continue to occupy the main
fields of American economic life. We can,
however, expect to see organized labor
become stronger, and the organized con-
sumer become an important factor in
production, distribution, and politics. In
social security, housing, and economic
democracy, America has lagged far be-
hind such enlightened democracies as
Great Britain, Switzerland, Sweden,
Denmark, and Norway. This fact will
not be hidden from observant American
soldiers who will, upon their return, in-
sist that wealthy America catch up with
social progress.

No such bold policy will be adopted
without vigorous debate and perhaps re-
strictive compromise. Tremendous sac-
rifices lie ahead of us before the war will
be won. By the time the ink has dried
on the Armistice, isolationists will emerge
from their underground retreat and shout
to the war-weary soldiers and bereaved
mothers that America could have avoided
heavy debts and human sacrifices had we
kept our food, munitions, and soldiers
at home to build a fortress no combina-
tion of nations would dare attack. Self-
styled realists will pooh-pooh collabora-
tion with foreign powers to ptevent war,
insisting that warfare is an ineradicable
outgrowth of organized human society.
The failure of the League of Nations and
the World Court will be pointed to as
proof of their contention. The fact that
America never supported the League, and
that its total annual budget never ex-
ceeded seven million dollars a year, an
amount sufficient to support our present

Five

war effort but 32 minutes, will be for-
gotten. Backwater politicians will renew
the outcry against sending our boys to
fight abroad for world peace, as if there
were something especially noble about
letting our enemies kill us on our own
soil. Spokesmen for special interests will
warn that lowered tariffs will reduce
American living standards to the level
of the Chinese. They will continue to
ignore Benjamin Franklin's trenchant
statement that the individual or nation
is best off that buys in the cheapest and
sells in the dearest markets. Sleek money-
changers that have never known the
debilitating effects of malnutrition or
chronic illness will insist that ensuring a
minimum subsistence level for all people
will destroy the incentive to work. And
loudest of all will be the assertions of big
and little industrialists that public eco-
monic controls paralyze initiative and
slam shut the door of opportunity.

But when has the American nation
ever faced greater opportunity? A new
chance for worldwide leadership lies
ahead. American citizens have never had
brighter frontiers to challenge their en-
ergy, ingenuity, and idealism. Worldwide
collaboration can open the way for eco-
nomic development of such potentially
wealthy areas as South America, Africa,
Melanesia, yes — and even India and
China — as never before. The opportu-
nities for national and international
statemanship of a high order were never
brighter. Financiers, economists, and dip-
lomats have never faced a greater chal-
lenge than the development of a pattern
for a worldwide economy. Mere removal
of the threat of periodic economic depres-
sion and wars will work wonders to-
wards restoring real confidence to the
business man, while insurance against un-
employment and other hazards of life
will do much to overcome the tendency
of individuals to hoard and thereby nur-
ture the seed of economic depressions.
And when since the days of the Roman
Empire has the world been more in need
of a great social and religious leader, to

Six

become a new Messiah, selecting from the
separate religions those ethical, social,
and spiritual principles common to all
and welding them into a universal reli-
gion to which every man can subscribe.

Perhaps we should pause here for a
few moments while we descend from the
Heaviside layer of the stratosphere down
at least to the tree tops. What has all
this to do with foresters? First, foresters
as citizens have a vital interest in helping
to free the world of wars and promoting
world economic collaboration. To do so
opens enormous vistas. Wood is going
to be important, as it always has been,
and in a host of new ways which we can
now only dimly foresee. The maker of
new types of plywood airplanes, Mr. J.
G. Vidal, has been heard to remark that
wood had a future of far more challeng-
ing proportions than metal. Most strik-
ing among the techniques that will usher
in a new age of wood are the changes
wrought by chemical transformation.
The age of the cellulose engineer appears
to have dawned. Wood is a raw material
treasure chest richer than coal. The chem-
ist need only discover the various keys
that unlock the separate compartments.
Already it is possible to dissolve wood
cellulose and convert it into rayons, cel-
lophanes, and the like. Destructive dis-
tillation yields tars, creosote, alcohols,
acetic acid, and charcoal. Hydrolyzed
wood yields sugar for alcohol, and hy-
drogenation produces waxes, oils, and
higher alcohols. Wood powder is a base
for plastics that upon setting assume
properties entirely different from wood.
Still, the chemistry of lignin and cellulose
is largely an unexplored field.

But brilliant as are the achievements
in wood chemistry, those in timber phys-
ics are no less promising and involve far
greater use of raw material. Long; dom-
inated by the single product — Douglas
fir plywood — the American plywood in-
dustry has been slow to come of age.
Because of their strength and superior
glue-holding qualities, the fine-grained,
diffuse porous hardwoods have been used

Forest Leaves

for laminated furniture built on tubular
steel furniture lines, and laminated pro-
pellers superior to walnut. The new
moulded semi-plastic plywood may
make possible the construction of exo-
skeletal ships, fuselages, and buildings,
bringing into play new theories of de-
sign, new beauty, new usefulness, and at
the same time considerable economy in
material and reduction in weight. It may
some day be possible for a man working
evenings in his own basement to con-
struct from plywood and 1^x3 scant-
ling glued wall panels for his future
home. The use of timber connectors has
measurably increased the strength of
wood joints. The properly constructed
glued joint is still better, and many of
the laminated arches eliminate the need
for joining on the site entirely.

Important as the new developments of
wood chemistry and timber physics may
be, they are likely to remain for a long
time overshadowed by such time-hon-
ored uses of wood as general construction,
building repair, cross-ties, poles, posts,
piling, paper, and fuel. Together, these
uses absorb wood of all grades and sizes
and in tremendously high volume. De-
mand will be especially high during the
reconstruction period, when war-ravaged
cities and countrysides are restored for
human habitation and industry.

Looked at in a broad way, our future
job as foresters is to make sure the post-
war needs for wood are met and that
depleted forests are restored as promptly
as possible to full productivity. We can-
not usher in a new age of wood with
scarcity of raw products, low operating
volumes and wages, and high prices to
consumers. An ample, well-managed
growing stock can assure an abundant,
steady supply to industries. Increased
mechanization and more efficiently plan-
ned woods work can make possible higher
wages to workmen, and elimination of
wastes of all sorts can lower prices to
consumers. Non-commodity benefits of
forests will be in increased demand.
Growing cities need safe water supplies.

March - June, 1943

Improved transportation will increase
recreationists, and the fruition of current
research in forest influences will provide
basic knowledge for sound public pro-
grams of protection forests.

Perhaps one of our first jobs will be
to provide again a huge conservation
program to absorb workmen and soldiers
discharged during the period when in-
dustry is being retooled for peacetime
production. Such a program will be par-
ticularly useful before industrial prod-
ucts for large-scale public works become
available. As never before, American cit-
izens have learned that the capacity of
the steel, shipbuilding, aluminum, syn-
thetic rubber, farm and forest industries
are a vital personal concern to everyone.
Will our citizens therefore not insist that
future public works be applied where
they will be most effective? This means
that public programs of forest planting,
timber stand improvement, road devel-
opment, and fire protection will be car-
ried out on private lands as well as public,
giving priority to those areas that promise
greatest productivity and the highest ac-
cessibility for future use.

If we are to plan intelligently for pro-
ducing the wood required in the future,
the nationwide forest survey should be
completed as soon as possible. But far
more intensive information is needed to
plan production in local counties and
community working circles.

Producing an abundance of forest
products in the future and public-private
cooperation presupposes some restrictions
on the use of forest land. These are
likely to take two forms: first, the estab-
lishment of nationwide or statewide min-
imum standards; second, regulations
locally initiated and supervised to pro-
vide for sustained support of industries
and communities.

Regulation of timber cutting in the
public interest is not a new idea. In speak-
ing of the obligations of government, the
Chinese philosopher Mencius, some 2300
years ago, stated: "If the seasons of hus-
bandry be not interfered with, the grain

Seven

will be more than can be eaten. If close
nets are not allowed to enter the pools
and ponds, the fishes and turtles will be
more than can be consumed. If the axes
and bills enter the hills and forests only
at the proper time, the wood will be more
than can be used. When the grain and
fish and turtles are more than can be eaten,
and there is more wood than can be used,
this enables the people to nourish their
living and bury their dead, without any
feeling against any. This * * * j^ ^.j^^
first step in royal government."

Regulation of timber practices will not
necessarily lead to creation of an unsym-
pathetic bureaucracy that will stifle pri-
vate management of forest land. It has
not been so in Europe. Preventing tim-
ber owners from destroying the produc-
tivity of their lands is no more onerous
than prohibiting unsanitary working
conditions in our factories, long hours
of work for children and women, or
adulteration of food and drugs. The few
inspectors required in time will be looked
to as experts to help the owner make
more money from his lands, much as the
county agent is looked upon by the
farmer today.

As a profession motivated by a high
sense of public service and public respon-
sibility, it will be our largest job of all in
post-war America to eliminate every pos-
sible source of waste from the forestry
and forest utilization fields. We have
been inclined in the past to think of waste
mainly in terms of low-grade logs left
in the woods to rot, of tops usable for
fuelwood but too remote to justify
working up, and to some extent of idle
land producing no timber. But there are
equally important sources of waste about
which our profession has done little.
Long freight hauls of lumber from the
^outh and West Coast is one; cross haul-
ing of material is another. I had the
privilege recently of seeing a map pre-
pared by the Agricultural Extension
Service showing the flow of milk from
the farms to bottling works in northern
New Jersey. It was a veritable mass of
crisscrossing lines. Many farmers hauled
Eight

their milk 35 miles, passing by two or
three other milk plants on the way. Stud-
ies on national forests and elsewhere re-
veal the same overlapping of territory by
portable and permanent mills. Think
about this the next time you hear a severe
indictment of overlapping government
bureaus.

This, of course, is only one source of
overlapping function in the timber indus-
try. Salesmen of rival concerns cover the
same territory, retailers overlap in their
selling of lumber, and oftentimes lumber
passes through as many as six or seven
hands from the timber owner to the user
of the lumber. High grade trees and high
grade lumber are often used for low grade
purposes. Material that might make
handle stock often goes into crossties.
Select lumber is used in many places
where No. 2 common is equally satisfac-
tory. Waste of manpower occurs in cut-
ting small trees; this also wastes timber.
Waste of timber occurs from infrequent
cutting, as many trees otherwise usable
die and rot where long cutting cycles are
used. Waste occurs when portable mills
must be moved and reset. Even greater
waste occurs when the entire lumber in-
dustry migrates from the Lake States to
the South and West Coast, or when the
pulp industry migrates from New Eng-
land to the South. Losses to stockhold-
ers are but a minor consideration com-
pared with other losses inevitable in a
sick industry. These include low wages
to workers, high prices to consumers, tax
delinquency, ultimately stranded com-
munities, and loss of skill. Each of you
can think of many additional sources of
waste in the forestry and wood-using
industries.

Elimination of waste requires two
things: Sound information based on im-
partial investigation; and intelligent
planning based on the facts ascertained
and the objectives sought. First, we
must have research to discover the sources
of waste and how waste can be prevented.
This must encompass waste of growing
space in the woods by understocking,
poor species, or poor-formed trees; waste

Forest Leaves

due to slow growth as a result of over-
crowding; waste of workers' time due to
lack of skill and proper equipment, or
harvesting immature timber; waste in
transporting and processing forest prod-
ucts; and waste in distributing these
products to the consumer.

But research in itself must be followed
up by carefully planned action, and
where we are planning for such an
important thing as the entire forest prod-
ucts industry, we must begin with com-
munity plans. Ultimately, these must be
articulated with plans at the state and
national levels.

The program I have sketched will pro-
vide employment for all -American for-
esters in the post-war period, but an even
greater task and a greater opportunity
lies before us. To meet fully the needs of
a war-torn world, and to build a future
world-wide prosperity, the forests of
other countries must also be well handled,
and I personally believe that American
foresters will be in the best position of
all to assume world leadership in inter-
national forest enterprises. This is true
for two reasons: first, our country will
enjoy tremendous international prestige;
and second, our country will probably
come through the war with its ranks of
professional foresters less curtailed by
war losses than any other important
country.

A big job, of course, will be the restor-
ation of war-ravaged European forests.
This, I feel, can be handled largely by
the foresters who will be available in the
countries concerned. Some American
help may be needed in financing the job
and in supplying tools, equipment, and
literature, but most countries will be
amply able to handle their own tasks.
Our big job will be to help build up the
timber industry in the countries which
formerly lacked a forestry profession and
an important timber industry. This job
lies mainly in the tropics. Training for-
esters, surveying the resources, studying
the usefulness of species and their silvical
requirements; planning essential public

March - June, 1913

controls; planning industries; and artic-
ulating the forestry and wood-using
industries of each nation into a world-
wide economic pattern will be a part of
this large task. This is the biggest and
most challenging job of all, and one
which has the greatest potentialities for
restoring constructive trade among na-
tions. It will do much to cement eco-
nomic ties into a permanent federation
based on good will, mutual understand-
ing, and cooperative principles of ex-
change.

I know many will denounce these
proposals as impractical and visionary.
I admit to their being visionary, because
no such thing exists today on anywhere
near the scale that is proposed. I deny
that they are impractical. War is imprac-
tical; it results only in destruction and
enmity. The costs of world cooperation
are infinitesimal compared with those of
raising and maintaining huge armies that
otherwise will be required. Formulae for
peace are the most practical things to
which we can turn our minds. The more
we think them through and the more
time we devote to their formulation and
discussion, the more practical they are
likely to be. Accustomed as we foresters
are to thinking in terms of long-range
benefits, it should not be hard for us to
see the many advantages of world col-
laboration and worldwide planning.
Ours is a great opportunity and a great
future if we but grasp it. The world
can be lead to a new era of peace and
prosperity if every American industry
and profession seeks to understand what
the future means and resolves to do
its part.

DO YOUR PART . . . .

Buy U. S. Savings Bonds and Stamps
... to BREAK THE AXIS APART

Nine

. f.L

Selective cutting plot on Gray Chemical Company lands near Su'cden Valley, Penna.

Uniform wood frotn selectively-cut, pole-skidded strip.

Ten

Forest Leaves

Keep Them Growing

(Continued from Page 3)

Since clear cutting was the practical
and favored way, it is fortunate that it
also proved to be good forestry in the
virgin stands of beech, birch, and maple
timber where the advanced reproduction
assured a good second growth. It is quite
possible that clear cutting might be prac-
ticed repeatedly by companies having
sufficient area of land to offset the lower
production, and strong enough financial-
ly to pay taxes and carrying charges for
sixty, seventy, or more years while the
forest stand approaches maturity. Now
that the virgin timber is gone and the
second growth is still far from mature,
the wood requirements must come from
younger stands and new methods of cut-
ting should be applied. Contrary to
popular opinion, shared by forest work-
ers and private owners alike, selective
cutting in second growth can be cheaper
and more efficient than clear cutting.

Is Early Clear Cutting Good Business?

The simple fact is that young, second-
growth stands, unlike old-growth stands,
contain a large number of trees that are
too small to cut. When these small trees
are removed in clear cutting, the wood
cutter unwittingly loses time in handling
them, plant owners receive light cords of
undersized wood, and their retorts yield
less products for war industries. Forest-
ers, thinking of the waste of timber as
well as time and plant capacity, point out
that the smaller second-growth trees have
just begun to grow in usable volume.
Figuratively, the suppressed trees have
spent years in developing a skeleton and
are just ready to be fattened up by being
released. When this framework of small
trees is removed along with the larger
trees in clear cutting, many unproductive
years must elapse merely to rebuild the
skeleton before the cordwood volume
begins to grow again.

From the standpoint of the landowner
^nd the local people, clear cutting of

March - June, 1943

young timber removes the possibility of
getting further income or forest products
on the same land for another generation.
This fact is at the root of the unfavorable
public reaction toward clear cutting. If
clear cutting is not the most efficient tim-
ber management in young second-growth
forests, the obvious alternative is to leave
small trees and to work toward a form of
selective cutting. The primary purpose
of such a step is to save time and timber
for the war effort. That it promises to
benefit the landowner and the local forest
dependents in the long run is a fortunate
coincidence, but one that should also con-
cern farsighted distillation plant owners.

Right in the Allegheny Plateau chemi-
cal wood area, the Armstrong Forest
Cornpany of Johnsonburg, Pennsyl-
vania, has been practicing for several
years the selective cutting of cordwood
for paper pulp from its beech-birch-
maple-cherry stands. Adoption of this
method of management was due to the
efl^orts of E. O. Ehrhart, forester for the
Company. Ten years ago, he began a
study of volume growth on two adjacent
plots of second growth, one of which was
selectively cut and one of which was left
uncut. Upon finding that the growth
rate in cords per acre was higher on the
plot released by partial cutting than on
the overcrowded, uncut plot, he set to
work on the practical aspects of accom-
plishing selective cordwood cuttings on
his Company's lands.

The method was applied first along
the borders of new haul roads and in
areas where the dominant black cherry
trees had been severely damaged by the
St. Patrick's Day glaze storm of 1936.
At first, the woodcutters had to be given
supervision and encouragement to break
away from their clear cutting tradition.
By 1940, when a cost study was made
by the Company and the U. S. Forest
Service, the cutters were convinced; they
preferred work on the selective cutting
plots to that on the clear cutting plots
which were required for cost compari-
sons. The cost study supported their

Eleven

Sclcciivc ntllini^ {tlol on C.nix Clirininil (:<nnjuniy lands ticai Swcdoi VuUey, Penna.

Unifonn wood from srirrlh'tly-nil, ludr-skiddcd shift

Ten

Forest Leaves

Keep Them Growing

(Conliuucd from Page 3)

Is Early Clear Cutting Good Business.''

From the standpoint of the landowner
and the local people, clear cutting of

March - June, 191 -J

Right in the Allegheny Plateau chemi-
cal wood area, the Armstronci Forest
Cornpany of Johnsonburg, Pennsyl-
vania, has been practicing for several
years the selective cutting of cordwood
for paper pulp from its beech-birch-
maple-cherry stands. Adoption of this
method of management was due to the
efl'orts of E. O. Ehrhart, forester for the
Company. Ten years ago, he began a
study of volume growth on two adjacent
plots of second growth, one of which was
selectively cut and one of which was left
uncut. Upon finding that the growth
rate in cords per acre was higher on the
plot released by partial cutting than on
the overcrowded, uncut plot, he set to
work on the practical aspects of accom-
plishing selective cordwood cuttings on
his Company's lands.

The method was applied first along
the borders of new haul roads and in
areas where the dominant black cherry
trees had been severely damaged by the
St. Patrick's Day glaze storm of 1936.
At first, the woodcutters had to be given
supervision and encouragement to break
away from their clear cutting tradition.
By 1940. when a cost study was made
by the Company and the U. S. Forest
Service, the cutters were convinced; they
preferred work on the selective cutting
plots to that on the clear cutting plots
which were required for cost compari-
sons. The cost study supported their

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

preference when it showed that cord-
making time was twenty per cent greater
for clear cutting than for selective cuttmg
of pulpwood. .

Would this finding apply to chemical
wood operations? Because of their mu-
tual interest in the question^ the Gray
Chemical Company and the Forest Serv-
ice cooperated in a chemical wood cost
study last summer on the Gray Com-
pany's land near Sweden Valley, Penn-
sylvania; The study showed that where
all trees below seven inches in diameter
were left, the cord-making time was ten
per cent less than for clear cutting. In
terms of cubic feet of solid wood, the
partial cutting was nineteen per cent
faster than clear cutting, since the leaving
of small trees increased the solid content
of a cord. On plots where only trees ten
inches or larger were cut, the cord-mak-
ing cost rose to equal that of clear cutting.

Another finding of the study was that
it takes as much time to produce a cubic
foot of wood from four-inch trees as
from twelve-inch trees. Above sixteen
inches the time per cubic foot showed a
slight increase; trees of this size should be
cut into logs rather than cordwood. The
wood on these strips has not yet seasoned
to permit draying. The fewer bolts per
cord on the selectively-cut strips should
reduce the handling time in draying, but
the reduced number of cords per strip
may increase the dray-road construction
time per cord.

Suggested Changes in Harvesting

Methods

In the application of partial cutting,
the increase in dray-road construction
time per cord can be eliminated by one of
two methods. If the stump-piling and
draying system of operation is used, the
width of each cutting strip can be in-
creased to provide about the usual num-
ber of cords per dray road. Then toward
the edges of the strip only the largest
trees should be felled. These large trees
will fall well into the center of the strip,
so that not much of the wood will have

Txoelve

to be carried to the middle of the strip
for piling.

A better method of accomplishing
selective cutting is not to make dray roads
at all, but to skid pole lengths with single
horses. The skidded poles can be bucked
up and piled beside a truck road. This
practice has proved economical on Mr.
Ehrhart's pulpwood operations near
Johnsonburg, in the spruce stands of
New England, and recently on the lands
of the Gray Chemical Company.

Anyone familiar with the wood busi-
ness will realize immediately that there
are many "angles" to an innovation such
as the pole skidding of chemical wood;
one method may not be the best under all
conditions. Pole skidding is less expensive
than draying over reasonably short dis-
tances. It eliminates two handlings of
each bolt, reduces the need for carrying
brush, saves the time spent in dray road
construction, utilizes more convenient
working space for bucking and piling,
and allows greater specialization in oper-
ations. On the Sweden Valley experi-
ment, pole skidding appeared to be
twenty per cent cheaper than draying on
strips 350 feet long. The method re-
quires some degree of organization, and
is not well suited for use by the inde-
pendent cutter who prefers to work
alone. On the other hand, the only in-
vestment required for skidding is a single
horse, whereas draying requires an in-
vestment of about $1,000 in a team,
dray, sled, and perhaps a wagon, for all-
weather work. It is evident, therefore,
that pole skidding is a means of accom-
plishing selective cutting in cases where
it is felt that the draying cost would be
increased by lighter cutting.

Where the timber is a long distance
from a truck road, pole skidding becomes
more expensive than draying. Under
such conditions, if the truck road cannot
be extended, the cheapest method is to
skid out poles to a main dray road and

1 The Forest Service share of the work ivas financed largjj^^
by the Division of State and Private Forestry, K^?'
Seven, Philadelphia. Pa.

FoRKsT Leaves

then to dray the wood to the truck road.
In general, the pole skidding method
more or less automatically leads the
woodcutter to concentrate on the larger
trees, which save him the most time and
which give the highest yields of chemicals
per cord. Small trees are a nuisance to
handle by this method and they are not
in the way if they are left.

By centralizing the cord-making at a
landing point, the pole skidding method
encourages mechanization of the bucking
operation. A crew of two or three men
can usually increase their bucking output
with the aid of a portable circular or
drag saw. Perhaps the chief benefit of
such mechanization at present is that it
may help to relieve the woods labor
shortage, since it attracts men with me-
chanical experience who will not do
handwork in the woods. If the equip-
ment is dependable, if the various phases
of the jobs are well synchronized, and if
there is a smooth flow of wood, the
mechanization can also result in a saving.
One trial of power bucking of distillation
wood into 18-inch lengths for bulk
handling has proved more economical
than the usual method. However, the
short bolts appear suited only to the few
plants which have predrier ovens to ac-
commodate the green wood in bulk form.

If power bucking machinery is to aid
in securing efficient and desirable forest
practices in cordwood cuttings, the equip-
ment should be as mobile as possible so
that there will be little expense in moving
it from one yarding spot to another. If
the equipment is costly to move, there
will be pressure to cut heavily and to take
unprofitable, small trees in a given spot
in order to justify the expense of setting
up the power bucking unit.

Large-scale mechanization of cord-
wood cuttings is undesirable in some
sections of the East where woods workers
are settling down to become forest resi-
dents and part-time farmers. Intensive
mechanization, if it required large crews
of men, would cause a trend back to local-
ized forest exploitation. Instead, the
trend should be toward decentralization

March - June, 1943

of woods work, localized sustained yield
of products, and permanent resident de-
pendency on fairly small units of land.
These objectives have guided the Gray
Chemical Company in its program of
decentralized forest management inte-
grated with a housing program for
woodcutters and their families. Local
over-cutting in a large, mechanized oper-
ation would defeat the purpose of such
a program.

Good Forestry Is Good Business

What about the landowner's stake in
selective cordwood cutting.-" Let us sup-
pose that he has a stand of 40-year-old
second growth. He can cut it all now,
and have no further income from it for
another 40 years, or he can remove about
half the volume in the form of the most
profitable trees, and come back in less
than half the time (about 15 years)
for another cut. If the owner feels that
he must cut closer he can remove about
half the trees, which will result in the
harvest of nearly all of the merchantable
wood, but will still leave a skeleton for-
est equivalent to a thin natural stand
about 20 years of age. In this case he
can cut again in about 20 years at which
time there will be another 20-year-old
crop to be left.

Present knowledge indicates that the
yield of Alleghenv northern hardwood
stands is higher under partial cutting
than under clear cutting management. An
increase of as much as 50 per cent appears
to be possible Partial cutting provides
a more continuous income from the
stand. It also permits the owner to keep
some of hfs growing stock for larger and
more valuable products: this possibility
is removed if he clear cuts for cordwood.

Some chemical wood plant operators
who own forests may take the view that
they are sirnply not interested in keeping
them growing because the conclusion of
the war may see the closing of their
plants. Even so, partially cut forests will
have a correspondingly higher resale
value than clear cut ones, or will permit

(Contitiued on Page 16)

Thirteen

^^ L

•(I.

I 1

' <

The State Forests of Sullivan County

by R. C. WiBLE
District Forester

HE STATE FORESTS lying within the
Wyoming District extend from La-
porte to Hillsgrove, Sullivan County.
Comprising almost 50,000 acres, these
forested lands repose in the heart of Sul-
livan County amid valleys, streams, and
mountains. The State Forest Lands are
divided into two main units by the beau-
tiful winding Loyalsoqk Creek. This
region, although primeval in appearance,
lies surprisingly near centers of popu-
lation.

The Department of Forests and Wat-
ers acquired these properties in 1930
from the Central Pennsylvania Lumber
Company who, in years previous, com-
pleted a lumbering operation. White
Pine was first cut, sawed, and floated
down the Loyalsock in huge rafts. Later
Hemlock and hard woods were cut and
sawed locally, while the Hemlock bark
was utilized in nearby tanneries.

In bygone years many families and
communities were employed in the vari-
ous types of wood industries ofi^ered in
these forests. The depletion of the for-
est wealth brought about a natural de-
cline of forest industries. As a result,
many thriving saw mill towns as well
as villages, supported by tanneries, actu-
ally ceased to exist. There are, however,
a number of those towns which have
lived on in spite of the loss of major
industries. Today we have such towns
as Forksville, Hillsgrove, Nordmont and
Jamison City which were prosperous
and knew no depression.

Upon acquisition of these forest lands,
the Forestry Department immediately set
up a program for forest management and
development. Good roads now lead to
these areas from all directions, making

Reprint from SutUvan Review, Dushore, Nov. 12, 1942.
Fourteen

available all the beauties of nature un-
spoiled by men.

Forest recreation is the most out-
standing feature of the Sullivan County
State Forests. Whirl's End Park, now
famed throughout Pennsylvania and
neighboring states, is visited and enjoyed
by thousands each year. In addition to
this large recreation area, travelers enjoy
hiking and sight seeing on practically
every acre of the State Forest. All who
have visited the high scenic points on the
Sullivan County State Forests extol the
beauties that may be found at such points
as High Knob Overlook, Loyalsock Can-
yon Vista, and Hoagland Branch View.
Views of mountains, stream and valley
from these vantage points can always be
appreciated by those who have visited
them. They leave with you a memory
that is never forgotten.

It is not to be considered that State
Forest Land in Sullivan County is con-
fined solely to recreational use. Although
these forests were severely cut during the
height of the lumbering period several
decades ago, there still remain a number
of stands of excellent quality hard woods
as well as Hemlock. In accordance with
good forestry practice, it is the policy of
the Department of Forests and Waters
to undertake the sale of mature timber
to make room for younger and faster
growing trees. By no means is it in-
tended that mature and picturesque
stands of timber in or near recreational
areas be cut for timber purposes. It is
felt that these mature trees in recreational
areas serve the people of Pennsylvania
best as part of the background in park
areas and they shall never be removed
in a lumbering operation.

The Department of Forests and Wat-
ers has been engaged, through the Dis-
forest Leaves

trict Forester^s Office at Bloomsburg, in
carrying on a systematic timber sale oper-
ation. Already 2,000,000 feet of timber
has been contracted for and removed
from these State Forest Lands.

In permitting a lumberman to cut
trees on State Forest Land, extreme care
is taken in preparing the contract for
sale. Only the mature and larger trees
are removed. The operator is required to
do as little damage as possible to the re-
maining second growth and younger tim-
ber. He is required to trim the tops and
branches so that they lie close to the
ground, hastening decay and rot.

An inspection of the first area cut —
191 — will show that much of the re-
maining woody debris has decomposed
and taken its place on the forest floor.
A closer inspection will show that lit-
erally thousands of young forest trees
have already made their appearance as
seedlings. Young saplings and larger
trees have taken on a more healthy ap-
pearance and will soon take their place
as dominant trees in the stand of timber.
This system of silviculture is known as
"selective cutting." With this system in
operation, it is possible to expect crops
of timber continually on the same tract.
On the basis now used on the Sullivan
County State Forests, it is planned that
a cutting of large trees can be made every
twenty-five years on the same tract of
land, thus by the gradual removal of
forest products, we will in no way risk
the destruction of our forest wealth.

For many years Sullivan County has
been known and carries a fine reputation
for excellent hunting and fishing within
its borders. This is especially true of the
State Forest where thousands of hunters
and fishermen troop annually. A careful
estimate reveals that several thousand
deer and approximately thirty bears were
shot on the State Forest Lands last fall.

BUY WAR BONDS AND STAMPS

March - June, 1943

WOODPECKERS TO THE RESCUE

The dreaded Dutch elm disease is
spread from tree to tree by the elm bark
beetle and woodpeckers are known to
devour these bark beetles. Thus wood-
peckers may aid in checking the spread
of the disease.

This is the idea of an experiment now
under way in Southern Berkshire Coun-
ty, where the Massachusetts Audubon
Society and this Association (Massachu-
setts Forest and Park Association) have
cooperated in an effort to build up the
woodpecker population and determine
whether woodpeckers will cut down the
bark beetle hordes.

Houses designed for occupancy by
flickers and hairy woodpeckers have al-
ready been distributed and erected on the
properties of Rodney S. Jarvis, Great
Barrington; Mrs. Rodney Williams. New
Marlboro; D. P. Morgan, Stockbridge;
Rev. Anson P. Stokes, Lenox; and Mrs.
Thomas H. Blodgett, Great Barrington.

Surveys are being made of the present
woodpecker population. The boxes will
be checked from year to year to see to
what extent they are used. Planting of
food plants favored by the woodpeckers
will be undertaken if these are found to
be lacking. Further studies will then be
made into the insect situation and the
value of the idea of increasing the wood-
pecker population as a means of fighting
the Dutch elm disease.

{Forest and Park News,

Massachusetts Forest and Park Association)

EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS

(■row Christmas Trees for Profit

Per 1000

Douglas Fir (2 year) - . - - $7.00

Red Pine (2 year) 7.00

White Pine (4 year transplants)

per 100 3.50

Write for Complete List

ULRICH NURSERY

38 Waverly Street, Shlllington, Pa.

l>-

Fifteen

Keep Them Growing

(Continued from Page 13)

the owner to continue to produce other
forest products, such as pulpwood and
logs. Selective cutting provides the owner
with an opportunity to cushion himself
against unpredictable post-war condi-
tions. In the aggregate, an increase in
partial cutting will help a great deal to
insure the future of the local forest indus-
tries and their resident dependents.

In the planning of selective cuttings,
there are a few precautions which the
forest owner should observe. The best
yield can be obtained from Allegheny
northern hardwoods by getting into the
stand fairly early for the first selective
cutting. Before the age of about forty
years the stands show the best growth
response to partial cutting treatments.
The owner should aim to spread the ben-
efits of selective cutting to all of his tim-
ber stands before they pass this pliable
stage. The first trees to be removed are
the large, branchy, dominant ''hold-
overs" and those of sprout origin which
have gotten above the general canopy
level; they are the most profitable trees
for cordwood conversion in young

stands.

The earliest and most frequent selec-
tive cuttings can be made on the best soils
and in the thickest stands where the pros-
pects of increased yield are best. Under-
stocked stands are not suited for light
cuttings, for it is impossible in them to
get a profitable cut per acre and at the
same time to leave a good growing stock.
Such stands should be left until they fill
in naturally.

A New Chemical Wood Tradition

Good selective cutting practices for
chemical wood will not be attained on
the Allegheny Plateau overnight. How-
ever, they represent a goal toward which
the industry should be moving. Clearly,
the first step in this direction is to leave
small trees uncut. It should be possible
within a reasonably short time to spread

Sixtee?i

throughout the industry the thought
that cutting small trees delays victory.
Undersized trees cause waste of labor
time, and undersized wood from small
trees wastes space in trucks and retorts.
With the present shortage of labor, it is
essential to concentrate cutting on the
profitable sizes of trees. To make it easier
for woods workers to swing into this
improved system, the pole skidding
method should be instituted wherever it
is feasible. Give the woodcutter the mo-
bility that this method affords him to
select the war-worthy trees. Leave the
small ones in the forest — keep them
growing.

»<i«i»i<«i»o^^<>

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DUNCANNON, PA.

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ENTERPRISE NURSERIES

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R. n, 1 WRIGHTSVILLE, PA.

Complete catalog: furnished upon request.

CHESTNUTS

Bearing Blight - Resistant

NUTS IN 4
YEARS

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and price list on English Walnuts, Stabler Black Wal-
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experimented with nut trees for over 44 years.

SUNNY RIDGE NURSERY ^
443 NEW ST. SWARTHMORE, PA.

NUT BEARING TREES

Since 1896 .Jjinen' NurwerlcH have been
grrowingr Improved varieties of nut trees.
Descriptive catalogue free.

J. F. JONES NURSERIES

Dept. 1441 LANCASTER. PA.

JT JONIS
NURSl Wlli

NUT TREES

When you're stumped as to how to
make your farm pay, just write us

and ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ""* ^^^ crop trees and

how to use them. Fifty years of
>TREE CROPS experience in twenty gives us a'

good background as a consultant.

NUT TREE NURSERIES

JOHN W. HERSHEY
.DOWNINGTOWN, PA.

Box 65r-

Forest Leavf^

LIVINC.STON PI KiJSHiNf; r:o.

NARBFRTH, PKWSVLVAMA

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

TIONESTA COMMITTEE ^

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Dr. Arthur \V. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

■9-^

EST LEAVES

Honorary President

^ M' President 1

Samuel L. Smedley

Wilbur K. Thomas

Vice-Presidents

Victor Beede '
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Francis R. Taylor

Dr. E. E. Wildman

George H. Wirt ^

Edward Woolman J

Secretary

H. Gleason Maiioon

f 1

■'

» • Treasurer f

Roy A. Wright M

■t-

EXECUTIVE BOARD

V "

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
Francis R. Cope, J^.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

Roy a. Wright
H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

Samuel L. Smedley 9\

Francis R. Iaylor *■„

Wilbur K. Lhomas

Dr. E. E. Wildman

George H. Wirt "

Edward Woolman

finance committee

Edward Woolman, Chairman

cJAMUEL F. Houston

Frank M. Hardt

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE C

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

4 1

[. Gleason Mai ioon. Chairman :4

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wrighi

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

Edward S. Weyl
^ F. R. Cope, Jr.

F. R. Taylor, Chairman
AUDITING COMMITTEE

Wm. Clarke Mason

W. W. Montgomery a

E. F. Brouse

Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

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THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

JULY-OCTOBER

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershev
Philip A. Livingston

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. Mc:Caleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Roy a. Wright
H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wii dman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. ThoxMAS
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward \Voolman

Samuel F. Houston

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chainnan

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Frank M. Hardt

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

Edward S. Wevl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

E. F. Brouse

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wrighi

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

AUDITING COMMITTEE

Ralph P. Russell, Chairttuui

Edward Woolman

TIONESTA COMMITTEE

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

■

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EST LEAVES

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THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

JULY-OCTOBER

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

CONTENTS

Primeval Trees In Tionesta Tract ^^^^^

Community Forests

H. Gleason Mattoon

Friends Of The Land

Hilda V. Fox

4
Editorial

Drastic Forest Regulations In Omnibus Bill 5

Threat Of Logging In Olympia National Park '

R
Conservation Of Our Forests " ' . '

George H. Wirt

Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association "

Exploring The Shagbark Species -----. ^ ^

/. Russell Smith

More And Better Walnuts . - 12

The Chemist Looks At The Wood ^^

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forkst Leaves

President— WiLiMiK K. Thomas

Honorary President-SAMVEL L. Smedley Honorary VicePresident-KoBF.RT S. Conklin

Vice-Presidents
Victor Beede Wm. S. B. McCaleb Francis R. Taylor

Francis R. Cope, Jr. Edward C. M. Richards Dr. E. E. Wildman

Dr. O. E. Jennings Dr. J. R. Schramm George H. Wirt

F. G. Knighto Edward Woolman

Secretary— H. Gleason Mattoon

Treasurer— K. A. Wright. C. P. A.

FOREST L EAV E S

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth, Pennsylvania, under the Act of March A 1879

Volume XXXIII — No. 4 and 5 Narberth, Pa., July-October, 1943

Wh/le Number 315

Community Forests

Their Function and Value

by H. Gleason Mattoon

No STATE IN the Union offers greater
opportunity for rural development
through forestry than Pennsylvania, be-
cause it is primarily a forest land State
with large areas of cut-over land, many
wood using industries, dense population,
a need for diversification in rural employ-
ment, an excellent Department of Forests
and Waters, well informed planning
agencies and, we believe, a conservation
minded public. With these qualifications
both the incentive and opportunity for
expansion of the community forest idea
is apparent.

A community forest is an area of

Students clearing out stumps in preparation for replanting in conifers.

woodland or potential woodland, owned
and operated by a city, township, bor-
ough, school district, county, or other po-
litical subdivision of the State for the
benefit of all persons through production
of forest products, conservation of water,
protection of wildlife, control of floods
and erosion or provision for recreation.
Every so often a community becomes
famous for some outstanding achieve-
ment. Usually the accomplishment is
the result of leadership by some indi-
vidual, working alone or through an
organization, who has the vision to see
an opportunity and the tenacity to per-
sist until it is
grasped by the
community.

In that way
will the commu-
nity forest idea
spread. There will
be no spontane-
ous uprising to
demand that each
community create
a forest. On the
contrary any pro-
gress that may be
made will be due
largely to the spir-
it and perserver-
ance of certain in-
dividuals.

CONTENTS

Primeval Trees In Tionesta Tract Cover

Community Forests

H. Gleason Mattoon

Friends Of The Land

Hilda V. Fox

Editorial

Drastic Forest Regulations In Omnibus Bill ^

Threat Of Logging In Olvmpia National Park '

Conservation Of Our Forests °

George H. Wirt

Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association ^ ^

Exploring The Shagbark Species *'

J. Russell Smith

More And Better Walnuts *2

The Chemist Looks At The Wood ^^

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 188(>

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forist Liavi s

Neither the membership nor the work of this Association is intended to !)e limited to the
State of Pennsylvania. Persons desiring to become members should send their names to the
Chairman of the Membership Committee, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia.

President— \MiLnvR K. Thomas

Honorary President-SAMVEL L. Smfdley Honorary VicePresident-KowRT S. Conkmn

Vice-Presidents
Wm. S. B. McCaleb Francis R. Taylor

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. E. E. VVildman

Dr. J. R. Schramm Gforge H. Wirt

Edward Woolman

Victor Bekde
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary— H. Gleason Mattoon

Treasurer— K. A. Wright. C. P. A.

FOREST L EAV E S

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth, Pennsylvania, under the Act of MarchA 1879

Volume XXXIII — No. 4 and 5 Narberth, Pa., July-October, 1943

\Vh6\e Number 315

Community Forests

Their Function and Value

by H. Gleason Mattoon

A community forest is an area of

%-.

6. <U

"H>^"

'!^^

^VT^

.> , ^^/>

.^^\'m:^

_.«*' •

■.._.-%■>#

Students clearing out stumps in preparation for replanting in conifers.

woodland or potential woodland, owned
and operated by a city, township, bor-
ough, school district, county, or other po-
litical subdivision of the State for the
benefit of all persons through production
of forest products, conservation of water,
protection of wildlife, control of floods
and erosion or provision for recreation.
Every so often a community becomes
famous for some outstanding achieve-
ment. Usually the accomplishment is
the result of leadership by some indi-
vidual, working alone or through an
organization, who has the vision to sec
an opportunity and the tenacity to per-
sist until it is
grasped by the
community.

T^.^^; ♦

..*■ •^'

^.. »

-- '•^..- v*;^

V»'>^,r

U '-^r

'^^:j

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

r I

Dedication ceremonies of a school forest.

The establishment of community for-
ests will probably be only one of many
developments which may be needed to
aid in solving post-war problems, but
the idea has merit not only because it will
provide local employment during the ad-
justment period; because it may put to
use land from which no tax income has
been received for many years and because
it will afford an opportunity to prove
the value of conservation of our forests
in each community, but also because it
will create more surely in the mind of
the individual the consciousness of own-
ership with its attendant desire for pro-
tection.

Each community must develop a pro-
gram according to its own needs. If tax
delinquent lands are available, the possi-
bility of creating a county forest should
be explored. The County Forest Law of
1935, which the Pennsylvania Forestry
Association fathered, was written prima-
rily for the purpose of putting to eco-
nomic use tax delinquent lands.

Whatever the type of forest, whether
borough, municipal, township, county

Two

Friends of the Land

or school, it will present its only prob-
lems and .offer benefits. Whatever the
administrative set-up, the management
plan should look toward eventual rev-
enue producing possibilities m addition
to its recreational advantages.

It is our hope that much emphasis will
be given to the school forest, not because
of its economic aspect but almost wholly
for its educational value.

It is not easy to teach an old dog new
tricks. If our attitude toward forests
has been that of carelessness or indiffer-
ence for twenty-five years, we will not
readily change; on the other hand
through the school forest the minds ot
the children may be so moulded that they
will forever remain conservation minded.
Then, too, when we look in on some
of the rural communities which are
plagued with submarginal land problems
and see how much these people miss m
life because of the absence of pleasant
surroundings, the lack of opportunities
for recreation, the unwholesome socia
attitudes which seem to go with rural
slum conditions, we realize that anything

(^Continued on page 4)

Forest Leaves

by Hilda V. Fox

TyTHAT's IN A name? "Friends of the
vv Land" — could any name be more
challenging or more conducive of the
best thinking and finest instincts of the
Brotherhood of Man?

Some five years ago when a compara-
tively small band of dreamers (I prefer
to call them "realists") organized a
"non-profit, non-partisan association to
support, increase and unify all efforts of
conservation of soil, rain and all the liv-
ing products, especially Man," Pennsyl-
vania's own Morris Llewellyn Cooke
was chosen as president. As meetings
were held in first one and then another
important city in various agricultural
sections of the country — attended always
by leading bankers and industrialists as
well as by those more intimately con-
nected with the land — the press eagerly
carried their message to every afflicted
soil-conscious area in the country. With
the inspired Louis Bromfield and other
well-known authorities on land conser-
vation methods to speak for them,
"Friends of the Land" are fast becoming
legion.

The first meeting in Pennsylvania was
held in Philadelphia on February 25 th,
1943 with the following organizations
as sponsors: Council for the Preservation
of Natural Beauty in Pennsylvania,
Dairy Council, Delaware Valley Protec-
tive Association, Friends of the Land,
Garden Club of America, Horticultural
Society of Chester Co., Pennsylvania
Economy League, Pennsylvania Federa-
tion of Garden Clubs, Pennsylvania For-
estry Association, Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Pennsylvania Land
Conservation Association, Pennsylvania
Parks Association, Pennsylvania Road-
side Council, Inc., Philadelphia Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs and Allied Or-
ganizations, Quaker City Farmers, Penn-

July - October, 1943

sylvania School of Horticulture for
Women, Schuylkill River Restoration
Society. Eleven hundred people filled
the ballroom of the Benjamin Franklin
Hotel and listened intently throughout
the day to the pleas of the brilliant
speakers who represented various fields
of conservation.

With the Executive Director of the
Pennsylvania State Planning Board very
appropriately presiding, the "Conserva-
tion of Our Rivers" was the first topic
for consideration at the morning session.
Judge Grover C. Ladner, the indefatig-
able President of the Schuylkill River
Restoration Society, and Ellwood J.
Turner, able Chairman of the Interstate
Commission on the Delaware River
Basin, discussed the present condition of
our rivers as compared to what they can
and must become. George H. Wirt,
Chief of the Division of Protection,
Pennsylvania Department of Forests ^
Waters, sounded a warning note on
* 'Conservation of Our Forests." fol-
lowed by Dr. Hugh H. Bennett, Chief
of the U. S. Soil Conservation Service,
with many awing facts and figures on
soil erosion, including those of the last
25 years. The over-all economic picture
was painted by a master hand, that of
Dr. Alfred H. Williams, President of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.

The afternoon session was presided
over by Dr. Thomas S. Gates, President,
University of Pennsylvania, with Louis
Bromfield as the featured speaker to ex-
plain the real purpose of "Friends of the
Land." A Quiz Program, which was
broadcast, followed during which ques-
tions from the audience were directed at
the Hon. Miles Horst, Secretary of Agri-
culture for Pennsylvania, the Hon. James
A. Kell, Secretary of Forests ^ Waters
for Pennsylvania, Roland Benjamin, Ex-

(Continued on Page 16)

Three

., .«w™«-*i-xw;v»«ft'-W^*'^W>'v

Friends of the Land

Dcdiralion ceretnonies of a school forest.

Whatever the type of forest, whether
borough, municipal, township, county

Two

or school, it will present its only prob-
lems and ,ofrer benefits. Whatever the
administrative set-up, the management
plan should look toward eventual rev-
enue producing possibilities m addition
to its recreational advantages.

It is our hope that much emphasis will
be given to the school forest, not because
of its economic aspect but almost wholly
for its educational value.

It is not easy to teach an old dog new

tricks. If our attitude toward forests

has been that of carelessness or indifter-

ence for twenty-five years, we will not

readily change; on the other hand

through the school forest the minds ot

the children may be so moulded that they

will forever remain conservation minded.

Then, too, when we look in on some

of the rural communities which are

plagued with submarginal land problems

and see how much these people miss m

life because of the absence of pleasant

surroundings, the lack of opportunities

for recreation, the unwholesome socia

attitudes which seem to go with rural

slum conditions, we realize that anything

{(Um tinned on luigc 1)

Forest Lfavf*"

by Hilda V. Fox

hat's in a name? 'Triends of the
Land" — could any name be more
challenging or more conducive of the
best thinking and finest instincts of the
Brotherhood of Man?

Some five years ago when a compara-
tively small band of dreamers (I prefer
to call them ''realists") organized a
"non-profit, non-partisan association to
support, increase and unify all efforts of
conservation of soil, rain and all the liv-
ing products, especially Man," Pennsyl-
vania's own Morris Llewellyn Cooke
was chosen as president. As meetings
were held in first one and then another
important city in various agricultural
sections of the country — attended always
by leading bankers and industrialists as
well as by those more intimately con-
nected with the land — the press eagerly
carried their message to every afflicted
soil-conscious area in the country. With
the inspired Louis Bromfield and other
well-known authorities on land conser-
vation methods to speak for them,
"Friends of the Land" are fast becoming
legion.

The first meeting in Pennsylvania was
held in Philadelphia on February 25th,
1943 with the following organizations
as sponsors: Council for the Preservation
of Natural Beauty in Pennsylvania,
Dairy Council, Delaware Valley Protec-
tive Association, Friends of the Land,
Garden Club of America, Horticultural
Society of Chester Co., Pennsylvania
Economy League, Pennsylvania Federa-
tion of Garden Clubs, Pennsylvania For-
estry Association, Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society, Pennsylvania Land
Conservation Association, Pennsylvania
Parks Association, Pennsylvania Road-
side Council, Inc., Philadelphia Federa-
tion of Women's Clubs and Allied Or-
ganizations, Quaker City Farmers, Penn-

JuLY - October, 1943

With the Executive Director of the
Pennsylvania State Planning Board very
appropriately presiding, the * 'Conserva-
tion of Our Rivers" was the first topic
for consideration at the morning session.
Judge Grover C. Ladner, the indefatig-
able President of the Schuylkill River
Restoration Society, and EUwood J.
Turner, able Chairman of the Interstate
Commission on the Delaware River
Basin, discussed the present condition of
our rivers as compared to what they can
and must become. George H. Wirt,
Chief of the Division of Protection,
Pennsylvania Department of Forests ^
Waters, sounded a warning note on
"Conservation of Our Forests," fol-
lowed by Dr. Hugh H. Bennett, Chief
of the U. S. Soil Conservation Service,
with many awing facts and figures on
soil erosion, including those of the last
25 years. The over-all economic picture
was painted by a master hand, that of
Dr. Alfred H. Williams, President of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.

(Continucd on Page 16)

Tlirf^e

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

FOREST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monthly at Narberth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
H Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

PHILIP A. LIVINGSTON Ra^^PH P. RUSSELL

MRS. PAUL LEWIS MRS. R. C WRIGHT

DeVEREUX BUTCHER ^ ' ^- ^' ^^^^"'^

Dr. J. R. Schramm

The publication of an article in Forest Leaves does not
necessarily imply that the views expressed therein are those
of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association Editorial and ad-
vertising office, 1008 Commercial Trust Building, Philadel-
phia. Please notify us of any change in address.^

JULY - OCTOBER,

1943

MUSTERING IN THE
WOODLOTS*

When discussion turns on shortages
of essential war materials, not so many
in the community at large are apt to
think of pulpwood. Yet far the greater
part of domestically produced pulpwood
is devoted to products essential to war-
making.

The uses of pulpwood for war pur-
poses are manifold. It is essential to the
manufacture of smokeless powder, rayon
for parachutes and medical dressings for
the sick and wounded. Fibre-board con-
tainers are required for overseas shipment
of food, supplies and munitions.

As the Army grows in size and the
range of its activities increases, demand
for pulpwood becomes greater.

The Manpower Commission has
therefore declared pulpwood cutting an
essential activity. That makes fuUtime
pulpwood cutters eligible to draft defer-
ment and permits the granting to farmers
with whom pulpwood cutting is a part-
time activity credits toward draft defer-
ment of farm help.

The threatened 1943 shortage of do-
mestic pulpwood is 2,500,000 cords.

Making up this deficit is an entirely
practicable proposition. Donald Nelson,
head of the War Production Board, has
estimated that it can be done if every one
of the 3,800,000 farmers in the 27 pulp-

*From The Evening liulletin, Philadelphia.

Four

wood producing states will devote three
extra days this year to cutting pulpwood.
There is plenty obtainable from the for-
ests and farm woodlands.

Mr. Nelson has approved the pulp-
wood production drive of American
newspapers as a valued assistance to the
efforts of WPB in that line.

The farmer with a woodlot or living
near forested regions has a unique chance
to serve the nation and turn idle trees
into dollars in his community. It is a
real salvage campaign, proposing to util-
ize for war, resources which would other-
wise be untouched.

If the cutting is done properly, wood-
land thinning which will result will add
to the value of the forests.

By pointing out these opportunities
and by organizing activities which might
be overlooked, especially in remoter sec-
tions, a substantial contribution to the
war effort is being made.

COMMUNITY FORESTS

{Continued from Page 2)

that can be done to raise the standards
of living and create a more agreeable
social attitude on the part of the people,
is worth the effort.

A forest will cost the community
money for a few years. There will be
those who are so conscious of this fact
that they will prefer not to talk commu-
nity forests. If such a forest did not cost
money it would be worth little nor
would the people of the community
value it highly. Of course, the establish-
ment of a community forest costs money.
Those who champion such a project
must not pussyfoot on this feature, for
if they do, all their effort will be wasted
as soon as the city or borough fathers j
wake up to the necessity for appropriat-
ing money. .
By no alchemy can a forest be devel-
oped without money, labor and material,
but it will bring back manyfold the dol-
lars and hours spent honestly upon it.
Upon that basis must a community for-
est be built.

Forest Leaves

Drastic Forest Regulations

In New Omnibus Bill

FEDERAL REGULATION of forest prac-
tices on private lands, with great
powers centralized in the Secretary of
Agriculture, features the new forestry
omnibus bill introduced on July 8 by
Senator M. G. Wallgren of Washington.
Unquestionably the most drastic regu-
latory measure yet presented to Congress,
the bill S. 1330, consists of ten titles,
each in effect a separate bill. Title No. 1,
devoted to public regulation of private
forest lands, would be known as the
"Forest Practices Act." The other titles
have no connection with regulation.

Referred to the Senate Committee on
Agriculture and Forestry, the bill would
empower the Secretary of Agriculture to
regulate cutting on forest properties,
whether in public or private ownership;
would create administrative areas, with-
out regard to state or property boundar-
ies; and would control interstate ship-
ment of forest products.

It would invest in the Secretary au-
thority to deal direct with forest opera-
tors and forest products industries in
establishing cutting rules, would author-
ize his agents to examine records of for-
est and mill operators, to inspect activi-
ties, and take over the administration of
properties.

To advise the Secretary, the bill calls
for the establishment of a National For-
estry Board of twelve members, to be
appointed by the President. Member-
ship would be made up of representatives
of industry and labor, from groups rep-
resenting forest owners, farmers, trans-
portation, natural resource conservation.
Water conservation and the ultimate con-
sumer of forest products — the public.
Area advisory boards would be appoint-
ed by the Secretary in the "administrative
areas" the proposed act would establish.

The "rules of forest practices which

July - October, 1945

the Secretary, under the provisions of the
bill, would be empowered to set up, have
as their objectives: — (A) Providing for
adequate restocking after cutting with
trees of desirable species and condition;
(B) prohibiting premature or wasteful
cutting in young stands; (C) providing
for reserving for growth and subsequent
cutting a sufficient growing stock; (D)
preventing the use of logging methods
or other practices tending to cause avoid-
able damage to uncut trees or young
growth; (E) regulating grazing and
protection of watersheds; and (F) pro-
hibiting clear cutting, or limiting the size
of a tract that may be clear cut, in areas
where clear cutting will seriously inter-
fere with protection of the watershed, or
in order to maintain a suitable growing
stock or insure natural reproduction."

The Secretary would also be empow-
ered to include forest practice rules con-
cerning forest fire control, disposing of
logging slash, and provisions regarding
removal of diseased and insect-infested
trees — matters now dealt with under
state laws.

Under the law, forest land owners
would be permitted to prepare their own
working plans provided they are ap-
proved by the Secretary and accomplish
the objectives set forth in the official
rules of forest practices. Recourse to the
courts would be possible in the event of
an adverse decision by the advisory
boards or by the Secretary.

The bill provides elaborate machinery
for enforcement. The Secretary may pro-
vide for field inspections to determine
whether established forest practice rules
are complied with; he may require each
operator to keep records of his opera-
tions, give notice of his intention to cut
living timber, and make such other re-
ports as may be called for. Violation of

Five

the provisions of any forest practice rule
or failure to carry out the provisions of
any accepted working plan would be sub-
ject to a $10,000 fine. Failure to keep
the records called for would be subject
to fines of $50 for each omission.

The main weapon of enforcement,
however, is set forth in the section mak-
ing it unlawful for any person **to trans-
port, ship, offer for transportation, de-
liver or sell in commerce, or to ship,
deliver or sell with knowledge that ship-
ment or delivery or sale thereof in com-
merce is intended, any forest product
produced in such state or region unless
a certificate has been obtained therefor."
Thus interstate shipments of forest
products would have to be accompanied
with a "certificate of clearance" testifying
that the products in question were pro-
duced in accordance with the forest rules
of the Secretary of Agriculture. By re-
fusing to issue certificates, the Secretary
could in effect prevent the marketing of
any forest products cut in violation of
any forest practice rule, since transporta-
tion companies would be held responsible
for obtaining certificates before accepting
products for shipment. Enforcement
would be obtained by injunction and by
a $10,000 fine.

The bill's definition of * 'forest land"
subject to the proposed regulations is
quite broad. It states: "Forest land in-
cludes any land bearing a growth of trees
of any age, and any land from which
the tree growth has been removed by cut-
ting or otherwise and which is suitable
chiefly for forest crop production, and
any land on which a sustained growth
of trees, arborescent growth, or chaparral
is necessary for protecting and conserving
the water and soil resources and regulat-
ing run-off."

Forest lands exempted under the law
are: "All small woodlots the forest prod-
ucts of which are wholly or almost
wholly ( 1 ) used by the forest operator
for domestic, non-industrial purposes
and (2) not marketed in commerce."
The Secretary may also exclude other
forest tracts regulation of which for
various reasons is not considered essential.

Six

The nine other titles within the omni-
bus bill, many, of which were suggested
in the recommendations of the Joint
Committee on Forestry in its report of
March 24, 1941, deal with Clarke-Mc-
Nary Act amendments, forest manage-
ment and utilization extension, forest
cooperatives, forest insurance, commu-
nity forests, forest survey amendments,
national forest planting, financial con-
tributions to local governments, and na-
tional forest acquisition.

TITLE No. 2 would liberalize the
use of Clarke-McNary funds, basis for
federal and state cooperation in forest
fire prevention, forest planting and other
items of forest extension, or permit ap-
propriation of larger sums. One section
would extend the use of funds for pro-
duction of forest planting stock to all
classes of forest owners instead of con-
fining them largely to farmers as at pres-
ent. Appropriations in excess of the
$100,000 set forth in the original act for
this purpose would be permitted.

Another section would liberalize the
provisions of the original act for giving
technical assistance in forestry to farmers
and increase the authorization for federal
expenditures from $100,000 to a maxi-
mum of $2,500,000. It is also proposed
to amend the act so that broader powers
would be given to plan and direct sur-
veys "on any forest land" for the detec-
tion and control of insect pests and plant
diseases.

Still another section would repeal the
provision now in the Clarke-McNary
Act requiring that state funds be contrib-
uted to match federal expenditures. The
funds under the act, if amended, may be
expended "upon the basis of such contri-
butions from cooperating agencies as the
Secretary of Agriculture may require, in
the form of services, materials or other-

wise.

TITLE No. 3 would increase federal
assistance to forest landowners and forest
industries in process of growing, harvest-
ing, processing and utilizing forest prod-
ucts. It provides for cooperation on a
financial basis with public and private
agencies and with individuals.

Forest Leaves

TITLE No. 4 would increase the au-
thority of the Secretary of Agriculture
to assist in the formation of forest coop-
eratives among forest landowners to
further the growing, harvesting and dis-
position of forest products. It would
also authorize the Secretary to assist in
financing such cooperatives in their form-
ative stage.

TITLE No. 5 would establish federal
forest insurance against loss by fire or
tornado under amended provisions of the
Federal Crop Insurance Act.

TITLE No. 6 would appropriate not
more than $750,000 annually to com-
plete the survey of forest resources begun
in 1928 by the U. S. Forest Service and
to keep it up to date.

TITLE No. 7 would make the Ful-
mer Act of 1935, giving financial assist-
ance to states in the acquisition of state
forests, more workable and authorize an
appropriation of $10,000,000, of which
not more than $2,500,000 would be
appropriated in any one year.

TITLE No. 8 would amend the Na-
tional Forest Planting Act of 1930 to
increase appropriations to "such sums as
may be required" annually. The original
act limits appropriations for restoring to
productivity by planting millions of
acres on the national forests to a maxi-
mum of $400,000 annually.

TITLE No. 9 would change the basis
of financial contributions from nation-

T^T^'^T ^^^^^P^^ ^^ lo^^l governments.

1 ITLE No. 10 proposes two addi-
tional bases for purchase of lands to be
added to national forests. The first
would be to permit purchase of imma-
ture or merchantable timber at prices ap-
proximately its expected value at the end
of a sixty-year period. The second would
be an authorization to the Secretary of
Agriculture to borrow from the Recon-
struction Finance Corporation sums not
to exceed $250,000 outstanding at any
time, and at a rate of interest not in ex-
cess of three per cent, for purchase of
^ands, including lieu payments for taxes
3nd other expenses.

Reprinted from "AMERICAN FORESTS,"
Volume 49. Number 9, September I943.

JiJLY - October, 1943

Threat of Logging in
>l/mpic National Park

A/T OUNTING DEMAND for the cutting
^^ ^ within the boundaries of Olympic
National Park of Sitka spruce to be used
in airplane construction constitutes the
greatest present threat to the integrity of
the National Park System. Our infor-
mation is that Secretary Ickes is still
standing firm, and that there are still
good opportunities for securing the need-
ed supplies from other areas in the north-
^A^ P^^^fi^ states and from the forests of
Alaska and British Columbia. The Na-
tional Parks Association strongly sup-
ports the Secretary's attitude. It must
be recognized, however, that if the war
lasts as long as is to be reasonably ex-
pected, necessity may require that some
of the spruce will have to be made
available. In this connection it seems
appropriate to publish the resolution
which appeared in the July-September
issue of National Parks Magazine, as
rollows: —

Resolved that in view of the continued
and increasing pressure for the cutting of
Sitka spruce and other species of timber
suitable for airplane stock within the
present Olympic National Park, the Na-
tional Parks Association hereby reaffirms
Its unalterable opposition to any com-
mercialization of the resources of the na-
tional parks. Only if a point is reached
in the war effort when it appears to the
satisfaction of the responsible Govern-
ment authorities that such timber is im-
peratively required, should any of the
irreplaceable forests of the Olympic Na-
tional Park be sacrificed. In our judg-
ment, furthermore, that sacrifice should
be made, not by permitting cutting with-
in the park boundaries, but by perma-
nently excluding certain forest areas from
the park. Let no one be deceived by the
assertion that so-called selective cutting
^n safely be allowed within the park.
1 he inevitable result of such logging will
be the complete wreckage of the prime-
val forest.

Seven

■i n

Conservation of Our Forests

by George H. Wirt

TA/T'HY ARE WE concerned about the
^^ conservation of forests? What do
we mean by ''conservation'' when we
associate this word with ''forests*'? Just
what is a "forest"? What does such a
thing have to do with us or we with it,
and why should forests be "conserved"?

These may be trite questions, but nev-
ertheless, until we have sensible answers
to them and some definite ideas based on
facts and fundamental principles con-
cerning both forests and conservation,
our words and our time will have been
wasted and our conservation program
will be duds.

First, let us clear up our conception of
a "forest." There was a time when a
forest was any area declared by the King
to be a forest, and as such it was subject
to forest laws, administered by forest
officers and forest courts. It might in-
clude wide stretches of bare land, indi-
vidual homes or whole villages with only
a sprinkling of trees. For administrative
purposes we have almost the same thing
with the exception of the special courts
in portions of the National Forests of
the West.

But for the most part, those of us here
in the central part of the Atlantic sea-
board think of a forest as an area more
or less closely set with trees. There the
common picture ends. Whatever else is
added in individual cases results from
personal relationship with forests or in-
formation concerning them. It is not
reasonable to expect that every citizen
shall have a complete picture and under-
standing of the complexity of a forest
and of the far reaching part forests play
in the life of a people. But at least a large
minority must have that understanding
and common knowledge before any ap-
preciation of forest values will make
itself felt in the life of the Common-
wealth. Widespread misinformation and
lack of knowledge relating to forests

Eight

have been and still are outstanding fac-
tors responsible for the drag of sensible
conservation programs.

Briefly the following are some of the
important fundamental facts which must
be included in our conception of the
"forest."

1. The forest is a complex biological
aggregation composed of plant and ani-
mal life and is dependent upon soil,
water, air, sun, and time for its existence.

2. The plant and animal life of the
forest occupy an area of soil and for prac-
tical purposes may be thought of as a
crop of the soil.

3. The outstanding and determining
factor of the forest association is the tree,
individually and in groups, in whole and
in part. Without trees there would be no
forest and no forest conditions.

4. Tree growth with its attendant
conditions is peculiar in that each year's
accretion is added to the accumulated
growths of preceding years. The total
wood volume of a tree at the beginning
of a growing season is the working capi-
tal upon which the new year's crop is
deposited. This corresponds both in
theory and practice to the accumulation
of a trust fund, the interest being added
to the principal and that total becoming
the principal upon which the next year's
interest is earned. This is the theory of
compound interest. Incidentally we learn
that Nature is decidedly capitalistic and
it is evident that those who would get
rid of the capitalistic system will have to
do away with Nature.

5. The forest crop as developed by
and stored in trees, takes a very small
percentage of its volume from the soil.
The real natural resources which arc
caught and stored by the life functions
of tree-parts are sun, wind, and rain.

6. Because tree requirements from the
soil are so slight, trees and forests can
occupy to advantage any land area not

Forest Leaves

required for food crops, or for other
economic purposes.

7. Since it is impossible to harvest
each year's crop of wood as such without
killing the trees, since Nature has pro-
vided for the storage of crop upon crop,
since economic use and value increases
with size and quality of trees, time is an
essential factor in producing and harvest-
ing forest crops.

8. As the laws of living for an indi-
vidual person differ from the laws of
living for a group of persons, so there
are laws which affect trees in groups, as
well as the ordinary laws of plant growth
affecting individual trees.

9. In a primeval forest, and under
many conditions in uncared for forests,
new growth is offset by decay. It has
been proved by several centuries of expe-
rience that the accumulated growth of
forests may be removed and used, and
yet at the same time the forests and forest
conditions may be maintained.

1 0. The sun, wind and rain that come
to an acre of soil in one year which is not
crystallized into tree growth, never can
be picked up.

11. Trees, singly and in groups, me-
chanically and through their plant func-
tions, react upon soil, moisture and air,
and upon plant, animal and human life!
1 he individual who owns forest prop-
erty in fee cannot restrict the benefits of
the forests to himself, nor can he prevent
the outflow of malefactions from unde-
veloped or mismanaged forests.

12. The forces of nature making up
a forest can be controlled and guided by
man for man's benefit.

There are other peculiarities which
need not be recited here.

In recent years there has been a consid-
erable group of people ready to support
mistaken ideas such as the following and
others like them:

'*A few scattered trees constitute a
lorest."

"Forest protection will result in sat-
isfactory forest growth."

"Planting a tree for each tree removed
irom a forest will perpetuate the forest."

July - October, 1943 ■ . ■

One of the post-war projects should
be the cleaning out of our forest areas to
make them look like the managed forests
of Europe."

"Immature trees should never be re-
moved from the forest."

]'No trees should be cut at any time."
Changing the title of forest land from
private ownership to State or National
government ownership will accomplish
all the blessings a forest can bestow upon
a community."

"Christmas trees should not be re-
moved from forests."

To complete the answers to our ques-
tions it must be stated here that the
forests of our country have been of vital
importance to each one of us, and those
who have preceded us. Forests ofi^ered
untold opportunities and at the same time
set up limitations for economic develop-
ment of our people. Wood products and
forest influences have made possible our
wealth, industry, business, comfort.
Without wood in plentiful quantities
and without forest influences certainly
we could not live as we have been accus-
tomed to live. Without wood in enor-
mous quantities we could not win the
war we're in. And without wood and
the many benefits of productive forests
we shall not be able to maintain our way
of life in the future. Even where wood
IS of minor consequence, forests are essen-
tial for the continued welfare of large
groups of people.

Now what shall we set up for our
understanding of the word "conserva-
tion".^ In common usage it means ''sav-
ing," "guarding," or "preserving," In
spite of the eff'orts of Theodore Roose-
velt, Gifl^ord Pinchot, and others during
the past thirty-five years to impress the
people of America with an expanded and
deeper meaning of the word, its common
and homely meaning seems to prevail.
Therefore, if those of us who are inter-
ested in sensible, practical, and efl^ective
private and public policies with respect
to natural resources intend to continue
to use the word "conservation," we must
learn to use it correctly and with all the

Nin(f

implications that belong to it. It will
continue to be our job to make our mean-
ing and intention clear to the rank and
file of our people.

Theodore Roosevelt's definition of the
conservation of resources, "perpetuation
through v^ise use," and Pinchot's expla-
nation of "the application of common
sense to common problems for the com-
mon good" are easily understood and
just about cover the field.

Now with such a basis for common
understanding what is the problem be-
fore us with respect to the conservation
of forests?

Probably the most obvious problem
(or problems) has to do with our sup-
ply of wood. Shortly after the estab-
lishment of the Massachusetts Colony
there were some who predicted and
viewed with alarm a scarcity of wood.
Their followers have been numerous and
are with us today. In spite of these peo-
ple and their agitation, primeval forests
have been eliminated from the face of the
country, except for those in the North-
west. Heavy inroads have been made
upon the forest growth that has devel-
oped since primeval conditions. Millions
of acres of land have been made desolate
and wood-needs have had to be trans-
ported thousands of miles. Yet we still
have wood. Nevertheless, five generations
of American citizens have developed
under a philosophy of waste and greed
with respect to wood because the forests
of the country were commonly consid-
ered to be "inexhaustible."

Paralleling this blissful orgy of waste
was another policy which has been more
or less peculiar to America. The first set-
tlers who came here and those who suc-
ceeded them were given so-called title to
land. We are a people of homes and
home owners. Not only a man's home
was and is his castle, but his land has
been his own. He could do with it as
he pleased. Up to now we are a free
people and most of us still believe that
we can do as we please with our own
property. Land is plentiful and when

Ten

one piece ceases to be productive it has
been easy to move and to be established
somewhere else.

Both of these policies and develop-
ments have produced tremendously bene-
ficial results in the life and prosperity of
our country, but nevertheless, we have
paid and will pay dearly for the damage
that has been done. It is our job now
to bring about a reasonable adjustment
between the land policy which is an es-
sential part of our liberty, and an almost
complete reversal of our attitude to for-
ests as the source of one of the raw
products without which we cannot main-
tain our liberty.

There are millions of acres of land
which must be put to use as rapidly as
the economy of the times will permit.
The productive powers of Nature must
be harnessed and directed. Our needs for
wood can be supplied and our uses of
wood can be greatly expanded, in fact,
the forests of the future will be the source
of all kinds of power. But above all,
we need the facts of the situation.

Forests must be maintained upon mil-
lions of acres of land for reasons other
than the production of wood and many
other important tree products. Soil must
be stabilized and rebuilt. Water must be
stored and filtered. Opportunities for
the use of labor must be developed. Land
values must be increased. Wild life must
be retained. Favorable climate must be
continued. Beauty of country must be
maintained. Individual and community
health, wealth and welfare must be
guaranteed.

The war in which we find ourselves is
in itself a most conclusive proof of the
"godless and soulless lust for power"
both on the part of individuals and those
in control of peoples. As a free people
with initiative and the spirit of coopera-
tion we must develop our resources so as
to maintain our liberty without the pos-
sibility of dictatorship or of establishing
any policy even closely approaching such
a catastrophe.

Forest Leaves

Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
Association

A Practical Body of Nut Growers Whose

Aim Is to Stimulate Greater Interest

in Nut-Tree Planting

Black Walnut Kernel

Annual inter Uleeting
of

Notice! " Notice!

A Round Table Conference of

THE PENNSYLVANIA NUT
GROWERS' ASSOCIATION

will be held at the regular winter rendez-
vous with the Farm Show program. Farm
Show exhibits, of course, are out for the
duration. But as a sacred ritual to the
sincerity of those who *'love the soil" a
framework is held together by farm groups
gathering to discuss "a way to victory."
No, I'm not thinking of the war. Wars
are lost in either victory or defeat because
the spirit that attempts to solve problems
by war creates turmoil wherever found.
Hence, there's no peace for war makers.

We, the aristocrats of creation (soil
dwellers), should gather together to dis-
cuss profitable nut growing and thereby
keeping OUR end up. Date —

THURSDAY— ALL DAY
JANUARY 20. 1944

Come with your problems and we'll discuss
them together. We hope we bave some
interesting speakers present — BUT no set
program will be prepared.

Location will be announced later.
JOHN W. HERSHEY, Secretary

July - October, 1943

Exploring the Shagbark

Species

by J. Russell Smith

T HAVE 40 or 50 varieties of grafted
A shagbark trees (Carya ovata) in a
hillside pasture where I am observing
the variations, not to say the vagaries of
a species of which we need to know a
great deal more than we now do. Per-
haps I need scarcely say that a variety is
composed of the trees produced by grow-
ing the buds or grafts of one tree. Thus
all the qualities of the parent tree are per-
petrated.

As my shagbark trees begin to get es-
tablished it is astonishing what a variety
of appearance they present. Some are
very dark green, with heavy leaves. The
top is compact— almost a solid ball of
foliage. Others are long, rangy, rather
open-topped, with leaves of lighter hue.
At a distant view one would scarce think
of them as being the same species.

This species varies in several respects
as much as it does in over-all appearance.
It IS well-known, of course, that while
the flavor of the kernel is delicious, most
of the trees bear nuts of such a form that
the kernel can only be secured in small
pieces. Occasionally, however, there is
a wild one with the interior structure
somewhat like that of an English wal-
nut, permitting us to get the meats out
in complete halves.

It is such trees as these that have been
the object of search for many years by
the Northern Nut Growers Association,
and there are now some 50 to 75 that
have been named and are under test in
several places. What would happen if
these best known trees were crossed with
each other.^ Here is an interesting field
for some plant breeder. He can use my
trees if he wishes.

Not only do shagbarks vary in quality
of the nut, but they also vary in quan-
tity of crop and in the age at which they
begin to bear. Some of them settle down
and go to bearing by the time their

{Continued on Page 15)

Eleven

More and Better Walnuts

FOR FORTY YEARS individuals and as-
sociations with vision have attempt-
ed to find better varieties of black
walnuts. The few varieties now known
are chance discoveries made by nursery
men and others who happened to notice
their superiority over the common run
of black walnuts. That they are im-
provements cannot be denied, yet in per-
centage of kernel and ease of cracking
they are far from the optimum that
should be expected.

For the purpose of finding superior
varieties a walnut contest, open to every-
one, is now inaugurated by leaders in
farm and nut circles. Commenting on
the contest Wheeler McMillen, President
of the National Farm Chemurgic Coun-
cil said:

"As our natural mineral resources be-
come increasingly costly to exploit, the
hope of abundance grows brighter in the
nation's laboratories. Organic chemis-
try and plant genetics, functioning with
other sciences in the spirit and concept
of chemurgy, are yielding unbelievable
results. New materials, often better
than the things displaced or supple-
mented, and even things entirely new to
man's use, are appearing.

''The grand old American black wal-
nut has an important part in this picture.
The shell is known to have over 32 uses.
The kernel, aside from being one of the
best foods, has potential values as a
source of oil, said to be better than lin-
seed oil. The hull is used in medicines
and cosmetics, while the timber has
proven one of the best investments ever
known.

'It has lifted a mortgage and pre-
vented bankruptcy.

"The benefits of trees and their prod-
ucts accrue to those who keep planting
trees or seed. Modern selection makes
available the fastest growers and those
that bear the thinnest shelled nuts."

Said John W. Hershey, Secretary-
Treasurer of the Pennsylvania Nut
Growers' Association:

Twelve

"Science has shown remarkable prog-
ress in improving the quality of the com-
mon flock or herd by introduction of bet-
ter males and females.

"History tells us the wild hard-
shelled almost inedible nut of Northwest
India evolved into our present strain of
English walnut by always planting a
better nut. All the remarkable varieties
of the pecan sprang from nuts planted
by some farmers who thinking — 'this
nut is so fine it's a shame not to have
more like 'em' — planted them.

"And so it is, in the great American
black walnut family. Nature did a lit-
tle selecting, man caught them through
contests. Research has proven the seed-
lings from improved varieties, especially
the Thomas, have better nuts than the
common run seedlings of the wild some-
times superior to the Thomas itself. Yes,
by making 'better nut plantings' a fam-
ily ritual each year we have evidence we
can raise the cracking quality of the
American walnut to the standard of the
English walnut or pecan."

Said M. Glen Kirkpatrick of the
FARM JOURNAL, leader in America's
Farm editorial field:

"Native nut trees are more valuable
than ever because of the need for food,
feed, lumber, essential oils and other
products that trees can supply. Trees of
this kind can be grown on land too rough
for cultivated crops. That makes trees
all the more valuable. Unlike some
other types of woodland trees, walnut
trees provide more than a single source
of income. While producing cash crops
for the farmer, they're growing timber
for the children's children. Time shows,
trees planted today are mortgage lifters.
Those not planted are gully washers.

"We can count on the tree crop experts
making more progress. Their progress
would be even more rapid if farmers
would back them up with a genuine in-
terest in tree planting. If farmers would
plant the nuts, acorns and fruits froin
their most desirable crop trees, there
would be a broad base of tree crop im-
provement on which the tree crop spe-

cialists could operate much more effec-
tively.

Procedure

Sunday School Teachers. School Teach^

ers, 4-H Club Leaders. County Agents.

Scout Leaders and Parents

1. Instruct your group to ask questions.
ihis will locate the best tree in your

comniunity. If you can find a grafted
tree, by all means use nuts from it.

2. Hull them when the nuts fall. The
owner will be glad to cooperate in giv-
ing you some of the nuts to plant. Often
you can gather and hull the crop on
halves. The autumn social rating should
be gauged by heaviness of walnut stains
on the hands, as walnut stain should be
the earmark of good citizenship.

3. Let them dry a few weeks in the shade
protected from squirrels, rodents, or sis-
ters who love to make nut goodies.

4. Stratify — use a cigar box or one
larger, put a layer of sand in the bottom
then a layer of nuts, alternate until box
is full.

5. Sink in garden— top with ground
level. Cover with fine wire to prevent
rats or squirrels from stealing.

6. In early spring bring nuts out — go
along fence, near streams, hillsides, open
spots in the wood lot. Make holes two
inches deep with a blunt stick, forty feet
apart, drop in nut, then tramp with heel.

Do this year after year in the Boy
Scouts Nut Planting Week. Replant
missers in previous years planting. Make
a record how young trees are doing, note
age they bear and quality of nuts. When
they re extra fine, report to the Pennsyl-
vania Nut Growers' Association, the Di-
rector of Rural Scouting, or your farm
paper. And, as young trees bear better
nuts than ever grew before, plant them.

And as Lowell Thomas says on his
news broadcast, "Here's an item just in.''
Nut Tree Culture in Missouri Bulletin

No. 454 by T. J. Talbert, Chief of Hor-
ticulture in that great nut state. Address
mm for a copy, University of Missouri,
Columbia, Mo.

IMot only can I say without reserve
It s a GOOD bulletin untainted by typ-
ical departmental caution and lack of
clarity that leaves the reader wondering
what It was written for." I, personally
know Prof. Talbert and his work which
started working on nut culture his pro-
is of a positive nature. Hence, when he
gram has been "how to make nut culture
profitable in Missouri." Yes, his bul-
letin IS interesting reading.

Forest Leaves jj^^y . October, 1943

R. E. Hodgson, University of Minne-
sota reports to us that he gathered a crop
of Ihomas walnuts on the University
rarm this year which were of fine quality.

Startling is the information that's
come to this desk on the volume of nut
trees sold in the spring of '42.

One nursery in Tennessee sold 50
thousand Chinese chestnut trees. A nurs-
ery in Arkansas sold a few thousand
Ihomas walnuts. A nursery in Okla-
homa sold two thousand Thomases. All
this besides the many smaller nurseries'
sales make it look like— yes, people are
starting to Plant for Meat.

"Us Northerners" better wake up or
the South will steal the ball in walnut
and chestnut planting as they did with
the pecan.

Other points of interest:

Two nation wide magazines carried
articles recently,

"Tree Crop in a Permanent Civiliza-
tion — Country Life.

"How to Grow Meat on Trees" Bet-
ter Homes and Gardens, October issue.

Farm Journal is now running a
monthly column on "Tree Crops."

Two other nation wide magazines
volunteered the information they want
to do more for nut trees.

Thirteen

The Chemist Looks at the Wood

NEW CHEMICAL treatments that vir-
tually endow wood with the prop-
erties of a plastic and give it added
strength, wearing qualities, hardness, and
warp and swell resistance were described
by Dr. J. F. T. Berliner of E. I. du Pont
de Nemours ^ Company.

Treatment, by these new chemical
methods, develops such unusual proper-
ties that "actually we are no longer deal-
ing with wood," he declared in a recent
address before the Eastern Lumber Sales-
men's Association at the University
Club, Philadelphia.

Describing the new treatment by
which poplar, for example, can be made
as hard or harder than maple and given
form stability and other desirable prop-
erties, the speaker said:

*'lt has been found that when wood
is impregnated with a resin solution such
as lacquer, the resin may fill the wood
cells but the properties of the wood are
not fundamentally altered. It will still
shrink and swell with changes of humid-
ity, and the grain will raise when a sanded
face is exposed to moisture.

"However, if the wood is impregnated
with resin-forming chemicals capable of
reacting with the wood cellulose, and the
resin then produced within the wood, the
properties of the wood are profoundly
altered. When sufficiently treated, the
wood is dimensionally stable under vary-
ing humidity conditions, does not show
grain raising, is hardened, can be highly
polished, has increased wearing qualities,
and has markedly increased compressive
strength as well as much higher strength
in tension across the grain. In fact, the
tensile strengths in all directions tend to
be the same, a most unusual property
for wood.*'

Soft maple thus treated may even be
used to replace dogwood in textile shut-
tles. Dr. Berliner stated. Here the com-
pressive strength of wood as well as its
hardness and resistance to moisture can

Fourteen

be so increased that treated wood may
be substituted for steel in certain textile
machinery parts where wood has hither-
to been unusable.

The speaker noted the post-war pos-
sibilities of dimensionally stable lumber
to eliminate the sticking drawer, door or
window, and of finishes formed in the
wood so that beautiful woods like cy-
press could be used for purposes other
than paneling, siding, shingles and tanks.

An important development of the war
period has been the production of large
composite beams, arches, boards and the
like from small, readily produced, easily
dried sections by gluing, he said. Boards
and sections in sizes unobtainable from
natural sources are now in regular pro-
duction.

"You do not have to have a big tree
to get big timbers, structural members,
or boards," he stated. "Heretofore one
had to seek long and far to obtain a 12
by 12 inch side-cut oak timber and then
wait several years to condition it for use.
Now, however, small sections of oak
may be cut and fabricated into a 12 by
12 inch in a matter of a week or so."

He described the introduction of chem-
icals which allow wood to be readily bent
and shaped like a plastic as follows:

"Wood is impregnated by soaking the
green wood in a water solution of urea
or by subjecting the wood to heat and
pressure in the presence of urea. The
urea-treated wood when heated by tem-
peratures near the boiling point of water
becomes plastic and is readily bent. On
cooling, it regains its original rigidity
and retains the shape given it while hot.
On heating, it may again be softened."

The speaker enumerated five divisions
into which wood treatments may be
classified, as follows: preservation, in-
cluding flame, insect, rot, and chemical
proofing; reassembly, or making ply-
wood, plastics, paper, paperboard and
such products from wood; chemical con-

Forest Leaves

version of wood into rayon, cellophane,
sugar and alcohol, explosives, distillation
to form charcoal, methyl alcohol, acids,
and conversion of lignin to adhesives,
plastics and vanilla flavor; drying or sea-
soning; and altering mechanical prop-
erties such as hardening, increasing
strength, bending and dimension control.

These advances Dr. Berliner ascribed
to the chemist's attitude toward wood as
a raw material, the properties of which he
considers may be altered as desired. The
chemist is challenged by the assumed lim-
itations of wood, such as slow drying;
its tendencies toward splitting, checking
and warping during drying; flammabil-
ity; rottmg; swelling and shrinking with
humidity changes; that it does not grow
fast enough, tall enough or thick enough.

By removing the handicaps of unalter-
able properties and dependence on log-
ging certain size trees for certain dimen-
sions, chemical science has gone far
toward reestablishing the position of
wood in competition with other mate-
rials.

Plastics and metals for years had been
pushing wood from fields which it had
possessed exclusively. This was because
the other materials were fashioned to
conditions demanded of them, even to
the point of simulating wood in
appearance.

Now wood has a new start. The lum-
ber industry is contributing magnifi-
cently to the war program. The Army
alone is using more than 800 separate
iterns of wood. The uses for lumber in
both war and in the peace to come are
being extended by the united efl^ort of
the lumber and chemical industries.

EXPLORING THE SHAGBARK

SPECIES

{Continued from Page 11)

branches have grown 3 or 4 feet outward
rrom the center pole, provided you start
with an 8 or 1 0 foot tree, as I did in my
test planting. In contrast with this, one
we 1-known variety much touted by the
early experimenters has scarcely been
Known to bear a pint of nuts in a quar-
ter of a century.

JuLv - October, 1943

I suspect that if the shagbark species
grew only in some such far away place
as China or Manchuria it would have
been heralded across our country years
ago as a beautiful ornamental, which in-
deed It is. Three or four of these trees
would lend distinction to almost any
lawn, and lots of nuts for the family.

There is one more quality in which
shagbark trees vary — i. e.. speed of
growth. Some of them resemble the
tortoise in the way in which they almost
seem to stand still. Others, while not
exactly rivaling the silver maple, are
good growers, and I have had one variety
to make a central twig 4 feet long in one
season in my experimental nursery. Thev
respond well to fertility.

[ Plant CHINESE HYBRID CHESTNUT
[ TREES for Pleasure and Profit I

i Blight Kesistant and Early Bearers, Sweet Like !
' the Old American, Send for Catalog |

RUMBAUGH CHESTNUT FARM

DUNCANNON, PA.

Cherry Trees <>« Mazzard Roots

One of Our Spe«lalties

ENTERPRISE NURSERIES

Geo. K. Stein & Son

I , , WRIGHTSVILLE, PA.

Complete catalog: furnished upon request.

CHESTNUTS

Bearing Blight - Resistant

NUTSTlsr4'
YEARS

Easily grown, heavy yielders. Northern strains

and price list on" EngMsh Walnut? ^? m^^^^ ^'^^'^'^^
nuts. etc. Excellent for oniament^fnn ^'''^^'^ ^^^-
experlmented with nut trees Srover'^'iJTerrs ' ^^"^

443 NEW ST^''''^^ ''^^''^ NURSERY

• SWARTHMORE, PA.

NUT BEARING TREES

Since 1896 Jones' Nurseries have been
jTOHinir improved varieties of nut tr^r
Descriptive catalogue free. *""•

J. F. JONES NURSERIES

Oept. 1441 LANCASTER. PA.

JT JONIS
NURSERIIS

NUT TREES ^^'r y^"''-^ stumped as to how to

^.--l 7 u ^°"'' ^""'"^ P^y' J"«t write us

and for list of nut and crop trees and

TREE CROPS !° "^^ *^^"'- ^*"y years of

IREC WKUr^experlence In twenty gives us a

&ood background as a consultant.

NUT TREE NURSERIES

JOHN W. HERSnirv

Fifteen

FRIENDS OF THE LAND

(Continued from Page 3)

ecutive Secretary, Pennsylvania Farm
Bureau Federation, Dr. Ralph D. Hetzel,
President, Pennsylvania State College,
P. A. Waring, Pennsylvania Land Con-
servation Association, and George Pfeif-
fer 3rd, Philadelphia Junior Board of
Commerce. The program was climaxed
by the showing of the documentary film
''The River," leaving the majority of
the audience eager to enlist and serve this
all-important cause.

And so a Pennsylvania Chapter of
''Friends of the Land" was born.

Under the direction of an impressive
list of farmers, industrialists, bankers,
educators, editors and civic-leaders who
will be responsible for the functioning
of the organization in Pennsylvania, the
realization of the need for conservation
methods should eventually be brought
home to every resident of the state. For,
indeed everyone is affected! It is the in-
tention of this group:

1. To focus public attention, espe-
cially of urban residents on the
problems of the land.

2. To unify the efforts of all groups
interested in specific phases of con-
servation, such as wildlife, birds,
plants, water, soil, forests, so that,
through unity of purpose, conser-
vation in its broadest sense can be
promoted more effectively.

3. To develop, through unified edu-
cational, informational and pro-
motional efforts, a better under-
standing between rural and urban
groups.

4. To serve as a clearing house for the
dissemination of pertinent infor-
mation on all phases of conserva-
tion relating to the land.

All of this will be accomplished by
the following means:

1. Encourage the teaching of conser-
vation in the schools.

2. Sponsor conservation forums and
field days.

3. Provide competent speakers.

Sixteen

4. Prepare and distribute literature,
bulletins, newsletters.

5. Purchase and distribute prints of
motion pictures.

6. Supply timely articles to news-
papers and magazines.

7. Sponsor educational radio pro-
grams.

8. Develop visual aids, museum ex-
hibits, etc.

9. Inform the public of erosion and
related conservation problems, leg-
islation, etc.

10. Cooperate with local, state and
federal agencies.

Fortunately Pennsylvania has many
residents already aware of the various
related problems in connection with the
conservation of natural resources. The
varied specialized organizations through
which they have been at work on them
in the past are fully aware of the poten-
tial benefits of a more unified effort.
Through a strong, vigilant Chapter of
Friends of the Land all conservation-
minded groups and individuals will be
able to channel their efforts and receive
the additional help such unity will pro-
vide.

We have a bigger war to fight than
the present global one in which we are
now embroiled. The war against waste
and exploitation of natural resources
must continue long after the more appar-
ent destructive conflict is over. Civiliza-
tions rise and fall according to land
reserves and the more thoughtful realize
that "it can happen here."

Arise, all ye faithful 'Triends of the
Land."

EVERGREEN SEEDLINGS

Grow Christmas Trees for Profit

Per 1000

Dousrlas Fir (2 year) - - - . $7.00

Red Pine (2 year) 7.00

White Pine (4 year transplants)

per 100 3.50

Write for Complete List

ULRICH NURSERY

38 Waverly Street, Shillington, Pa.

Forest Leaves

LIVINGSTON PUBLISHING CO.
NARBFRTH, PENNSYLVANIA

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward CM. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Roy a. Wright
H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Samuel F. Houston

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chairman

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Frank M. Hardt

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

E. F. Brouse

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wright

Ralph P. Russell ,

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman V

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

AUDITING COMMITTEE *

Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

TIONESTA COMMITTEE

Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

FOREST LEAVES

I ii

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY A<;<;nriATinM

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER

CONTENTS

Ice Fantasia Cover

Photograph by Devereux Butcher

County Forests In The Anthracite Region 1

by R. D. Forbes and C. W. Beck

Pennsylvania, "The Dogwood State" 3

by H. Gleason Mattoon

Editorial ^

Farm Use For Tree Crops 5

by H. Gleason Mattoon

Forestry Wheel Of Fortune ^

Injury To English Elms As A Result Of Banding 11

by C. R. Runyan

Forestry Bills In Congress 12

Pennsylvania Nut Growers' Association News 13

Timber War Project In Pennsylvania 16

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Founded in June, 1886

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE, THREE DOLLARS

One Dollar of which is for subscription to Forest Leaves

President— Wiluvk K. Thomas

Honorary President—SAM\]EL L. Smedley

Honorary Vice-President— Kobf.rt S. Conklin

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary— H. Gleason Mattoon

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Treasurer— K. A. Wright. C. P. A.

FOREST L EAV E S

PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY

Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at Narberth. Pennsylvania, under the Act of March 3. 1879

Volume XXXIII— No. 6

Narberth, Pa., November-December, 1943 Whole Number 316

County Forest Possibilities in the

Anthracite Region*

by R. D. Forbes and C. W. Beck

HThe counties of the Anthracite For- gregating 63,000 acres, with an average

A est Region of Pennsylvania have size of 184 acres. They are distributed

borne their full share of the economic among 1 1 of the 15 counties as follows-
and social ills from which the region be-

gan to suffer long before the depression. ^^""^ ' X^EVS^ro^wSk^H^^ Z

INational defense activities may make longer subject to redemption

possible in some counties a partial and county no of av, Are^'^TotaiT'

temporary recovery from these ills. But ' ProperL ^AcrZ Acre:"""

a permanent cure for unemployment and ^SZ^'Z. 17 }?9 o'ol?

crippled public services can be achieved Dauphin "ZZZ 15 lei 2413

only through planned development of all Luzeme^""^ ^ '^^ ^^^

basic natural resources and of industries Monroe ZZIZZZ. 21 270 5669

dependent on them. Northumberland 6 94 563

» - Schuylkill 173 191 84 04^

Among these natural resources none Susquehanna 30 125 3757

has been more abused and neglected than w^^"^. 2 82 'les

the forests. The nearly 2,600,000 acres ^'""' 'L 'II 5™_

of forest land in the region comprise ^°'^^^ °^ Averages 343 184 63,001

from 20 to 84 per cent of the individual t^^ui^ n u .u j- -i •

counties. Over cutting of the timber, /J^^ble 2 shows the distribution of over

and forest fires, have reduced vast areas I'Tsn °^ ^°'"' '"l^'J" P'^^P"'

of once highly-productive forest to scrub iTthl Co'unt'v ComT' ^^''^ '^''' '^''^

oak. aspen, and grey birch. Practically treasurer's si, ^Hr'^l^n' V''''

none of the remaining acreage is fully iZ'ZV' ut ?u ^"'^ ^'^ '^'" '""^^^^ '°

productive. Tens of thousands of acres Trf^X c?,./ ' .™" °'^"'"- ^^'''

mostly denuded, are today in county ^J^^^^^^^^ properties in every county

hands as the result of tax delinquency^ Ubano^ ' ^^'°" "''""^'
and in some counties are rapidly becom-
ing a major problem.

In Table 1 are shown forest properties ^^^ Counties' Opportunity

cdnmv""" °'w°'' ^h'^h,^^^^ been in When forest lands become tax delin-

county ownership as a result of tax sales quent and pass into county ownershio

or longer than the period allowed for it is likely to be because thIyTave been

redemption. There are 343 of them ag- wrecked by over-cutting and fire Income

Mn excerpt from Anthracite Survey Paper No. 3. frOm Wrecked land is negligible. The

hsued by the Allegheny Forest Experiment Station. loUg time required tO reStOre them tO pro-

ductivity, the cost and unfamiliarity
with the forestry practices involved, dis-
courage the individual land owner. Sale
by the county to the State is sometimes
possible, either for State Forests or State
Game Lands. The properties must gen-
erally be of considerable size, or adjoin
land already in State ownership, to be
attractive to the Department of Forests
and Waters or the Game Commission.
At present only the Game Commission
has funds for land purchases.

Table 2. FOREST PROPERTIES OF 50 ACRES OR
MORE IN COUNTY OWNERSHIP BUT
SUBJECT TO REDEMPTION. MAY 1, 1941

County No. of Avg. Area Total Area

Properties Acres Acres

Carbon 10 363 3,634

Columbia 13 87 1,136

Dauphin 8 189 1,511

Lackawanna 28 159 4.445

Luzerne 107 118 12,651

Monroe 21 168 3,539

Montour 3 96 289

Northumberland 11 90 996

Pike 9 150 1,348

Schuylkill 47 209 9.807

Sullivan 45 135 6,068

Susquehanna 89 79 7,081

Wayne 21 115 2,414

Wyoming 9 259 2,335

Totals of Averages 421 ' 136 57,254

Fortunately there is legislation in ef-
fect to enable the counties themselves to
approach constructively the problem
presented by these lands. The County
Forest Act of 1933 (P. L. 30) provides
that tax delinquent lands may be con-
tinued in county ownership and managed
as county forests. Under public control
restoration of the forest for one purpose
or another is economically possible.

Forest restoration requires intensified
protection against fire, insects, and dis-
ease, and artificial planting of the worst-
denuded land with trees or other useful
vegetation. Here is work for the unem-
ployed— work, moreover, that does not
compete with private enterprise. Weed-
ing, thinning, and pruning of the young
forest, wildlife management, and proper
harvesting of the timber as it matures,
will continue to provide jobs in the
woods.

Two

When fully restored these county-
owned forests will prove attractive as a
source of raw material to permanent local
industries. Substantial cash returns to
local governments in many parts of the
world result from sales of wood in com-
munity forests. Even today county for-
ests will provide nearby communities
with healthful outdoor recreation; they
will prevent soil erosion, lessen floods,
and safeguard local water supplies. These
benefits will in turn be reflected in new
sources of public revenue, improved pub-
lic health, and larger private payrolls.

The rather small average size of the
county-owned properties, and their scat-
tered distribution, which have lessened
their attractiveness for State ownership,
need not debar them from consideration
as county forests. An official of one
county recently suggested that custodian-
ship of small areas could be added to the
duties of certain county employees at lit-
tle or no additional expense. Chambers
of Commerce, service clubs, and other
community groups — such as organized
sportsmen — have already shown an in-
terest in the development of local forest
tracts. By crystallizing such interest
into eff'ective measures adapted to local
conditions the problem of protecting and
administering relatively small areas may
be solved.

FORESTRY WHEEL OF FORTUNE

As a center spread, Forest Leaves is re-
producing in this issue the Forestry Wheel
of Fortune prepared by Dr. Joseph Risi.
Director of the Forest Products Labora-
tory, Quebec, showing the products de-
rived from wood and the several chemi-
cal processes involved.

Copies of this interesting study, suit-
able for use as posters (twice the present
size) will be supplied at $1.00 each on
application to the Pennsylvania Fores-
try Association, 1007 Commercial Trust
Building, Philadelphia (2).

Forest Leaves

PENNSYLVANIA

The Dogwood State''

by H. Gleason Mattoon

A D9LF MULLER, public spirited cit-
-^^^ izen of many interests, died on
July 30, 1943, but his contagious zeal
for making Pennsylvania the dogwood
state lives. During his lifetime he dis-
tributed over 300,000 dogwood seed-
lings to organizations, school children
and individuals to be planted along the
highways, on lawns and in the country-
side.

Whether his enthusiasm for the dog-
wood was aroused by the fine specimens
at Valley Forge Park in which he was
intensively interested, is not known. In
any case, the Park has become a mecca
for visitors during the display. In 1938,
a year of unusually fine bloom, nearly
1,000,000 persons traveled there to be-
hold the beauty of the flowering dog-
wood.

This truly American tree is consid-
ered by many to be the finest flowering
tree in the world. Cornus florida, for
that is its botanical name, is native to
over one-half of the United States but
it reaches the zenith of perfection in
Pennsylvania. It is attractive in the
autumn also when the rich reds of its
foliage blend with the scarlet of its clus-
tered fruit. In late fall when the birds
migrate, they stop to feast on the fruit.
In that way are the seed scattered to in-
crease the profusion of trees.

The flowering dogwood occasionally
reaches a height of 35 feet, but as a speci-
men with ample room in which to de-
velop it seldom becomes more than 20
feet tall. It prefers open woods, the edge
of a forest or the fence row where the
soil is rich but well drained. In coves
or along the bank of a stream it thrives
especially well. It is a freedom loving
tree that dislikes the regimentation of
dense woodland conditions.

That which we call the blossom of
the dogwood is actually bracts or leaves.
NovEMBKR - December, 1943

Mr. Muller's Favorite Valley Forge Dogwood.

In the center of these four large petal-
like leaves are the true flowers — a cluster
of them — small yellow-green and incon-
spicuous. The bracts are not always
white. Occasionally a tree with pink
or rose red coloring can be found grow-
ing wild. The pink dogwood which is
sold by nurseries has no doubt been prop-
agated by a cutting or graft taken from
a wild tree or the descendent of a wild-
ing. The first pink dogwoods to be used
for propagating purposes came from the
south which may account for the fact
that some are more susceptible to winter
injury than is the native tree.

Before the war we knew every subur-
ban lawn, country lane and woodland
border where the dogwood grew. In early
May our itinerary took us over highways
and byways wherever the loveliest dis-
plays were to be found. Some day we
shall again travel in early May. So let
us plant flowering dogwoods now that
there may be many more lovely displays
— living memorials to those who die that
the peoples of the world may live in
freedom.

Three

I" I

'1^

FOREST LEAVES

Published Bi-Monthly at Narherth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russell

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher E- F. Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1943

COUNTY FOREST POSSIBILITIES
IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION

When this war is at last over and the
war factories arc dark, when money will
buy steaks and gasoline and coupons are
but a memory, then men will be begging
for jobs and strikes will no longer make
the front page. When that time comes
public agencies will propose elaborate
programs of public works to provide
jobs and to ease the country again into
a less feverish, peaceful mode of life.

Presumably these made-work pro-
grams are now being studied and per-
fected by many public agencies, with
federal and state plans coordinated and
integrated — at least it is hoped that an
exchange of ideas, plans and procedure
is taking place. And it is also hoped
that in the unified program a large place
will be given to the manifold needs of
our renewable resources, particularly the
forest lands and those areas that should
be in trees. There is much needed to be
done that will make Pennsylvania a
pleasanter, healthier State with greater
opportunities for useful, congenial em-
ployment.

County, township, school and munic-
ipal forests for revenue, recreation and
watershed purposes should be well up on
the agenda for consideration. The for-
est stock survey of Pennsylvania should
be started and pushed to completion.

Four

Reforesting of abandoned fields, submar-
ginal lands and clear-cut forest lands
should not be overlooked as a construc-
tive made-work project. A billion trees
could be planted in the State without ex-
hausting the sites more suited to trees
than agriculture. But if such an exten-
sive planting program is to be under-
taken, seed must be gathered and sown
now in order that nursery stock in such
quantities will be available. Moreover
if such a planting program should in-
clude those areas of heavy deer popula-
tion, some means of protecting the
seedlings against browsing will have to
be found, otherwise the effort and stock
will be wasted.

Other projects might include the cre-
ation of a system of fire breaks, particu-
larly in the areas of greater forest fire
hazard, and other fire prevention meas-
ures. Stand improvement cuttings on
the State Forests should not be over-
looked while consideration might be
given to more comprehensive insect and
disease control. As an example, intensi-
fication of the gypsy moth eradication
work in the anthracite region might elim-
inate this pest from Pennsylvania.

Possibly of greatest social value to
large numbers in the State would be an
elaboration of the forest recreation areas.
In the western part of the State there is
definite need for a forest park and recre-
ational area within fifty miles of Pitts-
burgh. Allegheny County, in North
Park and South Park, has two fine large
county areas but these are not adequate
for the needs of that densely populated
section as is indicated by the thousands
who drive on weekends to Cook Forest
Park, 100 miles away.

Near Philadelphia the facilities are no
more adequate although completion of
Hopewell between Warwick and Potts-
town would provide an interesting, at-
tractive forest park within 40 miles of
the city.

There is no dearth of useful, construc-
tive projects. The need lies in coordinat-
ing the plans and being prepared.

H. G. M.

Forest Leaves

Farm Use for Tree Crops

*by H. Gleason Mattoon

'^V^'OOD AND OTHER tree crops for farm
^^ consumption and cash income are
so numerous and so easy to produce it is
incomprehensible that so few farm own-
ers give thought to them. All of the ways
in which trees, singly and in groups, can
make for better living for the farm own-
er, cannot be discussed here, but 1 hope
this taste will whet your appetite for
more information.

Perhaps indifference to trees on a farm
has come down through generations from
the early settlers who were confronted
with limitless forests which they had to
cut and burn in order to create a clearing
in which to build a house and produce
food. And the fight continued for years

^Prepared as address before Quaker City Farmers,
January 6, 1944.

after the clearing had been made because
in the deep, rich soil new seedlings sprang
up each year, necessitating repeated grub-
bing out. It became a continual fight to
prevent the forest from retaking the land.
So it is easy to imagine a subconscious
antipathy to trees.

But this condition is changed. We are
now exhorted to conserve our timber re-
sources and to replant marginal lands and
eroded hillsides. Timber stumpage prices
in the northeastern part of the country
are fifteen times those of forty years ago.
No State in the northeast is currently
producing as much wood as it consumes.
Pennsylvania, which is still considered a
forested State, imports 807c of the wood
products used within her borders in
peacetime.

NoVK

MBER

Norway Spruce Planting, ready to cut for Christmas Trees.

Decembkr, 1943

11 !

Five

FOREST LEAVE S

Published Bi-Monthly at Narberth, Pa., by
The PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Disseminates information and news on forestry
and related subjects.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

H. Gleason Matioon, Chairman

Philip A. Livingston Ralph P. Russixl

Mrs. Paul Lewis Mrs. R. C. Wright

Devereux Butcher E- F- Brouse

Dr. J. R. Schramm

NOVEMBER - DECEMBER, 1943

COUNTY FOREST POSSIBILITIES
IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION

When this war is at last over and the
war factories are dark, when money will
buy steaks and gasoline and coupons are
but a memory, then men will be begging
for jobs and strikes will no longer make
the front page. When that time comes
public agencies will propose elaborate
programs of public works to provide
jobs and to ease the country again into
a less feverish, peaceful mode of life.

Four

Reforesting of abandoned fields, submar-
ginal lands and clear-cut forest lands
should not be overlooked as a construc-
tive made-work project. A billion trees
could be planted in the State without ex-
hausting the sites more suited to trees
than agriculture. But if such an exten-
sive planting program is to be under-
taken, seed must be gathered and sown
now in order that nursery stock in such
quantities will be available. Moreover,
if such a planting program should in-
clude those areas of heavy deer popula-
tion, some means of protecting the
seedlings against browsing will have to
be found, otherwise the effort and stock
will be wasted.

There is no dearth of useful, construc-
tive projects. The need lies in coordinat-
ing the plans and being prepared.

H. G. M.

Forest Leaves

Farm Use for Tree Crops

*6i/ H. Gleason Mattoon

^\\^OOD AND OTHER tree crops for farm
^^ consumption and cash income are
so numerous and so easy to produce it is
incomprehensible that so few farm own-
ers give thought to them. All of the ways
in which trees, singly and in groups, can
make for better living for the farm own-
er, cannot be discussed here, but 1 hope
this taste will whet your appetite for
more information.

^Prcfmrcd as address hcforr iluakci Cih lanncrs,
Jauuary (i. H)l I.

But this condition is changed. We are
now exhorted to conserve our timber re-
sources and to replant marginal lands and
eroded hillsides. Timber stumpage prices
in the northeastern part of the country
are fifteen times those of forty years ago.
No State in the northeast is currently
producing as much wood as it consumes.
Pennsylvania, which is still considered a
forested State, imports 80% of the wood
products used within her borders in
peacetime.

^OVI MiJKK

Noru'ay Sprmc Planting, ready to cul for Christmas Trees.
DiCK.MIll.R, 19LH

Five

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

Black Locusts, 6 feet tall, two years from seed.

In the Keystone State there are about
3,600,000 acres of farm woodlots which
properly managed should grow 300,-
000,000 cubic feet of wood a year to be
used for fire wood, dimension lumber
and pulp wood. Because most of them
are understocked and poorly managed, I
doubt whether they yield 30% of that
amount. Too frequently the 10% to
20% of the farm acreage which is taken
up by the woodland is used as a reposi-
tory for dead animals, broken machinery
and refuse, and yields only fire wood.

Some owners have opened trails for
riding or walking through the woods.
This utility is not to be minimized be-
cause the uneconomic and intangible
values of a woodland are a real part of
the joy of country living. But it is not
necessary to neglect or mismanage one of
the valuable assets of the farm in order
to enjoy the beauties of its fall coloring.

A 40 acre woodlot should provide
periodic income in addition to fire wood
and lumber needed for upkeep of build-
ings and construction. I know of two
woodlands of about this acreage that are
a little over two miles apart, both of
which had excellent stands of trees
twenty years ago. The owner of one has
received $5,300 in cash from timber
sales, in addition to fireplace wood for
his home and fuel wood for two other
houses. And at no time has more than
20% of the volume of timber been cut
from it. That woodland today is com-
posed of clean, straight, tall trees which
will be ready for another cut in five years

Six

and never in the twenty years has the
woods been thin or unattractive.

In contrast, the owner of the other
tract has been little interested in plan-
ning even a year ahead so far as his wood-
land is concerned. When fire wood is
needed he cuts the handiest trees leaving
large openings which soon fill with briers
and inferior species, until there is today
less than a 50% stand with no more than
twenty trees in the 40 acres straight and
large enough to produce good lumber.
It takes no more physical effort to im-
prove a woodland than to ruin it. The
difference lies in knowing the potential-
ities and sticking to a definite program.

Grow Fence Posts, They Are Cheaper

The fact that farmers buy metal fence
posts instead of growing their own is a
tribute to the power of advertising. Black
locust posts will outlast metal ones and
cost only half as much to produce. Posts
made from other species such as catalpa
or honey locust will last nearly as long
but take somewhat longer to grow in the
eastern part of the country. One acre of
good soil will yield more fence posts than
a 500 acre farm will use.

To illustrate that statement may I tell
you of the experience of one farm owner
in Maryland. In 1930 an irregular piece
of land of about three-quarters of an acre
resulted from straightening the side of a
field adjacent to woods, to do away with
short rows. This land was planted with
black locust seedlings which were bought
from a nursery for $5.00 a thousand
Spacing them four feet by five, 1,500
were planted in the plot. The total cost
of stock and planting was $21.50.

In 1941, 200 fence posts were cut
from the stand for use on the farm. The
following winter 300 more were cut
and sold for 30c each. Another cut was
made early in 1943 amounting to 350
posts, 100 of which were for farm use
while the balance was sold for $80.00.

The total cost of cutting and shaping
850 posts was $62.00. By adding the
cost of stock, planting and care to this

Forest Leaves

and estimating the taxes on that three-
quarters of an acre for the time required
to grow the trees, we arrive at a total
cost of $123.60 or 14>4c a post. In
addition to the posts used on the farm,
the cash income amounted to $170.00
and there are remaining in the stand
1,000 posts ready to cut with others
developing as suckers from stumps of
felled trees and as seedlings.

As long as the farm is operated, that
plot, if given a little care, will continue
to produce fence posts at not more than
fourteen cents a piece. Other instances
could be cited but this should be enough
to encourage you to grow your own
fence posts.

Stock Feed

Not always will there be the scarcity
of stock feed that has existed for the last
few months, but the amount of money
a farmer makes on beef cattle or hogs
will always be in inverse ratio to the
cost of feeds. Concentrates are usually
expensive so any means found to reduce
their cost makes the possibility of prof-
itable beef or pork production so much
greater.

Feeding of hogs on mast is not new.
Acorns, walnuts, chestnuts, persimmons
and other tree seeds have been used as
hog food for generations in this country
and abroad. During the last twenty

Saw Timber from Farm Woodlot.
NOVKMBKR - DkcKMBKR, 194:^

iM^'-^M

Improved Black Walnuts 15 years old.

years research has been carried on with
the object of increasing the mast produc-
tion per tree. One of the valuable results is
the development of varieties of the honey
locust which produce an amazing amount
of food that is not only relished by beef
cattle and hogs but also produces high
quality beef and pork.

Another interesting result is that the
growing of these honey locusts in a pas-
ture actually increases the growth of grass
and lengthens the grazing period. This
IS due to the light shade which reduces
searing of the grass roots in hot, dry
weather and to the fixation of nitrogen
in the soil, a characteristic of legumes.
One of these varieties will produce as
much as 300 pounds a year in the form
of seed pods. Fifteen trees per acre will
yield two tons of concentrates having
12% to 13^ protein and 30% to
38% carbohydrates. The former is found
in the seed while the latter appears as
gelatinous material in the pod. Since
the pods drop gradually over a period of
three or four months no time is consumed
in gathering and feeding them.

For pork production some farmers
have worked out a tree food plan involv-
ing varieties of mulberry, persimmon,
honey locust and sweet acorned oaks
which provides food from early June to
January. Tree crops are becoming in-
creasingly important in low cost meat
production.

{Continued on Page 10)

Seven

,.^

Black Locusts, 6 feet tall, two years from seed.

In the Keystone State there are about
3,600,000 acres of farm woodlots which
properly managed should grow 300,-
000,000 cubic feet of wood a year to be
used for fire wood, dimension lumber
and pulp wood. Because most of them
are understocked and poorly managed, I
doubt whether they yield 30 V( of that
amount. Too frequently the 10% to
20 7f of the farm acreage which is taken
up by the woodland is used as a reposi-
tory for dead animals, broken machinery
and refuse, and yields only fire wood.

Six

and never in the twenty years has the
woods been thin or unattractive.

In contrast, the owner of the other
tract has been little interested in plan-
ning even a year ahead so far as his wood-
land is concerned. When fire wood is
needed he cuts the handiest trees leaving
large openings which soon fill with briers
and inferior species, until there is today
less than a 50'/ stand with no more than
twenty trees in the 40 acres straight and
large enough to produce good lumber.
It takes no more physical efi^ort to im-
prove a woodland than to ruin it. The
difference lies in knowing the potential-
ities and sticking to a definite program.

Groiv Fence Posts, They Are Cheaper

The total cost of cutting and shaping
850 posts was $62.00. By adding the
cost of stock, planting and care to this

Forest Leaves

and estimating the taxes on that three-
quarters of an acre for the time required
to grow the trees, we arrive at a total
cost of $123.60 or 14><c a post. In
addition to the posts used on the farm,
the cash income amounted to $170.00
and there are remaining in the stand
1,000 posts ready to cut with others
developing as suckers from stumps of
felled trees and as seedlings.

Stock Feed

Feeding of hogs on mast is not new.
Acorns, walnuts, chestnuts, persimmons
and other tree seeds have been used as
hog food for generations in this country
and abroad. During the last twenty

Saxv Tim her from Farm l\ Oodlol.
'VovKMBiR - Dkckmbkr, 194.H

Imfnoved Black Walnuts 15 years old.

Another interesting result is that the
growing of these honey locusts in a pas-
ture actually increases the growth of grass
and lengthens the grazing period. This
IS due to the light shade which reduces
searing of the grass roots in hot, dry
weather and to the fixation of nitrogen
in the soil, a characteristic of legumes.
One of these varieties will produce as
much as 300 pounds a year in the form
of seed pods. Fifteen trees per acre will
yield two tons of concentrates having
12% to 13^/ protein and 30% to
38% carbohydrates. The former is found
m the seed while the latter appears as
gelatinous material in the pod. Since
the pods drop gradually over a period of
three or four months no time is consumed
in gathering and feeding them.

((Unttitiued ou Pa^e 10)

Seven

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

TIGHT BINDING TEXT CUT OFF

Farm Use for Tree Crops

{Continued from Page 7)

Nut Trees as a Money Crop

My conviction that the improved va-
rieties of our common black walnut have
money making possibilities as great as
any other crop that can be grown in
many sections of this country is based
upon experience. In a farm program
which depends for success on several cash
crops, black walnuts should have a def-
inite place. Only within the last twenty
years have the public and the bakery and
confectionery trades begun to appreciate
the many uses of these nuts which retain
their flavor when cooked, a characteristic
of no other nut. There is an unverified
* rumor that some of the surplus of Eng-
lish or Persian walnuts has been mixed
with synthetic black walnut oil and sold
for black walnut meats. Whether true or
not it is an indication of the demand for
black walnuts which has not been met.
Several varieties are being grown, each
of which has its merits, but in the Mid-
dle Atlantic States the Ohio, Thomas,
Ten Eyck and Elmer Myers, from the
standpoint of growth and yield, appear
best. Some varieties start to bear when
they are three years old and the yield in-
creases until production reaches 5 to 10
bushels per tree.

Nuts may be sold in the shell, but
greater profit results from cracking and
selling the kernels. The present whole-
sale price of No. 1 meats is $ 1 .00 a pound
while smaller pieces sell for 75c a pound.
Since well filled nuts of any of the varie-
ties mentioned will have from 10 to 12
pounds of meats per bushel, the gross
return will range from $7.00 to $10.00.
The cost of hulling, cracking and picking
out the meats will run $1.00 per bushel.
These thinner shelled, easier cracking
varieties need plenty of space in which
to develop, so it is best to plant them on
50 foot centers. This leaves ample space
for intercropping until the trees come
into production. Soy beans, lespedeza

Ten

or other crops may be grown and har-
vested in such two story farming.

While nut prodxiction is the reason for
planting these improved varieties, never-
theless the trees are growing into valua-
ble timber which commands a good price
in war or peace. In other words, the nuts
provide immediate return while the trees
are building an estate for the next gen-
eration.

Christmas Trees

An acquaintance who owns a farm lo-
cated about 30 miles from a city, planted
part of his holding to several species of
evergreen trees in 1930. By 1939 they
had grown large enough to sell as Christ-
mas trees, so he inserted the following
classified ad in three or four nearby news-
papers:

CHRISTMAS TREES

Beginning Dec. 1st, from 9 to 5 Christmas
trees will be sold in all available sizes for
$1.50. Come and pick out your trees. No
deliveries, no Sunday sales and no dealers.

The first year he sold 3,000 trees and
since that time the yearly cut has ranged
from 4,000 to 5,500 with buyers turned
away each year. For the first four years
he averaged $5,900 gross and a hand-
some net profit each year after deducting
all costs including the taxes on the entire
farm and the cost of replanting.

On a twelve year rotation a farm
owner can plan on the sale of 200 trees
per acre a year. At $1.50 a tree, which
is a low price for 5 to 8 foot trees, the
gross return will be $300 per acre. Cost
of stock, replanting, subsequent care and
cutting will amount to not more than
60c each, leaving a net of $180.00 per
year. Is there any other crop which will
yield that amount year in and year out?
These are but a few .of the income pro-
ducing tree crops. The list is susceptible
of considerable expansion. To it might
be added those which contribute to a
fuller and richer farm life, such as food
plants for game birds and animals, habi-
tat groups for insectivorous birds and
animals, the home orchard, the wind-
break and other plantings. Incidentally

Forest Leaves

('•

the danger of planting too large an or-
chard for home use with subsequent
neglect is apparent from the number of
dilapidated fruit trees that may be seen
in a trip through any farming commu-
nity. Some of the old apple trees which
are now breeding places for insects and
diseases, should be sold. The current
price is $40.00 a thousand board feet,
Doyle rule, for sound apple logs from 3
to 8 feet in length and at least 1 2 inches
in diameter. This price is for logs at the
farm. To permit neglected trees to use
good farm land is poor management.

To create a farm plan which exempli-
fies balanced, abundant country living
requires study and integration of the pro-
gram so that there will not be too much
or too little of any component.

Injury to English Elms As
A Result of Banding

by C. R. RuNYAN

Come weeks ago the writer was asked
^ to look at a number of English elms
(Ulmus procero) growing on the
grounds of an institution in Cincinnati.
Most of the trees are large, mature speci-
mens with diameters of two feet or more,
but with a few of smaller size. While
the foliage was somewhat sparse and the
leaves showed the effects of the elm leaf
beetle, the trees at first glance appeared
in fair shape with the exception of two
trees about twelve inches in diameter.
These were dead.

Closer examination of the living trees
disclosed many areas where the outer
bark was loose. This could be detected
by the hollow sound produced by tap-
ping on the bark. When the bark was
pulled away, large areas were found
where the innerbark has been killed and
had disintegrated. Some of these areas
Were only a few inches in diameter, others
a foot or more. The two dead trees had
been completely girdled by the injury.

Removal of the outer bark exposed a

mass of matted fibrous roots in many of
the injured areas. These roots originated
from the healing cambium of the upper
edge and extended through the decaying
innerbark to the healthy tissue at the bot-
tom edge of the injured area. In many
cases this mass of roots filled the space
between wood and outer bark.

Further examination revealed that in
every case where the injury was found,
the tree had been banded with "Tangle-
foot" applied directly to the bark and
that the injury occurred only where the
banding had taken place. The bands
were not fresh but were old applications
and in some cases only traces remained.
The bark had been smoothed and addi-
tional bands applied during the present
season, but as yet no injury had occurred
as far as could be determined by super-
ficial examination.

With the evidence at hand and a his-
tory of the treatment these trees had had
in the past, the only logical conclusion
seemed to be that the damage was caused
by either the shaving of the bark, the ap-
plication of the "Tanglefoot" direct to
the bark, or both. If these trees can be
preserved the effects of the more recent
bandings should prove interesting.

The development of the adventitious
roots from the healthy tissue raises the
question of whether there is anything in
the banding material that would have
the effect of inducing root development
or whether the root development took
place merely because of moisture and the
absence of light.

Since the trees seemed to be doing the
best they could to recover and heal the
injury by bridging over the damaged
areas, the following suggestions were
made; that

1. The large injured areas be bridge
grafted in order to induce more rapid
healing.

2. While it might be too late to do
any good, the fresh "Tanglefoot" be re-
moved from the trees as far as possible
by mechanical means.

(Continued on Page 16)

NoVE

MBKR - DlCKMBKR, 194.8

Eleven

Forestry Bills In Congress

FOUR IMPORTANT forestry bills are now
before Congress for which immediate
support is essential. They have to do
with cooperative forest fire control for-
est management, the completion of the
Forest Survey and forest taxation. The
present status of each is given below.

1. SJ5, Authorizing an increase for
cooperative forest fire control under the
Clarke-McNary Act from $2,500,000 to
$9,000,000. This measure which has al-
ready passed the Senate, was reported
favorably by the House Committee on
Agriculture on December 10, 1943, with
the following amendment:

^'Provided, That the appropriation
under this authorization shall not
exceed $6,300,000 for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1946 and $8,300,-
000 for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1947/'

2. S.250, To promote sustained-yield
forest management, etc. This bill has
also passed the Senate and was reported
favorably December 16, 1943, by the
House Committee on Agriculture with
an amendment which would authorize
expenditures from regular management
and protection funds available for fed-
eral lands for purposes of the act plus
additional special appropriations not to
exceed $150,000 for the Department of
Agriculture and $50,000 for the Depart-
ment of Interior for a single year.

The above amendments are considered
an acceptable compromise. It is there-
fore urgently requested that you wire
immediately your Representatives in the
House urging their favorable action and
your Senators to agree to the House
amendments on both these bills.

3. H. R. 7456— Randolph— An Act
to increase the authorization for appro-
priation for the Forest Survey. The
House Committee on Agriculture report-

Twelve

ed favorably on the principle of this but
with certain desirable modifications in
provisions for appropriations, reading as
follows:

"There is hereby authorized to be
appropriated, out of any money in
the Treasury not otherwise appro-
priated, not to exceed $750,000 an-
nually to complete the initial survey
authorized by this section: Provid-
ed, that the total appropriation of
federal funds under this section to
complete the initial survey shall not
exceed $6,500,000. There is addi-
tionally authorized to be appropri-
ated not to exceed $250,000 an-
nually to keep the survey current."

A substitute bill was introduced (H. R.
3848) by Congressman Randolph cover-
ing these changes. It is urgently re-
quested that you communicate with
Representative Randolph of West Vir-
ginia and your own representatives in
Congress indicating support of H. R.
3848.

4. Forest Taxation, On December 14
the Senate Committee on Internal Rev-
enue reported favorably on certain desir-
able features of the Forest Industries
Committee proposal to amend the Inter-
nal Revenue Code to correct inequalities
in federal income and capital gain tax on
timber, the House having previously
acted unfavorably upon it. It is urged
that you first wire your Senators favor-
ing the proposal and then address com-
munications to your Representatives so
that if Senate action is favorable the
House will concur in it.

Please get in touch with your Con-
gressman and Senators urging support or
these bills.

H. Gleason Mattoon,

Secretary
Forest Leaves

Pennsylvania Nut Growers'
Association

A Practical Body of Nut Growers Whose

Aim Is to Stimulate Greater Interest

in Nut-Tree Planting

Black Walnut Kernel

NUT TREES OF THE UPPER
CONESTOGA VALLEY

poR YEARS AND years the patrons of
^ nut trees have toured the country to
observe the wonders of some fine old nut
trees preserved from the axe. Now
comes the thrill of standing in awe at the
renewal of this heritage in young trees of
improved varieties starting to bear.

The Conestoga Valley is in truth one
of the birth places of fine walnuts and
shellbarks. Their part in the history of
the Pennsylvania Dutch has been pro-
found for the wily emigrants from the
Rhine Valley seeking a new home free
from sword and strife held dear the tra-
ditions of their ancestors and abided by
it seeking a haven in Penn's famous
woods. "Never settle where the cedars
grow, and where the walnuts and oaks
thrive there will you find the deepest
soil." Thus came the forefathers of that
valley treking slowly westward from
the port of Philadelphia, noticed the
cedars peter out on the highlands sur-
rounding the head waters of the Cones-
toga and the walnut, shellbark, and oak
take over in the valley.

They plowed their soil well and kept
it, while the balance of America plowed
It and surrendered it to the sea. Ever
Watchful of better things showing on the
horizon, the introduction of improved
nut trees was to their liking. They loved
their nut trees in the fence rows, mea-
dows, and ridges, but these exclusive

NovKMBKR - Decembkr, 1943

monarchs of the forest resented trans-
planting. When improved methods made
It possible to do this a Conestoga farmer
planted a few. Then another and an-
other.

One day in August we took a trip to
Isaac Frederick's farm on route 23 below
Goodville. As we traveled several miles
through this breathtaking garden spot of
fertility we noticed here and there a hy-
brid shellbark and here and there a pecan,
hican or grafted black walnut, and a four
foot chestnut on a front lawn bending
down with burrs. But the greatest thrill
of all was found in Isaac Frederick.

Using Nut Trees in a Balanced
Farm Program

Mr. Frederick's farm of 55 acres sits
on a knoll pushed up from the floor of
this great valley. On one side his fertile
fields slope into a rock pasture. Sprinkled
over this are several native walnuts, but-
ternuts, and shellbarks. Here he tries his
hand at grafting the younger trees. And
like all beginners his luck makes the
nurserymen envious.

Scattered nursery trees spot the edges,
two Korean pines, a "big shellbark" and
several improved honey locust. In one
corner in the semi-shade of larger trees
is a little nursery where Chinese chest-
nuts and Wm. Penn Burr Oaks are grow-
ing to be set out on a steep slope next
spring. In one corner a small bee yard
adds to the Pennsylvania Dutch com-
pleteness. Along his fence row one finds
a heartnut, Jap chestnuts, Chinese chest-
nuts, several varieties of black walnuts
and a butternut he grew from English
walnut seed. This tree is indeed inter-
esting because it shows no influence of
English in its appearance. I wonder
what nut it will bear. Around the barn,
chicken house and garden we find pecans,
hickories, walnuts, persimmons and
along the highway a short row of filberts.

He showed me his young flock of black
leghorn and Hampshire red chickens and
houses of laying hens. Then we met his
wife, son and daughter, all interested in

Thirteen

* making a living program." Jumping
in his Ford we bounced back to a clover
field across the road which lies straddle
a higher limestone knoll. His love for
the soil was expressed in a few words as
I looked the fields over and reflected,
'*What gullies if a Tennessee farmer
farmed this field." Said he "Now the soil
on this slope is thin. I can do pretty well
if I grow grass or small grain but if I
grow corn, it washes enough to make
you sick."

"Here," said he, "is the place I'm going
to put the chestnuts now growing in the
nursery." Carefully he explained that he
is going to plow contour terraces and
plant the trees on them. By the side of
the field I was introduced to two of Dr.
J. Russell Smith's hardy Chinese per-
simmons. Are they hardy? Well, he
pulled the amateur trick of planting these
questionably hardy trees in the fall and
after the hardest winter in twenty years
for trees, these are starting nicely.

Turning around I saw for the first
time in my life my dream of intelligent,
plow-crop use of the soil. On the rocky
outcroppings in this field he has planted
Chinese chestnuts, three here, five there,
as needed to use each knoll unfit for
plowing, with more persimmons and
honey locust on the fence rows.

This project is about three years old
with nothing bearing yet. And what is
more, nothing cultivated, but as a busy
farmer he's giving them the best care pos-
sible. Living close to nature and not a
money hog, time isn't so important to
him. He keeps sowing and planting and
leaves the increase in the hands of God,
to come in due season.

In the agricultural world there has
been a philosophical expression "how
much is a hog's time worth" as a retort
to one haranguing about forcing hogs for
quick returns. As I reviewed Isaac's pro-
gram of letting his trees grow, fast
enough to prevent runtiness and slow
enough to insure hardiness of the tree,
the thought came to me, how much is a
tree's time worth.

Fourteen

It is not he that talks about planting,
not he that wishes he had planted, but
he that planteth gets nuts. Therefore,
plant that ye may obtain.

NUT CROP REPORT

by E. C. Rice Abisher, Kentucky

ABOUT THIS year's walnut crop.
Generally speaking I have a light
crop. Some trees are carrying a good
crop but most of them are not bearing
at all or at best light crops. As usual
Thomas is ahead, though most of the
others have a few nuts. The Stambaugh
is a regular and sometimes a heavy bearer.
None of my Carpathian English walnuts
are bearing yet. My Schaffer English
walnut tree got frost bitten this spring
as well as most of the other hardy Eng-
lish walnuts. The Tuttle catalogue I
had, claimed the Schaffer, a late vege-
tator, located in a frost pocket and never
had been killed by frost. But mine
caught it in the neck this time.

About Jap persimmons, they are no
good with me. They bore some fruit but
all were killed in the severe winter of
1939-1940. I am starting over this
spring with a variety sent me by a Mr.
Herschi of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Of course, I don't know how they
will do.

You might be interested to know that
the filberts I got about nine years ago
failed to bear this year for the first time
since they became of bearing age.

It might be of interest to you also to
know that practically all my walnut
grafting this time was Thomas, just a
few Stablers and a variety or two for
trial. My interest in the Stabler has in-
creased since my oldest trees began to
bear. They are slower than Thomas to
bear but don't they crack fine.

I have a few trial trees of Elmer My-
ers, not yet bearing.

My 1943 walnut crop will be one-
half what the '42 crop was. All wild
walnuts I have noticed are a failure or
near failure.

Forest Leaves

•J'hI;.!:^^^!^^;^^!^;,

CHESTNUT DOINGS IN
MARYLAND

Mr. John W. Hershey,
Downingtown,
Pennsylvania
Dear Mr. Hershey:

These 150 chestnut trees have been
planted about 10 years. I had about
250 arid the United States Department
of Agriculture instructed me to set them
where the native chestnuts had done well,
even if the ground was quite poor. On
the back of my farm were dead chestnuts
more than 7 ft. across the butt; and I
thought I had the ideal spot, not real-
izing at that time that these old dead
trees were probably 250 years old and
had started their growth before the greed
of the white men had filled the fields with
gulleys and washed away the top soil.
I gave these trees good care for about
four years but they refused to grow and
I became disgusted with them and quit.
The next year I took up some of these
trees and planted them on good ground,
and they have done well enough to suit
anyone. We had trees this year that
yielded 30 to 40 pounds of nuts. We
could not begin to supply the demand.

These are Chinese chestnuts, two vari-
eties, some are small, about like the best
of our old native nuts and large nuts.
There is quite a difference in the shape
of the trees and also in the shape of the
burrs and nuts. Some of the trees are
beautiful, and one tree produces four
nuts to most every burr. I am past 70
years of age and should think of dying
rather than plant trees, but I am going
to plant 200 this spring just the same;
they will probably do someone some
good. With best regards,

Van Reynolds

"The Thomas black walnuts bear
marvelous crops of high quality. The
Chinese chestnut trees have borne good
crops for the last several years and bid
fair to repeat their performance.*'

John E. Cannaday, M.D.

Charlestown, W. Va.

NovKMBER - Decembkr, 1943

Pollination of the
Broadview English

by J. W. Gellatley

"Degarding BROADVIEW pollination.
^^ The parent tree is undoubtedly self-
pollinating, for there is no other nut
tree within a reasonable distance of value
as a pollinator. I have had some trouble
with young trees of all kinds dropping
the young nuts when the size of peas.

But I have had a good set on my
Broadview trees by saving their own
pollen if it came ahead of the female
flowers, and applying it with the rub-
ber on the end of the ordinary pencil.
I employ high school girls for this work.
Last year paid 20c per hour, this year
30c. Looks like a good crop again this
year. Sold eating nuts at 60c a pound
wholesale.

In pollinating I had four girls work-
ing on 18 foot ladders. I moved the
ladders and did the highest limbs myself
by standing on top the 1 8 foot ladders.
I know we cannot keep that up as the
trees get larger but then they may steady
down to better balanced cropping of their
own accord. Or other trees may produce
pollen at the blooming date of Broad-
view. I have a lot of correspondence
praising the hardiness and other good
points of Broadview walnut and if it
lives up to present reputation, I will al-
ways feel I made a good contribution to
northern nut culture when I propagated
and introduced this variety of walnut.

"The Thomas black walnut I bought
in 1931 is of fine size and bearing well.
The McCallister hican I bought is hand-
some and beginning to bear. The Bixby
hican I bought later, started very slowly
but is doing well now."

Raymond L. Wright

Clayton, Delaware, R. D. 1

Fifteen

Timber War Project in
Pennsylvania

Foresters from many public agencies
met in Lewistown recently under the
aegis of the War Production Board to
implement a State wide drive to increase
lumber and pulpwood production. Spe-
cifically the Pennsylvania Timber Pro-
duction War Project was initiated with
H. B. Rowland, Assistant Chief, Divi-
sion of Protection of the Department of
Forests and Waters as Director.

This is a W. P. B. plan but the details
of administration will devolve upon for-
esters of the U. S. Forest Service, the
Pennsylvania Department of Forests and
Waters, the Forestry Department of
Pennsylvania State College, the Exten-
sion Foresters, District Foresters and
their Assistants and the Cooperative
Farm Foresters. In addition to person-
nel of the agencies mentioned, representa-
tives of W. P. B. and the Bureau of Plant
Industry were present at the meeting.

The principal effort will be devoted
to aiding everyone engaged in lumber and
pulpwood production in the State. All
are to be visited, giving them assistance
— if needed — in filling out the multitu-
dinous forms and reports that have be-
come more and more complicated. Help
in carrying on correspondence with the
various agencies will also be given. When
lack of labor is a limiting factor in pro-
duction, an attempt will be made to se-
cure the necessary help, either men or
women. When essential help is to be
drafted, the good ofliices of members of
the Project may aid in getting a defer-
ment.

Although it is believed less necessary,
if called upon, assistance will be given the
timber owner in arranging a satisfactory
contract for the cutting of timber. Un-
usual markets for special timber products
will also be probed.

Similar projects have been set up in
neighboring States. The War Produc-
tion Board hopes that the entire north-

Sixteen

eastern section of the country will be
blanketed with such projects by spring,
as an aid in stepping up production of
lumber and pulpwood to meet war needs.

INJURY TO ENGLISH ELMS

(Continued from Page U)

3. The root masses forming under the
outer bark, if alive, be allowed to grow
and the trees thereby do as much healing
for themselves as they would.

4. The banding method be discontin-
ued or the material applied on cotton, or
on paper bands with cotton beneath.

5. Sprays be substituted for banding
for control of the leaf eating insects.

Repritited from ARBORISTS NEWS, November 1943.

»()«»<ii

Planf CHINESE HYBRID CHESTNUT |
TREES for Pleasure and ProHf |

Blight Resistant and Early Bearers, Sweet Like
the Old American, Send for Catalog.

RUMBAUGH CHESTNUT FARM

DUNCANNON, PA.

Cherrv Trees ^^ Mazzard Roots

^^■■^1 I J ■ ■ ^^^ Q^^ ^j ^^^ Specialties

ENTERPRISE NURSERIES

Geo. E. Stein & Son

R. D. 1 WRIGHTSVILLE, PA.

Complete catalog fumislied upon request.

NUTS IN 4
YEARS

CHESTNUTS

Bearing Blight - Resistant

Easily grown, heavy yielders. Northern strains

SUNNY RIDGE NURSERY

443 NEW ST.

SWARTHMORE, PA.

NUT BEARING TREES

Since 1896 Jones' Nurseries liave been
grrowingr improved varieties of nut trees.
Descriptive catalogrue free.

J. F. JONES NURSERIES

Dept. 1441 I^ANCASTER, PA.

JFJOMIS

When you're stumped as to how to
make your farm pay, just write us
for list of nut and crop trees and
how to use them. Fifty years of
TREE CROPSexperlence In twenty gives us a

good background as a consultant.

NUT TREES
and

NUT TREE NURSERIES

JOHN W. HERSHEY
.DOWNINGTOWN, PA.

Box 65r'

LIVINGSTON PUBLISHING CO.
NARBERTH, PENNSYLVANIA

Forest Leaves

THE PENNSYLVANIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

Honorary President

Samuel L. Smedley

Victor Beede
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. O. E. Jennings
F. G. Knights

Secretary

H. Gleason Mattoon

Victor Beede
E. F. Brouse
Francis R. Cope, Jr.
Dr. G. a. Dick
John W. Hershey
Philip A. Livingston

Vice-Presidents

Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Edward C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm

EXECUTIVE BOARD

Roy A. Wright
H. Gleason Mattoon
Wm. S. B. McCaleb
Stanley Mesavage
Edw. C. M. Richards
Dr. J. R. Schramm
H. L. Shirley

President

Wilbur K. Thomas

Francis R. Taylor
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

' Treasurer

Roy a. Wright

Samuel L. Smedley
Francis R. Taylor
Wilbur K. Thomas
Dr. E. E. Wildman
George H. Wirt
Edward Woolman

Samuel F. Houston

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Edward Woolman, Chairman

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

Frank M. Hardt

E. F. Brouse
Devereux Butcher

Edward S. Weyl
F. R. Cope, Jr.

E. F. Brouse

H. Gleason Mattoon, Chairman

Mrs. Paul Lewis Dr. J. R. Schramm

P. A. Livingston Mrs. Robert C. Wright

Ralph P. Russell

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE

F. R. Taylor, Chairman

Wm. Clarke Mason
W. W. Montgomery

AUDITING COMMITTEE
Ralph P. Russell, Chairman

Edward Woolman

TIONESTA COMMITTEE
Francis R. Cope, Jr., Chairman
Dr. Arthur W. Henn Dr. J. R. Schramm

Edward C. M. Richards Dr. H. H. York

&'■

*-^^^T3—

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