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NOW FIRST PRINTED FROM THE MANUSCRIPT IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM,
WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
WILLIAM STUBBS, M.A.,
VICAB OF NAVESTOCK, LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, OXFORD.
Sonte:
J. H. AND J. PARKER.
1861.
$ rinttb bg Messrs, farktr, Cornwarbl,
INTRODUCTION
1. HAROLD, the son of Godwin, was a man the least
record of whose acts and fate has an interest for English-
men. He was also one, if history tells the truth about him,
not one of whose deeds or designs can fairly be looked on
as being without weight or significance. His was the truest
heart, and the wisest head, and the strongest and gentlest
hand in the land *.
If, as we have every reason to think, his foundation of
Waltham was not a mere conforming with the fashion of
the age, but the cherished design of a wise devotion, and
an expression of a true sense of the needs of his Church
and country at the time, the following pages, which contain
ah 1 that is known of the history of it, have an interest not
confined to local antiquaries, or indeed to antiquaries at all.
2. The history of the Church of England before the
Norman Conquest must be studied in its own records if
we are to gain a correct notion, much more if we are to
form an adequate idea of it. From its very beginning it
presents itself to us in strong contrast with the history of
the Continental Churches. Its framework was not built up
on the foundations, nor its lines of demarcation drawn on
the plan, of the old Roman empire. A complete wave of
change had gone over the country between the Roman
occupation and the mission of Augustine. Forests were
now full grown where towns had been, and the new settle-
1 For our author's account of Harold's most instances. The strongest argu-
character see chapters 14 and 20; and ment in favour of the perjury story is to
compare Vita Eadwardi, ed. Luiird, pp. be found in the fact that Ea^mer be-
408, 409, and Flor. Wig., \. 224. Of lieved it : but he wrote nearly sixty
course the Norman historians and para- years after it is said to have taken place,
sites blacken it as much as they can, but and long after the history of the time
their falsehoods refute themselves in had been corrupted.
a2
iy INTRODUCTION.
ments were placed where the surrounding wilderness re-
minded the invaders of their old home, where a vast ' mark'
was considered as a proof of strength and prowess. And
so in the course of The Conversion the English kingdoms
received the foreign missions and religious ways of the
Roman, Irish, Burgundian, and Oriental apostles; but
amalgamating them in their own way, and being themselves
united and amalgamated by them, they grew up, in one
aspect into the Church,' in the other and later one into the
Nation of the English. Thus although a knowledge of the
general history of the Church may enable us with a measure
of truth to predicate of one part of it what is true of an-
other, this is less the case with our own than with foreign
Churches. What is true of them generally is often only
approximately and partially true of England. This is not
said with an intention of understating the value of the
study of contemporary Church history, but to warn students
against the notion that that study will any way supersede
the necessity of studying our own. One of the first and
most striking distinctions will be found in the fact that
England was converted to Christianity principally by the
work of monks and monastically-trained priests, a class
which thus acquired a prestige 2 beyond that of the secular
clergy, which was never wholly lost until the Reformation.
3. The difference between a monastery of monks and a
minster of secular priests or canons consisted in the fact
that the inmates of the former were bound by vows of
obedience, poverty, and chastity, but were not necessarily
in holy orders ; those of the latter were ordinary clergymen,
bound by no particular vows, but living together on common
estates, serving a common church, and under common local
statutes. Both were bound to do their best to serve God
and man, the former by prayer and (in practice, if not rule)
2 Ordericus Vitalis (iv. 6) remarks on conventual cathedrals as almost peculiar
to England.
INTRODUCTION. V
by study, the latter by taking care of souls, and trying to
turn the business of the world into a channel most con-
ducive to the glory of God. The monks, even before they
were formed into a corporate society by minute organi-
zation, were, owing to the uniformity of their rale, a much
more compact body than the seculars ever have been, had
much more esprit de corps, and could always make their
influence felt. They had also, unfortunately, almost a mono-
poly in writing history. Nearly all our information on the
history of the Church and Nation up to the sixteenth cen-
tury is drawn from monastic, chiefly Benedictine, annals 3 .
All praise to the monks for it, for we have to thank them
for an unrivalled corpus historicum ; the debt is one that
none will deny but the most ignorant pretender to know-
ledge. Still we may be allowed to doubt whether certain
passages of history would not be' read differently with the
light of a secular comment ; such, for instance, as concern
cathedral institutions, the marriage of the clergy, preaching,
and the cure of souls.
4. If we take four points, the age of Bede, that of Alcuin,
that of Dunstan, and the Conquest, we may get as clear a
notion as so hasty a glance will enable us, and one clear
enough perhaps for our present need, of the position of the
two parties.
In Bede's time 4 we find priests and monks, nuns and
mynchyns, comfortably settled together in the same houses ;
3 Of course there are a few excep- during the early periods is not a con-
tions, such as Henry of Huntingdon and elusive proof that any particular house
Ralph de Diceto, but the general con- was of monks alone. York Minster was
trast between the few secular annalists governed by an abbot in the ninth cen-
and the monastic will be seen on a com- tury, and the first mention I find of a
parison of the history of Lichfield (Ang. prior in an English church is in 821.
Sac., i. 423) with the annals of Worces- On the other hand, the mention of a dean
ter in the same volume. The latter are does not prove that there were no monks,
general, and the work of a body of men for Canterbury, Worcester, and Evesham
continuing through ages, the former the had deans up to the Conquest. For
isolated effort of a local chronicler. abbots of seculars see Mabillon, Elogivm
4 Bede, iv. 23, &c.; Counc. Cealc- Aleuini, Opp. Ale., ed. Migne, vol. ii,
Tiythe, Wilk., i. 147; Asser, Mon. Hist. pp. 1419, 1427.
Srit., p. 493. The mention of an abbot
vi INTRODUCTION.
there were secular as well as regular abbots, men and women
together, sometimes under the rule of a man, sometimes of
a woman. By the time of Alcuin the monks had begun to
envy the liberties and privileges of the clergy, looked on
holy orders as a way of slipping from their vows, and assi-
milated themselves in dress and manners to their rivals.
The Danish invasion and the reformation of the Benedic-
tine rule both tended to the decline and destruction of the
old monasteries : in Alfred's time there was scarcely a man
to be found fit to be made a monk. Under Odo and Dun-
stan a reaction followed. Great efforts were made to turn
the seculars out of their colleges and cathedral churches,
and were to a great extent successful. It is doubtful, how-
ever, whether any of the cathedrals were quite cleared of
secular canons before the Conquest. Another change set
in during the first half of the eleventh century. The Danish
monarchs naturally favoured the party that Ethelred and
his advisers had oppressed. Colleges of importance rose
up quickly, and continued to do so notwithstanding the
attachment of Edward the Confessor to the monks. The
movement was perhaps local : the northern province owes
to it her famous cluster, Ripon, Beverley, and Southwell ;
Cornwall and Devon had much more than their share ;
Shrewsbury had at least four. There are in Domesday
Book between thirty and forty distinct references to endow-
ments of this class (besides the cathedral churches) existing
in the time of King Edward 5 .
5. Harold is described in the charter of Waltham as "ca-
nonicae regulse strenuus institutor." If these words have
any real meaning, (and the epithet " strenuus" is applicable
to Harold in everything his hand found to do,) it must be
5 The origin of secular colleges was includes the king's free chapels, in some
probably the desire of the kings and cases large chantries, rectories in por-
great nobles to have about them a body tions and medieties, corporations of hos-
of chaplains, counsellors, and instructors pital priests, and the educational foun-
resembling the chapters of the bishops' dations of the Universities,
cathedrals. At a later period the term
INTRODUCTION. Vll
that he was from conviction a supporter of the system of
Canonical organization of colleges of secular clergy. We
can imagine the reasons that made him so : the foreign
predilections of the monks, favoured by the " simple" mo-
narch on the throne ; the decay of learning which was be-
ginning to be felt in the institutions which had the mono-
poly of it, and which it was reserved for the energy of Lan-
franc to counteract ; and the danger which a monastic power,
separated in ideas and sympathies from the people and
wielded by worldly men, always entails on the religion and
happiness of a nation. The monks, like the friars of later
times, were always in extremes, sometimes before, sometimes
behind the age. The heroic patriotism displayed by some of
their fraternities at the moment of the Conquest and shortly
after it would, if anything could, disprove this statement :
but the effort was short and spasmodic, and served but to
rivet the fetters on the people, who would have made it
successful if it had been attempted a few years earlier.
The multiplication of secular colleges was one of the
most likely means of raising up a clergy whose knowledge
of mankind, general learning, and thorough sympathy with
Englishmen, might improve the character and help to save
the souls of the people Harold loved. Alfred and Edward
the Elder, Athelstan and Cnut, had shewn their sense of
this by secular foundations ; the heroes of the monks were
Ethelwulf, Eadred, and Eadgar : the contrast is a speaking
one. Nor was the lesson lost on English statesmen who
followed them, such as were the great bishops of the family
of Beck 6 , Archbishops Thoresby and Chicheley, Walter of
Merton, and William of Wykeham.
6 See Antony Beck's reason for found- of Leofric, and the preparation of a
ing Lanchester, Mon. Angl., vi. 1334. burial-place. As for the popular notion
He and his brother Thomas together on such subjects, drawn from the doc-
founded at least six colleges. Githa, trine of merits, we may well believe that
the mother of Harold, founded a college a man like Harold would adopt what
at Hartland. Other reasons may have seemed to him the most effectual means
co-operated with these, as, for instance, of accumulating good works doing the
the rivalry of the munificent foundations most good.
Vlll INTRODUCTION.
6. As, for such reasons, a strenuous supporter of the
secular clergy, we may well believe Harold to have founded
his college. His choice of the place was probably directed
by the grant of large estates in the neighbourhood, and de-
termined by the fact that there was in the church already
existing a wonder-working crucifix of no small fame. This
Holy Cross of Waltham had been found at Montacute in
Somersetshire several years before, after a search ordered
by a spiritual visitant to the smith and sexton of the vil-
lage : Tovi, the owner of the parish, is said by the legend
to have been standard-bearer to Cnut, and is known from
Domesday Book to have had very large estates in other
counties. He offered a church with a liberal endowment
for the newly discovered treasure. The cart on which
the cross was placed stood still at the offer of his other
estates, but started off at once at the name of Waltham.
Here accordingly, in his old hunting-ground, he built a
church, and endowed two priests to take care of the Holy
Cross, and of the souls of the sixty-six parishioners whose
bodies had been healed of different diseases by its mira-
culous powers.
However credible or incredible the story may now ap-
pear, Harold seems to have believed it, and chose to build
a new church and college at Waltham.
7. He had seen a good deal of the world ; had visited
France, Germany, and Rome. It is possible that during
his travels he had kept in view a purpose that his intended
foundation should have the benefit of his experience. In
Normandy he had seen a new style of architecture spring-
ing up which would suit well the climate and scenery of
his own land. In Germany he had seen a state of order
maintained in the college schools and monasteries, which
could not fail to strike him as contrasting with similar
institutions in England. And at Rome, like every Eng-
lishman before and since, he found himself tempted with
INTRODUCTION. IX
a display of relics to be bought with English gold, and
only too fascinating to English piety. Anyhow, when he
did begin his work at Waltham, he took care that his own
college should not be behind the chiefest institutions he
had seen abroad, in art, learning, sanctity, or general
efficiency.
8. Having determined to found a college of canons,
Harold made it his first care to provide the best possible
form of management, and to get the best advice for the
composition of his statutes. And this he was fortunately
enabled to do by his connexion with Germany. The in-
tercourse of England with Germany was close at this time :
the Emperor had married a daughter of Cnut, half-sister
of the King; the ^Ethelings, Edmund and Edward, had
married nieces of the Emperor; the Confessor himself
had put on his arms once, and taken to the sea-king's life
in command of his own fleet, in aid of Caesar against the
Flemings ; alliances in the empire were probably cultivated
by the national party as a counterpoise to the overweening
influence of the Normans at ^ court; Tostig, a brother of
Harold, had married a niece or daughter of Baldwin ;
Aldred, the patriotic bishop and friend of Harold, had
resided tor nearly a year at Cologne as ambassador to
Henry ; German clerks were at the head of the Wessex
Church ; Herman, Bishop of Sherborn, was a Fleming or
Lorrainer ; Duduc of Wells a Saxon ; the King and Queen
both had Lorrainers as chaplains ; and Leofric, the Bishop
of Exeter, though a Breton, it is said, by birth, was edu-
cated in Lorraine. It was in Lorraine that the system of
secular colleges may be said to have originated, for Chro-
degang, the Bishop of Metz, was the first who brought
his clerks under statutes, and is generally reputed the
founder of the canonical life. Although the rule of Chro-
degang had long been almost obsolete, the state of the
colleges of Lorraine and the neighbouring parts of Ger-
X INTRODUCTION.
many, and their character as schools of education, were
far better than those of similar establishments in France
and North Italy. It is not to be wondered at, therefore,
that Harold, either by the exercise of his own judgment,
or, as it is stated in the Vita, by the influence of the Em-
peror, Henry III., was led to choose as his adviser Athe-
lard, a native of Liege, and student of Utrecht. In his
native town he had probably been a pupil of Adelman, the
friend and schoolfellow of Berengarius, and at Utrecht taken
part in the canonical revival promoted by Bishop Bernulf,
who died in 1054, after founding two collegiate churches.
9. The rule of Chrodegang differed little from the monastic
rule of Benedict, except in the article of poverty : canons
were allowed to have some small right of ownership in their
property, though neither to manage it nor bequeath it as
they pleased. Owing to the fact that the life and habits of
secular clergy necessitated a greater amount of liberty and
independence than that of the monks, the rule had proved
too stringent on the Continent, where it had been favoured
by emperors and councils, and even been pressed by them
for acceptance in all houses of clerks ; it will be no matter
of surprise if we find that it had never made way in Eng-
land. An attempt was made to introduce it in the Lega-
tine Council of 786, which probably went no further in
effect than to change the name of secular clerks into that
of canons, and to turn secular abbots into deans. Early
in the ninth century Archbishop Wulfred tried, even be-
fore the enactments of the Council of Aix la Chapelle,
to persuade his "family" to use a common refectory and
dormitory, giving them permission to possess the houses
or rooms they had built within the monastery, and to be-
queath them among their brethren 7 . But this was not
7 Kemble, C. D., 200. A similar agreement between Gunther of Cologne and
his canons is noted by ecclesiastical historians as a sign of the decadence of the
system.
INTRODUCTION. XI
enough to secure the obedience of the clerks, and from the
year of Wulfred's death to 995, if not later, they seem to
have had their own way. There is no doubt that the
great stumbling-block was the custom of the common
dormitory, which was incompatible with the existence of
a married clergy, such as continued in England for sixty
years after the Conquest. We know on the testimony of
William of Malmesbury that the Lotharingian rule never
was accepted in England. He gives an account of the at-
tempt of Leofric, Bishop of Exeter, to introduce it into his
church. Some remains of it existed (the system of "com-
mons " or rations) in his own day, but the dormitory and
refectory had long been disused. Giso of Wells soon after
the foundation of Waltham had done the same, but his
buildings were pulled down by his successor. Archbishop
Thomas of York likewise attempted it, but was obliged a
few years after to undo his work, and to refound his cathe-
dral on the old secular basis, with such improvements and
additions as have lasted to our own time 8 . Instead of
attempting any general alteration of existing foundations,
later reformers set up the rival order of Canons Regular
of Saint Augustine, to which in process of time we shall
find Waltham made over, in common with several similar
foundations.
10. Whilst the Waltham scheme was in progress in
1059, Pope Nicolas II. promulgated a decree that secular
priests living together should use a common table 9 : but
the founders did not act upon this order. We read not
a word of either refectory or dormitory, and we know
that Athelard was himself a married man. The discipline
of reprimand, private and public, corporal punishment and
deprivation, is especially remarked by our author as con-
8 Malmesb., Gesta Pont., lib. ii. ; Ecclesiastical Documents, Camel. Soc., pp. 17,
22; Stubbs apud Twysden, c. 1708, 1709.
9 Robertson's Church History, ii. 705. Jafie ad 1059.
Xli INTRODUCTION.
tinuing to within his recollection 10 . The canons were dieted,
but on a much more liberal scale than that of Chrode-
gang 11 , and no attempt was made to interfere with their
private property.
The organization of the college was simple : the dean
was the only dignitary ; the other offices which were intro-
duced into the English cathedrals towards the close of the
century were not here distributed to distinct stalls, but either
held by the brethren best qualified for them, or perhaps,
as in the present college system, by election and rotation.
Athelard, under the name of ' Magister Scholarum/ dis-
charged the duties of chancellor and treasurer. We read
also of two minor prebendaries or minor canons 12 , and
officers bearing the name of 'custos ecclesiae' and sacristan.
The position of the ' Magister Scholarum 13 ' is recognised
as most important in such cathedral statutes of the age as
have come down to us, and our author speaks from long
experience of the way in which it was maintained at Walt-
ham by Athelard and his son Peter in succession. The
gravity, grace, and pious demeanour of the schoolboys was
exemplary ; and no praise could be too- great for the care
with which they were made to learn by heart, and to shew
a reverent and devout behaviour in church.
11. The endowment of Waltham, although it seems in-
significant by the side of the Confessor's rich foundation
at Westminster, was very liberal, and doubtless intended to
be more so. The charter of Edward confirms the grant
of eighteen estates, viz. Northland in Waltham, three hides ;
Passefeld, two hides minus thirty acres ; Weald, two hides ;
Upminster, two and a-half hides and forty acres ; Walcfare,
i
10 Ch. 15; Regula Chrod., c. 17; masses, which were celebrated at an
Man si, xiv. 321. early hour, after the lections in chapter,
11 Regula Chrod., c. 22, 23; Mansi, were devolved on the minor canons,
xiv. 323, 324. See Stat. S. Paul, p. 353; Stat. Lichf.,
12 Ch. 27. Two minor prebendaries Mon. Angl., vi. 1257.
were endowed to read the Gospel altern- 13 Stat. S. Paul, Ellis's Dugdale, p. 348 ;
ately in the capitular masses. These Stat. Lichfield, Mon. Angl, vi. 1256.
INTRODUCTION. Xlll
four hides, minus forty acres ; Tippedene, three hides and
forty acres ; Alwarton, three and a-half hides and ten acres ;
Woodford, five hides ; Lambeth, eight hides ; Nazing, five
hides; Brickendon, five hides; Melnho, four and a-half;
Arlsey, eight; Wurmeley, five; Loughton, six and a-half
and twenty acres ; West Waltham, three ; Hiche, pro-
bably five; and Nettleswell, the extent of which is un-
known. The canons appear also in Domesday Book as
possessing two hides and a-half in Epping. Most of these
lands lay in Essex ; the exceptions being West Waltham
in Berkshire, Hitchin, Brickendon, and Wurmley in Hert-
fordshire, Lambeth in Surrey, and Melehou and Arlsey
in Bedfordshire. Tippedene and Alwarton are described
in Domesday Book as in the Hundred of Ongar, but they
are not to be recognised now, nor does the college appear
to have had any property besides Passefeld in that Hun-
dred. It is possible, however, that they may be the an-
cient names of manors in Waltham and Epping. Accord-
ing to our author, Northland, Hitchin, Loughton, Lambeth,
and Alwarton, and an estate at Kelvedon, which we hear
no more about, belonged to Tovi's original foundation,
but Northland only is mentioned in the charter as having
been the endowment of the old church ; the others may
have been resumed by the founder's successors, and have
fallen into Harold's hands on Athelstan's forfeiture.
The accounts in chapters 13 and 18 are, however, incon-
sistent, the latter ascribing the gift of Hitchin and Lambeth
to King Edward. The extent of these estates, exclusive
of NettlesVell, was, supposing the hides to be of uniform
measurement, seventy-seven hides and fifty-five acres.
12. The foundation was for a dean and twelve canons 14 ;.
14 Newcourt, following Fuller, says transcriber of Cotton MS. who appears
eleven, but the statement of our author to have written x., and subsequently to
seems decisive. Tovi founded the church have made it xi., is probably owing to a
for two priests, Harold associated with doubt whether or not he should count
them ten or eleven others, and set the in the dean. See ch. 15.
dean over them. The hesitation of the
XIV INTRODUCTION.
four of the estates were allotted to the dean Passefeld,
Arlsey, Weald, and West Waltham. To each of the
canons a prebend was allowed, from which his stall was
named; seven of these are mentioned in chap. 15, the re-
maining five were probably Nasing, Melnho, Walcfare,
Wurmley, and Lambeth. Northland was divided into
portions of fifteen acres, one of which was given to each
canon ; and besides this, each had forty shillings a-year
from the tithes and offerings of the parish, and an allow-
ance of forty shillings a-year for dress from the shroud-
lands of the college, which lay in Nasing, Walcfare, and
Loughton 15 .
The meat and drink were provided out of the prebendal
estates, which were held subject to a feorm fiiltum of so
many weeks each. The dean, for his estates of Passefeld,
Weald, and Arlsey, had to provide for nineteen weeks ; the
prebendary of Nettleswell, seven weeks and two days ;
Alwarton, four weeks and two days; Upminster, two
weeks and two days; Woodford, Brickendon, and Tip-
peden, two weeks each ; and Loughton, a week and a
day. The remaining twelve weeks were distributed among
the five remaining prebendaries.
The allowances are very liberal both in meat and drink :
to each canon daily three loaves, six bowls of beer, and six
dishes of meat; on festivals of the first-class, three pit-
tances of game or poultry ; on second-class feasts two, on
simple feasts one ; at the greater festivals, and those of the
Holy Cross, wine and mead. These rations would seem
to allow each canon a household of from six to ten per-
sons ; but the language of the author is not quite clear.
The remaining proceeds of the prebends were devoted to
the personal uses of the canons at their discretion.
13. The new church was doubtless designed in the new
style of architecture, the earliest specimen of which in
15 Charter of Henry II. ; Mon. Angl. vi. 63.
INTRODUCTION. XV
England was Edward's Abbey Church at Westminster.
The most powerful subject in the realm may even be sus-
pected of trying to outvie his master and his Norman
friends. But architectural antiquaries have not yet decided
whether any part of the existing church can be considered
so early as the time of Harold. Much argument has been
adduced for and against such a supposition, and our au-
thor has been appealed to by both sides. There is every
reason to suppose that Harold would build in the very
best style of which he had accessible patterns, and that,
strenuous in all things, he would make an end of what he
began. It is not, however, probable that his architect
would be forty or fifty years in advance of the other
builders of the age. Our author in one passage speaks
of the church as completed before the consecration, and in
another of works going on, apparently in the choir, as late
as 1125 or 1126. " Adhuc sub judice lis est 16 ."
Whatever part was finished, was splendidly adorned in
a fashion that reminds one more of Eastern than of Western
art, as if Harold might have wandered to Constantinople in
his earlier days. Brazen plates gilt were spread over the
walls : the capitals and bases of the pillars were curiously
carved, and the elaborate ornaments of the altar, reliquaries,
vestments, books, and furniture of the sanctuary, are de-
scribed by our author in terms of regret and indignation
proportioned to their intrinsic value 17 .
16 Possibly some light may be thrown tuor tburibula rnagna aurea atque ar-
npon the subject by the consideration gentea; sex candelabra quorum duo au-
of the close connexion subsisting between rea, caetera argenta ; tres urceos magnos Q, I
Waltham and Durham. ex Grseco opere argenteos atque deau-
7 The following passage from the ratos; quatuor cruces auro atque ar-
Vita Haroldi, MS. HarL, 3776, Michel, gento et gemmis fabricates; unana cru-
Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, ii. 162, cem ex quinquaginta marcis argenti
may be compared with ch. 16 and 22 fusilem; quinque vestimenta sacerdotalia
of this book : pretiosissima, auro gemmisque ornata ;
' Transtulit autem, ut legitur, idem quinque casulas auro gemmisque ornatas,
rex de Waltham in Normanniam septem in una quarum erant duodecim marca?
scrinia, ubi tria fuerunt aurea et qua- auri ; duas capas auro gemmisque orna-
tuor argentea deaurata cum gemmis pre- tas; quinque calices, duos aureos, cseteros
tiosis, plena reliquiarum ; quatuor textus argenteos, quatuor altaria cum reliquiis
auro, argento gemmisque ornatos ; qua- quorum unum aureum, cetera argentea
XVI INTRODUCTION.
14. The relics with which the church was dedicated were
also a sign of the magnificence of the founder. It is cer-
tain that at one period of his life he had visited Rome 18 ,
but it is impossible even to guess the date. The author of
the Vita Haroldi 19 tells a story of his adventures there, which,
whether true or not, is characteristic. He had during his
stay accumulated such a collection of relics that four or five
days after his departure the Romans sent after him and
brought him back. He was compelled to restore his costly
purchases to their former owners, and to content himself
with the diminished store. He did, however, get per-
mission to bring home the bones of SS. Chrysantus and
Daria. It is to be feared that the Italians were not more
honest as to what they let him take away, than they had
been in regard to his purchases ; for, if we may believe
Anastasius, the bones of these saints had been translated
two hundred years before to Priim, in the archdiocese of
Treves 20 . Besides these, he succeeded in obtaining a frag-
ment of the true cross, and a multiplicity of relics of the
saints from all parts of the world. These are not enu-
merated by our author, who, however, records the fact of
their being concealed on the day of consecration in a way
so complete as to lead us to the suspicion that they had
never been found again. They had been, as he tells us, col-
lected by Harold with much labour and inestimable dili-
gence, and such words in Harold's case have a meaning 21 .
15. When the church had reached such a state of com-
deaurata, unum cornu vinacium argen- * Butler's Lives of the Saints, Oct.
teum centum solidis computatum, decem 25.
phylacteria, unum quorum de duabus 21 The character of a relic fancier was
marcis auri et gemmis pretiosis, csetera not peculiar to Harold among the Eng-
auro argentoque parata ; duas sambucas, lish of his age. Archbishop Ethelnoth
sellas fcemineas ex multo auro fabricatas, brought an arm of St. Augustin from
duas campanas pretiosas." Pavia, for Coventry. In the list of
18 Vita Edw., ed. Luard, p. 410. Exeter relics made by Leofric are some
19 Ed. Michel, p. 182. The story is, of SS. Chrysantus and Daria, as also
perhaps, a version of the adventure of at York and St. Alban's. Mon. Angl.,
Tostig with the banditti. Vlt. Edw., ii. 628. See too Eadmer, ii. p. 50,
p. 410. ed. Selden.
INTRODUCTION. XV11
pletion as to be fit for divine service, it was consecrated.
The date of this act may be fixed, with great probability, to
May 3, 1060, the feast of the Invention of the Holy Cross,
which, together with that of the Exaltation, was made a fair-
day for Waltham under a charter of Queen Matilda to the
canons. The chief prelate present was Kinsige, Archbishop
of York, whose name was handed down by tradition to our
author as that of the consecrator. He had been chaplain
to Edward, and seems (as Stigand was generally under a
cloud) to have been looked on as the principal ecclesiastic
in England. Besides him there were present most of the
bishops and earls, King Edward, and Queen Edith, the
sister of Harold. The list given by our author unfortu-
nately is not a correct account of the company on this
occasion, but of the persons present at the signing of the
Waltham charter two years after; some of the bishops
enumerated did not reach that dignity until after Kinsige's
death. The day was celebrated with great rejoicings;
among other festivities, great tubs of wine and mead
were tapped in the lanes and streets, and all might drink
who would.
The King stayed until after the octave, when he left for
Winchester, to keep Pentecost the following Sunday. At
that feast, according to our author, the warning was given
of the approach of the King's death by the restoration of
the ring by St. John. This event, which is entirely legend-
ary, is strangely misplaced; for although the messengers
gave him only six months more to live, he certainly sur-
vived five years and a half.
16. As long as Edward lived Harold would have oppor-
tunities in abundance of adorning his church and adding
to the number of its relics. On the King's death he was
hurried into a position which left him little leisure to carry
out his intentions of enlarging the endowment. Still he
found time to visit Waltham ; probably it was the chosen
b
XV111 INTRODUCTION.
scene of his scanty relaxations ; and he never did so without
an offering worthy of a king. It was here that, on his return
from Stamford Bridge, he had the news of the Gorman in-
vasion. Here he offered up his prayers for success, and
deposited the relics which he was accustomed to carry
about with him. The crucifix before which he prayed, so
the old sacristan Turkill told our author, bowed the head,
as if to express sorrow for the inevitable future. When
he left, Osgod and Ailric, two of the canons, were sent by
the chapter to attend on the King, and if the adverse omen
should come true, to bring back the body of the founder 22 .
Harold fell on St. Calixtus' day ; " Heu ! Ipsemet cecidit
crepusculi tempore," says Florence, at the coming on of the
twilight, before the darkness of the Norman century fell on
the ill-fated English. Osgod and Ailric, faithful to their
trust, recovered the body with some difficulty, by the aid
of Edith Swanneshals, Harold's old love, and brought it to
Waltham. There it was buried with due honours, and
translated from time to time as the alterations in the church
demanded, until in our author's early youth it reached its
proper resting-place 23 .
17. The ecclesiastical changes which followed the Con-
quest were neither so sudden nor so great as they are
commonly described to have been : no harsh measures
were taken until three years after the battle of Hastings.
During that time Archbishop Stigand, although under the
displeasure of the Pope and kept in an honourable custody,
exercised the functions and enjoyed the privileges of his
rank. Even in 1070 only three bishops besides him were
deprived, one of whom was the Archbishop's own brother,
and another taken in arms against the King.
Waltham, which was looked on rather as a free chapel of
22 Harold's war-cry was " Holy Rood." Appendix I., is from the Harleian MS.,
Lappenberg, ii. 297. 3776, where it immediately follows the
23 The epitaph of Harold, given in conclusion of this tract in the same hand.
INTRODUCTION. XIX
Harold than as a great monastic establishment, escaped
interference for the present. The estate to which it was
counted appurtenant, that namely which Harold had re-
ceived on the forfeiture of Athelstan the Staller, was granted
to Walcher, Bishop of Durham, a native of Liege, a fellow-
countryman of Athelard, the master of the schools at Walt-
ham, and a secular canon. This was fortunate for the
college, as it must have prevented any harsh acts of appro-
priation or deprivation. Nor was Walcher a man likely to
commit such : his great and fatal fault seems to have been
an inability to see that his friends were in the wrong. To
this he fell a sacrifice in 1080, by a martyrdom for which
Queen Edith at his consecration had pronounced him
fitted 24 . The one act recorded of him with regard to
Waltham is that he enviously took to himself two hides
and a-half of land in Northland. To this it is probably
owing that the property of the canons in their own parish
appears in Domesday Book as only half a hide. From the
same authority we learn that Geoffrey de Mandeville had
got possession of half a hide in South Weald. The North-
land estate was restored subsequently by Queen Matilda.
18. William of St. Carileph, the great builder of Durham
cathedral, succeeded to the estate of Walcher. He taxed
the canons for the building of his castle at Durham, and
seems to have looked on Waltham not as a personal grant,
but as the property of his see. He held the estate when
Domesday Book was compiled, and if we are to accept lite-
rally the account of that document, must have taken the
Berkshire and Bedfordshire estates of the college to himself.
This is rendered uncertain by the fact that we find them
afterwards in the hands of the proper owners 25 . In his
24 Bromton, 969. out reference to Waltham, and appears
25 The Lambeth estate is entered as no more as the property of the house,
holden of the Earl of Mortain, but still We may remark that the Mandevilles,
in the hands of the canons, but Hitchin who succeeded to the property of the
is mentioned as held by the King with- Staller, which in many places adjoined
b 2
XX INTRODUCTION.
time William Rufus carried off the treasures of the college
for the building and decoration of the new churches at
Caen 26 ; and it was to his remorse for this spoliation, if we
are to believe our author, that we are to ascribe his grant
of liberties to Waltham after Bishop William's death in
1096; a most happy remorse for the canons, if they owed
to it their escape from the clutches of Ranulf Flambard,
the next Bishop of Durham. The King probably retained
the estate in hand until his death. Henry granted it to
Matilda his wife " Molde the good queen."
19. We have printed in the Appendix the few charters
that have come down to us from the ancient canons, as they
were called by their Augustinian successors. Several of these
are grants of Henry and Matilda, and though of little in-
terest except as antiquities, throw some light on the history,
which would else be quite obscure. We learn from them
that in 1108, when the Queen founded the priory of Christ
Church, Aldgate, she exchanged for the site of that church,
which belonged to Waltham, the mills of Waltham. She
also restored the land in Northland which Bishop Walcher
had occupied, quitclaimed to the canons Bishop William's
tax of pence for Durham Castle, and established two fairs
on the feasts of the Holy Cross. She died in 1118, and
her place was supplied three years after by Adelicia of
Louvain, also the proprietress and patroness of Waltham.
Among Adelicia's benefactions was the dedication, or
more probably the restoration, of the tithes of Waltham to
the communa of the canons 27 , a measure which she seems,
from a quaint letter addressed to the parishioners 28 , to have
had some difficulty in enforcing. On her husband's death
that of the college, were uneasy and dan- likely that William wanted the money
gerous neighbours. In Domesday Book for his mortgage of Normandy. See
Geoffrey had got half a hide in Weald Malinesb., Gesta Pont, v., Ang. Sac.
from the canons, the Hundred knew not ii. 44.
how, but he said by exchange. ^ App. III. 15.
26 So our author j but it is more ^ Ibid. 16.
INTRODUCTION. XXI
she was ousted in favour of Stephen's queen, Matilda, by
whom the liberties of the canons were secured by charter 29 .
Her tenure was short, for she in her turn was dispossessed
by the Empress Matilda about 1140, and Waltham was
restored to Adelicia 30 . She retained it until her death in
1151. It was to her patronage, apparently during her
second occupation, that our author owed his canonry and
prebend. After her death Waltham was probably left very
much to itself, but when Henry the Second came to the
throne he settled it on his wife Eleanor, with the usual
guarantee of liberties 31 . In her hands it remained until
the conclusion of the History.
20. Our account of the succession of the spiritual supe-
riors of Waltham is by no means as complete as the list
of patrons; indeed, the authors of the Monasticon have
recorded only the names of two deans, Henry and Wido 32 .
Our author, however, and the chartularies enable us to fill
up several blanks in the list. Wulfwin, the dean appointed
by Harold, has left no trace of his existence except in these
pages and in Domesday Book. Paschal, Dean of Waltham,
appears in the Durham obituary 33 as commemorated on the
8th of January. He was probably Wulfwin's successor,
and died about the end of the eleventh century, when the
connexion between Durham and Waltharn was loosened.
That connexion did not, however, cease either now or ever
29 App. III. 7, 8, 18. "*2 Non. Maii: Edricus Canonicus.
30 Ibid. 9. " 4 Non. Jun. : Radulfus Canonicus.
31 Ibid. 10. " Cal. Aug. : Walterius Canonicus do
32 Mon. Angl., vi. 57; Newcourt, Waltham.
ii. 629. " *3 Non. Oct. : Wulfricus et JEthe-
13 This obituary was published by the lard, et Edwardns Canonici.
Surtees Society, and occurs also in the " 2 Id. Oct. : Haroldus Rex cum suis.
Catalogue of the Durham MSS. The "6 Cal. Nov.: Robertus Canonicus
following are the entries that refer to de Waltham."
Waltham : Those marked thus * are not of course
"6 Id. Jan.: Paschalis Decanus et necessarily canons of Waltham, but the
Radulfus Canonicus S. Crucis de Walt- probability is great that they are. If
ham. this conjecture be right, the Ethelhard
"4 Non. Febr. : Walterus decanus. commemorated on the 5th of October
" 12 CaL Mart. : Bruningus, pres- will be the master of the schools at
byter. Walthain.
XX11 INTRODUCTION.
during the continuance of the college. The same obituary
records the name of Dean Walter, of whom we have men-
tion twice or thrice in the records. He was dean in 1108 34 .
During his presidency the King granted lands in Epping to
Adam the son of Bruning, to be held of the canons at
a yearly rent 35 . Bruning was a priest, who had himself
held the lands of Waltham 36 . He is commemorated in
the same obituary. Adam was afterwards a canon, and
the charter in question may have been a grant to him on
succession, whilst young, or at least before he had resolved
to take holy orders.
21. Our author unfortunately omits to tell us who was
dean when he entered the house in 1124. It was perhaps
Ernulfus, who made him canon, and died or resigned before
1144. In that year Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester
and legate of the apostolic see, held the deanery. He occu-
pied the same position at St. Martin's-le- Grand, how it does
not appear, as by religion he was a Cluniac monk. One
act of his administration remains to us, the adjudication of
the tithes of Waltham to the communa of the canons. He
attempted, according to our author, to carry off the great
carbuncle from Waltham 37 . In the same year, 1144, the
canons' houses were burned in an attack upon the town by
Geoffrey de Mandeville, who was in feud, amongst others,
with William of Albini, Earl of Arundel, Adelicia's second
husband.
The next dean of whom we read was Richard, a native
of the neighbourhood, probably the same who is mentioned
as canon in the Great Roll of the Exchequer for 31 Hen. I.
He resigned the deanery, and went into religion at Durham,
where he was made sacristan. A long story is told of him
by Reginald of Durham 38 : taking advantage of his position
34 App. III. 4. note, and 19. Ch. 13.
35 Ibid. 19. Begin. Dunelm., de Admirandis
36 Hon. Angl., vi. 63. S. Cuthberti virtutibus, p. 212.
INTRODUCTION. XX111
in charge of the relics, he transmitted a very little rag of
St. Cuthbert's clothing to his sisters Edith and Agnes, who
were nuns at Cheshunt. Robert, a clerk of Waltharu, and
a relation of the ex-dean, was a prey to the gout. Hear-
ing of the relic in possession of the nuns, he ordered himself
to be conveyed in a boat to Cheshunt. Queen Edith's cup
was filled with water, and the rag dipped in it : the water
had no power to moisten the rag, but was itself gifted
with curative power ; the clerk drank the water, and within
three days was restored to health.
The date of Richard is not fixed, but as Reginald, who
wrote about 1172, describes it as " tempore moderno," it
was probably not earlier than 1160.
22. Soon after we find Wido Ruffus dean. In 1164 he
was one of Henry the Second's ambassadors to the Pope at
Sens 39 . He seems to have been an opponent of St. Thomas
of Canterbury, who in 1168 threatened to excommunicate
him 40 . He was evidently a man of much secular business,
if not, as the Augustinians represented him, of a vicious
life. In 1174 Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, came
to Waltham, and suspended him in his absence without a
hearing 41 . He had been impeached on several serious
charges, and probably thought it best to keep out of the
way. Two years later 42 he asked leave to resign the
deanery, and subsequently allowed the King to use him
as an instrument in the change he proposed to effect at
Waltham 43 .
Henry had vowed, as a part of his expiation for St.
Thomas's death, to found a new monastery. Money was
scarce with him, and he did not scruple to evade the whole
spirit of his vow by fulfilling it at the expense of our canons.
He determined, as had been done in several cases since the
39 Diceto, 537; Gervas, 1394 Diceto, 598; Gerv., 14.31;
40 Epp. S Thomas, 84, 108, 118, ton, 1118. ,
157 . *" Diceto, 598.
41 Diceto, 583.
XXIV INTRODUCTION.
beginning of the century, in the idea that it was a merito-
rious act, to turn the secular canons into regulars. Wido
was quite willing ; the canons, very much to their grief, if
we may believe our author, were obliged to give way. The
sequel may be told in the words of the history of Henry II. ,
ascribed to Abbot Benedict of Peterborough :
" Adveniente autem vigilia Pentecostes (1177) venit Dominus
Rex usque Walthatn et eodem die Walterius, Roffensis episco-
pus, missus ex parte Ricardi Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi et
Gilbertus Londoniensis Episcopus et Johannes Norwicensis epi-
scopus et Hugo Dunelmensis Episcopus illuc ad Regem venerunt
et eodem die sc. 3 Id. Jun. et Festo Sancti Barnabas Apostoli,
prsefati Episcopi per Regis prseceptum et Alexandri summi Pon-
tificis man datum et Ricardi Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi con-
sensum introduxerunt in Ecclesiam Sanctae Crucis de Waltham
Canonicos Regulares quos ipse Rex elegerat de domibus Cano-
nicorum Regularium regni sui, sc. 6 canonicos de Abbatia
Cirecestrise et 6 de Ecclesia Osneiensi, et 4 de S. Osis, et statim
per coHsilium prsenoininatorum prsesulum Rex constituit de
eisdem canonicis unum Priorem et alium Celerarium et tertium
subpriorem prout ordo eorum poscebat. Huic quidem ordina-
tioni interfuit Guido Ruff us qui fuerat Decanus ejusdem Ecclesiae
de Waltham, cui et Dominus Rex dedit in excambium Decanatus
sui de Waltham, quoddam Manerium de dominico suo cum
pertinentiis suis et carta sua illud ei in vita sua tenendum con-
firmavit. Interfuerunt etiam fere omnes canonici sseculares
ejusdem ecclesise de Waltham quibus Dominus Rex dedit ex-
cambium de Praebendis suis ad valentiam earundem Praeben-
darum, et qui excambium de Praebendis suis recipere noluerunt
concessit Dominus Rex coram praedictis Episcopis ut praebendas
suas tenerent quamdiu vixerunt, ita quod post eorum decessum
prsebendae suse rediissent ad usum Canonicorum suorum regu-
larum quos ibi constituit **."
[LIST OF DEANS.
1060. Wulfwin, chaplain to Harold : see ch. 15 ; Domesday
Book, i. 58.
Paschal: Ob. Durham.
44 Bened., Pet. ed. Hearn, MS. Harl., 4321 ; Bromton, 1119.
INTRODUCTION. XXV
c. 1108. Walter: see App. III.
c. 1140. Ernulf : see ch. 25.
c. 1144. Henry of Blois : see App. III. ; ch. 13.
c. 1160. Richard.
1164. Wido Ruffus, res. 1177.
CANONS.
1060. Athelard of Liege.
1066. Osgod Cnoppe.
Ailric C
1108. Aldwin.
Ailric Childemaister. j
) App. III.
*)
. J-Mag. Rot. Scacc. : 31 Hen. I.
Geoffrey, chaplain to the Queen.
1130. Alured.
Richard.
Master Peter : ch. 25.
1136. Brian Bainard : ch. 26, and Mon. Angl., iv. 149.
1144. Robert filius Walteri.
Adam filius Brumngi.
Inc. an. Radulfus : Ob. Durh. Jan. 13, and Mon. Angl., iv. 149.
Robertus : Ob. Durh. Oct. 27.
Walter : Ob. Durh. Aug. 1.]
23. The canons during their tenure of Waltham had
added little to the original endowment. The principal bene-
factions may be discovered from Henry's charter to the
abbey : they were the meadows adjacent to the canonical
houses, by name Normade, Chelnoseie, and Greater and
Lesser Ward; a meadow that Philip de Swinehey had
given them; others given by Geoffrey the Cupbearer of
Enfield, Alexander of Enfield, Portehors, and the wife of
Gilbert of Hillifeld, the tithe of hay on the demesne of
Waltham, and the Mills.
In Epping they had acquired the land of Helyoth; in
Nasing the tithe of Langrich ; the gift of Humfrey Bar-
rington is also mentioned, land at Lamburne and tithe
of Purlai. In Dunton, the chamberlain had given land 45 .
45 Henry's Charter, Mon. Angl., vi. 63, 64.
XXVI INTRODUCTION.
The estates of Hitchiu and Lambeth have already dis-
appeared from the rent-roll.
Besides these lands, we know from John of Salisbury 46
that they had claims in Walthamstow, and we have already
referred to their property in London. The church of
Geist, to which two of the charters in Appendix III.
refer, was a gift to the abbey some years after the alter-
ation. The charters appear to have been inserted in con-
sequence of their dates, but contain no reference to the
canons.
24. As we do not know our author's name, what little
we are able to learn of him is drawn from his book. Since
he entered the house at five vears of age 47 , continued in it
V
fifty-three years 48 , and was expelled in 1177, he must have
been born in 1119, and commenced his education in 1124.
For two years he was in association with the Sacristan
Turkill 49 , from whom he heard all that was marvellous
and legendary in the story of the founders 50 . He was
brought up in the school of the college under Master Peter,
the son of Athelard 51 . In time he became a thuribula-
rius 62 , trebler, or censing chorister, and was in his weekly
turn when the miraculous cure of Matthew took place.
As he would riot be more than fourteen, we are enabled
to approximate to the date of that event. It must have
been not later than 1133. He was made a canon early
in life, for in 1144, when the houses were burned, he was
one of the sufferers 53 . He owed his promotion to Dean
Ernulf and Queen Adelicia 54 . Supposing the restoration
of the latter to have occurred in 1141, when the Empress
was decidedly in the ascendant, the date would fall between
1141 and 1144. His youth would be no objection, if in
this church, as in St. Paul's, it was intended that there
should be always canons of the three orders of priest,
46 Ep. 84. 4 < Chap. 25. 4a Chap. 11. 49 Chap. 20. so Chap. 20.
61 CLap. 25. 42 Chap. 27. 53 Chap. 30. M Chap. 25.
INTRODUCTION. XXV11
deacon, and subdeacon. He leaves us in no doubt of his
expulsion in 1177 M , nor, we may remark, does he ever
allude to the circumstances which were made a ground for
that measure. It is from the Austin canons that we learn
that it was for careless and secular lives. Ralph de Diceto
evidently thought it a hard case.
25. As to the character of the work, it is perhaps un-
wise to forestall the judgment of the reader, but it would
be unfair to the author to pass it over without a word. It
will be seen, both from the foregoing observations and
from the notes that accompany the text, how thoroughly
to be trusted he is as a faithful reporter of what he saw
himself and heard from others. Most of his statements as
to the transmission of lands are confirmed by Domesday
Book; his incidental references to the general history of
the country are verified by comparison with other autho-
rities, and although, by the very nature of the work, con-
versant with the marvellous, he never overtaxes our cre-
dulity in his relations of what he saw himself.
The only exceptions to this general accuracy may be
supposed to be three, the legendary history of the foun-
dation and the miracle of the detection of thieves in ch. 24,
the story of the bowing of the crucifix at the prayer of
Harold, and the miracles which are contained in the con-
cluding chapters. Even for these something may be said.
The author is of course in no wise responsible for the story of
the cross of Montacute, yet he endeavours to be accurate and
exact in his relation of it. Ludgaresbery was the ancient
name of Montacute, Tovi was a Somersetshire potentate,
his wife was Githa the daughter of Osgod Clapa. We do
not know from the charters that Tovi ever was staller, but
it is probable at least that he was. Osgod Clapa certainly
filled the office at one time. The lands of Waltham are
adjacent, in more than one place, to those held first by
85 Chaps. 11 and 13.
XXviii INTRODUCTION.
Esegar, and, on his forfeiture, by Geoffrey de Mandeville,
just as we should expect to find them if, on Tovi's death,
this property was divided between the stallership and
Harold. The dream of the Sacristan, and the capricious
behaviour of the oxen, are neither of them very far re-
moved from common experience. More fatal than any
internal improbability in the story, are the exigencies of
chronology; yet they may be overcome on the simple
hypothesis that Tovi, whose youth was renewed like the
eagle's, was an old man when he married Githa, that
Athelstan was his son by a former marriage, and that our
author, not knowing the exact date of the marriage, threw
the whole story back to the days of Cnut. Of course it is
of little use to attempt to reconcile a pure legend with
chronology ; our author tells the tale as he heard it, and
the points in which his account coincides with recorded
history are more valuable as shewing his painstaking exact-
ness, than as proofs of an event which, to nine minds out
of ten, no amount of evidence would establish. The story
of the robbers may be dismissed, in a word, without any
hypothesis of a miracle, as the detection of a robbery, such
as is common in the experience of us all.
Nor need we trouble ourselves much with the story of
the crucifix. Turkill, who must have been very young
when he saw the doomed King go out to the battle, must
have told the story so often, that he had persuaded him-
self at last that what his imagination told him would have
been a true omen had really happened.
26. The miracles which our author relates as witnessed
by himself are five; those of Edith Crikel, Matthew the
brother of Crispin, the five Flemings, Humfrey de Bar-
rington, and the Goldsmith. Each of these might have
been referred to the simplest natural causes : there was
nothing miraculous in a paralytic old woman being choked
by a stolen coin, or being made to spit blood by the vio-
INTRODUCTION. XXIX
lent blow of a strong man between the shoulder blades;
the cure of the Ignis infernalis may be left to be explained
by physicians, the simple facts are that the patient was
cured, and that his mother had praye'd for him ; the five
Flemings loaded with plunder could not find their way
without detection out of the crowded church and enclosure
of the college. It would have been a much greater wonder
if Humfrey de Barrington's horse had not been frightened
and caused an accident, on being ridden into the church :
the temporary blindness of the persons employed in cleans-
ing the crucifix may be attributed to the effects of the acids
that were no doubt used in the process. If we view these
things in this way, they cease to afford any ground for
reflecting on the good faith of our author : if he did not
ascribe them to simple causes, he still relates them as he
saw them, without inventing wonders ; he had been brought
up in the belief of the miraculous powers of the Holy
Rood, what wonder if he saw miracles in what to other
men were strange coincidences ? After all, though he may
have been mistaken as to the immediate agency employed,
does not his very error put to shame the wisdom that sees
no more than strange coincidences in such things, while
professing to believe in an all-directing Omnipotence ?
It may seem absurd to say so much in vindication of an
anonymous, unknown story-teller, but the editor must even
plead guilty to a sentimental tenderness for the poor old
man who, writing after a cruel ejectment from the house
which had been his home for fifty-three years, has not a
word to say against his persecutors : there are little touches
of a generous and simple nature very easy to be discovered
in his narrative, and there is, above all, that careful attempt
to be true and accurate, which is greatly to be desired in
authors of much wider fame and greater pretension. These
ought not to be undervalued.
27. The work is here printed from the Cotton MS.
XXX INTRODUCTION.
Julius, D. 6, collated with, and corrected by, the Harleian
copy, Harl. 3776. Both are apparently copies from one
original ; the latter made some years later than the former,
by a scribe belonging to the abbey, who has interspersed the
text with verses of his own, of infinitesimal value. The
Cotton MS. is not much later than the date of the original
composition. The Harleian contains also the Vita Haroldi,
a curious but entirely untrustworthy legend, written appa-
rently to prove that the great King was not buried at Walt-
ham. It is well known, both by Mr. Stevenson's article
on Lappenberg in Cochrane's " Foreign Quarterly Re-
view" for June, 1835, and from its being in great part
printed in Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, vol. ii.
pp. 143222.
Our MS. has been always well known to antiquaries,
and is quoted in so many local histories that it would be
a useless labour to recount them. The chapters 14 to 22
inclusive, are 1 printed in Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Nor-
mandes, vol. ii. pp. 223 254.
No liberties have been taken with the spelling, further
than the uniform substitution of ce for e, i for y, v for u,
where required, and of t for c in the terminations tium, &c.
Navestock, Dec. 27, 1860.
CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS.
I. Qualiter fabro praeceptum est per visionem ut sacerdos indicat
parochianis jejunium, montis cacumen ascendant, fodiant et inveniant
crucem.
II. Qualiter iterum apparuit fabro imago increpans eum quia injuncto
non obedivit mandato.
III. Qualiter consilio uxoris suae mandatum non explevit.
IV. Qualiter tertia vice imago apparuit fabro et brachium ejus
strinxit.
V. Qualiter sacerdos convocavit parochianos.
VI. Qualiter ascendunt Montem Acutum, fodiunt, inveniunt duas
cruces, nolam, et librum.
VII. Qualiter mittitur pro domino feodi scilicet Tovi le prude.
VIII. Adoratio et oratio ipsius Thovi.
IX. Qualiter consilio optimatum decrevit Thovi parvam crucem ibidem
dimittere. Et vovit magnam crucem cum ceteris, Londiniis, Win-
toniaa, Cantuariae, Glastoniae, Eedingiis et stetit plaustrum immobile.
X. Qualiter tandem nominata villa de "Waltham, movit se plaustrum,
et curatur multitude infirmorum in itinere.
XI. Qualiter exivit sanguis de brachio dextro, quum laminam clavo
firmare voluerunt.
XII. Adoratio Thovi et donaria ejus, scilicet "Waltham, Hicche, Luke-
tune, &c., cum ense quo erat accinctus miles.
XIII. Qualiter Grlitha uxor Thovi dedit coronam auream, circulum, et
suppeditaneum, cum lapide.
XIV. Defuncto Thovi successit filius ejus Adelstanus qui amisit
Waltham, quam adeptus est comes Haraldus per sanctum Ead-
wardum.
XV. Haraldus adauxit possessiones ; distinxit xii. preebendas; fecit
decanum ; victualia ordinavit.
XVI. Quae vasa, quae ornamenta, dederit Haroldus, et dedicari fecit a .
XVII. De relliquiis quas dedit et abscondit Haroldus.
XVIII. Qualiter rex Edwardus confirmavit dona comitis Haroldi.
XIX. De anulo quern Sanctus Johannes remisit Sancto Edwardo et
obitu ejus.
XX. De electione et coronatione. Et de inclinatione capitis SanctaB
Crucis, et de prostratione regis Haroldi in bello.
a Ecclesiani in margin.
XXX11 CONTENTS OF CHAPTERS.
CAPt-
TULDM
XXI. Qualiter canonici petunt a victore corpus Haroldi, quserunt, in-
veniunt, et sepeliunt.
XXII. Qualiter post mortem regis Willelmi successit Willelmus Rufus
qui spoliavit ecclesiam de Waltham.
XXIII. Qui dederunt Waltham ecclesiae nostrse.
XXIV. Qualiter furata erant vasa aurea.
XXV. Quam ordinate se habebant canonici in primis.
XXVI. Qualiter mulier, furando denarium super altare, contracta est
omnibus diebus vitas suae.
XXVII. Qualiter quidam percussus est igne infernali et sanatus per
sanctam crucem.
XXVIII. Qualiter inveniunt talum exustum in angulo domus.
XXIX. De discordia comitis Galfridi de Mandevilla et "Willelmi co-
mitis de Arundel.
XXX. Qualiter Galfridus comes de Mandevilla succendit villam de
"Waltham, et crux sancta deponitur. Comes vulneratur et moritur.
XXXI. De quinque Mandrensibus spoliantibus ecclesiam tempore in-
cendii et non valentibus egredi.
XXXII. De Hunfrido de Barentune furioso, et de equo suo, tempore
incendii.
XXXIII. Qualiter Eobertus aurifaber et plures canonici percussi sunt
caecitate cum laminam femoralem sublevarent.
TRACTATUS DE INVENTIONS SANCT^B
CRUCIS NOSTBJS, &c.
1. Qualiterfabro praceptum est per visionem ut sacerdos indicat
parochianis jejunium, montis cacumen ascendant, fodiant et
inveniant crucem.
"DEGNANTE Cnuto 1 et Anglis imperante, in loco qui
*-* dicitur Mons Acutus, quem Lutegaresberi 2 compatriotae
appellant, vitam agebat in opere fabrili vir magnae simplici-
tatis et bonae indolis, vir sine malitia timens Deum et re-
cedens a malo 3 , (quales diligit Deus et sancto respicit pie-
tatis intuitu,) inter mediocres conprovincialium catervas,
bonae existimationis et benignae conversationis. Cujus insti-
tuta vitas et morum respiciens, dulcis ille et puritatis ama-
tor Jesus, qui archana prudentibus et sapientibus abscondita ,
revelat parvulis 4 , voluit per ipsum thesaurum diu abscon-
ditum gentibus intimare, et humilium benignus amator
humili praecone humilitatis Suae insignia detegere. Hujus
igitur cognita fidelitate et morum venustate, commissa
est ei cura amministrationis aquae, ignis et luminarium
ecclesiae parochialis a sacerdote in eadem divina cele-
brante, qui non solum opum habundans communium, verum
etiam morum honestate praecellens, et sanctitatis habitu
mores informante, exemplar continentiae fuit sacerdotibus,
1 There is a difficulty with regard to 2 Montacnte in Somersetshire. " I
this date. The writer seeins to have redde in the hoke of the Antiquities of
thought that the discovery and trans- Glessenbyri, that this town was caullid
lation of the cross took place before the in the Saxons tyme Logaresburch."
death of Cnut, (cf. ch. 13,) and either to Lei. Itin. ii. 52; ap. Hon. Angl. v. IPS.
have been ignorant, or to have forgotten, The passage occurs in William of
that the marriage of Tovi with the Malmesb., De Antiq. Glaston., ed. Gale,
daughter of Osgod Clapa only took place p. 306 : " certe Logpor is pro certo asse-
in 1042. It is, however, possible that ritur esse, de cujus nomine Logperos-
sorne length of time elapsed between beorh dicebatur, qui nunc inons acutus
the discovery and the translation, or be- dicitur."
tween the translation and the decoration 3 Job i. 1.
of the cross by Glitha, ch. 14, q. v. 4 St. Matt. xi. 25.
et formula vitae. Denique faber prsedictus ille officialis eccle-
siae, cum nocte quadam membra sopori composuisset, fessus
opere fabrili, ut assolet, (qui scilicet labor indefessus quanto
magis ossa concutit, et omnia membrorum liniamenta dis-
solvit, tanto vehementiorem sompni profundioris quietem
incutit :) sompno itaque deditus vidit per sompnium, enim-
vero ut verum fatear, sed per visionem, venerandi decoris
effigiem, quam intuitus quasi clara luce, tremefactus subito
insolito eventu, audivit dicentem ; " Sumrno inane cum sol
mundo illuxerit et evocaverint te debitae amministrationes
ecclesiae, die sacerdoti, divinae voluntati placere, quatenus
excitis undique parochianis suis- utriusque sexus, moneat
paterna exhortatione omnes se jejuniorum, orationum, et
confessionum ornamentis venustare, ut piorum applicatione
studiorum digni inveniantur, ccelestium revelatione mu-
nerum, gratiam consequi : sicque admoniti cacumen ordi-
nata processione ascendentes, terrain fodiant donee divini
muneris exhibitione inveniant thesaurum a saeculis abscon-
ditum, crucem scilicet sanctse Domini passionis signum."
2. Qualiter iterum apparuit fabro imago increpans eum quid
injuncto non obedivit mandaio.
Evigilans igitur vir ille et animo volvens quid vidisse per
sompnium sibi contigerit, aliquandiu confortatus, quia visione
delectatus, tandem quasi vana imaginatione illusum se pu-
tans, nichili pendit jussa complere. Elapso itaque temporis
diuturniori spatio, iterum quiescenti fabro apparuit per
sompnium eadem imago, torviori quidem vultu, plus solito
increpans, et quadam facilitate objurgans, cur injuncto non
obedisset mandate. Ad quam, cum prsetenderet excusa-
tionis formam, presbyterum, magni nominis et multarum
opulentiarum affluentisa virum, indignaturum hujuscemodi
mandatum suscipere per tantae humilitatis et pannosae vili-
tatis personam, accepit respousum, " Nichil quidem veritus
accedas ad sacerdotem, et injuncta tibi mandata per ordi-
nem pandas, quod si ultra distuleris meritas inobedientiae
exsolves pcenas." Hiis dictis disparuit.
3. Qualiter consilio uxoris suae mandatum non explevit.
Evocatus igitur a sompno simplex ille idiota (quales Deo
placere credimus,) uxori suae quse viderat jam primo et se-
cundo narravit ex ordine, sed ilia, ut assolent fatuae muli-
eres, faciles quidem in dandis indiscrete consiliis, sompniis
fidera habere non censet, visionem non discernens, quia
non fuit ei datum desuper, unde omne datum optimum et
omne donum perfectum 5 . Sicut ergo consuevit humana
fragilitas dissuasioni in hiis quae Dei sunt aurem facilem
praebere, adquievit uxori. Inobediens quidem injuncta non
explevit; non tamen impune tulit, ut ipsa vexatio moni-
mentum esset auditui, et asperitatem sentiret corripientis,
qui mansuetudinem contempserat dulciter ammonentis.
4. Qualiter tertia vice imago apparuit fabro et brachium ejus
strinxit.
Apparens ei itaque tertio, sanctae devotionis imago,
aspero quidem vultu, intentans minas, et minis aliquid
formidolosum superaddens ex injuncti dilatione praecepti,
(nam brachium ipsius fabri manu apprehendens ita fortiter
strinxit, ut unguium praeacutorum vestigia nianifestis ap-
parerent vestigiis, et movendis malleis minus apta foret ap-
titudo lacerti,) cui et dixit " Nisi asinino more lacessitus,
stimulo urgente, non elegisti injuncta tibi mandata per-
agere, nunc tandem quasi mancipium fustigatus obedias, et
evidentia signorum carni tuae impressorum manifestare po-
teris, quod nostris habenda sit fides mandatis." Experge-
factus igitur a sompno, cum terrore sompnii, cum acris in-
stantia strictionis, currit ad ecclesiam, trepidus quia pavebat
subsecuturos deteripres eventus, quod viderat primo se-
cuudo et tertio sacerdoti narrans, exarationes etiam un-
guium quae factae fuerant ei in monimentum. Cujus verbis
5 St. John iii. 27; St. James i. 17.
4
presbyter satis credulus, humi protinus devotus sternitur,
lacrimarurn ubertate et sinceri cordis devotione orans, ut
secundum inultitudinem miserationum gratise Domini quse
audierat rerum exitus probaret, nee peccatis exigentibus
suis vel alienis, fraudaretur executione tantorum bonorum,
sed ex perceptione prsesentium munerum firmior sit expec-
tatio futurorum, et glorificaretur et innotesceret nomen
Domini in saecula sseculorum.
5. Qualiter sacerdos convocavit parochianos.
Surgens itaque et cum omni festinatione convocans
populum utriusque sexus et minores natu, monet, ut pari
voto, unanimi consensu, Domini misericordiam invocarent,
quatinus visitet eos in salutari suo 6 et adoptatae promissionis,
duce Spiritu Sancto, gaudia producere dignetur : commoni-
torio etiam facto, paterno desiderio, corde contrite et hu-
miliato, cum lacrimarum ubertate sic posse cacumina mon-
tis invisere, ut, peccatis non obstantibus, mereantur archa-
norum sibi promissorum solempnitate participes effici. Hoc
jam solatio jocunditatis potiti, die constituto, adest multi-
tude plebium, non solum indigenarum, verum etiam longe
remotarum partium, exultantium suis temporibus illustrari
tarn siugnlari miraculo provinciam, unico dolore contriti,
quod in ultimis tune terras finibus degeret qui praeerat pro-
vinciae, Tovi le Prude 7 .dominus fundi.
6 Ps. cvi. 4. Lamhythe, magna cum Isetitia tradebat
7 A tLane named Tovi, or Tofig, sub- nuptui .... 6 Idus Juuii expiravit."
scribes nearly all the charters of Cnut Flor. Wig. i. 196. He or another thane
from 1018 1035. He sometimes appears of his name was sheriff of Somerset-
as Tovi Pru^a, to distinguish him from shire between 1061 and 1066. Cod.
his namesakes Tovi hwita and Tovi reada. Dipl., 821, 837, 839 ; and compare 728
, About 1038 we find him in Herefordshire 839, and 1318 1327. Our author
on a special mission : " Tofig Pruda com represents Tovi as stallere, but he
thser on thsescinges serende." Kemble, does not appear in the charters, so far
Cod. Dipl., 755. In 1042 he married at least as I am aware, under this title.
Githa, daughter of Osg.-d Clapa, at He appears from Domesday Book to
Lambeth : " Rex Anglorum Heardeca- have been a landowner in Surrey, Hamp-
nutus, dum in convivio in quo Osgodus shire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire,
Clapa inagnaj vir potentiae, tiliam suam Somersetshire, Devonshire, Gloucester-
Gytham Danico et praepotenti viro Tovio shire, and Lincolnshire.
Prut) an cognomento, in loco qui dicitur
6. Qualiter ascendunt Montem Acutum, fodiunt, inveniunt duas
cruces, nolam, et librum.
Ordinata igitur processione et omnibus praevise disposi-
tis, iraposita letania quae sic incipit, "humili prece et sincera
devotione," praecedente fabro, veniunt ad locum sibi des-
tinatum a Deo, ubi facta oratione et uberrima a plebe lacri-
marum effusione, incipiunt fodere, donee effossis xl. cubitis
mires magnitudinis lapidem reperiunt, in cujus medio visa
est quasi fissura dehiscens. Amoto itaque tanti lapidis in-
genti obumbraculo, non minus fletuum ubertate quam ma-
nuum impulsione, quam magna multitude dnlcedinis Tusa,
Domine, quam hue usque absconderas diligentibus Te, ecce !
repente apparuit oculis intuentium, inestimabilis imago
decoris crucifixi Salvatoris ex atro silice, sic manuum ex-
tensinne et omnium corporis liniamentorum compositione
rairo fabrili et inaudito opere composita, ut Ipsius Summi
Artificis manibus perpendas operatam. Et sub dextro
ipsius brachio alteram crucifixi effigiem modicam, in sinistra
parte nolam antiqui operis quales bestiarum collo applicare
solet antiquitas, ne in desuetione insolescant. Librum
etiam cognomento Nigrum 8 , textum sicut vix perpendere
possumus evangeliorum, quern usque hodie celebrem habet
Walthainensis ecclesia, propter quae ipsi oculis nostris per-
speximus miracula. Hiis ita divino nutu praeostensis, tarn
ingentis novitate miraculi videns 9 mentes attonitas, corda
nutantia, Domini tamen nomen laudantia et dicentia, "Can-
tate Domino 10 canticum novum, quia fecit hodie nobiscum
mirabilia. Quia terribilia sunt opera tua, Domine virtutum,
et nimis profundae sunt cogitationes tuae." Quidarn retra-
hunt gressum, reminiscentes praeteritorum commissorum,
pars pugnis pectora tundit, quidam stupefacti novitate
miraculi, quasi extra se facti, quid agant nesciunt. Stupor
8 The MS. Harl., 3766, whicb, accord-
ing to the catalogue, professes to con-
tain a fragment of this Liber Kiger, is
of later date than our author.
9 sic MS&., perhaps for ' videres.'
10 Ps. xcviii. 1, aud Ps. xcii. 5.
6
enim ingens invaserat omnes. Gluts tune lacrimarura
uberrima flumina per facies viduarum, virginum, necnon
et contiuentium, ut imaginarie offerrentur earum lacrimae,
quibus dictum est ' Filiae lerusalem n nolite flere,' etc. !
Illis quidem justa lamentandi causa, quse posteritati suae
dampnationem comparaverant dicentes, " sanguis 12 Ejus
super nos et super filios nostros ;" nostris vero justa Isetandi
causa, quse pretioso Ipsius redemptse sanguine, inebriatae
ubertate 13 domus Suae et torrente voluptatis potatae, quanto
flebant uberius, tanto securius, quia hujusmodi fletum
sequitur sine intermissione Isetitia.
7. Qualiter mittitur pro domino feodi scilicet Tovi le prude.
Cum igitur nullus se censeret dignum tantum mani-
bus contingere thesaurum, tentoriis circumvallare, prop-
ter aeris intemperiem et observationis cautelam, placuit
locum, et utriusque sexus personas deputare religiosas, qui
vigiliarum excubias devotis agerent obsequiis, donee mi- '
rabilem rei eventum domino fundi Tovi le Prude qui
totius Angliae post regem primus, stattere u , vexillifer regis,
monarchiam gubernabat, nuntiarent. Ille tune in remotis
Angliae partibus degebat, regiis implicitus negotiis, secun-
dus a rege, sicut qui prae ceteris terrae magnatibus curam
omnium gerebat, et regi proximus in consiliis et prascipuis
regni causis assistebat. Audita itaque tanta exultationis
novitate, mente compungitur, lacrimis perfunditur, et ei prae
gaudio a senectute et senio, sicut aquilae 15 , juventus renova-
tur, et ipsis velocior avibus, ut ita dicam, festinus advolat,
ut tanquam pennis eum magis vehi quam equis censeas.
Citus advenit ; quod auribus insonuerat fidelibus oculis in-
notuit ; vidit et gavisus est. Accedens itaque ad singulare
11 St. Luke xxiii. 28. stabuli, or constable. See Kemble, Saxons
12 St. Matt, xxvii. 25. in England.
13 Ps. xxxvi. 8. 15 Ps. ciii. 5.
14 Staller, horsthegn, marshal, comes
illud nostris temporibus et posteris mirabile mommentum,
videns mulieres quasi circa Dominum lamentantes, Ipsum
quasi in sepulchre jacentem circumquaque assistentes, sicut
in passione finem Ejus expectantes, de infimo cordis sin-
gultus eructans in verba prorumpens ait ;
8. Adoratio et oratio ipsius Thovi.
" Domine Pater, Creator coeli et terrse, qui mundum ex
nichilo creasti et omnia quaecunque coeli ambitu continen-
tur, Dominus universorum Tu es : Domine, qui pro salute
mundi corpus Tuum et sanguinem Patri in ara crucis hos-
tiam sanctam Deoque placentem exhibuisti, qui spineam
coronam pro salute fidelium capiti Tuo applicari voluisti,
potatus absinthio 16 et felle, sitim nostrae salutis amaritudine
potus illius dulcorasti, quique in illius potus consummatione
literam legis novitate Spiritus Tui 17 gentibus innovasti :
Te laudo, Te adoro, Te glorifico, Tibi gratias ago, quod
me dignatus es tantis beneficiis participem fieri, et terrain
nostram Tuae gratiae beneficio illustrari: exultatio mea,
pax et gaudium cordis mei, illustratio spiritus mei, fir-
mitas et compago membrorum meorum, refocillatio animae
meae, spes et salus vitae meae, Tibi gloria in saeculorum
saecula."
9. Qualiter consilio optimatum decrevit Thovi parvam crucem
ibidem dimittere. Et vovit magnam crucem cum ceteris, Lon-
diniis, Wintonice, Cantuarite, Glastoniae, Redingiis, et stetit
plaustrum immobile.
Quid cordis, quid animi, quid spiritus erat populis haec
audientibus ! tremebat plebs omnis velut expectans ter-
ribilis buccinse sonitum invitantis ad judicium ! nutabat prae-
dives ille quo transferret condigne hoc mirabile sanctificium !
Sedit autem menti ejus, communi optimatum consilio, in
vallis planitiem usque in atrium ecclesiae haec sacrosancta
16 Lamentations iii. 19. 17 Rom. vii. 6.
8'
perducere, ut de piano juga bourn hiis applicata facilius
possint distrahere, quocumque vellet ea dominus fundi
transferre. Sicut Domino placuit ita factum est ; sit nomen
Ejus benedictum in ssecula. Fessis 18 itaque divinis labo-
ribus et internis gemitibus, heros ille, domini regis vexil-
larius, post sumptos cibos cum membra dedisset quieti,
ccepit instanter et devotissime meditari quid operis, quidve
consilii in hiis condigne distribuendis expediat illi. Mane
autem eo surgente optimatumque stipato agmine, post cele-
brationem divinorum, communi omnium consilio decretum
est, minorem crucem in ecclesia ibi praesenti dirm'ttere, cetera
circumferre quo divinae voluntati noverint complacere. Plaus-
tro ea inserunt, cum ornamentorum decora varietate jungunt
boves xii. rubeos, jungunt et hiis totidem vaccas niveas, bourn
custodes cum stimulis, armamenta simul eis necessaria quae
non deficiant in via, si transferaritur ad loca remota. Facta
denique oratione a clero et omni populo, quod det Dominus
Spiritum consilii domino Tovi ad destinanda praesentia quo
Suaa complaceat voluntati, cum voveret ea dominus Tovi
ubi tune erat archiepiscopatus, Dorobernise, Wintoniae, Glas-
toniss, Londoniae, et diversis episcopatuum sedibus et abba-
tiarum Angliae, stetit carrum quasi fixum nee poterat mo-
veri tractu bourn, vel impulsu hominum. Remiuiscens tan-
dem cujusdam domicilii sui, in quo plurimum complacuit
illi, scilicet Redinges 19 , orat Christum profusis lacrimis ut
bene placitum sit in oculis ejus transferri ea illuc, tutamen
et ornamentum sibi et suis successoribus, et ipse totam
daret villam Sanctae Crucis servientibus, cum omnibus eidem
adjacentibus. Stetit plaustrum, trahitur et pellitur, juga
bourn prioribus adhibentur nee movetur. Spectant attoniti
qui affuere, certi hoc sine providentia non agi voluntatis
divinae.
18 In both MSS. for 'fessus.'
19 Tovi had lands in Berkshire, as appears from Domesday Book.
9
10. Qualiter tandem nominata villa de Wallham, movit se plau-
strum, et curatur multitudo infirmorum in itinere.
Vota votis addit ille heros magnae celsitudinis, et vo-
vendo a celsioribus ecclesiis ad inferiores descendens, non
est exauditus, quia reservavit ea Deus alto consilio alteri
loco quern digniorem censuit praesentium beneficio. Memor
tandem pauperis tugurrii quod asdificare coeperat in loco sil-
vestri quod nunc Waltham dicitur ; (locus scilicet amoenus,
silvis uberrimis circumcinctus, fluvio pisciura uberrirao
qui Legia 20 dicitur ornatus, aracenitate pratorum fertilium
decorus, Londiniis satis propinquus, Thamensi fluvio flumine
prasdicto influente contiguus,) decernit initiale beneficium,
quod jam co3pit, ampliori margine dilatare, si velit ea Deus
ad haec loca transmittere. Mirabile dictu ! fide rairabilius !
cum insonuisset nomen Waltham, ilico movit se plaustrum,
it a ut magis plaustrum boves impellere, quam ipsos boves
plaustrum trahere censeres. Gaudio percelluntur corda
fidelium, et felici ducatu insequentes imaginem Crucifixi,
exultant successibus quos operatus est Deus, beneficio prae-
stito languentibus. Nam ut primi patres qui affuerunt
filiis suis memorabile reliquerunt, et nos successive ab illis
didicimus, et firma fide tenemus, a motione plaustri usque
ad decessum in Waltham crucifixi, infinitis reparatio sani-
tatis ex diversis languoribus restituta est. De quibus Ixvi.
qui se voverunt usque ad consummationem vitas servituros
Sanctas Cruci, in primis instituta est villa Walthamensis :
nam antea riichil erat in loco nisi vile domicilium ad suc-
currendum cum causa venandi accederet illuc heros ille.
Habebat enirn in confinio illius loci prasdia multa, Enefelde 21 ,
Edelmetun 23 , Cetrehunt 23 , Mimmes 24 et baroniam quam
nuric habet comes Willelrnus de Mandevile 25 et multo hiis
ampliora sed hunc locum se elegerat propter habundantiam
20 The Lee. 21 Enfield. Edmonton. Cheshunt. 24 Minims.
25 Earl of Essex, 11671190. Morant, ii. 546. Se elegerat is everywhere in the
MS. used for selegerat.
10
ferarura silvestrium, summae quieti. Hanc villam fundasse,
et hiis Ixvi. viris primo instituisse, accepimus a patribus nos-
tris, deinde successive crevit usque ad praesentia tempora,
sicut videre possunt qui nunc extant.
11. Qualiter exivit sanguis de brachio dextro, quum laminam
clavo firmare voluerunt.
Ab liujus crucis inventione transeundum est ad ipsius
exaltationem, quia semel humiliatus Deus et Homo usque
ad infima mundi, postea ascendit ad summa fastigia creli,
ubi coseternus Patri residet ad dexteram Ipsius, regnans
et imperans, judicans vivos et mortuos, et sseculum per
ignem. Audivimus autem huic exaltationi, a nobili viro
Tovi excitos ex diversis regni partibus, multos heroum
evocari, ut huic interessent solempnitati, ut mererentur
participes exaltationis fieri, quibus non datum est in-
ventioni. Multiplici igitur opere fabrili gemmarum, auri,
et argenti praemunierat se gloriosus heros ille Tovi, quo
redimire posset Corpus Crucifixi, sed a seeculis inauditum
contigit memorabile factum, nam et in ornatu apponendo,
dum primo clavo firmare vellent in brachio dextro lami-
nam ad hoc (fictilem 26 ) ductilem, exivit sanguis ex silice 27 ,
cernentibus cunctis qui aderant, et mirantibus Dei virtu-
tem et inefiabilem potentiam, qui de silice aquas pro-
ductiores elicit, qui grana frumenti et expressionem botri
transformat in Corpus Suum et Sanguinem, qui de arbo-
ribus et fructicibus fructus producit, et de silicibus ignem ;
sed satis admiratione dignum inveniet qui facta ejus mira-
bilia mirari contendit. Sanguinem hunc, de silice elicitum
Dei nutu, et in lintheamme corporali susceptum, nos videre
et in capsa argentea repositum, miseratione divina merui-
mus, quos a teneris annis educavit ecclesia Walthamien-
sis liii. annis **, et in gremio suo literalibus instruxit disci-
26 corrected. w It appears from this that the writer
27 Cf. William of Malmesbury, De was one of the canons who were other-
Antiq. Glaston., ed. Gale, p. 304 wise " provided for" at the ue\v founda-
11
plinis. Me miserum quod datura est videre in hac vita, '
quod separer ab uberibus matris meae !
12. Adoratio Thovi et donaria eius, scilicet Waltham, Hicche,
Luketune, fyc., cum ense quo erat accinctus miles.
Admiratione igitur tanti miraculi stupefactus est Tovi,
indignum se censens visione tali, publicano 29 similis, qui
nee oculos audebat ad coelos levare, reminiscens etiam quod
si iniquitates nostrae contenderint contra nos, et obser-
vaverit eos Dominus, non justificabitur 30 in conspectu ejus
oranis vivens homo, nee infans cujus est vita unius diei
super terram, deposito insigni quo induebatur habitu, et
sacco vestitus, more pueri balbutientis, ccepit manibus et
genibus reptare ad locum, ubi memorabilis jacebat imago
crucifixi, ad quam voce lugubri, corde contrite et humi-
liato non sine multa lacrimarum effusione, ita exorsus est.
" Adoro Te Christe pendentem in ligno pro salute fidelium,
quod michi representat praesens istud exemplar Tuae pas-
sionis : adoro Te, Domine, infernum visitantem et in sanctis
animabus inferos triumphantem, adoro Te a niortuis resur-
gentem, morte Tua mortem fidelium consummantem, adoro
Te in ccelum ascendentem ad consessum Patris et abinde
Spiritum Tuum in corda discipulorum et eorum pure sequa-
cium mittentem : Tibi laus, Tibi gloria, honor perpes et im-
perium sit in saecula saeculorum. Me tibi devotum constituo,
quaecumque mancipia, quocumque modo adquisita, libera
tibi imperpetuum trado, villam praesentem scilicet Walt-
ham 31 , et Chenleueden 33 , Hicche 33 , et Lamhee 34 , Luken-
turi 35 et Alwaretun 36 , ad sustentamentum Tibi servituris in
tion in 1177. The date would thus fix dons in Essex ; but the name of Tovi
the time of his admission into the col- does not appear in connexion with
lege at 1124, and his birth 1119. See either.
ch. 13. 33 Hitchin, Hertfordshire.
29 St. Matt, xviii. 13. M Lambeth in Surrey. Seetheboun-
30 Ps. cxxx. 3 ; cxliii. 3. daries in King Edward's charter.
31 The Waltham with which the canons 3* Loughton, Essex.
were endowed was West Waltham in x Alvertun, in the Hundred of Ongar,
Berkshire. in Essex, now forgotten.
32 Kelvedon. There are two Kelve-
12
perpetuum do," et hiis dictis, ensem quo primo fuerat ac-
cinctus miles factus, circumcinxit imagini, araodo milita-
turus Illi; et applicato eo super crucem ligneam laminis
argenteis fecit involvi, quod se clavis nullo modo permisit
infigi.
13. Qualiter Glitha uxor Thorn dedit coronam auream, circulum,
et suppeditaneum, cum lapide.
Uxor 37 autem ejus, Glitha nomine, filia Osegodi Scalp,
viri venerabilis et ditissimi, mulier religiosa et sanctis ex-
ercitiis dedita, mirifico ex proprio sumptu artificio forma-
tam capiti illius circumdedit coronam, ex auro obrizo 38 , et
lapidibus pretiosissimis obstructam, ob memoriam spineae
coronae, cujus punctiones et obprobria passus est pro no-
stra salute. Circulum quoque insignem ex auro purissimo
quali tune temporis utebantur nobilissimse matronae, circum-
cinxit ejus femori, mirifico lapidum oriiatu constructum, et
ex eodem auro subpedaneum ex monilibus et armillis su s
compactum, in quo et lapidem infigi praecepit, qui furva
nocte obductis luminaribus, radios emittit, ut circumstan-
tibus possit lumen subclarum ad notitiam discernendarum
rerum praebere. Hunc centum marcis emere, et Wintoniam
transferre cupivit Henricus 39 , episcopus illius ecclesiae, tune
quidem decanus noster, sed in veritate quae Dens est, nee
illud, nee minimam ornamentorum portionem, permisimus
ab ecclesia transferri, licet modo peccatis nostris exigentibus,
inter infimos regni clericos, dampnationi regio edicto simus
deputati. Novit tamen Dominus qui sunt Ejus, novit grana,
novit paleas, sed cum triturabitur area, reponentur grana
in apothecam 40 ventilatis paleis, reponetur vinum ejectis
vinatiis 41 , horreis mandabuntur legumina ejectis siliquis.
37 Called by Florence of Worcester Ord. Vit. iv. 2.
Githa, daughter of Osgod Clapa. See 39 Henry of Blois, Bishop of Win-
nute on ch. 6. Osgod Clapa was out- Chester, administered this church as
lawed in 1046, and died in 1053. dean about 1144.
38 ofyv&v, pure gold. The gold- 40 St. Matt. iii. 12 ; 2 Tim. ii. 19.
smiths' work of the English was a 41 Vinaceis, grape-stones and skius.
source of astonishment to the Normans.
13
Ik Defuncto Thorn successit films ejus' Addstanus gui amiit
Waltham, quam adepius est comes Haraldus per sanctum
Eadwardum.
Elevata igitur cruce solempni, et cunctis circa earn rite
dispositis, presbyteros duos instituit, cum reliquis clericis,
Deo ministraturos in ecclesia, quibus et ipse devotione
comes effectus cum uxore nobili non destitit, toto tempore
vitas suse earn auro et argento, ornamentis quoque pretiosis
indesinenter ornare. Tandem consummatus in brevi exple- >
verat tempora multa, cui successit filius ejus Adelstanus 42 ,
pater Esegari qui stalre inventus est in Angliae conquisitione
a Normannis, cujus hsereditatem postea dedit conquisitor
terrae, rex Willelmus, Galfrido de Mandevile, proavo 43 prae-
sentis comitis Willelmi. Successit quidem Adelstanus patri
suo Tovi, non in totam quidem possessionem quam posse-
derat pater, sed in earn tantum quaa pertinebat ad stall ariam,
quam mine habet comes Willelmus. Amplas enim sibi con-
quisierat possessiones Tovi, praeter haereditatem propriam,
turn indita ei sapientia, qua praecipuus erat inter primes
terree, turn quod in consiliis domini regis primus prodesse
42 JSlfstan who was stallere about ble, C. D., 872,) two years, that is, after
1044 (C. D. 773), may he this Adel- his grandfather's marriage. He appears
stan; but our author's account of Tovi's as "regia3 procurator aulse," i.e. dapifer,
family is not easy to reconcile with in the charter of Waltham, and as staller
facts; and he seems, as before re- down to the Conquest. There were several
marked, to have supposed the trans- stalleres at one time. C. D., 822. Esegar
lation of the cross to have taken place was a great landholder in the time of
in the time of Cnut. It is not neces- King Edward : the statement of our
sary to suppose that Adelstan was the author, that Geoffrey de Mandevile re-
son of Githa, but it is curious to find ceived his estates from the Conqueror,
Esegar stallere as early as 1044, (Kem- is borne out fully by Domesday Book.
43 The pedigree of the Mandeviles is as follows :
Geoffrey = Adelais
William = Margaret, d. of Eudo Dapifer.
Geoffrey, first Earl of Essex, = Eohaise de Vere, d. of
d. 1144. Alberic de Vere.
Eruulf, ob. s. p. Ge >ffrey, 2nd Earl, William, 3rd Earl,
ob. s. p. 1167. ob. s. p. Nov. 14, 1190.
14
poterat vel obesse quibus volebat, turn quod domini regis qui
multa ei de proprio suo contulerat, habere meruit [^gra-
tiam] ; sed degenerans a patris astutia et sapientia, filius
multa ex hiis perdidit, et inter cetera Waltham, quam de-
functo Cnuto et Hardecnuto ejus filio, cum imperaret Anglis
et regni regimen suscepissety beatae memoriae rex Edwardus^
dedit comiti Haraldo, comitis Godwin! filio, fratri etiam
beatse memoriae Edithae Reginae, qui armis strenuus, procero
corpore et inestimabili strenuitate, forma etiam pulcritudinis
praecellens cunctis primatibus terrae, regis manus dextra, et
sapientia praeditus, et artium omnium quae decent militem
gnarus, se virum agebat praeclarum per omnia. Nee dero-
gare credimus ipsius excellentiae quod praedecessoris sui,
(s. Tovi,) imitator effectus in Sanctae Crucis veneratione, col-
lata ei beneficia firma et illibata manere constituent, pree-
sertim cum saepe viderimus praedecessorum opera, succes-
soribus invisa, debilem statum obtinuisse. Nam toto tern-
pore vitae ipsius, quasi uterinus filius ecclesiae factus, opibus
earn ditare, donariis augere, auro, argento, et gemmis prae-
fulgentem exhibere sategit, praesertim reliquiarum [ 45 multi-
plicitate] quatenus poterat prece vel pretio, in diversis ter-
rarum partibus non segnis conquisitor fuit. Gratiam enim
dornini regis et omnium praedivitum terrae, tarn ecclesias-
ticorum, quam laicorum, ita singularem adquisierat, turn
\ gratia Reginae sororis suae et patris eorum, qui successerat
Tovi in regimine totius Angliae post regem consiliis, et astutia
et legum terrae peritia, turn quia se talem gerebat quod non
solum Angli, verum etiam Normanni et Gallici imprimis
invidebant pulcritudini et prudentiae, militiae et sagacitati ;
quem indigenae prae ceteris postulabant et ardenter sitie-
bant post sanctum regem Edwardum, ipsius morum et vitae
haeredem. Quod quidem divina miseratione processu tem-
poris videre meruerunt qui tune praesentes fuerunt.
44 Insert, in marg. 45 Marg.
15
15. Haraldus adauxit possessiones ; distinxit xii. prcebendas ;
fecit decanum; mctualia ordinavit.
Duobus igitur praedictis clericis quos instituerat Tovi
le Prude in ecclesia Walthamensi, vir ille strenuus comes
Haraldus x[i.] 46 sociavit alios viros prudentes, literates, se-
lectos a communibus, inter praecipuos terrae diligenter ex-
quisitos, inter quos Theothonicum quendam, divino munere
et inexperato sibi collatum, magistrum Atdelardum 47 , Leodi-
censem genere, Trajectensem studii disciplina, adhibuit, qua-
tinus leges, instituta et consuetudines, tarn in ecclesiasticis
quam in saecularibus, ecclesiarum in quibus educatus fuerat,
in ecclesia Walthamensi constitueret ; quum multorum rela-
tioue didicerat, ordinatissima distinctione regi Theutonico-
rum ecclesias ; ut siquid dignum ultione vel correptione inter
clericos oriretur, a decano ecclesiae sive ab ipso magistro
Athelardo, excessus acri verbo, enormitates flagello 48 } inma-
nia etiam peccata ipsius praebendae privatione, uiultarentur.
Quod et praedecessorum nostrorum temporibus inolevisse et
usque ad tempora puerifciae nostrae perdurasse non ambigi-
mus. Hiis autem xii. clericis perhibetur comes ille Wlwinuin
decanum praefecisse, virum religiosum, moribus illustrem,
doctrina literali venustum, speciali castitatis praerogativa
fulgentem, qui cum magistro Adelardo ecclesiae statum ita
distinctum ordinaverunt ; unicuique assignata est portio
sua in praebendam, ut, deductis expensis quae fratrum vic-
tualibus exhibere debebant, quod residuum erat in proprios
usus, loco praebendae, cederet. Sunt autem hae portkmes
quas in usus ecclesiae assignavit comes Haroldus, una cum
46 xi. Harl., x and i in paler ink Cott. Life of Edward the Confessor, of a mira-
47 According to the Vita Haroldi, cle wrought by the saint after his death,
Ailard was sent by the Emperor to cure in curing Harold of the gout in the leg.
Harold of paralysis, and effected the The two stories may point to the fact
cure by means of the holy cross of Walt- that Harold was afflicted with that corn-
ham. In consequence of this he ap- plaint.
pointed Ailard master of the schools. 4S Compare the correction adminis-
F. H., ed. Michel, 161. Our author's tered to the devil at Hereford, " Teu-
expression rather savours of this tra- tonice vapulaverunt," Barth. Cotton,
dition. A story is told in the Metrical ed. Luard., p. 428.
10
Tovi, ad victualia canonicorum per omnes anni scptimanas,
ut unusquisque firmas debitas de maneriis suis temporibus
solveret : Decanus pro Walda 49 et Passefelda 50 et Alriche-
sea 51 , xix. ebdomadarum firmas : Praebenda de Netleswell 52 ,
vii. firmas, et ii. dies; Alwaretona 53 iiii. septimanas et
ii. dies; Upmenstr ii. septimanas et ii. dies; Wdeford 54
ii. septimanas ; Luketufi 55 unam septimanam et unum diem;
Tipenden. 56 ii. sept. ; Brichendon 57 ii. sept. ; Decano cessit
pra3 ceteris West Waltham M , ut aliis in eo praecelleret qui
primatum et regimen ceterorum habebat, in victualibus
etiam aliquantisper magis auctus, quia pluribus habebat
benefacere quam simplex canonicus. Erat enim distincta
sic uniuscujusque portio in septimana : a sabbato usque
ad sabbatum, cotidie ii. panes albissimi, tertius [ 59 minus]
albus, hii tres certe sufficientes discrete vi. hominibus in
prandio uno. Sex bollae cervisiae apte sufficientes in ccena
una x. hominibus ; cotidie vi. fercula, unumquodque diversi
generis in profestis diebus. In festis vero diebus primse
dignitatis tres pitantiae unicuique, in festis secundae dig-
nitatis duae, in festis tertiae dignitatis i. Erant autem tales
pitantiae unicuique canonico : a festo Sancti Michaelis usque
ad caput jejunii aut xii. merulae, aut ii. agauseae 60 aut ii. per-
dices aut unus phasianus, reliquis temporibus aut aucae 61
aut gallinae. In praecipuis festivitatibus anni, Natali, festo
Paschali, et Peutecosten et duobus festis Sanctae Crucis,
unicuique vinum et medo. Collati sunt etiam in aucmentum
49 South Weald, in the Hundred of present name unknown.
Chafford. s4 Woodfbrd, in Becontree Hundred.
60 Passfield, or Paslow, in High Ongar, 55 Loughton, in Ongar Hundred : it
continued in the Abbey until the Disso- appears in Domesday as in Becontree
lution. Morant. i. 122. . Hundred.
81 Arlsey, Bedfordshire : mentioned in 56 Said by Morant to be Epping, i. 40,
Domesday Book as the Bishop of Dur- but it can hardly be correct, as it is
ham's land, held by Waltham in King mentioned in Domesday Book as a dis-
Edward's time. Tt was, however, re- tinct place,
stored and confirmed to the Abbey by &7 Hertfordshire.
Henry II. and Richard L 58 Berkshire.
52 Netteswell, in the half- Hundred of 59 In inarg. and in Harl.
Harlow, Essex. w Agace, a magpie (?) Ducmge.
53 Essex, in the Hundred of Ongar ; 61 Geese ; Ducange.
17
praedictorum, unicuique canonico redditus xl. sot ad vesti-
mentorum suppletionem, quod Anglice Sruland^ vocatur; et
in eadem villa Walthara, unicuique xv. acrae assignatae quae
Northlande 63 vocantur, ut e vicino sibi gaudeant commodi
aliquicl habere, quoniam ceteri redditus, in partibus distinct!
remotioribus, non eis proveniebant de facili. Praeterea uni-
cuique canonico xl. sot de obventionibus altaris et deci-
mationum nomine communae 64 . Multa etiam et alia quse
enuinerata tsedium auditoribus generarent. Sed transeun-
dum est ad magis necessaria.
16. Qua vasa, qua ornamenta, dederit Haroldus, et dedicari fecit* 5 .
Cum autem hiis vir ille venerabilis ecclesiam ditasset
beneficiis, gaudens praerogativo sibi collatum rnunere, quod
non esset secunda huic in regno ecclesia, in tarn decenti
amministratione ecclesiasticorum beneficiorura, vel horiesta
fratrum conversation, coepit earn interius multis decorare
muneribus. Venusto 66 enim admodum opere a fundamentis
constructam [ 67 ecclesiam], laminis aereis, auro undique su-
perducto, capita columpnarum et bases flexurasque arcuum
ornare fecit mira distinctione artificis ; xii. etiam imagines
62 Shroud-land: land set apart for out the "varying inclemency of the
providing clothes for the canons. Scru- weather."
land, Harl. 6 ? Marg. and in Harl. The fact that
63 " Unde ecclesiam villae antiquitus the word " ecclesiam" is twice supplied
dotatarn invenit." Charter of Edward. in the margin of the Cotton MS., (viz.
This was alienated by Bishop Walcher, in the rubric of the contents and in
and restored by Queen Matilda. It the course of this chapter,) coupled
contained two hides and a-half. See with the inappropriateness of the de-
the Charter in the Appendix. coration described, for the general oma-
64 " Quicquid ex bonis alicujus Cathe- menting of the church, has led to a
dralis ecclcsiaj canonicis in commune suspicion that the " ciborium " and not
distribuitur." Ducange. the structure of the church is inten-
> 5 Ecclesiam in margin. ded as " constructam" &c. ; and it is very
16 The parallel passage from the Vita probable that our author, who took his
Haroldi is " Jaciuntur festinate ecclesiee account of the treasures of the church
atnplioris fundamenta, surgunt parietes, from Athelard's MS. in the chapter-
columnse sublimes distantes ab invicem house, mistook the decorations of the
parietes arcuum aut testudinum emicy- ciborium for those of the church. But
cliis mutuis foederantur, culmen imposi- the grammatical sense of the passage is
turn aeris abintrogressis plumbei objective good without the supplying of the word
laminis variam secludit intemperiem." ecclesiam, (constructam looking for its
The author of the Vita Haroldi wrote noun in the ecclesia of the former sen-
with our text befire him, but it is not tence,) and clearly the author believed
easy to say what he means; the latter himself to be describing the general
part refers to a leaded roof, to keep decoration of the church.
18
apostolorum opere fusili, quae deportarent altare aureum an-
terius ; leones etiam ejusdem operis, quse supportarent altare
posterius ; ipsum etiam altare ex auro mero composition,
quadratum, in medio sui habens modicum lapidem marmo-
reum, in ecclesias orn amentum construxit. Ministerio etiam
altaris vasa necessaria, diebus prsecipuis aurea, profestis
argentea, sufficienti copiositate invenit. Quatuor etiam
capsas aureas, ix. argenteas, candelabra aurea et argentea,
turribula, urceos et pelves, cruces tres aureas, vi. argenteas ;
textus aureos tres magnos, v. argenteos deauratos. Hasc
omnia miro fabrorum artificio exculta prsedictis adjecit.
Vestimentorum etiam habundantiam (simplicium scilicet et
compositorum auro textorum) in cappis et casulis, dal-
maticis et tunicis, et ceteris, redimitis auro et margaritis,
multam contulit ecclesiae, ita ut unius aurum casula3, quse
vocabatur 'Dominus diccit ad me' appenderetur xxvi. marc,
auri in deauratione. Quam cum construxisset ecclesiam,
miro tabulatu et latomorum studio diligenti fabricatam,
dedicationi ejus instanter invigilans, ipsum regem sanctse
memorise Edwardum invitavit ad nuptias Christi et ecclesise
illius, reginam sororem suam, et primos totius Angliae;
Ginsi 68 primo archiprsesulem Eboracensem, quia tune vaca-
bat sedes Cantuariae 69 , reliquos etiam episcopos utrarumque
68 The mention of Archbishop Kinsige
enaMes us to approximate closely, if not
to fix definitely, the date of the conse-
cration of Waltham. He was Arch-
bishop of York from 10511060. The
ceremony took place about a fortnight
before Whitsuntide; and beyond any
reasonable doubt on the 3rd of May.
In 1052, Pentecost fell on June 7.
1053 May 30.
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
May 22.
June 4.
May 26.
May 18.
June 7.
May 23.
May 14.
The King, after staying at Waltham
over the octave (May 10), went to Win-
chester to keep Pentecost the next Sun-
day ; this fixes the year 1060. Our au-
thor seems to have had a notion that
Edward died the same year, and three
months after the supernatural warning.
The tradition of the King's stay over
the octave and departure for Winches-
ter is of a sort that would be handed
down in the college : the legend would
be added afterwards. Ailred of Kie-
vaulx does not say that the delivery of
the ring took place at Winchester, and
the story is generally told in connexion
with Havering-atte-Bower.
69 This is not correct. Stigand was
Archbishop of Canterbury, but the ca-
nonical character of his appointment
was suspected, and he was on several
other occasions obliged to give pre-
cedence to the Archbishop of York.
19
sedium, quos juvat ad praesens, sicut didicimus a praedecesso-
ribus, enumerare, sed sedium eorum discretionem non mente
teneraus, Ailnotus 70 ; Heremanus, Leowricus, et Willelmus,
Ailrnarus, Lefwinus, Wlwinus et Ailwinus, Ailricus,Walterus,
et Giso Cirecestrensis episcopus. Abbates etiam quorum
hie nomina subscribuntur, Eilnodus, Eilwinus, Wlfricus,
Leuricus, Wlstanus, Ethelniz, Ordricus, Elsinus, Lefstanus,
Edraundus et Sihtric. Comites et regni primates, Elfgarus
comes, Tostinus comes, Lefwinus comes, Gierht comes,
Esegarus regies procurator aulae, qui et Anglice dictus
stallere, i. regni ve^illifer. Robertus comes, domini regis
cognatus, Radulfus regis aulicus, Bun din us regis Palatinus,
Esebernus regis consanguineus, Rembaldus regis cancella-
rius. Principes qui et barones dicti sunt, Brichtricus, El-
stanus, Elfgarus, et Brixi, Eilnothus, Esebernus, Edgip, Ead-
70 These are the names of the wit-
nesses of the Waltham charter in 1062.
It is impossible that they should have
been present at the dedication under
the style in which they appear here, as
Giso and Walter were not consecrated
until 1061. The names were probably
copied by the author from the charter
under the impression that it was drawn
up on the occasion. It is, however, a
charter of confirmation, and dated 1062,
with no signs of spurious origin or in-
terpolation about it. Besides the wit-
nesses named here, it is signed by tiie
Archbishops, Stigand and Ealdred, the
successor of Kinsige : the rest occur as
follows, the order of the names being
almost identical with that in the text :
^ELfwold, Hereman, Leofric, Wil-
liam, Ailtnar, Leofwin, Wulfwin, JSlwin,
JSfric, Walter, and Giso, bishops.
.-Egelnoth, ^Elfwin, Wlfiric, Lfoffric,
Leofstan, ^llwig, Hordric, JSgelsin,
Leofstan, Eadraund, Sichtric, abbots.
Harold, ^Elfgar, Tosti, Leofwin,
Gyrth, comites.
Esegar, regia? procurator aulse ; Rod-
bertus regis consanguineus, Radulphus
regis aulicus, Bundinus regis Palatinus,
Hesbernus regis cousanguineus, Regen-
baMus regis cancellarius ;
Peter and Baldwin, the King's chap-
lains.
c2
Brihtric and jElfstan. ealdormen.
Wigod, regis pincerna. Herdingus,
regina3 pincerna; Adzurus and Yfingus,
the king's stewards; Godwin, the queen's
steward ; Doddo, ^Elfgar, Brixin, yEgel-
noth, Esbern, Eadwig, Eadric, J3gel-
mund, Siward, Alwold, JSlphig, prin-
cipes.
Of the bishops, ^Elfwold, called Ail-
noth in the text, was Bishop of t herborn,
Hereman of Wilton orRtirnsbury, Leofric
of Exeter, William of London, Ailmar
of Elmhain, Leofwin of Lichfield, Wulf-
win of Dorchester, ^Elwin of Durham,
^Efric of Selsey, Walter of Hereford,
and Giso of Wells.
The abbots are .ffigelnoth of Glaston-
bury, .Elfwin of Hyde, Wulfric of Ely,
Leoffric of Peterborough, Leofstan of
St. Alban's, .Mwig of Evesham, Hordric
of Abingdon, zEgelsin of St. Augustine's,
Leofstan of St. Edmund's, Eadmund of
Pershore, Sihtric of Tavistock.
The earls are Harold of Wessex,
^Elfgar of Mercia, Tosti of Northum-
bria 1 , Leofwin of East Anglia, and Gurth
of Essex and Hertfordshire.
Esegar is the staller, Bundinus, or
Bondig, the staller, Rembald the chan-
cellor, Dean of Cirencester.
That the author was acquainted with
the charter appears from chap. 17, whtre
he quotes the curse from it.
20
ricus, Ailmundus, Sivvardus, Ethelwoldus, Alwinus, Acurus
dapifer, et Ywingus dapifer regis ; Godwinus reginae dapifer,
et Doddo regis prae ceteris consanguinitate proximus ; Rau-
linus cubicularius prae cunctis secretorum suorum in Domino
Jesu conscius. Hos imitates et sagaci discretione coriqui-
sitos, quorum quidam oderant euin invidia vel innata eis
malitia, quia non erat ei similis in terra, continuis octo die-
bus secuin tenuit, cum omni gloria et omnium donorum,
ciborum, et potuum exquisitorum opulentia, ita, ut pro certo
audierim ego a quibusdam, qui haec acceperunt a prioribus
suis qui affuerunt, vasa magna, in compitis viarum exposita
discurrentibus, vino et medone plena, ut haurirent de pleno
quicumque vellent.
17. De relliquiis quas dedit et abscondit Haroldus.
Consummatis prima die dedicationi necessariis, ante-
quam pranderent, in praesentia doruini regis et arcliiepiscopi
Ginsi et episcoporum, abbatum, comitum et baronum prae-
nominatorum, vocatis ad se Wlwino praeposito et ecclesiae
canonicis, comes Haroldus reliquiarum copiam fecit apponi,
quas ipse multo labore inestimabilique diligentia conqui-
sierat ; sicut erat reverendae faciei homo et praestabilis elo-
quentiae, coram positis fratribus ecclesiae dixit : " Quoniam
a prini33V33 nativitatis obcsecatione auri sacra fames usque
hodie successive descendit in filios diffidentiae, timeo si
capsis istis aureis et argenteis commendentur istae sanc-
torum reliquiae pretiosae, et quid est super aurum et lapidem
pretiosum multum, et dulciora super mel et favum, tollantur
ab ecclesia, superveniente perfidorum vesania, et cum ipsis
vasis fictilibus sacrosancta haec alienantur avaritise aesti-
bus a malis successoribus, et cedant in usus peccatorum,
quae multo labore et exercitio meo adquisita, Domino dicari
constituimus. Unde si bene placitum est in oculis tuis,
domine mi rex, et principum tuoruni, humi recondantur,
21
signata Into et latere, in loco secreto, omni homiui occulto,
nisi tantum uni fides cui habeatur tantum thesaurum oc-
caltandi ; securius est enim fictilibus carere quam tarn sacrse
rei praesidiis privari." Placuit hoc regi consilium laudanti
et omnibus qui aderant, et assurnpto ligno salutiferse crucis
et per medium secto, partem unam cum reliquis sanctorum,
prsesidiis mandant sarcofago, supersedificantes struem lapi-
dum, immanem maceriem, scilicet satis humilem nullam prse-
stare valentem oculis intuentium tantorum sacramentorum
notitiam. Hiis autem sacris reliquiis scripto uniuscujus-
que prsesignato propria manu, dignum duxit magister Ade-
lardus, scribendo in libro capitulari, memoriale posteris tra-
dere, quibus non datur libere accessus secretiora loci illius
penetrare.
] 8. Qualiter rex Edwardus confirmavit dona comitis Haroldi.
Tanti igitur boni expertem nolens se beatus ille rex
Edwardus, post assignata eomitis Haroldi donaria, cum ea,
ore proprio, cunctis audientibus, et carta sua litteris aureis
scripta confirmasset, et propria crucem auream manu in
eadem exarasset, de suo contulit ecclesise in dotem Hicche 7l ,
cum omnibus sibi pertinentibus in terris, pratis, pascuis et
aquis, et Lamhede, sicut cautum videri potest in carta ip-
sius, ratum et inviolabile volens Deo permanere, ita dicens :
"Si vero 72 aliquis successorum meorum, quod absit, de terris
istis quicquam subtraxerit, vel subtrahi permiserit, et inde
requisitus emendare noluerit, ei Deus Justus judex regnum
pariter auferat et coronam." Archiepiscopus etiam et epi-
scopi praedicti, necnon et abbates, unanimiter sententiam
domini regis confirmaverunt in hiis verbis, "Ego Ginsi
Eboracensis archiepiscopus, una cum fratribus consecra-
tioni ecclesise assistentibus, excommunicamus, et a liinini-
bus sanctse ecclesiae matris sequestramus, et maledictione
71 Hitchin, Herts. 72 Charter ; Appendix II.
22,
perpetua condempnamus omnes transgressores hujus regiae
et consularis donationis et eorum et nostrae confirmationis.
Amen, in perpetuum fiat, fiat." Hiis ita expletis, post
octavum diera, unusquisque remeavit ad propria. Rex
vero Edwardus Wintoniam iter flexit, celebraturus ibidem
in proximo solempnitatem Sancti Spiritus, die Pentecostes,
ubi contigisse quid dam mirabile dictu scriptum vidimus,
et auctenticorum relatione didicimus.
19. De anulo quern Sanctus Johannes remisit sancto Edwardo
et obitu ejus 73 .
Sedente eo pro tribunali die festo in aula regia, et
praestolante processionem et episcoporum praesentiam, qui '
diadema regni applicarent regio capiti, ex improvise con-
tigit cives xii., quatuor civitatum Angliae quas praecipuas
dicimus, Londin, Eborac, Winton et Lincoln regiam au-
lani intrare, com is et barbis more peregrinorum depen-
dentibus, habitu bonesto et incessu gravi, facie serena, vere-
cunda tamen, qui piocedentes usque ad gradum ante sedem
regiam, flexo genu adoraverunt. Quorum unus sic ait;
" Domine rex, in cujus ditione praesentis status regni et prin-
cipum ejus firmitas solida manet et inviolabilis virtus, nos
servi tui sancta invisere loca cupientes, et ob remedium
animarum nostramm Sanctorum suffragia implorantes, ad
vocem prophetae dicentis, 'in diebus sanctorum affligetis
animas vestras, quia jejunia et vigiliae et sanctas afflictiones
humiliata corpora macerant, et maculata corda purificant/
eligiinus miseratione divina Jerosolimam pergere, sanctae
nativitatis, passion is, resurrectionis, ascensionis, et Sancti
Spiritus in apostolos missionis vestigia, corde et sincera
devotione quoad potuimus adorare, incolumitatis tuse fir-
73 This is the most circumstantial ed. Luard, pp. 276 280; Ailred, ap.
account we have of the legend of the Tw vsden, coll. 397, 398 ; and Morant's
ring. Cf. Lives of h.dw. the Conf., Essex, i. 58.
23
mitatem, vitae diuturnitatem, et regni prosperitatem, et ani-
marum nostrarum salutem iraplorare. Ubi cnm die qua-
darn, visitatis sacris in civitate locis, ascendere volerites Mon-
tem Olivaruni, ubi ab humilitate nostra ad summa ccelorum
fastigia ascendit Dominus, in declivo mentis obviam habui-
mus processionera, sicut in diebus solempnibus, ordinate
incedentem cruce, turribulo, ceroferariis, subdiacono et dia-
cono praecedentibus, subsequente conventu honestissimo,
sacerdote postrerao, quos cum intuiti essemus, clara luce
circa tertiam diei horam non sine admiratione sic incedere,
dixit nobis ille ultimus, sacerdotalibus prae ceteris indutus,
* Unde estis, ad quid venistis, quorsum tenditis, quae vos
genuit terra, et quid animi vobis est in scopuloso hoc regno
multa asperitate discrete?' Ad quern ego, licet sodalium
non praeminentior, respondi; 'Angli quidem sumus vestrse
sanctitatis servi, sacra invisere loca cupientes; hinc ultra
procedere non disponiraus, repedare illuc unde venimus,
Dei nutu, desideramus, vestrarum orationum beneficiis at-
tolli suppliciter postulamiis.' Respondens autem vir sanc-
tus, ' Vere quidem Angli,' subintulit, ' nitentes ut angeli ;
benedicat vos Deus et gratiae suae in vobis dona multiplicet.
Nnmquid regem habetis, aut quo nomine censetur?' Cui
respondimus, ' Regem habemus, Edwardum nomine, virum
probates vitae et sanctitatis immensae, in terrae suae t strenuum I
regimine, viruiu justum et pnidentem, et ad ouinimoda '
regni moderamina regibus aliis praeminentem.' Audito
quidem nomine vestro vir sanctus ille subintulit, ' Qualem
vos dicitis, talem probat eum Deus, quia Domino complacuit
in eo, quod noviter probabit experirnento. Obtestor vos
per misericordiam Dei, propter quam adipiscendam multo
labore et sudore hue usque venistis, quod sugeratis ei, ex
parte dilecti sui Johannis ewangelistae, quod prseparet se
huic collegio interesse, quod sic futurum infra praesentem an-
num praeparavit Deus diligenti Se. Nos enim diurno et noc-
turno Beatae Virginis obsequio ministrare consLituti sumus
a Domino, et Ipsius 74 sepulchre in Josaphat servi addicti 75
in perpetuum, ubi gaudiuin inestimabile, pax et delec-
tatio inenarrabilis, interna refectio et laetitia [est] sine fine
mansura. Hujus amoenitati socius evocatur Edwardus a
Christo salutari suo, quia virgp electus a Domino virgo
in aevum permanebit, huic collocandus consortio. Si vero
vestris fidem non habuerit, liiis saltern credat intersignis,
quod in dedicatione ecclesiee de Claveringes 76 ob honorem
mei, dum protervus assisteret ei exactor elemosinse, nee
haberet quod daret illi, et ille indesinenter instaret ut
benefaceret ei causa Dei et sancti Johannis ewangelistae,
cum non haberet ad praesens quid tribneret, audito nomine
Johannis, anulum quern habebat insignem supra modum
instanti tribuit michi, et sic ab oculis ejus et omnium
horninum usque hodie evanui. Hunc autem anulum fidei
nostrse signaculum perferetis ad eum, et si non simplicibus
verbis, hiis autem credat indiciis.' Haec mandata per-
ferenda ad vos, domine mi rex, ab ore Johannis ewange-
listae accepimus : hsec commonitoria ab ipso audivinms, et
anulum inter vos fidei signaculum deferimus." Quern cum
respexisset in manu deferentis, et veris indiciis sic esse
cognovisset, humi prostratus gratias egit Deo et servo. Suo
Johanni, quibus et ipse militavit tribus mensibus 77 , postea
in senectute bona, appositus ad patres suos, obdormivit in
Domino. Dissoluta igitur hujus habitationis domo, doinum
non manufactam 78 accepit rex iste gloriosus in ccelis, quaui
sibi cooperante Dei gratia, manu, lingua fabrefecit in terns,
ubi quod jam sitivit internum, gustat aeternum, decoratus
una stola securusque de reliqua.
J 4 Of the Blessed Virgin. that of Havering-atte-Bower, (which Is
? 5 " Cum ejusdem Virginis immaculate perhaps the one intended,) to St. John
Filio Domino nostro Jesu Christo, in the Evangelist. Newcourt, ii. 156 ; Mo-
regno coalesti maneinus." MS. Cotton, rant, ii. 615; Ogbourue's Jtssex, p. 104.
in margin. "n If this is intended to mean that
76 The church of Clavering is dedi- the king survived the warning for three
cated, according to Newcourt, to St. months only, it is at variance with the
Clement ; but Langley chapel, in the other legends, which say six.
parish of Clavering, is dedicated, as is ' s 2 Cor. v. 1.
25
20, De electione et coronations. Et de inclinatione capitis sanctee
crucis, et de prostrations regis Haroldi in bello.
Post obitum itaque sanctissimi regis, comes Harold us
unanimi omnium consensu in regem eligitur, quia non
erat eo prudentior in terra, armis strenuus magis, legum
terra? sagacior, in omni genere probitatis cultior, ita ut huic
election! non possent contradicere, qui eum summo odio per-
secuti fuissent usque ad tempora ilia, quoniam tanto operi
adeo insignem in omnibus non genuerit Anglia. Rex igitur
consecratus a Stigando 79 Dorobernensi archiprsesule, quod
prius dilexerat non potuit odisse. Veruntamen ecclesiam
Walthamensem ampliori quam prius amplexatus dilectione,
multa donariorum venustate coepit earn ampliare, ita ut
postea nullatenus sine multorum munerum oblatione vel-
let etiam illam sedem visitare. Quod et accepi ab ore
senioris sacristee Turkilli, quern et videre duobus annis 80
antequam moreretur merui, et postea interesse cum ceteris
fratribus ejus humationi. Brevi tempore rex factus prsefuit
ecclesise nostrse, nam insidiantibus ei perfidis Normannorum
versutiis, quia filiam Willelmi ducis Normannorum nuptui
traditam conr;empsit ; rediens a Ponte Belli 81 quod a bello
cognomen accepit, ibi cum Tostino fratre suo multam
stragem inimicorum faciens, de hostium multitudine nobi-
liter triumphavit. Inde paucis sibi adjunctis, nam omnes
fere in diversas partes secesserant, Waltham rediit, ubi de
applicatione Normannorum, minis veridica narratione, nun-
tium suscepit, et eis obviam ire subito disponit, nullius
admissa praepeditione : nani ab omnibus consultum est ei,
Tostinum, Gerth et Bundinum 8a et reliquos qui secesserant
expectare, sed nimis prseceps et de virtute sua pfresumens, 1
79 So also Ordericus Vitalis, but ac- Gaimar calls Punt de la, Bataille, (Mon.
cording to Florence he was crowned by Mist. Brit., 827) : the author seems re-
Ealdr. d of York. See Lappenberg, i. 274. have forgotten that Tostig was in to
80 According to this statement, Tur- bellion, and slain at Stamford-bridge,
kill must have died in 1126, sixty years ffi Bondig, or Bundi, the staller. Mon.
after the fact to which he testifies. Angl., i. 361 ; cf. Malinesb., G. R., ii.
81 Stamford-bridge apparently, which 228.
26
credebat se invalidos et impraemunitos Normannos expug-
nare, antequam a Normannia gens subsecutiva in presi-
dium eorum succresceret ; sed hiis auspiciis defuit virtus
Omnipotentis. Nam mane facto ecclesiam Sanctae Crucis
ingrediens, et reliquias, quas apud se habebat in capella
sua repositas, altari superponens, votum vovit, quod si suc-
cessus prosperos sub eventu belli praestaret ei Dominus,
copiam praediorum et multitudinem clericorum Deo ibidem
serviturorum,Ecclesiae conferret, et se Deo serviturum amodo
quasi servum emtitium sponderet. Clero igitur eum comi-
tante, et processione praecedente, veniunt ad valvas templi,
ubi conversus ad crucifixum, rex ille Sanctae Cruci devotus,
rt ad terram in modum crucis prosternens se, pronus oravit.
Contigit autem interea mirabile dictu et a saeculis incredi-
, bile. Nam imago crucifixi, quae prius erecta ad superiora
respiciebat, cum se rex tmmiliaret in terram, demisit vultum,
quasi tristis ; lignum quidem praescium futurorum ! Hoc se
vidisse contestatus est Turkillus sacrista et rnultis intimasse,
dum et ipse colligeret et reconderet, quae altari superposu.it
rex beneficia. Ab ejus ore hoc ego suscepi, et multorum
assertione praestantium virorum qui oculis suis caput ima-
ginis erectum viderunt, sed nulli praeter Turkillum demis-
sionis horam noverunt. Viso autem hoc infausto auspicio,
multo dolore correpti, duos fratres de ecclesia prsecipuos et
\ majores natu, Osegodum Cnoppe et Ailricum Childemaister,
' in comitatu regis miserunt ad praelium, ut cognitis rei
eventibus, de corpore regis et suorum ecclesiae devotorum
curam agerent, et si fortuna sic daret, cadavera reportarent.
Modico stipatus agmine rex properat ad expuguandas gen-
tes exteras, heu nimis animosus, minus quidem quam ex-
pediret circumspectus, propriis quidem magis quam suo-
rum confidens viribus. Sed frangit Deus omne superbum,
nee diuturnum extat hominis aedificium, cui non est Ipse
Deus fundamentum. Fit congiessus belli; cadunt hinc
inde milites proceri ; gens efiera Normannorum, pervicaciae
27
non ignara, hujusmodi calaraitatibus magis assueta quam
gens nostra, penetrant cuneos nichil praeter sanguinem regis
sitientes. Quid multis moror? Indultus est efferae genti
de hoste triumphus. Cadit rex ab hoste fero, gloria regni,
decus cleri, fortitudo militias, inermium clipeus, certantium
firraitas, tutamen debilium, consolatio desolatorum, indigen-
tium reparator, procerum gemma. Non potuit de pari con-
tendere, qui modico stipatus agmine quadruplo congressus
exercitui, sorti se dedit ancipiti. " 83 Ut quid Deus repulisti in
finem, iratus est furor tuus super oves pascuae tuae 8 V Me-
mor esto congregationis Tuae, quam in honorem passionis
Tuae Tibi dicavit rex ille nobilis in Waltham, servus Tibi
factus, humilis, non sua tantum largiens, sed et se ipsuin ex-
inaniens, ut servum Tibi se constituent, et sanctae passionis
Tuae praeconem et exactissimum ministrum exhiberet. Num-
quid oblivio cadit in Deum ? Numquid oblivioni, tanquam
mortuus, datus est ille a corde Tuo, bone Jesu, cui non satis
fuit sua Tibi et suorum exquisitissime berieficia conferre
munificentiarum, sed de remotis nmndi partibus quserere ;
amator ille decoris doinus tuae, quo ipsam redimire posset
et muitiphariis beneficiorurn bonis attollere ! Sed quid
restat, Flange, Waltham, et luge, et exue te vestibus jocun-
ditatis, induere cinere et cilicio, quia privavit te Dominus
sponso jocunditatis tuae. Deducant oculi lacrimas per diem
et noctem, et non taceat pupilla oculi tui, quoniam instat
tempus tuae viduitatis, tempus desolationis quale non fuit
tibi ab initio. Rex gloriose, cedat ad commodum animae tuae
quod tanto afFectu, tanta devotione, tantaque cordis et spi-
ritus contritione exultavit anima tua in Crucis Sacrae cumu-
landis honoribus ; retribuat tibi omnium bouorum Largitor,
pro bonis ecclesiae collatis, largam benedictionem, exaudiat /
te Dorninus in die tribulationis, memor omnis sacrificii tui, et
holocausta tua igne Spiritus Sui plenius accendantur, tribuat
tibi quod magis expediat animae tuae, et omue consilium
83 Omitted by Michel to end of chapter. M Ps. Ixxiv. 1.
28
salutis perpetuae in te confirmet. Impleat Dominus omnes
petitiones et exaudiat, quas pro te dirigunt ad Ipsum filii
Waltliamensis coenobii. Quod quidem futurum non am-
bigo, si enim sileat lingua nostra, orant pro te beneficia tua,
et eorura affectus, quos ipsis beneficiis magis pensat Deus,
et det tibi Crucifixus Hie dujcis Jesus quicquid optari
queat felicius.
" Heu cadis hoste fero rex a duce rege futuro.
Par paris in gladio milite cum valido ;
Firmini e5 justi lux est tibi luce Calixti
Pronior, Mnc superas, hinc superatus eras.
Ergo tibi requiem deposcat uterque perhennem,
Sicque precetur eum quod colit omne Deum."
21. Qualiter canonici petunt a victor e corpus Haroldi, qucerunt,
inveniunt, et sepeliunt.
Post miserabiles belli eventus, et infaustum omen cer-
tantium, quid animi, quid angoris, quidve suppremi do-
loris fuerit fratribus praedictis Osegodo et Ailrico, qui
fatales hos regis eventus secuti fuerant a longe ut viderent
finem, pensare poterit cujus animo hoc fixura est, " O vos 86
qui transitis per viam attendite, et videte si est dolor sicut
dolor meus." Necessitate tamen urgente, etsi timore ob-
stante, ducem adeunt pedibus humiliati, precibus lacrimas
addunt, dicentes. " Dux generose, nos servi tui, omni solatio
destituti, (utinam sic et vita praesenti !) exploraturi hue desti-
nati sumus eventus belli a fratribus quos rex iste defunctus
in ecclesia Walthamensi constituerat, sed successibus vestris
providens dominus sublatus est de medio qui consolabatur
nos, cujus prsesidiis necnon et stipendiis Deo militabant 87
quos ipse in ecclesia instituit ; rogamus, doraine, et contes-
tamur te per gratiam tibi divinitus collatam, et pro remedio
animarum omnium eorum qui in preesenti causa vestri ex-
pleverunt dies suppremos, quod liceat nobis in beneplacito
vestro corpora tollere et nobiscum libere deportare dornini
85 The battle of Stamford -bridge was fought on St. Fir minus's Day, Sept. 25;
that of Hastings on St.Callxtus's, Oct. 14. * Lament, i. 12. Militainus, Harl.
29
regis fundatoris et institutoris ecclesise nostrse, necnon et
eorum qui ob reverentiam ipsius, sepulturse locum elegerunt
apud nos, ut ipsorum prsesidiis raunita firmior maneat status
ecclesise et perpetuitas illibata."' Quorum precibus et irri-
guis fletibus egregius dux ille motus, " Rex," inquit, " ves-
ter, fidei suse religionis immemor, etsi dignas transgressionis
ad prsesens exsolverit pcenas, non meruit sepulturae bene-
ficio privari. Quum regimen tantse sedis quocumque modo
adeptus, diem consummavit rex dictus, paratus sum ob
illius reverentiam et salutem defunctorum qui, causa mei,
relictis uxoribus et hsereditatibus, huic conquisitioni coad-
jutores animas exhalaverunt, ecclesiam et ordinem monasti-
cum centum monachorum instituere, qui perhenniter eorum
saluti animarum invigilent, et ipsum regem vestrum in ec-
clesia eadem debito cum honore prae ceteris sublimare, et
ob ipsius reverentiam locum amplioribus beneficiis augere."
Ad quern fratres illi, inulto talia promittentis solatio con-
fortati, " Non :" inquit, " magne rex future, annue precibus
supplicantium, ut successibus suis gaudeat generosa sublimi-
tas tua, et has x. marcas auri ex beneficio defuncti in usus
tuorum digneris suscipere, et corpus ad locum quern instituit
ipse remittere, ut beneficio corporis exhilarati, de morte
ipsius plurimam nos gaudeamus suscepisse consolationem,
et posteris nostris praesens in ecclesia tumuli structure per-
petuum sit monimentum." Compatiens igitur dux ille glo-
riosus, ut erat misericordis animi et pronioris ad exaudien-
dum propter successus, quia dederat ei Dominus de hoste
triumphum, annuit votis eorum, spernens et pro nichilo
oblatum reputans aurum. " Si quid autem," inquit, " vobis
defuerit in expeusis ad exhibenda funeralia officia, vel itineri
vestro quocumque modo necessaria, habundanter vobis ex-
hiberi praBcipimus, pacem et omnimodam t-ran quill itatem
a commilitonibus exercitus nostri vobis per omnia indulge-
mus." Gaudio igitur inestimabili fratres confortati, currunt
ad cadavera, et vertentes ea hue et illuc, domini regis corpus
30
agnoscere non valentes, quia corpus hominis exangue non
consuevit mortuum formam prioris status frequenter ex-
primere ; unicum placuit remedium ; ipsum Osegodum do-
mum redire et mulierem quam ante sumptum regimen An-
glorum dilexerat, Editham cognomento Swanneshals, quod
Gallice sonat, " collum cigni," secum adducere, quae domini
regis quandoque cubicularia, secretiora in eo signa noverat
ceteris amplius, ad ulteriora intima secretorum admissa, qua-
tinus ipsius notitia certificarentur secretis indiciis qui exterio-
ribus non poterant, quia statim letali vulnere confosso, quic-
quid in eo regalis erat insignii duci deportatum est, sig-
num scilicet prostrationis regiae, quoniam consuetudinis erat
antiquse, et adhuc credimus modernae, in regum expugna-
tione, vel castrorum captione, magnis eos donari muneribus,
qui primi possent regis conum dejicere et regi offerre, vel
primus castro expugnato, regis vexillum, praecipue ipsius
castri munition! eminentis. Quam cum adduxisset Ose-
godus, et inter strages mortuoram pluribus indiciis ipsa
corpus regis Haroldi designasset, aptatum feretro, multis
heroum Normanniae comitatus honorem corpori exhibenti-
bus, usque ad Pontem Belli 88 qui nunc dicitur, ab ipsis
fratribus, et multa supervenientium copiositate Anglorum,
qui audierant eorum imminens excidium, quia nunquam
fuit Anglis cognata Normannorum societas, cum magno
honore corpus Waltham deductum sepelierunt, ubi usque
hodie, (quicquid fabulentur homines quod in rupe manserit
Doroberniae 89 et nuper defunctus sepultus sit Cestriae 90 ,) pro
88 Battle-bridge. Metrical Life of St. Edward, (ed. Luard,
89 Dover. The Vita Haroldi says p. 309).
that he spent ten years as a hermit According to William of Poitou, he
on Dover cliff. was buried on the sea-shore, by William
90 The disputed question of Harold's Malet. He is followed by Beiioit. Or-
burial-place is exhaustively treated by dericus Vitalis, and Guy of Amiens.
Mr. Freeman in -the paper on Wai- The story that he survived the bat-
tham, in the Proceedings of the Essex tie, and died in the twelfth century at
Archaeological Society, vol. ii. 34. The Chester, is mentioned by Giraldus Cam-
story of our author is supported by the brensis, is referred to doubtingly by
authority of William of Malmesbury, Ailred of Kievaulx, and is manfully
Wace, the Continuator of Wace, and the vouched for by the^author of the Vita
31
certoquiescitWalthamiae: cujus corporis 91 translation!, qimm
sic se habebat status ecclesiae fabricandi, vel devotio fratrura
reverentiam corpori exhibentium, nunc extreme memini
me tertio affuisse, et sicut vulgo celebre est et attestationes
antiquorum audivimus, plagas ipsis ossibus impressas oculis
corporeis et vidisse, et manibus contrectasse. Vixit autem
et Anglis imperavit egregius rex iste modico tempore per
annum et . . . menses, et viam universae carnis ingressus,
appositus est ad patres suos.
22. Qualiter post mortem regis Willelmi successit Willelmus
Rufus qui spoliavit ecclesiam de Waltham.
Deinde dux ille nobilis consecratus in regem, jura reg-
norum Anglis instituit, et consuetudines e diversis regno-
rum partibus, quas decentiores et nobilibus viris aptiores
investigare potuit, regno suo instituit, ita quod nobiles terras
suae generosorum filios regum curiis et minorum etiam ter-
ris praesidentiuni, exploratores nobilium consuetudinum et
facesciarum 92 applicaret ; nichil tamen derogans praedeces-
sorum suorum traditionibus honestis, scilicet regum Anglico-
rum, a quibus se gaudeant Normanni reges nostri, quod prae-
cipuum est in omni munificentia, et regni gloria, et morum
honestate, et corporis habitudine decenti, suscepisse. Multos
rex iste complens dies, in senectute bona consummatus,
explevit tempora multa et ipse appositus est ad patres suos,
regni sui vicesimo secundo anno. Successit ei films Willel-
mus Ruphus cognomento, haeres quidem beneficiorum, sed
Haroldi, who professes to have had a are not irreconcileable, on the suppo-
personal acquaintance with the priest sition that the body was really buried
who received Harold's confession, An- first on the sea-shore, and afterwards,
drew, a priest of St. John's at Chester, on the petition of Githa, translated to
and with Michael Chamberlain of Walt- Waltham.
ham, who had beard a denial of the 91 ' At the translation of whose body
Waltham story from Walter, the first for the third time, according as the
abbot, who had had it from Gnrth, the state of the building of the church was
brother of Harold, who must have told such as to admit it, or the devotion of
it at least one hundred years after the the brethren shewing reverence to the
battle. bof'y (demanded it), I can just remember
The Chester story is quite incredible ; to have been present myself.'
Mr. Freeman thinks that the other two K Facetiarum.
32
degener morum, cui breves annos credimus indultos, quia
concessis sibi beneficiis a Domino minus aptus, nee ecclesise
devotus sicut expediret, nee justitiae strenuus executor, sed
vir desideriorum eisque indulgens semper extitit. In tan-
tam igitur vesaniam ad cumulum et exaggerationem miseriae
suse ausus prorumpere, ut ecclesiarn Walthamensem, a de-
votis patribus prsedictis, tarn sanctis desideriis, tarn devotis
multarum opulentiarum beneficiis ornatam et Dei muni-
mine fundatam invadere, et nullo respectu habito sancto-
rum patrocinatus ecclesiae preesidentiurn, vel reverentia prae-
decessorum earn instituentium, spoliare et omnia ipsius
beneficia diripere praedonis more non dubitaret, vilia censens
Anglorum instituta, nee eousque valitura, quin eis eligeret
ditare preedecessorum sepulturas et ecclesiam Cadomensem
ex rapina ornare, et spoliis Walthamensis ecclesise salubre
remedium credens animarum patris et matris ibi quiescen-
tium, si de alieno et quasi ab uno altari distracto aliud
ornetur, et quasi munus gratum et valde pretiosum alicui
patri offerantur praecisa proprii membra filii. Sicut enim
scripto invenimus autentico, manibus magistri ipsius Ade-
lardi qui tune praeerat ecclesiae exarato, sex milibus, et sex-
centis et sexaginta sex libris appensum est quod una vice
tulit ab ecclesia, in capsis aureis et argenteis, in crucibus, tex-
tis, et aliis ornamentis aureis et argenteis : ipsam etiam casu-
lam auro textam quae vocata est ' Dominus dixit ad me' quam
supra memoravimus ; quatuor etiam campanas illius temporis
pretiosas, et thesaurum inestimabilem quo instauravit duas
ecclesias Cadomi, ecclesiam scilicet Sancti Stephani quam
fundavit pater ejus, et ecclesiam Sanctse Trinitatis quam fun-
davit mater ejus, quae scilicet usque hodie gaudent spoliis
sic adquisitis, et inscripta habent nomina in ipsis capsis et
textis principum qui ea contulerunt ecclesiae Walthamensi,
testimonio et auctoritate Archiepiscopi Ginsi. Compunctus
igitur corde rex ille divino nutu quod tantam ecclesias inju-
riam fecisset, poenitentia ductus, villain Walthamensem cum
33
omnibus ei adjacentibus ad resarcianda dampna praescripta
eidem ecclesiae perpetuo raansuram dedit, et scripto confir-
mavit, post mortem Walcherii 93 Dunelmensis episcopi, cui
dederat earn pater suns illustris rex Willelmus ut haberet
ibi domicilium cum vocaretur a remotis ubi habitabat par-
tibus ad concilium : nam in conquisitione terrse istius ad-
duxerat eum rex secum, virum prudentem, litteratum, et in
consiliis dandis regno utilibus valde discretum.
23. Qui dederunt Waltham ecclesia nostrce.
Auctores donationis villae Walthameusis laudamus Tovi
le Prude, qui primus earn instituit de novalibus, et auc-
tore Cnuto et ejus filio Hardecnuto, fecit earn confirmari
sub anathematis vinculo. Laudamus etiam prsesentem
hunc Willelmum, qui ob reconciliandam sibi crucifixi gra-
tiam quam offendisse plurimum non dubitamus in hujus
perpetratione spoliationis, qui earn carta sua 94 ecclesiae con-
firmavit, et sub praedicto anathematis edicto, assistentibus
Archiepiscopis, episcopis, et universo clero, communiter ro-
boravit. Caveant sibi successores, et memores conditionis
suae sibi reservent quae sunt Caesaris, et solvant quae sunt
Dei Deo ; ne lacessitus et saepenumero ad iram provocatus
inducat maledictionem pro benedictione, et sint novissima
hominis illius pejora prioribus.
24. Qualiter furata erant vasa aurea.
Dignum igitur duximus transire ad miracula quae qui-
dem oculis fidelibus videre meruimus, vel a viris auten-
ticis illius temporis facta cognovimus, ne vilescant non
audita quae in oculis Jesu Christi celebria credimus et multa
laude digna. Scriptum legimus quod, in primitiva hujus
ecclesiae institutione, quatuor sub furva nocte inimici crucis
93 Harold's lands in Waltham are a-half. The College held, however, only
described in Domesday Book as " terra half a hide in the parish. Walcher died
Episcopi Dunelmensis." But it does May 4, 1080.
not appear exactly that the lands of the M This possibly refers to the charter
College had been alienated to him, ex- of William Eufus, printed in the Ap-
cept Northland, containing two hides and pendix.
D
34
Christi subfodientes ecclesias, ornamenta queedam ecclesise
furati sunt, vasa quidem opere fusili ex argento fabricata,
quse transferre cupientes ad loca non sancta, csecitate cordis
riecnon et oculorura eo usque obducti sunt, ut itinerandi
quo disposuerant negaretur eis ex toto facultas, et per totam
noctem per devia et loca aquosa, quaerentes requ'em et non
invenientes, evagarentur. Mane facto, ducatu cujusdam
viatoris vix perducti sunt Lundoniam, in cujus introitu forte
fortuitu obviam habuerunt quendam nomine Theodoricum,
in opere fusili auri et argenti totius civitatis praecipuum,
qui et ipse manibus suis ista fabri fecerat, cui exponentes
merces suas, et quanto eas emere vellet requirentes, respon-
dit se cito reversurum, et in domo sua de pretio et pretii
solutione satisfacturum. Divertens interea vir ille discretus
et sagax hujusce operum, memor etiam quod haec fabricasset
ad opus ecclesiae Walthamensis, ad nutum et voluntatem
nobilis illius matronae Glithae uxoris Tovi le prude, convo-
catis secum quibusdam vicinis, cum convenisset de pretio
expositarum merciura, " Fures estis," inquit, " et latrones ;
thesaurum ecclesiae Walthamensis furtive diripuistis, nam et
haec eadem vasa manibus meis operata et ecclesiae Waltha-
mensi collata per ingenuam matronam Glitham, omni du-
bietate semota, horum vicinorum meorum testimonio, non
ambigimus. Cum omni igitur festinantia furtiva haec repor-
tabitis ad loca sancta, adjunctis nobis de civitate hac viris
prudentibus, in quorum praesentia pro meritis suscipietis
commissi talionem, et dignas reatus vestri pcenas secundum
terrae consuetudinem exsolvetis." Quod ita factum est.
Nam primus, qui se clericum confessus est, candenti ferro
clavis ecclesiae in facie signatus est. Reliqui capitalem
subiere sententiam, et ecclesise Dei restitutum est quod
suum erat. Multa et illius temporis miracula in scriptum
non sunt redacta, turn penuria scriptorum, turn segnium
socordia qui tune aderant praelatorum, gens enim tune sancta
et modernorum respectu immaculata, pro facili ducebant
35
talia. Signa enim infidelibus, non fidelibus, data sunt, va-
cillaret namque ad praesens tenuis fides nostra, nisi novis
moribus nostris supervenientibus quandoque miraculis, nova
accederent remedia. Exemplum placeat. Deducatur in me-
dium beatus ille Thomas 95 , extremus quidem martyrum
in Anglia, sed inter praecipuos primitivorum computandus ;
deducatur in medium status ecclesiae ante passionem ejus
qualis fuerat apud nos, quid postea contulerit regno mors
sancti viri, et propter ilium Dei miseratio, et manifeste quis
poterit agnoscere non inania fuisse miracula, quae fidem
paane omnium extenuatam et plus solito vacillantem redux-
erunt ad gratiam, ut ubi diffusius habundaverat peccatum,
superhabundaret et gratia. Vigebat enim necessitas ut
meritis sancti martyris, graviorem Dominus in servis Suis
peccatorum languorem curando, quantae sit benignitatis in
filios manifestaret, et incrementis crebrescentibus misera-
tionum suarum fecundaretur ecclesia, quae jam paene in
exterminium, peccatis nostris exigentibus, erat devoluta.
25. Quam ordinate se habebant canonici in primis.
Puer e[r]go quinque annorum 96 , vidi usque ad praesentia
tempora multa, canonicus constitutus in ecclesia Sanctae Cru-
cis a bonae memoriae Ernulpho decano, assensu et donatione
venerabilis dominae Adelizae 97 Reginse, cujus tune donationis
erant prsebendae, et ad prima litterarum rudimenta traditus
magistro Petro, filio magistri Athelardi institutoris et ordi-
natoris prsesentis ecclesiae. Fons enim uberrimus disciplinis
doctrinse tune scaturiebat ab ipso Petro, secundum moduru
Teutonicorum, non enim obstantibus lectionibus vel litteris
vel versibus componendis minus addiscebatur et frequenta-
batur in ecclesia cantus. Et ordinatissima distinctio pue-
95 Martyred Dec. 29, 1170. This Bromton, ap. Twysden, 1115, 1119.
was probably a sore subject with our 96 The writer was fifty-three years
author, if the conversion of the col- an inmate of Waltham, and was turned
lege into an Augustinian monastery was out on the change in 1177.
really part of Henry II.'s expiation. 9 ? She died 1151.
D2
36
rilis habitudinis, ita ut, more religiosorum fratrum, honeste
et non sine gravitate incederent, starent, legerent et canta-
rent, et quicquid ad gradum chori vel in ipso choro cantare
oportebat, corde tenus, unus vel duo, vel plures, absque
libri solatio cantarent et psallerent. In choro constituti,
non respiciebat puer alterum, nisi forte ex obliquo tamen
raro, nee faceret ei verbum unum ; non discurrebant per
chorum nisi quibus fuisset injunctum a magistro, pro cappis
aut pro libris transferendis vel aliis quibuslibet causis ; ma-
nentes in choro, sicut processione procedentes, a scola in-
trant chorum sic exeuntes intrant scolas, ad modum cano-
iiicorum de nocte surgentium.
26. Qualiter mulier, furando denarium super altare, contracta
est omnibus diebus vita suce.
Tempore igitur Resurrectionis quod celebriter agebatur
in ecclesia nostra a Pascha usque ad Pentecosten, die
quadam Sabbati, psallentibus in choro fratribus festive in
vesperis, ut assolent illis temporibus, mulier e vicino de
Enefeld, devotionis intuitu, accedens ad altare Sanctse Crucis
denarium optulit, post oblationem statim recessit ; erat
et in ipso pago nostro mulier paupercula hostiatim mendi-
cans panem, certe amaro satis animo nee minus verbo,
Editha Crikel dicta, ex re nomen trahens, quoniam titubando
incedebat duobus baculis, hinc inde fulta; ha3c accessit
ad altare ut offerret sicut visum erat nobis, et nummum
quern ante deposuerat fidelis ilia matrona lainbens lingua
ab altari furtive asportavit; sed injuriarum ultrix manus
non abfuit, descendenti enim a tertio gradu altaris pars
corporis a renibus supra sic distorta est, ut toto tem-
pore vitae pars anterior ccelum supina respiceret, et anus
trenmla, nunquam compos sui effecta, sic extremum diem
clauderet. Quibus autem indiciis furtivum hoc clarue-
rit astantium oculis, audiatur. Sicut supra memoratum
est, descendens a novissimo gradu miserabilis ilia mulier
37
ccepit se male habere, nauseanti similis, et quasi in gutture
aliquid haberet inpedimenti unde statim suffocari deberet,
caput intermisse excutiens, spumas ore habundanter emit-
tens : quod videns quidam custos ecclesiae Antonius nomine
accessit, et sicut ille magnus erat et grandis staturae, trino
ictu imrnani inter scapulas mulieris ejecit ab ore ejus co-
agulum sanguinis ad instar pomi. Cui exanimi et prae an-
gustia verbi palpitanti, prius accurrerunt qui in presbyterio
astabant laici, et cum cognovissent causam ex ore mulieris
tantae miseriae, accurrentes, dum cantaretur ymnus "Ad
coenam Agni providi," ad dominum Brienum Bainard,
seniorem tune et praecipuum omnium nostrorum, qui et
ipse sacerdos vesperas cantabat, narraverunt ex ordine quae
contigerant ; quorum verbis fidem habens, et maxime illius
nostri Antonii Sacristae, imposita ei ab Archichoro anti-
phona ad Magnificat, exultans vir bonus et prudens incepit
Te Deum 1., quod quidem in jubilo cantatum est, et pulsato
classico non sine multa lacrimarum plebis ubertate laudan-
tium Dominum qui, in crucis commendandam memorabilem
excellentiam, operatus sit haec magnalia, successoribus monu-
menta. Psallentibus fratribus, Antonius ecclesiae custos
manu propria ejicere volens sanguinem, immo, ut verum
dicam, saniem, quam oculis vidi accurrens puer cum pueris
nescius talium, expressit nummum, sed post vesperas de-
latus ad praesentiam omnium, nummus patefecit arch ana.
Nam confessio eis fatuae mulieris furtum pandit, et furti
causam gemendo coram multis obtexit hanc ita se haben-
tem, corpore distorto videlicet toto tempore vitae suae.
27. Qualiter quidam percussus est igne infernali et sanatus per
sanctam crucem.
Ad laudem igitur et gloriam Sanctae Crucis, quod ocu-
lis vidimus, quibus interesse miseratione divina meruimus,
posterorum mentibus imprimenda vera assertione decrevi-
mus. Erat in pago Walthamensi clericus, Crispinus no-
38
mine, prgebendulam habens modicam, nullam quidem de
praedictis xii. sed unam de duabus quas de cibariis suis
canonic! sibi constituerant clericis qui evangelium vicissim
legerent in missis capitularibus, qui etiam ad negotia ec-
clesiae ordirianda vel transmutanda, ad votum capituli mitte-
rentur propriis sumptibus. Hie fratrem habebat nomine
Matheum, juveneni pulchrum, sapientem, satis prudentem,
quales creare consuevit Waltham, quia de amplis pascuis
pratorum civitatulae nostrae pullos bonos, et de indigenis
homines valde strenuos, inde prodeuntes certe ssepe vidimus.
Matheus iste, sicut Domino placuit, peccatis exigentibus, in
ulteriori parte percussus ulceri pessimo pluribus annis vitam
duxit non in desideriis et deliciis ; pes enim ejus dexter, si
bene recolo, igne adverse qui vulgo Grcecus 98 dicitur, miser-
abiliter accensus jam consumptus erat usque ad talum.
Talus quidem, sicut accepimus a physicis, cartilaginosus
suscipit nervos a superioribus, cujus laesuram, etsi modi-
cam, naturae scimus esse et corporis saluti valde con-
trariam. E vicino igitur ignis iste infernalis talo propin-
quans, ut paene nulla est ipsius distantia, aegrotare ccepit
plus solito et vicibus angustiarum et tortionum crebescen-
tibus, vitae ipsius desperatio ccepit mentes propinquorum
admodum turbare. Habebat hie matrem nomine Mabiliam,
germanam domini Ricardi de Hastinges, magistri militias "
Templi in Anglia, mulierem profecto sanctam,. vitae proba-
bilis, sanctae conversationis, cujus inter monachas convictus
et cohabitatio splendidatu earn reddiderunt apud Wikes 1 , us-
que ad haec novissirna tempora nostra. Cum haec agerentur
de quibus mentio praesens dat intellectum auditui, etsi in
extremis videret filium suum laborantem, nee aliud nisi
instantem mortis horam praestolantem, maluit plus animse
98 Ducange does not mention any of Tendring. A nunnery was founded
disease of this name, but the descrip- here in the reign of Henry I. The
tion in the text answers to his account manor of Wix belonged to the Hastings
of " Ignis sacer," and " Infernalis." family. Mnrant, i. 466 468; Mon.
99 He occupied this office in 1160. Angl. iv. 513.
1 Wickes, or Wix, in the Hundred
39
providere quam vits, et institutis inibi consanguineis et
vicinis qui funeralibus obsequiis operam darent, assumptis
secum duabus filiabus suis, elegit utilius pro filio et prae-
stantius, in ecclesia ante crucifixum lacrimosis suspiriis in-
sistere et orationibus, ut spiritus filii jam migraturus ab er-
gastulo ccenulentae materise dirigeretur ad Dominum, quam
sedulis manibus oculos clandens morientis, quod quidem
supplicium idiotarum et vetularum est commune solatium.
Ubi cum ab hora completorii usque ad mediae noctis conti-
cinium, mater pro filio preces funderet, (et vere mater quae
quidem usque ad sanguinem eliciendum lacrimis non pe-
percisset,) accidit dictu mirabile, credi mirabilius ; vecordis
enim est animi et insensati credere Deum fidelibus lacrimis
et internee devotionis affectu pro carorum salute non posse
moveri, dum, singultibus multiplicatis, non contineret mater
lacrimas, nee contineret misericors Ille et dulcis Jesus mise-
ricordias Suas. Nam qui praesto est omnibus invocantibus
Eum in veritate, jam quasi ta3dio affectus ubertate lacri-
marum et singulti.s, infirmanti praesens affuit, nam imago
praesens hie crucifixi quam cernere potestis, obstipo sic
capite, sic redimita auro, gemmis, et hujuscemodi apparatu,
hi extremis laboranti apparuit, stans ad pedes lecti, dis-
tentis brachiis, sicut nunc est, proprio nomine ab extasi
evocans Matheum, sciscitans utrum vitae melioris statum
et mandatorum Dei plus solito sedulus esse velit executor,
et bonorum virorum imitator, non eorum ut assuevit per-
vicax detrectator. Cui cum respondisset se pariturum per
omnia, quoniam eorum quae improperaverat ei mens erat
conscia, " Adoro Te," inquit, " Fili Dei vivi, pro me misero
peccatore passum in cruce pro mei et totius mundi redemp-
tione ; salva me in hac hora quern pavisti pane Tuo in ec-
clesia crucis Tuae ab uberibus rnatris meae." Apprehendens
igitur imago praedicta, talum infirmantis putridum projecit
ad ultimum domus angulum, et extremam cruris partem,
ubi pes compaginatus fuerat, ssepius manu circumvolvens,
40
cutem novam, in momento, eminentiae ossis superduxit si-
nrilem cuti reliquse, dolorem omnimodurn delevit, salutem
plenam corpori restituit, sicque discessit.
28. Qualiter inveniunt talum exustum in angulo domus.
Exultans itaque gaudio inefFabili, miser ille misericor-
diam consecutus, vocat circumjacentes, nam omnes obdor-
mierant, et quid gratiae quidve solatii prsestitum sit ei per
virtutem Sanctse Crucis cum lacrimis manifestat, cum omm
festinantia id matri et sororibus intirnari postulat, clerum et
populuin invitari ad gratiarum actiones exsolvendas supplex
orat. Nee mora, citus evolat nuntius, sed velocior eo cam-
pana invitaus ad matutinas sonat ; ad januam ecclesiae sedulus
pulsat nee auditur propter sens soriitum, donee completur.
Accedit sacrista mirans tantse tunsionis frequentiam, audit,
gaudet, flens gratias agit, sonitum omnium campanamm
replicat, ut solet propter ignem in burgo accensum, ut
citius convocaretur clerus et populus ad miraculum : acce-
dunt canonici ; forrnatur processio ; accensis cereis, et multis
luminaribus pervenimus ad domum. Sciscitantur majores
nostri rei eventus, narrat ille cui fides babenda erat quod
acciderat, veri eventus signa vidimus ; ad extremum domus
angulum accedimus, ibi sacculum plenum sanie ut vix
propter foetorem propinquare quis posset, invenimus ; gau-
dentes supra modum revertimur. Ego quidem tune puer
turribuli ebdomadarius cum ceteris quandoque flebam, in-
terdum ridebam, imitatrix simia factus aliorum. Cum per-
ventum fuisset ad ecclesiam, incepto sonore a quodam fratre
Radulpho juniore, Te Deum laud., et pulsato classico, laudes
Deo exsolvimus in jubilo. Laudet omnis creatura Crea-
torem omnium qui, in Crucis Suse laudem, vere confitentium
corda movet et compungit ad amorem intimum. Qui ex
atro silice terris inauditum, virtute potentiae, instaurat mira-
culum, Huic laus atque gloria, honor atque victoria Deo sit
in saecula.
41
29. De discordia comitis Galfridi de Mandevilla et Willelmi
comitis de Arundel.
Seditionis tempore, cum se inaequaliter agerent homines
in terra nostra, et de pari contenderet modicus cum magno,
humilis cum summo, et fide penitus subacta, nullo re-
spectu habito servi ad dominum, sic vacillaret regnum et
regni status miserabili ductore premeretur fere usque ad
exinanitionem, e vicino conteudebant inter se duo de pras-
cipuis terras baronibus, Gaufridus de Mandeville, et Comes
de Harundel, quern post discessum Regis Henrici conjugio
Reginae Adelidis contigit honorari, unde et superbire et supra
se extolli ccepit ultra modum, ut [non] posset sibi pati parem,
et vilesceret in oculis ejus quicquid prsecipuum praeter regem
in se habebat noster mundus. Habebat tune temporis Wil-
lelmus ille, pincerna, nondum comes, dotem reginse Walt-
ham, contiguam terris comitis Gaufridi de Mandeville 2 ,
impatiens quidem omnium comprovincialium terras suo
dominio non mancipari. E contra Gaufridus iste prsecellens
multiformi gratia, praecipuus totius Angliae, militia quidem
prseclivis, morum venustate praeclarus, in consiliis regis et
regni moderamine cunctis prseminens, agebat se inter cete-
x ros quasi unus ex illis, nullius probitatis suae garrulus, nul-
lius probitatis sibi collatae vel dignitatis nimius ostentator,
rei suae familiaris providus dispensator, omnium virtutum
communium quae tantum decerent virum affluentia exube-
rans, si Dei gratiam diligentius acceptam et ceteris praela-
tam, diligens executor menti suae sedulus imprimeret ; novit
populus quod non mentior, quern si laudibus extulerim,
meritis ejus assignari potius quam gratiae nostrae id debere
credimus, verumptamen gratiae divinae de cujus munere
venit quicquid boni provenit homini.
2 He was killed at the siege of Bur- nication for plundering Ramsey Abbey,
well, being under sentence of excommu- Sept. 14, 1144. Mon. Angl, iv. 140.
42
30. Qualiter Galfridus comes de Mandevilla succendit villam de
Waltham, et crux sancta deponitur. Comes vulneratur et
moritur.
Inter se igitur tanti viri pacis et tranquillitatis metas
excedentes, et seditiose alter alterius prsedia vastantes, con-
tigit Gaufridum, furore exagitatnm quia succenderit Willel-
mus domus suas et universam prsedam terras suae abigi fece-
rat, villam Walthamensem succendere, nee posse domibus
canonicorum parcere quae reliquis domibus erant contiguae :
(testiraonium 3 perliibemus qui et dampna cum ceteris sus-
tinuimus,) unde requisitus cum nollet satisfacere, placuit
fratribus ibidem Deo servientibus, in transgressionis hujus
vindictam, crucem deponere, si forte dives ille compunctus
hoc facto vellet resipiscere. Tradunt autem qui hiis in-
quirendis diligentiam adhibuerunt, eadem depositionis hora,
comitem ilium ante castrum de Burevelle, ad quod expug-
nandum diligenter operam dabat, letale vulnus suscepisse,
et eo infra xl. dies viam universae carnis ingressum fuisse.
31. De quinque Flandrensibus spoliantibus ecclesiam tempore
incendii et non valentibus egredi.
Tempore igitur incendii supra memorati, dum obser-
varet comes ille ecclesiam cum multis ne succenderetur,
amicissimus ipse et devotus ecclesiae, afflictus multo dolore
quod periclitarentur res ecclesise, (non tamen poterat ma-
nentibus illis injuriam sibi allatam vindicare) ; contigit
quid dam dictu mirabile ; nam quid am satellites de suis, ipso
nesciente, quinque Flandrenses filii Belial ecclesiam in-
gressi, sarcinulas deportatas ad ecclesiam ob pacis et remm
conservandarum remedium arriperent, ad asportandas eas
hostia ecclesiae laborando quaeritarent, sed obstante crucis
signo nee ecclesiam exire nee sarcinulas transferre permissi
sunt, donee sedatis omnibus et sublatis de medio adver-
sariis pax data est villae, et reversi jam nostri qui insecuti
3 It appears from this that our author was already a canon, as early as 1144.
43
fuerant gentem adversara, intrantes ecclesiam ut sarcinulas
suas reportarent ad propria, invenerunt filios Belial circum-
vagantes per semitas ubi patebat eis via, (nam plena erat
cistis et armariis propter hanc seditionem ecclesia,) adhuc
deportantes sarcinulas ; quos cum comprehendissent nostri
furore exagitati, dura vellent a sanctuario expellere, obstitit
Warmundus sacrista vir bonus, vitse laudabilis et Deo devo-
tus, et utroque lumine privates, caecos quidem oculorum et
cordis acie duxit ante altare et compunctos corde, (erat enim
eis necesse,) diutissime flagris caesos, reddita eis sanitate
miseratione divina, conduxit per villam, multis obstare vo-
lentibus, sed reverentiara exibentes conductori, liberos di-
miserunt filios diaboli.
32. De Hunfrido de Barentune furioso, et de equo suo, tempore
incendii.
Eadem die vir quidem nomine Hunfridus de Baren-
tone 4 , per manum domini Gileberti de Munfichet 5 fores-
tarius in provincia, veniens cum reliquis spiritu nequam de-
briatis, equo sedens intravit ecclesiam, ut satellitibus Belial
praecepta daret, pronos ad malura ad deteriora animaret : a
domo Dei equum insidens exivit, complices suos insequens
ad compitum extra burgum venit, ubi correpti a daemonic et
ipse et cui insidebat equus, paene transgressionis et vesaniae
suae susceperat talionem ; equus namque inibi a diabolo suf-
focatus est, miles in ecclesiam multorum manibus, quia vici-
nus noster erat, deportatus, vix triduo fusa frequenti ora-
tione pro illo restitutus est sanitati. In retributionem itaque
collati sibi a Domino beneficii praefatus miles ecclesiae contu-
lit in memoriale donum xiiii. acras terras cum prato adjacenti
juxta dominium cujusdam praebendae in Lucheiituna.
4 Humfrey, son of Eustace de Bar- Humfrey is mentioned as a benefactor of
ington, has a grant of land from Au- Waltham in the charter of Richard I.
brey de Vere, at Chigwell, in the reign 8 The Munfichets were hereditary
of Stephen or Henry II. Morant, i. 166. foresters of Essex. Morant, ii. 576.
44
33. Qualiter Robertus aurifaber et plures canonici percussi sunt
ccecitate cum laminam femoralem sublevarent.
Eadem igitur temporis statione cum humiliata jaceret
terrse crux nostra, consilio capituli select! sunt duo de fra-
tribus, Robertus filius Walteri et Adam filius Bruningi 6 ,
qui sedulam darent operam in veteranis laniinis et serugine
obductis crucifixi, ut mundarentur et burnirentur quae ve-
tustate ipsa oboleverant, lapides etiam preciosi, qui circulis
suis vetustate consumptis ceciderant, pristinis locis restitue-
rentur. Factum est, durn observarent aurifabros ne malig-
nandi daretur eis copia, cum sublevasset Robertus, aurifaber
Sancti Albani, laminam auream femoralem, ut privaretur
ipse onmi luminis et manuum operatioms amminiculo, et
officio oculorum suspensi sunt pr^dicti duo canonici, et War-
mundus sacrista et Antonius custos ecclesiae, et Alwinus
Biseinare carpentarius, Edmundus dormitorii custos, et
duo servientes aurifabri, et ita manerent stupidi non vi-
dentes ab hora tertia usque ad vespertinale officium; sed
cum sero novissent se nunquam manus apposituros am-
plius, respectu miserationis divine lumen amissum rece-
perunt, ulterius hide sanctuario manus immundas non
applicaturi.
6 See charter in Appendix III. 19.
APPENDIX I.
VERSUS CIRCA TUMBAM HAROLDI REGIS.
(Earl 3776.)
MACTE pater patrise, meritis insignis Harolde,
Parma, pugil, gladius, te tegit hie tumulus.
Qui cum rege truci mundi subducere luci ;
Classica non trepidas quse vehit hie Boreas.
Omen at infaustum sua signa retorsit ad austrum,
Nam tua fata scies in nova bella ruens.
Hoc mausoleo fortis requiescit Haroldus
Qui fuit Anglorum gentis rex iuclitus olim,
Cui favor imperium species natura potestas
Contulit et regnum, dans cum diademate sceptrum.
Dum pugil insignis proprias defendere gentes
Nititur, occubuit Francorum gente peremptus.
Hujus nobilibus successibus invida fata
Quse nequeunt salvare necant fraudemque sequuntur.
Item versus de adventu S cee Crucis et canonicorum
Stzcularium ap d Waltham.
WALTHAM valle datur: habita cruce nobilitatur:
Succrevitque chorus mundani canonicatus.
Martyrium Thomse memoratur religione.
Fundat et sedificat, renovat rex, papaque firmat.
Eximitur : liberaque datur, sub eis dominatur
Hie datus undique stas ut in ordine dignior abbas.
Item versus de libertate et dignitate Canonicorum Regularium.
QUATUOR utendis "Waltham prseerat simul istis,
Ordine, pauperibus, et hospite nomine curse,
Continuabatur antiquitus usus in illis,
Absit quod novitas transgrediatur eas.
APPENDIX II.
THE GREAT CHARTER OE WALTHAM.
(MS. Cotton. Tib. C. ix. f. 48 ; Mon. Angl. vi. 61 ; Kemble,
C.D.,813.)
N nomine Domini nostri Jhesu Cbristi, qui unus Deus in
Trinitate ab omnibus se colentibus veneratur et puro cordis
affectu adoratur. Ego Eadwardus Dei dono Anglorum rex in
hujus mundi decursu hujus sseculi filiorum qui justi inveniuntur
studens exaltare cornu utpote regalis imperil jure rite roborati,
accedant ad eum per callem justitiae qui dat petentibus juste et
religiose vivere. Hsec tamen beata commutatio digne censetur
in hoc sseculo ut cui foelicitas tantum deliberaverit animi quod
mundialium gravedine cupiditatum postposita velut granum fru-
menti a spinis suffocantibus aliquando vero dumetis arescentibus
decipiat in hunc tenorem emergi ut divina virtute firmatus vigeat
suo Creatori et Domino. Istas etenim inter transitorias mundi
procellas cuidam meorum comitum onomate Haroldo quandam
terram, quse antiquitus ab incolis illius loci nuncupatur Walt-
ham, hsereditario jure concessi, cuin omnibus ad se pertinent-
ibus campis pascuis pratis silvis et aquis. Exhinc sibi tan-
tam Deus suae pietatis gratiam contulit ut inter momentanea
mundi desideria cogitaret foeliciter desudando coelestia ; quin-
etiam ille qui omnia in omnibus operatur ut vult, talem divinae
pietatis dulcedinem ut supramemoravi concessit ei ut non solum
Dei cultor efficiatur verum etiam canonicae regulae strenuus in-
stitutor fieri credatur ; nam hsec divinitus fidei declaratione et
operum exhibitione cseterarumque aecclesiarum rerum plenitu-
dine probavit eventus. Quis autem finis ejus desiderii post hsec
evenerit, sapientia per Salomonem declarando prompsit, dum ait
justis dabitur desiderium bonum. Enimvero rationali consilio
ditatus ac suse non immemor conditionis, in praescripto loco
monasterium ad laudem Domini nostri Jhesu Christi et Sanctse
Crucis construxit. Primum concedens ei terram quae vocatur
Northlande, unde aecclesiam villse antiquitus dotatam invenit ;
post fundatum dehinc sacrse fidei monasterium ad normam
sanctse Dei secclesiae dedicari fecit honorifice ob memoriam mei
47
et conjngis mese nomine Eadithoe, patris ac matris pro se suisque
omnibus vivis et defunctis sibi consanguinitate conjunctis. Hoc
enim perplurimis sanctorum, apostolorum, martyrum, confes-
sorum, virginum reliquiis ornavit. Hoc non solum terris quarum
vocabula post hsec sunt reeitanda, verum etiam libris evangelicis,
vestibus ac diversis ornamentorum generibus, templo Domini
congruentibus qui divinis cultibus clare ac dulcedine imbutus
attentius sanctse celebrationis templum excolere coepit ac vene-
rari. Quid plura? suse deuique conditionis non immemor,
ibidem quorundam catervulam fratrum secundum auctoritatem
Sanctorum Patrum canonicae regulse subjectam constituit, quse
Deo et Sanctis Ejus die noctuque laudes hymnizando decantet.
Haec sunt vocabula prrediorum ad prffifatum pertinentia
raonasterium. Passefelda cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus,
campis, pascuis pratis, silvis et aquis ; Walde cum omnibus ad se
pertiuentibus, campis, pascuis, pratis, silvis et aquis ; Upminster
cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus, campis, pascuis, pratis, silvis
et aquis; Walhfare cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus, campis,
pascuis, pratis, silvis et aquis ; Tippedene cum omnibus ad se
pertinentibus, campis, pascuis, pratis, silvis et aquis ; Alwartune
cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus, campis, pascuis, pratis, silvis
et aquis ; Wodeforda cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus, campis,
pascuis, pratis, silvis et aquis ; Lambehithe cum omnibus ad se
pertinentibus, campis, pascuis, pratis, silvis et aquis ; Nesingan
cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus, campis, pascuis, pratis, silvis
et aquis ; Brikendune cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus, campis,
pascuis, pratis, silvis et aquis ; Melnho cum omnibus ad se per-
tinentibus ; Alriches eia cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus ;
Wrmeleia cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus ; Nethleswell cum
omnibus ad se pertinentibus; Hicche cum omnibus ad se per-
tinentibus, campis, pascuis, pratis, silvis et aquis; Lukintone
cum omnibus ad se pertinentibus ; West Waltham cum omni-
bus ad se pertinentibus ;
Has omnes supradictas terras ego Eadwardus Rex pro redi-
mendis peccatis meis et antecessorum sive etiam successorum
meorum, consilio Archiepiscoporum et episcoporum necnon et
principum terras meae, secclesise Sanctse Crucis et fratribus ibidem,
in Dei nomine congregatis sive congregandis concede, cum
sacha et soche, sol et team, et infangenethof, et flemenes fyrithe,
et gridbreche, forstal, hamsokne, blodwite, ordel et oreste. Si
48
vero aliquis successorum tneorum quod absit, cle terris istis
quicquam subtraxerit vel subtrahi permiserit, et inde requisitus
emendare noluerit, ei Deus Justus judex reguum pariter et coro-
nam auferat. Nos autem Archiepiscopi et episcopi ad hanc
confirmationem congregati ex praecepto Domini Regis, ejusdem
hortatu excommunicamus et maledictione perpetua condemp-
namus omnes transgressores hujus consularis douatiouis et
regularis concessionis.
[Here follow the land measures.]
Ego Eadwardus, nutu divino rex, omnia prsedia quae Ha-
roldus comes monasterio apud Waltham subjecit vel quae adhuc
se daturum decernit, sublevans statuo, ut ab omni servitutis jugo
sint semper libera et a shiris et hundredis et extra curiam Sanctse
Crucis omnibus placitis et omnibus geldis. Scriptum est autem
istud privilegium anno Dominicse Incarnationis M.L.XII., indic-
tionibus ter quinis, epactis septenis, concurrente I. Hiis tes-
tibus consentientibus.
Ego Eadwardus Anglorum Basileus hac inscriptione + Salu-
tiferae crucis deliberando assigno. +Ego Eadgytha Dei munere
Christi Regina ha3C eadem confirmando testimonium do. +Ego
Stigandus Dorobernensis Archiprasul haec eadem affirmo. +Ego
Ealdredus Eboracensis Archiepiscopus hoc consolido. +Ego M\f-
woldus episcopus ad hsec testimonium perhibeo. +Ego Here-
mannus episcopus testimonium exhibeo. +Ego Leofricus epi-
scopus testimonium adhibeo. +Ego Willielmus episcopus ha3C
aflfirmo. +Ego Ailmarus episcopus hasc consolido. +Ego Leof-
winus episcopus testimonium perhibeo. +Ego Wlfwinus epi-
scopus hsec eadem confirmo. +Ego ^JElwinus episcopus testimo-
nium exhibeo. +Ego JEfricus episcopus hasc affirmo. +Ego
Walterus episcopus hasc eadem corroboro. +Ego Gyso episcopus
haec omnia prsescripta confirmo. + Ego ^Egelnothus abbas. + Ego
^Elfwinus abbas. +Ego Wlffricus abbas. +Ego Leoffricus abbas.
+ Ego Leofstanus abbas. +Ego JElwig abbas. +Ego Hordricus
abbas. -fEgo ^Egelsinus abbas. +Ego Leofstanus abbas. -fEgo
Eadmundus abbas. +Ego Sichtricus abbas. +Ego Haroldus
comes operando consolido. +Ego ^llfgarus comes. +Ego
Tostinus comes. +Ego Leofwinus comes. -r-Ego Gyrth comes.
+Ego Esgarus regise procurator aulas. 4- Ego Rodbertus regis
consanguineus. +Ego Radulphus regis aulicus. +Ego Bundinus
regis Palatinus. +Ego Hesbernus regis consanguineus. +Ego
49
Regenbaldus regis cancellarius. 4- Ego Petrus regis capellanus.
+Ego Baldewinus regis capellanus. +Ego Brihtricus princeps.
+Ego j331fstanus princeps. +Ego Wigodus regis pincerna.
+Ego Herdingus reginae pincerna. +Ego Adzurus regis dapifer.
+Ego Yfingus regis dapifer. +Ego Godwinus reginae dapifer.
+Ego Doddo princeps. +Ego ^Elfgarus princeps. +Ego Brixi-
nus princeps. +Ego ^Egelnothus princeps. +Ego Esbernus
princeps. +Ego Eadwig princeps. +Ego Eadricus princeps.
+Ego ^Egelraundus princeps. +Ego Siwardus princeps. +Ego
Alwoldus princeps. +Ego .ZElphig princeps. +H83C ego sub-
scripsi Swithar sub nomine Christi.
APPENDIX III.
ANTIQUORUM CANONICORUM.
(From MSS. Cotton, Tib. C. 9, and Harl. 391.)
1. Breve Regis Willielmi Ruphi de terris et libertaiibus anti-
quorum Canonicorum.
WILLIELMUS Rex Anglise Vicecomitibus snis salutem et minis-
tris. Mando vos ut faciatis canonicos de Waltham ita bene et
honorifice habere terras suas et consuetudines sicut eas habu-
erunt tempore Patris mei. T. Willo Daubeni. [circa 1096.]
2. Carta Regis Henrici Primi quam fecit Mathildi Regince.
Henricus Rex Anglise omnibus vicecoraitibus suis et ministris
salutem. Sciatis me dedisse Mathildi Reginse uxori meae Walt-
ham cum omnibus ei adjacentibus et servitium canonicorum et
hominum eorum cum sacha et socha et tol et theam et infan-
genethef et omnibus aliis consuetudinibus infra burgum et extra,
infra tempus et extra et in terra et in aquis. Et volo ut omnes
sui homines atque omnes homines prsedictse villse canonicorum
sint quieti ex omnibus hundredis et sciris et placitis et omni
Warda : et si quis aliquem ex suis hominibus aut ex hominibus
canonicorum calumpniatus fuerit veniat ad Curiam Reginse ad
Waltham ibique canonici regulariter respondebunt et laici se-
cundum legem srccularem respondeant. T., &c. [circa 1100.]
3. Carta Regis Henrici primi quam fecit Mathildi Regina.
Henricus Rex Anglise, M. Episcopo et Hugoni de Bohcland et
omnibus ministris suis, &c.
Sciatis me dedisse Mathildi Reginse Walthara cum omnibus
ei adjacentibus, et servitium canonicorum et hominum eorum
cum saca et socha et tol et tern et infangenetehf, et omnibus
aliis consuetudinibus infra burgum et extra, infra tempus et
extra, et in terra et in aqua. Et volo atque prsecipio ut omnes
sui homines atque homines prsedictse villse canonicorum sint
quieti de omnibus hundredis et sciris et placitis et de omni
warda et scotto et geldo et omnibus aliis querelis ; et si quis ex
hominibus prsedictse villas de aliqua re calumpniatus veniat ad
curiam ejns ibique canonici regulariter respondebunt et laici
secundum legem ssecularem respondeant. T. Rog. Bigod.
[circa 1100.]
4. Item Carta Regis Henrici Primi de molendinis.
Henricus Rex Angliae Ricardo Episcopo Londoniae, &c.,
salutera.
Sciatis me concessisse ecclesise Sanctae Crucis de Waltham.
molendinum ejusdem Waltham et quicquid molendinis pertiuet
tarn in aqua quam in silva sicut Mathildis Regina uxor mea
eidem ecclesise ea dedit et concessit pro escambio ecclesise Sanctse
Trinitatis de London l : et praecipio ut ita bene et quiete ea prse-
dicta ecclesia teneat sicut melius et quietius Regina tenuit.
[circa 1108.]
5. Item ejusdem de domibus nostris et una acra in Gaiste.
Henricus Rex Anglise Herberto Episcopo Norwicensi salutem.
Sciatis me pro Dei nomine dedisse et concessisse ecclesise de
Geiste unam acram terra? ubi domus sunt, et preecipio ut earn
Alfricus sacerdos teneat et habeat sicut melius habuit in tempore
fratris mei: Et filius suus. T. [circa 1100.]
6. Litterte de Eodem.
Henricus Rex Anglise Ebrardo Episcopo Norwicensi &c.,
salutem.
Prsecipio ut Albericus presbyter et Theodoricus filius ejus
juste et in pace teneant terram et<domos suas quse sunt super
1 The exchange referred to in this free and discharged from subjection to
document is that httween Waltham the church of Waltham, by the exchange
and the Crown, the former surrendering the s>iid Queen gave to the church of
the site of Christ Church, or the Holy Waltham, with my consent, in the pre-
Trinity, Aldgate, and receiving the mills sence of T. (K.), bishop of Salisbury, and
of Waltham. The records from which Th. S. John and Jordan Say. It is my
this information is derived are translated will and I ordain that the aforesaid
in Stevens's Monasticon, from a Register church of the Holy Trinity, and all
in possession of Anstis the Herald, and things belonging to the same, remain
are so printed in the Mon. Angl., vi. as free and unmolested as ever they
155. Two of them are given here as were in the time of the Queen herself,
illustrating the history of Waltham. and in the time of William, bishop of
I. Henry, king of England, to Richard, Durham. Given at Dunstable.
bishop of London, and Hugh de Roch II. Walter Dean and the whole chap-
(lege Bocheland), and to all his lieges, ter of Waltham, to Richard, bishop of
French and English, throughout all London, and all faithful, greeting. Know
England, greeting. Know ye that I ye that we have quitted claim to the
have granted to Queen Maud my wife, church of the Holy Trinity in London
that she place canons regular in the which belonged to our church, for the ex-
chnrch of the Holy Trinity in London. change which Queen Maud gave us with
Jnow ye also that this same church is the consent of our Lord King Henry.
E2
52
acram terrae quam dedi et concessi ecclesise de Geiste sicut
prsecepi per aliud breve meum et nullus eis super haec injuriam
inde vel molestiam facial. [circa 1121.]
7. Carta Regis Stephani quam fecit Mathildi uxori suee.
Stephanus Rex Angliae Episcopo Lond., salutera.
Sciatis me dedisse Mathildi Reginae uxori raeae Walthara cum
omnibus ei adjacentibus et servitium canonicorum et hominum
eorum cum sacha et socha et tol et tern et infangenethef et
cum omnibus aliis consuetudinibus infra burgum et extra, infra
tempus et extra et in terra et in aquis. Et volo atque praecipio
ut omnes sui homines atque homines canonicorum praedictae villse
sint q"uieti de omnibus hundredis et sciris et placitis et de omni
warda et scotis et Geldis et omnibus querelis, et si quis ex homi-
nibus praedictse villas de aliqua re calumpniatus fuerit veniat ad
curiam Reginae ibique canonici regulariter respondeant et laici
secundum regulam ssecularem. T., &c. [circa 1135.]
8. Carta Regis Stephani de libertatibus antiquorum canonicorum,
Stephanus Rex Angliae Episcopo Lond., &c., salutem. Sciatis
me concessisse et dedisse ecclesise et canonicis de Waltham
omnes illas libertates et consuetudines et quietancias et sacham
et socham et tol et them et infangenethef et omnes rectitudines
quas habuerunt tempore Regis Henrici avunculi mei : infra bur-
gum et extra, infra tempus et extra in terris et in aquis et in
omnibus aliis locis sicut carta Regis Henrici testatur, et volo et
praecipio quod praedicta ecclesia et canonici et terrse eorum et
homines eorum sint quieti sciris et hundredis et placitis et de
omni warda et omni scotto et geldo et auxilio victus et aliis
rebus et querelis, et si quis aliquera ex hominibus suis de aliqua
re calumpniatus fuerit veniat ad curiam Sanctae Crucis de Walt-
ham et ibi canonici regulariter respondeant et laici secundum
legem ssecularem : et prsecipio quod homines eorum ita bene
sint quieti de theloneo et omnibus aliis consuetudinibus per
totam Angliam sicut fuerunt tempore Mathildis Reginse et sicut
carta Regis testatur. T. [circa 1151.]
9. Carta Mathildis Imperatricis et Domina Anglorum quam
fecit Adeliciae Regirue.
Mathildis imperatrix Regis Henrici filia et Anglise domina
omnibus vicecomitibus, &c., salutem. Sciatis me dedisse et
53
concessisse Adelicise Reginse uxori Regis Henrici patris mei
Waltham cum omnibus ei adjacentibus et servitia canonicorum
et hominum eorum cum sacha et socha et tol et theam etinfan-
genethef et omnibus aliis consuetudinibus infra burgum et extra
infra tempus et extra et in terra et in aqua. Et volo et praecipio
ut omnes sui homines prsedictse villse et canonicorum sint quieti
de sciris et hundredis et warda et placitis. Et si quis aliquem
ex suis hominibus aut ex hominibus canonicorum de aliquo
calumpniatus fuerit veniat ad curiam Reginee et canonicorum ad
Waltham et ibi canonici regulariter respondeant et laici secun-
dum legem saecularem. Et praecipio quod homines Reginse et
canonicorum de Waltham ita bene sint quieti de theloneo et
omnibus aliis consuetudinibus per totam Angliam sicut melius
fuerunt tempore Mathildis Reginse. T. &c. Ita dico sicut Rex
Henricus carta sua confirmavit, Test, eisdem. [circa 1140.]
10. Carta Regis Henrici Secundi de libertatibus antiquorum
canonicorum.
Henricus Rex Anglise dux Normannise, &c. Justiciariis, Yice-
comitibus et ministris suis totius Angliae salutem. Prsecipio quod
ecclesia mea de Waltham teneat bene et in pace juste et integre
et honorifice omnes res et possessiones et consuetudines ac
libertates suas sicut melius et liberius tenuit tempore Henrici
Regis avi mei et sicut carta Regis Henrici testatur. T., &c.
[circa 1154.]
11. Cartes Reginarum.
Carta Mathildis^Regince de molendinis.
Mathildis Anglic Regina omnibus fidelibus suis, &c., salutem.
Sciatis me concessisse et dedisse ecclesise Sanctse Crucis de Walt-
ham Molendina ejusdem Waltham, tarn in aquis quam in silva,
et in multura et omnibus libertatibus, quibus ego ipsa ea habui
pro escambio ecclesiee Sanctse Trinitatis de Londonia et sicut licet
canonicis Sanctee Trinitatis in omnibus qua? possunt ecclesiam
suam emendare ita liceat canonicis de Waltham molendina? sua
in omnibus quae possunt crescere et moliare. T. Rogerio Epi-
scopo Salesberiensi. [1108.]
12. Carta Mathildis Regina de Northlanda.
Mathildis Anglorum Regina Ricardo Episcopo Lond., &c.,
salutem. Scitote me reddidisse Deo et Sanctse Cruci et Canonicis
de Waltham illas duas hydas et dimidiam de Northlanda quas
/ Walcherus episcopus invide de Ecclesia abstulit, et prsecipio ut
ita solute et quiete teneant sicut antequam inde terra prsedicta
ablata fuisset : et hoc facio pro salute corporis et animse Henrici
Regis Domini mei et mea et filiorum meorum. [1108 1118.]
13. Carta Mathildis Regince de Nundinis.
Mathildis Anglorum Regina Ricardo Lund. Episcopo et
Hugoni de Bochel et Aldwino canonico et omnibus ministris
Regis et suis et omnibus hominibus Francis et Anglis de Essexa,
salutem. Sciatis me dedisse et concessisse ecclesise Sanctse
Crucis de Waltham et canonicis ibidem Deo famulantibus ferias
de festivitate Sanctse Crucis cum omnibus consuetudinibus feriis
pertinentibus : et hoc pro salute Domini mei Henrici Regis
et mea et filiorum meorum. Volo etiam et prsecipio ut ita
quiete et honorifice et plenarie habeant sicut ego ipsa tenebam
et omnes venientes ad eundem ecclesiam et inde redeuntes tarn
ementes quam vendentes firmam pacem Regis et meam habeant.
Testibus Rog. Ep. Saresberieusi et Nigello de Olleio et Rann.
Capellano : et Galfrido Capellano Reginse et prsedictse Ecclesise
Canonico et Aldwino Canonico et Odone Morio apud Westm.
pridie ante Exaltationem Sanctse Crucis. [1108 1118.]
14. Mathildis Regince de quieta clamatione Episcopi Dunelmensis.
Mathildis Regina, &c., salutem. Sciatis me perpetualiter
pardonasse canonicis de Waltham pro anima Regis et mea, et
quietos eos omnino clamasse deuarios, illos quos episcopus Wil-
lielmus Dunolmensis solebat ab eis accipere quoque anno ad opus
Castelli Dunolmensis. T. Willo Giffard &c. [1100 1106.]
15. Carta Adelitia Regina de decimis dandis.
Adelicia Dei Gratia Regina omnibus, &c., salutem. Sciatis
me concessisse et dedisse ecclesise et canonicis Sanctse Crucis de
Waltham perpetualiter pro anima Regis Henrici domini mei et
antecessorum suorum et salute mea omneni decimam de dominio
meo de Waltham et de ei appendiciis in omnibus rebus de vivo et
de mortuo unde juste decima dari debet et sicut earn do et concedo
de dominico meo sic volo et firmiter prsecipio ut omnes homines
mei de tenemeuto de Walthara dent decimam suam de omnibus
rebus suis pleiiarie tarn de vivo quam de mortuo. [circa 1140.]
55
16. Item aliud Breve pro decimis dandis.
Adelicia Dei gratia Regina universis hominibus suis de Walt-
ham salutem. Mando vobis et prsecipio quod bene et plenarie
reddatis ecclesise Dei et Sauctse Crucis de Waltham rectas deci-
mas de omnibus quse juste decimari solent ; si feceritis placebit
mini et grates vobis sciam : sin autem, grave erit mini et foris-
facturam meam inde accipiam et concedam quod ecclesia vos
tandem constringendo justificet. T., &c. [circa 1140.]
Littera Regina Alienoras secundum eundem tenorem.
17. Item AdelicicB de scottis et geldis.
Adelicia Anglorum Regina, &c. Sciatis me clamasse quietum
totum dominicum canonicorum Sanctse Crucis de Waltham de
omnibus Geldis et Scottis, et nolo ut amplius inde aliquod requi-
ratur, sed tempus sit quietum pro salute Domini mei Regis et
mea et sicut tempore Mathildis Reginse. T. [circa 1140.]
18. Item.
Mathildis Anglorum Regina, &c., salutem. Sciatis me
clamasse quietum totum dominicum canonicorum Sanctse Cru-
cis de Waltham de omnibus geldis et scottis perpetualiter et
nolo quod amplius de dominico canonicorum aliquod requiratur
sed tempus sit quietura pro salute Domini mei Regis et mea
sicut fuit tempore Mathildis Reginse Amitse mese. [circa 1135.]
19.
Henricus Rex Auglise Waltero decano et canonicis Sanctse
Crucis^de Waltham, salutem.
Sciatis me con<?essisse Adse filio Bruningi et hseredibus suis
in feudum et hsereditatem terram illam quam Bruningus pater
ejus tenuit in Epping, scilicet unam hidam et xl. acras, et terram
de Waltham et prata eidem terrse de Epping pertinentia, red-
dendo iude singulis annis Ecclesise Sanctce Crucis de Waltham
quinque solidos pro omni servitio et omni consuetudine, et terram
de Lamburne scilicet xl. acras quas idem Bruningus pater suus
tenuit, reddendo inde singulis annis Ecclesise Sanctse Crucis
de Waltham unum sextarium viui pro omni servitio et omni
consuetudine. Volo ergo et prsecipio ut habeant et teneant
omnes terras supradictas bene et libere in omnibus rebus per
servitium supra dictum. Teste Hugone de Bello campo.
50
20.
Henricus Dei gratia Wintoniensis episcopus et apostolicae
sedis legatus, venerabili fratri et amico R. Londinensi episcopo
et archidiacono et canonicis de Waltham et universe clero
episcopatus Lond., salutem. Nostra? administrationis ratio de-
siderat ut justis postulationibus facilem prsebeamus assensum.
Quocirca dilectorum filiorum nostrorum canonicorum de Walt-
ham precibus annuentes, parochiam de Waltham et de Eppinges
quam de communia eorum sicut iu prsesentia nostra probatum
est esse constat, auctoritate officii quo fungimur et ratione
administrationis decanatus quam in eadem ecclesia prassidentes
habemus eis in eadem communia in perpetuum habendam con-
firmamus et praesentis scripti nostri attestatione et munimine
roboramus. Valete. [circa 1144.]
APPENDIX IV.
EXTRACTS FROM DOMESDAY BOOK.
VOL. i. 34. SURREY.
Terra Comitis Moriton : in Brixistan Hund.
COMES Moriton tenet Lanchei. Canonic! de Waltham tenue-
runt de Heraldo. Tune se defendit pro 6 hidis et dimidia,
modo pro nichilo. Terra est 6 car. In dominio est 1 car. et
5 villani, et 12 bordarii cum 3 car. Ibi unus servus et 6 ac.
prati. T. R. E. valebat 100 sol. et post et modo 4 lib.
In Waleton Hund.
Ipse comes tenet Estreham. T. R. E., se defendit pro 5 hidis,
modo pro nichilo. Heraldus tenuit 1 hid. et dimid. Canonici
de Waltham 1 hid et dimid.
VOL. i. 58. BERKSHIRE.
Terra Episcopi Dunelmensis. In Benes. Hund.
Episcopus Dunelmensis tenet de Rege Waltham in elemosina.
Vlwinus canonicus tenuit de Heraldo comite et ecclesiae de
Waltham pertinuit. Tune et modo pro 3 hid. Terra est 6 car.
In dominio sunt 2 et 8 villani et 3 cot. cum 4 car. Ibi 3 servi
et 3 ac. prati. Silva de 6 porcis. T. R. E. valebat 60 sol. et
post 70 sol. Modo 100 sol.
VOL. i. 132. HERTFORDSHIRE.
In dim. Hund. de Hiz.
Rex Willelmus tenet Hiz ; pro 5 hid. se defendit. . . . Hoc
manerium tenuit Heraldus comes.
VOL. i. 136.
Terra Canonicorum de Waltham. In Hertf. Hund.
Canonici Sanctae Crucis de Waltham tenent Wermelai. Pro
5 hid. se defendit. Terra est 4 car. In dominio 3 hidae et
2 virg. et dim. et ibi est una car. et una potest fieri. Ibi 5 villani
habent 2 car. Ibi 4 Bord. et 3 cot. et 2 servi. Pratum 4 car.
58
pastura ad pecuniam. Silva 300 pore. In totis valentiis val.
et valuit 4 lib. T. R. E. 100 sol. Hoc Manerium jacuit et jacet
in Ecclesia S. Crucis de Waltham.
Ipsi canonici ten. Brichendone. Pro 5 hid. se defendit.
Terra est 8 car. In dominio 3 hid. et dim. et ibi sunt 2 car.
et tertia potest fieri. Ibi 9 villani habent 4 car. et quinta potest
fieri. Ibi 9 bord. et 23 cot. et 2 servi et 1 molend. de 8 sol.
Pratum 2 car. Pastura ad pecuniam villse et 2 sol. Silva 200
porcis. In totis valentiis val. et valuit 100 sol. T. R. E. 8 lib.
Hoc manerium jacuit et jacet in ecclesia S. Crucis de Waltham.
VOL. i. 140.
In Hertf. Hund.
Ipse Goisfridus tenet Hailet. Pro 2 hid. se defendit. Terra
est 2 car. In dominio 1 hida et 3 virg. et ibi est una car. et
adhuc dim. potest fieri. Ibi 2 vill. cum 2 bord. habent dim. car.
Ibi 3 cot. et unus servus : pratum 1 car. Pastura ad pecuniam.
Silva 50 pore. De gurgite 50 Anguillse val. 30 sol. Quando
recept. 10 sol. T. R. E. 4 lib. Hanc terram tenuit Wilwinus
homo Heraldi comitis. De quadam silva reclamat Radulfus de
Limesi tantum quantum pertinet ad 3 hid. de Emmewelle et
2 villanos de 1 virg. et 1 Bord. de 10 acr. et adhuc 24 acr.
terrse quas sumpsit Ilbertus de Hertford et apposuit huic
Manerio, ut homines de scira testantur, et canonici de Waltham
reclamant tantum silvae quantum pertinet ad unam hidam.
VOL. i. 210. BEDFORDSHIRE.
Terra Episcopi Dunelmensis. Bicheleswade Hund.
Ep. Dunelm tenet de Rege in Melehou 3 hid. et dimid.
Terra est 4 car. In dominio 3 hid. et dimid. et ibi est 1 car. et
alia potest fieri. Villani habent 2 car. Ibi 4 villani et 1 ser.
val. 40 sol. et tantundem quando recept. T. R. E. 60 sol. Hanc
terram dedit rex Edw. Ecclesise S.. Crucis de Waltham ut homines
de hund. testantur.
In Hund. de Cliston.
Tenet isdem ep. 8 hid. in Alricesei et 2 part. 1 virg. Terra est
8 car. In dominio sunt 3 car. et 8 villani habent 4 car. et 5 ta
potest fieri. Ibi 5 bord. et 2 servi et 2 mol. 26 solid, et 8 den.
pratum 3 car. valet et valuit 7 lib. T. R. E. 8 lib. Hoc manerium
tenuerunt canonici S. Crucis de Waltham in Elemosina T. R. E.
59
VOL. ii. 15. ESSEX.
Terra Canonicorum S. Gruels de Waltham. Hand, de Waltham.
Epingam tenet semper S. Crux pro manerio et 2 hid. et 15
acr. Semper 1 car. et dim. in dominio et 2 bor. et 2 ser. Silva
50 pore. 3 acr. prati 10 aiiimal. 1 rune. 20 por. 20 ov. 8 caprse
et val. 15 sol.
Nasingam semper tenet S. Crux pro 5 hid. Tune 1 car. in
dominio modo 1 et dim. Tune 1 car. horn, modo 1 et dim.
Semper 5 vill. modo 2 bor. Tune 3 ser. modo nullus. Silva
50 por. 13 acr. prati. dim. pise. 1 rune. 4 anim. 10 pore. 15 ov.
Tune val. 40 sol. modo 60.
Hund. de Beventreu.
Wdefort tenet semper S. Crux. T. R. E. 5 hid. Semper 2 car.
in dominio. Tune 13 car. horn, modo 7. Semper 13 vill.
Silva 500 pore. 26 acr. prati. Tune 1 mol. modo null. Tune
4 bord. modo 7. Tune 4 ser. modo nullus. Tune 1 an. modo 6.
100 ov. 1 por. 40 capr. Semper val. 100 sol.
Lochintunam tenet semper S. Crux pro manerio et 4 hid. et
20 acr. Tune 2 car. in dominio, modo 1. Semper 1 car. horn,
et 2 vill. Tune 2 bord. modo 5. Silva 100 por. 5 acr. prati.
1 car. pot. restaurari, 5 an. 5 ov. et val. 40 sol.
Lochintunam tenet S. Crux, pro raanerio et 2 hid. et dim.
Semper 1 car. in dominio. Tune 2 bor. modo 4. Silva 40 por.
4 acr. prati. 9 an. 10 por. 20 ov. val. 20 sol.
Hund. de Angra.
Passefeldam tenet semper S. Crux pro manerio et pro 2 hid.
30 acr. minus. Tune 6 vill. modo 4 bor. Tune 7 ser. modo 3.
Tune 2 car. in dominio, modo 3. Tune 3 car. horn, modo 2.
Silva 700 pore. 8 acr. prati. Tune 3 an. modo 6. Tune 20 por.
modo 30, 50 ov. Tune 16 capr. modo 36. Modo 1 rune.
Semper val. 6 lib.
Alvertunam tenet semper S. Crux pro manerio et 4 hid. et
dim. et 10 acr. Tune 7 vill. modo 9. Tune 2 bor. modo 6.
Tune 5 ser. modo 3. Semper 2 car. in dominio. Tune 3 car.
horn, modo 2. Silva 400 pore. 15 acr. prati, 2 an. 8 ov. 10 por.
15 capr. Semper val. 4 lib.
Tippedenam tenet semper S. Crux pro manerio et 3 hid. et
60
40 acr. Semper 8 vill. et 7 bor. Tune 4 ser. modo nullus.
Tune 2 car. in dominio modo 1. Tune 2 car. horn, modo 1.
Silva 300 por. 6 acr. prati. 2 an. 8 por. 9 ov. Semper val.
40 sol. Quidam liber homo tenuit 40 acr. quern invasit ecclesia
postquam rex venit in hanc terrain et tenet adhuc. Tune
1 car. modo nulla, et quando recep. dim. 4 acr. prati. Tune
val. 6 sol et 8d. Modo 5 sol. et 4d.
Hund. de Ceofferda.
Welda tenet semper S. Crux pro uno manerio et T. R. E. pro
2 hid. modo pro 1 et dim. Goisfridus de Magna villa habet
aliam dim. sed hund. nescit quare habeat et G. dicit se habere
pro excangio. Semper 10 vill. et 6 bor. et 3 ser. et 2 car. in
dominio. Tune 6 car. horn, modo 4. Silva 200 por. 1 acr. et d.
prati ; modo 4 an. Tune 10 por. modo 25. Tune 25 ov. modo
65 et val. 6 lib. In hoc manerii jacuit 1 soc. qui tenuit 1 car.
terra, sed modo habet Rob. Gernon ex dono Regis ut ipse dicit.
Upmonstram tenet S. Crux pro 2 hid. et dim. et 40 acr.
Tune 8 vill. modo 6. Tune 2 bor. modo 4. Tune 4 ser. modo 3.
Semper 2 car. in dominio et 4 car. horn. Silva 300 por. 6 acr.
prati, 2 an. Tune 20 ov. modo 50. Tune 11 por. modo 30.
Semper val. 4 lib. Huic Manerio jacet 1 soc. de 30 acr. et dim.
car. et val. 20d.
Walcfaram tenet semper Ecclesia pro 4 hid. 40 acr. minus.
Tune 4 bor. modo 10. Tune 6 ser. modo 3. Semper 2 car. in
dominio et 1 car. horn. Silva 30 por. 18 acr. prati. Modo
1 rune. Semper 5 an. 5 por. 40 ov. 2 vasa apum. Val. 40 sol.
In Waltham.
Medietatem hida3 habet S. Crux.
Jjrinfeb bg flUssrs. ^arbr, Cormnarluf, *fcrrb.
raft ii>m0rals 0f (feat ritem
anir fxtlantr frming % IPtirtrta !|^s,
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A ROLL OF THE IEISH PBIVY COUNCIL OF THE 16iH TEAS OF THE REIGN
OF RICHAED II. Edited by the Rev. JAMES GEAYES.
POLYCHEONICON RANULPHI HIGDENI, with Trevisa's Translation. Edited
by C. BABINGTON, B.D., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge.
January, 1861.
THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE.
WITH the year of our Lord 1860, Sylvanus Urban closed his 209th
volume, and the 129th year of his literary existence. This is a
length of days that, so far as he knows, has never before been attained
by a Journalist ; but he ventures to affirm, with thankfulness as well as
some degree of self-complacency, that he is still in a green old age, and
that to his thinking the time is yet very distant when, to borrow the words
of one of his earliest and most valued friends, it may be said of him
' Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage."
The times, it is readily allowed, have greatly changed since Sylvanus
Urban first solicited public attention, but it may be fairly doubted whether
the tastes and habits of thought of the educated classes, to whom he ad-
dresses himself, have changed in a like degree. Hence he does not fear
that History and Antiquities, in their widest sense, can ever become unpalat-
able to them, but, on the contrary, he is glad to mark an increased avidity
in pursuing such studies. This is a state of things that he thinks he may
claim a considerable share in bringing about, and the steady progress of
which he is desirous of forwarding by all available means. He alludes to
the growing appreciation of the Past, as the key to the understanding of
the Present, and (in a sense) of the Future, as testified by the formation
of Archaeological and Literary Societies, which have already achieved
much good, and may do still more ; and as a means to that end, he devotes
a portion of his pages every month, under the title of " ANTIQUARIAN
AND LITERARY INTELLIGENCER," to a record of their progress.
Sylvanus Urban therefore ventures to suggest to the Councils of such
Societies, that if brief reports of their proceedings and publications are
systematically supplied to the GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE, where they will
be always highly acceptable, an interchange of knowledge and good offices
may thus be established between learned bodies in the most distant parts
of the Empire an interchange that does not now exist, but the want of
which few will be found to deny.
It has ever been the desire of Sylvanus Urban to see his CORRESPOND-
ENCE a leading feature in his pages, and he has had the gratification of
reckoning many of the most erudite men of the time as his fellow-workers,
who have, through him, conveyed an invaluable amount of knowledge to
the world. He invites those of the present day to imitate them. Another
important feature has been, and will be, the OBITUARY, to the completeness
of which he requests friends or relatives to contribute by communicating
fitting notices of eminent persons daily removed by the hand of death from
among us. He believes that he shall not be disappointed in the extent of
this friendly co-operation, but that, on the contrary, the increasing number
of his contributors will render the motto that he has so long borne more
than ever applicable : "E pluribus Unum."
AH Communications to be addressed to MR. URBAN, 377, STXAA~D, W.C.
vi r
THE
FOUNDATION OF WALTHAM ABBEY.
THE TEACT
tenthm* jfentte dfrum ncste in Jplante
jet it durtioitf tjttste apd
NOW FIRST PRINTED FROM THE MANUSCRIPT IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM,
WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY
WILLIAM STUBBS, M.A.,
VICAR OF NAVESTOCK, LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, OXFORD.
J. H. AND J. PABKEE.
1861.
Price 5s.
BX 2596 .W348 A3 1861 IMST
Waltham Abbey.
The foundation of Waltham
Abbey 47228684
i? MEDIAEVAL STUDIES
QUEEN'S PARK
