1
THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
/TEST)
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
'" /
I AND
^JOURNAL
OF THE
(NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.)
EDITED BY
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., F.B.S., V.P.S.A.,
CORRBSPONDANT DB I/INSTITUT DF FRANCE,
BARCLAY V. HEAD, D.C.L., PH.D.,
KKBPKK OF COINS, BRITISH MUSEUM,
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL (HERMAN AROH.KOLOGICAL INSTITnTK,
HON. MEMBKIt OP THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF VIENNA,
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, F.S.A.,
ASSISTANT-KEEPER OF COINS, BRITISH HC8KUH,
AND
EDWARD J. RAPSON, M.A., M.R.A.S.
FOURTH SERIES.— VOL. II.
Factuui abiit — monumenta maneiit. — Ov. Favt.
LONDON :
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY.
PARIS : MM. ROLLIN ET FEU ARDENT, PLACE LOUVOIS, No. 4.
1902.
v. 2,
LONDON :
PRI.NTKD BY H. VIRTUP AND COMFANY, LIMIT1B,
CITY ROAD.
CONTEXTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page
Some Pontic Eras. By Theodore Eeinach .... 1
Note on a Gold Coin of Addedomaros. By Sir John Evans,
K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., V.P.S.A 11
A Note on Some Coins generally attributed to Mazaios, the
Satrap of Cilicia and Syria. By Sir Henry Howorth,
KC.I.E.,F.E.S.,F.S.A 81
The Burning of Bonds under Hadrian. By Sir John Evans,
K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., V.P.S.A 88
Classification Chronologique des Emissions Monetaires de
1'Atelier d'Alexandrie pendant la Periode Constantin-
ienne. By Jules Maurice . 92
The Coinage of Tigranes I. By George Macdonald, M.A. . 193
Greek Coins acquired by the British Museum in 1901. By
Warwick Wroth 313
On Some Rare or Unpublished Roman Coins. By Sir John
Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., V.P.S.A. . .... 345
VI CONTENTS.
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
Page
Bedwin and Marlborough and the Moneyer Cilda. By P.
Carlyon-Britton, F.S.A 20
On a Rare Sterling of Henry, Earl of Northumberland. By
P. Carlyon-Britton, F.S.A 26
A Find of Silver Coins of Edward IV— Henry VIH. By L.
A. Lawrence 34
Tiinotheus Refatus of Mantua and the Medallist " T. R." By
G. F. Hill, M.A 55
Treasure-Trove, its Ancient and Modern Laws. By A.
Blanchet and H. A. Grueber, F.S.A 148
Some Remarks on the Last Silver Coinage of Edward III.
By Fredk. A. Walters, F.S.A. 176
The Cross and Pall on the Coins of JElfred the Great. By
Sir John Evans, KC.B., D.O.L., F.R.S., V.P.S.A. . . 202
On the Coins of William I and II, and the Sequence of the
Types. By P. Carlyon-Britton, F.S.A. . . . .208
The Silver Coinage of the Reign of Henry VI. By Fredk. A.
Walters, F.S.A 224
Some Coins of Eadgar and Henry VI. By H. A. Grueber,
F.S.A 364
Notes on " A Numismatic History of the Reign of Henry I "
by W. J. Andrew. By C. G. Crump and C. Johnson . 372
Some Unpublished Seventeenth- Century Tokens. By Rev.
W. G. Searle, M.A 378
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Some Notes on the Coins struck at Omdurman by the Mahdi
and the Khalifa. By Samuel Smith, Jun. ... 62
Some Rare Oriental Coins. By Oliver Codrington, M.D.,
F.S.A 267
Some Coins of the Mughal Emperors. By M. Longworth
Dames, M.R.A.S 275
CONTENTS. VU
MISCELLANEA.
Page
Three Lead Tickets of the Eighteenth Century . . .74
Gold Coins of the Muwahhids 77
Some Pontic Eras. Correction 184
Two Hoards of Koman Coins (Beachy Head and Easton,
Norfolk) 185
Find of Roman Coins near Caistor, Norfolk . . . .186
Unpublished Stycas of Aelfwald I and Aethelred I . .310
A Unique Naval Reward, "The Breton Medal" . . .311
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection,
University of Glasgow. Vol. ii. By George Macdonald,
M.A 188
Traite des Monnaies grecques et romaines. Part i, vol. i. By
Ernest Babelon 189
Greek Coins and their Parent Cities. By John Ward, F.S.A.,
and G. F. Hill, M.A. . 191
Vlll PLATES.
LIST OF PLATES CONTAINED IN VOL. II.
Plates.
I. Medals by Eefatus of Mantua.
II. Medals by " T. R."
III., IV. Coins struck at Omdurman.
V., VI. Monnaies d'Alexandrie.
VII. Later Silver Coins of Edward III.
VIII.— XI. Silver Coinage of Henry VI.
XII. Coins of the Khalifs.
Xin., XIV. Coins of the Mughal Emperors.
XV. — XVII. Greek Coins acquired by the British Museum in
1901.
XVIII., XIX. Rare or Unpublished Roman Coins.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY.
SESSION 1901—1902.
OCTOBER 17, 1901.
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., V.P.S. A.,
F.G.S., President, in the Chair.
Charles A. Waiters, Esq., was elected, and Horace Lambert,
Esq., was proposed a Member of the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. La Gazette Numismatique. Nos. 8-9, 1901.
2. Bulletin de Numismatique, Avril — Juillet, 1901.
3. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic. Bind
xv. Heft 4.
4. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. v. Nos. 1-2.
5. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Nos. 214—218.
6. Le Nimbe et les Signes de 1'Apotheose sur les Monnaies
des Bois Indo-Scythes. By E. Drouin. From the Author.
7. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest. lre et
2me trim., 1901.
8. Revue Numismatique. 2m*et 3me trim., 1901.
;; PROCEEDINGS or THE
9. Revile Beige de Nnmismatique. 8me et 4m* trim., 1901.
10. Bulletin Ilistorique de la Societe des Antiquaires de la
Morinie. Livr. 198.
11. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xxxi. Pts. 2-8.
12. Deux Monnaies Luxembourgeoises inedites. By
"Vicomte B. de Jonghe. From the Author.
18. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xxxi.
Pts. 8—11.
14. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica. Fasc. 2-3, 1901.
15. Appunti di Numismatica Alessandrina. By G. Dattari.
From the Author.
16. Archaeologia Aeliana. Vol. xxiii. Pt 1.
17. Zeitschrift filr Numismatik. Band xxiii. Heft 1-2.
IS. Report of the Government Museum, Madras. 1900-1901.
19. Smithsonian Institution. Annual Beports for 1898,
1899 ; and Museum Report, 1897 (Pt. 2) and 1899.
20. Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal. Vol. iii.
21. Catalogue of the Chateau Ramezay Museum and Portrait
Gallery. By T. O'Leary. From the Author.
Mr. William Ransom exhibited two ancient British copper
coins found near Sandy, Bedfordshire. One piece was of
Verulamium and the other of Cunobelinus.
Mr. H. Hancox showed an Irish silver coin imitated from the
"canopy" type of William the Conqueror, but having on the
reverse three human hands and arms instead of a cross fleury.
It is of an unpublished type.
Mr. L. A. Lawrence also showed some Irish pieces imitated
from coins of Harold II, William I, and Henry I, and a series
of nobles of Henry IV, V, and VI, and Edward IV, all the
coins being from his collection.
Mr. Stewart A. McDowall exhibited a Durham penny of
Edward III, struck between A.D. 1851 and 1860, and having
on the obverse the mint-mark, a crown, and on the reverse one
limb of the cross in the form of a crozier. The mint-mark
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. O
crown being also found on London groats, half-groats, and
pennies of the same time, it is possible that a London obverse
die had been used with a Durham reverse.
Mr. Thomas Bliss showed a series of crowns of Charles I
struck at the Tower Mint and at Exeter, and also a pattern
crown by Briot having on the obverse the shields of England,
Scotland, Ireland, and France arranged crosswise, and on the
reverse the king on horseback.
Sir John Evans read a paper on a gold coin of the British
chief Addedomaros, which was recently found near a footpath
leading from Tring to Drayton Beauchamp, on the boundary of
the counties of Herts and Bucks. The coin is of the usual type,
having crescents, pellets, and other ornaments on one side, and
on the other a prancing horse and the legend ADDEDOM
(AEOS). The paper is printed in Vol. ii., p. 11.
Dr. Philip Nelson communicated a paper on William Wood
and his coinages. After giving a somewhat detailed account of
Wood, his patents for coinages, and his transactions with the
Government, Dr. Nelson described the various specimens of his
money for Ireland, and those for America, which latter are
known as the " Rosa Americana pieces." Both series extended
from 1722 to 1724.
NOVEMBER 21, 1901.
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., President, in the Chair.
Horace Lambert, Esq., was elected a Member of the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Numi Augg. Alexandrini. By Gr. Dattari. From the
Author, to whom special thank* were ordered to be returned.
2. Proceedings and Papers of the American Numismatic and
Archaeological Society of New York, 1901.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
8. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. v. No. 3.
4. Les Portraits de Sappho sur les Mounaica. By L.
Forrer. From the Author.
6. A Swiss Medallist : Hans Frei. By L. Forrer. From
the Author.
6. Journal of Hellenic Studies. Part II., 1901.
7. Academic Royale de Belgique. Bulletin, 1899-1900; and
Annuaire, 1900-1901.
8. Du Dcchiffrement des Monnaies Sindo-Ephthalites. By
Edouard Specht. From the Author.
9. Bulletin de la Societc des Antiquaires de Normandie.
June 21.
10. Kong. Vitterhets Historic och Antiquitets Academiens
Manadsblad. 1899.
11. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 219.
12. The Medals of British Freemasonry. By G. L. Shackles.
From the Author.
13. Medal struck to commemorate the raising and equip-
ment of the City of London Imperial Volunteers. From the
Corporation of the City of London.
The President exhibited six aurei of Faustina senior, the
wife of Antoninus Pius, which were remarkable for their excel-
lence of work and preservation.
Mr. W. C. Boyd showed a penny of Eadgar with the
moneyer's name WERSTAN having a rosette of dots on each
side, as B. M. Cat., vol. ii., type iv. Mr. Boyd had previously
shown another coin of the same king and moneyer on another
occasion, but of type i. var. d. (see Num. Chron., 1900,
p. 269).
Mr. L. A. Lawrence exhibited some pennies of Stephen and
Matilda, Eustace and Robert of Gloucester, together with four
forgeries of the same.
Mr. A. B. Caldecott showed a pattern gold crown of Edward
VI of doubtful authenticity.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. O
Mr. F. A. Walters exhibited a York penny of Henry VI of
the annulet coinage.
Mr. L. Forrer showed specimens of the latest work of the
artist Hans Frei, of Basle.
Mr. P. Carlyon-Britton read a paper on "A rare sterling of
Henry, Earl of Northumberland" found about twenty years
ago at Brough-under-Stainmore (the Roman Veterae), in West-
moreland. The obverse bears a profile bust to right and
sceptre and the legend 4-HENRICVS COM, and the reverse a
cross fleury and around -frWILELM ON CARD (i.e. Carlisle).
This paper is printed in vol. ii., p. 26.
Mr. M. Longworth Dames read a paper on " Some Coins of
the Mughal Emperors," in which he sketched the progress that
has been made in this branch of Indian Numismatics since the
appearance of the B. M. Cat. in 1893, and described a number
of new mints and dates afforded by specimens in his own
collection.
DECEMBER 19, 1901.
SIB JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., President, in the Chair.
Horace Lambert, Esq., was admitted a Member of the
Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Les Monnaies d'or de Tarente : Suite et Fin. ByP.Vlasto.
From the Author.
2. Kong. Vitterhets Historic och Antiquitets Academiens
Manadsblad. 1900.
3. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 220.
4. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. vi. NOB.
2 and 3.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
6. Bonner Jahrliicher. Heft 107.
6. Atene. By Solone Ambrosoli. From the Author.
7. La Labyrinthe de Knossos. By L. Forrer. From the
Author.
8. Ancient Greek Coins. Parts I— IV. By F. S. Benson.
From the Author.
9. Revue Suisse de Numismatiqne. Tome x. 2nd livr.
10. Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection. Part 2.
By G. Macdonald, M.A. From the Trustees.
11. La Gazette Numismatique. Nov. 1901.
12. Bulletin de Numismatique. Sept. — Nov., 1901.
13. Bulletin Historique de la Societe des Antiquaires de la
Morinie. Livr. 199.
14. Eevue Numismatique. 4me trim., 1901.
Mr. R. A. Hoblyn exhibited an unpublished copper pattern
farthing of William and Mary of the usual type, but having a
ring of brass let into the reverse, upon which the inscription and
date, 1692, are struck.
Capt. R. J. H. Douglas exhibited a cast of a small British
gold coin, apparently the quarter of the piece reading VO-CORI
(Evans, PL I. 6.).
Mr. N. E. Barnsley showed a gold coin of Boduoc (Evans,
PL I. 2) recently found at Sapperton, in Gloucestershire, and
an aureus of Antonia with reverse legend SACERDOS DIVI
AVGVSTI (Cohen, 4), found at Pinbury, near Cirencester.
Mr. F. W. Yeates exhibited three lead admission tickets of
the Glasgow Assembly, 1732 ; the Pantheon Gardens, Spa
Fields, Clerkenwell, May 3rd, 1772 ; and Mr. Cox's Museum,
1778. See Miscellanea, vol. ii. p. 74. .
Mr. Augustus Prevost showed eight medalets of the Royal
Family, evidently issued about 1850.
Mr. L. A. Lawrence exhibited the dies of the reverse of a
short-cross penny of London and of the reverse of a shilling of
James I respectively. These dies were found in the South wark
Bridge Road.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. (
The President read a paper on "The Cross and Pall on the
Coins of Alfred the Great." On two types of Alfred, the obverse
inscription is so divided as to leave a vacant space, in the one
case cruciform, in the other of the shape of a tribrach. It is
suggested that these vacant spaces indicate a cross and a pall
respectively. The pall would seem to be connected with the
Canterbury mint. Sir John Evans suggested that this cryptic
use of cross and pall may have been due to the fact that Alfred
had to make large payments of money to the heathen Danes.
Mr. W. J. Andrew communicated a paper on " Some Eccle-
siastical Mints in the Reign of Henry I." The mints chosen
for consideration were those of Peterborough and Beading, and
Mr. Andrew gave an account of the history of these from their
foundation (the former in the reign of Eadgar, and the latter
in the reign of Aethelred II) down to the time of Henry I. This
paper is printed in vol. i.
JANUAKY 16, 1902.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., F.B.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Catalogue of Scottish coins in the National Museum,
Edinburgh. By A. B. Bichardson. From the Author.
2. Note on a Medal struck in steel. By B. H. Brough.
From the President, Sir John Evans, K.C.B.
3. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 221.
4. Bevue Beige de Numismatique. lre livr., 1902.
5. Foreningen til Norske Fortidsmindesmerkers Bevaring.
Aarsberetning for 1901. From the Society.
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
6. The Numismatic Circular for 1901. From Messrs. Spink
and Son.
7. Transactions of the Japan Society. Vol. v., 1900.
8. A Skeleton Catalogue of Australian copper Tokens. By
M. H. Long. From the Author.
9. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. v., No. 4 and
Supplement.
10. Bulletin de la Socie'te' des Antiquaires de 1' Quest. 8m*
trim., 1901.
11. Sceau-Matrice d'Ernest de Merode. By the Vicomte
B. de Jonghe. From the Author.
12. Bulletin de Numismatique. December, 1901.
Mr. W. J. Hocking exhibited specimens of the new
coinage, the sovereign and penny, with the portrait of King
Edward VII.
Mr. T. Bliss exhibited some half-crowns of Charles I struck
at Chester, York, and Weymouth ; also an Irish " Black-
smith's " half-crown and a pewter crown of Charles II, dated
1673, the last being a proof.
Dr. Codrington showed a dinar of the Abbaside Khalif El-
Radi, dated A.M. 825, and struck at Mecca, only two other
specimens (both imperfect) being known of the coins of this
mint.
Mr. F. A. Walters showed a hammered groat and half-groat
of Elizabeth with the mint-mark a lis, which, on account of their
similarity of work to the groats of Mary, he attributed to
Elizabeth's first year, 1558, and not, as hitherto, to her third
year, 1560.
Mr. A. E. Copp exhibited a Gaulish stater, with human head
on the obverse and an androcephalous horse on the reverse,
recently found in Wiltshire ; this coin was struck in North-
East France.
Mr. W. Webster exhibited on behalf of Major H. W. Morrie-
son a specimen of Chinese " boat-money," perhaps the largest
specimen known. It weighs 59£ oz. troy, and represents in
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
value 50 taels, or £8 8s. English. It bears the date 1890, and
was cast in the city of Jang-yang-hsien.
Sir H. Ho worth read a paper on " Some coins generally
attributed to Mazaios, Satrap of Cilicia and Syria." Of the
coins recently attributed to Mazaios there are two series : one
with his name in Aramaic characters, the other without his
name, but bearing in Greek letters the initials of the cities in
which they were struck. Sir H. Howorth suggested that the
latter series was struck by Alexander the Great after the death
of Mazaios, and that it thus forms the connecting link between
the coinage of Mazaios and his own bearing the head of young
Heracles on the obverse, and Zeus Aetophorus on the reverse.
The writer also noted the change in the obverse type from the
head of Baaltars, &c., to that of Athena, which showed a direct
Greek influence as distinct from Persian. — In a discussion
which ensued Mr. Hill approved the new classification, but at
the same time pointed out that the change in type was no proof
whatever of its correctness, as the type of Athena is found on
coins of certain Cilician cities struck before the time of Alex-
ander, and her worship must have already existed in Cilicia, as
Arrian relates that after the battle of Issus Alexander offered
up sacrifices to Athena Magarsia. This paper is printed in vol.
ii., p. 81.
Mr. G. F. Hill communicated " Some Notes on a New Medal
of Timotheus Refatus," an obscure medallist of Mantua, giving
his full name for the first time, and showed how his works are
to be distinguished from those of another Italian artist who
signs himself T. E. only. This paper is printed in vol. ii.,
p. 55.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
FEBRUARY 20, 1902.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., Vice-President, in the
Chair.
The following Presents were announced and laid npon the
table :—
1. Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum —
Lydia. By B. V. Head. From the Trustees of the British
Museum.
2. Bulletin de Numismatique. Dec., 1901.
0. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
NOB. 222, 228.
4. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xxxi. Pt. 4.
6. La Gazette Numismatique. Dec. 1901 and Jan. 1902.
6. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica. Fasc. 4, 1901.
7. Bulletin historique de la Societe* des Antiquaires de la
Morinie. 200mfl livr.
8. L'Institut Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg. Publications
de la Section historique. Vols. xlviii., xlix. and 1.
9. The Evolution of Modern Money. By W. W. Carlile.
From the Author.
10. The Postulates of the Monetary Standard. By W. W.
Carlile. From the Author.
11. The Relation of Economics to Numismatics. By W. W.
Carlile. From the Author.
12. Di una nuova Zecca Lombardo-Piedmontese. By Solone
Ambrosoli. From the Author.
13. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institute, 1901.
14. Priced sale catalogues of the Clarkson and Moore col-
lections. From Major H. W. Morrieson.
Sir H. H. Howorth exhibited a memorial medal of William
Pitt, dated 1806, and struck in three metals : gold, platinum,
and copper.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
Dr. Codrington showed dirhems of the Persian Mongul
rulers Abu Said and Sati Beg, on which the Hijra era is ex-
pressed by the word halaliya, i.e., lunar, in distinction from
the dates (also given on the coins) in the Khanian era, which
was a solar one.
Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited a copper coin of Licinius I, struck
at Siscia, and having on the reverse the legend VOT. XX within
a wreath, and around CAESARVM NOSTROR. ; an unpub-
lished legend of this reign.
Mr. W. J. Hocking showed a shilling and a sixpence of the
new coinage, the former having on the reverse the lion
standing on the crown, the type of the so-called "lion shilling "
of 1826.
Mr. F. A. Walters exhibited a specimen of the rare Aqui-
taine groat of Edward the Black Prince.
Mr. A. E. Copp read a paper on medals, by Simon Passe, of
James I, Queen Anne, and their son Charles, and of Charles
alone as Prince of Wales ; and he also gave an account of an
engraved plaque bearing the portrait and arms of Johann
Wilhelm Dilichi, a native of Frankfort, which he attributed to
Michel le Blond.
Mr. L. A. Lawrence communicated a paper on some so-called
sede vacante coins struck at Canterbury. These coins are
generally believed to have been struck during the interval
between the death of one archbishop and the investment of his
successor, and the date usually given to them is the interval
between Wulfred and Ceolnoth, A.D. 832-8. From evidence
supplied by one of the moneyers (Oba), Mr. Lawrence is of
opinion that these coins are of a somewhat earlier date,
and in consequence not sede vacante coins. He places their
date about A.D. 825, and it was in that year that Ecgbert of
Wessex deposed Baldred and annexed Kent to Wessex.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
MARCH 20, 1902.
SIB HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., Vice-President, in the
Chair.
Charles Lewis Stainer was proposed as a member of the
Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Archaeologia Aeliana. Vol. iii. Pt. II.
2. Bulletin de Numismatique. Jan. — Fev. 1902.
8. La Gazette Numismatique. Fev. 1902.
4. Biographical Dictionary of Medallists. By L. Forrer.
From Messrs. Spink and Son.
Mr. F. A. Walters exhibited a shilling and sixpence of Philip
and Mary, the latter piece being rare as having the date
beneath the busts on the obverse.
Mr. L. A. Lawrence exhibited a Wolsey groat without the
initials T. W.
Mr. W. P. Carlyon-Britton showed two St. Peter pennies
struck at York, of somewhat smaller size than usual.
Mr. Percy H. Webb exhibited a Roman " second brass " of
Julia Aquilia Severa.
Sir Henry Howorth read a paper on " The History and
Coinage of Artaxerxes III, his Satraps and Dependents."
After an account of the history of this period, founded to a
great extent on the recently discovered inscriptions, he showed
the bearing of the new light thus obtained on the numerous and
intricate questions relating to the coinage. He maintained that
throughout the Achsemenid period the precious metals circulated
simply by weight in the purely Persian provinces of the empire.
The actual coins— the gold darics and the silver sigloi — which
we possess of this dynasty were struck solely for those districts
in which the Greek element prevailed, and they were issued,
moreover, to a very considerable extent for the payment of
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13
Greek mercenaries. With regard to these darics and sigloi Sir
H. Howorth contended that, although they could undoubt-
edly be arranged roughly into an earlier class and a later class,
yet there was no sufficient evidence to justify the attribution of
different specimens to each particular member of the Achsemenid
dynasty, as proposed by M. Babelon in his great work " Les
Perses Achemenides." In conclusion, he stated that his
investigations into the history and numismatics of this period
had led him also to make several new attributions of coins to
the various satraps and dependents of Artaxerxes III.
APKIL 17, 1902.
Sm JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., President, in the Chair.
Charles Lewis Stainer, Esq., was elected and Thomas
Wakley, Esq., Junior, L.B.C.P.L., was nominated a member of
the Society.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table : —
1. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 224.
2. Notice of a find of coins at Closeburn, Dumfriesshire. By
A. B. Richardson. From the Author.
8. Bulletin Internationale de Numismatique. Fasc. 1.
4. American Journal of Numismatics for 1900, 1901, and
No. 1, 1902. From F. Sherman Benson, Esq.
5. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
1901-1902.
6. Revue Beige de Numismatique. 2me livr., 1902.
7- Revue Numismatique. ler trim., 1902.
8. Numismatische Verkehr. April, 1902.
9. Congres International de Numismatique, Paris, 1900.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Comptes Rendus et Sommaire. From the Royal Commission,
Paris Exhibition.
10. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. vi. No. 1.
11. Canadian Antiquarian. Vol. iv. No. 1.
12. Two Canadian Golden Wedding Medals. By R. W.
McLachlan. From the Author.
The President exhibited some aurei (recently found in Egypt
and in the finest state of preservation) of the Roman Emperors
Commodus, Diadumenianus, Balbinus, Numerianus, Carious,
Diocletianus, and Maximianus Herculeus. The aureus of
Balbinus appears to be the only gold coin known of that
emperor. It has on the obverse the bust of the emperor, and
on the reverse Victory standing, facing, head to left, and
holding a wreath and a palm-branch with the inscription
VICTORIA AVGG.
Mr. Augustus Prevost, the Governor of the Bank of England,
exhibited a silver medal, by 0. Roty, commemorating the cen-
tenary of the Bank of France, 1800-1900, and having on the
obverse the helmeted bust of France, and on the reverse two
female figures, representing Confidence and Labour, in a land-
scape, with a view of a city in the distance.
Mr. A. E. Copp showed a set of the silver coinage of the
South African Republic, including the rare five-shilling piece
with the double shaft to the waggon, and also the Coronation
medal, by Mr. G. Frampton, recently issued by the Birmingham
mint.
Mr. H. Goodacre exhibited a denarius of Gallienus with
head of Gallia, the cousin of Gallienus, on the reverse.
Mr. F. Spicer showed a plated silver coin of the Iceni.
Mr. F. A. Walters read the first portion of a paper on the
silver coinage of Henry VI. After a mention of the article by
Mr. Neck written more than thirty years since, which, in view
of more recent discoveries, is now incomplete, reference was
made to the great importance attained by the Calais mint
during the early part of this reign. The first or annulet coin-
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
age was fully dealt with, and, admitting that some of the coins
of this issue were probably struck both in London and Calais
during the last six months of the reign of Henry V, Mr. Wal-
ters is of the opinion that the point of separation is to be found
in a slight change of the form of the mint-mark, which is a
pierced cross. This view was supported by similar coins of the
York mint which were first struck under Henry VI.
MAY 15, 1902.
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., President, in the Chair.
Thomas Wakley, Esq., Junr., L.R.C.P.L., was elected a
Member of the Society.
The President announced that the Council had unanimously
awarded the Society's medal to Arthur John Evans, Esq.,
F.R.S., for his services to Greek numismatics, more especially
in connection with the coinages of Magna Graecia and Sicily.
The following Presents were announced and laid upon the
table :—
1. Syracusan Medallions. By Arthur J. Evans. From H.
A. _Grueber, Esq.
2. Deux Thalers de Charles de Croy. By Vicomte B. de
Jonghe. From the Author.
3. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xxxii. Pt. 1.
4. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
No. 225.
5. Numismatische Zeitschrift. Band xxxiii, 1901, and Atlas
der Miinzen.
6. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xxxi.,
Pts 12-14, and Vol. xxxii., Pts. 1-2.
7. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Vol. xxxv.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
8. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Oucst. 4me
trim., 1901.
9. La Gazette Numismatique. Nos. 6, 7, 1902.
10. Aarboger for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historic, 1901.
11. Memoires de la Societe" royale des Antiquaires du Nord,
1900-1901.
12. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica. Fasc. 1-2, 1902.
18. Archroologia Aeliana. Vol. xxiv. Pt. 1.
14. The Queen Anne's Farthing. By G. F. Hill. From the
Author.
15. Annual of the British School at Athens. No. vii.
16. Greek Coins and their Parent Cities. By John Ward
and G. F. Hill. From John Ward, Esq., F.S.A.
Mr. T. Bliss exhibited a Nottingham penny of William II,
which combined the types 243 (obverse) and 247 (reverse) as
shown in Hawkins's "Silver Coinage."
Mr. W. E. Marsh showed a shilling of Charles II with the
date altered from 1667 to 1668.
Mr. A. E. Copp exhibited a Rosa Americana twopence and
penny of George I. dated 1728.
Mr. F. A. Walters read the second portion of his paper on
the silver coinage of Henry VI. After a reference to the
"Galley halfpennies," against the currency of which so many
enactments were made in this and previous reigns, he proceeded
to deal fully with the various issues subsequent to the pine-
cone coinage. Whilst confirming Hawkins's classification the
writer showed that a more minute subdivision of the coinage
was possible, and by recently discovered specimens he was able
to prove that the Calais mint was in operation to a much later
date than is usually imagined.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17
JUNK 19, 1902.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D., F.R.S.,
V.P.S.A., F.G.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Annual General Meeting were read
and confirmed.
A. H. Baldwin, Esq., and Edward Charles Davey, Esq.
were proposed as members of the Society.
The Report of the Council was then read to the Society as
follows : —
GENTLEMEN, — The Council again have the honour to lay
before you their Annual Report as to the state of the Numis-
matic Society.
With much regret they have to announce the death of the
following five Ordinary Members : —
Joseph Brown, Esq., K.C., C.B.
Col. Tobin Bush.
George Lambert, Esq., F.S.A,
E. Emmerson Oliver, Esq.
Frederick Spicer, Esq.
And the resignation of the following two Ordinary Mem-
bers : —
The Rev. G. F. Crowther.
J. Mewburn Levien, Esq.
On the other hand, the Council have much pleasure in
recording the election of the following four Ordinary
Members : —
c
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
Horace Lambert, Esq.
Charles Lewis Stainer, Esq.
Thomas Wakley, Esq., Junr., L.R.C.P.L.
Charles A. Walters, Esq.
According to the Report of the Hon. Secretaries, the numbers
of the Members are as follows : —
Ordinary. Honorary. Total.
June, 1901 278 23 298
Deceased ....
277 28
.... 5
800
5
Resigned ....
.... 2
2
June, 1902 270 28 293
The Council have further to announce that thej have
awarded the Medal of the Society to Arthur J. Evans, Esq.,
M.A., F.R.S., LL.D., Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford, in recognition of his services to Greek numismatics,
more especially in connection with the coinages of Magna
Graecia and Sicily.
The Hon. Treasurer's Report, which follows, was submitted
to the Meeting.
Statement of Receipts and Disbursements of th«
Dr. THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON IN
£ B. d.
£ t.
d.
To Messrs. H. Virtue & Co., Limited, for printing
Chronickt —
Part IV, 1900 . . . . 70 14 9
Parta III and IV, 1901, and Part
I, 1902 . . . . 172 8 6
243 3
3
„ The Autotype Company, for Platei . . . 18 8 0
... 6 13 6
... 18 8 0
42 9
6
,, The Royal Asiatic Society, one year's rent due June 24, 1902 .
30 0
0
,, Mrs. Harper, for Attendance, Tea, Coffee, &c. . .
10 18
7
,, Messrs. Abram & Sons, for writing up List of Members in
0 16
6
2 14
2
4 10
0
,, Messrs. Spink & Son, for Lockhart's Guide ....
0 8
0
,, Messrs. Hachette, for "Dictionnaire des Antiquit£s "
0 7
6
,, Messrs. Walker & Cockerell, for Photographing, &c.
2 0
6
„ C.S.S.A. for Stationery, &c
1 4
9
0 8
0
,, Mr. B. Quaritch, for Books
3 2
6
,, Mr. J. Pinches, for Engraving
0 4
6
,, Mr. E. J. Rapson, for Telegram to Russia ....
0 12
6
,, M. Adrien Blanchet, for "Bulletin International de Numis-
matique"
0 4
6
0 15
o
,, Secretaries, for Postages
5 0
0
,, Treasurer, for Postages, Receipts, and Cheque Book
7 13
7
,, Collector (Mr. C. G. Colman), Commission and Postages.
7 16
8
By Balance in hand . . . • . .
154 19
1
£519 9
0
Examined and found correct,
TH08. BLISS
18M Jtttu, 1902. LIONEL M. HEWLETT
Numismatic Society from June, 1901, to June, 1902.
ACCOUNT WITH ALFRED EVELYN COPP, HON. TREASURER. Cr.
£ s. d.
By Balance from last Statement 172 11 9
,, Entrance Fees 550
,, Compositions 31 10 0
,, Subscriptions 234 3 0
„ Amount received for Chroniclet, viz. —
Mr. B. Quaritch £46 11 3
Mr. C. J. P. Cave . . . * »- , 036
Mr. Reuben Cull 0 14 0
Mr. E. M. Barrojo 0 14 0
Mr. Thos. Bliss 180
49 10 9
,, August Dividend on £700 London and North-
Western Railway 4 % Consolidated Preference
Stock (less 15s. 2d. tax) 13 4 10
„ February ditto ditto (less 16s. 4d. tax) . 13 3 8
26 8 6
£519 9 0
ALFRED E. COPP,
HONOBABT TBEASTTBEB.
l&th June, 1902.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
After the Report of the Council and the Hon. Treasurer's
Report had been read and adopted, the President presented the
Society's Medal to Mr. Arthur J. Evans, and addressed him as
follows : —
My dear Arthur, — The Council of this Society, by awarding
their Medal in recognition of your services to Greek numis-
matics, more especially in connexion with the coinages of
Magna Graecia and Sicily, have placed me in what I believe is
an entirely novel position, that of a father, as President of a
Society, presenting the Medal of that Society, the highest
mark of appreciation that it can show, to his son. The
position is of course extremely gratifying, but well as you in
my opinion deserve the honour, I think that it will be advisable
that my address to yon on this occasion should assume the
historical rather than the eulogistic form.
You became a Member of the Society in 1872, just thirty
years ago, having already at the close of 1871 communicated
an account of a Hoard of Coins found at Oxford, with some
remarks on the coinage of the first three Edwards. Your
suggestions as to the attribution of several of the Edwardian
coins were at the time regarded as novel, and perhaps hazard-
ous, but of late years I have seen them quoted with approba-
tion by students of English numismatics.
By 1880 you were changing the direction of your studies
and entering the field of Greek numismatics, your first paper
being on some recent discoveries of Illyrian coins.
Passing by your interesting Paper on a coin of a second
Carausius (1887), I come to the first of those memorable
Papers on the Coinage of Magna Graecia and Sicily in recog-
nition of which this medal has in the main been awarded to
yon. This was " The Horsemen of Tarentum," which
appeared in 1889, which at once took that foremost place
as a monograph on the coinage of a Greek city which I believe
I am justified in saying that it still retains. In 1889 began
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 23
that series of Papers on Sicilian numismatics with which your
name will ever be associated. It relates to various new
artists' signatures on Sicilian coins and bears testimony to the
futility of the poet's question : " Why has not Man a micro-
scopic eye ? "
An even more important Paper on " Syracusan Medallions
and their Engravers" followed in 1891, to be supplemented in
1894 and 1896 by further noteworthy " Contributions to
Sicilian Numismatics."
It was this intimate acquaintance with the coinage of Sicily
that enabled you, when, by the lamented death of Professor
Freeman, you were called upon to complete the last volume of
his History of that island, to add so much to the value and
interest of the work by invoking Numismatics as the hand-
maid of History.
Although your researches in Crete lie somewhat outside the
domain of this Society, I can assure you that the members take
a warm interest in them, and I seize this opportunity of
offering to you their hearty congratulations on your remark-
able discoveries, which throw an entirely new light on
Mycenaean civilisation. May your work go on aud prosper,
but in the meantime the medal which I now place in your
hands may serve to remind you of your old love, numismatics,
which will no doubt, when occasion arises, again flourish and
bear fruit.
Mr. Arthur Evans, having received the medal, replied as
follows : —
I cannot help feeling, gentlemen, in view of the great
honour that you have conferred upon me, that if from early days
I have imbibed aught of the true Science of Numismatics, the
fact must be largely due to the circumstance that your President
ie also my father. I must confess, however, that the announce-
ment that the medal of the Society had been conferred by your
Council on myself came upon me as a kind of shock. A medal
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
seems to be a fitting badge for one who has fought a good
fight, and fought it to a finish. But my own merits fall far too
short of any such a standard. Some of you have been good
enough to accompany me through Sicilian and Magna Grecian
fields, and even to bid me good-speed across Ionian waves —
and how did I show my gratitude for so much encouragement ?
Why, gentlemen, by effecting a precipitate retreat beyond the
very pale of numismatics I Is it possible to describe in other
terms a prolonged sojourn in the halls of Minos ? I leave you
to imagine the coward satisfaction of one who so far as mumis-
matics were concerned, seemed to have taken a comfortable
seat among the lotus eaters, and could look down with philo-
sophic eye on all those vexed questions of moneyers and
mints, of types and legends, and metric systems that continue
to distract your minds.
Well, gentlemen, I appear before you to-day as one who
has been greatly disillusioned. Even in that serene atmosphere
the alphabet — nay, half a dozen alphabets — pursued me. If
actual coins were not struck, there were weights and ingots and
elaborate calculations. I do not know whether there were
banking accounts in those days, but at any rate a large number
of clay documents have quite recently come to light dealing
entirely with percentages. If Minos had no actual dies to
tempt the forger's skill, there is evidence that the royal seal itself
was counterfeited. The signets themselves, the clay impressions
— countermarked and countersigned — the balances or talents de-
lineated amongst the accounts, the character of the official badges,
a hundred minutiae of an elaborate organisation, sufficiently show
that there was little to choose between the civilisation of the Court
of Minos and that of the historic ages marked by the use of
coins. Nay, we can now advance beyond this, and say without
fear of contradiction, that — like so many other features of what
was formerly known as the archaic civilisation of Greece, but
which we now see to have been only a renaissance of earlier
art — the coin-types and metric systems of classical antiquity can
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 25
never henceforth be treated without reference to that great
early civilisation which is now being revealed to us from the
soil of Crete. As an illustration of this I have placed on
the table two of the coins of Knossos itself, with the well-
known types of the Labyrinth and Minotaur, and side by side
with them, not only seals and seal-impressions belonging to the
Minoan age, representing both these types, but the tracing of a
wall decoration found only the other day in a corridor of the
Palace of Knossos, showing a decorative design consisting of a
series of mazes.
So the exploration of those earlier remains but leads us
back to the types of the early coinages of Greece, and although
somewhat of a prodigal son, I return to you not wholly empty-
handed, to receive in all humility the numismatic medal.
The President then delivered the following Address : —
It again falls to my lot to offer to this Society a few words
by way of Address at this their Anniversary Meeting, and at
the same time to congratulate them on their continued pros-
perity.
It is true that our numbers have somewhat diminished, and
that the balance in the hands of our Treasurer has been re-
duced by an amount of about £17.
But any one attending our meetings, or examining the papers
published in the Numismatic Chronicle, must at once perceive
that there is no want of vitality in our body, and that our
publications still maintain the high level of former years,
even if they do not rise above it.
The unusual amount of matter in the twentieth and last
volume of the third series of the Chronicle, and of the first
volume of the fourth series, has caused a corresponding in-
crease in our printing expenses, and has thus made our
expenditure somewhat exceed our income.
The Council, as you have heard, have this year awarded
<t
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
the Medal of the Society to my son, Arthur John Evans, in
recognition of his services to Greek numismatics. With this
award it is not for me to cavil, and I trust that it will
meet with the warm approval of the Society.
It is now a year and five months since the death of our
beloved Queen Victoria, and we are all wound to a high
pitch of expectation of the Coronation of His Most Gracious
Majesty King Edward VII on this day week. And yet, if
a hoard of say 500 gold and silver coins were deposited in
the earth to-morrow, and it came into the hands of a col-
lector 500 years hence, I doubt whether his cabinet would
be enriched by a single coin of Edward VII. It will be in-
teresting to know, in illustration of what must have taken
place at the beginning of many other reigns, how many coins
bearing the image and superscription of his predecessor were
struck in the first year, and possibly the second, of Edward VII.
The Proclamation authorising the currency of the silver
coinage bears date the 18th January, 1902, or nearly a year
after the late Queen's decease. I do not for a moment say
that the delay in the " change of the money " was otherwise
than reasonable, but it brings into prominence the wonderful
readiness of the Roman Imperial mints to adapt themselves to
new circumstances and a new emperor. Take, for instance,
the case of the joint Emperors Balbinus and Pupienus, whose
reign lasted but three months, and yet of whose coins no less
than eighty-two varieties are described by Cohen, besides
numerous Greek Imperial pieces.
As to the coins themselves, we shall all welcome the resusci-
tation of the " lion shillings " with " Our Royal Crest." and
earnestly hope that " Britannia, standing upon the prow of a
vessel, her right hand grasping a trident," may long be sym-
bolical of her continuing to " rule the waves." One regrets
that the long-expected termination of our war in South Africa
cannot be recorded on our coinage, and that the blessings of
Peace, " terra marique parta," will remain unacknowledged
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 27
upon them. It may be the result of our having no temple of
Janus to close.
Our losses by death have, I am sorry to say, been five in
number.
Colonel Tobin Bush had been a member of our body since
1858, and was much interested in Greek, Roman, English,
Anglo-Gallic, and Oriental coins.1 For many years he resided at
le Havre, on the other side of the Channel, so that he was
hardly ever able to attend our meetings.
Mr., or, as he was proud to be called, Major George Lam-
bert, was better known at the Society of Antiquaries, of which
for many years he was a Fellow, than at our meetings. His
opportunities as one of the foremost silversmiths in London
enabled him to become one of the best judges of old English
plate, and the Goldsmiths' Company was enriched by a mag-
nificent collection of silver spoons and other objects, which he
gradually built up, and then in the most liberal manner presented
to the Company. He died on the 12th September, 1901, in his
seventy-eighth year. Neither he nor Colonel Bush contributed
to our Chronicle.
In Mr. Frederick Spicer we have lost an old and valued
member of the Society. He joined our body in 1867, and at
that tune, though resident at Godalming, was a constant
attendant and exhibitor at our meetings. His removal about
the year 1880 to the neighbourhood of Manchester necessarily
diminished his power of attendance, but his face was by no
means infrequently seen at our meetings. He was especially
interested in early English numismatics, and Mr. Andrew, in
his great paper on the coins of Henry I, cites him as having
contributed many readings of the William I and II coins and of
Norman charters. He had indeed for some time been pre-
paring for this Society a paper on the coins of these two
monarchs, which his study of the French chronicles of the time
1 He formed a large collection in each^ of these series, which is being
dispersed by public auction.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
enabled him to illustrate. A fair copy of the portion relating
to the coins of the Conqueror is in the hands of Mr. Andrew,
and the second part, describing the coinage of Rufus, is in a
forward state, so that we may hope to see the whole paper at
no very distant date in the pages of the Chronicle. He had for
some years suffered from a weak heart, and on May 27th, after
calling in his usual health on Mr. Andrew, drove home, and
peacefully passed away within less than an hour of his
arrival.
Mr. Joseph Brown, C.B., K.C., joined our Society in 1885,
and at one time was a regular attendant at our meetings,
though of late, owing to his advanced age, his genial face was
but seldom seen. He was more distinguished as a Queen's
Counsel than as a numismatist, but his tastes and acquire-
ments were wide. Born on April 4th, 1809, he had entered
his ninety-fourth year at the time of his decease, which took
place on the 9th of the present month.
Mr. Emmerson Oliver, who died in December, 1901, was
elected a member of this Society in 1885. Although he made
no communication to the Chronicle, he was much interested in
Oriental numismatics, and several papers from his pen are
printed in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Among them are essays " on the Safwi Dynasty of Persia "
and "on a copper coin of Akbar."
Although the late Mr. Edmund Oldficld resigned his member-
ship of this Society so long ago as 1874, he was so well known
to many of us that I feel it incumbent upon me to say a few
words in his memory. Mr. Oldfield was educated at Wor-
cester College, Oxford, and at the time of his election a member
of this Society, June, 1850, he held the post of Assistant-
Keeper of Antiquities at the British Museum. He was an
acknowledged authority on architecture and classical archae-
ology ; and he contributed many papers on these and kindred
subjects to the Society of Antiquaries, the last and moot
important one being on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 29
To our journal he appears to have made only one contribution,
which was " On the Orthographical Form of the names inscribed
on certain Gaulish and British Coins." It was published in
the journal for 1855. Mr. Oldfield died on the llth April last,
at the advanced age of eighty-five ; and it was only during the
last year of his life that his services to archseology were recog-
nised by his University in his election to an honorary fellowship
of Worcester College.
I must now direct your attention to the principal communi-
cations that have been made to the Society during the past
year, either at our meetings or in the pages of the Xumwnatic
Chronicle. As usual, they cover a wide field.
Our honorary member Mr. Theodore Reinach has been so
good as to send us notes on some Pontic eras, relating to the
coinage of Queen Pythodoris and of Antonia Tryphsena, as
well as to the eras of Amasia, Sebasteia and Sebastopolis
Heracleopolis. In each case he makes suggestions somewhat
in disaccordance with prevailing views, but apparently supported
by sound historical reasoning and trustworthy numismatic
evidence.
Our Vice-President, Sir Henry Howorth, has favoured us with
two papers, both in the domain of Greek numismatics. The
first of these relates to some coins generally attributed to
Mazaios, Satrap of Cilicia and Syria. Of these there are two
series, one bearing the name of the Satrap in Aramaic
characters, the other without his name but with indications in
Greek letters of the cities in which they were struck. The
obverse type with the head of Baaltars is changed for that of
Athena, thus showing direct Greek influence. The author
suggests that this second series was struck under Alexander the
Great after the death of Mazaios, and that it thus forms a con-
necting link between the coins of the Persian Satrap and those
of the Macedonian conqueror.
The second paper by Sir Henry Howorth relates to "The
History and Coinage of Artaxerxes III, his Satraps and De-
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
pendents." In it he shows what new light may be and has been
thrown on the history of the period by recently discovered
inscriptions, and propounds the view that in the purely Persian
provinces of the Achaemenid dynasty the precious metals
circulated by weight only, and that the actual coins — the gold
darics and the silver sigloi were struck only for those districts
in which the Greek element prevailed. In some respects his
views differ from those of M. Babelon, and the paper will be
of great value if it leads to a reconsideration of the attribution
of existing coins and to a re-discussion of the whole question
of the Achaemenid coinage.
In Roman numismatics there has been a great dearth of
Papers, but many interesting Imperial coins have been
exhibited at our meetings. So far as the coinage of the
Ancient Britons is concerned, we have had, in addition to
some noteworthy exhibitions, a Paper on a Gold Coin of
Addedomaros. In it I have tried to bring together all that
is at present known with regard to the coins of that prince and
the localities where they were found. Beyond making it
highly probable that the territory of Addedomaros lay in the
Eastern Counties, with its centre most likely in Essex, I was
able to establish little as to the chronology of the coins or the
sequence of their three principal types.
In relation to the Anglo-Saxon series, Mr. L. A. Lawrence
has offered a new view as to the coins reading DOROBEKNIA
CIVITAS on the reverse and giving the name of a moneyer
on the obverse, which have usually been regarded as struck at
Canterbury sede vacante. He suggests that instead of belong-
ing to the period between Archbishops Wulfred and Ceolnoth,
A.D. 882-8, they were struck about A.D. 825, the year in
which Ecgberht of Wessex deposed Baldred and annexed
Kent to Wessex. I did not have the advantage of hearing
the Paper, nor has it as yet been published. I must therefore
reserve my opinion upon it. I may, however, remark that the
so-called sede vacante coins belong, in my opinion, to more
than one period.
NtMISMATIC SOCIETY. 31
For the only other Paper on the Anglo-Saxon coinage that
we have had brought before us I am myself responsible. In it
I have attempted to account for the obverse legend of many
coins of Aelfred the Great being divided into either three
or four groups of letters, and have suggested that the blank
spaces between the groups typify in a cryptic manner, in the
one case the Christian Cross and in the other the Archiepisco-
pal Pall. The suggestion is supported by the fact that the
moneyers who struck the latter class were almost all connected
with the Canterbury mint. The possibility of my suggestion
as to the cause of adopting this method of placing Christian
symbols in such a concealed manner on the coinage, I leave to
others to determine.
Our principal topic during the past as well as the preceding
year has been mediaeval English numismatics. In testimony
of this I have only to mention the remarkable Paper, or rather
volume, of Mr. W. J. Andrew, entitled " A Numismatic History
of the Reign of Henry I." Not only is it the longest Paper that
has ever been communicated to the Society, but it may be re-
garded as the most important, at all events so far as the period
to which it relates is concerned. As a monograph on the coinage
and mints of Henry I it is complete, almost every known coin
of that monarch being cited and described, but its merits rank
much higher, inasmuch as now for the first time Mr. Andrew
has been able to show the intimate connexion which exists
between the coins of each mint and the absence or presence of
•ertain types and the political history of the localities in which
the mints were situate.
The Royal mints existed at a comparatively small number
of cities and towns, while at a far larger number the right
of coinage had been granted to archbishops, bishops, and
principal noblemen ; and what the author points out is that
in the case of this latter class of mints the right of coinage
could not be exercised during the absence of the grantee
abroad, but remained dormant until his return. As a con-
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
sequence, though all the consecutive types might be, and
probably were, struck at the Royal mints, there would, at a
period when so many of the English nobility and ecclesiastical
dignitaries had perforce to pass much of their time in France or
in the latter case at Rome, be at almost all the mints granted
to them intervals of greater or less duration when their privi-
lege to coin would be suspended.
The change in the dies, which took place about every two
years and which was compulsory on the moneyers, who were
thus made to contribute considerable sums to the Exchequer,
affords an important element in the case. If the grantee
of the mint were absent from England the new dies could
not be claimed, and the absence of coins of any particular
types from the series of coins issued from any particular
mint is thus to be accounted for. In some cases, as for
instance where the mints were farmed by the inhabitants of
a town, these privileges seem to have been suspended if
offence were given to the Crown.
By historical as well as numismatic research Mr. Andrew
has been able to establish a new succession of the types of
the corns of Henry I on what seems likely to prove a secure
foundation. In an Address of this kind it is, of course, impos-
sible to follow him into details ; but any one studying his paper
will be struck with the manner in which the history of each
mint and the presence or absence of particular types dovetail
into each other and corroborate the extremely ingenious
suggestions of Mr. Andrew. His is an epoch-making paper
in more senses than one.
Mr. Carlyon-Britton has provided us with an interesting
essay " On a rare Sterling of Henry, Earl of Northumberland."
In it he discusses the question whether the Henry of these rare
coins is Henry, the son of David I, King of Scotland, or Henry,
son of Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, by Matilda, widow of the
Emperor Henry V, and daughter of Henry I of England.
Both appear to have had opportunities of striking coins at
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 33
Carlisle, and the author, after weighing the evidence on behalf
of each claimant, is in favour of assigning the coins with the
cross-crosslet and cross-fleury types, struck at Carlisle, to
Henry " Fitz-David," Earl of Northumberland and Lord of
Carlisle; while he attributes the coins of the type of Haw-
kins, 259, to " Henry Fitz-Empress." Possibly the last word
has not as yet been said upon the subject.
Mr. F. A. Walters has given us an exhaustive Paper on
the Silver Coinage of Henry VI, dealing with the successive
issues from the mints, their mint-marks and subsidiary
symbols. One of the points of interest brought out is the
great importance of the Calais mint during the early part
of Henry's reign, when a large proportion of the currency
of England was struck on the other side of the Channel.
The Paper will be found to throw much light on the proper
chronological arrangement of the coins of Henry VI.
It is a fortunate event that a find of silver coins of Edward
IV to Henry VIII came into the hands of Mr. L. A. Lawrence
for description. Not only has he carefully catalogued them,
giving a detailed account of each variety of the 322 pieces
comprised in the hoard ; but he has extracted all the numis-
matic information such a deposit of coins is calculated to afford.
The most abundant pieces are groats and half-groats of Henry
VIII, and they involve the consideration of the sequence of
mint-marks, both of his first and second issues, and of the
duration of the periods in which each was struck. I must
leave the author's conclusions for the attentive consideration of
the readers of his Paper.
Our Treasurer, Mr. A. E. Copp, has called our attention to
some of the beautiful medals or plaques by Simon Passe. I
am not aware that any suggestions have been published as to
the manner in which these plaques and a number of counters
were produced, but I believe that the process was as follows.
First a copper-plate was engraved or etched after the manner
of line engraving, but the required design not being reversed. An
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
impression from this plate was taken on paper with strong
printers' ink, and this impression was transferred to the
polished surface of a hardened steel die. This face was then
etched with acid, so that the parts protected by the ink would
be left in low relief, and with the dies thus formad the soft
silver plaques and counters were struck. It would be interest-
ing if some competent die-engraver would try this process and
ascertain whether my theory could be carried into practice. A
silver plaque reproducing a finely engraved book-plate would
be an acceptable offering to one's friends.
Dr. Philip Nelson has given us a detailed account of William
Wood and his coinage both for Ireland and America. What-
ever Dean Swift may have thought fit to say in his Drapier
Letters, all unprejudiced judges will, I think, agree that the
halfpence of George I are the finest examples of medallic art in
the whole of the copper series of Ireland.
Mr. F. Willson Yeates has given us a note on three leaden
tickets of the eighteenth century, all of them admissions to an
assembly, public gardens or a museum ; while Mr. G. F. Hill
has communicated a Paper on Timotheus Refatns and the
medallist T. R. In it he has given an account of a portrait-
medal of himself by this little-known Mantuan artist, dated
1566 ; and it is not a little remarkable that several of the
medals signed T. R. bear date within a very few years of the
same epoch, though Mr. Hill regards them as the work of a
totally distinct artist.
In Oriental numismatics we have had papers by Mr. Long-
worth Dames on some coins of the Moghul Emperors, including
many unpublished specimens, on coins of the Muwahhids of
Marocco, by Mr. J. M. C. Johnston ; and an exhaustive account
of the coins struck at Omdurman by the Mahdi and the Khalifa
from the pen of Mr. Samuel Smith, junr. The power of debase-
ment could no further go than in the coinage of these two
fanatic zealots. Such in brief has been our work for the
Session. I must now turn to another subject.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
35
The contributions to numismatic literature during the last
twelve months have neither been few nor unimportant.
The first that I must mention is the Catalogue of the Greek
coins of Lydia, which has been compiled by Dr. B. V. Head,
and which forms the twenty-second volume of the British
Museum Catalogue of Greek coins. It is illustrated by a map
and forty-five plates, and has an excellent and interesting in-
troduction of over 130 pages. After treating of the origin and
principal features of the Lydian coinage, the issues of some
fifty Lydian towns are discussed in alphabetical order.
There can be but little doubt that Lydia was one of the first
countries to issue coins, if, indeed, it may not claim precedence
over other countries. The coinage may have been instituted
under Gyges, B.C. 716-652, and continued down to the age of
Croesus, B.C. 561-546, the Lydian capital having in the mean-
time been captured by the Cimmerians, to whom Dr. Head
assigns some barbarously executed coins. It must be confessed
that, as a whole, the purely Greek series of Lydian coins is dis-
appointing. They are represented by only a few issues, in-
cluding cistophori and nearly all of the second and first
centuries B.C. The Imperial coinage is, on the contrary, abun-
dant and varied, and many of the reverse-types, especially
those relating to local myths such as that of Tylos and Masnes,
are interesting in a high degree.
In Greek numismatics, also, thanks to the liberality of Mr.
James Stevenson of Hailie, Mr. George Macdonald has been
able to bring out the second volume of his catalogue of
Greek coins in the Hunterian Collection.2 It comprises the
issues of North-Western, Central and Southern Greece, as well
as those of Asia Minor, and is illustrated by thirty-two autotype
plates, and furnished with eleven indices, some of them sub-
divided into sections. The work shows all the care and minute
attention exhibited in the former volume. Each coin has been
carefully weighed and its size noted. Coins of doubtful authen-
2 4to. James MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
tieity have been excluded, so that we have in Mr. Macdonald'a
volumes a trustworthy record of the magnificent collection
brought together in the eighteenth century by Dr. William
Hunter. The history of the collection formed by the busiest
medical man in London who was without much practical or
scientific knowledge of coins is given in Mr. Macdonald's first
volume, and it is remarkable that in a period when the forger's
art was rampant, a larger number of spurious pieces were not
admitted. A third and final volume may shortly be expected,
but in the meantime we may well express our gratitude to the
author for his long-continued labours.
Another book on Greek numismatics which presents some
novel and pleasing features has been produced by Mr. John
Ward. It is entitled " Greek Coins and their Parent Cities," 3
and consists of three principal parts, an Introduction, Part I, a
catalogue of Coins, and Part II, Imaginary Rambles in Hellenic
Lands. The Introduction is short and mainly relates to the
awakening of general interest in Greece and Hellenic studies
and to the objects of the author in collecting. Among other
illustrations it appropriately has a portrait of the author of the
" Historia Numorum," Dr. B. V. Head, to whom this Society
owes so large a debt of gratitude.
The descriptive Catalogue of the Ancient Greek Coins in the
collection of John Ward, F.S.A., has been compiled by Mr. G.
F. Hill, and as might be expected, leaves little to be desired.
The chronological notes prefixed to the description of each coin
or group of coins add much to the value of the work, and the
collection is illustrated by twenty -two beautiful autotype plates.
The series comprises nearly a thousand coins, for the most part
in silver, extending over the whole of Ancient Hellenic or
Hellenized countries, and the selection of specimens has been
formed with great judgment. The collection has been made
from the artistic and not from the historical point of view, and
the coins of Roman Imperial times, often so valuable as aids to
* John Murray, 1902.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 37
geography and chronology, are practically ignored. Mr. Ward
is essentially an artist, and any one desirous of studying the
masterpieces of Greek medallic art during its most palmy
period cannot do better than examine the plates in this book,
unless by some happy chance he is allowed to see the originals
there represented.
Part II, the imaginary rambles in Hellenic lands, is from the
pen of Mr. Ward, and the term imaginary is, I believe, more
applicable to the arrangement adopted than to the travels them-
selves. For the author seems in fact to have visited most of
the localities that he describes, and in the majority of cases the
photographic views given were produced from his own camera.
Busts, statues, temples, landscapes and even a few scenes of
modern Greek life are given in profusion — all more or less
illustrative of the coins themselves or of the cities and countries
in which they were struck. In all there cannot be less than
300 illustrations in the text, four of the last of which give
views of parts of the excavations carried on by our medallist
of to-day at Knossos in Crete.
Mr. Dattari, of Cairo, has published in Italian a magnificent
Catalogue of his unrivalled collection of Numi Alexandrini.4
Some idea of its extent may be formed when it is known that,
while the British Museum collection numbers 2,750 specimens,
that of Mr. Dattari comprises at least 6,500. The catalogue is
illustrated by thirty-seven photographic plates, arranged in a
novel and convenient manner. The first six give figures of the
obverses of coins with Imperial portraits. Then come two plates
of those showing emperors and empresses, either alone or in
groups, on the reverses of the coins. The next seventeen plates
are devoted to the various gods, goddesses, personified rivers,
seasons, &c., which appear on reverses, these being arranged
in alphabetical order. Subsequently there are plates showing
monuments, temples, and other objects, agatho-daemons, &c.,
4 Numi Augg. Alexandrini. Catalogo della collezione G. Dattari
compilato dal proprietaries Cairo, 1901, royal 4to.
38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
while one plate is devoted to animals and birds, the camel
being absent. The coins of the Nomes occupy four plates, and
some tesserae and pieces in lead and glass complete the series.
A study of the catalogue and plates will, I think, lead to the
conclusion that there is a greater amount of artistic merit and
more interesting phases of mythology attaching to the Alexan-
drine series than casual observers are in the habit of assigning
to it.
The most important work on ancient numismatics which has
been issued during the period in review is the first volume of
M. E. Babelon's Traite des Monnaies grecques et romaines. Of the
numerous numismatic works which M. Babelon has undertaken,
this is undoubtedly the greatest one both in bulk and importance,
as he promises to treat of these two principal branches of numis-
matic science from every point of view. In his preface M.
Babelon gives a sketch of his proposed work, which will be
divided into two parts ; the first relating to theory and doc-
trine, the second to history and description. The first portion
alone will occupy three volumes, the first of which is now
published ; but how many the second portion will comprise we
are not told. After referring to the scientific utility of ancient
numismatics, the author proceeds to give an historical account
of its progress from earliest times to the present day, passing
in review all the more important works of each period and
their authors. He then discusses the anatomy of the coinage,
i.e. , the nature of the metals of which coins were struck and
their provenance, the various denominations, and the origin of
the nummi serrati, bigati, quadrigati, medallions, contorniati,
tesserae, &c. The last two chapters are devoted to Greek and
Roman numeration and to the mints, in the last dealing more
especially with the various mint-marks and signs found on
coins of the later Roman Empire, a difficult subject which M.
Babelon most successfully unravels, and on which M. Maurice
has so diligently laboured. The production of this vast work
will probably occupy M. Babelon many years, and we wish him
every success in the task he has undertaken.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 39
Our versatile, accomplished and distinguished member, Lord
Avebury, has contributed to Murray's Home and School
Library a handy and cheap " Short History of Coins and
Currency." In it he traces the origin of coinage and its gradual
development among the Greeks, Romans and other civilised
nations of antiquity, but the greater part of the book is not
unnaturally devoted to the history of the coinage of the British
Isles, from the time of the ancient Britons downwards. The
work is amply illustrated by photographic blocks and the
coins selected are not, as is too often the case, those of excessive
rarity, but such as a collector may hope to obtain with time
and opportunity, a moderately well-filled purse being of course
in the background. Part II consists of essays on the weight
of coins and on bank notes and banking, both of interest in
their way. It is certainly most remarkable how barbarous
were the proceedings at the Exchequer even so late as 1826,
and also how primitive those of the Bank of England down to
the end of the eighteenth century. The first £5 note was dated
in April 1793 only ! The minutes of the first meeting of the
Governors of the Bank of England on the day that they
received their Charter, 27th July, 1694, are now printed for
the first time and will be read with interest.
I congratulate our member, Mr. L. Forrer, on the first
volume of his Biographical Dictionary of Medallists and En-
gravers5 having been issued to the public. The volume extends
as far as the end of the letter D, and comprises a supplement
extending to the end of B. The work has been coming out in
instalments in Spink's Numismatic Circular, in which the letter
G has now been reached. Most of those present will have
seen these detached portions of the book, and will therefore be
able to judge of the thoroughness, scope and nature of the
work. The amount of labour bestowed upon it must have
been enormous, and the mere list of the principal books consulted
extends over no less than eight pages. To those interested in
medals and in the medallic art, such a repertory as Mr. Forrer
6 Spink and Son, 1902. Royal 8vo., xlyii. and 574 pp.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
is producing will be simply invaluable, and we must all wish
him health and strength to complete his self-imposed herculean
task. Those who wish to obtain the Dictionary in its concrete
form instead of in detached portions, spread over successive
volumes of the Numismatic Circular, should make speedy
arrangements with regard to obtaining their copies, as the
edition of which the first volume has now been published is
limited to one hundred copies.
Dr. P. Hauberg, of Copenhagen, has published in the Tram-
actions of the Royal Academy of Sciences and Letters of
Denmark for the year 1900, a most important essay on the
monetary history of Denmark6 down to A.D. 1146. It is
accompanied by thirteen excellent plates and a resume of the
memoir in French. The portion of the work most interesting
to English numismatists is of course that relating to the coins
of Cnut the Great and Harthacnut, many of the types in each
case being identical in the two countries of Denmark and
England — even in cases when Cnut takes the title of REX
D^ENORVM. The difficulty in distinguishing between the
Danish and the English series is enhanced in the case of coins
struck at Lund in Scania, the name of which town often
assumes the form of Lunde, Lunduni, Lunden, &c., so as to
be indistinguishable from that of London. Not improbably
Anglo-Saxon moneyers were employed and the similitude
between the two series was intentional. Besides Lund there
were some fifteen other Scandinavian cities where mints were
in more or less active employment. To the student of the
Anglo-Saxon coinage of the eleventh century this work will be
indispensable.
In conclusion I have an announcement to make which will
be of interest to the collectors of Greek coins. It will be re-
membered that the entire magnificent Imhoof-Blumer collection
was some little time ago acquired by the Berlin Museum.
The natural consequence is that on examination a large number
• Myntforhold og Udmyntiiinger i Danmark indtil 1146, sm. 4to.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 41
of duplicates of coins already in the Museum have proved to
exist. These have been placed in the hands of the successors
of Adolph Hess for disposal, and the first portion — Hispania,
Gallia, Italia and Sicilia — will be sold by auction at Frankfurt-
on-the- Maine in October next.
I have now only to thank the meeting for having so patiently
listened to this somewhat lengthy address, and to express a
hope that the Session on which we enter in October next may
be as fruitful and profitable as that which we now close, if,
indeed, it does not go beyond it.
A vote of thanks to the President for his Address was moved
by Mr. John Ward, F.S.A., seconded by Mr. W. C. Boyd and
carried unanimously.
The President then announced to the meeting the result of
the ballot for the Council and the Officers for the ensuing year,
which was : —
President.
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., Sc.D.,
F.R.S., V.P.S.A., F.G.S.
Vice- Pfttiden ts .
W. C. BOYD, ESQ.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.S.A.
Hon. Ti-i-ati-urci:
ALFRED E. COPP, ESQ.
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
Hon. Secretaries.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A.
EDWARD J. RAPSON, ESQ., M.A., M.R.A.S.
Foreign Secretary.
GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, ESQ., M.A.
Hon. Librarian.
OLIVER CODRINGTON, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A.
Members of the Council.
W. J. ANDREW, ESQ., F.S.A.
THOMAS BLISS, ESQ.
P. W. P. CARLYON-BRITTON, ESQ., D.L., J.P., F.S.A.
LADY EVANS.
BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD, ESQ., D.C.L., PH.D.
L. A. LAWRENCE, ESQ.
HORACE W. MONCKTON, ESQ., F.L.S., F.G.S.
AUGUSTUS PREVOST, ESQ., B.A., F.S.A.
FREDERICK A. WALTERS, ESQ., F.S.A.
SIR HERMANN WEBER, M.D.
LIST OF MBMBERS
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
1902.
LIST OF MEMBEES
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
1902.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded
for his annual contribution.
ELECTS O
1873 *ALEX£IEFF, M. GEORGES D', Maitre de la Cour de S.M.
1'Empereur de Eussie, 40, Sergnewskaje, St. Petersburg.
1892 AMEDROZ, HENRY F., ESQ., 7, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.O.
1882 ANDREW, W. J., ESQ., F.S.A., Cadster House, near Whaley
Bridge, Derbyshire.
1884 ANDREWS, E. THORNTON, ESQ., 25, Castle Street, Hertford.
1888 ARNOLD, G. M., ESQ., D.L., F.S.A., Milton Hall, Gravesend,
Kent.
1900 AVEBURY, ET. HON. LORD, P.C., F.E.S., High Elms, Down,
Kent.
1882 BACKHOUSE, SIR JONATHAN E., BART., The Eookery, Mid-
dleton Tyas, E.S.O., Yorks.
1892 BAKER, F. BRAYNE, ESQ., The College, Malvern.
1902 BALDWIN, A. H., ESQ., 212, Eglinton Eoad, Plumstead,
Woolwich.
1898 BANES, ARTHUR ALEXANDER, ESQ., The Eed House, Upton,
Essex.
1887 BASCOM, G. J., ESQ., 109, Lexington Avenue, New York,
U.S.A.
1896 BEARMAN, THOS., ESQ., Melbourne House, 8, Tudor Eoad,
Hackney.
1898 *BENSON, FRANK SHERMAN, ESQ., 214, Columbia Heights,
Brooklyn, N.Y., U.S.A.
1880 *BIEBER, G. W. EGMONT, ESQ., 4, Fenchurch Avenue, E.C.
1883 BIGGE, FRANCIS E., ESQ., Hennapyn, Torquay.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS,
BLCCTBD
1882 BIRD, W. S., ESQ., 74, New Oxford Street, W.C.
1885 BLACKETT, JOHN STEPHENS, ESQ., C.E., Inverard, Aberfoyle,
N.B.
1882 BLACKMORE, H. P., ESQ., M.D., Blackmore Museum, Salis-
bury.
1896 BLEAZBY, GEO. BERNARD, ESQ., Assist. Accountant- General,
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Allahabad, India.
1882 *BLISS, THOMAS, ESQ., Coningsburgh, Montpelier Eoad,
Baling, W.
1879 BLUNDELL, J. H., ESQ., 157, Oheapside, E.G.
1896 BOULTON, S. B., ESQ., J.P., D.L., F.E.G.S., Copped Hall,
Totteridge, Herts.
1897 BOWCHER, FRANK, ESQ., 35, Fairfax Eoad, Bedford Park, W.
1899 BOWLES, HAROLD BOLLES, ESQ., Oakside, 35, Oakfield Eoad,
Clifton, Bristol.
1892 BOYD, WILLIAM C., ESQ., 7, Friday Street, E.G., Vice-
President and Hon. Treasurer.
1899 BOYLE, COLONEL GERALD, 48, Queen's Gate Terrace, S.W.
1877 BROWN, G. D., ESQ., 77, Mexfield Eoad, East Putney, S.W.
1885 BROWN, JOSEPH, ESQ., C.B.,K.C., 54, Avenue Eoad, Eegent's
Park, N.W.
1896 BRUUN, HKRRL. E., 101, Gothersgade, Copenhagen.
1878 BUCHAN, J. S., ESQ., 17, Barrack Street, Dundee.
1889 BUCKLEY, LADY, Bathafarn Hall, Euthin, Denbighshire.
1884 BUICK, DAVID, ESQ., LL.D., Sandy Bay, Larne Harbour,
Ireland.
1881 BULL, EEV. HERBERT A., Wellington House, Westgate-on-
Sea.
1897 BURN, EICHARD, ESQ., Allahabad, India.
1881 BURSTAL, EDWARD K., ESQ., M.Inst.C.E., 38, Parliament
Street, Westminster.
1858 BUSH, COLONEL J. TOBIN, 41, Rue de POrangerie, le Havre,
France.
1900 BUSHELL, STEPHEN W., ESQ., M.D., C.M.G., Shirley, Harold
Eoad, Upper Norwood, S.E.
1878 *BuTTERY, W., ESQ. (address not known).
1886 CALDECOTT, J. B., ESQ., Wallfields, Hertford.
1894 CARLYON-BRITTON, CAPT. P. W. P., D.L., J.P., F.S.A., 14,
Oakwood Court, Kensington, W.
LIST OF MEMBERS. O
ELECTED
1898 CARNEGIE, MAJOR D. LINDSAY, 6, Playfair Terrace, St.
Andrews, N.B.
1899 CAVE, CHARLES J. P., ESQ., Binsted, Cambridge.
1886 CHURCHILL, Wm. S., ESQ., 102, Birch Lane, Manchester.
1884 *CLARK, JOSEPH, ESQ., 5, Grosvenor Gardens, Muswell Hill,
N.W.
1890 CLARKE, CAPT. J. E. PLOMER, Welton Place, near Daventry,
Northamptonshire.
1891 *CLAUSON, ALBERT CHARLES, ESQ., 12, Park Place Villas,
Maida Hill West, W.
1890 CLERK, MAJOR-GEN. M. G., Bengal Army, c/o Messrs. H. S.
King & Co., 45, Pall MaU, S.W.
1886 CODRINQTON, OLIVER, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A., M.E.A.S., 12,
Victoria Eoad, Clapham Common, Librarian.
1895 COOPER, JOHN, ESQ., Beckfoot, Longsight, Manchester.
1877 *Copp, ALFRED E., ESQ., Dampiet Lodge, 103, Worple Eoad,
West Wimbledon, and 36, Essex Street, Strand, W.C.
1902 COVERNTON, J. G., ESQ., M.A., 22, Granville Park, Black-
heath, S.E.
1874 CKEEKE, MAJOR ANTHONY BUCK, Westwood, Burnley.
1886 *CROMPTON-EOBERTS, CHAS. M., ESQ., 16, Belgrave Square,
S.W.
1900 CRONIN, ALFRED C., ESQ., F.S.A., 25, Kensington Palace
Mansions, De Vere Gardens, W.
1882 CROWTHER, EEV. G. F., M.A., 2, Sidney Villas, Lower Eoad,
Sutton, Surrey.
1899 CULL, EEUBEN, ESQ., Tarradale, Glebe Avenue, Enfield,
Middlesex.
1875 CUMING, H. SYER, ESQ., F.S.A.Scot., 63, Kennington Park Road,
S.E.
1884 DAMES, M. LONGWORTH, ESQ., M.E.A.S., Alegria, Enfield,
Middlesex.
1900 DATTARI, SIGNOR GIOVANNI, Cairo, Egypt.
1891 DAUGLISH, A. W., ESQ., 33, Colville Square, W.
1902 DAVEY, EDWARD CHARLES, ESQ., 1, Somerset Cottages, Prior
Park Road, Bath.
1878 DAVIDSON, J. L. STRACHAN, ESQ., M.A., Balliol College,
Oxford.
1884 DAVIS, WALTER, ESQ., 23, Suffolk Street, Birmingham.
6 LIST OF MEMBERS.
•LBOMB
1898 DAVIS, WILLIAM JOHN, ESQ., Erceldeane, Wake Green Eoad,
Moseley, Birmingham.
1888 DAWSON, G. J. CROSBIE, ESQ., M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., F.S.S.,
May Place, Newcastle, Staffordshire.
1897 DAY, EGBERT, ESQ., F.S.A., M.E.I.A., Myrtle Hill House,
Cork.
1886 'DEWICK, EEV. E. S., M.A., F.S.A., 26, Oxford Square, Hyde
Park, W.
1888 DICKINSON, EEV. F. BINLEY, M.A., Manor House, Ottery St.
Mary.
1889 DIMSDALE, JOHN, ESQ., c/o 0. J. Mercer, Esq., Northwick
Lodge, Harrow-on-the-Hill.
1868 DOUGLAS, CAPTAIN R. J. H., Junior United Service Club,
Charles Street, St. James's, S.W.
1893 DUDMAN, JOHN, ESQ., JTJN., EosslynHill, Hampstead, N.W.
1893 ELLIOTT, E. A., ESQ., 41, Holland Park, W.
1895 ELY, TALFOURD, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 13, Well Eoad, Hamp-
etead, N.W.
1888 ENGEL, M. ARTHUR, 66, Eue de I'Assomption, Paris.
1879 ERHARDT, H., ESQ., 9, Bond Court, Walbrook, E.G.
1872 EVANS, ARTHUR J., ESQ., M.A., F.E.S., V.P.S.A., Ashmolean
Museum, Oxford.
1849 EVANS, SIR JOHN, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.S.A.,
Corr. de 1'Inst., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, President.
1892 *EVANS, LADY, Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead.
1861 EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., LL.D., Abbots Barton, Canterbury.
1886 FAY, DUDLEY B., ESQ., 53, State Street, Boston, Mass.,
U.S.A.
1902 FENTIMAN, HARRY, ESQ., 3, Aylesbury Villas, Hounslow.
1902 FITCH, OSWALD, ESQ., Woodhouse Eaves, Crouch End.
1901 FLETCHER, LIONEL LAWTORD, ESQ., Norwood Lodge, Tup-
wood, Caterham.
1898 FORRER, L., ESQ., Edelweiss, Grove Park, Kent.
1894 'FOSTER, JOHN ARMSTRONG, ESQ., F.Z.S., Chestwood, near
Barnstaple.
1891 Fox, H. B. EARLE, ESQ., 38, Markham Square, S.W.
1868 FRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 96, Upper Osbaldeston Eoad, Stoke
Newington, N.
1882 *FBESHFIELD, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., New Bank
Buildings, 31, Old Jewry, E.C.
LIST OF MEMBERS. /
ELECTRO
1896 TRY, CLAUDE BASIL, ESQ., Howcroft, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol.
1897 GANS, LEOPOLD, ESQ., 207, Madison Street, Chicago, U.S.A.
1871 GARDNER, PROF. PEKCJT, Litt.D., F.S.A., 12, Canterbury Eoad,
Oxford.
1889 GARSIDE, HENRY, ESQ., Burnley Eoad, Accrington.
1894 GOODACRE, H., ESQ., 78, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W.
1885 GOSSET, MAJOR-GEN. MATTHEW W. E., C.B., Westgate
House, Dedham, Essex.
1899 GOWLAND, WILLIAM, PROF., F.I.C., M.C.S., F.S.A., 13,
Eussell Eoad, Kensington, W.
1891 *GRANTLEY, LORD, F.S.A., 2, Buckingham Palace Gardens,
S.W.
1865 GREENWELL, REV. CANON W., M.A., F.E.S., F.S.A., Durham.
1894 GRISSELL, HARTWELL D., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 60, High
Street, Oxford.
1871 GRTJEBER, HERBERT A., ESQ., F.S.A., Assistant-Keeper of
Coins, British Museum, Hon. Secretary.
1899 HALL, HENRY PLATT, ESQ., Toravon, Werneth, Oldham.
1898 HANDS, EEV. ALFRED "W., Wanstead, Essex.
1902 HAVERFIELD, FRANCIS J., M.A., F.S.A., Christ Church,
Oxford.
1864 HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., D.C.L., Ph.D., Keeper of
Coins, British Museum.
1886 *HENDERSON, JAMES STEWART, ESQ., F.E.G.S., M.E.S.L.,
M.C.P. (address not known).
1901 * HENDERSON, EEV. COOPER K., M.A., Members' Mansions,
Victoria Street, S.W.
1892 HEWITT, EICHARD, ESQ., 28, Westbourne Gardens, W.
1900 HEWLETT, LIONEL M., ESQ., Parkside, Harrow-on-the-Hill,
Middlesex.
1880 HEYWOOD, NATHAN, ESQ., 3, Mount Street, Manchester.
1893 HILBERS, THE VEN. G. C., St. Thomas's Eectory, Haverford-
west.
1898 HILL, CHARLES WILSON, ESQ. (address not known).
1893 HILL, GEORGE FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., British Museum,
Foreign Secretary.
1873 HOBLYN, EICHARD A., ESQ., F.S.A., 30, Abbey Eoad, St.
John's Wood, N.W.
O LIST OF MEMBERS.
XLECTKD
1898 HOCKING, WILLIAM JOHN, ESQ., 1, Royal Mint, E.
1895 HODGE, EDWARD G., ESQ., F.S.A., 13, Wellington Street,
Strand, W.C.
1895 HODGE, THOMAS, ESQ., 13, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.
1889 HODGES, GEORGE, ESQ., Thornbury, Gloucestershire.
1877 HODGKIN,T., ESQ., D.C.L., F.S.A., Benwelldene, Newcastle.
1878 HOWORTH, SIR HENRY H., K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.S.A.,
30, Collingham Place, Earl's Court, S.W., Vice-
President.
1883 HUBBARD, WALTER E., ESQ., 6, Broomhill Avenue, Partick,
Glasgow.
1885 HUGEL, BARON F. VON, 4, Holford Road, Hampstead, N.W.
1897 HUTH, REGINALD, ESQ., 32, Phillimore Gardens, Ken-
sington, W.
1892 INDERWICK, F. A., ESQ., K.C., F.S.A., 8, Warwick Square,
S.W.
1872 JAMES, J. HENRY, Esq., Kingswood, Watford.
1879 MEX-BLAKE, THE VERY REV. T. W., D.D., F.S.A., Deanery,
Wells.
1880 JOHNSTON, J. M. C., ESQ., The Yews, Grove Park, Camber-
well, S.E.
1898 JONAS, MAURICE, ESQ., 9, Drapers' Gardens, E.G.
1902 JONES, E. ALFRED, ESQ., Hampden House, Phoenix Street,
N.W.
1843 JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, War-
wick.
1873 KAY, HENRY CASSELS, ESQ., 11, Durham Villas, Kensington, W.
1873 KEARY, CHARLES FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., Savile Club,
Piccadilly, W.
1874 *KENYON, R. LLOYD, ESQ., M.A., Pradoe, WestFelton, Salop.
1884 KING, L. WHITE, ESQ., C.S.I., F.S.A., Deputy Commissioner,
c/o Messrs. King & Co., Bombay, India.
1891 KIRKALDY, JAMES, ESQ., 68, East India Road, E,
1876 KITCHENER, GENERAL VISCOUNT, OF KHARTOUM, G.C.B.,
K.C.M.G., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., Charing Cross, S.W.
1884 *KiiT, THOS.W.,EsQ.,Snowdon,WoodbridgeRoad,Guildford.
1901 KOZMINSKY, ISIDORE, ESQ., Langport Villa, 43, Robe Street,
St. Kilda, Victoria, Australia.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 9
ELECTED
1879 KRUMBHOLZ, E. C., ESQ., Alceater House, Wallington, Surrey.
1883 *LAGERBERG, M. ADAM MAGNUS EMANUEL, Chamberlain of
H.M. the King of Sweden and Norway, Director of the
Numismatic Department, Museum, Gottenburg, and
K8da, Sweden.
1901 LAMBERT, HORACE, Esq., Norgrave Buildings, 59A, Bishops-
gate Street Within, E.G.
1888 *LAMBROS, M. J. P., Athens, Greece.
1871 *LANG, SIR ROBERT HAMILTON, The Grove, Dedham, Essex.
1900 LANGTON, H. NEVILLK S., ESQ., 62, Harley Street, W.
1898 LAYER, PHILIP G., ESQ., M.E.C.S., Head Street, Colchester.
1899 LAWES, SIR CHARLES BENNET, BART., The Studio, Chelsea
Gardens, S.W.
1877 LAWRENCE, F. G., ESQ., Birchfield, Mulgi-ave Eoad, Sutton,
Surrey.
1897 LAWRENCE, H. W., ESQ., 37, Belsize Avenue, N.W.
1885 *LAWRENCE, L. A., ESQ., 51, Belsize Park, N.W.
1883 *LAWRENCE, EICHARD HOE, ESQ., 15, Wall Street, New York.
1871 *LAWSON, ALFRED J., ESQ., Smyrna.
1893 LESLIE-ELLIS, LiEUT.-CoL. HENRY, D.L., F.S.A., F.E.G.S.,
Magherymore, Wicklow.
1892 LEWIS, PROF. BUNNELL, M.A.,F.S.A., Queen's College, Cork.
1862 LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 69, New Oxford Street, W.C.
1900 LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., JUN., 69, New Oxford Street,
W.C.
1887 Low, LYMAN H., ESQ., 36, West 126th Street, New York,
U.S.A.
1893 LUND, H. M., ESQ., Makotuku. New Zealand.
1885 *LYELL, A. H., ESQ., F.S.A., 9, Cranley Gardens, S.W.
1895 MACDONALD, GEO., ESQ., M.A., The University, Glasgow.
1901 MACFADYEN, FRANK E., ESQ., 50, Larkspur Terrace, Jes-
mond, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1887 MACKERELL, C. E., ESQ., Dunningley, Balham Hill, S.W.
1895 MARSH, WM. E., ESQ., Marston, Bromley, Kent.
1897 MARTIN, A. TRICE, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., The School House,
Bath College, Bath.
1896 MASSEY, COL. W. J., 96, Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W.
10 LIST OF MEMBERS.
KLKCTKD
1880 * MAUDE, REV. S., The Vicarage, Hockley, Essex.
1901 McDowALL, STEWART A., ESQ., 166, Holland Road, Kensing-
ton, W.
1868 McLACHT.AN, R. W., ESQ., 55, St. Monique Street, Montreal,
Canada.
1897 MILNE, J. GRAFTON, ESQ., M.A., Holly House, Plaistow, E.
1887 MITCHELL, E. C., ESQ., c/o Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 65,
Cornhill.
1898 MONCKTON, HORACE W., ESQ., F.L.S., F.G.S., 3, Harcourt
Buildings, Temple, E.G.
1888 MONTAGUE, L. A. D., ESQ., Penton, near Crediton, Devon.
1879 MORRIESON, MAJOR H. WALTERS, R.A., R.A. Barracks,
Pembroke Dock, S. Wales.
1885 MURDOCH, JOHN GLOAO, ESQ., Huntingtower, The Terrace,
Camden Square, N.W.
1894 MURPHY, WAITER ELLIOT, ESQ., 93, St. George's Road,
Pimlico, S.W.
1900 «MYLNE, REV. ROBERT SCOTT, M.A., B C.L., F.S.A., Great
Amwell, Herts.
1893 NAPIER, PROF. A. S., M.A., Ph.D., Hedington Hill, Oxford.
1864 NECK, J. F., Esq., c/o Mr. F. W. Lincoln, 69, New Oxford
Street, W.C.
1893 NELSON, PHILIP, ESQ., M.B., Ch.B., 73, Rodney Street,
Liverpool.
1880 NELSON, RAXPH, ESQ., 55, North Bondgate, Bishop Auck-
land.
1891 NERVEGNA, M. G., Brindisi, Italy.
1898 OGDEN, W. SHARP, ESQ., Hill View, Danes Road, Rus-
holme, Manchester.
1897 *O'HAGAN, HENRY OSBORNE, ESQ., Al4, The Albany,
Piccadilly, W.
1882 OMAN, C. W. C., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., All Souls College,
Oxford.
1890 PAGE, SAMUEL, ESQ., Hanway House, Nottingham.
1890 PATON, W. R., ESQ., Calymna, Turkey in Asia.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
11
BLBCTBD
1882 *PECKOVER, ALEXANDER, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., F.L.S.,
F.E.G.S., Lord Lieut. Cambridgeshire, Bank House,
Wisbech.
1898 PEDLEE, G. H., ESQ., L.E.C.P., 6, Trevor Terrace, Eutland
Gate, S.W.
1896 PEERS, 0. E., ESQ., M.A.,107, Grosvenor Eoad, S.W.
1894 PERRY, HENRY, ESQ., Middleton, Plaistow Lane, Bromley,
Kent.
1862 *PJERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., Spalding, Lincolnshire.
1888 PINCHES, JOHN HARVEY, ESQ., 27, Oxenden Street, Hay-
market.
1889 POWELL- COTTON, PERCY H. GORDON, ESQ., Quex Park,
Birchington, Thanet.
1887 PREVOST, SIR AUGUSTUS, BART., B.A., F.S.A., 79, West-
bourne Terrace, W.
1897 PRICE, F. G. HILTON, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., 17, Collingham
Gardens, S.W.
1878 PRIDEAUX, COL. W. F., C.S.I., F.E.G.S., M.E.A.S.,
1, West Cliff Terrace, Eamsgate.
1899 PRITCHARD, JOHN E., ESQ., F.S.A., 8, Cold Harbour Eoad,
Eedland, Bristol.
1902 EAMSDEN, HENRY A., ESQ., Consulado General de la Eepub-
lica de Cuba, Barcelona, Spain.
1887 EANSOM, W., ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., Fairfield, Hitchin, Herts.
1893 EAPHAEL, OSCAR C., ESQ., 37, Portland Place, W.
1890 EAPSON, E. J., ESQ., M.A., M.E.A.S., British Museum,
W.C., Hon. Secretary.
1848 EASHLEIGH. JONATHAN, ESQ., M.A., D.L., J.P., Menabilly,
Par Station, Cornwall.
1887 EEADY, W. TALBOT, ESQ., 55, Eathbone Place, W.
1882 EICHARDSON, A. B., ESQ., F.S. A.Scot., 4, Hallam Eoad,
Clevedon, Somerset.
1895 EIDGEWAY, PROFESSOR W., M.A., Fen Ditton, Cambridge.
1876 *EOBERTSON, J. D., ESQ., M.A., 21, Park Eoad, Eichmond
Hill, Surrey.
1889 EOME, WILLIAM, ESQ., C.C., F.S.A., F.L.S., Creeksea Place,
Burnham-on-Crouch.
1900 EOSKELL, EGBERT N., ESQ., 2, Warwick Gardens, Ken-
sington, W.
12 LIST OF MEMBERS.
ELECTED
1862 ROSTRON, SIMPSON, Esq., 1, Hare Court, Temple, E.G.
1896 *RoTH, BERNARD, ESQ., J.P., Wayside, Preston Park,
Brighton.
1872 *SALAS, MIGUEL T., ESQ., 247, Florida Street, Buenos Ayres.
1877 *SANDEMAN, LIEUT.- COL. JOHN GLAS, F.S.A., Whin-Hurst,
Hayling Island, Havant, Hants.
1875 SCHINDLER, GENERAL A. H., c/o Messrs. W. Dawson and
Son, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C.
1895 SELBY, HENRY JOHN, ESQ., The Vale, Shortlands, Kent.
1890 SELTMAN,E. J.,EsQ., Kinghoe, Great Berkhamsted, Herts.
1900 SHACKLES, GEORGE L., ESQ., Southfield, Hessle, near Hull.
1889 SIDEBOTHAM, E. J., ESQ., M.B.,Erlesdene, Bowdon, Cheshire.
1896 SIMPSON, C. E., ESQ., Huntriss Row, Scarborough.
1893 *SiMS, E. F. M., ESQ., 12, Hertford Street, Mayiair, W.
1896 SINHA, KUMVAR KUSHAL PAL — RAJS OFKoTLA, Kotla, Agra,
India.
1887 SMITH, H. P., ESQ., 256, West 52nd Street, New York.
1883 SMITH, R. HOBART, ESQ., 542, West 150th Street, New
York.
1866 SMITU, SAMUEL, ESQ., Jun.,25, Croxteth Road, Prince's Park,
Liverpool.
1890 SMITH, W. BERESFORD, ESQ., Kenmore, Vanbrugh Park
Road West, Blackheath.
1892 SMITH, VINCENT A., ESQ., Gwynfa, Cheltenham.
1881 SMITHE, J.DOYLE, ESQ., F.G.S., Ecclesdin, Upper Norwood.
1890 *SPENCE, C. J., ESQ., South Preston Lodge, North Shields.
1867 SPICER, FREDERICK, ESQ., Woodbank, Prestwich Park, near
Manchester.
1887 SPINK, C. F., ESQ., 17, Piccadilly, W.
1894 SPINK, SAMUEL M., ESQ., 17, Piccadilly, W.
1902 STAINER, CHARLES LEWIS, ESQ., 10, South Parks Road,
Oxford.
1890 STANFORD, CHARLES G. THOMAS-, ESQ., 3, Ennismore
Gardens, S.W.
1893 STOBART, J. M., ESQ., Glenelg, 18, Routh Road, Wandsworth
Common, S.W.
1889 STORY, MAJOR-GEN. VALENTINE FREDERICK, The Forest,
Nottingham.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 13
ELKCTED
1869 *STREATFETLD, REV. GEORGE SIDNEY, Fenny Comptori Rectory,
Leamington.
1896 STRIDE, ARTHUR LEWIS, ESQ., J.P., Bush Hall, Hatfield.
1894 STROEHLIN, M. P. C., 86, Eoute de Chene, Geneva, Switzer-
land.
1864 *STUBBS, MAJOR-GEN. F. W., E.A., M.E.A.S., 2, Clarence
Terrace, St. Luke's, Cork, Ireland.
1875 STUDD, E. FAIRFAX, ESQ., Oxton, Exeter.
1893 STURT, LiEUT.-CoL. E. N. (address not known).
1870 SUGDEN, JOHN, ESQ., Dockroyd, iiear Keighley.
1896 *TAFFS, H. W., ESQ., 35, Greenholm Eoad, Eltham, S.E.
1879 TALBOT, LIEUT.-COL. THE HON. MILO GEORGE, E.E., 2,
Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C.
1897 TALBOT, W. S., ESQ., C. S. Settlement Officer, Jhelum,
Pan jab, India.
1888 TATTON, THOS. E., ESQ., Wythenshawe, Northenden.Cheshire.
1892 TAYLOR, E. WRIGHT, ESQ., F.S.A., 8, Stone Buildings,
Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
1887 TAYLOR, W. H., ESQ., The Croft, Wheelwright Eoad,
Erdington, near Birmingham.
1887 THAIRLWALL, T. J., ESQ., 12, Upper Park Eoad, Haverstock
Hill, N.W.
1880 *THEOBALD, W., ESQ., North Brow, 9, Croftsea Park, Ilfra-
combe.
1896 THOMPSON, HERBERT, ESQ., 35, Wimpole Street, W.
1896 THORBURN, HENRY W., ESQ., Cradock Villa, Bishop Auck-
land.
1888 THURSTON, E., EBQ., Central Government Museum, Madras.
1895 TILLSTONE, F. J., ESQ., The Librarian, Brighton Public
Library, Church Street, Brighton.
1894 TRIGGS. A. B., ESQ., Bank of New South Wales, Yass, New
South Wales.
1880 TRIST, J. W., ESQ., F.S.A., F.S.I., 3, Great St. Helens, E.C.
1887 TROTTER, LIEUT.-COL. HENRY, C.B., United Service Club.
1874 VERITY, JAMES, ESQ., The Headlands, Earls Heaton, Dewsbury,
1893 VIRTUE, HERBERT, ESQ., 294, City Eoad, E.C.
14 LIST OF MEMBERS.
ELECTED
1874 VIZE, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., 15, Spencer Eoad, Putney,
S.W.
1899 VLASTO, MICHEL P., ESQ., 12, A116e des Capucines, Mar-
seilles, France.
1892 YOST, DR. W., Jaunpur, North- West Provinces, India.
1902 WAKLEY, THOMAS, ESQ., JUN., L.E.C.P., 5, Queen's Gate,
S.W.
1883 WALKER, E. K, ESQ., M.A., Trin. CoU. Dub., Watergate,
Meath Eoad, Bray, Ireland.
1897 WALTERS, FRED. A., ESQ., F.S.A., 37, Old Queen Street,
Westminster, S.W.
1894 WARD, JOHN, ESQ., J.P., F.S.A., Lenoxvale, Belfast,
Ireland.
1889 WARREN, COL. FALKLAND, C.M.G., 911, Nicola Street, Van-
couver, British Columbia.
1901 * WAITERS, CHARLES A., ESQ., Highfield, Woolton Eoad,
Wavertree, Liverpool.
1901 WEBB, PERCY H., ESQ., Walton-on-Thames.
1887 *WEBER, EDWARD F., ESQ., 58, Alster, Hamburg, Germany.
1885 *WEBER, FREDERIC P., ESQ., M.D., F.S.A., 19, Harley
Street, W.
1883 *WEBER, SIR HERMANN, M.D., 10, Grosyenor Street, GroB-
venor Square, W.
1884 WEBSTER, W. J., ESQ., 109, Streatham Hill, S.W.
1899 WELCH, FRANCIS BERTRAM, ESQ., B.A., 8, York View,
Pocklington, East Yorks.
1883 WHELAN, F. E., ESQ., 6, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.
1869 *WiGRAM, MRS. LEWIS (address not known).
1881 WILLIAMSON, GEO. C., ESQ., F.E.S.L., The Mount, Guild-
ford, Surrey.
1869 WINSEK, THOMAS B., Esq., 81, Shooter's Hill Eoad, Blackheath,
S.E.
1868 WOOD, HUMPHREY, ESQ., F.S.A., Chatham.
1860 WORMS, BARON G. DE, F.E.G.S., F.S.A., V.P.E.S.L., F.G.S.,
D.L., J.P., 17, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W.
1880 WROTH, W. W., ESQ., British Museum.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 15
ELECTED
1885 WYON, ALLAN, ESQ., F.S.A., F.S.A.Scot., 2, Langham
Chambers, Portland Place, W.
1889 YEATES, F. WILLSON, ESQ., 7, Leinster Gardens, Hyde
Park, W.
1880 YOUNG, ARTHUR W., ESQ., 12, Hyde Park Terrace, W.
1898 YOUNG, JAMES, ESQ., 11, Porchester Terrace, Lancaster
Gate, W.
1900 ZIMMERMAN, REV. JEREMIAH, M.A., D.D., 109, South
Avenue, Syracuse, New York, U.S. A
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ELECTED
1898 His MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY, Palazzo Quirinale,
Eome.
1891 BABELON, M. ERNEST, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.
1862 BARTHELEMY, M. A. DE, 9, Eue d'Anjou, Paris.
1898 BLANCHET, M. J. A., 40, Avenue Bosquet, Paris.
1881 DANNENBERG, HERE H., N.W., Lessingstrasse, Berlin.
1899 DROUIN, M. EDMOND, 47, Avenue Kleber, Paris.
1898 DRESSEL, DR. H., Miinz Kabinet, K. Museen, Berlin.
1899 GABRICI, PROF. DR., Ettore, Salita Stella, 21, Naples.
1893 GNECCHI, SIGR. FRANCESCO, 10, Via Filodrammatici, Milan.
1886 HERBST, HERR C. F., Director of the Museum of Northern
Antiquities and Inspector of the Coin Cabinet, Copenhagen.
1886 HILDEBRAND, DR. HANS, Eiksantiquarien, Stockholm.
1873 IMHOOF-BLUMER, DR. F., Wiuterthur, Switzerland.
1893 JONGHE, M. le Vicomte B. de, Eue du Trone, 60, Brussels.
1878 KENNER, DR. F., K. K. Museen, Vienna.
1893 LOEBBECKE, HERR A., Cellerstrasse, 1, Brunswick.
1898 MADDEN, F. W., ESQ., Holt Lodge, 86, London Eoad,
Brighton.
1898 MILANI, PROF. Luigi Adriano, Florence.
16 LIST OF MEMBERS.
KLVCTED ,, , •
1878 MOMMSEN, PROFESSOR DR. THEODOR, Charlottenburg, Berlin.
1899 PICK, DR. BEHRENDT, Herzogliche Bibliothek, Gotha.
1895 REINACH, M. THEODORE, 26, Rue Murillo. Pans.
1891 SVORONOS, M. J. N., Conservateur du Cabinet des MMailles,
Athens.
1881 TIESENHAUSEN, S. E. BARON WLADIMIR VON, Commission
Arch^ologique au Palais d'Hiver, St. Petersburg.
1886 WEIL, DR. RUDOLF, Konigliche Museen, Berlin.
MEDALLISTS
OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1883 CHARLES ROACH SMITH, ESQ., F.S.A.
1884 AQTJILLA SMITH, ESQ., M.D., M.R.I. A.
1885 EDWARD THOMAS, ESQ., F.R.S.
1886 MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, C.S.I., C.I.E.
1887 JOHN EVANS, ESQ., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., P.S.A.
1888 DR. F. IMHOOF-BLUMER, of Winterthur.
1889 PROFESSOR PERCY GARDNER, Litt.D., F.S.A.
1890 MONSIEUR J. P. Six, of Amsterdam.
1891 DR. C. LUDWIG MULLER, of Copenhagen.
1892 PROFESSOR R. STUART POOLE, LL.D.
1893 MONSIEUR W. H. WADDINGTON, Senateur, Membre de 1'In-
stitut, Paris.
1894 CHARLES FRANCIS KEARY, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.
1895 PROFESSOR DR. THEODOR MOMMSEN, of Berlin.
1896 FREDERIC W. MADDEN, ESQ., M.R.A.S.
1897 DR. ALFRED VON SALLET, of Berlin.
1898 THE REV. CANON W. GREENWELL, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A.
1899 MONSIEUR ERNEST BABELON, Membre de 1'Institut, Con-
servateur des Medailles, Paris.
1900 PROFESSOR STANLEY LANE-POOLE, M.A., Litt.D.
1901 S. E. BARON WLADIMIR VON TIESENHAUSEN.
1902 ARTHUR J. EVANS, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Keeper of the
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
i.
SOME PONTIG ERAS.
HAVING recently had the opportunity of going carefully
through the whole series of Pontic coins, I have collected
some new facts and observations concerning the eras used
in that region, which may be of some interest even to the
not strictly numismatical reader.
I. — COINS OF PYTHODORIS.
The drachms of Queen Pythodoris, as is well known,
are of two types : one with the laureate head of Augustus,
the other with the head of Tiberius, recognisable, notwith-
standing the absence of any legend, by features of much
greater breadth. On both types the inscription of the
reverse reads BAZIAIZZA TTYeOAHPIZ ETOYZ E
(year 60). It has been argued that as both coins date from
the same year, though bearing different heads, they must
have been struck in the very year when Tiberius succeeded
Augustus, i.e. A.D. 14. The origin of the era would be
therefore (60+1) — 14=47 B.C., in other words the battle
of Zela.
This reasoning is not quite correct. Pontic years begin,
of course, towards the equinox of autumn, say October 1.
On the other hand, as Professor W. M. Ramsay has well
observed, eras connected with an historical event always
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
start from the first day of the local year in which the event
took place, even if it happened towards the end of the
year. E.g., " the era of liberty " on the coins of Amisus,
though related, as we know by Strabo, to the fall of the
tyrant Straton subsequent to the battle of Actium (Septem-
ber 2, 31 B.C.), begins in October, 32 B.C., and not, as
Imhoof writes, in 31 B.C. Now Julius Caesar won the
battle of Zela, as we learn from a Roman calendar, on
August 2, 47 B.C. Therefore, an era connected with thia
battle ought to begin in October, 48 (not 47) B.C., and
year 60 Pythodor. would be October, 12 A.D.,to October, 13
A.D. But as Tiberius succeeded on August 19, 14 A.D., a
coin of year 12-13 A.D. with his head is clearly impossible.
The conclusion is, that as the Pythodoric era really
starts from October, 47, it has nothing to do with the
battle of Zela ; indeed this battle had no effect either on
the fundamental organization of Pontus, or on the fate of
the Polemons, a family not mentioned in Pontus before
36 B.C. (Dio, xlix. 25). We have here simply a " Caesarian
era," with the same starting point as that of Gabala in
Syria.
To return to our coins, it is commonly assumed that the
Augustus drachm was struck before the death of that
emperor, and the Tiberius drachm after. But this
supposition is highly improbable. Why should Pytho-
doris have chosen to strike coins with the head of
Augustus just the very last months of his life ? Far
more likely is it that both drachms were struck
simultaneously, immediately after the accession of
Tiberius, say in September, 14 A.D. On the Augustan
coin, the emperor is represented as deified; father
and adopted son are thus associated in a common
homage.
SOME PONTIC ERAS. o
That both coins are contemporary is also confirmed by
the analogy of their reverse types, the Capricorn for
Augustus, the Balance (or, on a Paris specimen, Sun in
Balance) for Tiberius. The astrological meaning of these
types needs no demonstration, but their exact attribution
is a matter of doubt, and deserves to be stated more
precisely. The Capricorn is surely the genethliac sign of
Augustus, as expressly stated by several authors.1 But,
as Augustus was born on September 23, 63 B.C., at day-
break, the Capricorn cannot be the sign under which the
sun rose at this period (this was the Balance), nor, what
in this case is identical, the sign that rose above the
horizon at the moment of his birth. Perhaps, as M.
Bouche Leclercq has conjectured, the Capricorn was the
horoscopic sign of Augustus' conception (December 23,
nine months before his birth).
As to the Balance, M. Bouche Leclercq, in his excellent
work on Greek astrology (p. 369, note 1), contends that it
belongs also to Augustus, as being the sign under which
he was born. But there is no evidence whatever that the
Balance was ever connected with Augustus. The only
text2 quoted by M. Bouche Leclercq (Manilius, iv. 548 sq.
— " felix aequato genitus sub pondere Librae — ilium
urbes et regna trement," etc.) clearly refers to Tiberius,
for it is an old mistake, unfortunately repeated by that able
1 Germanicus, Aratea, 558 sq. ; Suetonius, August. 94 ad fin.,
Manilius, Astron., ii. 507 sq. Moreover, many coins of the type
mentioned by Suetonius.
2 He also quotes, but hardly to the point, Virgil, Georg. i.,
33, and Manilius, iv: 776 : " qua (i.e. libra) genitus Caesarque
rue us nunc condidit orbem," an undoubtedly spurious line, which
the older editors corrected (?) into " qua genitus cum fratre
Remus (!) hanc condidit urbem," but which was justly rejected
by Bentley.
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
scholar, to suppose that the four first books of the Astro-
nomica were written under Augustus, and only the fifth
under his successor. Lachmann, and more recently Freier
and Schanz, have convincingly proved that the whole poem
was written or at least published under Tiberius, to whom
it is dedicated. So Sallet was quite right to attribute the
Libra to Tiberius. But how would the Libra be his
genethliac sign, either of birth or of conception, he having
been born on November 16, 42 B.C. (Sueton. Tib. 5), and
consequently conceived about February 16?
The answer is that in many systems the genethliac sign
was not the sign in which the sun rose, but the sign that
rose above the horizon at the precise moment of the con-
ception or birth (see Bouche Leclercq, p. 384). If the
theme is one of birth, as on November 16 the sun rises
about 7 o'clock A.M. in the Scorpion, we may presume that
Tiberius was born about 9 o'clock A.M., the Libra being
the sign immediately to the east of the Scorpion. I will
not conclude without mentioning that I have had in my
hands a paper impression of a drachm of Pythodoris with
the same inscription and date as the known specimens,
but with quite different types (obverse, head of queen with
hair twisted ; reverse, cornucopiae). I am not, however,
ready to vouch for the genuineness of this coin.
II. — ANTONIA TRYPHAENA.
The coins struck under the reign of Polemon II may
be roughly divided into three classes : —
I. Coins with or without the King's portrait. Legend,
BAZIAEJ1Z nOAEMUNOZ. Reverse, head of an
emperor, prince, or empress (Claudius, Agrippina, Nero,
SOME PONTIC ERAS.
Britanriicus3), with the regnal year of JPolemon (from
IB = 12 to Kf = 23).
II. With names of King Polemon and Queen Try-
phaena ; always the King's portrait, sometimes the
Queen's. No dates.
III. With portrait and name of Queen Tryphaena,
portrait of King Polemon (but not his name), and the
regnal years 17 = 17 (Berlin), and IH = 18 (British
Museum) .
These last coins, of extreme scarcity, have sometimes
been chronologically mixed with those of Class I. ; they
would fall, therefore, in the beginning of the reign of
Nero. But it seems quite incredible that Polemon should
have inscribed his own regnal years on coins from which
his name is absent, and no less improbable, that having
once begun to strike coins with the Emperor's effigy, he
should have suppressed it, especially under a prince as
jealous of his prerogative as Nero. This is also the
reason why I cannot accept Imhoof's proposal (Zeitschrift,
xx. 267) to substitute Tryphaena for Agrippina on the
drachms with a female portrait, dated years IB (12) to
IE (15). Neither the shape of the diadem, nor the
iconographic considerations — of very slight weight in
this series — can prevail against historical reasons.
I am therefore inclined to think that the coins of
Class III. must be placed quite at the beginning of the
series, and that the regnal years they bear are those of
Tryphaena, not of her son Polemon. If we admit that
they were struck in the very first years of the joint
3 The pretended drachm with Caligula's head (Paris Col-
lection) is very doubtful. The coin is of a barbarous style ; the
Emperor may be Nero and the date f>l (23) instead of F (3).
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
reign of Poleraon and his mother, they will enable us to
determine the as yet unknown date of the death of
Pythodoris.
We know from Strabo (xii. 3, 29) that Pythodoris had
three children by her husband Polemon I. Of these, the
eldest, named like his father, was associated with his
mother in the government of the kingdom, but without
the regal title ; he seems to have been dead when Strabo
published his Geography (19 or 20 A.D.), for this author
speaks of him in the imperfect tense : truySipMi
(not avvtioiKti) TJ; /jitjrpl rrjv ap^{jv. The second son,
Zeno-Artaxias, was King of Armenia from 18 A.D. So
there remained only the daughter, Antonia Tryphaena,
widow of Cotys the Sapaean, King of the Thracian.
Odrysae. Consequently, when Pythodoris died, Try-
phaena succeeded legally to her title, although Tiberius
did not allow her to take possession of the kingdom of
Pontus, which seems to have been put under sequestra-
tion, whilst Tryphaena took up her abode at Cyzicus.
An interesting document of this first abortive reign of
Tryphaena is the leaden counter of the Margarites
Collection (Rev. num. 1886, p. 26): "ANTHNIAZ
TPY<I>AINHZ. Sceptre. Rev. A in an incuse circle." Itake
A for a regnal year (year 1). Later on Caligula restored
the children of Tryphaena respectively to the thrones of
Thrace, Pontus and Lesser Armenia. This happened,
according to Dio4' (lix. 12) in the year 38 A.D. ; we can add
that it was towards the end of that year, for the coins of
Polemon II, with date 12 (17), bear sometimes the head of
Claudius, who died October 13, 54 A.D. (specimen in the
4 Dio calls young Polemon, by mistake, son of Polemon ; he
ought to have said yrandson.
SOME POXTIC ERAS. I
Milan Collection), more often the head of Nero ; therefore
year 17 Polem.r= October 54-55 A.D., and the starting-point
of the era is October 38 not 37. 5 Tryphaena, as we know
by the coins, reigned at first jointly with Polemon II in
Poritus ; like Louis XVIII at his restoration, she reckoned
her years from the beginning of her legitimate reign, i.e.>
from the death of her mother Pythodoris. If, therefore,
the Berlin coin of Class III, with year IZ (17) of
Tryphaena, was struck, as is very probable, A.D. 38-9, the
consequence is that year 1 of Tryphaena coincides with
22-3 A.D., and that Pythodoris died between October, 22
A.D. and 23 A.D.
III. — AMASIA.
Dr. Imh oof's note on the era of Amasia {Griechischc
Munzen, p. 556) is not as thorough as this excellent
scholar's arguments are wont to be. His list of dated
coins is fairly complete, but he fails in the conclusion
" that the known dates admit of any origin for the era
between 3 B.C. and 1 A.D." This is not the case, and
moreover, the origin he chooses at random — 2 B.C., era of
Sebastopolis — although approved by Kubitschek (art. Aera
in Pauly-Wissowa, col. 645), is surely wrong. To solve
the problem the following assured dates must be kept in
mind:
* In consequence, the famous decree of Cyzicus (Ditten-
berger, 2nd ed. No. 365), dated Thargelion (May), under the
hipparchate of Caligula, which mentions the restoration of the
three kings as a recent event, does not belong to year 37 A.D.
as Dittenberger contends, but to year 39. This date has already
been proposed by Millingen on the very apt grounds that
Drusilla (+ 38) is already mentioned as a goddess, in whose
honour games are to be given in presence of Tryphaena and
her sons.
MM ISM ATM < IIKONK I,K.
Hiimrofir, 200 •— a«U named
Fobruary, 211 — HujiliiniiiN Huvuruu die*. CAfftcalla iueeaodi.
„ ' 212 'lulu ilinH.
Mur«h, 2H5 -Alexander Hovoriw die«.
Almontall larger eoUwtiorw POHHOHN coin* of ArnaHia
with the legend T6TAC CEBA(<rn*v), dated year
CM = 208 (revenue typos : 1'allan, Tyoho, Nike, AnklepioH).
Th«ne coin* oiinnot Imve boon xtruck before Oct'.li«-r,
J40H-0 A.I). (tt» (Jettt wan not croatod Au^iiNtiiM before that
year) nor Inter than Oetober, 20D-JO. For nuppoM 208
AIIIUN. = 210-11, then 200 Arnan. = ()(jtobor, 211-12 ; but
wn hiivn eoiiiH of the year C0 = 200 (typoi ; flaming
altar; 1'ai'U, Vionna, linhoof, Loiibhor.ko) with tho ^fH^y
and naino of HuptiiniiiN H^VIMMIM, wlio di«d in Kubruary,
211 ; il.< M-I..I, it in uf.tm-ly iniito^Hihlo that 20',) Ainu*. =
Ootohur, 211-12. Thimfarwe have iitill the ohoioa between
iin equation!
20H A man. =208-1) A.I>.
and 20HAmai, =200-10 A. D.
Itut dm " . "iini alternative i« rendered in it** turn
i in 1. 1. vii Kir l.y a K1'""!' °' l-"i"N (>f HovoniH Alexander
(I\|M , altar, Tycdio, HadeH, HerapiN, Muropa) with the
dato CAA (2.'M). For if 208 AIIIUN. = 200-10 A.U., then
2«'J4 AinwN, = 2Ufl-rt A.n. ; but Alexander died in March,
211ft ! Mm . ..i all poiiibilitiei only ono remaiiiH, vi/..,
208 AinaN, = 208-0 A.U., and consequently (lie em of
AiniiMia hegiiiN ctn'tuiti/i/ in Oetober, 1 A.D., and had notliin^
to do with tliH em of StbaitopoliN, What uirouniNtanuuH
I- I to the .inn. -\, iii. MI of Ainania, whieh had lull., ii..
' Not 211, UN Hill KIVON it in IIJH //,.».//..•../,•, p. usi-l : n vary
rare iiiiHtalui in tin t)Xflttll«nt. liltlo work, \\ln.-li lum IKK-
lUjtiilly Mini (liiNai'Vinlly the r,i,/r m,, nm ul all niiiiii-diiallMlH.
M'MI I'l'N I h IK U 9
" belonged to kings " (Strabo, xii. 3, 30) remains \nikuo\\ n.
oi'i-ourse they are quite independent of the annexation
• >t' I'aphlagonia, which, MS we nowjuiow quite- positively by
tlu- inscription of N'eoclamliopolis (Ouraont, Rev. M. yr.
l!HH, p. 'Jo ,v,/.v, took place in 6'-5 B.C.7
1 V . • Sri. vsrn v AND SKHA8TOPOLlS-HKRACLKOrOLI8»
An inscription of Sobastopolis-Horaoleopolia (Soulou
Serai), :il>ly c-omwontt'd on by L6on Renier (Hwu0
i . 6f:o/,)(//,/m', 1877, i. p. 199), identitiea year 0AP (139)
ofthisi-iiy with the 21st potestas tril>ttHt'ti<t of Hadrian
(l>tv»>iuber, 137-8), Aolius Coiuiuodua (died January 1,
I t^ In-iuor Caesar. The consequence is that the era
hojjius October, 2 H.I\, and this a^rotvs with the evidence
i>C coins. In the neighbouring town of Sebasteia (Sivas),
as liulittof has rooently pointed out (Zeitsckrift, xx. 264 ;
Ktt'inttsnitiwht1' MuHseHt p. t5), the coins of Verus with year
ItiS, and of Valerian with year 2 a-t, lead to an era begin-
niu«* lu'tween October, 2 H.U. and 1 A,I>. There can bo no
doubt, however, that the real origin is 2 B.C. as at Sebas-
toj>olis, tor both towns belonged to tlu> sunn- district,
(Pliny, vi. 8), and formed the nucleus of the
ot Pontius Ualaticus, established at the death of
Ai«'|>on\ vStrabo, xii. 3, 37).
1 must. ho\\t'v» T, protest against the common opinion
that identities S«>b;istei:i with the town of Megalopolis,
founded l>y l'oiupe\ . Strabosaya expressly (xii. 3,37)
that the townships of 'Mi\ and Megalopolis (the latter
Colopene and (\unisone) were pieeed out by
1 I omit to discuss the era of (\nuaiw, because Eubitsobek
l ('. i:'.\ rorrootiug huboof, bus rightly »howu that its startiug
point v-un euly l>o Ootolu-r, , v.i>.
\iu.. u. KOVKMI shun v C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
subsequent generals (i.e. Anthony and Augustus) between
the high priests of Zela and Comana and Ateporix ; that
later on the lot of Ateporix was reduced to a province,
the remainder being divided between Dyteutos (the priest
of Comana) and Pythodoris. The part of Pythodoris
included now Zelitis and Mcgalopolitis ; this is also stated
xii. 3, 31. If therefore Megalopolis belonged still to
Pythodoris about 19 A.D., how can it be the same place as
Sebasteia, whose era (i.e. annexation to Rome) starts from
2 B.C. ? Sebasteia may be Carana — named by Strabo as
the chief town of the new province — unless Carana be
rather Sebastopolis. As to the exact site and ulterior
name of Megalopolis, we have not as yet the slightest
clue. But it is better to own our ignorance than to shelter
it under false knowledge.
THEODORE REINACH.
II.
NOTE ON A GOLD COIN OF ADDEDOMAROS.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
IN January, 1856, rather more than forty-five years ago,
I communicated to this Society a paper on the attribution
of certain ancient British coins to Addedomaros, a prince
whose name was then for the first time enrolled on the
list of British rulers. I now lay before the Society
another specimen of his coinage, not as exhibiting a new
type, but as adding a new locality to the list of places
where coins of Addedomaros have been found.
The type of the coin is that of my Plate XIV. I.1
(Fig. 1.)
Obv. — Ornament consisting of two narrow solid crescents
back to back, the cusps retorted and terminating
1 Ancient British Coins.
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in pellets ; in the interior of each crescent a
chevron-shaped compartment enclosing five pel-
lets ; a pellet in each angle between the crescents.
Rev.— ADDEDOMAROS (the upper portions of the letters
ADDEDOM . . only visible). Horse prancing
to the right, his tail branched ; above, a rosette
and two ring-ornaments ; beneath, a ring-orna-
ment and a branch ; in front, two ring-ornaments
connected in the form of an 8.
N. 86 grs.
This coin was found about two years ago in a field near
a footpath leading from Tring to Drayton Beauchamp;
close to the boundary between the counties of Herts and
Bucks, but I am led to believe within the former county.
It is not a little remarkable that I have seen another
coin of Addedomaros which was also found within a short
distance of Drayton Beauchamp, in a field called Stockwell
Piece, close to the Lower Icknield Way. This was dug up
about 1897, and is of the type of my Plate XIV, 5 and 6
(Fig. 2).
Obv. — Starlike ornament consisting of six curved wreaths
with three ribbed crescents in the centre.
Rev. — No traces of legend. Horse to the right ; above,
an ornament formed of three horses' noses ;
below, the usual cornucopite-like figure : in the
exergue, a series of pellets.
N. 8oi grs.
I have an uninscribed gold coin found in the same field
in 1878. It is engraved in my Plate K, No. 14, and has a
cruciform ornament on the obverse filling the field, and on
the reverse a horse to the right; above it two solid
crescents, back to back ; weight 85 grains. The horse is
much like that on the coin last described, so that possibly
NOTE ON A GOLD COIN OF ADDEDOMAROS. 13
tliis piece may be an uninscribed coin struck under
Addedomaros.
As is well known there are three distinct types of the
inscribed coinage of Addedomaros, which differ mainly in
the device on the obverse, though there are also salient
differences in the horse and its adjuncts on the reverses.
Regarding merely the obverse, the first type is that of
the coin that we have first been considering, which for
the sake of brevity I may term the double-mitre type ;
the second is that with three ribbed crescents in the centre
from which proceed six curved wreaths, separated by
pellets and ring-ornaments ; and the third presents a
cruciform ornament, consisting of two wreaths at right
angles to each other, with two ribbed crescents in the
centre.
As I pointed out many years ago, it is impossible to
arrange the chronological sequence of these types with
any degree of certainty, the representatives of which are
all of much the same weight, but there are some reasons
for supposing that the order in which I have mentioned
them is that in which they originally appeared. An argu-
ment to the contrary might perhaps be found in the fact
that the first type is the only one of which quarter-staters
are known. The introduction of a smaller denomination
into the currency seems to denote an advance in civilisation,
and therefore also probably in time, but on the other hand
it must be borne in mind that the quarter-staters belong-
ing to the earliest type of the ancient British coinage are
of by no means uncommon occurrence.
What is more remarkable is the fact that in the case of
all three types the intermediate links in the chain of
evolution that connect them with earlier ancient British
coins are exceedingly difficult to find, if indeed they have
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
not still to be discovered. There can be no doubt that
each type is legitimately descended from the Macedonian
Philippus, but some links in the pedigree are, it appears,
still wanting.
The first type (Fig. 1), that of the double-mitre, is more
or less intimately connected with that of the coins of the
Iceni, both in gold and silver, having two crescents back to
back in the centre of the device. The connection with some
of the gold coins of Dubnovellaunus is less evident, though
the two crescents back to back and the branch on the
reverse recall his coinage. The branched tail of the
horse has an analogy with the tails of the horses on the
coins of the Iceni, though in their case the branching is,
as a rule, outwards and not inwards.
The second type (Fig. 2), with the six curved wreaths and
the three crescents in the centre, is also anomalous. Though
three crescents form the centre of the device on a unique
gold coin of Antedrigus (Evans, PI. XVIII. 21), and on
an Icenian silver coin (Evans, p. 588), the curved wreaths
are wanting upon them, and the general device is entirely
different. The direction in which this type of Addedo-
maros points is, however, Icenian.
Analogies with the third type (Fig. 3), that of the two
ribbed crescents in the centre of a cruciform ornament, are
more readily found, but in all other cases the angles between
the limbs of the cross are filled with minor decorations,
and the spaces are not left blank as on the coins of Ad-
dedomaros. The nearest analogy is exhibited by a gold
coin of the Iceni (Evans, PI. XIV. 11), but this appears
to be rather a derivative than a prototype.
Taken together the three types seem to show a rela-
tionship, more or less intimate, with those found on the
coins of the Eastern Counties that are usually attributed to
NOTE ON A GOLD COIN OF ADDEDOMAROS. 15
the Iceni ; but, as I have already remarked, there seem to
be a certain number of types still to be discovered to
complete the morphological sequence. Let us hope that
future researches may still bring some of them to
light.
There is, however, another point of view from which
to consider the coinage of Addedomaros. The existence
of these three widely differing types, struck by the same
prince and found practically in the same district, points to
a reign that must in all probability have extended over a
considerable number of years ; and this conclusion is cor-
roborated by the fact that there is evidence of a large
number of dies having been engraved for each separate
type.
In my own collection are six specimens of type No. 1,
and of no two can it be affirmed that they were undoubt-
edly struck from the same dies. The same is the case
with three coins of type No. 2, and four of type No. 3,
also in my own cabinet. It may be mentioned that one
of these latter is an ancient forgery of bronze plated
with gold, found at Chalfont Park, near Slough, Bucks.
An ancient gold-plated forgery of type No. 1 was also
found near Oxford.
Our only evidence as to the district over which Adde-
domaros reigned is to be derived from the " find-spots"
of his coins, and it will be well here to recapitulate them
under the heads of existing counties. They are as
follows : —
Norfolk . Norwich.
Suffolk . . Cavendish, Long Melford, Ipswich.
Essex . . Brundon, Colchester, Halstead, Marks Tey.
Cambridge. Barrington, Newmarket.
Northants . Great Houghton.
Beds Luton.
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Bucks . . Drayton Beauchamp, Slough.
Oxon . . Wood Eaton.
Kent . . Reculver.
The evidence is therefore overwhelmingly in favour of
fixing his territory in the Eastern Counties, with its centre
probably in Essex.
As to the date of the reign of Addedoraaros our only
guides are the types, style of workmanship and the weight
of his coins. As I have elsewhere pointed out, the in-
ference to be drawn from all these sources is in favour of
his belonging to a somewhat earlier date than that of
Cunobeline. Although, as already stated, some links in
the chain of evolution are wanted, the types and style of
workmanship bear considerable analogies with those of
the gold coins of both Tasciovanus and Dubnovellaunus,
while the weight corresponds with that of the earliest
issue of the former of these two princes, and not with
that of the gold coins of Cunobeline.
The usual weight of these latter does not exceed 84
grains, while the average weight of thirteen coins of
Addedomaros in my own collection is 85 J grains, which is
also the weight of some of the early coins of Tasciovanus
bearing his name. It is possible that at an earlier date
still he may have struck uninscribed coins, but placing
those that I have cited at say 20 to 10 years B.C., we
have a more or less trustworthy guide for assigning a
date to Addedomaros. What his relations as a ruler in
Essex and the Eastern Counties may have been with
Dubnovellaunus and Cunobelinus, both of whom seem
successively to have occupied much the same district of
country, is a question into which I cannot now enter. It
affords tempting matter for speculation, but more facts are
necessary in order to lay a firm foundation on which to
NOTE ON A GOLD COIN OF ADDEDOMAROS. 17
build. "We must for the present be content to know that
at a period not very remote from the Christian era a
British prince, Added omaros, reigned in what are now
our Eastern Counties, and that he has left imperishable
monuments of his power and civilisation in the coins which
have now, not for the first time, been brought under your
consideration.
Before quitting the subject it may not be unprofitable
to add a few words with regard to one of the principal
localities in Essex where coins of this class have been
found.
It is unfortunate that we have no properly detailed
account of the hoard of ancient British coins found at
Marks Tey, which has already been frequently cited.
Were such an account forthcoming it would do much to
show what were the coins current with those of Adde-
domaros and to assist us in fixing his chronological
position.
It is, however, to my mind doubtful whether there
were not two distinct hoards of British coins found at
Marks Tey, one in 1807 and the other about 1843. In
the third edition of Ruding's Annals of the Coinage? in
the description of Plate II, No. 40, a coin of Addedomaros
of the type of that now exhibited, it is stated, " A large
parcel of this type was found within five miles of
Colchester in the year 1807. The metal was so base that
their intrinsic value was only about five shillings and
sixpence each." There can, I think, be but little doubt
that the hoard referred to was found at Marks Tey,
which place is just five miles from Colchester. I have in
my collection a coin with a plain convex obverse of the
? Vol. ii. p. 272.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. D
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
type Plate D, No. I,3 stated to hare been found at
Marks Tey, of very base metal and weighing only 74
grains, which appears to come within this category as to
value. The type belongs to a late date in the British
coinage, as two or three specimens, one in my collection
weighing 69 grains only, were present in the Savernake
Forest hoard in company with silver coins of Epaticcus4
and Tiberius.
The coin of Addedoraaros that is under consideration
has been submitted to an experienced goldsmith and
is reported to be about eleven carats fine, or worth
£1 18s. lid. per ounce. For a coin weighing 86 grains
this would give an intrinsic Value of nearly 7s., instead
of the 5s. 6d. mentioned in Ruding. The more distinct
notice of coins found at Marks Tey is in the Proceedings
of the Numismatic Society for May 23rd, 1843. It is
there stated the Rev. Henry Jenkins exhibited three gold
British coins found at Marks Tey in the county of Essex,
no date of discovery being mentioned. Two of these
resemble No. 36, Plate II, of Ruding, the other is a
variety of No. 38 in the same plate. In other words
two of the Marks Tey coins there described are of the
second type of Addedomaros, while the third closely
resembles the uninscribed gold coin already mentioned as
having been found near Dray ton Beauchamp. A coin of
the third type of Addedomaros, also found at Marks Tey,
is in the Colchester Museum,5 so that all three of his types
have been found at that place, whether all at the same
time or at intervals it seems impossible to determine. A
3 Ancient British Coins, p. 80.
4 Ancient British Coins, p. 488.
5 Ancient British Coins, p. 578.
NOTE ON A GOLD COIN OF ADDEDOMAROS. 19
coin of Dubnovellaunus with the two crescents in the
centre is stated to have been found at Marks Tey6 in
1850, but it possibly belongs to a find of an earlier period.
Whether two hoards were found at Marks Tey or only
one, I fear that not much more information is to be
gathered from them, and I only hope that what 1 have
said on the subject will not be regarded as needlessly
speculative or unjustifiably tedious.
JOHN EVANS.
' Ancient British Coins, p. 208.
III.
BEDWIN AND MARLBOROUGH AND THE MONEYER
CILDA.
BEDWIN is situate in the Kinwardston Hundred of Wilt-
shire, on the borders of Berkshire, six miles S.E. from
Marlborough and the same distance S.W. from Hunger-
ford. In Domesday it is called BEDEVINDE, and that
record shows that it was a Royal burgh held by King
Edward the Confessor and by his Norman successor,
"William the Conqueror. As a natural consequence it was
" never gelded or hided," that is measured and assessed
to the geld or tax. Domesday also shows that to this manor
of BEDVINDE there belonged twenty-five " burgesses "
and that the town rendered a " firma unius noctis " with
all customs, and further that Bristoard the priest then
held the church, as his father had done in the time of King
Edward, when, as at the time of Domesday, it was worth
sixty shillings.
In early times this place was doubtless a centre of im-
portance, a fact evidenced by the extensive earthworks
known as Castle Hill (on Wilton Common) and Chisbury
Castle (having an area of about fifteen acres), both in the
immediate neighbourhood. A Roman road passes near
by. I have not found any instance of coins having been
minted here prior to the reign of Edward the Confessor,
BEDWIN AND MARLBOROUGH AND THE MONEYER CILDA. 21
but during that reign and subsequently it appears to have
been an established place of mintage.
The following coins (those marked with an asterisk
being in my cabinet) prove this proposition ; the descrip-
tions are as under, the types being placed in the order
observed in vol. ii. of the British Museum Catalogue.
*TYPB III.
Obv.— +EDPE ED EEX •.• Bust to left, diademed ; in
front, sceptre (pommee). Around, inscription
divided by bust ; outer circle.
Rev.— +EILD7V ON BEDEPIN. Over short cross
voided quadrilateral ornament with three pel-
lets at each angle and one in centre. Around,
inscription between two circles.
* TYPE IX (SOVEREIGN TYPE).
Obv.— EADPAED EEX ANGLO.
Rev,— EILDA ON BEDEPIN.
* TYPE XI.
Obv.— +EADPAE ED EE. Bust to right, bearded ;
wearing crown of two arches surmounted by
three balls ; in front, sceptre (pommee). Around,
inscription divided by bust ; outer circle.
Rev.— +EILD : ON BEDEPINVE. Short cross voided,
each limb terminating in an incurved segment of
a circle ; in centre, pellet. Around, inscription ;
outer circle.
* TYPE XIII.
Obv.— + ' EfiDPAED EE • Bust facing, bearded ; wearing
crown of two arches. Around, inscription
between two circles divided above by the King's
crown.
Rev.— +EILDA ON BEDEPI. Small cross pattee.
Around, inscription between two circles.
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
* TYPE XV.
Obv. — EAPAED HEX A. Bust to right, bearded, wearing
pointed crown, from which depends a fillet,
terminating in three pellets ; in front, sceptre
(pommee). Around, inscription divided by bust ;
plain and beaded outer circles.
Kev. — EILDA ON BEDEPIN. Short cross voided ; in
centre, annulet ; in each angle, pyramid springing
from inner circle and terminating in pellet.
Around, inscription between two plain circles
and an outermost beaded circle.
The late Mr. Montagu had a coin of Edward the
Confessor of type ii. (bust to left, diademed ; rev. short
cross voided), reading +EILD ON BEDEP.
The three coins described in the Brit. Mus. Cat. are all
of type xi. Two of these read the same as mine of that
type and the third reads +EILD ON BEDEPIN) :
I have not been able to find any specimens of the coinage
of Harold II minted here, but as the Bedwin moneyer,
Cilda, struck coins for William I at this place, I think it
is likely that Bedwin coins of Harold II may be in exist-
ence. As regards William I, I recently acquired a coin
of the type Hawkins 233, which is, as far as I can ascer-
tain, the only specimen known. It may be described —
Obv .— +J7ILLEMVS EEX. Bust to left, crowned ; in
front, sceptre (pommee).
Rev.— +EILD ON BEDEJ7IND. Cross fleury; annulet
in centre.
This coin more nearly resembles those of Harold II than
any specimens of type 233 that I have seen : the legend
begins immediately above the King's crown, instead of
opposite the hand holding the sceptre. The Saxon cha-
racter for the initial letter of the King's name is a square-
BEDWIN AND MARLBOROUGH AND THE MONEYER CILDA. 23
headed \ instead of being like a Roman P, and this form is
again repeated on the reverse, and finally the drawing of
the head of the King is evidently copied from the head as
portrayed on the coins of Harold II, the bust below the
neck being added or drawn by way of supplement to the
head of Harold.
As regards Marlborough, Domesday tells us that King
William had from the third penny of " MERLEBERGKE "
£4, and that William de Belfou had one hide with one
church in Marlborough worth thirty shillings. In the
National Collection there are coins of types 236, 237, 238,
241 and 243, reading on the reverse as follows :
236. EILD ON MIERLBEL
237. EILD ON MIEELEBEE.
238. EILD ON MIEELI, MIEELEBH.
241. EILD ON MIEELEB.
243. EILD ON MIEELBI.
There is in my cabinet also a coin of type 238, reading,
Obv.— +PILLEMYS EEX ANI.
Rev.— +EID OIN MIEELEBH.
(This formerly belonged to the late Mr. Montagu.)
In the sale catalogue of the Hon. Robert Marsham
(November, 1888), lot 234, a coin of type 244 is described
reading on the reverse +EILD ON MIEELEBI.
From Mr. Hawkins's account of the Beaworth hoard in
vol. i. of Ruding, it appears that there were five
Marlborough coins of the Pax type, Hawkins, 241, seen
by him, all struck by Cilda. I have one of these which
reads —
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Obv.— PILLELM EEX.
7to>. — EILD ON MIERLEB, similar to the British
Museum specimen.
From the above-mentioned account it appears that there
was in the same hoard a coin of Hawkins, type 243, reading
Rev.— EILD ON MIERLBI
(the coin mentioned above as now being in the British
Museum).
Having regard to the close proximity of Bed win and
Marlborough, and the identity of the name EILD or
EILD A, appearing first on Edward the Confessor's coins of
Bedwin, and subsequently on the Bedwin coin, type 233,
of William I, and the coins of types, Hawkins, 236, 237,
238, 241, 243, and 244 of Marlborough, there can be
little doubt that the EILD or EILDA of all these coins
was the same person. It is to be noted that 234 and 239
are the only substantive types missing from type 233 (the
first of William I) to type 244 (the first of William II) of
Hawkins, as 235 and 240 are " mules " (or combination
types), and 242 a common variety only of 241.
There is no difficulty in concluding that this was the
case, as Edward the Confessor succeeded to the throne in
1042, and William I died in 1087, thus giving an inter-
vening period of forty-five years, with say three years
added for type i. of William II (viz. 244), for Cilda's
work.
I have not discovered the name of any moneyer in
addition to Cilda for the reign of Edward the Confessor or
for those of William I and II for Bedwin or Marlborough,
and I am therefore inclined to think that the mint and
BEDWIN AND MARLBOROUGH AND THE MONEYER CILDA. 25
Cilda were transferred to Marlborough early in the reign
of William I, as the last coin of Bedwin is of the type
233 of Hawkins (undoubtedly the first type of that
reign), and the next coin, the first of Marlborough, is
of Hawkins 236 type (the third substantive type of
William I).
I trust that the addition of Bedwin to the mint towns
of the Conqueror, and the evidence afforded by the
coins bearing the name of the moneyer EILDA at Bed-
win, from the early part of the reign of Edward the
Confessor to the early part of the reign of William I,
the subsequent transfer of the mint and its only
moneyer to Marlborough, and his continued work there
as sole moneyer until the time when the coins of type
244 of Hawkins were struck, will prove of interest to the
Society, and that the facts disclosed may in some degree
help to fix the sequence of the types of the coins of
William I and William II.
P. CARLYON-BRITTON.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
IV.
ON A RARE STERLING OF HENRY, EARL OF
NORTHUMBERLAND.
THE following is a short description of the coin of which
an illustration is given above :
Obv.— +heCNRiaVS COM. Profile bast to right, crown
fleury, in right hand sceptre fleury ; inner circle.
ON : C7TRD = Carduil (one of the
many renderings of the name of the city now
called Carlisle). A cross fleury ; inner circle.
On the obverse, taken in order, the letters ff, I, CC and V
of the name are distinct, while there are traces of the
remaining letters in the intervening spaces, and the COM,
for Comes, is quite clear.
On the reverse, there are traces of all the letters
forming the moneyer's name WILSLM, and of these the
W, ff and M appear less indistinctly, the ON between
colons is sufficiently clear, and of the mint name CfiRD,
the first two and last letters are quite distinct.
STERLING OF HENRY, EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 27
The portrait and work resemble closely those of the best-
made coins of King Stephen of the Hawkins 270 type and
those of the sterlings of the cross-crosslet type attributed
by the late Mr. Burns to Henry, Earl of Northumberland.
The type of the reverse is similar to the cross-fleury
type of Henry's father, David I. of Scotland, except
that the pellet in each angle of the cross is here omitted,
and the obverse to some extent also resembles David's
coins, which were in like manner copied from the coins
of Stephen (Hawkins 270).
We have therefore disclosed by this specimen the name
Henry, the title Comes for Earl or Count, the moneyer
William, and the mint Carlisle, together with a reverse of
a distinctly Scottish type.
The name and title alone do not, however, determine the
personage for whom the coin was minted, and it is there-
fore proposed to shortly state the known facts in reference
to the mint and moneyer, and then to examine some facts
in the histories of the two personages having the most
feasible claims of ownership.
Henry I struck the two last types ( Eawkins 262 and
255) of his reign at Carlisle, thus fixing the commence-
ment of his coinage in 1129 or thereabouts (a date
confirmed by the Pipe Roll of the year 1130). The name
DVRANT occurs on a 262 coin in my collection, and on a
precisely similar coin, lot 292 in the late Mr. Montagu's
catalogue (1896), now Mr. J. G. Murdoch's. EREBALD
follows on 255 (Mr. L. A. Lawrence's collection), and
afterwards William (son of Erebald or Erembald). Mr.
W. J. Andrew states that the moneyer Erembald continues
until about the middle of Stephen's reign and that William
follows him and continues until 1179 (see Num. Chron.,
1901, pp. 140-142).
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Taking the date 1144 as " about the middle of
Stephen's reign," the coin under consideration cannot
well be placed earlier than that date. So far as the name
of the moneyer is concerned, as he continued to work at
Carlisle until 1179, no help is afforded in fixing the
latest limit of date.
Now as to the two claimants, Henry Fitz-David and
Henry Fitz-Empress.
First as to Henry Fitz-David. He was son of David I,
King of Scotland (who was also Earl of Huntingdon and
Northampton in right of his wife Maud), born in 1110,
knighted in 1130, created Earl of Huntingdon about
March, 1136. and Earl of Northumberland 9th April,
1139, after the Battle of the Standard, 1138, in which he
had fought against King Stephen. This creation was, it
may be supposed, a politic act on the part of Stephen to
try to settle amicably the questions between him and
David of Scotland as to the disputed territories of
Cumberland and Northumberland. Henry Fitz-David
was also Lord of Carlisle and Doncaster. Stephen, who
was of a chivalrous and generous disposition, may well
also have had a personal liking for his kinsman Henry,
who is described by Ethelred, Abbot of Rievaux, " De
Bello Standardi," as follows : — " Erat . . . adolescens
pulchra facie, et decor us aspectu . . . tarn dulcis, tarn
amabilis, tarn affabilis, ut ab omnibus diligeretur. Erat
prseterea tantee probitatis, ut in illo exercitu nullus fuit
similis ei." This prince married, in 1 139, Adeline de
Warenne, daughter of William (2nd), Earl of Surrey
and Warenne, and died, in his father's lifetime, 12th
June, 1152, leaving sons, Malcolm and William, who
successively became Kings of Scotland.
Secondly, as to Henry Fitz-Empress. He was son of
STERLING OF HENRY, EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 29
Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, by Matilda, widow of the Em-
peror Henry V, and daughter of Henry I, King of
England. He was born in 1133, and seems, as early as
1142, to have put forth his claim as rightful heir of
England and Normandy. Matilda came to England to
assert her right to the throne in September, 1139, and
towards the end of 1142 her son Henry came to Eng-
land with Robert, Earl of Gloucester (the natural brother
of Matilda). According to Gervase (i. 131) Henry now
spent four years in England, remaining at Bristol under
the care of his uncle Robert, Earl of Gloucester. He left
England late in 1146, and returned in April, 1149, and
was knighted by David of Scotland at Carlisle at Whit-
suntide, 22nd May, 1149 (Gervase, i. 140, note). On this
occasion he was supported by, amongst others, the Earls
of Hereford and Chester, the latter being present with
him at Carlisle. The writer, Henry of Huntingdon,
states that at Carlisle he appeared " cum occidentalibus
Angliso proceribus," and that King Stephen, fearing an
attack by Henry Fitz-Empress, aided by David of Scot-
land, marched to York, and remained there, on the watch,
during all the month of August, 1149. Henry again
departed from England in January, 1150 (Gervase, i. 142).
In 1153 Henry made his third visit to England, and
after some fighting, and when a decisive action was daily
expected, the chief leaders on either side arranged an
amicable treaty, and Henry retired to Normandy until
the death of Stephen, 25th October, 1154.
From the above accounts it will be seen that both
Henry Fitz-David and Henry Fitz-Empress had the oppor-
tunity of striking coins at Carlisle, and it is now there-
fore proposed to shortly state the evidence afforded by
certain other coins of the period bearing the name Henry.
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In The Coinage of Scotland, vol. i., p. 31, Mr. Burns
refers to a curious sterling in the S. S. A. Collection which
forms Fig. 26 A in the plates contained in vol. iii. of
the same work. This coin appears to have OTC at the
end of the obverse legend and WL - - M • ON • CAE retro-
grade on the reverse.
On the same page reference is made to a broken coin
found in 1865 in the disused workings of the silver mine
of Carlisle exactly corresponding with Fig. 26A.
The style of the bust differs from that on my coin, and
although the type of the reverse is the same, the legend
ditfers from that on mine in being retrograde. The coins
most nearly resembling my sterling and the two somewhat
similar coins above referred to, are those of the cross-
crosslet type of reverse (Burns, Figs. 23 and 23A).
Having examined the two illustrations in Burns, the six
specimens of this type in the British Museum, and one in the
cabinet of Mr. J. G. Murdoch, I have come to the conclusion
that all were struck by William (the money er) of Carlisle.
The third class of coins attributed sometimes to Henry
Fitz-David are those of the type Hawkins 259, which
resemble those of Stephen (Hawkins 270), except that the
obverse bears the name " Henricus " (without any title).
I have examined a specimen of this type in the British
Museum, and the reading of the reverse is + PICEEIE :
ON : hER for Hereford, where a moneyer of the same
name coined for Stephen.
There are also coins of this type of David I, the Empress
Matilda and PEREEIE as well as of Stephen. It is
specially to be noted that both Erebald and William struck
coins of this type, Hawkins 259 and 270, at Carlisle,
bearing the name of Stephen.
There remains the cross- crosslet type penny of Stephen,
STERLING OF HENRY, EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 31
illustrated and considered by Mr. L. A. Lawrence (Num.
Chron. 1895, p. 110), and the coin of David, (Burns,
PI. III., 27) reading :—
Obv.— DAVIT- EEX.
Rev.—+ - - CARD : - - : CA'R :
As regards the striking of coins by persons other than
the sovereign de facto of the realm, some have argued that
such a custom may have arisen from great friendship with
the sovereign, whilst others have laid equal stress on the
fact of such pieces having been minted by opponents of the
sovereign. The coins of Matilda, Eustace Fitz-John,
Henry Bishop of Winchester, Robert Earl of Gloucester,
and PERERIC seem to be in favour of opposition to the
sovereign de facto.
Mr. Lawrence, in his paper above referred to, seems to
assume that Henry Fitz-David remained until his death
an adherent of Stephen, but I do not find that historical
facts and probabilities warrant this view.
Henry Fitz-David was a near relative of Matilda and
her son Henry, as well as a kinsman of Stephen. David,
who died at Carlisle 24th May, 1153, espoused the cause
of Matilda and her son Henry, and Henry Fitz-David, as
heir to the throne of Scotland, could not well have re-
mained on terms of alliance with* Stephen. Henry Fitz-
David may well have struck money at Carlisle, as
chief of a feudal earldom, in conformity with the custom
of feudal dukes and counts on the Continent at the same
period. A coinage by him may have been in opposition
to Stephen, as must have been the coins struck at Carlisle
by his father David.
Incidentally it may be noticed that Mr. Lawrence .
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
attributes the Hawkins 259 coins to King Henry I, while
Mr. Andrew omits them from his types of that king.
Hawkins suggests that they belong to Henry Fitz-Empress,
and Burns claims them for Henry Fitz- David. Having
regard to the historical facts above alluded to, and to the
British Museum Hereford coin, and another of Gloucester,
there can, I think, remain little doubt as to Henry
Fitz-Empress being the owner of the Hawkins 259
coins.
Although the matter is not free from doubt, the weight
of evidence and argument appears to be in favour of
assigning to Henry Fitz-David, Earl of Northumberland
and Lord of Carlisle, the coins of the cross-crosslet type
and the Henry coins, resembling the cross-fleury coins of
David I, all struck at Carlisle, which form the main
subject of this paper.
It is recorded that Henry Fitz-Empress, in order to
secure David's support, solemnly swore that if he attained
the throne of England, he would permit David and his
successors to hold Cumberland and Northumberland as
part of the realm of Scotland. This seems an almost
conclusive argument against Henry Fitz-Empress having,
before attaining the throne, taken the unfriendly course
of coining money in one of the chief cities of the debate-
able land in opposition to his host and supporter.
It may be of interest to add the following particulars
as to the finding and record of my coin. It was discovered
about twenty years ago at Brough-under-Stainmore, co.
Westmorland (the Roman Veterae), where on the site of
the Roman station a Norman castle was built, vast remains
of which still exist. At the base of the eminence on
which the Norman ruins stand runs a small mountain
stream, often flooded. During these floods portions of the
STERLING OF HENRY, EARL OF NORTHUMBERLAND. 33
shelving bank are often washed away and, when the
stream subsides, objects (mostly Roman) are found some
distance down stream. The coin in question was pur-
chased, with other articles, from one of several men who
were in the habit of searching for the objects thus brought
to light by my friend, Mr. T. Carrick, J.P. for Cumber-
land, in whose collection it remained until it passed into
my possession in August of last year.
P. CARLYON-BRITTON.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
V.
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV—
HENRY VIII.
THE hoard of coins, of which a complete list accompanies
these remarks, was lent to me for the purposes of ab-
stracting therefrom what small amount of history they
might contain.
That the hoard was a find at some time or another the
condition of the coins themselves shows. Whether all
the coins which were originally found together were kept
together I cannot say, but those which came to me seemed
quite worth paying a little attention to.
The hoard as described in the list contained the fol-
lowing varieties and numbers : —
EDWARD IV.
Light groats . . . . .12
Light half-groata .... 2
HENRY VI.
Light groats ..... 2
HENRY VII.
Open crown groat .... 1
Arched crown groats
Arched crown half-groats
Profile groat .
Profile half-groats .
Sovereign type penny .
23
15
1
5
1
Carried forward . 62
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV - HENRY VIII. 35
Brought forward . . 62
HENBY VIII.
First coinage groats ... 4
Fiist coinage half-groats . . 2
Second coinage groats . . .212
Second coinage half-groats . . 30
Foreign coins, Charles the Bold . . 11
„ „ Alphonso V of Portugal . 1
Total . 822
Of this total 255 were groats, 54 half-groats, 1 penny,
and 12 foreign pieces. I give the following description
of them : —
EDWARD IV. LIGHT COINAGE.
Groats.
1. Obv.— M.M. crown. SDWTCRD DI GRfi RffX x
id? FRTTRd. Arch on breast fleured,
quatrefoils at sides of neck.
Rev.— M.M. crown. POSVI DffVSft TTDIVTORff
mavm : dlVlTTfS LOnDOn. Crosses as
stops ........
2. M.M. on rev., sun; quatrefoil on breast ; otherwise as
No. 1 .......
3. Obv. — M.M. cross fitchee ; trefoils at sides of neck and
as fleurs.
Rev. — M.M. sun. ; otherwise as No. 1 ...
4. M.M. annulet both sides ; small trefoils as fleurs,
nothing at sides of neck ; otherwise as No. 1 .
5. M.M. Cross pierced, both sides ; still trefoil fleurs, but
rather larger ......
6. M.M. cross pierced ; lettering larger ; barred A in
SRGL and TSS ; arch on breast not fleured ;
arches fleured with the ordinary trefoils .
7. M.M. heraldic cinquefoil ; rose on breast and after
POSVI and ADIVTORff, in other respects as
No. 6 .
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
8. Qlv. — M.M. lis. Same legend as No. 1 ; €C on breast ;
small trefoils as fleurs and at sides of neck,
and as stops.
Rev. — M.M. sun. Legend as No. 1, except eCBOETTOCI
instead of LOnDOR . ,v . 1
Half -Groats.
1. M.M., both sides, pall. Bourchier knot on breast;
trefoil fleurs. Legend, as on groats where
yisible, GUVITfiS dTkRTOE ; no stops . 1
2. Much double struck ; CC on breast ; crosses as stops . 1
HENRY VI. LIGHT COINAGE.
Groats.
1. O&v.—M.M. cross slightly pattee. J]ffnRia DI 6E7T
EffX fiRGL Z FETYnd. Arches fleured
with small trefoils ; crosses as stops.
Rev. — M.M. and legend as Edward IV, No. 5 .1
2. M.M., both sides, lis. ^SHEICC ; otherwise as York
groat of Edward IV, No. 8 . . . .1
HENRY VII.
Open-Crown Groat.
1. Obv. — M.M. rose. Legend nearly obliterated. Trefoils
as stops.
Rev.— No M.M. Usual POSVI, &c., legend ; lis after
POSVI and TTDIVTOEff .... 1
Arched-Crown Groats.
1. Obv. — M.M. heraldic cinquefoil. Legend ends FE7TR ;
trefoils as stops.
Rev.— M.M. escallop. Usual legend, with € for GC, M
for Jft, rosettes as stops .... 1
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV HENRY VI11. 37
2. M.M., both sides, escallop. Usual legends both, sides ;
rosettes both sides as stops ; ordinary €C's,
peculiar M's ...... 1
3. M.M. regular cinquefoil both sides. Olv. legend ends
FE. DffV for DQTStt; 7TDIVTO8: lor
7VDIVTOE6C ; JftffV for fflQTfll ; crosses as
stops .... .... 3
4. M.M. leopard's head. 7VSL Z FE ; otherwise as last . 1
5. Obv. — M.M. lis issuing from half rose. No stops.
Rev. — M.M. leopard's head. Crosses as stops; abbrevia-
tions as before ...... 1
6. M.M., both sides, lis issuing from half rose. Crosses as
stops ......... 1'
7. M.M. anchor both sides. 7V6LI Z F ; other words as
before; crosses as stops . . . 1
8. M.M. anchor, sometimes reversed. 7TSL Z FE; other
characters as before ..... 4
9. MM. anchor reversed. 7T6L Z FE7V ; otherwise as
preceding ....... 1
10. M.M. greyhound's head. Obv. legend ending 7VSL
Z FE. Coins of anchor type with double-
arched crown ; one only ornamented . . 2
11. Obv. — M.M. greyhound's head. As last.
Rev. — As cross crosslet coinage. Cross pattee and short
stumpy letters ...... 1
12. Olv. — M.M. greyhound's head. Same legend, but cross
crosslet style of work
Rev.— Same work. T^DIVTOEGC 1
13. M.M. cross crosslet. fi6L Z FE, 7TDIVTOE6C. Crosses
as stops. The treatment of the crown like
that on the earlier greyhound coins . . 1
38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
14. M.M. cross crosslet of the typical form. 7YR6L Z F.
Crosses as stops ...... 1
15. M.M. cross crosslet of same form. 7T6LI6C Z FR;
otherwise as last . . . . . . 1
16. M.M. cross crosslet. 7VR6L Z FR7Y ; as before . I
17. M.M. cross crosslet. TlPGLIff Z FR ; as before . 1
Arched-Crown Half -Or oats.
1. M.M. tun both sides. Obv. legend ending Z ; rosettes
as stops ....... 1
2. M.M. tun both sides. Legends ending from Z to Z FR ;
no stops . . . . . . .12
3. M.M. tun both sides. Legend ending Z ; cross as stop. 1
All these read CtlVITTVS dTVnTOR and have
the usual legends where not described specially.
4. M.M. martlet. A key at each side of the neck. Obv.
legend ends FR ; crosses as stops. CCIVIT7TS
SBORTKII 1
Profile Coinage. Groat.
1. Obv.— M.M. cross crosslet. ^PRId VII DI
R6CX 7^6L Z F. Crosses as stops.
Rev.— M.M. cross crosslet. POSVI DSV T^DlVTORff
JHffV. Crosses as stops. ....
Half-Groats. London.
1. Obv.— M.M. rose. t^RRId VII DI 6R7T RffX 7V6L.
Crosses as stops.
Rev.~M.M. rose. POSVI (DGCV) TTDIVTOff JfiffV.
Crosses as stops ...... 1
2. Obv. — M.M., both sides, martlet. As preceding but
ending Z.
.Rev.— As before, but TYDIVTORff . 1
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV — HENRY VIII. 39
York.
1. M.M. martlet. Obv. legend ending 7TL Z; rev.,
TYDlVTOd. Keys under shield ; crosses as
stops ........ 1
2. As before, but 7Y6L Z and TYDIVTOEd ... 1
3. As 2, but TVDIVTOd . ' . . . . 1
Penny. Durham. Sovereign Type.
1. Obv.— No M.M. l?6mEId DI 6E7T EdX. No stops
visible.
Rtv.— No M.M. dIVITTVS DIEf}7VSIl. D. E. at sides
of shield, crown and mitre over it . . .1
HENRY VIII.
First Coinage with his Father's Bust. Or oats.
1. Obv. — M.M. portcullis crowned. tydREId VIII DI
GETt EdX 7V6L Z FB. Crosses as stops.
Rev.— M.M. portcullis crowned. POSVI DffV
TTDIVTOES mtCV. Crosses as stops . . 4
Half -Groat. York.
1. Obv.— M.M. cross voided ? ^REId DI GEft EffX
7VL. Crosses as stops.
Rev.— M.M. cross voided. dlVITTYS ffBOETVdl.
Keys at sides of shield, cardinal's hat below . 1
Half -Groat. Canterbury.
1. Obv.— M.M. pomegranate. l^dREId VIII DI GETt
EdX 7T6L Z. Crosses as stops both sides.
Rev.— M.M. pomegranate. dIVITTVS dTTRTOE.
W TV at sides of shield .... 1
40
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Second Coinage, his own Portrait. London ; crosses as stops.
M.M. Us both sides.
i. obv.—
D 6 R TVGL z
POSVI Dav
forks of cross
mecv. Crosses in
1
57
33
2
2
2. As No. 1, but FRTYRd
3. As No. 1, but FRfinda .
4. As No. 1, but FRTTRd and 7TD1VT06C
5. As No. 1, but FRTTRdd and TTDIVTOi
6. As No. 1, but M.M. rose on rev., FRfindff, fiDIVTOff 3
7. As No. 1, but M.M. rose on rev., FRTfRd, TUHVTOa . 3
8. As No. 1, but M.M. rose on rev., FRTTHd .
9. As No. 1, but M.M. rose on obv., FRTTRd .
10. As No. 1, but M.M. pheon on rev., FRftRd*
11. As No. 1, but M.M. pheon on obv., FRTCRd
M.M. arrow both sides, crosses as stops and in forks of cross.
1. Obv.— J]ffnRId D. 6. R. 7V6L Z FRfiHd.
Rev.— POSVI DdV TVDIVTORff fllff V . . .11
2. As No. 1, but TVGLiet 13
3. As No. 1, but TVGLlff and FRTindff . . .11
M.M. pheon both sides, crosses as before.
1. Obv.— tjffnRId VIII D. 6. R. 7V6L Z FRTYRdff.
Rev.— POSVI DffV TVDIVTORff mffV ... 1
M.M. rose both sides, crosse* as stops and in forks of cross.
1. Obv.— l^ffnRId VIII D. 6. R. 7T6L Z FR7Y.
Rev.— POSVI DffV TTDIVTORd
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV - HENRY VIII. 41
2. obv.— hjetnEia vm DI. GETV. E. TCGL. z FETV.
Rev.— POSVI DOT TtDivTOEd mecv . i
3. Obv.—ty&nRia VIII DI. 6. E. 7SGL Z FETVd.
.Rev.— POSVI D6CV TUnVTOEGC flldV ...
4. Oiv.— ^GCREia VIII D. 6. E. 7V6L Z FETVd.
£ev.— POSVI DOT TtDivTOEet mdv .
5. o&v.— r^ecREia vm DIS 6. E. TVGL z FETva.
Rev.— POSVI DEV ADITOEB SttEV ; cross ends in
florets . . . . . . - .
6. Obv.— f]6CnRia VIII D. 6. E. 7VGL Z
Rev.— POSVI DffV 7YDIVTOE6C SRffV ... 16
7. o&v.— j^ecnEia vm D. G. E. TVGL z
jzev.— POSVI DEC v ADivroec ma v . . .10
8. Obv.— f]6[RRia VIII DI. 6. E. 7T6L Z FET^Rd.
^ev.— POSVI DffV TTDIVTOEff
9. Oiv.—^ecnEia vm DI. G. E. T^GL z
Rev.— POSVI DffV 7TDIVT06C
10. 06v.— tjGmEia VIII D. 6. E. 7T6L Z
^ey.— POSVI DffV 7VDIVTOE6C HISV
11. Obv.— l?ffnEI(I VIII D. 6. E. 7V6L Z
.Rev.— POSVI DffV TTDIVTOff JfiffV .
12. Ofet;.— l]ffREia Till DI. 6. E. 7T6L Z
R^— POSVI Dav ADivTOEa mecv
13. Obv.— hdREId VIII DI. 6. E. TtGL Z
Rev.— POSVI Dav TTDivToet mecv
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
M.M. tun and cloud both tides, crosses as ttopt and in
forks of cross.
1. Obv.— JjffHRId VIII D. 6. R. 7V6L Z FR7L
jiev.— POSVI Dffv TSDivroRff mffv .
ForA; <?ratfc struck by Wolsey. T. W. at sidts of shield,
cardinal's hat below, and crosses in forks of cross.
1. Obv.— M.M. cross voided. l^ffRRTd £ VIII x D x G x
R x 7T6L x Z FRTVHd x.
Rev.— M.M. cross voided. dlVI T7VS x x ffBO RTYdl 1
2. 0&v.— M.M. cross voided. l?ff PRId x VIII x D x 6 x
R x TtGL x Z x FRTVRd.
Rev.— M.M. cross voided. dlVI T7TS £ x ffBO
RT^dl £ . . 1
3. 05v.— M.M. cross voided, tyff nRId x VIII x D x 6 x
R x fiGL x Z x FRTCRd.
Rev.— M.M. cross voided. dlVI TflS x x ffBO Rfidlx 1
4. Qbv.— M.M. cross voided, tyff nRId x VIII x D x 6 *
R 7T6L x Z x FRTtRd.
Rev.— M.M. cross voided. dlVI T7TS x x ffBO RTTdl 1
5. Obv.— M.M. cross voided. f]ff RRId x VIII x D x 6 x
7T6L x Z x FRT^ndff x.
Rev.— M.M. cross voided. dlVI T7VS x x ffBO
RfidI x 1
6. Oiv.— M.M. acorn. ^fffiRId x VIH x D x 6 x R x
7V6L x Z x FRTVRd.
Rev.— M.M. acorn. dlVI T7VS x x ffBO RT^dl J .
7. O&v.— M.M. acorn. l?ffnRId x VIII x D x 6 x R x
7T6L x Z x FRfiRd.
^w.— M.M. acorn. fflVI T7YS x x ffBO RTTdl x .
The obverses of the last two coins are from the same die.
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV. - HENRY VIII. 43
Second Coinage, his own portrait. Half Groats,
London.
1. Obv.— M.M. Us. IjeCREId VIII D. 6. E. 7VGL Z FE.
Rev.— M.M. lis. POSVI DffV fiDIVTOGC SHOT.
Crosses as stops ...... 1
2. Obv.— M.M. rose. ^GtREId VIII D. 6. E. 7V6L Z
FE7V.
Sev.—No M.M. POSVI DOT ADIVTOff mdV.
Crosses as stops and in forks of cross . . 1
Canterbury. All with W7V at sides of shield and crosses
as stops. M.M. so-called escallop both sides.
i. o&v.—jidRKid vni DI G. E. TSGL z FE.
Rev.— ttlVITTVS (ITVnTOE ..... 1
2. As No. 1, but D for DI .... .2
M.M. cross fleury both sides.
i. obv.— j^anEia vni D. 6. E. TYGL z FE.
Rev.— aiVITTTS a^RTOE ... . 3
2. O&v.— neCHEia VIII DI 6. E. 7V6L Z F.
Sev.— dlVITTCS a^RTOE . . 1
3. Obv.— M.M. cross fleury. I^FlEId VIII D. 6. E.
716L Z FE.
Mev.—M.M. T. CCIVITfiS a^RTOE ... 4
4. M.M. T both sides, otherwise as last .... 1
All with T OC at sides of shield and crosses as stops.
M.M. Catherine wheel both sides.
i. obv.— netREia vni D. 6. E. TSGL z F.
Rev.— dlVITfiS dTCRTOE .-.•..•.• • l
2. Same, but FE . . • * ' • ' ' • • • 2
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
M.M. on obverse only.
3. As No. 1 .
4. As No. 2.
York, with TW at sides of shield, cardinal's hat below sun ;
crosses as stops. M.M. cross voided both sides.
1. obv.— necnRia vin D. 6. R. KGL z F.
jfo,. — dlVITTtS ffBORftdl . • 2
2. As No. 1, but FR .
3. As No. 1, but FRfi .
With E L at sides of shield, crosses as stops.
M.M. key on both sides.
i. oiv.— rjarmia vin D. 6. R. KGL z FR.
Eev.— aiVlTTVS ffBORfidl . • *
2. As No. 1, but initials L E instead of E L . .1
CHARLES THE BOLD, DTTKE OF BURGUNDY AND COUNT OF
FLANDERS. — A.D. 1467-1477.
Oros.
1. Obv.— +K7VROLVS 8 DGCI 8 CRTS 8 DVX 8 BVR6
8 dO 8 FLft. Shield — 1 and 4, arms, modern,
of Burgundy; 2 and 3, arms, ancient, of
Burgundy and Limburg ; in escutcheon, shield
of Brabant.
Eev.— +SIT 8 ROmeCN 8 DOmiNI 8 BGCNffDId-
TVJU. M.M. Briquet. Cross floury ; centre
voided, containing Us . . . . 't
These coins were struck for Flanders.
2. Obv.— 4-K7VROLVS 8 DffI 8 6R7T 8 DVX 8 B6 8
BRftB 8 Z 8 LIM. Shield as before.
x*v.— SIT 8 nomecN s DOMINI 8
8 7VM. Cross fleury ; centre voided, contain-
ing lion of Brabant . . ' « . . 4
These were struck for Brabant.
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV HENRY VIII. 45
ALPHONSO V OF PORTUGAL. — A.D. 1438-1481.
Meio Orosso.
1. Obv.— *7VLFONSVS : QY1NTI : EGCSIS : PV. The
letter "R crowned between two annulets ;
between limbs L (Lisbon).
Rev.— +7VpIVTORIVm : NOSTRVJH : N. Five
shields arranged in form of cross ... 1
The earliest coins ID the hoard are the groats of
Edward IV. The mint-marks on the London pieces
are sun, crown, cross fi tehee, annulet, cross pierced, and
heraldic cinquefoil ; lis and sun on the York groat, and
pall on the Canterbury half-groat. The only two mint-
marks absent are the rose and the trefoil. The absence
of the former is easily accounted for by the fact of its
being the earliest mark on the series of light groats.
The trefoil, though in use during the period represented
by the hoard, is now of such extreme rarity that its ab-
sence is not to be wondered at. The mint-marks present
in the hoard show nothing new to chronicle, and they all
bear out former conclusions as regards classification.
The sun and crown mint-marks were issued shortly after
1465. The two examples of the light groats of Henry YI
do not call for any special attention beyond remarking
their extreme resemblance to Edward lY's coinage among
which they were found, a resemblance which is carried
out even down to the small trefoil-shaped stops between
the words.
After Edward IV's coinage a gap appears, due to the
absence of any coins of Edward Y and Richard III.
Whether rarity or previous removal would account for these
absentees must be left to individual judgment, though
probably, looking to the coins left in the hoard, there
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICL^E.
were none of the pieces of the last two Plantagenets in
it when the collection disappeared.
With the advent of Henry Tudor a poor specimen of
his first issue appropriately heads the list of his coinage.
There are some new features about this coin, in the fact
that the mint-mark is on one side only, and that a
fleur-de-lis figured after POSVI and TTDIVTORGC.
The series of arched-crown groats is quite complete
as regards the mint-marks and stops. It will be remem-
bered that the classification of these coins was greatly
assisted by the combination of the two sets of marks.
The first coin mentioned in the list of these arched-crown
groats is interesting, as bearing on the obverse the heraldic
cinquefoil mark with trefoil stops, while the correspond-
ing mark on the reverse is the escallop attended with
rosettes as punctuations. The other mint-marks present
are, regular cinquefoil, leopard's head, lis issuing from
half rose, anchor, greyhound's head, and cross-crosslet.
A glance at the list will reveal the presence of all the
varieties of the groat with the greyhound's head, both
of coarse work and fine work.
The profile coinage of Henry VII is represented by
one groat only, but this one is interesting as bearing
the same head as the shilling and the Septim groat.
The mint-mark is the same as the last of the full-faced
coins, viz., a cross-crosslet. It is curious that the only
representatives of the earliest and latest coinage of
Henry YII should be very scarce varieties presenting
in some ways new characteristics. The smaller coins
of this issue were represented by five profile half-groats,
two of London and three of York. No two are quite
alike.
The only penny was one of Durham, struck about the
A FIMD OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV HENRY VIII. 47
middle of Henry VII's reign. The D R at the sides of
the shield give a date of a sort to the coin, as it was
struck by Richard Fox, Bishop from 1494 till 1502.
The great majority of the hoard consisted of coins of
Henry VIII. Those bearing the portrait of Henry VII
were probably struck from dies or puncheons made during
the last years of the late king, and simply had the extra
I added to the VII, and the mint-marks, portcullis and
castle, placed in the position of older marks previously
present. The groats in the hoard were four only, all
marked with a crowned portcullis. There were two half-
groats. One was of Canterbury, mint-mark pomegranate,
with W/71 at the sides of the shield for Archbishop Ware-
ham. The other was struck at York, with a cardinal's
hat and two keys below the shield, but with no initial ;
mint-mark, cross voided. The appropriation is doubtful,
as either Bainbrigge or Wolsey might have struck it,
both being cardinals. The cross-voided mint-mark would
probably be indicative of Wolsey, who used it on his
other York coins.
The rest of the English part of the hoard numbered
212 groats and 30 half-groats, all of Henry VIII's second
coinage, with his own portrait. The difficulty of coming
to any conclusion as regards classification and date of
issue of these pieces renders this series probably the most
interesting and useful portion of the collection. All the
mint-marks are present on the groats both of London
and York. Those of the latter city may be taken first,
as there were only seven. A glance at the list, where
they are put out in full, will show some interesting par-
ticulars. Both mint-marks are chronicled. Five groats
bear the cross voided. Four of them read FETVnCC, and
one reads FRT^nCCGC. With this exception, the legends are
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the same, the work is the same, and the only difference
is in the position and number of the small crosses used
as stops ; these vary in all five. The groats with the
rare mint-mark acorn are two in number, and only
vary in respect of stops.
The London groats have been subdivided firstly by
their mint-marks. 95 bear the lis both sides, 8 the lis
on one side and rose on the other, 2 the lis on one side
and pheon on the other, 1 the pheon both sides, 35 the
arrow both sides, 1 the sun and cloud both sides, and
finally 63 bear the rose both sides. When each mint-
mark is taken separately, some curious variations in the
legends will be observed. The English title is almost
entirely represented by 7TGL, but on the arrow-marked
groats 7T6LI6C is found. The French title is FR7V, FRTVd,
FRTTRCC, FRTYnOtff on those bearing the rose mint-mark.
The first variety is absent on lis-marked coins, and the
two latter only are shown on those bearing the arrow and
pheon. Curiously enough the first only is apparent on
the single groat mint-mark sun and cloud. The list
further notes in some places a variation of the word
TTDIVTORff, by the omission of the R. Groats with the
mint-marks rose and lis, either on the same coin or sepa-
rately, show both variations. Besides these, the legends
show further alteration, though only on coins bearing the
rose mint-mark. 1)1. 6R7T. will be noted on No. 2, and
DI. 6. on several. No. 5 is peculiar, in having some
Roman letters in conjunction with the Lombardic ones of
the reverse legend, and in having some difference of the
treatment of the cross ends, which are filled in with a
floriated design. This coin is of the greatest rarity.
Besides all these differences, the die engravers have
added an enormous variation in the position and number
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV — HENRY VIII. 49
of the small crosses used as stops. If these had been
taken account of, and if the London coins had been
treated as the York pieces were, probably the list would
have contained no two coins precisely alike. The con-
clusions which could have been drawn from such an
exhaustive list were not considered worthy of the expen-
diture of time and trouble necessary for its production.
The 30 half-groats of London, Canterbury, and York
present the same similarities to each other as has been
noticed in the groats, and likewise the same sort of
divergences. A glance at the list will at once show these
differences. Before considering this second coinage as a
whole in its relation to Henry's reign in general, it
may be as well to attempt some classification of the
various mint-marks. It has been usual in the English
coinage to find some character which will, while
settling the earliest member of a new issue, show some
relationship with the latest member of the coinage which
preceded it. This character has generally been the
mint-mark, and coins bearing two marks have been
most useful in this respect. This hoard shows coins
which bear on one side the lis, and on the other the rose
or pheon, so that the lis must be considered as having
been used between the rose and pheon marks. Now, as
there does not appear to be the slightest difference in
style or workmanship in any of the coins bearing the lis
mark, it may be concluded that all the lis coins come
together, and therefore the order of the mint-marks must
be rose, lis, pheon in point of time, or pheon, lis, rose.
There is much to be said in favour of both these views.
A consideration, however, of some coins of the series
not represented in the list will probably help the correct
decision of the order of these marks. The coins with rose
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
mint-mark show considerably more variation in the
legend than those with other marks. This is more
particularly noticeable in reference to the two words
DI 6K7T. The list itself shows three forms, DI 6E7V,
DI 6, and D. 6. All groats of the second coinage with
the other mint-marks appear to read D. 6., and this
abbreviation is the one used on the full-faced coins.
The half-groats correspond with the groats as far as it
is possible to determine. Some of the Canterbury coins
bearing the initials W ft for Archbishop Wareham, 1504-
1532, also read DI. This reading also is strictly in accord
with the coins struck when Henry came to the throne,
and probably when the second coinage was determined,
or there was some little variation tried before the stereo-
typed D. 6. came into use. This legend continued to
hold its own right down to the time of Charles II, when
it was again lengthened out in his early milled coinage of
1662. Besides the legend, another point must be touched
upon in connection with these rose-marked coins, viz.,
the lettering. In the vast majority of cases this conforms to
the ordinary Lombardic type, and the whole alphabet used
belongs to this type, but on a few rare coins some Roman
letters are introduced. This is the case with almost all the
letters forming the legend, but in nearly every such coin
the alphabet has been mixed. Thus a few Roman letters
are inserted among those of Lombardic type on either
obverse or reverse. The consideration of the full-faced
coins of Henry VIII would lead to the supposition that
any coins of the profile type bearing Roman letters were
of late date in that issue, and probably led up to the
Roman alphabet of the full-faced types, and that there-
fore these unusual coins with the rose mint-mark were
the immediate predecessors of the full-faced coinage-
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV — HENRY VIII. 51
That this view, however plausible, is probably not cor-
rect, will be shown by a consideration of coins bearing
the pheon mint-mark. These Roman letters must be
looked upon as indicating an instability of purpose, and
must be taken, with the unstable legends on these coins, to
indicate earliness of issue. The mixture of alphabets
does not occur here for the first time in the history of
our English coins. Roman N's and M's were mixed in
the legends of Edward Ill's coins, and the tremendous
import of the Roman 1ST in London on the coins of
Henry IV is never forgotten by some treasure seekers.
The curious £'s and M's on the early arched-crown
groats of Henry VII must also be remembered here.
In all these cases this mixed alphabet comes at a change
of type, and therefore at the beginning of a new type,
when designs were more or less unsettled. The proba-
bility of the rose being the first mark on this second
coinage on account of the legends and alphabets exhibited
on the coins, is further strengthened by what is to be
found on three or four pheon-marked pieces. These occur
with a legend which it is quite impossible to place any-
where else than at the end of the second issue. The
legend is IxGCREia 8 D 6 fiGL FRA Z hIB RaX— note the
Arabic 8. Until quite lately this legend was not known
on any coins earlier than those of the third issue in the
King's thirty-fourth year, and indeed this Irish title has
given the date to the first full-faced coinage, 1543, as no
indenture for or proclamation of these coins is known.
The supposition has always been that the coins were
issued immediately after Henry became King rather than
Lord of Ireland. The pheon-marked profile coins must
therefore end the series of the second issue, and it is thus
impossible to place the rose-marked coins anywhere else
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
than on the other side of the lis mint-mark, or at the be-
ginning of the second issue. This arrangement of marks
leaves no place for the sun and cloud. Unfortunately the
few coins bearing the mark show nothing to connect it
with any other mark in the series. It cannot be the last,
and if it is the first, there are not examples enough known
to trace its priority of issue. The arrow mint-mark is
probably only a variety of the pheon.
A consideration of the gold coins of this second issue
confirms the sequence of mint-marks on the silver ones.
Angels arid their parts do not appear to have been issued
up to 1543, together with crowns and their smaller frac-
tions. The angels appear to have the pheon mint-mark
and that of the sun and cloud.
One other question requires some consideration, and that
is, the date of issue of these second coinage profile pieces.
The indenture has been dated 1526, and gives directions
for the making of Greorge nobles and half George nobles,
and also for the issue of crowns and half-crowns in gold.
The silver coins were only to be reduced in weight. Un-
fortunately the weight of these groats is of little or no
use in coming to a conclusion, and whatever it is, it is not
the weight given in the indenture, but lighter. As
against this the first coinage groats are also much lighter
than they should be, and for that matter so are the later
coins of Henry VII. None of them, as a rule, reach in-
denture weights, not even when they are in fine condition.
The relative weights of the first as regards the second
coinage are again not in accord with what the indenture
would lead us to expect. Although the later coins may
be slightly lighter than those which come before them,
there is no such difference as between 48 grains and 43,
or, to be accurate, 42§ grains.
A FIND OF SILVER COINS OF EDWARD IV HENRY VIII. 53
Another feature in these second issue coins is the bust.
It is always called Henry's own bust, and doubtless it is,
but it represents a man who, though not in extreme
youth, is still not an old man. Now Henry was born in
1491, and thus he would be thirty-five in 1526. The
change from this portrait to that represented on the
earliest full-faced coin is again very marked, and would
lead to the supposition that the earlier bust had been
used for a very long time before it changed for a, full-
faced portrait. At present the duration of the second
issue is limited to seventeen years, which would hardly
seem long enough to account for the great difference in
portraiture exhibited. It may be here remarked that the
relationship between the numbers of first and second
issue coins which have come down to us would also war-
rant us in the belief that the coins with Henry's own bust
replaced those of his father at no very long time after he
came to the throne. Yet at present we have to believe
that the first issue was an equally long one with the
second, 1509 to 1526. The first issue coins, in compari-
son with those which followed, are of extreme rarity.
The same sort of story is told by the provincial mints
at this time. The coins of Christopher Bainbrigge, Arch-
bishop of York from 1508 to 1515, are very rare ; they
are all of the first issue. Of Wolsey, who followed him,
and who died in 1531, hardly any are known of the first
issue, and no groats at all. Those of the second issue,
groats and half-groats, are among our commonest coins at
this time ; yet a bare five years is given for this large
issue. Lee, who had ten years at York after Wolsey's
death, is represented relatively by very few half-
groats.
At Canterbury Archbishop Wareham ruled from 1504
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to 1532, but the proportion of his early coins to the later
ones is extremely small.
If the only other mint, that of Durham, be consulted,
it will be found that there are no T. W. marked pence of
the first issue, and that all those with T. "W. must be
referred to the issue which bears the " Rosa " legend, i.e.,
the second coinage. A few coins with D. W. may perhaps
be referred to Wolsey, more especially as there is a
cardinal's hat below the shield.
All these facts point to one of two alternatives. Either
the date of the indenture is wrong, or what comes to the
same thing, the second coinage, anyhow of silver, was
started long before 1526, which seems borne out by the
coins themselves, or there must have been an enormous
coinage of silver between 1526 and 1543, and again
between this year and that of the King's death in 1547.
L. A. LAWRENCE.
VI.
TIMOTHEUS KEFATUS OF MANTUA AND THE
MEDALLIST " T. R."
(See Plates I., II.)
THE obscure artist who signs himself TIM. REF. MANT.
is represented by a very small number of medals. The
only pieces hitherto assigned to him with any degree of
certainty are the two described by Armand.1 For com-
pleteness' sake, I describe them again.
1. Olv.— THEODORVS. QVALLA • AVRELIVS. PIOSNA.
Half-figures superposed to r. of Qualla and
Piosna, both tonsured and bearded, in monkish
dress ; on the truncation of Qualla's r. arm, 156Z.
E*V._AVGVST. GREG. PASTORIB. VIGIL. Victory
holding two wreaths flying to 1. over a wooded
landscape, in which is a shepherd with his
flock ; a mountain in the background ; below,
TIM. REF. MANT. F. ; small branches before
and after the signature.
Diameter 80'5 mm. Bronze. In the collection of Mr.
T. Whitcomb Greene.2 [PI. I. 1.]
1 Les Medailleurs italiens, i., pp. 236, 237.
8 I have to thank the owner for kindly permitting me to
publish this medal.
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. Obv.— THEODORVS QVALLA MANT AET SVvE AN
L. Half-figure r. of Qualla, dressed as on No. 1 ;
on the truncation of his r. arm, 156Z, and on a
scroll below, TIM. R. M. F.
Rev.— AD VBERIORA HINC EVOCATI. A shepherd
carrying a staff over his 1. shoulder, walking to
r. , driving his flock before him ; in the back-
ground trees and buildings.
Diameter 68'5 mm. Lead ; gilt on obv. British Museum.
[PL I. 2.]
This medal was only known to Armand from the
engraving in Mazzuchelli,3 in which the artist's signature
is entirely omitted, and the date wrongly given as 1561.
The last numeral is, it must be admitted, half obliterated,
but there can be little doubt of its being a 2, shaped like
a Z. In spite of the omission of the signature, Armand
rightly identified the medal as the work of the same
artist as No. 1.
Who that artist was, or at least his name, a third medal
tells us. Once in the collection of King George III and
now in the British Museum, it has hitherto escaped
observation in the recesses of the " King's Cabinet." Its
description is as follows : —
8. Obv.—- TIMOT • REFATVS • SVI • IPS • EFFIGIATOR •
Bust r. of the artist, tonsured and boarded, in
monkish dress ; on the truncation, 1566.
Rev.— • NON • VLTRA • VIRES • Arabian camel lying
down to 1. ; beside it, two corded packages ; in
the background, trees. Signature, before the
beginning of the inscription, T- R-
Diameter 23 mm. Lead. British Museum (Geo. Ill
Collection). [PL I. 3.]
3 L, tab. Ixvii. 1.
TIMOTHEUS REFATUS AND THE MEDALLIST " T. R." 57
M. G. Milanesi* has expressed the opinion that our
artist is Tiraoteo degli Aliprandi, refereridarius of the
Duke of Mantua, apparently basing his suggestion on the
idea that REF is the abbreviation of " referendarius."
This explanation now falls to the ground ; but a further
suggestion of the same authority, that TIM. REF. is
identical with the artist who signs himself T. R. on a
number of medals,5 seems to receive some support from the
signature T. R. on the reverse of Refatus' portrait medal
of himself. Nevertheless I am bound to admit that
Armand is right in hesitating to admit this identification,
chiefly on account of a difference of style, but also on
chronological grounds. Refatus' style is very distinctive,
although it may not be of the best ; he seems to have
been under German influence, and has certain mannerisms,
such as the introduction of trees bent by the wind in an
otherwise still landscape. The very different style of
T. R. can easily be appreciated by an examination of the
following medals, which I have chosen for illustration
as being at once very characteristic of his style, and
enabling us, in three out of the five pieces, to add some
information to that already given by Armand. Although
some of the originals are rather poor specimens, they
are the best at my disposal, and serve my present
purpose.6
1. Obv.— DIDACVS DE SOLIS EQVES HIEROSOLIM.
Bust to r. of Diego de Solis, cuirassed.
4 Quoted by Armand, torn, iii., p. 118.
5 Armand, i., pp. 82, 286 ; iii., pp. 137, 138.
6 1 have to thank Dr. Menadier for kindly sending me casts of
all the specimens of T. R..'s medals in the Berlin Cabinet.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev.— NIL DESPERANDVM • T • R • Right arm hold-
ing a wand, pointing towards the sun ; below, a
landscape.
Diameter 45 mm. Berlin Museum. [PI. II. 1.]
Not described by Armand. Diego de Solis was sent
as envoy of the Grand Master to Don John of Austria,
in 1573, and to the Pope in 1576.7
2. Obi:— BENEDICTVS CARD. LOMELLINVS T. R.
Bust of the Cardinal to r., bare-headed, bearded,
Wearing camail.
Rev.— MANSVETVDO. Figure of Gentleness standing
to left, a veil attached to the back of her head,
trampling on a serpent ; she extends her r.
hand over a dove which she holds in her left.
In the left lower margin • T • R (retrograde).
Diameter 84-5 X 28-5 mm. British Museum. Lead.
[PI. II. 2.] Another specimen (bronze, 84 X 28
mm.) in the Bibliotheque Nationale (Armand, i.
p. 287, 4).
The same type and legend occur on another medal of
Benedetto Loraellini described by Armand, with the
artist's signature IN. It is dated on the obverse 1569,
and Lomellini's age is described as fifty-two.8
8. Obv— CAMILLVS VRSINVS MAX. BELLOR DVX'—
•T'R- Bust of Camillo Orsini to r., bare-headed,
with long beard, wearing cuirass.
Rev. — None.
Diameter 46 mm. Berlin Museum. [PI. II. 3.]
7 Bart, dal Pozzo, Hist, della sacra Reliff. milit. di S. Giovanni
gerosolim., Pt. I, Verona, 1703, pp. 68, 121.
8 Armand, i. p. 253. A cast, which I owe to the kindness of
M. de la Tour, shows that the style of H. N. is far superior to
that of T. R., and irf indeed worthy to rank beside Pastorino's.
TTMOTHEUS REFATUS AND THE MEDALLIST " T. R." 59
This medal is described by Armand (i. 233, 29) under
the artist Graleotti, with the signature PPR, and a
reference to Litta.9 Litta's engraving gives merely PR,
which, in the light of the Berlin specimen, must be
amended to TR.
4. flto.—VLYSSES ALDROVAND? PHI • AC • MED-— T-R-
Bust to right of Ulisse di Teseo Aldrovandi, bare-
headed, with short beard, draped.
Jfcw.— SENSIBVS HAEC IMIS RES EST NON PARVA
REPONIT.— T-R- A cock standing to left on
its left leg, head reverted, holding in its beak a
finger-ring, in its right leg an olive branch with
berries.
Diameter 42 mm. British Museum. Bronze. [PL II. 4.]
Cp. Armand, iii. p. 188 B. (Royal Museum of
Parma and City Museum of Bologna.) Another
specimen is in the Berlin Museum.
The inscription is an adaptation of the line of Vergil,
Eel. iii., 54 : " Sensibus haec imis, res est non parva,
reponas." The specimens described by Armand must be
poor, as he was unable to read the whole of the inscrip-
tion, and did not notice the ring in the cock's beak. But
in Giov. Fantuzzi's Memorie della Vita di Ulisse Aldro-
vandi (Bologna, 1774), there is an illustration (facing
page 1) of what must be a fairly good specimen, com-
bining the reverse of our medal with the obverse of the
variety given by Armand, iii. p. 138 C, with the date
1570 on the truncation of the right arm.
In explanation of the type, Mr. A. S. Murray suggests
that it must have some reference to the fable of the cock
which found a gem on its dunghill. That this is the
9 Fam. Cel., Orsini, 88.
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
case, and that at the same time the type is emblematic of
the enormous industry and reputation for learning of
the celebrated naturalist, there can be little doubt, in
view of the following passage (relating to the use of the
cock as an emblem) from his Ornithologia.™
Aesopicus Gallus, qui gemmam inventam spernit, et viliorem
cibnm quaerit, cum verbis, PAR IGNORANZE, si^nificat
hominem, qui inscius virtutis dulcissimos fructus spernit, vitiis
sese immergens, et nutriens. Huius emblematis idem (scil. lo.
Baptista Pittonus, in insigni Frid. Sigis. Fuccari) author eat.
Eadem denique ales cum lauri ramo in rostro, et cum verbo
VIGILANDO, hominem denotat, qui in vigiliis : non autem in
somno, et otio vitam degat, ut bene operando aeternam adipis-
catur gloriam.
The branch on the medal is, it is true, not of laurel, but
of olive ; nevertheless, as the olive is the tree of Minerva it
is equally significant of the dulcissimi fructus and the
aeterna gloria to be won by devotion to learning.
5. Obv — DIANA MANTV ANA' T'R- Bust of Diana Ghisi
(Scultori) to r., drapery on back of head.
Rev.— AES INCIDIMVS (-n'c). Right hand engraving
with burin on an oval copper plate a Madonna
and Child. In right lower margin, T'R'
Diameter 40 mm. British Museum (obv.) and Berlin
Museum (rev.). [PL II. 5.]
The British Museum specimen is in bronze (C. F.
Keary, Guide to the Exhibition of Italian Medals, p. 76,
No. 288). Other specimens are in the Bibliotheque
Nationale (bronze : Armand, i. p. 287, 3) and in the Flor-
ence Museum (bronze : I. B. Supino, il Medagliere Mediceo,
p. 164, No. 511).
10 Bologna, 1684, torn. II, lib. xiv, p. 271
•
TIMOTHEUS REFATUS AND THE MEDALLIST " T. R." 61
It is doubtful whether the composition which Diana is
engraving is meant for any particular picture. It bears
a general resemblance to more than one of her extant
engravings, but where the outline is so faint and the
subject so common it would be absurd to attempt any
identification.
In the light of these medals it will, I think, be
generally agreed that the identification of T. R. with
Refatus must, as Armand has seen, be rejected.
The proper elucidation of the types of the medals of
Refatus must be left to someone who has the opportunity
of searching the records of the Mantuan religious houses.
The legend and type of the large medal of Qualla seem to
point to a removal of his monastery " to more fertile pas-
tures," the shepherd being Qualla himself,11 just as in
Mr. Whitcomb Greene's little medal the " watchful
shepherds " are presumably Qualla and Piosna. The
legend and the camel on the portrait -medal of Refatus
allude to the idea that the camel would not carry more
than its just weight, or travel more than its just
distance.12
G. F. HILL.
11 Cp. Mazzuchelli, i., p. 811.
12 Soliims, Polyhist., 52 : " Sunt alii oneri ferendo accom-
modati, alii leves ad pernicitatem. sed nee illi ultra iustum
pondera recipiunt, nee isti amplius quam solita spatia volunt
egredi." Pliny, N. H. viii. 18, 68: " Sua cuique mensma
sicuti vires, nee ultra adsuetum procedit spatium, nee plus
institute onere recipit." These passages are given by
Aldrovandi, Quadrupedum own. bisukorum historia (Bologna,
1621), Tom. I. lib. i. p. 81)8, together with a quotation to the
Bame eflect from Samuel Purchas
VII.
SOME NOTES ON THE COINS STRUCK AT
OMDURMAN BY THE MAHDI AND THE KHALIFA.
(See Plates in. and IV.)
THE defeat and death of the Khalifa Abdullah put an end
to a coinage which adds another curious illustration to the
numismatic history of Mohammedan Africa. My attention
was drawn to the coins by having a bag of sixty or seventy
of the copper dollars, issued by the Khalifa during the
last seven years of his rule, placed in my hands for exam-
ination. The coins were found, when the Sirdar's troops
entered Omdurman, in an empty house by the servant
of a young relative of mine, Captain Lyle Cummins, of
the R.A.M.C., who sent them home. And as the gold
and silver coins first issued appear to be already very rare,
and even these copper dollars are disappearing — it is said,
though I do not know on what authority, that they are
now being shipped to England in considerable quantity
for the purpose of extracting the silver contained in them —
it may be useful to record all that I have been able to learn
about them so far. Captain Cummins writes to me : —
" I do not think that they are legal tender in the Sudan
now; in fact I am perfectly sure that they are not, as in places
like Kassala and Gedaref one often finds two or three in a
day lying about on the ground. That would not be the
COINS STRUCK BY THE MAHDI AXD THE KHALIFA. 63
case if they were of any value ; besides, I have never seen
one in circulation. The silver dollars must be very rare,
as I have not been able to get any."
The following notes are taken from papers by Yacoub
Artin Pasha, published in Cairo in 1888, and by Dr. H.
Niitzel, published in Berlin in 1894, and from the notices
on the coins contained in the narratives of Father
Ohrwalder, Slatin Pasha, and C. Neufeld.
Mohammed Ahmed, the Mahdi, belonged to the race of
people known as the Danagla, i.e. inhabitants of Dongola,
and was born about 1840 ; his father came into the Sudan
when quite a young man, and at Kererri Mohammed
Ahmed's early youth was spent in learning the Kuran.
Later on he led the life of a Dervish, moving about from
place to place and striving to rouse the Moslems to religious
fanaticism, preaching everywhere against the oppression
of the Turk and the decadence of the true Moslem faith,
and gaining by his ascetic life a reputation for sanctity
which brought to him a number of influential adherents.
With these he retired to the island of Abba, on the White
Nile, where he openly declared himself to be the Mahdi,
Khalifa er Rasul, or successor of the Prophet. Rumours
reached Khartum that he intended to raise a revolt, and
E/auf Pasha, the Governor, sent a force to arrest him.
The Mahdi's first overt act of rebellion was the attack on,
and the destruction of, this force. This was in July, 1881
(1298 A.H.). Immediately afterwards, leaving his island
retreat, he commenced his career of conquest ; but though
he appears to have dated the beginning of his reign from
early in 1881, he did not issue any coins until after the
fall of Khartum in January, 1885 (1302 A.H.). He had
then accumulated considerable quantities of the precious
metals, and the Emir of the Beit-ul-Mal, or Treasurv,
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Ahmad Wad Suleiman, utilised this treasure for the
coinage. At this time, according to Father Ohrwalder,
besides gold coins of Egypt and English sovereigns, the
principal currency in the Sudan was the Medjidie dollar.
The Maria Theresa dollar, French five-franc pieces and
Spanish dollars were also current, and Egyptian piastres
and half-piastres were occasionally seen, as well as copper
coins of all descriptions.
The Mahdi's issues consisted of a gold piece of 100
piastres, a servile copy of the Egyptian pound, bearing
the date 1255 and the name of the Sultan, Abd-al-Majid,
and a silver piece of 20 piastres, imitating the Turkish
Medjidie dollar, but with the Sultan's name replaced by
the words ^J^l^b " By order of the Mahdi," and with
the correct date 1302 A.H., but without any indication of
the mint. Both of these coins, which were of good
standard, had almost disappeared from circulation before
the escape of Father Ohrwalder in 1309 A.M., and the
quantity struck cannot have been large, as Slatin Pasha
states that the Mahdi before his death had stopped their
issue.
The Mahdi died in 1302, within six months after the
fall of Khartum, after having named as his successor the
Khalifa Abdulla, a member of the Taisha section of the
Baggara tribe. Abdulla did not strike any coins until
1304. At that date " an immense stock of silver trinkets,
captured in the various campaigns, lay stored up in the
Treasury, and quantities of these had been sold for much
below their value and had been secretly taken by dealers
to Egypt. In order to put a stop to this the Khalifa now
decided to make his own coinage." (Fire and Sword in the
Sudan, p. 407.) The Treasurer, Ibrahim Wad Adlan,
who was appointed on the fall of Suleiman, in April or
COINS STRUCK BY THE MAHDI AND THE KHALIFA. 65
May, 1886 (1303), began the issue of 20, 10, and 5 piastre
pieces of a new type, bearing the name of the mint
"Orndurman" and the word "Makbul" (accepted).
These coins were of lower standard than the Madhi dollar,
but still presented the appearance of silver.
Father Ohrwalder arrived at Omdurman in April,
1886, and at that time, he states, " there was a great
scarcity of small coins, and in consequence pieces of damur
(a twilled cotton fabric, manufactured in the Sudan) were
made currency valued at 10, 5, and 2^ piastres ; but these
rags soon became so dirty that people refused to accept
them. The Khalifa threatened those who refused with
confiscation of property and imprisonment " ; but after a
short time he found that this could not be enforced, and
the dirty rags were withdrawn from circulation.
The new coins were not more favourably received.
According to Slatin Pasha the Mahdi dollar contained 7
parts of silver and 1 of copper ; Adlan's first coinage 6
silver and 2 copper, and his second coinage 5 silver and
3 copper. The merchants refused to accept these latter
coins for twenty piastres ; as a punishment their goods
were confiscated and their shops closed. This had its
intended effect, and on their agreeing to accept the new
coinage at its nominal value their property was restored to
them. The natural result of these measures was an
immediate rise of prices ; but all the Khalifa knew was
that his dollars were accepted, and with that he was
satisfied.
Ohrwalder escaped in November, 1891 (1309), and prior
to that date Adlan had also fallen, and Nur-el-Gereifawi
had been made Treasurer. Under him the debasement of
the coinage made rapid strides. Slatin writes that the
" Omla Gedida" or " new currency " dollar contained 2
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. K
66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
parts silver and 6 parts copper, and that when he escaped
a Medjidie dollar was worth eight " Omla Gedida " dollars.
Neufeld states that Nur " came to the conclusion evidently
that a coin was but a token, and that it was immaterial
what it was made of, provided it carried some impression
on it. The quantity of silver in his dollars grew less and
less and then was only represented by a light plating, which
wore off in a few weeks' time. "When people grumbled
he unblushingly issued copper coins pure and simple," and
farther that "as the silver dollars disappeared the few
remaining went up enormously in value, until in the end
they were valued at fifty or sixty of the Beit-el-Mal
coins."
The quantity of these base coins issued (both authorised
and unauthorised, for the die-cutters made dies for them-
selves and their friends as well as for the government),
must have been very large. When Neufeld was sent to the
arsenal at Khartum, shortly before Slatin's escape (1312),
he says that " two men were kept continuously engaged
casting square steel blocks for the Omdurman mint ; these
blocks were polished and cut in Omdurman and twenty-
five sets were generally in use at the same time. Possibly
two hundred men were employed in the melting of the
copper and casting it into moulds the size and thickness
of the dollars. The discs were next passed on to the
people who gave them the impression ; this was obtained
by placing the disc on the lower block and then hammer-
ing the upper block upon it." This account of the
process appears to explain a question raised in Artin
Pasha's paper as to whether the Mahdi's coins were struck
or cast. The coins I examined, of which about fifty bear
the date 1312, mostly show signs of casting on their
surfaces and confirm the statement as to the number of
COINS STRUCK BY THE MAHDI AND THE KHALIFA. 67
dies employed, as at least twenty-one different dies were
used in striking them.
Besides the 20, 10, and 5 piastre pieces, Ohrwalder
states that a few 1 piastre pieces were issued, " on
one side of which was stamped the Tughra and on the
other side the word Omdurman." Of these I have only
seen two very worn specimens ; on neither of them is the
date legible ; they are not noticed by Dr. Niitzel in his
paper on the early coinages of 1302 and 1304, but must
have been struck between 1304 and the beginning of 1309,
when Father Ohrwalder escaped. None of the works
quoted mention any issue of copper coins, but Dr. Codring-
ton has a pretty, well-executed little coin in copper,
possibly a pattern for a 10 para piece, which value is
indicated on it.
In Slatin Pasha's narrative the following table is given,
showing the various descriptions of dollars coined during
the ten years preceding his escape, viz., from 1302 to
1311 A.H.
Weight in Dirhems.
Copper. Silver.
1. The Mahdi dollar 7 1
2. The first dollar made by Ibrahim Adlan . 6 %
8. The second dollar ,, ,, ..53
4. The first dollar of Nur-el-Gereifawi. (This is
known as the Makbul dollar) . . . 4 4
6. The second dollar of Nur-el-Gereifawi. (This
is known as the Abu Sidr or Makbul) . 3 4
6. The dollar of Suleiman Abdullah. (This is
known as the Abu Kibs or crossed-spears
dollar) . . . ."'.'"'. . 2J- 4J
7. The first dollar of Abd-el-Majid. (Also called
the Makbul) 2± 4*
8. The dollar of Weki Alia . 2* 4*
9. The dollar of " Omla Gedida " (new money) . 2 5
The dirhem, according to Noback's Muuz-Maass- und
Geu'ichtsbucA, is equal to 3*0884 grammes, therefore
68 NUMISMATIC CHKOMCLE,
Nos. 1 to 4 should weigh 247 grammes, and Nos. 5 to 9
21*62 grammes.
The actual weights, as might be expected from the
process of making the coins, as already described, vary
greatly ; the legal weight of the Medjidie 20 piastres is
24-055 grammes, the fineness '830. According to Slatin's
table, the Mahdi dollar should weigh 24'7 grammes and
be -875 fine ; practically none of the weights recorded by
Artin Pasha and Dr. Niitzel exceed 24-06 grammes, and
one coin weighed only 23*05 grammes. The British
Museum coin, a fine specimen, weighs 370 grains —
23-97 grammes. The variation in the case of the other
types is quite as great. Very few of those I have ex-
amined come up to Slatin's figures ; many, even when in
fine condition, are considerably lighter.
The Mahdi coin appears to be of good silver, the three
specimens of 1304 that I have seen also silver but base,
and so are the coins of 1309 and 1310 in the British
Museum Collection. Coins of the later types occasionally
show traces of the plating that Neufeld describes, but
most of the "crossed spears" coins appear to be simply
copper without a trace of silver about them.
The figures on these coins, which occupy the place
where on Turkish and Egyptian coins the regnal year of
the Sultan is indicated, are puzzling. On the Mahdi dollar
of 1302 (PI. Ill, No. 1) the figure 5 appears. As this
coin was struck between the fall of Khartum in January,
1885, and the death of the Mahdi in June of the same
year, he appears, Dr. Niitzel points out, to have dated the
beginning of his reign from the spring of 1881, or before
he defeated Rauf Pasha's forces. The coins of the Khalifa
do not follow an}7 settled system ; on some the figures
agree with his own regnal years, most of his dollars dated
COINS STRUCK BY THE MAHDI AND THE KHALIFA. 69
1311, 1312, and the smaller coins of 1304 have figures
which coincide with the years of the new century of the
Hijrah. This Dr. Niitzel explains by the belief, prevalent
amongst Mohammedans, that one of the principal signs
for the recognition of the true Mahdi would be his ap-
pearing at the close of a century, and for this reason he
suggests that Abdulla adopted the year 1300 A.H. as the
date of beginning of the new dynasty ; the figures, there-
fore, on these coins would indicate the dynastic and not
the regnal year. Coins of 1304 have 1, and the three
types of 1315 have each a different numeral, none of them
corresponding with either the regnal or the dynastic year,
and their explanation has still to be found. Perhaps for
the coins of 1315 it was simply that all the more educated
workmen were dead or disabled, like Elias el Kurdi (one
of the best workmen of the Khalifa's earlier years), who,
Father Ohrwalder relates, had one hand and one foot cut
off in 1889 for issuing counterfeit money.
As already mentioned, the two coins issued in the life-
time of the Mahdi imitated the types of the Egyptian
pound and of the Turkish Medjidie dollar, or 20-piastre
piece.
Under the Khalifa dollars were coined of five different
types.
Type 1. — Introduced in 1304 ; has outer circles of twelve-
double crescents, forming a chain-like pattern. The type
may be taken from the coinage for Egypt under the
Sultan Mahmud II. I have not found any closer proto-
type.
Type 2. — Introduced in 1310 ; appears to be an imi-
tation of the new Egyptian coinage of 1303 or 1304.
It has crossed branches on both sides, crossed spears on
the reverse, and a branch with seven leaves before the
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Tughra. Roses take the place of the stars which are on
the Eg}^ptian coins.
Type 3. — Introduced in 1312, is a modification of
type 2 ; the crossed spears are on the obverse, the branch
with seven leaves is replaced by small flower sprays
before and behind the Tughra, and stars take the places
of most of the roses.
Type 4. — Introduced in 1311, is the "new money,"
and reverts for type to the Turkish Medjidie silver.
These coins are of better workmanship than any of the
other issues of the Khalifa.
Type 5. — Introduced in 1311, is a modification of
type 4, the stars and ornaments accompanying the
crescents being omitted.
The figures on the accompanying plates fully illustrate
all these types excepting the gold pound issued by the
Mahdi, of which I have not seen a specimen ; it is figured
and described in the papers by Yacoub Artin Pasha and
Dr. H. Niitzel already referred to. The illustrations are :
No. 1. The Mahdi dollar.— Obv. The Tughra with
\s = "by order of the Mahdi." Rev. IT-T
<=$- '-rir* = " struck in the Hijra (year
understood) 1302." This coin is of good silver.
[PI. III. 1.]
No. 2. The first 20 piastres of the Khalifa issued by Ibrahim
Adlan. Obv. In Tughra JjJU = " accepted "
(i.e. as legal coin), and Rev. <~; c-^J
l» •*< (j\s»jJ+\ = "struck at Omdurman,
1304." [PI. HI. 2]. The British Museum
has a 20 piastres of same type, date 11**^ ; both
are of base silver.
No. 3. 20 piastres of type 2, legends as on last ; date
IT!- (1810). This coin is in the Brit. Mus.
COINS STRUCK BY THE MAHDI AND THE KHALIFA. 71
Collection and is also of base silver. [PL III. 3.]
Another of same date in the writer's collection
appears to be of copper only : both have speara
on obv. as well as on rev. and they probably re-
present the first issues of Nur-el-Grereifawi.
No. 4. 20 piastres of type 2, but without spears on obv. ;
date (TIT [PI. III. 4.] This type also occurs
with the dates I f I I and I f* 1 0 ; it belongs
to the silver-washed series. Mr. Howorth's <:oin
of 1311, apparently in mint state, has a complete
silver coating ; on the 1312 coin the silver
coating has entirely disappeared, and the 1315 is
of simple red copper.
No. 5. 20 piastres of type 8, legends as last. Spears
on ohv. only [PI. III. 5]. The bulk of the base
20 piastres that I have examined are of this type
and are dated lr I f ; it also occurs with dates
| r I r and I ri 6 > an<* there are many slight
varieties ; all are very base.
No. 6. 20 piastres of the JJuJc*- <^ȣ or new money,
type 4. Obv., in Tughra the above words take the
place of J^-JL*, and Rev. legend <J»_ <—r>j<*> sj^3j£-
HI I. ^U».t>,»i, the whole being an even
closer copy of the Medjidie coin than the Mahdi
dollar [PI. III. 6]. It also occurs with the date
If" 1 1 (Brit. Mus. and Dr. Codrington's coll.);
and all that I have seen are very base, though
with some traces of silver. On these coins there
is a small label with incuse inscription in field on
obv.
No. 7. 20 piastres of type 5, as last, but the stars and
ornaments accompanying the crescents are
omitted. Legends as No. 6, date 1312 [PL IV. 1.];
also of 1311 in Brit. Mus. coll., very base.
Nos. 8 and 9. 20 piastres of type 5, but with the legends of
type 2, JjJU, &c. ; date 1312 [PI IV. 2]. The
place of this coin may be before type 4. A curious
variety in the writer's collection has the label
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
as on No. 6 and rev. the date IT-T. This
must be an error ; the Khalifa did not strike any
coins until IT'S.. Dr. Codrington suggests
that it should be IT-1. This would agree with
the dynastic year 9 which appears on it. This piece
is of base silver and was sent by Captain
Cummins from Khartum. [PI. IV. 3.]
No. 10. 20 piastres of 1315, a rude modification of type
3, copper with no sign of silver [PI. IV. 4] ; in
D. F. Howorth's coll. On this coin the engraver
has omitted the figures denoting the number of
piastres — it has been struck over an earlier
" crossed-spears " dollar ; it may be one of the
false coins already alluded to.
No. 11, 5 piastres of type 1, date 1311 [PI. HI. 7]. Mr.
Howorth's coll. Dr. Niitzel describes three
varieties of this type all dated 1804. This speci-
men of 1311 is of base silver.
No. 12. 5 piastres of type 4, date 1811, the
but omits the label found on the 20 piastres. Mr.
Howorth's coll. [PI. IV. 5], where there is also
a 2 piastre piece of this type, with date 181 2,
both base. The only mention of pieces of 2 piastres
that I have seen is in Captain Cummins' letter
quoted on next page. Their value is denoted
in an unusual manner, an » being placed over the
LJ~ I_LJ"*J an(^ t'kis aPPears on some specimens
to be joined to the r, making it like a r.
Though of the same size as the 5 piastres, No.
12, they are thinner and lighter.
No. 13. 2 piastres of type 5; I TIT ; base silver [PI.
IV 7]
No. 14, 2 piastres, 1312, type 4, but the word
replaces the JJoA?- <d^c in the Tughra; a
curious rude coin very base. D. F. H. coll.
[PI. IV 6.]
No. 15. 10 paras of 1808 from Dr. Codrington 's coll., the
only specimen I have seen, of good workman-
ship. J^r^ in ^e Tughra ; below ^-^ or 10
p(aras). Rev. date and mint. [PL IV. 8-] Dr.
COINS STRUCK BY THE MAHDI AND THE KHALIFA. 73
Codrington informs me that this pretty coin was
sent to him from Suakim by a friend.
Besides these coins Dr. Niitzel describes and figures
a 10 piastres of type 1 and dated 1304; this coin
I have not yet seen. All the coins described have milled
edges. On the Mahdi's dollar and Dr. Codrington's copper
coin this is fairly well done, on the other coins it is rude
and irregular, as if done by hand.
P.S. — Since writing the foregoing notes I have received
a letter from Captain Cummins from Khartum, in which
he says, " Are these dollar pieces of 20 piastres ? I
gather so from your letter, which speaks of J dollars as
* 5 piastres.' The Egyptian dollar is of course 20
piastres, but in the Sudan the natives speak of the
Egyptian 10 p. as a ' rial,' i.e., dollar, and the
Abyssinian rial is valued at 10 p. The Egyptian 10
p. is about the size of the Khalifa rial. I cannot help
thinking that the Khalifa's dollar was a 10 p. piece. I
have just taken one way to find out, having asked some
of the Jehedeyah who are working on the barracks
here, who had used the coins themselves. They all
agree that the rial was 10 p. They tell me that the
small coins I am sending you (illustrations 11 and 12)
are half-dollars (5 p.) and that the only other coin
was a still smaller one, value 2 piastres." This may
mean that on the disappearance of the silver coins the
base dollar passed at half its nominal value, and this-
would account for no pieces with indicated value 10 p.
of the later dates having turned up. There can be
no doubt as to the value they were originally intended
to pass for, almost all having the (J^/~, 20 grusch, or
piastres, indicated on them.
SAMUEL SMITH, Jun.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. L
MISCELLANEA.
THREE LEAD TICKETS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
(1) GLASGOW ASSEMBLY —
Olrv. — ". Glasgow . Assembly . 1732 ." on a sunk rim.
The arms of Glasgow in a small sunk circle in
the centre — countermarked " No. 20."
Rev.— Blank.
Lead. Size 1-85 in.
This ticket, dated as early as 1782, no doubt relates to the
public dances, known as the " Glasgow Assemblies," held for
many years in the winter season in Glasgow.
Until the Assembly Rooms were opened in 1740, the Glasgow
Assemblies were held in the Merchants' Hall, Bridegate, and
were usually well attended, the Duchess of Douglas for several
years patronising them. The management of the business part
of the assemblies was vested in directors and a secretary, who
framed an elaborate (and amusing) set of rules. The arrange-
ment of the dancing and the other business of each night was
superintended by a lady of fashion. The tickets for the first
MISCELLANEA. 75
assembly of the year were sold at 5s., and for the others at 4s.
each.
It is interesting to note that no theatrical representation was
allowed in Glasgow until 1750, four years after the opening of
the first regular theatre in Scotland, which was situate in
Cannongate, Edinburgh.
(See New Statistical Account of Scotland, Blackwood, 1845,
vol. vi. pp. 119 and 210; and Denholme's History of Glasgow,
1804, p. 348.)
(2) PANTHEON GARDENS, SPA FIELDS, CLERKENWELL —
Obv.— Inscription in seven lines: "PANTHEON BY
DELIVERING THIS TICKET TO THE
WAITER YB INTITLED TO THE VALUE OF
6D- " ; outside, a circle and an ornamental border
of leaves.
Rev. — " 3" " May " " 1772 " in three ornamented circles.
Below, "FOR THIS DAY ONLY" and two
roses and a scallop shell ; all in a circle of dots.
Lead. Size 1-25 in.
This ticket relates to the Pantheon Gardens in Spa Fields.
There, a building with four acres of grounds, was opened in 1770,
and noted for the tea and punch sold there. The gardens
flourished until 1776, when they were sold and the building
was converted into the Northampton Chapel, and subsequently
the Spa Fields Chapel.
In Pink's History of Clerkenwell, 1881, p. 143, is set out
a letter to the St. Jamas' Chronicle, from " Speculator," dated
5th May, 1772, describing his visit with a friend to these
gardens on the previous Sunday on his way from the City to
Cold Bath Fields. After describing the scene of disorder and
riot, the writer states that he and his friend procured seats, and
producing their tickets, were served with twelve pennyworth of
punch. The company seemed to consist of City apprentices
and the lower class of tradesmen. He concludes : " Of all the
tea-houses in the environs of London, the most, exceptionable
that I have had occasion to be in is the Pantheon."
It should be noted that Wheatley, in London, Past and
Present, vol. hi., p. 24, in describing the Pantheon which was
opened in Oxford Street on the 12th January, 1772 (and after
being an opera house and a bazaar is now occupied by Messrs.
W. and A. Gilbey), quotes a letter, dated 4th May, 1774, from
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Gibbon, the historian, to Holroyd, describing "Boodle's mas-
querade last night, costing 2,000 guineas," and concluding,
" I left the Pantheon about five this morning." This fete
would have been exactly two years after the fete of 1772.
Mr. Walters, of Leamington, informs me that he knows of a
specimen of this ticket, dated before the opening of the Pan-
theon in Oxford Street, showing that it belongs to Clerkenwell.
8. MB. Cox's MUSEUM —
Obv.— Inscription in three lines : MK- COX'S MUSEUM,
1773.
Rev. — A head in the centre, with lines radiating from it
to the edge, possibly taken from a mechanical
figure in the museum, representing the sun.
Lead. Size 1*4 in.
Mr. James Cox, who worked at 103, Shoe Lane, Fleet Street,
found himself, in 1778, in financial difficulties. He applied to
Parliament, and obtained an Act (13 Geo. III. c. XLI). This
Act states that Mr. Cox had invented several mechanical pieces
of uncommon and expensive workmanship, in the construction
of which employment had been afforded to near one thousand
ingenious and industrious artists and workmen, and that these
mechanical pieces had been sold in the East Indies and abroad
for near £600,000 ; but, on account of the distress and scarcity
of money in the East Indies and Europe, he could not dispose
of the pieces on hand, composing the museum known as Cox's
Museum, and he was in debt. It was therefore enacted that,
in order that the useful branch of trade brought to so much per-
fection by the said James Cox might still be carried on with
success, he was empowered, at any time before the 1st
January, 1780, to sell and dispose of the said Museum in
such manner as he thought proper, without being liable to any
penalty imposed by statute against any sale by way of lottery,
or by lots, tickets, numbers, or figures.
In the schedule to the Act is set out a list of fifty items,
comprising the Museum, nearly all fitted with chimes and
mechanism, many being ten to twenty feet high. For instance,
No. 48 is "a swan, large as life, of silver, fitted with mecha-
nism, beating time with its beak to musical chimes, seated on
artificial water, within reflecting mirrors ; under the swan are
waterworks — terminating at the top with a rising sun upwards
of three feet in diameter ; the whole eighteen feet high." The
MISCELLANEA. 77
Museum, valued at £197,500, was exhibited in 1773 and 1774
in Spring Gardens, Charing Cross. Only a few persons were
admitted at a time, twice in the day, at half-a-guinea each.
This ticket is evidently one of the admission tickets.
In the meantime Mr. Cox was making arrangements for the
lottery, which was known as the " Museum Lottery." It was
drawn at the Guildhall on the 1st May, 1775. A man was
afterwards tried for bribing one of the Bluecoat Boys to conceal
a forged ticket in his hand at the drawing. The first prize was
a pair of diamond earrings, made for the Empress of Russia,
valued at £10,000. Mr. James Cox and his son continued to
carry on business at 103, Shoe Lane, until 1792.
Some of the pieces appear to have been acquired by Mr.
Thomas Weeks, who opened a mechanical museum at 4, Tich-
borne Street, in 1820 ; and in a sale of the effects of Mr. Charles
Weeks, at Christie's, in May, 1864, several pieces corresponding
with those in Mr. Cox's Museum were included, particularly
the silver swan, before referred to, but they appear to have
been in a dirty and dilapidated condition.
F. WILLSON YEATES.
GOLD COINS OF THE MUWAHHIDS. — I have had an opportunity
of examining a parcel of gold coins of the Muwahhid Khalifehs
of Marocco evidently forming the whole, or the larger part, of
a find from North Africa. These coins consist of 294 half -dinars
(average weight 35-4 grains) and 2 dinars (both 71 grains), all
struck between 524 and 611 A.H.
The hoard mainly consists of half-dinars of two types, the
one struck by Abu Yaakub Yusuf I (558-580 A.H.), and the
other by Abu Abd-allah Mohammed (595-611 A.H.), the latter
type not being represented in the British Museum Catalogue.
The chief interest in the find is due to the unusual number
of mint names which appear on the coins. This will be seen at
once from the following list, viz. :
MINTS.
'Abd el-Mumin. Tunis.
Fas.
Abu Yaakub Yusuf I. Ishbillyeh.
Medinet Bcjayeh.
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Abu Yaakub Yusuf I. Medmet Tilimsan.
Tunis.
Sijilmaseh.
Marrakush.
Hadr Marrakush.
Medinet Marrakush
(Uncertain mint)
Abu Abd-allah Mohammed. Bejayeh.
Medmet Fas.
Marrakush.
Medinet Marrakush.
I think it is important to note that during the period covered
by the reigns of the first four Khallfehs of this Dynasty, mint
names, so far as the gold coinage is concerned, appear only on
the smaller issues, the dinars being without any indication of
the mint from which they were issued. It is possible the
dinars were all struck at one mint, presumably Marrakush,
but other mints were allowed to participate in the coinage of
the half and quarter dinars.
From the fact that the mints above referred to largely
coincide with those appearing on the square silver coinage of
the Muwahhids (issued without date and without name of
prince), it may, I think, be assumed these silver dirliems were
struck at the same time, that is to say in the latter half of the
sixth century of the Hegirah. This is rendered the more
probable from the fact that later dirhems of the same Dynasty
are round instead of square, and bear the name of the prince
under whom they were struck, as well as the name of the mint.
(Cf. Numis. Chron. Vol. XII, New Series, f. 169.)
A description of the coins is annexed : —
EL-MuMiN (524-558), all half-dinars.
No.
1. No mint or date, same as B.M.C. 5, No. 86 2
2. Same type, but mint (j**J*J' (Tunis) appears in lower
part of square of both obverse and reverse . . 1
3. Same type, but with mint ~jli (Fas) on upper side
of square on obverse and on lower on reverse . . 1
MISCELLANEA. 79
ABU YAAKUB YUSUF I (558-580), all half-dinars.
Obverse in double squares, i*^*- T^ »*a^^ *
Marin,
Reverse in double squares.
-^ *j_
Margin.
4. No mint or date ....
5. With *-L-A\ (Ishbiliyeh)
6. ,, ilsT ^A^ (Med. Bejayeh) .
7. ,, jjU*«l3 <LjJ^ (Med. Tilimsan)
8. „ ^y (Tunis) .
9. ,, a^ULsr5 (Sijilmaseh)
10 ,, (j*U aiiJA^ (Med. Fas) .
11. ,, (Jl^\^» (Marrakush)
12. „ Jl£\j«j&. (Hadr Marrakush)
13. ,, ^j^\^t Lj>t\* (Med. Marrakush)
14. „ <Ux»1 (uncertain mint)
. 231
9
1
. 1
. 2
1
5
. 15
. 8
4
5
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ABU YUSITF YAAKUB I (580-595), both dinars.
15. No mint or date, same as B.M.C. 5, No. 100 . .
ABU ABB-ALLAH MOHAMMAD (595-611), all half-dinars.
Like No. 4, but reverse margin reads :
16. With
17. „
18. ,,
19.
; (Bejayeh) . . -.
(Med. Fas) . .
(Marrakush) . .
(Med. Marrakush)
296
J. M. C. JOHNSTON.
Mum,
MEDALS BY REFATUS OF MANTUA.
MEDALS BY T. R
Cfavn. Ser. WVol. ff.Pl, ///.
- //)
f£j&b
.'> i. \ > i i ^f /
^s
%,
^r |\(HW(-|
a- ^^ i'4vrjiyi
%,5
'; <
A3* *-"^ » *^-x
\ V r-'-r-'^ ° t
^* -^ -1 ^
# yv. ™ i A \*"*
«'''/T'//ml/\U\/'»
COINS STRUCK ATOMDURMAN.
COINS STRUCK ATOMDURMAN.
VIII.
A NOTE ON SOME COINS GENERALLY
ATTRIBUTED TO MAZAIOS, THE SATRAP OF
CILICIA AND SYRIA.
I AM aware of the temerity of differing in opinion from
such accomplished numismatists as M. Babelon, Mr. Hill,
and M. Six, on the subject of the Satrapal coinage of
Persia ; but perversity is my habit, and there are one or
two points on which I feel disposed to break a lance with
them, great men though they be. These points involve
the attribution of certain coins which they have assigned
to Mazaios, the Satrap of Cilicia.
With the great mass of the coins of this ruler I have
nothing to do to-day. Those, I mean, which bear the
name of Mazaios and which are inscribed with Aramaic
characters. There is another class, however, which do
not bear his name and which instead of Aramaic letters
are inscribed with Greek ones, and which have been
attributed to him by two of the great authorities above
named. My remarks are confined to this latter class.
I cannot see myself how it is possible for Mazaios,
or his companion Belesys, the Satrap of Syria (to whom
Mr. Hill tentatively assigns some of these coins), who both
of them ceased to have anything to do with Cilicia or Syria
some time before the battle of Issus, to have issued coins
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
with Greek letters on them. They ruled an Aramaio-
speaking people who used an Aramaic alphabet, and,
unlike the Western Satraps, had not to provide a coinage
for a Greek community, and who naturally issued coins
with Greek letters on them. Of Belesys we do not read
again after the Phoenician war or the reign of Artaxerxes
III, while Mazaios was presently transferred from Cilicia
and appointed Satrap of Babylon. He was Satrap of
Babylon at the time of Alexander's conquest and was
confirmed in that position by the great conqueror.
As Satrap of Babylon he issued tetradrachms, some of
them of Attic weight, which must therefore have been
struck under the Macedonian rule and during the reign of
Alexander. These are inscribed with his name and
invariably with Aramaic and not with Greek letters.
We have not to do here with a coinage struck to pay
Greek mercenaries, as so many Satrapal issues were.
The coins are not Greek but Cilician. They bear on them
the initials of Cilician towns and the image of the
Cilician god, and in weight and fabric are purely Cilician.
The use of Greek letters on such coins in a country
where the language and the script was entirely Aramaic
might be possible on autonomous coins struck by Greek
towns in Cilicia, but it seems to me very improbable that
a Satrapal issue by a Cilician Satrap for home consump-
tion should have had Greek letters on them. This use,
it seems to me, makes it exceedingly probable they were
struck after Cilicia became a Greek province by the
conquest of Alexander.
On this ground alone, therefore, I would venture very
respectfully to contend that the coins numbered 242-
255 in Babelon's catalogue of the Dynasts and Satraps of
Persia, and the coins 65-78 in Hill's catalogue of the
NOTE ON COINS GENERALLY ATTRIBUTED TO MAZAIOS. 83
coins of Cilicia, p. 173, were neither struck by Mazaios
nor do they belong to his time.
The coinage of Soli to which Mr. Hill has directed my
attention is not really an exception. Soli was not really
a Cilician town but a Greek colony, and the great bulk of
its inhabitants were Greeks. It is natural that its
autonomous coinage should have Greek types. Mr. Hill's
learned note on page Ixxi of his preface very conclusively
shows this.
In my opinion they were struck by the Greek governors
of Cilicia appointed by Alexander and his successors, and
followed the old type with the god and the name
Baaltars, just as Seleucus followed the same types in his
first coinage at Babylon. The Greek letters T, I, Z, and
M on these coins seem to represent clearly, as others have
long ago pointed out, the towns and perhaps mints of
Tarsus, Issus, Soli and Mallus. The letter B, which
occurs on some of them in conjunction with one or other
of these other letters, it has been suggested by Mr. Hill
may be the initial letter of BAZIAEYZ. This seems
to me very improbable. I would rather suggest that it
is the initial of Balacros, who was appointed Satrap of
Cilicia by Alexander.
It will be noted that a large proportion, of the
tetradrachms in question which have Greek letters on
them have on their obverse an entirely new type, so
far as the Satrapal coinage of Cilicia is concerned. They
not only bear Greek letters, but the head of a Greek
goddess quite foreign, it seems to me, to the religion
of the Cilicians, namely, Athene. On these coins she
is represented with a three-quarter face and wearing
a winged helmet. Similar coins Mr. Hill points out to
me were struck at an earlier time at Syracuse, and
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
it is possible that they were copied from Sicilian proto-
types. There is, however, another explanation of the
type to which I shall presently turn. "We must re-
member that while it seems impossible to understand the
introduction of Athene on the Satrapal coins struck for
the four great cities of Cilicia in the time of Mazaios,
where she must have been a foreign importation, for she
was a very typical Greek goddess and not a Cilician
or Aramaic one, it was exceedingly natural that after
the Macedonian conquest Alexander, who especially fos-
tered the cult of this goddess, should have put her bust
on one side of the local coins and that of the native god
on the other.
In addition to the head of Athene occurring on many
of these coins with Greek letters, we get other symbols
which seem to point to Greek rather than Aramaic influ-
ence, as the club (Hill, Tarsus, No. 65, Babelon, 242),
representing the Heraklean cult of Alexander, and the
crested Corinthian helmet (Hill, Tarsus, Nos. 68, 72, 75,
and 78, Babelon, 251), which occur on some of them,
which are very essentially Greek symbols and not Semitic
ones.
Certain other coins with Greek letters I attribute to the
same provenance, and they seem to me to have nothing to
do with Mazaios, ex. gr. Babelon, Nos. 242, 243, and 244.
These have the Cilician god on one side, with his name
Baaltars, and on the other side two parallel and crenellated
walls one over the other, surmounted by a lion devouring
a bull. No. 242 has the Greek letter T for Tarsus under
the throne, with a club in the field, while 244 has the
letter B in the field.
In Hill's Catalogue of the Coins of Cilicia are two
similar coins, Tarsus, 65 and 66, one with I for Issus
NOTE ON COINS GENERALLY ATTRIBUTED TO MAZAIOS. 85
under the throne, and the other with M for Mallos, and
bearing a club in the field. All these coins are directly
copied from, those bearing the name of Mazaios.
Here I may condense what we know about the history
of Cilicia in these times, for which I will recur to Droy-
sen's admirable work. When Alexander had defeated
Darius at the battle of Issus, he in 332, deeming the
strategical importance of Cilicia very great, united in one
person the positions of Satrap and Strategos, and gave
the position to Balacros, the son of Nicanor, one of his
bodyguard. He was shortly afterwards killed in a fight
with the mountaineers of the Taurus, whereupon the posi-
tion was given to the Taxiarch Philotas (Arrian, iii. 6,
id., 29, iv. 25). He continued in this position until the
year 321, when he was superseded by Perdiccas, and the
appointment was given to Philoxenus, who had appa-
rently formerly been Satrap of Susiana, and who was
afterwards confirmed in his position by Antipater. "We
do not hear of him again by name, but a Satrap of Cilicia,
apparently himself, is named in 318 B.C. After this
Cilicia fell into the hands of Antigonus and his son
Demetrios. In 301 Cassander's brother Pleistarchos ob-
tained Cilicia, probably, says Droysen, with the title of
King, and the rest of the treasures of Cyinda (op. cit., ii.,
514, Fr. ed.). He only kept it a year, when he was
obliged to abandon it and to take refuge with his brother.
Thereupon Demetrios Poliorcetes occupied it and kept it
till 294, when Seleucus Nicator took possession of it.
It was taken from his son Antiochus by Ptolemy II of
Egypt (B.C. 262-258). It apparently again fell into the
power of the Seleucidae about 248 B.C., in whose possession
it afterwards remained.
I would suggest as most probable that the coins with
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the head of the fronting Athene were struck in Cilicia,
those with B by Balacros, and the others by the above-
named Philotas and Philoxenus, between the death of
Alexander and the year 318 B.C. It was possibly from
these coins that Audoleon, King of Pseonia, copied the
same type. He began to reign in 315 B.C. One coin
given by Babelori, PI. VI., No. 5, is evidently a tran-
sition one, for it has the head of Athene on the obverse,
and the figure of the Cilician god with the inscription
Baaltars in Aramaic characters, and the initial of Mallus
under the throne. The barbarous character of this coin
points, it seems to me, to its having been struck in times
of disturbance.
Let us now turn to some other coins.
In his description of the coins of Mazaios in the
Numismatic Chronicle for 1884, pp. 146, 147, the late
M. Six discusses the coins of that Satrap struck at Sidon.
I cannot quite follow him. In arranging these coins,
which are themselves dated, he takes the numbers
of the years as representing the regnal years of the
Persian king. Artaxerxes Ochus began to reign in
the year 359 B.C., and on page 148, M. Six says
that there are a large number of coins containing no
Satrap's name, and bearing dates from 1 to 10 and 13 of
Ochus, i.e. 359-350 and 347, and he says these coins were
struck under the predecessor of Mazaios, which seems
quite right. On pages 146 and 147, however, he cites
several coins which he attributes to the years 10, 11, and
12 of the same king, i.e. Artaxerxes Ochus, which he
says have the name Mazaios upon them. This is quite
inconsistent with the former statement. There cannot
have been two Satraps striking coins in Cilicia at the
same time, i.e. in the year 10 and subsequently. Three
NOTE ON COINS GENERALLY ATTRIBUTED TO MAZA.IOS. 87
out of the five coins lie refers to he says are in the
British Museum, of which two are staters. I have
seen the staters, and have been assisted with the better
eyes and experience of Mr. Hill, and it is perfectly
plain that nothing of the kind can be read on them.
The dates themselves, if there are any, are mere ghosts,
which cannot be identified. Of a fourth specimen at
Berlin M. Six says himself date efface.
In confirmation of this I may mention that there is a
complete hiatus in Six's list of the coins of Mazaios struck
at Sidon, between his coins of the years 11 and 12 and
those of the years 19 and 20.
I take it, therefore, that the first coin of Sidon which
bears the name of Mazaios is really dated in the 19th or
20th year of Artaxerxes Ochus, when the series of coins
struck at Sidon by Mazaios really begins, and that the
octadrachms of which Mr. Hill reminds me there are
specimens in the British Museum struck in the first and
eleventh year, were struck not in the first and eleventh
year of Ochus, but of his successor, and that we
have no authority from the coins for attributing, as M.
Six did, the beginning of the satrapy of Mazaios in
Phoenicia in the year 349 B.C. ; and this again takes
away the only prop which M. Six had for dating the
Phoenician revolt in 351 instead of 344, as Noldeke much
more probably puts it.
H. H. HOWORTH.
IX.
THE BURNING OF BONDS UNDER HADRIAN.
Sestertius of Hadrian (British Museum).
AMONG Roman sestertii, or " large brass " coins, perhaps
none has attracted more attention from numismatists than
that of Hadrian with the reverse legend RELIQVA
VETERA HS. NO VIES MILL. ABOLITA, of which
four varieties are described by Cohen (Nos. 1210-1213).
On the first of these the device is a lictor to the left burning
a heap of papers, and holding what has been described as a
fascis and axe, though on some examples it looks more like
a spear (see illustration above) . That which I exhibit is in
poor condition, but possesses some interest from its
having been found in 1859 at Boxmoor, Herts. The
other varieties show two and in one case three citizens in
front of the lictor, holding up their hands in applause.
The remission of the balance of the debts of the last
THE BURNING OF HOXDS UNDER HADRIAN.
89
sixteen years due from municipalities and private in-
dividuals, amounting in the whole to upwards of seven
million pounds sterling, was one of the most striking
events of the beginning of the reign of Hadrian. It is
recorded by Spartian, Dio, Cassiodorus and others, and
the former relates that the " syngrapha " or deeds, which
were known by the name of rXt/pta,1 were collected and
publicly burnt in the Forum Trajani. Spanheim in his
chapter on the remission of taxes and the abolition of
debts (De usu et prwstantia Numm., vol. ii., p. 552) ;
Eckhel (vol. vi., p. 478) ; Admiral Smyth (Descriptive
Catalogue, p. 98) ; Hobler (Records of Roman History,
vol. i., p. 308), and others have all treated of these coins
and there is no need of my doing so. My object in
calling attention to them is mainly to account for my
offering to the Society a photograph of a large rilievo
that is now in the Forum at Rome (not Trajan's
Forum), on which a similar scene to that presented with
fewer details on the coins is given on a much larger scale.
We have here a procession of six or eight citizens each
1 Doric, K\apla, ra, bonds, notes for debt. Plut., Agis, 13.
(Liddell and Scott.)
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
N
90
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
bearing a bundle of documents, made up in the form of a
folio volume with one or more straps around it, which
they are depositing on a kind of altar to be burnt. What
seem to be the Emperor and several officials are looking
on, but the figures have been too much injured for the
identification of the Emperor to be certain. There is a
facade of temples in the background. This and a corres-
ponding group have been figured in the Monumenti Inediti*
and have been discussed by Signor Brizio3 and Professor
Henzen.4 Their views have been well summed up by
Mr. F. N. Nichols in his Roman Forum,5 who gives wood-
cuts of the two groups, which by his kindness are here
reproduced. The first of these has already been described ;
the second represents the Emperor addressing from the
rostra a number of persons, including some women and
children, the general effect in many respects corres-
ponding with that of the smaller group on sestertii
of Trajan with the legend ALIM. ITAL. S. P. Q. R.
OPTIMO PRINCIPI. The group in the photograph
2 Vol. viiii., tav. xlvii., xlviii.
s Ann. dell' Institute di Correspondenza Archeologica, vol. xliv.,
1872, p. 309.
4 Bullettino delV Inst., 1872, p. 273. 5 1877, p. 64.
THE BURNING OF BONDS UNDER HADRIAN. 91
is sculptured on the other face of the same block of
marble, and if the one scene refer to the work of Trajan,
it is in the highest degree probable that the other does
likewise, and that the burning of the tax records here
celebrated took place under him and not under Hadrian.
There seem to be therefore two distinct holocausts of
documents of indebtedness, the one commemorated by
the marble of Trajan and the other by the coin of
Hadrian. The background of the marble groups seems
conclusive on this point, as it is in each case the Forum
Romanum that is represented and not the Forum Trajani,
in which it is expressly stated that the burning of the
documents took place under Hadrian. Even the locality
of the burning of the registers in the Forum has been
identified by Mr. Nichols.
The first to attempt the conciliation of the wealthy
classes by cancelling their debts appears to have been
Agis IV of Lacedaernon, under whose advice all the state
bonds, registers and securities were piled up in the
market-place and burnt. It is related by Suetonius6 that
Augustus adopted a similar course at Rome, and Auso-
nius7 ascribes another burning of bonds and registers to
Trajan, which is in all probability that which is comme-
morated on the rilievo. But even if the scene represented
belong to the days of Trajan and not to those of Hadrian,
the connection with the type on the coins of the latter
remains evident, and I trust that the Society will find
room in its library for the photograph, as being to all
intents and purposes a " numismatic illustration."
JOHN EVANS.
6 Suetonius, Aug., 32.
1 Gratiarum actio ad Gratianum, 21.
X.
CLASSIFICATION CHRONOLOGIQUE DES ^MIS-
SIONS MONE"TAIRES DE L'ATELIER D'ALEX-
ANDEIE PENDANT LA P&RIODE CONSTAN-
TINIENNE.
(Voir Planches V, VI.)
LA description des emissions mone"taires de 1'atelier
d' Alexandria pendant la periode Constantinienne doit
comprendre non seulement celle des monnaies frappees
depuis la mort de Constance Chlore et 1'avenement de
Constantin Cesar (25 Juillet 306), mais encore celle des
pieces parues depuis le ler Mars 305, date de 1'organisation
de la seconde tetrarchie impe*riale suivant le systeme de
Diode* tien. L 'atelier d'Alexandrie passa en effet alors
dans les etats de Maximin Daza e"lu Cesar,1 et la premiere
Emission qui sortit de cet atelier lorsqu'il se trouva sous
la dependance de ce nouvel empereur dura depuis le
ler Mars 305 jusqu'au 11 Novembre 308.2 Galere et
Maximin Daza resterent 1'un Auguste et 1'autre Ce*sar
pendant toute cette periode. II ne se produisit qu'un
1 Lenain de Tillemont, Histoire des empereurs, tome iv.,p. 88 ;
Eusebe, Histoire eccles., lib. ix., cap. 6.
* Date de 1' elevation de Licinius Auguste, dont les monnaies
paraieseut dans remission suivante.
I/ ATELIER MONETA1RE D'ALEXAKDRIE. 93
changement partiel dans le quadruple gouvernement
imperial le 25 Juillet 306 ; ce fut 1'avenement de Con-
stantin Cesar et 1'elevation de Severe du rang de Cesar &
celui d'Auguste. Mais les memes monnaies de Galere et
de Maximin Daza furent frappees du commencement a la
fin de remission qui va etre decrite.
PREMIERE EMISSION.
Fmppee depuis le \erMars 305Jusqu'd I' elevation de Licinius
Auguste le 11 Novembre 308.
Cette emission comprend d'abord seulement les mon-
naies des quatre empereurs regnant ensemble a partir
du ler Mars 305, c'est a dire Constance Chlore et Galere
Augustes, Severe II et Maximin Daza Cesars ; ainsi que
les pieces 'd'abdication de Diocletien et de Maximien
Hercule, qui apres avoir depose la pourpre a la merae date
du ler Mars 305, prirent le titre de Seniores Augusti qui
leur est attribue sur ces monnaies.3 Lorsqu'apres la mort
de Constance Chlore a York en Bretagne, Severe II lui
succeda en qualite" d'Auguste et que Constantin remplaca
Severe comme Cesar, les monnaies du nouvel Auguste et
du nouveau Cesar parurent a leur tour. Mais cette emission
ne comprend aucune piece de Licinius. C'est done
ant^rieurement a la reconnaissance de cet empereur
s Lenain de Tillemont, loc. cit. tome iv., p. 52. La designation
de Maximien Hercule comme Senior Augustus, SEN. AVGK,
oblige a attribuer a Galere les monnaies qui portent la legende
du droit, IMP. C. MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG. Ainsi se
trouve tranchee une difficulte que Cohen considerait comme
insurmon table ; je veux parler de 1' attribution des pieces qui
leur appartiennent en propre a chacun des deux empereurs
Maximien Hercule et Galere. Cf. Cohen, Monnaies frapptea t.
V Empire remain, 2me edition, tome vi., p. 490-1.
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
comrae Auguste par Galere, le 11 Novetnbre 308, qu'elle
fut frappee toute entiere. Les monnaies de bronze qui
la composent sont de deux especes monetaires. L'une
est represented par des folks* de 25 a 26 millimetres de
diametre, qui pesent en moyenne 10 grammes, et sont les
memes que les grands bronzes de Diocletien. Ces folles
presentent fre'quemment dans le champ du revers le
chiffre grec K.5
La plus petite espece est celle du denier de Diocletien
telle que l'a determined M. Babelon.6 Les pieces
qui la representent offrent au droit les memes effigies
d'empereurs a tetes radices que Ton trouve sur les deniers
pendant le regne de Diocletien. Elles ont des poids
oscillant entre 3 grammes 60 c. et 2 grammes 40 c. ; en
realite sensiblement inferieurs a ceux des deniers sous
Diocletien ; mais c'est une loi ge"nerale de la frappe des
monnaies <! cette epoque, que les especes qui ont ete emises
quelque temps diminuent de poids jusqu'a ce qu'inter-
vienne une nouvelle re"forme mon^taire ; cette regie
£tant la consequence des besoins du tr^sor. Ainsi les
deux especes monetaires qui existaient ecus Diocletien se
4 Ce sont ces pieces qui seront designees dans les textes
legislatifs du ivme siecle sous le nom de Pecunia Majorina.
Cf. Babelon, Traite des Monnaies grecques et romaines, premiere
partie, tome ler, 608-610. Je recourrerai souvent a 1'autorite
de M. Babelon, dont le grand ouvrage a apporte une lumi^re
decisive sur les points les plus discutes de la classification des
especes monetaires de cette epoque.
8 Ce chiffre parait avoir la meme signification que les
chiffres K — I et XX — I qui se trouvent constamment sur les
grandes pieces de Diocletien et que 1'on a traduit par : 20
sesterces egalent une unite. Cf. E. Babelon, loc. cit., p. 610;
A. Missong, Zeit.f. Numismatik, vii., 1880, p. 260 ; 0. Seeck,
meme revue, xvii., 1890, p. 117; Kubitschek, Monatsb. der
Num. Gesellsch., Wien, 1892, p. 139.
« Babelon, loc. cit., 611, 612.
L'ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 95
frappaient encore sous la seconde tetrarchie. Elles
cesserent de paraitre toutes deux dans les e"tats de Con-
stantin en 314.
PREMIERE P ARTIE DE L'EMISSION.
Frappee depuis V abdication de DiocUtien et de Maximien
Hercule et I'elevation de Constance Chlore et de Galere
Augmtes, de Maximin Daza ct de Severe II Cesars, le \^Mars
305,jusqu'd la mort de Constance Chlore (25 Juillet 306).
On trouve couramment dans le champ du revers des
monnaies qui vont etre decrites Tune des lettres grecques
nume'rales d'officine A — B — F — A. On y trouve aussi
les lettres suivantes, S F ou S P ; ou le chiffre K et la
lettre P. J'ai deja propose de voirdans la lettre F 1'initiale
d'un adjectif derive du gentilice Flavius7 de la dynastie
Flavienne. Cette lettre F apparut en effet d'une fa9on
courante sur les monnaies lorsque Constance Chlore
devint le chef de la tetrarchie imperiale ; elle suivit les con-
quetes de Constantin et fut inscrite sur les pieces des ateliers
ou son autorite fut reconnue ; elle se trouve en outre
alterner sur les monnaies de Lyon avec la lettre H qui
indique la dynastie Hercul^enne ; enfin on la rencontre
sur celles des fils de Constantin et de plusieurs princes
Flaviens. Cohen releve les lettres F L sur celles de Con-
7 Constance Chlore avait eu personnellement la prevention
de se rattacher a Claude le Gothique et meme a la dynastie
des premiers Flaviens ; en effet Trebellius Pollio, 1'un des
auteurs de 1'Histoire Augustequi ecrivait ^ la fin du regne de
Diocletien, celebre pour natter Constance Chlore dej& empereur
son origine, cf. Vita Claudii, c. 3: " Ille (Claudius Q-othicus)
velut futurorum memor, gentes Flavias quae Vespasiani et
Titi, nolo autem dicere Domitiani, fuerant, propagavit."
Constance Chlore descendait d'ailleurs de Claude le Gothique,
par sa mere.
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
stantin II. Mon hypothese se confirme a raesure que des
fails nouveaux viennent la controler. Quant a la lettre
P, elle peut etre la premiere d'un adjectif comme Publi-
cum ou Perpetuuvn, et la lettre S doit etre 1'initiale d'un
mot qui s'accorde avec les deux adjectifs dont il vient
d'etre question, Elle peut etre en consequence 1'initiale
d'un mot employe sur les monnaies a, cette epoque.8
D'autre part, le verbe signare est employe dans la sig-
nature des monetaires, et le terme signum pourrait etre
indiqu^ par la lettre S.
MOXNAIES DE BRONZE ou FOLLES DE LA GRANDE ESPECE.'
S F S F
Avec A et A
ALE ALE
On trouve —
I. Au reverx.— PROVIDENTIA DEORVM QVIES
AVGGr. Figure feminine debout a droite. levant
la main droite ; en face d'elle une femme, la Pro-
vidence, tenant un rameau baisse et s'appuyant
sur un sceptre.
8 Cf. J. Maurice, IS Atelier monetaire de Londres, Num.
Chron., 1900, p. 130.
* Je garde le nom de folles pour les diverses varietes de
monnaies de bronze emises jusqu'a 317 ; epoque a laquelle
parut dans tout 1' empire une espece monetaire nouvelle,
que j'ai designee comme denier de Constantin ainsi que 0.
Seeck, " Die Miinzpolitik Diocletians und seiner Nachfolger,"
Zeitschrift f. Numismatik, xvii., p. 127, d'apres les auteurs
metrologues grecs. Cf. Pollux dans Hultsch, Metrologicorum
scriptorum reliquiee, i., p. 231, 20 ; prolegomena, p. 98.
M. Babelon, dans le ler volume de son Traite des Monnaies
grecques et romaines, t. i., 612, 613, a reconnu dans cette piece
le Nummus Centenionalis des textes du code Theodosien (Cod.
Theod., ix., 23, 1 et 2). Je designerai done la meme espece
monetaire sous ces deux noms.
L'ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 97
Au droit. 1.— D. N. DIOCLETIANO BAEATISSIMO
SEN. AYQ-. Son buste laure a droite, avec le
manteau imperial, tenant une branche de laurier
et le foudre. Cohen, 422 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A.
2. D. N. DIOCLETIANO FELICISSIMO SEN. AVG.
Meme buste; off. A; FB. 8018; Cohen, 423.
[Pl.V.,No. 1.]
II. Meme revers, sauf que la Providence tient le rameau
leve.10
Au droit. 1.— D. N. MAXIMIANO BAEATISSIMO
SEN. AVG. Son buste laure a droite a mi-
corps avec le manteau imperial, tenant une
branche de laurier et le foudre. Cohen, 490;
BE. MVS. ; off. A.
2. D. N. MAXIMIANO FELICISSIMO SEN. AVG.
Cohen, 489 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A.
Avec les lettres dans le champ et exergue suivants —
Sp
A— B— r— A
ALE
On trouve —
I. Au revere.— HEECVLI VICTOEI. Hercule nu debout
de face regardant a gauche, appuye sur sa
10 Cette piece est de Galere. La plus part des monnaies de
cet empereur ont ete attribuees par CohenaMaximien Hercule,
parce que ces deux empereurs portait les memes noms. On
s'aper^oit de cette confusion lors qu'on considere la liste des
monnaies de Galere dans Cohen (tome vii., pp. 103-127) et
celles de Maximien Hercule (tome vi., pp. 492-565); car
Ton remarque que bien que Galere ait ete Auguste de 305 &
311 pendant une periode ou 1'on emettait beaucoup de mon-
naies dans tous les ateliers de 1' empire, Cohen n'indique que
tres peu de pieces de Galere Auguste et beaucoup au contraire
de Galere Cesar. Cela tient a ce que Galere porta plus
generalement comme Cesar ses noms de Galerius Valerius.
J'ai restitue a cet empereur dans mes descriptions des ateliers
monetaires les pieces qui lui appartiennent.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. O
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
massue et tenant une pomme de la main gauche,
la peau de lion est suspendue a son bras gauche.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. 0. MAXIMIANVS P.F. AVG. Sa
tfite lauree a droite. Cohen, 295, de Hercule,
attribuable a Galore ; FE. 8219-8221 ; off. B ;
10 gr. 15 ; 26 m.m., 8 gr. 90.
Cette piece pr^sente egalement les dispositions de lettres
suivantes —
B
B
ALE ALE
2. IMP. C. CONSTANTIVS P.F. AVG. T6te ana-
logue ; piece inedite ; BE. MVS. ; 25 m.m.
[PI. V., No. 2.]
H. Au revera.— PEEPETVITA8 AVGG. Rome assise ;l
gauche, tenant de la droite un globe surmonte
d'une Victoire et de la gauche un sceptre, a cot6
d'elle un bouclier.
Au droit.—FL. VAL. SEYEEVS NOB. CAE8. TSte
analogue. Cohen, 57 ; FE. 8757-58 ; 27 m.m. ;
9 gr. 90 ; BE. MVS. ; off. B— T.
III. Au revers. — CONCOED. IMPEEIL La Concorde
debout a gauche, coiffee du modius, s'appuyant
sur un sceptre et soutenant son vetement de la
main gauche.
Au trait.— GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES.
Tete analogue. Cohen, 6 ; FE. 8777-78-79-80 ;
off. A— B— r— A ; 9 gr. 90 ; 27 m.m.
PETITS BRONZES DE L'ESPECE DU DENIER DB DiocLtxiEN.
Avec les lettres dans le champ et les exergues suivants —
A— B— r— A
ALE
On trouve —
I. Au revers.— CONCOEDIA MILITVM. L'empereur
debout a droite en habit militaire et tenant un
sceptre court, re^oit un globe surmonte d'une
L* ATELIER MONETAIRE DJALEXANDRIE. 99
Victoire qui porte une couronne des mains de
Jupiter nu debout, le manteau sur 1'epaule et
tenant un sceptre.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. MAXIMIANVS P.F. AVG.11
Son buste radie et drape, ou drape et cuirasse,
a droite. Cohen, 51, de Maximien Hercule,
attribuable a Galore; FE. 13482-83; BE. MVS.;
coU. Voetter ; off. A— B— T— A.
Ce buste ainsi que les suivants pre"sente la tete radiee
caracteristique des deniers de Diocle'tien.
2. IMP. 0. CONSTANTIVS P.F. AVG. Buste
analogue. Cohen, 22; FE. 7583, 13800; BE.
MVS. ; 3 gr. 45 et 2 gr. 95; 19 a 21 m.m. ;
off. A— B.
3. FL. VAL. SEVEEVS NOB. CAES. Buste analogue.
Cohen, 8 ; BE. MVS. ; FE. 13983 ; off. A— B ;
3 gr. 50 ; 21 m.m.
4. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES. Cohen,
9; FE. 13990-91-92-93; 3 gr. 30; 21 m.m.;
off. A— B— r— A. [PI. V., No. 3.]
Avec la lettre d'officine, la lettre P et le chiffre K 12 et
parfois un croissant dans le champ du revers, soit —
B
ou
K P "u K P
ALE ALE
On trouve —
Au revers.— PEOVIDENTIA DEOEVM, et comme
n 0. Voetter a deji donne un tableau de ces monnaies
dans "Erste Christliche Zeichen auf Eomischen Miinzen,"
dans la Numismatische Zeitschrift, Wien, 1892, p. 67.
12 Le chiffre K, comme le chiffre X que 1'on verra plus loin,
doit indiquer des especes monetaires, mais j 'ignore si ces
chiffres indiquent une valeur de la monnaie au moment ou elle
fut frappee, ou s'ils sont une continuation par tradition de la
marque des chiffres inscrits sur les grands bronzes de Dio-
cletien et sur les deniers. Cette derniere explication semble
toutefois la plus probable.
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
type : Une femme debout & droite, levant la
main droite ; en face d'elle la Providence debout
tenant un rameau eleve et s'appuyant sur un
sceptre.
Au droit. 1.— D. N. DIOCLETIANO BEAT. SEN.
AVG. Son buste lauree a droite avec le man-
teau imperial, tenant une branche de laurier et
le foudre. Cohen, 417 ; BE. MVS. ; 23 m.m. ;
off. B.
2. D. N. MAXIMIANO FELICISS. SEN. AVG.
Buste analogue. Cohen, 488 ; coll. Rollin.
DEUXIEME PARTIE DE L'
FrappSe deptm la mort de Constance Chlore le 25 Juillet
306 et ravenement de Severe Auguste et de Constantin Cdsar.
Je ne de*crirai dans ce chapitre que les pieces qui font
part de la premiere partie de remission et non celles de
Maximin Cesar et Galere Auguste, qui ont e"t£ frappe"es
pendant toute remission.
GRANDS BRONZES SEMBLABLES AUX
Avec les lettres et exergue suivants —
Sp
A— B— r— A
ALE
On trouve —
I. Au revers.— HEECVLI VICTOEI. Avec le type d6ja
decrit avec cette legende.
Au droit.— IMP. C. SEVEEVS P.F. AVG. Sa tete
lauree a droite. Cohen, 51 ; FE. 8756; 10 gr.
80 ; 28 m.m. ; coll. Voetter ; off. A— B — F— A.
II. Au revers.— FELICITAS AVGG. La Felicite" assise d
gauche tenant une Victoire sur un globe et un
sceptre.
Au droit.— FL. VAL. CONSTANTINVS NOB. CAES.
L'ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 101
Sa t£te lauree d droite. Piece inedite; coll.
Voetter ; off. A.
III. Au revers — PEEPETVITAS AVGG. Avec le revere
deja decrit avec cette legende.
Au droit. — Meme legende et meme tete. Cohen, 389 ;
FE. 9139 ; 8 gr. 73 ; 27 m.m. ; off. A. [PI. V.,
No. 4.]
IV. Au revers.— IOVI CONS. CAES. Jupiter mi debout
a gauche, avec le manteau sur 1'epaule gauche,
tenant un globe surmonte d'une Victoire et
s'appuyant sur un sceptre.
Au droit.—FI*. VAL. CONSTANTINVS NOB. CAES.
Sa tete lauree a droite. Piece inedite; coll.
Voetter ; off. A.
PETITS BRONZES SEMBLABLES i CETTX DE LA PREMIERE PARTIK
DE L' EMISSION.
Avec les lettres dans le champ et exergue suivants —
A— B— r— A
ALE
On trouve —
Au revers.— CONCOEDIA M1LITVM. Avec le type
deja decrit avec cette legende.
Audroit. 1.— IMP. C. SEVEEVS P.F. AVGK Son
buste radie et drape a droite. Cohen, 9 ; FE.
13984-85; 3 gr. 20; 20 m.m.; BE. MVS. ;
coll. Voetter ; off. A— B— r— A.
2. FL. VAL. CONSTANTINVS NOB. CAES. Buste
analogue. Cohen, 68 ; BE. MVS. ; coll. Voetter ;
off. A— B— r— A.
On doit classer egalement dans cette partie remission
de la piece d'or suivante —
Au raw*.— CONCOED. AVG. ET CAES. La Con-
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
corde, voilee et coiffee du modius, debout a
gauche, tenant une patere et une corne d'abon-
dance.
Au droit.— SEVEEVS AVGVST. Sa tete lauree d droite.
BE. MVS. ; 19 m.m.
T» I
Cette piece pre"sente au revers -r= ; la presence d'une
lettre d'officine dans le champ du revers est exception-
nelle pour les pieces d'or.
DEUXIKME EMISSION.
Frappte depuis V&Uvation de Licinius au rang d'Auguste
d Carnuntum, par Galere, le 11 Novembre 308, jusqu'd la
mort de Galere survenue le 5 Mai 311.
En effet cette Emission comprend pendant toute sa
duree des pieces de Licinius et de Galere Auguste.
PREMIERE PARTIE DE L'^MISSION.
Frappee depuis ftlevation de Licinius Auguste jusqu'd
la reconnaissance de Constantin et de Maximin Augustes par
Galere en Mai 309.
Cette partie de remission coraprend les pieces de
Maximin Daza C^sar et celles de Constantin design^
comme Filius Augusti i= FIL. AVG. Cette difference
de leurs titres tient a ce que Maximin Daza ref usa pour
lui cette appellation honorifique de Fils d'Auguste ou des
Augustes que Galere lui avait offerte ainsi qu'a Constan-
tin apres avoir ^lev^ Licinius au rang d'Auguste. Galere
esp^rait ainsi satisfaire 1' ambition de Maximin Daza, mais
celui-ci ne cessa ses reclamations que lors qu'il eut pris
de lui-meme le titre d'Auguste en Mai 309 et se fut ainsi
I/ ATELIER MONETAIRE D*ALEXANDRIE. 103
e*gal£ ail nouvel einpereur Licinius ; faits que j'ai explique*s
dans mon e*tude sur Patelier d'Antioche.
Les monnaies de bronze ou folles de cette partie de
remission pesent au moyenne 6 grammes 50 c. et ont 23
a 24 millimetres de diametre. L'atelier fonctionne d
partir de cette emission avec six officines.
PREMIERE SERIE.
Avec la lettre d'officine et le chiffre K et la lettre P dans le
champ du revers, soit —
K
A— B— r— A— e— S
ALE
On trouve —
I. Au revers.— GENIO CAESAEIS. Avec le genie coiffe
du modius, a demi-nu, debout d gauche, le
manteau sur 1'epaule gauche, tenant une patere
d'oft la liqueur se repand et une corne d'abon-
dance.
Au droit. 1.— GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES.
Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 40 ; FK. 8798-
8799-8800 ; 7 gr. 40 d 6 gr. 75 ; 23 m.m. ; BE.
MVS. ; off. A— B— r— A— e— S.
2. FL. VAL. CONSTANTINVS FIL. AVG. Tete
analogue. Cohen, 185; FE. 9087; 6 gr. 50;
25 m.m. ; coll. Voetter ; off. A settlement. [PI.
V., No. 5.]
II. Au revers.— GENIO IMPEEATOEIS. Avec le meme
type du revers.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXEMIANVS
P.F. AVG. Sa tete lauree & droite. Cohen,
48 ; FE. 8506-7-8-9 ; 6 gr. 80 ; 25 m.m. ; BE.
MVS. ; off. A— B— r— A— 6— S.
2. IMP. 0. VAL. LIC. LICINIVS P.F. AVG. Tete
104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
analogue. Cohen, 43 ; FR. 9027-8-9-30 ; 6 gr.
25 ; 25 m.m. ; BE. MVS. Memes officines.
[PL V., No. 6.J
III. Au revert.— VIRTVS EXERCITVS. Mars casque et
en habit militaire marchant a droite, portant un
trophee et un bouclier et tenant de la droite une
haste dirigee en avant.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMIANVS
P.F. AVG. Sa tete lauree a droite. Variete
de Cohen, 214 ; FR. 8679 et 8687 ; BE. MVS. ;
off. A— B-r— A— 6— S-
2. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES. Tete
analogue. Cohen, 202 ; FE. 8908-9 ; 6 gr. 55 ;
24 m.m.
3. FL. VAL. CONSTANTINVS FIL. AVG. Tete
analogue. Cohen, 701 ; coll. Voetter; off. A
seulement.
SERIE.
Avec les chiffres X et K et une lettre d'officine dans le
champ du revers,13 soit —
X
A— B— r— A— e— S X
K et
K
A— B— r-A— e—
ALE ALE
13 Les chiffres X et K doivent etre comptes separement
puisqu'ils se trouvent ailleurs isoles sur differents folles de la
meme espece. Le Professeur 0. Seeck a vu dans le chiffre X
le signe du denier, et en effet dans les ateliers de Constantin
ce signe n'apparait que sur les deniers de Constantin. Mais
il n'en est pas de meme a Alexandrie dans les etats de Maxi-
min Daza, ou il se montre des 1'annee 308 sur des pieces plus
lourdes que le denier Constantinien. Toutefois il faut re-
marquer qu'a cette epoque le denier de Diocletien et la piece
plus lourde qui portait couramment le eigne K — I ont cesse
d'etre emises et que c'est sur 1' unique espece de monnaies de
bronze encore emise et qui remplace les deux precedentes que
ces deux chiffres sont inscrits en meme temps.
L' ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 105
On trouve—
I. Au revers.— GENIO CAESAEIS. Type deja decrit.
Audrott.— GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES.
Cohen, 40. Toutes les officines. Parfois la
lettre d'officine est a gauche dans le champ.
II. Au revers.— GENIO IMPEEATORIS. Type deja decrit.
Au droit.—IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMIANVS P.F.
AVG. Cohen, 48; FE. 8510-11; off. A— B—
F — A. Avec la lettre d'officine dans la partie
gauche du champ egalement.
III. Au revers,— VIETVS EXEECITVS avec le type deja
decrit.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMIANVS
P.F. AYG. Cohen, 214; off. A— B— T— A ;
piece deja decrite.
2. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES. Cohen,
202 ; FE. 8809 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A— B— F— A
— e.
IV. La piece suivante reunit deux legendes du revers
et represents une erreur de 1'ouvrier qui a grave le
moule. On trouve —
Au revers.— GENIO IMP. . ESAEIS. Eevers decrit
avec les legendes " Genio Caesaris et Impera-
toris." [PI. V., No. 7.]
Au droit.— GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES.
Meme tete ; BE. MVS. ; off. B.
TROISJEME SERIE.
Toutes les pieces qui viennent d'etre decrites pre-
sentent egalement au revers les lettres P B. avec une
des lettres d'officines representees dans les tableaux ci-
dessous —
VOL. 11. FOURTH SERIES. P
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
A— B— r— A— e— s P
E
A— B— r— A— e—
ALE ALE
On trouve exceptionnellement les lettres d'officines
dans le champ a gauche. C'est le cas de la piece
suivante.
Au revert. — VENERI VICTEICI. Venus debout a
gauche tenant une pomme de la main droite et
soutenant sa robe.
Au droit.—GKL. VALERIA AVG. Son buste drape a
droite avec un diademe dans les cheveux.
Cohen, 2 ; FR. 8694 ; 5 gr. 95 ; BR. MVS. ;
22 m.m. ; off. A— B— T— A. [PI. V., No. 8.]
avec r
ALE
J'ai montre dans mon etude sur 1'atelier d'Antioche 16
que les monnaies de Gale"rie Valerie, fille de Diocletien et
femme de Galere, commencerent a etre emises en meme
temps que celles de Licinius Auguste, eleve a cette
dignite* a Carnuntum le 11 Novembre 308. L'e"tude des
emissions monetaires de 1'atelier d'Alexandrie qui etait
compris dans les etats de Maximin Daza, et celle des
Emissions de Siscia, atelier de Licinius,16 demontrent le
14 Les lettres P — R peuvent etre les premieres des adjectifs
Publicus et Romanus (Pecunia Publica Romana). Toutes
ces lettres dans les champs du revers des diverses series mone-
taires f orment des sigles et combinaisons secretes de lettres dans
le genre de celles que M. Mowat a mis en liimiere (Revue
Numi&matique, 1897).
15 J. Maurice, V Atelier monetaire d'Antioche, Numismatic
Chronicle, 1899, p. 215.
16 Id., IS Atelier monetaire de Siscia, Numismatic Chronicle,
1900, pp. 306-7.
L' ATELIER MONETAIRE n'ALEXANDRIB. 107
meme fait. Ce fut done a la conference de Carnuntum
ou Licinius recut le titre d'Auguste que fut decidee
la frappe des monnaies de Galerie Valerie. Ce fait
s'explique d'autant mieux que Diocletien, pere de
cette imperatrice, etait sorti de sa retraite de Dalmatie
pour presider cette reunion ou les interets de 1'empire
furent discutes entre Diocletien, Galere et Licinius. L'on
peut voir dans la decision prise de la frappe des monnaies
de Galerie Valerie le resultat d'une entente entre ces
empereurs, puisque Diocletien etait le pere de cette im-
peratrice et qu'elle etait femme de Galere; on peut y
reconnaitre egalement un hommage rendu a Diocletien.
La piece d'or suivante, qui presente le meme type du
revers que les monnaies d'or qui seront frappees dans la
seconde partie de 1'emission, fait partie de la premiere
partie, car elle est a 1'effigie de Maximin Cesar.
Avec '
ALE
On trouve —
Au revers.— SOLE INVICTO. Le Soleil radie en robe
longue, debout & gauche, levant la main droite
et tenant la tete de Serapis.
Au droit.— MAXIMINVS NOB. CAES. Sa tete laurel
a droite. Cohen, 155; BR MVS. ; 19 m.m. ;
piece de 1'espece du 60me a la livre d'or.
DEUXTEME PARTIE DE L'EMISSION.
Frappee depuis la reconnaissance de Maximin et Constantin
Augustes en Mai 3Q9jusquJd la mort de Galere le 5 Mai 311.
En effet Galere ayant accede aux reclamations de
Maximin Daza lui donna le titre d'Auguste, mais accorda
le meme titre a Constantin, en Mai 309. A partir de ce
moment on frappa les monnaies des quatre Augustes,
108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Galere, Constantin, Maximin, et Licinius, dans leurs etats
respectifs; tandis que 1'empereur de Rome, Maxence,
restait a 1'ecart.
Avec les chiffres et lettres dans le champ et 1'exergue
suivants —
K
A— B— r— A— e— s
ou
A— B— r— A— e— s
K
ALE ALE
On trouve —
I. Au revers.— GENIO IMPEEATOEIS. Avec le type
deja decrit.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F.
AVG. Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 52 ; FE.
8834-36-37-38 : BE. MVS. ; 23 m.m. ; off. A—
X
B — F — A — 6— S ; egalement A
K
ALE
2. FL. VAL. CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG. Tete
analogue. Cohen, 192 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A
seulement.
3. IMP. C. VAL. LIC. LICINIV8 P.F. AVG. Tete
analogue ; off. A — B — F — A — 6— S > pieces
dejd indiquees ; Cohen, 43.
4. IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMIANVS P.F. AVG.
Cohen, 48, de Galere. Toutes les officines ;
pieces deja indiquees.
II. Au refers.— VENEEI VICTRICI. Avec le type dejd
decrit.
Au droit.— GAL. VALEEIA AVG. Son buste a droite,
drape et avec un diademe dans les cheveux.
Cohen, 2 ; FE. 8692 et 8695 ; BE. MVS. ; 23
m.m. ; off. F— A— 6— S.
X
Egalement avec la lettre d'officine a gauche A
TALE
K
I/ ATELIER MONETAIRE D*ALEXANDRIE. 109
Avec
A— B— r— A— 6— S
E
ALE
On trouve —
Au revers.— VIBTVS EXEBCITVS. Avec le type deja
decrit.
Audroit.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F.
AVG. Cohen, 204 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A. [PL V.,
No. 9.]
Les pieces d'or suivantes font partie de cette seconde
partie de 1'emission ; en effet elles furent frappees apres
1'elevation de Maximin Auguste et elles ne peuvent pas
faire partie de 1'emission de 311, qui ne sortit que de
trois officines. Elles n'ont pas non plus les diffe'rents
des monetaires qu'on trouve sur les pieces de remission
qui parut avant la mort de Daza en 312 et 313.
Avec
ALE
Au revers.— SOLE INVICTO. Le Soleil radie, en robe
longue, debout a gauche, levant la main droite
et tenant une Victoire.
Au droit.— MAXIMINVS P.F. AVG. Sa tete lauree a
droite. Cohen, 154; FB. ; espece de 60me a la
livre d'or.
Avec —
ALE
On trouve —
Au rwera.—BQLL INVICTO. Le Soleil radie en robe
longue, le manteau rejete, levant la droite et
tenant la tete de Serapis dans la main gauche.
Au droit.— MAXIMINVS P.F. AVG. Sa tete lauree a
droite. Piece decrite pour la premiere fois par
110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
M. Gnecchi.17 Coll. Gnecchi et H. MVS. V. ;
5 gr. 20 ; 20 m.m.
TROISIEME EMISSION.
Cette Emission parut depuis la mort de Galere, survenue It
5 Mai 311, ptndant tout le cours de I'annde 311.
En effet elle ne contient plus de mommies de Galere
Auguste, mais elle comprend les pieces commemoratives
de cet empereur designe comme Divus et elle fut suivie,
ainsi que je 1'expliquerai plus loin, par une autre emission
qui commenya a etre frappee au plus tard au debut de
312.
L'Atelier ne fonctionne au cours de remission pre"sente
qu'avec trois officines. II en comprenait auparavant six et
en eut huit ensuite. La cause probable de cette diminution
momentane'e de 1'activite" de 1'atelier d'Alexandrie peut
etre cherche'e dans la prise de possession par Maximin
Daza de la Bithynie apres la mort de Galere. Cette pro-
vince comprenait 1'atelier de Nicome"die qui appartenait
a Galere aussi probablement que celui de Cyzique.
Maximin Daza en s'emparant de ces ateliers put diminuer
momentanement 1'importance de celui d'Alexandrie, du
moins il arrivait souvent a cette epoque que la f ermeture
d'une partie des officines d'un atelier coincidait avec
Touverture d'un nouvel atelier dans les e"tat8 du meme
empereur.
PREMIERE ET DEUXI^ME SERIES.
La l*re serie presente une lettre numerale grecque
17 F. Gnecchi, Appunti di Nwnismatica JRomana, 1896, ex-
trait de Rivista Ital. di Numismatica, 1896, fasc. ii.
L' ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. Ill
d'officine avec le chiffre K = 20 et la lettre P = (Pecunia)
et un different monetaire, croissant ou etoile dans le
champ. La 2me serie presente le chiffre X au lieu de la
lettre P.
u A— B-r
PREMIERE SERIE K P
ALE
u
DEUXIEME SERIE K
A— B— r
X
ALE
On trouve —
I. Au revere.— GENIO IMPEEATOEIS. Genie coiffe du
modius, a demi-nu, debout d gauche, le manteau
sur 1'epaule gauche, tenant une patere d'oa la
liqueur se repand et une corne d'abondance.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F.
AVG. Cohen, 52 ; FE. 8831-32-35, I6re eerie ;
off. A— B-F; FE. 8834; BE. MVS. avec
r
I'etoile K
ALE
2. FL. VAL. CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG. Cohen,
192 ; FE. 9088 ; 6 gr. 76 ; 26 m.m. ; BE. MVS. ;
coll. Voetter ; I6re serie ; off. A.
3. IMP. C. VAL. LIC. LICINIVS P.F. AVG. Cohen,
43 ; BE. MVS. ; 23 m.m. ; l*re serie ; off. B.
II. Au revers.— BONO GENIO PII IMPEEATOEIS.
Genie coiffe du modius, a demi-nu, debout d
gauche, tenant une patere d'ou la liqueur se
repand et une corne d'abondance.
Au droit. 1.— FL. VALEE. CONSTANTINVS P.F.
AVG. Sa tete lauree & droite; piece inedite.
coll. Voetter ; lere serie ; off. A— r.
2. FL. VALEEIVS CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG.
Meme tete. Cohen, 31, mais dans la legende du
112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
revers Cohen a oublie le mot PII ; FE. 9067 ;
off. A— B ; I6re serie.18 [PL V., No. 10.]
Cette Emission est la premiere au cours de laquelle les
pieces de Constantin ne sont plus frappees dans une seule
officine, A, ma is dans trois.
3. IMP. 0. VALEE. LICIN. LICINIVS P.F. AVG. Sa
tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 1 ; FE. 9016 ; off. A;
A
exceptionnellement K
ALE
4. IMP. C. VAL. UC. LICINNIVS P.F. AVG. Meme
tete. Cohen, 2; FE. 9017 ; 6 gr. 30 ; 24 m.m. ;
lere serie ; off. B.
5. IMP. C. GALEE. VAL. MAXIM1NVS P.F. AVG.
Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 2 ; FE. 8773-74-
75-76-77; 8 gr. 05 ; 24 m.m.; 2me serie; off.
A— B— r.
in. Au revere.— BONO GENIO IMPEEATOE1S. Meme
type du revers.
Au droit. 1.— FL. VALEEIVS CONST ANTINVS P.F.
AVG. Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 31 ; coll.
Voetter ; 2me serie ; off. A — F.
2. IMP. C. GALEE. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F. AVG.
Cohen, 1 ; indiquee dans Banduri.
IV. Au revers.— AETEENAE MEMORIAE GAL. MAXI-
MIANI. Autel allume orne d'un bas-relief
representant une branche de laurier sur laquelle
se tient un aigle portant une couronne en son
bee.
Au droit.— DIVO MAXIMIANO MAXIMINVS AVG.
FIL. Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 7 ; FE.
8470 ; BE. MVS. ; 6 gr. 40; 26m.m. et23 m.m. ;
leie serie ; off. J\
18 F. Gnecchi, Appunti di Numismatica Romana, 1901, p. 27,
a decrit cette piece ; extrait de la Rivista Ital. di Numismatica,
xiv., fasc. ii.
L' ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 113
II f aut remarquer que la traduction de cette legende est
celle-ci : Au Divin Maximien (Galere) Maximin Auguste
(son) fils. Cette formule indique simplement que Maximin
Daza a etc* adopte* par Galere et non qu'il a re9u de lui
le titre de FIL. AVG. ; que nous savons au contraire
avoir ete rejete par Daza.
V. Au revere.— VTETVS EXEECITVS. Avec le type deja
decrit avec cette legende.
Au droit. L— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F.
AVG. Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 204 ;
BE. MVS. ; I6re serie ; off. A— B— r ; excep-
^ TT1
tionnellement avec 1'etoile K
ALE
2. IMP. C. GALEE. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F. AVG.
Meme tete. Cohen, 205 ; BE. MVS. avec
B
K
X
ALE
VI. Au revers.— VENEEI VICTEICI. Avec le type deja
decrit avec cette legende. Cohen, 2.
Au droit— GAL. VALEEIA AVG. Son buste a droite,
drape et avec un diademe dans les cheveux.
BE. MVS. ; I6re serie ; off. T ; egalement avec
r
P [PI. V., No. 11.]
ALE
Les pieces de Valerie continuerent, ainsi que le proiive
cette emission, a etre frappees apres la mort de Galere,
mais pendant peu de temps, car on ne les trouve plus dans
remission qui suivit celle-ci. Elles cesserent probable-
ment d'etre emises au courant de I'anne'e 311, ce qui con-
firme le recit de Lactance, d'apres lequel ce fut apres
avoir fait, dans Tannee de son deuil, une tentative pour
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. Q
114 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
I'e"pou8er, que Maximin rele"gua cette impe'ratrice dans les
deserts de Syrie.
uiA
TROISIEME SiRiE X
QtTATRlfeME SfcRIE
ALE
X I A— B— r
ALE
On trouve —
I. J.u revers.— GENIO AVGVSTI. Genie coiffe du modius,
a demi-nu, debout a gauche, tenant la t^te de
Serapis dans la main droite et une corne d'abon-
dance BUT le bras gauche.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F.
AVG. 8a tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 17 ; FE.
8785, 5 gr. 40, 21 m.m. ; 13996, 3*me eerie,
off. B— r ; FE. 13995 ; BE. MVS., 4*me serie,
off. B— r. [PL V., No. 12.]
2. IMP. C.LIC.LICINNIV8P.F.AVG. Tete analogue.
Cohen, 32 ; BE. MVS. ; 4*me serie ; off. A.
3. FL. VALEE. CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG. Tete
analogue. Cohen, 172 ; BE. MVS. ; coll.
Voetter ; 4*m« serie ; off. A.
QUATRI^ME EMISSION.
Frappte depuis le commencement de I'anne'e 312 etjusqu'd
la mort de Maximin Dam en Juin ou Juillet 313.
En effet cette emission comprend encore des monnaies
comm^moratives de Galere et des pieces de GaleVie Valerie.
Les unes et les autres durent etre emises tout au debut de
312, carl 'on frappait gen^ralement les pieces comm^mora-
tives des empereurs pendant 1'ann^e qui suivait leur mort ;
et le r£cit de Lactance, qui affirme que Gale"rie Valerie f ut
persecutee par Maximin Daza dans le temps meme de son
deuil apres la mort de Galere (5 Mai 311), est confirms"
par les f rappes des divers ateliers d'Orient ou les monnaies
* ATELIER MONETAIRE D*ALEXANDRIE.
115
de Valerie cesserent de paraitre dans 1'annee me'me qui
suivit cette mort. D'autre part remission presente cessa
de paraitre avant la mort de Maxiinin Daza, puisque
toutes ses series comprennent des monnaies de Daza.
Lea monnaies de bronze ou folles dont elle se compose ont
un poids moyen de 5 grammes 50 centigrammes ; leurs
diametres sont de 20 d 22 millimetres. Ces monnaies
presentent au revers comme diffdrents des monetaires :
d'abord 1'^toile d^ja parue dana remission ant^rieure, puis
la palme et la couronne qui sont nouveaux, parfois un point
a 1'exergue avec la designation de 1'atelier ALE, dans
le champ la lettre N et une lettre numerale grecque
d'officine.
PREMIERE SERIE.
Avec lea lettres et signes suivants —
A-B— r— A— e— s— z— H
ALE
N
DEITXIEME SERIE.
A— B— r— A- e—s— z— H
ALE
TROISIEME SERIE.
A— B— r— A— G— S — Z— H
ALE
N
QUATRIEME SERIE.
A— B— r— A— e— s— z— H
ALE.
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
On trouve —
I. Au revers. -GENTO AVGVSTL Avec le type dejd decrit
avec cette legende.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS P.F.
AVG. Satetelaureeadroite. Cohen, 20 ; BR.
MV8., I6re serie avec toutes les officines; BR.
MVS. et FR. 14004-5-6-7-8, 2me serie, toutes
les officines, poids 5 gr. 30, diam. 22 m.m. ;
FR. 14009, 4me serie, off. 6-
N
On trouve egalement ^
ALE
2. IMP. C. LIC. LICINNIV8 P.F. AVG. Tete ana-
logue. Cohen, 35; FR. 14112; 5 gr. 50 ; 20
m.m. ; BR. MVS., I6re serie avec toutes les
officines; BR. MVS., FR. 14113, 2me serie,
off. A— B— A— G; FR. 14114, 3me serie, off.
A— 6 ; H. MVS. V., 4me serie, off. A.
3. FL. VALER. CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG. T6te
analogue. Cohen, 172; BR. MVS. ; coll. Voetter
et Mowat, l*ra serie, toutes les officines ; BR.
MVS.; coll. Voetter, 2me serie, toutes les officines ;
BR. MVS., 4me serie, off. A— B— IT— A— G.
N I A
On trouve egalement — dans la collec-
ALE
tion du British Museum.
II. Au revert. — AETERNAE MEMORIAE GAL.
MAXIMIANI. Avec le revers deja decrit avec
cette legende.
Au droit.—DIVO MAXIMIANO MAXIMINVS AVG.
FIL. Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 7 ;
FR. 8470 bis.
Cette piece presente au revers —
N
#
B [PL V., No. 13.]
ALE
Get ensemble de signes ne rentre dans aucune des
L' ATELIER MON&TAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 117
quatre series. C'est pourquoi j'ai decrit cette piece a la
fin de remission, bien qu'elle ait du etre frappee au com-
mencement, car elle fut probablement suivant la regie la
plus courante dans 1'annee qui suivit la mort de Galere,
qui est du 5 Mai, 311.
CINQUI^ME EMISSION.
Frappte depuis la mort de Maximin Daza en Juin ou Juillet
313, jusqu'au moment ou les nouvettes de la guerre entre Con-
stantin et Licinim parvinrent a Alexandrie avec celles de
Pelevation de Valem Auguste, en Octobre 314.
En effet cette emission ne contient plus de monnaies de
Maximin Daza,19 et elle dut commencer a etre frappee
lorsqu'apres la mort de ce prince, 1'atelier passa dans les
etats de Licinius. D'autre part, les monnaies de Valena
Auguste parurent au debut de remission suivante.
Constantin n'intervint pas dans la guerre entre Liciniua
et Maximin Daza qui devait le debarrasser d'un rival
present Maximin, secretement allie de Maxence ; au profit
d'un rival futur Licinius, dont s'accroissait la puissance.
Mais les ambitions de Constantin et de Licinius ne
purent rester longtemps en presence sans que la guerre
19 Maximin Daza mit fin a ses jours par le poison en Juin,
ou Juillet 313 (cf. Euseb., Histor. eccles., x. 5 ; Lactant, De
Morte Persecutorum, c. xlvii, xlviii., xlix.). Maximin, apres
ea defaite de Tzirallum du 30 Avril 313 tra versa ses etats et
se rendit 4 Tarse en Cilicie, ou a 1'abri derriere les defiles du
Taurus il se preparait de nouveau a la guerre tandis que
Licinius s'etait arrete a Nicomedie, ou il publia le 13 Juinr
313, son edit de tolerance a 1'egard des Chretiens, sans doute
pour se concilier les populations.
Ce fut, d'apres le recit de Lactance, en se voyant aban-
dons de tous que Maximin mit fin a ses jours.
118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
<k'lata. Constantin s'^tant aper9u pendant l^te* de 314,
que Licinius excitait d le trahir son propre beau-frere
Bassianus, en 1'attirant a lui par la promesse d'etre cree*
Cesar,20 saisit ce pretexte pour declarer la guerre et envahit
la Pannonie a la fin du mois de Septembre ou au debut
d'Octobre 314.21
Cette Emission ne comprend plus que les monnaies de
Constantin et de Licinius. Elle se compose de pieces de
bronze ou folles re*duits a des poids oscillants entre 4
grammes 80 c. et 3 grammes 50 et a diametres de 20 a
21 millimetres.
N
PREMlfcHE
A-B— r— A— 6— S — Z— H
ALE
DEUXIEME S£RIE.
N
A— B-r— A— e— s— z -H
Q
ALE.
On trouve —
I. Au raw«.— GENIO POPVLI KOMANI. Le genie coiffe
du modius, a demi-nu debout a gauche, tenant
une teto de Serapis de la main droite et une come
d'abondance sur le bras gauche.
Audroit. 1.— IMP. C. LIO. LICINNIVS P.P. AVG.
Sa tete lauree a droite. Cohen, 56 ; BE. MVS. ;
FE. 14130 ; 4 gr. 35 ; 21 m.m. ; H. MVS. V. ;
4 gr. 75 ; 20 m.m. ; I6re serie, toutes les officinee.
M Anonymus Falesii, 5, 14 (edition Teubner).
11 La bataille importante de Cibales en Pannonie inferieure
est du 8 Octobre 314 (cf. Idace : in Fastis}, mais les deux
armees avaient eu deja des engagements d' avant-garde en
Pannonie, cf. Eutrope : Breviarium Hist, rom., lib. x., cap. 5.
L' ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 119
2. FL. VALEE. CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG. Sa tete
lauree 4 droite ; piece inedite, voisine de Cohen,
235 ; BE. MVS. ; coll. Voetter, I6re et 2me serie;
toutes les officines. [PI. VI., No. 1.]
TBOISIEME SERIE.
Avec
ALE
On trouve —
I. Au revere.— IOVI CONSEEVATOEI. Jupiter mt, de-
bout 4 gauche, tenant une Victoire BUT un globe
et appuye sur un sceptre ; & ses pieds a gauche
un aigle tenant une couronne en son bee.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. LIC. LICINNIVS P.F. AVG.
Sa t6te lauree a droite. Cohen, 72 ; BE. MVS. ;
FE. 14147; 4 gr. 10 ; 21 m.m. Toutes les
officines. [PL VI., No. 2.]
2. FL. VALEE. CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG. Te~te
analogue. On ne peut pas retrouver cette piece
dans Cohen, dont le tableau n'est que confusion.
BE. MVS. ; H. MVS. V. ; coll. Voetter ; toutes
les officines.
QUATRIEME SERIE.
Avec
Q
A— B— r— A— e— s— z— H
N
ALE
I. Au revers.—IOYL CONSEEVATOEI AVGG. Avec
le type du revers qui vient d'etre decrit.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. VAL. LICIN. LICINIVS P.F.
AVG. Sa t§te lauree a droite. Cohen, 109;
BE. MVS.; FE. 14210-11-12-13-14-15-16; 3gr.
70; 19 m.m.; H. MVS. V.; avec toutes les
officines. [PI. VI,, No. 3.]
120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. IMP. C. FL. VAL. CONSTANTINV8 P.F. AVG.
Tete analogue. Cohen, 297 ; BE. MVS. ; H.
MVS. V. ; avec toutes les officines.
La piece suivante du Musee imperial de Vienne est
un exemple frappant de ce que les folles qui e"taient les
seules monnaies de bronze frappe"es depais l'ann£e 308,
ayant et£ reduits de poids plusieurs fois, se trouvaient eu
313-314 avoir le poids et le diametre de 1'ancien denier
de Diocletien. En effet c'est sur 1'une de ces pieces qui
porte encore le nom de Diocletien que se trouve inscrit
£galement le nom de Licinius.
On trouve —
Aurtvers.— 10 VI CONSEEYATORI AVGG. Avec le
type du revers qui vient d'etre decrit.
Au droit.—On lit : IMP. C. V. DIOCLETIANVS et en
dessous LICINIVS P.F. AVG. Tete lauree it
droite. Les deux legendes sont en partie
superposees. H. MVS. V., No. 25568.
SIXI^ME EMISSION.
Frappte depuis le moment ou les nourelles de la guerre entre
Constantin et Licinius et celles de VtUvation de Valens par-
vinrent d Alexandrie en Octobre 314, jusgu'd la reconnaissance
des Cdsars Crispm, Constantin II et Licinius II, le ler Mart
317.
Cette emission se divise en deux parties. La premiere
est caract£ris£e par les pieces de Valens Auguste et la
seconde par celles de Constantin. Les monnaies de
Licinius, au contraire, sont frappees sans interruption
pendant toute la dure"e de remission. Yoici comment
s'expliquent oes faits et les raisons qui permettent de
L'ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 121
determiner a peu pres le temps pendant lequel parut
chaque partie de 1'emission.
L'atelier d'Alexandrie appartenait a Licinius a 1'epoque
qui nous occupe. En consequence les monnaies de Con-
stantin n'y furent pas emises pendant la guerre de 314
entre ces deux empereurs, et 1'on f rappa au contraire celles
de Valens cree Auguste par Licinius pendant cette guerre.22
Apres que la paix f ut conclue entre Licinius et Constantin,
au contraire les monnaies de ce dernier empereur rem-
placerent celles de Yalens, qui fut vers cette e*poque
degrade 23 et plus tard mis d mort.
Voici maintenant comment se classent chronologique-
ment les evenements.
La premiere defaite de Licinius au cours de la guerre
de 314 eut lieu a Cibales en Pannonie le 8 Octobre. Ce
fut, d'apres le recit des auteurs les plus complets sur ce
sujet, aussitot apres cette defaite que Licinius crea Cesar
Valens qui e"tait Dux Limitis, mais les monnaies nous
prouvent que ce fut re'ellement le titre d' Auguste qui lui
fut attribue" ; puis les deux empereurs gagnerent le plus
rapid ement possible la Thrace pour y reunir une arme*e.
Ce fut done a ce moment, vers le milieu d' Octobre, que la
22 JjAnonymm Valesii, v, 17, dit que Licinius apres la
bataille de Cibales s'enfuit d Sirmium et que : " Sublata inde
uxore ac filio et thesauria tetendit ad Daciam. Valentem
ducem limitis Csesarem fecit." — Valens devait etre dux limitis
en Moesie.
23 ~L?Anonymus Valesu, id., " Mandatum est Valens privatua
fieret." Petrus Patricius legat. 13, et Victor, Epitome, 40, 9,
" Valens a Licinio morte multatur." 0. Seeck, Geschichte des
Untergangs der antiken Welt, vpl. i., p. 163, explique par la
suite des evenements que ce fut bien Licinius qui condamna
Valens & mort apres la conclusion de la paix, ainsi que le dit
I1 'Epitome. Le Professeur 0. Seeck a renouvele toute 1'histoire
de ces guerres.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. R
122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
nouvelle de releVation de Valens au rang d'Auguste dut
parvenir & Constantinople, d'oA elle pouvait arriver par
mer a Cyzique, puis a Alexandrie, dont les ateliers frap-
perent des monnaies de cet empereur ^ph^mere. Mais
d'apres les auteurs anciens la mer etait ferme'e a la naviga-
tion a partir du milieu de Novembre.24 On a des
exemples de flottes retenues dans des ports pendant la
pe>iode hivernale et ce qui est plus probant plusieurs
lois du Code Th^odosien28 datees de Tautomne aux
lieux de leurs expeditions en Europe et en Asie ne
furent recues en Afrique qu'au printemps de Tann^e
suivante. Ce fut done avant la p^riode hivernale, e'est a
dire vers la fin d'Octobre, que la nouvelle de Tele" vation de
Valens dut parvenir a Alexandrie, ensuite, les mers n'etant
plus navigables, on n'y dut apprendre la paix conclue entre
Constantin et Licinius qu'au printemps de 315 ; bien que
ces empereurs aient pris le consulat ensemble le ler Janvier
315. En consequence nous aurons la division suivante de
remission.
PREMIERE PARTIE.
Frappte depuis le mois d'Octobre 314 jusqu'au printemps
tie 315.
Avec le chiffre X, le different mone"taire Q, les lettres
d'officines et 1'exergue suivants —
Q
X
A— B
ALE
* Vegece, v, 9, Maria clauduntur.
n Code Theodosien, xi., 21, 2 ; xv., 3, 2. Yoir pour ces dates,
0. Seeck, Die Zeitfolge d. Gesette Constantint : Zeitschrift f.
RechttgetchichU, tome x., p. 39.
I/ ATELIER MONETAIRE D*ALEXANDRIB. 123
On trouve —
Au revers.— IOVI CONSEEVATOEI AVGG. Avec le
type deji indique avec cette legende.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. AVE. VAL. VALENS P.F.
AVG. Te-te lauree a droite. Cohen, 2 ; BE.
MVS. ; coll. Gnecchi ; off. A ; 20 m.m. Cette
tete, ainsi que 1'a remarque M. Gnecchi, eat celle
de Licinius.28 [PL VI., No. 4.]
2. IMP. 0. VAL. LICIN. LICINIVS P.F. AVG. Meme
tete. Cohen, 109;FE. 19217-18-19; BE. MVS.;
off. A— B.
Les pieces de Valens pre*sentent la meme effigie que
celles de Licinius. M. Gnecchi, qui en a fait le premier la
remarque, a e'mis l'ide*e, dans son interessante discussion
des raisons de cette frappe d'apparence anormale,27 que
1'effigie de Valens n'avait pas eu le temps d'etre envoyee
a Alexandrie. Mais Ton peut ajouter que meme si la
chancellerie imperiale de Licinius avait eu le moyen de
faire parvenir a Alexandrie et a Cyzique 1'effigie vraie de
Valens, elle ne 1'eut pas fait. En effet 1'^tude des ateliers
monetaires de cette ^poque prouve que la frappe des
monnaies d'un empereur avec 1'effigie d'un de ses coregents
n'est pas un cas isole. II y a meme un ordre dans ce
de*sordre apparent des frappes d'effigies imperiales. Voici
des faits qui le prouvent.
Dans 1'atelier de Rome, la tete de Maxence fut attribute
a Constantin sur les pieces qui portent le nom de cet
M F. Gnecchi, Appuntidi Numismatica Romana, 1893, pp. 5, 6,
7 ; extrait de la Rivista Hal. d. Numismatica, 1893, fasc. ii.,
pi. iv.
27 Cf. F. Gnecchi, Appunti di Numism. Romana, 1893, p. 4.
Piccolo Bronw di Valente Tyranno ; extrait de Rivista Ital. di
Num., 1893, t. vi., fasc. ii.
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
empereur.28 A Siscia, ce fut celle de Licinius qui lui fut
prete"e, notamment lorsque Constantin fut designe" comme
Films Augustorum en 309 29 et d'une £39011 g^nerale,
Licinius fit f rapper son effigie sur les pieces de Maximin
et de Constantin ; Maximin Daza fit emettre avec son
eflBgie a Antioche et a Alexandrie les monnaies de
Licinius ^ et de Constantin.
Ce dernier empereur n'a sa veritable effigie, qui est
imberbe, que sur celles de ses monnaies qui sont frapp^es
dans ses propres ateliers,31 tandis que Maxence et Maxi-
min Daza ont emis dans leurs e*tats des tetes de Constantin
barbues qui sont les leurs.
Depuis la premiere te"trarchie impe'riale organised en
293 par Diocletien, Tunite legislative et fictive de 1'empire
avait ete maintenue ; aussi chacun des empereurs re"gnants
frappait-il des monnaies aux noms de ses core*gents lors-
qu'il etait en paix avec eux ; mais 1' unite administrative de
1'empire n'existait plus et il n'y avait pas de chancellerie
qui expe"dia P effigie d'un empereur dans les e"tats de ses
coregents. Chaque atelier attribuait le plus gene"rale-
ment I'effigie de son propre souverain a tous les empereurs
aux noms desquels il e'mettait des monnaies. Si Valens
avait regn£ apres la guerre de 314, il aurait fait frapper
son efligie sur ses monnaies dans ses ateliers, mais il fut
28 J. Maurice, IS Atelier monetaire de Rome, Revue Numit-
matique, 1899, pi. ix., No. 2.
29 Id., IS Atelier monetaire de Siscia, Numismatic Chronicle,
1900, pi. xv., No. 5.
80 Id., IS Atelier monetaire d'Antioche, Numismatic Chronicle,
1899, pi. xiii., Nos. 4 et 5, dont les ejfigies sont pareilles.
31 Id., IS Atelier monetaire de Londres, Numismatic Chronicle,
1900, pi. iv., No. 2, frappe des 1'annee 306 et seq. Id.,
IS Atelier monetaire de Constantinople, Revue Numismatique, 1901,
pi. v., No. 9.
I/ ATELIER MONETAIRE D*ALEXANDR1E. 125
abandonne* par Licinius et mourut avant d'avoir regne*
personnellement sur une partie de 1'empire, aussi n'eut-il
jamais son effigie personnelle sur ses monnaies.
DEUXIEME PARTIE.
Frappee depuis le printemps de I'annee 3l5jmqu'au ler
Mars 317, date de V elevation des trois Cesars, Crispus, Con-
stantin II, et Licinius II.
On trouve egalement au revers avec —
K
Q
X
A— B
ALE
I. Au revers.— IOYI CONSEEYATOEI AYGG. Avec le
type du revers deja decrit.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. PL. VAL. CONSTANTINYS
P.P. AVG-. Sa tete lauree d droite. Cohen,
297; FE. 14719; 3 gr. 12; 20 m.m. ; BE.
MVS. ; oflf. A— B. [PI. VI., No. 5.]
2. IMP. C. VAL. LICIN. LICINIVS P.P. AVG. Meme
tgte. Cohen, 109 ; PE. 14217 a 19 ; BE. MVS. ;
off. A— B.
Avec les memes lettres, chiffres et signe du revers —
K
ALE
On trouve e*galement —
^w revers.— IQVL CONSEEVATOEI CAESS. Avec le
meme type du revers que la legende precedente.
126 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Au droit.—D. N. CONSTANTINVS LICINIVS N.
CAES. Sa t6te lauree a droite. Cohen, 29 ;
FE. 14399; 3 gr. 30; 21 m.m. ; Musee Brera.
[PL VI., No. 6.]
Le classement de cette piece dans cette Emission est
confirme par celui de trois autres monnaies de bronze
dans des Emissions contemporaines des ateliers de
Nicome'die et de Cyzique. Ce sont des monnaies frappe'es
aux noms des deux Licinius Auguste et Cesar de'signe's
comme princes Joviens. Ces pieces font partie, ainsi que
celles d'Alexandrie qui viennent d'etre de"crites, d'^mis-
sions qui precedent celle ou paraissent les monnaies des
trois Cesars. On distingue f acilement ces Emissions par ce
qu'elles ne pre'sentent dans le champ du revers32 ni
chiffres ni diffe'rents mone'taires. Ces monnaies portent
au revers trois legendes analogues —
1. I. 0. M. ET FOKT. CONSEE. DD. NN. AVG. ET
CAES.
2. I. 0. M. ET VICT. CONSEE. DD. NN. AVG. ET
CAES.
3. I. 0. M. ET VIETYTI DD. NN. AVG. ET CAES.
n A Nicomedie 1' exergue ' avec une lettre d'officine
dans le champ du revers distingue la l*r* emission de celle ou
paraissent les monnaies des Cesars qui presentent un different
X
^ I A
monetaire n*,^- ou des chiffres
nr
SMN SMNA
; a Cyzique 1'on
a pour la premiere emission 1* exergue 0 et pour celle
Mvl K A
X
*JA
des trois Cesars __ et
SMK SMKA
127
Dont il suffira de traduire la premiere : Jovi Optimo
Maximo et Fortunae Conservatoribus Dominorum Nos-
trorum Augusti et Caesaris ; et au droit la meme legende
DD. NN. IOVII LICINII INVICT. AVG. ET CAES.
Avec lea bustes des deux Licinius.33
Ces trois pieces parurent done avant celles de Crispus et
de Constantin II Cdsar, c'est & dire avant le lerMars 317.
C'est dans la meme Emission que Ton doit ranger
egalement une monnaie de'crite par M. Gnecchi 34 et qui
presente au droit une le'gende analogue a celle de la piece
d'Alexandrie. On y lit en effet les memes noms de Con-
stantinus Licinius —
Au droit.— VA. CO. LICINIVS N. OS.
Au revers.—IOVl CONSEEYATOEI AVGG.
Cette piece dut £tre frappe'e en 315 apres la re'concilia-
tion des deux Augustes ; de meme que celle d'Alexandrie.
La frappe de ces deux monnaies en 315 ainsi que la
presence des trois pieces des Licinius Auguste et Cesar
pennet de resoudre un delicat probleme historique et de
mettre d' accord les textes des auteurs anciens. En efdet
Zosime et Aurelius Victor placent aussitot apres la guerre
de 314 et la paix qui la suivit,35 1'elevation des Cesars
Crispus, Constantin II et Licinius II. li'Anonyme de
33 Cohen, 2me edition, 1888, vol. vii., pp. 210-211.
34 F. Gnecchi, Appunti di Numismatica Romana, 1899, pp.
1-6, extrait de la Rivitta Ital. di Numismatica, vii., fasc. iii.
36 Zosime dans son histoire, liv. ii., c. 21, a evidemment
confondu deux elevations successives des Cesars, ainsi qu'on le
verra plus loin. Les autres auteurs qui placent comme lui
1'elevation des Cesars en 315 ont fait de meme, cf. Aurelius
Victor, Epitome, 58; de Caesaribus, 41.
128 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Valois,36 auteur generalement bien informe", fait de meme
et place apres cette eleVation des Ce"sars la prise en
commun du consulat par Constantin et Licinius, qui
semble etre celle de 1'annee 315. Les chroniqueurs au
contraire, Idace dans ses Pastes, Pauteur du Chronicon
Paschale, donnent comme date de cet evenement le ler Mars
317. Leur affirmation est confirme'e par un te*inoignage
presque officiel. L'auteur du Pan£gyriqu(F prononce* £
Rome dans la quinzieme annee de Constantin, c'est & dire
en 321, ce*lebre le quinquennalia des Ce"sars dont la
nomination est ainsi fixe"e en 317.
Des temoignages presque contemporains sont done
nettement contradictoires. Ce sont ceux de Zosime,
d'Aurelius Victor et de VAnonyme de Yalois d'une part,
dee chroniqueurs et de 1'auteur du Pan6gyrique d'autre
part. Pour les premiers, les Cesars ont &£ cree's en 315 ;
pour les seconds en 317. L'on peut encore aj outer que
pour Zosime et Victor38 le jeune Licinius avait 20 mois
lorsqu'il fut fait Ce"sar. Or le prof esseur 0. Seeck, ^ dans
un travail plein de de"couvertes inte*ressantes, a demontre1
que cet enfant devait etre le meme que celui dont
VAnonyme de Valois dit que Licinius se sauva en 1'emme-
nant avec lui ainsi que sa femme apres la bataille de
Cibales, qui eut lieu le 8 Octobre 314. Cet enfant aurait
eu beaucoup plus de vingt mois le ler Mars 317, mais il
86 Anonymm Valesu, v., 19. II n'est pas certain toutefois
que cet auteur n'ait pas voulu indiquer le consulat de Constan-
tin Augusts avec Licinius Cesar en 319, sous lequel commenqa
la persecution des Chretiens en orient dont il parle en suite.
37 Nazarii Panegirycus, Eumenii x., cap. 2.
38 Voir les passages indiques.
39 0. Seeck, Die Verwandtenmorde Constantins d. Grossen,
Zeitschrift f. Wmenschaft. Theologie, 1890, pp. 74 et 75.
L' ATELIER MON&TAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 129
est an contraire tres vraisemblable qu'il les avait en 315,
et ce raisonnement prouve que sans aucun doute ces
auteurs ont bien voulu placer en 315, comme 1'indiquent
les textes, F elevation des Cesars. La numismatique
peut seule concilier ces opinions diffe'rentes et apporter la
lumiere dans ce chaos. L'etude des emissions monetaires
d'Alexandrie, de Nicomedie et de Cyzique, ateliers de
Licinius, nous apprend en effet, ainsi qu'on vient de le
voir, que 1'empereur d'Orient Licinius tenta une premiere
fois d' clever son fils au rang de Cesar aussitot apres la
guerre de 314 et qu'il invita peut-etre Constantin a en
faire autant pour Crispus, comme porte a le croire la
legende " lovi Conservatori Caess." ou il est question
des Cesars. Mais Constantin refusa de suivre Licinius
dans cette voie ; c'est ce qui ressort de ce fait que les
monnaies des trois Cesars ne parurent que dans des emis-
sions ulterieures des ateliers d'Orient et d'Occident. Ces
emissions ont du debuter au printemps de 1'annee 317.
Ainsi les trois Cesars furent reconnus dans tout 1'empire
le ler Mars 317 ; ce f ut alors que parurent leurs monnaies.
C'est ce qui explique la certitude avec laquelle Idace et
1'auteur du Panfyyrique fixent cette date comme celle de
leur elevation. D'autre part il n'y a rien d'etonnant a ce
que Zosime, dont 1'histoire est en general tres complete sur
les evenements du regne de Licinius, VAnonyme de Yalois
et Aurelius Victor, aient considere comme 1'epoque de
1'^levation des Cesars celle ou Licinius proclama son fils
comme tel et tenta sans doute de decider Constantin a en
faire autant pour Crispus, c'est £ dire 1'annee 315.40 Bien
40 J'ai demontre dans mon travail sur L' Atelier monttaire de
Londres, Num. Chron., 1900, p. 135, la necessite de reporter au
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. S
130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
qu'il soit impossible d'entrer ici dans de grands details
BUT ce sujet, je puis dire que Ton devine les mobiles de
la conduite des empereurs, des que 1'on admet ce fait r£vel4
par les Emissions monetaires ; de deux £le*vations succes-
sives des Cesars, une premiere fois de Licinius jeune parson
pere, une seconde fois des trois Cesars par les deux empereurs
Constantin et Licinius. Une loi du Code Theodosien de
1'annee 33641 nous apprend, ainsi que Pa remarque 0.
Seeck, que le fils de Licinius etait n6 d'une esclave et
cette loi decide qu'il retournera a 1'etat de sa mere,
bien qu'il ait obtenu par d^cret imperial la plus haute
dignite, c'est a dire le rang de fils d'empereur, de
Cesar. Cette loi modifie le droit alors existant, en
faisant retourner tout fils d'esclave £ la condition de sa
mere. Mais cette disposition n'existait pas lorsque
Licinius cre"a son fils Cesar et il devait bien esp^rer le
faire echapper ainsi pour to u jours aux consequences de
sa naissance servile. D'autre part, pour Constantin le
jeune Licinius etait presque un usurpateur, puisque
Licinius avait £pous£ Constantia, soaur de Constantin, dont
il n'avait pas eu d'enfant. Mais en 317 Constantin avait
des raisons particulieres de reconnaitre l'el£vation de
Licinius. Le jeune Constantin II venait de voir le jour
a Aries dans la seconde moitie de 1'annee 316, ainsi que
ler Mars, 317, la frappe des monnaies des trois Cesars dans
les etats de Constantin, et j'ai indique la confusion etablie
par I* Anonym* de Valois.
41 Code Theodosien, edition Haenel, liv. 4, tit. 6, de Natwali-
lusfiliis, lois 2 et 3. " Itaque Liciniani etiam filio qui per
rescriptum sanctissimum dignitatis culmen ascendit, omnis
substantia auferatur et secundum hanc legem fisco adjudicetur,
ipso verberando, compedibus vinciendo, ad suse originis prim-
ordia redigendo." Lecta III EaL Maii Carthagine Nepotiano
tt Facundo Cots. (336).
L* ATELIER MONETAIRE D*ALEXANDRIE. 131
1'a e*tabli M. Ferrero.42 Constantin, heureux d'elever au
rang de Cesar ses deux fils Crispus et Constantin II qu'il
avait eu de Minervina, et de Fauata dont il devait ainsi
satisfaire I'ambition, dut cette fois accepter les proposi-
tions de Licinius et f aire ainsi reconnaitre les trois Cesars
dans les empires d'Orient et d'Occident.
SEPTIEME EMISSION.
Frappee depuis le ler Mars 317, date de Vettvation des
Cesars Licinius II, Crispus et Constantin II, jusqu'd Veleva-
tion de Constantius Cesar le 8 Novembre S24.*3
En effet on trouve dans cette emission des monnaies
frappees aux noms des trois premiers Cesars, mais on n'y
rencontre pas celles de Constantius II.
Cette emission comprend deux series. La premiere est
caracterisee par la presence dans le champ du revers des
2£
chiffres TTT, et par la legende Jovi Conservators, qui fut
frappee en meme temps dans tous les ateliers d'Orient ; la
secondepar la legende Jovi Conservatori Augg. et Caess. au
sujet de laquelle on peut faire la meme remarque. Ces
deux series monetaires sont contemporaines et furent
frappees toutes deux simultanement de 317 d 324. En
effet la premiere fut emise jusqu'en 324, puisqu'elle
42 E. Ferrero, Mogli et Figli di Constantino, Atti della R.
Academia delle Scienze di Torino, vol. xxxiii., 1898 ; seance du
13 fevrier, extrait p. 7.
43 Cette date est celle des Pastes d'Idace. Voir pour plus de
details : Dizionare Epigrafico di Rugiero, vol. ii., p. 668 ;
article Constantius II, par 0. Seeck. Constantius II fut consul
eponyme le ler Janvier 326, il devait avoir ete cree Cesar un
an avant d'etre consul d'apres la regie en usage et avait ete
probablement consul suffectus avant d'etre eponyme.
132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
presente parmi les pieces de Nicomedie les monnaies de
Martinianus Auguste, qui ne fut cre"e empereur que
pendant la guerre de 324 ; la seconde fut e'mise aussi
longtemps, puisqu'elle presente parmi les pieces d'Antioche
les monnaies de Helena dont la frappe eut probablement
lieu aussitot apres la guerre de 324. La derniere bataille,
celle de Chalcedonie, est du 18 Septembre 32444 etl'ele'va-
tion de Constantius u'e"tant que du 8 Novembre,45 des
monnaies ont du etre emises pendant ce laps de temps et
de ce nombre sont sans doute celles de Helena46 a
Antioche.
Les monnaies de bronze de cette emission pesent en
moyenne 3 gr. 50 c. ; avec des poids exceptionnellement
plus eleves. Elles devaient pouvoir s'echanger centre
le Nummus Centenionalis ou Denier de Constantin alors
en usage dans les etats de Constantin le Grand.
44 Le jour est determine par le Calendrier de Philocalus,
C. 1. 1,., tome i., p. 350. L'annee par la suite des evenements
et 1' abolition des lois et Constitution de Licinius, le 18
Decembre 324, Cod. Theod., lib. xv., tit. xiv., lex i.
45 0. Seeck trouve une confirmation de 1'annee de son
elevation dans 1'inscription du C. I. L., tome iii., No. 3705,
qui fait coincider avec le consulat VII de Constantius sa 30me
acclamation imperatoriale. L'empereur etait, d'apres 1'usage
etabli par Constantin, proclame imperator a son elevation au
trone et 1'on repetait chaque annee 1'acclamatiou imperatoriale.
Constantius avait done 30 ans de regne en 354, ce qui met son
elevation en 324. Cf. 0. Seeck, Die Imperatorische Acclama-
tionenim vierten Jahrhundert, Rheinisches Museum, 1893, p. 196
et 204.
46 II est probable en effet que ces monnaies ne furent
frappees que lorsque 1' atelier d'Antioche passa dans les mains
de Constantin. II faut en consequence faire durer 1'emission
d'Antioche ou elles se trouvent deux mois plus tard que je
n'avais ose 1'amrmer dans mon travail sur cet atelier, Numis-
matic Chronicle, 1899, p. 231. Cette septieme emission
d'Alexandrie correspond a la huiticme d'Autioche,
I/ ATELIER MONETAIRE D*ALEXANDR1E. 133
PREMIERE SERIE.
Avec les chiffres47 et exergue suivants —
X
IIT
SMALA— B
On trouve —
I. Au revers.— IOVI CONSEEVATOEI. Jupiter a demi-
nu debout a gauche, le manteau sur 1'epaule
gauche, tenant une Victoire sur un globe et un
sceptre surmonte d'un aigle ; ei ses pieds a
gauche un aigle tenant une couronne en son bee ;
a droite un captif assis.
Au droit. 1.— IMP. C. VAL. LICIN. LICINIVS P.P.
AVG. Son buste radie, drape et cuirasse a
droite. Cohen, 74 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A— B.
2. IMP. C. PL. VAL. CONSTANTINVS P.P. AVG.
Buste analogue. Cohen, 292 ; BE. MVS. ; off.
A.
3. D. N. VAL. LICIN. LICINIVS NOB. C. Son buste
casque et cuirasse & gauche, tenant un bouclier
a gauche et une haste sur 1'epaule droite. Cohen,
21 j BE. MVS. ; off. A— B. [PI. VI., No. 7.]
X
47 Le chiffre a ete interprete comme 12£. Voir la
bibliographic de cette question dans Babelon, Traite des Mon-
naies grecques et romaines, tome ler, pp. 611 et 745. M. Mowat
1'interprete : " decima pars sestertii" ; cf. E. Mowat, C. R. de
VAcad. des Inscr. et B.-Lettres, Octobre, 1886. Cf. 0. Seeck,
Die Munzpolitik Diocletians und seiner Nachfolger, Zeitschrift
f. JVumu., xvii., p. 127. Je pense comme 0. Seeck que les
chiffres X et I1F doivent etre consideres separement, cf.
J. Maurice, ISatelier monetaire de Thessalonica, note 36, Numis-
matische Zeitschrift, Wien, 1901.
L' exergue SMALA veut dire S(acra) M(oneta) AL(exan-
driae), officine A.
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
4. D. N. FL. IVL. CEISPVS NOB. CAES. Son buste
laure et drape a droite. Cohen, 77 ; BE. MVS. ;
off. B.
5. D. N. FL. CL. CONSTANTINVS NOB. C. Buste
analogue. Cohen, 133; FR. 15744-45; 3 gr.
10; 20m.m. ; off. A— B.
La legende Jovi Conservator} qui se rencontre sur lea
monnaies de cette s£rie dans les Emissions des ateliers
d'Orient, alteme avec Soli Invicto Comiti dans les series
mone"taires correspondantes des ateliers d'Occident,
frappees egalement depuis Pelevation des trois Cesars en
317.
DEUXIEME SERIE.
Frappee en meme temps que la pre'ce'dente, elle est
caracterise'e par le croissant comme different monetaire
et porte la lettre d'officine dans le champ a droite.
o|A— B
Avec
SMAL
On trouve —
I. Au revere— 10 VI CONSEEVATOEI AVGG. Jupiter
nu debout a gauche, la maiiteau flottant, tenant
un globe de la droite et appuye sur un sceptre.
Au droiL 1.— IMP. LICINIVS AVG. Son buste laure
a gauche, avec le manteau imperial, tenant le
foudre de la main droite et un sceptre avec un
globe de la gauche. Cohen, 119; FE. 14193-
94 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A— B. [PI. VI., No. 8.]
2. IMP. CONSTANTINVS AVG. Buste analogue.
Cohen, 302, complete off. A— B ; FE. 14728 ;
3 gr. 30 ; 19 m.m. ; 14729, H. MVS. V.
L* ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIB. 135
H. Au revers.— 10 VI CONSEEVATOEI GAESS. Memo
type du revers.
Au droit. 1.— D. N. VAL. LICIN. LICINIVS NOB. 0.
Buste analogue. Piece decrite par M. Gnecchi,
Appunti di Numismatica Romana ; BE. MYS. ;
coll. Gnecchi ; L. Thery a Lille ; off. A— B.
2. D. N. FL. IYL. CEISPVS NOB. CAES. Buste
analogue. Cohen, 79 ; BE. MVS. ; FE. 15443 ;
18 m.m. ; off. A— B.
3. D. N. FL. CL. CONSTANT1NVS NOB. C. Buste
analogue. Cohen, 135 ; BE. MVS. ; FE. 15749 ;
off. A.
HUITIEME EMISSION.
Frappee depuis I'avenement de Constantius Cdsar le 8
Novembre 324 jusqu'd la mort de Crispus et celle de Fausta
en Septembre 326.48
En effet cette Emission est la premiere qui contienne les
monnaies de Constantius Ce*sar et d'autre part celles de
Crispus et de Fausta, dont Constantin ne fit cesser la frappe
qu'aux moments de leurs morts, y sont abondantes.*9
48 Cf. J. Maurice, I? Atelier monetaire d'Antioche, Num.
Chron., 1899, p. 237.
49 Cf. J. Maurice, IS Atelier monetaire de Siscia, Num. Chron.,
1900, p. 346. 0. Seeck, Die Verwandtenmorde Constantins
d. Grossen, Zeitschrift f. Wissenschaft. Theologie, 1890, pp. 67-68.
II n'y avait aucune raison de cesser la frappe des monnaies
de ces personnages avant leurs morts, car ces morts suivirent
de pres leurs condamnations dans la pensee de Constantin.
Ce fut pour Crispus des que Constantin eut admis contre lui
les accusations d'adultere elevees par Fausta, et pour cette
derniere lorsque Helena eut demontre a Constantin peu de
temps apres la mort de Crispus qu'il avait ete induit en erreur
par Fausta. J'ai demontre dans mon etude sur 1'atelier
d'Antioche (Num. Chron., 1899, p. 237) que les dates de la
cessation de la frappe de leurs monnaies coincident pour
Crispus et Fausta avec celles de leurs morts, telles qu'on peut
les supposer d'apres les recits des auteurs.
136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Ces monnaies sont de 1'espece du Nummus Centenionalis
(Babelon).50
Avecles exergues gMALA SMALB
On trouve —
I. Au revers.— PROVIDENTIAE AVGG. Porte de camp
ouverte au milieu sans battants, surmontee de
deux tours ; au-dessus une etoile.
Au drott.— CONSTANTINVS AVO. 8a tete lauree
a droite. Cohen, 454 ; FR. 14816-17 ; 2 gr. 36 ;
18 m.m. ; H. MVS. V. ; off. A— B.
La le*gende Providentiae Augg. continue & etre frappee
alors qu'il n'y a plus qu'un seul Auguste.
II. Au revers.— PROVIDENTIAE CAESS. MSme type du
revers.
Au drott. 1.— FL. IYL. CRISPVS NOB. CAES. Son
buste laure, drape et cuirasse a gauche. Cohen,
125 ; FR. 15487, 15494 ; 2 gr. 70 ; 18 m.m. ;
BR. MVS. ; off. A— B ? [PI. VI., No. 9.]
2. CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. C. Buste analogue.
Cohen, 165 ; FR. 15788 ; BR. MVS. ; off. A— B.
Q I
On trouve egalement - - au British Museum et
SMALA— B
au Cabinet de France, 15787; 3 gr. 35; 20 m.m.
3. FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVSNOB. C. Buste analogue.
Cohen, 167; off. A— B? BR. MVS.
Q |
On trouve egalement au British Museum
SMALA
*° Designe aussi comme denier Constantinien. 0. Seeck,
Die Miinzpolitik Diocletiam und s. Nachfolger, Zeit. f. Numis.
xvii. p. 127.
I/ ATELIER MONETAIRE o'ALEXANDRIE. 137
III. Aurevers.— SALVS EEIPVBLICAE. Fausta debout
a gauche sous la figure de la maternite tenant
ses enfants dans ses bras.
Au droit.— FLAV. MAX. FAVSTA AVG. Son buste
avec cheveux ondules, et drape, a droite. Cohen,
6 ; FE. 15335 ; 4 gr. 90 ; 20 m.m. ; BE. MVS. ;
off. A— B.
IV. Au revers.— SPES EEIPVBLICAE. Meme type du
revers qu'avec " Salus Eeipublicae."
Au drott.—FLA.'V. MAX. FAVSTA AVG. Son buste
en cheveux ondules, et drape, a droite. Cohen,
15; FE. 15334; 3 gr. 50 ; H. MVS. V.; off.
A— B.
V. Au revers.— SECVEITAS EEIPVBLICE. La Securit6
voilee debout a gauche, tenant un rameau baisse
et soutenant sa robe.
Au droit.— FL. HELENA AVGVSTA. Son buste drape
a droite avec un diademe dans les cheveux et un
collier de deux rangs de perles au cou. Cohen,
12 et 13; FE. 13883-84; BE. MVS.; coll.
Gnecchi ; » off. A— B. [PL VI., No. 10.]
NEUVIEME EMISSION.
Frappte depuis la fin de Septembre 326, posterieurement d
la mort de Fausta, jusqu'aux fetes de I' inauguration soknnelle
de Constantinople le 11 Mai 330.
En effet cette Emission ne comprend plus de monnaies
de Fausta et elle ne contient pas encore celles de Rome et
de Constantinople, qui furent emises a partir du 11 Mai
81 Se reporter a la collection tres complete des bustes de
Helena et de Fausta qui a ete publie par M. Gnecchi dans la
ttivista Italiana di Numismatica, 1890, t. xxi., pi. iv.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. T
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
330.52 Elle pre"sente des pieces de Helena qui ont etc"
frappe"es jusqu'en 328 ou 329.53 Elle correspond a des
Emissions de Constantinople,54 de Treves,55 d' Aries,56 de
Rome.57 Les principaux ateliers de 1'empire resterent
seuls ouverts pendant cette periode, ou ne parurent que les
pieces de Constantin le Grand, des deux Cesars survivants
et reconnus58 Constantin II et Constance II et de Helena.
Les monnaies de bronze de cette emission sont de 1'espece
du denier de Constantin ou Nummus Oentenionalis ; elles
ont un poids moyen un peu inferieur a 3 grammes 50 c.
Avec les signes, lettres, num^rales A — B ou chiffres
d'officines I — II ; et exergues suivants —
Q|A— B Q|I— H
SMAL SMAL
On trouve —
I. Au revers.— PROVIDENTIAE AVGG. Avec le type
du revers dejd decrit.
Au droit.— CONSTANTINYS AVG. Cohen, 454 ; FE.
14813-14814 ; 3 gr. 10 ; 19 m.m. ; H. MVS. V. ;
off. A— B et I— II.
62 J. Maurice, IS Atelier monetaire de Constantinople, Revue
Numismatique, 1901, pp. 192-194,
M Idem, pp. 186-187.
64 Idem, p. 183 et seq.
58 Hettner, Romische Miinzchatzfunde in den Rheinlanden,
Westdeutsche Zeitschrift, 1887, p. 148.
56 0. Voetter, Erste christliche Zeichen A.R. M., Numismatische
Zeitschrift, "Wien, 1892. Tableau des emissions d' Aries.
57 Jules Maurice, LJ Atelier monetaire de Rome, Revue Nu-
mismatique, 1899, p. 490. Je conservais encore, lorsque j'ai
fait ce travail sur Rome, des doutes sur la duree de 1'emission.
58 Le jeune Licinius vivait encore, mais il avait ete degrade.
— O. Seeck, Die Verwandtenmorde Constantim d. Grossen, Zeit-
schrift f. JFiswnschaft. Theologie, 1889, p. 75.
L'ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 139
H. Au revert.— PEOVIDENTIAE CAESS. Avec le meme
type du revers.
Au droti. 1.— CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. C. Son
buste laure, drape et cuirasse a gauche. Cohen,
165; FE. 15786; BE. MVS.; coU. Voetter; off.
A— B et I— II.
2. FL. IVL. CONSTANTIV8 NOB. 0. Buste ana-
logue. Cohen, 167; FR. 16246; BE. MYS. ;
off. A— B et I— II. [PI. VI., No. 11.]
III. Au revers.— SECVEITAS EEIPVBLICE. Avec le type
du revers deja decrit.
Au droit.—'F'L. HELENA AVGVSTA. Cohen, Nos. 12
et 13, deja decrits ; BE. MVS. ; off. A— B.
De 326 & 330 1'atelier d'Alexandrie ne fonctionna
qu'avec 2 officines, ainsi qu'on vient de le voir; celui
de Rome en eut 4 ouvertes pendant cette pe"riode ;
celui de Treves 2 ; celui d' Aries, Constantina, 4 ; celui de
Constantinople, qui etait le plus important de 1'empire,
7.59 Ce fut done une periode de peu d'activite pour lea
ateliers monetaires dans tout 1'empire. A partir de 333,
au contraire, plusieurs ateliers fermes depuis 326 s'ouvri-
rent au moment de 1' elevation de Constans ; ce sont ceux
de Cyzique, de Nicomedie, d'Aquilee, de Siscia60; 1'atelier
d'Alexandrie ne fut au contraire reouvert que lors de
1'elevation de Delmatius Cesar (18 Septembre 335) dont
les monnaies font partie de la premiere emission qui pre-
sente la legende Gloria Exercitus.
69 Je renvoie aux citations faites plus haut pour la demon-
stration de ces faits.
60 J. Maurice, V Atelier monetaire de Siscia, Num. Chron.,
1900, p. 353, et IS Atelier monetaire d'Aquilee, Rivista Ital. di
Numismatica, 1901, p. 313.
140 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DIXI^ME EMISSION.
Frappte depuis I* Elevation de Delmatius, neveu de Constan-
tin, au rang de Cesar, le 18 Septembre 33561/ws<7w'd la mort
de Comtantin en Mai 337 ,62
En effet les pieces de Delmatius paraissent dans cette
Emission, ou se rencontrent les dernieres de Constantin
Auguste.
Les monnaies de bronze de cette Emission sont de deux
sortes. Les plus grandes sont de 1'espece du Numraus
Centenionalis ou denier de Constantin ; les plus petites
sont des demi-Centenionales,63 je decrirai d'abord les
pieces les plus grandes.
i i
Avec les exergues
SMALA JSMALB
On trouve —
I. Au rovers.— GLORIA EXERCITVS. Et comme type,
deux soldats debout, casques, en habit militaire,
61 Idat. in Fastis ; Sti. Athanasii, contra Arianos, torn. I,
KatVapa avrjy6pfv<rev irpo r/ KaXai/Soiv oKrwjSptW.
M Eusebe indique le jour de la Pentecote, 22 Mai ; Euseb.,
Vita Constantini, iv., 64.
63 J'avais, dans mes precedentes etudes, designe cette
espece comme Centenionalis Communis, mais M. Babelon,
dans le tome premier de son Traite des Monnaies grecques
et romaines, pp. 612, 613, 614, ayant identifie la piece designee
par 0. Seeck comme denier de Constantin (Die Milnzpolitik
Diocletians und seiner Nachfolger, Zeitschrift fur Numismatik,
xvii., p. 277 et seq.) avec le Nummus Centenionalis des textes
juridiques, a reconnu dans la plus petite piece en question le
demi-Centenionalis. Comme corollaire de ces dernieres
decouvertes j'ajouterai que le Nummus Centenionalis a du
porter plusieurs noms et etre designe plus tard dans certains
textes comme Denarius Communis (E. Babelon, loc. cit., pp.
611 et612).
L' ATELIER MONET AIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 141
tenant chacun une haste, et appuyes BUT leurs
boucliers ; entre eux deux enseignes militaires.6*
Audroit. 1.— CONSTANTINVS MAX. AVG. Son
buste diademe et drape et cuirasse a droite.
Cohen, 254; FE. 14638-39; BE. MYS ; off.
A— B.
Toutes les pieces de Constantin le Grand et des Cesars
qui presentent la legende Gloria Exercitus avec deux
e"tendards au revers et sont du plus grand module (17 a 18
millimetres de diametre), n'ont etc" f rappees que dans
deux officines, A — B ; tandis que les demi-Centenionales
de"crits plus loin ont commence" a etre e'mis dans les
meme conditions, mais ont continue a Fetre dans quatre
officines apres la mort de Constantin le Grand.
2. CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. C. Son buste laure
et cuirasse a droite. Cohen, 122 ; FE. 15704-
15705; 2 gr. 30; 17 a 18 m.m. ; BE. MVS. ;
off. A— B.
3. FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS NOB. C. Son buste laure
et cuirasse a droite. Cohen, 104; FE. 16195-
96; 3 gr. ; 18 m.m.; BE. MVS.; off. A— B.
fPl. VI., No. 12.]
4. FL. IVL. CONSTANS NOB. C. Son buste laure
et cuirasse a droite. Cohen, 75 ; BE. MVS. ;
off. A. [PI. VI., No. 14,]
64 Les pieces de cette emission qui presentent deux enseignes
militaires au revers sont toutes de la plus grande des deux
varietes monetaires, c'est d dire de 1'espece du Centenionalis
que j'aidesigne aussi comme denier Constantinien, mais il est
impossible de ne pas remarquer que la meme espece avait un
poids moyen superieur dans les emissions precedentes a celui
qu'elle presente au cours de cette emission. L'on peut dire
que c'etait une regie presque constante a cette epoque que
lorsqu'une espece monetaire avait ete emise un certain temps
elle etait reduite de poids, sans doute pour satisfaire aux
besoins du tresor.
142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
5. FL. DELMATIVS NOB. C. Son buste laure et
cuirasse a droite. Cohen, 12; FR. 15570;
2 gr. 75; 18 m.m.; BE. MVS. ; off. A— B.
Des pieces de la meme espece monetaire presentant de
17 a 18 millimetres de diametre furent frappees en meme
temps que lea prece"dentes aux effigies de Rome et de
Constantinople, tandis que Ton emettait e"galement, ainsi
qu'on le verra plus loin, des pieces semblables comme
types, mais environ de moiti£ plus legeres. Ces deux sortes
de monnaies continuerent a paraitre apres la mort de
Constantin.65
On trouve —
II. Au revers. — Sans legende, la Louve a gauche, allaitant
Eomulus et Remus et les regardant ; en haut
deux etoiles.
Au droit. — VRBS ROMA. Buste de Rome a gauche,
.avec une aigrette sur le casque et le manteau
imperial. Cohen, 17; BR. MVS.; 17 a 18
m.m. ; off. A— B ; coll. Gnecchi. [PI. VI.,
No. 13.]
III. Au revers. — Sans legende. Victoire debout a gauche,
posant le pied sur uneproue de vaisseau, tenant
un sceptre transversal et appuye sur un bouclier.
Au droit.— CONSTANTINOPOLIS. Son buste a gauche
portant le casque laure et le manteau imperial
et tenant un sceptre. Cohen, 21; BR. MVS.;
off. A— B.
65 L'on trouve dans les Appunti di Numismatica Romano, de
M. Gnecchi (Milano, 1901) la description d' ensemble la plus
complete de toutes les varietes de ces pieces de Rome. On y
remarque les differents monetaires usites dans les divers
ateliers. (Rivista Ital. d. Numisma., xiv., fasc. ii., pi. iii.).
L'on y constate que la piece decrite a dessus continua a etre
frappee dans quatre officines apres la mort de Constantin le
Grand.
I/ ATELIER MONETA1RE D'ALEXANDRIE. 143
Les pieces plus petites qui vont etre decrites presentent
des poids oscillant de 1 gramme 30 c. a 1 gramme 75 c.
et des diametres variant de 14 a 16 millimetres. Elles
ont ete determinees par M. Babelon comme des demi-
Centenionales, c'est a dire representant la moitie' du
Centenionalis Communis.66
IV. Avec la legende du revers GLOEIA EXEECITVS
on trouve le type suivant : Deux soldats debout,
casques, en habit militaire, tenant chacun une
haste et appuyes sur leurs boucliers ; entre eux
une seule enseigne militaire surmontee d'un
drapeau.
Audroit. 1 .— CONSTANTINVS MAX. AVG. Sonbuste
diademe et drape a droite. Cohen, 250 ; BE.
MVS. ; FE. 14604 ; off. A— B.
Les pieces pareilles qui portent les officines F — A sont
posterieures a la mort de Constantin. La meme reflexion
s'applique aux pieces suivantes des Cesars.
2. CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. C. Son buste laure
et cuirasse a droite. Cohen, 714 ; BE. MVS. ;
15 m.m. ; off. A.
3. FL. IVL. CONSTANTIVS NOB. C. Buste analogue.
Cohen, 92; FE. 16142; BE. MVS.; off. B.
[PI. VI., No. 15.]
4. FL. IVL. CONSTANS NOB. C. Buste analogue.
Je n'ai pas rencontre cette piece, qui correspond au
No. 50 de Cohen, et ne peut pas manquer dans cette serie.
5. FL. DELMATIVS NOB. C. Buste analogue. Cohen,
4 ; FE. 15556-57 ; 1 gr. 20 ; BE. MVS. ; off. A—
B. [PI. VI., No. 16.]
66 E. Babelon, loc. cit., p. 613.
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
V. Au revers. — Sans legende avec le groupe deja decrit de
la Louve a gauche avec les deux jumeaux sur-
monte de deux etoiles, mais parfois 1'on trouve
les deux lettres S et R placees a droite et a gauche
des etoilee, de plus comme different monetaire un
point a droite de 1' exergue de sorte que 1'on a
SMALA . — B
Au droit. — VEBS EOMA. Buste de Rome 4 gauche,
casque, avec une aigrette sur le casque et le
manteau imperial.67 BE. MVS. ; coll. Gnecchi ;
14 m.m. [PL VI., No. 17.J
VI. Au revers. — Sans legende, avec le type de Victoire dejtl
decrit pour le No. 21 de Cohen, mais en outre
avec les lettres S R dans le champ du revers,
SIR
c'est a dire avec - _B
Au droit.— CONSTANTINOPOLIS. Son buete a gauche
portant le casque laure et le manteau imperial
et tenant un sceptre. Cohen, 22; BE. MVS.;
coll. Gnecchi ; 14 m.m. [PL VI., No. 18.]
II est difficile de lire sur un grand nombre de pieces
les petites lettres S et R, aussi n'est-il pas sur que Ton ne
trouve pas quelquefois une autre lettre que R, notamment
la lettre A. La lettre R s'expliquerait assez facilement
comme la premiere de 1'adjectif Romanus-a-um, la lettre
S pour etre la premiere d'un substantif tel que Signum ou
1'adjectif Signata (en sous-entendant Pecunia).
67 M. Gnecchi dans ses Appunti di Num. Romana, 1891, pp.
9 et 13, aattribue avec raison ces petites pieces lorsqu'elles
sont frappees dans quatre officines aux regnes des fils de
Constantin.
L'ATELIER MONETAIRB D'ALEXANDRIE. 145
ONZIEME EMISSION.
Postdrieure a la mart de Constantin le Grand en Mai 337.
J'ai indique dans mon etude sur 1'atelier de Constanti-
nople ^ la continuation de la f rappe des monnaies des fils
de Constantin designes comme Cesars, ainsi que de celles
de Delmatius et d'Hannibalien pendant une periode
plus ou moins longue apres la mort de Constantin le
Grand ; pour les fils de Constantin jusqu'au 9 Septembre
337, date a laquelle les Fastes d'Idaceplacent la nomina-
tion des nouveaux Augustes.69 II y eut une periode
d'interregne qui suivit la mort de Constantin si bien qu'
Eusebe 70 put dire que cet empereur avait regne apres sa
mort, et cette pe'riode fut marquee par les assassinats
successif s de plusieurs personnages imperiaux : Constance,
oncle des Cesars, Delmatius, Hannibalien.71 A Alex-
andrie 1'on trouve une emission de pieces des Cesars
frappe'es dans quatre officines, tandis qu'il n'y en avait eu
que deux ouvertes a la fin du regne de Constantin. Cette
Emission comprend les pieces des trois Cesars, Constantin
II, Constance II et Constant I, jusqu'a ce qu'ils se fussent
proclames Auguste en Septembre 337 et a partir de cette
date Ton trouve au contraire avec les monnaies des memes
princes Augustes celles de Constantin le Grand de'signe'
comme Divus Pater Augustorum tandis que de nouvelles
68 J. Maurice, L* Atelier monetaire de Constantinople, Revut
Numismatique, 1901, pp. 208, 209.
69 Idatii Fast. " Ipso anno (id est Feliciano et Titiano conss.)
nuncupati sunt tres Augusti Constantinus et Constantius et
Constans v Idus Sept."
7n Euseb., Vita Const, iv., 17.
" Zosim., Hist., ii., 40 ; Eutrop:, £rev., x., 9 ; Hieronymi
Chron., a, 2354.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. U
146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
petites pieces (demi-Centenionales) de Constantinus Max.
Aug., pareilles a celles de 1'emission mais portant 4 lettres
d'officincs, sont f rappees au nom de Constaiitin II.
L'on trouve done avec —
SMALA SMALB SMALF SMALA
Au revert.— GLORIA EXERCITY8. Avec le type decrit
et un seul etendard entre les soldats.
Au droit. 1.— FL. IYL. CONSTANTIVS NOB. 0."
Cohen, 92, deja decrit ; FE. 16162 ; BE. MVS. ;
1 gr. 60; 17 m.m.
2. CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. C. Cohen, 114, d6j
decrit.
3. FL. IVL. CONSTANS NOB. C. Cohen, 50, deja
decrit.
4. FL. IVL. DELMATIVS NOB. C. Cohen, 4, deja
decrit ; coll. Voetter ; piece frappee probable-
ment pendant une partie de 1'interregne seulo-
ment jusqu'a la mort de Delmatius.
A partir du mois de Septembre 337, Tatelier ^mit dans
ses quatre officines les pieces suivantes.
I. Au revert. — VN — ^ME. (Veneranda Memoria) dans le
champ, et comme type une figure feminine, la
Piete?, debout a droite, voilee et les mains
enveloppees dans sa robe.
™ L' Atelier d'Alexandrie se trouvait dans 1'etat de Con-
stance II, cf . Lenain de Tillemont, Histoire d»t JEmperturt,
tome iy., p. 317.
L'ATELIER MONETAIRE D'ALEXANDRIE. 147
Au droit.—D.V. CONSTANTINVSPT. AVGG. (Divus
Constantinus Pater Augustorum.) Buste de
Constantin le Grand voile a droite. Cohen, 716;
FK. 15134-35-36; 1 gr. 65 ; 15 m.m. ; BE.
MVS. ; off. A— B-r— A. [PI. VI., No. 19.]
II. Au revers. — Sans legende. Constantin dans un quadrige
au galop a droite, tendant la main a une main
celeste.
Au droit.—D. V. CONSTANTINYS PT. AVGG. Meme
buste. Cohen, 760 ; FE. 15152-54-55-56 ; 1 gr.
65 ; 15 m.m. ; BE. MVS. ; off. A— B— F— A.
JULES MAURICE.
XL
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN
LAWS.1
THE Ancient Greeks have not left us any records relating
to treasure-trove.
The old Roman right leaves us to understand that a
citizen who unearthed a treasure, even on ground which
belonged to him, should hand it over to the fiscus? This
usage prevailed in the early centuries of the Empire ; but
the Emperors exercised their right in a more or less liberal
manner.
When the Carthaginian Csesellius Bassus acquainted the
Emperor Nero of the existence of a supposed treasure of
bars of gold, the latter ordered that ships should be
provided to transport these riches to Rome, which accord-
ing to report, then in circulation, had been amassed by
Dido herself.3
1 The first portion of this paper was published by M. Adrien
Blanchet in the Proces- Verbaux et Memoires du Congres Inter-
national de Numismatique reuni d Paris en 1900, under the title
of Les Lois Anciennes relatives d I'Invention des Tresors. M.
Blanchet has permitted me to give a translation of his very
interesting article in the pages of the Chronicle, and I have
supplemented it with an account of treasure-trove in England
from the Anglo-Saxon period.
2 On the subject of the bona vacantia which belong to the
city, see J. Marquardt, De V organ, financier e chez les Remains,
trad. Vigie, 1888, p. 808.
3 Tacitus, Ann., xvi., 1-3.
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 149
Nerva, with his accustomed liberal spirit, surrendered
his rights to a treasure found by Atticus, the father of the
Sophist Herod, on his own lands.4
Hadrian evidently realised the necessity of establishing
some legislation on the subject of treasure-trove ; and by
the precision with which it is stamped, the text of Spartian
seems to give the actual wording of the law, which
was to the effect that at the beginning of the second
century of our era, the private individual became the
full proprietor of treasure discovered on his own land ; if,
however, the treasure was found on the land of another
person, the half of it went to the proprietor of the land,
the finder retaining the other half. The same division
held good, if the find was made on lands belonging to the
State.5
Severus Alexander was somewhat less generous ; for
whilst generally confirming to the finder the property of
the treasure, an exception was made in the case of treasures
of importance, which were to become the property of the
State.6
An Eclogue of Calpurnius, who wrote under Carus and
Carinus, leads us to infer that these Emperors abolished
the vexatious rights claimed by their predecessors.7
Under Constantine the Great, the public treasury in-
sisted on its rights ; and a law of A.D. 315 granted to the
finder one-half of the treasure, when duly announced to
the fiscus. The same text provides that no enquiry shall
follow, if such declaration be made in proper form.8
4 Zonaras, Epit.,1. xi., c. xx. ; ed. Dindorf (Teubner), t. iii.,
p. 63.
6 Spartian, Vita Hadriani, 18. 6 Lampridius, Alex. Sev., 46.
7 T. Calpurnius Siculus, Eclogaiv., v. 117.
• Cod. Theod., 1. x., t. xviii., 1. i.
150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Gratian and Theodosius established in A.D. 380 a more
liberal law, which was very similar to that of Hadrian.
Under this law the finder became the owner of treasure
when discovered on his own land ; if, however, the treasure
was found on the land of another person, the proprietor of
such land received a quarter of the treasure discovered.
The same law made it illegal to dig on the land of another
person, if the discovery of treasure was the only object in
view.9
We may also call attention to the term non metulli quali-
tas, mentioned in the Theodosian code, which is important
since we know that gold mines were the property of the
Emperor. It was not until A.D. 365 that Valentinian
granted to private individuals the right of working
such mines ; but such right was subject to a heavy fine
or royalty.10 We shall see later on that the nature of the
metal affected the laws relating to the ownership of
treasures.
In A.D. 390, Valentinian deemed it politic to confirm
the free right to treasure-trove;11 but under Theodoric
in the sixth century the fiscus laid a firm hand on all
property of which the rightful owner could not be found.12
We will now pass on to the twelfth and thirteenth cen-
turies to ascertain the state of the law as to the proprie-
torship of treasure-trove.
In Normandy a statute, which arose out of an in-
quisition held about A.D. 1154, gives to the Duke all
9 Cod. Theod., 1. x., t. xviii., 1. ii.
10 J. Marquardt, De I'organ. financiere chez les Romaint, trad.
Vigie, 1888, pp. 826, 327 ; con/. J. Maurice, Bull. Soc. Antiqu.
France, 1898, p. 151.
11 Cod. Theod., 1. x., t. xviii., 1. iii.
" Cassiodorus, Variar., 1. vi. 8, ed. Mommsen, 1894, p. 182
(Men. Germ. hitt.}.
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 151
treasure of whatsoever kind.13 Later, by another statute
of about A.D. 1260, the Duke is authorised to make an
inquisition about treasure, the discovery of which had
been fraudulently concealed.14
The Decrees of St. Louis assign treasure -trove of gold
to the King ; but the Baron is to receive that of silver.15
We see, however, from various statutes that even under
St. Louis this question of right is still obscure; for in
A.D. 1224 the King claimed the right to the treasures
of gold and silver, coined and uncoined, which had been
found by monks of the Abbey of Cercanceau, on the
Loire, near Chateau-Landon, in the diocese of Sens.16
On the other hand in the same diocese, in 1259, after a
long dispute the position was clearly defined as to the
right of the King to treasure-trove of gold and to that
of silver; for in this instance the court decided that
treasures of gold belonged to the King, but those of silver
by ancient right were the property of the finder.17
In a mandate of Philip IY, dated 27th August, 1306,
it is ordered that treasures without any distinction found on
lands or in dwellings belonging to Jews shall be surren-
dered to the King.18
However the distinction between gold and silver is
18 Statuta et Consuetudines Normannie, c. Ixix. (Coutumiers
de Normandie, ed. J. Tardif, Rouen, 1881, t. i., lre partie, p.
64).
14 Summa de legibus in curia laicali, c. xvii. (Coutumiers de
Normandie, Rouen, 1896, t. ii., p. 49).
15 Les Etablissements de Saint Louis, ed. P. Viollet (Soc.
Hist, de France), t. ii., pp. 152-154, 1. i., c. xciv.
u Le Nain de Tillemont, Vie de Saint Louis, ed. Soc. Hist,
de France, t. i., p. 826.
17 Olim, ed. Beugnot, t. i., p. 452, xv.
18 Ordonn., t. i., p. 448.
152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
confirmed by various customs of the fifteenth and six-
teenth centuries,19 although some customary regulations
of the fifteenth century, which in their nature are very
similar to the customs of Touraine and Anjou, enact that
the proprietary right of treasures is closely allied to jus-
ticiary rights. In other words that finds of gold and silver
belong to barons and other nobles when discovered on
lands over which they have legal jurisdiction. In Anjou
the rights of the King do not appear ever to have been
established ; for in the eleventh century no mention is
made as to the ownership of a statue of gold weighing
100 livres, which had been found in a river.20
In the duchy of Berry the rights of the King were
subject to some restrictions, as they were not recognised in
the case of isolated pieces, but only in cases of genuine
treasure. It is a compromise which reminds us of the
law of the Emperor Severus Alexander.
In the statutes which have been cited the rights of the
finder appear to have been overlooked. But in the
Middle Ages these also received some consideration ; for a
statute of the twelfth century divides in equal shares
treasure-trove between the lord and the finder.21 In
certain cases in the sixteenth century the treasure is
divided into halves or thirds, the finder receiving his due
share.22
This custom is confirmed by an order of the Court of
the 28th July, 1570, under the following terms : " The
19 Beautemps-Beaupre, Cout. et Instit. de V Anjou et du Maine,
lre part, t. i., pp. 389, 890.
20 Historia Sancti Florentii Samulrensis, see Marchegay et
Mabille, Chronique des figlises d' Anjou, 1869, pp. 287, 288.
21 Th. Grasilier, Cartul. inedits de la Saintonge, Niort, 1871,
t. ii., Cartulaire de VAbbaye royale de N.-D. de Saintes, p. 52.
22 Coutume de 1508, art. 61.
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 153
treasure is to be divided into three parts, of which one
shall be awarded to the finder, another to the proprietor
of the land, and the third to the lord of the manor (haut-
justicier), be he the King or anyone else ; but if the pro-
prietor of the land be himself the finder, the treasure shall
then be divided into two parts, one of which shall be
awarded to the proprietor, the other to the lord of the
manor, in accordance with another order given by the
Court of Appeal at Amiens." 23 This law was still further
modified, and in the seventeenth century the rights of the
finder and those of the proprietor of the land only were
considered. For in the month of February, 1631, the
Chambre de 1'Edit of Grenoble gave judgment between
the Prince of Orange, who was chief justiciary of the
Seigriory of Orpiere, a mason named Damian, and the pro-
prietor of an old building, in one of the walls of which
Damian had found a pot full of gold coins. The order of
the Court was to the effect that the mason should have
half the treasure and the proprietor the other half ; but
no order was made to the demand formulated on behalf
of the Prince of Orange.24
Not less remarkable is the order delivered on the 31st
January, 1641, by the Chambre de 1'Edit for the Lan-
guedoc held at Castres. This order overruled the re-
quest of the King, made in his name by the agents of the
Jisciis, for a third of a treasure found in a wall under de-
molition, and gave one-half of it to the finder, and the
25 A. Thomas- Latour, Rev. de legisl. et de jurisprudence,
19eann6e, 1853, t. i., pp. 278, 279. Of. Papon, Rectieil d'arrests,
Lyon, 1556 ; du thresor trouve, 1. xiii., t. 7.
M A. Thomas-Latour, De Vinvention des tresors caches et du
droit aux tresors trouves, see Rev. de legisl. et de jurisprudence,
18" annee, 1852, t. ii., p. 50.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. X
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
other half to the proprietor of the wall. The order
further added that this decision was arrived at under the
Roman right established in the district of Castres, as also
in the province of Languedoc.25
In spite of these judgments, an attempt was made in
the eighteenth century to restore the right of the Crown as
laid down in the order of 1570, cited above. In 1725 the
subject in question was a bronze vase filled with Roman
coins of the third century A.D., which had been found at
Gommegnies, near Le Quesnoy.26 A precis of this case
informs us that the comptroller general, in supporting the
right claimed by the King, asked that " the common usage
should be enforced, which divided treasure- trove into three
parts, of which one should be awarded to the King,
another to the finder, and the third to the proprietor of
the estate on which the treasure was found."
But M. de Yastan, commissary of Hainault, was opposed
to this view and cited Chapter 129 of the Custom of Hainault
as follows : " If any artisan working for wages on the lands
of another by chance finds a treasure, one-half of it belongs
to him and the other half to the proprietor of the estate."
It was therefore in the end arranged to pay for the 600
coins selected for the Cabinet of the King.27
By Article 716 of the Civil Code, still in force, it is
decreed " That the ownership of a treasure belongs to the
finder, if discovered on his own land : if the treasure is
found on the land of another person, one-half belongs to
the finder, the other half to the proprietor of the land.
15 A. Thomas-Latour, ib. p. 51.
M Arr. d'Avesnes> see Adrien Blanchet, Les tresors de mon-
naifs romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule, 1900,
p. 110, No. 14.
27 Archives du cabinet des Medailles, Sept., 1726.
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 155
Treasure-trove includes anything hidden or buried, of
which the owner is not known, and which has been
discovered by pure chance."
The last paragraph of this article is wanting in precision
and exactness, for one cannot pretend to say that in the
case of excavations on a selected spot, and with an express
purpose, the finding of a treasure or antiquities is a matter
of "pure chance."28
Practically the right of workmen employed in inten-
tional excavations is not recognised; yet if one takes
the text of Article 716 literally, "he who finds a
treasure" can only mean he whose work leads to the
discovery. In short, the law is not borrowed from the Code
of Theodosius ; but it is based on that of the Emperor
Hadrian, the text of which has been preserved to us by
Spartian. "We have already seen that the decisions of
1631 and 1641 were delivered in the same spirit of
equity.
A law of the 30th March, 1887, modifies to the advan-
tage of the State the rights of the finder ; for under it
the State becomes full proprietor of every object found in
its domain, minus an indemnity representing half its
value, which goes to the finder. Another clause of the
same Act empowers the minister to expropriate the whole
or part of the land on which discoveries of treasure may
have been made, in accordance with the provisions of the
law of the 3rd May, 1841.
Such, in brief, has been the legislation in France
relating to treasure-trove.
The sovereign right to treasure- trove appears to prevail
18 Adrien Blanchet et Fr. de Villenoisy, Guide pratique de
I'Antiquaire, 1899, p. 6.
156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in most of the other States of Europe. Grotius (De Jure
Belli et Pads, ch. viii. 7) says " the people of Germany gave
treasure- trove, like other ownerless things, to the prince ;
and it is now the common law as a sort of jus gentium,
for it is observed in Germany, France, England, Spain
and Denmark ; and that there is no wrong done has been
sufficiently explained."
Without going into detail, we may mention that in
Denmark, according to the law of Valdemar I,29 it is
enacted that if anyone should find gold or silver in a
field or on a hill or under his plough, it belongs to the
King ; and if he denies that he has found it, let him
defend himself on oath before his kinsmen.
In Hungary the National Museum has the right of
pre-emption, and every find, when it exceeds the value
of 600 francs, is divided in equal parts between the
finder or finders, the proprietor of the land, and the
State.
In the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, as well as in
Greece, the discovery of all finds must be immediately
notified to the State. In the latter country all finds of
antiquities belong to the State, but when found on private
property half the value is awarded to the owner of the
property. Informants of finds not of archseological
interest receive one-third their value whether claimed by
the State or not. Of objects found in the sea half belongs
to the finder, the other half goes to the Caisse des Invalides
de la Mer.
In Italy the State possesses also the right of pre-
emption, the application of which has greatly fostered
the concealment of treasure-trove, as the proprietors are
19 L. ii., c. 113, ed. Kolderup-Rosenvinge, 1837, p. 290.
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 157
wary of the small indemnity offered by the State. In
mediaeval times the law appears to have been different, at
least at Padua ; for in 1274 we learn " that a treasure of
pure gold of the supposed value of more than 30,000
livres was found in the garden of the Hospice of the
Domus Dei at Padua, which was unfairly divided be-
tween the finders, the Bishop, and the State and its
officials ; a fourth part being, however, reserved for the
Hospital, but subject to the conditions that it should be
devoted towards its repair." 30
Before proceeding to give a slight sketch of treasure-
trove in England, it may be well to define the meaning
of the term as understood at common law.
In a paper read before the Royal Archaeological Insti-
tute at its meeting at Chester in August, 1886,31 Judge
Baylis gave the following definition of treasure-trove : —
1. The word " treasure," in connection with treasure-
trove, is confined to gold or silver money, coins, plate, or
bullion, not copper, lead, bronze, or other metals or
things.
2. It must be found hidden in the earth or in the
walls, beams, chimneys, or other secret places above the
earth, but affixed to the soil. If found on the earth
or in the sea, or not hidden, it is not treasure-trove.
3. When the owner thereof or his representatives can-
not be ascertained.
4. Then, and then only, it belongs to the Crown or the
grantees of the Crown.
Blackstone 32 defines treasure- trove as follows : — " Trea-
sure is where any money, coin, gold, silver, plate, or
30 Chron. Patav., S. A., 1274, ed. Muratori, t. iv., col. 1146.
31 Journal of the Arch. Inst., 1886, vol. xliii., p. 342.
82 Ed. Stephen, 1899, vol. ii., p. 476.
158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
bullion, is found hidden in the earth, or other private
place, the owner thereof being unknown. And in such
a case, the treasure found belongs to the Crown ; but
if he that hid it be known or afterwards found out, the
owner, and not the Sovereign, is entitled to it. It is
the hiding, and not the abandonment, that gives the
King a property; for if a man scatters his treasure
into the sea or upon the surface of the earth, it belongs
not to the Sovereign, but to the first finder. Formerly,
indeed, treasure- trove, whether hidden, lost, or aban-
doned, belonged to the finder; but afterwards it was
judged expedient, for the purposes of the State, and par-
ticularly for the coinage, to allow part of what was so
found to the King — which part was assigned to be all
hidden treasure, as distinguished from such as was either
casually lost or designedly abandoned by the former
owner."
"We have here a pretty clear definition of the word
treasure-trove and its application at law. Blackstone is
specially emphatic in laying down the principle, that there
must have been a manifest intention on the part of the owner
to hide his treasure. It was not a mere burial ; it was a
hiding with the intention of returning at some future time
to recover the treasure. This hiding of treasure must not
be confused with the burial of objects in the case of ancient
interments of human remains. In such cases the owner
deposited his treasure with quite other motives. He never
intended to return and unearth it ; but it was to remain
with the body for all times, either for use in the other
world or for payment to the shades for the transport of the
spirit of the departed one. Such cases do not, therefore,
come within the term treasure-trove as understood by law.
Likewise the discovery of a single object such as a coin
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 159
or a ring, which must in all probability have been lost or
casually dropped and not hidden, cannot properly be
regarded as treasure-trove. An instance of this nature
occurred in 1891, when a labourer, whilst hoeing in a field
in Hertfordshire, struck his hoe into a lump of clay which
revealed a gold ring.33 Though there was nothing else
except the gold ring there, and no other object of
antiquity in the neighbourhood, the Treasury claimed the
ring as treasure-trove and retained it ; but the Society of
Antiquaries, not coinciding in this view, submitted the
case for counsel's opinion, asking to be advised whether a
ring found in such circumstances could be considered
treasure-trove. The case was submitted to Mr. R. B.
Finlay (now Sir Robert B. Finlay, the Attorney-General)
and Mr. George H. Blakesly, who held " that the ring
could not under the circumstances be rightly called
treasure-trove ; because it did not appear to have been
placed where it was found by any person desirous of
hiding it ; that according to the authorities there must
be presumptive evidence of hiding in order to bring an
object under the claim of the Crown as treasure- trove ;
that as there was nothing of this kind in the present case,
the Crown has no claim under the doctrine of treasure-
trove."
In discussing the question of the origin of the English
Common Law of Treasure-Trove, Professor E. C. Clark34
is of opinion that there is little or no direct trace of a
Roman original. The claim for the Crown would seem
rather to be derived from some such feudal doctrine as
that of ultimate ownership of land being vested in the
33 See Proceedings, Society of Antiquaries, Second Series,
vol. xiv., 1891-1893, pp. 220-222.
34 Journal of the Arch. Inst., 1886, vol. xliii., p. 352.
160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Lord Paramount. Such a doctrine is not of Italian growth,
but much more Teutonic in character. In Anglo-Saxon
times the right of the Crown or Lord Paramount appears
never to have been questioned, and unless specially
granted by charter the King has always been held to be
entitled to treasure from under the earth ; and no so-called
customary rights have ever interfered with the royal pre-
rogative in this respect in England.
Kemble35 represents the Anglo-Saxon Sovereigns as
claiming to themselves all treasure-trove, and supports
his statement by charters, in which the right to " hoards
whether above or within the earth" are occasionally
granted away.
From the Laws and Institutions of England under
Edward the Confessor, ch. xiv. (ed. Thorpe), we learn
" Treasures from the earth belong to the King unless they
are found in a church or place of burial. And if they are
found there then the gold belongs to the King ; but if
of silver, then half goes to the King and the other half to
the Church, where it was found, whether it be rich or
poor."
In ch. xxiv. of the same laws we have another one
relating to "findings," De Invencionibus. This law enacts
"that if any man should lead or bring into the town
(villa) an animal or any money, which he says he has
found, before he shall take it to his own house or to
that of another he shall go to the church and shall
make the priest come from the church and the prefect
and the chief men of the town, and when they are
assembled he shall show them what he has found. The
prefect shall then send round to the four neighbouring
35 Saxons in England, b. 2, ch. 2.
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 161
towns and shall acquaint the priests and chief men of the
find. After this the prefect in whose district the finder is
shall guard the treasure till the morrow, and on the next
day with his neighbours who have seen the treasure he
shall go to the prefect of the hundred and shall show it to
him. And if the lord of the manor on whose land it
was found has not his customs, forsooth soc and sac, he shall
surrender it up to the prefect of the hundred, if he should
desire to have it. But if he has bis customs then let him
hold to his rights."
In these two laws there is a distinct difference drawn
between what is found in the earth, and what is found on
the earth. In the former case the property or treasure
belongs to the Crown : but no question of such a right is
made in the latter case, but in the place of the Crown
the lord of the manor appears to be the rightful owner.
Under Henry I, ch. x, it is laid down that one of the
rights of the King is thesaurus inventus.
A most interesting instance of the King having
surrendered his right to treasure-trove is to be found in
the Charter of Henry II to the Monastery of Ramsey, by
which the latter was "to receive sac and soc (the 'right
of holding a court), thol and theam (market and the issue
of the bondsmen), forstal (the intercepting on the
highway), blodwith (a fine paid as a compensation for
bloodshed), and the finding of treasure ; and likewise all
other privileges which belong to the King."
The right of the Crown to treasure-trove is enforced
by the Statute of 4th Edward I (1275-6), which enacts
that " a coroner being certified by the King's bailiffs or
other honest men of the county shaU'go to the place where
treasure is said to be found ; that he shall enquire, who were
the finders and likewise who is suspected thereof, and
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162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that they be well perceived when one liveth riotously,
haunting taverns, and hath done so of long time ; here-
upon he may be attached for this suspicion by four, five or
six more pledges if he can be found ; and how many
soever be found culpable by inquisition in manner
aforesaid, they shall be taken and delivered to the sheriff
and shall be committed to gaol."
We have in this law a curious method as to how justice
is to be arrived at. The law evidently supposes that
anyone, who may have discovered a treasure, has not the
force of mind to use discretion and to conceal his good
fortune, but must of necessity act as a witness against
himself by haunting taverns and by giving way to intem-
perance.
This Act of Edward I has been recently confirmed by
the Coroner's Act of 1887 (sec. 36), which provides that
" a coroner shall continue as heretofore to have jurisdiction
to enquire of treasure that is found, who were the finders
and who is suspected thereof."
In the well-known recent case (16th October, 1891) of
the Attorney General v. Moore, respecting some gold
cups, a chalice, two pyxes and a paten found at Stoke
Prior in Herefordshire, it was ruled that " the jurisdiction
of the coroner with reference to treasure-trove is limited
to an inquiry, who were the finders and who is suspected
thereof. He has no jurisdiction to inquire into any
question of title to the treasure as between the Crown and
any other claimants, the title to all treasure- trove being
independent of any finding of the coroner's jury."
In his judgment, Mr. Justice Stirling said, " Primd
facie the title of treasure- trove is in the Crown ; but no
doubt that title may be displaced by producing a grant to
a subject of the franchise of treasure-trove, but the
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 163
question between the Crown and the subject must be
decided by an interpretation of the grant, and I cannot
conceive that it is possible that this title can be decided
either by the coroner or by the verdict of the coroner's
jury ; the coroner's jurisdiction is limited to an inquiry
who were the finders, and who were suspected thereof."
The law has thus clearly defined the duties of the
coroner in respect of treasure-trove, and thus one of the
initial difficulties connected with a preliminary inquiry has
been removed.
There is abundant evidence to show that unless by
special grant the Crown has never surrendered or
abandoned its right to treasure- trove. In proof of this
we find in the State Papers published by the Rolls Office
many instances of permission granted by the Crown during
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to dig for treasure
under certain conditions. Of these we may mention the
following.
In 1595 licence was given to Sir William Russell
and three others to dig and search for hidden treasure
in the counties of Somerset, Wilts, and Gloucester,
for two years and to enjoy all they found, provided they
gave notice to two justices of the peace before digging
anywhere.
In 1621 a special commission was granted to Richard
Ryves and others to dig for treasure supposed to be in
certain parts of a down in the parish of Upway, co. Dorset.
In 1624, David Ramsay received a grant of the benefit
of the King's interest in any treasure- trove discovered by
him in two places in Essex.
In 1625, on the petition of Thomas Eliot, Matthew
Cawlthrop and Abraham Campion, permission was granted
to dig in the churchyard and lands belonging to the
164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ancient monastery of St. Alvans for treasure ; on the under-
standing that one- third has to go to the King, one- third for
repairing the church and the remainder to the petitioners.
These are but a few isolated instances of the Crown
exercising its right to treasure-trove, which have been
gathered from a cursory glance at the State Papers. A
closer and more minute search would no doubt furnish us
with a continuous chain of evidence to much more recent
times.
One other instance of an apparent surrender of its right
by the Crown has recently come before the public and is
still sub judice. It is the case of the gold ornaments lately
found in Ireland ; the circumstances connected with
which appear to be as follows :
About four years ago some ancient gold Celtic ornaments
were found in the North-west of Ireland in the neighbour-
hood of Limavady. These shortly after their discovery
came into the possession of a jeweller at Belfast, who
disposed of them to a private individual, who in his turn
sold them to the British Museum. Some time after the
purchase was completed by the British Museum, the Irish
authorities, who all along appear to have known of the
find, claimed the objects as treasure-trove and demanded
them for the Dublin Museum ; the matter came before the
House of Commons and a Committee was appointed to
inquire into the circumstances of the case. As the Trustees
of the British Museum still retained the ornaments their
right to do so was questioned in the House of Commons,
15th June, 1900, and the First Lord of the Treasury
replied that the Law Officers both of England and
Ireland had decided that these ornaments were treasure-
trove and belonged to the Crown, and that the Trustees
were wrong in retaining them. Shortly afterwards it
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 165
was elicited that the land on which the objects were dis-
covered was granted to the Irish Society, which was
incorporated by Charter of James I., for colonising and
establishing a settlement on lands which had been for-
feited to the Crown towards the end of the reign of
Elizabeth. This Charter was regranted by Charles II,
and Mr. Gerald Balfour, in reply to a question in the
House of Commons, 6th August, 1900, stated that it had
been ascertained that the words of the patent granted by
Charles II to the Irish Society are large enough to vest
in the Society the right to treasure-trove. If Mr. Gerald
Balfour's opinion holds good, then we have here another
instance of the King surrendering his prerogative to
treasure-trove. But the case is not settled, as the First
Lord of the Treasury again, on the 30th July, 1901,
asserted the right of the Crown to the ornaments as
treasure- trove. So it will be left to the judges to decide
what interpretation is to be put on the clauses of the
Charter which affect the question.
The law which gives a right usually provides the means
of enforcing it. The punishment, therefore, of such
persons as concealed from the King the finding of hidden
treasure was formerly no less than death ; but now its
concealment is misprision of felony ; and those guilty are
liable to fine and imprisonment. This applies not only
to the actual finder, bat also to those who aid and abet in
the concealment. This last point was decided in the
case of Heg. v. Siles Thomas and Stephen Willett,38 in
which it was shown that the defendants had " unlawfully,
willingly and knowingly," concealed treasure-trove con-
sisting of gold ornaments, which had been ploughed up
38 See Leigh and Cave, Crown Cases Reserved, vol. i., p. 318.
166 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
by a labourer in a field in the parish of Mountfield,
Sussex. In a subsequent case tried in Dublin in 1867,
Reg. v. Toole, the prisoner was found guilty of concealing
some silver coins, which he had discovered near Booters-
town, in the county of Dublin ; and in this case the court
further decided that in an indictment for concealing
treasure-trove it is not necessary to state any inquisition
before the coroner as to the title of the Crown.
Such, then, is an outline of the custom and law of
treasure-trove in England; but the enforcement of the
right of the Crown has always been fraught with much
difficulty, chiefly owing to the fact that till recent years
no reward or fixed remuneration was held out to the
finder. He had therefore no encouragement to be honest,
and in consequence very few objects in the precious
metals escaped the melting-pot. In the case of objects
other than coins, some of which could have been returned to
the finder, the remuneration given could only be in money ;
and so far as it can be ascertained no official payment
of such a nature had ever occurred. With coins the
case was somewhat different : when they were secured
by the Treasury they were sent to the British Museum
for examination and selection. Those required were paid
for at the market value, but those not required were
returned to the Treasury, which made some sort of distri-
bution to various societies, &c. ; but it is pretty certain
that the finder fared rather badly and only occasionally
may have received by way of grant a part of the find.
The effect was that only in the instance of large finds,
that got bruited abroad, did the Treasury have any
cognizance of their discovery ; the smaller ones passing
into private hands unrecorded or into the melting-pot.
In 1860 Lord Talbot de Malahide drew the attention
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 167
of the Treasury to the constant loss of treasure-trove
owing to the fact of the uncertainty of the finder obtain-
ing any payment or reward, and as a slight step in the
right direction the Treasury ordered that in future the
metal value should be paid for all treasure-trove ; but as
this order did not become generally known, the Home
Office, in 1871, issued the following notice to the police.37
WHITEHALL, llth July, 1871.
SIR, — The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's
Treasury being desirous of giving greater publicity to
their practice of paying on behalf of the Crown to the
finder of coins and antiquities coming under the descrip-
tion of " Treasure-Trove " the full bullion value thereof,
I am directed by Mr. Secretary Bruce to request that
you will take such measures as you may think best
calculated to make the same generally known within your
jurisdiction and more especially to pawnbrokers and other
similar dealers. Your obedient servant,
(Signed) A. F. 0. LIDDELL.
It need scarcely be said that such a notice had little if
any good effect ; for by it the finder reaped no substantial
advantage. By melting down his treasure he obtained
just as much as if he surrendered it to the public officers ;
but if he could meet with a purchaser, he would ask more
than the metal value and could easily get it : and in most
cases he took the risk and was rarely found out. The
result of this order was therefore practically nil : and it
was only when a find got generally known that the police
were able to put their hands on it.
37 This notice is given in full, as I believe it has never been
published, but only issued privately.
168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In 1886 the discovery of a hoard of gold coins of
Henry VI- VIII at Park Street, St. Albans, was the means
of bringing about a further improvement in the conditions
of recompense to finders of treasure-trove, and this
improvement was mainly due to the strenuous efforts made
by our President, Sir John Evans. On that occasion our
President pointed out to the Treasury that the system
hitherto adopted of giving the finders merely the intrinsic
value of coins retained, whilst the Treasury received from
the Trustees of the British Museum and other public
institutions the archaeological or numismatic value of the
coins, was a very injurious and unfair one ; and he
strongly urged that more liberal terms should be offered.
His efforts were successful, for the Treasury within a few
weeks passed a minute, which was embodied in a letter
circulated by the Secretary of State for the Home Depart-
ment in the usual manner to the Police.
The substance of this circular is as follows : " Tho
Lords Commissioners of the Treasury being desirous to
render as effective as possible the assistance which is
given to the efforts of antiquarian societies for the pre-
servation of objects of general interest, by the assertion of
the claim of the Crown to coins and antiquities coming
under the description of treasure-trove, have reconsidered
that practice, as intimated to you in the circular of July
11, 1871, of paying to the finder of articles of treasure-
trove on behalf of the Crown the full bullion- value of such
articles.
" Their Lordships, with a view to encourage the finders
of coins and ornaments to notify the fact of their discovery
to the Government, are ready to modify their existing
regulations, and to return to the finders, who fully and
promptly report their discoveries and hand over the same
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 169
to the authorities, the coins and objects which are not
actually required for National Institutions, and the sums
received from such Institutions as the antiquarian value of
such of the coins or objects as are retained and sold to
them, subject to the deduction of a percentage at the rate,
either : —
"1. Of 20 percent, from the antiquarian value of the
coins or objects returned ; or —
" 2. A sum of 10 per cent, from the value of all the
objects discovered, as may hereafter be determined.
" This arrangement is tentative in character, and the
complete right of the Crown, as established by law, to all
articles of treasure-trove is preserved."
If one takes into consideration the long-established
absolute right of the Crown to treasure- trove, this last
order is on the whole a fairly liberal one ; but it would no
doubt have been still more satisfactory if no deduction at
all on the value were made, so as to allow the finder
to receive the full antiquarian value straight away. But
even with this deduction of percentage the finder is much
better off if he declares his discovery than if he attempts
to dispose of his treasure privately ; for in the instance of
treasure-trove in coins the procedure is as follows.
As soon as the coins are received at the Treasury they
are forwarded to the British Museum, where they are
carefully classified. A selection is then made of such
specimens as are required for the National Collection,
and their market value noted and paid. The remainder
are separately valued on the same principle, and returned
to the Treasury, which deals with them in accordance
with their order. The finder alone gets any money pay-
ment ; but in cases where a large number of ordinary coins
have been found, presents are made not only to the owner
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170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of the land on which the discovery has been made, if he is
forward in helping to report the find, but also to other
persons interested, and to local museums. This last
arrangement seems a fair one ; for it is only right that
the proprietor of the land on which the coins have been
discovered, though not actually the finder, should have
some share of them. It is also strictly in accordance
with ancient custom, as we have seen.
It must be borne in mind that the principal object
which the authorities of the British Museum have in view
is not entirely the acquisition of the coins for the National
Collection, but the numismatic information which can
be gleaned from the hoards themselves; and there is
scarcely any find, however small, that does not add some-
thing to our numismatic knowledge. It is mainly from
the evidence of finds that we have been able to classify
the English coinage chronologically within the reigns;
and besides that, they often supply historical information
outside that of the coinage. It would have been impos-
sible for our President to have classified the ancient
British coins in such a satisfactory and successful manner
if he had not been able to note the find-spot of nearly
every coin that came within his knowledge. Not only
has he thus been able to show the extent of the dominions
of the various British chiefs, and also their apparent
dates, but he has often been able to foretell that such and
such coins, though not then known to him, may have
been issued, and in many instances his prophecy has
proved perfectly correct.
A recent find of Anglo-Saxon coins,38 which was obtained
by the British Museum in its entirety, has not only re-
38 Num. Chron., 1894, p. 18.
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 171
vealed to us the monetary, but also the precise political
position of Kent, Mercia, Wessex, and East Anglia, from
the reign of Offa of Mercia to that of Aethelwulf of
"Wessex, a most important period of our history, as it
marked the beginning of the extension of the power of
Wessex, which was soon destined to overlord all the other
states.
Again, as recently as 1897, the discovery of the Bal-
combe hoard 39 has enabled us in a great measure to settle
the long much- vexed question of the classification of the
pennies of Edward I, II, and III. And it may be added
that the chronological sequence of the Republican coinage
of Rome is almost entirely based on the evidence of finds.
Coins are also of the highest importance in determining
the age of other objects found with them. The recent find
of coins of Cartimandua40 gave a date to certain ornaments,
fibula, box, &c., discovered with them ; and the sameoccurred
with rings found last year with gold coins of Diocletian
and Maximian at Sully Moor, near Cardiff.41 Without this
evidence it would have been difficult to decide whether
in the latter case the rings were of the second or third
century ; but the coins enabled us to put their manufac-
ture within the space of a very few years.
These are some of the advantages which accrue from
the law, as at present administered, of treasure-trove :
and it is very evident that the right of the Crown
should never be surrendered. A great deal has been
said and written about the claims of the owners of the
soil in whose lands valuable and interesting objects
have been unearthed, but experience has taught us that
39 Num. Chron., 1898, p. 8.
40 Num. Chron., 1897, p. 293.
41 Num. Chron., 1900, p. 27
172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in most cases where the law of treasure-trove does
not operate — i.e. with objects not of precious metal —
no record of finds has been made, and in consequence
much history and archaeological information has been lost.
Objects which thus pass direct into private hands are seldom
available for scientific study. We doubt much, too, if
under such circumstances the finders would obtain from
the landlord anything like the favourable terms which are
now offered by the Treasury. With local museums the
case is very different ; but a difficulty would always arise
in procuring funds to meet the requirements of the
Treasury. The central position of our National Museums,
and the fact that objects placed there are always accessible
for reference and study, render their claims to treasure-
trove paramount to those of any other similar institutions.
The inducement held out by the Treasury has, however,
not proved so effectual as might have been expected, and in
reply to a question asked by Judge Baylis on the point
of the working of the recent order Sir Francis Mowat
replied, " The circular of the Treasury of 1886 does not
seem to have had very good effects, as many hoards are
discovered without being reported, and that means that
coins and objects of interest are thus lost to the National
Collection. This would be avoided if finds were reported
to the Treasury by individual members of Archaeological
Associations."
This is a very good suggestion and one which we, as
members of the Numismatic Society, should bear in mind ;
not, however, with the sole idea, as Sir Francis Mowat puts
it, of enriching the National Collection, but also with a
view of advancing the science of numismatics and
archaeology in general.
A few words may be added about treasure-trove in
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 173
Scotland and Ireland. From a private memorandum of the
Council of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 1892-3,
it appears that in Scotland, down to year 1859, the Crown
exercised its claims to treasure-trove without recom-
pensing the finders except in an uncertain way, such
finders as were " in circumstances to require " rewards.
The result was that very few objects in the precious metals
escaped the melting-pot. But in that year the Crown
proclaimed that in future the " actual value " or " intrinsic
value " of treasure-trove should be given to the finders.
Much difference of opinion existed as to the interpretation
of the term " intrinsic value " ; but the Queen's and Lord
Treasurer's Remembrancer, to whom is entrusted the en-
forcement of the law of treasure-trove, decided in 1859
that " actual value " and " intrinsic value " are used as
synonymous terms, and it is the fact that in recompensing
finders the Crown authorities have adopted a wider
signification and have awarded a fair value, which is
generally determined by the Keeper of the National
Museum.
As in England, this arrangement in Scotland does not
seem to have worked satisfactorily, first because the
Queen's Remembrancers, in the absence of guidance from
legal decisions, held different views as to the rights of
the Crown ; secondly because finders and landed pro-
prietors are ignorant of the law ; thirdly because of local
objections to the removal of finds away from localities to
the National Museum ; and lastly on account of dishonesty
in concealing finds.
The disposal of treasure-trove in Ireland is in the
absolute discretion of the Treasury, acting on behalf of
the Crown ; but for many years it has delegated the whole
responsibility in connection therewith to the Royal Irish
174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Academy. One hundred pounds is annually provided by
Parliament for rewards to discoverers of treasure-trove ;
and this sum can be accumulated from year to year. The
Academy posts notices in the Constabulary barracks and
other places throughout Ireland, informing the public that
payments for such articles higher than those which could
be obtained from dealers, will be awarded to finders of
them if delivered up to the police. The Royal Irish Academy
has thus the refusal of all treasure-trove.
The law in France of 1887, mentioned above, has been
fraught with similar results to the regulations in England
and Scotland, the effects of which Mr. Blanchet thus sums
up at the end of his paper : "It was the aim of the legisla-
ture that these new regulations should be the means of
saving interesting monuments ; but it seems that this law
will restrict the rights of private individuals. Already
in the country districts the cultivator of the soil is inclined
to resent the interference of the State with his personal
affairs ; and I do not fear contradiction when I state that
numerous finds of coins, jewellery, or other small objects of
antiquity have been dispersed and even melted down before
being studied, and that because the finder imagines that
the State has an absolute right over all finds. This feeling
is probably the result of the influence of the various
customs in France which have been enumerated above.
" For numismatics in particular it is of the highest im-
portance that the treasures should be preserved in their
entirety and also that their provenance should be known."
A. BLANCHET.
H. A. GRUEBER.
NOTE.— Since this Article has been in print Sig. Francesco
Gnecchi, of Milan, has kindly sent me a copy of the Act of
TREASURE-TROVE, ITS ANCIENT AND MODERN LAWS. 175
21 March, 1902, relating to the "Preservation of Monuments
and Objects of Antiquity and Art " in Italy. Articles 14 and
16 of this Act provide (1) that any foreign institution or
foreigners carrying out excavations with the consent of the
Government shall surrender gratuitously to some public collec-
tion within the kingdom all objects discovered ; (2) that in all
other cases the Government shall have aright to one-fourth part
of the objects found or their equivalent in value ; and (3) that
in the case of excavations carried out by the Government on
private property, the proprietor of the land shall receive one-
fourth part of the objects found or their equivalent in value,
and the Government shall take all the remainder. — H. A. G.
XII.
SOME EEMARKS ON THE LAST SILVER COINAGE
OF EDWARD III.
(See Plate VII.)
THE several coinages of Edward III have already been so
fully and ably dealt with that it is with diffidence that I
offer any further remarks upon the subject. I venture,
however, to think that as the latest coinage of this reign
had, until comparatively recently, been almost unnoticed,
there may still remain something further to be said about
it, and I hope to be able to add a few varieties to the
specimens which have been already described.
In the treaty of peace with King John of France which
was ratified in October, 1360, Edward renounced all
claim to the Crown of that kingdom, and the title of
King of France was omitted upon his coins until the year
1369, when he resumed his claim owing to the alleged
breaking of the treaty by Charles, the then reigning
monarch. According to Ruding, the seals on which the
title had been omitted were now called in, and others
ordered to be made on which it should be re- inserted. The
same alteration was no doubt ordered to be made upon the
coins, although apparently no records exist to that effect.
There appears, however, to have been a short period of
transition during which the makers of the dies — perhaps
THE LAST SILVER COINAGE OF EDWARD III. 177
for want of definite instructions — seem to have been in a
state of some uncertainty as to the correct style of the
King, which on the coins of this period passes through
several phases, until it finally settles down to the ordinary
legend (for the groats) of EffX . AI76L . Z . FEARd .
or FEAnCCIff, which, with certain other characteristics, is
now generally recognised as marking the period 1369-77.
It is to this transitional period that I shall mainly devote
my remarks, as the principal coins I have to describe
belong to it, and with one exception have not, I believe,
been previously referred to.
Although the very rare groat and half-groat with
annulets terminating two points of the tressure on either
side of the King's head have characteristics which clearly
place them quite at the end of the period preceding the
rupture of the treaty of Bretigny, still they appear to be
quite within that period. They are, however, closely
connected with some groats of the earliest part of the last
period in the spelling of MB with an I instead of a Y,1 as
is the case on all the previous varieties of the groats and
half-groats of this reign, and in this respect they lead up
to the coins to which I have alluded, and which comprise
a small group of three groats, each of which, although
apparently unique and differing from the others in
important details, is united to them by characteristics and
details which all have in common.
The first to be mentioned is the one in the National
Collection, and described by Hawkins as being the only
one known to him of the period 1369-77. As it bears so
1 Although the Irish title was discontinued on the silver coins
at this period, it was retained upon the gold ones, and tylB is
spelled with an I instead of Y until the reign of Henry V, when
the latter form was again reverted to.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. A A
178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
closely on the other two of my list I will describe it
here : —
OZ>v.— .frQDWfiRD x DI x 6 x ESX x TTOGL' x Z x F x
DRS x ty[B x Z x fi
Rev.— -I.POSVI Decvm x TpivTORffsii x
x CIVIT7VS x LOTCDOTC
The stops throughout on both sides are saltires. It is
shown on PL VII., 2.
The King's head on this and the two following coins is
of quite a different character from that of the previous
periods. The face is longer and the neck more slender,
giving the bust a taller appearance, while generally the
work is neater and superior in character to most of the
previous coins. In addition I would specially draw
attention to what I believe to be a hitherto unnoticed
feature, and one which adds another proof to the conten-
tion that the bust of Edward III on most of his coins
was intended to be represented as clothed. In all three
of the coins now described the lower part of the King's
bust is encircled by the border of a tight-fitting garment
with rings or annulets around it — I suggest that this most
probably indicates the hauberk or tunic of chain mail
worn in battle under the surcoat at this period.
The second coin to which I would draw attention is in
my own cabinet. On the obverse it reads ^ffDWTYRD' x
DI x 6 x RffX x TtnGL' x Z x F' x DRS x f}IB' x Z x TV. On
the reverse .J.POSVI 8 DGCVm 8 fiDIVTORffSn 8 meCVm.
x CCIVITfiS x LOTCDOH. It will be noticed that this
groat differs from the preceding one in having double
annulets as stops in lieu of saltires in the outer reverse
inscription, otherwise it is the same — see PL VII., 1.
THE LAST SILVER COINAGE OF EDWARD III. 179
The third coin is in the British Museum collection. It
has all the special characteristics of the last two described,
but with the exception that f]IB is spelt with an I, and that
it has English R's in obverse legend, it reads similarly to the
groats of the 1351-60 period, -i-eCDWT^RD' x DI * 6 * RffX
* 7YQGL * Z * FRTmCT x D * hlB. The reverse inscription
is the same as that of the last coin, and the stops on both
sides are double saltires (see PI. VII., 3). It is also
to be noted that all three coins have the final Stt in
$H(£VSH, which is very uncommon, although it occurs
occasionally on the groats of the last period (see PI. VII.,
4). This final HI is also found on a very few of the
first groats of the earliest period, and on one of the treaty
period, but in this instance the D in TVDIVTORffJtt has been
omitted — probably by accident — and the last Sft has been
put to fill up the space. I have only seen two specimens of
this coin.
These coins appear to indicate in several ways that they
belong to a very early issue subsequent to the treaty
period, and one which, from the great rarity of these types
(each variety of which appears, so far, to be unique), must
have been in use only for a very short time. It will be
remarked that all three of the groats described have what
I suggest to be the hauberk showing round the neck, and
are of the same style of work, but while the two first have
the Aquitaine title in addition to the French and Irish
ones, the third omits the first, while retaining the last. The
groat from the Balcombe find, PL VII., 4, while being
of the same character of work, omits the Irish title, but
like the three previous groats retains the final fll in the
reverse legend, which does not subsequently appear in this
reign. The other known groats of this period have been
already described in the Numismatic Chronicle, ser. iii.,
180 NTMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
vol. xiii and vol. xviii, and I have no further varieties to
bring forward.
Of the half-groats of this period I have little to add to
what has been written by Mr. Grueber and Mr. Lawrence.
I can, however, give one variety not mentioned by them
which reads ffDWTSRD' x BGCX £ 7VP6L' x Z * FRfind (see
PI. VII., 7) instead of ffDWTVRDVS, the usual reading.
There is a specimen of this variety in the British Museum
and I myself have another.
The half-groat which reads ffDWTTRD DI CRTS 7VR6L
Z FR, believed to be unique up to the time the paper on
the Balcombe find was written, is now known not to be so,
several others having since been noticed, one of which, a
very poor specimen, is in my own cabinet.
In connection with the very rare half-groat having
annulets at sides of crown and the Lombardic n in
London, I think it interesting to note that all the
known specimens appear to be from the same dies. All
that I have seen, including three in the British Museum,
one in the Lawrence collection, and one in my own, show
a curious blurred defect across the nose which appears
to be identical in every case. These half-groats, like the
corresponding groats, are presumably of the period just
preceding the rupture of the treaty of Bretigny, although
on the principle that all silver coins with saltire stops
on both sides belong to the last period, these should be
included in it. I would, however, suggest that the
character of the stops is a very uncertain means of divid-
ing the last two periods of the silver coinage of this reign.
I have myself a groat and half- groat of Edward III with
saltire stops on both the obverse and reverse, but which
otherwise have all the characteristics of the 1360-69
period, particularly the peculiar letter X specially iden-
THE LAST SILVER COINAGE OF EDWARD III. 181
tified with this period. Mr. Lawrence has a groat with
the same peculiarities. These coins are, however, the only
ones that I have seen of the type of the 1360-69 period
with saltire stops on hoth sides, and they must be very
rare. They are probably but shortly removed from the last
period. The half-groats have also the mark of contrac-
tion over the final N in London, which is, I believe, always
found on the last silver coinage. Having touched upon
the question of the stops, I would venture to suggest that
although in a general way the annulet stops are associated
with the two earlier periods of Edward Ill's coinage,
and the saltires on both sides with the last period, still
they are by no means a certain guide. In support of this
view I confidently refer to the groat previously described
with both French and Aquitaine titles and which has
annulet stops on the reverse, although from its legend it
is undoubtedly of the last period. The groats and half-
groats to which I have alluded with saltire stops on both
sides, but corresponding in all other respects with those
of the period 1360-69, confirm, I think, my contention,
and we may also recall in passing that there are a few
groats of the first period, 1351-60, which have saltire
stops on one or both sides ; they are, however, confined
to a few of one single variety having dots on either side
of TV in Civitas. What appears to me a much more
certain characteristic and one which I would submit
for consideration, is to be found in the peculiar and
special character of the letter Z in connection with
the titles of the King. This will be found upon even
slight examination to be entirely different from the same
letter on both the previous coinages of Edward III and
on the subsequent one of Richard II. On coins of the
period in question it is invariably thus jj. On previous
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
issues it is thus "J or thus JJ. This last form being
reverted to on the coinage of Richard II.
If the principle which I now suggest be accepted for
identifying coins of the last period of Edward III,
several pieces would be included which, on account of
annulet or pellet stops, have been assigned to the pre-
vious one, although their inscriptions would indicate the
position which my theory gives to them. In this connec-
tion I would call attention to a York penny reading
GCDWTVED'o RffX 8 finGL'o B 8 ER. One of this type was
in the Balcombe find, and apparently on account of its
stops was assigned to the 1360-69 period notwithstand-
ing its inscription. I have also a specimen, and the
peculiar Z is very distinct, while the X in RSX is not of
the character identified with the treaty period.
In the list of coins in the Balcombe find, the Durham
penny of the last period is stated to have a lis or a
quatrefoil on the breast. I have two which show the lis
very clearly. It resembles exactly the similar object always
found on the very rare Durham pennies of Richard II,
and would thus seem to show that these pennies are quite
the latest of the Durham coins of Edward III.
The pennies of the latest period of this reign have been
so fully described in vols. xiii and xviii, Third Series, of
the Numismatic Chronicle before referred to, that I have
little to add. There is in the British Museum collection
a penny of the last period reading ffDWTYRD x RffX x
TTRGL x I x FE7VnCC'x with a pellet on the breast, which
has not, I think, been previously noticed, and there is also
another remarkable London penny different from any that
I have seen and which must be of quite the last type issued.
The head is exactly that of Richard II with smaller face
and more bushy hair than on the other late pennies. It
THE LAST SILVER COINAGE OF EDWARD III. 183
reads 6CDW7VRDVS * EffX * 7VR6LTQ: and there is a quatre-
foil on the breast. The N's in London are Roman.
In regard to halfpence and farthings there is in the
British Museum one of each of a type so like the Durham
penny No. 313 in Hawkins, which is undoubtedly of the
last period, that I should put them in the same place.
The special characteristic is a tall bust with small head
and long thin neck. The only stop on the halfpenny is
an annulet.
FREDK. A. WALTERS.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
1. Groat with the four titles, with annulet stops in rev.
legend. In my own collection.
2. Groat with the four titles, with saltire stops both sides.
In B. M. ; described by Hawkins.
3. Groat of same character, but with only English, French,
and Irish titles. In B. M. collection.
4. Groat of very similar character, but with only English
and French titles. Like the three previous groats it
has the unusual final Stt in SttffVftl in the rev. legend.
In B. M., from Balcombe find.
5. Half-groat of similar character to those of the period
1360-69, but with saltire stops on both sides. In
B. M. collection.
6. Half-groat as last, but reading 6CDW7TED. In B. M.
7. Half-groat of the most usual type of the period 1869-77.
8. York penny with annulet stops, but with peculiar E
associated with last period.
9. Durham penny of latest type, with lis on breast.
10. London penny of latest type, with quatrefoil on breast,
closely resembling the bust of Richard II. In B. M.
MISCELLANEA.
CORRECTION — SOME PONTIC ERAS. — A mistake has crept into
my recent paper on " Some Pontic Eras,-" in the last number of
this Chronicle. Speaking of the era of Sebastopolis-Heracleo-
polis, I identified the 21st tribunitia potestas of Hadrian, men-
tioned in the well-known inscription published by Leon Renier
(Inscriptiones graecae ad res rowanas pertineriles, III, No. HI)
with year "December 137-8" A.D. As my learned friend
Dr. Imhoof kindly points out to me, this is a lapsus, for the 21st
trib. pot. corresponds really to December 186-187 A.D. There-
fore, as in the aforesaid inscription, year 189 of Sebastopolis is
identified with the 21st trib. pot. = 186-7 A.D., it is much more
likely that the starting point of the era is, as is commonly given,
October 8 B.C., than, as I put it, October 2 B.C. This would
only be possible if the inscription dated from between October
and December 187.
THEODORE REINACH.
Two HOARDS OF ROMAN COINS. — The two following hoards
of Roman coins found in England appear to have been
published, the first only in small part and the second not
at all. I do not pretend myself to be able to give full details
of either, but the following facts about them may be worth
recording, in default of more.
(1) In July, 1879, some labourers digging flints in one
of the valleys between Beachy Head and Biding Gap, Sussex,
found, about two feet underground, an earthenware vessel
containing Roman " third Brass." How many were found
is not known ; 681 or 682 were submitted to Mr. Thos.
Calvert, and 148 were selected by him and presented by
the owner of the place where the coins were found, the
late Duke of Devonshire, to the Free Library at Brighton,
where they may still be seen. A little "Descriptive Cata-
logue " was compiled by Mr. Calvert and printed, and a short
note of the discovery inserted in the Sussex Archaoloyictd
MISCELLANEA. 185
Collections (xxxi, 201). A large part of the rest of the hoard
was given to the Caldecott Museum at Eastbourne and has
never been published. By the courtesy of the Trustees I have
been lately able to look this through.
The following is a table of the results. B = Brighton,
E = Eastbourne.
B E
Valerian .... 1
Gallienus .... 45 10
Saloninus .... 1
Salonina .... 6
Postumus .... 16
Laelianus .... 2
Marius .... 1
Victorinus . . . .11 175
Claudius Gothicus . .42 14
Quintillus .... 7
Tetricus (Senior and Junior) . 14 167
Aurelian .... 2
Illegible .... — 7
148 373
From some'figures on the paper wrappings at Eastbourne,
I should infer that Mr. Calvert's 680 coins originally included,
inter alia, 224 of the Tetrici and 208 of Victorinus.
(2) On December 11, 1851, the son of the landlord of the
Dog Inn, at Easton, six miles west by north from Norwich,
found in ploughing a coarse earthenware vessel containing
about 4,000 " small Brass" of the third and fourth centuries.
The hoard, or a large part of it, came at once into the
possession of Mr. J. Hudson Gurney, and was given by him,
some little while ago, to the Norwich Museum, where I have
roughly looked through it. The Museum seems to possess
about 2300 coins, 2142 of which belong to the following
Emperors. The larger figures, I fear, may be only approxi-
mate.
Gallienns . . . . . . 2
Victorinus . .... 2
Tetricus (Senior) ..... 1
Claudius Gothicus .....
Diocletian . j". t .... 1
Constantius Chlorus
Licinius I . . f. -. .. . . .
Constantino the Great . . . . ';. 377
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. B B
186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Crispus ....... 88
Constantino II 847
Urbs Koma 549
Constantinopolis . . . . 571
Helena ....... 9
Constantius II 229
Constans ...... 1
The hoard might, I think, be worth cataloguing in detail
and accurately, and comparing with similar Constantinian
hoards found in England and on the Rhine.
F. HAVERFIELD.
FIND OF ROMAN SILVER COINS NEAR CAISTOR, NORFOLK. — In
1895, a small hoard of twenty denarii in a little earthenware
urn were found on the Caistor Hall estate, close to the
" camp " at Caistor by Norwich, which probably represents
a Romano-British town that in all probability was called Venta
Icenorum. These coins are preserved by Mrs. Green at
Caistor Hall ; the following is a brief list, which she has
allowed me to make.
1. Tiberius, of A.D. 15. for.— PONTIF. MAXIM. Livia
seated to right. Cohen 16 (second edition).
Much worn.
2. Otho. IMP. OTHO CAESAR AVG . . Plain head to
right. Rev.— PONT. MAX. Otho (?) seated to
left. Cohen 18 (or possibly 7).
8. Vespasian. Rev.— AVGVR. TRI. POT. Augural objects.
Cohen 48.
4. Vespasian. IMP. VESPASIAN Head to right.
Rev.— PON . . . TR.P. COS. IIII. Seated female
figure holding out branch to left. Not in Cohen.
5. Vespasian. Rev. — Two capricorns and buckler. Cohen
497.
6. Vespasian Head to right. Defaced.
7. Nerva, of A.D. 97. Rev.— AEQVITAS AVGVST.
Figure of Equity to left. Cohen 9.
MISCELLANEA. 187
8. Trajan, of A.D. 104-110. fav.— 8.P.Q.R. OPTIMO
PRINCIPI. Valour standing in military attire
with shield, dagger, and foot on helmet. Cohen
402.
9. Trajan, of A.D. 101-102. Rev.— P.M . TE.P. COS. IIII
P.P. Hercules with club and lion's skin.
Cohen 234.
10. Hadrian. Rev.— ANNONA AVG-. Modius with four
spikes of corn. Cohen 172 (tete nue a droite).
11. Hadrian. Rev.— RESTITVTORI AFRICAE. Woman
(Africa) worshipping Hadrian. Cohen 1223.
12. Hadrian. Rev.— FELICITAS AVG. Felicity with
caduceus and cornucopia, standing. Cohen
602.
13. Sabina. Head to right. Defaced.
14. Antoninus Pius (TR. P. XV., A.D. 152). Rev.— COS III.
Vesta. Cohen 196.
15. Faustina the Elder. Rev.— AETERNITAS. Figure of
Eternity. Cohen 11.
16. Marcus Aurelius (as Csesar). Rev. — COS. II. Peace,
standing. Cohen 105.
17. The same.
18. Marcus Aurelius. TR. P. XXVII. Rev.— IMP. VI. COS.
III. A woman (not a man) weeping at the foot
of a trophy. Variety of Cohen 296.
19. Marcus Aurelius (TR. P. XXXI., A.D. 177). Cohen 942.
20. Faustina the Younger. Rev.— CONSECRATIO. Pea-
cock. Cohen 70.
The last two coins are the latest ; both are in good
condition. The hoard was, I imagine, buried either during
the troubles of the reign of Commodus or during the struggle of
Albinus and Severus (A.D. 193-7) which closely concerned
Britain. Similar hoards of denarii, which must have been
188 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
buried at one or other of these periods, are common in
Britain, Examples from the same district as the one just
described have been found at Caston (Archaolofjia, xx, 577) ;
North Elmham (Blomefield's History of Norfolk, ix, 491) ;
Feltwell (Journal of the British Archceological Association,
xxxvi, 104) ; Melton Magna (Archceological Journal, xlvi, 862) ;
probably at Oxnead (Blomefield, ib. vi, 498). The only note-
worthy feature in the Caistor hoard is the occurrence of a
denarius of Tiberius. In general the Imperial denarii issued
before Nero's depreciation of the denarius (circa A.D. 60) are
rare in these hoards. Being better silver than the current coin,
they had long been melted down either by private individuals
or by the Roman Treasury.
The hoard seems to contain two new varieties, Nos. 4 and
18, but neither is of special interest.
F. HAVERFIELD.
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection,
University of Glasgow. Vol. II. By George Macdonald, M.A.
Glasgow, James MacLehose & Sons, 1901.
Mr. Macdonald has not kept us long waiting for the second
instalment of his Catalogue of Greek coins in the Hunter
Museum, especially when one takes into account the circum-
stances under which he has performed his task. The first
volume of the Catalogue, published in 1898, gave a description
of the coins of Italy, Sicily, Thrace and Macedon ; the second
carries us on from North- Western Greece to Central Greece,
Southern Greece and Asia Minor ; the last including the im-
portant series of Pontus, Troas, Ionia, Caria, Lycia, Cyprus, &c.
Throughout the collection maintains a general standard of
uniformity, and though coins of a very special nature are not
numerous, yet each section is fairly and sometimes even fully
represented. When we consider the conditions under which
Dr. Hunter formed his collection, this general uniformity is
somewhat surprising. It is not necessary to say that though
Mr. Macdonald has produced his volume in a very short space
of time, there are no signs of haste, and each coin is most care-
fully described, and the heading notice to each district and town
and his references to published works are as carefully written and
as numerous as in his first volume. The third volume, which is
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 189
promised "after a not less reasonable interval," and which will
describe the coins of Syria, Northern Africa, &c., will bring
Mr. Macdonald's work to a conclusion.
The plates which accompany this volume are thirty-two in
number, and in these we notice a great improvement as com-
pared with those in the first volume.
The University of Glasgow is again to be congratulated, not
only in securing the continued and, we believe, unremunerated
services of Mr. Macdonald ; but also in having found so liberal
a patron in Mr. James Stevenson of Hailie, who, having ascer-
tained that the original estimate of the cost of the work would
probably be exceeded, has made a substantial addition to his
fund. H. G.
Traite des Monnaies grecques et romaines. Part 1, Vol. 1.
By Ernest Babelon. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1901.
We quite agree with M. Babelon when he says that, in
attempting to write a general treatise on ancient classical coins,
he has undertaken an arduous task and one of longue haleine.
To the uninitiated the task may not seem so arduous ; but
those acquainted with the subject know that it means nothing
less than an Encyclopedia of Ancient Numismatics.
The work will be divided into two portions : one dealing
with the theory and doctrine of Ancient Numismatics ; the other
with the history and description of the coins themselves. The
first portion will occupy three volumes, but the author does
not say how many are to be devoted to the second portion,
in which the coinage of every province, town and royal dynasty
will receive either its book, livre, chapter or paragraph according
to its importance.
The first volume of Part I, now issued and consisting of
some 600 pages quarto, is a general introduction to the subject,
defining the science of numismatics and dealing with its history,
the nomenclature of the coins, the different modes of calculation
used by the Greeks and Romans, metallurgy, and the technical
production of money, under which last heading are included the
striking of the coins, the administration of the mints and
the explanation of the different mint-marks.
It would be outside the limits of this notice to attempt an
analysis of so many and varied subjects ; so we shall limit our
remarks to a few points noticed during a somewhat superficial
glance ; for to read the work seriously would take a considerable
time.
After pointing out the scientific utility of ancient numismatics
190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
M. Babelon gives a history of the science from the earliest
times, for amongst the ancients such names as P. Aemilius
IScaurus, Pompey, Julius Caesar, Lucullus, Sallust and Verres are
associated with the collectingof rings, cameos, coins and statuary;
but passing on to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries he
shows how misleading were many of the publications, especially
as regards the illustrations. To produce uniformity, all coins,
of whatsoever denomination, are figured to one standard size, and
absolutely false identifications are supplied by the most mis-
leading inscriptions. Thus on a coin of Gela, with the man-
headed bull personifying the river Gelas, the legend
MINOTVRVS occurs ; the deified head of Alexander on the
coins of Lysimachus is accompanied by the name of that monarch,
and around the helmeted head of Pallas on the stater of Corinth
is seen the name of Antigonus. To us who nowadays are
accustomed to the accurate reproduction and illustration by the
autotype processes such incongruities are simply appalling. In
continuing his account the author not only mentions all the
principal works on numismatics, but supplies particulars of their
authors, and the history of the formation and gradual growth
of the most important public collections ; but in his list of
Sale Catalogues of the nineteenth century it would have been
well if a little more discrimination had been used, for many
mentioned of those which occurred in England are of no
importance whatever.
The chapter on the nomenclature of the coins is full of learning
and information ; but we cannot agree with M. Babelon that in
the case of the nummi serrati, the first struck at Rome may have
been issued by a money er whose name was Denter or Dentatus,
nor with M. Svoronos and Mr. Seltman who assign to such
pieces an astronomical allusion. The suggestion that the
serrated edge was due rather to the exigencies of cutting out
the flan from the flat bar of metal seems to us the most
probable one. A punch with a plain circular edge would be
much more liable to injury than one with a dentated edge, and
for that reason the latter was occasionally used ; but it is
probable that these rough-edged pieces at no time met with
much favour ; and so their only occasional issue for a limited
period may be accounted for.
In connection with the striking of coins we are not surprised
that M. Babelon takes the more rational view as regards the
interpretation of the famous wall painting recently discovered
in the house of the Vettii, at Pompeii. As at first suggested,
he considers it to show the interior of a mint and not the
workshop of a goldsmith. We quite agree with M. Babelon in
this view, and in support of it we would only add as regards
NOTICES OF KECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 191
those who take the other view, that we do not think that the
ancient Roman jewellery was at any time manufactured with
sledge hammers.
The last chapter on mints and their marks, especially those
established during the later Roman period, will be a delight
to those interested in those later series of coins. Hitherto the
numerous letters and symbols have been an enigma ; but M.
Babelon has reduced them to an intelligible order and shows
that each mint had its own peculiar system of numeration,
which in most cases was of a complex nature. In solving this
difficult question M. Babelon has no doubt derived considerable
help from recent publications in the Numismatic Chronicle and
similar journals, more especially those of M. Jules Maurice,
" On the Coins of the Constantino Period." It was only by
treating such coins from a chronological point of view that the
system of these mint marks could be unravelled.
It is needless to add that the work undertaken by M. Babelon
will recommend itself to all numismatists, or to prophesy that it
will be the future text book to ancient numismatics. M.
Babelon is to be congratulated on his courage in launching on
such a big venture, and he has our heartiest wishes that he may
see it to a successful issue. H. G.
Greek Coins and their Parent Cities, by John Ward, F.S.A.,
accompanied by a Catalogue of the Author's Collection, by G.
F. Hill, M.A., of the British Museum. John Murray, 1902.
Mr. Ward within a surprisingly short time has succeeded in
forming a cabinet of fine Greek coins, which will certainly take
its rank in future among the more famous private collections of
English amateurs of Greek art ; and, wiser than most of his
predecessors, Mr. Ward has not hesitated to publish during his
own lifetime a richly illustrated catalogue of his treasures. He
has also been fortunate in having been able to secure the ser-
vices of such an accomplished scholar and numismatist as Mr.
G. F. Hill, as a cataloguer competent to arrange his coins in
chronological order, and to describe every specimen in strict
scientific terms, and with an accuracy of detail which will be
appreciated at its full value by all serious students of numis-
matics.
If other well-known collectors of Greek coins, such as Wigan,
Bunbury, Six, Montagu, &c., and, among those still living,
Greenwell, had only been inspired with a similar generous
desire of making their acquisitions available for scholars, what
a mass of material for study might have been accumulated
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which is now only imperfectly accessible in sale catalogues
compiled after the death of the collectors, catalogues which,
excellent as they are in many cases for sale purposes, are
necessarily insufficient for scientific research.
Mr. Hill's Catalogue contains minute descriptions of more
than 980 specimens ranging over the entire field of Greek
Autonomous and Regal money. Of these, about 870 belong to
Magna Gracia and Sicily, 210 to Greece proper and the
Islands, and 854 to Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, &c. All the
more important specimens are well illustrated by the autotype
process in a fine series of 22 quarto plates, with numerous
additional half-tone blocks inserted in the text.
This splendid catalogue is bound up, rather incongruously,
with a lively and popular treatise by Mr. Ward entitled
Imaginary Rambles in Hellenic Lands, which is lavishly illus-
trated from photographs of picturesque sites and masterpieces
of Greek sculpture, &c., such as might well have adorned, had
it been possible in the eighteenth century, the fascinating pages
of the Abbe Bartbelemy's Voyage da jeune Anacharsis. What
would not the worthy Abbe have given for such beautiful illus-
trations for the Imaginary Rambles of his imaginary hero ?
With this portion of the work it would be out of place to
deal in the pages of the Numismatic Chronicle, and we think
the author would have been well advised to have published
it separately, appealing as it does to an entirely different
class of readers, whose interest in coins is merely casual, and
might well have been sufficiently stimulated by an occasional
engraving of a beautiful coin whenever the author could illus-
trate his remarks by a numismatic allusion.
B. V. H.
Num. CA.ron.Ser. 7V Vol. 77. Pi. V.
MONNAIES D' ALEXANDRIE.
MONNAIES D' ALEXANDRI E.
LATER SILVER COINS OF EDWARD III
XIII.
THE COINAGE OF TIGRANES I.
IN working at the third volume of the new Hunterian
Catalogue, I have recently had occasion to examine
somewhat carefully various specimens of the money of
Tigranes I. As a result, there have emerged certain
points that seem to render possible a more complete and
orderly arrangement of his coinage than any hitherto
suggested. It may be convenient to have these formally
recorded in the Chronicle. At all events, the foot-note
to which I had originally intended to relegate them
threatens to expand to altogether unreasonable dimen-
sions.
It has been generally — and I believe rightly — assumed
that the issues of Tigranes, so far as we know them, com-
menced shortly after he had made himself master of Syria
in 83 B.C. The prominence given to the Tyche of An-
tioch upon his coins shows plainly that it was rather as a
Seleucid king than as ruler of Armenia that he struck
money. Further, it is intrinsically improbable that he
was allowed to retain any right of mintage after he had
been humbled by Lucullus in 69 B.C. This stretch of
fourteen years I now propose to divide into three periods.
Characteristic coins belonging to the second and third of
these periods are dated. Here, therefore, there can be no
doubt as to the proper chronological succession. That
the first of my periods is also the earliest in time, is less
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. C C
194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
absolutely certain. But its priority will hardly be seri-
ously questioned by any one who considers the superior
style of the coins that attach to it, combined with the
neat way in which they fill an obvious gap. It is, of
course, quite conceivable that the periods indicated may
have overlapped. At present, however, there is no evi-
dence that they did so ; and, until such evidence is forth-
coming, we shall be justified in keeping them apart. My
re-arrangement is, I should explain, based entirely on the
silver issues. At the same time it has seemed desirable
to attempt to account for the copper also.
PERIOD I.
UNDATED. STYLE VERY FAIR. TITLE BAZIAEQZ.
Silver.
Here I would place the great majority of the tetra-
drachms that have come down to us. The following is a
general description of the types : —
Obv. — Head of Tigranes r., wearing a lofty Armenian tiara,
decorated with an eight-rayed star placed between
two eagles which face outwards, but have their
heads turned back ; bead and reel border.
7kt>.— BAZI AEflZ (to r., downwards). The Tyche of An-
TITPANOY (to 1., downwards), tioch, draped
and wearing
turreted crown, seated r. on rock, holding palm-
branch in her r. ; at her feet, the river-god
Orontes, swimming r. ; the whole within wreath.
[B. M. C., PI. XXVII. 6.]
The workmanship is, as a rule, good. On the reverse
there are usually to be seen, either on the rock or in the
field, one or more monograms or letters. I have compared
the monograms and letters that occur on published speci-
THE COINAGE OF TIGRANES I. 195
mens. The results of the comparison have been valueless.
All that can safely be said, is that some of the combina-
tions appear to represent magistrates' names. I should
add that during this period the silver issues must have
consisted mainly, if not entirely, of tetradrachms. I have
met with no examples of any lower denomination.
Copper.
Among the copper pieces which I would assign to this
period, three sets can be distinguished. I append to each,
in grammes, the weights of all specimens about which I
have exact information.
(i) Wt. 5-31 (B. M.) ; 4-23 (Hunter).
Obv. — Similar head of Tigranes r., wearing tiara ; border
of dots.
Rev. — BAZIAEflS (tor., downwards). Nike advancing
TlfPANOY (to 1., downwards), left, holding
wreath and
palm.
(ii) Wt. 3-69 (B. M.) ; 2-94 (Hunter).
Obv . — Similar ; but behind head of king, A-
Rev. — Similar.
[B. M. C., PI. XXVII. 9.]
(iii) Wt. 4-15 (Paris).
Obv. — Similar ; no letter.
Rev.— BAZIAEHZ (to r., downwards). p , fi]lpted
TITPANOY (to 1., downwards).
[Babelon, Rois de Syne, PL XXIX. 18.]
In connecting these with the tetradrachms described
above I have been guided partly by style and partly by
the inscription. The execution is distinctly superior to
196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that of the silver of Period III. ; in particular, the
different treatment of the tiara should be noted. On the
other hand, on all the silver of Period II. the King has
the high-sounding title of /ScunXeu? fiaaiXecov. These
two considerations are confirmed by a third. Letters
and monograms are found on the reverse of certain
examples of (i.) and (iii.). Small as is the number of
available copper pieces, I have observed at least one case
of undoubted agreement with the silver. The letters ^.
are shown in the field left on the tetradrachm figured in
B. M. C., PI. XXVII. 6. They are recorded by Leake
(Num. Hellen. p. 38) as occurring in precisely the same
position on a copper coin with the types of (i).
PERIOD II.
DATED. STYLE FAIB. TITLE BAZIAEftZ BAZIAEflN.
Silver.
With the exception of a tetradrachm at Paris (Babelon,
Rois de Syrie, PI. XXIX. 15), the only pieces I have noted
as falling within the second period are drachms. The
following general description will suffice for both denom-
inations : —
Obv. — Head of Tigranes r., as in Period I. ; border of dots.
Rev.— BAZIAEQZ (tor., downwards). TheTycheof An-
BAZIAEQN)/, i A nA\ tioch seated r.,
TirPANOY}(tol"downward8^ as m Period I."
with the river-
god Orontcs at her feet; letters in field r., and
beneath.
[B. M. a, PL xxvii. a]
The workmanship is fair. The letters on the reverse
THE COINAGE OP TIGRANES I. 197
call for special [attention. Those beneath vary but little.
I find ZK, ZC, and ZK recorded. Probably, therefore,
they represent a mint-mark. Those that appear in the
field r., above, are much more interesting, as the follow-
ing list will prove : —
AA (Imhoof, Monn. grecq., p. 438.)
EA (B. M. C,, PL XXVII. 8.)
SA (Hunter.)
ZA (Imhoof, Monn. grecq., p. 438.)
HA (Babelon, Rois de Syrie, PL XXIX. 15.)
It is plain that we have here to do with a system of
dating. Before discussing it further, it will be well to
dispose of a minor point. Very often there is a third
letter in the field, just above the head of the river-god.
Under the year 35 (EA) I have found recorded the
following :: —
B (Imhoof, Monn. grecq., p. 438.)
Z (Babelon, Rois de Syrie, p. 215, No. 24.)
H (Imhoof, Monn. grecq., p. 438.)
0 (B. M. C., PL XXVII. 8.)
1 (Cat. Greau, PL V. 2445.)
Similarly, under the year 36 (SA) I have observed two
varieties.
A (B. M., unpublished.)
H (Hunter.)
The inference is, I think, clear. During at least two
years the month of striking was usually recorded. In-
stances of similar precision will readily suggest themselves.
The one most in point is the case of Tigranes's own
relative and ally, Mithradates.
Eeturning to the more important dates, I may point out
that the numbers are too large to admit of the possibility
198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that they indicate regnal years. On the other hand,
running as they do from 34 to 38, they tally perfectly
with the system which is known to have been employed by
Philippus Philadelphia. Various views have been put
forward as to the starting-point of that system. M.
Babelon suggested 111 B.C. (Roisde Syrie, p. clxix) on the
ground that this corresponded with the ascertained era of
Tripolis and Sidon. His suggestion is now confirmed by
epigraphic evidence which at the same time entirely ex-
plains the significance of the date. In a letter, first
published in the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1888 and
afterwards fully discussed by U. Wilcken in Hermes for
1894 * (a reference I owe to the kindness of Mr. E. R.
Bevan), we find Antiochus VIII (Grypus) making the year
of his return from Aspendus (111 B.C.) the commencement
of a new epoch. So far as I am aware, this method of
reckoning does not appear upon his coins. But there need
be no surprise at its being adopted by his son Philippus or
by Tigranes, who served himself heir to the latter' s
possessions. It follows that the silver belonging to our
Period II. was struck between 77 and 73 B.C.
Copper.
To the same period must be given a series of copper
pieces that agree in types, in style, and in inscription with
the dated drachms. A characteristic specimen is figured in
B.M.C.y PL XXVII. 10. An apparent exception is described
by M. Babelon (Hois de Syrie, p. 213, No. 15) as reading
BAZIAE&Z TlfPANOY. lam convinced, however,
by an examination of the corresponding plate (XXIX. 10),
that this coin does not differ from others of the same class.
1 Hermes. Vol. xxix., pp. 436 ff.
THE COINAGE OF TIGRANES I. 199
If it actually has BAZIAEQZ, this is a mere engraver's
blunder such as has produced the curious variety of legend
in the B.M. coin to which I have referred, where the word
BAZIAEflN is both retrograde and inverted. Stray
letters or monograms occasionally make their appearance
on the reverse. Of these I cannot offer any explanation. It
falls to be added that the class contains two denominations,
which differ markedly in weight and size, the first being
probably twice the value of the second. My list of weights
is as follows : —
(i) 10-32 (Hunter) ; 8-64, 7'73, 6-83 (all in B. M.) ; 7'80
(Paris),
(ii) 4-63 (B. M.); 3-39 (Hunter).
A third variety of copper must also be assigned to this
period. The solitary example I have met with is B. M. C.,
PI. XXVII. 11. The reverse type is Herakles standing. But
the inscription, combined with the style of the obverse,
renders it impossible to place it elsewhere. The weight is
6'15 grammes.
PERIOD III.
DATED. STYLE POOB. TITLE BAZIAEQZ.
Silver.
The silver coins of the third period are rare. I know
only of three or four tetradrachms, which may be thus
described : —
Obv. — Head of Tigranes r., wearing Armenian tiara,
decorated with eight-rayed star and simple
volute ; bead and reel border.
Rev.— BAZ I A EliZ (tor., downwards). Tyche draped,
T I TPANOY (to 1., downwards). seated 1. on
rock, stretch-
200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ing out r. hand and holding cornucopiae in 1, ;
beneath her feet, river-god, swimming to front ;
in field 1., monograms and letters ; in ex., date ;
all within wreath.
[B. M. C., PL XXVII. 5.]
The style of these pieces is coarse. Some characteristic
differences from Period I. may be pointed out. On the
obverse the decoration of the tiara is less elaborate, while
the treatment of the flap shows marks of deterioration.
On the reverse the type is so much changed that I doubt
whether it can be interpreted as a representation of
Antioch at all. May not the coins have been struck
elsewhere ? Again, the figure looks to 1. instead of to
r., and holds a cornucopiae, not a palm-branch. Further,
the rock on which she is seated is highly conventional-
ised.2 Lastly, the position of the river-god is altered.
The letters in the field need not detain us long. A or
A, whatever it may mean, occurs on all of the specimens
known to me. For the rest, GEO<I> (B- M. C., PI.
XXVII. 5) is obviously a magistrate's name, while
analogy would lead us to say the same of N which occu-
pies a similar place on a Paris tetradrachm (Babelon,
Eois de Syrie, p. 214, No. 16). The monogram H ap-
pears both in the first and in the third periods. It has
long been recognised that the dates in the exergue refer
to the Seleucid era. Two are certain — BMZ (242) in
London (B. M. C., PI. XXVII. 5), and TMZ (243) in
Paris (Babelon, Rois de Syrie, PI. XXIX. 11). A third
is doubtful — AMZ (241) in Paris (Babelon, op. cit., p.
2 So much so, indeed, that on the corresponding copper coins it
has sometimes been taken to be part of the legend (=0EOY),
e.g. Eamus (i., p. 802), and Gough's Coins of the Seleuctdae
(PI. xxiii. 9).
THE COINAGE OF TIGRANES I. 201
214, No. 16). These determine the apparent limits of our
third period, 71-69 B.C.
Copper.
The copper can be dealt with very briefly. A glance
at B. M. C., PI. XXVII. 7, will leave no room for doubt
as to its close connection with the silver. It is true that
there are no dates, any more than there are on the copper
coinage of Period II. But types and style are identical.
If further confirmation were needed, it could be got from
the magistrates' names. Thus, 0EO4> and N, which we
have seen on the silver, occur again on the copper
(B. M. C., PL XXVII. 7, and p. 104, No. 9). The
weights indicate that there are two denominations of this
variety. The following is a list : —
(i) 8-42, 7-58 (both in B. M.) ; 8-2 (The Hague); 7'55,
7-45, 5-80 (all in Paris) ; 6-41, 6'09, 6-02 (all Hunter),
(ii) 4-04 (Hunter) ; 3-2 (The Hague).
To complete the analogy with Periods I. and II., there
ought to be a third denomination of copper, differing in
the type of the reverse from the other two, and coming
midway between them in weight. That is possibly to be
found in Babelon, Rois de Syrie, PI. XXIX. 14, which has
on the obverse a head of Tigranes in the later style, and on
the reverse a standing figure of Tyche. It is true that the
Paris example is very light (3) ; but there is a specimen
at Copenhagen which weighs 4'15.
Such, it seems to me, is a fair statement of the numis-
matic data with which historians of Tigranes I. have to
reckon. This is hardly the place to speculate on any
conclusions that might be deduced from them.
GEORGE MACDONALD.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. U D
XIV.
THE CROSS AND PALL ON THE COINS OF
ALFRED THE GREAT.
AT a time immediately after what I may venture to
call the national celebration of the millenary of our
great King Alfred, any questions relating to his coinage
must of necessity possess more than ordinary interest,
especially if the discussion of them is, even in the slightest
degree, calculated to throw light on the history and
religious attitude of England in the days of that enlight-
ened founder of the British Empire.
Now there are two types of the pennies of -ZElfred which
in my opinion have hardly as yet received the attention
that they merit, and whose origin and meaning, hidden
though it may be, have not as yet been suggested by
numismatic writers. It is true that the late Rev. D. H.
Ilaigh, l in speaking of some of the coins to which I am
about to call attention, says, " The most remarkable feature
on these coins is the division of the obverse legend into
four groups so as to give to the type a cruciform appear-
ance. This is a feature peculiar to the English money
of the time " — " observable on no Continental coin." He
assigns no cause for the adoption of the type. The types
'' Num. Chron., N.S., x. 38.
CROSS AND PALL ON COINS OF ALFRED THE GREAT. 203
that I am about to consider are among the commonest of
those of Alfred's coinage, and in the Catalogue of English
coins in the British Museum compiled by Messrs. Grueber
and Keary 2 are designated Types XIY and XV. They are
thus described :
TYPE XIV.
Obv. — Small cross pattee. Around, inscription between
two circles, generally in three or four divisions.
Rev. — Money er's name, &c., in two lines across field;
ornaments.
TYPE XV.
Obv. — Small cross pattee. Around, inscription in three
divisions and between two circles.
Rev. — Moneyer's name, &c., in two lines across field,
divided by three crosses pattees.
There is also the unique coin Type X, struck by
Tilewine at London, with the small central cross and the
inscription around it in four divisions.
The question that I wish to discuss is what is the
meaning and intention of subdividing in this manner a
circular inscription into four or three segments, as the case
may be, leaving a blank space between each segment and
the next ? And the suggestion I have to make is that in
the one case the four spaces were intended to typify the
Christian cross and in the other the archiepiscopal pall.
Looking at a coin with the four spaces, the imaginary
figure of the cross is not at once apparent, but on
contemplating it for a short time, the " shadow of the
2 Vol. ii., 1893, p. 35.
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
cross " over the legend becomes distinctly apparent, and
it is difficult afterwards to shake off the feeling that it is
there. The same is the case with the coins that have
three spaces in the legend, only the pall is more readily
appreciable than the cross.
I have already on a former occasion 3 called attention to
the representation of the archiepiscopal pall on coins
struck by Anglo-Saxon kings, and shown that these coins
issued from the mints at Canterbury. It is also occasion-
ally symbolized by the insertion of three small crosses at
equal distances in the legend. Obliterate these crosses
and leave three blank spaces in their stead, and the obverse
legend on Type XV is at once developed. It now becomes
a question whether any of these coins of ^JElfred with the
cryptic form of pall can be identified as having been issued
from the Canterbury mint. Appended is a list compiled
from the British Museum Catalogue, but with the omission
of some few doubtful names, showing the moneyers who
struck coins of Types XIV and XV at Canterbury and
London as well as of those the site of whose mints is at
present undetermined. The moneyers, eight in number,
who coined for Archbishop Plegmund as well as for King
Alfred are distinguished by a P. It will be seen that at
Canterbury, JEthelstan struck coins of Type XIV with the
pall only, JEthered with the cross for Type XIV and with
the pall for XV, and Elfstan Type XV only, with the pall.
Seeing that this last adopted the archiepiscopal symbol
only, I regard him as working at Canterbury and not at
London. JEthelulf, who struck Type XV with the pall,
coined also for Plegmund and ought to be classed under
Canterbury. Beornmer also, who struck Types XlVand XV
3 Num. Chron., 3rd 8., ii., pp. 74, 82.
CROSS AND PALL ON COINS OF ALFRED THE GREAT. 205
with the pall, may with some degree of probability be
regarded as belonging to the Canterbury mint, and
possibly Byrnhelm and Heremund, who struck Type XIV
with the pall only. It will, however, be seen that at least
nine of the acknowledged Canterbury moneyers struck
Type XIV with the cross only.
It will also be seen that seven moneyers whose place
of mintage is unknown coined pennies of both Types XIV
and XV, sometimes with the cross and sometimes with the
pall. Among these Wulfred seems to have an indisput-
able claim to be connected with Canterbury, while the
names Cuthbert, and Cuthwulf, and Cynewulf present
close analogies with the well-known name of Cuthred,
King of Kent.
It remains to be seen what can have been the possible
cause for the introduction of this occult use of the two
Christian and ecclesiastical symbols. It may, perhaps, be
found in the large payments of money by which JElfred
purchased the departure of the heathen Danish invaders
from his territory. There may have been a secret satis-
faction in feeling that the coins extorted from Chris-
tian Wessex by the Vikings should carry with them in a
hidden form the tokens of that religion over which for
the moment the heathen had triumphed, and that the
conquerors in copying the coins, as they did, as for
instance Herebert at Lincoln, should unawares be driven
to adopt the emblems of Christianity. There may also
have been a thought for the Christian captives among
the Danes, who on recognising the hidden mystery on
these coins would thank God and take courage. I submit
these suggestions for what they are worth, but the fact
that the cross and the pall are typified by the vacant
206
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
spaces in the legends on these coins will, I think, be
accepted by all impartial observers.
JOHN EVANS.
MONEYERS OF ALFRED WHO STRUCK COINS OF TYPES XIV AND
XV OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM CATALOGUE.
Four divisions in the legend are represented by +, and three
by Y. (P) signifies that the moneyer whose name it follows
coined also for Archbishop Plegmund.
CANTERBURY.
^DELSTAN (P)
^EDEEED (P)
BEOENEED
Type
XIV.
Y
Type
XV.
Y
EADVALD
ELFSTAN (P)
EDELVINE
BEENVALD (P)
DIAEVALD (P)
DVNINE
+
HEEEFEED (P)
TIDVALD (P)
Type
XIV.
^ELFSTAN
terbury
HEAVVLF
?Can-
LONDON.
TILEWINE
Also Type X.
ABENEL
-}-
^LFVALD
_|-
^DELVLF (P)
ALVVADA
-|-
BEACSTAN
-|-
BEOENMEE
Y
BEEHTEEE
-).
BEIDAED
-j-
BOG A
+Y
ByENHELM
Y
ByENHEEE
+
EVDBEEHT
+Y
EVDVVLF
+Y
UNRECOGNISED MINTS.
EYNEVLF
DEALINE
DEALLA
DVDID
DVNNA
EALDVVLF
EEBEEHT
EEVVLF
ELDA
ELFVALD
EDELVLF
FEELVN ?
CAEVINE ?
+Y
+
+
+Y
CROSS AND PALL ON COINS OF ALFRED THE GREAT. 207
UNRECOGNISED MINTS — continued.
CODA
CVDHEEE
HEEEMOD
HEEEMVND
HEEEWLF
HVNBEEHT
IVDELBAED
LVDin
OSV%TLF
S^EIS
Type Type
Type
xrv. xv.
XIV.
-if.
SAMSON
-f
SICEVALD
^_
-J-
SIMVN
_{_
Y
STEFANVS
_j_
+
VVIL7BALD
_|_
_j_
WINE
_|.
.4-
WINIL7EE
-j-
-f
WLFEED
Y+
t
WYNBEEHT
+Y
Type
XV.
Y
XV.
ON THE COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II AND THE
SEQUENCE OF THE TYPES.
ON the 14th October, 1066, was fought the Battle of
Hastings, at a place about five miles north-west of that
important Saxon town and seaport.
The ships of William, Duke of Normandy, were brought
to land at Pevensey Bay, near Hastings, and the Battle
of Hastings shortly afterwards took place at the spot now
known as Battle.
Harold having been slain and his adherents routed at
Battle, William marched to Dover, where the castle was
taken and the town of Dover destroyed. His move to
London was rapidly completed, and William was then
crowned at Westminster Abbey at Christmas, 1066, by
Aldred, Archbishop of York.
It was part of William's policy to reign as the rightful
successor of the Saxon Kings, and to that end he showed,
in the early part of his reign, a wish to adhere to the
Saxon laws and customs, and to disturb as little as possible
the existing order of affairs.
This fact is illustrated by his strict adherence to Saxon
rules in reference to the weight and fineness, and even the
pattern or type, of his early issues of coins, and by the
retention of the Saxon moneyers in many cases, a circum-
stance more fully alluded to hereafter.
It is clearly and often stated in Domesday Book that
COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II. 209
there were certain sums payable by the moneyers for dies
of new types, and there were undoubtedly benefits derived
by the Exchequer or Royal Treasury on a change of type
taking place. The evidence of all finds of Norman coins
tends to show that there was, in addition to a change of
design, a change also in legal tender, certain prior types
being periodically superseded by the issue of a new and
easily distinguishable pattern of coin. It is unfortunate
that the exact date of the first imposition of the tax of
monetagium has not yet been ascertained. This was a
tax of 12 pence on the head of each household, payable
every third year, and in return for its payment the
King guaranteed to the tax-payers that he would not
exercise his prerogative to change the type of money
oftener than once in three years. Mr. W. J. Andrew, at
page 14 of his Numismatic History of the Reign of Henry I,
(see Num. Chron., 1901), remarks in reference to the tax of
monetagium, "If it was instituted immediately after the
Conquest, it certainly did not restrict the number of new
coinages to one in every three years, for we have examples
of nearly a score of distinct types issued during the thirty-
four years of the reigns of the two Williams."
With this statement issue is joined, and it is interesting
to compare it with the incongruous statement on page 37
(op. cit.}, that there are about thirty-five distinct regal types
in the Norman series. If Mr. Andrew's fifteen types of
Henry I be deducted from thirty-five, there are twenty
only left for William I and II and Stephen, and if " nearly
a score," or, to be precise, Hawkins's eighteen types be
deducted from twenty, there are two only left for Stephen !
This, to use a phrase reminiscent of our old friend Euclides,
would seem to be a conclusive " reductio ad absurdum."
There are in fact only thirteen distinct types of the
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. E E
210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
coins of the two Williams, and of these there may be
attributed eight to "William I and five to "William II.
William I reigned nearly twenty- one full years and Wil-
liam II nearly thirteen years, and in each case the succession
and death took place approximately at the end (or com-
mencement) of an Exchequer year (viz. 29th September) i.e.
WILLIAM I. 1066. Oct. 14. Battle of Hastings.
Dec. 25. Coronation.
1087. Sep. 10. Death.
WILLIAM II. 1087. Sep. 10. Succession.
1100. Aug. 2. Death.
If the monetagium rule of a change of type once in
three years be applied to the two reigns, the coins account
for a definite change of type every two and a-half years,
and if the reigns be taken separately, it will be found that
the same result is arrived at if eight types be attributed
to William I, and the remaining five of the total of
thirteen to William II.
On the accession of Henry I the monetagium tax was
abolished. The passage in the " Laws " of this monarch
(I. 5) is as follows : " Monetagium commune, quod
capiebatur per civitates et per comitatus, quod not fuit tern-
pore Edwardi regis, hoc ne amodo fiat omnino defendo."
The statement that the tax did not exist in the time of
King Edward is of interest.
Although the tax of monetagium was thus abolished by
Henry I, it does not follow that the practice of changing
the type once in three years as in the reigns of William I
and II was not continued, as the thirty-five years of
Henry I would by the same rule give fourteen types.
There are in fact fifteen.
Pending the publication of Mr. Andrew's account of
COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II. 211
Stephen's coins, it would be indiscreet to speak definitely,
but the application of the rule enunciated above should
give six or possibly seven regal types for that troubled
reign, and the coins seem to justify the application of the
rule in this case also.
It would therefore seem that the monetagium agree-
ment was to restrict the change of type to once in three
years, and that in practice several types were allowed
to be current at the same time. In reference to Mr.
Andrew's argument as to the issue of a, profile type being
necessary to effect a change of legal tender (page 36) this
may be so, but in that case there were only two such
changes in the reign of William I, namely Hks. 233 and
239, and there was only one such change in the reign of
William II, viz., when Hks. 244 was issued, and that at the
commencement .of the new reign. It is submitted that
the more consistent, and consequently more reasonable
and better conjecture, is that during the time of the
monetagium tax (William I and II) the tender was not
changed (except in some special circumstances), but that
when it was abolished (Henry I and after) the tender was
changed on the issue of a profile type.
The distinct types of William I are Hawkins 233, 234,
236, 237, 238, 239, 241-2, and 243, total 8.
Those of William II are 244, 246, 247, 248 and 250,
total 5.
The other numbers are accounted for as follows : — 235
is a " mule " connecting 233 and 234 ; 240 is a " mule "
of 239 and 241 ; 242 is a variety of 241 ; 245 is a
"mule" of 244 and 246 ; and 249 is a variety only of 250.
These three " mules" and two varieties account for the
remaining five illustrations in Hawkins, but there are other
" mules " and other varieties to be alluded to hereafter.
212
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In reference to the " mule " specimens it will be seen
that they consist of the obverse of an earlier type with
the reverse of the next succeeding type in every case,
and they thus afford important evidence of the sequence
of the types. It would appear almost that it was the
established custom for a short period between the issue
of each successive type to coin specimens with the older
type obverse and the new reverse, so as to accustom the
people to the change and to preserve a record of the
authorised succession of types, and these remarks apply
equally to the coins of Edward the Confessor. The
rarity of the " mule " coins points to their issue being
for a short period only. It is proposed in the table
next following to give the known distinctive types and
to attempt an arrangement of their sequence, and to
this end to apply the monetagium rule as propounded
in this paper to fix the approximate dates of issue.
The evidence of the " mule " theory is incorporated in
the table, but varieties of type and other points of
argument are dealt with hereafter under the headings
of the respective types of the two reigns thus arranged.
WILLIAM I.
N«. of Type.
Hawkins'
Illustra-
tion.
Date of issue according
to " monetagium "
theory.
Remarks.
I.
" Harold "
type.
283
1066,afterOcU4
1068, Sep. 29.
235 " mule " obverse
of 233 and reverse
of 284.
As this was only a con-
tinuance of Harold's
sole type, its issue
ceased at the end of
the 3rd Exchequer
year after its first
issue by Harold.
COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II.
WILLIAM I — continued.
213
No. of Type.
Hawkins'
Illustra-
tion.
Date of issue according
to " monetagium "
theory.
Remarks.
II.
234
1068, Sep. 29—
" Bonnet "
1071, Sep. 29.
type.
III.
236
1071, Sep. 29—
The so-called canopy
" Canopy "
1074, Sep. 29.
represents the royal
type.
throne. SeeBayeux
Tapestry.
IV.
237
1074, Sep. 29—
The two sceptres
"2 Sceptres"
1077, Sep. 29.
may represent the
type.
regal authority and
the authority
claimed by William
I in ecclesiastical
matters (the sceptre
with cross at top
representing the
civil power under
God's authority,
" Christo auspice
regno," and the
sceptre with three
pellets at top on
the King's left the
ecclesiastical au-
thority newly as-
serted, the three
pellets being em-
blematic of the
Holy Trinity).1
" Mule " obverse of
237 and reverse of
238
V.
238
1077, Sep. 29—
1st" 2 Stars"
1080, Sep. 29.
type.
It has been suggested that there are four pellets, but that
at the base of the three pellets alluded to is the rounded top of
the staff of the sceptre.
214
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
WILLIAM I — continued.
No. of Type.
Hawkins'
Illustra-
tion.
Date of issue according
to " monetagium"
theory.
Remarks.
VI.
243
1080, Sep. 29—
" Sword and
1088, Sep. 29.
Quadrilateral
Ornament "
type.
VII.
239
1083, Sep. 29—
" Profile
1086, Sep. 29.
Sceptre "
type.
240 " mule " obverse
of 239 and reverse
of 241-2.
VIII.
241-2
1 086, Sep. 29—
241 would seem to
14 Paxs "
1087, Sep. 10.
be the correct type
type.
and 242 a common
variety. There are
other varieties, but
less general.
WILLIAM II.
Hawkins'
Date of issue according
No. of Type.
Illustra-
to " monetagium "
Remarks.
tion.
theory.
1.
244
1087, Sep.—
" Profile
1090, Sep. 29.
Sword "type.
245 " mule " obverse
of 244 and reverse
of 246.
2.
246
1090, Sep. 29—
" Sword,
1098, Sep. 29.
Cross, and
Pellets "type.
COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II.
WILLIAM II — continued.
215
No. of Type.
Hawkins"
Illustra-
tion.
Date of issue according
to " monetagium "
theory.
Remarks.
3.
247
1093, Sep. 29—
" Sword and
1096, Sep. 29.
Cross Flory "
type.
249 " variety " only
of 250.
4.
250
1096, Sep. 29—
2nd " 2
1099, Sep. 29.
Stars " type.
-
5.
248
1099, Sep. 29—
" Sceptre and
1100, Aug. 2.
Star " type.
POINTS OF ARGUMENT IN SUPPORT OF THE ABOVE
SEQUENCE OF THE TYPES.
WILLIAM I.
"Harold" Type. — Type I (233) so resembles the coins
of Harold on the obverse that a comparison of the
specimens of that type and those of Harold affords
convincing testimony to the eye of the observer. The
head and crown are of the same drawing and the
trachea is indicated distinctly in both.
A coin of Type I of the Bed win mint in the
writer's collection has the square-topped Saxon J7 on
the obverse and reverse, while the head and neck
are those of Harold with a bust below added to
or drawn on to the Harold head and neck. In
this specimen the legend begins above the King's
crown, instead of opposite the lower end of the
sceptre. Mr. J. G. Murdoch has a coin of this type
216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
struck at York with somewhat similar distinguishing
characteristics. There are coins of this type of the
Hereford, London and other mints without a sceptre,
like the variety of Harold's one type without sceptre.
" Sonnet " Type.— Type II (234) is the full- faced represen-
tation of the obverse of Type I, and is connected
with that type by the "mule" (Hawkins 235). A
Wallingford coin of this type in the writer's collec-
tion has the legend beginning above the King's
crown and divided by the bust, and another variety
struck at Ipswich has a small head of the King
within an inner circle (Montagu, lot 195, now in the
British Museum). The coin with reverse of this
(234) type and obverse of Edward the Confessor's last
type (a profile) is doubtless a mule, the profile obverse
type of Edward having been used in mistake for an
obverse die of 233 (see illustration in the British
Museum Catalogue, Vol. II., Plate XXVIII, fig. 7).
This is attributed to Shaftesbury.
"Canopy" Type.— Type III (236) has a very similar
reverse to Type I, and the obverse of this type
resembles as regards the head and crown (including in
the case of specimens of the Wallingford mint in the
collections of Mr. L. A. Lawrence and the writer, the
dependent ornaments or tassels at the side) the head
and crown on Harold's coins and those of Types I
and II.
"2 Sceptres" Type.— Type IV (237) is connected with
Type II by the presence in some specimens of the
line on the King's neck indicating the trachea, by
its similarity to the varieties described under Type II
as regards the placing of the obverse legend and the
COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II. 217
inner circle, and by the full form of the Latin legend
on the obverse.
1st « 2 Stars " Type.— Type V (238) is connected with
Type IV by the general similarity in workmanship
and appearance and by the " mule" above mentioned
(in the writer's collection), having the obverse of
Type IY and the reverse of Type Y.
" Sword and Quadrilateral Ornament " Type. — Type YI
(243) resembles the neat workmanship of the imme-
diately preceding types. Specimens were present
in the Beaworth hoard, and no place remains for this
type unless it is placed here. The statement on page
170 of the third edition of Hawkins as to there being
a mule with obverse 243 and reverse 244 struck at
Colchester is a mistake on the part of Mr. Kenyon.
This erroneous statement does not occur in the first
or second edition of Hawkins. The coin thus mis-
described by Mr. Kenyon is in the British Museum
and is an ordinary specimen of 247 without any
special variation.
" Profile Sceptre " Type. — Type YII (239) must precede
Type VIII, as the " mule " 240 has this obverse and
consequently indicates the earlier type with the
reverse of Type VIII.
"Paxs" Type.— Type VIII (241) follows Type VII by
the evidence of the " mule " 240.
WILLIAM II.
" Profile Sword " Type.— Type 1 (244) being a profile type
may well mark the commencement of a new reign.
It preceded Type 2 by the evidence afforded by the
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. F F
218 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" mule " 245, which has the obverse of Type 1 (244)
and the reverse of Type 2 (246).
" Sword, Cross, and Pellets" Type.— Type 2 (246) succeeded
Type 1 by the evidence of the " mule " 245.
" Sicord and Cross Flory " Type.— Type 3 (247) probably
succeeded Type II, as the workmanship is similar,
but the execution rougher. In some specimens the
bust is almost identical with the last preceding type
(246). A conclusive proof that Type 3 (247) was
issued subsequently to Type 2 (246) is afforded by a
specimen (coined at Rochester) in the writer's collec-
tion which is struck over a coin of Type 246 of
Hawkins, the 246 reverse being clearly visible
through the impression of the new 247 obverse.
•2nd " 2 Stars " Type.— Type 4 (250) is a type generally
much resembling in workmanship and style Type 3.
249 is a variety without the stars and more nearly
resembling Type 3.
" Sceptre and Star " Type. — Type 5 (248) was, by reason
of its close resemblance in size, workmanship, and
general style (especially as regards the reverse type)
to the first or second type of Henry I (Hawkins 251),
probably the last type of the reign, and if, according
to the raonetagium theory, it only was issued for
ten months or so, this would, in the absence of a find
of coins deposited at or near this very period,
account for its great rarity.
In the above remarks the evidence of " finds " of coins
has not been referred to, and it is now proposed to deal
with this subject. The great hoard (a treasure chest)
found at Bea worth in 1833 consisted of about 8,000 to
COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II. 219
9,000 coins, which were, with the exception of about 100,
all of Type VIII of William I (Hawkins 241-2 and
varieties). The recorded exceptions were approximately
thirty-one of Type Y (238), thirty-four of Type VI (243),
eleven of Type VIII (239), and six of the " mule " (240),
total eighty-two.
In the hoard discovered in the City of London in 1872,
the coins were chiefly of Edward the Confessor, and the
only ones of William were Types II (234) and IV (237)
of William I.
At Tamworth in 1877 were found 294 coins consisting
solely of Type VIII (241-242) of William I, and Type 1
(244), " mule " (245) and Type 2 (246) of William II.
Mr. Allen, in Numismatic Chronicle (N. S.) xi, 227,
gives some account of the Shillington, Co. Bedford,
find in 1871. Of the coins inspected by him there
occurred one of William I, Type VIII (Paxs), some of
William II, Types 1 and 2 (244 and 246) and the most
numerous were those of William II, Type 4 (250). There
were also some early types of Henry I.
Mr. W. F. Lincoln has mentioned to me a " find " of
coins of William I that came to his hands many years
ago. These were exclusively of Type I (233), Type II
(234), and Type III (236), and the last two types greatly
predominated. Nearly all the coins were of the Walling-
ford mint.
In adducing the above proofs the " in and out "
baronial and chartered-mint theory of Mr. Andrew has,
for obvious reasons, not been made use of, but his idea of
the date of the " Paxs " type some time between 1082-87
(see page 183, sub Durham), appears to be confirmed by
the argument deduced from the monetagium theory as
now propounded. The date tentatively assigned for the
220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
issue of this type, viz., 29th September, 1086, is just after
the compilation of Domesday Book had been completed,
and the date at which William I received at Salisbury the
oath of fealty from all the freeholders of the Kingdom.
Type VIII discloses the greatest number of mint towns
(and these in all parts of the Kingdom), and the large
preponderance of coins of this type in the Beaworth hoard
points to it having been the latest type issued at the time
of the deposit. In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, page 189
of the translation, occurs the following passage, " Among
other things is not to be forgotten the good peace he
(William I) made in this land ; so that a man who had
any confidence in himself might go over his realm with his
bosom full of gold, unhurt."
The PAXS coinage may well be commemorative of the
ultimate state of peace and law instituted by the Con-
queror's firm government.
As said above, Mr. Andrew's theory of barons and
chartered mints has been avoided, but in order to assist
Norman numismatics generally there is appended hereto
a list of mints and the types issued from each.
It was originally my intention to add also a list of
moneyers' names and mint names as they appear in con-
junction, on the coins ; but as the editors of the Nu-
mismatic Chronicle have intimated to me that such a list
would infringe too much on the limited space available in
the Chronicle, I propose to issue it shortly through
another channel. I would, however, add that in this list
I shall endeavour to show, not only the continuity of the
moneyers in connection with the mints throughout the
Norman period, but also to trace them back to the period
previous to the Conquest.
P. CARLYON-BRITTON.
COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II.
221
TYPE
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COINS OF WILLIAM I AND II.
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XVI.
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI.
(See Plates VIH.— XI.)
IT is now more than thirty years since Mr. Neck wrote
his admirable paper on the Coinage of Henry IV, V, and
VI, and as in this interval many coins unknown to him
have come to light, particularly in connection with the
reign of Henry VI, the time would seem to have arrived
for attempting a further classification of the coins of
this period than has hitherto been possible, and I pro-
pose to do what I can to deal in a complete manner with
the last of the three reigns. In so doing I must, I fear,
ask indulgence for a considerable amount of repetition of
what has been previously written by others at various
times, but this appears to be unavoidable if anything like
a consecutive history of the coinage of this reign is to be
attempted.
During the nearly forty years of the reign of Henry
VI we have at least six distinct coinages, some of them
very large ones and practically unvaried, and others so
subdivided as to form groups of separate issues. By
carefully following these out, particularly in the later
periods, we incidentally remark how the political vicissi-
tudes of the times made themselves felt even in connection
with the coinage. One, and perhaps the most remarkable
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 225
feature of the earlier numismatic history of this reign, is
the great importance attained by the mint at Calais,
from which for some years by far the greater portion
of the silver money for circulation in England was issued.
From the mint accounts given by Ruding we find that
while from the 10th year of Henry Y to the end of the
reign of Henry VI only 39,166 Ibs. weight of silver was
coined at the London mint, 183,588 Ibs. was coined at that
of Calais, more than a third of this latter amount being
issued for currency during the first five and a-half years.
The mint accounts are acknowledged to be incomplete, and
were they not so, I believe, as I shall subsequently give
reasons for supposing, that the proportion of bullion coined
at Calais was even larger. Edward III established the
mint at Calais within three months of the surrender of
the town to him in 1347, and commanded that the white
money to be made there should be such as was coined in
England. No Calais coins of Edward III are, however,
known of this period. On the 20th of February, 1362,
Thomas de Brantyngham was appointed receiver of all the
profits arising from the King's mint established there, and
about the same time certain privileges and immunities were
granted to the officers of the mint similar to those enjoyed
by the officers of the mints of London and Canterbury.
Money of both gold and silver was now actually coined
at Calais in some quantity of the same types and values
in all respects as that issued from the London mint during
the period of the observance of the treaty of Bretigny.
As recorded by Ruding, officers of the mint were ap-
pointed in 1371 and 1375 during the reign of Edward
III and in 1393 and 1396 under Richard II, while refer-
ence is made to the Calais mint in several ordinances of
Henry IV. However, no Calais coins have come down
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. G G
226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to us corresponding with any English issues subsequent
to the 1360-69 period of Edward Ill's reign until we come
to the great annulet coinage, which commenced in 1422,
the last year of the reign of Henry Y, and was continued
well into that of Henry VI. At this period by far the
larger portion of the English silver money was issued
from the Calais mint, and for many years after, even well
into the reign of Edward IV, we have evidence of its
abundance in various ordinances, which allude to the
Calais groats as being the ordinary type of money then
in circulation. This abundance has proportionately come
down to our own times, and it is hardly necessary to
remark that the ordinary Calais coins of Henry VI are
perhaps the commonest of the mediaeval English series.
As Hawkins entirely excludes the Calais coins from his
work, although they were undoubtedly coined for circula-
tion in England only (Calais being then considered an
English town and sending two members to the English
Parliament), they admit perhaps of a somewhat fuller
description even than the London issue. Mr. Neck treated
them as English coins in his paper, and described and
located all the varieties noticed at the time he wrote, but
since then several others have appeared which were ap-
parently unknown to him, and which prove that the mint
at Calais was at work, if only in a fitful and feeble way,
for some years later than he assumed it to have been,
when he wrote that the last coins struck there were of the
type corresponding with one of London described by Haw-
kins under Class III, having the voided cross as mint-mark,
and a leaf in the spandril of the tressure under the bust.
Owing to the abundance of a great portion of the Calais
money and to its being practically identical in type, save
for the name of the place of mintage, with the contem-
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 227
porary London issues, it has not, perhaps, been very
generally noticed how uncommon are almost all the coins
of this reign of the earlier issues from the latter mint —
some of them being very rare indeed, as I shall endeavour
to bring out in dealing with the several coinages in detail,
while several varieties that are not very unusual of the
Calais mint are unknown from that of London. Towards
(presumably) the middle of this reign the coinage from
the Calais mint, which until that time had been so abun-
dant, appears to have rapidly fallen off in quantity, and
practically almost to have ceased, although there are a
few rare examples of small subsequent issues that have
appeared since Mr. Neck wrote his paper, which, in con-
junction with existing records, prove that the Calais mint
did not entirely cease working until quite the latter part
of the reign of Henry VI. After the cessation of its
great activity, the London mint became much more im-
portant, and from about 1440 almost all the silver money
was issued from it, but although the varieties to be found
are numerous, the quantity of each issue must have been
comparatively small, as none of the later coins can be
called very common, while many are rare, particularly all
denominations smaller than the groat, with perhaps the
exception of the half-pennies of some issues.
CLASS I. — ANNULET COINAGE.
In dealing with the coinage of this reign, one serious
difficulty is to determine where it actually commences
and which are the earliest coins of Henry VI, seeing that
such authorities as Neck, Longstaffe, and Hawkins differ
decidedly on the question, not to mention others who have
at various times written on the subject. In agreement
with the latest edition of Hawkins (1887) I believe that
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the very rare York annulet coins practically decide this
question. The indenture of February 13th of the ninth
year of Henry V with Bartholomew Goldbeter only
provides for the coining of money in the " Tour de
Londres " and the " Ville de Caleys," and it is only by
an endorsement of the 16th of February of the first
year of Henry VI, or a year afterwards, that provision
is specially made for him to coin also at York and
Bristol. This endorsement should dispose of the sug-
gestion that York was implicitly included in the original
indenture of Henry V, owing to the fact that York
pennies are found having the open quatrefoil in the
centre of the cross on the reverse of every reign and
period since the time of Edward I. It is now, I believe,
generally admitted that there was at York, in addition to
the archiepiscopal mint which worked regularly during
the reign of each succeeding sovereign, a royal mint
which worked intermittently. The former, until the
reign of Henry VII, coined pennies only, and these are
all distinguished by the well-known open quatrefoil in
the centre of the cross on the reverse. The royal mint,
on the contrary, issued all denominations of silver coins,
and the quatrefoil is never found upon them. Goldbeter
appears to have done nothing at Bristol, and not very
much at York, but the little he did at the latter city has
given us a pretty certain clue to the type of the earliest
coins of the reign of Henry VI. As the indenture of the
ninth of Henry V evidently refers to no earlier issue than
the annulet coinage, while from the special endorsement
as to York on the document, when it was confirmed by
the regency in the first year of Henry VI, we know that
the existing annulet groats and half-groats, &c., of York
were not coined previously, while, in addition, we know
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 229
that they must have been struck almost immediately
after the granting of the authority, from the fact (as
recorded by Ruding) that complaints were made to the
Parliament held at Westminster on October 20th of the
same year, that Goldbeter, after having been at York and
set up his mint there, had since retired, and praying that
he might be compelled to return, we may feel certain
that these York annulet coins are examples of the first
coins struck after the death of Henry V. In addition to
their own special distinguishing mark, the lis on either
side of the king's neck, they have other peculiar charac-
teristics which will be found to occur on annulet coins
from both the London and Calais mints, of what I shall
call later type 2 of the early annulet money, and I hope
to be able to show that in this type we can identify un-
mistakably the earliest coins of Henry VI, although, as
stated by Hawkins, it is very probable that some of
nearly the same type had been issued previous to the
death of Henry V, from the mints of both London and
Calais. We are without any evidence as to Calais, for in
the mint accounts given by Ruding there is no record of
any silver coined at this mint previous to the second year
of Henry VI. The accounts are, however, stated to be
imperfect, and as there is no record of any bullion coined
at York, they are so, in this respect at least.
As Mr. Neck truly observes, the annulet coinage is the
most difficult to arrange satisfactorily, but I am in hopes
that I have found a clue to the classification of the several
issues more nearly than has been previously done, and, as
I venture to think, of deciding which coins were issued
during the last year of the reign of Henry V, and which
are those first issued after the accession of his son. The
mint-marks on all varieties of the annulet money of every
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
denomination have been hitherto always described as a
pierced cross, or a cross. A careful examination of a
number of the coins will, however, show that there are
two distinct varieties of the pierced cross, and that the
cross, when not pierced, is quite different from the plain
cross of previous and succeeding coinages.
The pierced cross of what I shall call Type I is a
distinct and clearly defined cross with the limbs square
at the extremities, and rather broader than at the in-
tersection, and having a piercing in the centre almost,
if not quite, touching the angles formed by the inter-
section of the limbs.
The pierced cross of the second type is very different,
and is formed, as it were, by cutting four quarter circles
out of the angles of a square, and has, as before, a central
piercing, which, owing to the altered form, is now well
within the centre of the cross.
The cross on some of the annulet money of the smaller
denominations, when not pierced, has the ends more or
less forked, as if a piece in the form of the letter V had
been cut out of a square end.
Pierced Cross. Pierced Cross.
Type I. Type II. Cross.
The annulet coins with the pierced cross of Type I are
evidently the earliest, and are found of both London and
Calais, but are less common of Calais than of London. I
attribute these coins to Henry V, and believe that they
were those first struck by Bartholomew Goldbeter under
the authority of the enactment of the second Parliament
of the year 1421 (the 9th year of Henry V), which met
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 231
at Westminster on December 1st, and of the subsequent
indenture dated Feb. 13th, 1422. Henry Y died on the
31st of August of the same year, but there was time before
his death to do a good deal, and probably no time was
lost owing to the urgent need of remedying the great
scarcity and bad condition of the currency, which was at
that time causing much trouble and discontent among the
people. Goldbeter would naturally place the Tower mint
in working order before proceeding to Calais; and it would
have been active longer than the latter mint at the death
of Henry Y, thus accounting for the London groats at
least being more common than those of Calais, which
are, in fact, not very easy to obtain. I now come to the
coins with the pierced cross of Type II as a mint-mark,
which I believe to be those first issued after the accession
of Henry YI. As the authority conferred by the original
indenture would lapse with the death of Henry Y, and
was not renewed by the Regency until the 16th of
February following, or an interval of nearly six months,
it is probable that work at both the London and Calais
mints ceased during this time.
With the renewal of his authority and with its extension
to York and Bristol, Goldbeter would appear to have
made a new departure with fresh dies, which, while
resembling very closely (although not exactly) those of
the last issue, have all the pierced cross of Type II as a
mint-mark, and I submit that this is the distinguishing
mark of the earliest coins of the reign of Henry YI. We
are practically certain that the York annulet groats and
half- groats were struck by authority of the renewed
indenture of the first of Henry YI, and all the known
specimens, together with the corresponding penny and
halfpenny, have the No. 2 Type of pierced cross as
232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
mint-mark. It might be expected that some change in
the way of a special mark would be introduced with the
first issue of the new reign, and here we have one clearly
identified with its very commencement. Of these York
coins, which are all extremely rare, there are three groats
in the British Museum [PL VIII. 3] and there was one in
the Neck and Webb collections. Two half-groats only
appear to be known. One was in the Montagu collection
and is illustrated in one of the catalogue plates ; the other
is now in the Lawrence, and was previously in the Rostron
collection. The only penny that I can trace is in the
British Museum. It is in poor condition, and has a piece
broken out of the edge. The halfpenny [PL VIII. 4]
also appears to be unique, and is now in my own collection,
having previously been in the Shepherd and Montagu
cabinets. All these coins, from the groat to the halfpenny,
have as mint-mark the pierced cross of Type II, which is in
all cases clearly shown. They can only have been struck
during a very short period, as according to Ruding, in
the Parliament held at Westminster on October 20th of
the year 1423, or only eight months after the authority
was given, the Commons of the northern counties petitioned
the King and the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, " that
the master and workers of the King's monies who had
been at York and there set up his mint, to the great profit
of the King and the said counties, but had since with his
workmen retired from thence, shall be commanded to
return to the same city and to remain or leave sufficient
deputies during the King's pleasure."
This petition reveals the short time that Goldbeter
remained at York, and incidentally accounts for the rarity
of the coins themselves, while it also fixes the time of their
issue.
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 233
The York type (if I may call it so), which I will
assume to be of the first coinage of Henry VI, was also
issued from both the London and Calais mints, and here we
find in regard to rarity a reversal of what is found in the
previous issue. The Calais coins are fairly common, but
those of London are scarcer. The York groats, as well as
those of London and Calais of the same type, all read
T^nGLIGC, a reading considered by some to belong ex-
clusively to the coins of Henry Y, but which assuming the
York coins to belong to Henry VI, was evidently con-
tinued into the reign of the latter. Of this earliest issue
of Henry VI there are groats, half-groats, pence and
half-pence of London, York, and Calais, all with the
No. 2 Type of pierced cross. The York half-groats, as
well as some of those of London and Calais of the same
type, have eleven arches to the tressure, similar to coins
of Henry V of the same denomination. The groats all
show the well-known swelling on the neck, also a feature
long supposed to be identified with the coins of Henry V.
There are pennies of the early annulet coinage from the
York archiepiscopal mint, and also of Durham, which
latter have not, I think, been correctly ascribed, either by
Hawkins or Mr. Neck. The former discredits a coin
illustrated in Ruding as being either forged or altered,
owing to its reading T^RGLI, and having an annulet in
two quarters of the reverse. It is evidently carelessly
drawn, and the annulet shown between the pellets in two
quarters should only be in one. Probably one quarter
was obliterated, and the artist drew what he thought
should be there. The final S in TYnGLieC was also proba-
bly invisible, and was consequently omitted altogether.
Apart from these, easily to be accounted for, inaccuracies,
coins of this type certainly exist [PI. X. 3]. They have
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234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the mullet to left and annulet to right of the crown, and
an annulet between the pellets in one quarter of the
reverse. The mint-mark is indistinct on the specimens I
have seen, and therefore it is, according to my theory, un-
certain as to whether they belong to the end of Henry Y's
reign or to the beginning of that of Henry VI. The latter
appears to be more probable, as the type of bust exactly
resembles that of the York type of the annulet pence.
Mr. Neck gives this coin to the early part of the reign of
Henry V, but describes the annulet at right of crown as
broken, which it certainly is not on the specimen which I
have. These pence are undoubtedly of the annulet coinage,
and as this was undertaken so near to the end of the reign
of Henry V, it seems most probable that any Durham
annulet coins would be struck under Henry VI.
Having, as I hope, shown the most probable method of
identifying the earliest coins of Henry VI, I propose to
follow the issues subsequent to the annulet coinage in
accordance with the arrangement of the 1887 or later
edition of Hawkins, thus being able to avoid as much
unnecessary repetition as possible. In regard to the
Calais coins of which Hawkins takes no notice, I shall
supplement what has been said by Mr. Neck in regard
to them, by describing certain coins apparently unknown
to him at the time he wrote.
The annulet coins, of what I have called the York type
and which on the groats all read 7VR6LI6C in the obverse
legend, were followed by a variety of nearly similar type
but reading (on the groats) TTRGL' and with the arch of
tressure on the breast not fleured [PI. VIII. 7]. The
egg-shaped swelling on the neck still continues on the busts
and the mint-mark is the pierced cross of Type 2. The
coins of this type are of London and Calais and are all
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 235
rather rare, particularly those of London. The only half-
groat which I can attribute to this issue is of London ; it
has a broader and larger bust than the first variety of
annulet half-groats, but like them has the reverse legend
ending TTDIVTOEGC ^ 5ft and without any cross before POSVI.
The obverse mint-mark is a cross of the type shown
previously with slightly forked ends [PI. X. 5]. I have
a London penny also of, I believe, this issue [PI. X. 6].
The bust is unlike either the succeeding or preceding
type, but otherwise there is no special feature to describe.
These coins correspond with Mr. Neck's type 2 of the
annulet money, but he describes no half-groats, and the
Calais penny, which he gives, appears to have a London
obverse, while he gives to London for this issue that with
the DI GRA legend and no annulets on the reverse. These
rare DI GRA pence certainly resemble very closely the
earliest annulet type as to the bust, and the crown has
the little points between the fleur-de-lys terminating in
balls as on the annulet pence, and differing thus from the
early coins of Henry V. I should be inclined to attribute
these DI 6R7Y pence to the end of Henry V's reign.
Possibly they are a few of the first coins struck by
Bartholomew Goldbeter before the distinguishing annulet
mark was adopted. They are of neat workmanship and
well struck, and thus differ from most of the other pence
of Henry V. Returning from this digression we come to
the third and last type of annulet money, which from the
Calais mint is (with the exception of the halfpence) so
extremely common even down to the present time. Of
the London mint, however, the groats are scarce, and the
lesser denominations so rare that Mr. Neck states that he
had not seen them. The characteristics of this issue are
on the groat [see PI. VIII. 8 and 9], a more youthful
236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
portrait with smaller neck with a tube-like line in centre
and more spreading shoulders than before. The half-
groats differ from the preceding ones in having the reverse
legend preceded by a plain cross and ending TUDIVTORff
mavm instead of TYDIVTORff i$tt. The obverse mint-mark
is the cross before described. The Calais groats and half-
groats of this issue are very common indeed. The only
exception, and indeed the only variety that I know of
which is not of a transition nature, is a groat which on
the reverse has no annulets between the pellets in any
quarter, while having one in the normal position after
POSVI. There is a specimen of this coin in the British
Museum, which, although described in Hawkins' Anglo-
Gallic Coins, was not noted by Mr. Neck. I have only
seen one other specimen of this groat, which must be very
rare. The Calais pence are a little less common than the
larger pieces, while the half-pence are scarce. Of the
London mint the groats are the only pieces not very
difficult to obtain, and even they are decidedly scarce.
Of the half-groat I have only seen one specimen [PI. X.
7], the National Collection being without one. Those
described by Hawkins are, from their reverse legend, of
the earlier variety, which I have called the York Type.
The penny is also very rare. It only differs from the
last type in the bust, which is fuller in the face. As to
the annulet half -pence it is rather uncertain to which
variety they are to be attributed, but although not common,
they appear to be much less rare than the pence and half-
groats of the second and third varieties. There are
York pence of the archiepiscopal mint having an annulet
between the pellets in one quarter of the reverse similar to
those of Durham, and also one after CCIVIT7VS. These
have on the obverse a mullet to the left and a fleur-de-
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 237
lys to the right of the crown. Others have a trefoil in
place of the lys. The former I attribute to the period
of the second and third annulet issues, and the latter pro-
bably to a transition type to which I am about to allude.
From the scarceness of the annulet coins of the London
mint, particularly of the later variety, which is on the con-
trary so abundant of Calais, it would appear that almost
the whole of the money for circulation in the kingdom must
at the end of this period have been coined at the latter
mint. This idea would seem" to be borne out by the fact
that there are two transitional types of annulet money of
Calais, of which there are no London counterparts. The
first is the variety called by Mr. Neck the annulet trefoil
coinage, on which the annulets still continue at each side
of the King's neck on the obverse and in one quarter only
of the reverse on the groats and half-groats, but on the
pence [PI. VIII. 9] (which were unknown to Mr. Neck)
they continue in two quarters as before. The variation
now introduced consists in a small trefoil being placed on
the left side of the King's crown on the groats and pence
[PL X. 9] and after POSVI on the reverse in place of
the former annulet. It is a little curious that the trefoil
is omitted from the obverse of the half-groat, but appears
on the reverse in the same position as on the groat. It
may be noted that on the groats of this issue the pierced
cross before POSVI is for the first time superseded by the
plain cross, which latter retains the same position through
several subsequent coinages. These coins are all scarce,
particularly the pence. A noticeable feature of this
issue is that it does not form a connecting link with the
subsequent one, the trefoil entirely disappearing after a
very short existence until a much later period. There
are a few York pence of the archiepiscopal mint having
238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
an annulet between the pellets in one quarter of the
reverse and with a trefoil to the right of the crown in
place of the lis on other annulet pence of the same mint.
These may, I think, be considered possibly to belong to
the same period as the annulet trefoil coins of Calais.
The last variety of Calais groats [PI. VIII. 10] and half-
groats having still the annulets on either side of the
King's neck is of a distinctly transitional character, con-
necting the annulet coinage with the succeeding rosette
mascle coinage. This variety is also scarce. On the
obverse the trefoil of the last-described groats is omitted,
and it is thus the same in all respects as the former
annulet coins. On the reverse, however, the annulet
entirely disappears, both from its position between the
pellets and after POSVI. A pierced rosette of five foils
is now placed after POSVI and CCTYLISIff. Another sign
of transition on some of the half-groats of this variety
is in the fuller spelling of the mint name. Up to now
and even on part of these half- groats it is spelt CC7TLIS',
but now for the first time it reads on some CC7VLISI6L
There appear to be no pence which can be in any way
identified with this transition type, and there are no
London or other coins of any denomination.
CLASS II.— ROSETTE MASCLE COINAGE.
The coins of this issue, particularly the groats, have a
rather different bust of the king, altogether larger and
with longer neck. The groats of this and the succeeding
issues are usually of larger diameter than those of the
annulet issue.
The rosette, which appeared on the last annulet issue
on the reverse only, now appears on the obverse also,
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 239
between the words of the legend, but on the Calais coins,
at least, it is always accompanied by a new distinguishing
mark, the mascle or open lozenge.
The rosette mascle coinage marks the second distinct
period in the coinage of the reign of Henry VI, and
there was both a Calais and a London issue. The former
is very abundant, but the latter is very rare in all
denominations excepting, perhaps, the groats ; even these,
however, are rather rare. There are also pence from the
episcopal mints of York and Durham. This coinage
may be divided into two periods. The first still retains
the same mint-marks as the later annulet coins ; viz.,
for the groats the pierced cross of Type 2, and the half-
groats and pence the cross with forked ends *{}* as on the
annulet coins, and the reverse the plain cross noted on
the transitional issues of Calais. The Calais groats have
rosettes on the obverse after every word except E6CX,
after which a mascle occurs. On the reverse a rosette
occurs after POSVI and dTTLISIff, while a mascle is placed
after VIL and L7L The Calais half-groats are exactly
similar, while the pence have a rosette after tyffRBICIVS
and a mascle after R6CX, and on the reverse a mascle
between YIL and L7Y and a rosette after dftLISieC. Calais
farthings are known of this issue only and are very rare
[see PI. X. 14]. The London groats and half- groats of the
first rosette mascle type differ from those of Calais in
having neither rosettes nor mascles on the obverse
[PI. VIII. 2], but on the reverse they are found in the
same position as on the Calais coins, and a rosette after
POSVI and LORDOR, and on the groats there is a mascle
before LOR. On one half-groat there is no mascle
[PL X. 11]. Hawkins, in the latest edition of 1887,
states that no London penny is known on which a rosette
240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
appears. I have, however, one in my cabinet exactly
corresponding with the groat and half-groat of this issue
and having a mascle before and a rosette after LORDOR,
[see PL X. 10]. I know of no other specimen and so far
I think mine is unique. Of presumably this period is
a Durham penny having the mint-mark a plain cross
with a large mullet to the left of the crown, said to be the
badge of Cardinal Langley, Bishop of Durham from
1406 to 1437. This coin is figured in Hawkins (332)
[PI. X. 13].
The second period of the rosette mascle coinage is
distinguished by a change in the obverse mint-mark.
The pierced cross now disappears and for the first time
we have the cross fleury, which has, I think, been
erroneously called the cross patonce of heraldry, and
which continues to be generally used in nearly all the
later issues of this reign. The Calais coins of this issue
[see PI. VIII. 12] with the latter mint-mark are in other
respects similar to those previously described with rosettes
and mascles on both obverse and reverse. All are
common or very common excepting the halfpence and
farthings, the latter being rare. The coins of the London
mint are similar to those of Calais, differing from those
with the pierced cross mint-mark in having the rosettes
and mascles in the obverse legend, which are absent in
the earlier coins [PI. VIII. 13]. There are groats and
half-groats of London, both rare, the latter especially
so. A penny is not at present known, but halfpence are
described by Hawkins.
There are Durham and York pence from the episcopal
mints corresponding with this issue in its principal
characteristics. Those of Durham have the cross fleury
mint -mark with a rosette after ^GCRRiaVS and a
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 241
mascle after E6CX, and on the reverse a mascle after
DVROLSIU. There are no marks at the sides of the head
or crown [PI. X. 15]. The York pence have the same
characteristics on the obverse, and in addition have a
mullet at each side of the crown. On the reverse there is
usually a rosette before 6CBOR7TCCI and a mascle between
GCIVI and T7VS. Some of these pence appear from their
neat workmanship to be struck from London-made dies,
while others are of barbarous character, suggesting local
make or that they possibly may be contemporary for-
geries. They appear, however, to be of good silver and
weight.
In describing the general characteristics of the coins
of this issue I have noted the usual position of the
distinguishing marks of the rosette and mascle, but they
are occasionally in different positions in the legends,
although probably only by accident.
CLASS III. — PINE- CONE MASCLE COINAGE.
This is the last of the three really abundant coinages of
this reign, and, like the two previous ones, would appear
to have been continued for some time, although the coins
are rather less common in general than those of either
the annulet or rosette mascle coinages. It is also to be
noted that the London groats at least, unlike those of the
two previous issues, are fairly common, while the half-
groats, although still rather rare, are probably less so
than of any other coinage of Henry VI subsequent to the
earliest annulet issue. There is not much difference in
the king's portrait, although an evolutionary process may
be observed by careful examination and comparison. The
mascle is still retained in the same positions as on the
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. l J
242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
coins of the last issue, but the rosette is replaced in the
same position by an object which has now been generally
accepted as being a pine-cone, which it probably is.
In passing, it may be interesting to note in this con-
nection that at this period a certain type of conventional
ornament, which has been variously supposed to be de-
rived from the pineapple, the artichoke, or the pine-cone,
possibly all three, in different cases, was very prevalent,
and formed the basis of design for much architectural
carving and woven silk materials, ecclesiastical em-
broidery, decorative painting, &c. This pine-cone should
be regarded as quite a distinct object from another
that appears later, and which on coins sharply struck
and not worn is distinctly seen to be a leaf; but of
this later. Mr. Neck describes a rosette pine-cone coin-
age, but these coins are probably only the result of an
obverse and reverse die of the pine-cone and the rosette
coinage being used together [PI. X. 16]. I have exam-
ples of both an obverse and a reverse of the pine-cone
type, with the corresponding reverse and obverse of the
previous type, which would tend to prove that these coins
are simply mules, and not entitled to be considered a dis-
tinct issue. It is perhaps remarkable that groats, half-
groats, and pence of this type are known of London, and
groats and pence at least of Calais. In connection with
the pine-cone coinage, a very remarkable mule occurs, of
which there is a specimen in the National Collection, and
I myself have another. It is struck from an obverse die
of the pine-cone mascle coinage and a reverse die of the
annulet coinage, and is the only example I have heard of
in which two dies of non-consecutive issues have been
used together.
All denominations of coins (except probably farthings)
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 243
of the pine-cone mascle coinage are found from the
London mint. The pence are rare and the half-groats
fairly so, but the groats and halfpence are common. The
Calais groats [PI. IX. 1] are common, but the half-groats,
pence and halfpence become scarcer with this issue, and
the first symptoms of the decline of the Calais mint thus
become apparent. Of this issue there is a remarkable
York penny with no quatrefoil in the centre of the re-
verse. This coin would thus appear to be struck at the
royal mint, although we have no other evidence of its
being at work at this time. Hawkins describes a penny of
this type in the Pownall collection, with a pine-cone after
CCIVI on the reverse. I myself have one with a pine-cone
after IxffnBKIVS and a mascle after E6CX, with mint-mark
cross-fleury and a rosette on the breast. Other York pence,
resembling in general character this last coin, but with
the quatrefoil in the centre of the reverse, are attributed by
Hawkins, and probably rightly so, to this issue, although
they are without the pine-cone, while having a mascle after
EGCX on the obverse and after CCI VI on the reverse. They
have small crosses either upright or in saltire at the sides
of the head [PI. X. 19], which the pennies of the other
type have not.
It is, as I have previously remarked, during the period
of the pine-cone mascle coinage that we notice the first
symptoms of a decrease in the quantity of coins from the
Calais mint. Petitions are recorded (as noted by Euding)
to have been presented to the King in Parliament in
1437 and 1442, which show that the mint was not then
so prosperous as it had formerly been. The dates of
these petitions probably come approximately within the
duration of the issue under consideration, which, for
reasons given later, I should fix at from 1435 to 1440,
244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
or perhaps a year or so later. To about the date of the
petition of 1442 I should attribute the groats which Mr.
Neck describes as being the last he had seen from the
Calais mint, and he rightly describes them as rare.
There are, however, as we now know, some of still later
issues which are still more rare. The groats in question
of Calais correspond with a very distinct and rare issue of
London, which has not, I think, been sufficiently noticed
before, the groats alone being only incidentally alluded to
by Hawkins as varieties of the pine-cone coinage. The issue
could only have been a small one and of brief duration,
following the pine-cone coinage [PI. IX. 3 and 4], but
possibly after some interval. It resembles it in some
particulars, but is distinctively different generally. Its
characteristics are, on the groats for mint-mark a cross
voided in place of the cross-fleury in use for some time
previously, and with the exception of this issue, on all
subsequent ones up to the dethronement of Henry VI, no
pine-cones appear, but the mascle after EGtX on the ob-
verse, and either before or in the middle of the mint-
name on the reverse, is still retained. In addition, a new
distinctive mark is now found, which on well-struck coins
can be seen to be unmistakably a leaf with stalk and
central and lateral fibres distinctly showing, and quite a
different object from the previous pine-cone. On the
groats this leaf is of fairly large size, and is placed in the
spandril of the tressure under the bust, and partially
overlapping the point of the cusp. On the reverse it is
at the end of the mint-name in conjunction with a small
saltire stop, and generally overlaps the beaded circle be-
tween the outer and inner legend. I have one Calais
groat on which the leaf also occurs after POSVI [PI. IX.
4], but this is exceptional, all others that I have seen
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 245
being without any mark after POSVI, which is, how-
ever, always preceded by the same plain cross, as on
the pine-cone issue. A groat in my collection has a
reverse of this type with an ordinary pine-cone obverse,
thus showing a connecting link between the two issues.
Of Calais there are groats only of this type, but of
London I can instance half-groats, pence, and half-
pence, all very rare, the halfpennies being least so.
All have for mint-marks a plain cross with slightly
forked ends, a leaf partly under and partly on the
bust of the King. The half-groat [PL X. 18] has, in
addition to the leaf in the spandril under the bust, single
leaves after tySnRICC and DI, and two leaves, one turning
each way, after 6ETC. There is also on the reverse a leaf
after DOR, overlapping the beaded circle in an exactly
similar manner to the groat. There are no mascles on
this half- groat. The penny has a leaf after tyffRKKIVS,
as well as on the breast of the King, but no mark on the
reverse. The halfpence have a leaf after tydRBKI. I
should like to call this the rose-leaf issue, as a distin-
guishing name, if it would not too much disturb existing
arrangements, which would probably be thought unde-
sirable.
At this point I will ask leave to make two digressions,
as we have now come to the end of the three first and by far
the largest coinages of this reign, after which, probably
owing to the increasingly disturbed state of the kingdom,
the coinage appears to have been very irregular, and to
consist of comparatively small and intermittent issues. The
first digression is a reference to the mint accounts as re-
corded by Ruding, which, although stated to be incomplete,
give what appears to be, in the light of the coins that have
come down to our times, a fairly accurate statement as to
216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the proportion of bullion coined at the mints of London and
Calais respectively during the earlier part of this reign,
and from which I think it possible to approximately fix the
dates and duration of the first two great issues which I
have been describing.
We find that the whole of the silver coined at Calais is
included in the mint accounts ending with the llth year
of Henry VI, and I here give from Ruding the amounts
recorded to have been coined both at Calais and London
respectively up to that date :
London. Calais.
£ s. d. Ibs. ozs. ilwK
1422 to 1424 6,924 0 10 1423 to 1427 67,745 4 10
Ibs. ozs. dwts.
1424 to 1431 4,919 9 10 1427 to 1431 89,660 9 10
1432 to 1433 1,466 9 10 1433 26,182 10 0
After 1433, or the llth year of Henry VI, the mint
accounts record no further bullion coined at Calais, and
none at the London mint until the eighteenth year of the
reign. I think it may be considered probable that the
records up to 1433 include the first two out of the three
great coinages which we have been considering, and allow-
ing for possible incompleteness in the accounts, we may
from these particulars approximately date these two great
issues. I therefore suggest the period of —
The Annulet Coinage, earlier types 1 and 2, 1422 to 1424
„ „ latest type . . 1424 to 1428
The Rosette Mascle Coinage . . . 1428 to 1435
After the llth and until the 18th year of Henry VI,
there is, as we have seen, a blank in the mint accounts
which appears almost certainly to indicate that some
important records of this period must be missing. I
believe that they must be the whole of those referring to
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 247
the pine-cone mascle coinage, which various circumstances
tend to locate approximately between 1435 and 1440.
The first petition of the Commons in reference to the
Calais mint was in 1437, which would bear out my
remarks as to the decreasing proportion of coins of the
pine-cone coinage from that mint, assuming that this issue
was being struck at this period. It is, of course, possible
that all the three first coinages occurred during the first
eleven years of Henry VI, but in that case there would,
according to the mint accounts, be an interval of seven
years before the fourth or trefoil coinage, which seems
unlikely, and is rendered the more improbable by the
existence of mules between the third or pine-cone coinage
and the fourth or trefoil coinage, which would hardly be
possible if the two were separated by such a long interval.
The second digression that I desire to make is on the
subject of " galley halfpennies." During this and pre-
vious reigns, but more often in this, we are struck in study-
ing Huding by the numerous enactments against the
currency of these coins, which must, from the frequent
references to them, have been in very general use and in
large quantities, for, notwithstanding all attempts to stop
their circulation, we find strong measures were necessary
in regard to them well into the reign of Henry VIII.
Ruding states that these galley halfpennies derived
their name from their being imported by the Genoese and
Venetian merchants in their galleys, but he does not
attempt to say what sort of coins they were. It seems to
be assumed that notwithstanding their abundance at the
period we are discussing, they have since so totally disap-
peared that no trace of them can be discovered at the
present time. This I venture to suggest is quite a
mistake. So far as I am aware, no satisfactory explana-
248 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
tion has, so far, been forthcoming as to the use of the
so-called Nuremberg counters. The suggestion of their
being counters seems only to be accepted for want of
some better explanation, and I think this may be found
if we identify them with the galley halfpence of the
Middle Ages. They exist of types which from their
character and design we can appropriate to all periods,
from those of Edward I, II and III to that of Henry VIII
and later, and their abundance and wide distribution is
another reason for my attribution of them. The galley
halfpence were used in other countries as well as our own,
and it would be astonishing if counters for any purpose
whatever could have been so universally required in such
large numbers, and I hope the Society may see in my sug-
gestion a way to the settlement of an interesting
question.1
To return to the main subject of this paper, we have
now come to about the middle of Henry VI's reign, when
the effects of the rivalries of his relatives and councillors
during his long minority were beginning to be disas-
trously felt. The turn of the tide in France had well set
in. The French King had triumphantly entered Paris
in 1437, after it had for many years been under the domi-
nation of England — during that time Henry himself
had been solemnly crowned in Notre-Dame as King of
France ; but now even Normandy and the provinces of
Aquitaine and Guyenne were held precariously, only to be
entirely lost within the next few years. Henry himself
1 I am glad to find that some such views as I now put
forward have been already formed by the numismatic authorities
at the British Museum ; although I had not heard of them
before, and nothing of the sort had, as far as I am aware, been
published.
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 249
had reached the age of manhood and showed no signs of any
of his father's qualities. He was on the contrary weak and
swayed alternately by the advice of various counsellors
all seeking their own ends and regardless of the welfare
of the country. Popular discontent at the conduct of
the French wars and of affairs generally now also began
to be seriously felt. This generally disturbed condition
made itself felt even on the coinage : during the latter half
of his reign much less money would appear to have been
coined, and both from the mint accounts given by Ruding,
and from the coins that have come down to us we see
that although there were many issues they were all small,
or comparatively so. This is particularly noticeable
between his eleventh and thirty- eighth year. It will also
be remarked that the coins of these later issues are as a
rule more or less carelessly and imperfectly struck, and in
marked contrast in these respects to the coins of the large
early coinages. I will here quote from Ruding the mint
accounts of the silver bullion coined later than the eleventh
year until the thirty-eighth, after which there is no
further record. All the accounts refer to the London
mint only.
Amount of silver coined in the London mint after 1483 : —
1433-40 (no accounts)
1440-41 .
1445-46 .
1447
1448-50 .
1451-52 .
1453-54 .
1454-56 .
1459-60 .
A careful examination of these accounts of bullion
coined, together with a study of the coins we have,
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. K K
ts)
Ibs.
oz.
dwts.
2,751
3
10
207
3
0
88
7
5
651
2
15
9,980
5
17
3,605
5
5
5,469
10
0
3,103
2
0
250 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
would almost lead us to suppose that, with the exception
of the interval between the eleventh and eighteenth
year, together with any Calais accounts after the pine-
cone coinage, the records are nearly, if not quite complete,
and I should be inclined to think that each of the accounts,
which Ruding describes as " in bundles in the Tower," re-
presents the total amount of bullion coined during each of
the separate issues, which, by their mint-marks and other
special characteristics, were no doubt confined to certain
dates. The large amounts for Henry's first eleven years
would clearly be identified with the annulet and rosette
coinages. The long interval between 1433 and 1440 for
which the accounts are not forthcoming would account
for the pine-cone coinage, and those from 1440 to 1460
agree very well with the number of small issues of which
we have evidence during that period. Hawkins and others
have divided these into three groups, Classes IV, Y, and
VI, but they could be divided into a considerably larger
number. Unlike the first three great issues, of which
the London and Calais coins, at least, are all practically
identical in type and details, the later issues after the pine-
cone coinage present a very large variety of types and
details, it being not very easy to find two coins exactly
alike, either in the style of the bust or the position and
character of the distinguishing marks. All the coins of
these later issues must have been rare previous to the great
find of coins at Stamford in 1866, the number of which
exceeded 3,000. Unfortunately, no careful account of
this find appears to have been written by anyone at the
time, but I have been told by one who saw the greater
part of the coins that although there was a certain con-
siderable number of Henry VFs groats of later issues,
the bulk was of the earlier coinages. The coins of the
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 251
later issues were, however, mostly in mint condition, and
amongst them were several varieties previously unknown,
notably a few from the Calais mint, which proved it to
have been at work, in a small way at least, much later than
had been previously supposed.
CLASS IV. — PINE-CONE TREFOIL COINAGE.
To resume the regular consideration of the consecutive
issues of the latter half of this reign, we must recall that
we left off with the small and rare issue of which the
distinguishing marks were on the groats a cross voided,
as mint-mark, and a leaf in the spandril of the tressure
under the bust. The mascle was still retained in both the
obverse and reverse legends. It had survived several
changes, and throughout several issues, but it gives way
at last to a new mark — the trefoil, which also had a
considerable run, and like the mascle appears on several
varieties of coins unlike in other respects. All coins with
the trefoil in any position are however classed by Hawkins
as one coinage, although they vary in general type as
much, if not more, than any on which the mascle appears.
None are common, and I think that the several varieties
to which I shall allude may very probably be the coins of
the issues to which the mint accounts refer between
1445 and 1452. The earliest groat with a trefoil is a
distinct connecting link with what I have tentatively
called the rose-leaf issue, but it is an evolutionary type and
not a mule. The mint-mark of the voided cross dis-
appears and the previous cross- fleury is restored. A
small leaf with fibres carefully indicated is placed after
tyanRKT, DI, and GRTT on the obverse, but a trefoil takes the
place long occupied by the mascle after K6CX. On the
252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
reverse, the plain cross mint-mark is continued, the mascle
still lingers on in one of small and unassuming proportions
between CCIYI and T7TS — and there is a leaf before and a
trefoil after LORDOR [see PL IX. 5J. The coins which I
should place next in order are still of a transitional character
[PI. IX. 6]. The leaf appears in the obverse legend as on
the last coin and the trefoil after EGCX. On the reverse,
however, the mascle no longer appears at all, but the
trefoil in addition to appearing after LORDOn, is some-
times found at the end or between the words of the outer
legend. There are half-groats corresponding practically
in all respects with these groats, but they are very rare.
There is one in the National Collection and I have
another myself. These earliest coins with the trefoil, like
all those of Henry VI since the earliest annulet issue, have
the cusp of tressure on the breast unfleured, but now a
new and special feature is introduced of a leaf terminating
the point of the cusp. This leaf is quite distinct and
different from those on the rose-leaf groats. These latter
are large and are in the spandril of the tressure under the
bust. The leaf now introduced is smaller and forms a
termination to the point of the cusp. The first groats
presenting this new feature are exactly similar to those
preceding them. The trefoil and leaf occupy the same
positions in the obverse and reverse legends, and there is
no variation in any other characteristic. There are half-
groats, pence and halfpence corresponding to the groats of
this type, but all are very rare. I may here mention that
occasionally on all varieties of coins on which the trefoil
appears, its position in the legends and that also of the
leaf slightly vary. This is probably only due to accident
or carelessness, and is not, I think, worth taking into
consideration as a variation in type. The coins of the last
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 253
type described, I should like to call tlie rose-leaf trefoil
coinage. We now come to what may be called the
trefoil coinage proper. The leaf now entirely disappears
from the legends of the obverse and with rare exceptions
of the reverse, and retains only its position invariably at
the point of the cusp on the breast. The main feature
of this issue is a rather large trefoil at each side of the
neck of the King's bust, with a trefoil in the obverse
legend usually after ESX, but on some examples it is
placed at the end of the legend or omitted altogether.
On the reverse of the London groats it is sometimes
placed after LORDOR, but perhaps quite as often omitted
entirely. No half-groats, pence or halfpence are known
having the trefoil at the sides of the neck of the bust,
although a London penny has a trefoil after the King's
name [PL X. 21]. It has been generally assumed that
by this time the Calais mint had ceased to coin silver.
This is, however, an erroneous idea, as Calais groats of the
trefoil coinage, although very rare, are now known
[PL IX. 8]. Three in the National Collection are from
the Stamford find, and probably nearly all the other
known specimens are from the same source ; although
it is to be noted that Sainthill describes one in a list he
gives of the groats of Henry IV, V, and VI in his own
collection. It is curious, and points to the strong probability
of the Calais mint having been long idle, that no coins
of any of the transitional types similar to those from the
London mint occur. Although there are several instances
of mules due to the employment of an obverse die of the
full pine-cone coinage with a reverse die of the full trefoil
coinage [see PL IX. 7], which would point to there having
been no intermediate issues, while the fact of there being
several distinctly intermediate types of London and, as far
254 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
as I can discover, no instance of mules like those of
Calais, would strongly point to there having been, as we
assume, a considerable interval between the pine-cone and
the trefoil coinages.
These interesting and rare Calais groats of the trefoil
coinage display the characteristic mark more freely than
those of London. In addition to the trefoils at sides of
the King's neck, they occur in the obverse legend after DI
and 6E7V, or on some after EffX instead of 6E7V. On the
reverse trefoils occur between VIL and LTV, after CC7VLISI6C
and after 7VDIVTOE6C. In one case the trefoil is after
VILL7V only, and in another in the middle instead of at
the end of OCALISI6C. It is to be noted that these groats
read TVRG', instead of the invariable 7VR6L' of the London
mint. The piedfort of the Calais groat of the trefoil
coinage is in the British Museum, and is considerably
worn. On the one described by Sainthill he gives the
reading tydfiEICIV. Of the mules to which I have
alluded, I know of three, two in the British Museum, and
one in my own cabinet. All have a regular pine-cone
obverse with trefoil reverses, as just described, but all
appear to be from different dies, as the number and
position of the trefoils in the mint name vary on each
one. This would rather show that probably from motives
of economy, the mint being at the time in an impoverished
condition, a number of old obverse dies were purposely
made use of to save expense. Another peculiarity of the
Calais trefoil groat is that the reverse mint-mark is for
the first time a cross-fleury, while those of London
still continue the plain cross, so long in use, or have none
at all. I have, it is true, one London groat with a cross-
fleury on the reverse, but it is quite exceptional, and the
only instance I have seen. In Ruding's description of
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 255
places of mints and exchange, he states that a certain Giles
Seyntlowe, Armiger, was, in May, 1437, appointed Con-
troller of the Town of Calais and of the mint there, but
that, owing to some irregularity in the letters patent, he
did not obtain possession until November of the same
year. In 1444 he resigned his patent into Chancery, and
the King granted him a new one. This would seem to
imply that although he had no doubt tried to make the
appointment profitable, the decayed state of the mint (of
which we have evidence in the petition of the Commons
in 1442) rendered it impossible, and he probably obtained
his patent of 1444 on terms which he hoped would prove
more advantageous. This would be about the date to
which we may almost certainly attribute the Calais groats
of the trefoil coinage, and they probably represent a sort
of spurt that was put on in Seyntlowe's no doubt unsuc-
cessful endeavour to revive the prosperity and profits of
the mint. In 1445 other officers of the mint appear to
have been appointed, probably owing to Seyntlowe's want
of success, and again others in 1446. However, Seynt-
lowe (now spelt Seynchlowe) was again appointed in
1452, which seems to imply that those who had pre-
viously succeeded him had not done as well as even he had.
Of this last appointment I shall have more to say pre-
sently.
To return to the London coins of the trefoil coinage.
During what I consider its later phases the trefoil is re-
tained at the sides of the bust, but with rare exceptions
disappears from both obverse and reverse legends. One
curious variety has the trefoil on either side of the bust so
placed as to form terminals to the cusp points in place of
the ordinary fleurs [see PI. IX. 10]. Another scarce type
of this issue has the small spandrils between the circle
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and the cusps of the treasure filled by pointed trefoils re-
presenting the piercings of architectural tracery [PI. IX. 9],
as on the reverse of the nobles and half-nobles. There
are three specimens of this coin in the National Col-
lection, all from the Stamford find, previous to which
it was probably unknown. The latest groats of this coin-
age have a pellet at each side of the crown and occasionally
in two quarters of the reverse, thus forming a connecting
link with the succeeding coinage. The various issues of
the trefoil coinage may with a fair degree of certainty be
placed between 1440 and 1450. The mint accounts for
this period show several small amounts of bullion coined
in different years, which may correspond with and account
for the rather numerous varieties of coins upon which
the trefoil appears, which previous to the Stamford find
must have been of considerable rarity, and of which even
now specimens are not in any instance common.
There are a few groats which Hawkins places at the
end of Class IV, but which are very difficult to locate
satisfactorily. They have no characteristic marks what-
ever on the obverse. The mint-mark is a cross-fleury,
the cusp of tressure on breast is not fleured, and there is
no leaf on the breast. On the reverse there is no mint-
mark, but there is a small additional pellet in each quarter
[see PI- IX- 12]. Some specimens have only the ad-
ditional pellet in two quarters. The pellets appear to
connect these groats with the next coinage, but the ab-
sence of a leaf on the breast and the style of bust are
more suggestive of their issue shortly after the pine-cone
period. Perhaps these groats may belong to one of the
small issues of 1445-46 or 1447, as they are very rare. I
believe that all the specimens of these groats were derived
from the Stamford find.
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 257
CLASS Y. — PINE-CONE PELLET COINAGE.
The trefoil now entirely disappears, but the small
pellets which we found on some of the coins of the
issue and the leaf on the breast remain and form the
distinguishing marks of the next period. A decided
change takes place in the bust, which is placed higher up
and has a shorter neck, showing more of the breast, which
is indicated by two strongly defined arched lines. On the
London coins the mint-mark continues to be the cross-
fleury, but on the reverse there is none. The earliest
examples of groats without the trefoil have only the pellets
at each side of the crown on the obverse, but the usual
type is that having them in two quarters of the reverse as
well, The few varieties of this type which we find are, I
believe, unintentional and merely due to the irregular and
careless spacing out of the letters. We have, for instance,
some without a mint-mark at all, but this appears to be
solely due to want of space. The usual inscription of these
groats with the leaf or the point of the cusp of the tressure
on the breast continues to be fiGCRRia DI 6K7t RffX 7TR6L •
Z • FRTinCC [PI. XI. 1] ; the latter word is, however, at times
variously spelt FETTRff, FE7VR, FR7VI6C, and FETVnaia
(M. B.). I should locate this issue at about 1450, and
probably the rather large amount of bullion (for these later
issues) given in the mint accounts for 1451-52 (9,980 Ibs.)
was employed in its coinage.
In connection with this coinage we find for the last time
a groat from the Calais mint. From its being in mint
condition, I believe it to have come from the Stamford
find, and I have neither seen nor heard of another like it.
This groat resembles in all respects those which I have
just been describing of London, with the exception that
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. L L
258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
there are no pellets either at the sides of the crown or
additional ones in any quarters of the reverse [PI. XI. 2].
It has a cross-fleury mint-mark before POSVI, which is very
unusual for this coinage, although I have alluded to an
exceptional London groat with the same characteristic.
It has no distinguishing mark either in the legend or
elsewhere save the leaf on the point of the cusp under the
breast. It is noticeable that the first four letters of CCTVLISIff
appear to be struck over CCIVf or SIVI, which would rather
indicate that the makers of the dies were now so un-
accustomed to make any for Calais that they found it
difficult to avoid punching the letters of the (at this period)
almost invariable diVITTSS LORDCR. I consider this
groat of the greatest interest, as it proves that the Calais
mint coined at least a small amount of money up to
quite late in the reign of Henry VI and considerably after
the date of any other known examples.
I alluded previously to the re-appointment, in 1452, for
the third time, and after some considerable interval, of
Giles Seyntlowe, or Seynchlowe, to the mastership of the
Calais mint, and as from the few records we have, we may
infer that he was a man of some energy, I think we
may not improbably assume this groat to be a specimen of
a small issue resulting from an attempt by him to restore
the activity and prosperity of the mint. It must by this
time, however, have been in a very bad way indeed, and
probably too far decayed to make permanent revival
possible, for we read in Ruding that in the Parliament of
1454 the Commons represented that for want of enforcing
the statutes relating to the staple at Calais, the mint there
was like to stand void, desolate, and to be destroyed.
This groat then, I think, we may safely assume to be one
of the very last that was issued from the Calais mint, and
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 259
that its date is between 1452 and 1454. It, as it were,
closes a most interesting chapter of history, for although
Calais remained for another century under English
dominion, 110 sovereign after Henry VI struck any coins
at its mint, which, after a period of brilliant prosperity,
when it produced almost the whole of the money coined
for all England, now sinks completely into an oblivion
from which it never again emerged.
We have now arrived at what I may call the second
type of Class V, or the " pine-cone pellet coinage " (to
keep to the classification of Hawkins), when two changes
occur which, although not very striking to a casual
observer, distinctly mark a new departure at the mint.
The leaf on the point of the cusp on the breast is now
placed on the neck immediately under the chin, and the
point of the cusp on the breast is fleured like the other
cusps. The obverse legend now almost always reads 7VR6LI
FRTYnd, but occasionally 7VR6LI • Z • FRTYnd instead of as
formerly, 7VR6L • Z • FBTVRCC. No mint-mark ever appears
now on the reverse, but the additional pellets in two quarters
and on the obverse at each side of the crown occur
almost invariably. The groats of this and the previous
issue, although not very common, are fairly numerous ; the
latter class I should, from reference to the mint accounts, in
addition to other reasons, place between 1453 and 1456.
The bust varies considerably on groats of this coinage, but
otherwise there is little change to note ; the most remark-
able variety of which I am aware being a groat in the
National Collection with a star of four points, or perhaps
two saltires, on either side of the King's bust [PI- XI. 5] ;
otherwise it is exactly similar to the groats last described.
It is figured in Hawkins [Suppl., PI. VII. 644]. The half-
groats of this coinage are very rare. There is one in the
260 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
British Museum Collection [PI. XI. 4] exactly correspond-
ing with the groats with mint-mark cross-fleury, leaf on
breast, and the pellets at sides of crown and in quarters of
reverse. I myself have one without the pellets on the
obverse, but with them on the reverse. The obverse
legend reads 7TR6LI FKTtnd Z, the last letter being most
exceptional. Hawkins states that " there is no London
penny of Class V. known." One is, however, described in
the catalogue of the Montagu Collection (lot 555, second
portion), and I have two varieties in my own cabinet.
All have the leaf on the breast and the pellets at the
sides of the crown, but the Montagu coin and one of my
own are without the additional pellets in the two quarters
of the reverse [PI. XI. 6], but the other has them. All have
for mint-mark the cross-fleury and read tySnRICC £ R6CX *
TtnGLI * and on the reverse dlVlTTTS LORDOR. There are
also pence of the ecclesiastical mints of both York and
Durham of this class, both rare, those of York being
perhaps the rarest [PI. XI. 10]. These latter have the
same mint-mark, legend and other characteristics as those
of London, save the name of the place of mintage. They
are mostly without any extra pellets in the quarters of the
reverse. The Durham pence have, like those of London
and York, the leaf on the breast and the pellets at the sides
of the crown. On the reverse they usually have the well-
known badge of Bishop Nevill, the two interlaced rings in
the centre of the cross. There are some, however, without it
and also without the leaf on the breast ; they read DVROLin
and Hawkins puts them in Class IV., although they have
the pellets at the sides of the crown and read 7TRGLI £ F.
Those struck after 1457 have a cross in saltire to the left and
the letter B at the right of the neck on the obverse for
Bishop Booth, who was bishop from 1457 to 1476 [PI. XI. 13].
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 261
These latter may possibly be more correctly placed in the
next and latest coinage, but they have the leaf on the breast
or neck, which is in no other instance found in Class VI.
Some have the pellets on the reverse united by lines so as
to form triangles. There are halfpence and farthings of
London of this coinage, the latter being very rare.
CLASS VI. — CROSS AND PELLET COINAGE.
We now come to the last coinage of which other de-
nominations than groats are known, and which (again
being guided by the mint accounts) may most probably
be assigned to 1459-60. As is well known, the leading
characteristic of this coinage is the small cross in saltire
on the King's neck, which, together with the pellets at the
sides of the crown and in two quarters of the reverse, are
never absent on the coins of any denomination ; of which
each one, from the groat to the farthing, is to be found.
All but the groats are very rare, and even these are
rather rare. There are several varieties of the groat.
Some have a small mullet or star of five points usually
either at the end of the obverse legend or after POSVI
[PI. XI. 7]. Others have mascles in the obverse legend
usually after ^GCnRICC and GRTt, but occasionally after
FKTtnCC [PI. XI. 9J. I have one with the mascles in
these three positions, but without any mint-mark. A
very curious groat of this type is figured in Ruding, Sup-
plement, PI. I., No. 41. It is described as of Henry IV,
and has an object after tyffnRKI which strongly resem-
bles the Arabic figure 4, as it appears on the Perkin
Warbeck groat and elsewhere [PI. XI. 11]- Kuding states
in a note that the authenticity of this coin is extremely
doubtful, and that " it first appeared in Withy's plates
from the communication of Mr. John White, and is not,"
262 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
he believes, " now known to exist." Hawkins alludes to
this coin as a blundered or altered coin, but, apparently
without the plate before him, seems to refer to the cross
on the breast.
It so happens that I myself have a groat of Henry VI
of the issue under consideration, which has the same
figure after the name as the one in Ruding. It is, of
course, possible that mine may be the identical coin so
long lost sight of, although it seems hardly likely. If it
is not, and mine is another coin, it would be an argu-
ment against its being an altered coin. It certainly is a
genuine groat of Class VI, but what the object after
^ffRRIOC is, I am unable to suggest. It may possibly be
an alteration, but if so, it is cleverly done. Perhaps
some member of the Society may be able to suggest an
explanation, now that the actual coin is forthcoming,
after being so long lost sight of.
The half-groats of this issue are almost identical in
type with the groats, but the mint-mark is a plain cross
and there is a star after tydRKKI, but not elsewhere
[PL XI. 8]. The three pellets in the quarters of the reverse
are joined trefoilwise. The penny is figured in Hawkins
(No. 333). It has mascles after rjdnma and ESX
[PI. XI. 12]. There are York pence of this type with
a small cross in saltire at each side of the neck. They are
rare, but much less so than those of London. The groats
almost invariably, and the half -groats always, read
TtnGLI FET^nCC, while the pence and halfpence read
E6CX 7^I76LI. The Durham pence of Bishop Booth may
also belong to this coinage, but having the leaf on the
breast they vary from all other coins of the issue, and
they are also without the extra pellets in the quarters
of the reverse.
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VI. 263
Amongst the groats in the Stamford find there were
a few of a type thought to be previously unknown and
which must have been struck immediately previous to
the accession of Edward IY, as the same types are found
on his earliest heavy groats, and were known before
similar ones of Henry VI were discovered. The special
characteristic of these groats is their having a fleur-
de-lis on the neck in place of the saltire cross, while,
although exceptional, a few examples have also a mint-
mark on the reverse before POSVI, a feature long dis-
continued, but which was revived by Edward IY and
continued by his successors. Of the two examples known
of this reverse mint-mark on these latest groats of
Henry YI one is a plain cross, and is described by
Hawkins as in the Pownall Collection. The other is in
my own collection and has a small lis before POSVI
[PI. XI. 14]. It is to be noted that heavy groats of
Edward IY occur with precisely the same reverse mint-
marks as these Henry YI groats and are much less rare,
showing that they must have immediately followed them
without presumably any interval. No half-groats or
lesser coins of Henry YI have appeared with the lis
on the neck, but the heavy half- groat and halfpenny of
Edward IY with this characteristic is known.
The light coinage issued during the short restoration of
Henry YI in 1470 is so entirely unconnected with any
of his previous issues that it appears to me to be out
of place to allude to it here. It rather seems as if it
should be treated either by itself or as part of the coinage
of the reign of Edward IY.
FREDK. A. WALTERS.
264 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
REFERENCES TO PLATES.
PLATE VIII.
Annulet Coinage.
1. London groat of Henry V with M.M. pierced cross, type I.
2. London half-groat of Henry V with M.M. pierced cross,
type I.
8. York groat of Henry VI with M.M. pierced cross, type II.
4. York half-penny of Henry VI with M.M. pierced cross,
type II.
6. London groat of Henry VI of earliest type, similar to the
York groat.
6. Calais groat of Henry VI of earliest type, similar to the
York groat.
7. Calais groat of Henry VI of slightly later type, reading
AR6L'.
8. London groat of third and latest annulet type.
9. Calais groat of third and latest annulet type.
10. Calais groat of transition type or " annulet rosette "
coinage.
Rosette-Mascle Coinage.
11. London groat of first type, M.M. pierced cross, rosettes on
reverse only.
12. Calais groat of second type, M.M. cross fleury, rosettes
both sides.
13. London groat similar in all respects to last.
PLATE IX.
1. Calais groat of pine-cone mascle coinage.
2. London groat of pine-cone mascle coinage.
8. London groat with M.M. cross voided, leaf in spandril
under bust.
4. Calais groat of similar type to last.
5. London groat of transition type on which the mascle, leaf
and trefoil marks all appear.
6. London groat with leaf on breast, trefoils and leaves in
legend.
7. Calais groat with pine-cone obverse and trefoil reverse.
8. Calais groat of the trefoil coinage.
9. London groat of the trefoil coinage, pointed trefoils in
spandrils of treasure.
10. London groat of trefoil coinage, trefoils forming points to
cusps at sides of bust.
THE SILVER COINAGE OF THE REIGN OF HENRY TI. 265
11. London half-groat with trefoils and leaves in legend.
12. London groat with no distinguishing mark, small extra
pellets in four quarters of reverse.
PLATE X.
1. London annulet half-groat of Henry VI., earliest issue,
M.M. pierced cross, type II.
2. London annulet penny, same issue.
3. Durham annulet penny.
4. Calais annulet penny, earliest type, M.M. pierced cross,
type II.
5. London annulet half-groat, second type, M.M. cross not
pierced.
6. London annulet penny, second type, M.M. cross not
pierced.
7. London annulet half-groat, third type, reverse legend ends
mecvm.
8. Calais penny, last annulet type.
9. Calais penny, annulet trefoil issue, trefoil to left of crown.
10. London penny, rosette mascle coinage ; mascle before,
rosette after LORDOR, unique ?
11. London half-groat rosette mascle coinage, first type, M.M.
plain cross.
12. Calais half-groat, rosette mascle coinage, second type, M.M.
cross-fleurie.
13. Durham penny, rosette mascle coinage, first type.
14. Calais farthing, rosette mascle coinage.
15. Durham penny, rosette mascle coinage, second type.'
16. Calais penny with rosette obverse and pine-cone reverse.
17. Calais half-groat, pine-cone mascle coinage.
18. London half-groat, leaf under bust and in legend corre-
sponding with groats 3 and 4, Plate IX.
19. York penny, pine-cone mascle coinage.
20. London penny corresponding with half -groat No. 18.
21. London penny, trefoil coinage, trefoil after ^eCRBICC.
PLATE XL
1. London groat, pine-cone pellet coinage, leaf on breast.
2. Calais groat, same coinage. The last struck at Calais.
3. London groat of later issue, with leaf on neck.
4. London half-groat of pine-cone pellet coinage.
5. London groat, same coinage, saltires at sides of bust, M.B.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. M M
266 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
6. London penny, same coinage, said by Hawkins to be
unknown.
7. London groat, cross and pellet coinage.
8. London half-groat, same issue.
9. London groat, same coinage, mascles in obverse legend.
10. York penny, pine-cone pellet coinage, leaf on breast.
11. London groat of cross and pellet coinage with peculiar
mark Q after ^eCHEICC. See Buding, Supplement,
Plate I, No. 41.
12. London penny of cross and pellet coinage.
18. Durham penny of Bishop Booth, latest type.
14. Last London heavy groat of Henry VI, corresponding in
every respect, but the name, with some of the first
heavy groats of Edward IV ; lis on neck and before
POSVI on reverse.
XVII.
SOME RARE ORIENTAL COINS.
(See Plate XII)
I. KHALIFS OP BAGHDAD.
THE following coins of the Umayyad and Abbasi Khalifs
which are in my collection, being mostly unpublished
varieties, appear to be worth noticing in the Chronicle
in somewhat the same way as was done in the Fasti
Arabici of Mr. S. Lane - Poole in the years 1885 - 87.
They are not to be found in the Catalogues of the
Oriental Coins in the British, Paris, Berlin, or Cairo
National Collections, nor in the Fasti Arabici. Some of
them are, however, included in Tiesenhausen's "Monnaies
des Khalifes Orientaux" ; reference in these cases is given
as (Ties. No.).
UMAYYAD KHALIFS.
Istakhar. 79 M. ,j~x?~i is written _y JJJJ .
90 JR. (jz*M^ distinctly written.
Annulets, o . oooo. [PI. XII, 1,]
al Biyan. 81^1. ^LJlj. Annulets, ooooo.
Biyan was on the "Blind Tigris," the present Shatt al
Arab, just above the junction of the Nahr Dujayl with
it, that is, some 30 miles east and a little north of Basra.
[PL XII, 2.]
268 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Jayy. 82 JR. ^^^tjj ^\ <Li-j. Similar to Tiesenhausen,
No. 299, on which is the same spelling of the unit
of date.
Junday Sabur. 91 JR. (Ties. 361.)
Dastawa. 92 JR. al-Rayy. 81, 82 JR. Sijistan. 91 JR.
(Ties. 353.)
Suk al Taimarah. 81 JR.
The lettering is not very good, but there seems little
doubt about the reading of the mint place, although ^j~>
is put for jjj—i- Wk^l is also a misspelling. Suk does
not appear to have been noticed on a coin prefixed to
Taimarah. This is apparently the same as the coin
read as Sok Morra by Tornberg in Nummi Cufici.
[PI. XII, 3.]
Farab or Furat. 82 JR. The latter is probably the right
reading and is that adopted by Mr. Stanley Lane-Poole,
who writes Furat, " the Arabic name of the Euphrates;
but here meaning a town on the eastern bank of the
estuary of the Euphrates and Tigris, facing Ubulla "
(Cat. of Arabic Coins at Cairo, p. 20, footnote). Lavoix
and others read Farab, which is given in Yakut as
" a town of Ardistan in the Province of Ispahan."
JCumix. 92 JR. Described in the Journal of the Bombay
Asiatic Society, vol. xvi, 1883, p. 98.
Mah al Basra. 79 JR. Mah al Basra is known as a mint of
the Abbasides aid Samanis, but has not until now been
seen on such an early coin as this. [PL XII, 4.]
Afarv. 79 JR. With Marv in Pahlvi characters below last line
of Obv. 84 JR. Of very inferior workmanship and
lettering, Marv in Pahlvi below Obv.
SOME RARE ORIENTAL COINS. 269
Connecting Link.
Sabur. 129 JR. Obv. Inner marg. inscrip. :
^jti\ ^ teyt\ 1\ \^\ ^ fO-U JJ
Outer marg. inscrip. :
<U»j O ^.MS-j 0 £_AM fc*~> 0 j»jUuJ 0 <^Jj^> O < 0 tfU^
[PI. XII, 5.]
Marv. 130 ^R,. Obv. Inner marg. inscrip. as on last coin.
Outer marg. inscrip. :
° < ° ° °
oo <«j ^j oo x«j jj-xtJ oo (Jbij k& oo
[PI. XII, 6.]
ABBASI KHALIFS.
AL-SAFFAH. Junday Sabur. 135 JR. Obv. Annulets, ooo ooo ooo.
Rev. <OJ1
. Ghurshistan. 137 JR. This remarkable coin was
described in Num. Chron., Vol. XIV, 1894, p. 88. It
is now figured in the accompanying plate.
[PI. XII, 7.]
AL-MAHDI. Basra. 164 JR. Obv. as Brit. Mus. No. 97.
Rev. as Brit. Mus. No. 98.
Madinat al Salam. 162 JR. As Brit. Mus. No. 126, but
with one pellet above and two beneath Rev. area.
AL-HADI. Afrikiya. 170 JR. Obv. as Brit. Mus. No. 161.
Rev. Area :
Abovey. Beneath A». (Ties. 1,100.)
AL-EASHID. Arran. 190 ^R. Oi«?. Annulets, ooooo.
270 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. Area <dl! | J^> | »X^sf
Above <Ujjrk. Beneath /»;^>- ^ • (Ties. 1,484.)
Khazimah b. Khazim was appointed Governor in Armenia
A.H. 183.
Arminiyah. 181 JR. Obv. Annulets, 0 oo 0 oo 0 oo.
Rev. Area (j^LM^\ j^f. Jj /v^"*^ *^\ \ J^-») Jc*^»
Above ^ Ju*«j . Beneath *L». (Ties. 1,332.)
Said b. Salm was appointed Governor of al-Jazira,
A.H. 180 (8. Lane-Poole).
Misr. 180 JR. Obv. Annulets, oo o oo o oo o oo o.
Rev. Area J-» ; <ulc | *U\ ^a <dJl J^ JL^S^
Above -»^. Beneath 7 Ju^«-» r. (Ties. 1,282.)
Mad in Bajunis. 191 ^R. Similar to Cairo Museum No. 515,
but pellet beneath J^^J and point above <O on Rev.
Madinat al Salam. 185 M. As Brit. Mus. No. 218, but
annulets, ooooo.
A i,- A MIX. Limask. 198 M. Obv. Annulets, 000.
Rev. Area :
Above Jk^sr*. Beneath jj-^o li^. [PI. XII, 8.]
Similar to Ties. 1,705 of doubtful year.
Madinat Samarkand. 193 JR. Obv. Annulets, o O O O O.
Rev. area as Brit. Mus. No. 238 of the year 194, but
without «^Jl beneath.
Madinat Nisabur. 193 M. As Brit. Mus. No. 245, without
^AAC beneath Rev. area.
194 M. As Brit. Mus. No. 245 of the year 193.
SOME RARE ORIENTAL COINS. 271
196 ^R. Same pattern, but nothing beneath Rev. area.
Madinat al Salam. 194 JR. Obv. Annulets, O oo O oo o oo.
Rev. area as Brit. Mus. No. 240 of the year 193.
L-MAMUN. Madinat Isbakan. 207 JR. As Brit. Mus. No. 279,
but beneath Rev. area o ,^r.
Basra. 199 JR. Obv. Annulets, O oo O oo O oo.
Rev. Area
Rafikah. 200 ^R.
Point t-r^-tf .
Rev. Area dU!
ail
**J s
(Ties. 1,692.)
Annulets, 0 ooo 0 ooo 0 ooo.
. Beneath yt> Us .
[PI. XII, 9.]
209 JR. Obv. Second marginal inscription.
Rev. Area <dJ1
aJJ . Nothing beneath.
Samarkand. 204 ^R. As Brit. Mus. No. 289, but without
)UH beneath .R^. area. (Ties. 1,762.)
Marv. 199 JR. Obv. Second marginal inscription.
below area.
Rev. Area .^
<dl!
215 JR. Obv. Nothing beneath area.
Rev. <d
<d)
(Ties. 1,698.)
Madin Bajunis. 19|9|
Rev. Area ~
djj only.
. Annulets, oooooo.
AL-"WATHIK. Muhammadiyah. 228 ^R.
AI-MUTAWAKKIL. ^arr« w»» Ran. 239 ,R. (Ties. 1,900.)
272 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Sarra min Rao,. 258 JR. Similar to Brit. Mus.
No. 872 of the year 257, j*x>- above and * beneath
Rev. area.
Madinat al Salam. 274 JR. (Ties. 2,082.)
AL-MuATADn>. Rafikoh, 288 JR. Sarra min Raa, 283 M.
Mosil, 283 JR. Nisabin, 282 JR. (Ties. 2,127), 283 JR,
288 ;R (Ties. 2,156). Ramadan, 286 A.
AL-MUKTAFI. Masisah, 292 .AT. Isbahan, 292 ./R. Ahwax,
294 jR. 2?o*r«, 290 jR. TVwfar »»«» aJ Ahwaz, 292 ^R.
Dimask, 294 ^R. ^a* o^ -4ym, 291 yR; beneath Obv.
area JU^jJl ^. Rafikah, 291, 294 ^R. Suk al Ahwaz,
292 ^R. Kufah, 295 ^R. JKb«»7, 295 ^R. (Ties. 2,205.)
. al-Earkh, 318.A7.
Obv. Area :
Rev. Area <d)b ^JcJuJ! «dll Jj-y | J*-*^* | <dl
Nothing beneath. The final letter of the mint name is
not very distinct, but appears to be similar to that on the
dinar figured in the Paris Catalogue No. 1,130, of the
year 308.
Madinat al Salam. 317 N. As Brit. Mus. No. 419, but
there are no pellets on either side.
Shirax. 302, 306, M. No point on Rev.
Muhammadiyah. 311 JR. Obv. Area as usual. Two rings
outside the outer marginal legend with four small
annulets.
Rev. Area :
[PL XII, 10.]
SOME RARE ORIENTAL COINS.
273
Madinat al Salam. 300 M, as Brit. Mus. No. 438, but no
points below Rev. 301 M, as Brit. Mus. No. 439, but
two points instead of one below Rev. 303 M, one point
above and one below Obv. area. Two points below Rev.
area. 303 JR, crescent above and point below Obv.
Two points below Rev. 304 M, nothing above or below
Obv. i below Rev. 305 M, crescent above and point
below Obv. o below Rev. 306 M, as Brit. Mus.
No. 442, but no pellet below Rev. 308 M, as Brit. Mus.
No. 442i, but <j below Rev. 308 M, as Brit. Mus.
No. 442#, but nothing below Rev.
No mint. 302 M. Obv. Area
Margin <LUdJ
-Rw. Area <d!b
Margin alJl
(jw
L*!i
> H-]
Mekka. 325 tf.
v. Area _ *5 < £j
C
Area <d!b ,5-^
This remarkable coin was sent to me a short time ago
by Mr. Howland from Paris ; it was given to him as
a Persian coin, and had been worn on a watch chain.
There is an imperfect dinar of this mint in the Royal
Museum at Berlin of the year 289, and another in the
Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, dated 25 x
[PL XII, 12.]
Basra. 328 Si.
Obv. Area :
(Ties. 2,435.)
NN
Nisilin. 323 Si. (Ties. 2,404.)
VOL. II. FOUB.TH SERIES.
274 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
AMIE AL "UMARA, TTTZTTN. Madinat al Salam. 333 N. Described
but not figured in my " Some Eare and Unedited Arabic
and Persian Coins," 1889. [PI. XII, 13.]
Madinat al Salam. 333 M, as Tornberg, Symbolce, part iii,
No. 70.
0. CODRINGTON.
XVIII.
SOME COINS OP THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
(See Plates XIII., XIV., and Map.)
THE first authoritative and exhaustive catalogue of the
coins of the Mughal Empire was that of the splendid
collection of the British Museum published in 1892.
This catalogue described over 1,400 coins: in many
respects the collection is unrivalled, and it is likely to
remain so. But its publication, by furnishing a standard
of comparison, has been instrumental in bringing to light a
great number of hitherto undescribed coins, and in illus-
trating the apparently inexhaustible variety of this series.
The late Mr. C. J. Rodgers was for some years the chief
labourer in this field, and his catalogues of the Mughal
coins in the Lahore Museum (the collection made by
himself and purchased by the Panjab Government) and
of the collection in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which
were respectively published in 1893 and 1894, went far
to supplement the deficiencies of the National Collection,
especially in the department of the copper coins. This
branch, relating especially to the copper coins of Akbar's
time, was further very exhaustively dealt with by him in
his article on Mughal copper coins in the Journal of the
276 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Bengal Asiatic Society, 1895, and another entitled " Bare
Mughal Coins," in the same journal in 1896. Several
Mughal coins are also included in Captain Yost's article
in the J. A. S. B., 1895, " On some rare Muhammadan
Coins " ; and in 1896 appeared in the Numismatic Chronicle
" Some Novelties in Mughal Coins," by Mr. L. White
King and Capt. Yost, in which several interesting coins
from Mr. White King's cabinet were described.
The Lahore Museum Catalogue is especially full and
interesting, and it is much to be regretted that it is
without illustrations. The Indian Museum Catalogue is also
very inadequately illustrated, only thirty-one coins being
given (in Plates I. and II., Part II). Mr. Rodgers' other
articles are fully illustrated with outline lithographs from
his own drawings. Capt. Yost's article is accompanied by
two plates in photo-etching, which are not very clear,
while Mr. White King's is illustrated by two excellent
autotype plates.
The coins described in this paper are all from my own
cabinet. With the exception of Nos. 16, 17, 23, 26, 42,
68 and 70 they are, as far as I can ascertain, unedited, and
none of them have been figured with the exception of
Nos. 42 and 68.
New mints will be found under the names of most of
the Kings from the time of Aurangzeb onwards. Nothing
illustrates more remarkably the extraordinary extent and
variety of the Mughal coinage than the number of new
mints which have been brought to light since the publi-
cation of the British Museum Catalogue. On pp. xlvii
to 1 of the introduction of that catalogue, Mr. S. Lane-
Poole gave a statement showing the mints represented
under the name of each sovereign from Babar to Bahadur
Shah II, and it will be interesting to supplement that
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS. 277
statement by a further list derived from the authorities
quoted above, showing the mints since added.1
No. of Mints in B. M. C.
Babar .
Humayun
Kamran .
Akbar
Mints since added.
1 Agra, Urdu, Jaunpur, Kabul . 4
1 Agra, Debli, Kabul, Qandahar . 4
0 Kabul, Qandahar . . . 2
24 Ajmer, Akbarpur, Audh, Atak-
Banaras, Bandar-Shahi, Ban-
gala, Bhakhar, Chitor, Hisar,
Kalpi, Lakhnau, Bahraich, Ja-
lalpur, Lahri-Bandar, Qanauj,
Saharanpur, Sherpur, Sitpur,
Srmagar, Surat, Ujjain,Alwar,
Govindpur, Dewal, Manghir,
Gorakhpur, Kalanur, Chunar,
Amirkot . . . .29
Jahanglr . . 14 Ahmadnagar, Elichpur, Jalair,
Bairat, Mandu, Zafarnagar,
Panjnagar ... .7
Shah Jahan I . .20 Bairat, Bhilsa, Ahmadnagar,
Khambayat, Lakhnau, Narnol,
TJjjain 7
Aurangzeb . . 27 Ahmadabad, 'Azimabad, Bhak-
har, Haidarabad,Imtiyazgarh,
Jahangirnagar, Kashmir, Kul-
barga, Makh§u§abad, Muham-
madabad, Muradabad, Murshi-
dabad, Sarhind, Sholapur,
Bandar - Mubarak (Surat),
Ujjain, Mailapur, Ahsanabad,
Hasnabad (probably the same
as Ahsanabad with initial
letter omitted), A'azamnagar,
Islamabad . . . .21
1 In this article the following abbreviations have been used : —
L. M. — Lahore Museum Catalogue. 1894.
I. M. — Indian Museum Catalogue. 1894.
B. M. — British Museum Catalogue. 1892.
R. — Mr. C. J. Rodgers. Various articles in J. A. S. B.
V.— Capt. W. Vost in J. A. S. B. 1895.
K.— Mr. L. White King and Capt. W. Vost in Num. Chron.
1896.
E. D.— History of India. Elliott and Dowson. 1867-1877.
278
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. of Mints in B. M. C.
Bahadur Shah I .11
Jahandar . . 4
Farrukh-siyar . 21
(Including Jahan -
girnagar (No. 908)
which is omitted in
the list on p. Ixix.)
Kafl'u'd-darjat . 6
(Including Kora
(No. 942) not
given on p. xlix.)
Shah Jahan II . 8
Muhammad Shah . 20
Ahmad Shah .
. 7
Shah Jahan III . 5
'Alamglrll . . 8
(Including 'Azim-
abad, No. 1088,
not given on p. 1.)
Shah 'Alam . .16
(Including Arkat ;
see Cat. p. 239,
not given on p. 1.)
Mints since added.
Sarhind, Zafarabad, Tatta,
Etawa, Chinapatan, Bareli,
Khambayat, Narnol, Elichpur,
Kabul, Lakhnau, Murshidabad,
Karimabad, Ahmadnagar, Kul-
barga . . . . .15
Mustaqarru'1-Mulk, Khamba-
yat, Lakhnau, Lahore, Bur-
hanpur, Kulbarga . . 6
Khujista-bunyad, Tatta, Sar-
hind, Lakhnau, Mustaqarru'l-
Mulk, Etawa, Ujjain, Islama-
bad, Elichpur, Mailapur,
Bankapur, Kabul . . .12
Kabul, Multan, Gwaliar, Zinatu'l-
bilad, Etawa, Murshidabad . 6
Islamabad, Tatta, Indarpur . 8
Ajmer, Gwaliar, Sarhind, Bur-
hanpur, Akhtarnagar - Audh
(given in B. M., but described
as Akbarnagar-Audh, No.
985), Ahmadabad, Peshawar,
Multan, Dera, Atak, Kham-
bayat, Arkat, Jahanglrnagar,
Chinapatan, Muhammadahad,
Qamarnagar, Firoznagar,
Elichpur, Hafizabad, Musta-
qarr-u'1-Khilafat (Bodleian) . 20
Sarhind, Lahore, Islamabad,
Kalpi, Jodhpur, Burhanpur,
Khambayat, Multan, 'Azima-
bad, Katak, Arkat . . .11
Murshidabad, Surat . . .2
Sarhind, Burhanpur, Kashmir,
Muhammadabad-Banaras, Na-
jibabad, Arkat, Baroda, Kham-
bayat, Jodhpur, Hafizabad . 10
Indarpur, Aonla, Muradabad,
Muhammadnagar, Din-garb,
Kora, Daru'l-barat Kandi,
Jammun, Najafgarh, Bareli,
Saharanpur, Hardwar, Mo-
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
279
No. of Mints in B. M. 0.
Akbar II
Bedar-Bakht
Bahadur Shah II .
Mints since added.
minabad,Muzaffargarh,Mahes-
war (Mysore), Mulharnagar,
Gwaliar, Nagpur, Gokalgarh,
Akbarpiir, Husainabad, Mus-
tafabad, Jhansi, Damla, Na-
han, Farrukhnagar
Ahmadabad, Ajmer, Indarpiir,
Jaipur, Firozpur, Jaunpur
Muhammadabad
None.
26
6
1
To the above list I am now able to make the folio win »
o
additions from the coins here described.
Aurangzeb .
Bahadur Shah I .
Jahandar .
Farrukh-siyar
Rafi'u'd-darjat .
Muhammad Shah
Ahmad Shah
'Alamglr II.
Shah 'Alam
Akbar II .
Bahadur Shah II.
Ilahabad, Katak, Guti, Mu'azzamabad 4
Akbarnagar, Bijapur, Ahmadabad . 3
Etawa, Sarhind, Ahmadabad . . 3
Ajmer, Ahmadabad, Barell, Khambayat 4
Burhanpur, Patna, Sarhind . . 3
Haidarabad (Farkhanda-bunyad), Bala-
pur 2
Shahabad-Qanauj .... 1
Islamabad, Muradabad, Gwaliar . . 3
Burhanpur . . . . .1
Haidarabad . . . . .1
Haidarabad, Najibabad . . .2
A very good idea of the expansion of the Mughal
Empire may be obtained from the accompanying Map,
which shows the mint-towns of the Mughal Emperors
at different periods. The decline of the Empire is not so
accurately reflected in the mints, as many of the new
states, which were formed from its ruins, continued to use
the name of the reigning emperor to give colour to their
usurpations. It must not, for instance, be supposed that
coins struck in the name of 'Alamgir II or Shah 'Alam at
Indore (Indarpur), Gwaliar, Baroda, Mulharnagar or Nag-
pur were really struck under their authority. They
280 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
merely represent the desire of the Mahratta chiefs to take
advantage of the prestige still attaching to the name of
Badshah. The abstraction of the north-west frontier
province by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Durrani, and
the rise of the Sikh power are, however, accurately re-
flected in the coinage, and the mints of Peshawar, Lahore,
Multan, Bhakhar, and Tatta, so common on the coins of
the earlier kings, disappear altogether. None of them,
except Lahore, are found after Muhammad Shah. Lahore
and Sarhind last till 'Alamgir II, but after Ahmad Shah's
conquest of the Mahrattas they are found no more as
Mughal mints. The Sikhs remained in possession of them,
while Peshawar, Atak, Dera, Multan and Bhakhar became
mints of the Durranis. Kashmir ceases to be represented
about the same time, and also becomes a Durrani mint.
SARHIND.
The history of the Sarhind mint may be said to have
been completely brought to light since the publication of
the British Museum Catalogue, which shows only one coin
of that mint, a mohar of Akbar. Mr. Rodgers in his
various publications gives coins of Aurangzeb, Bahadur
Shah I, Farrukh-siyar, Muhammad Shah, Ahmad Shah
and ' Alamgir II, and I can now add Jahandar and RafiVd-
darjat, thus completing the chain from the revival of the
mint by Aurangzeb to the disappearance of the Mughal
power. The earliest coin of Aurangzeb given by Mr.
Rodgers (L. M. p. 189) is dated 1108. I have one of 1106,
which corresponds to A.D. 1694-95, the year in which
Guru Govind Singh commenced his active career. The
revival of the mint may perhaps be connected with this
event, as Sarhind was always a centre of Sikh influence,
!• •Stei
Si
}ZS
Southern bou
Ahbar's Empir
Southernlbou
death of Shah
North west boi
invasion ofAhn
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS. 281
and was captured by the Guru Banda in Farrukh-siyar's
reign.
One of the Gurus, when killed by the Muhammadans,
is said to have prophesied that Sarhind should be scat-
tered from the Jamna to the Satlaj, and the Sikhs claim
that this prophecy was fulfilled when the railway was con-
structed by the English, and some bricks from the ruins
of Sarhind were used in ballasting the line. The re-
mains, however, are still extensive.
Mr. Rodgers has already pointed out that this mint
always appears on the coins in the form <^>^-^ Sahrand,
and not Sarhind. The usual modern form is no doubt
due to a false etymology, the Persian words Sar-hind
meaning " head of India," a very inapplicable name for a
place situated in no commanding situation.
With regard to the mints of the Dekkhan and Southern
India, the following points may be noted in extension of
the remarks on p. Iviii. of the B. M. C. : —
HAIDARABAD. — First struck by Aurangzeb in A.H. 1099. Last
by Muhammad Shah in A.H. 1141. Later coins issued
by the Nizams in the name of the Emperors. See
remarks under Nos. 44 and 61 below.
SHOLAPUB. — Aurangzeb in A.H. 1096, as well as Bahadur Shah.
IMTIYAZOAKH (ADONI).— Appears on the silver coinage of Aurang-
zeb in addition to the later diminutive gold coinage.
GUTI. — Also appears on the silver coinage of Aurangzeb (A.H.
1107) in addition to Farrukh-siyar's small gold coins.
AHSANABAD, KULBABGA, HASNABAD. — The mint of Ahsanabad,
given by K. under Aurangzeb (A.H. 1115), and that of
Hasnabad, given in I. M., p. 88, of the same date, are
probably identical. For its identity with Kulbarga
see Tarikh-i Iradat Khan in E. D. p. 534, vol. vii.
AKBABPUB.— This mint is given by Eodgers in L. M. under
Akbar in both silver and copper, and by K. under
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. ° °
282 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Shah 'Alam II, in copper. It has not yet been found
in any of the intervening reigns, and the mint has not
yet been identified as far as I am aware. It seems to
be the place on the Narbada, not far from Mandu,
which is found on some modern maps, and is described
by Khafi Khan as an important ford (E. D. vii. 218,
451).
ISLAMABAD. — This place was given in B. M. C. only as a mint
of Muhammad Shah and Shah-Jahan III. To these I
have now added 'Alamglr II ; and Aurangzeb,Farrukh-
siyar, Shah-Jahan II, and Ahmad Shah, have been
supplied by other authorities quoted. The earliest and
latest dates are those now published, 1106 and 1167.
The B. M. C. gives Chittagong (Chatgam) as the place
referred to under this name. It was conquered and
called Islamabad in A.H. 1075 (E. D. vii, 275), but
€hakna, in the Dekkhan, had already received the
name in A.H. 1070, on its capture from Sivaji (E. D.
vii, 268). Mr. Rodgers advocates the claims of
Mathura to be the mint, on the ground that it is nearer
to the Panjab than Chittagong, but rupees from the
most distant mints are sometimes found in very
remote spots. I have myself obtained a Haidarabad
rupee of Kambakhsh at Harrand on the N.-W. Frontier.
Primd facie it would seem that Chakna, as the first
•conquest from the infidel in the reign of Aurangzeb,
was the original Islamabad.
MUSTAFA- ABAD.— This mint has been found only on rupees of
Shah 'Alam II, described by Capt. Vost and myself.
There are two or three places of the name. One is in
the Dekkhan, being another name for Chopra (see
E. D. vii, 807). One is in the Doab between Agra
«nd Mainpuri, and one in what is now the Ambala
district, which was plundered by the Sikhs in A.H.
1121 (E. D. vii, 428). It is not far from Sadhaura
(wrongly spelt Shadhura in E. D.), and will not be
found on most modern maps, but is given in Rennell's
map of Hindostan of 1782. This is no doubt the place
which Capt. Vost mentions as between Saharanpur
and Ludhiana, and it seems to be a probable position
for a mint in Shah 'Alam's time, although the site
near Agra is also a possible one.
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS. 283
No.
JR.
1
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
929
BABAR.
Obv. Area an irregular fonrsided figure,
continued at the angles to form a margin
of four compartments.
Area : <dJ! $\ <d! 1
Margins :
Rev. Area in ninefoil, small.
Margins :
i^\ JkL>- /»X* Ulsyi* >Jic^i ^InLuii <\**(
JR1-0. Wt. 72. [PL XIII, L]
2
—
Obv. Area in looped quatrefoil, legends
as in No. 1.
Rev. Area in eightf oil, legends as in No. 1 .
Counterstruck. J^ <--y«
Similar to the coin in Thomas, Chroni-
cles of Pathan Kings of Delhi, No. 323,
PL V, 172, with the exception of being
counterstruck.
JR-9. Wt. 72. [PLXin,2.]
3
—
Kesembles No. 1, but the obv. area is
larger, and certain words unintelligible
to me are added under the Kalima.
Hl-05. Wt. 66. [PL XIII, 3.]
284
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. Mint and Date.
Inscription.
HUMAYfJN.
4 Kabul
Olv. Area in looped eightfoil.
Kalima.
Margins in compartmeT
its.
Rev. Area in small eightfoil.
Margin : fj*~*\ ^^
jJ^U^JI
~* ) o
M 1-0. Wt. 70.
[PI. XIII, 4.]
5
Olv. Area in plain circle, legends as in
No. 4.
Rev. Area in plain circle.
tjrjli
Margin as in No. 4. No mint.
A small thick coin.
M -85. Wt. 73.
6
Olv. Area in looped qu
margin, in segments.
atrefoil. Kalima
Rev. In mihrabl.
^
Outside as in margin of No. 4. No
mint.
JR -95. Wt. 72
. [PI. XIII, 6.]
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
285
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
10
Urdu
Zafar-qarm
1000
Variety of B.M., 19. Circle on obv.
smaller and not looped.
(l£j ^ JjjrJ t— J\*uj>- jfju £&\ under
Kalima.)
M -9. Wt. 72.
Another variety of B.M. 19. Words
differently arranged.
M -95. Wt. 64.
K AM RAN.
Olv. Area in square, with knots at
corners.
Kalima, etc., as in L.M. 1, p. 14.
Rev. Area in oblong, with corners cut off.
Margins as in L.M. 1.
The shape of the area differs from the
L.M. coin.
51 1-1. Wt. 69. [PI. XIII, 9.]
AKBAR.
Obv. Kalima in area formed by the tails
of the final letters of names of Khalifas.
Inscriptions as in B.M. 66, but the coin
is round, not square, and the Kalima is
inserted perpendicularly, not diagonally.
Lc &+~a\ instead of ^.Le J-& .
For the word here read as A-—-A the
meaning of which has not yet been ex-
plained, of. B.M.C., Miscellaneous Index,
p. 373, with its references to Nos. 24 and 30.
Rev. Inscriptions as in B.M. 73, but
round, in dotted square.
^ 85. Wt. 162. [PI. XIII, 10.]
286
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
11
Lahore
Resembles B.M. 171, but ilah! date f*
Year 48,
month Ardl-
and month *>_" -•**• t * o J i' •
bihisht
N -75. Wt. 168.
12
972
Resembling B.M. 90, but obv. as well
as rev. enclosed in eightfoil, and the
lines enclosing areas double on both
sides. M.M. fift on obv. Date ^r on rev.
M 1-05. Wt. 174.
f.
13
Allahabad
Obv. Jy ff\j *b
Year 49
*2^
j r***
The couplet is the same as that in B.M.
254 and L.M. 158, 159, but differs in
j)
omitting the word •: over ^.x"4^ and
substituting the date PI .
M-1. Wt. 174. [PI. XIII, 13-]
14
1001
Square Kalima type. No mint. Date 1 • • 1
over j£\ .
M -7. Wt. 175.
15
1001
Square Kalima type. Loop attached.
Date A^ \ over -£! . Shroff-marked on
fc"*^^1 * J *
edges.
^•7. Wt. 177. [PI. XIII, 15.]
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
287
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
16
? Bangala
1010
17
TJrdu-I
Zafar-qarm
1000
See remarks of C. J. Rodgers in J. A.S.B.,
1896, p. 221. I do not think either of
the rupees there mentioned has been
edited.
Obv. The Kalima.
Rev.
N.B. — I publish this specimen of this
very rare coin as only one has hitherto
been figured, and its attribution seems
doubtful. C. J. Rodgers gives two (in
L.M. Cat. p. 245), and Professor Hoernle
one in J.A.S.B. 1893, p. 244 (pi. ix, 24).
Mr. Rodgers informed Professor Hoernle
that he had another in his possession,
probably the coin here described, which
came from his collection.
Square M •?. Wt. 171. [PI, XIII, 16.]
Obv. Both areas in double square with
dots between lines.
This four-anna piece was described in
L.M. Cat. 124, p. 69, but has not been
figured yet. It is remarkable from the
combination of Hijri date with the words
J*\ alN, which never occurs on the rupees
of the year 1000 of the same mint.
Quarter rupee, square. M -5. "Wt. 43.
[PI. XIII, 17-]
288
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
18
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
19
20
21
Burhanpur
Year 45,
month Bahman
Year 44
Lahore
Year 45,
month Bahman
Year 4-,
month
Khurdad
Obv. On flowery field
Rev.
The only fractional coin of the Burhanpur
mint yet published.
Half rupee, M -65. Wt. 84.
[PL XIII, 18-]
Obv.
Rev.
See L.M. Ill, p. 67, which Mr. Rodgers
states to he the only known specimen of a
dasd or one-tenth rupee of Akhar.
One-tenth rupee. M -3. Wt. 16.
[PL XIII, 19.]
Resemhles the two-anna piece of Lahore
in L.M. 194, p. 78, hut the legends are
arranged diagonally.
Rev.
One-eighth rupee, square
Copper.
Obv.
Rev.
'4. Wt. 21
s
This is a different form of damn from
that given in L.M. 247, p. 120.
Damr!. ^'5. Wt. 33. [PI. XIII, 81]
SOME COIN'S OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS. 289
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
JAHANQIB.
22
1015
Obv. The Kalima.
Year 1
Over J^~»i the figure of a bird in outline.
Over Jk^sr* : I .
>
Between Jj~si and A!!! a mint-mark ^~)
^ S
Rev. (ji^vy
>
C->-*
The figure of a bird in outline across
the c— ^of _»x)l^rj- .
A new type of Kalima rupee.
M -75. Wt. 175. [PI. XIII, 22.]
23
Agra
Obv. Area, in an irregular square.
1020
Year 6
|jL~ i -J*\
\ «
a -»5oL^r>-
Margins filled with a pattern of vines.
Flowers are also scattered about the area.
Double square outside.
Rev. Area in a square, with a semi-
circular recess on each side. The sides
of the square and the semicircles pro-
longed so as to divide the margin into
several segments.
i
Ail-
Margins and area covered with flowers.
Square. M "85. Wt. 175.
[PI. XIII, 23.]
A'OL. 11. FOURTH SERIES.
290
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
N.B. — This is probably the same as
L.M. 45, p. 136, as to which Mr. C. J.
Rodgers remarks, " This much worn rupee
is unique." The coin here described is in
good order.
24
Qandahar
1027
Obv. all J&\
. Ir \ »
Year 13
* .t\
Rpp iL^i- . n-?
Half rupeev M -6. Wt. 85.
New, as a half rupee of Qandahar.
SHAH JAHAN.
25
1038
Obv. On area, covered with flowers.
Year 1
The Kalima.
Under it : i-r^-tf
1 -PA
Rev. (~*fe
• tOo*j
^*^ «J Ow i (^_^^ r rjj
15 J^j »-^-U
yR-85. Wt. 175. [PI. XIII, 25.]
New variety of the rupee of the first
> 1 • j ^ > **>-\ •
year. <-A* instead 01 riv •*
26
Shahj ahanabad
1066
Year 30
Obv. Area in small circle. Kalima.
-.r 1 1 / \ ''"'"'
Margins: j*£ ij&c-) |^*J ^j>] (J<X-3^
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS. 291
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
Rev. Area in small circle.
r»
Margin. The couplet,
^j*g\j*\>\^tel^
J\ji ^^L^ylj fUj bb u^j^r
MI-l. Wt. 170. [PI. XIII, 26.]
A similar rupee of 1065 and year 28
has been described in L.M. 73, p. 171.
It has never been figured, and that here
described is in fine condition. B.M. 568
is a similar coin in gold.
27
Akbarabad
Obv. Jj*.£ J&a.
Year 2
4 " e. '
J!^±. ;
Rev. As in B.M. 588.
M -85. Wt. 176.
This differs from B.M. 588 in the
arrangement of Obv., the Kalima being in
the middle with names and attributes of
Khalifas above and below. Cf. L.M. 25,
p. 165 (Burhanpur).
28
Allahabad
1037 Hijri
Obv. <d!U^n
bfl«^Vn . ^'Jr^
^M\ '
i^?2
292
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
Eev. ^»j\i
.Ujbe^lA p
^ ^&\ <_'Vi,
M -75. Wt. 175.
The only coins of Shah Jahan of Alla-
habad hitherto edited are B.M. 606 and
623, which both differ from this. Compare
B.M. 580 (Burhanpur), also L.M. 1, p. 160,
both of which give the word Hijri for the
year 1037.
Both areas in small circles.
29
Surat
Obv. Area. Kalima.
Year 31
Margin : . . jJ-c *lc ^ ^1*1* ^jb . .
J[
Rev. Area : ^J*^ wJy
Margin : «^ J^T.'S' *A*
£1 -9. Wt. 175.
A type of Shah Jahan's rupees not yet
figured.
30
Burhanpur
1052
Areas in dotted squares. Date I • c r under
Kalima. ,»-jllV t_ >,*> on rev. margin.
£1 -8. Wt. 172.
Differs from the ordinary type (B.M.
616), only in that the squares are dotted,
not plain.
31
1068
Year 32
A rupee of ordinary type with square
areas, but with the signs Y over the
jj of ^\^r and ;p over the ^i of
*li>. Possibly these stand for Aries
and Sagittarius.
M -8. Wt. 176. [PI. XIII, 31.]
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
293
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
32
Multan
YearS
As the ordinary type of rupee with square
areas, but new in this mint as a half-
rupee.
A on obv. beneath Kalima. ^vjJ^ on
rev. in margin. Corroded surface.
Half rupee. M -65. Wt. 80.
33
Akbarabad
Obv. In double circle, plain and dotted.
1049
. 1 A
Year 12
^rr
iru
Rev. In double circle, plain and dotted.
One-eighth rupee. M -40. Wt. 21.
[PI. XIII, 33.]
34
Kashmir
Year 2 (?)
Copper.
njitt x~\ 1 i_v-f 1 ***
c
Dam. M '8. Wt. 260.
35
Bairata
oim. ^ c/y s-^u
Year 7 (?)
Rev. . ^j^.j
v t^J?
Dam. M'35- Wt. 311.
294
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
36
37
Akbarabad
1095
Year 27
Allahabad
Year 2 (or 2-)
38
Islamabad
1106
Year 38
39
Kajak
Year 46
This is a different type from the copper
coins of Bairata hitherto published, and
resembles the Udaipur coin (L.M. 13,
p. 178).
[PL XIV, 35.]
AURANGZEB.
Square areas similar to B.M. 733, \>utobv.
area omits *Ll before^--£ *Jlfc . Date
t • ^ o in margin after j£\tf •
Year rv in rev, margin.
M -85.
Wt. 175.
Obv. Usual couplet.
Rev.
;R-9. Wt. 176. [PL XIV, 37.]
A new mint of Aurangzeb.
Obv. Usual couplet. 1 1 • 1 after
Rev. At foot
See L.M., p. 188, Nos. 71 and 71 (both
of 1107).
Pi
Usual legends. On rev. <Li— » and
Shroff-marked. M -85. Wt. 180.
[PI. XIV, 39.]
The only rupees of the Katak mint
hitherto published are three of Farrukh-
siyar (B.M. 907, 908, 914), and seven of
Ahmad Shah (I.M., pp. 69, 70, 71).
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
295
No.
40
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
Gutl
1107
41
Mu'azzamabad
1118
Year 50
42
Akbarabad
1078
Year 12
43
Olv. Usual couplet. Two eight-pointed
stars.
. * fU over
Rev. M ' v after
£1 -95. Wt. 177. [PL XIV, 40.]
This mint has hitherto occurred only on
the small gold coins of Farrukhsiyar (B.M.
901).
Olv. Usual couplet. Date IMA.
Rev.
-8. Wt. 177.
Mu'azzamabad has only been noted on
a gold coin of Kafi'u'-d-darjat (B.M. 937«).
It is a name for Gorakhpur given in
honour of Shah 'Alam Bahadur Shah, who
bore the name Mu'azzam previous to his
accession. The coin here given belongs to
the last year of Aurangzeb, who was
succeeded by Bahadur Shah in A.H. 1119.
Olv.
One-sixteenth rupee, nisar. JR -35.
Wt. 11.
Olv.
296
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
44
Haidarabad
1120
Year 2
, W"4.1^~ <\A*«J
IT' ' ^
>
One-sixteenth rupee, .51 -4. "Wt. 9.
[PI. XIV, 43.]
These two small coins are silver annas.
No. 42 is a nisar or jeton, while No. 43,
which unfortunately has lost the mint
town, appears to belong to the ordinary
coinage. A similar coin to No. 42 has
been published by K. No. 28, but No. 43
appeal's to be new.
KAMBAKHSH.
Obv. [ iA=^ A^ jl>
,r >r \
iw« • iX*M> !•£»»_>
A£ ^
•>/**•>
Rev. ^yb
C^-i-*K— -*
ob^ju*. (j»^?
L ... .^.Jf
Jl^ljb"'
Jl-95. Wt. 171. [PI. XIV, 44.]
Gold coins of Haidarabad mint of
Kambakhsh have been published by J. G.
Delmerick (Proc. A.S.B., May 1884), and
in B.M. 852, but none in silver. This
coin was found near Jehlam in the Pan jab.
The appellation of Daru'l-jihad was given
to Haidarabad after the overthrow of the
Kutbshahl dynasty by Aurangzeb in
A.H.' 1098 (A.D. 1687). (See Khafi Khan,
quoted in Elliott and Dowson's History of
India, vol. vii, p. 336). W. Vost, in
J.A.S.B., 1895, p. 45, states that the term
was applied to Haidarabad (Sind), but it
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
297
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
45
46
Akbamagar
Year 2
Ahmadabad
1120
Year3
was evidently Haidarabad of the Dekkhan.
The coin there given is attributed by him
to the Tatta mint, but the letters read as
Tatta are, I think, merely the strokes of
the (JM of (jMJi\s» See his pi. iii, No.
xxvii, and the coin is doubtless one of the
Haidarabad mint. Aurangzeb's first pub-
lished coin is dated 1099, the year after
the conquest (L.M. 54, p. 187). The
other dates of Aurangzeb are 1108, 1114,
and one of Muhammad Shah is dated 1144
(infra No. 61).
BAHADUR SHAH (SHAH
<ALAM I.)
Obv. t*~*')^ *^
, f
Rev. crr^ <U-~)
M -8. Wt. 177. [PI. XIV, 45.]
New mint of Bahadur Shah. Not
hitherto noted after the reign of Aurangzeb.
Obv. s^)^- ^--"^
^ ^V r11^..
1 1 r • <^J>^L»_^
Rev. u^y^*
' ^l -9. Wt. 172.
A new mint of this king.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
Q Q
298
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
47
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
Bijapur
Daru' z-zafar
1122
Year 4
48
Etawa
1124
Year 1
49
60
Ahmadabad
1124
Yearl
Sahrind
(Sarhind)
1124
Year 1
Obv. As in No. 46. Date 1 1 rr.
Rev.
j 9 Vi U
-9. Wt. 176.
A new mint of this king.
JAHANDAB.
rf
. As in No. 46, but
-9. "Wt. 174.
A new mint of Jahandar.
As in No. 48, but jl^J^
A new mint of Jahandar.
Obv.
-9. Wt. 174.
nri°
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPEROKS. 299
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
51
Ahmadabad
1125
Year 2
Rev. As in No. 48, but Jo
M -85. Wt. 175. [PL XIV, 50.]
A new mint of Jahandar.
FARRTTKH-SIYAR
Olv.
*\:
nro
Ajmer
Daru'l-khair
Year?
Rev. As in No. 49, but <U
M -95. Wt. 172.
A new mint of Farrukh-siyar.
Obv.
Rev.
M -8. AVt. 176. [PL XIV, 52.]
The epithet Daru'l-Khair shows that
the mint is Ajmer, which has not been
before recorded among Farrukh-siyar 8
coins.
300
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
53
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
Bareli
Year3
Obv. A--MIT? /_£*- ij-^ * j'
y\ .*.
j?<!t>. As in No. 46, but <fc — > and *— ^r3
;R -9. Wt. 172.
Bareli has not been recorded among the
mints of Farrukh-siyar in silver. B.M.
893 gives it in gold, but the coin is
barbarous and the mint very doubtful.
54
Kambayat
Year 7
u
Obv. and Rev. as in No. 51, but <U_-» and
M 1-0. Wt. 173.
A new mint of Farrukh-siyar.
RAFI'U'D-DARJAT.
55
Burhanpur
1131
Year 1
Obv. e^Ar»- j^ T-t*j
> * • t*.
.^^jfclj _
Rev. LJ*)* ^/"y^"
M -95. Wt. 175.
A new mint of this king.
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS. 301
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
56
Patna
Obv. As in 55, but differently arranged.
1131
_ .
Year 1
Rev. LJ*}***
&CJ
M -95. Wt. 178. " [PI. XIV, 56.]
Patna is a mint not hitherto identified
on the coins of Kafl'u'd-darjat. B.M. 944
is doubtful. This is the latest recorded
occurrence of this mint, as 'Azimabad
generally takes its place after Aurangzeb's
time.
57
Sahrind
Obv. and Rev. as in No. 56, but ^J^-f <—^«*
(Sarhind)
M -85. Wt. 176.
1131
Year 1
A new mint of this king.
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM.
58
Shahjahanabad
As in B.M. 956, but the date nrr is on
1132
the left side of the inscription over the
Year 1
J of J-a-s.
£1 -85. Wt. 175.
MUHAMMAD SHAH.
Gold.
59
Balapur
Obv. *li ***"
Rev. jy^V
N -25. Wt. 6. [PL XIV, 59.]
This is a gold fanam of Balapur in
Mysore. The existence of such a fanam
is mentioned by Tufnell (Hints to Com
Collectors in S. India), but none has been
published as far as I am aware. BUioH
and Bidie do not mention it.
302
NUMISMATIC UHKONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
60
Akhtarnagar
1132
Year 1
61
Haidarabad
Farkhanda-
bunyad
114-
Year 14 (?)
Obv.
Rev.
all
nrr
M -9. Wt. 176.' [PL XIV, 60.J
The mint of Akhtarnagar Oudh is given
in L.M. Nos. 12 and 20 (pp. 211, 212),
and the plate shows that this is the mint
of B.M. 985 (given in the text as Akbar-
nagar Oudh). The present coin is a new
variety of Akhtarnagar (without Oudh).
The mint was named after Roshan Akhtar,
Muhammad Shah's name before his
accession.
Obv. As in No. 60. Date nf— under
J^s'*, and year tf (?) over * of ill .
Rev. [
M -95. Wt. 176. [PI. XIV, 61.]
A new mint of Muhammad Shah.
Remarkable as giving the earliest example
of the epithet 'Farkhanda-bunyad,' after-
wards used on the coins of the Nizam s,
and also on some coins struck in the names
of the Emperors Akbar II and Bahadur
Shah. See infra Nos. 71 and 73. See
note under No. 44 for the previous use
of Daru'l-jihad. Haidarbad is alluded to
as Farkhanda-bunyad by KhafT Khan in
AH. 1136 (E.D., vol. vii, p. 527).
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
303
No.
62
63
64
Mint and Date.
Lahore
Year 2
Shahabad
1166
YearS
Qanauj
Arkat
Year 3
Inscription.
Obv.
Rev.
Lc
j]
One-eighth rupee. M -46. Wt. 21.
[PI. XIV, 62.]
The fractional currency of Muhammad
Shah is very rare, and no 2-anna piece of
the Lahore mint has yet been edited.
AHMAD SHAH.
Obv. , .J1
9. Wt. 170.
A new mint of Ahmad Shah. The only
coins of this mint hitherto published are
of Muhammad Shah.
'ALAMGIR II
Obv.
304
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
Rev. jj-y »**
C^— ' ; V
ital -•* O II
N -7. Wt. 166.
No mohar of 'Alamglr II's coinage
of Arkat has been published, although
half mohars of the E.I C. are known.
The long stroke of the « shows that the
mint is Arkat, as does the general style of
the coin.
65
Islamabad
1167
Obv. ^ JUlU
C inv
Year 1
^J * • £
>
Rev. Jyl.*!-)!
> ,
£1 -95. Wt. 171.
A new mint of 'Alamgir II.
66
Gwaliar
1167
Yearl
Obv. ^U^Ldlc jjJjJ^
^J^^ lA-U
JS#P. ^^y ^*
^^ ^i^
"«-95. Vt. 173.
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
305
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
No rupee, after Muhammad Shah, has
jeen hitherto described of this mint. For
couplet see L.M., No. 3, p. 220.
67
Muradabad
1171
Obv. As in No. 65, but^*— SU
Year 6
. i
Rev. (j*y **
I ) ^a
Jr
M -9. Wt. 173.
"With the exception of the unique rupee
of Aurangzeb of 1097 (L.M., 49, p. 186)
the issues of the mint of Muradabad seem
to have been confined to a very limited
period, the known coins being only of
Ahmad Shah, 1167 (B.M.,_No. 1057), the
coin here described of 'Alamglr II of
1171, and four of Shah 'Alam of 1176
(I.M.), 1180, and 1182 (L.M.) and 1189
(No. 700 infra). The coinage of the
invader Ahmad Shah Durrani of 1174
comes within the same period. The
crescent mint-mark, which appeal's on
several of these coins, including both of
those here described, has not been ex-
plained.
<ALI GOHAR
(name of Shah 'Alam II previous to
accession).
68
Year 2
Obv ,*$ J^ 6 L
cf
) *
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
R R
306
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
69
Mint and Date. :
Inscription.
i
Burhanpur
1188
Year 14
Rev. u~jJ I*
T \ > t
{JM »-*-^~ *• — "•*
jr
M -9. Wt. 174. [PL XIV, 68.]
Another similar coin, formerly in my
possession, and given by me to Mr. C. J.
Rodgers, is now in the Lahore Museum
(L.M., 21, p. 227). Mr. Rodgers thought
the mint might be Puna. For a similar
mint-mark see No. 72 infra, and one of
similar fabric given by Dr. Hoernle (in
J.A.S.B., 1897, p. 273, No. 76 of
pi. xxxiv), which is on native authority
attributed to the Peshwas.
The coin here described is the only one
on which the word jb£ appears in full,
and there can be little hesitation in
attributing it to Shah 'A lam, probably
during the lifetime of 'Alamglr II.
SHAH 'ALAM II.
Obv. jjj J ^^>- A\
<J . *a-*
*li*>V jiA-i
^ ' IAA
j^S oJiA^jJ,
Rev. (j*?^
1 1°
j« -wJI .'J <C*.M»
^v , ^
jn*\-*j*
M -85. Wt. 178. [PL XIV, 69.]
A new mint of Shah 'Alam, and the
last appearance of the Burhanpur mint on
the coins of the Mughals.
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
307
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
70
Mustafa-abad
1185
Year 12
Obv. J Jlc all
c J \ ' \
J •
Rev. «^wi ^m>sis»
JLuZ^Ll
x. ir
M -85. Wt. 170.
The only coin of this mint hitherto
published is that ^iven by Captain Vost
in J.A.S.B., 1895, p. 46, pi. iii, 29. That
rupee is of the year 1184, and is described
as unique. The mint-mark, which here
appears in the curve of the (j*> of (j»y> ^*,
is not visible in the plate of Captain Yost's
coin, and appears to be a new shape.
700
Muradabad
Obv. ^ J cy*^*" *^
1189
\ _^ j
Year 16
allJV JU *ll
i
i4xLS ci-^AA j J:
Rev. As in No. 67, Year n. Mint-mark,
star in curve of ^/«u of ^*,^JL* and
M-9. Wt. 168. [PI. XIV, 70.]
AKBAR II.
71
Haidarabad
(Farkbanda-
bunyad)
1244
Obv. j all ,-Si .XKS'*
JUi »
308
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
1
Rev. &*~> (jwjJt*
Wt. 173.
>•: — : *•>
i ~£
M-9.
A new mint of Akbar II.
Bears the
mint-mark of the Nizam.
•
72
1231
Obv. ^
jU »L-ljL.
i
!?
•i
m*
\
Wt. 173.
Rev. ^^ — x—**.--.
2D *Q K
. 1 v • • • ' .
See note under No. 68. This is similar
to Dr. Hoernle's coin, which is, however,
of another date (1243). The date 1231
shows that it must be referred to Akbar II.
It is remarkable in that the figures are
Nagari and not Persian in both coins. The
mint is illegible.
BAHADUB SHAH II.
Silver.
73
HaidaraOad
1274
Year 18
Obv. (-> /**•# '**'
*<•
t J i
y
SOME COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
309
No.
Mint and Date.
Inscription.
Rev. (ju ' A )[\ZT
i >fZ>
M -85. Wt. 173. [PL XIV, 73.]
This, like the preceding coin, bears the
mint-mark of the Nizam's mint. It is
remarkable as being struck at Haidarabad
in 1274 A.H. = 1857 A.D., the year of the
Indian Mutiny.
Copper.
74
Najibabad
1263
Obv. <*~M U" 1 l#
V
i r i r ^*5 [•
jRw. J^^
^1 -75. Wt. 95. [PI. XIV, 74.]
A very late issue of the Najibabad
mint, which had at this date (1846 A.D.)
been long under the E.I.C. The only
copper coin I know of Bahadur Shah.
The obverse is confused. It is possible
that the letters which can be read are
a blundered form of
S\J* j^V
M. LONGWORTH DAMES.
MISCELLANEA.
UNPUBLISHED STYGAS OP ^ELFWALD I AND ^THELBED I. — It
has long been accepted that the coinage of the sceatta, or earlier
type of the coins of Northumbria, ceased with ^Elfwald I,1 whilst
the period of the coinage of the styca, or later type, has been
only surmised.2 The two following unpublished and, so far,
unique stycas, which are in my collection, will probably solve
the latter question.
.2ELFWALD I.
Obv. — Afc^^t-DV Cross of five dots in the centre.
Eeo.— +EARDVVLF. Cross in the centre.
This styca, which I attribute to .Elfwald I, A.D. 778-788,
is Of brass, and in fine condition, but unfortunately, the first and
last letters of the obverse legend are indistinct, owing to corro-
sion, though there appear to be faint traces of the letter E at
the beginning, and of the letter ~L at the end, thus making the
legend read EAL1LDVZ
As will be seen in the above woodcut, the letters on the
obverse are dissimilar in character to those on the ordinary
styca, but the letter j(( is peculiar to the sceattas of J31fwald I.
The reverse legend appears to have been engraved by a different
hand; the letters, however, are of the character appearing on a
sceatta of the same king.3
It would seem, from the above, that J31fwald I issued the last
sceatta as well as the first styca4 of Northumbria.
1 £. M. Cat., Anglo-Saxon, vol. i., p. xxvii., note.
2 Num. CAron., Ser. iii., vol. xvii., p. 136.
3 Idem., PI. VII. 4.
* The stycas hitherto attributed to Ecgfritb, A.D. 670-685, are doubtful.
MISCELLANEA. 311
^THELEED I
Obv. — +EDILRED. (Retrograde.) Cross in the centre.
Rev.— + E D I h Vfl Cross in the centre.
I assign this slyca to JSthelred I, during his restoration or
second reign, A.D. 790-794. It is in fine condition.
Ediluth was also moneyer to Eardulf, A.D. 796-806, and
coined stycas for him, two of which are in my collection. On
comparing the reverse of one5 of them with the reverse of this
styca, it is apparent that they were both struck from the same
die. The peculiarities of eaeh are common to both, such as the
junction of the lower portion of the letter •{] with the end of one
of the limbs of the centre cross ; the flaw or bifurcation of the
central limb of the letter |f at its junction with the vertical
limb ; a similar flaw or bifurcation of the right limb of the letter
V ; and the shortening of the right limb of the initial cross in
the legend. The other coin of Eardulf does not show any of
these peculiarities.
A. B. CREEKE.
A UNIQUE NAVAL REWARD, " THE BRETON MEDAL." — The
following account of an interesting naval reward medal has
been supplied to me by Mr. L. Bardasano, of the Advertiser,
Guernsey, who has also sent a photograph of it, from which I
am able to give the following description : —
Obv. — Sea with ships ; a French squadron of five ships
engaging three English war-ships. Leg. •£•
HMS Crescent Sir JAMES SAUMAREZ &
DRUID Capt. ELLISON Engaging the ENEMY
to prevent HMS Earidice from FALLING In
their HANDS.
Rev. — Sea with ships, similar to the obverse, but the
position of the vessels varied. In the foreground
5 Mr. Nathan Heywood has a styca of Eardulf with exactly the same
reverse.
312 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the British ensign and a house, and stamp of the
English silver hall-mark for 1794. Leg. •¥•
GIFT of Major GENERAL SMALL to Mr.
John Breton PILOT to HMS Crescent As A
REWARD of his Merit done the 8th JUNE 1794
off GUERNSEY.
Silver-gilt. Size 8 '8 inches.
Entirely engraved, and with loop for suspension. The particu-
lars connected with the award of this medal to the pilot, John
Breton, are : — On the 8th June, 1794, the Crescent, frigate,
commanded by Captain Sir James Saumarez, accompanied by
the Druid, frigate, and Eurydice, a twenty-four-gun ship, fell in
with, off the island of Jersey, and was chased by, a French
squadron, consisting of two cut-down seventy-fours, each
mounting fifty-four guns, two frigates, and a brig. Sir James,
perceiving the vast superiority of the enemy, ordered the
Eurydice, which was the worst sailer, to make the best of
her way to Guernsey, whilst the Crescent and Druid fol-
lowed under easy sail, occasionally engaging the French
ships and keeping them at bay, until the Eurydice had
gained some distance ahead, when they made all possible
sail to get off. The enemy's squadron, however, gained
upon them so rapidly that they must have been taken but
for a bold and masterly manoeuvre. Sir James, seeing the
perilous situation of his consorts, hauled his wind and
stood along the French line, an evolution which immediately
attracted the enemy's attention, and the capture of the Crescent
seemed for some time to be inevitable. Among the Guernsey
men on board the Crescent was an experienced King's pilot,
John Breton, a native of St. Saviour's parish, well acquainted
with all the rocks and currents round the island. He pushed
the frigate through numerous intricate passages, where a king's
ship had never before sailed, and singularly enough approached
so near the shore of the Castel parish, that Sir James could
distinctly see his own house. Success attended this bold
experiment and the Crescent effected her escape into Guernsey
roads, greatly to the disappointment of her pursuers, who
counted on an easy and certain triumph. Major-General Small,
who was Lieut. -Governor of Guernsey from 1794-1796, with a
multitude of the inhabitants, beheld the whole of these naval
evolutions from the Guernsey shore, and as a reward to Breton
for his pluck and skill presented him with the above-described
medal. The present owner of the medal is Mr. H. Turner, of
Mill Street, St. Peter's-Port, Guernsey.
H. G.
. CA.rnn. Ser.SV: Vo/,. fl. /#. Vfff.
SILVER COINAGE OF HENRY VI
W Yel-.// Pl./X.
SILVER COINAGE OF HENRY VI
Chron. Ser. /V. Ib/. // Pt. X.
'f-"9 -Wm ™
^ JT '•rrf^Ww .1
' . V /fJ>Vr'iV-»> i ^T^. k * ,/
'f'S&tt. ••'
r?f?<&
£4sr3ttA \'t Wit, •
SILVER COINAGE OF HENRY VI.
Ckron. Ser /I/ Vol. f/ Pi
SILVER COINAGE OF HENRYV1.
Num. CfavH.Sw.WVoUI.Pl.Xff.
COINS OF THE KHALI FS.
COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS
Man. t'&tvn. Se
70 /R
COINS OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS.
XIX.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM
IN 1901.
(See Plates XV, XVI, XVII.)
THE total number of coins of the Greek series (see the
annexed table) acquired during the year 1901 is 1,069.
This unusually large total includes a collection of 686
coins, chiefly of Gaul, formed by M. Leon Morel, of Rheirns.
Although this collection does not appear to include many
varieties not already to be found in the extensive work of
Muret and De La Tour, it is a welcome addition to the
British Museum, where the Gaulish coin series has been,
hitherto, most inadequately represented.
Most of the acquisitions have been obtained by purchase,
but some are presentations due to the kindness of the Rev.
A. Dixon, Sir John Evans, Messrs. F. W. Lincoln and
Son, Mr. W. T. Ready, Mr. John Ward, of Belfast, and
Sir Hermann Weber. As in my fourteen previous papers,1
1 Important Greek acquisitions of the Department of Coins
from the year 1887 onwards will be found described by me in
the Numismatic Chronicle for 1888, p. 1 f. ; 1 889, p. 249 f. ;
1890, p. 311 f. ; 1891, p. 116 f. ; 1892, p. 1 f. ; 1893, p. 1 f. ;
1894, p. 1 f. ; 1895, p. 89 f. ; 1896. p. 85 f. : 1897, p. 93 f. ;
1898, p. 97 f. ; 1899, p. 85 f. ; 1900, p. 1 f., and p. 273 f.
In preparing this paper I have once more had the advantage of
consulting the section on Greek coins written by Mr. Barclay
Head for the Parliamentary Return of the British Museum
(1902), and I am also much indebted for several valuable
suggestions to Mr. Head and Mr. G. F. Hill.
VOL. II. FOURTH SEK1ES. * -s
314
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I give some account of the more noteworthy specimens.
I have not, however, referred to acquisitions of many
Phrygian and other coins which are likely to be described,
before long, in volumes of the Museum Catalogue of
Greek Coins.
GKEEK COINS ACQUIRED 1887 — 1901.
Year.
Gold and
Electrum.
Silver.
Bronze, &c.
TotaL
1887
8
58
110
176
1888
10
217
228
455
1889
12
65
270
347
1890
5
102
70
177
1891
16
280
73
369
1892
10
99
348
457
1893
4
118
281
403
1894
31
164
453
648
1895
20
178
479
677
1896
54
428
170
652
1897
20
313
503
836
1898
3
222
699
924
1899
1
112
372
485
1900
1
310
604
915
1901
38
411
620
1,069
Total . .
233
3,077
5,280
8,590
APHYTIS (MACEDONIAN CHALCIDICE).
1. Obv. — Head of Zeus Ammon r., horned, beardless.
Rev. — A <I>Y Eagle standing r., wings closed ; circular
incuse.
M. Size -5. Fourth cent. B.C. ; before 858.
[PI. XV. 1.]
The usual obverse on the coins of Aphytis is a head of
Zeus Ammon, whose cultus was of chief importance (Paus.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 315
iii. 18, 2; Plut. Lys. 20; Steph. Byz.). The god is
represented either bearded or (as in this case) beardless,2
this dual representation being not uncommon in the case
of Ammon. Thus we find both the young and the bearded
head on the coins of Tenos, Cyrene, Mytilene and Lesbos
(hectae) and doubtless at other places.
The usual reverse type is an eagle 3 or sometimes two
eagles (Head, Cat. Macedonia, p. 61, No. 5). These eagle
types have not been explained. The two eagles stand
facing one another and recall the " golden eagles " of Zeus
connected with the Delphic omphalos,4 yet here they can
hardly be Apolline types. In Cat. Macedonia, " Aphytis,"
No. 3, the two facing " eagles " might be as well, or better,
described (as Mr. Head has suggested) as doves. The
reverse of this coin (No. 3) is, in fact, an almost exact
reproduction of a reverse at Scione where doves are
evidently intended (Von Sallet, JBeschreibung, ii. p. 125,
No. 5). On the other coins of Aphytis, however, it is
certainly an eagle that is represented.
POTIDAEA (MACEDONIAN CHALCIDICE).
2. Olv. — Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet.
Rev.— POT Trident.
(13?)
M. Size -5. [PL XV. 2.]
The bronze coins of Potidaea are rare, and this piece is
2 Cp. the coins in Jmhoof, Monn. gr., p. 64.
3 Some types, namely kantharos (Cat. Maced. No. 1) and
bunch of grapes (Hirsch in Annuaire, 1884, p. 36), refer to the
Dionysos of the city mentioned in Xen., Hell. v. 3, 19.
* B. M. Cat. Mysia, p. 32, No. 100, note ; Studniczka in
Hermes, vol. xxxvii, p. 258 f: " Eine Corruptel im Ion des
Euripides."
316 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
unpublished. The types represented in this metal are as
follows :
i. Head of Athena r., in Corinthian helmet.
Rev. — POT Pegasos flying r.
Imhoof Coll., Motin. gr., p. 91, No. 112 = Head,
H. N., p. 188.
ii. Athena and trident types (see No. 2 supra).
Hi. Female head with earring r.
fov>— (P)OT(EI) Bull butting r.
(Berlin : Von Sallet, Beschreibung, ii. p. 124, No. 6
Athens : Postolacca, Monumenti deWInst., viii.
pi. xxxii, 3 ; cp. Imhoof, Monn. yr., p. 91 ; p. 63.
Mr. Head in his Historia has expressed (p. 188) the
opinion that the coinage of Potidaea came to an end with
the blockade of the city by the Athenians in B.C. 432-429.
The bronze pieces just described (especially Nos. i. and ii)
seem, however, to furnish evidence that the Potidaean
coinage, at any rate in bronze, lasted longer than has been
supposed. It can hardly be doubted that Nos. i. and ii.
are modelled on the coinage ofCorinth, where coinage
in bronze does not begin till circ. B.C. 400. The trident
type, in particular, recalls the bronze coins with this type
struck at Corinth B.C. 400-300 (Head, Cat. Corinth, pi. xiv,
1-8). The Potidaean coins, then, were probably not
minted earlier than circ. B.C. 400. They are certainly
not later than circ. B.C. 358, when Philip I[ seized the
city and handed it over to the Olynthians : B.C. 400-358
will then be the approximate date of their issue.5
5 In B.C. 882 Potidaea was in the occupation of the Olyn-
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 317
The adoption of the types of Corinth by Potidaea is not
surprising,6 for close ties bound the two cities together.
Not only was Corinth the mother city of Potidaea, but
she every year sent to Potidaea certain of her own citizens
as magistrates (Epidemiurgi) . When Potidaea, at the
critical period in her history, B.C. 432-429, threw off the
yoke of Athens, Corinth was her instigator and ally.
PAUSANIAS, KING OP MACEDON. B.C. 390 — 889.
3. Obv. — Youcg male head r., bound with taenia.
Rec.— PAYZ A [Nl] A Forepart of lion r.
m. Size -75. [PI. XV. 3.]
(Re-struck; on obv. BOTT and traces of types (bull's
tail ? &c.) ; on rev. head r.).
The types are well known, but this specimen has some
interest through being re-struck on a coin of Bottice (in
the Chalcidice) that was issued at the time of the Chal-
cidian League, circ. B.C. 392. The original coin appears
to have been similar to one described in Imhoof, Monn.
gr., p. 66, No. 6: Obv. Female head r. Rev. BOTTIA
IHN Butting bull r.
AEMJS (THRACE).
4. Obv. — Head of Hermes r., in petasos.
Rev. — AINI Goat r., nearer foreleg raised, and beneath
it, crab : incuse square.
M. Size -45. Wt. 19'6 grs. [PI. XV. 4.]
thians. In 364 it was taken by Timotheus, the Athenian
general.
6 The trident, though primarily Corinthian, may have had a
peculiar appropriateness for the Potidaeans as being the
attribute of their Poseidon Hippios.
318 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(A similar diobol, Von Sallet. Beschreihnng, i. p. 121,
No. 15 ; cp. B. M. Cat. Thrace, " Aenus," No. 8,
tetrobol with crab symbol.) Presented by Mr.
John Ward.
APOLLONIA PONTICA (THRACE).
5. Obv. — Head of Apollo r. [laureate].
Rev. — AIXAAKIH Anchor inverted ; beneath left
fluke, A ; beneath right fluke, cray-fish ; in
field, r., E-
IE, (black glassy patina). Size -55. Wt.
38-4 grs. Fourth cent. B.C. [PI. XV. 5.]
A similar reverse inscription has been read by Dr.
Pick 7 on specimens less well preserved. The coin
here published proves the correctness of the reading.
Pick explains the legend as liya\K(ov), regarding IH
as unexplained letters which do not, however, seem to
be marks of value. AIXAAKON is inscribed on JEt of
Chios of Imperial times.8
LARISSA (THESSALY).
6. Obv. — Horse r., trotting; above, Ofc: border of dots.
(Similar to B. M. Cat. Tttessaly, p. 28, No. 43.)
Bev. — A ^1 SAA The nymph Larissa seated 1. on
hydria ; she wears chiton, which has fallen back
so as to leave left arm and shoulder bare ; on her
right foot is a sandal ; her left leg is extended
and rests on her right knee ; in her right hand
she holds sandal ; her left hand draws back
chiton. On the ground in front, a ball ; whole in
incuse square.
M. Size -5. Wt. 18'9 grs. [PL XV. 7.]
Fourth cent. B.C.
7 Pick in Rev. Num., 1898, p. 225 (with references tolmhoof-
Blumer and Tacchella).
' Head, Cat. Ionia, p. 341 ; Babelon, Traite, i. p. 465.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 319
A very rare obol, not quite in the finest state of pre-
servation, yet presenting an interesting addition to the
charming series of types of which the nymph Larissa is
the subject.9
A glance at any good collection of the coins — such as
that described in the British Museum Catalogue of Thes-
saly — readily reveals the simple series of incidents that
the Larissaean artist wished to depict. The maiden has
set out for the lion-headed fountain to draw water in her
hydria (cp. Cat. Thess., pi. iv. 11). She lingers on the
way, and as she rests for a time upon a seat improvised
out of the water-jar, she thinks — like Nausikaa — of be-
guiling time with a game of ball (PI. iv. 15). During
her innocent diversion of bouncing the ball to earth, of
throwing it high in the air and running to catch it
(cp. pi. iv. 16),10 the strap of a sandal becomes loose and
she stoops to fasten it (pi. v. 8).11 But this "careless
shoe-string " again gives trouble. The sandal comes off,
and (as our coin shows) Larissa has to sit down on the
hydria to fasten it with greater care.
PHALANNA (THESSALY).
7. Obv. — Young male head r., hair short ; behind, T ; border
of dots.
Rev. — <|>AA A[NNAII1N] Female head r., wearing
sakkos with tassel, earring and necklace fastened
behind ; behind neck, pellet ; circular incuse.
M. Size -8. [PL XV. 6.]
9 Another specimen is in the Imhoof Blumer Collection.
10 Cp. the representations of women playing ball in the vase
paintings ; e.g. Reiuach, Repertoire des Vases, i., p. 16 ; ii.,
p. 191 ; 276, &c.
11 Compare the figure of a woman stooping to attach her
sandal on a kylix, in Murray, Designs from Greek Vases in
Brit. Mas., pi. iv., 14.
320 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Coins of this type are well known, but the style,
especially of the reverse, can be well studied on our
specimen. Certainly the style seems to suggest the
middle of the fourth century, or, less precisely, the period
B.C. 350-300. 12 Professor Gardner has assigned all the
pieces of this type to the period B.C. 300-190, yet, at
any rate, the best- executed examples, such as Cat.
Thcssaly, No. 4, pi. viii. 15, and p. 41, No. 10, must
surely belong to the fourth and not to the third century.
Gardner calls the obverse head " Ares " ? no doubt
because it bears some resemblance to the head on the
gold staters of Philip II, which he maintains to be Ares
and not Apollo. If the head at Phalanna is not admitted
to be Ares, it must be allowed to be some warrior con-
nected with Phalanna or its neighbourhood. For on a
bronze coin of the place (in the Imhoof-Blumer collection)
we find a beardless head wearing a helmet.
The female head, called by Gardner a "nymph," may
be the Phalanna after whom the city was supposed to be
named. Steph. Byz. : <ba\avva, TroXty Ileppaifiia?, CLTTO
T//S TU/JOUV Ovyarpos.
SCOTUSSA (THESSALY).
8. Obv. — Head of young Herakles r., in lion's skin.
Rev. — ^ [K] O Bunch of grapes on stalk ; circular
incuse.
JE. Size -6. B.C. 400-867. [PL XV. 8.J
This combination of types is unpublished ; though the
bunch of grapes and Herakles (here of a pleasing and
12 Mr. Head (Brit. Mus. Parliamentary Return for 1902) dates
the coin circ. B.C. 850.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 321
somewhat unconventional style) are already known on
coins of Scotussa. 13
HALIABTUS (BOEOTIA).
9. Obv. — Half Boeotian shield.
Rev. — A R Trident, downwards ; traces of incuse.
JR. Size -35. Wt. 6*4. [PI. XV. 9.]
An unpublished hemi-obol, struck B.C. 387-374. A
trident adorns the shield on the staters of Haliartus of
this period and is the symbol of the Poseidon of On-
chestus.14
EUBOEA (ESETEIA ?).
10. Obv. — Head of nymph r., hair rolled,15
Rev. — EYB Bull or cow standing r. ; traces of circular
mcuse.
M. Size 1-05. Wt. 246-3 grs. [PI. XV. 10.]
A nearly identical specimen of this coin was published
by Imhoof-Blumer (G. M., p. 536 ; pi. i. 20), from his
own collection. The Photiades specimen (Catal., lot
452, reading EYBOI) passed into the Berlin Museum
13 See e.g. B. M. Cat. Thessaly, p. 49 ; Num. Chron., 1890,
p. 318.
14 Head, //. N. p. 293.
15 I can see no clear traces on this specimen of the broad
band that Mahler (Journ. internat., 1900, p. 194) declares to
exist on the specimen published by Imhoof, G. M., pi. i. 20.
Dressel describes the Photiades specimen as having a circular
earring. In the case of our coin, I am inclined to think, as
Mr. Head does, that the circular object may be the lobe of the
•ear represented rather big, as it is on the corresponding drachms
in Cat. Central Greece, p. 94, Nos. 1 — 6.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. T T
322 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and has been described by Dressel in Z.f. N., xxi., p. 215 ;
pi. v. 3. These coins were probably struck at Eretria
towards the end of the fifth century B.C., when Euboea
was independent of Athens.16 Drachms with a similar
female head are assigned in Head's Central Greece (p. 94,
No. 1-6) to B.C. 411-387.
Mahler, writing (Journ. Internat., 1900, p. 194 f.) on
Dr. Imhoofs specimen, compares the obverse with a head
in the Louvre usually called " Apollo," which he considers
to belong to the school of Polycleitus.
EBETEIA (EUBOEA).
11. Obv.— MKOMANTCON6INOC Bust of Commodus
r., laur., bearded ; border of dots.
Rev.— 6P6TPI € U)N Triple bust; the central
facing head is youthful and wears head-dress (a
kalathos containing fruits ?) ; on each side a
(bearded ?) head (without head-dress) in profile :
border of dots.
M. Size -85. [PI. XV. 12.]
A similar specimen of this rare coin belonged to H. P.
Borrell and was published by him in Num. Chron. vi. 145.
He describes the two side faces as " bearded male profiles,"
and the central as a female head " with a crenelated crown."
On our specimen the side faces certainly appear to be
bearded, though it is just possible that the supposed beards
may be due to abrasions of the surface of the coin. If
the three heads are really female, the type would fairly
well resemble the representations of *E/raT?7 rpnrpoauJTro?
that we know from gems, reliefs, &c. If, however, the
18 Cp. Imhoof, G. M.,p. 535; Head, Cat. Central Greece,
p. Ik.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 323
profiles be male, we may adopt a recent suggestion of Mr.
Head's that the central face is that of Demeter joined
with the two Cabiri, with whose cultus she was some-
times associated.17
ATHENS.
12. Obv. — Head of Athena Parthenos r., in helmet; border
of dots.
Rev. — A OE Owl r., on amphora ; in field, r., naked
O figure (Harmodius) standing facing ;
AE M O right hand raised, brandishing sword ;
^ left hand holds sheath : whole in-
olive wreath.
M. Size 1-2. Wt. 246*6 grs. [PI. XV. 14.]
The British Museum has long lacked a specimen of this
interesting tetradrachm, which was struck probably circ.
B.C. 83, subsequent to the capture of Athens by Sulla
(B.C. 86). The type is well known since Kohler's publica-
tion in Z.f. N., xii. (1885) p. 103. 18
AEGIUM (AOHAIA).
13. Obv.— ANTQNe.IN.OC AVrO[VCTOC] Bust of
Antoninus Pius r., laur.
Rev.— ZGVCTTAIC Air[ieWN] Statue of the boy
Zeus standing r. on pedestal, with right foot slightly
raised ; body naked ; hair short ; right hand raised
to hurl thunderbolt ; on outstretched left hand
eagle about to fly r.
M. Size 1-85. [PL XV. 13, rev.]
17 Brit. Mus. Parliamentary Return, 1902 ; cp. Daremberg
and Saglio, p. 767. In the introduction to Cat. Central Greece,
Head quoted Borrell's description, and suggested that the type
was a representation of the moon in her three phases.
18 See also Head, Cat. Attica, p. Ivi. ; Imhoof and Gardner,.
(?oww. on Pans., p. 148 ; pi. DD., xiv.-xviii. ; Salletin Z.f. N.t
xiii., p. 62, pi. iii. 4, on the specimen in the Berlin Museum..
324 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
This specimen was formerly in the collection of M.
Kambanis, and though it has already been well described
by Svoronos,19 I am reluctant to omit it from the list of
our principal acquisitions. The reverse legend leaves no
doubt that a representation of Zeus as a boy is intended,
and the figure can be better studied here than on some of
the smaller coins of Aegium on which the same type
occurs.
Pausanias (vii., 24, 4)20 saw at Aegium a bronze statue
of the boy Zeus (Zeu? re rj\utlav rauV) by the Argive
sculptor Ageladas, and there can be no reasonable doubt
that this is the statue intended to be represented on this
coin.21 The youthful god stands, with one foot slightly
raised, in a formal attitude, holding his thunderbolt in one
hand and his eagle in the other ; this motive is in keeping
with what would be expected of Ageladas, especially when
we compare it with what is known of his statue of Zeus
Ithomatas, reproduced on the coins of Messene.22
FEDERATION OF ACHAEAN CITIES.
14. Obv. — Female head 1., wearing necklace and circular
earring with pendant ; her hair is rolled, tied in
a knot on the crown of the head, and falls behind
in a wavy mass ; some loose tresses touch the
face and neck.
>• Journ. Internal., 1899, p. 802; pi. xiv. 11.
20 See Imhoof and Gardner, Num. Comm., p. 85 ; pi. B,
xii., xiii.
21 Ageladas, or, more correctly, Agelaidas (or Hagelaidas),
apparently worked circ. B.C. 620-455 : see A. S. Murray, Hist, of
Greek Sculpt., i. pp. 185-190; Collignon, Sculpt, gr., i. p. 817 ;
E. Gardner, Handbook of Greek Sculpt., p. 192 f. ; cp. Miss
C. A. Button in Annual of British School, Athens, iii., 150;
Mahler, Polyklet und seine Schule, pp. 13, 14.
M Head, Hist. Num., p. 861, figs. 238, 289 ; Imhoof and
Gardner, op. rit., p. 67; pi. P, iv. and v. ; Collignon, i.
p. 818.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 325
Rev. — AXAIflN Zeus, wearing himation over lower
limbs and left shoulder, seated 1. on throne, the
right side-arm of which is supported by a sphinx ;
in his outstretched right arm eagle 1. ; his left
hand rests on long sceptre ; his feet rest on
footstool ; in field, 1., crested helmet : circular
incuse (double struck^.
JR. Size 1-05. Wt. 185-2. [PI. XVI. 4.]
This coin, an Aeginetic didrachm, is believed to have
been found near Levadeia (Lebadea in Boeotia). It is
unique, but is related to a series of drachms and hemi-
drachms that have been known for many years.23 These
lesser denominations have the same female head on the
obverse and on the reverse the inscription AXAIHN 21 (type,
Athena charging). In 1873, when publishing the British
Museum hemi-drachm, Prof. P. Gardner described it as
unquestionably pre- Alexandrine in style (circ. B.C. 340)
and attributed it to the old league of the cities of Achaia.
Later on, however, Mr. Gardner brought down the date to
B.C. 302-286 and assigned the coin (B. M. Cat. Thessaly}
to Achaia Phthiotis, in Thessaly. This Thessalian attribu-
tion is also maintained by Imhoof-Blumer and Weil.
The discovery of our coin, which is in much better con-
dition than the smaller pieces, furnishes fresh material for
the discussion of date and attribution. The new didrachm,
as can hardly be denied, has distinct affinities with the
fine Peloponnesian staters issued a few years before the
middle of the fourth century. A comparison with the coins
23 Gardner, Num. Chron., 1873, p. 182 ; B. M. Cat. Thessaly,
p. 48; p. xxix. ; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gr., p. 156; Weil,
Z.f.N.ix.. (1882), p. 241.
24 Both on the didrachm and on the Brit. Mus. hemi-drachm
each letter of the inscription appears with an incuse background.
326 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Stymphalus, Messene, and Pheneus 25 suggests the period
B c. 370-360 as the approximate date of our didrachm. It
can hardly be said that the attribution to Achaia Phthiotis
rests on cogent historical or numismatic grounds. Certain
Thessalian coins, indeed, bear the monogram AX, but in
such cases the town-name is inscribed in addition. Here
the inscription AXAIflN gives no hint of Phthiotis, and
it seems much better to refer it to the well-known
Achaeans of the Peloponnese. There seems, then, good
warrant for the view recently expressed by Mr. Head26 that
"this beautiful coin belongs to the earlier Achaean Federa-
tion, of which the famous Achaean League, formed in
280 B.C , was a revival."
The place of mintage was doubtless the city of Aegium.
This place, after the decay of the older cities of Achaia
and the destruction (in B.C. 373) of Helike, the old religious
meeting-place, became the political centre of Achaia, and
its sanctuaries of Zeus 'A/zapto? and Demeter Panachaia
the religious centres of the Achaean League. Whether the
coins were issued soon after 373, when Aegium began to
hold the leading position in the KOIVOV rwv 'A^auav, or at
a rather later date, I will not now attempt to decide. In
B.C. 366 the Achaeans became for a brief space the allies
of Thebes, but in 362 we find them opposed to the preten-
sions of the Boeotian city and forming part of a combina-
tion consisting of Athens, Mantinea, Elis and Phlius.
The Zeus on the reverse of the didrachm is probably the
Zeus Amarios.27 The Athena on the smaller coins may be
35 B. M. Cat. Peloponnesus, pi. xxxvii. 4 ; xxii. 1 ;
xxxvi. 7.
26 Brit. Mus. Parliamentary Return, 1902.
27 There was also a Zeus Homagyrios at Aegium. See Pauly-
Wissowa, under " Aigion " and " Amarios."
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 327
Athena A/zapm, who is known to have been a protectress
of the later Achaean League.28 The head on the didrachm
may possibly be intended for Demeter Panachaia, or it may
be one of the other goddesses of Aegium, such as Artemis
or Eileithuia.29
The identification of this splendid head is, indeed,
rendered difficult by the absence of attributes ; yet its
artistic effectiveness is largely due, I think, to the sparing
use of accessories, and especially to the unconventional
treatment of the hair. Usually, when a Greek coin-
artist aims at the portrayal of rich and stately female beauty
he adorns the head with an ornamented Stephanos (as in
the case of Hera), or (as at Syracuse) confines the hair in
a jewelled net or in a sakkos embroidered with star or
maeander. Here, the engraver has employed no such
artifice and has produced his effect simply by a skilful
manipulation of the hair itself. The effect would be still
more remarkable were our didrachm fleur de coin, but
though it is in excellent condition, some details in high
relief have suffered partial effacement, especially some of
the fine lines by which the hair was rendered.
ELIS.
15. Obv. — Female head r. (Olympia ?), hair rolled and falling
behind.
28 Or possibly the Athena Panachais who had a temple at
Patrae : Paus. vii., 20, 2 ; Imhoof and Gardner, Comm. on Paw.,
p. 78, pi. Q, xiv. The helmet found as a symbol on the
reverse of the didrachm appears also as a symbol on tbe drachm
and on one of the specimens of the hemi-drachm (Imhoof, loc.
cit.). Whether it refers to Athena or is a magistrate's signet
can hardly be determined till more coins have come to ligbt.
29 On these goddesses at Aegium, Imhoof and Gardner, op. cit.,
p. 87, pi. R, xxi., xxii. ; p. 83, pi. R, vi., &c.
328 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. — FA Eagle standing r., wings closed; circular
incuse.
JR. Size -45. Wt. 11-8. [PI. XV. 11.]
(A variety of B. M. Cat. Peloponnesus, " Elis," No. 10830).
ANDKOS.
16. Obi: — Head of young Dionysos r., wreathed with ivy,
hair flowing ; behind, <J> : border of dots.
Rev. — ANA P Panther advancing r. : traces of circular
I incuse.
JR. Size -05. Wt. 50-2 grs. [PI. XV. 15.]
This specimen is more complete than the one published
in Brit. Mus. Cat., Crete, &c., " Andros," No. 1. M. Pas-
chalis, in his elaborate monograph on the numismatics of
Andros (Journ. Int., i. p. 348, pi. xiv. 3-5), assigns the
coins of this type to the beginning of the fourth century
B.C., and treats the letter 4> as the signature of an en-
graver whom he would identify with the artist 4> of
Thurium, Terina, &c. (cp. ib. pi. xvii.).
The resemblance in style between this coin and the
coins of Magna Graecia is, to me at least, not obvious.
Compared with the Nike-head at Terina and the Athena
at Thurium, this Dioiiysos seems comparatively common-
place both in conception and treatment. In the British
Museum Catalogue I assigned the coin to the third cen-
tury B.C., and I am not convinced by the arguments of
M. Paschalis that it is earlier than circ. B.C. 300.
APOLLONIA AD RHYNDACUM (MYSIA).
17. Obv. — Head of Apollo r., laur.
30 Where for Similar read Female head r.
CREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 329
Rev,— ATTpAAH NIATON PYN Lyre: whole
within laurel-wreath.
M. Size -95. Thick fabric with bevelled
edges : dark green patina. [PL XV. 16.]
{First century B.O. Cp. Babelon, Invent. Wad-
dinyton, No. 643).31
CYZICUS (MYSIA).
18. Obv. — Head of Kore Soteira r., wreathed with corn.
Rev. — KY Tunny 1. : whole in oak- wreath.
II
M. Size -55. Wt. 23-5 grs. [PI. XVI. 1.]
This accompanies the bronze coins of the period B.C.
200-100 described in Brit. Mus. Cat. Mysia, p. 38.
HADRIANEIA (MYSIA).
19. Obv. — Bust of Denieter r., veiled ; in front, two ears of
corn : border of dots.
Rev. — AAPIA N6HN Telesphoros standing facing:
border of dots.
M. Size -65.
This is an addition to Mr. Hill's very useful lists of the
two | Mysian towns Hadrianeia and Hadrianoi (Journ..
Internal., 1898, p. 241 f.). It is of thin, flat fabric, and
undoubtedly of imperial times ; perhaps of the reign of
Antoninus Pius, during which Telesphorus occurs as a
reverse type at Hadrianeia.32
31 For other autonomous coins of Apollonia, see Svoronos in
Rev. Num. 1889, p. 177 ; Imhoof, Kleinasiatische Munzen, 1901,
p. 13 f.
32 Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Munzen, p. 20, No. 2 ;
and references there to Ramsay and Munro.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. u u
330 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ClSTOPHORI.
The following are additions to the Brit. Mus. Cata-
logues : —
PEKOAMUM (B.C. 200—188).
20. (Cp. Mysia, p. 128, No. 86 f.) Rev.— In field 1. Ik ;
between bow-case and left serpent, a prow^r. ;
in field r. dolphin swimming 1.
M. Size 1-1. Wt. 190-5 grs.
PEBOAMUM (B.C. 188 — 67).
21. (Cp. Mysia, p. 128, No. 94 f.) Rev.— In field 1. -ffe; in
field r., thyrsos entwined by serpent; above
bow-case, KP
rff
JR. Size 1-1. Wt. 190-7 grs.
EPHESUS.
22. Rev.— In field 1. MC (= year 46 = B.C. 88) and E$E ;
in field r. long torch; above bow-case, head-
dress of Isis (Cp. Head's Coins of Ephesus, p. 66).
JR. Size 1-1. Wt. 192-4 grs.
ABYDUS (TROAS).
28. Obv. — Bust of Artemis r., draped, wearing stephane [and
necklace] ; hair tied in bunch behind ; bow and
quiver at shoulder : border of dots.
AH
Rev. — A BY NUN Eagle r. ; wings open ; in front,
rose; in front of head, star ; in ex., AHMHTPI :
whole in laurel-wreath.
M. Size 1-2. Wt. 259-8 grs. [PI. XVI. 3.]
Struck after B.C. 196 ; of the same class as Brit. Mus.
Cat. Troas, " Abydus," Nos. 49—57).
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 331
NEANDEIA (TROAS).
24. Obv. — Head of Apollo r., laureate ; hair short.
Rev. — A N Altar with ornamental necking and horns.
N E It is raised on steps and behind it is a
laurel-tree.
M. Size -45. Wt. 28'9 grs. [PI. XVI. 2.]
An unpublished coin belonging to about the same
period (circ. B.C. 430-400) as the silver coin of Neandria
presented to the British Museum by Sir Hermann Weber,
and described by me in Num. Chron. 1896, p. 93, No. 11 ;
PI. VII. 8. The head of Apollo is almost identical on
the two coins.
An altar is a rare type on autonomous money.33 Pro-
bably a sacrificial altar of considerable size is here
intended, such as would be placed before a temple or in a
sacred grove.34 The tree behind it seems to be of laurel,
and may indicate that the altar is dedicated to Apollo.
Thus, on vases we find an altar of Apollo, identified by
the palm-tree and tripod placed beside it.35
The reverse type of the Neandrian coin above cited
consists of a ram biting the leaves of a branch. I have
already (Num. Chron., loc. tit.} suggested that this animal
33 An altar occurs as type on a fourth century drachm of
Western Sicily : A. J. Evans, in Num. Chron., 1896, p. 140 ;
PI. IX. 13.
34 Cp. the representation on coins of the Great Altar of
Parium, described by Strabo. Wroth, Cat. Mysia, p. 97, note ;
PI. XXI. 10—12.
35 Stengel, Die griechischen Kultusaltertumer, ed. 2, PI. I.
Fig. 6 b ; cp. Fig. 3. Instances of trees represented near
altars : Coins of Amasia (Brit. Mus. Cat. Pontus, PI. II. 2 — 6) ;
relief in Daremberg and Saglio, I. p. 350, Fig. 418; Num.
Chron. 1896, PI. IX. 13 (laurel sprays) ; Decennial Publications,
Univ. Chicago, vi. 1902 ; PI. II. ; p. 8 (F. Tarbell).
332 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
may be regarded as sacred to the pastoral Apollo — Kar-
neios, Nomios, &c., and that the branch may be intended
for the laurel-branch of Apollo which was credited with
medicinal and purificatory virtues. It is certain from the
obverses of the coins that Apollo was an important divinity
at Neandria.
CYME (AEOLIS).
25. Obv. — Head of horse r., with K Y inscribed on neck.
Rev. — Rosette of eight leaves : circular incuse.
JR covered with brownish grey patina.
Size -85. Wt. 14 grs. [PI. XVI. 5.]
Fourth century B.C. ; cp. Imhoof, Griech. Miinzen,
; p. 681 f, Nos. 248—245 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. Troas,
etc., p. 106, No. 15 ; cp. also Imhoof in Z.f. N.
xx. p. 277, No. 1.
LABISSA PHBTCONIS (AEOLIS).
26. Obv. — Female head r., wearing sphendone, earring, and
necklace.
Rev. — AAP 1^ Al Amphora : circular incuse.
M. Size -4. Wt. 17-2 grs. [PL XVI. 6.]
(Acquired from a resident at Smyrna.)
An unpublished piece and the only known silver coin
of this place. It has the usual reverse type of Larissa,
viz., an amphora, and the obverse head is the same as on
one of the bronze coins of the fourth century B.C. (Brit.
Mm. Cat. Troas, &c., p. 134, No. 2.)M
36 Cp. « Introduction," p. Ix. ; Imhoof in Z.f. N., xx. p. 281.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 333
MYTILENE (LESBOS).
27. Obv. — Head of Apollo r., laur., hair falls behind in strag-
gling locks.37
i Rev.— to V T I AH /V A O N Female head 1.,
wearing sphendone fastened by two crossing
bands ; whole in incuse square.
M. Size -6. Wt. 60-8 grs. [?1. XVI. 7.]
Another specimen of this interesting coin is in the
Waddington collection (Babelon, Invent., No. 1386; PI.
III. 7). It clearly belongs to the latter part of the fifth
century, circ. B.C. 440-400, and the head of Apollo, espe-
cially in the treatment of the hair, resembles the head on
the unique electrum stater of Mytilene in the British
Museum (Cat. Troas, PL XXXII. I).38
The reverse head is of fine, somewhat severe style, and
may be compared with heads on hectae of Phocaea39 and
Lesbos.40
The legend on the autonomous coins of Mytilene is
almost always abbreviated (as MYTI). On the Imperial
coins it is MYTIAHNAIUN. Here it is MVTIAH-
NAON. In lapidary inscriptions of Lesbos of the fourth
century B.C. we find MimA^ycuof, but MimAjyi/aot also
occurs, e.g., in the well-known monetary convention
between Phocaea and Mytilene, apparently circ. B.C. 400.41
37 The hair is not so long and flowing as it is on the Apollo
heads of a later period, e.g., B. M. Cat. Troas, &c., " Mytilene,"
No. 8.
18 Cp. also the heads of Apollo on the Lesbian hectae, Cat.
Troas, PI. XXXII. 13-16, and on the small ^l of Mytilene,
ib. p. xxxvii., 10, 11.
39 B. M. Cat. Ionia, « Phocaea," No. 66, PI. V., 16.
40 B. M. Cat. Troas, PI. XXXIII. 1.
41 Hicks and Hill, Greek Hist. Inscr., No. 94.
334 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It may be doubted whether the inscription on our coin
is in the genitive plural (ov for «>»). Probably it is the
neuter of the adjective, with vojjaa^a. (?) understood.42
The inscriptions on the coins of Methymna are nearly
parallel. On the autonomous money the inscription is
usually abbreviated (as MA0Y) ; on the Imperial,
MHeYMNAIHN occurs. Circ. B.C. 420-400 we find
(as on our coin) MAGVMNAION. The earliest coins
have a rather remarkable legend MA0YMN AIOZ written
(in archaic letters) both on obverse and reverse. This
must be the adjective with arart'jp (?) understood.
MYTILENE (LESBOS).
28. Obv.— C6XTOC NGOC MAKAP. . . Head of
Sextus r., bare, beardless : border of dots.
Rev.— ANAPOM€[AA] N€A A6C[BOC?] Bust
of Andromeda r. ; hair tied behind : border of
dots.
&. Size -8. [PI. XVI. 8.]
Specimens of this coin, which forms an interesting
addition to the series of Mytilenean coin portraits,43 were
published by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer in Zeit. fur Num., xx.,
p. 286, who read the last word of the obverse legend
MAP[KOY?] (i.e., "Sextus the Younger, son of Mar-
cus"), and the last word of the reverse legend as A6CBQ)
(ya/rros ?) (i.e., " Andromeda the Younger, daughter of
Lesbonax").
Our coin reads on the obverse quite certainly MAK-
42 On the use of the adjective instead of the ethnic, see Hill,
Handbook of Greek Coins, p. 180.
43 Wroth in Classical Review, May, 1894, pp. 226, 227
(" Portraits of famous citizens of Mytilene "), and Cat. Treat.,
pp. Ixx.-lxxv. ; Imhoof, Z. f. N. xx., p. 286 f. ; cp. Kl. M. ii.,
p. 611.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 335
AP . . ., and we must therefore, as Mr. Head has already
pointed out,44 render these inscriptions as " Sextus the
new Makar (or Makareus)," and " Andromeda the new
Lesbos." 45 Makar, or Makareus, was a colonist and
ruler of Lesbos, which he called after himself Makaria,
while Lesbos (according to Schol., II., xxiv. 544) was
his wife.46
Sextus and Andromeda are not historically known. A
Sextus '///>«J9 figures on the Mytilenean coins, but being
bearded is probably distinct from this Sextus, though
perhaps related to him. It is noteworthy, moreover,
that the portrait of Andromeda-Lesbos is almost identical
with the portrait of Flavia Nicomachis, who appears on
the reverse of the coin of Sextus ?//?«>9.47 Imhoof would
attribute the " Sextus and Andromeda " coins to the time
of Titus or Domitian, chiefly on account of the style of
the coiffure on the reverse.
APOLLONOS-HIERON (LYDIA).
29. Obv. — Youthful head r., wreathed with ivy (Dionysos) :
border of dots.
44 British Museum Parliamentary Return, 1902.
45 Cp. AeCBftNAZ HPHC N6OC, Lesbonax in the
character of Dionysos, in B. M. Cat. Troas, &c., " Mytilene,"
No. 164; NGIi lAKXIl and N€ft TTYOIjQ of Antinous
on coins of Tarsus (Hill, B. M. Cat. Lycaonia, p. Ixxxix) ;
NGA 0GA HPA HAAVTIAAA on coins of Alabanda
(Head, B. M. Cat. Caria, p. 12, No. 19).
46 See Schirmer in Koscher's Lexikon, s. v. "Makar,"
"Makareus"; art. "Lesbos," ib. ; and further in Plehn's
Lesbiacorum liber, p. 24 f. The appearance of the name of
Makareus on this set of coins rather supports my conjecture
(Cat. Troas, &c. , p. Ixxv.), that the Leukippos who appears on
a coin of Mytilene (ib. p. Ixxv.) may be the Leukippos, son of
Makareus, who was the leader of a colony which his father
despatched from Lesbos to Rhodes.
47 Cat. Troas, p. Ixxiii, Ixxiv.
336 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev.— ATTOAAHNiePITHN Bunch of grapes:
border of dots.
m. Size -65. [PI. XVI. 9.]
(Imperial times, Tiberius — Caracalla.)
80. Obv.—fW • K • M ' AVPH ANTON6I Head of
Caracalla r., with slight beard; laur. : border of
dots.
Rev.— ATTOAAH NOI6PIT Athena, wearing helmet
and chiton, standing to front, looking r. ; right
hand supports spear ; left hand, shield : border
of dots.
M. Size -9. [PI. XVI, 10.]
CILBIANI NICAEI (LYDIA).
31. Obv.— Within wreath (of olive ?) bull's head facing ; fillets
attached to horns ; on 1., T A ; on r.,
Rev, —Within wreath (of olive?), KIABI ANHN :
border of dots.
m. Size 1-8. [PI. XVI. 11.]
This curious coin is of flat fabric and probably of Im-
perial times (second or early third century A.D.). It may
be doubted whether it should be assigned to the Cilbiani
Superiores or the Cilbiani Nicaei, as the distinctive
legends TUN ANH or TON TT6PI N6IKAIAN,
<£c., are wanting. It is probably best assigned to the
Cilbiani Nicaei, who issued coins of large module in the
second and third centuries, and on whose coins (though
indeed very rarely) the inscription KIABIANflN is
found without mention of Nicaea.48 I am unable to
explain the letters on the obverse.
The bull's head is not known to be a badge of the
48 Jlrit. Mus. Cat. Lydia, p. 64, No. 2.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 337
Cilbiani, nor is it found on their coins. I am inclined
to suppose that it has here some special significance,
and that the coin was issued on the occasion of some
notable festival of which the sacrifice of a bull formed a
prominent feature.49 The bull's head, it will be noticed,
is adorned with sacrificial fillets and encircled by a
wreath.
CILBIANI NICAEI (LYDIA).
32. obo.— nonce n • rerAc • KA • Bust of Geta r.,
with whisker, head bare ; wears paludamentuin
and cuirass : countermark, Asklepios standing,
holding serpent-staff.
Rev.— 6TTIC KATTAA B TOV IOVAA •
APXO ' Asklepios holding serpent-staff stand-
ing towards r., looking 1. in the direction of
Hygieia who stands r., wearing chiton and peplos
and feeding serpent from patera. In ex.,
NGIKAenN KIA BIANHN
m. Size 1-25. [PI. XVI. 12.]
This specimen was briefly referred to by Head in the
introduction to his Catalogue, Lydia (p. xlvii.), where
he reads em S/caTrXa j3' TOW 'lou\. a a/%o. Imhoof had
read the name as "ATrXajSro?, but it appears that he now
agrees to Head's reading, and thinks that the coin in his
Kleinas. Munzen (p. 175, No. 5 ; cp. reff. there) should
probably be read ETTIC KATTAA B. IOV, &c. (Kl. M. ii.,
p. 521.)
GERME (LYDIA).
83. Obv.— AYTOKAAY KOMOAOC Bust of Corn-
modus r., with whisker ; laureate ; wears paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
49 Cp. the ceremonies connected with the sacrifice of a bull
brought together by H. Von Fritze, Troja und llion, pp. 514 —
516 : — c7ro[ij;]o-aTO £e Kal ras apcreis TCOV ftowv eVavSptos «/ re
'EXcuo-Ivi rrj Ova-ia /cat TOIS trp [017/300-1015] ; 17 /?ovs in the inscrip-
tions of llion, &c.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. x x
338 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev,— ETTI EPM O AA f TEPMH Apollo naked
standing, with legs crossed, towards r., resting
right hand on head and with left supporting lyre
on a column which is entwined by a fillet (or a
garland) ; behind, tree round which a serpent is
coiled.
-ZB. Size 1-1. [PI. XVII- 1.]
(Cp. Brit. Mus. Cat. Lydia, p. liii ; p. 85, No. 27).
SIDE (PAMPHYLIA).
84. O^.-AVT KAI • TTO • Al TAAAIHNOC • C€ •
Bust of Gallienus r. laur., wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass ; in front, £.
Rev. — CIAH TUN Asklepios wearing himation, stand-
ing facing ; right hand holds staff entwined by
serpent with human head.
M. Size 1-2. [PI. XVII. 3.]
The figure resembles the Asklepios familiar on coins,
except that it stands more full to the front than usual.
The staff with the human-headed serpent is quite excep-
tional. Were the coin of the period of the Antonines
and of the north of Asia Minor there would be little diffi-
culty in identifying the serpent with Glycon, the serpent
exploited by Alexander, the famous impostor of Aboniti-
chus, but it seems doubtful whether Glycon would occur
at a Pamphyliau town in the third century.50 Probably
this unusual representation is due to some Egyptian or
Gnostic influence51 prevalent in CIAH MYCTIC.52
60 Lucian, Alex. The influence of Alexander still, however,
prevailed at Abonitichus itself in the third century : F. Cumont,
Alexandre d' Abonotichos, p. 41 f. ; Babelon, Rev. Num. 1900,
p. 1 f (" Le faux prophete Alexandre ").
81 Babelon, op. cit., pp. 28 — 30.
62 Inscription on a coin of Salonina, Babelon, Invent. Wad-
dimjtvn, No. 8501 ; cp. No. 3497.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 339
Judging from the coins and inscriptions, Asklepios
was a very much less important god at Side than Athena
and Apollo.
CERAITAE (PISIDIA).
35. Obv. — Female head r. (Artemis or Tyche of city ? ), hair
tied in bunch behind ; wears tall head-dress,
apparently turreted.
Rev.— KePAeiTfl (N?) Boar advancing r. : slight
circular incuse.
M. Size -15.53 [PI. XVII. 2.]
(First century B.C. ?)
The exact provenance of this coin is unknown, but it
was acquired (like No. 36 infra) from a resident in Smyrna,
through whose hands a large number of Asiatic coins are
frequently passing. There is thus some probability that
it was found in Asia Minor. It is unpublished, but
in both its types resembles the bronze coin inscribed
K6PA6ITA (N ?), and described by Svoronos in his
Crete (p. 46, No. 6) under " Ceraia," though with hesita-
tion, as he suggests as an alternative that it may belong
to a town of Pisidia. The reverse of Svoronos's coin,
described as an owl, is a boar.
To the Ceraitae, Imhoof has already attributed bronze
coins with the head of Artemis, reverse club, and also some
with reverse bow and arrow. These are inscribed KE.54
CREMNA AND CERAITAE (PISIDIA).
86. Obv. — Female bust r. (Artemis or Tyche ?), hair in two
formal curls ; wears turreted head-dress : border
of dots.
53 Since this was in type, Imhoof has discussed two similar
coins : Kl. M. ii., p. 375.
64 Hill, Lycia, p. 210 ; p. xcix. ; cxx. ; Invent. Wadd., 3658 f.
340 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev.— K PH M N EH N Double cornucopiae.
KAI
KEPAEITflN
M. Size -65. Wt. 50-7 grs. [PI. XVII. 4.]
(Second century B.C. ?)
Specimens of this rare drachm (Hague and Wadding-
ton Collection M) were first published by Dr. Imhoof-
Blumer (Monn. gr., p. 336 ; cp. Griech. M., p. 693). Of
the Ceraitae nothing is known, but the evidence of the
coins suggests that they lived in the neighbourhood of
Cremna. (Cp. Imhoof, Kl. M. ii., p. 376.)
CBEMNA (PISIDIA).
87. Obv.— IMP C S L DOM AVR6LIANO Bust
of Aurelian r., laur., wearing paludamentum and
cuirass.
Jfetf.-DONATIOC OLCR6MN Female figure
(Aniiona ?) in long drapery, standing to front,
looking 1. ; each hand rests upon a modius, in
which are ears of corn ?
M. Size 1-8. [PI. XVII. 5.]
A similar specimen in the French collection is briefly
referred to in Mr. Hill's CataL Lycia, &c., p. ciii. Im-
hoof (Monn. gr., p. 337, No. 78a) has published another
coin of Cremna of Aurelian with reverse DON AT IO
COL * CRG "Urnedejeux, avec deux palmes, pose"e sur
une table."'56
The word donatio, the common legal term for a gift
(e.g., Imt., bk. ii., tit. 7, " De Donationilm "), seems to
65 Babelon, Invent. Waddington, No. 8691.
56 See also the description in Imhoof-Blumer's Klelnasia-
tischen Munzen, Wien, 1902, vol. ii., p. 884, No. 15 j pi. xiii.
28, published since this article was in type.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 341
have here nearly the meaning of largitio (cp. donativum,
the imperial largess to the soldiery, congiarium, the largess
to the populace). I am not aware that it is found on
other coins. The inscription apparently here records a
gift of the Emperor Aurelian to Colonia Cremna. The
coin published by Imhoof may be illustrated by the coin
of Side with the word AHP6A inscribed near a table
which supports two purses and a prize-urn with palm-
branches. Our coin (No. 37) seems to record a largess
of corn, or, at any rate, a money gift which had been
placed at the disposal of the magistrates (airwvai or
ayopavo/jioi) charged with the provisioning of the town.
Good parallels are furnished by inscriptions on coins of
Tarsus:— AftPCA CITOV ATTO 6TV TAPCI2
(Egyptian corn presented to Tarsus by the Emperor Cara-
calla) ; AHP6A AA6EANAPOV (i.e., Severus Alex-
ander).57 Compare also AETERNVM BENEFICIVM
accompanying a modius with corn on imperial coins of
Sidon and Laodicea in Syria.
LYSINIA (PISIDIA).
38. Obv.—'H • Cen reTAC • K Bust of Geta r.,
beardless ; wearing paludamentum and cuirass ;
head bare : border of dots.
Jta;.— AVCIN I 6.QN The god Men standing to
front, looking r., left foot resting on bucranium ;
he wears Phrygian cap, chiton and himation ;
crescent at shoulders. In left hand he holds Nike
carrying trophy ; right hand rests on long sceptre :
border of dots.
M. Size -8. [PI. XVII. 6.]
Cp. specimen in the French collection published by
Babelon, Rev. Num., 1893, p. 340, No. 87;
Roscher's Lexikon, " Men," p. 24724, Fig. 8.
57 Wroth, Num. Chron., 1900, p. 291 ; Bostowzew in Num.
Chron.y 1900, p. 96 f., on largesses of corn.
342 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Coins of Lysinia are scarce and are known only of
Caracalla arid of Geta.58 The representation of Men is
one often found on the coins of the Pisidian Antioch,
which was an important seat of his cultus.59
ICONIUM (LYCAONIA).
89. Obv. — Bust of Perseus, looking r. ; he wears winged
helmet, with vulture as crest : border of dots.
Rev.— eiKONIGHN Zeus seated 1. ; in right hand,
thunderbolt ; left hand on long sceptre : border
of dots : slight circular incuse.
m. Size -85. [PI. XVII. 7.]
(Cp. Waddington, Rev. Xum., 1888, p. 46, Nos. 8, 4 ;
Babelon, Invent. Waddington, No. 4760 ; Hill,
Cat. Lycaonia, p. xxiii.)
PARLAIS (LYCAONIA).
40. Obv. — Head of Artemis r. ; quiver at shoulder.
Rev. — fl APAA . . • UN Ship 1., with rowers ; beneath,
AlOMHAoY : slight circular incuse.
JE. Size -55. [PI. XVII. 8.]
M. Dieudonne has lately published (Rev. Num. 1902,
p. 88 f.) some interesting coins of Parlais which apparently
belong to the first century B.C. Previously, the only
known coins were colonial (M. Aurelius to Sept. Severus)
with Latin inscriptions.60 Our coin is a variety of Dieu-
donne^s No. 79. The magistrate Ato^//£t/9 is found on
68 See Hill, Cat. Lycia, &c., p. xcv. ; p. 228; Babelon, Rev.
Num., 1893, pp. 840, 341 ; on site, &c., Ramsay, Cities and
Bishoprics of Phrygia, p. 826, &c.
59 Hill, op. tit., p. 177, No. 5; PI. XXXI., 6, 8, 17. On the
Pisidian cultus of Men, see Drexler, " Men," in Roscher's
Lexikon, pp. 2720—2725.
80 Hill, Cat. Lycaonia, &c., p. xxvi.
GREEK COINS ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 343
other coins (type, panther). (The latest publication of
coins of Parlais is in the recently issued second volume of
Imhoof-Blumer's valuable Kleinasiatische Munzen.}
SYEDRA (CILICIA).
41. Obv.— <|>AYCTINA CGBACTH Bust of Faustina
the younger, r. ; head bare.
Rev.— CY6A P€ I1N Demeter, wearing chiton,
peplos, and veil, advancing r. ; in each hand a
long torch flaming.
M. Size -95. [PI. XVII. 9.]
TARSUS (CILICIA).
42. Obv.—WT KAIMAVPANTONeiNOC Bust of
Elagabalus r., beardless, laur. ; wears paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev.— TAPCOVTHCMHTPOTTOA6 On left,
altar, garlanded, and surmounted by plain crown
of the tfyjuioupyos ; on right, crown of the dp^icpevs
decorated with seven heads : on right and left of
this crown, F B : in ex., AMK.
M. Size 1-1. [PL XVII. 11.]
(Cp. Brit. Mus. Cat. Lycaonia, "Tarsus," p. 201,
No. 207 ; Imhoof in Journ. Hell. Stud., 1898,
p. 180, No. 55 ; PI. XIII. 22 ; Kl. M. ii., p. 494.)
The demiurgic and archieratic crowns have been dis-
cussed by Mr. Hill in Jahreshefte des Oesterr. Arch. Inst.,
ii., p. 245 f., and in Cat. Lycaonia, &c., pp. xcvii, xcviii.61
The three upper heads rather seem to be Sept. Severus
(in centre) and his sons Caracalla and Geta, while the
61 For the office of Srj/uovpyos in Asia Minor (especially
Cilicia), in Imperial times, see the references in Pauly-Wissowa,
art. " Demiurgoi," p. 2861. On the demiourgos at Tarsus,
Le Bas-Waddington, Inscr. iii., Pt. 1, No. 1480; p. 350 ; Bull.
Corr. Hell., vii., p. 286 (Waddington) ; p. 326 (Ramsay).
344 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
two heads below (on the left) appear to be female (J.
Domna ? and another princess of the Imperial family).
The two heads below on the right side appear to be male.
On this coin Elagabalus wears the ordinary military
dress of the Roman Emperor, but the. coins of Anazarbus
show him arrayed in the crown and garments of demi-
ourgos, and the crown of the demiourgos appears as a
reverse type (Cat. Lycaonia, p. 34, No. 20).
NAUKBATIS (EGYPT).
48. Obv. — Female head r. ; (Aphrodite ?), hair rolled, with
four loose locks falling behind ; wears wreath,
earring, and necklace ; beneath, NAY.
Rev. — Female (?) head r., wreathed : beneath, AAE.
M. Size -6. [PL XVII. 10.]
This coin was procured at Naukratis itself. It is from
the same die on the obverse as the coin in the British
Museum found (as well as another specimen) at Naukratis
by Petrie, and published by Head in the Num. Chron. for
1886, p. 10 ; PI. I. 9.
CYKENE.
44. Obv. — Silphium plant.
Bev.—K V A I Beardless male head 1. (Zeus Ammon),
horned ; hair curly : deep circular incuse.
M. Size -55. Wt.50'2grs. [PI. XVII. 12.]
(Cp. Miiller, L'anc. Afrique, i., p. 45).
WARWICK WROTH.
XX.
ON SOME EAEE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN
COINS.
(See Plates XVIII. and XIX.)
ON two1 former occasions I have had the honour of
communicating to this Society papers under this title ; in
the former of these, however, limiting myself to gold. In
both cases by far the greater number of the coins described
were in my own cabinet, where also, with one exception,
the twenty-three pieces to which I am about to call your
attention repose.
The term " unpublished " must not, at all events in
Roman numismatics, be regarded as in every instance
strictly accurate. In general it is merely a formula
implying that the coin to which it is applied varies from
any described in Cohen's Mtdailles Imperiales, or is en-
tirely unmentioned in that excellent and indispensable
work. In the following pages a few coins have, as, for
instance, those of Diadumenianus, been included on
account of their rarity and their remarkably fine state of
preservation.
1 Num. Chron. N.S. viii. (1868), p. 223; 3rd S. vi. (1886),
p. 265.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. * Y
346 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 1. STRUCK UNDER GALBA.
Obv.— HISPANIAEVM ET GALLIARVM CON-
CORDIA. Draped bust of Spain, to right, with
long hair gathered in a knot behind, facing that
of Gaul, to left, with long hair hanging down ;
below Spain a cornucopiae, and below Gaul a
Gaulish shield ; between the busts a small
draped Victory facing and springing upwards
from a globe ; in her right hand a wreath, in her
left a palm-branch ; above her a narrow crescent
enclosing a six-pointed star.
Rev.— VICTORIA P. R. Winged Victory in a biga to
right, holding in her right hand a wreath with
a fillet, and in her left the reins ; the whole
within a plain circle.
M. 49grs. [PI. XVIII. 1.]
This remarkably elegant coin was found in 1898 at
Braughing, Herts, a locality where numerous ancient
British and Roman coins have been disinterred. It is in
my own cabinet and, so far as I know, it is unpublished
and unique.
Like the next coin to be mentioned, it belongs to the time
of the Emperor Galba and to a series of denarii struck in
Spain, on which the names of Gallia and Hispania
frequently occur, in one instance (Cohen No. 73) con-
jointly. On that coin, however, the two countries are
represented by full-length figures and not by busts.
The coins of Galba with the reverse legend VICTORIA
P. R. have usually the type of Victory standing and not
that of Victory in a biga. The name of Hispania generally
occurs in the singular and not in the plural, and the same
may be eaid with regard to Gallia. In the plural it refers
to the Provinces Citerior and Ulterior or Cisalpina and
Transalpina, or, in this instance, more probably to the
TRES GALLIAE. Mr. Philip Smith in Smith's Dictionary
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 347
of Geography r, s.v., says that the form Hispaniae is of very
frequent occurrence, but I believe that the singular form
Hispania is much more frequent. As is well known, it was
at the instigation of Julius Vindex, the governor of Gaul,
and with the approbation of the troops both in Spain and
Gaul, that Galba undertook the perilous task of revolting
against Nero. Though at first successful, his avarice
alienated the army from him, and his reign lasted but
seven months. During that period, however, such was the
activity of his mints, that Cohen records nearly 450
varieties of his coins.
No. 2. GALBA.
Olv. — HISPANIA. Female laureate and draped bust to
right, with long hair partly tied in a knot behind
and partly running down her neck ; behind, two
lances with pennons ; below, a round buckler ;
and in front, two ears of bearded corn.
Rev. — GALBA IMPEE. The emperor on horseback
galloping to left, raising his right hand ; his
mantle flying behind him. A beaded circle
surrounds both obverse and reverse.
M. 53f grs. [PI. XVIII. 2.]
This well-preserved coin is in my own collection and
differs from Cohen No. 76 in reading IMPER, instead of
IMP. It also shows the types more clearly than the coin
described by Cohen. I have ventured to regard the face
bearing the head of Spain as the obverse, thus consigning
the Emperor to the reverse. The attributes of Hispania,
partly military and partly agricultural, differ from those
exhibited on the closely allied denarius last described. The
execution of the coin is remarkably good, the characteristic
features of Galba being faithfully reproduced on an
348 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
extremely minute scale in the head of the horseman on
the reverse.
No. 3. DOMITIAN.
Obv.— IMP. CAES. DOMITIAN. AVG. GERM. COS.
XI. Laureate head of the emperor to right ; in
front of the neck the aegis apparently suspended
by a chain. The whole within a beaded circle.
Rev. — S. C. Peace standing draped to left, in her left
hand a cornucopiae, and in her right a torch
with which she is setting fire to a heap of arms
consisting of a helmet, two long German
bucklers, two long trumpets, and two lances.
The whole upon an exergual line, and within a
beaded circle.
&. 1. [PI. XVIII. 3.]
I purchased this sestertius in Rome in the year 1880,
and, though not in Cohen, it can hardly be said to be un-
published. It dates from A.D. 85, and, like many others
of the same period, seems to refer to the conclusion of the
somewhat fabulous German war. A similar coin is
described by Hobler in his Records of Roman History.2
It is not, however, figured. Another or possibly the
same coin is described by Admiral Smyth3 in the Addenda
to his Large Brass Medals. " Absque epigraphe. Peace
burning a pile of arms."
Singularly enough, a figure of the reverse of this coin,
very roughly executed, is given in Mr. Leopold Montague's
Guide to Roman First Brass Coins.*
Among the sestertii of Vespasian is one of much the same
type as this, but with the legend PAX AVG. S. C.5
1 Vol. i., p. 212, No. 424.
8 P. 310, No. 13.
* Bury St. Edmunds, 1896, p. 29.
6 Cohen, No. 802, vol. i., p. 390. Smyth, p. 57, No. Ixxv.
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 349
Peace standing to right holding a torch with which she
is setting fire to a pile of arms before an altar ; holding
also an olive-branch ; behind, a column surmounted by a
statue, against which rest a spear and a buckler.
No. 4. ANTONINUS PITTS.
Olv.— ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS P.P. TE. P. COS.
IIII. Laureate head of the emperor to left.
Rev. — LIB. IIII. in exergue. — Antonine seated on a
curule chair to left, on an estrade on which is
Liberality standing to left holding a tessera and a
cornucopiae ; at foot, a male draped figure.
#• HOgrs. [PI. XVIII. 4.]
This beautiful coin, found near Minieh, Egypt, is in
my own collection. It differs from Cohen No. 495 merely
in the fact that the bust of Antonine is to the left
instead of to the right, but on account of its condition I
have thought it worth while to reproduce it in the Plate.
It dates from A.D. 145.
No. 5. FAUSTINA THE ELDER.
0^.— DIVA FAVSTINA. Draped bust of the empress
to right.
Rev.— AVGrVSTA. Fortune, draped and veiled, stand-
ing to left; in her extended right hand a
patera ; in her left a rudder resting on a globe.
A beaded circle surrounds both obverse and
reverse.
N. H2grs. [PL XVIII. 5.]
This coin also was found near Minieh, Egypt, about
the year 1897, and is in my own cabinet. Gold pieces
with the same legends are abundant, but this, instead of
presenting, as usual, Ceres, Diana, Pietas or Vesta, gives
350 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
us Fortune, with some of her accustomed attributes. Its
condition is such that it might have been just issued
from the mint.
No. 6. MARCUS AURELIUS.
Obv.— AVRELIVS CAES. ANTON. AVG. PH F. Bare
head of Aurelius to right.
Rev.— TE. POT. X COS. II. Minerva robed and
helmeted to right, a buckler on her left arm,
and in her right hand a spear.
N. 115*grs. [PI. XVIII. 6.]
This coin, now in my cabinet, was likewise found at
Minieh, Egypt, in 1897. It differs from Cohen No. 684,
both in the obverse legend and in having the head to the
right instead of to the left. No. 685, with the head in the
same direction, differs in the legend. The type of the
reverse requires no comment. The date of the coin is
A.I). 156.
No. 7. SEPTIMIUS SEVEBUS.
Obv.— SE VERV8 PIVS AVG. Laureate bust of Severus
to left.
Rev.— LIBERALITAS AVG. VI. Liberality draped
standing to left ; in her right hand a tessera, in
her left a cornucopiae.
N. 113* grains. [PL XVIII. 7.]
I obtained this coin at Cairo in 1899, and though it
differs from Cohen No. 297 in the direction of the head of
the emperor only, I have, on account of its beauty and
condition, thought it worthy of a place in the Plate.
The date of the sixth Liberality of Severus is A.D. 208.
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 351
No. 8. — JTJLIA DOMNA AND CARACALLA.
Obv.— IYLIA AVGVSTA. Draped bust of Julia to
right.
Rev.— ANTONINVS AVG. PONT. TE. P. IIII. Lau-
reate and draped bust of young Caracalla to
right.
N. 114 J grs. [PI. XVIII. 8.]
Cohen does not describe any gold coins of Julia and
Caracalla, and those which he mentions in silver have
legends round the head of Caracalla different from that
on this gold coin, though his No. 1 is of the same year,
A.D. 201. The coin here figured is another of those found
near Minieh, Egypt, and is in my own collection. It is
in the finest possible condition.
No. 9. CARACALLA.
Obv.— ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. GEEM. Laureate
bust of Caracalla in cuirass to left.
Rev.— P.M.TE.P.XVIIII COS. IIII P.P. The Sun
partially draped, standing facing but looking to
left, his right hand lifted up, and in his left a
globe.
N. lOOJgrs. [PI. XVIII. 9.]
This coin, in my own collection, was found in the
neighbourhood of Alexandria. Several gold coins of the
same date are described by Cohen, but in all cases with
the bust of the emperor to the right and with different types
on the reverse. A silver coin, however, No. 358, presents
the Sun with similar attributes.
No. 10. — MACRINTJS.
Olv.— IMP. C. M. OPEL. SEV. MACEINVS. AVG.
Laureate and draped bust of Macrinus to right.
352 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev.— PONTIF. MAX. TE.P. COS. P.P. Jupiter fa-
cing but looking to left, mantle over his shoulder,
holding in his right hand a thunderbolt, and
in his left a sceptre.
N. HOgrs. [PI. XVIII. 10.]
This coin, in my own collection, formed part of the great
hoard recently found near Karnak, in Egypt. It dates
from the year A.D. 217, and though of fine work is not in
such high relief as some of the gold coins of the same
emperor, struck in the second year of his tribunitian
power. His reign only lasted fourteen months, but the
activity of his mints was great. Cohen describes silver
and brass coins of the same type,6 but was not acquainted
with it in gold.
Nos. 11 and 12. DIADUMENIANUS.
Obv.— M. OPEL. ANT. DIADVMENIAN. CAES.
Draped bust of the youthful Diadumenian to
right.
Rev.— SPES PVBLICA. Spes standing to left, in her
right hand a bud, with her left holding up her
robe.
N. HHgrs. [PI. XIX. 1.]
Obv. — As last. Draped bust of Diadumenian to right.
Jfct>.— PKINC. IWENTVTIS. Diadumenian in mili-
tary costume to left, but looking to right ; in his
right hand a military standard, in his left a
wand ; behind him two standards.
N. 108 grs. [PL XIX. 2.]
Both these coins are described by Cohen (Nos. 22 and
2), the former from Mionnet, but on account of their
* Nos. 63 to 55.
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 353
wonderful state of preservation and of their rarity, I Lave
thought it well to include them in the Plate, bringing
them together for facility of comparison.
Both came to me from the great hoard of Roman gold
coins found near Karnak, Egypt, in 1901, in which I be-
lieve that nearly twenty coins of this Caesar were present.
Though their rarity is thus diminished, they still com-
mand extremely high prices. Both the types are figured
in the Revue Beige de Numismatique for 1902.7
Of the two, No. 11 is the rarer, and in all probability
the older. Macrinus, on his accession to the purple in
A.D. 217, nominated his son Diadumenian, then of the age
of nine years, as Caesar. He appears to have been a
youth of great promise, so that the legend SPES PVB-
LICA on his first coins would be singularly appropriate.
The title of PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS was probably
conferred upon him soon after his nomination as Caesar,
and by far the larger number of his coins bear this title
on the reverse. He perished with his father in battle
after a short reign of fourteen months.
A remarkable point in connection with these two coins
is that No. 11 presents a distinctly younger portrait than
that on No. 12, in which the features, and especially the
nose, have become more pronounced and developed. How
the engravers of the dies were able to keep pace with
the changes in the appearance of a growing boy is a
mystery that has yet to be solved.
No. 13. El/AGABALUS.
Obv.— IMP. CAES. M. AYR. ANTONINVS P.F.
AVQ-. Laureate and cuirassed bust of Elaga-
7 PI. VIII., Nos. 12, 13.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. Z Z
354 NUMISMATIC CHRONICI.K.
balus to left ; over the shoulders an embroidered
consular scarf or lorum.
Rev.— SANCT. DEO SOLI ; in exergue ELAGABAL.
Chariot with four horses marching to right ; in
it the sacred stone with an eagle upon . it in
relief ; around it four small parasols.
N. 106* grs. [PI. XVIII. 11.]
This interesting coin is in my own collection, and
varies from Cohen No. 265, especially on the obverse,
which presents the head of Elagabalus to the left in-
stead of to the right, and gives the legend in a rather
more extended form.
The type seems to represent the bringing of the
sacred black stone, the Elagabal or Syrian sun- god, to
Rome. I have elsewhere8 spoken of the probability of
Elagabalus having combined the worship of the sacred
stone, the sun, and of Mithra. The original home of
the worship of Elagabal, "the god of the mountainous
part of Syria " (?) was at Emisa,9 many of the coins of
which city, from the time of Antoninus Pius downwards,
have the reverse type of the sacred stone, on which a
large eagle is seated. Whether this was the Roman
eagle, or that which would be appropriate on an " image
that fell down from Jupiter," is uncertain. On this coin,
however, the placing of the figure of the eagle upon the
sacred stone may be intended to show that this foreign
divinity took an especial interest in Rome, of which the
king of birds was the recognised ensign or symbol.
There has existed some doubt as to the signification of
the four stemmed objects placed in the chariot around
• Num. Chron., 3rd Series, xviii. (1898), p. 181.
• B. M. Cat. Galatia, &c., 1899, p. 237.
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 355
the stone. Eckhel 10 regarded them as poles, on each of
which was placed a smaller sacred stone. The poles,
however, in such a case, would hardly be able to support
the weight of such heavy bodies. Judging merely from
the coin under consideration, one might be tempted to
regard the objects on the top of the font poles as hats or
pilei, such as the Pontifices and Flamines wore on solemn
occasions. They would thus typify the attendance of the
priests.
Cohen describes them as parasols or umbrellas, em-
blems of dignity in the East, such as that on the well-
known copper coins of Herod Agrippa I of Judaea. In this
view he is supported by the fact that on several coins of
Emisa,11 on which the conical stone is represented within
a temple, it is accompanied on either side by an object of
this kind, which far more nearly resembles a ceremonial
parasol. I have therefore retained Cohen's description.
For further details with regard to Elagabalus and the
sacred stone I would refer to Daremberg and Saglio's
Dictionnaire des Antiquites, s.v.
No. 14. BALBINUS.
Obv.— IMP. C. D. CAEL. BALBINVS AVG. Laureate
and draped bust of the Emperor to right.
^.—VICTORIA AVGG. Winged Victory, standing
left, holding a wreath in her extended right
hand, and a palm-branch in her left, which is
depressed.
N. 81 grs. [PI. XIX. 3.]
10 Doct. Num., vii., p. 251.
11 B. M. Cat., PI. XXVII. 12, 13, 14.
356 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
This coin was found, together with a large number of
gold coins mostly of Haximianus Herculeus, in the neigh-
bourhood of Alexandria, Egypt, in the spring of 1902.
I acquired it in Cairo shortly after its discovery.
Both Cohen and Francesco Gnecchi state that coins in
gold of Balbinus are unknown. Several of the earlier
writers on Roman numismatics, however, mention gold
coins of this Emperor. In Mezzabarbu's edition of Occo
(1730) no less than five varieties of his gold coins are des-
cribed with the reverses FIDES MVTVA AVGG., PRO VI-
DENTIA DEORVM, and VICTORIA AVGG. Vaillant
(1743) gives one only with VOTIS DECENNALIBVS,
and Eckhel (1828 ?) cites the coin described by Beger in
his Thesaurus Brandenburgiensis,12 with the reverse AMOR
MVTVVS AVGG., as of doubtful authenticity.
It seems strange that none of these coins should have
stood the test of time, but critical knowledge in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries seems to have been
at a low ebb among collectors, and the anxiety to fill a
gap in a series tended to remove the safeguards against
the forger's art.
The coin now under consideration is fortunately above
all suspicion, and its reverse corresponds with that of the
gold coin of Pupienus, cited by Cohen (No. 37), from
Caylus, so that the only two types in gold extant of/
the two colleagues Balbinus and Pupienus are, in fact,
identical.
Their joint reign in A.D. 238 lasted but three months
only. The name of the Emperor in full was Decimus
Caelius Balbinus. He was already an old man when he
and Pupienus were elected joint-emperors by the Senate.
13 Vol. ii., p. 723.
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 357
Something is known of his previous history. He is
reported to have been of noble birth, as he was descended
from Cornelius Balbus of Cadiz, the friend of Pompey,
Cicero and Caesar. He was rich and had been twice
Consul. He had governed in succession the most important
of the peaceful provinces of the Empire, such as Asia,
Africa, Bithynia, Galatia, etc. Moreover, he was cele-
brated as one of the best orators and poets of the age,
who had gained the esteem and love of all ranks. He
was to remain at Rome to direct the civil administration,
while Pupienus proceeded with the army to encounter
Maximinus.13 After his death at Aquileia, by the hands
of his own soldiers, the garrison at Rome, which had never
been favourable to the two Emperors, violently took their
lives, and Gordian III, who had been appointed Caesar,
succeeded them as Emperor.
No. 15. GALLIENUS.
Obv.— IMP. GALLIENVS AVG. Laureate bust of
Gallienus to left.
Jfcfl.— VICTORIA AVG. Victory to right, holding
palm-branch and wreath, standing on a globe
between two captives seated back to back.
N. 50£grs. [PI. XIX. 4.]
I acquired this coin at a sale in Paris in 1896. It
probably came from Egypt. A billon coin with a similar
reverse is described by Cohen, No. 1108, but this in gold
appears to be unpublished. The adaptation of two con-
ventional bearded captives as supporters to a globe on
13 Julii Capitolini, Maximus et Balbinm; Herodian, Hist.
vii., 10 ; Eckhel, Doct. Num., vii., 305 ; Smith's Diet, of G. and
R. Biog. s.v. Balbinus.
358 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which Victory is poised, so that it is well clear of the
exergual line on which the feet of the captives rest, has
a tendency to pass from the sublime to the ridiculous.
The variety of weight in the gold coins of Gallienus
renders it difficult to determine the exact proportion of
the one to the others.
No. 16. DlOCLETIANUS.
Obv.— DIOCLETIANVS AVGK Laureate head of the
Emperor to right.
Rev.— VIETVS AVGGK NN. Diocletian seated on
throne to right, in his right hand a globe, his
left holding a vertical sceptre ; behind, Victory
standing right, with her right hand placing a
wreath over the head of the Emperor, over her
left shoulder a palm-branch ; in front a crouch-
ing captive.
N. 83 grs. [PL XIX. 5.J
This interesting coin, which I procured at Constanti-
nople, presents an entirely new type in conjunction with
the legend VIRTVS AVGG, to which in this instance
Nostroruin is appended. The device speaks for itself
and requires no comment. /
No. 17. MAXIMIANUS HERCULEUS.
Obv.— MAXIMIANVS P. AVG. Laureate head of
Emperor to right.
Rev.— HERCVLI VICTORI. In exergue P.T. . Her-
cules standing to left, naked, but with the
lion's skin over his shoulders ; in his right
hand a Victory with wreath and palm-branch,
his left supported on his club.
N. 84£ grs. [PI. XIX. 6.]
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 359
This coin formed part of the hoard found near Alexan-
dria in 1902, and is in my own cabinet. The reverse
legend is common enough, but the figure of Hercules,
with a Victory in his right hand, is novel. The exergual
letters seem to designate Tarraco in Spain, as the mint in
which it was struck.
No. 18. MAXIMIANUS HEKCTTLETJS.
Obv.— IMP. MAXIMIANVS AVG. Laureate bust of
Maximian to left, with the attributes of Her-
cules, holding in his right hand a club which
rests on his shoulder, and on the other shoulder
having the head belonging to the lion's skin.
Rev. — SALVS AVGG. Salus standing right holding a
serpent, which she feeds from a patera.
N. 69 grs. [PI. XIX. 7.]
I obtained this coin, also, from the Alexandrian hoard
of 1902. The reverse is well known, and presents no
special features of interest. The portrait of Maximianus
on the obverse is well designed and executed. A nearly
similar bust appears on some few of the copper coins of
this emperor, but this is the only gold coin presenting
this obverse with which I am acquainted.
No. 19. CARATJSIUS.
Oh.— IMP. CAEAVSIVS P.F. AVG. Laureate and
draped bust of the Emperor to right.
Rev.— PAX AVG, in exergue VOT. V. Peace standing
left, an olive-branch in her extended right
hand, a nearly vertical hasta pura in her left ;
a part of her robe thrown over her left arm.
N. 64 grs. [PL XIX. 8.]
360 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
This coin is in the possession of "Wilfred Cripps, Esq.,
C.B., who has kindly allowed me to figure it. It was
found during some excavations at Cirencester, and as the
original has been hammered into a somewhat cup-shaped
form, the autotype representation of it has been taken
from a flattened electrotype.
The coin itself was exhibited to the Numismatic Society
on May 16, 1901, and its unique character was then
pointed out, as well as its intimate connection with
another unique coin in my own collection, on which
MVLT. X. occurs in the exergue instead of VOT. V.
My coin is figured in Num. Chron., 3rd Series,
vol. vi, PI. XII. 6, and described at p. 273. In my
description I remark that the words MVLT. X. seem to
supplement VOTIS V., which on my coin must be
understood though not expressed. The discovery of Mr.
Cripps's coin fully bears out my remark. The Treaty of
Peace between Carausius and the two Emperors, Diocle-
tian and Maximian, was concluded in A.D. 290, and it has
been suggested that that year is the probable date of the
issue of these coins. The style of the bust oil the ob-
verse seems to show that, like many of the copper coins
of Carausius, these gold pieces were struck in the mint of
London.
No. 20. CARAUSIUS.
Obv.— IMP. CAEAVSIVS P.F. AVG. Laureate and
draped bust of the Emperor to right.
Rev.— PAX CARAVSI AVG. Peace standing left, on an
exergual line, in her extended right hand an
olive-branch, her robe hanging over her left
arm, the hand of which holds a nearly vertical
hasta, the point downwards.
N. 67 grs. [PI. XIX. 9.]
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 361
This coin was found at Silchester in 1896, but not in
that part of the Roman town in which recent excavations
have been carried on. It is now in my own collection.
The reverse of Pax is that most common on the coins of
Carausius, but the introduction of his name in the middle
of the reverse legend of this and of the coin next described
is almost singular. The same kind of formula may be
observed on the reverse of some coins of Ghillienus and
Posfcumus. As an obverse legend VIRTVS CARAVSI
AVG. is well known.
No. 21. CARATTSIUS.
Obv.— IMP. CAEAYS1VS P.F.A. Laureate bust to left, in
a cuirass, over which is thrown the lorum or
consular robe ; in the right hand a sceptre
surmounted by an eagle. The whole within a
beaded circle.
Rev.— CLAEIT. CARAVSI AV. Draped bust of the Sun
to right, with long hair, four rays proceeding
from the back of the head, the whole within
beaded circle.
M. 59f grs. [PI. XIX. 10.]
This unique and interesting coin was formerly in the
collection of the Marquis of Exeter, sold by Messrs.
Christie, in March, 1899, and is now in my own cabinet.
It is rather imperfectly figured in Spink's Numismatic
Circular, for May, 1899, p. 3332, the coin at that time
not having been properly cleaned.
The legend CLARITAS AVG. first occurs on a gold
coin of Postumus with the jugate heads of the Sun and
Moon on the reverse and those of the Emperor and
Hercules on the obverse (Coh. No. 12). Eckhel14 suggests
14 Vol. vii., 441.
o .
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
362 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that the meaning of the type is that the deeds of Pos-
tumus were as bright and conspicuous as the sun and
moon in the heavens. CLARITAS AVG. or AVGG. also
appears on silver and copper coins of Diocletian, Maximian,
Constantius Chlorus and Galerius, but with the type of
the Sun standing; and CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE,
either in full or in an abbreviated form, frequently occurs
with the same type on coins of Constantino the Great
and his family.
The workmanship of this coin of Carausius is spirited
and bold, but there are no indications of the mint at
which it was struck. In my own collection,15 however,
is a silver coin with the same type of obverse, but with
two hands joined on the reverse, and the legend CON-
CO RDIA MILITVM and R S R in the exergue. The
coin now under consideration may therefore have issued
from the same mint, whether Rutupium or elsewhere is
still undetermined. There are, moreover, several other
coins with the same obverse type and different reverses,
all of them with R S R in the exergue.
No. 22. CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS.
Obv.— CONSTANTIVS NOB. C. Laureate head to
right.
Rev.— HERCVLI DEBELLAT. Hercules to left kill-
ing with his club the hydra, which is coiled
round his right leg.
N. 80 grs. [PI. XIX. 11.]
This coin, which was probably found in Egypt, was
purchased by me in Paris at the same time as No. 15.
15 Num. Chron., N.S., i. (1861), p. 161.
ON SOME RARE OR UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 363
The reverse type is common on gold coins of Diocletian
and Maximian, but was unknown to Cohen on those of
Constantius Chlorus.
No. 23. LIOINIUS JUNIOR.
Obv.—D. N. YAL. LICIN. LICINIYS NOB. C.
Youthful laureate bust to right, draped and
in cuirass.
Rev.— IOVIO CONSERVATORI CAESS. In exergue
ANT. Jupiter naked, to front but looking left,
in his right hand Victory on a globe, his left
resting on a vertical sceptre ; at his feet to left
an eagle with a wreath in his beak, in the field
to right a star and crescent.
N. Sligrs. [PI. XIX. 12.]
I purchased this coin at the De Quelen sale in 1888.
A coin of nearly the same type in small brass is described
by Cohen as No. 29, but it reads IOVI. The legend
IOVIO CONSERVATOR! CAESS. is, however, given in
the list 16 of legends as occurring on a gold coin of Licinius
the Younger. Whether IOVIO is an error of the en-
graver of the die, or stands for Jovi Olympico, as on
some silver coins of Augustus with IOVI OLY or
OLYM., it is hard to say. Possibly IOVIVS was a late
form of Jupiter. Judging from the face of Licinius the
date of the coin is about A.D. 320. It was struck in the
mint of Antioch.
JOHN EVANS.
14 Cohen, vol. viii., p. 396.
XXI.
SOME COINS OF EADGAR AND HENRY VI.1
AMONGST recent acquisitions made by the British Museum
are three coins belonging to the Anglo-Saxon and English
series, which appear to be of sufficient importance to merit
some record. In none of these instances is the type a new
one ; but each piece furnishes either an additional type or
a denomination new to the coinage of the reign to which
it belongs. The coins are of Eadgar and Henry VI.
The first piece to be mentioned is a penny of Eadgar,
King of Wessex, of which the following illustration and
description are given : —
Obv. — tfcEADDAR REX. In the centre a small cross
pattee.
Rev. — A mitre-shaped object dividing the moneyer's name
O^PALD; below it, a T-shaped cross and a
rosette (double-struck).
JR. -85. Wt. 15-5grs.
1 This paper was read before tbe Society on the 20th April,
1899.
SOME COINS OF EADGAR AND HENRY VI. 865
This reverse type, though new to this reign, is however
not unknown in the Anglo-Saxon series. It occurs in the
previous reign of Eadwig. These are, however, the only
instances of the mitre of this particular form. The
connection between the two coins is further strengthened
by the fact that they both bear the same moneyer's name
and are of precisely the same fabric. It may there-
fore be concluded that the moneyer Oswald, who struck
coins under Eadwig and Eadgar, was one and the same
individual.
The object represented on the reverse at first sight is a
little difficult to define ; but comparing it with illustrations
of ecclesiastical ornaments of the period, it is apparent
that it is intended to represent a mitre, though the form is
somewhat elaborate. It is, however, not altogether unlike
a pall or pallium, and as such it has often been described.
The T-shaped cross and the rosette, symbolical of the
Virgin, are appropriate adjuncts to the main type.
The type is clearly of an ecclesiastical nature, and as
such the coin must have emanated from one of the two
principal ecclesiastical centres of the time, Canterbury or
York. There seems little difficulty in selecting between
these mints. One strong argument in favour of Canterbury
would be, that the name of Oswald as a moneyer is not
found on coins struck by the Northumbrian kings ; but it
occurs on the Wessex coins not infrequently before and
after the reign of Eadgar.2 In the absence, therefore, of
any mint records, we must be guided by similarity of
fabric and style. If we take these as our guide, the clue
2 It is not impossible that when Eadgar visited the North in
A.D. 978 he took with him his moneyer Oswald, with the express
purpose of issuing coins during his stay in the Northumbrian
capital.
366 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
must be sought in the earlier example, viz., in that struck
by Eadwig.
Since the reign of Eadward the Elder, the Kings of
Wessex, as occasion occurred, struck coins at York. The
Anglo-Saxon chronicle relates that in 924 "Eadweard went
northward and built burghs at Northampton and Beak-
well, in Peakland, and in the same year he was chosen
for father and for lord by the king of the Scots and by
the Scots, and by King Regnald and by all the North-
umbrians." As the striking of coins was an inherent
right of sovereignty even at this time, it is not impos-
sible that when Eadward received the over-lordship
from the Northumbrians he struck coins in their capital.
If we were to point out any which may have been issued
there, we would certainly select some of those which bear
representations of buildings, the hand of Providence,
scroll ornaments, &c., as they are so totally unlike the
usual types of the Wessex coins of that period. Aethel-
stan, Eadward's successor, struck coins bearing a repre-
sentation of York Minster, and Eadward styles himself
" Rex Eboraci " or " Rex Eboracum." On the conquest
of Northumbria by Eadred in 954 and the expulsion
of Eric Blothox, a regular English mint was established
at York and coins were issued by each succeeding
monarch. Thus in the reign of Eadwig there are coins
bearing the mint-name of York. If we compare these
coins with that having the mitre on the reverse, it will be
seen that they are of precisely similar style. The obverses
correspond in legend and type, and on the reverse in both
instances we have a clearly cut and denned rose, which would
make it appear that the dies of both series were engraved
by the same hand. Having thus fixed the mint-place of
the coin of Eadwig, the piece of Eadgar of similar type
SOME COINS OF EADGAR AND HENRY VL. 367
and by the same moneyer must be placed side by side
with it and for that reason it should be ascribed to York.
The next piece to be mentioned is also a coin of Eadgar,
but it is of the very unusual denomination, a halfpenny.
It is the only specimen of this reign known. An illus-
tration with description of this piece follows.
Obv. — »J«EADI}AR EEX. In the centre, a small cross
pattee.
Eev. — HILDVLF. Above, a straight line, the ends
pommes; from it springs a rose on a stem,
between two branches ; at the sides of the
stem are the letters H C> ; below, a rose.
M. -7. Wt. 8-4 grs. Pierced.
The occurrence of a coin of this denomination at this
particular period would naturally be received with some
suspicion. As to the genuineness of this coin, however,
there cannot be any question. Before the reign of Eadgar,
the only kings of Wessex of whom halfpennies are known,
are Aelfred, Eadweard the Elder, and Eadred, the latter
being represented by only one specimen and a half, i.e. a
cut penny. No coins of this denomination were struck by
any of Eadgar's successors. Besides Wessex, Northumbria
alone, of all the coin-issuing kingdoms of the Heptarchy,
struck halfpennies, and these were issued by nearly all
the Norse Kings. Halfdan, the first Northumbrian king
of that race, struck them, and they continued to be
issued till nearly the end of the rule of these North-
368 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
urabrian kings. As Eadgar had established a mint at
York, it is therefore to that place that we would ascribe
this piece. Moreover, it is very probable that some of
the coins of Aelfred of this denomination were of Danish
origin, and also that those of Eadweard the Elder and
Eadred were struck at York, as we have shown above
that these last two kings exercised the right of coinage
at that mint. Besides the denomination, the type too is
new to this reign, but not new to the Anglo-Saxon series.
Pennies of very similar type are found amongst the coins
of Eadweard the Elder. They are figured in Hawkins,
PI. XIV., No. 180; Ruding, PL XVI., Nos. 8 and 9; and
Brit. Mm. Cat. ii., PL VIII., No. 6. Others are known
of Aethelstan, see Ruding, PL XVII. No. 12, and Brit. Mus.
Cat. ii., PL X. No. 8 ; Eadmund, Brit. Mus. Cat. ii.,
PL XI. No. 9 ; and Anlaf, Brit. Mus. Cat. i., PL XXIX.,
No. 5. This last piece, however, appears to be a copy of
Aethelstan's coin, as on the obverse the legend reads
ANLAF EGX TOD, a clear corruption of the TOT. B.
(Totius Britanniae), which occurs on the latter's coins. A
remarkable resemblance, too, between the coin of Eadgar
and those issued by Eadweard the Elder, is that the same
letters occur on each on the reverse at the sides of the
rose-stem. It would be rash to say that all the coins of
this type were struck at York, but if the surmise that the
above halfpenny is of that mint is right, as in the case of
Anlaf, the moneyer took as his prototype a similar piece
of a preceding reign. The moneyer's name, Hildulf,
does not occur on Northumbrian money, but it is found on
coins of Eadred of Wessex and Aethelred II, and he may
have been employed by Eadgar in the same capacity, and
as is conjectured with Oswald, accompanied him in his
journey to the north.
SOME COINS OF EADGAR AND HENRY VI. 369
As to the meaning of the letters H > on the reverse,
no very satisfactory solution has been suggested. If the
rose-tree has a religious signification, which is not improb-
able, may not these letters H > be the initials of Yios Geoy.
The forms of H = u, and > = th, are not infrequent on
Northumbrian coins. It has also been suggested that
they may stand for UJ and A ; but this is doubtful, as the
letters would be in the wrong position, and it is difficult
to make UJ from H and A from >. The significance of
these letters is in consequence still open to suggestions.
The third coin to be mentioned is of later date, and
belongs to quite another class. It is a noble of the first
issue of Henry VI. It may be described as follows : —
* D
DOS o I\YB'. The king standing facing in ship,
holding sword and shield, two ropes from stern
and one from prow ; the ornaments from left to
right on the ship are lion, two Us, lion, and lis.
o ILLORV o IB7TT. Within double tressure of
eight arches, a floriated cross with large lis at
end of each limb ; in each angle lion passant
guardant surmounted by a crown ; in the centre,
an open compartment enclosing the letter Ii, and
S having at each angle an ornament of three pellets ;
a trefoil in each spandril of the arches of the
tressure ; m.m. cross, pierced.
JR. 1-3. Wt. 106-7 grs.
The interest of this coin is in the circumstance that it
belongs to the first or annulet coinage of Henry VI, of
which hitherto no specimen has been known.3 It will be
3 Since this paper was written another specimen of the noble
of the annulet coinage has been acquired by the British Museum ;
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. 3 B
370 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
remembered that the gold coins of this reign are divided
into four issues or series, distinguished by certain marks
which are usually found between the words of the legends.
Their order and the various denominations hitherto known
of each series are : 1, annulet (half and quarter noble) ;
2, trefoil and annulet (noble, half and quarter noble) ; *
3, rosette or rosctte-mascle (noble, half, and quarter noble) ;
and 4, pine-cone or pine-cone and mascle (noble). It will
be seen that of the second and third series the denomina-
tions are complete ; but of the first series hitherto only
the half and quarter noble were known ; and of the fourth
series only the noble. The recent discovery of the above
piece now completes the series of the first issue. Kenyon,
Gold Coins of England, says of the annulet coinage, "no
nobles are known," and of the half-nobles, " these seem
to belong to the rosette and trefoil coinages only." In
the Montagu collection, however, there was a specimen of
the half-noble, which is described as probably unique,
and which in the mint-mark and in the stops between
the words of the legends precisely corresponds to the
above noble. In other respects, too, the coins are alike,
with the exception of the reverse legend, which is always
different. Of the quarter-noble only three specimens appear
to be known ; one is in the British Museum, another was
it varies only in having the lis for mint-mark. It was found in
France with a large number of English and French gold coins
of the time. Still more recently Sir John Evans has acquired
a half-noble of this coinage with the pierced cross mint-mark,
and another with the lis mint-mark. Of this last piece there
is also a specimen in the National collection.
4 Kenyon (Gold Coins of England, p. 49) places the trefoil
annulet issue the last in the series ; but the points of resem-
blance between this and the annulet coinage are so numerous it
must stand second in the list.
SOME COINS OF EADGAR AND HENRY Tl. 371
in the Montagu collection, and a third is in that of Sir
John Evans. It is very clear, therefore, from their scarce-
ness, that very few gold coins were struck of the annulet
coinage.
Of the attribution of the coins of this issue to Henry
VI, it is not necessary to enter into any minute
explanation. The subject has been fully discussed by
Mr. Neck in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1871, and also in
Hawkins' Silver Coins of England, 2nd and 3rd ed. Taking
the coinage of Calais as our guide there can be little doubt
but that this issue began during the reign of Henry V
and was continued into that of Henry VI. The pierced
cross as a mint-mark occurs in both reigns ; but Hawkins
has shown that the silver coins of this issue struck at
York could only be given to Henry VI. It would
therefore be difficult to state definitely whether these
annulet gold coins belong to the last coinage of Henry
V or to the first of Henry VI.5 It need only be added
that the above coin gives us another link in the chain of the
coinage of that time, which will be still further completed
when we discover the half-noble and quarter-noble of the
fourth issue. No doubt in time these also will turn up, in
the same manner as the noble and half-noble of the first
issue have recently come to light.
H. A. GRUEBER.
8 In his recent article on " The Silver Coinage of the Eeign
of Henry VI " (see ante, pp. 224-268), Mr. F. A. Walters, at
p. 230, attributes the silver coins with the pierced cross mint-
mark of the form as on our noble to the last issue of Henry V.
It is very possible that he would transfer the gold pieces with
this mint-mark to that reign also.
XXII.
NOTES ON " A NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF THE
REIGN OF HENRY I " BY W. J. ANDREW.1
THE relation of numismatics to other branches of his-
torical study has always been a peculiar one. Trained
historians have rarely found time or energy to master
its details ; and trained numismatists have been prone
to content themselves with a slender historical equip-
ment. Indeed, the treatise of Ruding remains almost
the only instance of an attempt to combine both means
of inquiry.
The appearance of Mr. Andrew's monograph must
therefore be of interest to numismatists and historians
alike. Only trained numismatists can deal with the
numismatic theories and facts propounded in it ; but
students of history may be permitted to discuss the
historical methods employed. In a treatise extending
to some five hundred pages Mr. Andrew has attempted
to arrange in chronological order every type of coin
attributed to Henry I. He has examined all the
extant coins, and notices in all a thousand specimens,
some of which, he warns us, have probably been described
twice over. These coins fall into fifteen types, which are
arranged by him in an order in which the profile types
and the full-face types occur alternately. He ingeni-
ously gets over the difficulty that there is one profile type
1 See Num. Chron., Ser. iv., vol. i.
NOTES ON " A NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF HENRY I." 373
too many for this arrangement by placing the extra pro-
file type after the inquest of money ers in 1125. And
with further ingenuity he seeks support for his system
from arguments drawn from the history of the family of
Fitz-Otho, the hereditary cutters of the King's dies.
The conclusion aimed at in this discussion is that the
issue of a profile type involved the calling in of all issues
prior to and including the last profile type. Certain
numismatic evidence is adduced in support of this con-
clusion. Of historical evidence of its truth or falsity
there is no trace.
The second main proposition of the book is, however,
based upon evidence of an historic kind. Mr. Andrew
has come to the conclusion that in the reign of Henry I
provincial mints were mainly in private hands, and could
only coin money when the lord to whom they belonged
was in England. We must admit that it seems to us
wholly impossible to find evidence either for or against
such a theory, neither can we regard Mr. Andrew's
attempt to support it as demanding serious refutation.
The number of existing coins of the provincial mints is
small ; the movements of the great barons are imper-
fectly known, and their chronology often unascertainable.
And yet it is with a cobweb of argument on such points
that Mr. Andrew has filled the greater part of the mono-
graph before us. Deficient evidence has frequently produced
bad history ; and Mr. Andrew's paper is no exception to
this law.
His treatment of the history of the mint of Exeter is
only one among many instances. Here the various men-
tions of Exeter in Domesday, the Pipe Roll of 1130 and
the Chronicles are carefully set out ; the history of the
mint is given from the combined study of the chronicles
374 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and the coins; and finally the coins themselves are enume-
rated. In this case there are 14 belonging to 5 types,
7 being of Hawkins* type 255. It would appear rash
upon so small a basis to assume that these 5 types were
all the types issued. Yet Mr. Andrew proceeds to explain
not only that this was the case, but why it was the case.
Unfortunately at the base of his explanation lies a funda-
mental error. He assumes that the city of Exeter be-
longed to the Earls of Devon, whereas it is well known
that it belonged to Queen Maud, and that the Earl of
Devon had no interest whatever in it. That his whole
account of the descent of the Redvers family is incorrect
is a small matter beside this fatal error.
It is scarcely necessary to follow Mr. Andrew's history
of the mint of Exeter further, but a few more instances
of his method may be given. A Cotton MS., which we
have been unable to identify, but which Mr. Andrew cites
as Cotton MS. Julii, B. 10, states that Henry I granted
to Richard de Itedvers the honour of Plympton with
other places and the tertius denarius of the county. Mr.
Andrew's comment is characteristic : " probably an error
for the tertius denarius of the city of Exeter only." Now
as Richard de Redvers had the third penny of the county,
as Earl of Devon, and had not the third penny of the city
of Exeter, we may be pardoned if we agree with the
statement in " Cotton, Julii, B. 10," rather than with Mr.
Andrew's correction.
Another instance of the kind of reasoning employed
may be quoted. " In 1112," says Mr. Andrew, " occurred
the foundation of the Norman cathedral" of Exeter, "by
William de Warlewast. Unfortunately the charter is
not extant, but the usual custom would be followed and
the presence of the Lord of Exeter was necessary to join
NOTES ON "A NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF HENRY I." 375
in the grant of its lands and endowments. So Baldwin,
now probably of age, would visit his lordship of Exeter
on that occasion to receive his own confirmation charter,
and to then grant the charter of foundation to the new
church, which again would require a confirmation charter
from the King. It is, therefore, no mere coincidence
which gives us type 267 (1112-1114) of this mint."
The actual fact is, that in 1130 William de Warlewast,
Bishop of Exeter, began to build a new cathedral there.
For this no charter of endowment was necessary, and no
confirmation charter from the King. It is therefore not
surprising that neither of them are extant ; neither can
the presence of the Earl be considered in the least
necessary at such a time ; and the whole edifice of Mr.
Andrew's argument crumbles into fragments.
It is not only in the case of Exeter that Mr. Andrew
constructs his facts to fit his theory. In the case of
Lewes, being unable to account for the non-appearance of
certain types or "to explain this numismatic catastrophe
by the misfortune of the Earl," he takes refuge in the
allegation that the burgesses of Lewes betrayed Henry I
in 1101, a charge for which he adduces no evidence
worth a moment's consideration.
Another serious defect in Mr. Andrew's equipment is
his ignorance of mediaeval Latin. He quotes Roger of
Wendover in Giles's translation, and prefers to cite the
Dialogus de Scaccario in Dr. Henderson's inaccurate
version. On page 157 he extends hoibz into honoribus,
and translates it " fees or rewards," and then embarks
upon a discussion of Exchequer practice, which we are
wholly unable to understand. In another place he trans-
lates "placitum thesauri" as a Treasury plea, though
Glanvill would have told him what it meant. He con-
376 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
fuses " portus " with " porta," and thus elaborates the
strange theory, which he turns to such wonderful account
in his story of the Nottingham mint. And yet the Win-
chester Domesday, which he quotes, might have saved
him from making the assertion that " the gate, according
to the institutes of Ethelred II, was the place of
coinage " ; for in Winchester the mint was in the market-
place.
It would be easy to select' further instances of the same
kind. One more must not be omitted. In his account
of Rochester Mr. Andrew cites from Ruding the state-
ment made by Mr. North, on the authority of the Textua
Roffensis, that Geldwine and Robert were moneyers at
Rochester in the time of Henry I. " This," Mr. Andrew
comments, " is the usual error . . . caused by land being
described in later confirmation charters under the original
description," and goes on to point out that Geldwine
coined under Edward the Confessor. Now the charters
in the Textus Roffensis are as follows: A charter by
Geldwin, with the witnesses given ; and a charter by a
Geldwine Grec, to which Geldwin and Robert are both
witnesses. Both these charters are witnessed by Helwes,
the Archdeacon, who is known to have been Archdeacon
of Canterbury in 1134. Had Mr. Andrew looked at the
Textus Roffensis instead of speculating as to the truth of
Ruding's statement, he might have saved himself the
trouble of writing a whole page of print.
The need, in fact, remains that a numismatist with a
knowledge of history should do over again in the light
of modern evidence the work that Ruding attempted.
Ruding is not exempt from blunders, and his omissions
are many. But his mistakes are usually patent, and
his omissions can be supplied. And one virtue of capital
NOTES ON " A NUMISMATIC HISTORY OF HENRY I." 377
importance he possesses. He very rarely attempts to
obtain from his authorities information which they are
not capable of affording. Only those who follow his
example can become familiar with the "pleasures of
ignorance," of which Cardinal Newman speaks in his
Grammar of Assent.
C. G. CRUMP.
C. JOHNSON.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. " C
XXIII.
SOME UNPUBLISHED SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY
TOKENS.
AMONG the large collection of coins given in 1901 to
Queens' College, Cambridge, by Mr. Barnes Williams, is
a great number of seventeenth-century tokens, numbering
about 3,500 specimens. The collection in Queens' College
is derived from all parts of England, but is richest in the
Kent series.
Among these tokens are many which are not described
in "Williamson's edition of Boyne's Trade Tokens ; they
are entered in an interleaved copy of Boyne's own work,
given to the College museum by Mr. Barnes Williams.
The descriptions have been verified in each case.
W. G. SEAKLE.
BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
20. The Queens' College specimen has 1669.
CORNWALL.
Grampound.
14 bis. Obv.— AT YB SPREAD EAGLE • = A two-headed
eagle.
Rev.— IN • GRAMPONT • 1657. = M • A • G • J
Newport.
60. Perhaps struck by John Norman of Newport Pagnell,
Bucks, Williamson, i. 51, No. 102.
SOME UNPUBLISHED SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY TOKENS. 379
ESSEX.
Romford.
263 bis. Obv.— ELIZABETH • MARCVM. = A lamb couchant.
Rev.— IN RVMFORD • BAKER. = E • M • *
HEEEFOBDSHIRE.
Hereford.
24 bis. Obv.— ROGER • MORGAN • 1671. = A fleur de lis.
Rev.— IN HEREFORD HIS HALF PENY.
R • M • in five lines, octagonal. %
HERTFORDSHIRE.
Much Had ham.
141 bis. Obv.— MARGERY • COCKETT. = 1666.
Rev.— IN • MVCH • HADHAM. = MC conjoined. J
Ware.
203 bis. Obv.— THOMAS • FITT • IN. = HIS HALF-PENY.
OSTLER • 1667. = T • M • F • *
LONDON.
Aldermanbury.
12 bis. Obv.— JOHN • BERKET • AT • THE. = A shield
with a cross saltire in each quarter.
Eev.— IN • ALDERMANBVRY • 1669. = HIS •
HALF • PENY • }
Barbican.
116 bis. Obv.— THOMAS • KITCHINMAN • AT • YB. = A
tree within a garter.
Rev.— US ' BARBICAN • 1666. = HIS • HALF •
PENY. *
Basinghall Street.
138 bis. Obv.— AT • THE • WHITE • HORSE. = A horse.
Rev.— IN ' BASINGHAL • STREET. = G • A • S • *
380 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Brick Lane.
418 bis. Obv.— IOHN • HARVY 1669. = A doubtful device.
Rev.— IN • BRICK • LANE. = HIS HALF PENY J
Cannon or Candlewick Street.
464 bis. Obv.— RICHARD : KENNON : AT. = A peacock.
Rev.— IN : CANNON : STREETE. = R • M • K. i
Cateaton Street.
483 bis. Obv.— ROBERT • GARRETT. = A sugarloaf and a
roll of tobacco.
Rev.— IN • CATEATON • STREET. = GRO CER
in two lines. Large ]
Chandos Street.
585 bis. Obv.— EGBERT • THORPE. = A gate (?)
Rev.— IN • SHANDAY • STREET. = A horse-shoe i
Coleman Street.
711 bis. Oii;.— THOMAS • HVLL • IN. = A wheat sheaf.
Rev.— COLEMANS • STREET. = T • M • H • i
Cornhill.
782 bis. Obv.— STEPHEN • WILKINSON • AT. = Three
tuns.
Bev.—YK 8 -TVNS • IN • CORNHILL. =16 S • W.
57 in three lines. i
Covent Garden.
748 bis. 0fo.— CHARLES • MORGAN • GROCER. = An
angel C • M •
Rev.— • STREET • COVENT = HIS
HALFE PENY. £
Cowcrosi.
758 bis. Obv.— ROBERT • LYFORD • AT • YB COPER8.
= Cooper's arms.
Rev.— ARMES • AT • COW • CROSS • 1667. = HIS
HALF PENY in three lines ; below R • E • L • £
SOME UNPUBLISHED SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY TOKENS. 381
Currier's Alley.
817 bis. Obv.— IN • CVEIEKS • ALLEY. = A dolphin.
Eev.— IN • SHV • LANE • 1658 (?) = T • M • B • i
Fetter Lane.
1011 bis. Obv.— GEORGE • HARPER = A bear.
Rev.— IN • FETTER • LANE. = G • M • H • ±
Field Lane.
1027 bis. Obv.— AT • THE • GAY • OF • WARWICK. = Guy
Earl of W. holding a boar's head upon a
spear.
Eev.— IN • FILD • LANE • 1693. = . . . E • C • *
Holborn. (So placed by B. W.)
1466 bis. Obv.— GEORG • SLATER • AT • YE BLEW. = A
shoe sole.
Rev.— IN • M . . LE ROW HIS HALF PENY.
= G -I- S • i
Iron Gate.
1536 bis. Obv.— THE • FOVNTIN • TAVERN. = A fountain.
Eev.— AT • IRON • GATE • 1651. = I • M • C • i
Old Swan (B. W.)
2172 bis. Obv.— MATHEW • CARR • AT • YB • ROSE. = HIS
HALFE PENY in three lines ; below
M-M-C •
Eev.— TAVERN • AT • YB • OVLD • SWAN • 69.
= A rose. £
Paul's Chain.
2193 bis. Obv— FRANCIS • LASHE (?) • AT. = A rose.
Rev.— ST PAVLES • CHAINE. == F • E • L • i
Ratcliff Cross.
2331 bis. Obv.— WALTER • ONIONES . . . . = A bell.
Eev.— RATCLIFFE- CROSSE -1667. = HIS HALFE
PENNY in three lines. i
382 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Saint John's Lane.
2552 bis. Obv.— EDW • BAGLEY AT • YE THATCHT. = A
house.
Rev.— HOVSE • IN • ST JOHN STREET. = HIS
HALF PENY 1668 in four lines. *
Saint Martin's in the Fields.
2636 bis. Obv.— IOHN • HIGGS • IN • NEW STREET • IN.
= A broche of 7 candles between I • M • H •
Rev.—ST MARTINS • IN • YB • FEILDS • 1668.
= HIS • HALFE PENY. *
Saint Paul's Churchyard.
2723 bis. Obv.— FEATHERS • TA VERNE. = A plume of
feathers.
Rev.— WESTEND • 8 • PAVLS. = I • S • B • below
i
St. Swithin's Lane (so given by Williamson).
2732 bis. Oto.— JOSEPH • CLEEVE • BAKER. = A gate.
Rev.— IN : ST • SYTHS • LANE. = I • E • C • J
Seacole Lane.
2756 bis. Obv.— GILES • HONE • AT • THE • PVMP. = Coat
of arms ; three chevronels.
Rev.— IN • SEACOLE LANE • 68. = HIS HALF
PENY in three lines ; below G • D • H • *
Shoe Lane.
2793 bis. Obv.— PASTRY • COOKE • 1657. = A crown.
Rev.— IN • SHOO • LANE. = I • H • K • ±
MIDDLESEX.
Brentford.
18 bis. Obv.— LVKE • IVORY • OF • OLD. = A man making
candles.
Rev.— BRENTFORD • CHANDE. = L • E • I • 1
SOME UNPUBLISHED SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY TOKENS. 383
Islington.
125 bis. Obv.— WILL • SAVIDG • AT • YE PECOCK. = A
peacock.
Rev.— IN • ISLINGTON • 1670.=HIS HALF PENY
in three lines ; below W • F • S v %
OXFOEDSHIEE.
Oxford.
181 bis. Obv.— WILLIAM WALKER. = A stag courant.
Rev.— IN OXON • 1668. = W • M • W • i
Watlington.
219 bis. Oii;.— NICHOLAS • LANGFORD. = A man in front
of a bull.
Rev.— IN • WATLINGTON • 1670. = HIS HALF
PENY in three lines ; below N • G • L • £
SOUTHWAEK.
Bfeckman Street.
194 bis. Obv.— AT • 3 • PIDGONS. = Three pigeons.
Bev.— IN • BLACKMAN • STREET. = C • A • W • i
STAFFORDSH JEE .
Leek.
26 bis. Obv. —WEN .... D • 1666. = Two roses I • W •
Rev.— IN ' LEE . . (three roses). = HIS HALF
PENY (a fragment). }
SUFFOLK.
Stratford.
320 bis. Obv.— RICHARD HVNT = B • A • H •
Rev.— IN STRATFORD 1651 = B • A • H • i
Boyne No. 250, omitted in Williamson.
325 bis. Obv,— WILLIAM • VGL . . OF. = A man making
candles.
Rev.— STRATFO = W • V •
SUEEEY.
Beddington.
13. The type on Obv. is an axe.
384 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Croydon.
88 bis. Obv.— DORATHE • EATEN (two roses). = A tan-
kard.
Rev.— AT • CROYDEN • 1666. = D • E and roses. J
Ewell.
71. The name and the date on Obv. is Ferdinando
Downeing (in script) 1668.
Godalming.
98. The type on Obv. is the dove and olive branch.
WARWICKSHIRE.
Coleshill.
61 bis. Obv.— RICHARD • IOHNSON -OF. = Apothecaries'
arms.
Rev,— COLESHVL • APOTHECARY. = R • I and J £
Coventry.
80 bis. Oii;.— GEORGE • MONCK. = Two men carrying a
barrel,
Rev.— IN • COVENTRY -166
(detrited). i
WILTSHIRE.
Chippenham.
48 bis. Obv.— SAMVEL • GAGE • OF. = Three doves.
Rev.— CHIPPENHAM • 1668. = 8 • E • G • i
44 bis. 0\n.-^ JOHN • HACKMAN (quite plainly, not
"Heorman," as Williamson No. 45). = A
currycomb (?)
Rev.— IN • CHIPENHAM • 1671. = I • M • H • ±
(See Williamson.)
YORKSHIRE.
Haworth.
118 bis. Obv.— RICHARD NEAST = 1664.
Rev.— IN HAYWORTH = R • N •
Boyne No. 108, omitted in Williamson.
MISCELLANEA.
BRISTOL TOKENS OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CEN-
TURIES.— As it is three years since my previous paper was
printed (see Num. Chron., 3rd Ser., vol. xix., pp. 350-361), it
may now be interesting to record the additional pieces that
have come under my notice during that period, with some
further observations : —
CIRCULAR FARTHINGS (dated).
13a. — Similar to No. 13, but with raised letters I. R. in the
centre of the arms on the reverse (the letter
" R " reversed). These letters, which are
raised, were evidently contemporary with tb«>
casting. (From a Bristol excavation in 1900.)
17«. — Similar to No. 17, but the inscription reads BRISTOL.
(From a Bristol excavation in 1899.)
lib. — Similar to No. 17, but with a single fleur-de-lis over
C. B. ; a lozenge between the letters.
Note. — The specimens Nos. 11 and lib appear to indicate
that the engraver of the dies was of French extraction. 1 have
carefully examined hundreds of these town pieces, but these
are the only two specimens I know of bearing this addition.
The latter piece is in the cabinet of Mr. W. Symonds.
18a. — Similar to No. 18; mint-mark, on obverse, a rose ;
on the reverse, a large rose pierced. (From a
Bristol excavation in 1899.)
Note. — In writing of this period my friend, Mr. Latimer,
says : l — " After having suspended the issue of small tokens for
1 Annals of Bristol in the Seventeenth Century, p. 358.
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES. 3 1)
386 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
several years, the Corporation about this time pat in circulation
a number of Bristol farthings, struck from two dies showing
slight variations, but both bearing the date 1670. No refer-
ence to these coins is to be found in the civic accounts, and it
is clear that they were circulated without tho sanction of the
Government, for at a Council meeting on October 3rd, the
chamberlain announced the receipt of information that a <ju<>
warranto was suspected to be preparing against the Corporation
for unlawfully stamping and issuing the farthings. As the
matter does not turn up again, the Corporation apparently
succeeded in obtaining forgiveness from the Ministry."
PRIVATE TOKENS.
22. WILLIAM COOKE. — It is probable that this issuer was the
same William Cooke, grocer, of High Street, who,
in the troublous times (August, 1641), together
with Dennis Hollister, afterwards M.P., was
brought before the magistrates and committed
for trial, charged with keeping a conventicle and
occasioning a riot for several hours before his
own door. He was evidently a prominent
citizen, as the houses in High Street were then
of the most important character, all being
handsome overhanging timber structures with
high gabled roofs.
UNPUBLISHED.
I have just discovered yet another eighteenth-century private
trader's token, which also came from the Bristol Harbour
dredgings, whence so many historic specimens have been
rescued. It is as follows : —
Obv. — AT . THE . BOARS . HEAD . IN =r A Boar's Head.
Uei\ WINE . STREET . BRISTOL = M . B . W.
MISCELLANEA. 387
I have not been able to trace any tavern bearing that name
in Wine Street (it was at the "Horse-shoe," in this same
street, that Samuel Pepys put up on his memorable visit in
1668), but as in the Commonwealth period so many shop-
keepers conducted their business by a " sign," the issuer was
most probably not an inn-keeper. But careful research may
enable me to clear up this point, which is of no little interest.
As Mr. Williamson, in his edition of Boyne's Trade Tokens
(1889) only described one private token, the only one then
known, it will doubtless be useful to record here the present
complete list : —
IOHN . BRADWAY
WILLIAM . COOKE
IOHN . IENKINS
THOMAS . BICRAFT
M . B . w (The Boar's Head)
Bristol was a great and prosperous city at that period, and it
is therefore most likely that many other traders issued similar
pieces to facilitate business.
JOHN E. PRITCHA.RD.
INDEX.
A.
Abbasi Khalifa, coins of, 269
Abd-el-Mumin, Muwahhid, gold
coins of, 78
Abdulla, the Khalifa, coins of, see
Khalifa, the, &c.
Abu Abd- Allah Mohammad, Mu-
wahhid, gold coins of, 80
Abu Yaakub Yusuf I, Muwahhid,
gold coins of, 79
Abu Yueuf Yaakub I, Muwahhid,
gold coins of, 80
Abydos, Troas, tetradrachm of,
330
Achaean cities, early federation of,
didrachm of, 324
Addedomaros, coins of, 11 ; types
of, 13, 14 ; find-spots of, 15—18 ;
weights of, 16 ; standard of fine-
ness of, 1 8
Aegium, Achaia, copper coin of
Antoninus Pius, with figure of
boy Zeus, 323
Aelfred the Great, cross and pall
on coins of, 202 ; moneyers of,
206
Aelfwald I, of Northumbria, styca
of, 310
Aenua, Thrace, diobol of, 317
Aethelred I, of Northumbria, styca
of, 311
Ahmad Shah, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, 303
Akbar, Mughal Emperor, coins of,
285
Akbar II, Mughal Emperor, coins
of, 307
'Alamgir II, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, 303
Aldrovandi. Ulisse di Teseo, medal
of, by "T. R.,"59
Alexandria, coins of the Constan-
tine period, 92
'Ali Gohar, Mughal Emperor, coins
of, 305
Alphonso V, of Portugal, coins of,
found in England, 45
Amasia, Pontus, era of, 7, 8
ANDREW, W. J., his ffumismatie
History of the Reign of Henry /,
notes on, 372
Andromeda, wife of Sextus,
" The New Makar " of Lesbos,
coin of, struck at Mytilene, 334
Andros. drachm of, 328
Annulet coinage of Henry VI,
227
Antonia Tryphaena of Pontus,
coins of , 4, 6 ; regnal years on her
coins, 5 ; daughter of Polemon I
and Pythodoris, 6 ; her succes-
sion to throne of Pontus, ib. ; era
of, 7
Antoninus Pius, coin of, struck
at Aegium with figure of boy
Zeus, 323 ; aureus of, with Liber-
alitas, 349
Aphytie, Macedonian Chalcidice,
copper coin of, 314
Apolloma ad Rhyndacum, Mysia,
copper coin of, 328
Apollonia Pontica, Thrace, copper
coin of, 318
Apollonos-Hieron. Lydia, copper
coins of, 335, 336
Aramaic legends on satrapal coins
of Maznios, 82
Archieratic crown on coin of Elaga-
balus struck at Ephesus, 343
Armenia, Tigranes I, his coinage,
193
Athene on eatrapal coins of Cilicia,
83, 84, 86
INDEX.
389
Athens, tetradrachm of, with figure
of Harmodius, 323
Augustus, genethliac sign of, 3
Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor, coins
of, 294
Aurelianus, copper coin of, struck
at Cremna, 340
Aurelius, see Marcus Aurelius, &c.
B.
Babar, Mughal Emperor, coins of,
283
BABELON, E., Traite des Monnaies
grecques et romaines, pt. i, vol. i,
noticed, 189
Bagdad, Khalifs of, their coins,
267
Bahadur Shah (Shah 'Alam I),
Mughal Emperor, coins of, 297
Bahadur Shah II, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, 308
Balacros, satrap of Cilicia, coins of,
83
Balance, the, genethliac sign of
Tiberius (?), 3, 4
Balbinus, unique aureus of, with
Victory, 355
Beachy Head, Roman imperial
coins found near, 1 84
Bedwin, coins of, under Edward the
Confessor and William I, 20, 22,
24, 25
BLANCHET, A., and GEUEBEE,
H. A. :—
Treasure- Trove, its ancient and
modern laws, 148
Booth, Bishop of Durham, his
coinage, 262
Boxmoor, coin of Hadrian found
at, 88
Brantyngham, Thomas de, receiver
of the Calais mint, 225
Breton, John, medal awarded to,
311
Breton medal, a naval reward, 311
Bristol mint under Henry VI, 228
et seqq.
Bristol tokens of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, 385
British Museum and Celtic orna-
ments found in Ireland, 164
British Museum, Greek coins ac-
quired by, in 1901, 313
Buckinghamshire, unpublished
seventeenth-century token of,
378"
Burning of bonds by Hadrian on
coins and reliefs, 88
C.
Caistor, Norfolk, find of Roman
silver coins near, 186
Calais mint under Henry VI, 225
et seqq. ; bullion coined at, 246 ;
last coin struck at, 257
C.ipricorn, genethliac sign of
Augustus, 3
Caracalla and Julia Domna, aureus
of, 3ol
Caracalla, aureus of, with Sol, 351
Carausius, aurei of, with Pax,
359, 360 ; denarius of, with head
of Sol, 361
Carlisle, sterling of Henry Earl of
Northumberland struck at, 26
CAELYON-BRITTON, P., F.S.A. : —
Bedwin and Marlborough and
the moneyer Cilda, 20
A rare sterling of Henry Earl of
Northumberland, 26
On the coins of William I and II
and the sequence of the types,
208
Celtic ornaments found in Ireland
and the law of treasure-trove,
164
Ceraitae, Pisidia, copper coin of,
339
Ceraitae and Cremna, Pisidia,
coppt-r coin of, 339
Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur-
gundy, coins of, found in Eng-
land, 44
Cilbiani Nicaei, Lydia, copper coin
of, 336 ; copper coin of Geta,
337
Cilda, inoneyer of Bedwin and
Marlborough, 21-25
Cilicia, satrapal coins of, attributed
to Mazaios, 81 ; early history of,
under Alexander the Great, 85
Cistophori of Pergamum and
Ephesus, 330
CODEINGTON, 0., M.D., F.S.A. :—
Some rare Oriental Coins, 267
Commodus, copper coin of, struck
at Germe, 337
Constans, Caesar, coins of, struck
at Alexandria, 141 et seqq.
390
INDEX.
Constantino the Great, coins of,
struck at Alexandria, 100 et
seqq.
Constantine II, Caesar, coins of,
struck at Alexandria, 134 et
seqq.
" Constantinopolis," coins with,
struck at Alexandria, 142 et
seqq.
Constantius I, Chlorus, coins of,
struck at Alexandria, 98 et seqq. ;
aureus of, with Hercules and
hydra, 362
Constantius II, Caesar, coins of,
struck at Alexandria, 139 et
»eqq.
Cornwall, unpublished seventeenth
century tokens of, 378
Cox's Museum, ticket of admission
to, 76
( 'KKKKK, MAJOR A. B. : —
Unpublished stycas of Aelf wald
I and Aethelred I, 310
Cremna, Pisidia, copper coin of
Aurelian, 340
Cremna and Ceraitae, Pisidia, cop-
per coin of, 339
Crispus, Caesar, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, \3± et terjq.
Cross and pall on coins of Aelfred
the Great, 202
Cross and pellet coinage of Henry
VI, 261
Cross pierced, mint-mark on annulet
coinage of Henry V and VI,
230, 370
Crowns, demiurgic and archieratic,
on coin of Tarsus, 343
CHUMP, C. G., and JOHNSON, C. :
Notes on A Numismatic History
of the Reign of Henry 7, by W.
j. Andrew. 372
Cyme, Aeolis, silver coin of, 333
Cyzicus, Mysia, hemi-drachm of,
329
D.
Dames, M. Longworth, tee Long-
worth Dames, M.
Delmatius, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, \43etteqq.
Demiurgic crown on coin of Elaga-
balus, struck at Tarsus, 343
Denmark, law of treasure- trove in,
156
Diadumenianus, aurei of, with Spes
and " Priuc. Juventutis," 352
Diana of Mantua, see Ghisi, Diana
Diocletian, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, 96 et seqq. ; aureus
of, with Emperor seated, 358
Domitian, sestertius of, with Pax
burning arm*, 348
" Donatio," legend on coin of
Cremna, Pisidia, 340
Durham mint under Henry VI,
233 et seqq.
E.
Eadgar, coins of, struck at York,
364 et seqq.
Easton, Norfolk, Roman imperial
coins found at, 185
Edward the Confessor, coins of,
struck at Bed win, 20-22 ; law of
treasure-trove under, 160
Edward I, treasure -trove enforced
by statute of, 161
Edward III, last silver coinage
of, 176
Edward IV, find of silver coins
of, 34, 35, 45
Eighteenth - century lead tickets,
74
Elagabal, sacred stone on aureus of
Elagabalus, 343
Elagabalus, copper coin of, struck
at Tari-us, 343 ; aureus of, with
sacred stone, Elagabal, 353
Elis, silver coin of, 327
England, law of treasure- trove in,
157 et seqq.
Ephesus, Ionia, cistophorus of,
330
Era*, of Pontus, 1 ; of Sebasteia, 9,
10 ; of Sebastopolis, 7, 8, 9, 184 ;
of Tripolis Hnd Sidon, 198
Eretria, Euboea, tetradrachm of,
321 ; copper coin of, 322
Essex, unpublished seventeenth-
century token of, 379
Euboea (Eretria), tetradrachm of,
321
EVANS, SIH JOHN, K.C.B. : —
Note on a gold coin of Added -
omaros, 1 1
The Burning of the Bonds under
Hadrian, 88
The Cross and Pall on coins of
Aelfred the Great, 202
INDEX.
391
On some rare or unpublished
Roman coins, 345
Exeter mint under Henry I, his-
tory of, criticised, 373
F.
Farrukh-Siyar, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, 299
.Fausta, coins of, struck at Alex-
andria, 137
Faustina, Junr., copper coin of,
struck at Syedra, 343
Faustina, Senr., aureus of, with
Fortuna, 349
Federation of Achaean cities,
didrachm of, 324
Finds of coins : —
Beachy Head, Roman, 184
Caistor, Norfolk. Roman, 186
Easton, Norfolk, Roman, 185
Silver coins of Edward IV-
Henry VIII, 34
France, early customs of treasure-
trove in, 151-155; recent laws
relating to, 154, 155, 174
French coins current in the Sudan
64
G.
Galba, denarii of, struck in Spain,
346, 347
G-aleria Valeria, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, 186 et seqq.
Galerius, coins of, struck at Alex-
andria, 103 et seqq.
Galley halfpence, their nature and
description, 247
Gallienns, copper coin of, struck
at Germe, 338 ; aureus of, with
Victory, 357
Germany, law of treasure -trove in,
156
Germe, Lydia, copper coin of Com-
modus, 337
Geta, copper coins of, struck by
the Cilbiani Nicaei, 337 ; struck
at Lysinia, 341
Ghisi, Diana, medal of, by "T.R.,"
60
Glasgow Assembly, tickets of ad-
mission to, 74
Goldbeter, Bartholomew, provisions
with, for coining money under
Henry V and VI, 228, 231, 232,
235
Greece, law of treasure -trove in.
156
Greek coins acquired by the British
Museum in 1901, 313
Greek Coins and their Parent Citiet
by John Ward and G. F. Hill,
noticed, 191
GKUEBER, H. A., F.S.A. ;—
Catalogue of Greek Coins in the
Hunterian Collection, By G.
Macdonald, notice of, 188
Traite des Monnaies grecques et
romaines. Part i, vol. i. By
E. Babelon. notice of, 189
The Breton Medal, 3 1 1
Some Coins of Eadgar and
Henry VI, 364
GKUEBER, H. A., F.S.A., and
BLANCHET, A. : —
Treasure-Trove, its Ancient and
Modern Laws, 118
H.
Hadrian burning bonds, illustrated
by coins and reliefs, 88
Hadrianeia, Mysia, copper coins of,
329
Haliartus, Boeotia, hemi-obol of,
321
Harmodius, figure of, on tetra-
drachm of Athens, 323
HAVEKFIELD, F., F.S.A. : —
Two Hoards of Roman Coins,
' _184
Find of Roman silver coins near
Caistor, Norfolk, 186
HEAD, B. V., D.C.L. :—
Greek Coins and their Parent
Cities. By John Ward and G.
F. Hill, notice of, 191
Helena, coins of, struck at Alex-
andria, 137 et seqq.
Henry I, law of treasure-trove
under, 161
Henry /, Numismatic History of
the Reign of, by W. J. Andrew,
notes on, 372
Henry VI, find of silver coins of, 34,
36, 45 ; silver coinage of, 224 ;
noble of, of first issue, 369
Henry VII, find of silver coins of,
34, 36, 46
Henry VIII, find of silver coins of,
35, 39, 47 ; sequence of mint-
392
INDEX.
marks on his silver coins, 48-62 ;
use of Roman and Lombardic
letters in legends on coins, 50
Henry, Earl of Northumberland,
rare sterling of, 26
Henry, son of Matilda, afterwards
Henry II, and coin struck at
Carlisle, 29
Herefordshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century token of, 379
Hertfordshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century tokens of, 379
HILL, G. F., MA.:—
Timothens Refatus of Mantua
and the Medallist "T. R.," 55
Hill, G. F., and John Ward, Greek
Coins and their Parent Citiet,
noticed, 191
HOWOETH, SIR HENBY, K.C.I.E.: —
Note on Some Coins generally
attributed to Mnzaios, Satrap
of Cilicia and Syria, 8 1
Humiiyun, Mughal Emperor, coins
of, 284
Hungary, law of treasure-trove in,
156
Hunterian Collection of Grtek Coins,
Catalogue of, vol. ii. By G.
Macdonald, noticed, 188
I.
Iconium, Lycaonia, copper coin of,
342
Ireland, Celtic ornaments found in,
and the law of treasure -trove,
164 ; law of treasure-trove in,
173
Italy, law of treasure- trove in, 156,
175
J.
Jahandar, Mughal emperor, coins
of, 298
Jahangir, Mughal emperor, coins
of, 289
JOHNSON, C., andCsuMp, C. G. : —
Notes on A Numismatic History
of the Reign of Henry I. By
W. J. Andrew, 372
JOHNSTON, J. M C. : —
Gold coins of the Muwahhids, 77
Julia Domna and Caracalla, aureus
of, 351
K.
Kambaksh, Mughal emperor, coins
of, 296
Kamran, Mughal emperor, coins
of, 285
Khalifa Abdulla, the, coins of, tee
Khalifa, the, &c.
Khalifa, the, coins of, struck at
Omdurman, 62 ; first issue of,
64 ; debased, 65, 67 ; types of,
69
L.
Larissa, Thessaly, silver coin of,
318
Larissa, the nymph, representation
of, on coins, 318
Larissa Phriconis, Aeolis, silver
coin of, 332
LAWBENCE, L. A. : —
A find pf silver coins of Edward
IV— Henry VIII, 34
Libra, genethliac sign of Tibe-
rius (?), 4
Licinius I, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, 108 et seqq.
Licinius II, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, 125 et seqq. ; aureus
of, with Jupiter, 363
Limavady, Ireland, Celtic orna-
ments found at, 164
Lombardic letters in legends of
silver coins of Henry VIII, 50
Lomellini, Card. Benedetto, medal
of, by " T. R.," 58
London, mint of, under Henry VI,
225 et seqq. ; amount of bullion
coined at, 246, 249 ; unpublished
seventeenth-century tokens of,
329
LONGWORTH DAMES, M., M.R.
A.S. : —
Some coins of the Mughal Em-
perors, 375
Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of, law
of treasure-trove in, 156
Lysinia, Pisidia, copper coin of
Geta, 341
M.
MACDONALD, GEORGE, M.A. : —
His Catalogue of Greek Coins in
the Hiinterian Collection, vol.
ii., noticed, 188
The coinage of Tigranes I, 193
INDEX.
393
Macrinus, aureus of, with Jupiter,
351
Mahdi, the, coins of, struck at
Omdurman, 62 ; issues of, 64 ;
standard of, 68 ; types of, 64,
68, 69
Marcus Aurelius, aureus of, with
Minerva, 350
Maria Theresa dollars current in
the Sudan, 64
Marlborough, coins of, and the
moneyer Cilda, 20-24
MAURICE, JULES : —
Classification chronologique des
Emissions monetaires de
1' Atelier d'Alexandrie pendant
la Periode constantinienne, 92
Maximianus Herculeus, coins of,
struck at Alexandria, 97 et seqq. ;
aurei of, with Hercules and
. Salus, 359
Maximinus Daza, coins of, struck
at Alexandria, 98 et seqq.
Mazaios, satrap of Cilicia and
Syria, coins attributed to, 81
Megalopolis and Sebasieia, identi-
fication of, 9
Middlesex, unpublished seven-
teenth-century tokens of, 382
Mint-marks on silver coins of
Henry VIII, sequence of, 48-
52
Mints and their types of "William I
and II, 221
Mints of the Mughal emperors,
277
Mohammed Ahmad, the Mahdi,
see Mahdi, the, &c.
Monetagium, tax of, and change
of coin-type, 209-211
Moneyers of Aelfred the Great
and the cross and pall types,
206
Monnnies grecques et romaines, part
i., vol. i., by E. Babelon, no-
ticed, 189
Mughal emperors and their coins,
275 ; their mints, 277
Muhammad Ibrahim, Mughal em-
peror, coins of, 301
Muhammad Shah, Mughal em-
peror, coins of, 301
Muwahhids, gold coins of the, 77
Mytilene, Lesbos, silver coin of,
333 ; copper coin with portraits
of Sextus, the "New Makar,"
and Andromeda, his wife, 334
VOL. II. FOURTH SERIES.
N.
Naukratis, Egypt, copper coin of,
344
Neandria, Troas, silver coin of,
331
Neufeld, C., on the coinage of the
Sudan, 66
Nevill, Bishop, his badge on pence
of Durham, 260
Normandy, custom of treasure-
trove in, 150
Northumberland, Henry, Earl of,
see Henry, Earl of Northumber-
land
Nuremberg counters and galley
halfpence, 248
Niitzel, Dr. H., on the coinage of
the Sudan, 67, 68, 69, 73
0.
Ohrwalder, Father, on the coinage
of the Sudan, 65, 67
Omdurman, coins struck at, by the
Mahdi and the Khalifa, 62
Oxfordshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century tokens of, 383
P.
Pall and cross on coins of Aelfred
the Great, 202
Pantheon Gardens, Spa Fields,
ticket of admission to, 75
Parlais, Lycaonia, copper coin of,
342
Pausanias, King of Macedon,
copper coin of, 317
Peace burning arms on sestertius
of Domitian, 348
Pergamum, Mysia, cistophorus of,
330
Phalanna, Thessaly, copper coin
of, 319
Pierced cross mint-mark on annu-
let coinages of Henry V and VI,
forms of, 230, 370
Pine-cone mascle coinage of Henry
VI, 241
Pine-cone pellet coinage of Henry
VI, 257
Pine-cone trefoil coinage of Henry
VI, 251
Polemon I of Pontus, children of, 6
Polemon II of Pontus, coins of, 4,
3E
394
INDEX.
6 ; regnal years of, 5 ; his ac-
cession, 6
Pontic eras on coins, 1
Pontic year, commencement of, 1
Potidaea, Macedonian Chalcidice,
copper coins of, 315, 316
PKITCHAKD, JOHN E., F.S.A. : —
Bristol Tokens of the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, 385
Pythodoric era, commencement
of ,2
Pythodoris, Queen of Pontus, coins
of, 1 ; children of, 6 ; extent of
her rule, 10
Q.
Qualla, Theodore, medals of, by
Timotheus Rt-fatus, 55, 56, 61
Queens' College, Cambridge, col-
lection of seventeenth-century
tokens at, 378
R.
Raf i'u'd-Darjat, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, 300
RefatuH, Timotheus, of Mantua,
medals by, 55, 56
RBINACH, TH£ODORE: —
Some Pontic Eras, 1 ; correction,
184
Roman coins, rare or unpublished,
345
Roman letters in legends of silver
coins of Henry VIII, 60
Romans, law of treasure -trove with
the, 148-150
Rosette mascle coinageof Henry VI,
238
S.
Sarhind mint, history of, 280
Satrapal coins of Mazaios, 81
Scotland, law of treasure- trove in,
173
Scotussa, Thessaly, copper coin of,
320
SEAKLE, REV. W. G., M.A. : —
Some unpublished Seventeenth-
Century Tokens, 378
Sebasteia, Pontus, era of, 9, 10
Sebasteia, and Megalopolis, identifi-
cation of, 9
Sebastopolis, Pontus, era of, 7, 8, 9,
181
Septimius Severus, aureus of, with
Liberalitas, 350
Seventeenth-century tokens, un-
published, 378
Severus II, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, 98 et seqq.
Sextus, " New Makar" of Lesbos,
coin of, struck at Mytilene, 334
Seyntlowe, Giles, controller of the
Calais mint, 255, 258
Shah 'Alam II, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, 306
Shah .Lilian, Mughal Emperor,
coins of, 290
Side, Pamphylia, coin of Gallie-
nus, 338
Sidon and Tripolis, era of, 198
Slat in Pasha on the coinage of the
Sudan, 65, 66, 67
SMITH, SAMUEL, JUN. : —
Some notes on the coins struck at
Omdurman by the Mahdi and
the Khalifa, 62
Solis, Diego de, medal of, by
"T. R.,"57
Southwark, unpublished seven-
teenth-century token of, 383
Spa Fields, Pantheon Gardens, ticket
of admission to, 75
Spain, denarii of Galba struck in,
346, 347
Staffordshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century token of, 383
Suffolk, unpublished seventeenth -
century tokens of, 383
Surrey, unpublished seventeen th-
oentury tokens of, 383
Syedra, Cilicia, copper coin of
Faustina, jun., struck at, 343
Syria, Tigranes, king of, his coin-
age, 193
T.
Tarsus, Cilicia, copper coin of Ela-
gabalus, 343
Tiberius, genethliac sign of, 3, 4
Tigranes 1 of Armenia and Syria,
coinage of, 193
Timotheus Refatus of Mantua,
medallist, see Refatus, Timo-
theus, &c.
Tokens of the seventeenth century,
unpublished, 378
" T. R.," medallist, medals by, 55,
57
Treasure-Trove, its ancient and
INDEX.
395
modern laws, 148 ; amongst the
Romans, 148-150 ; in Normandy,
150; in France, 151 et seqq., 174 ;
in Germany, 156 ; in Denmark,
156; in Hungary, 156; in the
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,
156 ; in Greece, 156 ; in Italy,
156, 175 ; definition of, 157-160 ;
under Edward the Confessor,
160 ; under Henry I, 161 ; en-
forced by statute of Edward I,
161 ; right of, established in
England, 161, 163 ; modifications
of, in England, 168 ; in Scotland,
173; in Ireland, 173
Tripolis and Sidon, era of, 198
Tryphaena, see Antonia Tryphaena
Tyche on coins of Tigranes I of
Armenia and Syria, 193
Types of coins of William I and II
and their sequence, 208, 212
U.
Umayyad Khalifa, coins of, 267
" Urbs Roma," coins with, struck
at Alexandria, 142 et seqq.
V.
Valerius Valens, coins of, struck at
Alexandria, 123 et seqq.
VN. — MR. (Venerandae Memoriae)
on coin of Constantino the Great
struck at Alexandria, 146
W.
WALTERS, FREDK. A., F.S.A. : —
Some Remarks on the last Silver
Coinage of Edward III, 176
The Silver Coinage of the Reign
of Henry VI, 224
WABD, JOHN, and G. F. HILL, Greek
Coins and their Parent Cities,
noticed, 191
Warwickshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century tokens of, 384
Willelm, moneyer of Carlisle, 26
William I, coins of, struck at
Marlborough, 23, 24
William I and II, coins of, se-
quence of types, 208, 212 ; mints
and types, 221
Wiltshire, unpublished seventeenth-
century tokens of, 384
WROTH, WARWICK : —
Greek Coins acquired by the
British Museum in 1901, 313
Y.
YEATES, F. WILLSON : —
Three Lead Tickets of the Eigh-
teenth Century, 74
York, coins minted at, by Eadgar,
366 et seqq.
York mint under Henry VI, 228
et seqq.
Yorkshire, unpublished seven-
teenth-century tokens of, 384
Z.
Zeno-Artaxias, King of Armenia,
6
Zeus as a boy, statue of, on coin of
Aegium, 323
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