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The Baconian Min

FURTHER EXAMINATION OE ITS tlAIMS.

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WILLIAM WILLIS, K.C.

LONDON:

W. K. BARTLETT & Co.,

9, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street.

Neti PHoG, t"

THE BACONIAN MINT:

A Further Examination of its Claims

BY

William Willis, k.c.

London :
W. H. BARTLETT & Co.,
9, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street.
1908.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2008 with funding from

IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/francisbaconwrotOObatc

THE BACONIAN AINT:

A Further Examination of its Claims.

flBOUT four years ago, I published a small volume, entitled
"The Baconian Mint: Its Claims Examined" It was
intended as an examination of a portion of a work by
Mr. Theobald, entitled, " Shakespeare Studies in Baconian
Light." The portion of Mr. Theobald's volume, which I under-
took to examine, is called "The classic diction of Shakespeare."
It should be remembered that when Mr. Theobald uses the word
" Shakespeare," he does not mean, thereby, the man who died at
Stratford-upon-Avon, in the year 1616. He means by it only
the author of the plays in the folio volume, published in 1623,
Mr. Theobald believes Lord Bacon to be the author of these
plays, and relies, in support of Lord Bacon's claim to their author-
ship, on what he calls " the classic diction of the plays." He
thinks that the author of the folio was constantly making
linguistic experiments, and enriched his native language by
coining new words, derived chiefly from the Latin. Mr. Theobald
further says that such words could not have been coined by a
man whose only education was at the Grammar School at
Stratford ; but that the man who coined these words was none
other than Lord Bacon himself. This statement is sought to be
justified, by placing before the reader about 230 words found in the
folio, which Mr. Theobald says constitute real additions to our
language. Then comes the assertion of a " Baconian Mint,"
from which these new words were issued, and many quotations
flora the works of Lord Bacon, presenting words such as are
said to be coined by the author of the folio.

10i.lS80

In my little book I endeavoured to show, and I think,
successfully, that the author of the folio did not supply, with
a few exceptions, any new words to the English language, and
that as for a " Baconian Mint," there is no pretence for it —there
is no evidence of Lord Bacon supplying any new words. I also
showed, as I think, the extreme recklessness of many of
Mr. Theobald's statements.

Since the publication of the " Baconian Mint Examined," I
have spent much of my spare time in a further examination of
the prose writings in the English language, existing before or
at the time of the births of Bacon and Shakespeare, and have
found much to confirm my view that the English language was
not supplied with any new words by either Lord Bacon, or the
author of the folio. I intended to publish the results of
my labours and was preparing to do so, when I was
informed that Mr. Theobald had published a new preface to his
volume, in which he professes to answer my examination. As I
think Mr. Theobald's reply calls for a few observations, I propose
to combine them with the further examination of the "Baconian
Mint," which I now lay before the reader.

The reader should bear in mind that Lord Bacon was born
in 1561: Shakespeare in 1564: and that the folio volume was
published in the year 1623.

The following passage, taken from Mr. Theobald's book, will
introduce the reader to the " Baconian Mint "

"Most people use the twin adjectives 'gross and palpable,'
without a thought of their origin. It is one of Bacon's many
contributions to verbal currency. It was a new coin when it
issued from his affluent mint. It is now available to everyone
for verbal traffic. Anyone using it in the early part of the
17th century would have felt almost obliged to quote Bacon
while employing it. It is as well to recall our obligations to
him now that we have reached the 20th century."
Mr. Theobald quotes from the folio : —
"This Palpable, gross play hath well beguiled the heavy
gait of night." — (Midsummer Night's Dream.)

"These lies are like their father that begets them,

Gross as a mountain, open, palpable." (I. Hen. IV.)
Mr. Theobald also gives four instances of the use of " gross
and palpable" by Lord Bacon. In my "Examination " I showed

that the twin adjectives "gross and palpable" had not issued
from the "Baconian Mint," and that the twin adjectives were in
common use from 1580 to 1623. I said I also believed that the
words were in common use before Bacon or Shakespeare wrote
a line. As a result of subsequent investigation, I find this belief
to be correct.

Mr. Theobald, in his new preface, endeavours to disparage
my labours by observing that I frequently say "I believe ;" "I
think." I am accustomed thus to express myself, when writing
of things of which I have not an absolute certitude. It would
have been well for Mr. Theobald, if he had expressed himself
with as much modesty and distrust. I called upon Mr. Theobald
to cancel the passage and to let it appear no more.

His statement as to the "Baconian Mint" is easily under-
stood by the general leader, and readily repeated. I hear men,
sometimes now, speak of the words "gross and palpable " as
having been coined by Lord Bacon. Instead of cancelling the
passage, it remains still a portion of Mr. Theobald's work, with
some observations in the new preface which conceal the reckless
nature of his statements about "gross and palpable." He does
not, in his reply, reproduce the passage and say "this is all wrong,
and I regret I wrote it." He simply says he was mistaken in
the coupling the words gross and palpable. He made no mistake
in coupling the words " gross and palpable ; " they had long
been coupled at the time when the folio was published. His
mistake, and a reckless one, was in saying that the words "gross
and palpable" came from "The Baconian Mint." To relieve
himself from the charge of recklessness, he endeavours to unite,
with himself in blame, the editors of " The Oxford Dictionary."
I mentioned in my "Examination" that the editors of "The
Oxford Dictionary " had not given an earlier illustration of
" gross and palpable " than the quotation from Shakespeare's
" Henry IV." "But in this case," says Mr. Theobald, "The Oxford
Dictionary is as erring as I am." Upon this, Mr. Theobald
founds the assertion that the editors of "The Oxford Dictionary "
share with him whatever censure may be justly due in respect
of the passage of which I complained. The editors of "The Oxford
Dictionary " do not stand connected with Mr. Theobald in any
way, in making the statement that "gross and palpable" came
from the " Baconian Mint," and that no writer could use " gross

and palpable" in the early part of the seventeenth century
without almost acknowledging his obligation to Bacon. The
editors of " The Oxford Dictionary " made no such statement,
and are in no way implicated in it — in no way deserving of the
censure which Mr. Theobald's statement justly called for.
This attempt to shelter himself, by suggesting a common
blunder with the editors of the dictionary, is more reckless than
the statement quoted from his book.

I expected to find in his new preface, that Mr. Theobald
would supply instances of writers acknowledging, that for
the use of the words "gross and palpable" they were indebted
to Lord Bacon, or writing in such a way as to intimate it. Mr.
Theobald does not give any such instance, nor tell us on what
ground he made the statement.

To weaken my exposition of his ignorance, Mr. Theobald
abstains from reproducing my language, and few of his
readers would be likely to see my work. Mr. Theobald says
that Mr. Willis overshoots the mark "by giving in most of his
references to early use, not the coupled but the separate words,
which of course proves nothing." I thought the reader would
like to have a reference to authors who used both "gross" and
palpable," but not conjointly, and therefore I gave them. More-
over, the use of the words, " gross " and " palpable " separately,
led me early in my investigation to the conclusion that the
words neither conjointly nor separately could be the coinage of
Lord Bacon. The references to the separate use of the words
"gross and palpable" were not many, compared with the references
I gave to the combined use of the words. In my examination
of the " Baconian Mint," I quoted only from twelve authors,
and all but three used the words conjointly.

When I had found "gross and palpable" in use in 1581,
I did write "/ believe that in 1580 the combination 'gross and
palpable,' was a common form of speech." The results of further
study, now to be laid before the reader, will show that my " I
believe " was justified.

As I have found, since the publication of my "Examination,"
the use of "gross and palpable " as early as 1567, when Bacon
was six years of age, and Shakespeare three, I here set forth all
the instances of the use of "gross and palpable" I have at
present met with.

"For they are not all hereticks, M. Harding, that this day
espy your gross and palpable errors, and mourn to God for
reformation." (A defence of the apology of the Church of
England by Jewell, bishop of Salisbury, written in 1567, and
published in print 1568. Parker Society vol., page 152.)

" Certainly there is none of your errors so gross and palpable,
but by some of your late councils it hath been confirmed."
(Same vol. as above, page 216.)

Cartwright wrote (1572) "The gross and palpable error,"
quoted in 3rd vol. of Whitgift's Works, Parker Society, page 36.
In William Fulke's answer to the Rhemish New Testament,
published in 1581, is the following : —

"That the Governots of the Popish Church have taken
straighter order for readers than the fathers of the Primitive
Church of Christ did. It is not to preserve the word of God
from profanation, but to suppress the light of truth which
displayeth their gross and palpable abuses, both in doctrine
and conversation."

In the Epistle Dedicatory of the English edition of Hooper's
"Christ and His office," published in 1582, are the following
words : —

"This godly and profitable tract by passing through the
pres.s of an unskilful printer at Zurich was so infected and
corrupted with gross and palpable faults." (Chris. Rosdell,
author of the espistle, see Hooper's writings, Parker Society,
page 8.)

In the "Translation of Calvin's sermons on Deuteronomy,"
published in 1583, there is a letter to the reader written by
"T. W," and in it "T.W" uses this expression :—" In the time
of most gross and palpable blindness."

In Hooker's " Ecclesiastical Polity," which was not written
later than 1590, I find "gross and popular," ^^ grossly and
palpably offended." Hooker died in the year 1600.

In Henry Smith's sermons the words "gross and palpable"
were frequently used separately and sometimes in combination.
Henry Smith died in 1591.

I quote from "God's Arrow against Atheists" edition 1611.
(The treatise, " God's Arrow, etc.," was published in the life-time
of Henry Smith) : —

"This council of Arrimine did err and that grossly in a

8

matter of faith ; ergo it is palpable that a General Council
may err even in matters of faith."

The words '^ gross and palpable" are found in Bancroft's
"Platform of Episcopacy," published in 1594. (See page 187 of
the edition of 1663).

In Arthur Dent's "Ruin of Rome," published in 1607, page
99 you can read " But now that Anti-Christ invadeth the church,
all is over-spread with gross and palpable darkness."

In 1609 Thos. Ingmethorpe printed and published a sermon
upon the 2nd chapter of the 1st Epistle of John. In it are
found the following words : —

" His fingers must be numb, that cannot feel and grope these
forgeries so ocular, so unsavoury, so gross and palpable."

Daniel Dyke, Puritan Divine, died in 1614. In his "Treatise
on Repentance " appears the following passage : —

" In and after our special falls and sinnes whether gross
and more palpable or more secret."

Thomas Adams, Divine, preached at St. Paul's Cross in
1612, subsequently becoming preacher at St. Gregory's under the
shadow of St. Paul's itself. His sermons were collected and
published in 1629, and republished by Nicholls in 3 vols., 1862.
In the 1st vol., page 210, in Nicholl's edition, you can read
" Imagine the Egyptian's case in that gross and palpable
darkness, the longest natural night that the Book of God specifies."
In the " Horae Subsecivae," published by Blount in 1620,
are found the words " Gross and palpable flattery."

In the " Grand Imposter unmasked," published by Henry
Burton in 1645, are these words : —

"There are some passages in Laud's prayer so gross and
palpable as that anyone that hath a spark of God's spirit may
discover plainly to be monstrous false." See Hanbury's
Memorials, 2nd vol., page 524.

The twin adjectives "gross and palpable" can be seen in
Nathaniel Culverwell's "Light of Nature," published in 1652.

"Gross, visible, palpable." — (Farindon's Sermons, 3rd vol.,
1674).

Bacon's Abridgment, 4th vol., page 34, 1800, — " Gross and
palpable abuses."

Edinburgh Review, April 1807, page 131, — "A gross and
palpable misrepresentation."

Same vol., page 126, — "More palpably gross."

Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1855, page 73. — "Gi-oss and
palpable."

" There is no part of the Romish system more palpably and
grosdy false." — Sermon by Rev. Samuel Garrett, Oct. 16, 1855.

If anyone will refer to the authorities quoted, he will
find there nothing to intimate, that any one of the writers
thought that in using " gross and palpable " he was in any
way indebted to Lord Bacon.

I cannot find in Cranmer's works the words "gross and
palpable " united, but they are found separately in all parts of
his works. A few may be given : —

"Gross taking;" "gross error;" "gross understanding;"
"not grossly, sensibly and carnally;" "visible and palpable
flesh ; " " sensible and palpable body."

In Jewell's works, Parker Society, "gross and sensible
idolatry," "gross imaginations" are to be found. — Lady Anne
Bacon's Translation of Jewell's Apology, 1563-4. It should be
borne in mind that this lady was the mother of Lord Bacon.

"Gross absurdities," "gross conceit," "palpable," in Sir
Philip Sydney's " Defence of Poesy."

" Gross and twice carnal pomp which reigneth in papacy," —
in "Calvin on John," page 93, translation, 1584.

"Gross and voluntarie blindness," — page 433 in the same
volume.

There is now no pretence for saying that the twin adjectives
" Gross and palpable " came from the Baconian Mint, and no
excuse for the bold and daring statement that no writer in the
17th century, who used the words "gross and palpable," could
do 80, without almost acknowledging his indebtedness to Lord
Bacon.

On what did Mr. Theobald rely for the statements he made ?
Can he produce anything to justify them ? I do not think he can ;
and the passage in his book relating to gross and palpable and
its Baconian origin ought no longer to remain in print. I have,
even lately, heard persons say that the words "gross and
palpable " were from the Baconian Mint, and that their presence
in the folio shows that Lord Bacon shared to some extent, at
least, in the composition of the plays passing under the name
of William Shakespeare.

10

Mr. Theobald would seem in his preface to allege that he
meant to say that only the coupling of the words " gross and
palpable " was due to the Baconian Mint. This, in my view, is quite
an idle suggestion, made to soften his fall. In the quotation from
Shakespeare used by Mr. Theobald, the words "gross, palpable,"
are not combined by the word "and."

In his chapter on the classic diction of Shakespeare, Mr.
Theobald set forth 230 words from the folio, as words newly
added to the English language, or employed with an unusual
meaning. 1 endeavoured to show, and I think successfully,
that nearly all these words were in existence and in common
use before the plays were written or published. As my
statements could not be shown to be erroneous, Mr. Theobald,
in his new preface, at once receded from his position of
the words being newly invented, and states that he never
intended to say anything of the sort ; and that I had blundered
egregiously in suggesting such a meaning. He says that he
only intended to " give a list of words in which there is a classic
sense or a classic aroma, which could not easily arise unless the
writer was a good classic scholar." If this is all, what then is
the use of the Baconian Mint, and the frequent placing of a
word or words of Bacon immediately beneath the words quoted
from the folio 1 I think the sole object of Mr. Theobald in
writing the chapter on the classic language of Shakespeare was
to support Lord Bacon's claim to the authorship of the plays,
and in his book this claim is sought to be justified not only
by referring to the language of the folio, but to the nature
of the writings themselves. This will be seen from read-
ing the whole chapter, and particularly Mr. Theobald's
statements in respect of some of the words. I have some
further illustrations of the early use of words, which are
undoubtedly alleged by Mr. Theobald to be words newly
invented.

Take "Acknown:" "Be not acknown on't," ("Othello"
3rd Act, 3rd scene, page 319). This word, Mr. Theobald says,
occurs only once in the plays, and is probably an attempt to
bring the Latin word agnosco into the language. This is not
Classical "Aroma;" this is to present Shakespeare in the act
of coining, or inventing a new word. When I stated that
" acknown " was, as I believed, in use from the earliest time, I

11

had not met with the word "acknown" earlier than 1570.
Since my "Examination," I have met with its use in the
year 1548, in Bale's " First Examination of Ann Askew " : —
"Such as believe in Christ among the chief rulers of the
Jews would not be acknown thereof for fear of like violation."
Parker Society, vol., page 161. — 1548. — Letters of Bradford,
Parker Society, page 6 — " But be not acknown that I have now
written you."

1562. — "Norton's Translation of Calvin's Institutes," page
396, — " Men's traditions do deceive under the shew of wisdom ;
whence have they this colour 1 Because they are famed of men.
Therefore the wit of man doth therein acknow his own, and
acknowing it doth more gladly embrace it."

Page 470 (same vol.) — "That God will not be acknowen
true in the receiving itself."

1573.— "Acknown," fCalvin's "Job," page 281).

1570.— "Foxe's Book of Martyrs," 8tb vol., page 367, line
7, — "and would not be acknowen." (Seeley's edition, 1868).

The word "aknowen" was in use with the same meaning
as " acknowen " from very early times. In the "Paston Letters,"
written in the reign of Henry VI., the reader will find the words
" Yet he will not be aknowyn," 2nd vol., page 139, edition 1841.

Mr. Theobald says that his statement, that Shakespeare was
attempting to introduce agnosco into our language, is not affected
by showing that some one else so attempted. My illustrations
show that before Shakespeare used the word "acknown," it was in
common use, and that no writer, whom we know, was attempting
its introduction. When Shakespeare wrote the word "acknown,"
it was dropping out of the language, after a use of nearly two
hundred years.

In sonnet 146, Mr. Theobald says we find "Then, soul,
live thou upon thy servant's loss" {ie thy body's loss). "And
let that pine to aggravate thy store ; " in the literal sense " to
add to the weight of — increase. This is of course a naturalisation
of the Latin word uggravo-ud, gravis; — make heavy."

Is this a statement of mere classical diction or of Classical
" aroma 1" It means nothing, if it does not mean, that Shakespeare
used the word " aggravate " first, with the literal meaning of
adding to the weight of. I gave some instances of the use of
the word " aggravate " in its literal sense, in my " Examination."

12

Since, I have met with a few other instances of the word
" aggravate " being used in its literal sense, and in two of them
before Shakespeare or Lord Bacon was born.

" Sleep doth aggravate mine eyes." (See Bradford's letter to
Travis, 1549, Parker Society, page 30.)

"To aggravate the matter." (Cranmer, 1551. Parker
Society vol., page 176.)

"Neither is my miserable state lessened by consideration
of thy absence ; but exceedingly aggravated," that is increased.
(Green's letter to his wife, Collin's edition of Green, page 47).

"To aggravate sin" (Fenton's Bandello, 1567 — 2nd volume,
page 135, Nutt's edition).

"In whom he saw continual cause to aggrav^ate his affection"
(Fenton's Bandello, 1567 — 2nd volume, page 25).

"Cacodaemon." Mr. Theobald intimates that this is from
the Greek, and only once used in the folio. Originally this word
was Greek, no doubt ; but when Shakespeare and Bacon wrote, an
English word. Since the "Examination" I have found a much
earlier instance of its use than that presented in the " Examination.''

"Maketh the image of God the image of Cacodaemon."
(Hooper's Remains, Parker Society, page 137; first published
in 1547.)

Under the word " casual " Mr. Theobald says meaning
casualties, corresponding to Bacon's Latin word causalia, from
casus, — what happens, or falls out. Here is another intimation
of the Baconian Mint ; but the word was in common use as I
formerly stated. I have found in Bradford's Martyrology, page
52, "Through many casualties" — 1549. "Nothing in all the
world happeneth by casualty," (preface to Calvin's "Job," page 2
— 1573). "Our house and goods are in danger of losing, as
our lives are, by reason of fire, thieves, and other casualties."
(Bradford's letters, 1554, Parker Society, page 65.)

Mr. Theobald says that Shakespeare uses the word " Collect
in the classic sense, which includes mental collection, put or join
together logically, make deductions. Then Mr. Theobald gives
quotations from Bacon showing a similar use of the word. I
have since my " Examination " met with earlier illustrations of
the word, with this meaning.

In 1555 Ridley writes: — "Howsoever mine argument is
made, you collect it not readily," (page 12, Parker Society, vol.)

13

" Collected and gathered " from the same vol. — 1554. " Wisdom,
reason, and collection," (page 182, Parker Society, vol., Bradford).

1574. — "Your collection I cannot as yet allow." (Whitgift's
answer to Cartwright, 1st vol., Parker Society edition, page 34).
"Truly I see not how you can collect any such thing out of
these words." — (Same vol. as above, page 36).

Mr. Theobald tells us that " collection " has a cognate mean-
ing to the word collect, and that it is used by Seneca in the sense
of inference. He might have told us that the word " collection "
is used in the sense of inference by numerous writers of the
English tongue, at least from the year 1529 and onwards.

1573.— "Your childish collections."— (Whitgift 1st vol.,
Parker Society, page 46). " Slender collection," — (page 56,
same vol). "Slenderness of M. Harding's collection." — (IbQi.
— Jewell, page 468, Parker Society).

Mr. Theobald says that Shakespeare uses the word " Contrive "
with unusual audacity, being a Latin word, and used by him in
a sense not common in Latin, and utterly anomalous for English.
He uses it in the sense of wear away ; spend ; consume. Bacon
also uses the Latin word in the same way. This " unusual
audacity " in the use of the word by Shakespeare is very near
coining or invention. This is not mere " classical diction and
aroma," but coining. In fact there is no audacity in the use of
the word. Contrive, to waste, or wear away was common before
Bacon or Shakespeare wrote. Thus in Damon and Pithias, 1571,
Hazlitt's edition of old plays, we can read : " In travelling
countries we three have contrived (wasted) full many a year."

Also on Painter Pal Pleasure, 116 b : "You tarrie and abide
here to contrive your time."

Shakespeare uses the word "Demerits" with the meaning of
good qualities. Mr. Theobald says the ordinary meaning as now
employed was current in Shakespeare's day, and in one instance
he has so used it, so that the classical use was one of election
in the poet's mind. This is not merely classic diction or aroma
but an alleged using of a word by mental choice. The word
"Demerits," with both meanings, was in common use before Shakes-
peare wrote. Mr. Theobald has apparently a greater familiarity
with Shakespeare's mind than with the English language. From
a very early period " demerits," meaning good qualities, has a
use as continuous and nearly as early as " demerits," meaning

14

faults. In Hall's Chronicle, 1548, we can read:—" For his
demerits called the good Duke of Gloster." See the words
"good demerits" in the account of the examination of Thos.
Rose in 1558, Fox's Book of Martyrs, Mary's reign.

Mr. Theobald presents the word deprave, with the statement
that in its primary meaning, it means distorted and deformed ;
in its secondary meaning, to vilify, to slander. He adds, the
primary meaning is used by Shakespeare and Bacon. The
primary meaning was in common use. Thus in addition to the
illustrations in my " Examination," I give the following from
Miles Coverdale, Parker Society, page 455, 1550: — "To deprave
the truth of the supper i.e., the Lord's Supper."

Mr. Theobald tells us the word " document " is used once,
by Shakespeare, in its classic and etymological sense, from the
Latin doceo — teach. Mr. Theobald tells us it was used by Bacon
in the same sense. Why Bacon ? To establish a " Baconian
Mint." It was used by much earlier writers than Bacon, with
the same meaning. Since my "Examination" of thi.? word I
have found in Philpot's writings, Parker's Society, page 331,
"without the authority of any man's document;" and again
" what document of any manner of Scripture might be
known to convince errors?" — (Same vol., page 349). Philpot
suffered martyrdom, 1555.

Mr. Theobald tells us that " epitheton as appearing in
'Love's Labour Lost,' 1st act, 2nd scene, page 14, is the Greek
word epitheton — a word not likely to be used except by a
classical scholar." When Shakespeare wrote, the word " epitheton"
was an English word. In addition to the instances of its use
as such, appearing in my former book, I have found the following
instances of its use : Hooper's writings, Vol. Parker Society,
1547, page 124,— " epitheton" used as an English word. Hooper
in his answer to Gardiner, 1547, says, "This is properly the
epitheton of God, to be of nothing, but of himself."

In 1583 Richard Stanyhurst writes — "Virgil in diverse places
investeth Juno with this epitheton, Saturnia." Also he writes,
"Although mine author used not the Watrye epitheton."
This word appears twice in 14 lines, and the passage can be
seen in the 1st vol. of Conington's Miscellanies, page 145.

I have found an early use of the word " exhibition " meaning
to maintain, or support a person or thing. Thus in 1548

15

Bradford in his "Letter to Traves" (Parker Society edition,
page 11): — "For my master discharged me of his exhibition,
telling me that he could not be able to keep either house
or child."

"Of all the exhibition yet bestowed, this woman's liberality
likes me best." — 1600 — (Hey wood's Edward IV., page 89,
Pearson's edition, 1874).

Mr. Theobald points out that the word " expostulate " was
used with the meaning to discuss, investigate; not with the sense
of remonstrance. In addition to the illustrations in the " Baconian
Mint Examined," the following instance of the use of the word
expostulate in the sense in which it was used by Shakespeare
can be found in Bedingfield's Florentine History, Nutt's edition,
page 366, written iu 1588: — "The King sent ambassadors to
Florence to expostulate the injury."

" The heads of the people did expostulate unto the Bishop
the dishonestie of the great men." — (Same vol., page 124, Nutt'g
edition).

Mr. Theobald rebukes me, for not accepting Mr. Hallam's
reference to the classic language of Shakespeare, and for my
attempt to show that one of the words on which Mr. Hallam
relied, namely " extenuate," was in most common use before
Shakespeare or Bacon wrote. As much reliance is placed upon
the use of the word "extenuate," I give a few further illustrations
of its early use — earlier than those I formerly supplied. Thus
in Hooper's "Christ and His Office," published in 1547, (Parker
Society, page 56), he writes, " Therefore such as say they be not
justified only by faith in the mercy of Christ, extenuate sin
and God's ire against sin too much."

In Becon's works (Parker Society, page 380), there are these
words : " And so likewise doth it greatly obscure, extenuate, and
diminish the free mercy of God." — 1565.

1617. — Airy on the Philippians, page 503 — "That they
should not extenuate and lessen the gifts and grace of God's
spirit in their inferior brethren."

Pemble's Works, page 505 — "It is only natural of man to
extenuate sin."

1550.— Page 295, Hooper, Parker Society, — "Extenuateth
the mercy of God."

16

" For I extenuate sin." (Bradford's "Letter to Traves," 1549,
page 29, Parker Society.)

" Let no man extenuate the heinous offence of man as a small
trespass." "Vain therefore it is to extenuate the sin of Adam."
— (Noel's Catechism, translated from the Latin by T. Norton,
1570, Parker Society, vol., page 149.)

1549.— Hooper's "Christ and His Office," (Parker Society,
page 12), "For seeing they will not repent, he revengeth their
injustice with his most dreadful ire, not only extenuating their
force and diminishing their strength, but also infatuateth and turn-
eth into foolishness their most prudent and circumspect counsels."

Calvin's "Commentaries on John" — " extenuate," page 20.

1561. — "Calvin's Institutes" the word "extenuate" is used.

Mr Theobald seeks to show the classical taste of Shakespere
in using the word " extirp," and tells us the word is exactly the
same as extirpate, and by using the current or classic form, the
poet shows his familiarity with both. The words to extirp and
extirpate having both the same meaning, and both derived from
the Latin can be found in common use from 1430. The word
" extirp," which Mr. Theobald regards as the classic form, was in
more common use up to 1623, than "extirpate." In Bedingfield'a
"Translation of the Florentine History of Machiavveli," 1588, the
words "extirp" and "extirpate" are in common use, and on
page 274 of his work, within four lines, both words, "extirp" and
" extirpate " are used, viz. — "That prince and that state is by
the victories of war enriched which extirpeth the enemies,
becoming lord of the spoile and ransoms, and that prince
or commonweal is impoverished who cannot, though he be
victorious, extirpate the enemy." (Nutt's edition, 1905).

There was no classic form in extirp. It was in more
common use than extirpate. Page 137 of Bedingfield : "Every
man thought that the Ghibilini extirped, the Guelfi should ever
have continued in honour."

In the same vol. these words: "The name of Gotti in Italy
was clearly extirped" (page 30).

In the letter of Henry VI to Duke of Burgundy, 1431, the
following passage is found:— "To the advancement of the
Catholic faith and extirping of errors and false opinions."

In my reading, I have found more instances of "extirp"
than "extirpate," before 1623.

17

The most striking instance of Mr. Theobald's want of
acquaintance with the English language prior to* Shakespeare is,
after his treatment of " gross and palpable," that of the word
"fact." In the use of the word "fact," meaning deed, by the
author of the folio, there was not even classical aroma.

Mr. Theobald found in the folio volume that the
word "fact " was used in the sense of deed. For at least 100 years
prior to Shakespeare or Lord Bacon writing anything, the word
"fact" was in most common use as meaning deed. Mr. Theobald
havirig called attention to the word, gives a quotation from Lord
Bacon of the use of the word "fact "as meaning deed. It is
taken from Bacon's History of Henry VII., published in 1623.
It really is ridiculous to quote Lord Bacon as having supplied
the use of the word "fact" in the sense of deed. Mr. Theobald
might have quoted William Dodrington as having supplied this
classical language. William Dodrington, unknown to fame, was
a poor man, who in the year 1600 threw himself from the top of
Saint Sepulchre's Church in London, and thereby caused his
death. He left on the roof, a paper, from which I quote the few
lines which follow : —

"Let no other man be troubled for that which is my own
fact. John Bunkley and his fellows, by perjury and other bad
means have brought me to this end. God forgive it them and I
do, and Oh, Lord, forgive mo this cruel fad upon my own body."
— See "Relics of Literature," by Stephen Collett, pub. 1823,
page 359.

Richard III. and Henry VII. used "fact" for deed in their
respective proclamations before the battle of Bosworth.

In the Antiquae Nugae, page 160, Stubbs says: — "For the
outward fact wherein my offence consisteth, he hath words with-
out fact."

" Words without facts." — Hooper (Parker Society, page
58), 1547. "No fact so detestable." — Lady Anne Bacon (Transla-
tion of Jewell's "Apology," page 74). Lord Bacon might have and
doubtless did acquire the use of the word " fact," meaning
deed, from his mother.

♦Objection has been made to my u.se of " prior to." I am content to
follow in the steps of Lord Stowell, Mr. Justice Bayley and Mr. Baron

Alderson.

18

Then there is a letter of Smith to Cranmer, Archbishop of
Canterbury — " Wherefor I beseech your Grace help me home as
soon as you may conveniently for God's sake, and ye shall never,
I trust to God, repent that fact."

Another illustration may be given from Fox's Book of
Martyrs, 1570: — "This Fenning who was the procurer of this
tyranny is yet alive, and is now a minister; which, if he be, I pray
God he may so repent that fact that he may declare himself
hereafter such an one as may well answer to his vocation"

"David being awakened by Nathan out of the slumber wherein
he had longlayn after his foul fact with Bathsheba." — (Farindon's
Sermons, 3rd volume, page 100, 1674.)

In the word " Gratulate," Mr. Theobald sees the Latin form
of the word "Congratulate." "Congratulate" did not come
from the Latin word " gratulor," but " congratulor." "Gratulate"
or "gratulation" came from ^^ gratidor." "Gratulate" itself was a
most common word, and nothing classical in its use. In addition to
the proofs of the early use of this word given in my former work,
I may give the following : —

" The gratulation of the most famous clerk. Master Bucer."
Before 1548. (See note to Bradford's letter to Traves, page 19,
Parker Society, Letters of Bradford).

" It were less inconvenient to defer a week than to make
solemn gratulation, if the matter hereafter prove untrue." —
(Grindal's Letter to Cecil, page 288, Parker Society). Bradford,
245 : — " gratulatory sacrifice." This word can be found in
nearly all the prose writings prior to the writings of Shakespeare.

" Gratulate," may be seen in Ben Jonson's Epigrams,
numbers 51, 64, and 95, written between 1606 and 1608; also
" Speeches of Gratulation " at Coronation of James I, written in
1603. — See page 849, Ben Jonson's works, published 1616.

" Gratulatory " may be seen twice in one page in Cranmer
on the Lord's Supper : —

" His (Christ) was the taking away the sins of the world !
Ours is a praising and thanking for the same : and therefore
His was satisfactory, ours is gratulatory." — (Page 359, Parker
Society, 1551.)

"Sacrifice commemorative and gratulatory made by the
priests and people." — (Page 359, Parker Society, 1551.)

19

Mr. Theobald thinks there is something classical in the use
of the words "mere" and "merely." The following illustrations
showing its common use may be supplied : —

" God be praised, therefore, which of his mere good pleasure.
(Bradfoi'd, page 10, Parker Society.)

" 0 Lord, it is thy gift, and cometh of Thee, and Thy mere
grace." — (Bradford to Traves, page 13, Parker Society.)

" Cometh of his mere goodness only." — (Institutes of the
Christian Man, 1537.)

Spencer's Sonnet, 5th vol. Collier's edition, page 266. " He
freely of his own mere goodness saved us." — (Becon's Works,
page 43, Parker Society, early writings.)

Mr. Theobald says " ' mere oppugnancy ' and ' merely
oppugne ' are evidently the coinage of one man." Here is the
"Mint" again, and as Mr. Theobald quotes from Bacon, it
is clear he meant they were from the "Baconian mint."
" Oppugnancy " is not found in Bacon's writings, and " oppugn,"
which can be found in Bacon, was in use before Bacon was born.

In addition to the previous illustrations, the following may
be given : —

"Yet we neither oppugn as enemies." (Cartwright. Quoted
in the 3rd vol. of Whitgift, page 458. Parker Society, 1572.)

"Oppugning of a known truth." (Cartwright. Quoted by
Whitgift, 1st vol., page 53.)

"Which favour this cause which you oppugn." (Cartwright.
Quoted by Whitgift, 1st vol., page 94, Parker Society, 1572.)

In the use of these words Mr. Theobald alleges a coinage,
not a mere aroma or a classic taste. . . He undoubtedly alleges
they came from the coinage of one mint, and that of Bacon.
" Mere oppugnancy " and " merely oppugn " may be the coinage
of one mint, but they are not the coinage of Bacon.

Mr. Theobald finds at last a full proof of a Baconian supply
of words to the folio 1623 in the word " perdurable."

" Oh perdurable shame." (Henry V., 4th act, line 7), and
quotes from Bacon the words "of metals, which ought to be
perdurable."

No wonder Mr. Theobald sees this word in a Baconian light
for he believes and seea that the word " perdurable " is not an
English word at all. It is difficult to say which statement of
Mr. Theobald's is more rash than another, but this statement

20

is certainly remarkable for ita recklessness. The word
"perdurable" was in use in Chaucer's day, and in addition to
illustrations previously given, I may supply the following
illustrations of its use, which have occurred to me since : —

" And which offering of Christ's, the efficacy and effect is
perdurable for ever." (Latimer at Oxford, 18th April, 1554.
See his "Remains," Parker Society, page 254.)

"The spiritual consanguinity is more perdurable than that
which is of flesh and blood." (Philpot's Works, page 238,
Parker Society.)

Gower uses the word " perdurable," meaning everlasting.

Mr. Theobald says that the word "perpend " is used only in
Shakespeare by pedantical speakers or professional fools. This is
not merely aroma, but an allegation of invention. The word
" perpend " was used by grave writers before Shakespeare wrote,
and in the sense in which he used the word.

In further illustration of the word " Persian " in the case
of garments that are sumptuous, I find in Jewell's "Apology," page
104, (Parker Society vol.) 1564, "With sumptuous and Persian-
like gorgeousness." "Persian-like pride." (Jewell's ''Apology,"
page 81).

Mr. Theobald says that " ' pervert ' is another instance in
which the classic and intensive force of the particle ' per ' is used
to augment the classic sense of the root. "Vert" is to turn;
" pervert " is to turn completely. This, and this alone, explains
the word in the following passages : —

"Trust not my holy order
If I pervert your course."

("Measure for Measure," iv, iii, 152.)

" Let's follow him, and pervert the present wrath
He hath gained against himself."

("Cymbeline, ii," iv, 151.)
Neither of these passages appeared under the name of
Shakespeare until they appeared in the folio, 1623.

Further illustration of the use of the word "pervert "can
be seen in Hooper, page 108, Parker Society :—" The devil is
always ready to pervert God's order in all things."

" You pervert the order of the books, setting the cart before
the horse." (Cranmer, 1550, Parker Society vol., page 185.)

21

Mr. Theobald thinks there is a classic use in the word
" port " for gate : —

•* Makes his approaches to the port of Rome." ("Anthony and
Cleopatra," Ist act, 3rd scene, line 45).

In addition to the illustrations of an earlier use of the word
" port " in the sense of " gate " given previously, I make the follow-
ing quotation : —

" The stranger likewise within thy port." (Hooper's early
writings, page 340, Parker Society. 1550.)

Mr. Theobald also thinks there is a classic use in the word
"port" when used to mean the state or magnificence which is
maintained by anyone.

"The most of those who beargreatestport and countenance."
(Golding's dedication to Calvin's "Job," page 2, 1575).

"Portly courage." ("Callisto and Melibaea," Hazlitt's
Dramatic Writers, 1st vol., page 61.)

"And in his port appeared manly hardiment." (Spencer's
"Fairy Queen," Book 3, 8th canto, stanza 44.)

" No less astonied with the porte and courtelike behaviour of
the Knight." (Fenton's Bandello, 1567, 2nd vol., page 247.
Nutt's edition.)

Writing of the word " preposterous," used in having the last
first, Mr. Theobald says, " In Shakespeare the radical sense is
always intended — an inverted order." To show how rare the
use of this word is, Mr. Theobald points out that lago, who was
a most philosophical thinker, uses the word thus : —
" The blood and baseness of our natures
Would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions,"
and then he gives colour to the notion that Lord Bacon supplied
this word by saying that Bacon uses this word similarly in his
prose. Hundreds of people used the word in this radical sense
before Shakespeare and Bacon saw the light. Further illustrations
of the early use of the word in the radical sense I give : —

" Or else it were a preposterous order to set the cart before
the horse." (Hooper's answer to Gardiner, Parker Society, 1547.)

" Esteeming things as they do all preposterously, doing that
they need not for to do, leaving undone that they ought to do."
(Latimer's Sermons, Parker Society vol., page 347).

" Some are a little more devout and earnest in prayer, but
yet very preposterous and profane, preferring earthly things before
heavenly." (Burton's Treatise of Prayer, page 102 — 1602.)

22

"The most preposterous inverter of all things human and
divine." (Grindal's Remains, page 235, Parker Society.)

" Christ dissuading their preposterous seeking earthly
things," i.e., before heavenly (Paul Bain — 1617 — sermon on the
text, "Seek you first the Kingdom of God.")

The use of the word "prevent," as meaning anticipate is
supposed by Mr. Theobald to be quite classic in its use by
Shakespeare. Further illustrations may be given of its early use
in that sense : —

" That you are sorry that you are prevented, and are not
the first to do it.'' (Quoted from Cartwright in the 1st vol. of
Whitgift's Works, page 52, Parker Society.)

"But preventeth us of his goodness." (Calvin on "Job,"
page 278, folio edition. Spencer, books 6, canto 1st, stanza 38.)
' "Am I prevented in my haste ? 0 chance accurst." (1605.
Heywood's "If you know not me," page 242, Pearson's edition,
vol. 1.)

" Oh run, prevent them with thy humble ode." (Milton's
" Ode to the Nativity.")

Mr. Theobald points out that Shakespeare uses the word
" probation " in the sense of proving, not trial. Like the Latin —
probare. So common was the use of the word "probation" in
the sense of prove, or proving, that in a small portion of Becon's
Works (Parker Society, " Common places of Holy Scripture,"
1570) I find "probation" in the sense of prove, or proving, 30
times.

"I believe not their saying, but require a probation thereof.'
(Hooper, Early Writings, Parker Society vol., page 69.)

"Wherefore you lack probation." (Whitgift's answer to
Cartwright, 3rd vol., page 432, Parker Society vol.)

" I need scripture for probation of your assertion." (Ridley,
283, Parker Society ; similar use in the next page, 284 ; also on
pages 304 and 305.) Ridley died in the year 1555, martyr.

"It needeth no probation at all." (Hooper, page 38.)

" It is so plain that it needeth no probation," (Page 24.)

Similar use in Miles Coverdale, Parker Society, pages 125,
353, and also

"To allege earnest probation for the true authority of the
Church." (Philpott, translation of Curio, Parker Society,
page 325, martyr 1555.)

23

It is strange that in the face of Mr. Theobald's comments
on the use of the word " recordation " by Shakespeare, that he
should allege that he only means, in the words he quoted from
the folio, to intimate that Shakespeare had a classical aroma and
that the author of the folio did not coin any words. Mr. Theobald
is always very bold, and in the word " recordation " he sees the
working of the mind of the author of the folio, and alleges that
he created "recordation" from the Latin. "Shakespeare," says
Mr. Theobald, " hunting after a synonym for remembrance,
which is not to be found in the vernacular, borrows one from the
Latin." Here Shakespeare is seen in the very act of inventing,
and is seen by Mr. Theobald. Mr. Theobald's statements for the
most part rest on ignorance. " Recordation " is to be found in
the vernacular, and Shakespeare neither coined the word nor
borrowed it from the Latin. In addition to the illustrations
given in my "Examination," I find the following use of the word
" recordation " before Shakespeare was born

" We always do the same by the recordation or remembrance
of his sacrifice." (Ridley's Disputations, Parker Society, page
217—1555.)

" She forceth not only an equal consideration and recompense;
butalsoclaimethacontinualremembranceand thankful recordation,
in him who was first partaker of the benefit." (Fenton's
Tragicall Discourses, 1567; Nutt's edition, page 68 — 1898.)

"To comfort myself with recordation of your loving kind-
ness of old." (Bishop of LlandafF to Duke of Buckingham,
1626; Nugae Antiquae, Park's edition.)

As further illustrations of the words "repugn," "repug-
nancy," " repugnant," to resist, I give the following : —

"Though it be manifestly repugnant and contrary to the
Word of God." (Becon, page 243 ; also in page 354. Parker
Society vol.)

In Hooper, page 65, Parker Society vol., we read^"The
one repugnant to the other."

"These ceremonies that God instituted not, but repugneth
God's institution." (Hooper, page 61. Martyr, 1555.)

" Repugnant to true religion, which repugneth this true
knowledge." (Hooper, pages 151 and 152.)

"It repugneth the manifest text of the Scripture." (Hooper,
page 35, Parker Society. Same word in the same vol., page 85.)

24

"With confidence in Christ, repugn sin." (Hooper, page
94_1547. Hooper, pages 113, 114, 124, 137).

" God so abhoreth them as things repugnant unto the law."
(Hooper, page 146.)

"That it repugneth is most certain: for how can these
things agree." ("Treatise on Sacrament" by Myles Coverdale.
Parker Society, pages 100 and 113.)

" Repugnant " (Page 324, Hooper, Parker Society vol.)

" Repugnance in nature." (Jewell against Harding, page
456, Parker Society.)

Becon's Works, Prayers, Parker Society — " Repugnant and
contrary ; " page 394.

"Directly repugnant." (Becon, page 402.)

Cranmer on Lord's Supper, Parker Society vol. — 1550. —
Preface, page 4, " By the very order of nature it repugneth more ;"
"repugnant unto Christ," page 46 ; "no repugnance," page 61,
page 74.

To give another instance of Mr. Theobald's allegations that
the author of the folio invented words, let us take his commen-
tary on the word "ruinate." Latin, ruiiia, a ruin. "Shakespeare,"
says Mr. Theobald, " often turns nouns into verbs. In this
instance the noun becoming a verb is Latin, the Latin word
becoming an English verb ": —

" I will not ruinate my father's house." (3rd Henry VI,
5th act, line 8.)

This is not "aroma," but coinage.

Had Mr. Theobald been acquainted with the prose writers
in our language prior to the birth of Shakespeare, he would not
have written thus. There was scarcely any word more frequently
in use than the word "ruinate." (Spencer, book 2, canto 12,
stanza 7. See also Spencer's 56th Sonnet).

If Mr. Theobald had only read "The Art of War," by
Machiavelli, translated by Peter Whitehouse, and published in
the year 1560, he would have avoided this shameful error. He
would have found the word "ruinate" on page 38; on page 39
the word " ruin ; " " Ruinated " on page 70 ; " to ruinate an
army," page 160; "doth ruin thee," page 164; "an army
ruinateth," page 146; "ruinate him," page 159; "many times
the saying ' back, back,* hath made to ruinate an army," page
160; "discord which is the ruin of the army," page 197;

25

"Ruin, ruinated," page 199; "made it ruinate," page 220;
"gunpowder not only ruinateth a wall, but it openeth the
hills and utterly dissolveth the strength of them," page 220 ;
"ruinated," page 221.

" Raised Hercules to ruinate that truth." (Green's " Friar
Bacon," edition of Professor Churton Collins, 2nd vol., page 52.)

"Let us take notice what doth clear ruinate others." (Paul
Bain's Sermon — 1617 — page 22.)

" Beningfield. — 'The Cardinal Pole that now was firmly well,
is fallen suddenly sick and like to die.'

" Sussex. — ' Let him go. Why, then there's a fall of Prelates.
This realm will never stand in perfect state, till all their faction
be clear ruinate.'" (Hey wood's "If you know not me," — 1605 —
page 238, 1st vol., Heywood's Dramatic Works, 1874.)

Mr. Theobald imputes to Shakespeare great skill in the use
of the word " seen," used in the sense of the Latin, spectatus : i.e.,
well versed or skilled. In addition to illustrations formerly
given, I add the following to show how common was the use of
the word.

In Tyndall's Prologue, 1525, page 7, of the Parker Society,
can be read, " Beseeching those that are better seen in the tonguea
than I."

"Thou covetest too much to be seen an orator." (Philpot's
translation of "Curio," page 360, Parker Society vol.)

In 1573, Gold win published his translation of Calvin's
"Job," and on page 166 of the translation may be read, "Well
seen in the scriptures."

" For he is better seen in old doctors' councils and ecclesiastical
histories than any Roman Doctor of Christendom." (Grindal's
Letter to Cecil, written 1565, page 245, Parker Society.)

I may add illustrations of the word " semblable," which
Mr. Theobald says is either a French word or from the Latin,
similis. He does not seem to know that it had become an English
word in common use before Shakespeare wrote in "Hamlet," "Hia
semblable is his mirror." In addition to the illustrations of its
early use given in my former work, I may state that
"semblance" is to be found in Gower 3rd vol., page 120.

"Semblable rashness." (Philpot, Parker Society, page 405).

"I told her I had now changed my former opinion, and
exhorted her to do the semblable." (Bishop of Durham's Letter

26

to King Henry VIII., May 21st, 1533. See Collier's Ecclesiastical
History, 9tli vol., page 107, edition 1846.)

In Becon's early writings, page 39, Parker Society, —
"semblably cold is that love."

Chaucer — " semblable," in the " Parson's Tale." (Burnett's
Prose Extracts, page 103.)

So common was the use of semblable, that at the time of
Shakespeare's birth, a book, Fenton's Bandello, was being
written, in which there are about seventy instances of the use of
the word semblable.

Mr. Theobald points out that the word " success " is often
used by Bacon and Shakespeare to signify the issue or result of
anything whether the event is good or evil, favourable or the
reverse. Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, in his letter to
Lady Ann Bacon on the occasion of her publishing an English
translation of Jewell's " Apology," writes commending her work
" whose success I beseech our heavenly Father to bless and
prosper."

Most early writers put "good success ; " "prosperous success;"
" evil success."

"The happy success of those, encouraged new people to the
destruction of the empire." (Machiavelli, Bedingfield's Transla-
tion, 1588, page 23. Nutt's edition, 1905.)

I think these references to Mr. Theobald's classic diction of
Shakespeare show, that Mr. Theobald intended to state that the
words he presented were introduced into the English language in
the folio, greatly by the aid of Lord Bacon. It was not kind of him
to say that I misunderstood the language he employed. No one
can read the chapter without seeing that he did not mean merely
to assert that the author of the folio had caught the classical aroma,
but that he really had invented words which before had not been
used in the English tongue. I think Mr. Theobald should have
apologised for his bold and reckless statement, due, to a large
extent, no doubt, to his ignorance of the early English writers.

I have been compelled to write thus in defence of myself.
Mr. Theobald's chapter on the classic language of Shakespeare
has proved very attractive to many, who had no knowledge
of the early writers in our tongue. His chapter is easily
apprehended, and was received as true by many people.
As long as that chapter exists, many will still be ensnared and

27

be led to think, that the language in the folio was chiefly the
language of Bacon. Mr. Theobald's positive statement, as to the
source of the words in the folio, has led many to believe that
Lord Bacon had a considerable share in the production of the
plays. To believe that Lord Bacon had anything to do with
the composition of the plays which appeared in the folio of 1623,
makes a man present the feeblest arguments, and draw the
rashest inferences, offer the most remarkable statements, and
misrepresent, unintentionally, almost every fact in the life of
Shakespeare.

It will be noticed that many of the illustrations presented
in this "further examination" are taken from the precious volumes
of the Parker Society, a well-spring of English undefiled. Their
careful examination leads me to say, with greater confidence
than before, that the language of Lord Bacon and Shakespeare
was derived, independently of each other, from the common
stock of the English people.

It is pleasant to remember that the " affluent mint of Lord
Bacon," is a fiction.

C. G. Galljicn, Printer, JO, Pottei-gatc Street, Norwich,

C. G. GALLPEN,

PRINTER,

POTTERGATE STREET,

NORWICH.

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