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I 



PRESENTED TO THE UNIVERSITY 
BY THE RHODES TRUSTEES 



7 



D,i„Mb,Goollc 



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b, Google 



3— 

13- 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA; 



THE SOCIETY FOE THE EXTINCTION OP 

THE SLAVE TRADE, AND FOR THE 

CIVILIZATION OP AFRICA. 



VOL. I. 



-PUBLISHED BY JOHN W. PARKER, 44£, WEST STAAND; 

AND IDU) BT AU. BOOKBKLLEIU. 



by Google 



61-^. 



FEJ„^.U. 




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INDEX 

THE FlESl' VOLUME. 



Ata BCkr, Or. XtMtat Stwud lot, A4. NaiTMIt*, 
*> ) ■*■!■■ Ml aa, 108, igMBB, IBT, aBi SliTc-hnllBC 

Jan, H.MA, Cijitarc of tbg AiHlU, u 

Do. do. ;Qi»lro d« Hmo, U 

. Do. do. Soaitry Voeli, 101 

^^— Do* ConuBUMlcd by Capuhi Jnfaq Attun. 



f»CKHK vfl ndl Cout, 4T; ClirUlaD MlHiHit, UK 
SofC o^ ITS; Dr. Tofd on tbc BoUny of Wwirn 
Cotnl AMa, {9, IM; Eibiufnptiy oT. 81 ; Iii<clU> 
CCKcftwn wmni Atrta, ue; Ma|D«lc Ob«rn- 
IJHi.K;3eaieln Aflka, mi Waltrrnm ttie Cou(, 



A llHrt, a « Roramttn^ ^!^ Pnwt lo Con- 
AtkcrtiBJC 



■, W. W., Em., iAOan fna. 36, H, &I 



fci^i ml Iihii 1 I 'i- -hiiri I Tl Tji 

AitaHl: Ur. DeOnK wid Mr. rmmu, X; uvl 
A»»illMj Sociaia, 41, 39, 31, 117, ITS, an, tt4 



Btfkl oTBoda, Rnlnl of Ihc Sbn Tmh^ « 

Mitlldv Ftti, 191 

BlockiA cf Ha Wai Com of Africa, 4T 

BoUiV at Wcflcn CtnUal Atno, ky Dr. Vofel, gg. 



t.iai 



Trwlcla, )U,'I«1; M*. 

Biori.1, IM, 169 
DilIW Mn., OS V(t<l>Uc BMUr. lUi 
DuMI, ProfcMr, on Uu Wuci^of Uie AMwi ComI, 

lBiaBMli«iH,«>,S) 
DuU Gold Cou>: Bui* XMobvt SUUom, lS«i 



Dfionport AoiltluT, IW 

Doltdt Oihibro, Sbtnr, M 

Donilknu iBd SitiKrIptiaiii, 32 

DoTM, £u), AiiUliry, 59 

Boot FCTirdra, SJinr, Capbrn of, 110 

Duban AnxUlvr, !» 

Zdliterfli Berlew: AnleM M EipcdlUoB, 3 
El AnetasH, apanUli Sluer, 31 
>'Bmudp«Ioa."liy Dr. Cbudni; «tI«w,1 
ElUopc Capriln Bcooft, S) 
EUuwfniAjr of Arrici, 84 



FinlonK, CuptgiH by, IT4, UT. tM 
Firstly, Fnftaor; AniJyrti « Wder.St 
ram, C«pliin of Ibc Doib Fnadro StaTW, U9 
FCrrvBOD, Dr., LaOct ftqm, 31 



Gallinai: Lctla fna Wot CoaH of AAlei, sg; ditto 

ftom CipOiB Domnu, 109 
Oennuy: Lillor Itom Caplihi WiAloilon, il; dhto 



HI TnmliUiui of tb> "AMaB SUn Tndc ikI In 
wdy;' Pr<h» liy FfoAanr CvJ UlUir, £3) 

OlMfaw AoiUIvy, K, TC 

Onn, Mr. Dc.n 

Bomey.JowpliJobn.Eiq., NDtia orui Woit, "WinlH 



UinH HeoHiriaJ, lag 
[IcRlbnl AuilluT, St 
" TmM, U( R«». W. 




JaiiHlo,AriniHla(Proi|KTUyaf, 1CS-, ■ NcfraSpailLtr 



J«09 Miria Slina-. Ctj^n of, OS; 
CrimiNnt, lOT 

Ci|ibireerita,17< 



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KdbnH, Hr. Fmmul Jawmr to, tM U3 

Xm, Mrv, CD VctcubtcIBfUUt, lU 
iMke, Cipulii Sir lltniy, LHliT tram, 4T 
Llbeik. Buh MhdoDVT .SUDofi, 1E6 
LIIL14«liii, ihs Knr. Mr.iJuulca, U 

VidAca, Dr., hU mini rgr Aba Bckr, M 

Hap sf lb* Qnom, JB 

MuAiU/Hr,, Sarn« <X H.UAV. SoBilu, OB TMxIa*- 

UoB,«3 
jrL«u,Fl«idi<>t,AdinLiditnl]«i>fJMI«br,tM . 
H'WUUim, Dr., lata db Wiur ft« AMo, 91 



UBM>rDlo(<cil Jcwnal In Um Q««(n, gfl; OtHtianooi 
HUun, ■ ptoluUt CaKH of, «, M, fll 



M>tni Spoks, 1. lOT 

I1I(B BipuMloo : Pmriii ind FmcHdnci, t, ti, 41, 
JT, TS, ei. 97.1U.W1. 1«, ITT, liU. WI, Wi Ankle 
In Edlqbdrik.KiTl«w,3a; Dijr of Praia Ibr the. lit) 
LMIir nrom Prtm WIIUuii OuMudMb, nB ; Tn- 
tau Ar, It; PriHa Allien, HU Rojnl HlttetM' 
Villi to U, 7Si Praol lo tbc CDDnnuidni, yl ; Pro. 



Hlfer Viawi, hy ClpUln W. Allen, Ng<le« of, 3t 
Ngtiu ig CsmyoadeaUt K ; dlno la Ssbictlban, 4a, 
64, Its, IM 



OriiiB tf Uie Afrleu ra 



■fee Grand Dike cirTaic»T, llU 
FkU*, H.M.S.. DMrwkn of El AmfMM, Sknr, n 
Plcmwiin Vlcwi oo Iha Vl|«, kr Cvuta W. jUn, 

MoUMar,g« 



F<rU|Maa Maver, CapMra (( a, Kg 
Prayer lOr Ike Ntfer ExpnUhM, li 
- 'orteHlter BipvUUoB, IS 




j Mriaorototkal Jounal, j)} ; 
>lka,ll 

IB IbeTaUMlni tf tka DKer Tm«K«1, U 



He?tnl or Ha SImTrwtoia Iha BIfkl of Baala, 4C 
Klnidon, ILU.B., Cafton of tke Stars J«ai Ifarta, 

b7, U, lOr 
Hltiar, Piii>i«iir CmU Pnhca to Ibe Onao Tnaik- 



■M, Uw Ra*. Hr.. U 



Ur JohalernolL IOr,3Ci Deaa 
1 VUteTIb* ni|*tiEipHtth>a,:4n;.Vl(oar 
a(llu!SU(aTrad>,|[ia 
Slava BanaeooiH, DeKncUsa of, br C^lala Daaaai, 

SUraiHudar !■ Ati|«lBU, SO 

Stan SnufiUiif Mo tkc UBlHd:aWM, US 

sue* Tnda Piped, tg, W 

9la.a Trade, gapprenlni i lof, In Ciba. lU, Ml '■ 

SUieia Uapnaidaaud CninUif ol, lOT 

aUTarr: AMMeao(kMTu»,ltri •allbabnml 

Slan Tnda la ike UHWl BUM, 110; .Md mm 

DtUlat la Brull, U$ 
SaUh, Sir CaUlM Eanllr, BIKMw fWa, W 
SDMatr. AMeu ailUntkia, Orida oL* 
SmmtX Ibe Rm. Haldlao, larniil JUhM ts Ih* 

Nlfir ExpaOIUea, K 
SabKfiben u tt* " ntiiri of AHaa," ModM h^ 4^ M 
SvaHf, Mr.i kla PhiMlfca M Cap* UoM UMIa, tI4 
Sjmpaikf DfO* Wnt UdlMa la «o ownof AMea, «» 



UaNad SMea: Sianrr ^ tb* SlaTa IMde ia tta, II 



Vacctaalloa e( Ibe AMean, I< 4( 

VrteuUa BaOar: LtOcr Inm Hn. Zm, M^ fnm Hn. 

Dallw, IBS 
TtnUlMlua of tbe Vlfer Vwrii, i), U, IB 

ta Rove] Ulfbaa* Prlwie Albeit to tta Xlia 



ToteJ, Dr.i Latter Ana Baron Uanboldl rei|»aea»t 
fcla, U; on Um DoWv of WMera Ceolral AMc«, 

WaddeU.iba Ra*. U. M.i UM a 



Walen g( Itai AMeM CaBl, IB, H 
««««lteb.lLM.B.i CaManqriw*Mmn,M 
~reaCoaKorAfrfe*,qi BlaakadaaftbblTI 



tl, U9, «l ) SravaUwIa iht oaaa* of A»fos m 
Whrdah ••« IboOaHMa. WiMB 
«lJiiwl,8irEardleri BUIbdar FH^ w 



Weodcoet, Um Km. Hr., 



byGoogle 



THE FKIEND OF AFKIGA. 



THE COitMlTTEE OF THE SOCIETF FOR THE EETISCTIOS OF TBE 
SLAVE TRADE AlfD THE CIVIUZATIOlf OF AFRICA. 



No.1.] LONDON, Itt JANUARY, 1841. 



ABn«H>-.Al.IiMl on b«b*ir of lirla 1 


VduiOH :— 





































ADDRESS ON BEHALF OP AFRICA. 

The past history of Africa presents a myst«rious page in the book of 
Providence, and constitutes one of the most mournful and humiliating 
pasuses in the annals of mankind. 

With the exception of a few favoured spots, the seats of either 
ancjent or modem cirtlization, nearly the whole of this vast continent^ 
BO far as we are acquainted with it, has been from time immemorial 
immo^ed in moral darkness, adapted only to exhibit aceoes of the 
deepest human degradation and woe. 

Socoesaire ages have borne the elements of social improvement to 
almetf every oUier considerable portion of the globe, but A(nca> 
unhappy Africa, tiie cradle of ancient art and science, and the depository 
of ancient grandeur, has made no onward progress : and although upon 
her northMii and eastern frontiers, a by-gone civilization still lingers^ 
yet her central^ western, and southern districts appear to have ever 
remained in almost primeval barbarism, a monument of the ingretitade 
of those nations who £rst borrowed from Africa the rudiments of their' 
own advancement. 

In contemfdating the desolation and misery of modem Airica, it 
were unjust to forget that Europe is herself a debtor to the ancient popu- 
lation of that now benighted cootdnent. Egypt first taught the use of 
letters : first unveiled the mysteries of science : set the most successful 
examples of i^riculture and commerce ; and by imperishable memo- 
riala in architecture and design, "the works of Memphlan kings," awakened 
the genius and the wonder of all succeeding generations. Nor can 
Cluiiitiaaity itself deny its oblations to a continent which gave birth 
to the author of the earUest of die sacred oracles ; which produced the 
Septoapnt; listened to the voice of Evangelists; and in the primitive 
ages of the Church, gloried in the possession of many of its moat illus- 
tiio«i« martyrs, apologists, and fathers. 

It were w^ if the imputation of ingratitude and n^ject coold alone 
be wged agunst civilizea and Christian Europe. It were well if tiie 
hotnns of Afiic% aiJd the diagsace of Europe were all comprised in such 
a em^aint. Bat Europe is cnarged with far other offences than these. 
She'abblAl COttTicted, alas! of an avarice mingled with a cruelty so 



a THE FRIEHP OF ATRIC A. pat Jtx. 

insatiable, thnt having exterminated the natives of one hemiiphere in the 
lawless pursuit of gam, she with a fiend-like rapacity sougnt for fresh 
victims in helpless Africa, dragging them across the Atlantic to share the 
same miserahle fate, and adding to these enormities, at first the hypocrisy 
of benevolence, and, when that failed, the blasphemy of denying to 
men created in the image of their Maker the dignity and the rights of 
manhood. 

It is painful to remember that, in the perpetration of tbese 
atrocities. Great Britain once took a prominent part; and that, notwith- 
standing her sincere though late repentance, the mischief of her 
example still operates among other nations far leu disposed to imitate 
the costly sacrifices she has since made towards the expiation of her 
guilt. 

Great, indeed, have been the efforts of this country to redress the 
wrongs of Africa, from the period when first the venerable Ciarksbn 
among the people, and the sainted Wilberforce within the walls of 
Parliament, ma<^ the ears of alt classes to tingle with the horrors of the 
accursed traffic. Their struggle was long and arduous, but the day of 
victory at length arrived, and the British Slave Trade was blotted out 
for ever from the list of national offences. Since that period Great 
Britain has never wanted hearts to feel, nor hands to labour, nor tongue* 
to plead, both eloquently and well, on behalf of the enslaved and suffer- 
ing sons of Africa. The recent emancipation of 800,000 slaves at ft 
cost of 20,000,000/. sterling, and indefatigable, but hitherto unsuc- 
cessful exertions, in connexion with other Great Powers, during upwards 
of thirty years, for the extinction of the Foreign Slave Trade, exhibit 
specimens of national compunction and penitence such as no other f^ 
of the world can show, though still far from commensurate with w« 
greatness of her guilt 

But merely compultory methods have confessedly failed, and the 
Slave Traffic now rages with terrific and still increasing fury. 

And is there, then, no method of staying the wide-spreading plague ? 
This question has long engaged the attention of British philanthropists; 
and, however much they differ about the means of applying the remedy, all 
appear to agree in the necessity of employing one of a strictly benavoleot 
and pacific character; and no considerate person will, probably, denjr 
that the wounds of Africa can never be effectually hwled but ny ixor- 
parting to her children the blessings of Christianity and ciTiUsation. 

To sentiment* of this description, "The Society fob tbb Ex- 
tinction OF THE Slavs Trade, and for the Civilization of 
Africa," adopting' the benevolent and pacific portion of Sir Fowell 
Buxton's plan, owes its existence. Its selected sphere of labour is the 
continent of AJrica ; and its principles and plans, as stated in it* Pro- 
spectus and the Epitome of its objects, are before the public. It may 
suffice for the present, in reference to tiiese, to add, tbat its choice has 
been tnade, and its plans adopted, with a full appreciation of othex plans 
for similar objects, and a just estimate of the zeal, eneivy, and useAilaass 
of those who are engaged in carrying them into execution. 

Among the motives, however, which have led to a preference of its omi 
-sphere of dut^, may he mentioned, a firm conviction of the paramount 
-Olums of Amca, on the score of imperative justice, to immediate and 
•nwgstic efibrts on her behalf : it jpersuasion of the practical efficacy of 



ao.] THE FRIKM) OF ATRICA. ' ' t 

th« pbas adopted I a confidence that the bleisings proposed to be 
hnpaited to Afirica vill prove of equal advantage to Great Britain : 
■Bd a pleating oonaciotunem, that, in occupying this truly important 
and hitheito n^lected ground, they are contributing to the extmctiutt 
of tiie Slave Tiade and Slavery throughout the world. 

With a view of more effectually realizing these great objecta, Tav 
TmiiHD or AvRicA it now published. 

To antidpate all the various topics which may hereafter be intro- 
dnoed into this pubhcation would he mBnifestly impossible. Its prin- 
ciptl duty will be to record the proceedings of the Parent Society and of 
jts anziliary branches, as well as of the important Expedition about to sail 
: T the Niger ; and to circulate such information as may tend to keep 
sIiTe the interest of Great Britain in the suppression of the Slave Trade 
and the welfare of AMca. But its labours will not be wholly confined 
to theae cabjects. It was not to be supposed that the principles, objects, 
and plans of the African Civilization Society, would entirely escape mis' 
eoncention; nor at onoe oomniand universal approbation. To rectify 
miatakaa, and, if possible, to remove unfavourable impressions, must 
obviously become a portion of its duty, — a duty to be exercised with 
eandoar, suited to the consciousness of a common liability to error, yet 
with confidence, derived from the great and distinguished names which 
have already lent their sanction to the views it may be called upon to 
defend. 

To a few only of these explanatory topics can a moment's attention 
he now directed. 

It is matter of little snrprise that the intimate connexion subsisting 
between the objects of the approaching Expedition to the Niger, and the 
plant of this Society, should have induced some persons to attribute to 
It a political and party character. It must surely, however, be obviousi 
that s Society composed of individuals professing the utmost diversity 
of opinion upon all other topics than the single one which unites them 
togeuMf, can belong to no political or religious party whatever ; and it 
ought bi fumess to be inferred, that, however grateful for the munificent 
support it may receive, it can entertain no relations whatever which are 
not compatible with perfect f^edom and independence of action. 

The extreme importance of a correct understanding as to the course 
of the Society with regard to religion, calls for a distinct notice of that 
subject. While the Society fully recognises the supreme importance 
of the diffusion of Christianity in Africa, and is persuaded that the 
saco eea f n l prosecution of its appropriate objects will open the door 
for Ae missionary's entrsnee, and in various ways indirectly facili- 
tate his operations, it is constrained, for the reasons assigned in the 
ProepeetuB, not itself directly to exercise the functions of a teacher 
of reNgioD. 

To prevent all future misconception on the subject of commerce, it 
ttiay he proper to repeat that this Society is, by its constitution, abso- 
Int«f protnbited from every species of commercial speculation; and 
that the success of its plans depends essentially upon the encourage- 
■oent of optB competition, and tree trade in its largest and most hberal 
sense. 

A reference to the plans of this Sodety will further show that nei- 
ther colonization nor emigratioD, in the ordinary acceptation of these 



« THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. [lit Jaw. 

terms, enter into its arTangements;'the object being, not to intro<]nce b 
new population, but to educate and improve the old; and in effecting 
this, to employe, as far as possible, natiTca and descendants of the 
African race. 

The degree of success with which it may please Providence to crown 
the efforts thus made must be left to time and events to decide. Of 
the gigantic nature of the evils to be encountered, and the difficnltjr of 
approaching them, this Society has, from its commencement, been moat 
deeply convinced ; but so long as these obstacles do not appear to be 
insurmountablci it is not permitted to the survivors, the representatives, 
and the friends of those illustrious men who won the arduous and 
protracted victory over the British Slave Trade and British slavery, to 
decline the onset. And it is peculiarly enconmging to know that, in the 
opinion of such men as Clarkson, Lushington, Inglis, Allen, and many 
more of the earliest, warmest, and most judicious mends of Africa, the 
means suggested by Sir Fowell Buxton, and proposed to be now 
employed, besides being now brought into operation under peculiarly 
fovourable circumstances which never before existed, are in themselves 
calculated to prove eminentiy efficacious. 

The lengtn of the previous observations leaves no room for a con- 
cluding appeal on behalf of Africa, and it may be hoped that nme will 
be ne^ed. 

If the spectacle of a vast continent, once foremost in arts and 
sciences, but now thrown fax behind in the march of civilization, excites 
no compassion for its future welfare — if the increasing honors of a 
traffic which annually sweeps hundreds of thousands of unoffending 
beings into slavery or eternity, and dooms the countries from whence 
they are torn to the terror of perpetual alarms, entailing, more- 
over, the curse of endless barbarism, kindle no indignation, and 
provoke no effort for their deliverance — if the sense of deepest 
national responsibility, incurred by long participation in the guilt and 
the gains of the man-stealer, produce no compunction, and suggest no 
thoughts of ample reparation, — or if, on the other hand, the powerful 
influences of Christianity, combined with the beneficial influence of 
enlightened self-love, acting upon the resources of a continent stUl 
teeming with inhabitants, endowed with incomparable futility, and 
offering the richest rewards to free agricultural industry and Iq^itimate 
commerce, justify no hopes, and afford no probable or allowable means 
of promoting the moral and social improvement of Africa, — then might 
it be feared that further arguments would be urged in vain. But past 
events have shown the foliar of these hypotheses, and have proved the 
progressive interest felt, botti in this country and upon the continent 
of Europe, in plans like these for rendering justice to Africa. Nothing, 
therefore, remains but to commend them eamesUy, though in no 
exclusive spirit, to the fervent prayers and the generous and perse- 
vering exertions of a philanthropic public; with a conviction that they 
still leave ample scope to the useM efforts of kindred societies, and 
with an unfiling confidence in the expansive power of Christian charity 
to furnish adequate funds for the encouragement and support of all 
suitable maans for the advancement of this nghteoos cause. 



by Google 



1.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



. ORIGIN OF THE SOdETY. 

' At ft Meeting of Noblemea aod 
Gntdem^ feeling * deep interest ia 
the Extinction of the Slatk Tkad^ 
nd the Civilization of Africa, 
beld St the Right Hon. Stephen Lush • 
ington's, No. 29, Great George Street, 
Wectminster, on Tuefda;, the 33d day 
arjnl7, 1839: 

On the motion of the Lord Biihop 
ef London, seconded by the But of 
EniTON, it «aa unAnimouily resolved — 
That an Instittitjon be formed, hsTing 
fiv ita primary object the Extinction of 
the Save Trade by adopting measures 
far dTilinng Africa, and encouraging 
and protecting the cultivation of the soU 
■nd KgitimaJe commerce. 

On the motion of the Lord Viscount 
6ahdoh, seccmded by Ijord Sxafohd, it 
*u nnsnimonaly reaolved — 

That a Pyovisional Commitlee be 
wpfOtatt A to draw np mies and icgula- 
lioiu fw this Society. 

OcdiemodonDf John lHviKo,£tq., 
M.Pi, secopded by Samuel Gcirney, 
. Eiq^ it waa unanimously resolved — 

xW it may be of the utmost ira- 
pprtasGe to the suppression of the Slave 
Trade and the Civilisation of Africa, 
that an institution for agricultural pur- 
poses, whollr distinct from the institution 
named in the first resolution, shall be 
fonned, and that a Prorisional Com- 
mittea be af>p<»nted for the consideration 
of tfato wbject. 

Ob 4he motion of T. Powell 
BvxTOM, Esq., Kcooded by the Ri(^t 

Hon. EtTBPHKK LoaHINOTON, MJ>q 

it waa unammously resolved — 

Tliat all the Noblemen and Gentle- 
men present be Members of the African 
Gvilualion Society, with power to add 
to tbcir number. 

A depstation, consisting of all the 
^ton-named Noblemen and Gentlemen, 
besdes, among othen, the Earl of 
Chichwtkii, Lord Charles Fitz- 
vn. Lord Asblet, Lord Worslky, 
Lord ThohmouthI Bii T. Dyke Ac- 
i.Am, Rcit, Kr Robert R Ihglis, 
Bait, W. E. Gi^nsTOHE, Esq., MJ*., 
W. EvAiis, Esq, M.P., T. B. Macau- 
i^T, Esq, M.Pq &c, was appointed to 
eonftr wfth Her Majesty's Government 
QfMA the measures to be adopted for pro- 
■Ming dte objecU of the Society. 



In pursuance of these resolutioiu, 
the Committee held many meetings 
during the year, and paid the most 
anxious attention to various subjects 
connected with the establishment and 
interest of the Society, into the details of 
which it is not here necessary to enter. 
Their proposal to Her Majesty'a 
Government to equip an Expedition to 
ascend some of the principal riven of 
Western Africa, was cordially acceded 
to; andonthe26thof December, 1839, 
Lord John Russell wrote to the Lords 
of the Treasury, reconunending aa 
Expedition, consisting of three steam- 
vessels, to be sent to the Niger. On 
the 12th June, 1840, Parliament voted a 
grant of money for this purpose, and the 
vessels were immediately proceeded with. 

Another great object with the Com- 
mittee was to obtain all the inibrmation 
that could be procured respecting the 
coast and interior of Western Africa; 
and for this purposes series of questions, 
relating to the Slave Trade, to agri- 
culture, to commerce and manufactures) 
to natural and political gei^aphy, to 
health, habits, and disposition of the 
natives, Ac, were extensively circulated 
among travellen and officen who had 
served on the coast, as well as among 
those resident at the different settle- 
ments. I'be result has been a vast 
mass of information, which has been 
digested, and extracts from it will be 
printed from^ time to time in this paper. 

On the 1st of June last, the Society 
held its first public meeting, when His 
Royal Highness Prince Albeht, as 
President, graciously took the Chair, 
and thus, by identifving himself with 
the best interests of numanity and re- 
ligion, established a double claim to the 
affections of a grateful people. The 
densely crowded state of Exeter Hall 
on this occasion proved the deep interest 
felt by the British public in the cause 
of African Civilisation. 

le subsequent proceedings of th& 
Committee have been directed towards, 
diffusing information on the real state 
of the Slave Trade, which appears to 
be little understood, not only on the 
Continent of Europe, but even in our own 
country. As one means of effecting this 
' sy have published a larre edition of Sir 

Buxton^ work. The Slave Trade and 



THE VRIEND OF AFRICA. 



HtJittMtif, ti ■ r«duoed price, u aUo 
kA abridgment of it, snd hftve caused 
tbt work tft be translated into Freaoh 
and German- 
Auxiliary Societiei hava alao been 
Mtabliahed in different parti of the coun' 
trji and ag«nti engaged to make known 
iti abjectB. But the chief attention of 
the Committee hai been directed to a 
CordiBl ca-operation with Her Majeatj's 
GoTeraroent in the equiptnent of the 
Ni^r Expedition, — in aelecting and 
«Dg*giag the twrvicea of acieatiGc men 
in every department of natural hiitorj 
to accompany it, — in preparing' roca- 
bularieB (u far aa can possibly be done 
in this country) of the principal Ian- 
foa^ee of Western and Central Africa, 
—and Dtherwice in carrying out to the 
AiUestexleot the view* of the Committee, 
•a axpiained in the following 

PROSPECTUS. 

Ill the year 1 B07 Great Britain prohibited 
alt her subject* from ennglng in the 
Slan Trad^ and the Ls^ulatun of this 
Montij, in aceordance with the voice of 
tb* people, repudiated a commerce which 
had produced more crime and misery than, 
perhaps, any other single cause of guilt 
and iniquity ; but neither the Govenmient 
nor the L^islature, nor the snbjecla of 
Qua realm, were aatisfied with a mere 
Mention from crime. 

Bemembering how deeplv, in times of 
•MnparatiTe ignorance, we nad gostoined 
and Bugnientea this trade, ao r^iunant to 
every Christian principle and Kennf^, the 
nation determined to use its utmost mflu- 
ance, and expend its resoureee. In the 
aoble attempt to extinguish It for ever. 

The compaes of thia addreas will not 
allow even u tlie most eompendiooa state- 
ment of the meaHoree resorted to, of the 
trettiea concluded with foreign power^ of 
the moneys expended, and tne vanous 
Other efforts made to effect thia object; 
suffice it to say that, since the year 1807, 
all the great Powers of Europe nave been 
Indttcec by Great Britain to unite in 
expressing their abhorrence of this tnflic ; 
■BO, with all, treaties more or lees strin- 
gent have been made for ita extinction. 

The United States of America, though 
from political reasons they have declined 
any actual co-operation, have not the leas 
denounced ana prohibited all traffic in 
glares from Amca. Great Britain baa 
expended, in bonntiee alone, upwards of 
WfOOIML, and, in the maintenance of the 
Mvrta eitabliaiied for the a^ndicaUon^of 



[llit Jjjr. 

e^tnnd ilatei, abota 330,OOCUL, bMdes a 
very Urge sum annually in euppoiting 

a considerable force of cruiiers in rarioua 
parts of the globe to intercept and destroy 
the traffic*. An infinitely more important 
aacriflce has been made in the loss irf 
Briti^ life, which hat been necetearily 



tinguished, has not been diminished, but, 
by the lateat accounts from which any 
estimate can be correctly formed, the num- 
bers exported have increased — thedestrue> 
tion of human lifb, and all the gnilt and 
misery eonaeqnent therecm, have baen flar- 
fiilly augmented ; and at the tame time It 
may be stated, that the nnmbet* exnortcd 
l^m Africa are, aa compared witn the 
year 1807, as two to one, &nd that the 
annual leas of life has risen from seventeen 
to twenty-five. 

Let no man, however, my that tbeae 
effi>rts hare been thrawn away. Who 
can tell how fearful might not lia*« been 
the amount of cuarmity, if thooe aaertiaoi 
had not been madel Who would pra* 
sum* to say that the very asaertion of the 
great principles of justwe and tmth baa 
not accelerated the final extirpation of 
those detested piacticeiT Who could TeD> 
tnre to osMTt that a criminal inaction on 
the port of Great Britain might not hitt 
cansed an indefinite ccntinuanee of tba 
gvilt on the part of other nations? 

But the pet^le of England hare not 
sucoeeded to the extent of their wishes :-— 
Assuming it to be so, what remuna to ba 
done — but, led on by the same Christian 
principles, the mme derotion to truth, 
justice, and humanitr, to continne onr 
eflbrta, and to apply, & poarible, other and 
mere effieient remediea La aeeordaaoa wtlh 
these great prindpleat 

Animoteo by uuae fteling% a nnmbet 
of Noblemen end Gentlemen of all politi- 
cal opinion^ and of Chrietian persuauona 
of dirers kmds, bare formed themselre* 
into a Society for the purpose of effecting 
the extinction of the Slave IHde; anS 
they now call on the puUio to unite thrir 
exertioaa fbr llu aerompUshment of thia 
great ecd. 

That the British public, anpriaed of tha 
extent of the enormity, and detyly (ImI- 
'- - '' guilt and miBerr now prevailing. 



ing U 
wflln 



with favour the annoaneemait 
of the formation of this Society, so doubt 
is entertained ; but variona optuona do and 



im.i 

wiUnulHtotlH nuMt Suing 

ba adopted for tb« eMabluhmant of pMM 

■ad tnaqnUIity in Africa. 

it ia axpadicnti, tlwiafan, to atata tha 
leading prmcipka on which thii Booietj' 
to Amnad, aaa tha Bi«anm> inMided to 

u ittlwaDaiumoiu opinion of thii So- 
tlttj, that Ua enlj complete onre of all 
ttoM arils to the introdnction of Chriati- 
ani^ into Afiica. Thej do not beliera 
that aaj laai powerftit nmadr will eatirel^ 
•xtiii|vi8h tne i««ntit indoeamenta to 
tnda in hnman beinga, or will afford to 
tha inhahita&ta of thoee axteoaiT* re^ioM a 
•nre foundation for repoae and hqtpuxai. 

But they are awH« that a great wietr 
e( view* nk^r extot m to the tnaniMr in 
wliich relttiow iaatmetioD ibovld be intro- 
dnaed. DtoUiwtlr avowing, thutfora, that 
tbt aolMtitiition of oar pu* and holy 
&ith, for the falee religion, iMati;, and 
ai^tfalilioDa «f AfHea, ia, in thdr finn 
aonvietioB, the tme ultimata renudy fbr 
tha calanutiea that afflict htr, tbay are 
HMst audouB to adopt every memra 
whic^ mvr aventvally Imd to the eatabUih- 
mant of Quteianity tlmnghout that oon- 
tinant; and, bapim to lecure tha cordial 
ao-*p«i«lion of all, they pnwaed to declare 
that the mnd object of dieir aModation 

The primary «bjeot of thto Society will 
be coMtanUy faot in view under all cir^ 
enmalaiMcaof dinonhy or diaeonnunment, 
as tba grand end to which tiieir MMrta, ot 
whatever character, ehonld be reeolutely 
and aiwluB^tcably directed. 

As one of the principal means, they have 
cordially co-«pa«ted with Hr. Buxton in 
hidaeing Her Hajesty's Govenunent to nn- 
dertoke an Expedition to the River Niger, 
with the view of obtaining the most secn- 
rat« information «a to the state of the conn- 
tries bordering on its mighty waters. 

The immense importance of this olijeet 
alone, ai opening a Dii^wsy into the inte- 
rior ot Amca, and brmging the efforts of 
British philanthropy into immediate con- 
tact with the numeroos and popnlous 
nations it contains, will be at once per- 
oeived and acknowledged. 

It will be one of the first duties, then, 
of thto 8amety to watch orer the proMed- 
Ings ol tUe Expedition, to leeora its pro- 
gRH, and to dl^et and circulate the tsIu- 
able information which it may be eonfi- 
dentlv expected to cOTomnnicate. 

Wnen this leading step has been tslren, 
it Is antictpat«d that a lu^ field for exer- 
tioai of a diflerent description will then 
be opmed ; but dcmrsble as such exerttona 
may be, it most be dearly nadentood tkat 
this Society, vnriated eoltly for benevo- 



THB FEIEm) OP AFRICA, 



in thsm: still, in order thata 
ure view may be taken of the wholly 
though each part most be accomplished hf. 
agencies entitely distinct, it may be expe- 
dient to state some of the expeotatioH 
which are entartttined. ' 

One most importoit depaitaMBt mut 
entirely test with H« fttqestv's QoreniK 
meat,— (ha formation <rf trealHa with ti<i 
nativw rulers of Africa for the nippveanM 
ot the Slsve Trade. Such traotMi, howo 
ever, will not be carried into execatloOy 
unless those wanta, which have hitherto 
been siqiplied from the profits arimng frina 
tiM Mle of the native*, ihould be tatisfleA 
thnmgh tbe meana of legitimate eoromcrca* 
It nay avpear expedient to the OoTcni- 
mant to obtain iivin th* chie& the ponci 
sion of some convenient districts, which 
may be beat adapted to carrying on laadc 
with safety and sucoees; and when thto 
to elhetad, another and whollv distinct 
Society may periisM be formed, fbr th* 
pnipo** of Bidii^ in the eultivatloo at 
Uioas dtolriet*, and of promoting tha 



promoting I . 
mwthofthoss Tslnabla prodncta for which 
Uiesoil ofthoMOoantii** is peculiarly fitted. 

The present Society can take part in na 
plan of coloniiaUon or of tmde. It* ob> 
jecta are, and must be, exclnnvely pacifitf 
and benevolent; but it may, by moon* 
ragemtnt and by the difiiinon ofinform»i 
tiMi,' moat mat«itol]y aid in the oiTilizatioa 
of Africa, and eo pave the v^forthasno* 
oeashil exertions of olher^ whether thev 
be diiecWd to colonlzstion and the enltw 
vation of the soil, or to commercial intcr- 
ooune, or to that which to immeasurably 
superior to them all, the establishment of 
the Chriitian luth on the cMititwnt of 
Africa. 

At home, thto Sodety will direct its 
Tioilsnt attention to all which may arisa 
with renect to the traffic in ilaves, and 
give pubudty to whatever may l>e deemed 
most eBsenti^ to prodnce it* suppresrion. 

In Africa there are rarioua means whcre^ 
by it may efFectually work to the same 
end. One of the great impedimento at 
present existing to the odvanceraent of 
knowledge to the state of tiie native toi»> 
gusgca <a Weetcni and Cential Africa. 

AinoagBt the many nation* which Inha" 
bit thoee r»ion*, there are certointv many 
diKrent dialeets, and not improbably seve- 
ral leading lanniages. A few only of 
those languages have yet been reduced into 
writing, and consequently the difficulty of 
holdina; inUrcoune with the natives, and 
impsrtiDff knowledge to them, to greatly 
increased. By the adoption of effectual 
measoTM for reducing ue principal lan- 
gusgei d! Western and Ceatml Afiieaiato 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



writing, a great obatacla to the diHoaioa of 
information wiU be remoTed, and &cility 
afforded for the introduction of tlie tratna 
(rf CliriBtiaiiity. # 

There ia anouier subiect, of no light 
bnportance, which woula legitiraatdy fell 
within the views of this Iiutitntion. In 
Africa, medical science can acarcely be nid 
to exiat, yet in no pMrt of the world is it 
more profoundly reqieeted. As at present 
nnderatood by tne natiTes, it is intimately 
connected with the most inveterate and 
httrbsTOns superstitions ; and its art5il prac- 
titioners, owing their superiority to tliis 
popuhir i^orence, may be expected to in- 
le^ose the nioet powmul obstacles to the 
difiiiaion of Chrirtjanity and of seienee. 

To encourage, therein, th« immbit$im 
of more enlightened views oa tliia mbject, 
to prevent or mitigate the prevalence of 
disease and auflering among the people of 
Africa, and to secure the wd of medical 
science generally to the beneficent objects 
of African civiUzation, must be considered 
of immense importance; nor would its 
benefits be confined to the native popula- 
tion. It is equally applicable to the in- 
restigation of the climate and localities of 
that country. To render Africa a salu- 
brious residence for European constitutions 
may be a hopeless task ; but to diminish 
the danger, to point out the means whereby 
persons proceeding thither may most effec- 
tnally guard against ita perils, may perb^is 
b« emcted; nor must it be fot^ten, that 
in however humble a dtane this advantage 
can be attained, its vuue cannot be too 
highly appreciated. 

Various other measures may come witliin 
tlie legitimate scope of this Institution, It 
may be sufficient to recapitulate a few ; — 
the encouragement of practical science in 
all its various brandies, — the system of 
drainage best calculated t« snoeet^inacli- 
)nat« so humid and so hot, would be an in- 
valuable boon to all who frequent tliat great 
continent, whatever might be their pur- 
pose. Though this Society would not 
embark in agriculture, it might afford 
easential assistance to the natives, by f^- 
nishinK them with useful informaUon as 
to the oeat mode of cultivation, as to the 
productions which command a steady 
market, and by introducing the most au- 
^ved agricultural implements and seeds. 
The time may come when the knowledge 
and practice of the mighty powers of 
■team might contribute rapidly to promote 
the improvement and proqMrity of that 
eonntry. 

Even matters of comparatively less mo- 
ment may engage ths atteition of the 



ing press, 
will be am 



amongst the mott poweiM m 



It is lumped that enough has now becm 
stated to j ustiiy the Society in callinc for tlifl 
aid and co-operation of all who bold in just 
abhoirence the iniquitous traffic in hnnun 
bein^— of all who deeply deplore Va» 
awful crimes which have so Ion* afficted^ 
and still continue to dsvastate, Africa of 
all who remember with demi sorrow sod 
contrition that share which Great Britain 
so long continued to have, in produdiw 
those scenes of bloodshed aitd ofgnilt. A 
variety of collateral means has thus been 
sng^esled ntfflcioitly inmortant and iitt»- 
resting to demonstrate toe necessity of a 
distinct Sodetv, and to entitle it to the 
best wishes and firmest support of eveirT 
uncere friend of Africa. 

To its success, cordial and united co- 
operation is indispensable. It propoaes (o 
net by means in which the whole com- 
munity, without regard to reUgioas or po- 
litical opinions, may concur ; and, tJioti^ 
it does not embrace the estabfishment, b j 
its own agency, of schools tea the qiread 5t 
religious niatructien, it abetunt fwrnanch 
an undertaking, not became it doea.not 
value the introduction of Christian know- 
ledge as the greatest blessing which caa 
be bestowed on that idolatrous land, bat 
because a diversity of opinion as to the 
mode of proceeding, most of neeeaaitj- 
interfere with the unity of aetita, w 
essential for the commtm proseeotuui of 



stitution. 

It is impossible, however, to close tliia 
address, without again e^qiresdng, in the 
most emphatic terms, the conviction and 
earnest hope of all who have already at- 
tached themselves as niembers of this In- 
stitution, that the measures to be adopted 
by them for the supptcseion of the traffic 
in slaves— for securing tlie peace and tran- 
quillity of Africa — for the encouragement 
of agriculture and commerce — wilTbcili- 
tate the propagation and triumph of that 
futh, which one and all feel to be india- 
pensable for the h^piaese of the inhabit- 
ants of that continent. Howsoever the 
extension of the Christian religion may be 
attempted, it is far more likely to take 
root and sourish wherepeace prevails, and 
crime is diminished, than where murder 
and bloodshed, and the violation of «Teiy 
rigbteona principle, eontinae to pollute lb« 



1«, Paribma^mnd, ■ 
IM JWrwoif, 1S». 



Mfl.3 



THE FBIGia) OF AFRICA. 



NIGER EXPEDITION. 

BiroKE the first month of the opening 
jMt duS hiTe passed away, the Expe- 
dEtion destined, we trust, to be the hsT' 
Iniger ctf peace and ciTiliration to Airica, 
vQl have left the ihores of this country, 
accompanied by the good wishes and 
pnyen for success ot all Chriatiaiis 
Anogboat our land ; and as it will form 
PM of the le«ding objects of this paper 
to report its pnwrees, and to circulate 
dte informatioii which it may confidently 
be expected to communicate, it may not 
be tminteresting to lay before our readers 
Mnoe details respecting ita outfit and 
Dorements up to the present time. 

Iq aecMdance with the recommenda- 
tiaa of Sit Edward Farry, contuned h 
his report on this subject appended to 
Lord John Russell's letter to the Trea- 
miy, the Expedition will consist of three 
iron iteamen, strongly built, and of light 
draught of water, fitted for river Davi- 
gatiotL Three such vessels have been 
bvih bj Messrs. Laird of Liverpool, and 
fitted irith every improvement which 
their well-inown experience conld mig- 
gesL At th«r launch in September 
bst the steamers received respectively 
the Dames of Albert, in honour of 
oar Rt^al President; Wilberforck, 
in memory of that venerated name ; 
SonDAK, (or more correctly Habib-es- 
ftidan,) or Friend of the Bbcka. The 
fotensions of the vessels, the two larger 
of which are exactly of the same sixe, 
rig, and power, with all their stores pre- 
dsely alue, are as follows ^— 



Ai^nr ft ViLBiaToacs. 
Instil en deck . ISett. 



T*aJ 



110 ft. 

37fL asft. 

10 ft. S «{■. 

A ft. a in. 4fL 
MO tons 8M tons. 
8 ft. deep. 

EMh <^ the larger vessels has two 
ea gmea of 35-horse power each, and can 
eany coab for 15 days (of 12 hours). 
T¥e maUer has one engine of 3S-horse 
powir, and can carry coal for 10 days. 
AH tiM oigiaeavere constructed by Mr. 
FoHMtwc of lirerpool. The vesaek 
hn».m-n«my and airy accommodation 
as thiir tin woold permit The Soudan 
* 1 fbr detached service, when 
ip smaller riven ; fer convey- 



ing intelUgence or invalids, and en>^ 
duly for sounding a-head of the outer 
' I difficult or nnknown naviga- 

tiOD. 

The vessels are thoroughly equipped 
with every necessary, nay, even coinfort 
that prudence or foresigbt could dictate. 
The supply of provinons of all kinds is 
most ample, including preserved meats, 
chiefly prepared by Goldner, and suffi- 
dent for the consumption of the crews 
for four months. 

For the purpose of enabling the 
medical officers of the Expedition to 
render thdr services useful to die na- 
tives, an extra quantity of mecQcines 
has been furnished to each of the ships; 
and from the great respect, if not vene- 
ration, in which the healing art is held 
throughont Airica, it may be inferred 
that a judicious and liberal exerdse of 
it will contribute much to the alijecta 
of the Expedition. 

With tbe view of endeavouring to 
supply a remedy for the want of a free 
circuution of fresh air between decks in a 
trt^iical climate, and for the miasma that 
usually prevails in alluvial soils on those 
coasts, a system of ventilating tubes 
has been fitted, under the able superin- 
tendence of Dr. Reid. With this is con- 
nected a chamber, containing woolteil 
cloths, lime, &c., through which it is 
intended, whenever the presence rf 
malaria is suspected, the air shall pass' 
previously to being circulated below by 
the ventilating apparatus. A more 
detailed account irf Dr. Reid's plan 
will be given in a future number of this 
paper ; but in the mean time it may be 
remarked, that it seems to be quite pos- 
sible, that, by a careful observation of 
the effects of a ' malaria ' atmosphere on 
the substances in the chambM', a clue 
may be given to the nature of this 
hitherto unknown, but formidable, foe to 
European life in tropical climates — a 
result which would deserve to be 
ranked among those discoveries, by 
which science may be truly said to 
have benefited mankind. These iriMer-' 
vations will be' conducted by Dr. M' Wil- 
liam, the senior medical officer, who fully 
enters into Dr. Reid's views, and is 
well qualified to rendv these expeij- 
fnenta subservient to the advancement 
of knowledge LtOO^Ic 



THE FRIEin> OF ATAICA. 



[MJur. 



. The commuid of tb« whole Ezpedi* 
lion is (ntruBUd to Csptun Trotteri of 
ikv Royal Navy, already well known by 
his services in putting dcwn slaTery 
while in ooBimand of the Ctirltie, oq 
tfae CDMt of Aftica. Tha two other 
officen in comnumd us Csptain Wil- 
liam Alien, R.Nf the companion of 



Lander in his lost Toyaoef and te whom 
we. are indebted for uk chart of the 
Quorra, and Captain Bird Allen, R.N^ 
who has long been employed on the 
surrey in the West Indies, and Is well 
acquainted with the Afdcan oharacttr. 
The following table ahowi at one view 
the oiBcers en the respeotive ihips :— ■ 



Albbrt, 




Soudan. 


Caplain.H. Dnndas Trotter 












H. C. HmtotL 






ifatttr, 0. B. Harf ey. 


Jtfojlrr, Wm. Fonter. 


Madfr, John Belatn. 


Surg. J 0. M'Willinin, M.D. 


5<Hj. Morm Pritchett, M.D. 


SurgMH, W. B. M*r»h»II. 




A: Surg. T. R. H. TlioiMon. 


AnUL AtfT- H. Collmxi. 


Purtrr, WilllHm Boirden. 
Matt, W. C. Willie. 


PuTitr CyruB Wnkehiin, 
Matt, H. C. Toby. 


C^rHnCA«rjw,N.W.twt. 


Mate, F. W. Sidney. 


„ H'Leud B. Om^mA. 


„ H. F. V. JloMfc. 


„ A. B. DsTlta. 


„ J. W. FUrholme. 




M W. K. Wabb. 


Second Mat. W. H. T. Green. 






Ctgflt, W. B. Bkiih. 


atri, 3. H. B. Webb. 


MmI4t'm AM«Mml, 


Cltrh't AuUtant, 3. Honmt. 












Sns; John Laogley, 1st CL 


Av.Wni.J<AD«to>e,l>ta 




MCU 


» MCL 


Mt>t. a. V.CtaMaAn^ let CL 


„ Ju. Brown, 3d CI. 


„ G.OMritle,S<lCl. 


„ Wi>. Jobnm, 2d CI. 



The Rer. T. 0. Miiller will, we be- 
lieve, be chaplain to the Expedition. 

The crews of the three Teasels con- 
nit betides, of 23 marines, and 88 
■eamen and stokers ; of theae 8S, not lea 
than 20, or nearly one-fourth, already 
entered, are Africans by birth. On 
their arriral at Sierra Leone, the ahipa 
will take on board about 120 Kroomen, 
who will do alt the work that reqiures 






tipMure, aa wooding, watering, &o. 

The. commanders of the shine, a 
Captain Cook, (well known for hia skill 
UKi humanity in rescuing the crew of 
the Kent East Indiaman when on fire 
in the Bay of Biscay,) will be Her 
Majesty's four Conunissioner* for mak- 
ing treaties with the native Chieft for 
the abolition of the Slave Trade. 

So &r, the Government has tho- 
roughly provided for all the wants of 
the Expedition; and a deep debt of gra- 
titude is due to Her Majes^'a advisers 
va this account from all well wishers to 
the cause of Africa. 

But the committee of the Aftioan 
led 



mpn 



with the necessity 

Ertunity afforded by the Niger £x- 
joDf a. csrrying oat its pacue and 
voknt views as stated m its pro- 



spectus.andofmvestigatingtheiesoarceB 
and capabilities of this part of Africa; 
deairous also of elfectnally co-operating 
with the Government in rendering the 
Expedition as complete in a scientific 
point of view as lay in their power ; have 
spared no pains or erpense in selecting 
and engaging individuals in «very depart- 
ment c^ natural history to accompany iL 
As a botanist, they have had the good 
fortune to secure the services of Dr. 
Vogel, acting director of the Botanic 
Garden at Bonn, (and highly recom- 
mended by Baron Alexander von Hum- 
boldt,) an individual who, to a practical 
knowledge of horticulture, unltea the 
acquirements of a «cientific botsnist. 
As a mineralogist, they have engaged 
Mr. Roscher, a practical miner, eou- 
cated at the Academy of Mines at 
Freiberg, (the school which prodneed 
Humbddt, Bneh, Werner, &&,) who 
wiU inmish a report upon the geological 
structure, as well as on the minwala 
and metals of that portion of Aftieau 
As netnrsJist, they have mbraced the 
offer of Mr. FraMr, Curator to di« 
Zoologieal Boeietv of London, who wiU 
investigste this o^iartmtnt oif natnral 
history in a oatfOrr when M Mto- 
raiirt hi« ^ '■— 



tf] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



11 



Tlu codiinittM hu also esgagad the 
MmoM of B pnotical gudeoer and 
WifliiTun, whO) imdsr tfa< kind supcrin- 
tendanoe of Dr. Lindley, has mode & 
Maction irf the moat uaeflil Med« and 
planU to introduoe into AiHea, and wiU 
explain their usea to the natiTMi and 
thaw tham haw to cultivate them. 
■ And, laatlj, they have engaged a 
drangfataman, wfaoae aid will be required 
in alt thoae departmeata of natnral hia- 
tOfy, where the objecta are toe large or 
too delicate to be preaerved t and who will 
otherwiie ftimisb ui with Bketehea of 
tropical aceneiTt and with the peculiar 
charaeteriitio ->eatni8a of Ae Tarioiu 
Airican tribe* whieh may be met witb. 

Thii corapletot the aertimntl of die 
£xpeditioni which, aa nr as the Society 
ii concerned, has been effected at an 
eipeuM conaiderably exceeding l,000/> 
Another very easential object with the 
committee has been the preparing to- 
eahularies, as far aa could be done In 
thia country, <rf the chief language* of 
Weatem Central Afnca. At first the 
taak aeemed faop^as ; bnt by pene- 
renace '■nd diligent reiearch, a very 
t^snUe Tocabulary has been fomnd 
«rf the «z languages with which the 
Expedition will come into imsiediate oon- 
taot, and a ahorter lilt of *ome other*. 
IlMae are printed in the moat conve- 
niait form for refWreoee i together with 
« eeriea of the moat uaefol questions. 
In this wnA the committae have to ex- 
preaa their thanks, for valuable aaait. 
tanee, to M. D'Aveaac, at Paria ; to 
the Ashanti princes now in this country 
La diarge of the Rev. T. Fyne; to Mr. 
da Ortft, a native F^U, through ^e 
hmdnea* of the Rev. J. Beecham; and 
to Dr. M'WilKam, who fau drawn ^P a 
■eriea of the moat uaefol medical inqui- 
riaat which have b^n sent to Sierra 
Lmne and Cope Coast for trantlation. 

ThaSoudan wuto laU fhimLirerpool 
«B the 28th of December, the other vei- 
ada will shortly follow, and dtey may be 
expaoted to arrive at Woolwich in the 
eourte of the next week, when they will 
takn im board the remainder of Aeir 
stores. The Ashanti princ«a,-who ratum 
bjr ihia oppMtunity to their native 
c«HBtiTi will dso there embark. Hie 
RxpAdituHi will finally leave England 
abMt the 30th of Jannary, and c^wg at 



St. Vmcent, one bf the Cape de Verde 
Islands, for coal, at Sierra Leone for 
Kroomen and Interpreters, and at Cape 
Coast Castle, will probably arrive off 
the mouth of the Niger about the lOA 
of March. The vettels will here fill up 
their ooali from a *tore>ihip already 
sent out for that purpose ; and having 
placed their heavy stores, Ac, in canoes, 
and otherwise lightened the vesBsl* for 
river navigation, they will proceed up 
the Quorra either by the rormoto or 
NlJn branch, whichever maybe reported 
of most favourably; and steaming m< 
pidly through the Delta, moke their first 
halt at the town of Ib<i, on the left 
or western shore of the Nlin, abont 
120 mile* (Vom the entrance. Hers 
thn will commence their operations 
wiui a view to ^e execution of the 
principal object of the mission, namely, 
to make treaties with tlu African rhieiii 
to put down entirely the traffic in slava*, 
and to substitute instead of it a friendly 
commercial intercourse with this coud< 
try. 

Ibtl, or Eboe, we know from Loader 
and Laird, ia a place of tome import* 
ance ; and King Obi, at the time' of 
their visit, was respected or feared 
even to the extreme point of the Delta. 
Among Captain W. Allen's View* on 
th» Niger, is a very charact«ri*tie 
sketch -of tiie procession of canoes, 
denaely crowded with Africans, in* 
vested with all diefr " barbaric pomp," 
eondacting him and hi* follow-travellera 
up to the capital, to hold a "palaver " 
with King Obi ; the broad stream over- 
hung by tiie moet luxuriant tropical 
vqetation, the numerous boatt, mOi 
th«r gay flags, and the good-humoured 
natives shouting or singing as they ra- 
pidly paddted their canoes, formed a 
striUng and picturesque scene- 
After OS short a delay as possible at 
Ib(i, the Expedition will proceed up tha 
river t and 40 miles beyond, reach the 
first hills at the apex of the Delta, abont 
160 miles from the sea, — a distance 
easily aecomplishad wi^ even moderate 
iteanMn in from three to four day*. 
Here the monotony of an alluvial soil, 
and all the malaria; of the Delta, are 
left behind, and the tmveller looks 
«ha«fblly forward to tha remarkably 
fiumed r^nge of the Kong Moiantaiti*, 



life 



•nSB VtOBSKVOIS it^nttCA. 



[MA^. 



whicli Boon bIiow thaiuelres in thf 
dUtant northern horison. 

At AtUh, 60 milei bejrond, pio- 
babiy tbe next xdTsntageons p«Hiit wnicli 
may preMnt itielf for fbrnung tntliea, 
the Adatuoniti di^iala, and. tb* otiier 
peculiar T«getation of thii luxuriant 
clime) become very itriking. 

The Bokneh market comes nexti a 
place of great resort for the produce from 
all parts of the interior, to be exchai^^ 
for European merchandiie, of T«ry inte- 
rior quality, which is brought frmn the 
coMt. The neutrality of these meetings, 
«hat«ver wars may be in the land, is said 
to be held sacred ; and cheering, indeed, 
to humanity would it be were this prin- 
cipb stricUy acted upon. But what 
tliey have not finuneBs to accomplish 
among themselves, by acting up to th«r 
own customs, a little concilialKHi on the 
part of our Commissioners may induce 
them to do for us, and thus by our 
means a great blessing may be conlerred 
upon the people. 

At 8 miles beyond, we reach Bean- 
fort Island, of wnich we may expect to 
hear more hereafter, and 20 miles for- 
ther, at a distance of 270 miles from 
the sea, the magnificent Chadda pours 
in its tributary stream from the east- 
ward, offering a high road to an un- 
known, but certainly populous interior. 

Here will probatuy he the head- 
quarters of the £ipediti(« for some 
tune, and the Commissioners will use 
thrir utmost endeavours to form treaties 
-for lawfol traflo, sad tvr the extinetion 
' of Slave Trade, with the native Chiefs. 
Here an mportunity will be afforded for 
showing the Africans the best mode of 
cultivating the gnnnd, and of distribut- 
ing plants and seeds suited to the climate 
and soil. By sodal intercourse, every 
efbrt will be made to gain the confidmce 
oi the chiefs, to impress upon them the 
advantages ot free over slave labour, 
and to endeavour to convince them, by 
evexy means in our power, that the 
Queen of Great Britain, actuated by the 
pure spirit of Christianitv, has sent this 
fipedition cliiefly for their benefit, if 
they will profit by the advantagM 
offered to tiiem>— may such be th* 
bapny result of the effbrts made. 

Snould an opportonity be aSbrded, 
th« vessels will probably explore th« 



towards BuSah, wh^ the 
Mungo F&rk lost his lift, ud also the 
ChaiUa, as far as water oommiaicatMB 
will admit of it, and thus open the road 
to the miationary, the merdiant, and 
the man of science. 

And here a favourable opportunity 
wQl be aAnrled of guning more know- 
ledge of the interior; some parties m^fat 
even reach Lake Chad, about SOO nalea 
to the east ; or Tumbiiktu, not mudi 
further to the north west, and thus con- 
nect the exploratory journeys of Den- 
ham, Clapperton, and Laing, with pctBti 
tn be correctly laid down by this Expe- 
dition, which IS furnished with twelve of 
the best chronometers, and with every in- 
strument that can be necMsary for a com- 
i survey of Um rivers, 
countries passed thrash. 
The committee contemplating snch a 
possible opportunity, has placed lOOO/. 
at the dispcwtl of the CommaodCT of tite 
ExpedititHi, to be used either in some 
benevolent plans for the Africans, or in 
endeavouring to gain a more inliniatQ 
knowledge t^the interior of the mmttry. 
Such journeys as we hare alltidsd 
to, woud not be bare geogiaj Ai cri re- 
iurches, but the traveler would be in- 
structed to carryout,to the fUlest ea 
the bmevolent objects of the mh 
abd to proeore every inftormation that 
would, at a flitare time, eMble ni ttie 
more effectually to become "The 
Fkibnd or Africa." 

The time of the Expedition entering 
the river will be abont the beginning irf 
March, and this period, had we to deal 
with the coast, would be late; but the 
little expeiionea we hare of Qm interior, 
shows that the rains there aie not to ba 
compared with those on the aea-coast. 
We write with Captain W. Allen's Met«- 
orological JoumtJ before us, noted day 
by day, during the Landers' Expedition, 
and no continued rains of any import- 
ance occurred duringthat year; hntacoM 
rain will be ot advantage, as evtfy 
•eaman knows that it wo^ be nnwistt 
to oqdoie nmknown riven withoot a 
rising stream. 

Prom this brief onditte of tim Expe« 
dition, and of its probable proceedinga, 
it is manifest th^ even snoold it net 
fully succeed in its diplomatie objects. 



0.3 



THE FMBHD OP AFRICA/ 



«v haoprMge of tk« Twt riven ef 
AfriDit of tlw capabiUtiea of ita loil, 
and «f tfe mnii^ lor conmwrcA, 
am aeanely Cul to be largely increaaed; 
■nd tanif the |Hro«pect of loch renlte 
mifflit CBeojungf a* W h> forward, even 
mSta mncli gietfer dimeulties Umq we 
he«e aay reaaon to antidpate. 

When we coaaider the eraiqtlet* nutt- 
■ViB which thia Expedhaoo is equipped, 
the precantioM taken for the hulth 
of ito oScen and crew, the bo^ of 
wamlaSe imo attached to it, the freih 
sntlet it will open for manniaGturet, 
and the great objecta it haa in view, we 
anuiot but look upcm it ai one of the 
BKMt important expeditiona that ever left 
the Britiah shores : (and we write with 
a &11 knowledge of every arctic or ant- 
arctic expedition that haa auled during 
the last quarter of a century.) But when 
we coBtempIate the poaaible.and Car from 
inqnobeble, eonaequence* of this amall 
beginnhqc, — that it nay open the way Ear 
tairniut cJvilixatioB and the mild trathi 
tt the Gospel over a ipaee in comparison 
with which Britain itself is but a speck 
upon the globe,->-we cannot but ar- 
denfly ynj that the &Tour of besTen 
nay rest on the enterprise, and that 
Ae fogtt of our beloved Sovereign, 
which in its dawn witaeased the deli- 
Tcnnce of our colonies from slavery, 
maybe prolonged till, through the Di- 
vine bleaaing on British agency, the vast 
eantiBent of Africa shall also be released 
^tm the greatest carte that ever afflicted 
Ibe human race, and grateful nulliona 
inrck ft hleuing upon the country 
tent Mtt dte Kioxa Extkoition. 

Tbfl feUowing L«tt«r ftddrtned to 
Sm Fovrn. Binnvw showa ^e deep 
iUanit felt in Germany in the 
of Afnean Civilintion. 

&Us*f ZiMtiMwart, MAW- Jforun&ii^ 
BolimU, 24th Aug^ 1840. 

Wr Beu Sis,— 1 cannot quit the hos- 
pfttUa etede of KSnigswart without re- 
■GbtK In yon (while the Impression is 
fiedl on i^ iBuid,) the anbstaaee of a 
Icmy eoaveiaatim wfakh I have joat had 
the iHswnr rf holding with Prince Het- 
t«aita^«t the entgaet of African Civili- 
nfiik AUhewk occupied with the in- 
tikillli MHslkn of Eeatem poUUm, the 
IMiie finaefiBtdy leorivef me' in the 



moat friendly manner ; and having littaned 
attenUvelj while I stated the great objeot 
to be aimed at, before mentioning the 
BemtAf yon had proposed, he inter- 
ropted nie and said, " Sir, there is nothii^ 
but the Go^el and the plouKh iriiieh can 
dvilinAfiica." I eenfeaa that I waa not 
k wpupiiaed than gratitied at hearing these 
remarluble words nil from the l^wof thii 
aninsnt atateaman, and opening your woric 
which lay on the table btfbre us, I pointed 
out that thej mi^ht be termed the very 
motto of the Society, so entirely do they 
accord with its views for the dvilizatioa 
of Africa, and that thia aasoeiatum wns 
formed e^rsealy to cony those view* 
' toeSect. 

The Prinoa stated that he had long takm 
an interest in ibe wel&re of the AAieans, 



at that time saw that there wea« d^e^- 
tiea to overotnn^ many of which no Ion- 
existy— and now espe^ally, asid t' - 



ger exist 
Frinee, •■ 



.^ the discovery of 

the outlet of the Nige^— eeem to point out 
the venr road to which all our eSbrts 
diould be directed." 

After inquiring minntaly into the de- 
tnila of the eMedition, tlu Prince asid, 
"It, win affim me much pkasore to be* 
conte an honorary member, of the African 
Association ; and assure yoiir Society from 
me, that I am with them both heart and 
sold, and that in anytiiing in which I can 
serve them, they may confidently rely on 
my inflaence in Austria." 

BoHir, llthSeptonber.— I have jost re- 
tnned hen^ after a hurried, but I must 
say most gratifying jonniey by Vienna 
Praffoe, Dresden, and Berlin : during the 
whme of which, I have found the greatest 
Interest taken in the cause of Africa. In 
my letter of 10th of Aug., I acquainted 
yon thrt, in compUanoe with the widi 
expvsssed by the Gieueral Committee tS 
tlte 28nd Jnlr, "that I should make 
the objects of the Society generally known 
thronghont Germany, and seek for a Bo- 
tanist and a Uineralogist," I had caused 
the prospectus of the Society to be trsns- 
latea into German, and had it freely dis- 
tributed, — had inserted artidea on the 
subject in the principal newspapera, as 
the^f^VMe^^Mtwwof Annbutg,! "- 
lig, &e., and had ^T van a fuQ^aoeoai 



Uaoeoontof 



of the resulta of this was the offer on the 
port of Dr. Vogel, acting Director ofi the 



u 



THE FftlEND OF AFRICA, 



[HtJtH. 



Botante Qtrden at ttil< plaoa, and well 
lina*ii In th« aoimttfio world as th« author 
of voriAna papen on the gmms Ctusia, to 
MCompany tne Expedition aa Botanist, 
and whoM aervluM, I am happy h> lean, 
luive dnee been aucepted. 

And hen I mast m permitted t« oflbr 
mj eongratuUtiona t« von And t« the 
SMlety, at having seeorea the co-opention 
of to valuable on adjunct to tbe Expedi- 
tion ; doubtleae many of the medicsl offi- 
oera attached to the veeaels hare (and one 
in particular I know h««) a competent 
knowledge of Botany : bnt when we caa- 
lUer how important are the duties they 
already hsTe to perfonn, and how dedmble 
it ia to have a complete botanical exami- 
nation of Central Africa ; a report npon 
tha variouE apecieB of timber, dye-woode, 
guma, roots, arugi, &c. ; of the c^tability 
of the Mil fi>r producing coffee, sugar, 
^Igo, hemp, tobacco, and, above all, 
OWTow, — all of which we know are now 
produced in limited qnaiitltlea, — when we 
consider that, next to Christianity, aarl- 
enlture IB one of the great meana whereby, 
under the blening of Providence, we hope 
to call forth and elevate the native mind, 
and to provide a lai^ger source of revenue 
than that derived from the trade in man ; 
ve can liardly, it aeems to m& overrate 
the value of tne servlcea of an individual 
who, to a practical knowledge of horti- 
culture, unites the acqniiementa of a sci- 
entific Botanist. 

As before mentioned, the cbum of AM- 
ean Civilization was very fovourobly re- 
ceived at Bonn ; and having many fnends 
here I was enabled to procure much use- 
ful information as to the persons I should 
addreaa myself to in my propoaed journey. 
Among otners. Dr. Nasse, Medical Profes- 
•or, a trniy pious Christian, (to whom I 
was Introduced by Dr. Hodgkin,} gave 
me some naefiil advice and several Intro- 
ductions ; nor con I omit to mention the 
friendly aasistance I received from Dr. 
G. Bischof, Professor of Chemistry ; Dr. 
NCcKeratli, Professor of Geology ; Dr. 
■Wolff! and the eminent Orientafirt, Pro- 
fessor Laaaen, well known throughout Eu- 
rope as ttie decipherer of the cuneiform 
Inaeriptions. Captnin Sir Heniy Leeke, 
of the Royal Navy, nowrestding at Bonn, 
who commanded the Myrmidon on the 
coast of Africa, for three yean^ corrobo- 
rated many of the statements In your 
work on the " Slave Trade," and exprened 
his belief that the A«n«2cpropoeed would 
be found piacticable. 

At Frankfort I had a long convertatlon 
with Dr. Hlippell, the well-known travel- 
ler in AbysamlA, on the plana of the Ex- 
pedition, ftc : at the dow of whlchhe 



aid, *< Although I ttai from my exp4ri- 
encc of Africani that yon may not bA 
suoocmAiI, still, had I been ten yean 
youngW) nothing would have pleaawl n)« 
natter than to have joined the Expedition 
OS naturalist. " At the Geographical So- 
ciety here the subject was warmly re- 
ceived by Dr. Kriegk and Mr. H. Mel- 
dinger, and indeed by all parties among 
the three olanee to which 1 portlcnlarly 
addreased mytelf, namely, the clergy, tha 
philantiiropists, and the adcmtifie man. 
among whom it seldom ^ed in finding m 
iisvourable reception. 

Tlie pastors of the Swiss Church ; Ur. 
Heberhn, Secretary to the Miseiona ; the 
senator Mayer ; and the Kev. Dr. Pinker- 
ton, Secretary to the British and Forrien 
Bible Society, took e^>eeial interest In tae 
cause. From the latter gentleman I n- 
ceired much useful information derived 
from the axnerience of tvrenty yean" re- 
sidence in Germanv ; and I feel certain 
that the Society wiO reap much Iranefit in. 
keeping up a correspondence with an in- 
dividual so warmly attached to the cause 
aa Ib Dr. I^nkerton. 

At VienuB, I was oommladoned to d»- 
llveraoopy of your work to the Archduke 
John of Ausbia, to whom Sir Thomas 
Acland kindly gave ma an introdnctiw, 
and to invite nim to MXiept the titlo 
of honorary member. As his Royal 
Highness was absent at Bad-Gaatun, a 
dirtance of 200 miles, and it beiiu uncer- 
tain whether I should even find hmi there, 
I was obliged to content myself with see- 

Xhia aide-decamp and hie secretary, 
both aaared roe that the Arehduks 
would be much flattered by th« title. In 
the course of the conversation, I kanit 
that he bad a portrut of Wilbarforc* 
hanging in each of his country-honsetk 
and that he often spoke of him as one of 
the most remarkable men of hts age. I 
accordingly delivered the book to M. 
Zahlbiucluiar, hie private eecretaty, with 
a letter eiplaming the objects of the So- 
ciety. In less than six hours afterwards I 



Africa, and b^gti^ to know if I could 
spare nim your work. I need not aay, I 
was but too thankful to find such a qtint 
in theee Austrian urincw, and immediately 
sent him a copy alao. 

While at Vianna I had an iDterriew 
with Baron Ottenfela, (foimeriy Austilan 
Ambaaaador at Conalantinople,; General 
Campano, Colonel 8kribtn«ck,aad'othei% 
all of whom strenglv recommanded my 
going to see Prince Uettemich, as thay 
felt sure that he would take aa interm 



lao.^ 



THE FBIBND 07 AFRICA. 



I Hid UMwdinj^, OD MBeh- 
aoami ib» eonntty 120 



in tha 

iny PMgue, 

nilM to Kfinigswaitt when^ thno^ . 

medium of Baioa Cbariw HOgd, I wm 
moat kindlv ncti*»d, and had the intef* 
yiew with the PrinM already deaeribed. 

At Dnaden I fi>n&d the Poator Amman. 
Chief of the ETangelical Cooiiatonr, and 
Dr. Cam^ '^^'^ '^ willing to taice up 
Ue eauae ; Ur. Cany, a Swiia gaaOfBoaa 
MtaltHihad Uin^ aceompanied rot in call- 
ing npon thoai llkaly to ba intanated tn 
the nibjaet, and In aU eaaca wa mat with 
■ foTonrabte raoeptlon. I waa Inlbrmed 
that the Prlnea John of Saxony, brother 
«f tha Idng, took a lively Intanrt in tha 
dviliaation of AMcs. 

On my wnr to Dreeden, I vitdtad the 
Academy of Hinaa at Freiberg, in order 
to make personal aranalntanea with Mr. 
Roecber, the minenlogial, who had been 
aelaeted by the geott^iMl proftaaor of that 
place, at my requeet, In aooordouce with 
tb* inatmctione of the eommittee. 1 
firand tUm to Iw an intelligent yonng men, 
highly iMonunended by alt the aathorltiea 
at Fniberg, and eepeeidly by Frofeaeor 
Nanmana (well known by bla geological 
map of Baxany ). Mr. Bmicher'B propoHaU 
have been laid before the " Expeaitian 
Committee," aod I tnut that they wilt 
meet with a fhrourable receptton, as, if 
the search for coal and metals in Amca be 
deemed of importance, I cannot but think 
that hia services will be inditpenaable. In 
addition to hia adiuation as a pracUcal 
miner, Mr. Roscher has spent two years 
in examining the geolof^cal structure of 
tbe Erz-gebirge and other mountain 
langee in German)^, and I bare little 
doubt but that ha will b« Ailly competent 
to Aimiah a comprehasMTo report on the 
gaolegy of k portion of Central Africa, and 
u eome degree of its mineialogieal traa- 
aorea t anoh a i^MHi tUi conntiy will un- 
doobtadly look for on (he return of the 
Sigtt Enadition ; and I aincarely trust 
tiM BO aught ohetaolea will be allowed to 
iaMara wrllt eecnriiuc taia aervioea. 

On my aniTal at Berlin, I found that 
tha King of Pnuaia and all his Court had 
gone to KAiigabarg. I eonld tboefiiM 
only tranamit Uia copy of your work, in- 
tended for hia Majeaty, to Baron Hnnt- 



prerionely baeit made acqnalntaiC %y thoea 
Immediately about the person of tbe King, 
iritb hie bvoorahla aentiinants reniecting 
the driliz^on of Afirica, and tjoia 
eonfifmed to me by numerons pen 
with whom I conTersed at Berlin. 
^ As had been m^ custom elsewhere, I 
nere addiewed myiw to the daigy, Ut the 



philanthro[rfat% and tha men of auanca. 
Dr. Neandar, well known by hia theolosi' 
-ki^ Pnfeeeea- Laneizolle, and &t 



Saonta^ to the Mianans, avinoed ranch 
intereat in tha eauae. Adolph Erman, the 
eompanicm of Hanataan, in his magnaUa 
obanrationa in Siberia, was anzioua t ~ 
and complete his work by vibratinj 



obanrationa in Siberia^ was anzioua' to g<> 
(by vibrating h 
the interior of Alriea. Liel 



r bU 



tjMTt^ti, many yeara at the Cane of Good 
Hope, axpiaaaed a strong wisa that tha 
animal and vmti^le prodiietiona of Cen- 
tral Afrioa nuj^t ba thoroughly Investi- 
gated, in hopea that aeveral might be found 
uaeAil lo roan, and that A* nativaa might 
be tanght their value. Colonel Oetiel and 
Prof^asor Dieterid ware dewrona that do 
pains ebonld be apared In collecting and 
eompwiiu: voc^nibriea of the native las* 
gnagea ; but, beyond all others, Mr. (Joe*' 
ner, the veoeiabie pastor of the Bohemian 
Church, when he had heard all the objecte 
of the Society, and its plans and hopea for 
the amelioration of Africa, foil down im 
his knees, and bleaed God that he had 
lived to eee the day that the dearest wiah 
of his heart was about to be carried into 
execution. Mr. Goesner offered to supply 
any nnmber of artisans of every descrip* 
tion, all of them tnily pious men, should 
the Society lie desirous of sending euoh 
to Africa. This I explained to hiin waa 
not our intentioiL — that as fiw Enropeuia 
as possible would be sent, as we hoped 
to accomplish our object by means of 
oivilieed natives either from Sierra Leene 
er the West Indies, many of which wwa 
ready and anxioua to return to their fother- 
land. Mr. Gossner told me that he had 
sent a mat number of Bobemians to South 
Austruia: and I know from Governor 
Gawier, that they are the moat eremplary 
and thriving persons in his colony. At 
some Aiture ttine, not I trust very far dis- 
tant, this offer mav, in a very limited de- 
irree, be well wortny the attention of tbe 
Society, aa each man, beridee teaching the 
natives his trade, would instmct tbem ia 
the tnitha of the Gospel, end set a bright 
example of Christian nsenilneas. 

At Leipcig, I had only time to aee Dr. 
Poeppig, the well-known traveller in South 
America, and to acquunt him fully with 

grarplans; also to make arrangements with 
rockbaua, the moet extensiva publisher 
In Germany, relative to the traiulatlon of 
your work, — subject to the decision of the 
Committee, whether they think It were 
better published at Leipzig, under tha 
cnperintendence of Professor Ritter, the 
well-known eminent geographer; or by 
C&tta, at Stattgardt, under the eye of the 
lenectad miasioaary Hoflinan, at Baaal. 
lUa waa tba lut plwe that I waa aUe 



H 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Itt-JAW. 



to riut in penon ; bat bf letter I oommn- 
tuc«ted witli Munich, SttUtwdt, fiaael. 
Ban de la-Roche — tar I well knew how 
the new> of thu Sodety would be reeeived 

athe excellent U. Jjegrmd and by M. 
Dtcher, the raceeHor of Oberiin— fleU 
delberg, HsUe (where ProfeHor Schweig*- 
ger baa long had a aooie^ for tlw aanver- 
iion of the heathen), GSttingen, Diiaael- 
dorf (when the exodlent dd Count Van 
del Heche Vollmaratein bat recently Mta- 
bliahed a duritable school fx orphan 
children, rimilar to that of Cutt. &aiton 
at Hackney Wick), Elberfield (where the 
admird>le misrionary inatitntion is an- 
sided orer by Heinrich lUtter, assisted by 
Krammacher, author of Slijah titt Titk- 
Ms), Clerea, and, Uatly, the Ht^ne, 
iriiere the leneetable Count de Bylandt 
promises not only his own snpport, bnt also 
that of his nnmerous friends in Holland. 

In the course of iny journey, I found 
tlut, besides the philanuiropic and sci- 
entific interest felt in this Expedition, 
the adrantaiKS were not lost ught i^ 
whkh are lUcaly to accme to a people 
i^iidly adTsncing in mann&ctnres, by the 
opening of free {nrts in Afiica, a^rwig a 
fresh outlet lot the prodnets of German 
Indostty. And it is &r from improbable 
that the vessels of Hamlnu^ Bremen, and 
Dantxig, may follow in the wake of our own 
Liverpool ships as soon as tbe Goranment 
Expedition snail have pioneered the way 
up the Qnorra and other A£rioan rivers. 

I fear, my dear Sir, that my letter has 
axtended to an nnwamntable length ; bnt I 
was nnwilling that yon should not be fUIy 
acquainted with the veiy cordial receptitm 
that the proposal for the dviliaation of 
Africa has met with thronghont Germany ; 
for ntvseU^ I must say, that I was ex- 
tremely gratified at the number of cetima- 
ble men, to whom tliia subject procnred me 
a welcome introdnction ; end I feel certain 
that I may assure yon and the Society, that 
as the great canae of the civilization of 
Africa advancM, we may confidently look 
to Germany for support and assistance: she 
may not nave money to give ns; but she 
will send her vessels to trade up tilt 
African rivers, and she will fhrnish os^ if 
required, with a supply of misnonaries — 
of naturalists — of artisans of every dMcrip- 
tion, who, with the blessing of God, wul 
lend a willing hand to build up the edifice 
of which you have, I trost, securely laid 
the foundation stone.^1 am, my dear Sir, 
»«y foithfnUy yoor'a, 

JoHx WisBunnoii. 

We nndentand that nnmeroni Ouistitn 
Mends will unite in pnyer on the first 
day of the opening year, lor ablaaiing Bpqo 



the Nw«r ExpedUiMi, diortly about to 
leave t£e British ahors^ and we eaniesU j 
innt« the prayen of ^ that our giaciona 
God may bless andprotect this entatpriss, 

and preserve tha offiaers and as "^ — 

" the pestilsnes that walketh ii 

and from the dokntas that dsstroyeth In 

the noonday.** 

We had prapand a brief Ktalysis of 
Ur. Joseph John Gumsy's reoently pub* 
lished wqA,A WinUr m the Wa^tlMdUt, 
bnt want M tpMt CMupels us to defer it: 
in tha mean tim^ we cordially invite all 
the friends of Uia Extinction of Slaveiy, 
to read Mr. Gttmsy'a adminble prefatory 
letter to that wotk, addiveaed to Sb 
FowBu. BnXTOK, and chsnwtsrisad by 
manly straightforwardness, honaaty of pur- 
pose, and sound principle. 

Nnmenms articles of drsss, tce^ contri- 
buted by ladies in variona parts of the 
country, as prseents to the Amcsns, have 
lieen received hy the Socie^, and will be 
more fbnnally noticed in a future number ; 
in th« mean time, it is requested that all 
intended pT«ssnts stay be went to Id, Par- 
liament-stnet, at latest by the 2»li of 
January. 



UUVAU IMD U3UIKH. 




•llMTCtfLlnrpoiit 

Subscriptions and Dmatiuis an nctfrad 



by the Treasurer, J. Qunwy Hoore, Esq.; 
1^ Hessm. BametL Hoarss, and Co., 0^ 
Lotnbud-strest ; Mean. BMolay, Bsvas^ 



. M, Lombvd-street; Hessn^ 
Contta and Co., W, Sttand ; Msssn. Drum- 
monds, Chari^-crose; Messrs. Hanboiy, 
Taylor, and I^iyd, 60, Iiorohard-etreet; 
Heasra. Haaksya, 7, Fendnuch'«treet: 
HsasK Hoare^ tfl, Flest-strMtj mod 
Heaas. William^ Deacon, and Co., 2(^ 
Biichin-lane; and by the Seei«tatT, tha 
Rev. J. H. Trew (to whom aH communi* 
cations relative to the bnshisss of tha 
Society may be addreaaad), at tha OOm 
<rftheSoeisQr,l*,F " 




THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Ko.a] LONDON, 15th JANUARY. 1841. {gj^^^arf. 



iTuuoBof UcdlalSchDetto Abies .. 

r^LTU of Water ttan thd Afrioao Coaat , . 

IbbcBfacCDthemtREiptdlHoiL 



fnm Abjalnla M 

from Wert Cout of Afrm ..» 
InmOtnauv u 



KoUm to Corraqnudnto . 



ADVANTAGES OP MEDICAL SCIENCE TO AFRICA. 

Among the various objects for the benefit of Africa, to which the 
attention of the Society would be directed, as stated in its Prospects, 
one of the most important, and most immediately necessary, was, to 
collect information on the subject of the climate of Africa, and on the 
diseases peculiar to it ; to institute an inquiry into the causes of miasma, 
and the probable means whereby its fatal effects may be guarded against ; 
to enccmrage the introduction mto that Continent of more enlightened 
Tieva on the subject of medicine; to prevent or mitigate the preva- 
lence of disease or suffering among the natives ; and to secure the aid of 
medical science generally to the beneficent objects of African civilixation. 

In furtherance of these views, it is worthy of remark, that some 
&cts recently brought to light give reason to believe that the 
mortality on the coast of Amca may be caused, or certainly much 
increased, by the exhalations from the sea water, which, in some 
instances, contains more than eleven cubic inches of sulphuretted 
bydn^n in a gallon. Now, when it is considered that so small a 
nuxtiire as one fifteen-hundredth part of this deleterious gas in the 
atmosphere acts as a direct poison upon small animals, it is difficult to 
bdieve that it does not aggravate, S not directly originate, disease on 
die coasts where it abounds ; but it is gratifying to know, that most 
Vkdj its influence does not extend to any considerable distance from 
the' MB, and that, even there, it is not improbable that an efficacious 
mtUote to its destructive effects will be found. 

Deeply impressed with the vast importance of the subject, we have 
not hesitated to devote a much larger space than usual of the present 
nttmber to facts connected with health, feehng assured that every one 
iiiltnuli i1 in the cause of Africa will rejoice to leafn, — 1st, that no efforts 
wA be spared to endeavour to mitigate ravages of the small-pox, one of 
tiw Igreatest scourges that aSSicts the negro race, — and> 2dly, that there 
ii- f^ ground for confidence that, with the blessing of' God upon the 
mMfM to be used, the band of gallant men who devote their Uvea to 
tb^fCUBe, may be borne harmless through the fatal barrier of miaBmaj 
wtttfik mnild seem to encircle the coasts of tropical Africa. x^oIp 

▼OL. I. c o 



18 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



. J t > ■ 

QN THE WATEBS OF THE 
AFRICAN COAST. 
The following Reports of Professor 
Dahiell, addresBed to Sir John Bar- 
row, Secretary to the Admiralty, on 
the Waters of the Coast of Africa, and 
extrwAaii from the Nautical MagaxiM 
of the Ut of January of this year, will 
be read with interest, as bearing directly 
upon the health of all our settlements, 
whether at the Gambia, Sierra Leone, 
or Cap9 Coast, and indirectly upon the 
officers and crews eovposing; the Nig«r 
Expedition. 

£Wf CUZMf, Zont&m, 
13(* April, 1840. 
Sib, — In compliance with the directions 
•Dnt^Bed in your letter to me of the 21st 
ultimo, I have now the honour to trans- 
mit to you, fbr , the infonnatioii of the 
Lords dommissioners of the Admiralty, 
the resntta of my analysis of eight bottlea 
of water taken up in the rivers, and on 
parts of the ooaat of Africa, togeUtev with 
eome ohservatioDB which have oceori^ to 
me, upon the extraordinarf quantity of 
sulphuretted hydrt^en which some of 
them contain, and ita probable effect upon 
the copper npou thebottem ef her Ms- 
jeaW's vessels an tliat coast. 



pinta ; the water in all was perfectly bright, 
sad had depodted very little sediment. 

The first which I examined, was la- 
belled, " Water from the river at Sierra 
Leone, taken at three miles IVom the 
montl^ hy her Majesty's brigentine 
DolpMn, at low water, spring tides, on the 
Zjth day of September, IQ^, dunng the 
rainy season. 

"(Signed) EnwARn Holland, 

£muI.-Gm." 

Upon drawing the coA of tUs bottle, 
it was found to amell very strongly of 
sulphuietted hydngen. The sediment in 
the bottle only amounted to 0'6 gralne,of 
vegetable matter. Specific grarity to 
10i8-£. The results of the imaayua, 
calonlated for the imperial gallon: 

Sulphuretted bydngen . 6-18 cb. in, 



pSth Jak. 



Chlorine . 


. M8-Ugrfc 


Sulphuric acid 


82-70 




. IB-U 


Hagnewa 


27-68 


Magnesium 


. 32-71 


aodhim . . 


. , £63-83 



Thtfe was fisti a tiaae of potasw in this 
water. , 

The actual amount of dry salts obtamed 
by evaporation, was 16960 grains. The 
difieranee between this, and the leSalts of 
the analysis, is not more than usual in 
similar cases, and arises ^m the in»K>B- 
ribility of determining the exaot mode in 
which the saverel acids and bases an) c(>ii»- 
bined in the water, and from the difficult; 
of drying the salts without the decompo- 
ution ofsome of them. 

2. " Water ftum the Rivei Yolttki taken 
[at sea] twenty-eight miles from the 
mouth, beuing W.N.W^ by her I^iges* 
ty's schooner Fair So»<mond, latitude 
fl° 37' north, longitude 1° lo' east, on 
the 4th of Septentber, 1839 ; season not 

This water also imelt very stion^y of 
sulphuretted hydrogen ; the sediment in 
the bottle did not exceed 0-3 gtmns of 
vegetable matter, |t eont^ed, pax gallon. 

Sulphuretted hydrogen . fl-98 eb . mu 

Chlorine 
Snlphnric acid . 

Magnesia . • 

Magne^um . 
SoSum , 
Potasnum . 



Specific gravity lOSS-i 
Amount of Mtta from\ 24SDO 
evapoialion . . J 



by her H.-|>~>j ~ . — . ■■■ — ?-.—--, 

on the 9th of October, 1039, about the 
concluuon of the rainy seaaon. 

This water sraelled slightly of snlphn- 
retted hydrogen, and the sediment in the 
bottle weiglied only 0-4 grains, and o***"- 
usted of v^table q^atter. Tlie results 
of the analysis were, per gallon, 

Sulphuretted hytt"*" • l?lcb .in- 



Chl«rine 


«I««J~. 


Sulphimaaaiil. 




Ita. . . . 


lias 


Magna"" • . 


. ^9$ 


So^um . ' . 


. OMt 


Polnliia 




D,„«.,C 


ootitoi-ito 



im.3^ 



THB PRIEKD OF ATBICA. 



Amwat of nlU (ma.\ f»H> 
•vapontioo . . / '°^ 

Spseiflo gmnty 10I9Kt 

4, *W»teT from th« RItof Uooiwy. 
ifhieh fmptiet itself in the north-east pan 
of CcruDO Bay, taken from aboat a mile 
indde ths month, by her HqertyB btig 
NmHttu, Sqitcmber ith, 18S&. Bain had 
Wtn, but the rainy teaean cannot be 
coouderad to have aet in-" 

Thie water did nat smell of mlphnMttAd 
Iiydfi^u, nor did It afford any trace of 
tliat nu upon snalyiia ; the total amount 
of Hdimatl In the bottle did not esoeed 
O'l fnuq. It eontained, per gallon. 



Qhlqiina . 
Sulphuric aetd 

H«gneai» 
F«taMii 



Amount of salts &omi 
araporallan . . / 
Vpeeifie grarity 10aS4 



. 118411 grs. 
lOe-BO 
1417 
*4'78 
28-54 
782-32 

. atHUM 

S113-72 
S104 



Kvntekv Island, [eight miles up the river,] 
by her Majesty^ DrigiVbu^JM, September 
10lh,18de. Rain had fUlen, but thi 



a not eonsidered to hai . 

latitude O^lfi' north, longltude9'' 83' east." 
This water aflbrded no traoet of snlphn- 
v«ttad bydro^n. The sediQient in the 
iMittla weighed 0-2 gi^na. 

Chlorine . . llSO-rSgra. 

Sulpburio aoid . . ' . 12&08 
Lime . , . . 23-05 

Magnesia .... 43-&8 
Hagneuuni . . . 35-41 

So^um .... 683-00 
Pota^um ... a tmoe 



Amount of salta from! skkwi 
evaporation . . } 2^"^™ 
Spaoitw gnrity loes 

9> " Water from Gape Lopei Bay, 
talieB by her U^eaty'a brig Ifmitilus, 
3epteB«er Sath, 1830, wheS the Cape 
hmW. by N. about ten mllet. The rainy 
eaason had e<»amenced.'! 

This water smelled veiy strongly of 
■olphnretted hydrwen. The sediment In 
the bottle weighea only O'l grain, and 
oansiated of vegetable matter. It (on- 
taiwd, per pdkis 



Sulphnnttad hydrogen . ll'Wob.in. 

Chlorine 

Sul phono aoid • • 

Mi^ema . , 
Ma«neaiun) . 
&oi»uin ■ ■ • 
Fotaaunin • . 
Iodine 



Amount of aalta frem' 



■eml 



7- " Ri?eF Con)|o,-«-watap taken off 
Shark's Point, at the entraoee of therivw, 
by her Hajeaty'a sloop Volt*rin*, an 
the 11th of November, IB.'W, fcur daye 
before the ouatomaiy rains, but light tains 
having already takwi plaee." 

his water eroelled very sll^tly of 
<alphuTett«d livdroKen. Ths udiment In 
the boUle weighed &l grain, and ooiuialaA 
of Tsgetable matter. It contalBed, p« 

Solphnietted hf dcggta 0-97<1).Ja- 

Chlorine . lo^-ii tgn- 

Sulphuric acid . . 2-^0 
Sodium . . . 7Q-W 
And vnall qnwtltles of 

other hases. 
Amount of salt* ftoml •» 

evaporation > 1 f 

Spedflc gravity 10l»0 
Thlatstlie only eaas in whieh tba wlt« 
were dlacoloured by vegetable extnotivf 



" River Congo, — ^watar taken about 
thirty-five miles up that river, by har 
U^eat/a eloop fPdlvsnM, on the 11th of . 
Noveniber, 1839, filur days before the eua- 
toBtary nin«^ but light nlni having al- 
ready takeit plaee." 

Tnia water oontwned no aalphurettad 
hydrogen, and the qadiment in the bottle 
was only 0-1 grun. 

The amount of saline nuAter was only B 
grwns per gallon, and oenrirtad of uw 
chloridea of ao^iant, and laagneaiuK, and 
sulphate of ioda, ohiefly. 

Speoiiie gravity 1000-8 

The moat remarlwUe circuin«t«io« cU»- 
closed by the analysis of these waten^ is 
the strong impraguation of tha qi^arity 
of them with sulphuretted hydrogen; 
which, is Che case of the water firom Lopes 
Bay, amouuta to almost as muoh per gal- 
lon as in the Uarrowgate waters. The pro- 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[lUh Jak. 



portlmis of the saline contents do not differ 
materially from those which are vauall}' 
found in sea water. 

The extraordioaiy presence of thb gas, 
would naturally lead at first to a suspicion 
that it might arise from some change which 
had taken place in the waters afi«r they 
had been bottled, from the decomposition 
of some animal or vegetahle substance, but 
this suspicion is iaconsbtent with two 
facts. IsL — That the waters became per- 
fectly sweet a very few hours after the 
corks hod been drairn. Znd. — That with 
the exception of the very small quantity 
of sediment, mentioned in each analyna, 
the waters were perfectly free from any 
animal or vegetable sal»tance, and the 
salts which theyyielded upon evaporation, 
(with the exception of those from the 
Congo,) were snow white. 

On the other band, it is difficult to con- 
ceive how such a striking and important 
&ct as the imprecation of the waters of 
the ocean, upon such a long line of coast, 
with, this deleterious gas, could so long 
have escaped observation. It is highly 
desirable, in many points of view, that its 
existence should De substantiated, and the 
limits of the phenomenon l>oth along the 
coast and in the ocean, ascertwned by fur- 
ther evidence. Its eSecta upon the copper 
^eathing of ships cannot &il to be highly 
il^urious, and a question of still higher 
interest even arises, whether this deleteri- 
-OUB gas may not contribnte t« the well- 
known unhealthiness of the coasts from 
which these waters are taken. 

Upon searching for evidence of a similar 

Shenomenon having- been observed before, 
have found in the Philosophical Trans- 
actions, for 1819, a memoir by the late Dr. 
Marcet, "on the specific gravity and tem- 
perature of sea-waters, ui di&rent parts 
of the ocean, and in particular seas, with 
some account of their saline contents." 
Out of sixteen specimens which be exam- 
ined, be found one which was brought by 
Cafitaiu Hall, from the Yellow Sea, in the 
Chinese Ocean, which, from the sccount 
which he has given, mnst probably have 
been as highly charged with sulphuretted 
hydrogen, as those which I have just ex- 
amined ftom the coast of Africa; and he 
observes, " there is something in the de- 
velopment of sulphur in aea-water, which 
is by no means well understood." 

If the exiatencs of this cnrioM pheno- 
menon should l>e confirmed, the origin of 
the sulphuretted hydrogen will prolubly 
be found to be the same as that of the 
■ame gas in varions saline lakes in different 
rarts of the world, from which Trona or 
Natron is derived. The mud of the Lonar 
I<ake in India, of a Uce nesr If aracaybo, 



in South America, and of similar lakes on 
the north of Africft, are all found to b« thva 
imprt^Tiated. The sulphuretted hydrogen 
thus adhering to the clay, has been sup- 
posed to be derived from volcanic sources; 
but Mr. Malcolmson, in an able memoir 
lately printed in the Geological Trans- 
actions, says, that he has observed "the 
same phenomena in the salt wat«r inleta, 
along the Indian coast, wherever the bot- 
tom contained argillaceous and carbona- 
ceous matter;" and be ascribes the effect 
to " the decorapowtion of the sulphates in 
the wat«r by the carl>on, and the clay 
only prevents its passing off into the air, 
or mixing with the water by the power d 
adhe«on.'' 

The subject is full of intercet, both in a 
practical and scientific pcnnt of view, and 
well worthy of further investigation. 

I am, &C., . J. F. DAimu- 

jTiV OoOtffe, 2(M Au^^ 1840. 

Sir, — I have carefully examined three 
sheets of copper taken £rom the bottom of 
the Bonelta, and have now the bonrar to 
report as follows ; — 

Nos. I and 2 were pretty nnifiHmly 
covered on the outude with a green crust ; 
and on th^ inside, as evenly, with a black 
crust of equal thickness. They were very 
thin in parts, and partly eoten into holes. 

No. 3 was in a much worse state, veiy 
thin and eaten into large holes. In most 
parts it was easily broken by the fingers ; 
one of the holes, of an irr^ular shape, 
measured eighteen inches in length ny 
four inches and a half in width. This sheet 
was covered with green crust chiefly on 
both sides ; but there were evident traces 
of the black crust on the inner rade. 

Upon analy^ the black crost was found 
to consist of Bulphuret of copper, and tihe 
green of subchloride of copper. 

Connecting these results with those pre- 
viously obtamed from the an^ysis of tlte 
waters on the coast of Africa, 1 have no 
doubt that the injury to the cooper has 
arisen, primarily, from the snlpnurett«d 
hydrogen. I am, &c., 

J. F. Dahiell. 



Sni, — I have analyzed the two addi- 
tional specimens of water from the west- 
ern coast of Africa, which you did me tha 
favour to send on Uie 9th instant, and hare 
now the pleesore to hand you the result^ 
' ' ' ' to make a few remarka 



which have been established by tt 
thepreceding analyses. 

The waten in every case wvre aaaled with 
gieat cai^ And were perfectiT pHMrnd, - 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



opened 
> Bira 



belled, "Water from the BiTer Btago, 
taken [at iMlat forty miles distance &om 
th« mouth, by her Majesty's schooner 
Fair Bomimoiid, on the 28th of December, 
ISaa, in latitiide 8° SS* south, and lonsi- 
tode 12° 41' east" The water emittod a 
▼wjr ttmi^ smell of sulphnretted hydro- 
gan. It WM tolenbly dear, but contained 
* little xektinoiM matter which resembled 
q«wii<Mfish. I^ sediment of the whole 
bottle^ howerer, when diied, only weighed 
fifUcn hnudradths of a giain. 

The results of the uiBlysiB, calculated 
for the imperial gallon, were as fbllowa : — 
Specific gnrity, 1026-4. 
Sulphuretted hydrogen, 4'3A cb. in. 
Dry salts, 2738 gre. 

Conasting «f chlorine IfilS, snlphurio 
add 128, neutralized by baacs^ which 
haTs not yet been quantitatively deter- 
mined, bnt consisting of sodiom, magne- 
sbnn, calcituD, &c. 

The second bottle waa nurked, " Water 
taken by her Majesty's schooner Fair Bo- 
tMmt m d, off the B«wo and Dande Riven, 
Intitode 8° 29 sonth, lonntude 12" 37 
Mat, on the 2»h of Dec«nber, 1839." 

BesoltB of analysis, — ap. smvity 1028'7. 

There was no odour o? sulphuretted 
hydngoi in this water, neither was any 
' li by tests. The quantity of dry 
-itter, per gallon, 2624 grwns, 
J of chlorine 1430, sulphuric 
add 12fi'4, neutralized by the same oaaee. 

It wontd have twen better if the state 
of the tide had been noted, when the spe- 
"' IS were taken, — (or you will observe, 



Uiat taken from the mouths of the two 
river^ and both as much as the water 
taken from Cape Lopez Bay. The state 
ot the tide mu^ I imagine, greatly influ- 
ence the ingredients of the water near the 
months of rivers. 

It is impossible not to speculate upon 
the origin of the deleterious gas, which 
haa now been proved to impr^nale the 
waters upon the western coast of Africa 
in sncb enormous quantities through an 
extant of more than sixteen degrees of 
latitude. The supposition that it may 
hwe be«n generated by the spontaaeoua 
dan^ of any of the contents of the water 
aftw it was sealed up in the bottles, may 
be aet addo by the slightest condderation. 

It i^pears to me, tliat there are only 
twv WMUoes to which it can with any pro- 
baliiliW be referred, namely, submarine 
Tokvuc action, in which case its evolution 
mUit be oomideTed direct or primary ; 
hIIIm naetltn of ratable matter upon 



the saline contents of the water, in which 
caae it would be secondary. 

The probability of a volcanic origin i^ 
I think, small, from the absence, I believe^ 
of any other indications of volcanic action, 
and from the great extent of the coast 
alons which it has been traced. 

What is known of the action of vege- 
table matter upon the sulphates, and uie 
immense quantities of v^etable matters 
which must be brought by the rivers 
within the infiuenoe of the saline matters 
of tho se^ renders, on the contrary, the 
second orisin extremely probable. Decay- 
ing v^etable matter abstracts the oxygen 
from sulphate of soda, and a sulphuret of 
sodium is formed. This ^ain aotmg upon 
water, deMmposes it, and sulphuretted 
hydn^ien is one of ihe products of the 
decompoation. You will perceive that 
there u a large proportion of the sulphates 
in the different specimens of water which 
have been analyzed, and therecan belittle 
doubt, I im^ine, that extensive mud 
hanks must be formed at the mouths of 
most of the rivers on the western coast of 
Afiica, within the tropics, consisting 
chiefly of vegetable detritus in the exact 
state which is most &voarable to the ac- 
tion which I have described. This view 
rests upon experiments! evidence, and 
upon connderaCions of preat cogency, 
derived from the unhealthmess of certam 
well known situations in which decaying 
matters from tropical vegetation are 
brought into contact with sea-water. I 
feel mora than ever convinced, that the 
evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen is in- 
timately connected with the unhealthinesa 
of such stations. 

When this matter was first bronght 
under my consideration, I was surprued 
that the nauseous smell which must ne- 
ceaarily be evolved from water impr^- 
nated with this gas, at so hig^ a tem^ra- 
ture as that of the equinoctial r^ons, 
had not been noticed. I have, in conse- 
quence, turned to some of the accounts of 
the late travals in Africa, to seek for 
evidence upon the subject ; and in the 
JfarraHve of an Expedition into Afriea, by 
Macgregor Ldrd, I found the followii^ 
important observations : — 

"The principal predispoaii^ canses of 
the awful mortality were, in my opinion, 
the sudden change from the open sea to a 
narrow and winding river, the want of the 
sea breeze, and the prevalence of the deadly 
miasma, to which we were n^htly ex- 
poeed £rom the surrounding swamps. Th» 
horrid tieiautig M*nck of this miasma 
mnst be experienced to be conceived : no 
description of it can convey to the mind 
the wretched sensation tlut is bit &r 



' THE FRIBKD OP AFRICA. 



[IMb <A*. 



Dotn* time btfon and attta dsf bntk. In 
ihoee accurved swfeinp*, one i* opplMMd 
not only bodily Imt menUlIy wilb an in- 
dsBorlbabU fuUng of buvinsM, lingnor, 
BdUBM, and dli^tt, which Mquins ■ 
eonaidnable eSbrt to ihake ofF." 

Now, th«e obMirations wan made in 
tha v«y locality from whioli wma of the 
fint waten, whidi I examinid, were 
takan, and nothing more i* wanting to 
identify the canac of the rapid decay of 
the (hip's capper with that of the mor- 
tality of the cHoiate. 

It has been experimentally found, that 
ao imall a mixtuM m a fifteen hun- 
dnth part of eulphuntted hydrogen in 
the atmoHilLen, ads aa a direot ptdeon 
tapon wBall anlmala, and the ttnaationi of 
languor and nautta, daacribed by Mr. 
Wrd, are exactly thote which baye been 
axperienced by peraona who lia*e bean 
expoaed to tha deleterioua inflnenca in 
aatil quantitiea. 

The peculiar nnhaalthineea of manrrove 
nrampa in all parta of tha world, 1 naTe 
little (toobL arisaa from that tree requiring 
Mlt water ior Ita growth, and Ita deoayiog 
laliage beiiw tbna braucht into immediata 
aantact with tha Ailphatea. The hypo- 
titMia olao agteet with tha fact, (which I 
baliera hu been aatablidied,) that the 
ubaalthioeas af taich ritoationi doei not 
«xt«nd to any 4«Mid<nbIa dlHanoe from 
thaaea. 

I am afraid of traapasung too mndi 
tipon yonr raluable tlma, bat I cannot 
adndude this raport without suggeating tA 
you the expediency of dirtoting the nir- 
mil% 6r ouier ofScen Of vatmi frequent- 
ing these coasts, to test the water* fbr 
nUphufetted hydrogen at different dia- 
Unoea from the eoaat, aid at diffemt 
yMcieds of Um tide, and to make ngnlar 
raporU upon the ailbjaet. The twt of a 
Uttla aelntioD 6f anlphata of eopper, (or 
Uue Titriol,) h-ould be anfBeient, and 
oottld be applied without anjr difficnlty. 
Much T^o^la and pracUdal informatkni 
mi^ht be thuB acquired with little tronble, 
vAi^ if it did not lead to tba means of 
•orreotiog an atmoapheia so iniaaied, 
would at anf rata indicate loeolitiet to be 
avoided entirely, or mly at partienlar 
•aaaoniL 

The comnumden and other ofAcere of 
expeditions for exploring the coast 
Africa, should be directed to bestow par- 
tienlar attention upon the subject, and, at 
all events, not to linger in sltoationa when 
tht walar aSbrda indicatlona of the 
■nionagaa. lun, &&, 

J. F. DAKnuk 

OwiMQ to tha amb^uoua wonUnif of 
*« ItMt, whkk m bave vMMred ti» 



oorrwrt by iiwMinf the wftrfl* [tt uk], 
tUMt persona hsv6 bMn adaled iA mp- 
posing thit the water froiio the Banoo 
(one of those deeply charged with aul- 
phuretted liydrogen), Was taken forty 
miles up that liTert instead of for^ milw 
at sea. We ngcnee at the mistalu, u it 
haa lad to a more espliint ttatemnrt « 
the part sf ProfbiBor Batiiell nf tiia 
convfctlon, ^Bt the noxious gas doe* not 
extend much beyond the stilt water; 
of the antidote whicli he recDiimiends, 
and the general precaudooary measures 
to be taken, — and lastly, to an exprea- 
sion of interest In the welfare of the 
Expedition, which is aa honourahle to 
him as a man of feeling, as his Valuable 
reports are honourable to him u a nlan 
of acknowledged science. 

Kb^t Oolliffe, tM Jan^ 1841. 

Mr Dbar Sib,— I am greatly oblirtd by 
voar correction of a tiiistake into Whldh I 
nave Inadvertently &11en, in my Report 
to the Lords of the Admiralty, tipm tha 
waters df certdn African nters, with 
regard to the situation from which the 
Bpecinlen from the Bangu was taken, the 
label was ambignous; And I unfortunately 
understood that the "foKy mile* dittaat 
from the mouth," meant «p the rivef, U 
stead of ojf the river. 

I certaui] V was surprlted that so lAtldh 
sulphuretted hydrofren was fOund at Mtik 
a distance inland. Upon the Most atten- 
tive wnrideration of the saUeot, I Ant Of 
opinim, that thegeAeratlen « thia ooxlott 
gaa «an extetid but a small dMsDce up the 
rivers, and that in proportion as the Mlbi 
matter decreases, the gas will be ftnuH) to 
diminish. 

As an additional piecattUeh to that ef 
svT^ding to linger In wsten whldl may be 
ascert^ned to be strohgly intpmgnated 
with sulphuretted hydn^en, I would 
fuggest to the Commanders of the African 
Expedition to make a very ftee use of the 
chloride of lime, and not to trust even to 
this In cases of a bad odour, such ss that 
described In the extract which I have 
given from Hr. Laird's journal, but U 
nave recourse to copious fumigation with 
chlorine, generated from oommon salt, 
manganese, and sulphuric acid. The con- 
tact of chlorine with sulphuretted hydro- 
gen, Instantly efl^ls Ita decomposition, 
and renders it perfectly innoxious ; and, 
if I am correct in my opinion, that the 
poisonous action of malaria may, to say 
the least, be rendered more Intense tlV the 
latter gas, the meaiU of iBltigAtidB AM 
that cOTt^y in ow pdwer. 



aj 



THB PBIBKD DF AFAICA. 



I «<Mld ate niMaunwd tiiai putimlar 
littatum ahotUd b* pud to the sUte of the 
bilge-water in th^ veMels. I have little 
aoobi that tha bod smell in the holds of 
shi^ is often on-ing to the g«aeratioii ot 
Mt^DKtted hydrogen by the same kind 
of reactlMl between ratable matter and 
the l^hate o£ soda in the m-water, to 
whith I han nftnftd ill my Bapcnts. ^ 

re yon, tiut itothiiig 



eaold fpn ma gnalar pleaaui 
(liink Uiat any niggeetions of i 
be at tile smaUeat use in tending to pre- 



tart the health of the brave men who 
etc about to proceed upon the interesting 
Szpedition into Afiiea. I am, ftc, 

J. IT. DAinsLL. 

It will be ramarked In the abore 
np<n^ tikat in no caae wfls Bnlphnretted 
kydrageo found io the «at«r taken np 
b any of the rirers ; in fact, as Profesior 
DasMI hU ihowD, It ii only generated 
is aah water. The obvioUB bearing of 
thii a)Ma the NiMr Expedition la in the 
gtatiMag ftet that twenty milea inilde 
th tiVfei- (which ii the limit of the 
mangroves and the salt Water,) they may 
h>V« Botbiiig to fkar from this deleterious 
gat, wk)6h probably aggra*ates, if it 
dtm not originate) diseeLsC; unlets it 
ilmld happen diat th^ soath-west wind 
rimdd t^tirj the tniaSAa U> some dii- 
tahM trtth it — that such should b« the 
tut U vkry probable, but Is three or 
(bar dA]r*« at the moM, would suffice to 
Ham through the IMIto, there is not 
ranch risk to be encountered, and there 
can be little doubt bat that the malaria 
■ill be •ff'Mtnally atopped by the bar- 
rier of high monntains which extends 
in an east and west direction across the 
rirer, above Damuggoo, and before 
ttaehing' Atl^> In the extract ^ven 
■hove from Laird and Oldfield's Ifar- 
tatiot, l/c, it miist be remembered that 
the first sickness and death in that expe~' 
ditiMbeg&natCape Coast Castle; thr?e 
died before entering the river, ftnd the 
gtMt inortdlity took place before they 
readied Uamnggoo at the extreme upper 
end Af the Delta, where they only ar- 
rived aAer a v(wage of thirty-six days, 
frdathe Ilthof October to the 16th of 
NerHnber, or twenty-aeven from their 
oabttiM ai the riter Nun. 

MM ft ttnat not be forgotten that 
JBtt before entering the river in "break^ 



ing out" the hold to lighton the vessel, 
it was discovered that the cause of a 
" disagreeable vaponr, from Which they 
had long sUfi^red, wad, that the bags 
containing the cocoa had rotted, and 
the cocoa had &Ilen into the salt 
bilge-water and there become putrid." 
Here, then, were the very ingreflilintl 
for generating Bulphnretted hydrogefl 
to a great extent; the lamedtdbte con- 
sequenctt has been befbre alluded ttf, 
namely, three deaths before reaching 
the river. After this, for a short time, 
no cate of sickness occurred till some 
distance belon Dainuggoo, when it broke 
out with redoubled fQiy,8nd the Quorra 
lost thirteen men, the Alburkah only 
two ; evidently the cause was in a great 
measure to be ftund on bbard. Mr. 
Laird acknowledges that " certainly the 
Quorra was by far the more Unhealthy 
of the two vessels." 

The latitude of this deadly spot is 
5° 54'. Now, upon referring to Captain 
W. Alien's chart of the Quorra, it will 
be seen that this position is exactly at 
the southern foot or to seaward of t 
range of hills; in like manner Damtig- 
goo, or Adah-mugu, of the same chart, 
lies to the southward or to seaward of 
the great' chun of ihountaltis above 
alluded to. And we venture to express 
an opinion — ^we might almost say con- 
viction — that owing to these mountains 
forming a barrier to the passage of 
the malaria it is probable that miasms 
will be found accumulated at tuch spots; 
and that wherever predisposing causes 
exist on hoard, it is in these places that 
fllckntss will bfe most severe. 

it is hardly necessary to add, that 
the confluence of the Quorra and 
Chadda— the suppbsed head quarters 
of theNiger Expedition — is nearly 100 
miles beyond these spots, and to the 
northward of the high range of moun- 
tains; and no cause has yet been shown 
for supposing that it may not prdve as 
healthy there as in any other tropical 
climate. 

Should there be no cause for delay at 
Ibu, — and we earnestly trust that there 
may not be, — there seems no reasob why 
two, if not all, the steamers of the Nig^r 
Expedition should nOt pass Damuggoo 
and reach Attfih within sev«ljlayB aiW 
enterifig the Quorra. uLtOO^Ic 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[1Mb. Jaw. 



NIGER EXPEDITION. 
Ik a former number we gave an 
account of the general equipment and 
probable movements of the vesBeU 
eompoBing the Niger Expedition. We 
may now state that the Soudan, Captain 
Biao Allbk, sailed from Liverpool on 
the 26th December, with a favouring 
vind from the eastward; when off the 
Land's End a foul wind and head swell 
induced her to put into St. Mary's, 
Scilly, till the weather moderated, when 
she again sailed, and calling at Ply- 
month to embark her marines, reached 
Portsmouth in 21 Jiours' passage from 



that port. After some delay, caused bv 
the veiT squally weather and a thick 
f<^ in tlie river, the Soudan arrived at 



Deptford on the 9th instant, where she 
now remains taking on board the re- 
mainder of her stores and provisions. 

A visit OB board enables us to give 
a more detailed account of the com- 
plete equipment of this vessel, which, 
although necessarily small in order to 
explore rivers, &c., is so fitted as to insure 
a free circulation of air between decks, 
by means of the ventilating apparatus 
arranged under the superintendence of 
Dr. Reid. This consists of a case of 
zinc, about two feet and a half ia height 
and eight inches in thickness, extending 
all round the sides of the vessel, ana 
provided with valves which may be 
opened or closed at pleasure. The 
heated air is withdrawn through this 
from the upper part of each cabin by 
means of a large fanner, similar to that 
usedfor blowing furnaces; while fresh air 
is supplied through tubes passing from 
dose underthe gunwale through thedeck 
down to the lower parts of the cabins. 

This fanner may be driven either by 
the engine, when the vessel is under 
.way, (by means of a hand communicat- 
ing with the shaft of the paddles;) or, 
when the vessel is at anchor, by 
manual labour; or, if the current is 
strong enough, by tfae paddle-wheels 
being disconnected, and made to act as 
water-wheels. 

By means of this apparatus, the whole 
vessel, or any cabin, may be thoroughly 
ventilated. Besides this, whenever the 
presence of malaria is suspected, Hm 
fanner can be reversed, and the air 



drawn through a medicating chamber, 
provided with lime and other purifiers, 
and forced through sine tubes into every 
compartment of the vessel. 

The Soudan, as well as the other 
ships, besides being furnished with 
Captain Smith's paddle-bos boats, is 
supplied with ba^et-boats, which, beinij^ 
covered with vrater-tight canvas, eon be 
used as light palanquins for the accom- 
modation of exploring parties, and are 
ready to transport them across a river, 
or to enable them to embark on any lake 
that they may chance to meet with in 
their journeys in the interior of Africa. 

When she has completed her stores 
and provisions, the Soudan will pro- 
bably precede the otlier vessels to 
Madeira and the Cape de Verd Islands, 
leaving England about the 1st of 
February. 

The Albert, Captain Trotter, sailed 
&om Liverpool on the 12th instant, and 
reached Dublin on the following day, 
making the passage in twenty-two hours ; 
she may be expected at Woolwich about 
the 25th instant. 

The WiYfi*r/orM, Captain W.Allen, 
not having been launched till the 10th 
of October, will not have her fittings 
completed before the 1st of February, 
when she will probably join the other 
vessels at Woolwich to take in the re- 
mainder of her stores and provisioDs. 
and the whole squadron finally leave 
the shores of England about the 20th 
of February. 

ON THE VACCINATION OF THE 
AFRICANS. 
WuEN we consider the ravag«s 
caused by the small-pox, not only on 
board slave-vessels, but also among the 
negtxi race generally, the importance of 
the subject of the following letter from 
Mr.W.B.MARsHALL,ofH.M.S.5o«. 
dan, will be appreciated by all; but that 
it must especially commend itself to the 
hearts of African mothers and African 
fathers, when they find their children 
rescued by it from untimely graves, 
cannot be doubted. If the introduction 
of vaccination into Africa were the 
only result of the ' Niger Expedidon,' 
that expedition will not have been sent 
out in vain:— LtOO^IC 



laaj 



THE PRIBKD OF AFRICA. 



Jam. lA, 1841. 

Ut nuK StB,— I have ^reat pleasure 
in stating for your iuformatiou llie reaalt 
of mf endeavouTB to secvire the benefit of 
efieetiTB Taccination for the natiTes of 
Afiics. 

In the coarse of my reeearchea into the 
sabject of small-pox aad vaccination, I had 
kanwd to tnistnist the ordinary soorces 
bom which the snpplies of vaccine virus 
havs hitherto been derived; and, imme- 
diatdy npon my appointment to act aa 
Sumon of the &mdan, I communicated 
with Mr. Cbjeli of Ayleehnry, a gentle- 
man who has attained an Enropean repu- 
tation by his experiments in demonstration 
irf the identity of small-pox and cow-pox. 

Ur. Ceely entered at once, and eon 
tmure, into my views and wishes, and 
finallr placed in my hands the following 
mppfy of variola vaccine : 

1st. 18 capillary tubes contuning 

Tuiola vaccine (his own), and some 

new vaccine, recently obt^ned from the 

«ow. 
2nd. 9 down (Ismail points charged 

with lymph. 
3id. 24 large store pranta, repeatedly 

ehuced with 7 and S^ylyinph, npon 

whi^ Ur. Ceely places great depend- 

4th. 12 fine variola vaedne crusts, 
carefiilly preserved and selected by 

5th. 2 pairs of prepared glasaea with 
liqnid lymph on lint, placed in a de- 
pression. And 

6th. A packet of points, thorouglily 
and repeatedly chsr^ by Mr. Marson 
at the ^nall-Pox and Vaccination Hos- 
pital &nm beautiful vesicles, on fine 
healthy children. 

Having propoaed to indemnify Ur. 
Ceelj for the met of preparing the above, 
I W"!' it but justice to nis pnilauthropy 
nd pnbltc spirit to add here the following 
extnet from on^ of his letters : — 

" If I have not the pleasure of adding 
stilt more to your stock of lymph, allow 
nw before vodt departure to say that any 
little troaole ana expense I may have 
■nsbuned in furnishing you with what 
joa required, will be amply compensated 
tnr information of your earUeet Huccess on 
tfis eobiecta for whose especial use it ia 
desiKnea. I ahAll feel great interest in 
noamiw a narrative of the results attend- 
iog thb lymph in the difierent forms in 
i^icb I have had the good fortune to 
wnA It to yon ; and highly gratified to 
hmt ibak the pains I have taken, have not 
. bmm dtcgetber in vwn. I only r^ret I 
hU Wt loiown your wiidiea sower, for I 



might then have mgrnented yoor stock, 
though I could not have improved its 
crnality. With the liveliest interest in 
the mil and complete success of all your 
undertakings, and a happy return to your 
lather land, allow me to remain, my dear 
Sir, yours very truly, 

" RoBKRi Ceelt." 
In token of the general interest taken 
in the welfjie of Africa, Mr. Ceely, on 
another occanon, writes, **! took some 



whose intelligent and excellent i 

was delightea to hear it was to be sent to 

Having Mr. Ceely's scientific and be- 
nevolent donation to Africa in my posses- 
sion, I conudered it my duty to state the 
same to Sir William Burnett, the phy- 
sician-geneial of the navy, and request 
directions as to its disposal; and in r^ly. 
Sir William, was pleased to leave it in my 
own hands, adding, " but I shall be glad 
to render yon any asuatance in my power. 
I would, however, advise you to commu- 
nicate with Captun Trotter and Dr. Uc 
William on the occasion, as well as with 
your own captain." 

In the sbseitce of H.U.S. Albert, and 
her captain and surgeon, end in the pro- 
spect of the Sottdan preceding; the oUkt 
two vessels, I have only to state how I 
propose to employ the lymph in my pos- 
session, BO as to secure its ultimate arrival 
in pristine vigour among- the sable inha- 
bitants of Hi^tia. 

On our amval at Madeira, the C^>e de 
Verde Islands, and Sierra Leone, I deugn, 
in conjunction with the resident medical 
practitioners at those places, to vaccinate 
such peTGons as may oner for the purpose, 
should our stay at either place De pro- 
tract«d long_ enough to charge and recharge 
my store points from the subjects so rac^ 
nated ; but, in the event of onr departun 
being hastened, toentrust to the good futh 
and mtelligent humanity of my profes- 
sional brethren, the conduct of the vacci- 
nated cases, so OS to preserve a supply of 
recent lymph in the liquid state for my 
brotiier officers to avail themselves of, on 
their arrivals, successively, in the Albert 
and Wilberfortt. 

In this manner, I hope, not only to 
make the present stock available for the 
vaccination of all to whom it can be com- 
mnnicated immediately, but, mediately, to 
extend its preservative effects to many 
more, by caumng it to increase and mul- 
tiply itself by the way, 

Aa I have reason to know that small- 

E IX is a very prevalent disesse among tiw 
locks, aaa, moreover, attended with 
eren greater fatality than among oar- 



Ttte mtmny or atbica. 



[letli <Att. 



ta*»i, I fi)el ^MiillU p1eosar« lu giTiitjt 
publicity to the patnft^takltig nnd dfunWr~ 
e8t«d kindnesB of ili^ friend, Mr, Ceely, 
•ho, Whether hia lytiiph mcceed aocoriing 
to our ^t'ishea or not, well deserves to be 
UiumetBted amons the fHende of A&ica, 
as providinK fur tneni and theit children 
an mestimaDle bleseing. 

In the erent of out' meeting with a 
population aSlict«d with nnail-pox, I in- 
Und, filFthet-, to repeat Mr. Ceeiy's expe- 
riments upon the oow, and thus produce 
the variola raccine on the spot. 

And, if permitted to demonstrate to the 
tribes of the Soudan the prophykctic 

SOwerB of vaccination, I hope to find little 
ifficulty in instructing the AA'lcalis them- 
selves how to extend the practice gene- 
rally, an has been done in India, where 
Vaeoination is never better performed than 
by the native operator*. 

Praying for tlie blessing of Almighty 
God, to render effectual every means em- 
Moyed for the emancipation df AfHca 
ffonk Ite monl and physical boliddge,. 

WiLU&M Barbett MAfeasALt, 

n C^Mn Bird Allm, ^'9"' ^«V9- 

HJfJS. Soudan. 

P.S. la addition to th« above stocky we 

are, I believ^ to be supplied from the 

National VaecJoe InstituUon. 



The AFRICAN INSTItUTION. 

Mant of our readers have probablv 
D6t Aeea a letter from Mr. Josepn 
JoBn Gurney to a friend on points 
£6unected with the Slavery Extinction 
question. It is written with the mode- 
TBtion, ability, and ^ood feeling by 
which that ^entletoan's productions are 
so honourablv cbaracteriied. One of 
ths tofnos wbiefa Mr. Guriiey diaousses 
is the Liverpool Resolutions. His re- 
marks accurately distinguish the case 
of the African Issmviioti from 
that of the Socibtt for t:ik Ex* 

TIHCTIOK OF TUB SLAVB TbADB, 
AMD FOR THE ClVU-IXATtOH OF 

Africa; and hence Mr. Oumey very 
justly infers that Rny ftilure which mtty 
have attended the operations of the 
African Institution, cannot be with 
any truth or fairness alleffed as an argu- 
ment against the principles on which 
the Slavery Extinction uid Civilisation 
Society is founded. As the distinction 
that drawn by Mr. Gumer removes 
Mt <^ th«) mHt planaibte «ttJe6tions \t 



the great edbrt now b<Hng made to re- 
dress the Wron^ of Africa, and to 
Impart to her sons ilie tehglouS and 
social blessings which, through thfe 
favour of a gracious Provideuce, we 
ourselves enjoy, we gladly avail Bur- 
selvesof bis permisrion to inaert in Tbk 
FniRRD at Africa those passages of 
hts letter which bear on tMs silbje«t t-^ 

It does not appear to me that the nne- 
rol fact of the wont of success which at- 
tended the African Institution, afibrds anr 
sufficient ailment against a society simi- 
lar tindoubtedly in some of its imture^ 
but acting under very dlArent climun- 
Kanc«e, atid. In one grand point of tleW, 
on wholly difiereat printiples. 

The dflHirsnae of obcumitance is peea- 
liarty important in two distlncl point*. 
The first is the invmtioh and use of steam- 
vessels, which, if bfDught fully to bear, 
may wonderfully iiwllitateall our dealings 
witn AM<» — carry its visitors swiftly and 
easily through the unhealthy deltas, and 
introdnoa them to thoee spots In tha inte- 
rior, where they may act on the pc^olsr- 
tlon,fiir its t«mponl and spiritual wsl&re, 
with the greateM advontue. The other 
p<^t is the discovery of the outlet of tha 
Niger. That river, with its tributary 
Streams, now oflen to Oreat Brituh, hv 
tnerahonto, her ogrienlnuBliatB, and her 
philanthnmiste, an almost boundleaiaM^ 
of action, of which the Afrleaa Institntion, 
in its moat efflcdknt days^ kMw absidutely 
nothing. 

Both these pointa ara snrftly fraught 
with praotical importanoe, and conMtute 
a vast differenoe in eitoumstuiee between 
the two cases. Nor la it to be forgottea 
that in dealiiw with Afriea, we have How 
the benefit of^Vastly enlargvd knowledge, 
and of the leng experience of these wluk 
hftVB preceded ns. In •oue respeote the 
example of the former fiiendl of Afrtea 
may l>e followed with adranlage. In 
others, their miat^es m^ be equally 
tuefol to us as a warning. 

Then, with regard to the difierenee of 
principle Blinded to, so fat as the influence 
of the African Institution was concerned 
in the measures of Govenunent, It went 
(as I have always understood] topiomote 
the system of treaties with the European 
and American slave-trading powcr^ and 
was neverdirectedto the object of fomilng 
conventions with the native Princes i^ 
Africa. Be that as it may, however, the 
latter line of eperaHim bos hitherto been 
entirely, or almost entirely, n^lected. 

Now the fery pHndple (m which Sr 
PowtU HaxUitn |lu fa ftttWd, Ik tlie 



THfi ^RtXNS 67 AFfitCA. 




nwv «f lbs tmitlM 

flf oDimaitiMia and muidty 
rriMitrtu wiUi tiie powers of 



ue contrait between Uuae 
iperotion to be the streiutb 
of DOT case — the subsUuce and nut (u' 1 
tauf so expreei jt) of ma whole afiur. 
B; what force have the treaties with 
Spam, Portugal, &c., been oTerborne? 
By the Tone of pto&% and aelf-interest. 
By what force does it appear probably 
Ibat friendlj' relations with Auice, and 
conrantions with her Frincea, for the aup- 
pmnon of the Slavs ^rade, may he main- 
tained inviolaledt We answer, by the 
same htte of proSt and eelf-intcivst. 

Time and repeated efiurtH mar be neeea- 
tarj for tlie fiill devolopment of the &ct| 
but &e &et itself is beyond all queatii»i, 
that the pecuniary gain to A&ica of the 
HtbcUtation of legitimate commerce, 
fbnnd«d on agricnltQre, for the trade in 
hnman craaturee, would be eaormOHa. 



IT fittjcton to IM perfectly eor- 
mHIb npfWAitlD^ the aboUtiota of <ndtM>7 
aa a arilatafhl iWteeqnenee^ umed at, and 
nhAj to be tttoM W, the proposed mt- 
thM «t tali^ with Amte. To ibention 
attaSl* print, I eaUhot seeadygood feaeon 
wij the AmMiean alaVe-gfflWji Cotton 
ihMild not be Mppluitod by the free- 
lafcoor ^lowth of thd taihe aHiel« In AM<» ; 
' "• to Ue, such an expectatifln may 
nuldy entiertaibed. If it should 
t, «lM(t thfe bHBMHK of PtD vldenee, 
to Im tM eha^ Mch it event wonld do 
*«> ** th« abolMm of Ameriesn 81a- 
mrth thiA all onr pampUHs. 

TatM an4 I (I well know) are ntiited 
hi tlM toBtUtaent, tBat, dfUpr alL the nlti- 
ttau Bd oiily rAdleal mre of tite Vices 
Mri misMlea of Afilca, is Christianity; 
Hi WUk the economical points already 



1 an, aa I think, practical and 
EMpaMob «« nttlRt nevet farg«t the para- 
MMdtf nne of Etmg«lieation. I can by 
DO aiMBs (wree With the dietiM of out 
bkhiM at Uietpool, that the AiHcan 
So^m ty erin do nothing to promote tbli 
oMart* 

Tie reduction of the native languages 
to K iftitten and grammatical form, is 
atthh otie ftoMble means of rastly faci- 
litalBtf the ^UFnsion of gospel truth. 
B^mlf maf it be &eilitat^ by the for^ 
matlHl of points of oentnlizStitm, 1?Tora 
Meat, llw blemings nf commeitx, agricul' 
" - i) Hid WMiNiaiy labotu', (all as much BE 
t ttatVlUA by the Ncgtn race.) 
f I tOirL M MUmbMAnfeouBlx 
*^ttMn wral fllffli}uty> ' 



pOMttto i 



THE PRESIDENre MESSAGE. 

The following extracts from the close 
of President Van Burbn's Message 
to the Congress of the United States, 
at the opening of the present Session, 
which only reached London yesterday, 
will he read with Interest. Let us hope 
that Congress will act with vigour upon 
the President's suggestion " to forbid 
American citizens all trade with the . 
slave factories on the coast of Africa :"— 

The suppression of the African Slave 
Trade has received the continued attention 
of the Government. The brig Dolphin, 
and tchotmer Ordn^mi, have been em- 
ployed during the last season on the coast 
of Africa, fbr the purpose of preventing 
sdeh portions of that trade as was said to 
' ir«secnted under the American flag. 

Vom the reports of the commandli^ 
officen, it iqipears that the trade is now 
principally carried on under Portnguese 
Golouts)and they ezpi«s the opinion that 
the apprehension of their presence on tiie 
slave coast has, in a great degree, amsted 
the prostitution of the American flag U 
this inhuman pnrpoae. It is hoped utat, 
' mntinuing to maintain this force in 
qnafter, and try the exertions of th* 
officers hi command mnch will be done to 
put a step to whirtever portion of thl* 
tnffie may have been carried on Under the , 
American flag, and to prevent Its use in • 
trade Which, while it violates the laWs, ia 
equally an outrage on the rights of otheM 
and the feelings of hutnanlty. The eSbrto 
ef the severu Govemmsnta Who are anx- 
ionaly aeeking to mppreaa this tralBe mult. 
However, be directed ogainfet the {ullitiei 
affinded by what ara now reeognitod •• 
legitimato commercial parsults^ before that 
object can be fully aecomplished, 

SuppUea of pmvisians, watar-Aaslts, 
hMruiandiSe, and artioles connected wiUi 
the prosecution of the Slave Trade, are, it 
ia understood, freely carried by vessels of 
different nations to the slave factories ; and 
the effecta of the betors are transported 
openly from one slave station to another, 
without intermption or punishment bjr 
either of the nations to which they belongs 
engaged in the eomtnerce of that r^on. 
I sunnit to your jndgmento whether this 
Oovemment, having been the first to pro' 
hibit, by adequate penalties, the Slav* 
'I'rade — the first to declare it piraoy— • 
should not he the first, also, to ftirbid to 
its citizens all trade with the slave ftcto- 
riee on the coast of Africa ; giving an ex- 
ample to all nations in this re«p«n, whleht 
If UUix fn^owed, cannot fall U uteduej 
IhattorteffMlirt iMplta lii biMllltig i^ 
those dens of iniquity. 



THE'FRIBND OF AFIUCA. 



[igdLjAit. 



ABYSSINIA. 
In the Proeeedingt of the Church 
Hissionaiy Sodety for 1839-40 will 
be found an iDterestiiig account, bjr the 
Rev. Mesars. Irbnbero and Krapf, 
of their visit to Tajurrah and Ankdbar, 
the coital of Shot, in April and Maj, 
1839. In addition to thi^ iofonnation, 
we have now the pleasure of laying 
before our readers the most recent ac- 
counts from that quarter, contained in 
the following extracts from a letter of 
an intelligent correspondent, dated 

Tajurrah, 22nd Not^ IBM. 



This being the point at which my 
.oamey into Ule interior of Africa may be 
properly sud to begin, I havs now the 



pleasure to commence a r^ular 

rndence with you, which, God willing, I 
11 continue at every fitting opportumty. 

Leaving England on the 1st Sept., I 
aniTed at Alexandria on the I9th, and, 
after six weeks' detention in Egypt, quit- 
led Snex, by the Bertmee steamer, on the 
1st Novi, and arrived at 'Aden on ihe 10th 
instant, where I was most favonrably re- 
eeired by Captain Haines, the PoUtical 
Agent; Indeed, it would be difficult to 
convey a sufficient idea of the kindnoM 
and attention with which I was treated 
both by Capt, Haines and by Lieat. Crut' 
tenden, I. n., hta assiatant 

A boat being on the point of sailing for 
tUs coast, I left 'Aden on the 12th, and 
snived here on the 13th instant. 

I was kindly furnished by Capt, Haines 
with letters to the Sheikh or Snlldn of 
Tajurrah, Mohammed ibn Mohammed, 
and also to Hohammed 'Ali, who belongs 
to a tribe of the Danikil in the intmor, 
sad who is the oonstituted guide of all 
tcavellers to Shoo. On my arrival, he 
immediate came on board, and conducted 
Bie to the Sultan, by whom I waa received 
reiy favourably. 

I have eiwaged to accompany me, as a 
aarrant and interpreter, Hnssein, a yoinw 
man, who has been from hia dtildnooa with 
the HivionaTies of the Church HiaeionaTy 
Society in T^r^ and Cdro, and who was 
'with Hr. Kielnwer at the time of his 
death, at Kidelu, in April last. He ^Maks 
the Arabic, Dankall, and Amhoric lan- 
gnagee, and having been accustomed to 
Uie society of Fiwika, is able to make 
htmeelf vwy useful to me. 

The Political Afent at 'Adenhaamtered 
into alliance wiUi the Somili and Dan- 
kaU tribto, «ad puichased two islands at 
t&e cntnnoe of Tqur^ Bay, as also a 



troall one at the upper end, immediatdj 
at the entrance to the inner bay. The 
Frendi have purchased settlements within 
the Red Sea, at Edd and Amphila, at 
about ICO and 200 milee distance, re^>ec- 
tivety, from the entrance of the Strait of 
Bab-el-Mandeb, on the weetem or Abys- 
sinian shore. 

' Capt. Hainee has also dincted a survey 
of the coast from Bab-el-Mandsb to Ber- 
bera, and the E. I. C. brig Buphrata is at 
present employed thereon, having com- 
pleted as Mr southward as Zetla', where 
that vessel now is. This survey extends as 
&r into the interior as the salt lake Asal ; 
and I shall do my best to lay down my 
route correctly from that point to Anko- 
har. But, owing to the war now carndng 
on, as I am told, between the Dankah and 
the people of Argobba, a country in the 
neignboorhood ot the river Hawosh, and 
tributaiy to the king of Shoi, or sultan of 
Ifat, as he is here i»Ued, the rood is now- 
closed, and it is uncertain how long I may 
be detuned here. 

T^jnirah is inhabited by persons of the 
difierent Dankali tribes ^read over tiie 
conntiy between the coaet and the Ha- 
WBsh. Mohammed 'Ali, for instance, is 
the son of the Sheikh of a tribe located at 
Harrar. The Danikll, who continue to 
lead a nomadic liie, cany up salt from the 
lake to the west of Tuunah ; in ntam 
for which they bring from Ibt nothing 
but hones, for which that country is cele- 
brated. But the traders of Tajuirah, who 
import manu&ctnred good^ metals, to- 
bacoo, pepper, &c., for the ports of the 
Arabian coast, bring down from the int«- 
rior, in exchange for the same, sUvea, 
ivory, coffee, &c. The pardculan of this 
trade I shall know better hereafter ; but 
thus much seems quite certain, that the 
principal article of export is has. I un 
very careful not to give rise to snepicifHl 
bv any marked inquirieo. I shall, pleaaa 
God, be long enough in these oonntnea, and 
have sufficient intercooise with the nativee, 
to enable me to obtun all the neceseaiy 
information, and by seeming to employ 
myself soldy with s<nentific matten, 1 
hoft the readier to gain their conGdenoe. 



me tolerably well acquainted with the 
character of the connby in the immediate 
vidnity of Tajurrah. llie village is mtuate 



the bay, at the foot of a mass of low hill^ 
which ranm from south to north, and are 
intenectedhy valleys, which, in the rainy 
season, bring down the waters from the 
interior, fnnn the dibria oontaiiwd In 



iaa.j 



THE FBIEND OF AFIUCA. 



theM TiUeyg, and the pUn whicli they 
have fbimed, it ia tnMufM that thev oom- 
Baniota with a eoantrf of pnmitiTe 
fbniHtioD ; but the hiUi in the inimediate 
TJdaitv of Tiywrab, as &r as I have in- 
^MCtM them, an mtirely^ composed of 
madr^oTcs, ntd other marine products, 
wUdi, at a compantivelj recent period, 
han b«ai elented from the mo. That 



tha txtf roeka which overlie and interwct 
these octaMons hills, and by which thoie 
pwta of them in inunediate contact have 
becB ecar«rted into chalk. Thia chalk, 
where expoeed, has been washed down by 
the rain, srad, nniting with the c<Hnmi- 
nnted argUtaoeons rock» of the uit«rior, 
hM fonned a rich soil, in which the 
Tegetation is Inxoiiant. I have eolleetod 
ipcdmoia of the wioai rocks, which I 
porpoae aoidiiiK to ' Aden by the .^^Mbufw, 
to be forwarded to London. 

1 cannot refrain from relating a OO' 
lions bet resulting from my discovery of 
this dialk. The natives were aware of 
ha existoMe, but made no use of it, be- 
jDodemployiugitinteaeliiiig the children 
to write. I made my servant take a 
qoantity home, and set him to work to 
p(didi bis sword-aheatfa, and other metallic 
artide^ to the grrat admiradon (and, I 
tnti^ instmction) of the natives. I have 
not omitted to explain to them the value 
of this cboUc, and of the snbatance of the 
hill* generally, for the porpoaes of build- 
ing; but this seems too great a step to be 
made by them at prteeut. What they 
are most anxious to have found for them 
is inm or coppo* ; but I am sorry to be 
compelled to tell them that i have hitherto 
met with no traces of thoee metals. Mr. 
I s enbetg menticoMd that coal had been 
mid to have been fbnnd in the neu4>boar- 
hoodof T^nrrah; on peaking toMoham- 
toti 'Ali on the subject, he showed me a 
oMBtity of a black substance, which had 
tM xppeannee of being Uiat most valuable 
fldaaw, bnt on inspecting it more closely, 
I imnd it to be nothing but a volcanic 
product. Mohammed ' Ali seemed to have 
abeadysatlBfiedhintself of its wont of value 
by trying it in the fire, so that my report 
in no wiae surprised or dieappointed him. 

Meat <rf the people hero SIC possessors of 
■UmafordomeaticiKurpoaes. Uohoromed 
'Afi Imb four in his house, two men and 
twoKtris. The latter two ore both from 
GwH*; and inv serraut says were most 
woMUy bom Christiana. One of the men 
MaSmgalla black from the interior; the 



Aa 'Aden is the point at which the pro- 
ductions of this countiy will be first ren- 
dered avulable, I have not omitted to 
acquaint Captain Hunes with the exist- 
ence here of chalk, clay, and earden soil, — 
the last a desideratum at 'Aden, — and I 
shall not Ml to infonn him of anythii» 
that 1 may connder it advisable for him 
to know; I have also told him of the non- 
existence of coal. 

Annexed is the range of Fahrtnhdt's 
thermometer at Tajunah, in the ahade, 
in the open air :— [tat. 11° 68' K") 



Not. IBM. 


19 


20 


21 


22 


A.M. 6 


?5 


7* 


75 




7 


7B 




?7 


!K 




m 


ftl 


83 


H4 


9 


m 




m 




10 


87 


87 


m 


HH 


11 


89 


91) 


KI 


n 


12 


HI 


n 


tn 


44 


r.ii. 1 


9.S 


n 


<ti 


94 


2 


98 


93 


H4 




3 


An 


n 


03 




4 


13 








5 






«7 




6 


ab 


83 


85 





WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 

A coRRRspoNDBNT, on the west 
coast, under date of the 35th Oct, thus 
writes to Sir F. Buxton: — 

"Twenty yeaiB* residence upon thiscoast, 
and a careml attention to passing events, 
comlnne to Msnre me that, so mr as the 
scheme proposed by you snail be carried 
into effect, it will sustain your expeota- 
tions. If you plant your settlement in 
the neighbourhood of active slaving opeM- 
tiona, the traders will make a desperate 
strugglek but under the influence of moral 
and weU-r^nlated settlements the Slave 
Trade will wither and die. 

" Your emisera have recently been tuiu- 
mally active and vigorou, andnave idmost 
eom^etely blooksded the celebrated marts 
<a Gallinas and New Cev. Ther have 
invested these pcnnts ao vigilontiy, taat the 
slavers, unable to shin the slaves with any 
probable degree of Acnrity, have kept 
them pent up in the Boraooons, where 
they have died by naree from huiwer and 
disease. Indeed, it is rumoured, that tha 
slavers have been so annoyed of late, that 
they talk of abandonii^ New Ceu entiroly. 
A veaasi, c^tured off Trade Town, a ftw 
days ago, by one of her Mqesty'scruismL 
ia nid to have had only rixteen inched 
Bgaea between her maiD aad flain dedu," 



THB Kigoro w APWO*. 



The January number of the Edin- 
burgh Hevieif contuns an able article 
an the GoTemmeat Expeditian to the 
Niger — a measure which has been much 
pnised and much oeniured. bat of 
whioh tha true soope and ^ouBd> have 
not, we think, been duly conpdered. 

Having in a former number diacussed 
Sir Powell Buxton's estimate of the 
extent of the Slave Trade, the probable 
efficacy of tha meaaures which he pro- 
poses for the extinction of it, and the 
general character of his work, which is 
spoken of ai '' a most valuable publica- 
tion," the reviewer now takes up the 
consideration of the prelhninary mea- 
sure in furtherance of Sir F. Buxton's 
viewH, which the Government has con- 
sented to adopt — and) after Adverting 
to the Slave Trwde, the climate, and 
the gre^t Internal trade now existing m 
Africa, concludes :— 

"But we have qbtti^ proceeded fiu- 
enough to make out a prmd/iteit cose for 
tndng the experiment of a trade up the 
Niger. To this conclusion we wish for 
the p;«sent to limit ounelvee. Tha esta- 
blishment of factoriea, the acquisition of 
territory, and the organization of compa- 
nies, involve questions of great moment and 
difficulty,uponwhiehve cannot now enter. 
The coQvse and final destinies of the work it 
would be idle to speculate upon ; but it is 
important, in this more than la almost any 
other eut^riae, that we should proceol 
with eyes open and feelinge unjnflaroed-r- 
as there is none in which a false step, or a 
Ml across tha threshold, is likely to involve 
mate important conBaquenoee. We are 
not among tlioae who regard no puhlio 
undertaking as justifiable which ia likely 
to cost good livea and limba in the proeeen- 
tioa of it. No gtttt thing is aMcmplisfaed 
without great sBcrifiees on the pwtofthoM 
who iewf the way, not In wan only, hnt in 
religion, in politiis, in civilization, in oom- 
roerce, and even in science and litraatnre. 
And certainly, when we consider the ia&- 
nite nature of the Benefit which will be 
teoured if tbia <rast eontlnent should ev^ 
be Teclaimed to Christianity and the use of 
man, we nanaot but think that human 
life mity be worse wasted than in taking 
whatever meMUMs xo»s he in the first in- 
etanue neoewaiy for letting the work on 
fMt- 

<* The mpertunltjF ia nowbefim usg it 
U«i vitit Aitaid ta t^ the fin( rtep. 



done. If the Goremment deeg nothl _, 
twthiog will be done as U slwuld be, 
Private adyenturen. pnifuing their awa 
ends in tbeir own ways, eannot oat loigely 
or systematically enough, — omnot mak^ 
the aacrifioea which will occlUanall; be 
required by consistent dealing m a great 
scale. They will aometimea be redvce^ 
to straits which will tempt them to aet« 
ef vioWcB or of lubterfngei ruinous to 
the maial effect of exMOpI^ and destruo- 
tivs of the eonfidenoe upon which all 
pniepeKHu intMoonne must he built. 
What then is the atep wMeb the Gevem-i 
ment ia oalled on to tokel We reeur 
to our original pomtioni it V the hnwnew 
of Government to ImA wd fee) the way i 
neither keeping aloof, as U^ demieaon 
lecommsnds, oqd iMving tbs Wo|k wholly 
to firivale adventure; nor plnngtng^ «« 
otheia would have it, headleng «nd irre- 
vocably, into tlie middle) hitt sending 
out proper pewoni to eqdare tfca grauqd: 
ta men eommunigMiona with: the aenml 
chidai to nudte them qndentamd tha 
advantages of a eommerdol i||(«n»«Na 
with England] to pOTHode than to«gm 
to oertam eonditions of protectim odA 
immunity; to astabliah a mulor sjniw 
of duties and eustomst to oeTiw Knw 
unohnoxioas method t^ enforcing the dV 
of audi conditions and Ngnlatioon 



. . ,ter way of obtaining redreaS) 

when they are cheated, tbon thoee to 
which the Liverpool Expedition was ve<- 
dueed — namely, the pointing of |Tenb 
guns, the firing of villages, and the semm 
of innocent petsons forlioetages ; to midca 
or to report upon the practicoblli^ of 
makiuis treaties for the suppreaien af the 
Slave Trade; to examine ttie prahaUo 
advantages or disadvantagH of erecting a 
fort im the Niger, to be commanded by an 
oifSoer who may act as arbiter in divntci^ 
— protector of British inltjects, and npi«- 
aantative of the British Goversmeet • wdi 
above all, to supply more aetmnite and 
m«n eomplets iu&nnatioD than we new 
poeaesa^ oonoeming tha ooiulltlon vf the 
eountry, the systems of law and goveni- 
meqt, (if snoh they can be oaUed,) and 
the proper w^ ni^infnriny into them ~ 
better I1&, and of ertghlighmg pemwwi 



id preeperooa telatiau- If tli*t» thisgn 
n ha done, tha trade which has olfea^jr 
oommanced will inunedlotely he placed 
upon a mndi better fbetinf, and we AM 
be oUe to frooeed to the adoption of fioitlMr 
meaauna with aoiae knowladn of wlwt «» 
areabout. Sacfawe talis tguthai^jeota 
al tha foitiuiuBg StxpedltiftH, and *n *n«h 
gronndswenoldittobe pmisewoTttiy.'' 



IBB FHIBND Off AFBIQA- 



Tea fUlnriiig note, kMravM brief, 
is aq idditund jmiti the int«re«t frit 
m Oenaany, in ue wocmm of the Higm 

Mr BUS FuHMp, — I )■>*« only timt 
to MKiM vou hew nnfiiftanaU I conridn 
■ayMtr h Mvlng mined wetng yoa kt Ber- 
lin^ I ma ttiea with tii« king of PninU, 
Ct KfinlgalMrg ; and how higl^ I bi^rova 
of the eboioe th« Ownmlttee of the Aftioui 
Ciriliation SoolBtjr ban inada of Dr. 
Voeel, SB botaniat to the Nig«r Expe- 

Dt. Vog«l la not only aa intelligmt 
Wtaniit, out )u la alaa h-iffiiy la 1m twoin- 
■ended fi» Itit •xocUent nmal qnalitiw. 

Ai^ fff coniMt h« will oecupy himself, 
atnon^ atW things witli tba fcsqgmphy 
ef plants, which ean only be fenndM upon 
" la of teropeaature) rad of the 



desiflihla that he ahould ha f^miabed 
nrae inatrnmenti^ aa a thermometer, 
mooutain baMmaUr, an4 pockvt compaM, 
BO iMMMaiT to every ooa who waodani in 
• finwL 

Aeetpt,&c. 

ALuuNoia vox HcMBouiT. 
O^xam Wasltiwsttm, RJf. 

Ii addition to the above instniments, 
Dr. Vogel will be provided with a pho- 
twneter. a wttanti and artificial bonaon, 
and, liavin|' been already accuatomed to 
take celeaUal observations, be will be 
enabled to find bis poeition in any part 
id Africa he may ebanee to wander. 

WifiTiiio fram Siam Leonfli an the 
llthNoT«»ber, Hr.FsBoueaoNMyai 

* Tbe cotton seed wbtch I brought out 
hit ba^ tried at seven difiereqt places. I 
send by thb opjKirtunlty two samples of 
oar cotton, (8a4d to be the prodpce of Sea 
liland s«ed,] to Manchester, for examina- 
tion. I shall wtdt rathw impatiently for 
a report on them. 

"I find the aericultiiTql spirit aa warm aa 
conld ne deaired, and the people only wait 
to be trad wbpt tort of seed to plant ; the 

iw qepaon for planting spneats to be 

ty, n4 I thonid be very glaa to be ~ 
■' ly of the 

r good variety 



« Tha Bar. 11a. Schtn baa mada hiio- 
Lf anite OMstar at the Iba iangnage, In 
UdM en ctniniK vitb floency^i h« 



lias alaon)4de good prograss in the Hansa. 
A vast number of liberated Africans of 
all nations have of^red to anwropany Mr, 

Schiin in the Niger Expedition — hia 
choice is therefore great ; and some of the 
most respectable men in the colony arfl 
already selected and engaged : he wilfbavq 
on admirable band of interpreteia." 



Aa eveiy fact connected wiUi (he ej- 
tinction at the Slave Trade tmt within 
the province of The Fbiknd op Appjci, It 
beoones our duty to record that one men 
slaving vessel, the well-lEnown fast-Bailing 
-Upper £1 AmganU, was run on shore 
>nd completely aestroyed, on the fith of 
July loBt, after a chace of some hours, 
in file moat gaUant- manner, by H.M. 
schoouer Picile, commanded bv Lieu- 
tenant Frederick Polwnp, R.Jf. This 
officer, while lying at tiie Havannahi 
noticed a slaver ready for sea, and deter- 
mined to stand out ipto the offing and 
await her appearance. On the following 
day, among a large fleet of merchantmen 
working tothBeutward,tbe ^* rogue" waa 
easily smgled out by hia peculiar rig, well 
Bet sails and white canvas, and choce waa 
immediately given. £/^rrqp()nt«,assaon 
as she discovered her mistake, strained 
every nerve to get bock to the Havannah, 
distant only eighteen miles; but finding 
that the PieiU had cut her oif from her 
port, she ohtq^ed her course dead on shore, 
tbilowed by H.M. schooner to within a 

Joarter of a mile of the land, when it, waa 
eemed prudent to haul off; BlAmgan(«, 
went on shore on the Bincon reef, about 
nine mileti to the eastward of the Havon- 
nah, Bi|d became a total wreck : the crew 
ware saved. "The Governor in bis pakc& 
and the worthy iuhabitants of Ilavannnh,* 
says Lieutenant Holland, "must have 
heard our guns at that short distance; 
what di^^ace it reflects on one of the (so- 
called) principal powers of civilized Europe 
to l>e necessarily so insulted, as to have a 
vessel cleared out of one of its chief porta 
se day, and knocked to pieces on the 
following, by the ship of a friendly power, 
who is merely aiding her to repress the 
neferioustrafficof her own subject^. May- 
such aver be the fate of those who ' keen 
the word of promise to the ear, and break 
it to the hope!' When British naval 
officers are again taunted in the House o( 
Lords with n^leoting to c^ture or destroy 
outward-bound slavers, I tntst that tba 
case of the ^m^TOtM quyr not b« fi^ 
gotten." 



byGoogle 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. ' 



[15th Jah. 



VAKBWBLL ABDRBS IT LIWRFOOL. 

On Sunday, the ISUi ult.,a sennon was 
preached hy Uie R«v. J. Mildahe Stb*- 
AKT, minister of St- Bride's, Liverpool, to 
a crowded congregation, among wham were 
the greater part of the ofiiceni and seamen 
compoung the Niger Expedition. The 
text was t^ipropriately selected from 
1 Samuel si. 30, " Them that honour me 
I will honour ;" and the venerable minister. 
In a very impressive addiesa, took occasion, 
first, to explain the nature and objects of 
tbe nnderteking with regard \o Africa; 
secondly, to str^igthen the &ith and ani- 
mate tne zeal of all embarlied iu this 
righteous cause; and, thirdly, under the 
deepest conviction that no human device, 
however ably planned, can proE^r inde- 
pendently of the Divine fevonr and bless- 
ing, to implore that bleBsing on all con- 
nected with the Expedition, that they 
may be enabled so lo carry out its vast 
desigiis In the spirit of the Giospel, that 
the Great Head of the Church may own 
and bless it to the advancement of His 
gloiy, and hasten the period when " Ethi- 
opia shall stretch out her hands unto God." 



A HATIVJS MISSION ART. 

Hr. William de Gtaft, an intelligent 
Christian native, who accompanied the 
Rer. Mr. Freeman to this country last 
eununer, ftom the Gold Coast, Western 
AfHca, has kindly lent his services in the 
preparation of the vocabula^ for tbe use 
of the Niger Ebcpedition. He has furnished 
a long list of words, and questions and 
answers, in the Fanti language, which, as 
that langu^ is GubstsntialJy the same as 
the A«hanti, can scarcely fail to be of con- 
aideiable use in the la^ markets in the 
interior. Mr. de Graft has recently re- 
turned to AfHca, iu company with Mr. 
Freeman and hb band of missionaries, for 
AshantI and the Gold Coast, and it is 
understood that he is henceforth to be 
wholly employed as a teacher of the Chris- 
tian religion among his benighted country- 



Many of our readers may not be aware 
that the well-tried and staunch abolitionist, 
Sir John Jeremie, sailed on the 20th 
November last, to asaume his command at 
Sierra Leone, as Govemoi^Generat of the 
British Settlements in Western Africa. 
Sir John Jereraie's eloquent protest against 
Slavery and the Slave Trade on the plat- 
form at Reading was the last public act of 
that gaitl^nan in England; beftnre tbe 
doH of that meeting be was in Downing- 
Street, and left Londut the same night to 
emban fin Siem Leone. 



mmcK I 

In reply to numerous applications, we 
have to state that Thb Friind of Atbica 
is an occanonal paper, and will not be pub- 
lished ofteuer than twice a month, imless 
when special circumstances require it ; per- 
sons desirous of taking it in regulwly, are 
requested to order it of thrir bookseUers. 

As the profits of the work, if any, will 
be devoted to the funds of the Society, all 
those int«rested in A&ican Civilisation are 
invited to circulate the p^>er among titeir 
friends and acquaintances. 

nONtTIOHS AND SUmCRIPTIONS. 
Numerous donations and subscriptions 
having been received by the Bonkers of 
the Society, without any addre^ it is ui- 
tended in an early number to publish s 
complete List of Subscribers ; and in order 
to avoid mistakes, it is requested thrt all 
Auxiliary Societies, &C., will transmit a 
correct hst of the funds they have col- 
lected, and of tbe names of the donois. 

AltRIVAia AND SAIUNSB. 




Subscriptions and Deuationa are received 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoore, Esq.; 
by Messrs. Bsmett, Eoares, and Co., 62. 
Lombard-street; Mesars. Barclay, Bevsa, 
and Co., 6i, Lombard-street ; Measn. 
Coutts and Co., 59, Strand ; Messrs. Drum- 
monds, Charing-croas ; Messrs. Hanbury, 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-street; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenchurch-street ; 
Hessrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet-street ; and 
Messn. Williams, Deacon, and Co., 20, 
Birchin-lsne; and by the Secretaiy, tbe 
Rev. J, M. Trew (to whom all communi- 
cations relative to the bumness of the 
Society may be addreued), at llie Office 
of the Society, IS, Parliament-street. 



bjUDmy! RiTlBftiiBi; Hiieherdi SHlari NMM: 

Tewn ud 0iniati7. 
Jamarr, INI. 



THRf RIEI^D OF AFRIO:^. 

>T 

THE COKJtITTBB OF TUB SOCISTTFOR THB MXTOItTIOK OP TBS ' 

8LJVB TBADS AND FOJt Tff£ CIFIZJZATtON OFAnUCA.' ' 

Ko-30 LONDON, l8t FEBRUARY, 1841. {LwSJa* 

O0MTEWT8. 

TiLsfBUT«TKkl*iBlliaBI«lito(BnUa.,.. « 
uiTeallUUnn«<tk« AMcaoStaunan .... 43 



IniuuT Snaanaa. . . 



Ob Ika MBokmdB gf IM VmI CoMt of AMoa 47 

CkiptnngraGUnTiBd m 

MMi«t«0al«iribgn 4p 

AiilTdaudSalli<«> i.,.., 41 



- RECENT INTELLIGENCE FKOM THE HIVER QUOBRl. 

By ft -vessel just arrived at Liverpool &om the island of Fenundo Po, 
M IiAve the gr^afying intelligence tW the steamer Etfuope, belonging 
to the well-known enterprising merchant, Mr, Jamieson of I^verpool, 
and comduuided by Mr, John Becroft, bad arrived there on the 16th of 
November last, on her return from a voyage up the river Quorra, or 
Niger, daring which she succeeded in reaching Lever, of Lander, or 
Layaba, a town on the right or western bank of the river, about 
fifty miles above Kabbah, or thirty miles below Busah, where, it will 
be remembered, tbat excellent African traveller, Mungo Park, was 
wrtdted in the year 1805 or the beginning of 1606. 

Vkbi file information we have been enabled to collect, which, how> 
ever imperfect' and without detail, is stall of mu(^ importance, it appean 
Alt the Etitiope entered the Benin, or Formoso, or great western branch 
of the Cluorra, on the 21st of April, and was eleven days endeavouring to 
get Hf its central or northern branches, towards the main stream of the 
Niger, Btit was unsuccessful. On her return to its mouth, she again 
n&d on the 4th of May, to penetrate by the Wari branch into the Ndn, 
w central outlet of the Quorra, which, it seems, was reached below 
Ibli, as Mr. Jamieson received a note from the " Steamer Btkiope, from 
Beiun, off Ibu, dated Zlst of May." 

This bdng the early part of the r^y saason, and the rains having 
been throogfaout unusuuly light, the Ethiope, which draws six feet of 
water, was unable to proceed above the sand bank, which stretches across 
the river a little ahma Ibu, till, as we understand, the middle of Jiily, 
when, upon the rising of the waters, she continued her voyage up the 
river, and readied Itsyaba, twenty miles above Kabbah, where " the bed 
fd Ae river became so contracted and obstructed with rocks, that further 
fTogress was stopped. Trade was attempted on all the leading towns on 
the banks, but httle could be done, alliiot^h the natives, at all parts, 
were friendly and favourable to commercial mtercourse.** 

During UM ax months and a half that tlie EtMope was in the river, 
we r^ret to add ^e lost three men and two boys; hut when we consider 
that three months of this time were passed in the unhealthy Delta, 
<nd during the nuny season, and two months of it, probably, at anchor 
in niBACtive state near Ihii, the mortality does not seem so great as 
might hw«1»enantie4»ted. LiOOglc 

TOfc.1. " 



p*i 



■ Of liever, or Layaba, the highest 
poiiit reached in tlus eipeditioti, and iiill 

nfty Bifl«i heww! «*>«! «r imweT 

had before afimng^iMiMl, «11 v^ fm^ » 
Inn y>e Ii4>li>l?S' Joutital, in which 
it i) (lwi«he^ aa an extensive W«9 ^ 

r,t pafuhttion, inhabited by people of 
Niificountrj; but what concerns m 
more ia ^le description of the Quotra, 
ftr a iblC wrt« >>flT« tfld bglow ^W| 
town. Quitting the island nf Patftab). 
twanly miha ahem, in a native sanoe, 
«a the 90th Septeai^, }^4 (.apder 
•aya,« 

<* Th« atinwt bM« oa i^dly abog, but 
na HgKtted to find the river ^(ain broken 
np bv lod^ 004 (luraeFQUB inntd) iahod^ 
which apoik lis appearaace and render it 
fpnaviptbk. A few milea b*iow Pat^h'j 
W« Uir^ Ulao'iB abreast of e^h other, wq 
ty BO means destitute of beauty or ver- 
ttre, whleHani called, eollectivaly, Haah. 
On one af than ia a uuge ttttdliu WWi 
««4 (WW H th# e»iM»i«i Iai4»9 tt> v^ 
WnwMftwhmMt. 

" We (hen continued our couiae «>r 
fQme time, without meeting apy obstacle 
ta embanaai na; but, afterward^ in order 
t* set elea* of a «Nf of fopbi, we wW 
obliged to moke our «|^ thf^ifgh w 
woeedi|U|)v nan^w (hMptfL overhung 
mth thel^anchee of trees, ana more than 
half tOfii w^ M^aa and taU lunriaat 
fra we a . SPUb hwnidit ni i)tta tha main 
fiver fflflip ud ha TTW I48ie4 nloQjf ir} 
fropt MOW w tw towns on the h»inka 
of the rivfr, we came In sight of La^tAa, 
wliieh waa the place of our destination, 
pad Wkaaa we landad at one e'cloek, alW 
M(b«T a |k9ft McuiWOA f»a«( Pa^asW (»f 
»»ehom lW*B«¥hedistt«jfrmB 
tliAt ioanA aboat twenty miles, — Vol. IL, 
p. 840. 

AfifF a ftw daja' stay the* agthi set 
«it en their voyajgfe idewn ^ Quorra, 
Oa tha 4th Octobaa i^aAga eanUnnw i 

" Tht baabi «f tkt rivw vm tAl^W 

w ^ i ^ h^^^wwb'^owai M ^(>OTrMti^aatio^l. 

tMutH^rtjr i««t above the river, and steep 
\a the wal^d*. ^0 riTw ileelf ap- 
aaaMd deep aad Aw Aram naata af aKjA 
tindi iladW>itiaBniwly«mUi. Wfiia 
4«wn th< «t(m) vw pMvitly fo ti 
or fourteen milee^ the Nwer (|i 

whole distanoe rolltng gntndly . ^ , 

neble rivw, neither obatraeted \y isluid^ 
M» daformad with rooka and atonaa. Ita 
width varied A«m mm to three mile% the 
wnntry oa eaich ^de was very flat, and a 
Mw mean dirty-looking vUlwes were 
*— ' ~ *•■-*— '-"•-■-^eTw^thM 
; Uie laoda^ 






peered more elevated, andrtn some phteee 
it rose in gentle hills. We observed three 
fvuarl^bk aqd lofty hille on the eastern 
side, which rose very abruptly nom the 
plsiB and were laparated tem each other 
onlv by 4 f^w yardq of graand. Both 
ba^ of the riyer were overhung with 
large shady troes, between which we could 
perceive the land behind to be open and 
wdl cultivated ; and if we may be allowed 
t« form an aplnion Aon the Bumba af 
towns and vUlages which were scaUerad 
over the country, we should conceive |t 
to be thickly inhabited also. 

oMock F.K. welanded^talarn 
Ued Baiiehd, which 



and apacious town, eafled £^)ie))a, whic) 
ia inhabited by Nufl people, thoogh it is 
situated on the Yarriha, or western uds ef 
thariver,"--Vol.U.,p.?6a. 

Such ia Lander's description of this 
part of tb« rivw, and there i? little denbt 
but tWt Ae parww ol»nn^ f^iVreef of 
F^cka (neittioqed in the f^naw Wtwt 
are tl^os^ whiiJi prevented ((■? -^'A(^ 
from ma^in^ furqier progress ; but th^it 
a small merchant steamer should have 
succeeded in reaching so fhr is highly 
creditable to the enterpriae of her cew- 
piander, and all who have taken a share 
ill the work. This riaU must have bad 
a baneflokl effact upon the nativea, and, 
although iM are eanitraiaed tfl cwifeas 
ii\»X the iafniwation derived from wW 
bw \m^ t^ade public is hut ac»nty, «e 
«^ induo^ to flppe that whefl the de- 
tailed accounts reach En^lgnd, thejr vi'i 
be found to cont<iip the narrative of » 
yoy^e of no common interest. 

We do not hajard this as a conjecture 
without some reason, fbr while we write, 
a letter has most uneipeetedly been laid 
before us, writt^ by oae of the ^iwuntm 
seamen who waa on bo^ the Mlhiopt, 
diiriqg ttiia vwy vaywai wd which, 
wHk muwly avpivVffiBK ^* >Wi.«^ 
h»vf pfrguasion t9 ^aowlh* t><r^(>»-' 
JVoiewifT, IMQ. 

« QiAli F»lBie«,-n I P»W write to 
jp» frflpi Ferewdo Pa. where we v- 
nte4 yM(«rday |ft«i owr voyam up uje 
IJiMr; we went VB "^Wly as Ikr aa the 
rocKS which proved fatal to Mungo Park, 
tome miles below Boo«a, and nearly 
500 from the sea. 

" The climate up the river, after you 
get above the swamps, is very healthy, 
and the SMuery la bMutifiU. mi io Wn* 
parte meat grand, ^^4 the ImI Vfry pro- 
ductive; but tbt iali^twta h»T« ng in- 



mtA 



TBfi FRIEND ^ AFAICA. 



<iM«MBt to labatus w tha diflbmt 
Inbei an shmyi at enmity with each 
slier, ud on tbe watoh ta lurpriae one 
u&tber'i villa^ to procure ilavei ; b\it 
1 aee by tlte Kagliah newipapept. Go* 
venunant is got^ to tend an exaedition 
up to tT]F to ioduee tbe aatm pinoM ta 
iMiik the ^Aotiee of aU ^ aJ ca Hng in 
Aeir Nipeettva atatea^^rJ ha it will 
be 1 voA of many yeara. 

" We ail bad a teoeh ef the fever, and 
loil tbraa men and tna boy*. Thank 
God, I am tn goad hedth and Bpiritg, 
akich y«u w«ttld lay if y«H bad only 
uea ma ettsag t«rtle->atiwkt for breaks 
&al; bnt ^ WM at Habba, a Felatab 
town aa \kp Niger, wa uaad tn liw like 
^hthigspiKHa-^pleBty af beef, iiutton, 
poultry, nSikt wA knayt wi tha inha' 
kitiiU wry «)>ligiB« 1*4 civil t and on 
W Iwvii^ it, the king and thimiaHdi 
of kU pa^ile 9«ffia daw4 to we na «ff, 
104 the air nuig wjtb their ihouti in* 
ratag l)lawteg)i on ua, 

" We vKa Bis nentha fmn the time 
K itHta^ te g« op tiU qur vetuni i we 
ikajl MW bvda along the ooaet till next 
r«v, w)kii, ttn the wnter lif^nning to 
[in, ve ahall nwka another trip up, and 
ma likely m out return «e ahftU coma 
to Engliad. Yau mutt txeme the 
ihurttkeM (^ tlua letter^ aa t|u Teasel by 
■bich I aw gaivg to asHd it ia on the 
point ^ lailisffi but Ae neat ahall he 
mga., Ihk, &e>" 

Nov thiai it mual be admhted, ia a far 
saie eheering aoeonBt> and bavever 
booiety may 1m the atyk «f thia latte*) 
it shows aatiafactonh thiA tbe inprear 
■ioB (tf tka HI Kentba' Tayage on tbe 
niter'a aaiad wm f^r fnsi unfavoun 
able I and auffh ve antiaipate will ha the 
result ff tlta Kiger Expeditiaai Afficul. 
lies aMtawjiUted at a distance ara 
itwayi Twy^ifr^i and vanish when 
fsiriy Wkacl ia the ftaat and. albeit 
mflaria, at»d banks* and reieky reefa are 
l^yaieal ^cubiaa not eaaily de»lt wttii. 
Kill wa flwl conidaDt that nothiHg is 
tcqnired but a little soral eeurage-r: 
aethtBg but a little ftf th» same deter- 
nraation that uuvatad onr Arotio naiiT 
galera, oaariwed with a ftnn relianae on 
u BTCrrvatcWul Pravidmce and in the 
ft iaf ogi aauBOr-^andi in less than 
itta fiwn tUa time^ tbe pativea 



of Babhab and Lay«ba srill ^aln' saa 

Hriiish steameratoirtiaig iatbalr;««w>^ 
and bear the msasage rf peaea ttitb 
whieh the Queen tJ these' peitbart 
realms giceta the ehiefa and pritwat of 
Soudln. 

The inAuvatioa derived fren tha 
£UMp«'a vayaga, scanty ihangh it be, 
augfaata ene ar twa'pointa wa|l waathy 
af natuPB aonnderatian. And firat, 
with Kspeat to the time of entering tba 
)4*etk_h is eiident that thia -must ba 
later than at irat proposed i tha laat 
seasoBi it appears, waa one of " unoau* 



ally Kght rains," to muah ao, that in 
July there waa only water enough tq 
eeable a veasal, drawi;)^ six feet, to 



aaeend tha river. T}iii, it would seem, 
is an sxtrsme case) the r&ina usually 
k^in ia Ma? (sooner In tha interior), 
and k must be an ratraordinarily iry 
seaaan when a rtver, whioh riass ifl^ 
feet at Attih, should not Has suffloianlly 
in thirty days to admit the pfssaga ef a 
vessel drawing ux feet water. All 
things considered, thea, it appears that 
the delay in the departure ta the aes* 
sell from England till tha iwMU al 
Mareh, o* the bet^intuaj of. ApiA^ 
would only be cammon prudenofti ani 
allowing for calling at Siena Leoaei nvA 
BUing up ftiel and stnrea at the neutbr 
of the river, the steaiaen might be 
ready to antev the Quorra on the 1st 
Ji^e, — a day which would not be witht 
out its fvttHgt in the bwast of every 
-British seaman, bat doubly so to thesa 
embarked b this expedition, as the wnl. 
veraary of that day en which the united 
voice of tbe people of England, kd on 
by the Hoyal Consert of our haloved 
Queen, pnblicly declared their fixed 
resolntion to make every effort ta work 
out the etviliiatien of Africa. 

Another point (br aonsiderattOH arises 
itam. the all hut certainty, that the 
steamers cannot proceed higher up tha 
Quorra than Layaha. Now, when we 
reelect that the eapital of ^e great 
Fellfitah Chief, (Clapperton's Sultan. 
Bello of Sakatu,) is mere than 800 
milee fifom this pomt, which, whep the. 
rivers are swollen, may probably be- 
reat^ed by means of the Quorra, and 
its tributary the Zirmi, (the river, we • 
believe, that ilows past SakatA,)md^ 
still ftutber perhi^ that water e< " 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Irt Fern. 



nicatabn in this direction nuy, with a 
■hort portaga, ext«iid ta the important 
te*M (rf Ki'l*"" and KanOi it twcomes 
necessary to provide the means of tnns- 
port adapted to these drcunutances. We 
know, from the experience of Lander 
and Lurd, that native canoes are ex- 
tremely imwieldfi and cinnot be de- 
peoded upon. It seems, therefore, that 
the expeditian must tnut to its own re- 
■ourees ; and perhap* we may venture 
lo recoitnnend, on the sugvestion of 
Colonel Nicolla and Mr. Macgregnr 
Laird, that four or six light Deed gal- 
leya, of about fifty feet in length, 
might answer the purpose better than 
any other description of boat. The na- 
tives would be dehghted to paddle these 
fast boats. Thev would easily overcome 
the current ; ana, if rocks or rapids were 
met with, the boats could, with equal 
fteility, be shouldered by thnr crews, 
and carried any reasonable distance, 

A third point for consideration is con- 
nected with \he different entrances to 
the Quorra, which it is well known 
reaches the sea by about twenty-two 
mouths ; — now, from the imperfect ac- 
counts which have yet been made public, 
we are far trom convinced that there 
may not- he a better approach than that 
Wthe Nnn — we give fiill credit to Mr. 
Beeroft's exanunation of the Formoso or 
Benin' bruicb, as far as it Went ; but we 
'riiOHld Hke to hear of a thiirough inves- 
tigation of this point by a Government 
-steamer, with a good supply of boatv 
anchors, &C., combined with the skill of 
some of oar experienced surveyors, and 
ddiherately carried on during the fine 
season — and this, should wc succeed in 
establisiiing a reguUr trade with the 
Quorra, most be done sooner or later; hut 
certainly not to risk at the commence- 
ment the health of the present expedition, 
which has far more important objects in 

Bat these remarks have already ex- 
tended too &r. In conclusion, we may 
repeat that, upon the whole, the pro- 
spects derived from this the third 
voyage up the Quorra, and the first as 
liigh as Layaha, are cheering : they 
confirm the accounts of former tra- 
vellers of tile favourable disposition of 
i^he -nafivesr-they givethe impreesion, 
OU,- once out of the Delta, the coUitry 



not unhealthy ; and they show the very 
cordial reception of the English at the 
importanttnidingtownof Rahbah. Last- 
ly, the execution of this voyage is very 
creditable to the commander and crew 
of the Elhiopt, and highly honourable 
to its spirited projector, who has added 
another laurel to the wreath so deserv- 
edly due to the commercial enterprise 
of Great Britain. 

THE MUTUAL DEPESDBSCE OF 
AFRICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 
I PROPOSE, in the first place, to 
demonstrate that Africa is the hope 
of the West Indies, espedally at the 
present crisis, when ruin is dreaded 
from the approaching competition with 
the sugar growers of the East. 

The only item in which the East 
apparently has the advantage of the 
West, is the cheapness of labour ; and 
labour is cheap in die East because food 
is cheap, and dear in tbe West because 
food is dear, and a Urge portion of the 
labour consequently directed to raise it. 
Africa raises froni its fruitful soil 
little beyond the consumption of its 
own inhabitants. Labour is in super- 
abundance there, but there is no em- 
ployment for it, and therefore the 
country languishes, and civilisation' and 
all improvement mast remiun paralyxed 
until demands for labour be created. 
Let any man consider himself placed 
where he had no motive to exertion, 
and he will feel that, like the poor 
African, he must inevitably lapse into 
indolence, or seek the stimuli of war, 
violence, and miscluef. 

From statements which I have read 
and heard touching the natives on the 
western coast of Africa, I feel assured 
that the disappointments hitherto expe- 
rienced in the attempts to civilise that 
country, have msonlvarisen from want of 
demand for the proancts of ita industry. 
In the West Indies there are sunk large 
capitals, which cannot be separated or 
removed from the soil, ftnilions have 
been expended there in the establishment 
of plantations, in buildings, in roads, in 
harbours, and in everv convenience'and 
accommodation fbr the cultivation and 
manufocture of ita staple exports of 
sugar and coffee; w)nch,~iuUis nsri, 
must peiiib.'' It is a soious utter 



IMLl:. 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



tbua to lose ca|>ital, and nho can con- 
template it witluut concern ?■ . Slavery 
no longer exists in the West Indies, 
and the country has ■ claim on all good 
men to have her resources cherished 
and her prosperity restored, tJiat the 
fortunes c^ her proprietiiry may be pre- 
served, and the grand truth evidently 
diemrautnted, that freedom is better 
than slavery, 

A Echeme of emigration from Africa, 
to aid the scanty population of these 
colonies, has been proposed, and is 
about to be tried ; but could ne supply 
the West Indies with cheap food by the 
labour of Africans on their own soil, 
would it not afford a far more effectual 
relief than immigration ? 

Nothing surely can be more vain than 
to expect to produce by immigration a 
permanent influence in the price of 
ubonr, or to increase th» facilities for 
obtainingit steadilyandcontinuously. If 
20,000 Africans could be obtained who 
were willing to leave their country to 
be imported into Jamaica, the expense, 
reckoning the cost for each at only 5/. 
sterling, would be 100,000/. sterling, or 
ISOJMOl, currency of that island, the 
amount voted by its legislature to carry 
out their inunigration scheme in the next 
three years. Now, as all importations 
must coasist of families of men, women, 
and children, how many effective la- 
bourers (were it possible to carry out 
the scheme to snch an extent, which, I 
fiear, it is not) would thus be added to 
the stock of that island ? Perhaps ten 
or twelve thousand: and what substan- 
tial effect would that produce on a popn- 
Islion of nearly half a million? Cer- 
tainly none that would afford the remedy 
sought for. But even were the people 
wiluDg to emigrate, the cost would be 
higlKr than I have stated, and the 
150,000/. would not go nearly so far, 
especially if coupled with the cost of 
settling the people in houses on their 
new locations. 

The object, however) of the West 
Indian Government woidd, I submit, be 
secured, if, instead of importing the 
cheap labourers of Africa, they im- 
ported the cheap com, rice, and provi* 
lima raised by these labourers on their 
tniD Mil.' it that were done, then the 
Wcff Ibdiw might sncceisfully keep its 



vantage ground in this gre^ comj)etitioB 
for many years to eome.- 

As already stated, it is imly'in the 
item of labour that the East appe^ 
formidable to the West, while the West 
is formidable to the East on pmnts not 
less important to the result, namely, the 
price at which sugar can be impelled 
into this country from those countries 
respectively. 

The plantations in the West are 
already laid out vrith every convenience 
of dr^B, fences, houses, mills, cattle 

fens, &C., and there are -roads of all 
inds through the country for facili^ 
tating the transportation to and from 
the sbips; and inasmuch as the length 
of the voyage is one half of that to the 
East, so freight must be proportionally 
less. Hitherto the sugar from the 
West has been charged with a heavy 
freight, because the ships relied exclu- 
sively on their homeward freights, but 
now that the exports have increased, 
one-half of the freight should be saddled 
on these exports. 

The price of food in the West Isdiet 
(but I speak especially with referenM 
to Jamaica, of whioh l have had expe- 
rience) is very high. How, tiieref<v«, 
can labour be cheap ? The flour jkA 
there is chiefly from the United SvSok 
of America, a slave country, which 
takes little or nothing in payment but 
gold and silver. The ships, therefore, 
frequently return empty, so that of 
necessity there must be a double freigtkt 
charged on the importation; and the 
wheat itself must be raised in America 
at a heavy cost in comparison with that 
at which Africa could raise it, orsi:J>- 
stitutes for it. For, singular though it 
may appear to those who have not re- 
sided in the country, yet the fact is that 
the food which can be raised in Jamaica 
itself, such as yams, cocoas, and plantains, 
which are indigenous also to the soil of 
Africa, are much more sought for, and of 
equal, if not greater, cost, as articles of 
food, than the American flour. The 
usual wages of labourers in America 
is a dotl^ a day, and land in good 
situations is valuable, so that the flour 
must comparatively be dear. Although 
in this country.land and labour ue *o 
dear, yet we find in tlie mariiet of the 
West "In^es Irish and Scotch pot«t9fli : 



THE FEIBIfD OF AFRICA. 



[Irilftft. 



mi th«t the Americwi flour ■■ cbujier 
thfln the native yam*. Petatoeii in thii 
Muntry CAD uBUuly be h&d at about 3«. 
« «wU, orhetvai yami) in Janrticai briof 
frodt 6;r. te 6«. for the mine wei^t. 
It 18 He sufficient uiswef that the 
people can supply tb«mtel««« firam th«r 
gT«undR| and can thui afford to labour 
ohMpW, BO long «« we know'tliat labour 
applied to their own grounds t« roiee 
proTiiiont earn secure a higher profit 
than the lame labour expended on the 
praprietori'pIantaUonB. Al]ong,thei^ 
foni as the scarcity of food continuest 
so long must labour continue dear. 
Free men will erer direct their laboor 
Hits the channelB most profitable for 
theraselTeB. 

Along the ootst of AfVtca, and lA 
Femaada Po) land i» valueless) labour is 
Rearly bo, the toil ia ntA j the food of 
the West In^ee is indigenous to its Kril* 
and formS) at present, the staple produc- 
tion of the labour of ita own inhabitanta, 
fer whioh the only extra demand is the 
triflingiquantity required by the ehipping t 
MS the diMUee from the west coast of 
Afriett to tbo t<tnotest of eur West 
tBdianlsltuds does not exi^eedfive weeks' 
s^l. A 'luisolonary, who had resided 
fen year* in Sitm lietrne, told ne that 
the poor people were most anxious to 
^ly their iiiduatiT to ruse any thing 
tot which they could obtain a market. 
Their toil produces Indian com, rioe> 
and yanui in rich abundance. They 
would rabe theee in any quantity to 
]^roctMv in exchange European goods ; 
flready there hare been shiptnents (J a 
^w cargoes of com, raised by them, to 
some parts of the West Indies, but 
these sboold be multiplied a hundred 
fold) and include also rioe and yams, 
I cannot say at what priee yatns could 
be raised en the western coast of AfVica, 
but surely at muoh lees cost per hundred 
ponnda weight, than potatoes in Eng- 
land. I hare no doubt they could be 
raised at half the cost, say U. 6d. ; and 
Were Gd, or 33 per cent, allowed for 
profitand contingent charges, U.6<j.fbr 
freight, we should here food for 8*. 6dt 
which now coaU from €». to 8r. 

A ship laden with goods going to 
the. coast of AfNea, teceiTes com) rice, 
and yams, in exchange for her cargo, 
and, perhaps, alto gold duet ud irory. 



She runs befon the trade wind, Ind ilk 
four or five weeks reaches her destinav 
in the West Indies^ where hfif ehif* 
will meet a ready and, I ddubl nM, 
also a profilaUe market, and Ihe^ loadA 
with eugmr and caSee fbF Ei^landi 
There would be no loss ef Mtttb sr 
freight in this triangular vt)ysg«, and 
all Bides would be beHeSHd. A tiew 
and profitable outlet for Ka|IUh nABlf- 
factUres would be secured) a new outlet 
for the industry of AfHoa would b^ 
opened, and a valuable boDU conferred 
on the West Indies, the people ttf Which 
obtaining, at a cheftper nUtt the trtaple 
ariides of ftwd* would netM be Without 
a motive' to contHiuoul Ubouf in raistng 
the staple productions of the «eil, by wfaica 
alone can even the labourers eontihu* to 
enjoy the convenience and the contfoft Af 
a supply of European imported gMdi t 
and the prodaetion of these staples cad* 
not be continued unlen the plitatAUoiM 
can be wuked profiUbly in the apptMeh- 
ing competition. 

Wer» ground provisluis tttade cheap, 
the demand fbr Americott Hour Would 
speedily dimitiishi At present^ it te 
cheaper to feed servants, lU Jaiwdca, 
with fine American flour than Mtti 
yarns and plantainsi It is, perhaps, also 
worthy of remal-h, that were the impOK 
tation of American flout- and com dltni< 
nished, the exportation of the silver and 
gold coin would in a great meUnM 
oeaae, and one great source of Incon- 
veninice and trouble in money and 
banking aflairs eflbctually stopften. 

Thus, procuring their food at a cheaper 
rate than they could raise it fmia thrir 
own soil, the labourers would depMd 
on the culture of the staple exports m 
the means of procuring money ; and the 
value of labour would then be regulatnl, 
as it ought to be, by the price of the 
staples ; the fixed capital of the omntry 
would be rescued fnm its present peri- 
lous situation, and prosperity established 
on a permanent basis. 

There Is one objection which, perhaps, 
some well-wishers of the atgto may 
apply to this view, thai It appaNntiy 
conteapbtea his remuning tor ever as 
a mere lBboUKr> Working for another, 
while at present he his the <ttttiorta&% 
of advancing himlelf by the cultivation 
<rf h)s dttu hidependMt RtUnMnt; itt 



Mfc] 



THE FRIEND Or AFBIGA. 



n^ to wlueh I would otHerre, titst it 
byM WMm fhllDWi th&t Ute a^gro mAy 
DM ftftf« &iB bWA Itadeitendfent Hitlle* 
mmt (bf taittng BOgftr-canM, Mrbich he 
m&y dAer Belt to the tteighbouriaa: pro- 
{vieton, who have the eommand of toiilU 
and e^r conTmieneest Or he may get 
hih Awn BugaF ttisde fhnn his oWn canes* 
S9 K nun IB tfa{« eonhtry geti the etrtn 
«bt«h IM t&iset gfOHttd at the diatrict 

I fa&v« tutu eudettTonM to shot* th« 
AtpMAenee oFthe West Indiei on Africa 
for most hnportant hid in the ^proach- 
ing dnigKlB ^th the East; tMtt in 
&eti Ae gnat equalising poffct' w on 
tb« MftH of Africa, imd tnuit b« Uot^ 
and aVUliA tbfere. I will now attempt 
t» ihott. Dti the other hand, the iranort- 
mtt ar lie West Indies to Africa, 
hopmg that I may thus secure soine 
akteativii froB all pvtiea tawhat appears 
ta Ae ■ idott imj^ortant eonnesimit 

Ukr ftsn of latv been tatxif new 
eolMlEest attd tnauy new »{»e)tlligs iii 6ht 
eohWiMk Rollcftitt v^ the enbrprise and 
capital of Gfeat Britain with promises 
of gtax retums; hut of these certmnly 
nose are richer or more full rf promise 
tbaa AiViea, and it opens especially a 
idd fcr the bnterprise «f the educated 
■Hd inrfuitiinuii ynuth sf the West 
ln^U> TtK elttnate ii UdAVWlftble to 
EtiMiMH IlK^ Hfld therebre th^ fleM 
guy M left Hped&Uy bp^ to thi hatlres 
ig ^ WeA Indies, who parbke of a 
bo^y constitution similar to the Afri- 
atiBt and hare been aimtMt acitlimated 
to tlia eoirttry by rMidedee, under the 
tub* pti^Uri of litritude, and in a 
Mttt^ hitipii^ tiitiailt uatuntl features. 
The flKreaAtne Uid tither bbslneis of 
da tMhWf, iretiUiHd^ the presence and 
co-operation ef educated minds, wilt thus 
be thrown open, and present Ae prmniee 
af airabd^t rewards to industry and 
hMsowdple ente^set Utd 1rh« eUi 
dotaM thM tiie ield *il1 siWedlly U 
fWfeupitfd i A good conhmon education tt 
Bbw pMty general aRii!A|lt a l^e And 
UnMmnt eiali in the West Indies, but 
wrarWaafelf Qieir edUntry dde« not 
tJtari tbem mucb scope i for their edn> 
«ati<M is Bot enttinettt Ibr the learned 
pufcwHiMl ikiA they ar« desHtute bF 
-jKmlhftfifeWtifBiercantllB 
Afiiea, therefbre, it hm 



open to tJiemt as tiie eelmies «f the fiatt 
used to be, and still are, to the me- 
derately educated hut entefpnitfig Uid. 
induatrwuB Jolith of England ; Arid Ihu* 
may we look tof the i^elopemehi ol^ 
Africaii resources, ahd her advahce hi 
ciTlliiation and hippinesg. 

But there is still a more imp^tailt 
view ih Which Africa rtay receive neiie- 
fib fT'bttl the West fndies, nadiely, in a 
sdp^ly rF KllglBdl tHeh^H, Md what 
is mote, the people of the WeM Me fUlly 
ali*e to their dnly iH thtkt ffipm -, tsA 
I verily believe Ihete kW tigHs tb tfti 
courage tas thai thfe hiild of God II 
already apparent iii thsti t^or it ts ' 
certainly not a little remarkable, that 
on the very night en which the first 

nk meeting bT n^des Was held in 
titia, to ft)nn a totlnVf fbr sendHtg 
Mftv tiateebists and missionaries. tli« 
news arrived of the formation In Eng- 
land Of the African Civiliialion Soiiiely, 
the claims of which have been so e1o> 
ouently advocated hy Sir I'henial Fewell 
Buxtom Surely) Africft'« chlldrvdi ton 
frnm her shw^ Ind Masigfled for eeH> 
tHri&D ihto hb}N>llM botidage, &r«, th tftft 
mysterious and gradouR piSi^idetite of 
God, to be inadb the means, under Bri- 
tain's Suspicei, of repuring the wrong* 
of their country, and returning her 
double fof til hef so^rewi lb tlie pro- • 
clamatlnn of the glorious tibspel, Ih 111 
ill pttwef to healilo etvilite, to coUidlfe, 
aiid to blessi lliere is in Jamaica now 
an academy ^or the teaching 9^ luiuhlA 
individuals, of the Uadi and eOlowW 
inhabitanbst to go forth as schoolttMittrt) 
dtecbistfe, aud itiissionaries, t« their 
nthef-landi 

There KeMs then att import«bt de^- 
pendebce of the ohe country oh ilii 
other, which, if properly considehed and 
directed) may be preductive Irf essential 
benefits. Each can benefit tiie Mherii 
and there is every r«uon W belltve 
Uiat, tiler an inteH;DHrB« is estahlishHl, 
the native AfHdUi will keek the dv[<. 
llBeft West for Uie ^eBfit of litatfitf 

(Uld his children) and that the negroet 
of the West.will seek Africa as i profit- 
able outiet fi>r their induetif Hid titter- 
pristi 

W. WcHVIa AHMRiMr. 



byGoogle 



*»■' 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



LlBtFm'' 



A PROBABLE CAUSE OF MIASMA. 

In continuation of the subject on 
vhicb we dwelt at length in a preceding 
number, we are now enabled, through 
tbe kindness of Professor Daniell, to 
adduce additional evidence of the active 
agency of salt water, when in contact 
with decomposed v^table matter, in 
generating miasma in a hot climate: — 
Sin^s CoOagt, 2«A JTamitity, 1841. 

Ur SB4R Sir, — The evidence of the 
worst cases of luolaria being connected 
with the decomposition of the sulphateB 
in sea water, incresBes upon me every day, 
and I have now the pleasure to send you 
an abstract of a paper, which you will 
find at length in the 2dth volume of the 
Anaalet d« Ckww, p. 22G, by Signor Gae- 
tano Giorgini, whicD oArs the strongest 
possible confiimation of my opinion, I 
trust that it may tend to give confidence 
to ' the African Expedition ; for if we 
rightly know the cause of the pestiferous 
exWations upon the coast, the preven- 
tion of ill efiects is obvious and easy ; — 
Steam throngh the salt waters as mst as 
possibly and while obliged to be on them 
make a plentiful vse of chlonjie fdmiga- 
tion, which instantly decomposes the sul- 
phuretted bydrog«i. 

J. F, DlHlELL. 

Ct^ifam WMhingttM, RJf. 

" The observation of Signor Gioijuu 
has be^ drawn to the state of the atmo- 
^here in the neighbourhood of certain 
maiGhes on the borders of the Mediter- 
nnean;and by reference to historical data, 
and various documents, he has plvved the 
greet importance which attaches to the 
circumstance of their being, at times, 
communication with the e^ so as to have 
• mixture formed between their waters 
and that of the sea. Both ancient and 
modem authors have announced the fiital 
effects produced in the neighbourhood of 
marshes by such mixture, and a local 
belief of the seme thing is ver^ 
and strong. 

" On the southof the Ligurian Apennines 
is a marshy shore, bounded on the west 
fbr twelve miles by the Mediterranean, ot 
the south by the river Serchio, and on th< 
north by the river Frigido, a torrent com^ 
mencing at the foot of the Apenninei^ ir 
the state of Maaaadi Carrara, running th ret 
or four miles over the land, and then fall- 
ing into the aea. ' The plain is from two 
to fbnr miles wide, and is trsTeised fay 
lew short torrents or streams ; among these 
ara the rivers Campion and Fietm 



whicji divide the plain into three separate 
bauns. The rain and spaing waters which ' 
flow into the three basins mentioned, we 
slowly discharged into the sea by natural 
or artificial canals, penetrating the sand- 
bank, which exist on the sea-side. 

The level of these stagnant watera is 
betweoi that of high and low water in the 
neighbouring sea; there being but little' 
difference b«ween these two points in this 
part of the Hediterranean. In this state 
of things, fonnerly, when the waters of the 
sea arose from any drcumstance, (unless 
the watera of the marsbea were very nigh, ) 
they used to return up the ditches, fill the 
basins, and inundate the country to the 
foot of the mountains ; and with a north- 
west wind, the waves used to penetrate- 
with force to the interior. The mixtnm 
of fresh and aalt water thus formed, taxi 
which, in summer, was larely changed, 
became corrupt, and spread infection over 
the neighbonniood of uie moat destructiTe 
kind. 

" In this way the effects of the nuIsTia 
were reproduced annually in the neigh- 
bouring country, with all their pecufiar 
Jiorron : the population, though snutll, 
^presented feeble infanta and diseased men, 
old age .being unknown there. All at- 
tempts to avoid the scourge, by living on 
the hills, or in tho Interior, and frequenting 
the plidn when the businees of cultivation 
sflsentjally required it, were t^ ; they 
1^ viotims to the cxteiuiTe influence, and 
such being the effiicts npon the inhabitaBta 
of the country, much more r^dly did a 
stranger suffer from the deleterious atmo^ 

Xhere; one single night, in the montba of 
iinist and September, candng inevitable 
deaUi to theincantiooa tnvellei who sbonld 
stay so long in tills infested conntty. 

"Such was the stale of thhwsinitill74>. 
Previous to that time Gcm^nano Rwt- 
delli, Euataehio HanfredL and Bemaidiim 
Zendreni had succeanvely insisted upon 
the necessity of excluding tlie sea from 
these marshes ; and, in 1710-41, a alnice, 
with folding doors, competent to gire 
emisrinn to the waten of the marsh, but 
prevent the aea from entMing, was «i 
structed at tbe month of the Burii 



cess immediately followed upon, and has 
continued with, this work. The year 
after its completion there were bo 
appeaiances of the terrible msladhn 
which previoualy appeared eray year. 
The inhabitants soon recovered healtK, 
and the land bring veiT fitrlile, the pmo- 
latitm r^dly inereaaea, and ia iaemaag 
at this moment. Viar^o hm besottft a 
conHidetaUe tovm, and lo oonmleMj haa 
allsm^idoBofitiiiuahibd^ttMflietftidf 



IMtl 



THE FRIEND OF AFRKJA. 



tlwt4tM-fint fomiUes of thftdtf of Lnca ' 
haw. for yean built tlteir mmmer seats 
than. liotwitlislMidiiig the raccesB of 
tbi precaatiaiiB token ftt this part of the 
DWst, the ndghbouring parts were long 
left a prej to the destrajring inflnence of 
tha mixed manfa-waten ; and the inha- 
bitmta around the basins of Mottone and 
Perotto were not considered until the year 
1804. In the years 1809, IBIO, 1811, m- 
miiar laeaaB were taken, vtith the best 
cfiiscta, to the inhabitants of HontifmoM 
and the vicinitv ; and,, lu 1812, a uuice 
was constructed on the Cin^uale, which 
perfected the arrangementa in this part, 
and made a large portion of country 
eqnall.v healthy with Viareggio. To com- 
plete the arrangeme^t, it was now only 
required to gnard the ditches of Motrone 
and Tonfalo with sluices ; the former was 
finished in 1819, and the latter in 1821. 
Knee that. time the diseases of malaria 
bare ceased so entirely at all points, that 
no other dougea an now incurred r^ard- 
ing the insalubrity of the atmosphere than 
(nch aa may arise from neglect of these 
aloicM^ which the inhabitants of the 
eountiy should regard as their palladium." 

AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 

Wx are agun compelled, Dnwilliotjy, 
to def»' giving an account of the Auxiliary 
Societies, in many cases voluntarily formed 
in different parts of the country, but want 
«f space, ntd want of correct retnmB hum 
SOMe of tbeip, have- hitherto prevented 
it- But we cannot delay for a moment 
the- anaouncamant of one of the moat 
xntifyinit kind, (the news of which has 
laat reached u^) in the parishes of St. 
ilKTtd's and Fiovidence, and Old England, 
in Haochester, in the Island of Jam^ca, 
-where two congregation^ through their 
rejected miaialcn, the Rev. Hr. Lrrrut- 
JOHK and the Rev. W. J. Woodcock, have 
mfawribed the^nms of 1401. and 27'. In aid 
of the Civilization of Africa, and "t 
large amount," says the Jamaica Mc 
inff Journal^ " was contributed with the 
greatest cheetfulnees and alacrity hy the 
pevple, who evinced the deepest intcKst in 
(be condition of their brethren in Africa." 

It is grsUfying to receive contributions 
from our generous countrymen and con 
trywomw at home in ud of the canHe 
AnioBB dvili^ttion, but it is a source 
tenfi^d gratification to find congregations 
of ihe deacendants of Africans, who having 
tfatnMelves but recently lasted the bless- 
ing of freedom, voluntarily come forn'ard 
t*. Botoeribe from their " little all " to 
^wtMui' their fellow-ooontrymen from 
alVrMTf >B<( U> Kud the got^ of peace 
,«9^<a*^^tita. iQ Umr mviea iti their, 



- NIGER EXPEDITiqit _ , 

In two preceding numbers we gaVe " 
an account of the general equipment of 
the steam-Tessela composing the Niger'' 
Expedition, and of the srrival of thft~< 
Soudan at Deptford. We may noW ~ 
state that the Albert, Captain Trotter, '■ 
soiled from Liverpool on the 12th oT 
January, and making the passage against ' 
a A^sh wind and head sea, anchored-. 

Kingston Harbour, Dublin Bay, on 
the following morning. 

The chief object in visiting Dubliii 

IS to enable the officers to conaull 
with Professor Lloyd respecting the' 
magnetic observations to be carried Ml' 
in the interior of Africa, for which pur-; 
pose a portable magnetometer of the moat 
spproved construction by Meyerstein, of 
Gottingen, has been provided, as also. 
Weber s horizontal apparatus, as well as 
dipptngneedles by foi and Robinson; aaA 
observations on magnetic variation, dtp^ 
and intensity will be made whenever' 
tbe more immediate objects of tlis 
Expedition will admit of them. 

After having been detained sererfil 
days on the coast of Ireland hy souths 
westerly gales, Captain Trotter Teacbe^ 
Plymouth on the 20tb, Fortsmouth on 
the ^2nd, Sheerness on the, 23rd, and 
finally arrived at Deptford' oil 'the 2S&1 
of JanuBTf. 

During the passage ample opportunitf 
was afforded for proving fhejilbgrti 
qualities as a sea-boat, as well as ber 
adaptation for river service, for which 
she is more particularly intended, an.d 
the result has been very satisfactory. 

The two sliding keels, with which 
she is furnished when lowered, steadied 
her very much, and assisted her steerag«; 
and it is gratifying to add that Dr. 
Reid's system of ventilation, a detailed 
account of which will be found ip 
another column, has been found fully bt 
answer the expectations formed of it. 

During her short stay at Portsmouth, 
the Albert was an object of specMll 
interest, and was visited by Admirtd 
Sir Eflward Codrington,the Commanded 
in Chief, Admiral Bouverie, Colon(3 
Arhuthnot, Sir Richard Grant, CaptWQ 
Ellice, M.P., and other distinguished 
officers. . . ■' ' 

Both tiie A^terl and the Sou^tif* Bof 
moain'' at .Deptford eoinpletiiie:.thBk 



Td& f bl^m OF AFtUCA. 



[irirtfc 



stores ntd ^vialbn^ fUHttg the appa- 
KtUs for supplying medicated air, and 
6th6t^B6 preparing for sea. 

AdvAntf^ will be taken of tht vici- 
ftily of the iron -steamers to the Royal 
Ofeefratery at Greenwich to have Ihefr 
cofh^JlSBcs adjusted under iire IiUtnediate 
ftUperintendence of Professor Airy; a 
{Mint of Auch importance on board iron 
vessels, and retiuiring some nicety of 
fttftaagement. 

As the vessels composiUf^ the Ni^r 
Ks^edttton Will naturvlly enclte much 
interest, Bud thousands wilt be desirous 
fit inspecting them, it may perhaps be 
permitted td mention, that as a constant 
luccesrion of visitors during the prepa- 
fttiotil for mi would he attended with 
ftiuch inconvenience. It would materially 
tend to fbrward the service if persons 
^*oUld considerately postpone their visits 
fblf tBe nestlhree weeks, after which time 
SVety ftcllity will be given for gratifying 
\&i wishes of those who take an interest 
Itl the Welfare of the Expedition, hnA in 
the cans* of AfKc&. 

ttB mibetforee, Captain W. ALLSn, 
teibains Ibr the present at Liverpool, 
tMbtpteting her fittings : she will pro- 
bably sail from that port about the 1 0th 
IhMant, to join the other vessels at 
Dtptford, Where she will embark the 
remainder of her stores and provisions; 
And the whole squadron will finally leave 
thd shores of England about the middle 
of March, 'or beginning of April. 

ON VACCINATION OF THE 
AFRICANS. 

tiraddition to the letter respecting Vacd- 
nalion in a former number, we are enabled 
to state that Dr. M'William, immediately 
on hts nomination, in November, 1839, as 
BeBl*r Medical Officer of the Niger Kxpe- 
dltiiM, look Steps prepantory to the intro- 
duction of VHcdnMion Into AMea; and it 
was mUam jupon hi* general sngnetion 
UmU Mr. Harshall'e individual qipfieation 
was madtu to w^fch Mr. Ceeley tidied in 
the libtral nunner before stated. 

We ttndefatind that Ih^ Pritchett, of 
B.U.S. tfytet j bt w, In compU&nce with 
ft rimUar Miggefllion, has also applied to 
his prefestional fHends; uid thus fhim 
W"« wurwa a sapplv of vaccine lymph 
for the benefit of the native tribta of 
AMm will be wcued. 



RETITAL OF THE SLAVS TRASB 
IN THE BIGHT OF BENIN. 
It will be Iti the recollection of ifiHny 
of our readers; that Mr. Jamlesun, In his 
first pamphlet on thO Niger Expedition, 
stated that the Slave Trade had entirely 
ceased about the Delta of the Niger. 
We would fain have hoped that he had 
been riphtly informed on this subject, but 
recent mtetligence fVom this quarter eon- 
vinces us that this is far from being the 
case. Accounts bad reached the Bonny 
before the sailing of the last ship, that 
four vessels under the American fiag had 
lately been captured hf British cruisers 
off the Nun; and though no slave Vessel 
had been lately at the Bonnyi we have 
received certain ftifhnnatinn. that a Spa< 
niard of the name of Pavilo has been 
carrying on this detestable trade on that 

Cirt of the coast for a considerable 
ngth of time. His residence and slave 
barracuona appear to be in the Brass 
country, about twelve miles to the «ist- 
ward oi the modth of the Nun, probably 
at King Boy's l^iwn, where that trea- 
cherons chief carried the Landei^ when 
he ransomed them from the Kin* of 
Ibu. It is stated that King Ppppel, of 
Bonny Town, is one of those who supply 
Pavilo with slaves, for each of which he 
receives about seventeen Spanish doltari) 
or nther less than 4L atarling a head. 
A circumstance, strongly csrrahonilvt rf 
the truth of these statements, is the fkclof 
a larre amount of Spanish dollars having 
heenbrought home & ffew months since bv 
a Bonny ship to Liverpool ; for it is well 
known that articles of legitimate com- 
mereet the produce of Africa, are paid 
for by an exchange of other meKantite 
commodiUea, suited to the wants of the 
people, and never in dollars^ while slaves 
alone on that part of the coast are paid 
for in the latter manner. 

With such facts in evidence befbrc us, 
a sense of duty urges us not to stop in 
our career, above all at a moment wbea 
the goal seems more than ever wiAlii tnt 
reach; butwhenwearesiite,uthiHme 
time.thatourbestenergieswlUbetieeded 
to attain it. Wlththisihettwewouldut^ge 
briefly, hut strongly, the advantage that 
would arise to the cause we are engaged 
in, by more energetic attempts brtn|> 
made to put a etopiasfhrti paisHita, •< 
thft ((mt and at Mt.pla^tyt t^M in* 



Miy_ 



Ta« ^ffiNB OP APfttCA. 



hnmM trftBe. We M6 Or fron ascrib- 
iftil^ *«it of energy to the gallant officers 
who commktad our cniizers on the const j 
bat tBe extent bf th« llmita assigned tA 
«aeb ia Vath u UU hlUtCHo necesMrilj 
allowed ttiatiy veneli engaged in tb« 
6laVc Titde to eScKpe tbeir yigilanct^. 

^Irt tbe almost boondlMs ettent lif 
the rtAit of AfHcH ttquiring to hi 
tratcliedj ettfen^ittg, witb the excepttott 
of tite Cape Colony, from Mozambique 
on the eaateMi, to the Cape de Vtrde 
Islands on the ir^stem shore of this vaat 
I, the policy rJthis atniigement 



^nolts only haV« been looked to! hnt 
granting that th« ibtte iintr Miployeit 
cannot b« readih or consldeHtblj in- 
crnsed. aAd that by its cttncentHtion ntt 
lie belt* of th* Kig«t, the trade chwted 
the** iniy find vent ind be c^riwl on with 
more Vilgottr at the points fhim vihich 
the fcM* mntt &e withdrawn-, sliil we 
m^ntuii th&t tfiie balance c^ good Wilt 
lafgelJF pHTiit, aiid out- great cause be 
ntunly advahced b*^ the adoptidil of this 
ilterm policy. It ia with the natives of 
lie CbunttiM bordering on the nvers 
thai ^ttui^ thMr Mters into the Btghta of 
Benb and BialVa, thit we havte how to 
deal *ith, Hhd IF, b^ depriving these 
ped^ Tbt- a HiM', of ft pbrtion of their 
Ul^Mttnefl pttJfitt, they can be bhiught 
to MC tlHt Hre traffic in slaves H oppoffid 
to tb^ MHiA lAteMSts, by pt«aenting to 
the^, Vihdet theie ftrtmrahle clrcnm- 
ilaiiMk, ^ aJ«aAU^ tha.t ertUld result 
to tiWtti Ahd to this conntry from the 
nib^f4t!6n lOf a Hamate Vnnnlmerce, 
the iApettitients tbM thrown itt their 
way '-^mcM condnt*. ihore than *ny- 
ibmg eike, to mske them ready listeners 
to me propii^ls mif Ihe comftdssiitiTCrs 
abolQt te be Sertl Ito ti*at Wlh Wiem; 
and Vhtti, ibamtitHirMf by the result, 
ontw^Mi tbe dlsadVailtta^ of a tempo- 
my MmaNe to tliis petnfmoaft tnltc in 
At al^tSag or teart distant regions of 

cATiVte nk k UJlft TtaKIb 

•ttiHtr, oMBtions l^e wiivd o( h:-.M.B. 
A«M^ Captrfa AduniK with tha AmtUa, 
^•n TaawU ftom Hoaambiqne, with 10 
■!■*« aid 26,000 Swnish dollara onboard, 
E wibiA wowd tie condeomed as a 



D«. REID ON THE VEWftAtlQl* 
OF THE NIGER STEaK VESSELS. 

Havihq bben reqiWated te giVe an 
eaplanetion of the system adopted in 
ventilating the Niger steon vessels, the 
following brief acvonDt has been drawn 
np) illuatratiTe of the more important 
arrangementa intnidneedi After my 
attention was directed to this Bubj«et i^ 
Mn BiNJAMiN Smith, Mit^ with 
whom I had fi^nently the advantage of 
commnuieating, it Waa my etadeavours in 
the fint instances to obtain «U the ape^ 
dal information I conld phwure at to 
Uie dintate and atmosphere of tbe cM&> 
try thrwDgh which the Niger 8o4rn and 
the quality nf liie water, not only from 
the puMished worhs t^ diose enterprising 
men who had visited thia tvgroni but 
also by personal communicatioa wiA 
dioffl whom I wM fottunate enough to 
t, among whom I have more m> 
pedally to thank Ca ota in WibfiiAM 
Allsn, of H.M.{k ma»tfitv», and 
Dr. McWiLLiAMi Surgeon of H.M.£i 
Albert. 

In nading the aecempanying remarks 
it may be well to bear in mindt that tin 
Niger steam vessela we bnilt of iron, and 
that snefa vessels pi«sent sOnte peenii* 
arittes ia respect to their iafliAnce on 
the air, which are not obnetved in thoae 
eoastructcd «f timber ; in ptrtifeutar) every 
pan below the Water-line tends to acquire 
a lolver tempefntHTo titan inothet- voiselst 
fVom the good conducting power of the 
iron, wfaich is dwaya ntaintuRed at tht 
same degree with tne water in whieji it 
floats. Again, when exposed to a trbpiod 
Bun, the same canse tends to maintain th« 
airtnoa«tintwithtbeti|tperptetes Erectly 
expoved to Ike «an at a higher telnpeiw. 
ttH-etfeannanal. lni!oMw«athetseventfafi 
moisture of the breath is apt to condenafe 
npon the srdet and pVodnce a disagree- 
able dampneM, if good firea be not 
maintained, and also An adeqeate ciN 
eolation Uf BiT\ Wooden boarding ovw 
the Ttpyerptatesreiocee MM rfith* severity 
of extBrnal «AA, and tends emaify Cb 
moderate extreme heat Earn of tfab 
Niger steaiA vessels 'being divided into 
five compartments by wat«--%ht iron 
bnlkheada, some of the arrangenenta 
an nece s sari ly rcfteated a number of - 
times in each yess^ whereas, with tht 



THE S^BIfiN^^* AFIUCA. 



ilA^ 



uSiul coDBtrtibtioD) one soch uranffe- 
raeot would hxYebeea sufficient. Laatljr, 
-in iron ateam-boata chlorine and other 
chemicals capable of affecting . metals 
must be used with great care, as when 
dey find access to- and abrade tbe skin 
or crust of any portion of iron, great 
injury might eventually be sustuned, 
whica may be entirely prevented by 
proper precautions. 

I. Source of Am. In ordinary 
weather, air is admitted by a series of 
tubes placed under the gunwale, and 
communicating with every separate com- 
partment. These tubes, to which we 
shall refer in future under the name ol 
gunwale tijbes, supply air under ordinary 
circumstances when the atmosphere is 
pore, and the ventilating apparatus in 
Ml operation, and are so constructed 
dut they may be used as a means of 
ind^udent ventilation, should anything 
at any time occur to affect the principal 
apparatus, one portion bemg then 

ployed for the introduction of fiesh 

uid the other for tbe discharge of the 
vitiated air. 

At night, in exposed situations, and 
on all occaaions when the use of the 
puiifioator is considered necessary, tbe 
gunwale tubes discbat^« the vitiated air, 
and fresh air is suppliedfrom the greatest 
possible altitude which the ships can 
eommand, by hoisting a wind-sail to the 
top-gallont-mast bead. It is familiarly 
known, that in numeron* situations there 
are more cases of sickness irom the 
lower than from the upper apartments 
of a house, barrack, hospital, or ahip; 
in Westminster, for example, cases are 
familiar where the air near the ground 
i< often so bad that meat soon becomes 
tainted, while in the same house, at the 
height of thirty or forty feet, it i«iy be 
kept much longer without injury. The 
same remark applies generally to the 
atmosphere in all situations over the 
globe that are low and damp; and in 
respect to the atmosphere of tho Niger 
it may be assumed, from what Coloael 
Nicholls and many other travellers have 
ipoitioned, that it presents no exception 
to tbe general rule, but that, on the 
contrnry, great advantages must fre- 
.qumtly accrue, especially on still even- 
iiigt, if the air be drawn down froai the 
h^lwst accessible point. 



11. The Vkktilatimo Ah^aSatus. 
This consists essentially, of a famtni 
with external tubes, for the. ing»sa or 
egress of air, and dietriiutim tubes ex- 
tending throughout the whole vessel. The 
fanner may be compared to the heart in 
the living frame, and the distribution 
tubes to arteries when they are used for 
the propulsion of purified air, or to v^ns 
when toe Janoer is arranged in a dif- 
fraent manner and extracts foul air. 
The distribution tubes are connected 
both with the centre and with the cir- 
cumference of tbe fanner by branches, 
either of which can always oe brought 
into play to the exclusion of the other 
by adjusting the valves. 

The external tubes are placed upon 
deck above the fanner, and tuve 
branches, similar to the distribution 
tubes, connecting them with the centre 
and circumference of the fanner: tbe 
foul air is expelled through the external 
tubes when it is carried off from the 
distribution tubes by exhaustion; but 
when fresh air is propelled into the dis- 
tribution tubes, it is then supplied to the 
fanner through these external tubes. 
The fanner can be worked by the steam- 
engine, or by the force ra a current 
of water when it has the requisite velo- 
city, or by the hand. It can be arrangefi 
in a variety of ways, according to the 
manner in which the valves are adjusted, 
and as it is connected or disconnected 
with the windsail and the purificator. 

The fanner is placed in the engine- 
room, and two have been introduced 
into each steam-vessel. They have been 
made of a large size that they may be 
worked at a tow Telocity, and with aa 
little noise as possible. One larger 
fanner, or one of these fanners worked 
with an increased velocity, would have 
been sufficient for the power required, 
but the peculiar circumstances of the 
Expedition and other considerations led 
to a preference being given to tbe 
providing of two fanners, one of which 
con still be employed were tbe other in 
anyway destroyea or injured. 

The fanner invariably exhausts air 
throngh the tubes connected with the 
centre, and propels air through tfaosa 
that lead from the drcumference : the 
following brief summary shows Ab 
^ ip^ variations that may beadqited 
in working the apparatus. 



IMl.] 



THE PHIEND OF AFRICA. 



A- Pit VtmmaHoK iy EniiauMon. — Con- 
sMt thediatribatioa tabea with the oentre 
oi th« fiumer by opening the appropriate 
thItm: open tae vaire:} in the external 
tube, thit the air passing &om the centre 
to the circumference may be discharged 
above deck. The supply of air is in tois 
case obtained from the gunwale tubes. 

a. By opening the n^per valTes in the 
diiferibatioa tubes, the air may be dnmi 
directly from the ceiling of tlie difierent 
cabins, from the foieeastle, and other com- 
partments. 

b. By shutting the valves mentioned in 
a, and opening a lower series of vsItes in 
the dlatributjon tubes, or in Betetading 
i rawd Ui proceeding Avm them, the air 
may be dnwn from the floor of tne cabins. 

e. Br shutting all the valvea connected 
with tite distribution tubes, except those 
in the hold at the l>ottom of the descending 



blanches, the whole power of the appa 
itoa can be employed in drawing off foa 
ir from the hold, bo that no smell 



odonr of any kind can be perceived from 
that sonrce, shonld any occnr there for any 
length of time before the cause can be 
■aeeiiauied and removed. 

d. By shutting all the valves in the dis- 
tribution tubes, except those leading to 
<me^artnientor cabin, the apparatus may 
have its whole force directed upon the 
place BO selected, or any variable share 



it ; thus, at any general meeting or con- 
&Rnn in the principal cabin, the whole 
pqwer of the venUlation might be placed 
upon it ; or were any illness obaerved in 
the forecastle, a proportionate allowance 
m^tbe given. Lastly, on washing days 
inparticnuT, by keeping u] ' " ' 

inirintw'"'"g a lively mrrei 
thtODgh the wet clothes, drying would be 
comparatively a trifling and certain opera- 
tira, an object of no small consequence 
on board ship daring the rainy seal 
a tropical climate. 

B, /br Ventilation if Propulnoit. 
just the valves so as to open a com 
between the external tubes and the 
of the fomier, so that freah ^r may be 
diawB in from without by the exf^nal 
tnbea. In the same manner, open a com- 
mnnieation between the cirenioference of 
ttie &nner and the ^stribntim tubes, so 
tiiot the beah tit receired by the external 
taba may be propelled through them. 
The foul air in this case is expelled 
through the gunwale tubes. 

By opening the various valves in the 
manner described in a, i, c, and d, ur can 
ba: bh)wn into the various conpartmenta, 
cabttV)-' ^t vith. exaetiyL Oa. some modi- 



fications that have been described nudw 
A, according to the exhausting system. 

When air is extracted from any plaoe 
by exhaustion, whether this be effectel 
by a fire, fanner, or any other ^tporatos, 
it ia Baid, in common language, to be 
ventilated on the vacuum principle, the 
place ventilated presenting a vacuom aa 
it were, however imperfect, to the as-. 
t«mal air, which tends consequently to 
rush in at every open crevice, the pres- 
of the air being greater withoat 
than within. This is much the more 
common mode of inducing ventilation, 
and may be also considered the best, ttw 
most natural, and the most economical 
for all ordinary purposes. But when 
air is forced iato any apartment by a 
fanner, a pum^ or other means, bo that 
the air blown m has a greater pressure 
than the air without, then the apartment 
ventilated is said to be worked on the 
plenum principle, and air tends to escape 
out of. every crevice in such cases, in- 
stead of rushing in through them *. It 
is with this latter view that the ventila- 
tion by propulsion has been rendered 
available, so that when an oppresaive 
atmosphere is encountered, all the air 
introduced may be led in fr(»n.a great 
height by a windsail m coonexioa with 
the external tube, and Bubject«d furthert 
when necessary, to the action of a purtfi- 
cator,and medicators ; and thus, in work- 
ing the apparatus vmder this arrange- 
ment, so foul tmpurified air con enter 
through any small openings around any 
doors or windows, or by any crevicei 
whatsoever, as the plenum movement 
established gives an excess of pressure 
within, and the perpetual escape of ur 
from within through these crevices 
must necessarily be a constant barrier 
to the introduction of any air what- 
soever, except that derived through the 
external tube which feeds the fanner. 
In this case, it is scarcely necessary to 
remark that the windows and hatches 
should be kept as constantly closed aa 
circumstfinces may permit i small open- 
ings there, however, are of no conse- 
quence, as the air must escape through 

* A superior smngemcDt on be introduced 
by the joint operatioa of a ptenmm and vsraMN 
moveeieat, acting at the same nonieat j but 
this.voold be too troottoome Air ordiwry 
pnrpoics. , XiUO'-^IV' 



w» nmaro a at»i(». 



J^ 



.IbH 



tb«H IB iSa MHi« nuan- ai at tka ^m< 
wale tubes. 

AkMH) IB respeot te the werldng of 
tbe &pparatiu, whether with a pienum 
er vaouvm Impulse, so teng aa the 
tempefatUK ef the atmeaphere ia below 
that ef the human body, ia all plaeea 
when a pura air eaa be eemmaaded, 

rl warmth ta the air {if still hfilow 
paint meBtione^l may be, te a eer- 
tain' extent, counteracted by a larger 
■upply, and inoreaaed velecity of move- . 
aeal j thia larger supply, in a i^vea 
Ume, in virtue of iU quantity, takinff 
awa* move beat from the body than a 
Hsaller povtioB el air eould pesaibly 
remove In the same time. Nothing ii 
more subvereWe of a right nnderetasd- 
Ing ef the practice of ventilation than 
the idea thai air, chemically the suae in 
every vetpeot, always produces the aasae 
sensatiene upon the aame individual, the 
total ftSeet being oempouaded alae of 
thia velocity ef moTemeot, aqd the state 
^ the system at the moment the a' 
brought in contact with it. 

I may here notice that it ia strongly 
recommended to make an extenaive aur- 
Atce of diffiision in connexion with all 
aperture* in smaller or more crowded 
cabins, where aip is either introduced or 
withdrawn, sa aa te break down local 
currents and ^low the air to enter iwd 
escape with the amallest possible amooat 
irf setiaible movement. 

llii* object may t)e eaatly attained, 
vheaever it U desirable, by placing any 
peroua testure, peribrated sine, or trame- 
work, made <« wood or wire, before 
these apertures, at a variable distance 
fVom them, aceording to the diffusion 
required; and in those plaoea where 
such arrangements have not been already 
introduced, it has been thought prefer- 
able te leave this matter of detail to be 
adjusted according to the desirea of the 
di^rent individuals who occupy the 
cabin, &c., who will find no dinculty, 
from ^e testmeUons that have been 
gtven, and the example* which they can 
inspect, in having an adjustment made 
aacording to their iniUvidual wants. 
This ia considered the more desirable, 
«a a differenc* of upward* of twoit; 
d^^reea haa been observed in the tem> 
perature* that 'are most agreeable to 
different cosititutloDB in this country. 



la w«fkiB§ the TanUUtiBg appantus 
h^ exhaustioD, the whele air from ever^ 
ijuarter of the steam-ships being cod- 
centnited a4 it is discharged n one 
place HirongK the external IvAfi, by 
m@r^ sffielliiig *be air ^iaotwgeq 
therfc My W9, tAw ft l<t(la practice, 
talll be able to form a very ooeurate 
minieti as to the general state ef the 
atmosplier^ below; audi should it itot 
be considered satisikctory, the venti- 
lating gdwer can be increasei Bu* 
ihouTd )t b« tyspected, ^ra the Ita^ 
of (^e ail difcWged, that there H icaw 
local cause affbeting the general ftwliiy 
oi the air evolved, then the power of 
the ventilation can be applied tucees- 
siv^ly te the compartmenta separate4 bj 
the different iron "bulkheads, till it; pre-, 
o)«e loQEtUty shall h«v« been a»cert»iQed, 
whei) wy fwrther steps way bf tftkfQ 
whiclt tlie ctrcumatances o| t)w W« 
Biay ivquive. 

In some eaaea a draught or current ef 
aij may be directed across the cabins, jle. 
by propelling air into the ships witb. We 
fainter, and eibausting it by tbe P.tUvri 
the gunwale tubes being closed, (.aiitiyi 
where oheini(sal apalyaia aball slfQiW ^Mrt 
the vater ia {ture aiid wholeaKiw, tba 
'air, when it is hot and sultry, ipty b« 
led hite the external tubes from the 

E addle-box, where it is necessarily cooled 
J its aj;itatJoa with the water, 

The power of tbe apparatus in th« 
preoedlpg respeots haa eeett trifi qq 
diffecent oocasiona at Liverpool, iu the 
presence of Capt. 'frotter, Capt. W. 
Allen, Capt. Bird Allen, Lieut. Vish- 
boume. Dr. McWilliara, and other offi- 
cers of the Expedition. The Hmaf 
qiethod adopted in these (Half copriffed 
in working th? cppvatus in '»U (^4 
fuwia modM which have beea mwn 
tiooed, and with variable numbeia in 
the lewet deck and in the difcreat 
cabins. The piovement of thq air was 
afterwar<b {eqdered visible by bloymg 
IP ifaake, (irt>di4C«( for |pme ^m itl 4 
continuoM stresfp fr^m guppowder of 
ath§r materialfi, care^iy a$^ speciajjjr 
arranged for thia purpose ; or one, mara, 
or all ef the aompartments betitg ^fled 
with amoke, it was exhausted and £a< 
charged in a palpable form at the fx- 
tcm^tube. ODotberoccaaionsjfragrant 



m^ 



IFKISlfB^qSAVMCA. 



lai V9t>t()4 •!)■ were made ta eoqunu- 
9^ 4«ir pd^gr to the eBterlng jjir, 

[Th« WBMJwi gg of i^li notice, 4e' 
Mfitog tqwe (airtiettl«rlj the jiHrifiea- 
len and ■«di««tQM ta be H»ed iu em- 
BuiM tnth Uie vantilatiag aj^Hratua. 
vin bf iiiMitod is th^ Bwt BiuabeiL ] 

ON THE B£eeKADB OF THIS WEST 
OeABT OP AFRICA. 

The ftillnniiig letter from Captain 
Sir Hekry Leuci, R.N., who com- 
Q^ded H.M.8. Jtfynnt^* for three 
run on tha w««tani oout of AfHe&, U 
ytlotble, «a eentaining the independetit 
teslhnoiiy of an o^cer of experienee to 
the corr^ptgesa of roanv of the state- 
menti w St FowELi, Puston'h wprk 
~ta the pn^c^bil'ty pf hlocliadi^g tbe 
vMi suit of Afne»^— 4nd h* the fa- 
wunhle diipatttiea of vma of the 
Afrinsshldbi — 

United Serrice Clvb, tth Sept., 1840. 

QuK gfs.TT'ItiaiqipoBsibl^foranjitian 
(o Rad j-oor valnsble book. The Slave 
Tnek, and itt Btmedy, without fceling 
tie de^Nt snxiety tl^t vhat is dow ii 
pmtMM lawarda the einlizatioa of Aftwi 
•nil be attended with psitect sawess; ant 
although 1 have not the honour of heipi 
known to you, I feel confident yoi( wif 
foipve Boe ffLT addrefisii^ a few Ua£4 to 
jw. I have not the power of aioiating 
the nndertakiiig in a pecuniary way to 
^y BTsat extent, but a hearty good will 
iD ^ (wtte ahall not be wamtiBgi and 
DHt ^adJy ahall I hail tha Bemoit in 
which I can ip the alightest my be of 
"*"■!« to it. 

Any person who iiae vinted AMea, and 
who tia^ be^ employed hy hU Qovem- 
Utnt in the aoppreSBioa af that Irigkt&il 
InHe bi Ituman fleih, wUl at onoe ««e 
•lie tmtk of eveiy word eontaiaed in 
Tour \atif, with this oulv exo^cu, tlut, 
* think, geftar^ly apoMinff, you rather 
nademtc (he average nuinW of sUvee 
vtH tn vearly expfoted iwin tha rivara, 
ud thai fai 9f«cnbin{ th« hMton of a 
>UTt TMMl VMI 1^ v^iy abort 4f what It 
u naUty It'lbr it la aot in the peww of 
■»*>^ avot HMw who bave wibteaud avch 
•ireaea, to p«mt the WMtchedoeas and 
miMT^ whiob take piaoe, or the diwiut- 
n« cnu4ty oi the BrnteB [for I would not 
P^tee t^io B^ hy calling tbetn men) 
**>» WW* ehrwga af tbtw pQoi helpleae 
niuBeiidiu cmatiuaa ^Ur they an 
diWel 



M9 I ba pamUtidtft«ltofMQbMn»- 
tlon, and which doea aat appeu ta have 



»t>UBk you Uuwghout yaur bwla, jtmebs 
.!._ n__. 'iwaida tu«wng the 

and ebiefe t« the w' 



tha ftrat I 

Biinda efthet^ ._.. 

a gMiual tfada, ia 
to ihow then tha vtta inpo«ihUtty ef a 
vaaael leani^ tbeb rivara with ak Jm es 
beard, and a deteryinatien ob the |i»rt ef 
fingboid to put a atpp to it) ftui I am 
oartaiu that, te a vegi Breat ^taBt. thair 
ware aM camad oia oiu^ foi the puipote 
ef aalliiif their piiaoneis into alavet^, fhr 
I well Mqiemb^, in one *f my venvena- 
tlona with King Pewsl, tha Chief of the 
Benny Biveis and wh^n ipeakin^ ta hiaa 
at tha time efa ttwar party" gusgont, 
Md begging htm te deaiat, ha anawew), 
*tWhat am I to dol I have T«y little 
toade eieept in ilaTaa, which luinga paa ao 
large a revenoaj that it keep* my oonnti^ 
and enables ma to iiave aa many wires aa 
Ipleaael" Ha added, ^V my hrethei^ ' 
the King of Euffland, will isBa Bie aveiy 
year a 74-gun ship, filled with ' taada,' I 
will give it up, and uMmiaa f^tbfiiUy 
that not a alave ahafi leave my river 
asaln." I merely mention thia to ahaw 
tnat even thia powerful ehlaf (who, hy- 
the-bye, ia a vevy intelUgeut man) wenVl 
rather carry on a lawful trade than aon- 
tinue tha alave traffio g and I am owtain 
that In this pwaen yon will find, at «U 
timae, opa nady to aaaiat you, &i be ia 
beyond theeomnuniweof Afimnohialk 

I could dwell tat t, long time on tha 
aubjaat of tha Slave Trade, and the oivUii- 
Ution of that beautjful, though unhappy, 
oountry; but as you liava ao maoh inn)r~ 
mation tVom those who perhapa are better 
able than I am to give it, I vnu only relate 
a eireumstanae which tpdc plaee cm beard 
my own ship (the Myrmidon) during the 
three year* I was op the ooaat of Quluea, 
and whiek will aerve teahow the bwuiahle 
disposition of some of the chiefs. 

I n-as at anchor off Grand Cape Palinaai 
it waa Sunday, and, to use a sailer'a ex- 
pveasion, " our chprch vrw rmp^" Wid 
^ bell tolling, when it n«a >«p(i?t8d te 
me that several laife taooea wen mVifit 
off ; and as I did not wish to be inter- 
rupted during the service, I waited till they 
c^me on boanL I then told the kiqg that 
I could not roeak to hinj ^l after the 

{rayeis, but that he might, with many of 
is people, remain if they would be pe»- 
foatly quiet ; ha eaid, "Irft W^ ml^ pf^er 
wilhyon." Iaocorainglyplace4Rin*,Wlth 
some of his chiels, near me, Th^ M) 
agua tolled i the hand played the ftwft' 
ing hyp>u, wd the pervice commeaML 
and althoiu)) mmF peapl| iRfiy fanqr tW 
aailon h*ve but little IfliiPO^ y** *™ 



TH£ FHIENp_.(M".AEftIfiA.- 



aaildtnB SDtt Atfnai ap^tmmca jot a well- 
appointod ship's company at pmyera, their 
Attention and desire to hear and learn, 
might lead evtra some of our congregations 
on shore to be more attentive. Tbesepoot 
blacks were perfectly astonished; their at- 
tention toallthat pa^ed IshaUneverfoivet ; 
■tanking when we stood, kneeling when 
we luielt, and watching every moUoa with 
the utmoBt anxiety. When the service 
. ,was ended, the liing exclaimed, " White 
ihan be God ;" lie added, " would the 
Kiiw of England send him clefgymen to 
'teseh his people the way to 'proper Spi- 
rit,' to the 'God of the white man;' if he 
:W0Qld, their safety should be guarantaMl ; 
,lie would give them houses and land, and 
Bupportthemin everyway; that he would 
trade with England and with other conn- 
tries, and never again deal in sUves ;" and 
I firmly believe he meant what he said. 
The nrevention of the Siave ^(]rade by a 
• ;rtrict blockade of the west coast of A&ica, 
bceweeo the Rio Volta and the Cameroons, 
'm direct distance of about SOO miles, is 
not only possible^ but may be done with- 
ont anv great difficulty. A steam-yeesel, 
'or A lasi^ailing cutter or schooner, at 
the mouth of everv laigeriver^the fonner 
iW^.uld be the best), say ten.in all, manned 
..with from thirty to thirty-five seamen, 
eadi with two large guns on pivot, with 
three or four larger steam-vessels manned 
with frokn foity-rgve to fifty men, then the 
4piall vessels as . Ku^rd-ships, and occa- 
sionally to watch the motions of the Tee* 
eels In the rivers, would, in my opinion, 
'in the course of two years completely 
I«it a stop to it along that important por- 
Mm) of the coast; and the Wefit that 
would accrue to the trade of our country 
Vonld more than pay for the out&t of the 
tfteamers.' 

The ibne now em^wed for the tup- 
pressiMi of the Slave TnAe 'a, I believe, 
140 guns and 1100 men. The tone in 
steam-vessels would be 

Owu. Kta. 
10 of 4 gnns, and 35 men . . 40 360 
4 TCHsels of B guns, 4A men each SZ 180 
1 >loop of 28gans,t/MeBSfarr 28 170 



100 700 

Difierence of 40 guns and '400 men ; bfr- 
qdee which half these men might be Kroo- 
tnen, natives of AfHca. 

I have to apologise for the length of my 
letter, and in conduding it beg to add that 
if at any time my humble services can be 
rendered useful to yon or to the cause, 
■ither in thia or in any oUier .country, 
yva ju*e hot to command them. 

I am, &C., Hknkt I, Lbxxb, I 



The Journal dei DebaU of tlie 21st of 
January gives an account of the c^ture 
of La Poncka, a Portuguese pirate and 
slaver, off the Comoro Island^ by La 
Prfv^arOe, a French ship of war engaged 
in Eurreying the Mozambique channel; 
220 slaves and 22 Arabs were found on 
board her, which it was intended to carry 
totheHavana. I'he Govaniof of BOilfbon, 
in complimenting Lieutenant Jbrbhite, 
commander of La PrfeoyarUe, on his gal- 
lant conduct, boldly declated, "that he 
had acted as he ougnt to have done, what- 
ever may be the judgment prononnoed 
upon the Tslidity of his price. 

nOTttx 10 euBscKiBEBs. 
In reply to unmeraus ^plicaUons, we 
have to repeat that persons deriroos of 
taking in regularly Tax Fribxd of 
AsaicA are requested to order it of their 
booksellers ; and fs it is very desiiahle 
that this paper ahonld pay its own expenses, 
and not encroach upon the funds devoted to 
thecivilizationofAGrica, ail those interested 
in the cause are aanieetly invited to indue* 
their friends and acquaintances to drcnlote 
it as extensively as possible. 



mm tiKt Is Uu GaaMa:^ 



1«™« 












AmudM 






JohaPtntar. 












ti-OMMdU 


"rpii. 


utsfs:- 








•Murtot 







' Tha PoM-Oftne wUldHpateh lettai bj Umh ; 




Subecriptione and Dona^ns are received 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Uoar^ ^^-i 
by Uessrs. Bomett, Hooies, and Co., 02, 
Lombard-street; Messrs. Barday, Bevaa, 
and Co,, 64, Lombard-street; Heears. 
Coutts and Co., S9, Stmnd ; Messrs. Dnun- 
monds, Chariiu-croas; Mestn. Hanbuiy, 
Taylor, and Uoyd, 60, Lombard-atreet; 
M^an. Hankeys, 7, Fenchnrch-etreet ; 
Messrs. Uoares, 37, Fleet^street ; and 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., 2(^ 
Biichin-lane ; and by the Secretaiy, the 
Rev. J. M. Trew (to whom all conunuitt- 
cations relative to the business of the 
Society may be addressed}, at the Office 
of the Society, 15, Parliament-street. 



»■ : Printed by TmKU RicaAaD S 

of Ko. 41, BL Hutta's Une, la the pnWi ol St. 

HutlnlntlHPMdii ui pnUMed 1^ Jen WtL- 

byMiunjii Rivtsftoiu: Hatcbud; BMisf! K.AWI 
Rlahinteini Xumj ud Maddn | Mid R|«ltal to 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THE COttUITTEE OP THE SOCIETY FOR TBB ESTJUCTIOfi OF THE 
SLAVE TRADE AND FOB THE CTVILIZATIOy OF AFRICA, 



No. 4.] LONDON, 


25th FEBRUARY. 1841. {|^™*3i 


Puiu>»iAk> BtAWM TuDa P^enlDr 


CONT 


EMTS. 











































PAKLIAU£HtART SLAVE-TRADE FAPEOS FOR 1839-1&40. 

It may be proper to remind our readers that the papers which 
form the subject of the following pages, contain the correspondence of 
Government with its own Officers and with Foreign Powers together 
with a mass of statistical information on matters relating to tlie Slave 
Trade, being part of a series annually laid before Parliament. As an 
authentic record of the various negotiations and compulsory methods by 
which this country, in alliance witii other states, has attempted, but in 
vain, to abolish this accursed traffic, their contents must be considered 
of the highest interest and value; but they are far too voluminous to 
admit of general perusal. 

In order to give greater circulation to such important details, digests 
of these papers were, in former years, occasionally published by the 
London Anti-Slavery Society; and most of the leading facts of later 
date have undergone sufficient notice in the elaborate volume recently 
published by Sir Fowell Buxton. 

But still the correspondence proceeds, and every year's report 
discloses fresh facta, and furnishes additional arguments, to prove the 
inadequacy of the means hitherto employed for the extinction of this 
tremendous evil. A conviction of this painful truth lies at the founda- 
tion of the present Society; it becomes, therefore, the duty of its 
Committee to furnish these unhappy confirmations as they arise, and to 
bring them within the reach of those readers who may not have access 
to the original papers. 

In accordance with this object, the present article is designed to 
present a summary of facts tending still Airtber to corroborate the state- 
ments, and justify the views, entert^ned by Sir Fowell Buxton ; the 
extracts will therefore be arranged in the order of subjects adopted by 
that distinguished philanthropist in his recent publication. 

A more complete examination of the relations actually subsisting 
between this Government and Foreign States, as well as of the legisla- 
tire.and practical measures respectively adopted by them, would require 
- ■' ' ' . . .-. ..,,., , .^ ^^ 



i article, and must, together with further references to ttiese 
Tolnipes, be reserved for a future occasion. 

Ttte first subject to which we shall now direct our attenlioa will be 
fl» EiTSNT of the Slave Trade. : GooqIc 

VOL. I, B "^ 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



[astliFKB. 



Brazil. 
Her Majesty' 
ticing, on the 16th May, 1839, two 
reports of the Brazilian ministers, say, 
" Both reports at(«st, unfortunately, the 
continuance of the traffic ; and the ex- 
perience of every day confirms its aiarm- 
ing progress. As a proof, we have to 
inform your Lordship (Viscount ,Pal- 
merston) that out of the thirty-four 
vessels, a list of which is inclosed, twenty, 
besides eleven others, have entered this 

Sort (Rio) from the coast of Africa, in 
alloit, — in other words, after having 
landed their cnrgoes of slaves." 

On the 20th January, 1840, they 
write, that " in the last month the ar- 
rivals have been more frequent i and if 
the state of circumstances should con- 
tinue for the next two or three months, 
it will probably appear that there will 
have been little or no diminntion in the 
importation in the last year, as com- 
pared with the preceding, the number 
of departures amounting to fifty-three, 
of which three were detained by Her 
Majesty's cruisers, shortly after leaving 
this harbour (Rio)." 

Mr. Ouseley, the British resident at 
Rio, thus writes to Admiral Elliot, on 
the 1 9th January, 1 840 : " There are at 
this timeaboutfortyslave-veasels fitting 
out in this harbour alone, all under the 
Portuguese flag, and there have arrived 
about twenty within a short time. The 
great slave-dealers are making every 
effort to ext«nd and renew their opera- 
tions. At a moment when it is more 
particularly requisite tohaveasufiicient 
force for acting efficiently against the 
Slave Trade, this station has but one 
small bri(f-of-war to be used for that 
purpose." 

Commander Tucker, on the 16th 
April, 1839, reports to Admiral Elliot, 
that from papers found in prize vessels, 
and information obtained from the neigh- 
bouring coast, it appeared that there were 
at that time forty-two vessels at St. Paul 
de Loando alon^, " engaged in the horrid 
traffic, nearly all of them Branlian ves- 
ielsundar Portugueae colours." 

It appears that the difficulty of ob- 
taining infonnation of the arrival of 
■lave vessels on the coast of Brazil is 
not diminished. Her Majesty's consul 



at Pemamhuco, Mr. Watts, thus writes 
to Viscount Palmerston, on the 27th 
July, 1839 : " The list No. 2 does not 
exhibit either the number of slaves 
landed, or thenames of the creeks and in- 
lets in which theyhave been disembarked, 
for the utmost diligence of inquiry or 
vigilance of research cannot arrive at a 
correct knowledge of these facts, which 
are impenetrably veiled and disguised by 
the artful combinations of all those who 
are either directly or indirectly interested 
in the traffic of African slaves, who 
spread abroad false reports in order to 
mislead the local authorities and deceive 
the public ; yet it is most unquestionably 
true, that all the vessels enumerated in 
that list (ten vessels of 1,387 tons) have 
safely landed their full cargoes of slaves, 
the number of which can only be sur- 
mised from the capacities of these vessels 
to shelter them in a crowded and mer- 
dless stowage." 

Cuba, 

Her Majesty's commissioners, tm the 
30th September, 1839, after giving the 
arrivals of slave vessels during August, 
at Havana, thus proceed : " Of the de< 
partures, we regret to say we have not 
been able to procure returns ; and the 
more so, as we believe the trade is car* 
ricd on with undiminished activity. 
The dealers seem nothing checked by 
the captures on the coast, which, they 
have it reported, amount to eighty in 
the last twelve months." 

In a report to Viscount Pahnerston, 
of date 1st January, 1840, the commis- 
sioners state, that many slaves had be«n 
disembarked at ports contiguous to " the 
new estates, for which the former de- 
mand for slaves continues undiminished;" 
and " we cannot indulge the hope that 
any diminution has taken place in the 
aggregate. 'Wben the demand is so 
great, and the prices to he obtained so 
high, wc fear that the obstacles to the 
supply will be found ineffectual ; and 
we learn accordingly, from quarters on 
which we can rely, tW the number in- 
troduced into the island generally have 
not, on the whole, varied front those of 
former years." 

" The planters continue their exertions 
to obtain greater quantities of sugar 
than ever. In the year preceding the 



IWl.] 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



61 



lut, 100,000 bosea of sugar, or upwards 
(tf one-aizth more tbaa in any year pre- 
ceding, were exportedfram this harbour 
and Matansas ; and the exports last 
year were ooly about 70,000 boxes leas, 
tbo«^ tlie season was one of eitraordi- 
naiy droogbt, io consequence of which 
the canes gave considerably less than an 
arersge produce. In the present season 
it Is well ascertained that the exports 
will have reached fall 700,000 boxes, 
or 140,000 tons, a quantity nearly equal 
to the coiiBuinptio& of Great Britain and 
Ireland, which is, we believe, under 
180,000 tons." 

Though there are many other cases 
Ming under the present head well 
Torthy of being noticed, we shall not 
detain the reader longer on the Chris- 
tian Slave Trade, but proceed to that of 

Mohammedan Couktries. 

We find it stated by Captdn Cogan, 
the British envoy to the Sultan of 
Muscat, on the 5th December, 1839, 
that " the financial resources of the. 
Im&n of Muscat amount to 80,000/. 
per annum, 20,000/. of which emanates, 
directly or indireotly, from the sale and 
purchase of slaves. Of these there are 
from 45,000 to 46,000 annually sold in 
the Zanzibar matiet, about 20,000 of 
which are erported to Egypt, Arabia, 
Persia, and the coast of Makran." 

We now come to the head of 

Mortality. 

On turning to this melancholy part of 
the subject, we find no reason for hoping 
that there is any improvement. 

Among many instances of the cod- 
tiauance of the practice of " packing" 
the negroes, we may notice the follow- 
ing. 

Let us beai- in mind that the laws of 
%>ain and Portugal reqitire two tons for 
(he stow^^ of every five n^^roes em- 
barked in slave vessels, llus rate, 
when compared with British tonnage 
and transport allowance, is in the ratio 
(J 10 to 9, or as it may be stated — 

Tens. Peraoni. 

Spain and Portugal ... 4 10 

British 6 9 

It is stated that the Joieph Leggttt, 



of 65 Spanish tons, had on board when 
captured an excess of 22 over the legal 
allowance*; the Morris Cooper, of 
125 Spanish tons, an excess of 177; and 
the Arrogante, of 155 tons, an excess 
of 340. After alluding to these cases, 
Consul Tolme (a gentleman whose 
opinions have not been supposed to lean 
to the side of exaggerating the evil,) 
adds, " It is quite clear that the heart- 
rending descriptions we read, of the 
manner in which the unfortunate victims 
of the trade are packed, like herrings in 
a barrel, on board vessels in which they 
have to make a voyage across the At- 
lantic, and even from beyond the Cape 
of Good Hope, are by no means exag- 
gerated." 

We are also informed that the Gra- 
lidao was captured at the mouth of the 
river Bonny, on the 23rd of November, 
1837, her original cargo consisting of 
454 slaves; and that on the 19th of 
January following, there survived only 
3^0, to receive their restoration to free- 
dom at Sierra Leone. 

The Rozalia Habanera had lost 53 
slaves before capture on the 1 3th of July, 
1830. On the 23rd of that month, 
223 out of 247 slaves were landed at 
Honduras, all suffering from small pox. 

Of 255 negroes, taken on board the 
A>rra lifl/ /^Var, "a full fifth" appear 
to have died on the passage. 

Mr. Gore Ouseley, of date 1st of 
August, 1839, says, "The baroue 
Commodore, from Mozambique, ais- 
charged into canoes outside the bar, (at 
Rio,) 700 slaves in a very bad sUte; 
nearly the whole have been attacked 
with ophthalmia, and many are blind. 

"This vessel has for some years past 
been a regular trader, and has invariably 
landed her slaves in a sickly condition; 
and in some instances, one half of those 
embarked have died during the voyage," ■ 
[ To be eotttinved.'] 

* A note laya, " I liad included tUi Teasel 
among- the nttmber of those vhich took veiy 
crowded cargoeSi before I knew her gctnal 
register tonnage ; but I leave' ber there beuuse 
■he u one of those extremely shtrp-built clip- 
pers which hate no capacity for stowage, and 
one «hich, if scientili colly measured, would 
prove much imnller. She was, io bet, origi* 
nalty a loeni pilot-boot of New Tork, and her 
1B4 negron muit have been drwdftdlT coto 
fined." "oOQTc 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[26th Fm. 



AFRICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 

Thr following letter from a well- 
known friend to the negro race, and 
the writer of an able article in a pre- 
ceding number ' On tbe Mutual De- 
pendence of Africa and the West 
Indies,' will be read with interest: — 

EditAwgh, 31<t Jan. 1841. 

Sir, — I am anxious that your readers 
should be aware of the interesting rela- 
tions that are likely to be established 
betwixt Africa and the West Indies. 

Shortly after the entire emancipation 
of the negroes, in August, 1838, I was 
called on to preside at a meeting in 
Kingston, Jamaica, of about 2000 
negroes, called for the purpose of taking 
measures to send ministers of the gospel 
to Africa. A Society was accordingly 
formed; and at a subsequent meeting at 
the same place, several congregations 
pledged themselves to raise conside- 
rable Buma for this object: one for 
600i sterling, another for 300^. ster- 
ling, and a third for an annual sum of 
100/. sterling, to alTord permanent sup- 
port to teachers of the gospel in their 
benighted country. And, before I left 
the island, in March of last year, a 
house bad been taken for an academy 
to receive pupils from amongst the 
negroes as candidates for missionary 
labour : of them several had presented 
themselves to be taken on trial. The 
gentleman appointed to take charge of 
the institution was eminently fitted to 
discharge the duties of the office. 

The attempt is an humble one ; but 
when we look at the results of the 
labours of the native catcehists sent by 
the lamented Mr. Williams to several 
of the islands of the South Seas, we 






eryr. 



o expect similar i 



•ulta from the Jamaica scheme. The 
enthusiasm of the poor people on the 
subject is as great as the most sanguine 
could expect or desire. 

The Baptist Missionary Society has 
lately sent out two travellers to explore 
an extensive district of Africa, with the 
view of commencing Christian missions 
there. The Wesleyan Methodists and 
the Church Missionary Society have 



for many years had numerous labourers 
in the field, a large proportion of whom 
have fallen victims to the climate. To 
carry on such operations in such a 
country extensively, a siqtply of native 
teachers, or teachers itma the Creole 
negroes of the West Indies, is indiapea- 
B&blc. I observe, that the Church Mis- 
sionary Society has had im academy 
for tbe natives at Sierra Leone for 
several years past : which, I doubt not, 
could now supply valuable agents both 
for spiritual and secular objects in the 
country. 

It struck me as remarkable, when on 
my return home from the first of the 
meetings above mentioned, 1 found on 
my table a letter from Mr. Trew, the 
Secretary of the African Civilization 
Society, informing me of its formation, 
and inquiring whether agency for its 
various objects could he had from 
amongst tjie negroes and colonic 
classes of Jamaica. I am not disposed 
to make too much of accidental coinci- 
dences ; hut I am not without a strong 
feeling that the simultaneousness of the 
efforts in England and in the West 
Indies for the r^eneration of Africa, 
specially indicated the presence of God 
for our encouragemenL I have no 
doubt, that all such projects will receive 
throughout tbe West Indies the moat 
liberal support. I observe, by late 
papers, that a subscription, amounting 
to nearly 140/. currency, has been made 
by the congregation, in Manchester, 
Jamaica, of the Reverend Mr. Wood- 
cock, one of the missionaries of the 
Church Missionary Society; and also 
by the Reverend Mr. Littlejohn, one of 
the island curates, 2,11. 

It would be a great service to the 
cause, could the AfMcan Civiliution 
Society send to Jamaica vocabularies or 
grammars of the langaages of Africa. 
Perhaps some of the intelligent mis- 
sionaries there might aid in improving 
and perfecting these by intercourse wiUi 
some of the old African negroes, but 
more especially with some of those 
recently captured by our cruisers, many 
of whom are now in Jamaica under in- 
struction. I am, &c 

W. Weuyss Ahdxh»om. 



lOOgle 



IMI.} 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



A PROBABLE CAUSE OF MIASMA. 

Is coDtiouation of the subject 
vliicb we b&ve dwelt at length in two 
preceding numbers, we are now enabled, 
throi^b tbe kindness of Professor 
Uakiell, to give the results of s 
eipertmenta on the action of sea water 
upon decomposed vegetable matter, and 
■1so a simple mode for fumigation by 
chlorine, which may be used on board a 
ship or elsewhere, whenever the pre- 
wQce of sulphuretted hydrogen is sus- 
pected: — 

K'iti/* CoUegt, Mh F^TVary, 1841. 

Mr DKAR Sib, — As any confirmation 
of my ii]«tt, that the nnhealtliinc^ of the 
Alrican coast is dependent, in a great 
degKe,npon tbe evolution of snlpliuret ted 
liydrogen, is calculated to give confidence 
(o those who aic about to start upon the 
Expedition to the Niger, from tlie cer- 
tuntyof tbe means of counteraction within 
oar power, I hasten to communicate to 
von the result of an experiment which 
certainly determines the origin of that 
deleterious gas to be the re-action of ve- 
Ijetable matters upon the sulphate of aoda 
ID sea water. 

On the 2nd of November last I placed 
* qaantity of newly-fallen leaves in three 
glsm jars capable of holding about I^ 
gdloD of water. 

No. 1. — Upon the first I poared abouta 
galltm of New River water. 

>'o. 2. — Upon tlie second I poured about 
tile wue quantity of the same water, in 
vbich 3 ounces of common mlt had been 
difflolred. 

So. 3. — Upon the third, the same 
quantity of water in which 3 ounces of 
cn-ataDized eulphate of soda had been die- 
wlTed. 

^The three jars were then placed in a 
*ann chamber, the temperature of which 
'Mied from about 70° to 110% and the 
Titer waa filled up irom time to time, 
lu it evapoiated, and tbe mixture well 
Etiired. 

Upon examinii^ them yesterday, tlie 
following was found to be the state of the 
jm:— 

No. 1 had a very disagreeable odour, 
but produced no change whatever upon 
ptDo- soaked in acetate of lead. 

no. 2 was perfectly sweet, and pos- 
sessed, indeed, a rather afp-eeable odour. 
It produced no effect, of course, ujioa the 
test paper. 

b'o. 3 had a most insunportablp sicken- 
ing odoDT, much worse tnan tliat of puro 
Bnlphnrrtted hydrogen, and instantly 



blackened paper soaked in acetate of lead, 
throwing down sulphuiet of lead wiUi a 
metallic lustre. 

If yon, or any of your friends, would 
like to see the expenment in its present 
stage, it would give me tbe greatest plea- 
sure to show it. 

Now, for all this, chlorine fumigation 
is the certain remedy, and I have taken 
the liberty of sending you herewith some 
memoranda for conducting the process, 
with the earnest hope thtrt they may be 
useful to the Expedition. 

I remain, &c., 

J. F. Dakibix. 
Captain Waihington, HJf. 



■rmoATios Br 



One part by weight of coijimon sail, and 
one part of the black oxide of manganese 
are to be acted upon by two parts of oil of 
vitriol, previously mixed with one port, 
by weignt, of water, (8 measures of acid, 
10 of water,) and left till cold. Such a 
mixture will immediately begin to evolve 
chlorine at a temperature of lili", and con- 
tinue to do 80 for four days in a gradual 
ithout the siiplication of any 

The vessels in which the mixture is 
made may be flat pans of any common 
earthenware. 

34 lbs. of the mixed salt and manganese, 
with 4J lbs. of the mixed acid and water, 
are calculated to yield S^ cubic feet of 
chlorine. 

In 8uspect»I situations it would be 
desirable to have one or two charges of 
34 lbs. of the Bolt and manganese placed 
oil the windward side of the deck, to 1>« 
renewed on every fifth day. It is, how- 
ever, impossible to give directions for the 
exact quantity, the object being to pre- 
serve on atmosphere smelling oichlonne, 
but not sufficient to produce any irritation 
of the lungs, or couching. 

lietween the decks this kind of fiimi- 
gation would be too strong ; but pans 
containing chloride of lime and water 
would be sufficient protection. The so- 
lution, however, should be frequently 
renewed. 

A charge of the chlorine mixture would 
be very advantageously placed in the 
hold, if it were to be found not to pro- 
duce any serious annoyance. It should 
also be remembered tliat there is nothing 
injurious in the odour of chlorine, pro- 
vided it be not in such excess as to jiro- 
ducc coughing. 

J. F. Dahibll. 
Kin^t QAlcge, Uh FArvarf, ^841^^^^,. 



«4 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[25th Feb 



WATER FROM THE COAST OF 

AFRICA. 
In addition to the analjais of water 
from the coast of Africa, contained in 
our second number, we are now enabled, 
through the kindness of Sir William 
BuRNETT.to give some fuTtberevidence 
of the presence of sulphuretted hydro- 
gen in the waters of that coasts— 
H.MS. Albert, D^ford, 15 FA., 1841. 
Mr DE&R Sir, — As the subject of wa- 
ters contMning sulphuretted hydrogen has 
deservedly occupied a prominent place in 
the columns of The Friend of J/rica, 
and as it is one of vast importance, in 
connexion with the Niger Expedition, 1 
herewith transmit to you the result of a 
chemical examination of aeverol bottles of 
water, collected by myself in March, 1B39, 
in the river Bonny, at the request of Cap- 
tain Craioib, of H.M.S. Scout, of which 
ahip I was at that time surgeon. 

This analysis was conducted by Mr. 
Garden, of Oxfoid Street, in Julv, 1839, 
to whom it was referred by Sir William 
Burnett, the Inspector-General of Naval 
Hoepitala and Fleets, who has kindly 
furnished me with Mr. Garden's report, 
accompanied by the enclosed note. 
I am, &c., 

I.0.SI*Wiuj4ii,M.D. 
TothaJBdHor.Sse. 

Admiralty, 4tA Jan., 1 B40. 
Dear Sib, — As you may feel an inte- 
rest in knowing the result of the examin- 
ation of the water ^irocured in different 
E laces on the coast of Africa, and sent 
ome from 11. M.S. Sana by Captain 
Cr^gie, I send herewith copies of the 
report of tlie analysis made by my desire 
by Mr. Garden, of Oxford Street, on the 
occasion. Fdthfully yours. 

Dr. M'WiUiam. W. BuR.fETT. 

1. Water from the River Bonny, taken 
half a mile inMde the mouth, on the ]2tk 
of March, 1889, just before the commence- 
ment of Uie rainy season. 

Each imperial pint of this water con- 
tained 2'Ugrwns of saline matter, consist- 
ing of the following ingredients. 
Sulphate of Magnesia 

Do. of Lime 
Muriate of Magnesia 

Do. of Soda 
Sulphuretted Hydrogen, -680 cb. in. 

2. Water from the mouth of the River 
I^wos, lat. 6" 20' N., long. 3° Btf E. nearly. 

Each pint yielded 240 grains of saline 
matter, consisting of the some ingredients 
as those above mentioned ; also 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen, 1844 th. in, 



3. Water from the Rivra Bonny, taken 
off Ju-ju Point, on the 12th of March, 1839, 
about one mile and a half within the 
mouth. 

One pint yielded 200 giains of saline 
substances, as above, and 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen, -505 cb. in. 

4. Water from off Gr^d Bonnv, about 
three miles inude the mouth of tne river. 

One pint yielded 208 grains of the same 
salts as above, and 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen, 3-500cb. in. 
A. Gardbn. 

We annex the report of an analysis 
by Professor Faraday, of some speci- 
mens of water brougbt home by Cap- 
tain W. Allen, R.N., from the rivers 
Quorra and Chadda; it is hardly neces- 
sary to remark that they contain no 
trace of sulphuretted hydrogen. 

The water of the Quorra, when brin- 
ing to rise, is ve#y soft and pure in relation 
to saline matters ; it cont^ns mere traces of 
calcareouBsaltsorof sulphates, and is prin- 
cipally marked by the presence of an alka- 
line muriate. But wiui respect to impuri- 
ties of another kind, namely organic, this 
water abounds. When collected, it mnst 
have been very turbid indeed, from the 
presence of much fine ferruginous clayey 
matter. 

The water of the Quorra,when at the 
highest, has similar characters in a smaUer 
degree. As to saline matters, it is exceed- 
ingly pure, scarcely any traces of the salt^ 
even of the muriate, are now to be found. 
The water is sweet; the deposit is smal- 
ler in quantity, but of similar character 
to that from the former sample. 

The water of the Chadda, when b^in- 
ninelorise, is sweet, and contuos a little 
of the mixed organic and earthy deposits; 
as to salt& it contains the merest trace, 
and b in that respect very pure. 

Now the water brought from off Grand 
Bonny contains very considerably more 
sulphuretted hydrogen than that brought 
from Lopez Bay, Eluded to in the w- 
cond number of The Friend of Africa, 
or the Harrowgate water, which has 
only 2'30 cubic inches in a pint, and is 
the most atrouffly impreffnal«d with that 
gas of any in the United Kingdom, and 
only exceeded, we believe, in Europe, by 
the spring at Aix-la-Ch^wlie, which 
contains S-50 cubic inches in a pint. 

On reference to Captain Vidal's chart, 
containing his excellent and laborious 
survey of the western coast of Africa, but 
more especially of the Bights and Benin 



ISll.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



and Bikfira, which tbat officer carried 

oD through a series of years in the most 
perseTcring manDer, undaunted by cli- 
mate, sickaess, or fatigue, we may ob- 
Mrve that the coast forms an estuary, 
ialo which not only tvo lar^ branches 
ofthe Bonny river discharge themselves, 
but also the New Calabar and other 
etrearas which are not named, all flow- 
ing through a richly wooded country 
for some distance, and as far as the tide 
citends, thickly set with mangroves — 
that these streams bring down much 
vegetable detritusi and form deposits of 
mud at their moutjis, there can be uo 
doubt; and thus it would appear that 
the moat favourable conditions for gene- 
ntiag sulphuretted hydrogen are pre- 
sent, in this very case in which so lai^ a 
qnaatity of this deleterious gaa is found. 
It will be a curious and interesting 
eiperiinent,asthe Expedition approaches 
the coast, to test the water at different 
dislancn; the test is, it sppears, simple — 
merelyasolutionof the sulphate of copper 
(dt blue vitriol), and we believe it is the 
intention of the medical officers to carry 
such experiments into effect. 

The evidence we already have on 
this luhject goes to show that this gas 
extends along the coast, through upwards 
of 1000 miles in latitude, and in the in- 
stance of the water taken up off the 
mouth of the Bango and Dondc rivers, 
(in8°33'S.,) it reaches 40 miles to sea- 
cards; should this be the case through- 
out, and it is not improbable, our cruizers 
on the coaat are exposed to exhalations 
of sulphuretted hydrogen, given out from 
the ocean mider a tropical sun, over an 
area of 40,000 square miles in extent. 

Happily the remedy is within otir 
reach; Professor Daniell has shown in 
another part of this paper, a simple 
nu>de of generating chlorine, which 
bu the property (rf instantly effecting 
the decomposition of this deleterious 
gas, and rendering it perfectly 



VBrraxjirai ov thx irioER stiam vessbls. 

We had hoped to be able to give in this 
number the continuation of Dr. Reid'sac- 
enant ofthe medicating apparatuB on board 
the steamers of tho Niger Expedition ; but 
Ending it difficult to explain the orrange- 
meut dearly without a diagram, we are 
wmpelled to defer it till the next numbei'l 



These observations are intended to 
form a part of the extensive magnetical 
researches which are now in progress, 
and have for one of their principal ob- 
jects, the determination of the magnetic 
state of the whole globe at the present 
epoch, by systematic observations made 
nearly contemporaneously at almost 
every accessible part of its surface. To 
those of our readers who may desire to 
acquaint themselves more particularly 
with the nature, aim, and extent of this 
great scientific operation, and of the 
honourable part which our own country 
and our countrymen are taking in it, we 
strongly recommend the perusal of an 
article entitled Terrestrial JUagnetism, 
in the CXXXIst. No. of the Quarterly 
Review, as we cannot ourselves do jus- 
tice to the subject in the space we should 
be able to allot to it. To all, however, 
the importance will be obvious, in such 
an inquiry, of the opportunity which the 
African Expedition presents, of attaining 
observations in a partoftheglobe which 
must otherwise have been regarded as 
inaccessible. Accordingly, on the first 
annountwment of the intentions of Go- 
vernment, in January, 1840, the Council 
ofthe Royal Society adopted the follow- 
ing resolution : — 

That the President be requested to re- 
present to Her Majesty's government tho 
importance of magnet ical observations being 
made in the Expedition aliout to proce^ ' 

to the coasts anQ rivers of Western Africa : 
that these observations might be made 
without in any respect interfering with the 
objects and duties of the officers employed, 
and would have a peculiar scientific value 
at this time, when, by tiie liberality of 
Her Majesty's government, similar re- 
searches ore making in so many parts of 
the globe : and to offiT the services of the 
Royal Society in preparing the necessary 
instructions, and in superintending the 
construction of the instruments, the cost 
of which will not exceed lOOt 

To this the government most readily ' 

acceded. 

Besides the observatlens of the class 
to which we have referred, viz., those i 

which will determine the direction and ^ 

intensity of the magnetic force of the « 

earth at the present epoch, in the ooun- | 

tries which the Expedition will visit, 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



neaiu are provided for its taking part, 
should circumstances permit, in the in- 
Testigation into tbe nature and causes 
of the magnetic perturbaliom, which 
have excited so great an interest in the 
last few years. The evidence that these 
perturbations are general and Hvnchro- 
Dous over the whole extent of Europe, 
receives additional confirmation hj each 
succeeding year of concerted obserra- 
tioo; hut the comparison of the simul- 
taneous ohservatious, recently extended 
as they have been to Canuia and the 
United States, has shown that this 
markabte correspondence does not 
tend to America, although the American 
observations present an accordance with 
each other but little less remarkable 
than the European. We may iufer that 
the causes of the perturbations < 
distant from tbe earth than was at first 
apprehended ; and they may possibly, 
therefore, be more easily sought out, 
especially by the extension of the sta- 
tions, and by their being formed into 
groups. In this view the Expedition 
may afford a station of peculiar impor- 
, tance, as the central one of a group, of 
which the British Magnetic Obserrato- 
ries at St. Helena and the Cape of 
Good Hope, the Egyptian at Cairo, the 
French at Algiers, and the Spanish at 
Cadiz, may form the exterior stations. 
These are the term-day observations 
named in tbe subjoined instructions : 
they are made only on certain days, 
twelve in number, in each year, named 
by the Royal Sodety for general simul- 
taneous observation at all parts of tht 
globe ; the instruments being observed 
exactly at every fifth minute, during 
twenty-fonr successive hours. On some 
one or more of these daye, the Expedi- 
tion may be so circiunatanccd as to 
enable the observers to keep the term. 

1. The magnetic instniments provided 
IvT the African Expedition are as follows : 
A tranq»oriab]e magnetometer. 
Weber's abeolntc horizontal intmsity 
^patBtus. 



Robinson's dipping needle. 
Hansteen's horicoatal inten^ty ap- 
paratus. 
Alimiith 



2. These instruments mav be odvanta- 
geonslv separated into two difiaiaD^ to be 
embaived m different sh' 



Urst divimon : 

Transportable magnetometer. 

Fox's dipping needle. 

Hansteen s horizontal intenaity. 

An azimnth compaas. 
Second division: 

Weber's horitontal intensity. 

Robinson's dipping needle. 

An aximuUi compass. 

3. By the instmrnenta componng the 
first division, the following detCTminations 
may be made : — The varuaioa and the 
abMuU hoTKOtttal itUentity by the trans- 
portable magnetometer, when the Expe- 
dition may be stationary for three or four 
days ; and when, for a single day only, the 
variaiitm by the azimuth compass, tne dip 
and total inttmrity by Fox's needles, and 
the rdatite h>rvxmtai intensity by Haa- 
steen'fl apparatus. Also, by the tranq>ort- 
able magnetometer, the laranitenation* 
of the variation and of the lioriisiimtal 
ittifuity may be observed, should the 
Expedition be stationary on any of the 
ma^etic term-days fix«l by the Roysl 
Society, and named in the report of the 
Committee of Physics, page 38. On theae 
occarions it is desirable that tbe ofaaerveiB 
in both ships should (mite, and cMnbine 
their services. 

4. By the instromenta eompoaing the 
second dividon the following detenninB- 
tions may be made: — The tAeoltOe luri- 
eorOal inleruity by Weber's appaiatna, 
when the E»)edition may be statitniBiy 
for three or four days ; and when fi)r ft 
single day only, the variatitm by Iba 
azimuth oompaaa, tite df> by Robinon's 
needle, and the relatitt iorimnttU iiOmt^ 
by Weber's (q)pamtus^ 

5. Tbe determination of the aitebtta 
horitontal inientity, which is of gmd 
importance for the general theory of 
terrestrial magnetism, ^ould be made, if 
posdble, at the first staUon not having a 
volcanic soil at which the Expedition 
may remun for three or fbnr days after 
its arrival in Afiica ; and a second time, at 
the last station not having a volcanic soil 
at which the E]n>edition may remain 
three or four days before it quits Africa. 
The observations at these stations should 
not be confined to a single determinatiou, 
but should be repeated as often as cinmn- 
stanccs and time will permit. They will 
fonn a basts on which the observations of 
relatin intenfity, made elsewhere dnrii^ 
the progress of Uie Expedition, may imL 
Should a third opportunity of detr ' ' 



flO 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



67 



the abtolate intensity pnsent itself at or 
near the hiehest point on the river vhich 
the Expedition may reach, the magnetic 
oleerrations would, in this particular, be 
extremely ooinplet«. 

6. The iDBtmments for determining the 
rc^rftM intmsity both total and horizontal, 
H w^ MB those for the variation and dip, 
ibmdd be carefiiUy observed nith, when- 
ever the abeolate intensity is ascertained, 
■nd always precisely at the same spot. 
The dip, the variation, and the relative 
homontal and total inten^ty, may all be 
determined by a ungle observer in four 
bonrs, and shonld be observed at as many 
ttatioos aa may he found convenient. 

7. Before the Expedition leaves Eng- 
knd the angles of deflection of Fox's 
btenrity needles shoold be observed, as 
nil as the times of vibration of Hansteen's 
and Weber's horiiontAl needles ; and these 
obKrvations should be repeated at the 
ame spot on the retnm of the Espedi- 

8. Deeniptions of the instrumenti^ and 
of the methods of observing with them, are 
rantained in the following works, viz. : — 

lie transportable magnetometer, in 
Taylor's Sdaitifie Memoiri, part viii, 
Mannsnipt insbuctions for this instru- 
ment are also supplied, conimning an ex- 
tn^le in fall detail of the detenninatiitn 
of the sbaolnte horizontal intensity, with 
the Gonstaats for the particular roagne- 
loneter ascertained by SL. Weber himeelf. 

Fox's dipping and intensity needles ; a 
printed description b furnished witlt the 
iBs^nment. 

Robinson's diiming needle, and Han- 
•teen't horizontal intensity apparatiifl are 
loo well known to require a reference to de- 
Kriptions. The dip with Rolnnson's needle 
diould always be observed in the eight 
positions of the circle and needle, the 

Sitles of the needle being reversed in each 
eteimination. With Fox's dipping needle 
the poles are not reversed, and two posi' 
tions only are neceasarj-. The poles of 
Fox's intensitv needles are never to be 
reversed, or the needlea tliemselves suf- 
fered to touch the magnets. 

Weber's intensity apparatus is described 
in Taylor's SeietU^ MemoirM, part v. 

9. Blank forma for registering the 
observations of the dip and intensity may 
be obtainnl at Allen's, 7, Leadenhall- 
etreet, where alao forms for registering the 
terai-observstions on the days fixed by 
the Royid Society may be procured. 

Edwjlhd S*niNE. 
ZeMfeH, I>tcember 14, 1840. 



NIGER EXPEDITION. 
In preceding numbers we hove given 
account of the general equipment and 
proceedings of the vessels composing 
the Niger Expedition, and of the arrival 
of the Albert and Soudan at Deptford. 
We may now state that the Wilber- 
^rce. Captain William Allen, hav- 
ing completed her fittings, sailed from 
Liverpool, on Wednesday afternoon, the 
1 7th inst., for Dublin, where she arrived 
on the following morning. 

The chief object in visiting Dublin, 
is, as before mentioned, to enable the 
officersto consult with Professor Lloyd, 
respecling the magnetic observations 
which, with other scientific investiga- 
tions, will be carried on in the interior of 
Africa, whenever the more immediate 
objects of the Expedition give leisure 
for such a purpose. 

Besides Meyerstein's transportable 
magnetometer, which is a beautiful ins- 
trument with several improvements lately 
suggested by its mikcr at Gottingcn, and 
the dipping needles before alluded to, 
the Expedition will be fiimished with 
Hansteen's horiiontal intensity appara- 
tus, OS well as that by Weber, so thai, in 
fact, two complele sets of instrnments 
prepared, and may be conveniently 
embarked in separate vessels. On the 
determinations to be made by these 
instruments, and the peculiar value of 
observations in these localities, we need 
only refer to the able instructions to ac- 
company them, kindly communicated by 
Major Sabine, which will be found in 
the preceding article. 

The Wilber/orce will probably leave 
Dublin on the 25lh inst., and after call- 
ing at Plymouth and Portsmouth, reach 
Woolwich about the 5th March, when 
she will immediately compfete her stores 
and otherwise prepare for sea. 

On the 1 7th inst. the Albert left Dept- 
ford to proceed to Woolwich, and took 
advantage of the opportunity of steam- 
mg down to Graveaeud to try her speed, 
which was found satisfactory. 

The Soudan still remains at Dept- 
ford preparing her compasses and fitting 
the medicating apparatus under the_ im- 
mediate superintendence of Dr. Reid. 

Orders have been given to supply the 
Expedition with four Deal -built galleys, 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



LSSth Feb. 



two of 40 snd two of 32 feet in length, 
which are constructiag by Waterman at 
Plymouth ; so that in the event of any 
obstruction by rocks or shallow water, 
the light galleys will be able to ascend 
the rivers as far as may be required. 

We rejoice to find that there w 
some mistake in the report that the 
steamer Eihime could not ascend the 
Quorra until July. It appears that, afler 
lying five days at Ibu, the vessel left that 
place on the 26th May, and reached At- 
tah, or more correctly) Iddab,onthe 15tb 
June, Thus it does not appear from any 
information yet received, that any want 
of water was experienced. 

We understand that the log-book of 
the Eihiope, during this voyage, may 
shortly be expected at Liverpoool, when 
no doubt the public wiU be put in pos- 
session of the facts of a voyage which 
cannot but be of great interest to all 
connected with the present Expedition. 



MAP OF THE KAWARA, 
OB QUORflA. 

Ab every friend to the cause of the 
Civilisation of Africa will naturally he 
deurouB of following the course of the 
Niger Expedition in its ascent of the 
Quorra, it has been thought right te 
present the readers of Tm Friend of 
Africa with a map, on a small scale cer- 
tainly, but as correct as the best mate- 
rials at our dbposal, in the skilful hands 
of Mr. John Arrowsmith, will admit of. 

As the chief object in view was to 
comprise the scene of the intended ope- 
rations in Western Africa, and of the 
various journeys of Clapperton; the Lan- 
ders; of Laird, Oldfield, Allen, and 
Becroft, in their ascent of the river, all 
of which become of double interest at 
this moment, the Quorra, or as we trust 
our readers will permit us to write it, the 
Kaw&a,— ^or such they may be assured 
is the name given to i^ not only by the 
natives who dwell on its banks, but also 
is so written by erery nation in Eu- 
rope except the English, (and was thus 
written by Sultan Bello's Schoolmaster 
atSakatCi; andsurelyheoi^Af toknow,) 
—the Kawara, we repeat, has been made 
the chief feature of the map, which in- 
cludes the country for about 200 miles 
east and west; thus extending from 
Badagry, the starting point of Clapper- 



ten in 1826, and Lander in 1830, in the 
west ; te Kaoo, Jak^bah, and the lofty Cs- 
meroona mountain, in the east : in latitude 
it extends from Sakatii, in the north, to 
the island of Fernando Po, !□ the south; 
its sea-board comprising the whole t^ 
the delta of the Kawiira with its twenty- 
two outlets, and the Bights of Beoin 
and Biafra, of slave-trading notoriety— 
in short, shewing on area of upwards of 
200,000 square geographical nules of that 
portion of Sud^n, through the centre of 
which the Kawara holds a diagonal 
course of nearly 800 miles, or about one- 
third of its whole length. 

From Itabba to the sea, the river has 
been laid down from Captain W. Allen's 
survey ; as also the Chadda from Daghoh 
to the confluence. 

Our limits forbid us to say more 
now; but wo shall often have occasion 
to return to this subject, in tracing the 
progress of the Expedition; and with 
this view the map la purposely given 
loose that it may be used with any fu- 
ture number of the paper. We would 
merely add one word with respectlo or- 
thography. The readers of The Friend 
of Africa will, we trust, henceforward 
consent that the names of places, in a 
country that has no written language, 
shall be spelt in the simplest form our 
language admits of: to do this, it wiU 
be necessary to use the more rare, but 
strictly English sounds of the roweb, 
as heard in ftther, there, Jatigue, W*, 
lunar. This was the plan pursued by 
Sir William Jones in writing the ori- 
ental languages in the Roman charac- 
ters, and it has since been adopted by 
all missionary and learned societies; 
and it seems that we can hardly do bet- 
ter than follow in their steps : it has the 
advantage of b«ng much more simile 
than any other plan, and of being in 
use among nearly all European natiouB, 
who generally adopt the Italian, or sim- 
plest sound of the vowels. We pinTWSC, 
then, always to accent the emphatic syl- 
lable, and to write Kawara, Turabiiktu, 
Sudan, Sakat6, &c, and, we trust, with- 
out giving offence to any of ourreaaere- 
One other custom seems too finoly 
rooted to attempt to alter it. We must 
rest satisfied, therefore, with merely put- 
ting the question, Is the Kawara of ih'' 
modems the Niger of the ancients ? >'C 
think NOT. 



G << b e ^ " I 




b, Google 



IMI-I 



TkE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 

Before entering upon the featifjiag 
duty of recording the Tarious Auxiliary 
Associations in many cases spontan- 
eously formed throughout the country, 
it may be pennitted, perhaps, to recall 
to mind the great meeting of the Parent 
Society, held in London on the lat June 
lut, vhen His Royal Highness Prince 
Albert, as President, graciously took 
the chair, supported by the rank and ta- 
lent of the nation ; and as there may be 
a few individuals in some of our distant 
colonies, though none, we feel assured, 
in the remotest corner of the British 
Isles, who have not heard of or read the 
address of His Royal Highness on that 
occasion, we gladly embrace this oppor- 
tunity of giving more publicity and per- 
manency to sentiments that must forever 
endear the Royal Consort of out Queen 
to the heajts of the people of this 
country. 

Prikce Albert said: — Ihavebeen 
induced to preside at the meeting of this 
Society from a conviction of its para- 
mount importance to the great interests 
of humanity and justice. (Cheers.) T 
deeply r^ret that the benevolent and 
perserering exertions of England to 
abolish that atrocious traffic in human 
beings, at once the desolation of Africa 
and the blackest stain upoa civilized 
Europe, have not as yet led to any sa 
iactory conclusion; but I sincerely trust 
that this great country will not relax 
its efforts, until it has finally and for 
ever put an end to a state of things so 
repugnant to the spirit of Christianity 
and to the best feelings of our nature. 
(Cheers,) Let us, therefore, trust that 
Providence will'prosper our exertions in 
so holy a cause; and that under the 
auspices of our Queen (loud cheers) 
and her government, we may at no dis- 
tant period be rewarded by the accom- 
plishment of the great and humane ob- 
ject for the promotion of which we have 
this day met. (Prolonged cheering.) 



The honour of taking the lead in esta- 
blishing Branch Societies is due to East 
Dorset, and we r^nt that our limits for- 
bid our giving more than a meagre outline 
of the eeveruexeellentaddreases delivered 



At a very numerous meeting of tie no- 
bility, clergy, and gentry, held at Bland- 
ford, on tlie 15th September, 1840, 

H.C. Stubt, Esq., M. P., in the chair, 
the proceedings having been opened by 

Lord Ashley said that we had at last 
reached aperiodiuthe history of this ques- 
tion, and of mankind, when it was no 
longer necessary by argument to prove tlio 
unlawfulness and niiquity of the tnifiic in 
L !.■___ xiierewasnot, he believed. 



vili/ed Europe, who would now be found 
ready to defend or extenuate so atrocious a 
system. . . He had appealed to many who 
had hesitated to join tSe Society, because 
they entei-tained misgivings as to its ulti- 
mate success. No doubt tliat Society, like 
everythine of human institution, was ex- 
posed to wl the frailties of human imper- 
fection. But was any flan more Ukely to 
attain the one great desu'ed end ? The na- 
tion had Iwn fcst asleep, but it was now 
awakened to all the horrors of this system, 
and to all the responsibilities under which 
it laboured ; and this measure was now 
set forth, not because it was the best 
one for adoption, but because it was the 
only one now available. (Hear.) We 
might be exposed to loss of money; and 
yet the utmost amount so lost, was not 
more tbau would go to the nusing of a 
triumphal arch, or some great monument. 
Did Uiey expose human life to hazard? 
Not more than was hazarded in every 
voyage of discovery that was almost daily 

undertaken Tliat something 

must be done, and that the necessity 
was iirgent, no one could deny. Some- 
thing we must do, and he used tho 
word "we," emphatically, because we, 
the people of England, who before liad 
a duty in this matter, had now a duty 
and an interest superadded to it. Some- 
thing must be done, or the resources of our 
colonies would be dried up, tlieir pros- 
perity at an end, and the mercies which 
we had shown to our wretched negroes, 
might bring ruin ou ourselves, and might 
increase greatly the evils of those who re- 
mained m a slate of slavery. 

After alluding to the cruelty still prac- 
tised on their slaves by some Bntiish Mraing 
Awociations in Brazil, Lord Ashley con- 
cluded ;— He knew that it might be said 
that the means proposed were but feeble, 
to accomplish so great an end. They did, 
indeed, appeal- so ; and such they inielit 
prove ; but no others were now left, nnd it 
was not their bu^neas to inquire, liow lar 
it might please God to bless their efforts to 
His own good purposes. They did, how- 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[25111 Feb. 



ever, know that the enterprise was holy, 
ju3t,BDd good, and they would conunit 
the iasae thereof to God. 

Lord Porthan said the resolntion ha 

woB to second dedored it to be a duty iu- 
cumhent on Christians, to adopt such 
strenuous and combined exertions hs might 



rent practice of sltLvery. That such was 
their duty as Christians, no one could re- 

Xire B word trom him to enforce. On 
eir duty as men and women of tliis 
county, he was snre it must be most agree- 
able to know that an inhabitant--a native 
of tliat county, had taken so deep an inte- 
rest in ttiis subject that on him Uie mantle 
of Wilbcrfurce mif;ht be said to htLvc been 
cast, — he meant Sir Foweil Buxton, who 
■vyoB one of those who had taken the 

lead in the present undertaking 

The question for conwderation was — was 
this a plan wliicli they ought to support ? 
He certainly thought that this plan waa, in 
his opinion, more likely to succeed than 



y other that had been submitted 
public. . , . The association jiroposed so 
to Christianize the people, so to civilize 
the native powers, tJiat they might both 
see the horrois of slaveiy, and tiiat they 
niight be taught that which he was very 
soi-ry to say, might appeal more success- 
fully to mere human feeling, that the 
abolition of the system would be more to 
theirintere8t.(Hear.) It was a plan which 
would require none of the engmes of war 
— none of the deceit of treaties — none 
of the tricks for eluding the faith pre- 
tended to be kept between nations; and if 
they referred to individual gun, it would 
seem but to direct that gun into a more 

lioly nnd legitimate direction 

He believed that in this country it did 
not require for good to be done that it 
should be done by the aristocracy of 
wealth ; bnt it must be by the small con- 
tributions of the great mass of the people. 

Sib J. W, Smith, Bart, said that he 
felt the greatest pleasure in co-operating 
on this important occasion, end had high 
gratification in moving the second resolu- 

ITie Rbv. Henbt Modlb had heard an 
objection raised to the Association, to 
which he thought it deairabls to advert, 
namely, that in this work the_y were pro- 
ceeding contrary to the course indicated by 
Gon, inasmuch as they were proceeding to 
civilizfl first, and then to Christianize ; but 
altiiougb the direct object of the Associa- 
tion was tlie extinction of slarerv, it had 
another object which was secondary only 
for the time and not in importance, that 
when this good work wm once begun, an 



opening would be made, which did notnow 
exiBt,for the operations of Missionarv laboor. 
(Hear.). . . . Tliey were bound to look 
at the piliable object before them, that 
600,000 of their fellow creatures were an- 
nually carried away captive, and Ibat 
170,000 only reached the place of slav- 
ery, the remainder falling victims to such 
misery as the pen of man could not de- 
scribe. (Hear.) And in considering this, 
it ill became them to calculate on the 
mere chances of success. (Hear.) Were 
they yet to leani that it was the duty uf 
man not to slacken in his exertions, but 
to proceed and leave the issue in the 
hands of God ? If Sir Foweil Buxton's 
plans were followed up, the Government 
would plant settlements up the rivew, 
where the mis^onariee would be protected ; 
and when this opening was afforded, many 
of the negroes who had been liberated by 
the twenty millions, and embued with IM 
truths of the Gospel, entreated to be sent 
back to the land of their fathers, to carry 
that Gospel which God had blessed to 
their own souls ; and tlie Church Mission- 
ary Society was awailiug the opportunity 
of proceeding further into the interior of 
the country, as soon as success was pven 
to the Association; and if it wss in the 
decrees of Providence that the Slave Trade 
should be thus extinguished, and an exten- 
sive missionary field should be opened, let 
it not bo said that they liad placed civiliia- 
tion before Christianity. (Hear.) 

The Rbv. T. Ttbwhitt felt that the 
state of the great continent of Africa was 
somewhat analogous to the scriptural de- 
scription of the state of the whole world 
prior to the awful desolation of the deluge. 
Corruption there existed in its worst ftrm, 
inducing the powerful individuals of tlw 
land to give up their countrymen to all 
the horrors of slavery, — and a systeni of 
violence written in cliMactera of blood and 
tears : and when matters liad reached this 
fearfiil point, were tliey to stand still 
and leave it for fnture generations to r^ 
the harvest of so good a work as that 
before them 7 Ought they not rather to 
make endeavours to hasten that time when 
there would be no more slavery, but when 
every man might sit under his own rine 
and his own fig tree, and eat the fVnits of 
his own labour, thanking Gon for the re- 
demption vouchsafed to every soul who 
came to Him through Jesits Cbrist. 

ITie Rev. R. Moore observed, that all 
present were united in the opinion that the 
slave trade was the curse of Afiica, and lay 
at the root of all iU miseries; and thai, 
until that trade was extin^ished, it would 
continue to be a land of desolation and of 
blood. . . . tie thought fiOininfwiil^'*^ 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



ei 



u thep 



witlMnt reeling that it naa a Qiriatlan 
datjr to adopt th« Remedy pointed out. 
This comae was the eocourageiiieQt of 
lEKfol commerce and peaceful □ccupatioDu 
It was to teacli the African chief tllat the 
labour of the people would be worth mncb 
more tA their conntry than the sale of their 
bodies. Tliis wasthe great object of the 
Societj — a Society formed to befriend and 
wUch over the interests of Afnca: and in 
seekinK this, it recognised the great prin- 
ciple tWt the onl^ remedy for the evils 
and calamities wliich afflicted AEHca was 
tile introducUon of the Gospel. Yet it was 
God's way to workb;^ haman iustnunents, 
and he believed this Society wouM be 

CnDg the way for the exertions of a holy 
□d of mi^onary labourers, bo that in 
due time we should see the interior of 
AMca studded with missioiiary stations; 
10 that, evenlnally, tjirough the agency 
of this Society in the first place, the in< 
haUtants of tLat laud would be rescued bath 
from temporal and f 
Let them, if <he^ 
experiment, slill it was a generous ex- 
perimeut, worthy of a Christian nation. 
W. C. laMBan Esq. trusted that the 

iiroeeedingB of the day would be eenemlly 
oUowed, and that the appeal in oelulf of 
the wretched Africans would not be made 
iu Tain to the national conscience of Great 
Britun. (Hear.) 

The Rev. Caks Glvn s^d that they 
were not to sappose that they should see 
tiie&Tiits of this grent Institution speedily 
realized. They would doubtlesahearmuclt, 
from time to time, of the progress of the 
Fispedition; and if, perchance, they 
shduld hear that it had some blights 
on it, that might induce some to i 
that it would nave been better that 



attempt were made ; yet he hoped that the 
time would come when they mould have 
leasoa to arrive at the conclusion that the 
gnat object would be giuned, which they 
desired to promote. ... At Sierrs Leone, 
where British commerce had been intro- 
duced, the people were flocking to the 
sUndard of the Hiagionaries, and the Slave 
Tisdewas entirehr extinct; and at Coat 
Coast Castle, which was formerly tlii 
place where most of the slaves were stolen 
fur the supplv'of the West Indies, it ap- 
pured that there was a line of coast of 180 
iui)esinextmit,oTcr which the slave tradi 
^M not known, and this solely because thi 
priociplcs now advocated had l)een there 
ferried out. (Hear.) These were fscts 
which proved that the views of the Society 
nere not visionary. It was also the fact, 
'hat where this result had taken place, 
there Christianity bod made prt^ess. 



In Sierra Leone, the Church Missionary 
Society had a very flonrishing station ; and 
on tlio Gold Coast also, the progress of 
Christianity bad been truly wonderful. 
When tliey thus saw what was going on 
already in Airica, and collated it with the 
advices from the West Indies, they could 
not but feel that the hand of God was on 
this work; audit was worthy of notice, that 
at the very time when the public in 
tills countiy seemed so dispoeed to do 
something for the extinction of slavery, it 
was manifest that amongst the emancipated 
negroes of the West uidies, there was a 
deep anxiety to go back to Africa to 
teach Christianity to their own people. 
(Hear.) In Jamaica a mission had been 
formed to go into the interior of Africa ; 
and in Antigua also there was a umilar 

Sirit prevailing. And when he saw that 
ere was this earnest wi^ amourst the 
people of the West Indies to go Dock to 
Africa and preach the Gospel ; and when 
he felt that, as a miniatei of tiiat Grospel, 
he could have nothing to do with this 
Association, unless it was distinctly de- 
clared that they could not look for saccess 
unless by Christianizing Africa, he could 
not but rejoice ; and trusted, that, what 
they were doing, would merit tile recom- 
mendation given by our Saviour to the 
woman who anointed his head, " She hath 
done what she could." 

The Resolutions were then unaaimoosly 
adopted. 

The CHintHAN expressed his gratifica- 
tion, not onlv at the ability with which 
the details of the meeting had been given, 
but also at the relisious tone that perraded 
the addresses of tne several speakers — a 
tone most accordant with the objects of 
the meeting. 

The fbllowbg were named as officers of 
the Society :— 

PRERInBNI : 

VicB Fresiubnts; 

Lord Ashley, M.P. I Sir J.W.Sraith.Bt. 

Lord Portman. Sir. R. P. Glyn, Bt. 

Hon. H. Dawson HeniyC.Sturt,EBq. 

Darner. | M.P. 

Trbascbbr: Rev. Fraous Smith. 

SBCBKrARIBS : 

Rev. Carr Glyn, Licut.-Colonel Kcane, 

Rev. T. Tyrwhitt. 
Donations and Subscriptions, l&Sl.l\t.Od. 
In addition to this very liberal subscrip- 
tion, numerous articles of dress, &c., as 



__ more particularly acknowledged here- 
after, have been received from the ladies 
connected with the East Dorset Branch 
Association. 

We must defer an account of other' 



THE PEIEND OF AFRICA, 



[^th Feb. 



Branch Sodeti«a until a subsequent num- 
ber, but in the meantime we may mea- 
tion thst the second public meeting was 
at Glasgow on the 24th September, 1840, 
the Marquis of Dok&oal&ank in the 
chtur, and being held during- the meeting 
in that city of the British Association for 
the advancement of Science, an unusually 
large aaserablage was present, not only of 
the nobility, clergy, and gentry of the 
town and its immediate neighbourhood, 
but also from Tarious parte of the United 
Kingdom. 

Besides the donations made at that time, 
the ladies in connexion with the Branch 
Society have liberally contributed upwards 
of three hvmdrad dresses for the African 
women which are shipped onboard H.M.S. 
Albert, and will be distributed as presents 
by the officers of the Niger Expedition. 

The great commercial city of Uanches- 
t«r soon followed the example, and on the 
26tb October, a public meeting was held 
in the morning, at which the Honourable 
and Very Rev. the De*k of MiSCHKSTKB 
took the chair, and was ably supported by 
theRiftht Hon. Sir George Murray, the 
Right Honourable Stephen Lushington, 
and a brge liody of the clergy and eentry 
of the neighbourhood, thus aHbrding a 
strong proof of the interest felt in oni 
gnat manufacturing towns, of the desira- 
bleness of opening commerce with the in- 
terior of Africa. 

West Dorset, Heading, Southwold_, Nor- 
wich, and Lowestoft, followed next in the 
order of public meetings; besides which, 
Provisional Committees hare been formed 
through the medium of the Society's tra- 
velling Secretary, Mr, Eccleston, at York, 
Durham, Newcastle, Derby, Loddon, Ply- 
mouth, Deronport, Exeter, Bristol, Chel- 
tenham, Oxfbra; tmd though lost, not the 
least gratifying. Auxiliaries have also been 
formed at Jamuca and Antigua in the 
West Indies. 

On the 21st January, at Plymouth, it 
was resolved that a public meeting should 
be held during the period of the stay of the 
■Niger Expedition at that port, just befiwe 
its de]>arture from England, about the £rst 
week in April. A similar meeting will be 
held at Devonport, about the same time. 

On leaving Exeter, Mr. Eccleston visited 
Bristol, Cheltenham, and Oxford, in all of 
which places he received the warroest sup- 
port. At Oxford, he is to lecture on the 
Sfith inst., at the request of the Vice- 
Chancellor and several of the heads of 
houses ; at Bristol, on March 2nd, and at 
Cheltenham, a Public Meeting will be held 
on the 4th March, 

The Exeter and York Meetinnwill pro- 
bably be detenoined by tiM A»ue week. 



In every part of the conntry he viated, 
Mr. Ecclraton found tliat there was much 
misconception and want of knowledge res- 
pecting the Government Expedition and 
the plans and objects of the Society, but 
which dissppeared when these points were 
clearly explained, and the distinction 
pointed ou^ that Uiis Society is a benMO- 
lent and not a rfUffious association, yet 
firmlv resolved, through Divine assistance, 
that m every act it commits, and in every 
agent it employs, it shall be guided solely 
by truly Christian principles. 



CAPTURE OF TWO SLAVERS. 

Anono the cTQuers on the west coast of 
AMca H.M, Brig Wateneiteh is distin- 
guished as one of the fostest vessek ever 
employed, and her success in the capture 
and destruction of slaveia has been propor- 
ttonably great : this, however, is to be 
attributed, as much to the active enterpris- 
ing character of her commander, Lieut. 
Henry J. Mitson, as to the good sailing 
qualities of his vessel. Till within a few 
months ago, the cruizing^ ground of the 
WiUeruiitch was in the Bights of Benin 
and Biafra, and her name appeared far a 
time to have fiightened away the slave 
vessels from that part of the coast, thouffh 
they have lately resumed the trafiBe at Ue 
mouths of the Kawara to a gnat extant, as 
we particularly mentiooM in our last 

During the eighteen months the Water- 
mteh has been on the station, she has csp- 
tured and destroyed eight vcskIb and four 
boats, containing twelve hundred and fifty 

R^^nt accounts from this vessd state, 
that, on the morning of the 13th of 
November last, they chased a very fine 
brig, and, ofler some houra pursuit, saw 
her anchor at Ambrix, on the coast of 
Angola in lat. 8° S., where a number 
of persona landed from her. She then 
slipped her cable, and made sail with the 
evident intention of runnii^ on the beach ; 
but the surf was so high that she con- 
tinned standing along-shore, ^psrentlv 
lookiiur for a e^ place to take the ground. 
The WatenoUek, however, came up with 
her so rapidly, that she frequently at- 
tempted to steer right for the Moch, but 
always hauled off again, deterred by the 
racing surf, which rendered the praeti- 
csDUity of landing the crew in safety 
very donbtfiil. However, about 2 p.m., 
the WatvmUeh being just within gun- 
shot, the slaver put her helm up, and 
ran on shore under all sail, and the 
whole of the eiew succeeded In Iwding, 



1M1.7 



THE PKIEND OP AFRICA. 



The WalerviteA iminediaUIv anchored as 
cloM in ahare, and as near to the bru aa her 
dnogfat o! \fatet would permit; &e then 
manned all her boats to endeavour to 
get her off; but the surf ran so high 
thej eonld not approach her. At length 
ta officer of the IVataipiteA, with four or 
fiye of the crew, swam through the surf 
tDcI boarded her. No papers or colours 
«eie foimd, but she proved to be the 
Doii de Outabrv, (Second of October,) 
, a luge slaver, anned with six guns, and 
qnite ready to receive slaves. FindinE it 
impOBsible to get her off, being half hill 
of water, the masts tottmog, and the sea 
intnasng, they set her on fire, and with 
gnat difficulty got through the surf by 
means of hauling lines fcwn the slave 
vessel to the Wateratich'i boats; before 
they could eSect this, several hun- 
drcoi of PortTignese and natives came 
doira and began firing, but the tooadside 
of the Waterwitch having )>eeit brought 
to hear npon them, they soon dispened 
in all directions. The bng ipeedUy oumt , 
to the water's edge. She was one of the 
nvxt notorioiiB akvers on the coast, and 
had mode five successftil voyages, taking 
about S50 slaves each time. 

A letter, dated 3rd of December, also 
from the {fatenoiieh, gives the following 
aecoimt <^ the taking of another slaver, 
with aboirt 280 slaves on board : — " The 
raptnre was attended with very pwnfol 
cireumstancea ; the crew seeii^ the vessel 



i&i no chance of 



escapmg, i 






■Stored dooe -to her, and hoisted out our 
boats in an instant. On reaching her, we 
fbond several hundred unhappy blacks 
rtniegUng in the water, many evi- 
dently drowning; some r^^aincd tile ves- 
ael, and clung to ropee which we threw to 
Ihem. Aa soon as I stepped on deck, I 
made Bgna that we were friends, which 
they perfectly understood; the boats 
pnjied off and saved a great many, but 
it was a difficult business to prevent them 
being swamped ; there were a great jnany 
women with babies aa their backs, very 
few of whom were saved. It was a 
piteous EBght to see mothers and children 
perishing before onreyea; we could not 
niieve ttiem fest enough. About fifteen 
of the strongest men succeeded in reach- 
ing tile shore, but the cargo was princi- 
pally women ond children, who could not 

As a diroax to their sufferings, we 
leam that, foiu days after, on her way 
to St. Helena, the small-pox broke out 
■m board, and out of 30 cases, 20 died on 

the pasMHte ! 



XS 



CAFrVKE OF A SP&NTBH 8LAVEB. 

On the 29th December, Her Majesty's 
brig Ringdove, Captain the Hon. Kbith 
SiEWiBT, when twelve milesoffthe north- 
west end of Santa Cm?., in the West Indies, 
tured a Spanish schooner, the Jemt 

iria, ot 4fi tons, with 252 slaves on board, 

!., 4 women, 100 girla,and 148 boys; 27 
had died on the passage. She was twenty- 
seven days from the River Sebo (_T), west 
coast of Airica, and was sent on to Havana 
by the Ringdorm in charge of Lieutenant 
Tarleton. 

Now, when we remember tliat the laws 
of Spain and Portugal require two tons 
for tlie stowage of every five negroes 
carried in slave vessels, it appears that 
this veesel (whose name it would be pro- 
fanation to repeat) had embarked an ex- 
cees of 167 AincaaB above the l^ol allow- 

CAPTURE OF A SPANISH SLAVBK. 

Be»des the Amelia slaver, captured off 
Moiambique by H.M.S. Aeom, Captwn 
Adams, uie Spanish slaver Quatro de 
Marzo, detained by the same vessel, was 
lying in Table Bay at the Cape of Good 
Hope on the 27th of November last. 



AFRICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 

The following letter refers to an 
article in the preceding number of this 
paper, well deserving the attention of 
merchants and others conueHrtedwith the 
West Indies. 

Edinbufffk, Ufh February, 1841. 

Dear Sir, — I leam that the following 
objections have been stated to the views 
urged by me in my p^wr 'On the 
Mutual Dependence of Amca and the 
West Indies.' 

Ist. That the scarcity, or rather tlie 
high price of food in the West Indies, is 
oi3y temporary. 

2nd. That no ship making the circnit 
I have proposed would have the slightest 
chance of a return cargo of produce from 
Jamaica. 

As to the first objection, I can only say, 
that Uie high prices of food in Jamuca 
have been e^wnenced during the whole of 
myretidence there since ISKl, and 1 have 
reason to believe that they have been 
equally high, if not higher, during the 
past year— that is, as I have before stated, 
yams selling at 9i. the cwt. 

And, as to the second, although I am 
quitf aware that a targe proportion of the 
produce is always engaged lo the ships of 
certain mocbant^ yet aUlpa do sotJvtne »■ 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[ZdthFBB. 



lying partly on chance &e^ht8;andmig'ht 

not some of those who can secure return 
cargoes from Jamaica direct tltetr ships to 
make the voyage out by tlie circuit pro- 
posed t Or would it not be possible pre- 
viously to teeure, throagh some Mendly 
West Indian interest here, eitlier among 
tlie merchaats or proprietors, one or two 
small cargoes to cover the lialc that might 
attend the first experiment! The city of 
Kingston alone comprises from 40,000 to 
£0,000 intiabitanta, who, to a great extent, 
are supplied with food by the peasantry 
mthin a circuit of about twenty-five miles. 
Surely it would be an object to proprie- 
tors to secure the application of the labour 
of that peasantry, to raise the staple exports 
(on which the wealth and prosperity of 
all classes must ultimately depend) and to 
supply their food from a quarter that can 
affi>rd it so much more advantageously to 
the consumere than the island itself coo. 
Yoora faithfully, 

W, Wemtss Akdbssoh. 

OFFER OF REWARD FOR 

ABU BEKR. 

Dr. MAnoKM, welllcnown by his zeal in 

the cause of the extinction of slavery, 
who left tliis country in the beginning of 
January, on a visit of inspection (we be- 
lieve) to our settlements on the west 
coast of Africa, took out with liim, for 
distribution among the natives, a print«d 
paper otfering a reward of one hundred 
ikillarB for positive intelligence of the &tc 
of Abu Bekr, who, it may be remembered, 
accompanied the lamented Davidson, in 
1837, in his journey from Wad-i-NCin 
towMils Tumbuktu. 

This p^r (a number of which will 
also be circulated by the Niser Expedi- 
tion) states that the information obtained 
may be brought to any of tlie British 
setUements on the coast, or to the com- 
manding officer of the Expeditbii at Rob- 
ball ; and should Abii Bekr be living, he 
would — from his general intelligence, his 
knowledge of Earopeans acquired during 
the limehe passed in thu West Indies ^ 
in England, and from his rank in his own 
country — be an invaluable aiitbassador to 
plead the cause of the extinction of slavery 
at the Conrt of Tumbuktu, of which place 
lie is a naUve. 

At all evfflts, the paper cannot &il 
to make known extensively throughout 
Western Africa, the presence of British 
vessels at Rabbah, and will probably b^ 
attended with some useful result*. 

Abrief account of the objectsof the Nisei 
Expedition, drawn up in the ibu, 'Yabu, 
Nun, Hausa, Ful^, and Uaadingfi langua- 



ges, which could easily be done at Sieira 
Leone, and printed in the Arabic chorac' 
ter, might, we are of opinion, be usefully 
circulated tbroughont this portion of 
Africa^ and tend materially to facilitate 
the objects of the Expedition, — something 
similar to the excMlent paper entitled 
A Word to the Stmt of Africa, which, in 
furtherance of the benevolent views of 
some of the Society of Friends, was drawn 
up in Arabic, ana extensively circulated 
in that continent. 



In reply to numerous applications, we 
have to repeat that persons desirous of 
taking in regularly Thb Fribnd of 
Afmca are requested to order it of tlieir 
booksellers ; and as it is very desirable 
that this p^per should pay its own eiq)eaaea, 
and not encroach upon the funds devoted to 
the civilization of Africa, all those interested 
in the causeare earnestly invited to indoca 
their friends and acqu^ntances to circulata 
jt as extensively as possible. 



Itoimu UU.. Pilot .LoadoD.. -U ^b. 

*JnUa 147' Res Loadon. ..U Ftb, 

From and te Sltrra livnt .-— 

+Mugar«t Ml..I9atiW[. ~IdadtB..UPtob. 

*8upcrlar ., 171 ■■l>ariiliif ...... Lonkiii,, 18 Jaih 

BwlftiHin SOfl..CTl|liliiD....UnnnBl ISFeh. 



" Goldoi SptiDi:,'' with itona rgr Oo M«n- 
tloii. uiirad at C>ps Oout OHOa « Uw tt^ 

"^-"--' "~-n--niTiiiriliilili1liinlijll iiiwili. 

Subscriptions and Donations are rseeired 
by the Treasuier, J. Gumey Hoare, Ea^. ; 
by Messrs. Bamett, Roarea, and Co., 63, 
Lombard-street; Messrs. Barclay, B^an, 
and Co., M, Lombud-street ; MesBra. 
Couttaand Co., 69, Strand; Heaars. Dmm- 
monds, CharinK-^rosa ; Measrs. Hanbory, 
Taylor, and Lkyd, do, Lombard-street - 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenchurch-atreet , 
Messrs. Hoaresj 37, Fleet-street ; and 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., M, 
Birchin-lane ; and by the Secretary, tiha 
Rev. J. M. Trew (to whom aU communi- 
cations relative to the busineH of the 
Society may be addressed), at the Office 
of the Society, 10, Parliament-street. 

: PriDlad bjTHOui Ricrau Buwnif , 

4i. at. Murtln'i Lue, In tke putali ot Bt. 

' ' 4 pubLWifld tKf JoH-'^ WiL. 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



No. 5.] 


LONDON, 


24th 


MARCH. 1841. 


/ Faici 2i 
1 Stammd, 


SA 


IhTME TmriLATTOji oy rai AraiCAif Sr»Aii 


CONT 
at es 


ENT3. 

AraiirniyBocjiTna; — 

ProceedloggntaiHcnw. ha. 










....7S 












f 


,...;)■ 















DR. KEID ON THE VENTILATION OF THE NIGER STEAM SHIPS. 

[Concludnl IkDiii [tgt 47,]. 

It may here be necessary to mention, that from the progress 
wMdi had been made in the building of the Niger steam boats^ and in 
the preparation of materials, before the adoption of the system of venti- 
lation which has been introduced, it vas found impossible to intertwine 
the ventilating arrangements with the original construction of these 
ressels. Several modifications have consequently been necessary, and, 
in particular, the ventilating tubes do not occupy the position that 
would otherwise have been assigned to them. But with the very able 
usistance which has always been afforded me by Mr. Creuze, of the 
Portsmouth Dock-yard, these have been selected with every care that 
circumstances would permit, however different their situation and form 
and number may be, from what would be presented in applying the 
ifstem to any snip before the materials are worked into form, or the 
building commenced. 

III. The Porificator. This' addition to the ventilating arrange- 
ments in the Niger steam ships, was recommended with the view of 
endeavouring to purify the air supplied for respiration in those situa- 
tions where it is described to have been so oppressive, more particularly 
in the delta of the Niger, or any other locality that might present a 
similar atmosphere. It consists essentially of an iron chest, which can 
be divided into different compartments by iron shelves, or frames of 
iron wire or other materials, and is capable of acting upon the air sup- 
plied to the various sections and cabins in each ship, filtering it from 
all impurities that may be mechanically suspended, and affecting it 
Airther chemically by the materials with which it can be chained. 
These are placed upon the frames, or in the cistern below the frames, 
and the filtering cloths can also be impregnated with some of them in 
solution. With tliis apparatus, therefore, instead of the action of any 
>gMt capable of affecting the air beneficially being left to the uncer- 
tain and precarious movements of accidental currents, all the air sup- 
plied to the different compartments when it is in use will necessarily be 
srabjected to its influence. By establishing the plenum movement, no 
sir can enter except that which passes through the purificator. 

It must be obvious, that it will be impossible to estimate preraseby. 



THE FHIEND of AFRICA. 



[2jfll MlBCT, 



the extent to which auch on apparatos 
m&y proTe benefidalt imtil some specific 
information as to the peculiar chemical 

Sualities of the atmosphere of the Niger 
nail have been obtuned, and vitbout 
attempting in so short a communication 
as this to enter npon a. field so extensive 
as the nature and origin of malaria, it 
may be sufficient here to state very briefl^r 
the circumstances that led me to suggest 
the use of a purificator, and the principal 
purposes to which it may be applied. 

The traveller io any district previ- 
ously unexplored, or only very imper- 
fectly examined, is necessarily aubjected 
to various dangers from the variety of 
atmosphere he may encounter, In addi- 
tion to those that may arise, if there be 
not a strict attendance to the ordinary 
rules of ventilation in such apartments 
as he may occupy from time to time. 
Among these, the following may be more 
particularly enumerated: — 1. The poi- 
sonous influence of malaria, emanating 
Srom putrescent animal or vegetable mat- 
ter, the most formidable evil in general 
with which he has to contend. 2. The 
evolution of poisonous gases from volca- 
nic springs, or other sources of chemical 
action ; more particularly cai'frontc and 
ruiphuratted hydrogen (nydroBulphuric 
acid) gtuet, 3. The action of a dry 
and hot aimotphere, which rapidly 
exhausts the fluids of the body, ex- 
citing extreme thirst, and producing 
a sensation as if the air were loaded 
with particles of dust or sand. 4. The 
action of a Aumuf atmotphti'*, taUtrated 
with moitfure, and grratly afi^ting the 
evolution of moisture from the lungs 
and the insensible perspiration. 5. The 
ahemationa of temperature to which 
be is subjected, and more especially the 
deposition of dew at night in exposed 
ilUiations, particularly ai^r suflfering 
from the influence of a warm 
6. The imperfect adaptation of 
clothing to the climate in which he may 
be travelling. 

1. Malaria^-The prease nature of 
the poiBonous matter that constitutes 
malaria is as yet too imperfectly under- 
Stood to enable any definite opinion to 
be entertained as to its exact composi- 
tion. The more prevailing opinion 
appears to be, and many analogies are 
in fkvonr (tf the aupposition, that there 



may be different poisons emanating from 
the decomposition of animal and vege- 
table matter, each capable of affecUng 
powerfully the living frame, and modi- 
fied in endless variety by tjie circum- 
stances under which they come into 
Elay. It is not known whether they are 
eld in tolvlion or nupention in the ur, 
or whether, at natural t«mpersturei, 
they be solid, liquid, or gaseous. But 
universal experience shows that thcv 
are most largely developed, or, at all 
events, most fatal in the night season, 
while io those districts in which they 
prevail, the noxious nature of the dew- 
drop has led to the belief that it attracts 
them, and is often intimately associated 
with them. Recent experiments haie 
also fiitly confirmed the opinion that the 
matters deposited with the dew-drop, in 
an offensive atmosphere, are, so ftr as 
they have been examined, extremely 
deleterious in their action upon the 
living system, and a minute quantity of 
such materials may, like the yeast in 
the process of fermentation, prop^ate 
itself indefinitely when imbibed nndec 
circumstances where its action take) 
effect in the living frame. The exclu- 
sion, accordingly, of all impurities that 
may be mechanically suspended in the 
air, particularly the dew-drop in the 
night-season, by filtration with the most 
dense and absorbent t«xtures throufk 
which tbe apparatus can force the air, 
forms a principal object of attentioD in 
using the purificator. 

After the separation of insects, dew, 
or anything that may be mechanically 
suspended in the «r, the removal of ad- 
ditional moisture by different absorbents 
may also be attempted. Lime is per- 
haps the substance of all others that 
can be most advantageously emplo}'ed 
for this purpose, especially from iU 
power of absorbing also carbonic acid 
and sulphuretted hydrogen gases. After 
it has been once used, it ought not to 
be thrown away, but reserved, so that 
it may be again renewed in its qualities 
by a second buming,^n making it into 
a compost with tar or other inflammable 
matters, according to arraiuiements 
which have been drtailed, shouldafresh 
supply, from time to time, not be ob- 
tained during the progress of the Expe- 
dition, by the bumiog of shells, or any 



1841.1 

otlier Tarietjr of carbonate of lime that 
may be presented. Lime is not only a 
powerfiil absorbent of moisture, but in 
remoring it fVom the air, must produce 
a certain amount of warmth, which will 
also be accompanied hj a fftvourable 
result during the night season, as tend- 
ing further to prevent any deposition 
of such nosious impurities as may still 
adhere to the air. It has been remarked 
in TariooB districts subject to the infiu- 
ence of malaria, that when the traveller 
is fbund to pass the night in such places, 
tew things contribute bo much to his 
secnritf as a comfortable fire, and 
though there may be cases where the 
extreme heat may tender any additional 
warmth too uncomfortable to permit of 
its use, the result of general experience 
on this point ought not to be forgotten ; 
and when the circulation of air is pro- 
perly sustained, cases may occur even in 
tropical climates where it will he found 
both beneficial and agreeable. 

Again, among the varied agents 
which act with power and energy npon 
vegetable and animal substances, or the 
products of iheir decomposition, none is 
more important than chlorine. The 
number of such products which it can 
decompose points it out as a substance 
whose effective action ought to be moat 
carefully secured in such an atmospliere 
as may be encountered in the Delta of 
the Niger, though there are others upon 
which it has no effect. Here the puri- 
ficator again comes into play, as it not 
only admits of the more certaiii appli- 
cation of the chlorine, but also enables 
any excess, or the product of its ac- 
tion *, to be condensed to a certain ex- 
tent and removed by the lime which the 
air may have subsequently to traverse. 
Cbtorine has been much employed occa- 
sionally on board-ship, and whether 
liberated in a pure form, or used as it 
is more mildly discharged &om the 
chloride of lime without the addition of 
acids, still it ought to be employed with 
the greatest care, especially on board 
iron vessels, as it is not only injurious 
to all metalUc instruments whieh are not 



■f salt, is the more ganeral product 
■ction on aninwl or Testable matter, or on 
mponndi wMrtami ng bTdngen whidi 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



67 



most effectually protected from it, but 
might even act upon the surface of the 
iron, and promote a corrosion of the 
metal in places not always accessible to 
ispection. There are few who have 
operated with chlorine who have not 
occasionally seen its corrosive power 
exempliGed; and Lieutenant Tudor has 
stated to me that he has seen cases oil 
board iron ships where he had noticed ita 
injurious influence on this metal. 

Further, independent of the influence 
of particular chemicals, which may be 
employed imder special circumstances, 
it would be important to make one or 
two trials with animal charcoal, which is 
so powerfiilly absorptive of many gases, 
id also of animal and vegetable odor- 
is and colouring matters, though much 
of the effect which it at times produces 
may be traced to the lime associated 
with it. 

2. CarbomcAcidGas.—Sulphurellad 
hydrogen (hydro'tulpkuric add) gat. 
These poisonous gases are produced 
in considerable quantity in numerous 
natural operations, and appear in va- 
rious forms according to the circum- 
stances under which they are deve* 

Carbonic acid is much the most abun* 
dant, the carbon in all oi^uic matter 
in a state of decomposition tending ulti- 
mately to become carbonic add by com- 
bination with oxygen. From the law 
of the diffusion of gases, no large quan- 
tity of any gas can ever permanently 
accumulate at the surface of the earth, 
whatever may be its epedfic gravity; 
hut, notwithtUnding this, with such nu- 
merous instances of local accumulation 
as are continually presented in old wells 
and pits and in many springs, and its 
continued emanation from putrescent 
matter, it would be a serious omission 
not to be alive to the possibility of its 
occurrence in large quantity, more 
especially in confined situations in the 
interior of any country, whose geolo- 
gical character may not have been 
aacertained. Fortunately, however, it 
is detected with facility, and may be 
removed when present in undue pro- 
portion by lime ; it would be deur&ble 
if any spring of this gas should be 
met with to leave it as soon as posuble, 
' even though tho uuoiuit nouced in 
v2 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Sith MAKcn, 



tbe surroun^ng ur should not exceed 
much the usual per ceutage of carbonic 
add. 

Again, sulphuretted hydrogen is less 
unirersally aiatributed than carbonic 
acid, but is found in numerous mineral 
waterS) and may be evolved also in the , 
gaseous form by volcanic action, esca- 
ping from spriogs in tbe same manner, 
ana appearing on the surface of tbe 
land or water. This gas also deserves 
particular attention in connection with 
the Niger Expedition from its being so 
deleterious to animal life, and from the 
examination of the specimens of water 
taken from tbe Bonny by Dr. M'Wil- 
liam, and analyzed by Mr. Gardner at 
tbe request of Sir William Burnett, 
having proved the presence of sulphu- 
retted hydrogen in these waters, while 
Professor Daniell also ascertained the 
presence of this gas in other speci- 
mens of water taken from the coast of 
Africa. 

Sulphuretted hydrogen is so delete- 
rious to animal life, that those entrusted 
with the preservation of health in tbe 
Niger Expedition, cannot too carefully 
pursue the investigation on this point, 
which has been so ably discussed in the 
communications that have lately ap- 
peared in The Friend of Africa, by 
Professor Daniell. In a communication 
which I made a few years ago, to the 
Medical Section of the British Asso- 
ciation, I stated the result of a case in 
which I was one of three who were 
compelled by severe headach, and ge- 
neral oppression, to retire from an 
apartment in which some sulphuretted 
hydrogen bad been evolved from sul- 
phuret of iron, water, and acid, the 
amount of which could not have ex- 
ceeded the one five-thousandth part of 
the bulk ofthe air with which it was 
mixed. Dr. Granville stated cases in 
which be had known tur charged with 
one fifteen -thousandth part to have pro- 
duced simitar effects ; and in experiments 
which I made subsequently, 1 have noticed 
cases where in the proportion of one 
part to a million of air, it has been at 
once recognised by its offensive and cha- 
racteristic odour. This gas is absorbed 
by lime, and still more effectually coun. 
teracted hy chlorine, which entirely 
decomposes it. 



In this country, especially in some 
manufactories, an exposure to sulphu- 
retted hydrogen where its action may 
be traced from the slightest viuhle ef- 
fect, till it becomes so excessive as to 
be accompanied hy convulsions, do^ 
not appear to be followed by the usual 



' exposure to malaria, while 
a to doubt that a tnie 



effects ( 

malaria can exist independent o 
phuretted hydrogen; it may, therefore, 
be perhaps at present regarded rather 
as a most oppressive accompaniment to 
the action of miasma wherever it ap- 
pears, than viewed in the same light as 
the actual or more predominant malaria. 
Lastly, the evolution of sulphnretted 
bydri^n by the action of decayed ve- 
getable matter on the saline matter of 
sea-water, having been proved by Pro- 
fessor Daniell's experiments ; this fscl, 
and its presence in the waters of 
the coast of Africa, must render a 
constant inquiry as to its presence an 
object of the greatest practical import- 
ance ; for whatever may be the mode in 
which it operates, no agent is more cer- 
tain to prove injurious in its effects if 
liberated from the water with which it is 
associated and mixed with the air, and 
if blended with other matters evolved 
hy putrefaction, minute quantities may 
acquire a still more oppressive action 
than they would otherwise exert. The 
mud and tbe soil on the banks of the 
Niger ought also to be particularly 
examined, as in this country sulphu- 
retted hydrogen may often be detected 
in combination with lime and other sub- 
stances in old drains, and other places, 
at times when no trace can be detected 
in the supernatant air, though loaded 
with tbe most offensive impurities. 

3. Dr^ Air. — In proceeding by the 
Niger, veiy dry air is not to be ex- 
pected, unless m the event of a long 
continued wind from particular districts ; 
and when this occurs where no dele- 
terious ingredient can he detected in 
tbe air or water, the medicator may he 
filled with brush-wood, fragrant leaves 
or grasses, porous canvass, or any other 
m^eiial that presents an extensive sur- 
face, and these being sprinkled constantly 
with water, will maintain an agreeable 
and refreshing coolness. 

4. Moitt Air. — The effect of a ha< 



isii.j 



THE FRIEND OF AiTlICA. 



mid atmosphere is most effectually 
counteracted by abBorbenU of moisture, 
BucI) as quicklime, fay fires, uid con- 
stant ventilation. In particular loca- 
litiea, if any facilities shall be met with 
for prepuing quick lime, a fresh charge 
ought to be introduced every day into 
the medicator, and a portion continually 
exposed in an iron box or scuttle in 
every larger section of the ships sepa- 
rated by bulkheads, especially in the 
bold. This, by its absorbent power, 
wiU tend to maintain tbe bold and ca- 
bins more or less dry, and also take 
up carbonic or sniphurettcd hydrogen 
gasea, which hare so often produced 
the worst effects on board ship. 

5. AUemationM of Temperature. — 
These, more especially when they are 
sudden and severe, or frequently re- 
peated, try the constitution very much, 
especially on sleeping in a crowded 
apartment into which fresh air is ad- 
mitted in proper quantity, if its ingress 
and egress be not duly regulated. The 
sailor in his hammock sleeps most se- 
curely and comfortably when it is sus- 
pended at an jntermediate distance from 
the deck above his head and that on 
vhich he stands. He is then equally 
removed from the first impetus of the 
fresh air entering below, and from the 
warmer and unwholesome atmosphere 
which b contmually accumulating or 
passing over his face in the osual posi- 
tion of the hammock. In ships of war, 
the noxious state of the air around the 
head in crowded berths, is often ex- 
tremely offensive; the space above 
the bead forms the natural channel to 
which the hot and foul air tends before 
it is discharged. In examining lately, 
along with Captain Bird Allen, the ope- 
ration <rf the gunwale tubes in the fore- 
castle of the Soudan, throughout the 
night, when the men were asleep, we 
noticed a difference in the temperature 
of the air after it bad entered and be- 
fore it escaped, of from six to twelve 
iegnet at various periods between 
9 P.H. and 6 A.H^ showing the import- 
ance of difi^ising it as much as possible 
to sostun the most equal movement 
that can be produced without cauBing 
any offensive current in tbe air. 

6. The subject of Clothing has been 
M mnch an object of attention of late 



One 



years, that it may appear u 
for me to enter upon it her 
observation, howler, 1 e 
direct attention to, vis.: that some 
textures have the property of absorbing 
offensive odorous matters to a much 
greater extent tban others. Dark wool* 
len clotbs, for instance, are powerfiil in 
this respect, compared with those that 
are white or gray, so much so, as Dr. 
Stark pointed out, that medical students 
wearing black clothes, aud attending 
anatomical rooms, do not require to 
inform any one whom they may happen 
to approach where they have been { 
while in numerous caseS) when a gray 
coloured dress has been put on, little 
or no effluvia adheres to iL It will be 
equally interesting and important, there- 
fore, to ascertain if textures which are 
very absorbent of light and heat, and 
generally of odorous matters likewise, 
may not also be absorbent of the 
poisonous matter of malaria, and also 
to note the effect of (Afferent varieties 
of porous and coloured textures, as of 
different coloured woollen stuffs. These 
should be examined, sot only in so far 
as they are nsed in clothing, but also 
individually in the purificator, and in tbe 
respirators to be provided for each 'ship. 
Lastly. The purificator may be em* 
ployed as the medium for communi- 
cating various agreeable vapours or 
odoriferous particles to the air, by 
placing any fragrant volatile oil in it, 
in minute quantity; or any particular 
gas or vapour may be introduced in 
regulated quantities, whose action may 
be considered desirable in medicating 
the air to be respired ; the purificator, 
L such cases, has usually been termed 
Medicatob. In cases of great indi- 
vidual oppression, tbe purificator in 
tbe Albert and Wilbttforca may be 
used, as a temporary air bath, placing 
the whole power of the fanners on 
it, while a temporary couch may be 
fitted up in it, and the air be dried, 
moistened, or treated in any other 
way that may be considered desirable 
before it is introduced. Repeated cases 
have presented themselves to me where 
headach and general oppression have 
been at once relieved by a brisk current 
mduced in the same atmospheie aa bad 
given rise to them. Ooc W lc 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[MthMuCT, 



importance of a knowledge of practical 
chenuBtry being acquired generally by 
those wno may have to visit a dbtant 
country, in which, when left to their 
own resources, the application of a few 
tests might enable them at once to re- 
nlve any harassing doubts which they 
might entertain as to the purity of Mr or 
water, or as to other points which could 
not be satisfactorily investigated or 
directed without some knowlet^ of 
chemistry. Not many years have now 
elapsed since this matter assumed a more 
practical footing than it had previously 

Sesentedi and in communicating with 
r> McWilliam, upon all these points, 
upwards of a year ago, in reference to 
the Niger Expedition, it gave me great 
pleasure to observe that his eiperience 
on the coast of Africa, in the Bonny, 
Ac, had confirmed the views I had pre- 
viously submitted af^r I had been 
requested to prepare plans for the ren- 
tilaljon of the African steam ships. 
Under his superintendence, the arrange- 
ments of the medicator will not be left 
merely to rules drawn up in a distant 
countryt but adapted precisely as a con- 
tinued practical examination of the air 
and water may indicate. It is fortonate 
also, that the expedition will not only 
have the services of Dr. Mc William, 
who has directed no nnall degree of 
attention to the practice as well aa to 
the theory of chenustryg but even 
among those who are not medical, the 
Expedition will have the assistance of 
officers who are practically acquainted 
«ri^ chemistry. I allude more parti* 
cnlarly to Lieutenant flshboume, whose 
knowledge of practical chemistry will 
enable him to cooperate in the same 
d^rtment. 

In concluding these remarks, I 
not too earnest^ observe to the officers 
who have embarked in this arduous and 
interesting enterprise, that though the 
puriScator may be found advantageous 
in local situations, too much attention 
cannot be paid to the fair and equal 
action of the vendlating apparatus, to 
the frequent inspection and examination 
of the bold, to me removal of moisture, 
or of any injured or decayed provisions 
should any cask or case contcuning them 



have been damaged, as well as to those 

Erecautions in visiting dangerous Iocs- 
ties on shore, particularly before sun- 
rise or after sunset, or when the system 
is not in the highest health, nor forti- 
fied by such refreshments as may tend 
rather to render it exhalent than ab- 
sorbent in the atmosphere in which it 
may be placed. It may also be well l« 
remember, as showing the advantage 
that may be derived from a continned 
attention to everything that may cen- 
tr^ute to the purity of the air, that 
every individual may be considered as 
breathing, on an average, about twelve 
hundred times an hour. Ahundredmen 
below deck, for eight hours, respire nine 
hundred and nxty thousand times in 
the course of a single night, indepen- 
dently of the effect produced on the air 
by sensible and insensible perspiration. 
As to the cotirse to be adopted in 
peculiar localities, I have ever been 
anxious that the Expedition should 
have the assistance of able men te ei' 
amine the air upon the spot, and the 
chemical apparatus and materials accom- 
panying the medicatar will be found 
useful in this respect, while Uiey msy 
also afford the means of insbuctive anil 
interesting information, not only on 
board ship, and connected with illustrs- 
tions of ventilation and respiration, but 
also in pointing out the nature and 
qualities of various materials that miy 
be presented to notice during the pro- 
gress of the Expedition, and whose nature 
and properties it may, on some occa- 
sions, be desirable to communicate to 
the inhabitanto of the district in which 
they may occur. 

llie prindpal chemical apparatus is 
placed on board the Albert, under the 
care of Dr. McWilliam, who has paid 
the most continuous and devoted atten- 
tion to it daring the last rii wedn, in 
the temporary laboratory provided here 
by the African Office. To diis. all can 
apply as occarion may require ; bnt a 
chest, containing chemical tests, has 
also been placed on board the Wi^tr- 
force, under the direction of Dr. 
Pritehett, and another on board the 
Sovdan, has been osi^ned to Mr. 
Marshall. 

D. B. RUD- 



1841.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 





mm 

f ||fh 


1 

r 


i SS 




hi|l 



II 

i.1 




THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



B materials, l o, the Cap- 



illustrating the entrance of the eir with- i or other pon 

out diffusion . k k k k, tlie gun-room and tun'scabtn. mm, &c., the gunwale tub^ 
adjoining coniptirlnients, the air difi'usetl n n k n, the iron bulldieads, dividing the 
OS it enters by perforated zinc, bunting, | ship into five different compartmentd. 




1 r\\ 


^^._. i 


IJ '■ 



Fig. 3. Scheme iUuBtrating the arrange- Fig. 4. The same fenner with the 

ment of the valvea in a fanner, receivmg valves adjusted, so that it shall extract 

air from the purificator, and blowing it vitiated aii. 
into the ship. 



The following figures illustrate generally the mode of purifying and medicating air :- 




Fig. fi. i, the month of the windeail 
elevated as hi^h as possible, or depressed 
according to circnmstancfs. b, the con- 
tinuation of the windsail. e, place for 
the deposition of impurities, n, the 
filter, o, chemicals for absorbing niois- 

*'^' ij^.-' ^',.*> '*'*l'" ft"" chmlcali 
and additional fillers. 



Fig. 6. An arrangement mmikr to 
fig. 6, different materials being em- 
ployed at o. 



by Google 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 




Figs. 7 Bad 8. Further iUastrationa of 
Uie mode of pniifying air, by washing 
with lime water or other Bubstancca, ana 
filtering through Tarious porous mistures 
cont^ned in oifferent compartmecta. a, 
iiidicat<n the progress of the purified air 
irom the medicator. 

Fig. 9. B, the windsail delirering air, 



when the extreme action of powerful 
agenta may be necessary, into a wooden 
box witli two compartments, before it 
iiasses by B B to the medicator, these 
Deing applied in the first compartment, 
andanycxceas absorbed in the others; Uie 
medicator can be supplied at the same 
time with additional materials and filters. 




Note.— TiS« (wo principal woodeuU an taleit Jroet the plant originally propoied 
for tie Soudan ; the vKd^katiom made in the petition, nimber, and firm of the tvbet 
to adapC them to local arrangenenU are not repreaented, w, had they been introduced, 
the fNoe«n«nt and dij/iuion of the air could nU hart Bern to diatinetfy teen in the woodiaa. 



DESTRUCTION OF SLAVE BAR- 
RACOONS. - 

Want of space obliges us to post- 
pone the remainder of our article on the 
Parliamentary Slave-Trade Papers of 
1839-40. A Supplementary Paper has 
just been published, containing very im- 
portant intelligence on this subject from 
the late Governor of Sierra Leone, and 
from Sir John Jeremie, which must also 
be deferred to a future Number. Mean- 
while we insert a short notice extracted 
from the columns of a contemporary 
journal, merely observing that hitherto 
the (^rations of slave-factors on the 
coast of Africa hare been carried on 
with almost entire impunity. Sincerely, 



therefore, do we rejoice that even upon 
the coast a native chief has been found 
disposed to exercise his authority for so 
laudable a. purpose : and we derive from 
such a circumstance, at the present mo- 
ment, additional hope of the sDccess of 
n^otiatious with the potent chiefs of the 
interior through the intervention of the 
Expedition about to sail for Africa. 

"The activity of her Majesty's cruisers 
OD ttie Afidcanstation, in their endeavoura 
to put down the Slave Trade, has been of 
late followed by ft large measure of success. 
Many Tessels have been captured, and 
several have been taken with very valuable 
oaigoea. Notwitlistonding, however, the 
serious losses which those captures must 
have entailed on those engaged in tfaia ne- 
brioufl traffic, it ia deepjj to be deplored 



74 



THE FRIEND OF AFBICA. 



[g4UiB 



that the gambling cnpidity of men shoold 
still impel tliem to peril life and property 
in it£ prosecution; and bo lonz aa men are 
to be found disposed to balance life and pro- 
perty againat the enormous profits of a suc- 
cessnil slave voyage, it ia to be feared that 
the mere capture of slave Teasels, with or 
without the livinc cargo, con never effec- 
tually eradicate the slave trafBc 

Ci^itun the Hon, Josofh Dshhan, of 
H.M.S. ^amj^frer, to whose care was con- 
lided the charge of the windward part of the 
Sierra Leone station, contrived, and has 
with great success put in force a system 
of blockade, &om which the veiy beat 
efiects have already resulted 

The blockade of the River Gallinas, 
about 100 miles to the south-east of Siena 
Leone, commenced nine months ago, and 
since then, of eleven veaels which have 
Rsorted to that port for cargoes, seven have 
been captured, three beaten off, and one 
only has succeeded in efiecting her ne&- 

The effect of this measure on the na- 
tive and other slave-holders on the coast 
very soon became apparent ; it entailed 
on them a multiplied species of distress, 
to which tiiey had been until then entire 
strangers. The resources of a thinly- 

Jied country, the inhabitants of which 
devoted their energies not to agricul- 
ture, but to kidnapping and enslaving each 
other, were (luictly dinipated ; the ne- 
cessi^ of maintaining a lai^ adventitious 
population was unexpected, and of course 
unprovided for ; &mmo was already in 
prospect, when a transaction came to light 
which led to the release from slavery of 
nearly 1000 human beings, and to the 
total destruction of eveiy slave fitctoiy in 
the district of Gallinas. 

Early in October it was reported to 
Governor Doherty that a liberated Afri- 
can female and her child were held in 
slavetyby thesonoftlieking in the River 
Gallinas. His Excellency promptlj' de- 
manded their restitution from the kimj of 
the country by means of Captdn Den- 
mon, who, with the Wanderer and other 
vessels, was at that time occupied in 

blockading the river. Captain 

Denman's vigorous remonstmncea were 
backed by a rather imposing force, and 
the liberated African female and her child 
were soon restored. He then formally 
complained of repeated manifestations on 
the part of the king and his people of 
hostile feeling in that the boats of her 
Mfgesty's croiserB had on several occBMons 
been rehised supplies, and that he (the 
kin^) had on one occasion carried thia 
hostile feeling so &r as to threaten on 
American trader, then lying in hlfl port, 



people* 



of her Mineatv's vessels. The kins 
unplv tor having done lo, ana 
that he nad been persuaded and 



menaced to adopt that line of conduct by 
the Spanish, French, and Portoguese slave 
traders, who had established themselves in 
factories on his sliores — that those persons 
had become so numerous and poweoful, 
and had established themselves so firmly 
in his dominions, that his authority over 
his own people was oveiroled — that ha 
desired their expulsion, and reqneet«d 
Captmn Deimian, as the representative of 
a friendly power, to aXi bun in driving 
them from nis territories. It is needless 
to say that the required aid was pi'omptly 
and cordially given. Eight slave factories 
were burned to the ground. The Idng 
seized and delivered to Captain I>enmau 
all the slaves he could lay his hands on 

gimounting to 976) for emancipation at 
ierra Leone, and further expressed bis 
detennination to seize and confiscate to 
his own use whatever merchandize might 
thenceforward be landed in his territories 
for the purpose of slave dealing. 

Too much praise caimot be accorded to 
Captain Denman for his efficient ovndnat 
of this matter. It has been computed 
that 1^000 slaves were annually exported 
from Gallinas. This, however, is con- 
udered by well-inforined peiwns as much 
below the actual number. During the 
nine months that Captain Deiunan baa 
blockaded the port but one vend has 
carried off a cargo ; all the slave Dustoriea 
in the district have been destroyed, witii 
an amount of property in merchandiEe 
estimated at 200,000/. ; the exportation of 
13,000 slaves (from Galluias alone) has 
been prevented, and the nest of miscreants 
has been expelled from that part of the 
coast, it is to oe hoped for ever. 

The friends of the anti-olavery eanse 
will conamtnlate C^tain Denman on Um 
successful completion of this very impor- 
tant service ; and it is to be hoped that 
his merits may not be allowed to paaa un- 
notJced by her Majesty's Government. 

The measure is tlie most severe that has 
ever been aimed at the slave trade on the 
African coast: it has been entirely sncceas- 
ful, and without the loss of a man on 
either side ;- 
his officere h 
king and hii headmen bum down the Ck- 
tories, but no part of the goods, whidi 
were nearly all of British manufbcture, 
and which, with everything tliat could be 
turned to profit or use, were taken by the 
king and his subjects, divided between 
them, and sent off to their respective habi- 
XtttioM,— Naval tmd JUUUary Qiutttt, 



Ml.1 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



7« 



NIGER EXPEDITION. 

In fbmer aumbMB we have given an 
aceoDBt of the general equipment utd 
proceediiq^ of the veswls composing 
tbe Niger Expedition and ot the arrival 
of tbe ^Owrt and Soudan at Deptford. 

We may now state that the Wiibar' 
jvrtt. Captain William Allut, sailed 
fnm iJTerpool on the 1 7th Fcbnuur, 
and after calling at Dublin. Plymouth, 
and Portrasonth, readied Wo<dwich on 
the Stb March, where she remuns com- 
peting her stores, and otherwise pro- 
l«rin|f for sea. 

As mjgfat naturally be expected, these 
inm steamers have proved objects of 
great attraction, and have been visited 
by tbaasandB during the last few weda. 

On Friday, the L9th last.. Sir Powell 
Bnxton, Mr. S. Gnmey, and a large 
party of the friends of Africa, assem- 
bled at Woolwich, on board Her Ma- 
jesty's Ship Albert, Captain Txottbr, 
for the purpose of witnessing some ex- 
perimmts on the speed of the vessel, 
and on the novel and interesting appa- 
ratus fiir ventilaticm, and fbr me£csting 
the air, to be supplied below, in tropical 
climates. 

The Albari left her moorings off 
Woolwich at about II o'clock, and 
steamed rapidly down the river against 
a Strang soBth-east wind, returning to 
her moorings about S p.m.; after which 
she proceetfed to Deptford. 

Chi the passage down various expe- 
riments were mode, under the imme- 
diate sup er in tendence of Dr. Reid, on 
the rentilating apparatus, which proved 
highly satisfact^y. Smoke and the 
vapour of several essential oils were 
diffused throughout the five compart- 
ments into which the vessel is divided, 
snd withdrawn with the some facility, 
hereby showing complete command of 
tbe power of ventilating every part 
of the ships when reqmred in a tropical 
climate. 

Although the weather was squally, 
the whole party were extremely de- 
%fated, not only with the experimentg, 
but likewise by the great nrfaanity and 
attention of Csptwn Trotter, Lieutenant 
Fishboanie, and all the officers ot tiM 
ExpeditioO. 

On the aSrt inst. H. R. H. Prince 
Albert, who has always evidoed the live- 



liest interest in this Expedition, availed 
himself of the earliest opportunity of 
inn»ectii^ the vessels to be eogoged in it. 

His Royal HiGiiNEsa, attended by 
the Honorable Major Keppcl, Sir £. 
Bowater, Mr. Anson, Stc^ proceeded to 
Deptford, where he was met by Capt. 
Shirreff, R.N., Superintendent of the 
Dockyard, and immediately embarked 
on board her Majestv's ship Albeit, 
where he was received by Captdn H. 
D. TsoTTBR, the cnmmander of the 
Expedition. 

To afford an opportunity of seeing 
the other vessels, and of exomiDing to 
greater advantage the arrangements of 
the Albert, she was got under way, and 
proceeded to Woolwich, where her Ma- 
jesty's ships WUherforce and Soudan 
were Iving. His Royal Highness in- 
apeoted minutely every part of the 
Aliert, and appeared mudi interested 
with his visit. 

The principal peculiarities in the con- 
struction of Uiis vessel, and the general 
arrangement of the machinery, were 
pointed out to him, as nell as the nau- 
tical instruments, the method of correct- 
ing the compasses (which was explained 
by Professor Airey himself), the sliding 
keels, Captain Smith's paddle-boats, Mr. 
Giant's patent fuel, and Dr. Reid's ven- 
tilating and medicating apparatus, the 
latter of which was an object of peculiar 
interest. 

Dr. Reid explained and superintended 
the ventilating experiments performed 
on board, in which he was assisted by 
Dr. M'William, surgeon of the ahip, and 
head surgeon of the Expedition, in whose 
charge the ventilating apparatus is 
placed, illustrating its action, by exhaust- 
ing the air from the various compart- 
ments, and afterwards propelling it into 
them ; by altering the arrangement ot 
the valves, various odorous matters 
and other substances were successively 
communicated to the air, which rendered 
its prepress visible. These experiments 
were concluded by filling the lower deck 
(where the men sleep) with a dense 
smoke, which was rapidly exhausted and 
discharged by the fanners, proving to the 
great satisfaction of his Royal Highness 
the command which the apparatus hod 
in regulating the movements of the air. 

The pac^e-box boats of Captain 



M 



THE FRrem) of atrtca. 



[24th k 



George Hmith, R.N., also exdted much 
iiitereet. Captun Smith showed the 
method of getting; them off and on the 
paddle-wheels. These boats are covered 
with another boat of basket-work, with 
a cover of sailcloth over all, making 
altogether four boats, is addition to the 
number on board other Bt«am-TeBseU, 
fitted in the aaual maoner. 

The Prince, on the arrival of the 
Albert at Woolwich, was waited on by 
Captain Phippa Hornby, C.B., the 
senior naval officer of the port; Captain 
William Allen, of the (Fr/6ifr/6i-c«; Cap- 
tain Washington, of the Sfteartoater ; 
Captain Bullock, of the Fearlewi and 
afler these and the several officers of 
th^ Albert •were introduced to his Royal 
Highness, he proceeded on board the 
WilberfoTce and the Soudan, where he 
was respectively received by Captain 
William Allen and Captain Bird Allen. 

After inspecting these vessels, the 
Prince landed at ue Dockyard, where 
he was received by the Commandant of 
the garrison, and amidst the cheers of 
a crowded assemblage who had awaited 
his arrival; and he entered bis carnage, 
and proceeded direct for Buckingham 

Sir Fowell Buxton, Bart, attended on 
board the Albert to pay Iiib respects to 
his Royal Highness. There were alio 
introduced to him — Mr. W. Cook, Civil 
Commissioner, appointed to accompany 
the Expedition; Dr. R«d, Captain 
Smith, R,N., Mr, Laird, of Liverpool, 
the builder of the vessels; Mr. Creuxe, 
of Portsmouth dockyard ; and Mr, 
Grant, the inventor of the patent fiiel, 
which was used instead of coal on this 
occasion, and the advant^es fiiUy 
pointed out by that gentleman. 

This visit of the Prince to her Ma- 
jesty's ship Albert is the more gratify- 
ing, aa it Ih the first which his Royal 
Highness has paid to any of Her Ma- 
jesty's vessels in commission; and it is 
doubly gratifying to all the friends of 
Africa, to find that the interest in this 
cause evinced by his Royal Highness 
on taking the chair as President, at the 
anniversary meeting of the African 
Civilization Society on the 1st June last, 
still continues nnabated; andwearesure 
that the satisfaction shewn on this occa- 
Aoa, and the cordial wishes for health, 



and success, expressedby his Royal High- 
ness on taking leave of Captain Trotter 
and the officers of the Espediticm, will 
endear him to the hearta of the British 
public, and will be an additional motive, 
were any needed, to the gallant band of 
officers and men who are privileged t« 
bear a share in this Expedition, for ex- 
ertion and devotedness in the eacred 
cause of African Civilicttion. 

The AUteri remains for the present 



ftC and, in company with the I 
fone, will probab^ sail about the last 
day of ManJi. Tne Soudati, it ia ex- 
pected, will sail on the 29th instant for 
Plymouth, where the squadron will as- 
semble, and finally leave England about 
the second week m April. 

As before the publication of another 
Number of this paper, the Niger Expe- 
dition, destined, we confidently trust, 
to be the harbinger of peace and civili- 
nttdon to Africa, will have left the 
shores of this country, let us earnestly 
pray that the blessing of Almigfa^ 
Goo may rest upon all who are engaged 
in this service ; and that the promise 
made to Israel of old, and to every 
believer in all ogea, mav abundantly 
sustain their spirits. " Fear thou not, 
for I am with thee ; be not dismayed, for 
I am thy God ; I will strengthen thee, 
yea I will help thee by the right hand of 
my righteousness." — " When thou pass- 
est through the waters I will be with 
thee, and through the rivers they shall 
not overflow thee. I am the Lord thy 
God, the Holy One of Israel, thy 
Saviour." 



GLASGOW AITXILUBY MEETING. 

On Thursday, the 24th September, 
1840, a public meeting was held in 
Glasgow, for the purpose of forming on 
Auxiliary Society for the Extinction of 
the Slave Trade, and for the Civilisa- 
tion of Africa, which was numeroosly 
and brilliantly attended. 

The Marquis or Bkxadalbank 
being called to the cbsir, on the motion 



of Henrt Dunlop, Esq., sod praven 
having been offered np 1^ Uie Rsv. 
Dn.foHBES, ,,,,, Google 



1841.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



77 



The Noble Chairman rose and 
Hpreaaed his deep r^ret that, after all 
the efforts made hy this and other 
natioiu for the extiactioD of slaverv. 
the Slave Trade still exists in a sur- 
passing degree of extent and horror. 
But should we allow ourselves, he would 
uk, to panse or flag in our endeavours 
on this account ? He thought not ; and 
the great and intelligeat assembly before 
him, iacluding so many of the (air sex, 
ns a lufficient annonncement of public 
opinioQ to the contrary. After briefly 
Elating the natnre and objects of the 

Ct Society in London, the noble 
.,uis concluded, by pressing on 
the attention of the meeting the pecu- 
liar clums of the suffering people of 

Letters of npology were received 
from various c&stinguished persons : 
unoDg others, the Rev. Dr. Chalmers 
lod (he Rev. Dr. Wardlaw, expressing 
a cordial interest in the views and plans 
of the Society. 

Loan MoNTBAGLE said he was per- 
suaded that the objects of the intended 
Socie^ were not new to any one present. 
Hq Christiai) heart in this realm was 



therefore, for him to dwell upon such 
Gubjects ; but let him sayi while ac- 
knonledging how little had compara- 
tively been done towards removing 
these atrocities, that it was at least a 
prmd recollection for Great Britain 
that the Slave Trade could no longer 
be carried on under our national flog. 
He would not attempt to describe mi- 
nutely the objects of the parent Society, 
vhich would be better known fi^om its 
printed papers. He understood its 
priaciplc to be, that we hope to prove 
to the Africans themselves that they 
"ill gain much more by fair traffic, 
than by continuing the Slave Trade ; 
l>ut while we are labouring to improve 
the riyit condition of Africa, we arc 
1ayil^^ the foundation for improving its 
moral and spiritual condition also. The 
noble Lord then alluded to the great 
ntmmerrial benefits which may hereafter 
be expected to arise to this country 
""ta tiie disinterested efforts of the 
psfent Society, in which he was sure 



that Glasgow would not be the last to 
share. He congratulated the meeUng 
on the union of sentiments which might 
be expected in support of the present 
project. 

"We carry," his Lordship observed, 
" the East, and the West Indian along 
with ns as well as the abolitionist ; ana, 
thank God, the questions which hereto- 
fore divided the friends of humaa im- 
provement exist on this subject no longer." 

The noble Lord concluded an eloquent 
appeal by proposing a resolution, the 
substance of which pledged the meeting 
to strenuous and continued exertions 
for the extinction of the Slave Trade. 

The Rev. R. Buchanan ruse to 
second this rcaolutiou. Although he 
could not pretend to emulate the elo- 
quence of the noble Lord, yet, as a 
minister of the Gospel, he esteemed it a 
privilege to be permitted to express the 
deep interest he felt in such an object. 
The main strength of the resolution 
consisted iu this sentiment, that our duty 
towards Africa, in connexion with the 
infamous Slave Trade, was not yet dis- 
chatted. The atrocious traffic had been 
growing into fearful magnitude, and now 
appeared in a more hideous aspect than 
before. Yet, in looking back to what had 
been actually done and expended, would 
any one desire that those sacrifices and 
efforts should have been less ? There 
are two reasons, he said, which demon- 
strate that they have not been thrown 
away. The first is, that we have thereby 
washcd-our own hands of this enormity, 
and placed ourselves in a position to 
expect the blessing of God upon our 
future exertions. The second may 
seem paradoxical, but is to be found in 
that very part of the resolution which 
declares that the Slave Trade is now 
carried on under circumstances of ag- 
gravated horror. Admitting that these 
aggravations are, in a certain sense, 
attributable to the means hitherto cm- 
ployed for the extinction of the traffic, 
it is by this painful process that our 
duty to aim at its extirpation has become 
more fully ascertained. These very 
horrors are, doubtless, intended by Pro- 
vidence to furnish a fresh stimulus to 
exertion, and thus they may contribute 
materially to its ultimate overthronr^n |^- 



. THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Captain WASHfuoxoN, R.N., said 
lie had recently returned from an ex- 
cursion through Germany, and was de- 
lighted to find this subject so cordially 
entertained in that country. Prince 
Mettemich displayed his intimate ac- 

JuaintBDce with the spirit of the African 
liviliaationSoriety, byobseTving,"That 
nothing but the Gospel and the plough 
could civilize Africa. Such an example 
in a foreign land would be duly appre- 
ciated aud emulated iu a country so re- 
ligious and philanthropic as Scotland. 
After narratiog some particulars of the 
plan of the approaching Expedition, 
which have already appeared in a former 
number of ti.is journal, he passed a well 
merited eulo^ium on the character of 
the navat officers to whom it was to be 
entrusted. 

" The Expedition," he observed, "will 
be under the conimajid of Captain Trot- 
ter: and one better qualified for the 
honourable duty for which he had been 
selected, it would be difficult to find. To 
uncompromisino; Christian principle this 
officer unites the con<^liatory mannei so 
well adapted for treating with half-civi- 
lixed chieGi ; and of his zeal and perse- 
verance for the extinction of slavery we 
have ample proof in his conduct while in 
comnund of the Curlew on the coast of 
Africa, when he captured a vewel branded 
with the two-fold distinction of slaver 
and pinte, and, after a long and laborious 
chase of some months, succeeded in get- 
ting possession of her pirate crew, and in 
bringing them to justice. He need only 
add, that, for tliis service, Captwn Trotter 
received the public thanks of the Ro- 
dent of the United States, The two 
other officeni who command are Captain 
William Allen, and Captain Bird Allen; 
the latter has lonif served in the West 
Indies, and is well acquainted with the 
negro character. C^tain William Allen 
was the companion of lender in his last 
Toyw;, and to him we are indebted for 
the Chart of the Quorra." 

In connexion with this subject he was 
reminded of a native of Glasgow, Mr. 
James M'Queen, whose geographical 
works on Africa are well known. 
There was also another gentleman con- 
nected with the mercantile int^rcgts of 
Glasgow, Mr. Jamieson, whose spirit 
and enterprise might be expected to 
facilitate the efforts now about to be 
made upon the Niger. 

Captain Washington concladed an In- 



[24th UAiicfr, 

teresting address by observing, that while 
he could not forget the military triumphs 
of his country. Tie acknowledged a road 
to glory much more illustrious than 
these, and he earnestly hoped to see the 
great and mercantile city of Glasgow 
foremost in this benevolent enterprise. 

Lord Tzignmouth rose to propose 
the recond resolution. He could bear 
ample testimony to the efficiency of the 
institution in London, with which he 
was connected. Glasgow was second in 
population and Wealth to the metropolis, 
and had proved to be ready for efforts 
of Christian benevolence ; but there was 
one feeling especially to which he was 
sure he should not on this occasion 
appeal in vain — it was to the loj-alty of 
Scotland. Yet it possessed the still 
higher repntation of piety, and it was lo 
the religion of Scotland that his resolu- 
tion applied. His Lordship concluded 
bya motion recognising the duty of mak- 
ing strenuous exertions for the extinc- 
tion of the Slave Trade, and hailing the 
formation of the institution in London 
as eminently conducive to that end. 

The Rev. R. Montgomery con- 
gratulated the assembly on the harmony 
which prevailed on this interesting occa- 
sion. In passing on to the particular 
objects of the Society, he pronounced a 
most emphatic denunciation against the 
crime of slat ery, the fatal source, as he 
observed, of the wretchedness which pre- 
vails in Africa. But no human language, 
he believed, couldadequatelypourtrayuie 
horrors of slavery and the Slave Trade. 
The reverend speaker proceeded to 
draw a rapid sketch of the distinguished 
opponents of slavery down to Uie pre- 
sent period. Let us follow, he conti- 
nued, these glorious precedents, and bear 
in mind the memorable sentiment of the 
venerated Wilberforce, that "meceit 
wai neiiher the motivt nor the ttandard 
of du^,' Combining prayer to God 
with active exertion, let us march for- 
ward to assist the holy cause; so may 
the period soon arrive, when the apir^ 
of oivinest freedom shall inspire the 
heart, and exalt the characters of the 
d(f;raded children of Africa. The re- 
verend gentleman concluded a long and 
animating address by declaring his ap- 
proval of the present institution as cal- 
culal«d to " put down for ever that con- 



1W1.J_ 



THE FMEND OP AFRICA. 



79 



nmunate tneaaon iffunst God and man, 
— Human Slavery. ' 

W. W. Ahdehson, Est^, said that 
about two years before he hod at- 
tended a meeting in Jamaica of 2,000 
nnanciptited n^roes, who had resolved 
to fonn an association for the pur- 
pose of sendine tbe Gospel to their 
Irathren in Africa. On the ev-en- 
icg of that very day, on his return 
home, he found oo his tahle a de- 
spatch from his respected friend, Mr. 
Trew, announcing the formation of the 
African Civilization Society in Eng- 
land. The leul and alacrity of the ne- 
groes in this great work is astonishing. 
One of the congregations in Jamaica 
have pledged themselves to give 600/., 
another 300/., and a third to pay every 
vear 1 001., to support a mission id Africa. 
Ijov marvellous a thing is it to observe 
how God connects moral influences 
together. He would not, he xud, en- 
large on the subject. But let us only 
consider how we stand with reference to 
Africa. We are not, it is true, person- 
ally implicated in the Slave Trade, but, 
as a nation, we are certunly guilty 
before God, and it may be hoped that 
we shall now show our repentance, not 
in words merely, but practically, by inp- 
porting this great national institution. 

Sir John Macneill, G.C.B., rose 
lo propose the third resolution. Our 
case, he said, depended not on human 
eloquence, but upon its justice. He 
believed the only means of extirpating 
the Slave Trade would be to teach the 
African that the commerce of slaves 
may be advantageously exchanged for 
a commerce in the fabrics and luxuries 
of Europe ; but the influence of Chris- 
tianity, and the blessings of civilisation, 
afler all, afford the only halm that can 
heal the wounds of Africa, and make 
adequate reparation for her wrongs. 
His resolution declared the importance of 
forming an auxiliary society at Glasgow 
in accordance with the principles of the 
parent institution. 

John Leadbettbh, Esq., in 
conding the resolution, thought it clear 
that auxiliary societies should be formed, 
and hoped that the Glasgow Society 
would prove eminently useful. 

Captain W.Allen rose to address 
the meeting. As one of the few who 



bad already penetrated into the inte- 
nor of Africa, he thought a few ob- 
servations from him might be accept- 
able. In 1832, be accompanied the 
unfortunate Lander ; he had witnessed 
the melaocholy condition of Africa, 
where every man's hand is agunst his 
neighbour; and the inhabitants, while 
attempting to cultivate the soil, are 
obliged to wear aims by their side. He 
believed that slaveryand the Slave Trade 
had been fearfully augmented by foreign 
influence ; for the disposition of the na- 
tives was usually peaceful and obliging; 
it was also essentially conini«rcia^: and 
he had frequently experienced their in- 
tegrity and kindness. He might, there- 
fore, safely conclude that the people in 
Africa would hail with gratitude any 
attempt to alleviate their sufferings, and 
protect them from aggressors. The 
time had indeed come when something 
most be done, and he expressed his firm 
conviction that, by the blessing of Al- 
mighty God, this effort will be the first 
great step towards the regeneratitm of 

Lieutenant-Genehal Sir Tho- 
uAs Brisbane could bear his testi- 
mony to the horrors of slavery; and 
entertained great hopes from the efforts 
now making for the benefit of Africa- 
He proposed the following gentlemen 
as officers of the Auxiliary Society : 
Preiidtia. 

Ueuy Dunlop, Esq., Lord Provost, 
Fit«-Prendetat. 

SherifT Alison ; John Leadbetter, Esq. 

Treasvrer. — Robert Findlay, Esq. 

Secretary. — William Wingate, Esq. 

The Rev. Principal Dewar 
seconded the motion. He observed, 
that among all the mysteries of Pro- 
vidence, the existence of the Slave 
Trade was one of the greatest. Ha 
had always raised his voice against it, 
and it was now very gratifying lo ob- 
serve the unanimity of Churchmen and 
Dissenters in the great movement they 
were about to make for its extinction. 

The Lord Provost then moved 
a vote of thanks to the Noble Chair- 
man, seconded by Robert Findlay, 
Esq., which was briefly acknowledged, 
and the meeting concluded with a prayer 
by the Ret. Dr, Duncan. 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[24lli Uabcb. 



We have in a former number a\- 
leadjr referred to the liberal donation of 
preBents for the African women made 
by the ladies in connexion with this 
Branch Society, 

DANISH SETTLEMENTS IN 
AQUAPIM. 
The following account of a Danlah 
settlement, sixty inilea in the interior of 
As-hanti is not, we helieve, generally 
known; it ia extracted from Ritter's 
ErdkuTide von Afrika, \. p. 299, and 
WaeUtrom on Colomxation, vol. ii., p. 
176, and Appendix, Ritter quotes Dr. 
Ibert's Neat HeUa nach Guinea in 
- dm Yahren, 1783-7, a work we have 
not been ahle to meet with in London. 
The account is of much interest, as 
indicating the docility of the Africans, 
and their readiness to practise agri- 
culture, when kindly treated and in- 
structed in the best manner of doing so. 

The Dutish Botanist Dr. P. E. Isert^ in 
his vWt in 1783-7 into the interior from 
Akra, on the west cooat of Africa, to the 
luountajnoua country of Ainuiplm, fonnd 
the inhabitants "in a primitive state of 
happiness and innocence, and in poeeession 
of the most precioiH gifU of nature." 

Isert wiahed to found a colony in the 
name of the Danish government, and chose 
a large and beautiful island in tlie Rto 
Volta, for the seat of a new establishment. 
But having been opposed by the uativea, 
"or rather by the mflnence of the white 
Blavers," the philanthropic traveller went 
to the mountoms of Aquapim and selected 
a district belonging to the king of the 
A^tiaB^oeiu, who, formerljr very powerful, 
now only possesses a country of little ex- 
tent to tne eastward of Akim. 

Isert established his colony in a very 
healthy country, but unfavourable for 
trade, sixty miles above Akri, at an equal 
distance from the western liank of the 
Rio Volta, wlkich is navieahle to the lati- 



by canoei 

This aettlement will be ever memorable, 
for it was here that Isert ossumbled in 
1792 the first negroes enfranchised by the 
Danish Government, and caused tliem to 
be instructed and civilized by Europeans, 
and Danish colonists were the iir^t to in- 
troduce the use of the pluudi. 

Tiie air here was very salubrious, and 
the fertility of Ike soil appears from tlie 
success with which cotton, Guinea com, 
and millet have been cultivated. 



It may he worth while to Kiavik 
that the KJwsir, or chief at Aquapim, 
ceded as much territory as the ccloiiy 
required for a monthly quit rent of IGi. 

The botAtdst Lieutenant-Colonel Boer, 
who was well acquainted with West In- 
dia cultivation, went there after the death 
of Isert, l;'llnt,emulousof the noble and 

SBuerous founder of this colony, esta- 
lished a amitar one at the foot of the 
mountains nearer to Akn( ; he was se- 
compnniedbyhis sister, who, animatedby 
the same xeal for the civilisation of Ahica, 
by wliich M«. Faleonbridge, alto- 
wards Dubois, has done so much honour 
to her sex, in twice visiting Sierra 
Leone, for the education of the natita, 
devoted herself to Instructing tlie npgro 
women in spinning cotton, needle-worii, 
and other female occupaticms. 

We regret that we cannot pve any ac- 
count of the progToss and actual state of 
these establishments. 



ABBtVUS AND SAtUNOa. 
fnm Sitrra Ltwt awl Btnni/:— 
Captuln. Tout. 

CliariotUiWyllB..W(akor ialoaauii..aUv. 

Hero Qnmt 388 L!Ten«i » »<"• 



...WFlHno»Ui«7Vir. 



* TbD F»t-Offlce vUl dHjatoh tetten br Uiae hmU. 

Subscriptions and Donations are recnrrd 
by the Treasurer, J, Gumey Hoare, Esq.; 
by Messrs. Bamett, Hoarea, and l3o., G2, 
Lombard-street; Messrs. Barclay, Sevan, 
and Co., G4, Lombard-atrect ; Mewra. 
Coutts and IDo., S9, Strand ; Messra. Drnm- 
monds, Charinr-cross ; Menrs. Hanbui}', 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-street; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenchurcli-strwt ; 
Messra. Hoores, 37, Fleet-street; »ai 
Mrasre. Williams, Deacon, and Co., % 
Birchin-lane ; and by the Secretary, the 
Rev. 3. M. Trew (to whom all communi- 
cations relative to the borineas of the 
Society may be addressed), at the Oifice 
of the Society, 15, Parliamenlrstreet. 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THE couitirrss of the societt for the extinction of the 

SLATE TRADE AND FOB TBS CIFIUZATION OF AFRICA. 
No. 6.] LONDON, 19th APRIL. 1841. {fe'^S^aJl 



DBbtlaADxlUuyllMaiii |a 

Hstaoralotlal Jamnal tn tlwBtmXnrini 

in inMS U 

AirinU Mid BalUdm «■ 



THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 

W» have the gratificatioii to announce that the firat of the three 
Tessela, formmg part of the Niger Expedition, has stuled from England. 
The Sovdaa, Captain Bird Allen, left Woolwich on the 30th of March, 
uid took her final departure firom Plymouth on the 17th of the present 
monA. The Attert and WUberforee will leave Woolwich on the 22nd, 
and Rymouth, probably, on the 28tfa instant, and will, we trust, be far 
on thur voyage ere another Number of this publication be put into 
the hands of our readers. 

May God in his mercy bless and protect all embarked in this 
Expedition, and restore them in health and safety to their fatherland. 

May we venture a few remarks on the subject of the Niger 
Expedition. What, let us ask, is the hardest trial to which human 
fortitude can be exposed? We answer, the holding on in pursuit 
of some noble and virtuous object which continually eludes our 
grasp, diflncnlties at every step multiplying in our path, and each suc- 
ceeding effort ending only in disappointment and "vexation of spirit." 
The man who, in such circumstances, deliberately resolves to persevere^ 
utd firmly adheres to his resolution, — that man is the truly good man, 
— lAat man is the truly great man. Success may never crown Ms 
exertious. He may go down to the grave, " worn with anxious toil," 
tile victim of premature decay ; but he shall have bequeathed to future 
Bget the lesson of his great example, and lus name and memory may do 
more to bless mankind than the accomplishment of his largest hopes 
could have effected while he lived and laboured amongst them. . , 



U THE FRIEND OF AJHICA. [ItHh Aram 

We hare been led into these reflections by an observation whicli we 
have heard more than once within the last few months, to the effect 
that the Niger Expedition is **ik final eSbrt for the benefit of Airica." 
Against such a sentiment it is both our determination and our duty t9 
protest. No man has a right to set bounds to his labour in any sphere 
of niefulness which the providence of Qod may have marked out for 
him. When he does so, he usurps one of the prerogatives of God 
himself, with whom alone it rests to appoint his servants their work, 
and to say to his animate and intoiimt^ creation alike, — " thus far abalt 
thuu go, and no farther." And herein originates the error, that we are 
prone to reason ftom results to principles ; in other words, to judge of 
the character and value of our principles by the results which we see, 
or imagine that we see, them produce. In natural philosophy, the rule 
may, with certain modiUcations, be a safe one; but in morals nothing 
can be more dangerous. The eternal principles .of right and wrong are 
clearly and unalterably marked out for our direction. With them it a 
onr duty to be^n, and from thsm no tubsequent circumstance of time 
or change can justify our departure. Duties are ours ; consequenees 
remun with Him who has tent us into his vineyard, and appointed 
Mch of xu his proper work. Should the Niger Expedition, the 
child of so many hopes and prayers, prove an utter failure^ 
(which calamity may Ood in mercy avert,) — our duty will remain 
as distinctly marked to us as now that our hearts are buoyed up with 
anticipations of a prosperous issue. While hfe is ours, ''we mMt 
not be weary in well doing," and no single opportunity of fulfilling this 
great and high command can be neglected without sin. Iiet it, there 
fore, be clearly understood, that we do not stand or faiX by the Niger 
Expedition. Let the thought cheer those good men who are abont to 
bend their steps to the country of the Negro, that even th«r Usian 
shall not discourage us, but that rather we shall gather from thence, 
submission to the will of God, and more entire dependence on hii 
wisdom to direct ns in our future efforts in behalf of much-injured and 
much-endurjng Africa. Let ua humbly, yet confidently, adopt the 
language of the Prophet, and aay : — ** Although the fig-tree shaD not 
blossom, neither shall fruit be in the vines, the labour of the olive ihaU 
fail, and the fields shall yield no meat} the flock shall be cut off fnts 
the fbld, and there shall be no herd in the stalls : yet I will rejoice in 
the Lord, I wiU joy in the God of my salvation. Thk Lobd God t* 
KT STESHQTH." 

^ Digilized by GOOg le 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



sa 



Ik mr last Number we ref'erred to 
1 CDrrespanileiice recently presented to 
Parliament relative to the ekve Trade 
tt the GalUnaa, sod containing: intelli- 
gence of a very important and cheering 
DBtom. An abstract of the principal 
facta we then also laid before our read- 
en. The subject b, however, so 
deeply interesting, that we need offer 
no apology for returning to it again. 
Ths river Gallinas, is situated rather 
more than one hundred miles to the 
wnth-eattward of Sierra Leone, and we 
EiMe already mentiooed the blockade 
of it hy the squadron under the com- 
mand of Captain Denman of H.M.S. 
Waitderer, — the passage of the bar by 
the boats of the squadron, — the de- 
mand made by Captain Denman of the 
immediate release of the African female 
(Ftv), held in confinement by the son 
if King Siacca, — the subsequent nego- 
tion, which terminated in the liberation, 
not only of this British subject and her 
child, but of nine hundred and seventy- 
six other negroes, — and the utter de- 
ttnicticffl of eight targe slave factories 
btloDging to the Spaniards. Our limits, 
honever, prevented our referring to the 
not less pleasing intelligence that a 
treaty was at the same time concluded 
tiy uiptain Denman with the King of 
(be Gallinas (Siacca), by which the 
latter bound himself to send away " the 
had white men (slave dealers) within 
fwir months," and iiirther, utterly to 
prohibit their future settlement in his 
conatryforthe purpose of slave dealing- 
All the articles of this treaty are so 
iratiiying, (and we may add, when we 
diink of the mission now on its way to 
the Xiger, so instructive,) that we pro- 
pose to quot« them at length from the 
Parliamentary correspoadecce already 
referred to. May we not hope that the 
fulfilment of the first two articles fur- 
nishes a good guarantee for the fulfil- 
■nent also of the third and fourth ? 

Amcun OF i. Tmutt ontctuDED bs- 

TWUH Kim SUCCA AMD COHHASDBK 

I ras HoBODBABUC Josmpb Dehmah. 

U. King SiMM N>g^«* totally to de- 
■trey tba foetoriM bctoiigitQ tg the white 



Sndly. King Siacca engages to give up 
to Commander Denman all Uie slaves who 
were in the Barracoona of the white slave 
dealm when he entered the river, and 
have been carried off into the bash. 

Srdly. King Siacca engages to send 
these bad white men out of nis country 
by the first opportunity, and within four 
months from this date. 

4thly. King Siacca binds himself in the 
moat solemn manner that no white men 
shall ever, for the Aiture, settle in Ids 
country for the purpose of slave-dealing. 

fithly. Captun Denman, upon the part 
of Her Britannic Majesty, promises ncVcr 
to molest any of the legitimate commerce 
of the Hiver Gallinas, but that, on the 
contrary. Her Mtyesty s ships shall afford 
every assistance to King Siacca's subjects, 
and tal£c every opportunity of promoting 



6thly. The Governor of Sierra Leone 
will use hie influence to get the Sierra 
Leone people to open the tmde with King 
Dacca's country. 

7thly. No wnite man from Sierra Leone 
shall settle down in King Siacca's country 
witliout his full permission and consent. 

8thly. All complaints that King Siacca 
may have to m^e hereafter against any 
of Her Majesty's ships, he is requested to 
forward at once to Sierra Leone ; and a full 
investigation, and such redress as tlie occa- 
sion may require, is solemnly promised by 
Commander Demnaa on the part of Her 
Orituinie Majesty. 

Done at Dumbocorro, in the River 
Gallinas, Uiis 21st day of Novem- 
ber, 1840. 

(Signed) PrincbManm, 
his M mark. 
LtisiHi RooBRS, 
his ^ mark. 
John Selbpbi Rooxhs, 
his X mark. 
(Signed) Joseph Denmam, 
CWNnanwr and Srnior O^cer <m the 
Sierra LeoM Station, 
lata the feeling and sentiments ex- 
pressed by Captain Denman in his letter 
to the Governor of Sierra Leone (Go- 
vernor Doherty), communicating the 
result of his proceedings, our friends 
will cordially enter. 

" In consequence of the vigorous block- 
ade of Gallinas, as regards the Slave Trade, 
which has been maintained unce April, a 
great number of the slaves had been a 
very long time iu confinement ; and the 
satiafoction I experienced in witnessing 
the joy and gratitude of these poor crea- 
tures was greatly enhanced by the rcfl^«j-| -, 
tion that, but for their present deliverance, 



84 



THE miEND OF AFRICA. 



tlftthApBii., 



their dreadf al lUte of misery and 
would hava been indefinitely prolonged. 
Many have lieen twelve montos in the 
Baniicoons, and eome have been placed in 
canoes four several timea for exportation ; 
bnt in each case the vessel destined to re- 
ceive them was captured, 

"In all these proceedings I have endea- 
voured to convince the natives of the sin- 
cere desire entertained by Great Britain 
to promote the welfare and happiness of 
the native* of Africa ; and I trust, st the 
same time, that a severe blow has been 
Btmck against the Slave Trade, and the 
foundation laid for the recommencement 
of commercial Intercourse between Sierra 
Leone and the Gallinas, which cannot iiul 
to be beneficial to both parties." 

It would be doing injustice to Captaii 
Denmsn if, having quoted from the cor^ 
retpondence in which his recent tranS' 
actions are described, we should with- 
nold the tribute of commendation paid 
to his zeal and promptitude by Governor 
Doherty. 

" One opinion only, as it appears to 
can be entertained respecting the decisive 
meosores adopted by Commander Denman : 
nor does it seem possible, in any view ol 
the subject, to estimate too highly tbi 
services which tliat very intelligent and 
active officer has rendered by them to the 
cause of the suppression. The [slaved 
traffic has undoubtedly sustained a greater 
blow by what has been done now on shore, 
than it has received during my admini- 
stration of this Government, by any of the 
numerous and important captures which 
have been effected at sea. Gallinas was 
the most celebrated mart and stronghold 
of the Spanish Slave Trade on the whole 
line of the African coast. As such it had 
long maintained itself in insolent defiance 
of this colony, its immediate neighbour; 
and as such it may be said, for the present, 
to have ceased to exist." 

The Parliamentary paper, to which 
the attention of our readers has just 
been directed) contains, besides the do- 
cuments from which we have made quo- 
tations, a letter from Sir John Jeremie, 
the present Governor of Sierra Leone, 
inclosing another letter from Captain 
Denman, The contents of these addi- 
tional communications, which are very 
valuable, we must reserve for considera- 
tion in a future Number. 



ON AFRICAN ETHNOGRAPHY. 

We have lately received from a cor- 
respondent a translation into Engliah of 
an article which appeared some time ^^ 
in the "Allgemeine Zeitung," of Stutl- 
gardt, on the Ethnography of Central 
Africa. The most valuable portion 
of this document is that which describes 
the conveyance to Munich by Prince 
Maximilian of Bavaria, and the sub- 
sequent education under his auspices, 
of five African youths, natives of the 
interior of the continent. This part 
of the paper we intend to set before 
our readers. It will, we are persuaded, 
reward their attention. At the same 
time we think it well to state, that, not- 
withstanding the unquestionable ability 
of our German neighbours as linguists 
and philologists, we cannot receive with 
implicit confidence the glowing descrip- 
tion of Mr. Tutscheck's knowledge of 
the language, maDoers, and customs of 
the Gallas, when we consider how li- 
mited and imperfect must have been his 
means of obtaining information. That 
he has accomplished much we do not 
attempt to d«iy. But really to have 
mastered a living tongue with all its 
difSculties of construction, idiom, and 
pronunciation, to have obtwned more- 
over any considerable insight into the 
actual condition of a people previously 
quite unknown to him, the pupil must 
surely have had some better instruction 
than that which a mere youth snatched 
from his native land, and transported 
into the midst of foreign scenes and as- 
sociations, was able to impart. We 
have further to observe, that our author 
appears to be unacquainted with the 
fact that two of his countrymen, mis- 
sionaries of the Church Missionary 
Society, Messrs. Krapf and Isenberg, 
have penetrated to the country of the 
Gallas, and that that society has pub- 
lished a Dankali vocabulary, and a trans- 
lation of part of the Gospel of St. John 
into the Galla language. The author 
(the Rev. J. L. Krapf) dates his ^r- 
formnnce, which he modestly dcscnbes 
as a " tentamen imbecillom, ' from the 
city of " Ank6bar, aua regni Shoanonim 
capitaUsest. 1839. 

" One of the most Taluable contribn- 
tions to the knowledge of the langnwea 
.and people of the inUiior of Afrios haa 



1811.] 



THE FRIEKD OF AFRICA. 



been derived within the laat year in 
Hnnich, from fire African yontns, who 
weie proridentially thrown in the way 
of hia Hi^hnew Dnke Maximilian of 
BaTsris, while viuting f^pt and Nubia. 
Tbii hunane and enlightened Prince 
VK not content with afferding proteC' 
Uon and eapport to those unfortunate 
diildien, enticed and kidnapped by rob- 
■beiT and treachery from the interior of 
LyW; but, as soon as he returned home, 
tooL care to provide for tlieir anpro- 
priale and profitable education. Their 
ustnidion waa chiefly intrusted to ]Ur. 
Charles Tutscheck, a yoang man of talent 
ud zeal, one of the tutors of the Duke's 
own children. Besides the difficulties 



peopl^ Mr. Tutscheck had to contend 
with the most distreasing suspicion in the 
boTt, who, OB they liave aince confessed, 
believed that they were well treated and 
fed, only to be put to death in the sequel. 
Hi* petseveiiog attention, however, at 
leuth overcame this gloomy idea, eape- 
ciajly after he had had occasion to mint 
ene of the boys during illnesB, and had 
pi'en him every proof of his sincere 
interest Since that Ume they hare 
iDMiifested the moat cordial aSection for 
Eiini, which haa greatly promoted hie 
newi and exertions. 

"Hr. Tutscheck soon perceived that 
each of these five boys was the represen- 
tative of a distinct Airican nation, having 
an original and extremely peculiar lan- 
fosge (T) and endeavoured to ohtmn full 
infimuatlon, especially from the three 
elder boys, natives of Dariiir, Dardenka, 
nd the Galla country, who still retained 
a knowledge of tiieii native languas^ and 
aniDtry; this he effected by a kind of 
mutaal instruction. By the aid of a 
cvefnl study of the languages of Central 
Africa, or rather of the few scattered 
ootices in tJio works of recent travellers 
Dod miuonaries, Hr. Tutscheck has been 
veiy successful, and now converses fluently 
ID the Galla language with the young 
native of that counSy, who is at the 
ume time his pupil and his teacher. He 
haa written down from his conimuni- 
cations, a great number of very valuable 
wrticee respecting the country, its tribes, 
Iheii villages, their neighbours, their 
uMitutions; of his own travels, the places 
ud rivers which he has seen, beadea 
tales and l^nda, fables, prayers, and 
songs. Hereby our knowledge of the 
^«ogTBpbjy and manhera of Central Africa 
w ctmnderably increased or corrected, 
ttd w« at the same time become acquaint- 
ed with the nncorrnpted rimplicity of 



those inhabitants of the African moun- 
tains who worship the Deity in purity (?) 
without the mixture of images or 
symbols. 

" The accuracy of the communications 
is proved by the circumstance that the 
geognphicBl portion of them agrees, in 
the main points, with the latest discove- 
ries and maps, and that the ^'oung GaUas 
being questioned at long mtei-vals, re- 
peated the same things in the same 
manner and order. This is also the case 
withthetwootheryouths. The written ma- 
terials enabled Mr. Tutscheck to prosecute 
his philoloeical researches more indepen- 
dently. These, and the continued com- 
mnnicatious which flowed the more 
abundantly from the young peop!^ in 
proportion as the interest he took in tJiem 
refreshed their . recollections of their 
native land, tlieir longing after it, and 
their desire to tell him ul tliey knew, 
enabled him, towards Uie end of last 
year, fully to understand the formation 
and construction of the Galla language, 
to compose a grammar and dictionary 
of it, and then to turn his attention to 
tile language of the Tumalu, a very 
singuki' people, who live in the Nnha 
mountains below Kordofan*. .This ho 
found a complete contrast to tlie soft, 
sonoi'oua language of the Giallas; it is 
roufjh, full of harah sounds, and very 
original in its construction. ^ 

" Before the end of the year Mr. Tuts- 
check's studies were ungularly coufinned. 
He met in the street an African boy in 
an Egyptiau dress, of a very mild and 
pleasing countenance, of a lighter com- 
plexion tlian his own Gollas punil, who 
IS a Boniima, south of Gudura; out yet, 
according to external appearance, a tribe 
of the Eome nation. He addressed him 
in the Galla language, with tlie word^ 
' Are you a Galla, my son?" The boy 
joyfully stirpvised at the souud of lus 
native language, exclaimed with great 
emotion and teats in his eyes; ' VesI 
and how come you to know my lan- 
guage 1' They were soon well acquainted ; 
me boy was a Golla of the tribe of 
Tibu ; and had been obtained in l%ypt 
by Mr. Pell, an English gentleman, who 
treated him like hia own son, and brought 
him to Munich on hia return home. The 
two young countrymen, the Boranna and 
the Tibu, now saw each other daily ki 
the apace of two months. Mr. Pellkmdly 
prolonging hia stay for that time, to 

■ Dr. Riipprll, of FnnkAiTt, one of tfa« bnt 
'Al^ckn tmreURS, hai gimi u Bhoit ToubulMfr 
of t)ii« Unnue, luid Dr. Holroyd brought Omi 
KordoOni, b 1889, • Voba |k?> nho f» ddw ia 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



?romote the wishes and stndiw of Mr. 
'utscheck. The cotnnmnieattona of the 
youthful stranger, incKftsed his acquaint- 
ance with maanerB and CKstoma, and hii 
collection of traditLons, bbles, and songs 
in that l&n^age, as weU as hi« knowledge 
of the language itself. 

" Matters stood thns, when Mr, Tut- 
icheck was invited br the Royal Aca- 
demy of Sciences, at Uuoich, to make a 
report on his philological and ethnogra- 
phical discoveries. He accepted the 
iDTitation, and delivered a lecture at a 
recent sitting of that learned body. — 
He only briefly described the progress of 
his investigation, the knowledge of man- 
ners and geography which ha had ac- 
quired, as he intends shortly to draw up 
a treatise on the religion, manners, cus- 
toms, and geomphv of that country. 
On tlie other nand ne entered at great 
length into the analogy and syntax of the 
iMiguflge, which appeared to be rery 
remarkable in the composition of its 
words, and also its -construction. In the 

Ct resemblance of the languages of 
mna, Tibu, and Gama, which, as we 
have already observed, prove to be dialects 
of the Gatlo, he found a conftrmation of 
the opinion expressed by the late Mr. 
Salt, that the entire circle of nations, 
which surround Abyssinia on the south, 
however distracted by political latereata, 
is held together by the common bond 
of languoga, and forms one great na- 
tion, divided according to their dialects 
and territorial possessions, whose organ! 
b more perfect, and their figure m 
noble than that of tlie negro nations, and 
of whose capability of a high degree of 
civilization no doubt con now be enter- 

" The whole subject would assume i 
better form and direction, if the return of 
those youths to their country could taki 
place after a series of years, not too pro- 
tracted, under the control of their learned 
and intelligent tutor. When once they 
were at home, and more free to oct, tliey 
would proKibiy go further of their own 
accord, and be able to prosecute their 
researches into the south, either personally 
or by employing other AlHcans for this 
purpose, and thus open channels to a 
knowledge of the intenor of Africa, which 
ra»y remain closed against Europeans, if 
not for ever, yet for some centuries. 

" Through young Africans educated in 
Europe, we maynot only have our scientific 
knowledge of Africa extended, and its re- 
sources made more avdlable, but likewise 
may witness the germs of our civHlEation, 
and the blessiius of Christianity com- 
municatci to those interesting nations 



which have hitherto been excluded from 

We hare to add, that Mr. Tntaeheck 
Is now employed In arranging the result 
of his investigations, on the Haonen, 
Geo^phy, and I^agaagea of the Interior 
of Mnaa, tor the pnrpoae of pablkatbrn." 



PARLIAMENTARY SLAVE-TRADE 
PAPERS FOR 133^-1840. 

[CDDllDmd bVB fM* SI.] 

The remainder of onr obscrratioDS 
on these Parliamentary paperst may be 
placed under the head of 

Failure or Eftorts. 

It is curious to trace the ihifte and 
devices, to which the slave traders have 
recourse. For some years past, the 
American iag has protected many of 
their illegal adventures ; but in oonae- 
quence (^ the dectsioni of the British 
Advocate General, as notified by Vis- 
count Palmerston, on the 5th ot Sep- 
tember, 1 839, and of the American 
District Attorney, of date 9th of August, 
1839, (both of which decisions agree in 
regarding, only the bona fide ownen of 
the vessel,) we may indulge the hope 
that the flag of the United States may 
no longer enable the slave trader tc 
elude the provisions of the treaties, as 
formerly ; but the effect of the detention 
of the American clippers, which led to 
these decisions, appears to have been, in 
so far B8 regards the Havana, on the 
authority of Consul Tolmfi, merely to 
brin^ Portuguese and Spanish vessels 
again into the trade. 

It should not, however, be lost sight 
of, that the American flag must continue, 
in a considerable degree, to protect the 
slave trader, so long as the right of 
search is withheld. A British erviier 
on boarding a vessel sailing under Uiat 
flag, runs a great haiard, if it cannot be 
satisfactorily shown that the vessel, 
though ostensibly American prt^rty, 
really belongs to a subject of some other 
Power ; and the inevitable c<NiiM]tnnr« 
is, that our nava) officers are cooipened 
to allow many slave veaHls, using the 
flag of the United States, to escape 
withont a visit : a great fadlity for 
carrying on the traffic is thus afforded, 
which otherwise could not eitist; but 



IBil.] 



THE PEI^ND OP AFRICA. 



from the tone of the Answer of the 
American Secretary of State, to the 
remODstrance of our AmbssBador, as well 
U fttaa a passage in the President's last 
message to Congress, to which we shall 
probably have occasion to refer at a 
nitnre time, we are not without hopes 
that the GoTemment of the United 
States may, ere long, be induced iurther ' 
to co-operate with us in putting down 
this disgracefol prostitution of Uie flag 
of North America. 

One of the leading causes of the 
^nre of onr efforts, is found in the 
continued large profits derived ^m the 
trafSe. Id a conversation between Baron 
Rones, the French minister at Rio, and 
Mr. Onseley, our resident there, re- 
twrted of date 9th of Julj^, 1839, the 
Baron remarked that the price of Hlaves 
at Rio had "already increased from 
one>four^ to one-third, ia conaeqaeoce 
af tlw late atrone measures takan by the 
instroctiooa of tier Majesty's Govern- 
ment ; so that the temptations to con- 
tiDue the traffic have increased almost 
in proportion to the difficulties with 
which it is surrounded." 

With r^ard to Cuba, Consul Toha£ 
laya to Lord Palmerston, of date 17th 
of Sept^nber, 1839, " I estimate their 
gains, at present, at not above 100 per 
cenL" Her Majesty's commissioners at 
the Havana, of date 1st of January, 1840, 
report to Ixird Palmerston i " Of the 
great demand for negroes, we cannot 
give your lordship a stranger proof than 
the net that area Mosambique Africans, 
who formerly were sold only for about 
^300 per head, are now sold at an 
average of jj425V 

Of the inefficacy of our slave trade 
treaties with Spain, one or two instances 
may be given. At the Havana, it seenis 

* TTmi rnminlwiniirrilirTTi irlVirfn tlir rur nf 
the Am^. with Nffsrd to iriiieh it is ta be 
wUied that ws hsd Authw partioiilani, for fttHO 
thefscCa Hist sre 118(01, we are led to infer loma- 
tJuoK Mxnnuiii in His present rate of profits. 
tSw sIbtm inportoil In tfae Am^a w«re por- 
(iMedatSldiilUniMv bawL Ilie freight of 
nstioesfraas ths Wastema«ait^ipeantOTU7 
beia 40 to SO per eeat. Let n* amne tbe 
beidU Eron Hoismtnqiie to ba 100 per cent., 
nKTwe hiT« lite csrgo luded at 62 doUsn per 
head. They wei« sold «t 425 d<^Un; but the 
taOs BsUmated st 300 out of 840, must be 
dedorted from tbis sscetiive profit. 



tobe no secret that the OoTemor-Generi.1 
derives a lai^ revenue from a tax on 
the importation of negroes, which ic 
variously stated at "half a doubloon," 
(eight dollars,) and at " ten dollars," 
per head. At this rate, it is quite evi- 
dent that the CroVemor-General of Cuba 
must derive an income, at the very least, 
of 40,00(M. or 50,000^. annually, from 
the traffic. 

The next case presents a curious test 
of the sincerity of the Spanish Govern- 
ment, reported by Mr. Southern, at 
Madrid, to Lord Palmerston, of date 
July 13, 1639. He says, " When the 
Treaty of 1885 was sent out by Count 
Toreno to POrto Rico, on opening the 
packet a royal order was fOHiid com- 
municating the Treaty, and enjoining 
its observance in the form which is 
generally used on such occasions. But 
Uiere was also a secret despatch to the 
Cap tain -General JL.atorre, which stated 
in substance that the Government of 
Her Catholic Majesty had been com- 
pelled by the force of circumstances to 
conclude the Treaty; but, aware that 
some of its provisions might militate 
against the interests of the colony under 
the Captain -General's command, he was 
authorized in such cases to act in the 
manner which, in his judgment, he 
might consider most conducive to the 
welfare of the colony placed under his 
protection." 

Here, then, we have a clue to the 
non-observance of this famous Treaty, 
commonly termed the " Model Treaty ;" 
for it is easy to conjecture to what 
degree a Spanish Governor, who is de- 
riving many thousands per annum from 
the Slave Trade, wiU view that traffic 
as bearing on the welfare "of" his 
"colony." Ofwhatusethen,are treatiei, 
when, as in the case of Brazil, we have 
a nation determined to break faith with 
us ; or, as in the case of Spain and 
Portugal, where our stipulations are 
treated with contempt by treacherous 
governments and corrupt functionaries ? 

We cannot rise from the perusal of 
the 1280 pages of these Parliamentary 
papers, without a deep and mournful 
conviction of the continuance, in its most 
aggravated form, of this desperate evil, 
and of the failure of all oar past efforts 
ftoT its suppression. But this unhappy 



THE FRIBND OF AFRICA. 



[IflthAjim^ 



resnlt, so fu from diBCOuraging the em- 
ployment of more eSSc&cious means, 
should rather prompt to their immediate 
sod energetic applicatioti. 

A new order of means has been 
brought into operation by the inatitution 
of the African CiTiliution Society, whose 
principles hare, moreover, received not 
only the sanction, but likewise the 
powerful co-operaUon of the British 
Government. And surely this circum- 
■tsnce is calculated to inspire fresh 
hopest and stimulate to renewed exer- 
tions for the accomplishment of that 
great and benevolent object, upon which 
BO enormous an amount of British life 
and treasure has hitherto been fruitlessly 
expended. 



ABYSSINU. 

TuK following extracts, in continua- 
tion of those already published in our 
second Number, are from the letters of 
Dr. Beke, who left England in Septem- 
ber last, on his way to Shoa. More 
recent accounts announce his departure 
from Tajurrah, for Ank6bftr. 

Tajarrah, 2Qth Notamber, ]840. 

Tfyurrab, as I have alraady mentioned, 
is Mtuate on the northern side of the Gab- 
bat «I£^ni£, the literal meaning of which 
name is the Bay of Desolation, or Devasta- 
tion. I have endeavoured to ascGrtaio the 
cauae of this singular designation, but the 
only answer I con get is, that the name 
was given it in olden times. I would sug- 
gest the likelihood of its havina; ori^nated 
from the state into which this locality was 
' thrown by the operation of tha volcanic 
fires, which were formerly active here. 

Tajurrah is the Arabic name of this 
place, which by the native Dan&kil b 
called Togdrri. The number of its inha- 
bitants may probably amount to BOO or 
1000, but It IS very difficult to form an 
estimate. The houses are built of the 
rough stems and branches of treea, lined 
inude with mats made of the branches 
of the date palm, with arched roofe 
meeting in a point at top^ at about an 
angle of 90°, and covered with a thatch of 
reeds. Their appearance at a little dis- 
tance is not at airunlike that of a number 
of large English haystacks. They are 
placed together without much regard for 
rcgularitv ; and one, two, three, or ibur of 
Buch builduigB, placed round an irregular 
elu4>ed yard, having a dsgle communica- 



tion outwards, form the rcttdence of a 
fiunilr, according to ita size and means. 

Although the vegetation is luxuriant 
here, there is no attempt at agriculture of 
any description. The chief natural pro- 
duction of the soil is the acacia tree, 
already mentioned, and another called bv 
the natives anoffdlli, the leaves of whica 
are used by them for tanning leather. 

The place b supplied with water from 
a well, lined with stones, a few hundred 
yards to the west, from which the water 
IS brought in skins, by the women and 
girls. It is slightly brackish, Besidea 
their camels, the people have a few cows, 
and a food many goats, which anpnly 
them with milk, and are also occasioually 
eaten. Since I have been here, Moham- 
med Ali has twice killed a he^oat. This 
is the animal iutended bv Hb. Isenberg 
when he mentions a " buck." He was no 
doubt led into error by the similarity of 
this English word to the German "book," 
a he-goat. Here is also the domestio 
fowl. 

The people are not at all an ill-looking 
race. Their colour varies from a deep 
brown toabronze black, ariung from their 
mixed ori^n, many of them being the oST- 
spring of female uaves from the interior, 
who are of a much lighter colour. Their 
hair is frizzled : that of the women is 

§ luted in numerous small .plaits, hwiging 
own on the back and each side of tlM 
bead, being parted in front. 

The men and children, both male and 
female, go bareheaded : the wom«i cover 
their h^B. Both sexes besmear their 
heads plentifully with grease ; and the 
men have a stick stuck in thwr hair, 
Uke tha Somanlia, to scratch their heads 
with when necessary, lliey also besmear 
the whole bodv on grand occasions, when 
they all shine orightly. 

The women do not cover their fines, 
although it hos fr«quentlr happened, on 
ntf paamng one, that she nas turned ba 
back on me, drawn her cloth round her 



modesty, in the same way as with the 
little boys and glrl^ who mostly scamper 
off with all their might the inrtsnt they 
catch a glimpse of me. But to make 
amends for theirshnnnitm me, I ampluned 
enough by the men and lads, who fulow 
me about whenever I leave the house, and 
often crowd iuto my room, merely to staiv 
at me. Both sexee wear omnleta round 
their necks or onus. The Snlloa bos a 



IB41.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



hige mimber done up in Bcarlet doth and ' 
stntng together, which he wean over one 
iboold^ and under the other arm, like » 
mh, herides having several othen tied 
Tonnd hisann. 

The children are carried astride over 
me of the hipa ; and tile women, who 
geueiaUy fetch the wood and water for 
nae, cany their burthens over their loins. 
In their houses, the women plat the 
bnnches of the date palm into very neat 
baskets^ trays, and dish covers, &c., which 
an mostly validated with blacV and red. 
The coloDis for dyeii^ the niBterials are 
hnmght, the black ^om the interior, and 
the red from Mokha. They grind their 
nuixe for bread on a flat stone with a large 
roUing-[Hn of the same material. They 
frequewy meet together for this purpose 
ID aOB of their honaes, and pass Heveral 



Twied, and the words as little ; but it is 
&r from unpleaMng to hear one sing the 
air (with an attempt at Tariations), which 
is repeated by the otheis in chorus. Some- 
timea it is taken up by a semi-chorus, uid 
then Uie whole join in. The people 
gmezally are fond of singii^, and have a 
very good ear for music^ at least, as &r as 
regards timc^ which they keep moat cor- 

I have, in my former letter, mentioned 
that the commerce of Tajurrah connsts 
prindp^Iy of the export of slaves. I 
nare endeavoured to ascertain the number 
Inmight down from the interior, but 
Utherto without success. I am told it is 
a large number, but my informant (Hus- 
■ein)liaB no certain means of knowing, and 
in saying " a thousand or two," may i 
on the one side as easily and almost 
much as on the other. 

In the meanwhile I have obtwned from 
Hussein, who knows the place and the 
people perfectly well, the prices which 
stawf fetch here. 

BiKk BarM. WMU BUrs*. 

Bors . . 10 to IS dollars. 20 dollars. 
Giris .. 15 to 20 „ SO to 3S „ 

Yonngmen 28 to 30 „ 40 to 4B „ 

By teMU, or rather light-coloured, are 
meant the natives of Giutlgue, who fonn 
the majority of the slavee brought from 
the interior. They are mostly children, 
GtBptured in the wars between the different 
titles. Youngmenareveryrarelybrought, 
as they are engased in the wars, and 
would either be killed or would run away, 
I understand from Hnsseln, ttiat the king 
of Shoa, althongli not a dealer in slaves, is 



Christian snhjects too, although not per- 
'.tted to deal in slaves, have no difficulty 
btgiittff them for domestic purposes. In 



fact, there can be no doubt tlut slavery 
Lists in Shoa to a very large extent. 
The tribute pud to the Emir of Zeila, , 
appears to be not on slaves sold here, but 
only on those exported for sale, at the rate 
of ttiree-fourtlia of a dollar each. By dollar 
I mean the Austrian convention dollar, 
worth about fiOi, English, which is the 
only money current here. 

Before quitting for the present the sub- 
ject of slavery, I have to relate a heart- 
rending incident which occurred to me 
only yesterday a^moon. Goin^ through 
""" " town, I saw spoor slave girl, of tlie 
age of nine or ten, lying on the ground in 
the sun, eridently m great pain. I went 
up to her, and through my interoreter 
inquired what ailed her. I found her in 
a mgh state of fever, and from the paina 
she complained of there may have oeen 
iotemal inilammation. But before I could 
complete my inquiries, my servant suf;- 
gested to me that I was doing wrong m 
interfering with ancthtr man* property. 
If the master came to me and asked me 
to render asnstance to hia slave, well and 
good ; but if not, I was not iostified in 
volunteering my services ; as, sliould any- 
thing happen to the cliild, I should be 
blamed, or even rendered accountable, for 
my interference. I could not but allow 
the justice of his suggestion, it not having 
occurred to me thbt the poor child was to 
be regarded, not as a fellow-creature, but 
as an ox or an ass! Still, notwithstanding 
his prudential advice, I should so far have 
followed the dictates of humanity, as to 
submit to the master the propriety, even 
for his oum sale, of doing something for 
the child ; but on inquiring for him, he 
was not to be met with. I have sent i^in 
this mominK, and find that she still con- 
tinuea very ill ; but no one comes to me 
for her, and I fear that I am not justified 
in doing anything further. I am known 
in the place as a noHm, and several persons 
have consulted me ; so that if the master 
of the slave thought proper he could have 
no difiiculty in coming to me. It is really 
a most lamentable case ! 

The only artizans here are a few smiths, 
who workup ironbrought from Mokha, into 
knives and speor-heads. The people of 
this place, who were at first entirely de- 
pendent on Zeila, or Mokha, for boats, are 
now only so in jMrt, as many of them are 
now boat-owners; and at the present 
moment, they are going even a step 



- THE FMSHD OP AFRICA. 



[19(liAmi, 



fiirthsr, for tlie^ hare aetaalljr on the 
bench a grood-gited boat on the atocka, 
which is being bnilt here bj a native of 
Mocha, with wood brought from India, as 
there \a none here auitaSle. The vicinity 
of thia place to Aden, ita poMessing a 
splendid naibour, and ila being the nearest 
road to Shoa, will no doubt caum it npidly 
to increase in importance. British influ- 
enoe will also do much to get rid of the 
alare trade ; but to abolish it entirely in 
this quarter, that influence must be exerted 
at the fbuatiun head, otherwise the stream 
will only be forced into another channel. 

The peopU are moat anxious to discoTer 
iron and copper in their mountaina, and I 
larely go out to look at them, but I am 
asked on mv return whether I hare found 
either of tliese metals. Stones are also 
frequently brought to me, tliat I may aay 
whether Uiev coutaiu either iron or copper. 
Fire-arms tney scarcely know, and they 
evince the greatest interest, mixed with no 
small share of dread, at the sight of a gun 
or pistol. When Hussein came from 
Shoa, he brought a musket which, with 
the exception M tile barrel, had been made 
in that amiUty. The ^vorkmaiuUip, espe- 
cially of tlie lock, b really respectable. 
The Icing, I am told, has a tew Armenian 
and Greek workmen in his employ. 

The following are the prices of a few of 
the principal artides here: — 

Mules 13 to 14 dolhkrs each. 

Camels 13 to 14 dollars eaoh ; and yet 
the fixed price for the Atr# for a Journey 
to Shoa is 17 dollars! 

Asses, 2 to 3 dollars each. 

Goats, male, 1 dollar each. 

female, t of a dollar, being much 
smaller. 

Fowls are not very common. 

Maize, 13 kehla for a dollar. 

Clarified fat for cooking, burning, and 
anointing the body, ftc, I khdla, or jar, 
for 2 dollars. 

Honey, 2 ma'aba, or skins, for 1 dollar. 

Rice, the sack 1) to 2 dollars, according 
to quality. 

Dates, the zembil (mat) k dollar. 

T have just been told by Hussein that 
cotton grows plentifully in Shoa, and that 
the natives sow the seed annually. They 
manu&cton from it a coarse cloth. 



SLAVE HUNTING IN ABYSSINIA. 

In Number 70, and the fire preceding 

mtmbersnfAru^tu^ruf, a literary joumu 

published at Manicb, is some account of 



Zeilaand the sorrounding country by Mr, 
KiBLKAiBR, a youi^ and enterprising 
engineer officer in tite tarrice of the King 
ofWUrtembuig. 

This young man, whoM death wia 
alluded to in our second number, hid 
redded for seveml months in Adwa, when 
he had learnt the Arabic and Amhsrie 
languaoee; on his jonmey to Shoa, ia 
April last, he unfortunately drmk agine 
water from a deadly well al KiLeii, from 
which he never recovered. 

White at the sea-port of Zeila, Mr. 
Kielmaier employed himself in colleding 
information respecting the Soraitis, the 
Gallas, and the surrounding connlTj. 
Writing in November, he says, "Ziiiaii 
an old town, seated in the midst of a plun 
extandiug about three miles into ths 
interior, covered vrith unvarying bright 
reretation ; and bounded by tow rsntm 
of hills, Ijeyond which, at the distance of 
a short day's journey, the principal rui;« 
extends in a north-east and soath-wett 
direction. The climate, at least in this 
season, is the most agreeable which I hive 
experienced during a residence of three 
years in Egypt, Arabia, and Abyninii. 
The rainy season b trifling, banning 
usually in December, but m the other 
montlw it rmns slightly. The chisf arti- 
cles of export are Slaves, ivory, gate, 
coffee, camels, asses, eheep, and honey. 
The manners of the people of the snr- 
roundtng oountty are rude and crod: 
there b no school in Zeila. 

Two caravan rontes lead Into tiie in- 
terior, the Bonthem by Berheia, the 
northern throngh the country of the Esa 
Somili to Harrar, distant about lOO miles 
to the south-west, by a mountainoM 
and difficult road ; a single traveller would 
require sev«i days to aooomphsh tht 
journey : four days in the district of the 
Somalia ; one day on a sort of neatnl 
gronnd, wiUiout inhabltwits, and only tra- 
versed by robben engaged in li^^e- 
htmtin!! ; sai two days in the country of 
the Al'la Gallas. The town of Harrar or 
Erer b said to be built on the edge of i 
precipice, to be larger than Hokha, and 
to contain 12,000 inhabitant^ dueflf 
Mohammedans. The sunvonding dis- 
trict is well cultivatod, and very fruitw, 
but not extensive, nowhere exeeedtag six 
or seven days' journey from the capital 
to the frontier, its greatest extent being 
towards Ifet." 

Mr. Kielmnier'fl noHee eonelndea witk 
a Tocabnlory of one hundred wort* in the 
Sh<^o and Daaktdl, the SonUU, EicT.ind 
Gtlla lon^ageo. 



iioglc 



THE ntlEHD OF AFRICA. 



OCR readers hxye already been made 
acquainted witb the TJsit of Prince 
Albert to the vesiels deitined for the 
River Niger. We have now to record 
an instance of Hii Royal Highness's 
warm lympathy with their commanders, 
— men who have voluntarily undertaken 
the conduct of one of the noblest, and, 
at tbe same time, one of the moat ardu- 
ODs enterprtMs that ever called forth 
haman enerfne*. A few days after the 
Prince's visit to their ships. Captains 
Trotter, William Allen, and Bird Allen. 
received each a hie-hly-finished t^ld 
pocket chronometer, bearing the follow- 
ing inscription: — 

"Presented by His Royal Highness 

Prince Albert to ——, of Her M»- 

je8tv*B steamer ■, on his departure 

with the Expedition to the Niger, for the 
abolition of the Slave Trade.— &[arch 23, 
1841." 

The judgment and good taste exhi- 
bited in the selecUon of the gift must 
commend themselves to the approval of 
evenrbody. To onr own mind the most 
gralifving circnmstance is the evidence 
which is thus afforded of the nnabated 
interest taken by Mis Royal Hiffhi 
in the success of the Niger Eipedil 
and the effbrtf which are being made to 
remedy the woes and wrongs of Africa. 

NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 

EMANCIPATION. BvW.KCHiiwiiio. 

— Ameriea pMuhed, London rwui- 

lUfUd. CFo-T. 

NoTwiTiiSTAKOivc much that it 
is painful to witness in the feeling 
and conduct of Americans towards their 
slaves, it is, at all events, a cheering 
consideration that there is plainly dis- 
cernible amongst them a stow, but sure 
and steady, rnider-growth of anti-slavery 
priaciple. Not the least satisfactory 
evidenee of thia Is Atmished by the 

Sblication of Dr. Channing's pamphlet, 
lis, able writer has nobly devoted 
hinuelf to the good work of relievinc 
his country ttota the greatest reproach 
that can stain the character of a nation. 
The task before him Is one of no 
ordinary magnitude. It will call forth 
all the resources of his fertile and 



vigorous mind. He will have to prirsue 
it in defiance of calumny and misrepre- 
sentation, and in despite, it may be. of 
a hostility yet more direct and uniis- 
guised. But he must not shrink from 
his holy vocation, — and we greatly mis- 
taiie his character if he be the man to 
shrink from it. His reward cannot but 
come at last. Even now, as we hive 
intimated, it approaches. Day by day 
the advocates of abolition in America 
I on the increase. It is our duty — it 
our privilege, to cheer them on by 
the expression of our heartfelt sympntHy, 
— to aid them by the oCTering of our 
fervent prayers. 

We must make room for one or two 
entracts from the pamphlet before us, 
preraising that it was occasioned by the 
publication of the letters addressed by 
Joseph John Gumey, a name not to be 
mentioned without honour, to Henry 
Clay, the American Btatesman. The 
title of Mr. Gumey's truly seasonible 
book is, " Familiar Ltlters to ffenrjf 
C/ai/,nfKanluck^, describing a Winter 
In the WtMt Indies. By Joseph Johh 

GUBNEY." 

Dr. Channing speaks in glowing Inn- 
guage of "the noble elements" which 
unite to form the character of the negro. 
Let lis hear him. 

"Emancipation lias borne a singular 
teatitnony to the noble elements of the 
negro character. It may be doubted whe- 
ther any other race would have home this 
trial as well as they. Before the day of 
freedom came, the West Indies and this 



titnde from bond aire to liberty. Revenue, 
massacre, unbridled liiat, were to usher in 
the grand festival of Emancipation, which 
was to end in the breaking out of a new 
Pandemoninm on earth. Instead of thi", 
the holy day of liberty was welcomed by 
shouts and tears of gmtitudc. Thn libe- 
rated negroes did not hasten, as Saxon 
serft in like circnmstances miiibt have 
done, to haunts of intoxication, but to the 
house of God. Their rude chnrches were 
thronged. Their joy found ntteranee in 
prayers and hymns. History contains no 
record more toucfainK than the account of 
the religious tender thankfulness which 
this vast boon awakened in the negro 
breast. And what followed^ Was this 
beautiful emotion an evanescent transport, 
soon to give way to ferocity miA ven- 
geance? It was natural for masters who 



THE FRIKND OF AtTHtJA. 



[19tli' Apsil, 



had inflicted canwless stripes, and fiUed 
th« cup of th« etftvee with bitterness, to 
fear their rage after liberation. But the 
Dvemhelming joy of fteedom having sub- 
sided, thej returned to labour, Not even 
a blow was struck in the excitement of 
tliat rast change. No violation of the 
peaee required the interposition of the 
m^^istrote. The new relatjon was aa- 
nimed easUy, quietly, without an act of 
violence ; and rince that time, in the 
short space of two years, Low much have 
they accomplished! Beautiful villages 
have grown up ; little freeholds have been 
purchased ; the marriage tie has become 
sacred ; the child is educated ; crime has 
diminished. There are islands where a 
greater proportion of the youM are trained 
ui schools than among the whites of the 
(American) slave-Btates. I ask whether 
any other people on the face of the earth 
would have received and used the infinite 
blessing of liberty so well."— pp. 32, S3. 

Our author commoats in terms of 
well-deserved severity upon some of his 
degenerate countrymen who have emi- 
grated to Cuba, to become proprietors 
of slaves, (with shame we write it) in 
that land of crime and misery. 

" There is another fact worthy attention. 
It is said, that most of the plantations in 
Cuba, which have been recently brought 
under cultivation, belong to Americans; 
that the number of American slave-holders 
is increasing rapidly in the island ; and, 
consequently, that the importation of 
human cargoes from Africa finds much of 
its encouragement from the citizens of our 
republic. It is not easy to spealc in 
meaanred terms of this enormity. For 
men bom and brought up amidst slavery, 
many apologies may be made. But men 
born beyond the sound of the lash, brought 
up where human rights are held sacred, 
wlio, in face of all the light thrown now 
on slavery, con still deal m human flesh, 
can become customers of the ' felon' who 
tears the African from his native shore, 
and con with open eyes inflict the deepest 
wrong for gam, and gain alone, — such 
'have no cloak for their sin.' Men so 
hard of heart, so steeled against the re- 
proofs of conscience, bo intent on thriving, 
though it be by the most cruel wrongs, 
•re not to be touched bv human expostu- 
lation and rebuke. But if any should 
tremble before Almighty justice, ought 
not ti^f'—f. 27. 

One more short extract and we have 
done. Most beautifully and most truly 
does this eloquent advocate of human 
rights thus toucb the n^hty prinaple, 



to which alone we look for final success 
in OUT struggle with the oppressor of 
his brother. 

"What is it, let me ask, which has 
freed the West India slave, and is now 
raimng him to the dignity of a man? 
The answer u most cheering. The 
great Emancipator has been Clinstianity, 
Policy, intereet, state-craft, church-craft, 
the low motives which have originated 
other revolutions^ have not worked here. 
From the times of Clarkeoa and Wilber- 
force down to the present day, the friends 
of the slave, who nave pleaded liia cause 
and broken his chains, have been Christ- 
ians ; and it is &om Christ, the Divine 
Philanthropist, from the inspiistion of his 
cross, that they have gathered fiuth, hope, 
and love, for tlie conflict. This illustra- 
tion of the spirit and power of Christianity 
is a bright addition to the evidences of its 
truth. We have here the miracle of a 
great nation rising in its strength, not for 
conquest, not to assert its own righta, hut 
to free and elevate the most despised and 
injured race on earth ; and as tnis stands 
alone in histon', so it recalls to us thgae 
wonderful works of mercy and power by 
which the divinity of our religion wiaat 
first confirmed."— p. 29. 

In this passage, Dr. Channiag Bpealu 
of our venerable countryman, Clanison, 
as belonging to an earlier a^ than the 
present. And so assuredly he does. 
The age in which was fought the glo- 
rious battle for the abolition of the 
British slave-trade, claims Thomas 
Clarkson as peculiarly its own. But 
we rejoice to scud the tilings to a 
kindred spirit over the Atlantic, that 
Thomas Clarkson is amongst us still. 
And long ina^ he he spared to witness 
yet further triumphs of the cause which 
called forth Us earliest and his noblest 
energies. 



PICTURESQUE VIEWS ON THE 
RIVER NIGER. Sltteied m 1832- 
33, Igi CoaMAMDBB Williah Aixkk, 
R.N. — Loudon, Murray, 1810. 

One of the most pleasing additions 
that has been made for sonoe yeara to 
our knowledge of the interior of AfHca. 
Independently of the interest that must, 
henceforth and always, attach to the 
banks of the Niger, an interest of a far 
higher order than rivers the moat re- 
nowned in classic story ever colled forth, 
the intrinsic merita of tha work itaelf 



leap 



THE FRIEND OP AFEICA. 



demand a warm tribute of conuneDda- 
tioa> Tlie views are well selected, and 
the execution admirable. And then 
tbne is so much character in the figures 
introduced. Look at the group of negro 
countenances collected together in the 
plate of " The Palaver." Are they not 
beaming with life and intelligence ? 
You may really all but persuade your- 
■elf that you hear them speak. And 
who is BO dull aa not to appreciate the 
humour expressed it) the face and atti- 
tude of the fine lady engaged in making 
"The Morning Call ?" Where by the 
way are her new acquaintances to 
whom she does so much honour ? Their 
presence surely should not have been 
taken for granted. The plates are ac- 
compamied by descriptive letter-press, 
writ en in a clear and lively style. 

Altogether we cordially recommend 
the work to the attention of our readers. 
We think it impossible to rise from an 
eumination of it without entertaining a 
higher opinion of the natives of Africa, 
and their interesting country, than when 
we sat down- 
Captain Allen will soon be on his 
way to revisit scenes which he has bc 
well pourtrayed. Gladly shall we wel- 
come him again on his return, if God 
so will ; bringing with him too, we 
trust, a cargo larger, and of still richer 
materials, than the present. , 



DUBLIN AUXILIARY" MEETING. 

Amebting for the purpose of forming 
a Society auxiliary to the Society for the 
suppression of the Slave Trade and the 
Civilization of Africa, waa held in the 
Mansion House, Dublin, on Friday, 
April 2nd, 1841. 

The Right Hon, the Lord Mayor in 
the chur. 

Uls Lordship taid it always afforded 
him happiness to join in any measure 
which had for its object the amelioration 
of his species. In the present case the 
subject was one of great Interest. He had 
the satia&ction to announce the deep sym- 
pathy which bis Excellency the Lord 
Lieutenant felt for the success of the cause, 
and he had been pleased to makeliim the 
hononred instrument of communicating 
to the meeting hia wish that bis name 
should be affixed to any object which the 
committee might have in view, to the 
MnountofSO/, (Applauee.) 



Hr, Carr, the agent of the London 
Society, carae foriwd and said, — This 
society is, if I am not mistaken, the glory 
of this our djy ; for the whole plan of 
the Niger expadition, is not to oppieas, 
but to save and civilize ; it forms a new 
era in the history of the country, and, no 
doubt, will be among the many blessings 
connected with the name ana reign of 
our beloved Q,neen. (Hear.) It is B 
deUghtful thinK to know that the first 
^pearance of Prince Albert before' the 
Bntish public was to declare that the 
oppressed should be free — it was to declare 
that which every human bein^ is more or 
less bound to acknowledge — the principle 
of doing to others as you would t>e dona 
to. This is a society that acts and feela 
according to the teaching of our blessed 
Lord in the parable of the eood Sama- 
It feels that those resident in the 
remotest parts of the earth are our neigh- 
bours, according to the doctrine of Him 
who related that paiable in answer to the 
question "Who is my neighbour?" Ac- 
cording to the Irish way of answarii^ one 
question by asking another, the heart of 
tnia society will be ready to answer the 
question, "Who is my neighbour?' by ask- 
ing " Who b not my neighbourl" (Hear.) 
It was mentioned by a traveller, that at 
one time he found a poor Indian praying 
at the foot of a tree ; he did not know but 
he might be worshipping the tree, and 
and asked him whom ne waa worshipping, 
and to whom he was praying, and he 
replied"TothaMoBtHigh." "Andwhere 
is he r' said the inquirer ; "And where is 
he not?" said the other; and, in liko 
manner, it might be sold, when the human 
heart is enlarged by the love that true 
religion teaches, that that question, " Who 
ia my neighbour ? " will be answered ; and 
I trust this Hibernian Society will give. 
the e^tivB answer to it, " Who is not 
my neighbourl" (Hear.) 

Edwakd LiTTOK, Esq., Q„C., and M.P. 
for Coleraine, then addr^sed the meeting. 
He said that it was right when he called 
upon an Irish and British public to join in 
a movement for the freedom of the African 
slave, whose woes were supposed to have 
terminated in the success of former umilar 
exertions, that he should inform them 
that although England had cleared her 
own porta of those merchants who bar- 
tered for gold all that was valuable to man 
— although no British merchant dared 
the penalty of the law by resuming this 
trade— although every monarch in Europe 
had given hia sign manual to the pubw 
abolition of slavery— although England 
had given thirtv millions oi money to 
.satisfy individual losBee,.aod, if he might 



THE FRIEND OV AFRICA. 



[Idth Apbil, 



to Bay, BubsidiM indiTidual slates to orer- 
come the evil — yet when he was askwl, 
knowing' alt this, what ww the object of 
the raeetinft, he answered by the fact 
which astouished him when he fint heard 
it, and would aatontsb many, that it was 
•acertained beyond all doubt and question 
that, notwithatanding all thiB, the slave 
trade flonrbhed — the number of ita victims 
had doubled, and the mortality amongst 
the slaves in the paas^e-ships was 2fi per 
cent, more than la 1780 and 1790, when 
the trade was admitted by every c<m>titu- 
tion in Lurope. (Hear.) 

Mr. LiiTTON thus concluded an eloquent 
address, in which he forcibly described 
tli« wrongs of tlie negro and his capabilitv 
of monl and intellectual culture. "If, 
■aid the honourable gentleman, "these 
poor creatures had like feelings of body 
with others and that they had was eatA- 
bliahed by their shrinking from pain ; if 
they Itad afliecCionB, like the white men, 
and that they had was proved bv the 
devotion of the mother to her chli<^ and 
their pining in the absence of their &milies 
even to death, would not those white men 
divide with Uiem the bles^gs of civilis- 
ation which they enjoyed 1 And if, as was 
undoubted, they had souls to be nved, or 
lost, would they not share with them their 
'means of grace and hope of glory?'" 
(Applause.) 

Mr. P. .£kilids Sihosr said It whs by 
t«tohing the rulers of AMca that the soil 
of the conntry was a more productive 
•ouice of emolument, when cultivated by 
the inhabitants, than the selling of the in- 
habitants themselves, that the work of re- 
generation could be effected. 

The Bishop of Mbath ap<ilogiied for 
the unavoidable abseuce of his Uracs the 
Archbisliop of Dublin, which was occa- 
sioned by his Grace's being confined by 
the prevalent illness. The Right Bcverend 
Prelate then continued, — " The Epeokers 
who preceded me have well Bxpluned that 
it is not by Acla of Parliament, but by 
convincing the Africans themselvea of 
the barbsiritles of the slave trade, that 
any permanent improvement can ever 
be effected in the condition of the poor 
people of Africa, The people of that 
country have been in the nabit of getting 
luxuries Irom Europe, and for those luxu- 
ries they gave their fellow-crestnrcs in 
exchange. (Hear, hear.) A discontinu- 
ance ol these practices will of course be 
looked upon by them as interfering with 
their prosperity ; yet it cannot be effected 
by stating to those who ore concerned in 
them, that there is a law against it. They 
do not understand what you mean, when 
tliey an >pok«B t9 ftWt moral fwUnga; 



they are ao sank in a state of barbarism 
that they cannot comprehend what mora- 
lity is; but show them that it is thvr 
interest to onlUvate the soil, to pntmota 
manufactures, and then they will eodea- 
vour to comprehend what they ore told." 
(Hear.) After some farther observa- 
tions, the Right Hcv. Prelate concluded 
by stating that civilization was the best 
mode of introducing Chnstianity amongst 
the Africans, or amongst any barbaraus 
nation. 

The PaovoR of Trinity Coll^ would 
not, afterthe able and full deeoriptioD which 
had been given of the evils of the slava 
trade, delay the meeting long by fiirtber 
observing upon them. It was well knowa 
that all the Sovereigns in Europe had set 
their faces (gainst tfie slave trade ; yet it 
is BtiU going on. Large sums of m<Miey 
were given to put an end to it ; yet that 
had little effect. The question then wai^ 
if England, the strongest country in the 
world, had set her face gainst it, and did 
all she bad done to put an end to it, and 
yet it still continued, where was the use 
of holding meetings or of forming societies 
when the determination of the govern^ 
ment was ineffactoall It was manifest 
that the introduction of Christianity did 
more to prevent slavery than anything 
else ; ana the introduction of Chris- 
tianity depended upon the introduction of 
civilixatioD. (Hear.) Christianitv and 
civilization should go hand-in-hand ; and 
it was the object of this society that they 
should go band-in-hand, because the intri>- 
duction of the one, as he had already 
mentioned, depoided in a great degree 
upon the other. Surely such a sodety as 
this, calculated as it was to promote both 
those objects, was deserving of the support 
of the pnbUc ; and he was sure It would 
be amplr suppoTt«d. (Applause.) 

The Rev.Dr, Urwick, in veryeloquent 
terms, proposed the next resolution (^3d) 
detailing the general rules and rwnlations 
of the auxiliary society. After which, 

RoBXKT Guinness, Esq. briefly stated 
his conviction that the means the Society 
proposed to adopt were the best(^ptad 
to the exigencies of the case. He olio 
expressed his ^11 concurrence in tha opi- 
nion that the introduction of civilization 
was the best meoos of evangeliziDg the 
people of Africa. 

JoBH Hackay, Esq., proposed, and the 
Rev. Mr. West seconded the fofirth RW- 
lutioD. 

Mr. Cabb, after some additional renurio^ 
submitted the following list of vioe-preai- 
dents to his Lordship uid the meetiw s-^ 
His GiBce the Archbishop of Dublin, £gbt 
HoQi Rnd Aight Bay, the Kthop of Simb, 



mo 



THE FRIEND OF AFHICA."- 



Rigbt Hon. Lord Canw, Hod. Jiutice 
Cnmpton, th« Prnvoat of TrinitrCoUega, 
Sir H. Hanfa, Bvt. ; Edmid Litton, 
Ehu HJ>., <i.C. ; the Hon. R. S. CaNw, 
M.P. ; the Eon. tmA Very R«t. thf D«ui 
of Lei^tUn ; the Hon. and Rev, FranciB 



Howavd ; fSr John K. JunM, Bart. ; Sir 
Robwt Shaw, Bni. ; Wm. F. F. Tigha, 
Eati.; Thomu Bo/ae, Esq.; Admual 



Oliver; and Arthnr GninneM, Esq. 

ill, SiKOBK Meanded the naolution, 
which wa* cairisd unanimooaly. 

The following donations and Buhecrip- 
tioDS wen announced : — 

Hia Excetlencv the Lord Lieutenant, 
sol. ; Arthur GoinneH, Esq., 10 enineaa ; 
Mn. Idtton, 10 guineas ; Edward Utton, 
Eiq., M.P., Q^C, lOgaineaa ; John Litton, 
£•<]., 10 gninraa ; Profensor Lloyd, 10 
guineas ; Joaeph Gabbett, Esq., 10 gui- 
neas; the Hon. and R«r, the Dean of 
Lelghlin, 101, : Min Cohuan, 61, ; Mrs. 
Barton, 61. ; Mr, Drake, 5/. ; tt^tber 
with aevenl annual subscriptions. 



Thb following remarks and obwrrations 
■n axtracted trota the Meteorological 
Jonnksl of Csptun Wiluah Allen, R.N., 
during the time he was on the Expedition 
into A&ica with the Landeis and Mr, 
HKgnm Imii, in laa^^. 

The Journal, whence they are taken, 
extends with a few oraissione from No- 
Tember, 1832, to October followiog, and 
was kept chiefly at the confluence of the 
riven Eawdra and Chadda; it registers, 
twice »-da}-, at nine a.m. and three p.m- 
the hwometer, and rery o^en a spirit and 
a merenty Bympiesoustar : as the range 
of theae instnunanta during the time wM 
triflinr,.- never exceeding three-tenths of 
■n inch, it has not been thought neceasaiy 
to give more than the moatuly average, 
sniTtbe TT^^Bimnm and minimum. 
Ste., lfl3S:~ijeaiidinK the river, chiefly 
in the DelU and b^w Iddah ; wit*r 



AwBmxrfijMiwMSSlit ., WM .. TB 
HtsbntoBaaluMoT. .. UhOT .. M 
LowHt on Om lock No*. . . S»TS . . 76 

W««tb«r ganarally cahn and cloudy, 

with lisbt winds from the b,w, ; on the 

5th ana I4th, a tornado with heavy itin. 

Dte. — Betweoi Iddah and the oonfluenea ; 

water &Iling, 



Weather chiefly fine, oooadonaUy misty ; 
winds light from the H,x. 
./int., 1893;— Lying at the oonflnenee of 
the riven, m lat. 7'fiO x., long. T'lO k, 
nearly ; water falling. 

Inchn. Fab. 
Atctm* 38'8« .. S4'S 

. wes ,. n 
. seiD . . M 
WBatheruEnallyflne, but misty; winds 
moderate from the h.b. chiefly. On the 
18th, at night, heavy Bqualls from the 

Ftbruary. — At the confluence, inebet. F*fa. 



HlgiuM oo dw IVOk Dec. 
LmraftmOMlttltDw. 



Incbn. Fib- 

M'W ,. 84 

W-M .. me 



Weather Tariable; fine, hut misty— 
winds moderate from the h.b,, and latterly 
from the s.w. 

On the 7tb squally, with thunder and 
lightning. 

On the Sth, the first rain fell; a few 
large drops in the afternoon, and a smart 
shower at night. 

OnthelStD, heAvysquaUafromtheg.w. 

On the 27th, tornado and heavy rain all 
around, 

MartM. — At the oonfloenoe, inthM. EUi. 
ATRsga ^n . . »t 

Highal on the ISlh .. aOM,.IOO 
Lo«»l on the 61I1 ind SSid 96-61 . . 68 

Weather Tsriable, with heary aqnalla of 

On the Sth and 6tii, squalls from the s.w. 

On the 9th, heavy run, thunder, and 
lightning. 

2l8t and 2fith, squally, with rain, thun- 
der, and lightning, 

23th, heavy tornado, with rain, &c. 



April. — At the confluence. 



Fgb. 

.. »1 



Weather overcast, but no rain; winds 
moderate from the s.b., with squalls by 
uight, witli thunder and lightning, 
ifty, — At the confluence. Incha. F«h. 

ATcng* se-TS . . 68 

Hlahut am (ke Slat 3IKM .. M-S 

L<nrM«i(lwi4tfa W-eS.. Tt 

Variable weathw, with squalls and run ; 
the latter part pleaaant, with gentle 
shower*, ^^ds moderate from the s.e. 

11th and 12th, tornadoes, with thunder 
and hlghtning. 

14th, 'theriverisBud to have risen a few 
inches, hut, from my observations, it la 
still falling.' 

22i and 2Ath, squally, with very heavy 
nin. 

28tli, the rirer lifts tiatsa. oa« foot in 
thmdays, 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. ' 



llMx Apart, 



tTiKM. — At the confluence. inches. Fah 

AreTBgo 3B'80 ..87' 

Highest OD lbs Tlh 90-90 ..97 

Lovnt on th« 8ib .. 98'70 ..87 

Variable weather, with niin; wind mo- 
delate from the b.s. and s.w, 

Srd, two tornadoes and much i^n. 

6th, ' delightful weathel'; thisie certainly 
the moat healthy Beaaon of the year, and 
the most fit for navigating the rivers,' 

' The river is stationary after having 
risen at the rate of four inches a day for 
several days above the confluence, while 



) rise eight inches 



below it 

vtli, the river rises Tery slowly. 

8th, heavy runa; morning ahowers 
nsually. 

lOth, a tornado, with thunder and light- 
ning. 

13th, 'the river has fellen about foai 
inches daring the last three days. Aflet 
this the rise was steady and nqpid.' 
Jufy. — Lying off Iddah. Incfan. F>h. 

AveragH 2»-8» ., 80 

UighM nil the leih 30 98 .. 88 

I«u-«lt OD the 34Ui .. aO-74 ., 76 

Weather overcast, with much 
wind light from the s.w. 

On the 14th, a tornado ; 17th and 18th, 
heavy rain; 24th to diet, much isin and 
very heavy weather, 

Auffiut. — In the river Chadda, and ascend- 
ing the Eawto to Kokanda. 

■ Incbea. Fsh. 

Afenge 39-80 ,, 84 

Hlgfadt on tbe Slh .. 90-67 .. M 

LoweMgnihe ISlh .. SO-eo ., 71 

Weather cloudy, with squalls and heavy 



On the 3nd, a tornado, with rain. 

33nd, two tornadoes, with lightning and 
thunder. 
£i!pf.— Ascending the Kawdra, and at 

Rabba. Inch«. Fsh. 

Average 29-7; ,. ss 

Blg^HM on ths 93rd ,. 98 90 .. 83 

I.o*eninthal3th .. 9»-eE .. 70 

Weather cloudy, with squalls and heavy 
i^n, chiefly by night ; wind light from 
S.W. and n.w. Twelve tornadoes occurred 
during the month, and all between 7 and 

8 o'clock P.M. 

On the 24th, at Rabba, tile river was 
observed to have &llen one foot. It hod 
risen considerably during a stay of fifteen 
days here. 

Octt—Ikaoeaiing the river from Rabba to 
tliesea. 

lochei. Fih. 

ATmigo SB-eO .. 87 

BighanaDtha9eib(tlwii) WMKI .. 8T 
Lowe« DiUhe Brd .. 38-0* ,. 79 



Weather fine, with OMadonal squatls ; 
wind light, from ibt •.w. and s.b. Seven 
tornadoes occurred during the month. 

On the 25th, at Iddah, the river had 
&Uen &ur feet in aevcn days. 

The original register is lodged in the 
Hydrogiaphic O^e at the Admiralty. 

The above obsMrrations are only to be 
taken as an appToximatJon ; as althouf h 

the register was kept with great care, nhe 
instruments were for from being perfect. 

As tlie present Expedition U provided 
with every sort of ineteorological instru' 
meats of the most ^proved constraction, 
and with the printed instructions of the 
Royal Society, we may confidently look 
forward to a rich harvest of meteoroli^- 
cal observations. 



Jnm (Hnra £<ffiu.-— 

Omptaln. Tons. 

Hwttlty BndfOrd . . . . 3N Loadoa .IBAfr. 

AlbMlb Licit 4S8LlTcrp«oll3Apr. 

To Sierra Ltmt :— 

Blanor Purdla SBLondon.. 5 Apr. 

duriottaWj^lc.. Walks .... 148 London . It Afh 

ToOaMltt; — 

PortFlHtwoad ..Vtdliin inLmdon. lAp-. 

I«lKdl»EUea ....fiwsetUnd .. US London.. ISAfr. 

Far Oil Cape de Vtrd IilaHdi and Caft CtatI :— 
H.U.B. Boudui..Blnl Allan.. UOPlymontta I7A|r. 

HWrtoE B*Mh aKPtyBuathirArr. 

JohnFonler ....Dnaler .... miiondu..SlAfr. 



Subscriptions and Donations are received 
by the Treasurer, J. Gnmey Hoar^ Esq. ; 
by Messra. Baniett, Hoares and Co., 62, 
Ixnnbard-street ; Messrs, Barclay, Bevan, 
and Co., £4, Lombard-street; Messn. 
Coutta and Co,, 59, Strand ; Messrs. Drmn- 
monds, Charing-cross ; Messrs. Hanbury, 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-etreet; 
Messrs. Hankcys, 7, Fenchurch-street ; 
Messrs. -Hoares, 37, Fleet-street ; end 
Messrs. Williaroa, Deacon, and Co., 20, 
Birchin-lane ; and by the Secretary, the 
Rev. J. M. Trew (to whom all communi- 
cations relative to the business of the 
Society may be addressed), at the Office 
of the Society, 15, Parliament-street. 



LomoH : Printed by Tbohib Richiid BisaiMir, 
if No. U, Bt. Uirtln'i Lane, In tbe puKh of fit. 
UartlD In tlw Fleldi ; and pablUied bj Johh Wii.~ 
'Auas, of No. U5, We>( SDud. Soldaln 
byUumy; IUHdbIoiu; Hatctiard; Bselajr; Niabtl; 
Blohardaon i Uaaon : and Madden \ and mpplUid to 
order nj all BooUellen Sad Nawamoo la Town and 
CouBti7r— JToKdof, 13M Jprlt, IStl, 



THEFRIENDOFAFEICA. 



No. 7.] LONDON, IStt MAY, 1841. {|^,^3* 


CONTENTS. 


Dr.Vat^onltwBiMuirat CmtnlUiln .... M 








BeRnoBDDBHtdH. H.a.T.AikM MB 

Blknrj In the UniUd State* 110 

















THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 

Wb announced in our last Xamber that the Sottdan, one of the three 
vessels destined to ascend th^ Niger, suled from Plymouth on the 
19th of April. We are happy that we now have it in our power to 
communicate the intelligeace of her arrival at Lisbon. 

We have also to infonh our readers that the Albert and Wilba^ce, 
the remuning veBsels of the Expedition, took their £nal departure on 
Wednesday, the 12th instant. The following is an Extract of a Letter 
communicatdug the intelligence : — 

Yon hare no donU heard thai the vessels deported on a glorions evening with 
everything in their &voiir, a eloudleaa alcy, a gentle breeze from exactly the quarter 
that was dennble, and both officers and men cheerful dnd happy, and -my much 
delighted with the warm and hearty reception they met with from all their brother 
Bailors on the ahipa in the Sound. There were fbnr Uoe-of-battle ships and one 
18-gnnbng; theyall manned theiTrig8ing,smd cheeiedae thsjllkrt and ^t'&«t;A>rop 
passed them : it was felt to be most encouca^g and gratifyiiig. 

went out to the Sound in the A&eri in order to bring bock the latest 

intelligence ; they said that nothing could be more beautiful or interesting than the 
whole scene. It is most comforting to those who are left behind to know how auepi- 
ciously their voyage has commenced; the weather has been moat lovely ever nnce 
they left ; and there ie so much to be thankful for, in bO many ways, that I can only 
coirtemplate with wonder the goodness and tenderness of our Herdfiil Father. 

As everything connected with the progress of the Expedition is 

of paramount interest at this moment, the following extracts from 

letters just received from Captain BiitD Allen, cannot fail to gratify 

VOL.1. ,_ ,h,tkK1glc 



98 THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. [Ifitli Mat, 

our readers. It Till be seen, that, althougb the suling and ste amin g 
qualities of the Soudan are not of the highest order, she has already 
proved herself to be a good sea boat. 

April i6ii. — Oar prognn on the fint Uirae days of our paaeage wet bIow, owing 
to ttie wind being from the westward, which took ua in ught of Ushaat. Wadneedaj, 
3lBt, Thunday, 22iid, a gale from the north-eaat, with > hMvy aea, which threatened 
oft to overwhelm ua ; bat the good proTidenoe of Qod sost^ned and kept m all in 
safety ; several mountain topa jurt dashed their creata npon onr decks, sufficient to 
keep every part wet, bat no body of water to do ua any damage, except one about 
midday, Thursday (as w^were scudding along about six knots), which stmck xa 
hard on our stwbowd ude, and levelled those pantry houses on either end of the 
poddle-wheeL They are lightly bnilt, not part of tlie ship, bnt a sort of ezciesDenc^ 
and may be lost in any atormy weather. They are only mattera of ccmvenienee; 
their loM in no vray injoiee the vMael, and will be easily bnilt np agun, for btii% 
driven inwards moat of the parts were saved. 

The Soudan proved herself an excellent tea boat, every one on boaid being qnit« 
in admiration of het scudding ([nalities; bnt she is not bat: we always attribntcd 
this to the want of power in the steam-engine, but in the gale there was no lack of 
power, and we only got nz and a half knots. 

Since the 23rd we have had westerly winds, which have driven tu within sixty 
miles of Lisbon ; but we have now a light fiiir wind, and are steering for TeneriSe. 
Weather beautiful ; Harriot towing ns in modetate weather, and being the greatest 
poawble asKstance, — everybody well and happy, 

Mr^ 1. — The fidr wind spoken of above left ns on Uie 28th, and was nicceeded 
by a modetate gale from the aonth-west; this being directiy against tu, I found 
I was loung ground, and being only ninety miles west-south-west of Lisbon, I um 
to-day making- the best of my way thither to complete jaj coal, and wut a bvour- 
able change. I fear I shall not (^[ain see the Barriat this nde of Teneriffe, having 
lost eight of her yesterday in the thick runy weather which accompanied the gale ; 
but in light winds I beat her, and as we may expect these now I do not know that I 
have mnch to regret. 

M<^ S. — I have only to report that we hare KpaA a pleasant weak here, whils the 
sooth-west gale has at times nged with unusual fury ; two days since, a large Dutch 
ship arrived here with loss of her foremast ; we have made the best use of onr time 
in repairing damages, and are now in perfect order. The wind is, to-day, romid to 
west-north-west, and the barometer np to SO- 90 ; so we are off fiv Teneiifie. 

May He whose gracious ProTidence has carried the 8ou(Um safely 
across "the mountain tops" of the Bay of Biscay, be vith her and her 
comrades through all the perils of their " watery way." 

By HcconntB rec^red from the Western Coaet of Africa, we learn 
that the "EtHope^ steamer, in ber last trip up the Niger, ascended the 
stream nearly to Boussa. Her Captain (Becroft) reports that the low 
swampy land extends as far at Iddah, and cannot be pused in less 
than a week. The country then becomes beautiful, and agricoltm^e has 
made considerable progress, Captun Becroft farther describes the 
inhabitants as being "refined and dvil,*' espeinally the people of 



IWl.] 



THEFBIENP Off AFRICA. - 



DB. VOGEL ON THE BOTAWT OP 
WESTERjf CENTRAL AFRICA. 
Iv ghisg a pqmUr Account of wliat 
is known of the flora of Weatern 
Africa, and the manner in which our 
knowledge of it hu graduailv increased, 
nuny difficulties occur. Tiiere ie not 
indeed much known at present, and of 
many of the most interesting plants we 
have received little information. The 
plant* which are described are, for the 
most part, fi>und only in herbariuins, 
and fen. If any, in gardens, lo that to 
gire their, names would be of interest 
only to the botanist, who does not need 
men on account. For what we already 
know of these plants, we are indebted 
to the labours of recent travellers, so 
tliat we have not those wonderflil stories 
which are related of the floras of many 
other trotncal countries, which, although 
nobody believes them, yet eicite our 
curiori^ to know in what they origin 
oated. 

In the accounts of the animals of 
diese regions, there is no want of 
strange relations. Not to speak of the 
extraordinary ants and their wonderful 
edifices, we hear of "understanding 
elephants," of "birdswith fourwings,"* 
of the carbuncle, " a beast strange if 
tme"-f-, (rf "mermaids, which were 
eren drawn by Barbot":^ to eonvince 
ns of tbnr human Htnn, and of which 
we can only complain that the natives 
should be so inhuman as to consume 
them >■ articles of food. Such tales are 
entiiely wanting for the plants of this 
district, unless we should mention here 
the itstemeuta oi Lock, with r^prd to 
Um origin of the dragon's blood. It 
eaoBot be expected that the wondujol 
tree ia Ethiopia called Goyaula, with 
Wtcb like ivy, with a flower, stalk, and 
• Jotaeo (I\> OaUtH Trail, p. IfT) bu te- 



sao| m trriy fcnWrtlod. 

■UnidB aid |i^ Mn l^lkt to IM, at 
IhM B*jr*>k wbiA ia no notur fan 
fmmOf (vreiWh Ifaa i^ wiUi ■ flbi,! 
■hBi Ib n • natonl evrarinf , that Ua i 
bMar Um bM.' — W. Knot, In Pw 
Pi'^riMu.ip.TlB. 

t ct. Cbntefam-* OiUitl. </ Viv; f 



blossoms, like the sunflower, whose 
thousand-bloomed leaves display all 
possible colours, and exhale so beautiful 
a fragrance that roses, hyacinths, end 
violets, compared with it emit but noii- 
ooB odours, which opens its bloesoma 
after sunset and closes them at mid- 
night, and thence has acquired the 
name Goyaula, i. t., " flower of the 
moon," should be sought among exist- 
ing plants, especially as Father Kircher, 
who has given this notice, does not 
himself believe in its existence*. 

Nor can we speak of important, and, 
therefore geDerallr interesting, culti- 
vated plants, aa tAere are none, with 
few exceptions, which are not suffici- 
ently known by their growth or culture 
in the East and West Indies. 8hould 
we, therefore, in spite of these difficul- 
ties, give a brief sketch of what hoi 
been dtme for the West African flora* 
it would be only from the consideration 
that every one who peruses these pages, 
has a more than common interest in 
acquiring a knowledge of Africa and 
its productions. 

We can very well dislingnisfa two dif- 
ferent periods ; the first till the middle 
of the eighteenth century, that is, till the 
refonnaUon of botany by Linnnus ; ifae 
second, after this time. The benefit of 
this reformation was very evident in the 
introduction of specific names, by which 
it was rendered possible for traveller! 
to point out with ease the single plants 
ib/Bj met with in their travels. We 
shall consider first the period before 
lannnus. 

It is to be r^retted that almost all 
original accounts of the earliest Portu- 
guese travellers to the western coast of 
Africa are lost, or at least unknown. 
The history of these discoveries is pre- 
served by some historians, but we do 
not know at all if the first travellers 
have written upon the soil and the pro- 
ductions of the land. The only im- 
wrtant account of which the original 
las been preserved, is that of Cada- 
mosto, in the midiUe of the fifteenth 
centuryf. After having spoken of the 
productions <rf Porto Santo, Madeira, 



jonnm in Ilia tht IW* sad Iks Jblknrinf jtu, 
iriUi BtiaMki, not in ISOG ifitb Orrtaaa. O Q I C 



ygu 



im 



.THE FRIEND OP APHICA. ' 



[16th Mat, - 



and tbe Canaries, he mentions that the 
inhabitants south of Cape Blanco, some- 
what in the interior, (the Moors,) have 
dates and barley ; they go into the 
land of tbe negroes and there buy 
Mtihegette [Malagvetla pepper), 

" In the kiiigdom of Sen^ there zrows 
no bread com, lye, oats, or wine ; now- 
ever, they hare uago and small millet, 
bean^ ana the finest kidney-beans in the 
woriX The bean ia large, flat, and of a 
lirelyred. There arealao white beans." 

He speaks then of the palm wine, 
" which is taken from trees, here very 
numerous, like the date trees, though 
sot the same." It is procured by tap- 
ping the tree in two or three places, 
towards the foot. They poison their 
weapons by putting them in serpents' 
blood, mixed with die seeds of a certain 
tree. He mentions an oil also, whose 
three virtues are highly epoki 
has a smell like violet, a taste like 
olive oil, and gives to the food, when 
mixed with it, a saffron colour. A tree 
ia mentioned whose red seeds have a 
black spot, which is considered to be 
Abrvs precatoriiu. He found in the 
markets pieces of cotton-cloth, cotton- 
vam, pulse, oil, millet, palm-mats, &g. 
He observes on his Becond journey to 
the Gambia, that the clothing of tbe 
inhabitants is cotton, whereof they have 
abundance; but gn tbe Senega), cotton 
is scarce. They live there much after 
the same manner as the n^^roes of the 
kingdom of Senegfi, have the game pro- 
visions, with the addition of rice, which 
is not to be met with at the Senegal. 

"There was an exceeding large tree, 
but the hdght was not in proportion to 
Its thickness ; for tbev judged it to be but 
twenty ^acea high, wnereas it was seven- 
teen cubits round at the foot. It was full 
of holes, and hollow ; but the branches 
were very large, and spreading, which 
made A great shade." 

This tree b, by an eminent philosopher 
of the present day, referred to the bao- 



travellers. These prodacticms were 
brought to Europe as soccedanea for 
the more costly spices <tf the East 
Indies. The first were known in Europe 
already through tbe Arabs, or, as some 
French authors state, br the direct trade 
of the Normans with tne African coast 
as early as tbe 14th century. The fruit 
was d^ribed by Thevet*. The palm- 
wine and the way of collecting it In 
the dried pericarpiums of cucumber-like 
fruits is also a favourite subject with the 
author, as well as the palm-oil with its 
three virtues which had been already so 
much praised by Cadamosto. Here and 
there oranges, limes, and ignames, are 
spoken of. Lock (1554) I think first 
mentions the dragon's blood on the 
continent, but gives a very strange 
story of its origin + ; ita true nature aa 
a resin of a tree (jOractvna draco) had 
been already shown by Cadamosto, 
in his description of Porto Santo. 
TowersonJ describes trees which seem 
to have been mangroves, and Thevet 
mentions the orseille on the Ct^ de 
Verd Islands. Many travellers were 
struck by the fact, that the Negroes 
have no bread, but made use of a very 
simple preparation of their com instead 
of it ; of which Lock gives the follow- 
ing very amusing account ; — 

They use also a strange making of 
' ■ ■" "^ ' 'e be- 



bab, and, I think, rightly ho, 

From Cadamosto till the middle of 
the sixteenth century no better accounts 
occur; but from this time we 
extraordinary number, so that it ia now 
sometimes difficult to select the most 
iinporlaiit. In tbia century the grains 
of Paradise or Malaguetta and the I IT. ^7m. 
Ethiopian pepper are mentioned by all [ t m HnklBjii Cell, nJ. il. 



tween two stones ^ 
much come aa they tliinke may mffioe 
(heir family, and when they harebrought 
it to Soure, they pnt thereto a certbne 

Snantity of water, and make thereof very 
linne dough, which they sticks upon 
some post of their houses, whole it b 
htkeA hy the heat of the sunne : so that 

• Thewt, /rfi Siiifulanlii it la Fraitrt Animr- 
tiqvt.iU». 

Tbiclaphaili han anitiBiuI'nm ■{ 
irbicfa itmn (Ikit blood, becaoi ' 
bra lb* dnaon IrfaiR n 
b by, w* " -' 



CDllrwd 



hiuler Icp of Ike elntaant, 
ihrnMaOi bin btod inU bli tnmka u 
brutb, or ehe Inletli him in dw « 
CBzmot reach with fau timhe ; ud wbcn Uia etopliBnt 
iruMh flint, ha rdlstta domw on Um (Mpeot, boag 
Dm fuU of blood, and with tb* note at bi* bod* 
bnkethhim: ao tbU bn oww blood wiA tfaa blmd 
dT thft olrpbuil 

which bomg colde, il dugaaied ialo Ibat 
which cIh •w^a" " " ' " 

blood.' 






1841.]^ 



-THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



101 



when the rooster of the houBe, or any of 
hia family, will este thereof, they take it 
downe (md eato it." 

The most important pieces of infor- 
mation in this centuiT are without doubt 
those collected by Lopez, about 1578, 
on the Congo, and communicated by 
Pigafetta*. He describes many sorts of 
corn, aa millet, maize, rice; mentions 
many fruits which he praises highly, as 
oraiiges, plantains, Beveral palms, one of 
which gives oil, wine, vinegar, and bread. 
He describes very well the mode of 
preparing the oil from the shell of the 
fruit, and the way of making the bread 
of the seed ; enumerates many useful 
trees, but of these I fear only a very 
few can be identified. The cola and the 
u«e of its seeds are very correctly de- 
scribed f. When he reports any won- 
derful thing, his descriptions are such 
that ytnt may easily guess at the truth. 
He is, I think, the first who speaks (tf 
oysters, which " at the foot of certain 
trees are cleaving as fast to the trees 
aa may be," as he rightly expresses 
it. These trees are called tnanghi 
CmangroTes), and the bark is used 
for tanning ox-hides. His account of 
th« clothes prepared from " palm-tree 
leaves," is too interesting to be with- 
held, especially from my fair readers. 

** It will ba necnesry to declare unto 
yon the marrellons art which the pet^le 
at thia couulrj use in mt^og clothes of 
smtdiy si»t^ as velvet rough and smooth, 
cloth of tissue, satUna, tafiaties, damatkes, 
saraeneta, and such like, not of any silk 
stuff, but they weave their clothes Mfoie- 
namcd of the leaves of palm-trees, which 
tree* they always keep under, and bow to 
the ijonnd, every year cutting and water- 
ing them, to the end they may grow small 
and tender against the new apiiag. Out 
of these leaves, cleansed and putved after 
their manner, thev draw fortn their 
thfaJa, which are all very fine and dainty, 
and of one evenness, except that those 
which an longest are best esteemed ; for 
of those they weave theit greatest pieces. 
These stufts they work of divan ftsbions^ 
■■ Bom^ with a mq> upon them, like vdvet, 

* D* Bij, li^ia Orml., pu* L 

+ The Medi m twj bitter, and «n cfa«w«d bj 




on both sides, and others cloth caUed ' 
damask, branched with leaves and such 
Mkv tiungs, and the brocades, which are 
called high and low, and are Sa more pre- 
doufl than ours." 

And then follows a long list of the 
different sorts of clothes, which may b* 
read by the curious in Collect, of Voy. 
of the Libr. of Earl of Oxford, vol. li. 
p. 636. 

On the whole, these notices, except 
the last-mentioned, are extremely mea- 
gre. But that some better knowledge 
bad spread by this time we may judge 
from the botanical writings of this cen- 
tury; for Clusius, who had already found 
(1564)the dragon-tree cultivated at Lis- 
bon, gives a drawing of it, with flowers, 
and fruits; and Lc^lius has descriptions 
and drawings of the fruits and seeds of 
different cardamomums (malagvetla), 
of the Ethiopian pepper, the fruit of the 
wine palm (^Raphia vinifera), and 
mentions also the ignamet cultivated in 
Guinea, &c. 

In the seventeenth century, the useful 
plants are especially enumerated by 
travellers; amongst which we often find 
the names of introduced vegetables, but 
almost always without any observation 
with regard to their introduction or 
native country, so that, as with respect 
to America, we are doubtful as to 
what country many of the most im- 
portant nutritive plants may belong. 

We find now, maize, rice, bananas, 
plantains, tobacco, tamarinds, oranges, 
limes, papaws, guavas, ananas, cocoa- 
nuts, gourde, pumpkins, different sorts 
of pulse, yams, potatoes, and many kinds 
of millet, sugar-canes, cotton, sometimes 
indigo, cola, and the above-named plants 
enumerated as cultivated or growing oD 
almost the whole coast. 

Nearly of the same importance as 
I^gafetta's account of Congo, is that of 
a certain Dutch author, of the more 
northern coast. His description appeared 
anonymouslyin Dutch*; buthe is quoted 
in Artley's Collection under the name of 
" Artus of Dantdc." He was in 1600 
on the coast of Guinea, and mentions 
the beer prepared by the negroes under 
the name of paitou ; the different uses of 



Oriait., panvi. 



IsgiTn: 



Wk^'I? 



102 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Ifith Mat, 



the banana leaves and the sugar-canes i ' 
(^ves a description of the plants of the 
ginger and the malaguetU pepper ; and 
says, that the banana fruit, cut b;^ a 
kiufe,ahowBthesignof&cros9,on which 
accotmt it is hated by the negroei. He 
mentions that the blacks make a con- 
tinual use of tooth-picks, prepared of a 
very hard wood, and that by the use of it 
they preserve their teeth very white and 
good; that they use fetish-water, but 
be does not describe its preparation. 
He affinns that the Portuguese brought 
themuiefrom America to St. Thomas's, 
and thence to the continent of Africa. 
William Finch (1607), in his journey 
to the Gambia*, speaks mnch of reno- 
mous plants (among which perhaps the 
red-water tree of Sierra Leone may be 
found,) and of dye-woods ; he states 
correctly that the stem of the hanaua 
plant is not wood, but is formed by in- 
volved leaves ; but he insists that oysters 
grow on the trees as their fnuts-|-. 
Jobson, who writes of the same country, 
first mentions the locust-tree (Inga hi- 
glohota) in this r^on, whose fruit is a 
very important food for the natives : the 
name he gives to the cola is "gola"; but 
if his account is true, these seeds would 
aeem to be very scarce on the Upper 
Gambia, as fifty of them are there tlte 
price of a woman I 

About 1670 appeared two Dutch de- 
scriptions of Africa, which gave a com- 
plete compilation of what was known, as 
generally the Dutch seem to have had, at 
tiuB time, the best knowledge of Africa. 
These descriptions are those of 0. Dap- 
per^ and Ogilby§. They enumerate, 
beddea ^e plants already spoken of, 
plenty of others, either as food or for their 
medical virtues, with their native names ; 
but as this is no place for any disoussion 
td this kind, I omit throughout every at- 
tempt to identify these pluts. O.Dapper 
describes a small " tree," whose leaves 

• FudiM, Ua TUfTiit, Lb, tU. 

* " From Ibii (iM faug daws ouaj bnnchn 
lntDth»VBler,(iDOOtb-lIke, pithj wilhin, over-Annw 
with Ilig tjdc, ud hiogiag ** tUck* of oTiIan, u 
ib^ un Micha logMka, baiqg tfc* on); frul the 
ITM iMwHh, bcyitua (bK«r M ll Hemxh by Iha 
uH-wsln,"— Pnichu, i, p. 116. 

I O. Dtfiptr, UnulamUiclit, md BitmOielit 
B4KliTtibitKf rm Africa. (Oohud ud Dnleh.) 

J (WVi Af'i-, btlMt •,««--■- ' ^^ -- 

fte. (TniulMcd tnta Iha Dntch.l 



yield a blue colour, from which and from 
the kind of preparation we may gness 
at indigo ; hnt the leaves, he says, are 
like those of the vine. He mentions the 
preparation of the fetish-water among 
the Society of the Belli (near Cape 
MoQte), from the bark 'of trees ; tbe 
name " cola" is sud to be only a Portu- 
guese one ; the inhabitants call it toglau, 
and use it for witchtraft; in another 
place he gives the rather curioos notica 
that its astringent power causes sleep. 
The silk cotton-tree (fiomiax) is de- 
scribed, and its cotton is even said to 
have been used for clothes. Ogilby 
gives very similar accounts. Especially 
remarkable b his description of the 
fetish-water prepared also by the Society 
of the Belli. They use the bark of two 
trees, nelle and guotty, with which they 
also poison their arrows ; beudes which 
they add many other pluits to the fluid, 
boil it with particular ceremonies, and 
throw it on the arm of the defendanL Its 
scorching the skin is considered as a 
proof of guilt. But Barbot, and all 
recent travellers, assure us that it is 
drunk as an ordeal. Ogilby also states 
that the shell of the fruit of the naala- 
guetta is venomous, which is repeated in 
1725 by the Chevalier deManihaia*. 

In 1682 Merolla gave a description of 
Congo, which completes in aome reipwta 
that of Lopes. He speaka very fully 
of tbe husband^ of Uie natrvea, their 
diftrent kinds of com and palma, tlta 
beverage made c^ (Indian ?) vriteat, 
called gualia, two different sorts of 
underground pulse (probably Arachu 
and Glg/dnt tuhterrmua,) and many 
other, especially medicinal, v^etahles. 
As poison is mach ap<dun of in this 
time, he deeeribes also a tfee ** which 
produces poison in <xie part and ib 
antidote hi anotheT"-!-. The hotanica] 
authors of this centiuy describe some 
plants which have no particular refer- 
ence to use. Clnsins gives a drawing 
of a troe pepper of Guinea, and of 
some pulses, which, however, nuy iwver 




(a Cluuchiirt (ML, L p. «*•. 



18110 



THE FMEND OP AFRICA. 



be IdsntiEad ; Bftuhin * has, among 
others, the prickly date-tree, nhich ia 
recogoued oa a particular species only 
in the most recent times ; Commelyuf 
and Morisont have described some 
plants cultiTBted in Dutch gardens ; also 
in Hukeoet's Phift<^Taphia there may 
be lome few from Guinea, betides many 
from the Canaries, &c. 

In the eighteenth century we first 
find the description of Guinea by Bos- 
mana, a Dutch author, which appeared 
in 1 704, and gives many valuahle no- 
tioes. Besides nev observations upon 
the plants already enumerated, he men> 
lian> that the Portuguese calliTata the 
vine at Movne brought tnta Brazil ; tiiat 
Um natives lived, before the Portuguese 
came, only on yams and batatas (which 
may be doobted); that there are many 
kinds of pulse, some growing under the 
earth, (but badly deeoribed ;) that piement 
(i. a., diSeruit sorts of capsicum, which 
must be considered as introduced) and 
water-melons are ft«quent. The name 
of the natives ior cola is bcsti, and it is 
eaten with salt and Malaguetta pepper, 
but nobody else mentions this. Xoyer, 
in his joomey to Issiui, (1707,) gives 
the name eutahvaye for cola. Many 
authors before and after Boenumn men- 
tion the grrat ^i^^ growing in this 
country. loe latter, after having spok^t 
of the high and lofty trees, whose 
branches are spread very far, con- 

" I remember to have formerly read In 
Okoiina and ether writers, of trees la^ 
eiwagh to shelter two thousand men ; and 
the tn^ of which Father Kircher writes, 
that in ita ftuit or shell (I think it was a 
chesnnt) it could lodge a shepherd and 
bis whole flock, cannot be very small, 
bnt may veiy welt pass fiv a wonder in 
Nature; but, after all, it is not in the 
ieeet to be compared with the trees of this 
eonntty. I have seen some here that 
twenty thousand instcttd of two thousand 
men, might stand under, supposing them 
cloee to one another," ... "I have seen 
eome of these trees so high, th&t their tope, 
and branches growing out of them, were 
scarce to be reeched by a common musket- 
shot. Th^ sre here c^led c^Kit-tree : 
because on them growa a certun sort of 
cotttm, here called cspgt, whitdi is very 

• Hitlar. Plaiil^ UM. 

t Harlut IfAlic.— AmMald. 1097. 

t Sifter. Plmnl., ISW, 



prefer fbi fllline beds, especially in this 
country, where leather-beds are much too 
hot." . . . . " The tree which our coun- 
trymen, at the latter end of the fifteenth 
century, found on Ilha do Frinoipe, which 
WH four^nd-twenty &Ihoms in compau^ 
was, I doubt not in the least, tlUs capot- 
tree." 

He may have confounded, perhaps, in 
these notices the baobab and the bom- 

Thomas Moore, whose "voyage" ap- 
peared in 1738, visited the same coun- 
try as Bosmann, but there is scarcely 
any new botanical information in it. 
He talks much about the gummi, but it 
is not quite clear if he means the Arabic 
gummi or the gumnu kino, (originated 
on Plerocarput erinacetu;) one may 
guess at the last. He calls it gummi 
dragon, and its tree pau de tangue. 

In a journey edited in 1719 at Am- 
sterdam, I find mentioned the dyeing 
plant bixa, as cultivated at the river 
iSestro : I think this is the first notice 
of the cultivation of this American plant 
in Aftica. 

A work published by I.abat, under 
the title NauvetU Relanon tU lAfriqwa 
Occidenlale, 1728, is in many respects 
of the greatest importance, and would 
he far more so, bad the author not ex- 
hibited BO much ill-timed knowledge. 
He had the materials collected by Uie 
Steur de Brue in his travels in Sene- 
gambia, but his unhappy tendency to 
refer all his information of African 
plants to what he had himself observed 
in America, makes his notices very 
<^n false and doubtful. For instance, 
he gives a description and drawing of the 
American calebash {Creicentia evjett) 
and the preparation of its fruit ioto 
what ore called calebasses, although 
this tree does not grow in Africa, omy 
because the French in Senegambik call 
the baobab " calebassier ;" and he then 
refers his information about this last 
tree to the American tree he has figured. 
He gives again some account about the 
locust-tree (of Jobson), which is called 
by the French "carobier," and de- 
scribes very properly the preparation of 
the fruit, and how the pulp is roasted 
and pounded for use as food. But also 
here he again transfers the name of the i 

American coubaril to the AAican ptonl> i 



IM 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



CiCth M*Y; 



His infonnaUoo about the gum-trade, 
and the trees which yield the gum, 
ia tolerably complete ; the borobax 
ii described under the name used in 
America, " polon" or "fromagera," and 
hi this case not without some propriety, 
as the genus, and perhaps also the spe- 
cies, is the same. The tree, whose 
wood is used for tooth-picks, is called 
gueleU, and described, but without 
blossoms or iruit, A plant, abel-mosch 
(perhaps Bibitcut aheitnatehui), is 
noticed as native ; he gives the first 
information about ^e ve^table-butter, 
(apparently Park's 8hea-tree,)and speaks 
fully of the different kinds of palms, 
among which is the fan-palm {Boriunu 
fiabtuiformit) or latanier, but not 
without some confusion. His descrip- 
tion of the manner in which the oil is 
extracted from the shell of the fruit of 
Elaii is <]uito correct. The different 
sorts of native com are described, also 
a kind of aloe, and the tobacco is said to 
be very good in the country of the Fulahs. 
He mentions many different sorts 6f 
usefhl woods, and that there is every 
kind of timber for ship -building, with 
the exception of timber for masts •. 

The same author has edited (1730) 
the travels of the Chevalier des Mar- 
chais, especially to the country of Why- 
doh. The plant and fruit of the Ma- 
laguetta pepper is fully described in 
tiie book, yet we do not know even 
to this day if there are many species or 
only one, or rather we may guess that 
there are many confounded. 

The Whydah pea {poit met-vtUleux 
de luda) is especially remarkable ; it is 
« cultivated plant from two to three feet 
high, which has between its roots a 
membranaceous sac, contuoing a hun- 
dred or more peas ; but 1 fcar that 
this is only a fanciful account of 
the arochis. About the end of the 
sixteenth and the beginning of the 
seventeenth century, the Cape de Verd 
Islands were much frequented by tra- 
vellers ; we find almost the same nutri- 
tive T^etables enumerated as on the 

* Anong lb* nulrilii* TtgMabla b* anami 
ii alM th« guoiot « cuun {Ja/ropka Uai 
vUehkiMRidaoMlftuaAiBRin. I an not i 



continent. Mandioe, eocoa^uts, guavas, 
pomegranates, papaws, custard-apples, 
are very frequent, cotton ia much culti- 
vated ; also sugar-cane and vine. The 
dragon-tree, which had been very abun- 
dant, is nearly extirpated. A particular 
kind of ailk-cotton grows on shrubs from 
three to four feet high on the shore, 
but it cannot be used any more than that 
of the great cotton-tree. This silk cot- 
ton is without doubt the tuclepiat, which 
occurs in great plenty on many of these 
islands. 

As Dapper and Ogilby, in the six- 
teenth century, so has Barbot, in the 
seventeenth, collected the notices about 
Afirica, but not very complete, in his 
description of the coasts of North and 
South Guinea. It first appeared, as far 
as I know, in the fifth volume of Chur- 
chill's collection, but I think it was 
written rather earlier. The author had 
himself been in Guinea, and had there- 
fore an opportuni^ of giving much 
new information, but there is nothing 
of great importance to botany. He 
mentions that the cola is brought as 
far as Tunis nnd Tripoli : his account 
of the fetish-water has hem already 
noticed above. He says about the 
island Caseg, one of the Bissos ; — 

" The great fetish-tree is in the miiU:, 
being an evergreen, fiom wlioae leavos 
they say water is coutinuBlly dropping, as 
has been long reported of such another 
tree in the island of Ferro, one of the 
Canariea." 

But as nobody else mentions such 
a tree in this island, the tale may 
have originated only from the remarkable 
phenomenon on Ferro, where a laurus 
(foetmi) yielded for a long time the 
water the inhabitants wanted. Leopold 
von Buch has treated of this st^ject : 



In the year 1753 appeared the fint 
edition of the Speeiet, and in 1754 of 
the Genera PbtHtarum, by LiniHwit. 
These works form so marked an epoch 
in ihe science of botany, that it may be 
as well here to close wliat may be termed 
the first period of our imperfect know- 
ledge of the botanical productions of 
Western Central Africa. 



iToieetntini 



'!Sk.slc 



IMlO 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



TUB GALLINAS. 
Ik oar last two tinnibers we directed 
the reader's attentioD to tlie ligna] bloir 
which Captain Denman, of H.M.S. 
Wanderer, has given to the Hiave-trade 
in the rirer Gallinaa, by the destruction 
of the Spanish &cb>rieB, and the ratifi- 
cati(m of a treaty between King- Siacca, 
and Captain UenmBu acting in the 
name of the British GoTemment. It 
is now our object to represent the neces- 
sity of following up these eaergetic mea- 
sures by the application of other remedies 
of a more permanently healing nature. 
To this necessity no one is more alive 
than the Commander of the Wanderer 
himself. In an admirable letter ad- 
dressed by him to Sir John Jeremie, 
mider date Dec. 12, 1840; he thus 
adverts to the subject : 



"I consider it imperatiTely 
to seize on die opportnnity of cnconrsginK 
that peofde (the people of the GaUinas) 
to cultivate their natural reaoiuces. Should 
tJi^/tUora>e»dtltg/toafi>bft/uaueheito 
ihi imfy mre foundation of improBement 
and eivUvatioR, the ideas of protperiU/ 
and lie tlam^rade toiU become imqtaraify 
competed mer a wut tract of coarUty, to 
the «erf great detriment of • 



We have printed the last sentence in 
italics, as deserving the especial consi- 
deration of our riders. We believe 
that that physician, whether of the body 
or irf the mind, accomplishes not one 
half of his task w:ho having expelled some 
fatal malady, then leaves his paUent to 
recover, as hJe best may, from the utter 
prostrstaon of strength into which the 
combined influence itt disease and active 
medic«l treatment has thrown him. 
Ci^tain Denman evidently is not a 
practitioner of this stamp. What a 
catalogne of nourishing and strengthen- 
ing ingredients have we in the following 
prescription: 



quality, cotton, indigo, pepper, palm-nnt, 
BDni^«ane, and tobacco, which they are 
able to cure. Salt is procured in conu- 
derable quantities ; uid there is no doubt 
that coffee would flourish as well as at 
Sierra Leone and Monrovia." 

And again — 

"The chieb unanimously sxreed that 
tliey could obt4un camwood and ivory in 
laige qnantitiesj gold-dutt also from the 



export hides in considerable qnanUties." 

In ^change for these rich produc- 
ductioDs of their country the chiefs 
would gladly receive from our merchants 
many of the necessaries and even of the 
luxuries of civilized life, a fact suffi- 
ciently established by the following list 
of goods hitherto supplied to them in 
barter for their slaves: — 

" Flour, wine, tea, butter, cheese, hats, 
cTotheo, shoes, con), knives and fca-ks, 
beads, trinkets, glass, crockery, btaai pans 
for making salt, hardware, and cotton and 
linen clothes of all descriptions." 

We would gladly indte some of our 
mercantile friends to engage in this 
honourable speculaUon. We think they 
could scarcely be losers by it, when we 
consider that during bnt " nine months," 
as Captain Denman assures us, no less 
than "nine vessels," whose united bur- 
den amounted to 1569 tons, discharged 
their cargoes, either wholly or in part, 
at the slave factories on the Gsllio^. 

We conclude the interesting subject 
before us with one additional extract 
from Captain Denman's letter. May 
it sink deep into the minds of all who 
have it in their power to apply the 
efficacious remedies of Christian teach- 
ing,, civilization, and the opening of 
legitimate commerce. Having men- 
tioned that the chiefs "are willing to 
receive a missionary " amongst thJem, 
the writer proceeds: — 

" It appears to me that if the present 
circumstances are improved, the Gollinas, 
to long the strongest hold of the slave- 
trade, may become of great use in destroy- 
ing this &tal traffic over b large district of 
country which bos hitherto supplied the 
slave-dealer with victims, and may be- 
come the means of spreading fer and wide 
over the countries where its withering 
influence has so long existed, the blessinKs 
of peaceful indust^ and security to lue 
and property." 

*»* Since the foregoing was put into 
type, we have been requested to call 
attention to the ftct, that, notwithstand- 
ing the generally plesung nature of the 
intelligence from the Gsllinas, in one 
particular the treaty concluded with the 
Chiefs is not satisfactory. It contains 
no article relative to the final abolition 
of the Slave Trade by the natives. For 



IM 



THE EmENB OF AFRICA. 



this on^aion no blame wbateror is attri- 
butable to Capt. Demnan, who, in fiict, 
did not &il to urge the measure upon 
the partieB with wEom he bad to deal. 
Farther than this he doe* not appear to 
hare felt himielf authorited to go. The 
circunutanoe ia the more to be regretted, 
inasmuch as, in the absence of some 
such Btipolation, no direct encoursge- 
meat to trade with the Galtinas can, we 
presume, be held forth hj the British 
Goremment. 



ABYSSINIA. 

In continuation of the correspondence 
trum Tajnrrah, printed in our last 
number, we have received from Dr. 
Beke, on bis road to Shoa, the follow- 
ing letter, which affords positive proof 
of the existence of the slave trade in 
that country to a very great extant, 
"Jfd/u, 14M January, 1841. 

"As the return caravan from Ifat b 
just meeting ns, I write these few linoa 
to tell yon and all friends interested 
in nf progresH, that I am alive and quite 
wall m health and spirits, tbongh almost 
eat of patience at ihe tediouaness of our 
Journey. We have now been tweuty-five 
days from Taiurrah, and shall not I'eoch 
Kulelu, which is considered half way to 
Fi5ri, until the day after to-monow. Yon 
will not find this place in Mr. Isenberg's 
joqthbI, as he wtirt from Dewailila across 
Mount Hari, whilst we have conUmaed 
aliHig the valleys; tmt we ahall meet to- 
gether at Killelu. 

" After travellinR south-west to Aiab- 
dfra. which place is in latitude 10° 62' 
north, nearly, we have been going west 
ever since my last observation, giving 
10'' S&; and I anticipate that at iCUelu, 
and even Borndt^ia, it wiU not be less. 

" I am with a caiavon of 200 camels, 
laden with salt from Lake Assal, which 
they take to F£ri, and bring down/eoia/B 
tlava in exchange. The caravan we are 
■oing to meet, is,°I understand, verymuch 
luger, and, in like manner, brings down 
dares, and, I believe, slaves only. 

" I have one interesting fact to commn- 
Btoatc Lake Aiaal, like the Dead Sea, Is 
-Toy emuldtnbly below the level of the 
Mean. In r^n-wster taken from a laree 
D the lava rocks, of which the 



le ther 



consist^ the thermometer boiled at 2131' 
Fahrenheit. This, in a rough way, would 
give 760 feet. I afterwards tried the ther- 
mometer in the water ef the U» Itself 



but it had onlybMon to Bmrnei when the 
mercurv rose to tAe top (21^, so that Z 
was obliged to take it out. 7^ oortect- 



of the result will depend on the purity 
oi ihe water used; and I ma^ state, ' 
confirmation of the general &ct of t 



Kelln, which has, tbronghont almoatalliU 
course, a small cuireat of wsteTj tht rip- 
pling of which was distinctly audible^ thna 
showisK a considerable ascent, and yet, at 
the ena of our day's journey, the thermo- 
meter showed only 190 fee^ as the eleva- 
Uonof AUlidi (2111°). 

"It is a circumstauee not a little re- 
markable that my brother, with Ur. 
Hoore, in 1836, ahoold hare been thefirat 
to disoorer the deprei^n of a salt lake, 
the Dead Sea, and that I ihould fint call 
attention to the second one under similar 



" The whole country from Tajoirah to 
I^keAssalb volcanic. It is here that one 
perceives the correctoeasof the derignation 
Gubbat al KhanA, or 'Bkj of DeKdatiso. 
But beyond, there are no tnwes of anything 
of the sort, tha great nuuB of the monn- 
tain^ which I am novr paaainr, being 
gramte ; bat you will esidly imame bow 
Mr. Isenberg may have been Ira to ts^ 
the pointi of this rock, projecting jnst 
above tba pbdns, for lavs. The greatest 
elevation observed has baaa at Arabd^ta, 



where the thermometer gave 2091°, or 
about 13G0 feet; and proMbly tile lugh- 
eet part which we had then passed, may 
have been some 40 or SO more. Since 
then OUT conrse along the valleys has 'beea. 
from 100 to 200 feet lower, but at our 
present station we are higW again. I 
have not been able to make wny obnrv»- 
tions here, on account of the number of 
Bedouins, and other dronmstsnoes which 
I need not now mention; but I hope to be 
tAle to do BO in the course of the evenii^ 
and night. 

"TheKa . _ 

down about ISO boys and girit^ prindpaify 
the tatter. So far from uong mneh Uiger 
tlian ouTL it is very mnch smallsr, aa there 
are certainly leas than 100 camda. The 
cameb wpear to be lodsn with little else 
beside* the proviuons of the people. I 
can remark a tittle leather and the empty 
mots for Bslt. The people also ride dovrn 
mules, which they dispose of at T^jurrah 
' irofit. I shall obtun all the parti- 
' this trade on my arrival at Feri, 
or Ankdbar. At present I have no tinie 
for more. 

"Iain, Ac, 

"CT.Bnx. 

«I tUak I tuT« vrugad nilb.ov Bar- 



THE VBJESD OF AFRICA. 



nat, tbttli* ^nld g« from AsktSbar to 
Haik. Thia road la iii>pi»taat for tha 



pacta to hara a bToniable opportonitj of 
goiag than. Aa aoos as I can raduca 1117 
B»tea, &0., iato tadw, I diaU smd bom« 
my icmta wiUi jeninal, &o. I have alao 
colleetad a few ^eoinume of tbe nwks m I 
came along." 



Mjr no mora now, but that I feel vwy 
thankful to God for all lUa goodneos to 

Those who were acquainted with the 
BriUsh West Xndieg in former jearS) 
will know how to appreciate this evir 
dence of the bleaeed effects of negn) 
enancipatMii. 



A NEGRO SPEAEEO. 
Thx following remuks wera made at 
a StianiCKiarj Meeting, held at Salter's 
Hill) in St. James's parish, Jamaica, on 
tha Sth of last Febmary. Tbe speaker, 
eaoB a slaTS, is now a freo citisen of 
hia native country. 

Hr. Chuuus BauiAan, s^d,— "Hy 
dear sisUav and brothera, I feel rery thaak- 
M to aee thia day, yes, I fisel veiy thank- 
Ail to aee tliis day. Are we not all re^ 
thankful to meet tiiis morning ia tt— 
maojiBrt Did we ever see such a idj 
tbiabefoieT Did we ever use to come < 
a Friday to God's bouse In this manner 
to ]e»ve onr homes and fl^ ovsr tha hills 
to oome and wor^p in this placet ought 
wa not to b« thankful to God fur this! 
At me time, on a Friday, we eonld not 
meet together at all ; no, not ev«si me and 
my wife, to have our hreak&at. We were 
oalled *«9> BBd than whan we leave 
bieak&rt Uve tUngs get into it, and jomp 
all over it, so that we could oat eat iu 
B«t BOW on thia day, we riae op, get our 
liiiialrfiist. and come quick over ue hill 
to God's konaa. Are yon not all very 
thankful for this 1 and now let us lemem- 
ber what we most do and proinifle. ^s 
hatt mor* to Jo. audwewUldotuore. Let 
oa give that ttte wotd of God may go to 
ripMil«. Won't you do thist Won't you 
nve more that ue go^el may be earned 
absaad, thioogh all theearthl (Criaof 
' ym,'\ Won't yon do all yon can to bring 

four H«t}ttan and sistera out of hondagel 
Fm>«*.) Iiet ns ptay all we can ; God 
Wilt nsar oa and aaawei oar prayets. See 
wfaat tbe geepel haa done for ns ; oi>ce we 
wwa |Mit abw to sail Bonslvea our own j 
DM»wf could flot call ear wife 'mistress ; 
tluty did Bet like to have we saf * mis- 
to«C^ to ma «wa wife. They say we 
dwiaU pot ssad ou children to sehaol j 
but don't we asod them to acbooll ( Ytt, 
jwi.) TlwysaidtbatwhmwawMe&eawe 
sbouldbslasy. Bntwesranethwi we 
do good work. We help te tailid ou 
diMb, ffBi aehiocda. Let ns th«k p.ve, 
and lat oa play, tfcat tha good word of 
God nay go tiurooi^t dl tbe Murth. 
Lit H p«9 that all Aiay be wmTaited. * 



UNPBECEDEHTED CROWDING 
OF SLAVE8. 

By information received &om the Ra- 
vannah it appears, that on the 29th of 
December last, the Sranlsh schooner Jutu 
Maria, alias Las 7Vm Jlermantu, was 
amtvred by Her Majesty's brig of war 
JMyime, Keith Stewart, Esq., Com. 
mondar. behind the point at the north- 
west of Santa Cruz (in latitude 17° 6ff 
north, longitude 64° 05' west) south by 
west, at a distance of twelve miles, and 
having been token to the Ravannob ww 
there condemned in the mixed Commia. 
mon Court on the ISth of January fbl. 
lowing. 

Hr. Kennedy, the British Commlsss^ 
Jnd^, certifies that the vewel was 34 tons 
British admeaeurement, being in length 
S4 ft. 6 in., in breadth 16 fi, 2 in., in depUi 
6 ft. 6 in., and yet she hod alive an boAid 
at the time of capture 252 slaves. If we 
mistake not, by the old law three slaves 
were allowed to two tons. By this calcu- 
latitok 61 wvnld have beui the proper 
frauifat for the vessel in question, but we 
finifaBorplaeof no letBViaa.two hwidni 



CAPTURE OF SLAVE VESSEIJ}. 
Ok the 12th of last month, Rer Ma- 
jesty's sloop 'dcom, lieutenant Haokey, 
atrived at Plymouth from MoHunbique 
and Madagascar, The Acorn, whieh was 
appointed to cmise in the Mozambique 
Channel, succeeded in capturing two 
harks, one brig, one schooner, and two 
dowB, in all six veaeels, engaged in the 
sUve trade. The first three were fitted 
out with irons, slave decki^ &c. and, be- 
sides valuable goods for tlie slave market, 
had on board 43,000 dollars in specie. 
The remaining Teassla hod already shipped 
the whol^ or psrL of their human cat- 
Koes. Beddes snmring fresn the un- 
healthinsss of the climate, many of the 
Amtrn'i orew fell victims to the deadly 
hstiwt both (tf the slave dealsia, and of 
aiwte of the natives of Mod^asear. who 
eantrivsd to person ttietr water. AH on 
board ladesd sofind, at ma time, more 
oar less, from this oanse. 
Oa the Mh of April, tbe AMm All In 



IDS 



THE FBIKKD OF AFRICA. 



with a Mhooaer abandoned by her crew. 
Her boom was broken in two places, and 
her helm oone. With great labonr and 

difiicnlty, Lientenant Hwkey managed to 
attach aropc; and then t«wcd her about 
£00 miles, until the weather moderated. A 
temporary helm was aflerwardB fitted ; and 
at length both Te«eels caat anchor in mfety 
in Plymouth Sound. Much praise ia dne 
to the commander and ship's company of 
the Aeom, tor their conduct as well in the 
last-mentioned intrtance, as during the 
whole service in which they have been 
engaged. 



THE SLAVE TRADK 

It is a melancholy, and, in some 

measure, a humiliating conaideration, 

that ODwIiere aloi^ the coast of Africa 

does the slave trade flourish in more 

Eoisonous vigour than in the ueighboi 
ood of Sierra Z^eone. 
We have no intention at present to 
inquire into the causes of what the late 

S'Vernor of the colony (Goi 
oherty) describes as " an insolent 
defiance' of British authority; it 
enough for our present purpose to call 
attention to the fact itself. We may 
surely leam from it the necessity of 
some improvement in the means which 
have hitherto been put in requisition for 
the suppression of the abominable traffic. 
In the following extract from a dispatch 
addressed by Sir John Jeremie to 
Lord John Russell, we find an import- 
ant suggestion thrown out upon this 
head. The whole subject, indeed, de- 
serves serious consideration. 

id samesor- 
diat« ndgh- 

irhood of Siena Leone the scene ol a 
ivry extensive slave traffic. The general 
impression is, that owing to the shoals at 
the BiMKOs, nothing but light steamers 
will aatinactorily drive away the slaver 
from the coasts between this and Gambia." 

In another passage. Sir John Jeremie 
anticipates an objection to which his 
proposal might be thought liable, and, 
we think, sa^actorily replies to it. 

"As to the expense of maintalninK 
them, (light steam veaeels,) now that I 
have seen thia barboui and anchorage, I 
am oonvineed, that by emnloyiog tibem, 
iriien not otherwiaa ei^aged, to tow mer- 
chant veswla in and ont, they would neariy, 

if _„. (1.1W ujg chawe of their 

e wagea of the cnws. 



prise i 
Donrhti 



tlfitlt May, 

At Mauritius a considerable item in the 
public revenue is collected by the assist- 
ance thus afforded to the meidiantmen, 
and doubly acceptable woald it be at 
Siem Leone. Nor is this my idea only. 
It was originally mentioned to me by one 
of our most extensive Sierra Leone me^ 
chants settled in London, Mr. Wert." 



ADVANCING PROSPERITY OF 

JAMAICA. 

Wk are happy that we have it is our 
power to publish part of a letter lately 
received by a gentleman residing; in 
London from b ftiend and correspoa- 
dent in Jamaica. The information it 
contains will be found of a truly grati- 
fying character. There is, besides, so 
much knowledge of human nature, and 
sonnd practical wisdom, in the writer's 
account of hit mode of management on 
his plantation, that we earnestly com- 
mend his statements to the attention of 
all who are interested in the future 
prosperity of the West Indies. It ia 
further satisfactory to know that the 
gentleman in question is not only a 
large landed proprieb^, bnt a planter 
also, of more than thirty years' ex- 
perience. 

I have plenty to do, and being my own 
manager you may suppose how much I 
am engaged daUy in following nt> our 
present system of nianagement, which ia 
altogether different firom what it was in 
time of slavety. Thank God that b at an 
end, and I am snre every good man dow 

Xts that it had not enaed many yean 
e it did. We are now merging gT»- 
duall^, I think, into a more cwisstent 
and judicious mode of man^ement, and 
when the existing laws are better under- 
stood by our peasantry all will go on welL 
On this property I BtO retun the whole, 
oruearly so, of my (negroj families. My 
plan is this : eveiything is done by the 

iob ; for instance, I keep a book in which 
have sketched off all my cofiee fields by 
name, and dirided tiiem mto <mt, two. or 
more acres, as ma^ be ; If the ground is 
very foul (full of prass) I give 13f. 4d. 
per acre: this carries on the individnal 
tor four weeks clear of rent ; they give 
me 3«. Ad, per week for house, gsrooi, 
and grounds, which is settled even' Mon- 
day morning, as I am most particulai with 
my books ; and if I owe any one a five- 

rnce It is paid, — consequently by doing so^ 
expect the same punetnality nom than. 
As soon as their acre or job is complete, 
which b gmetally done by actrra tnduaby 



1841.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



in a couple of ureelu at fitrtheat, I have 
iw cLum on the Ladiridual antil the ex- 
pintion of the four weeks, when he again 
commences de ntno on another acre, 
Duiing the intermediate time, he c^ro- 
jnatem bia labour as he chooses for monejr. 
Again, if the coffee piec« ia not very foul, 
I gire lOt. per acre. This cairiw tlleni 
on three weelcs for rent, for they genraally 
fiiuah witliin the week. • • • 

Thia ia my management on my own 
plantation, and 1 sliall adopt the same on 
any other that I have the direction od 
On angai estates some difference of 
management must neceaaarily arise, but 
my ml and candid opinion ia, tliat if put 
under the care of an intelligent negro, I 
mean the planting part, and merely over- 
looked by a responsible white person, oil- 
tivation may be earned on with advantage. 
The great diswback, I think, has been 
that the laboorera are not paid regularly 
by the managera : so much cuttirtg in for 
store-aceounts, &c., that it dissatisfies 
them. The eyetem ahonld be, pay tn 
eoMk (even if they owe yob) and receive 
from than ^ain. Foh know well that 
the direction, or rather culUvation, of the 
properties, was carried on by the negroes, 
that is, by the driven. In &ct, the 
oyenieer had only to see that the work 
was done, but the essential part was 
directed or carried into effect by the 
drivers. And why should not an intelli- 
gmt negro do the some nowT I will 
rentnre to say, that if the labour is n^- 
briy paid for, the negroes will work. 

^le ladies' schools go on as usual, and 
many children have profited thereby. 
We bare a large Moravian chapel close to 
this property, with a large echool-house 
attached, at which all ray people attend ; 
the clergyman'H name is Itinkevritz, an 
active usefnt msm. The chapel is filled 
every Sabbath, and there are prayers every 
"' g in the week. There is also a very 
umich bnUt near Berlin, on the 
it of the road by Corsham, leading to 
r Pond, »r. Waters, a Cbnich 
land clergyman, occupies this, and 
o crowded every Sunday: the con- 
grwition from 1600 to 2000. 

On Pedro Plains, near the old school- 
boose, a 1bi|^ ehapel has been built hy Uie 
Chnrch Higeionary Society. Mr, Yates 
commenced the work of instruction there, 
sad his labours, through the blessing of 
God, have made a complete change in the 
habita, character, and dispcMtions, of the 
inhabitants in that quarter; no more 
borse-ncing, horse-ste^z, cock-fighting, 
or drunkenness, among uiem ; ana it is 
now becbme one of tlie most interesting 
fields fbr » cleigynum in the iela&d. 



NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 

THE TRUTH OF CHRIST'S RESUR- 
RECTIOH, (I Senium pnadttd on board 
ktr Mtffttlj/'t ttaam-vetiel Albert, on 
Simdt^, April lltk, 1841, by the Bn. 
TsEonoR MOhLBUyC'ltaplain to tkeNiger 
Etpodition. — London, 1B4I. 
We heartily recommend tliig sermon 
to the dttention of our readers, as con- 
taining sound Scriptural instruction 
presented to the mind in on earnest and 
affectionate manner, 

Mr. Muller, preaching on Easter 
day, leads his audience to the con- 
sideration of that great corner-stone of 
Christianity, the Resurrection of our 
Lord Jesus Christ from the dead. 
Passing by the direct historical evidence, 
as less suited '■ to them that believe, 
than to them that believe not," he 
dwells at considerable length on what 
may be called the eiprrmenlal evi- 
dence of the wonderful event. 

Under this head, he places,^r*(, the 
triumphs of Christianity, wiUi meatis 
apparently the most inadequate and de- 
fective, over all opposition, and its firm 
establishment in the world at the pre- 
sent day; teconJly, the blessed effects 
wrought by Christianity in the hearts 
and lives of all who have received the 
truth " in the love of it," — here he very 
appropriately alludes to the Niger ex- 
pedition by way of illustration ; and, 
ihirdly, the awnil consequences which 
have resulted from the rejection of 
Christianity, whether in the case of 
nations or of individuals. As most 
strikingly exemplifving this melancholy 
truth, be adduces the case of the Jewish 
nation, and the followers of the false 
prophet. In conclusion, Mr. Miiller 
thus appeals to the heart and conscience 
of his hearers; — 

"And now snffbr me to ask, have you 
individually experienced the saving effi- 
cacy of that doctrine which we this day 
commemorate? Although I have been 
speaking of the external consequences of a 
reception or rejection of the truth of our 
text, ('The Lord is risen indeed,'! Iwoold 
not have you ignorant that Christ s^vem- 
ment is a t»oral f^vemment. Bib king- 
dom is not of tins world. He seeks to 
reign in your hearts. He would &in be 
the unrivalled sovereign of your affections. 
Ia then your acknowledgment of his bk- 



110 



THE FftlGND OF AFRICA. 



[ifith Hat, 



thoritjr menlj fbnnal 1 An jam bMrts 
closed to his saDctifvii^ and tranaforming 
SpiritT AIbiI IffethranjlfAUrbetheoase 
with OBJ of roB, nch ure neither part 
Bor h)t in < the inhaitaace of tba Munts in 
light,'— that inheHtanee whidi oat liMn 
I«td pnpara for b11 them tiiat lore Him. 
Could thej eren br aaj Tiolenoe be put 
into poSBesBlon of that goodly heritage, it 
would have no joje for then). For just as 
in the tribes of animated nature, there 
mnat be an adaptation in the etHutitntion 
of each being to the elment in which he 
is to exist, so.excwt webebQniagun,we 
eaonot enter into toa kingdom of nearen, 
toi 'without boUiuMnomanBhallaee the 
Urd.'" 

Is it not a happy consideration that 
our beloTed countrymen carry with them 
the light of such Scriptural teaching as 
this into the wilds of Central Africa? 



SLATERY AND THE IKTERNAI 
fflJLVE TRADE IN THE UKITED 
STATES, Mm A«>«m to Q^mUms 
traMtmtttd to Ameriea If tie OommHtee 
tf the Anti-^aton SaeUl»r, — London, 
Ward, 1B41. 
Tuts is assaredly one of the most 
fearful publications that has ever issued 
irom the British press. Would tiiat we 
eould refuse creaence to the atatanente 
of cold-blooded cruelty) and utter con- 
tempt of all moral obligation, with which 
it is filled from the banning to the end. 
But. alas I it carries too manv internal 
evidences of its substantial truth to admit 
of fur dispute. We shall not attempt 
to rake up any (^ its multiferiotu horrort. 
We content ouraelres witb statii^, that 
it implicatea in guilt blacker and deepw, 
if posuble, thui that of the African 
slave trade itself, planters, seamen, sol- 
diers, magiatrat«B, jurymen, legislators, 
newspaper-editors, adrraitisers, and 
writers, members of Christian (?) 
churches, mmuten of religion, and 
women! And this is Amarica-~once 
the home 4^ the exile, and the sanctuary 
of the oppressed, — Ehev, qmmivm 



PATRONAGE. 
Wb have the pleuure tc 
that hii Majesty the King of Prussia 
has signified his consent to bec<«ne on 
honoraiT member of the Society for the 
EitinctioQ *tf the Slaye Tnde utd fbr 



Ihe Civilisation of AJVica. Baron Hum- 
boldt, through whom his Majesty's con- 
sent was conveyed, has alao kindly 
aUoned himself to be enrolled amongst 
the corresponding members. 

We have the further gratiflcalioa of 
announcing that his Imperial and Royal 
Highness the Orand mke of Tuscany 
has become an honoraiT member of thie 
same Bociety, his Highness' consent 
having been made known through 
Captain Sa George Back, ILN. 

UEETma AT PLYMOUTH. 

Oh Friday, the 80th of April, ainiblie 
meetiiig was hdd at the Rc^ Hotel, 
Plymouth, to take leave of the ofleera 
of the Niger Expedition, and to form a 
Society auxiliary to the Society for the 
Extinction of the Slave Tride and for 
the Civilisation of Africa. 

The Matob, who presided en th« 
occasion, opened the proceedings with 
a fow remarks explanatory of m pur- 
poses for which the meetii^ had been 
called J after which 

The Rev. R.LuinT 
first naolutiim ; and sud, 



traffic hi Great : 



>se to ptopoae th» 
id, tSirtv }rean 



abolidied. 



Through the insttnmentalitr of ClaA«OD« 
Wilbmbtc^ and othen, tne House « 
CiHnmons bad declared the tnffie by 
BHglimhtnim an act (rf piney, and to Iw 
pumshed aceordin^y. Knee that tima^ 
swdroDS had beoi sent to the eoaat of 
AMoa, Treaties had ben attend inta 
with other nation^ and 16,000^0001. ax- 
pcnded in endeavooring to prevent tha 
exportaticm of stavea. Their bsbss of 
Juatioe would not mfler E^triishnun 
to wdt when ther saw the n^ta tit 
others violaled ana human!^ ontiaged. 
But what sftar all th^ was enm now 
the horrible fiwtt ^Hiey wan told* 

rinoonttOTertilde evi«aioe» that tbo 
trade was still carried mi, and that 
too to an aggravated extent, with im- 
ereaaed homns^ end in defianee of aO exer- 
tions to put a st(9 to it. Fnni 7<V000 
slaves annually exported firan Afiica at 
the beginning of the p w aent emtntf , the 
number had inereasM to 120,000. Not 
only, howevdr. had the slave trade in- 
ereased to su^ an snpalling «xt^^ hat 
the honors of it had fa>ereaaed hi lik* 
ratio. 

The reverend geDtlemsn tha de- 
iciibed in forcib^ tenii the awAiI 



IMl.J 



THE FRIEND OP AFIIIGA. 



Ill 



scenes exhibited at tbe eaptnra of 
slaves in the intertor of the coontiyt 
their veuisome march to the coast, 
and their Buhseqaent confinement on 
board the BlaTe-snip. In conclusion he 
iptdie as follows : — ■ 

It is a matter of gnat njolcdo^ ibak 
England is enmarated fnm out rartid- 
pation in such cmsHiH, and I mUcts 
that no one at Ukis anditOTv wonld rest if 
he thought that Us IndiTidaal exerttoBs 
conld in any meanire prevent them. I, 
therebte, cul on all to unite, in fiirther- 
anoe ol plans to be lud baftoe themUus 
da7, that a stop m^ be pnt to this 
ahomioablc^ degrading and antichiiatian 

The Rer. C. Shitb, citmte at Sdnt 
Andrew's, said he had certoiidy ao wish 
to depreetate the Talonr and enterprise of 
those brave men, who had upon all occa- 
sions BO soblj defended their conntr^s 
cause, yet he conld not but connder that 
the Christian and benevolent object* ' 
the m^ Expedition ooght to raise 
even higher in oni estimation. In this 
caa^ no object at penonal BmUti<»i was 
to be attmned. Gnat Britain derired 
smplv to cast her bread apon the watery 
ma leave the result to Him withont 
whose bleedng no human projects conld 
sncceed. Be would, therefore, respect- 
fiiUy and earnestly cul upon eveiy mdi- 
vidual in the aseembly before him, to prey 
for the health, pro^erity, and succees of 
Mch man, and the ssKty of each ship 
about to Mil upon this glorious Expedi- 
tion, Ha eameatlv trusted . that they 
would be permitted to bring back a rich 
and abundant reward, in the accomplish- 
ment of measures tendii^ to the honour 
of ]Mt(dn, and the good of Afiica and the 

A. RooKn, Esq., next addressed the 
meeting and m the course of his speech 
nftned to a ease In which MO slaves had 
bean thrown overixiard to sharks and 
other monsters <rf the deqt, In order that 
the slave-ddp might eac^w capture. He 
nenticHied also another instance when the 
Teasel in pareait «w the slavw lighten 
heisdf by throwbig water-easks ovei^ 
board, wUch on snbsemient capture were 
fiinnd to have cont^md bam two to four 
8lav«a each. He then ^ke of the means 
Muph^ed ior svppnaamg the dreadful 
bame, and having pointed ont the ex- 
tent and ntfTniniral character of the 
coast of Africa, clearly showed that, with 
the immense profits of the trade, it wonld 
he utterly impossible to pnt aitop to it by 
forea or vratehfhlnesa on the part of 
British crnims. The pioftta he stated ' 



be from two to three hundred per cent., 
while sasuranees from all risk might be 
effected at twelve per Mnt. The speaker 
next alladed to what the British Gown* 
raent had already done; and having shown 
the gnat capabilities of Western Afrioa 
for fitnra oommene, from Ita popnlati^m 
and Tceources, proved that an inland com- 
mercial traffic was possible, and presented 
the readiest means of dvilisinK Africa and 
destroyfatF the akve tnde. To fadlitata 
the enabtishmant of endi lentimata cmn- 
wiUi the eountriea midering on 
the Niger, both by obtaining Infermation, 
and entering Into amicable relations with 
the native princes, waa the ohjeet of th« 
Expedition about to take its depaitUN 
from Plymouth. 

J. EccuBnoN, Esq., tmelling Agent 
of the Parent Society, s^ that the at- 
tempts hitherto made to civilise Africa 
had been extemsl, but it was clear they 
must look to internal improvement, tot 
the Bccoraplishment of this object. 1^^ 
must clear the fountain, not merely purify 
the stieam on which floated all the polln- 
tlon detmled by preceding speakers. It 
vras a providentuu dispensation, that just 
as the British nation was about to remove 
the neat blot on ita character, by abolish- 
ing Severy In its colonies, the termination 
of ^0 river Miger was discovered, and 
thus was a door opened for the further 
mosecution of its benevolent designs. 
He could not, too, but aocoont it a great 
advantage that there had been secured in 
the two young princes, who were by stata 
policy thrown into our country, persona 
who wonld cany to Africa a knowledge 
of what Englishmen vrere, and what 
blcOTngs they had to bestow. He would 
also mention, that before the news of the 
formation of the Society for the Civilixa- 
tion of Africa had rracbed the West 
Indies, there had been meetii^ of the 
emancipated blacks, for the purpose of 
devinng measures ior the benefit of their 
ovm and their fothert^ land. Some of 
them agreed to educate their children to 

Sas agents and misrionaries, as soon aa 
ey heud of this Society, of which they 
were amongst the most umibI supportenk 
After adverting to the fot-t that the Sode^ 
had been at considerable expense in send- 
ing out with the Expedition sdentlflc 
men, toi»Ilect information relative to the 
geology, natural history, and botany, of 
Africa, Mr. Ecdeston stated that unleas 
liberal subscriptions wete obtained, it* 
operations could not be carried on beyond 
the present year. Mnch had doubtleas 
been done, but It must not be forgotten 
that stlu mon remtdued to be «com* 
pUahed, LtOO^IC 



nt 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



t;iSth Hat. 



Cmtain Tbor^b, tlie Commander of 
the Expedition, then nee, and on bis own 
account, as well ae on behalf of all the 
officeis and seamen undeT his command, 

S reused his deep sense of the interest 
aympatbj manifested hy the meeting 
in the saccen of their arauous un^" 

Aftei which. 

The Rev. Gxo. &iith said, that it was 
intended that rel^on and ciTilization 
should go hand in hand ; or rather, the 
latter ehoold act as handmaid to the 
former, and lead the hitherto ouen- 
lightened inhabitants to receive the truths 
of the Bible, — to know and feel the ble»- 
sing of a Saviour to intercede for the 
pardon of their sins, to make them sensi- 
ble of the barbarity of their former bloody 
sacrifices, and ^ve them the hope of 
everlsstinK life. The speaker observed, 
further, that Africa was compantively an 
unknown country ; that the brave men 
now about to vint it were, so to vpeak, 
descending into a mine ; and that it wa:^ 
therefore, the dsty of all who remained 
behind, and of the African Civiliza^on 
Society in particular, to encourage and 
sustain them in their efforts to explore its 
secrets. 

One of the Ashantee Princes next ad- 
dressed the meeting at follows: — ^'Gentle- 
men, I riae to return you my nnoere 
thanks for the eood and Christian feeling 
which you have manifested towar£ 
Africa. When I letum to my own 
country, I will do all in my power to 
pat an end to the abominable traf&c in 
slarea." The Prince concluded by stating 
that this was the first time he had qi^en 
in public. 

Sir Thokab DtKS Acl*j«d, Bart., M.P, 
said, there were occasions when a few 
thinm said were better than a great many, 
■— when the silent feeling of the heart was 
better than a multitude of words. The 
meeting had an instance of thia in the 
diatinguished individual who had just 
addretned them, and who was about to 
return to his native land, to explain to 
his countrymen the blessings of liberty, 
civilization, and religion. The honour- 
able baronet afterwards observed, that he 
would state the real objects of the Society, 
because much mistake had prevuled upon 
the subject, some people saying one thing 
and some another. He tuen read from 
one of the Society's publications a state- 
ment of its objecte; and after explaining 
that, while it rejoiced in tUo projected 
Expedition to the N^r, and, as fai as 
might be, co-operated with it, that Expe- 
dition was sent out by Government, and 
not by the Society, he concluded by 



observing, Uiat in carrying out the deaign 
in which they were engaged, there wonld 
be great difficulties to m encountered. 
But it was the part of men acting from a 
settled purpose, and under the will of 
God, not to be deterred from doing good 
by repeated disappointment. He trnsted 
that in such a coarse of Christioa datr, 
all who listened to him that day would 
be found to persevere. 

A vote of tlianks to the Chairman was 
then passed, and the meeting sepan>l«d. 

A Becond meeting in behalf of tbe 
same Society was afterwards held at 
Devanport. Want of space compels 
us to postpone our notice of its pro- 
ceedings until a future occasion. 

AsaiTALS AXD tAlLn'oa. 
From Bltrra Ltmt !— 

Sana TuUooll .... 37t Ltndoa .11 Apr. 

EIUmo Brown MO Londm . C7 Apr. 

air ■WMnecott..Coiiiim. .... atUaaaa.. ■ Mv- 
Xaa KndlU Mf LQnAB..lelfv• 
Oh■riot[aW]rU■ ..Trtsktr ....liaLaolau..»J Aft 
~ ■■ - .. . aaiLcDdoa..IBIIV. 

lit London.. II H^F. 

ToemMai— 

Pact Fl«atwD»d ..VMIer lOIIiondaa .19 Apt. 

Jane Patnwr iSLaiidaB.. V Afi- 

JiAn Hwdar .... lULondoa.. llUr- 

To Copt CoatI ;— 

Naw Tlnua Ptlak«r IMLon^n.. 10Apr. 

JohnFontor ....DKrifl?...... ITIIaidDo-. VAfr. 

atiT.VuSlma....Xtjo IIS I.eadai.. 71IV- 



Subscriptions and Donations are received 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoar^ Esq. ; 
by Uessra. Bamett, Hoarea, and Co., 62, 
Lombard-street; Messrs. Barclay, Bevao, 
and Co., G4, Lombord-streci ; Heaan. 
Coutts and Co., £9, Strand ; Uewrs. Drum- 
monds, Charins-crosB ; Mesais. Hanbiuy, 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-street; 
MeasiB. Hankeys, 7, Fenchoreh-street ; 
Messrs. Hoarea, 37, Fleet-street; and 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., 20^ 
Birchin-lane ; and by the Secretuy, the 
lUv. J. M. Trew (to whom all communi- 
cations relative to the business of the 
Society may be addressed), at the Office 
of the Society^ 16, Farliament-steeet. 



LoHDMr: Prlotad bfTiaiuB Hicbau Uummiaoi r , 
of Va. U, St. Mitilsl Lwu, la Uw pviA ■< M. 
Hartln in Iba Plclda ; ud paUlihed bf JwiK Wilr 



THE FKIEND OF AFEICA. 

TSB COUMITTSS OF THE BOCIBTF FOR TBB BXTIUCTIOS OF TBB 
SLAVS TSJOB ASD FOR TBS CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 

Ho. 8-3 LONDON, Uth JUNE. 1841. {l^t^jtd. 



SUPPRESSION OF THE SLAVE-TRADE IN CUBA. 

In onr present Number will be found a document of the very 
highest interest and importance. We allude to the Memorial (page 122) 
addressed by certain proprietors of estates in Cuba to the governor of 
that island. To many of our readers this Memorial is already known. 
We would have no one unacquainted with it, who takes an interest in 
the great cause in which we are ourselves embarked ; and, therefore, 
it is that we have determined to transfer it to our pages, although it has 
already appeared in various publications of the day. 

T!he object of the memorialists is to urge upon the governor of Cuba 
Uieindispensablenecessity of taking decisive measures ^r " the perpetual 
suppression of the contraband traffic in slaves from A&ica." The 
arguments by which they support their views axk not a little remarkable. 
Believing them, as we do, to be for the most part solid and unanswer- 
able, diey assuredly encour^e the hope, that the day is not distant 
when Cuba shall cease to mrnish a market for human' beings. We 
venture to set before our readers, a brief summary of the dangers 
by which the people of Cuba are at this moment encompassed, as we 
find them truly and powerfully set forth, not by enemies, not even 
by friendly strangers, out by themselves. These may be divided into 
internal and external. Under the former, we place first, the ever-grow- 
ing increase of the coloured population. 

** It is," says the Memorial, " by the Slave Trade, that the nnmbeT of our natorat 
cnemiee within the blond is daily increased, since according to the Btatisticol informa- 
tion conttuoed in 7»« Stranget't Gvide far the Havana, of the present year, they 
now amonnt to 660,000 peiBons of colour, or about 60 per cent of the whole population, 
leaving only about 40 per cent of whites." 

One expression in this statement cannot fail to arrest the attention 
of tiie reader. We mean the designation by these Cuban pro- 
prietors of their slaves, as their "natural enemiet^' There is some- 
thing, we think, infinitely fearful in that phrase, employed by ^uch 
persons in such a connezion. It contains a whole world of anti-slavery 
a^;um ents — cogent — irresistible . 

Next, we find it asserted, that the continued importation of negroes 
has operated as a check upon the immigration of whites from ^WVlRf^ 



114 THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. l_llth funt, 

which, these unhappy memorialists tell us, is so necessary to secure their 
safety, that, in the event of its material decrease, " dbastrous and inevit- 
able consequences are destined to OTerwfaelm them." 

Thus much concerning the intemai evils inflicted by the Slave 
Trade. Those which come under the denomination of extend, are, 
first, the displeasure of England. We shall not stop to inquire how 
&r the assertion might be borne out by an appeal to fact} ^at "the 
trade of Cuba has become the target for her diplomatic hostility." We 
content ourselves with remarking, that were the policy of England ten 
times more unfriendly than it ei^er actually is, or than it is supposed 
to be, the people of Cuba could have no just ground of complaint, 
whilst they put us to the expense of miuntaining one squadron upon the 
shores of their island, and another upon the coast of Africa, to compel 
their observance of treaties, into which they solemnly entered, and 
which, notwithstanding, they daily trample under foot. 

Next to the hostility of England, our memorialists express their 
apprehension of danger from the agitation of Uie slave emancipation 
question, now beginning in the mother country. Upon this h«ul we 
can offer them not one grain of consolation. On the contrary, front a 
consideration of the indestructible nature of truth and righteousness, as 
Well as from reflecting upon the lessons, which experience has taught 
ourselves under somewhat similar rarcumstances, we can but assure 
them, that the agitation which they deprecate is destined to increase 
more and more. 

The source of danger in the last instance referred to in the docu- 
ment before us, is the most serious of all. We should be doing in- 
justice to its terrible importance to substitute any description of our 
own for the vivid portraiture made ready to our hands. 

" Let US cast a glance only over the coantriea whicli sutroimd ns. The finrurt 
mind may well tremble to contemplate the den§e mam of nemee which to horribly 
otMcnre our horizon. 900,000 are to lie found to the eastwai'd in thaiiiilitai7np°b'>c 
of Hayti, with diadplined armiee, and holding at their diapoeal the whole mem* of 
transpart which Gnat Britain has to give. To the south there are 400,000 in Jsmiic*. 
who wait only the signal of their proud liberatore to fly to the rescue in onr ^s***^ 
monntaina; 12,000 at least are scattered over the Bahama Archipdago and the iduw 
in our immediate neighbourhood, where as many more have been placad bv Britiu 
policy firom the u^nrea which have been made at the expense of the trade to tbit 
island. And, settug aude the condition of the slaves of the French West Indii 
islands, which are now on the eve of emancipation, let us turn our eyes towai^ tn« 
north, in the direction of the capes of Florida, and the ports of Louisiana, Georgia, and 
the Carolittas, which place is almost in contact with the continent whete nMny 
3,000,000 negroes are presented to ua— a number bo immanie as to excite alarm, wt 
in Cuba only, but throughout the whole American confederation, whose very heart u 
■oonei 01 lat«i to be, in consequence, convulsively stated and devonred. oa^ 'o p* 
will be the day when this event occurs if we do not prepare onnalves delibeiately in 
due time, nay this very day, for the tremendous explosion." 

In one particular, the Memorial which we have made the subject of 
our comments, is grievously defective, — it contains not the slightest 
allusion to the inconceivable enormities of the Slave Trade. The whole 
question between the advocate and the opponent of negro importation 
is argued upon the ground of worldly, mat is, of selfish, expediency. 
Perhaps, notiiing more was to have been expected from men whose 
hearts have been hardened by familiar acquaintance with scenes o' 
human wretchedness ; hut this only renders the omission the more to 
be deplored, since it shows the strength of that influence which could 



1B41.3 



THE VRUan) OF AFRICA. 



tfaos ulence the pleading of all the amiable sensibilities of our 



Nevertheless we do most sincerely rejoice in the appearance of this 
Memorial. It prdTes that an awakening has begun to take place 
amonnt the traSickera in flesh and blood, to a sense, if not of their 
wickedness, at least of their consummate folly — ^that, therefore, one 
deadly thrust has at length, by Qod's blessing, been sent home to the 
vitala of the African Slave Trade. 



TEE NIGER EXPEDITION. 

The friende of this noble undertaking 
will be gratified by faearins of the arri- 
val of another uid most cneeriag letter 
from Capt. Bird Allen, of the Sou- 
dan. It ia dated tnm Teneriffe, May 
I7th. In it he tays, 

" We are thiu &r ia Mfety on onr w^, 
hsriiw had a quick and pnwperons panage 
ftmn Lialxm of only dx im. We fcnmd 
that the Harriot, aftn* lookii^ for m for 
two or thiM days, had made the bert of bw 
way hither, arrivii^ fire day* befinra nn 
I hare completed my ftiel m>m the Har- 
riot, and ihall anl m eoon ai the wind be- 
eomea &ir ; at preeent it is S.W. with 
rain." 

All on board are " well, and doing 
aa well and comfortably as they can 
posubly wish — ship and machinery, all 
go well- — What more can I say, " he 
■dds, "thanthattbeblessingof Godap- 
peara hitherto to have accompanied na, 
and that we crave the prayers of all) 
that it may continue to do so ?" 

It is not impossible that the Alhirt 
and the WUberforet may join company 
before they leave Teneriffe. 

It appean that Mr. Thompson, the 
asustant-turgeon of the Wttberforce, 
who went out in the Harriot, has been 
engaged in collecting the Cochineal in- 
sect, and the plants on which it feeds, 
for the purpose of propagating it in 
Africa, where it will form a most valu- 
able addition to their native andimport- 

It may be well to remark, that CapL 
Allkn has found considerable difference 
between common coal, and Grant's pa- 
tent fuel, in point of consumption i two 
tims of the former being ordinarily ex- 
pended in 24 hours, and hut one and a 
third of the latter. 

We may shortly anticipate fiirther 
■ntelligenoe from the other vessels of 



LETTER FROM THOS. CLARKSON, 
Esq., to tht SacRar^RT qftA6 Avsican 
CinLtii.noti SodSTT. 

Wi insert the following copy of a 
letter recently addressed by the vener- 
able Thomas Clarkson to the Becre- 
tary of the African Civiliiation Sociotv, 
which we doubt not will be acceptable 
to onr readers, as showing the deep inte- 
rest he talces in the welfiure of the Socie- 
ty, and also his opinions as to the mea- 
sures which ought fiirther to be adopted 
for the benefit of Africa. 

Dbak Mr. Taiw, — I feel myself much 
indebted to you for yonr long latter in 
answer to mine, confauning information 
of what yonr Committee had done in the 
last year relative to the civilisation of 
Africa, for having been prevented from 
attending it, as one of your Vice-Presi- 
dents, in consequence of age and infirm- 
ities, (and this is the esse with the Anti- 
Slavery Committee also,) I knew very 
little of your interior proceedings, 
though I have felt an anxious desire to 
be acquainted with them. And firat 
allow me to say. that I cannot speak too 
highly rf the labours of vour C<nnmittee 
as yon hare detailed them to me, of 
their ceal, their peraeverance, and erf 
their judicious and able man^;ement of 
the trust committed to them, and which 
ought to secure for them the confidence 
and gratitude of all those who have the 
welfare of the African race at heart. 
When I think of the vast object of the 
Society, the deliverance of a whcde Om- 
tinent from the moat grievous phyucal 
Buffings on the one hand, and from ig- 
norance, darkness, and superstition, on 
the other, which have kept the minds of 
iU inhabitants in perpetual htrndage, and 
been a continual bar to their moral im- 
provement ; and when I consider that an 
attempt is now to be made to do away 



lis 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



tilth JCKt, 



these evils, and not by force, or by arms, 
but by preparing the way for the intro- 
doetion of the Gospel of Peace among 
them, who is there among a dviliied, 
and much more a Christian people, that 
must not admire this attempt, and most 
heartily wish it to be brought to a buc- 
cessful issue ? 

I am told that there are persons, and 
i would here take an opportunity of men- 
tioning the circumstance, who think that 
I am lukewarm as respects your Socie- 
ty. My own conscience tells me, that 
such a surmise is not well founded. I 
belong to your Society more naturally 
than to any other, for my first efforts 
were directed to the abolition of the 
SiB.re Trade, and to the good of Africa, 
and not to Slaven', which was a subse- 
quent concern. It is true indeed, that I 
am a member of the Anti-Slavery So- 
ciety, bnt not to the disparagement of 
yours ; I have never once attended a 
Committee there. The truth is, I love 
both Sodeties equally, and am grateful 
to both equally, not onlr for their post 
labours, but for the good they are likely 
to do in their respective spheres ; for 
what you attempt to do, they do not med 
die with, and what you do not meddle 
with, they attempt to do, so that Uie 
great evil is now attacked in all its 
branches. With respect, however, to the 
surmise just mentioned, to which I i 
turn, I was prepared ibr it. I wrote 
Sir T. F. Buxton on the formation of 
his new Society, to the effect, that, 
though I then belonged to ano^er, I 
would support the new one also (both of 
them being branches of the same good 
eause) to the utmost of my power. I 
wrote to him again the very next day 
after the meeting of the great Conven- 
tion at Exeter Hall, to warn him against 
what I thought I then saw, namely, s 
scattered about in conversations with 
different people, which might germinate 
and produce a misunderstanding between 
these two Societies, and entreated him 
to do what he could to nip them is 
bud wherever he found them, promising 
on my part, that I would do the same. 
I have since performed my promise. I 
have talked with some of the most 
Aaen^l members of the Aoti- Slavery 
Association, and particularly with my 
4esr and valued iUend, J, J. Gumey, w 



Earlham, who entered warmly into my 
views as to the harmony to be cultivated 
between the t«o associations. I may 
remark here, that I had previouslvi to 
this conversation, written to him a letter 
to say how much I was gratified, and 
what good he had probably done in hia 
late publication, when he called them 
sisters. It was in this light I wished 
1 to be considered myself; res, they 
are, and ought to be considered as sis- 
ters. They have, both of them, a kin- 
dred objecL They ought, in my opinion, 
to cultivate each other's friendship, and 
to have personal intercourse, the one 
with the other, ^^tb respect to my 
being a member of the Anti-Slavery 
Society (if this has given birth to the 
surmise before mentioned) Imayobserve> 
that I am a member of several others, 
because they are auxiliary to the grand 
object, and assist it in some way or other, 
I subscribe to, and take a deep interest 
in the Oberlin College in the United 
States ; also to the British India Society, 
which promises to be one of the miHt 
effective in its day ; also to the Abo- 
rigines' Society, because their prindplea 
are kindred to our own ; also to the So- 
ciety of Free Negroes in Canada, be- 
cause they hold out an asylum to the 
oppressed fugitive slave, who tries to 
escape from his American bondage ; 
and I would subscribe to a sixth, if it 
could be made to ^pear that it wotild 
be useful to our cause. The mere 
circumstance therefore of my belong- 
ing to the Anti-Slavery Society, does 
not give any just handle for supposing, 
either that I am, or that I can be, luke- 
warm to yours, when I belong to so many 
others, which have each of them a claim 
upon my care, and while at the some 
time I belong to theirs ; not to have be- 
longed to yours would have been an 
omission, not to have been fotgiven 
either by myself or others. 

There is a part of the subject, to 
which I now come with particular satis- 
faction. It is, not to show yon, who ore 
io well acquainted with it, but the nu- 
merous readers of your p^ier, the 
" Friend of Africa," and your subscri- 
bers, that the plan which you have it 
in contemplation to adopt for "the alxK 
lition of the Slave Trade and the Civili- 
aation of Afiica," is not only practicable, 



1841.1 



;THE FKIEND OF AFRICA. 



but that it mtut lacceed, if it were to be 
properly executed. This plan «u Bub- 
mitted to mei amoDft other peraons, by 
Sir T. F. Buxton before it wu circu- 
lated. I gave it my utmost attention, 
and haviog been well acquainted with 
the iubject for fifty-six yearei I gETe it 
after I hod read it my entire approbation, 
and was as sure as I could be of any 
unknown result which wa» to come from 
sound principles, that it must make its 
way, if followed up in all ita branches. 
I will now examine the plan itself, and 
I hope I shall make ^ood what I have 
just advanced. In the first place, Sir 
T. Fowell Buxton's plan proposes to 
found two Societies; one, the benevo- 
lent Society already instituted; the 
other, a Society for Agriculture, sepa- 
rate and distinct from " the African Ci- 
vilixation Society," to encourage and pro- 
mote free agricultural labour in Africa, 
and to purchase and take off the pro~ 
duce of that labour. By means of this 
Society the natives would be taught to 
pltmgh, BOW, hoe,aad harvest the different 
articles which their climate produces, 
and they would also be taught by the 
aale of the produce, not only the value 
of their own soil, but that they would 
derive more advantages from the culti- 
vation of it than from trading in the 
' bodies of each other. Now is there any 
difficulty in conceiving that all this is 
practicaole P As sure as proper persons 
are sent out to instruct the natives of 
Afnca in the cultivation and harvesting 
of tropical productions, to whatever part 
of that extensive Continent they may be 
aent, so sure are native labourers to be 
found, who will work willingly and in an 
orderly manner, and for a Bmall remu- 
neratiw, and who will work well too; 
all the histories of Africa I have ever 
read, all the individual evidences I have 
•xamined on this subject in the course 
of my long pursuit (and I have examined 
more perhaps than any other man, not 
lesa than between two and three hun> 
dred persons who have visited that Con- 
tinent) concur on this point. It is to 
be presumed, however, that the persons 
so sent out will possess a full knowledge 
of tropical agriculture, and that they 
-will carry out with them the most ap- 
proved iniitnunents of labour. What, 
thra, can hinder the success of the pro- 



ject as far aa cultivation ia concerned ? 
First, land is cheap in Africa. You may 
have it for a trifle, perhaps five thotisand 
acres for £20. Secondly, you can get 
all the labourers yon want. Thirdly, by 
the plan itself the Company are to 
pnrchase and take off the produce. 
What more do you want? Asfarthenas 
the agriculture and trade are affected, 
that part of it which relates to the 
cultivation of the land must succeed. 

Let me now examine that other part 
of Sir T. F. Buxton's plan, which in 
the estimation of all of us ia of the moat 
importance. It is laid down, and I most 
heartily agree with him in the truth of 
the proposition, that the Gospel, andtha 
Gospel alone, is the instrument on which 
we can rely with certainty for effecting 
the abolition of the Slave Trade, and the 
civilixatiou of Africa. His object, then, 
is to cultivate and elevate the minds of 
the natives by education and the intro- 
duction of the Christian religion. But 
what hope is there, it may be asked, in 
succeeding in this department p I an- 
swer, the fairest ; for in the first place I 
lay it down as a truth not to be disputed, 
that no people on the globe are more 
susceptible of religious impressions than 
the Africans. Of the truth of this 
statement we have a hundred times more 
evidence than is wanted. Let the Mis- 
sionaries who have been to Africa, be 
heard on this point. Let the Pastors 
of different rell^ous congr^ations ip 
our West Indies speak also, and this to 
facts, as well before Emancipation 
as after it. Let the American Minis- 
ters of the Gospel speak also. All 
these will tell you the same tale, namely, 
that the poor black people in all their 
lands bum with an ardent desire to be 
acquainted with divine truths ; and that 
when they have been instructed in them, 
they have become new creatures in 
Christ Jesus, their lives corresponding 
with the tenets they have received. 

I go now to another part of Sir T. 
Fowell Buxton's plan, which I am 
aware, however, is distinct from your 
Society ; and here a second question 
may be asked, Where are people to be 
found competent and also numerous 
enough to undertake such an immense 
work as that of iDstructing a whole 
Continent in the doctrines of the Chris- 



UB 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[11th Joint 



tian religioD 7 I answer, that twenty 
times more than enough, and competent 
too, are atthis moment ready to go to 
any spot which m&y be fixed upon on 
that Continent for their residence there. 
In Germany mrhapi not less than a 
hundred of truly pions Chriatians, all fit 
for the task, would Rlory in being sent 
there to extmd the dommion of Christ's 
Kingdom upon earth ; and I think I 
may uy in consequence of what I know 
to be going on in our West India Is- 
lands, that not less than forty black or 
coloured people there woald feel them- 
selves highly honoured whenever called 
upon for such a mission. These last 
mentioned persons are all of them Rea- 
soned to a hot climate, and many of 
them have been wonderfully blessed in 
bringing their brethren there to a sound 
and practical knowledge of the Gospel ; 
whicn ia proved by the happiest change 
in their conduct. Besides, the emanci- 
pated slaves are to seriously sensible of 
the blesiins* of Christianity, which they 
have experienced themselves to their 
own comfort from such instructions, that 
they wish their brethren in Africa to 
partake of them, and to be turned tnm 
darkness and death to light and life. 
They have already subscribed a lar^ 
snm for this purpose, and are now train- 
ing and educating ministers among 
themselves for this mission. In two or 
three years they will have a good num- 
ber qtulifled to undertake it. Let me 
mention here that the Church Mission- 
ary Society in London, and others of 
our dissenting brethren in England, 
would most joyAilly lend an helping 
band, so that whatever might be the 
number of Missionaries wanted, this 
number, and considerably more than this 
Biunber, would be euilj found. 

Bnt Uiere ia a third question, which 
may be asked in reference to the Agri- 
onltural Society, which is deserving of 
■ particular notice. How will colonists 
be procured from England and other 
places of the prmier sort? for unless 
men of strict moral lives be eent out, as 
an example to the natives of Africa, 
you will do more harm tlian good. 
Can they be obtained in numbers suf- 
ficient, of good character, for so vaat 
sn undertaking ? Consider, too, the ex- 
pense attending it. But we are not to 



be dismayed by such thoughts as these. 
The great work before us is a work of 
time. Rome was not built in a day. 
Every enterprise, good or bad, must 
have a banning. The colonists will 
be at first but few, but they will increase 
afterwards. But it is not necessary that 
many white people, or many English- 
men, should be sent to these settlements 
at all. One white person of intelligence, 
or one black or coloured man of intalli- 

Cce, would be wanted to be at the 
d of each of the settlements, first to 
cultivate and preserve peace and a good 
understanding among the native uiieft 
in the neighbourhood, and secondly, to 
preserve peace and order among the free 
labourers in the district. Two intelli- 
gent white or black men, acquunted with 
tropical agriculture, must be sent to 
each, to teach and encourage the labour- 
ers in raising and harvesting the prodnoe 
of the country. One or two missions 
riee, black or white, must accompany 
these, and as many more aeUlers aa 
prudence and necessity shall require. 
Going out in the strength of the Lord, 
and on the principles of William Penn, 
who trusted himself and his com- 
panions among an hoHt of Indians of ft 
more wild and savage nature than the 
Africans, there is reason to believe that 
these, smalt in number as they might 
be, wonld be safe both in their prc^rtr 
and persons. I never heard of a breach 
of faillt among the natives of Africa to 
white men during our long interconrae 
with them for two hundred yctrs. SUre- 
ships indeed have been cut oS, beeuse 
certain crews of preceding vessels had 
firaudolently carried off ^«r countrymen 
into slavery ; bnt where they have been 
treated fkirly, no instance of perfidy 
or force can be traced to them. I re- 
member weU that Mr. Bowman, who 
was one of our evidences in the House 
of Commons, stated that be wai em- 
ployed in a factotr A>r the purpose of 
procuring slaves, ivorr, camwood, and 
other articles, at the need of the rivw 
Searcies, or Scassns, aa it is generally 
called, quite in the inland part of the 
country, and wholly at the mercy of die 
natives, yet, though he coatinned eigb- 
teen months in that factory, he wu 
never molested, but received the kind- 
est treatment. The nalires were pone- 



1841.3 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



no 



tiul aUo in all their dealing. When 
be firat began to trade, there were only 
five huts in the village and twenty-five 
people. Upon hit telling the king and 
people, that he would reside, and con- 
tinue to trade with them, new native 
■ettlers came into the village from 
vaiion* parts inland, and built around 
his factory, and offered their service*, 
so that before he left the place, the 
huts had increased to forty, and the 
inhabitanta to one hundred and thirty. 
This custom, or rather ready habit of 
the natives to flock to a new factory, 
(whether for the purposes of the Slave 
Trade, or of purchasing ivory, gold dust, 
rice, woods of various sorts, malaguetta 
pepper,and other articles,) and to settle 
ronnd them, and to assist them in their 
trade, have been confirmed to me in 
conversations with General Rooke, 
commander of Goree; by Dr. Spaar- 
num and Mr. Wadstrora, who were 
sent to Africa on a voy^jo of discovery 
by the king of Sweden, and who resided 
in the villages there in different parts 
of the coast for two years ; by General 
Boufflers, governor of Senegal ; by 
Lieutenant Dalryinple; Lieutenant Sto- 
rey; Mr. Kiernan; Mr. Isaac Parker; 
the Rev> Mr. Newton ; Mr Ellison, 
Mr. Towne, and others, all of whom 
had great opportunities of knowing facts 
by means of their long residence in 
Africa. Indeed I have never heard this 
custom or habit disputed, though I have 
examined witnesses who lived on differ- 
ent parts of this continent all the way 
from the liver Senega], where the Slave 
Trade began in my time, to the con- 
fluences of the river Niger, where the 
trade ended, which confluences consisted 
of the rivers Bonny, Calabar, Benin, 
and a multitude of others. 

Let us now apply this custom to the 
ease before us, to the plan which we 
have in view for civilising Africa. It 
will throw light upon the subject, so 
tint we shall see more clearly tiu path 
we are to pursue. And firat we are to 
take possession of certain tracts of land 
(here in consequence of Treaties to be 
made by C^itain Trotter with the native 
chiefs. What, then, are we first to do ? 
Let us remember that there will be the 
Mme dispoiilion in the natives to gather 
round us, to settle among us, and to 



offer us their services, as there has been 
in all the former cases. But things are 
now changed ; there has been of late 
such an increase of the Slave Trade 
that its horrors are felt ever; where. 
There is no security for the person any 
where to be found, even in the most 
retired places. Individuals as well as 
bsnds <yt robbers are ever and every 
where on the watch for their prey. 
A proclamation then should be issued 
immediately on taking possession of 
these tracts of land, stating that we 
come there to do the natives good, and 
that there will be no more Slave Trade, 
and that every person who comes to the 
colony will be paid for his labour, and 
that he will be a free man, and that his 
person will be safe. Now we are 
warranted in stating, that, if it has been 
the custom for the natives under ordinary 
circumstances to gather round a new 
factory, what would be the case under 
the present circumstances. Thousands, 
nay, tens of thousands would flock to the 
settlement of the Agricultural Sodety 
for their own personal safety, if it was 
for no other reason ; for here would be 
an asylum from the cruel and incessant 
ravages of the Slave Tride. Here 
would be no footing for the private 
manstealer or bands of such ruffians. 
Here would be no conflagration of vil- 
lages on the part of the more powerfnl, 
to catch the inhabitants for sale as they 
escape from the flames. Here would 
be perfect security of persons. Here 
then, among the tens of thousands which 
would settle in the vicinity of these 
spots, would be opened a wide field for 
missionary labours, a wide field for 
doing awtiy that deplorable superstition, 
which has kept their minds in a cruel 
bondage for centuries, which has per- 
petuated barbarous customs, and which 
has been a bar, a perpetual bar, to their 
civilisation. Thus then, by these simple 
means, and without the ^d of eny 
great body of colonists from Europe, 
the Africans themselves, with but a 
little aid from us, would contribule 
towards their own civilieation, and they 
would never relapse into the Slave 
Trade, after the principles of the Gos- 
pel bad taken possession of their minds. 
I have now examined Sir T, F. Bus 
ton's plsD as fiilly as I think there is any 



ISO 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[llthJum,. 



necessity for doing, and I am decidedly 
of opinion, that it mavbe made to succeed 
in all its branches. That there would be 
nodifficultyin prociiringin Africaallthe 
labourers which would be required, has 
been shown so as not to admit of a doubt. 
That there would be purchasers for all 
the produce raised by them is evideut, if 
the projected Agricultural and Comroer- 
ciol Society should be formed. That 
these labourers are peculiiily susceptible 
of religious impressions, more than most 
other people yet uncivilized, there is 
much more evidence to prove than is 
wanted. That a superabundance of 
Missionarie* to be sent out adequate to 
their religious instruction could be pro- 
cured, no man can deny a-tter what has 
been now advanced. With respect to 
those who are to inhabit or compose 
these colonies, the native labourers 
would form the great bulk of them. 
These, it is presumed on historical evi< 
dence never contradicted, would resort 
to the appointed places and build their 
own huts. As to the rest of the colonists 
a few only would be wanted, (such as 
heftd men, teachers of agriculture, and of 
schools, and a few artificers to construct 
moderate houses for those in office,) and 
these few could be easily procured fVom 
England, and the latter, to save expense, 
either from Femando-Po or Sierra- 
lieone. I see, then, no reason to sup- 
pose that the plan can be otherwise than 
successful. Care, however, must be 
taJten, that it be followed up in all its 
branches, and particularly in those 
which form the agricultural and trade 
departments. Sir T. F. Buxton has 
certainly these establishments in con- 
templation, but until these are formed 
(and they cannot be formed in a day,) 
we talk <a things in embryo, or in the 
imagination only ; and let me observe 
here, that they are viUl to the plan, — so 
vital, that it cannot be executed without 
them. Not a moment therefore should 
be lost in forming them. These com- 
panies should be now formed, and ready 
to act the moment Captain Trotter in- 
forms us that he has fidfilled his mis- 
sion. The European colonists should 
be re^J *o «nbark for their respective 
■pots of residrace as soon as possible 
uter he leaves the country, to fill up the 
cbasm which would bo made in supply- 



ing the accustomed wants and gratifica- 
tiong of the natives by the dereUcdon of 
the Slave Trade. If these wants and 
grati&cations were not to be supplied for 
two or three years after Captain Trotter 
had left the coast, both kings and people 
would return to their old employ, the 
Slave Trade, to answer their respective 
demands ; and besides, the natives would 
consider that there was abreach of faith 
in the Commander of the expedition, 
than which they look upon no crime sa 
more heinous. Thus this Expedition 
would have been fitted out to no pur- 
pose. I have laid a particular stress 
upon the immediate formation of these 
companies, not onlv knowing the Iragth 
of time it wontd take to form tiiem, but 
the serious consequences which might 
arise from any delay in their formation. 
I have only to add, that it is a matter 
very near my heart that this plan of Sir 
T. F. Buxton should succeed, for it was 
the very object I had in view when I 
first laboured in the African cause. A 
brilliant opportunity is now offered, 
which may never occur again, should 
this be lost for want of support. Let it 
never be stud of England, that Africa, 
whose inhabitants are not only the meet 
unoffending but most helpless nation on 
the face of the globe, should be allowed 
to be made the jnost wretched, and this 
not by its own fault, but by a set of 
hardened miscreants, who set at defianoe 
both the laws of God and man. 
I am^ dear Mr. Trew, 
Wth great regard, yonrs truly. 

Thou AS Clarksom. 
Plaji/brd HaU, Ipnoieh, 
Jvnt Ul, 1841. 



ABYSSINIA. 

The foUowbg are extracts from a 
Letter just received from Dr. Bbke, 
dated Ank6ber, (the capital of the king- 
dom of Shoa,) 3rd March, 1841. 

I have at length the satis&ction to an- 
nounce to you that, through the &vour 
of Divine Providence, I hare amved tn 
healUi and safety in this fax distant coun- 
try. Hy journey from T^dnah to VixA, 
on the frontiers of If&t, was a tedious OOB 
of forty-seven days, and was rendered par- 
ticnlaiiy uncomfortable by mjr beii« 
throughout the gnater part of i^ alsM^ 
daily told that my life wu in dai^, the 



IMIQ 



THB FRIEND OF AFBICA. 



181 



Bed&ina on the road hATing been iiutriicted 
to kill me. As, bowever, I attributed 
tlus t« its proper cause, a deaire to render 
me sabmueiTe to every spedM of impod- 
tion, I auinot s«y tliat Iwas under any 
appiehennon u regards 1117 lift. 

I arrived at Fairi on the morning of 
the 5th of Febmary, having within the 
nrecedinc t wmity-foor honre tiarelled from 
DyUthiidei to the east of the Hawaah 
under the eeeort of some Bediiina. 
• • * « 

It was not until the 12th of February, 
tlist I reached AnsolUla, where the Kiw 
of ^UM at presentlf^it being his principal 
rendence; and it was not until three days 
atUs, that I obtained poasession of the 
prindpal part of my bamge. This, and 
my luTing for the first few days to be 
constantly in attendance on the king, 
(his native title is Negus,) have prevented 
me from devoting to my jonmaL which is 
extremely dlffoBe, that time which is ne- 
ceaaary for condenung and amn^ng it 
into a form proper for you. I have, there- 
fan, preferred occupving myself in tlie 
first instance with tne preparation of a 
map of my route, which, as it embodies 
the principal results of my journal, is, in 
fact, of far more importance than the mere 
perional narrative. 

The most int«restinK fact bronsiht to 
light in the coarse of tne jonmey, is per- 
haps that of the great depression of the 
salt lake Assal, below the level of the 
DcesLD, corresponding in a remarkable man- 
ner with that of the Dead Sea. Next to 
this is the elevation of the bed of the 
river Hswaab, which at the point where 
I crossed it, cannot be less than about 2] 78 
feet — the height of tiie caravan station, 
IHbbliinlei, which is ritnate in the valley 
of the river. Further, the great elevation 
of the comparatively levd country in 
which AngDUlla is sitnate— 8407 feet — is 
an Important feature in the physical geo- 
ra^hy of this most int«restmg portion of 
Africa, and will prevent the asurtion from 
wpearing paradoxical, that in this oountiy 
lean ahnoet ftncy myself in the north of 
Euro^, mUier Hum within ten degrees of 
the Line, Anktfber, though in a moun- 
tainous district, and on the summit of a 
moont^n, is about two hundred feet lower 
than Angolilla. 

On the road to Earn, I collected a num- 
ber of geological specimens, which, for the 
reasons already stated, I liave not yet had 
'*~e to arrange, but which I will send by 



bibbo, near TsjurTahfUntU we reached the 
town of Fini, there is not a single villaoe, 
nay, tut eeea one permanmt hmel, on me 
whole road. The country is ii^bited by 
Bediiine, who erect their huta of sticky 
covered with matting made from the dom 
palm, wherever the;^ can find pasturage 
for their cattle, shifting them from place 
to place as occa^on may require. 

Since my arrival in this country, I hav^ 
as may be supposed, been in very frequent 
attendance on the Negiis, who has been 
most anxious to see everytbinc; I hav^ and 
to ascertain what I know, and what I con 
do fbr him. His cnriodty having a httle 
ab^ed, I have at length obtained permis- 
sion to take up my residence at Ank<tber, 
at which place I arrived the day before 
yesterday, in company with Mr. Kr^^— 
and I cannot mention the name of that 
nintlenian without espresdng my grateful 
feelings for the kindness with which he 
hurried to meet me the instant he heard 
of my arrivsl; and for the many friendly 
attentions he has paid me since I have 
been here. 

It cannot be expected that in the brief 
period of my residence in this country, 
I shall have been able to make any observsr 
tions worthy of being as yet brought to 
yonr notice ; but on my journey I became 
sufficiently aware of the &ct, that the 
principal traffic between this country and 
the coast is in tlava, and unce I have been 
here, every day goes further to prove that 
this is a most important station for obtain- 
ing information as to the statistics of 
slavery in North Eastern Africa. 

Neither can I fbr the present attempt to 
form an idea as to my future movements. 
It is necessary in the firat instance to ac- 

Siire the confidence of the N^iis, who, 
though most friendly to foreigners, views 
their arrival in his country with a certain 
degree of suspicion \ in consequence of 
which their residence in it, must for the 
first few months be regarded as a sort 
of (not harah) captivity, but after a time 
this restraint will be m a great measure 
removed, and I shall be more at liberty to 
go where, and to do aa I may deem expe- 

I have just arrived at the time of one 
of the cotton crops, of which I am toll 
there are three in the course of the year, 
and I have in consequence been able to 
take a smsll sample, which I inclose in 
this letter. It is just as it is pven over to 
the women, who clean and spin it entirely 
by hand, or at most with the assistance tf 
the rudest instruments. Whilst at Gonclu^ 
the remdence of the Wellfatna Mohammed, 
the Governor of the frontier, I aaw the 
cotton brought in one ^ft^ij^im ■ ntd 



IZS 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Lllth JnwB, 



weighed oat to the women, and In the 
Goune of the next iia,Y it was in the loom, 
I hope to be able to give you the details of 
the manufecture in my next, aa well as 
mnch othermstte '* ' 



ISLAND OF CUBA. 

MBMORIU, FtUM CBETAIV FBOfKlErORS. 

7b Ait Exoelkngi the Pnridmt, Gomtbot 
and Captaii^Qmeral. 

Thx EubBcribeiB, inhabitants of this city, 
(HaTAna) proprieton of Uibau and Bereaf 
estates, i^roach your Excellency with the 
most profouDd reapect, in virtue of the in- 
vitation addressed to this vicinity, in the 
proclamstioa which was published on the 
occasion of your esenmiiw the govermnent 
of this island ; respectfully declaring that 
one of the princi^ial eETorts, if not the 
greatest and most urgent, rei^uired from its 
chief by its actual aitaatjon, is an energetic 
and irrevocable provision for the perpetual 
BupptesMon of the contraband traffic ia 
slaves from Aiiica. 

Yonr memorialists, who are intimately 
Bcqnunted with the interests of Cuba in 
all their det^ls, and with the best mode 
of preserving and securing them in the 
distresdng crisis in which the island is 
involved, are deeply convinced that the 
only means of arresting the storm with 
which they are threatened is to be found 
in what they have recommended to yoor 
Excellency's superior discretion. The two 
most respectable corporations in Havana, 
viz., the most excellent and most illustri- 
ous Ayuntamiento, aud the royal Junta 
de Fomento, are of the same opinion, and 
have thus addressed themselves to the 
provisional r^;ency of the kingdom, with 
reasons and arguments worthy of all con- 
ddeiation. 

The slave trade Is the sole and exclusive 
cause of the displeasure with which the 
■ cultural and commercial 



prosperity of this island is resided by 
all-powerftil England ; and that trade is 
the real or apparent motive for ita having 
become the target for her diplomatic hos- 
tiUty. 

It b the slave trade which has excited 



England, who lose no opportunity, by 
word and writing, in books, periodicals, 
and new^apers, in private society, and in 
l^islative assemblies, to address tiiemselves 
to the British cabinet, in order that oan 
nay be required, at any price, to consent 
to the performance of our treaties. 

It is for the sake of the suppresrion of 
th« stare trade that the British govern- 



ment has solemnly recogniaed the inde- 

Sndenee of the ne^hbouring republic of 
Byti, from whence we an expoeed to a 
degree of injury ^committed with perfect 
impunity) which it horrifies the im^ina- 
tion to conceive. 

It is on account of the slave trade that 
two active and enterprising envovs of the 
British and Foreign Society, established in 
London for the destruction of Slavery 
wherever it b to be found, have presmted 
themselves in Spain, without any di^niae, 
and to the imminent peril of ourtranqoil- 
lity, for the general emancipation of our 
slaves ; and we are already aware that in 
Madrid, they have met with a very favour^ 
able reception, as they tell us themselves, 
and as is to be inferr^ from the articles 
which have appeared, without any impe- 
diment, in the metropolitan press, on « 
question, the mere Mitation of which in 
public has opened t£e door to the most 
serious calamities. 

It is by the slave trade that the number 
-'■ - - natural enemies within the island 



Stranger't Chtide for Havana of the pre- 
sent year, they now amount to 660,000 
persons of colour, or about 60 per cant, of 
the whole population, leaving only about 
40 per cent, of the whites. In the year 
177G, the coloured inhabitanta formed no 
more than 36 per cent, of the general po- 
pulation; so that, since that period, the 
whites have proportionally and progres- 
sively decreased to the extreme point in 
which they now qtpear, while the negroes 
have gained the relative ascendancy. It 
appears, therefore, as the result oi that 
providential law dedudble from these sta- 
tistical "Acts, that the increase of the ser- 
vile is destined to prejudice the increase 
of the dominant race. Such has been the 
result observed by able statistieians in the 
oQiet WtA India ialands, and in the em- 
pire of Brazil, fhim whence the celebrated 
Hnmboldt and De Tocqueville have drawn 
the most disconsolate horoscope of the fu- 
ture &te of the white inhabitants of other 
countries nmilorly situated. 

And it is the slave tiade which is the 
efficient cause of this melancholy pheno- 
menon. It is on account of uie alavc 
trade that the immigration of rininpiiiiis 
has not been increased, as for oar fntore 
welfare it ought to have been, under the 
written provisions of the fioyal Cednla of 
the 21st September, 1817, under the con- 
tribution of 4 per cent imposed for Its 
increase on the expense of judicial pro- 
ceeding, and under the committee estab- 
lished tor promoting it. 

During the qninqaennial poiod from 



1841.1 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



123 



1S3C lo 1839, then entorad 36,203 wMU I aext to lose notonly this, but all that fau 

jiaa^ta at the p<»i of HaTUia, when preceded it, together with the soil, the 

Uuj geocially mavn, one half of whom, nMchinery, ana the whole lemtoiy of 

» men trsTEllen, would piofoably not the isiaDd, in. one geneial insurrection 

moain. During the «ame period, then of the negroes, — ao easily atiired up 

were landed on the coast of this western and iuilamM by cunnins emissaries, and. 

department only, the moderately-estimated fed in our Tery fields by those elements of 



nnjnber of 63,066 n^joes from AJiica. 
Hence it follovra, that, if fotare e^enta 
ihonld prooeed in Um same caner, we shall 
be oumpelled in a very few yean to U- 
ment, without the meana of ndreas, the 
diwtnUB and ineritable conaeqaenoes, 
which, thanks to oar own apathv and in- 
comprehensble want of forewgat, seem 
destined to overwhelm us. 

And thb, moat excellent Sir, is not all. 
bt OS casta glance only^rer the countries 
which Burntntid na. The firmert mind 
may well tremble to contemplate the 
itaat mas of negroes which so horribly 
ebmue onr horizon. Nine hnndred thou~ 
Mad aje to be found to the eastward, in 
the military republic of Hayti, with dis- 
ciphned annies, and holding at their dia- 
piMal the whole means of transport which 
Gmt Britun has to give. To the south 
then are fbnr hundred thouaand 
maica, who wwt only the ugnol of their 
pmnd libcnton to fly to the rescue in 001 
cwlcrn monntuna. Twelve thousand, at 
least, are scattered over the Bahama archi- 
pelago and ialiindB in our immediate neigh- 
M^iood, where as many more have b«n 
pbeed by British policy, from the cap- 
tans whkk have been made at the expense 
ofthe tnde to thia island. And, aetting 
ude the oondiUon of the slavea of the 
Fnakch West Indiv, which 
the eve of emandpadon ; let us turn our 
em towaida the north, in the direction of 
ita capea of Florida, and the port) of 
Louisiana, Greorvia, and the Carolinas, 
wliich place us ahnost in contact with the 
continent, when nearly three mlUiona of 
negTMB an preaanted to na— « number so 
.. ..._ „.. =uCuba 



only, but throughout the whole American 
cinifedemUon, whose very heart ia sooner 
or Itfer to be. In consequence, convulsively 
wit^ed and devoured. Sad to us will bo 
the day when this event occurs, if we do 
not prepan oniaelves deliberately in due 
time, nay this very day, for the tretnen- 
dons expIoKon. 

This IS so vrnnt, most exoelknt Six, 
Out, although U wrae oertain (as many 
enoiwonslv aqipoaej that the aavaoce of 
onr Kriculture would bo paralysed with- 
out ue sii of negro labour, we ought im- 
mediately to prefer to live in poverty 
with security, rather than, with blind 
cupidity, a^in to seiEO a rich harvett for 
a tingle jtttj and ezpoae ouieetvea_ the 



.-. - — bythc 

combustion which will be thrown upon 
the fire, from the great centres of nbelfion 
which surround us on every side. 

But, fortunately for the Island of Cuba, 
for ita present inhabitants, and for the in- 
teteats of Uia mother-country, it haa not 
been condemned by Heaven, nor by the 
stem law of nature, to the necessity of 
cultivating its fertile soil by the sweat of 
African brows. This was the notion en- 
tertained in a tbrmer age, when the most 
btal errors were regarded aa axioms; but, 
for men of the present day, it ia a duty to 
correct tbeeoonomioal and social miatalces 
of onr anoeeton, and, guided by the light 
of experience, and by the prodigious pro- 
n«as which human reason has made in 
these latter times in all branches of know- 
ledge, we sh^ doubtless succeed in accom- 
plishing their correction. Already, in the 
central portion of the island, the glorions 
career of agriGultnral refcom has been 
opened by a son of our industrious Cata- 
lonia. He, however, and all who follow 
his excellent example, most expect to 
have to struggle for some time to como 
with the innumeiuble obstacles which 
habit, prejudice, bad feith, and, above all, 
the deleterious influence of the slave 
trade, wiU oppoeeto them, fiir it ia in that 
tisffic alone that we an to seek for tlw 
origin of all the evils by which wa ■» 

It ia for thia reason, that your memorial- 
ists beseech your Excellency totake what 
they have stated into consideration ; not to 
offend your Excellency's high intelligence, 
— 'o enticipatB what your prudence will 
t« in the important afiiura to whidi 
memorial rdere. They look with 
confidence in the reault to the illuatrioiu 
chief by whom they an now governed, 
to whom is rMerved the unfadii^ honour 
of snatching this precious nlic of tho 
Spanish Indies from tho precipice whose 
brink it overlooka. 

THE ASHABTI PRINCEa 

PtymauA, May 13, 1841. 
Mt dear SiE,—The}r are gone!— 
the gallant company formmg the Niger 
ExMdition, and my young adopted 
brothers William Quantamissah and 
John Ansah. The vesaela left Hamoaze 
at half-past seven y«terdMr;P^fnJ«^ 
" o 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA, 



[lltti Jmtm, 



I went down the Sound in the Albtrt by 
the lund invitation of Captain Trotter, 
and was one of the two or three who 
last bade farewell, and wished ablessing 
in person upon this attempt. No doubt 
unnumbered prayers have ascended, and 
will continue to ascend tor the preserva- 
tion and safe return of officers and men, 
and for the full success of this embassy 
of a nation's mercy; — nor will, I trust, 
the Ashanti Princes be forgotten, where 
the remembrance of them by their 
friends will most avail, — at the Throne 
of Grace. 

The Expedition is, if I mistake not, 
the first enterprise of the kind ever 
undertaken by a people in their national 
character, for the spread of Christianity 
and civiliiation among the barbarous 
and the oppressed. May it be followed 
by many such ! The earliest instance 
in history of mdividuah uniting for an 
object of disinterested benevolence is 
that mentioned in the 1 1th ch. of Acts ; 
when, "in a great dearth throughout the 
world, the disciples every man according 
to bis ability determined to send relief 
tinto the brethren which dwelt in Judsa : 
which also they did." Such was the 
bonour of the Gospel in the primitive 
age 1 It shed a light on mankind even at 
its dawn which the philosophy of Greece 
and Rome bad never given. May we 
not rejoice in living in a period, and 
being natives of a country which has 
through its rulers and representatives 
combinedty followed the bright example; 
and hope well for the nations from this 
beginning of a new and holy course? 

Four ships of the line and a gun-brig 
lay in the Sound. These all as the 
steamers passed manned their rin^g 
and gave three cheers — cheers snch as I 
am told none but Britons give, and such 
as (at least so far as the occasion went) 
even Britons never gave before. When 
shall the time, tljrice happy tar the world, 
arrive, when no other than such peace- 
ful BOiuids shall be heard from their- 
decks, and these majestJc fabrics become 
the harbingers only of good to all places 
whither they go ? 

It so happened that a slaver brought 
in by the gun-brig had lun in the Sound. 
She had been pointed out to the princes 
and myself the day before, as we made 
an excnrston to the Breakwater. We I. 



had remarked her well. In the Albert 
we again came near the spot; but now I 
did not see her ; whether she had been 
ordered off, or whether the darkness had 
fallen npon this ship of darkness I can- 
not tell. Do not deem me fanciful if I 
say that for a moment it seemed to me 
like a type of the disappearance of the 
traffic m human flesh, before these 
heralds of piety, liberty and peace. 
Faxit Deus I 

I need scarcely add how deeply the 
cheering of the snips was felt by those 
on board the steamers — or how touch- 
ingly answered. It was a moment both 
of sorrow and of enthusiasm. I cannot 
imagine a company to leave our shores 
more suitably than did this noble>minded 
band — in a spirit seemingly at once 
modest, steadfast and hopdiil. The 
Alhn't-aoyi lay to, — our shore-boat came 
alongside. I grasped each hand with 



and returning beneath the shades of 
night silently to the shore. 

It is not, however, of the Expedition, 
so much as of these two excellent yoong 
men, the Princes of Ashanti now return- 
ing to their native land, that you request- 
ed to hear. It is known <0o yon, dear Sir, 
that they were placed under my care by 
Her Majesty's government during an ex- 
cursion to the chief mining, manufactur- 
ing, and agricultural districts, and subse- 
quently; and it seems to me not unrea- 
Bonable to state briefly a few matters re- 
lating to them, being aware how general 
has been the interest felt in their behalf, 
and how much they deserve (though tbey 
ever shrunk from publicity) an honour- 
able mention. At the time that th^ were 
given up as hosti^es by the &ther of 
the elder (then lung of Ashanti; the 
father of Ansah, also king, had died 
before) it was probably tittle in the bar- 
barian monarch's thoughts that Great 
Britain would treat them as she has d<M>e. 
But it was deemed by the British 
Government a good opening for intro- 
ducing Christian civiliiation into the 
most powerful nation of Western Inte- 
Africa, and its conduct haa been 
throughout as generous as its view vai 
'se. 

The voung men had been educated at 
the puNic durge at t, highly rcspecUUc 



IW.] 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



US 



Kbool ■! CUpIuin, and to Mr. Balaam, 

the worthy maalar, they owe madi of 
their sotma priiici{Jei and early know- 
ledge, — And when afterwards they tra- 
Telkd in my care, tliey were received as 
the nations guests. It is impossible 
for me to apeak dnl^ of the kindness we 
met with in our joarney, — and that 
from all parties, — or of the readiness 
rf nnirersitieB, goTemment officers, 
noblemen and gentlemen, manufactn- 
ren, miners, and others, to show their 
inrtitntioiis, mansions, works, &&; lean 
only uy that the goodness and hos- 
piality were oniTersal; and if ever my 
conntry appeared honourable in my 
tjes, It has been in witnessing the re- 
ception of these two young strangers, 
the tons of a long oppressed race. The 
Winces were as sensible of this as I 
could be. Tbey wished me to express 
their gratitude to the Government, to 
St T. Fowell Buxton, their excellent 
and unwearying friend, and to all others ; 
ud they shed tears and "felt too 
niDch" m the tliought of departure. 
Yet th^ are encouraged by the hope of 
utefolnesg to their country ; and if ever 
two young men went forth in a spirit of 
Chrutian patriotism and pious dedicH' 
lion to what is right, they have done 
M. But they are extremely youngj 
viany temptations and not a few difficul- 
ties will surround them on their return. 
They may die tJirough the climate, or 
perish by jealousy, or — no, I will not 
ay-^all away, for this, I trust, by the 
gnce d God, they will not do ; but 
wiher prepare the path for our Chris- 
tie teachers to enter their land, and 
renew the people. Indeed 1 cannot sup- 
pose lay two persons called to a nobler 
purpose than theirs, — to be the regene- 
lators of their country ; may they have 
prudence and patience no less than zeal 
and love, to accomplish the work I It 
was my wish, (however imperfectly 
fulfilled,) to lead them to contemplate 
Christ as their proper pattern, and to 
*ccngtom themselves to a«k, How would 
iny Saviour have acted, had He been in 
like circumstances to mine? This I 
'., next to the trust in the atone- 



ment, and to prayer for Divine guidance, 
'"ill be their best rule of life. 

The Princes were fond of the Scrip- 
tures and of serious reading, devout 



and constant at church, and atmomii^ 
and evening prayer, very intelligent, and 
well informed; in the highest degree 
amiable — and in every sense of the 
word (as all will testify who have known 
them) genilemen. Their skin was dark, 
it is true ; but who that has been in their 



family, " because the sun hath looked 
upon them?" 

■ 1 am gratified to add that in the 
highest quarter they were received at a 
private audience, and I thought I could 
not be present on an occasion more in- 
teresting than to hear the Queen of 
England, (dressed in her robes of state, 
and accompanied by Prince Albert,) 
recommend my friends " to endeavour 
to teach their people." Indeed that day 
will, I am persuaded, not soon be for- 
gotten by the Ashanti princes ; for pre- 
viously, after breakfasting with an emi- 
nent Baronet, member for Oxford, 
where we met Lord Gleuelg, (who had 
shown their Highnessea much kind- 
ness on their arrival in England, he 
being Secretary of State for the Colo- 
nies at the time,) we drove by appoint- 
ment to Lambeth Palace, where the 
Archbishop, after conversiug with them 
in the most obliging manner, gave 
them each a prayer-book and hii bless- 
ing. 

In fact, in returning to their country, 
tbey have set forth with every honour 
and comfort which Great Britain could 
offer ; — but I must not go on, because I 



one incident: — On the last day of our 
visit to Sir T. Dyke Acland, at Killer- 
ton, Devon, our estimable host took us 
into the park, and causing the Princes 
to plant a tree each, on a spot where two 
trees bad died, said, — "Observe now 
what you have done; you have planted 
two living trees in the place of two dead 
ones. Let these trees be an emblem to 
you, as they will be a memorial to us. 
See that in returning, as you so soon 
will do, to your country, you root up 
the dead tree of superstition and sla- 
very; and plant in its stead the tree of 
life." 

Where is the Christian heart which 
will not sympathize tu this beautiiul 



ise 



THE FBXEND OF AFKIGA. 



Qlltli Jnm 



symbol, and pray that that " tree, the 
leaves whereof are for the healing' of 
the nationa, " may qnicklv ovenhadow 
Ashanti, Africa, the World. 

I am, my dear 6ir, 

Yonr's faithfully, 
Thohab Pyhx. 
To the Rev. J. M. Trew, 
Secretary, &c. 



BASLE MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 
£S(atMMnf o^(A« Rbt. WvllumUovwhas, 

Inipector of bl« BatU MMonarg InMi- 

tutton, relattve to th$ proetadiitgi ff tiol 

Sone^ tn WeOvm Africa. 

The Miaaionary Society at Basle has 
had for the last twelve years various 
missionary stations in Western Africa, 
first at Liieria, and then on the Daniih 
Oold Coatt. 

Almost all the missionaries at Liberia 
died before tbey oonld do much; on the 
Gold Coast only thna of them were 
labouring for more than a year, and now 
there is but one surviving. Under 
these depressing circumstances the Com- 
mittee were about abandoning so dan- 
gerous a field of labour, and, therefore, 
recalled their nusaionary, the Rn. 
Andrew RiU, in order to deliberate 
with him on the practicability of esta- 
blishing a mission in some more pro- 
mising part of Western Africa. 

Mr. Riis had visited the countries of 
Aquambo and Akm, and before leaving 
Africa, he had made a journey to Ku- 
maasi (Coomassie), with the view of 
carrying into execution an old plan of 
the Socie^, respecting the Asbantt 
country. He gave very valuable infor- 
mation to the Committee on the countrv 
alluded to, which was published at full 
length in their Annual Report 

At the very time of Mr. Rijs's ar- 
rival in Germany, the " African Civili- 
sation Society" commenced to be known 
there, and the report of the important 
operations they contemplated were very 
much calculated to prevent the Society 
from abandoning the African mission. 
The information on the Asbanti 
country which Mr. Riis brought home, 
together with the plan of the Wesleyan 
Miisionary Society, induced the Basle 
Committee to drop their former plan, 
whilst some peculiar drcnmitaiioes es- '■ 



conraged them to make a new attempt 
at the very place where ao much pre- 
paratory hibour bad been carried on, 
vis., at Akrojimg, in the Aquapim 
mountains. 'Ebere were 'some nuequi- 
vocal proofs of the influence our Mis- 
sionaries had already exercised on the 
minds of the negroes. They not only 
requested him in a very touching man- 
ner to return to Akrmbng, but those 
negroes too, who arrived at Surinam as 
slaves, gave stronr evidence of the 
esteem and love iniich the Aquuiim 
negroes cherished for Mr. Riis. Be- 
sitks, he had prevailed in several in- 
stances upon negro chieftains to release 
their prisoners of war, and to give up 
their quarrels, and one of them, the 
King of Aquambo, even expressed a 
desire that white teachers might take 
up their residence near him. All these 
encouragements induced the Misnonary 
Committee at Basle to adopt another 
plan for securing, as far at possible, 
the lives of their Missionaries who, far 
want of labourers, were forced hitherto 
to spend their strength in manual labour, 
to the great danger of their lives in the 
climate of Western Africa. They ap- 
plied to, the Directors of the Moravian 
Missions at Bethetsdorf, requesting 
them to allow some Christian negro 
families from their stations at Jamaica 
or Antigua, who might be influenced by 
a true missionary spirit, to accompany 
our Missionaries to AkrofoHg, in order 
to their being settled there at the expense 
of our Society, as planters andmechanies, 
and if possible, to act as catecbists ; but 
ipeduly to set before the natives a 



Christian community of six or seven 
families, and to g^ve them the benefit 
of a Christian school. The Moravian 
Directors assented to this proposal, and 
a circular letter on the subject from the 
Secretary of the Moravian Society is 
now on its way to the West Indies. 
We earnestly hope and pray that a suffi- 
cient number of families may be able and 
willing to eater the misaionary field ia 
that capacity. 

At tne same time the Basle Missioo- 
afy Committee were permitted to apply 
to His Majesty the King of Denina», 
who had graciously nven on andienec 
to Mr. Riis. It would be moooTCDieiit 
to itate the conttnta of tbcir petition to 



1841.J 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



fita Majeity, it being still under consider- 
ation. I iBnj, however, state that its 
chief import is to obt-uo the protection 
of his JIajesty's Colonial Gorernment 
for the negroes to be tettled tliere, and 
to prevent any attempt bdiig made to 
dirert them from their avocations. One 
of our Misuonaries it himself a negro, 

bom at Cape M , and educated at 

the Society's Institution at Basle. If, 
ia we have reason to hope, all these re- 
qniiites are granted, the Committee will 
Kod with Mr. Riis, two other Miaslon-. 
Dies to the West Indies, where they are 
to spend afew months pre v ions to taJcing 
the n^ro jJunilies with them to Africa. 
The Commttt«ehope that after these shall 
hsTB been al>oat a year at Aquapim, it 
wiil be possible to send also two Mis- 
sionaries with somene^oesto Aquamha, 
on the Yolta. river. They contemplate 
proceeding, as far as possibloj to the 
Dorth-eaatt whibt the results of the 
K^er Expedition may throw open the 
Tslley of that great river, and thns a 
hope may be cherished, that at some 
future time they may succeed in reach- 
ing the settlements to be formed there, 
and we may look forward to a period 
when schools, and European instruction, 
and Christianity, shall be introduced 
into a part of Anica now only known by 
ita Slave Trade. 

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN 
TUNIS. 

Btb letter, dated Tunis, Ist May, 
1841, we learn, with the greatest satis- 
faction, that a siave having applied to 
the British Consul General, Sir Thomas 
Iteade, for protection from the cruelties 
of his master, Sir Thomas immediately 
laid the case before the Bey, recom- 
mending to his Highness the polity and 
humanity of abolishing the Slave Trade 
in his dominions. The Bet at onob 
COHSBXTED — and gate liberh/ to all 
hi* own davei, promuing likewUa to 
put a »top to thetr tmportalion and ex- 
portation, and to persuade all hit tub- 
jtcti to JbUow hit example. — If the Bey 
fS Tunis carries out his noble and phi- 
lanthropic intention, he will immortalize 
his name in the annals of African free- 
dom and uviliEation — united with that 
of the British Consul General. — Malta 
Timet, May lOlh. 



CHEXTENHAU MEETING. 

We must express our regret that we 
have been unable hitherto to notice this 
distinguished Meeting, but the extreme 
interest attached to ^e sailing of the 
Expedition has obliged ua to give our 
first attention to Plymouth. We em- 
brace tbe earliest opportunity of de- 
tailing its proceedings with a pleasure 
proportionate to the warmth witn which 
the subject of African civilisation has 
been received in this important town. 

The Meeting was held on Thursday, 
March 4th, in the Assembly Rooms, for 
the purpoBe of forming on Auxiliaryi 
and was moKt numerously and respat^ 
ably attended. Rev. Francis Clobz 
in the chair. 

After solemn prayer by the Reverend 
Chairman, he rose, and said. 

He felt that this morning the clergy of 
the town had incurred fresh lec^ioiisiUlity 
in calling those picMnt to assemble for a 
new cause of benevolenoe. They had not 
called them togather on insnmoient or 
trifling gronnda. The &cta which thev 
bad to diow to-day were these :— That it 
was neceaaary for new efibrts to be made 
to abolish the slave trade entirely. That 
was the object of the expedition to tlie 
Niger — the sendii^ of that expedition was 
not the act of thia Society which they wore 
oboat to form to-day, hat it was the act of 
the British government, and the British 
parliament. It was therefore a national 
act. Ought they not, therefore, to anite in 
supporting it? The government did not 
content itself with providing Briliah offi- 
cers and sailors, but also iqipointed a chso- 
lain to aecota^ianj the expedition, to wstoh 
over their spiritual vrel&re, and to plant 
the atandatd of tlie Gospel in Africa the 
moment they set their feet upon its shores. 
Intelligent native converts, who understood 
the language of the country, were to ac- 
company the expedition. There were se- 
veral concurrent circumstances, scientific, 
moral, and religions, that led him to think 
that the time was come lor pouriiig the 
fale^ngs of civilisation and ChriHtianity 
into the centre of Africa. He would only 
refer to a circumstance connected with the 
miswon at Kerra Leone. In that colony 
were persona apeaking every lanauage in 
Africa. They fiad there a college m wnich 
the young men were instructed, many of 
whom were ready to say, " Put us on board 
of your steamers, and if you will save na 
from being recaptnred, and torn away 
again into uavery, we will go and instruct 
our benishted brethren in the knowledge 
of Christianity." In conclusion, the Rev. 



1S8 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



11 1th JOBC. 



Ctuirman eomeatly exlu>ri«d the andience 
to nipport the institution. 

The Rev. C, E. Kkkkawa? moved the 
first resolution. — He said, it was now near- 
ly fifty yGOTH aiiice the frienda of aboli- 
tion commenced their labours, and thej 
had sacrificed twenty millions of money 
tor abolishing slavery in the West Indies ; 
but now they found slavery tenfold in- 
creased — 500,000 every year were trans- 
portad into Hlavery, or snlyected to a bu- 
twrouB death. The Rev. Gentleman then 
alluded to tha dreadful state of barbarism 
in which Afnca was kept by the slave 
tnds. He would not have them deterred 
by objections, urged by vain and cold- 
hearted beings, from comiDft forward to 
osnst this Society. Some of them had met 
t^ether yesterdi^ to advocate the cause 
of^tbe Society for Promoting Chtiatiau 
Knowledge, This also was a Christian 
Society — a Sodety for the Promotion of 
Christian Love. 

Fbajicis Hill, Esq. s^d, I should like 
to make a few observations on the great 
advantages which must accrue to this 
country by the civilization of Afiica. By 
the recent great act of emanci[wtion, our 
West India colonies ate placed in alti^e- 
ther a different position ; and some further 
step must be taken, or else those colonies 
wilt sink ■, for in the West Indies labour is 
dear, because food is dear — in the East In- 
dies labonr is cheap, because food is cheap ; 
consequently, in ail tlioee articles which 
are produced in common by the two coun- 
tries, the West Indies will be beaten out of 
the market by the EasL unless some way 
is found of pouri% into it an adeqoate sup- 
ply of food from some other countey. Now, 
Aoica is that country ; Its very name is said 
to be derived from a Cartbaf^inlan word 
eigni^ring an ear of com, on account of its 
fertility. Again, one of the great staple 
mannfictures of England, is cotton ; so 
much so, that it was this article which, 
under Grod, enabled us to cany on the 
great war with France. We are now 
going to enlist on our side the self-in- 
terest of the Afiican chiefs themselves; 
jnst on the principle of that beautiful dis- 
covery of Sir Humphry Davy, by whicli, 
he not only rendered innoxious the fatal 
fire damp, but actually forced it to be- 
come the subservient minister of nuui, 
and 60 it is that we shall fin^ 1 trust, 
a safety lamp in the very cupimty of the 
Africans. 

R«T, ALSxiimER Watsom observed, 
that the Society was free from party 
motives, being composed of persons of 
every kind of political scntunents. Let 
vs ^ve our energies to this work. Let 
US give it our money, our prayers, Africa 
was once the land of stunts and martyr^ 



and let ns carry hack to it the Goeptl 
which it has lost, knowing that Uie true 
hnmanizer of man is the religion of Jesus 
Christ. 

J. EccLBSTON, Esq., Travelling Secretary 
to the Society, detuled the plans of the 
Society m a loQS and eloquent speech. 

The R«v, J. E, RiDDLB, in moving the 
third resolution, quoted a passage from 
a German work as follows i~" The British 



does not own a wngle slave without the 
rights of humanity. This noble nation 
baa, for some time past, been riung to 
the consummation of its glory, for it is a 
part of its couneellings to abolish tha 
Stave Trade from the fiaee of the earth." 

The Rev. R. L. Hofpek seconded the 
resolution in brief but animated terms. 

The Rev. A. Watson proposed a vot« of 
thanks to the Rev. Cbadrman, which was 
seconded by K Colk, Esq., and carriod 



The Cbaihhah then pronounced the 
apostolic benediction, and the Meeting 
separated at five o'clock. A collection was 
made at the close of the Meeting, 

NOTICE. 
Wt take thii t^^M>rlwii(jr to inform ovr 
readert, that "Tbe Friend op Africa** 
will hmetforth be jmhti»h«d on (A« 1st day 
of every month. At bji liit arraitgtaittU 
it mutt nteetiariUf eeate to be a ttamped 
paper, it con no longer be teat by pott as 
a^vtojbre. We hace to beg our frieiuU 
and itibaeribere in the eoiuUrjf, to order 
tieir retptelite booitellen to m^pfy them 
jftr thejvttire, who mtgr oUain it r^tJarfy 
in their mont&fy pareelt ^ majmsmm md 
oQier periodietUe, "" — •-■-^-•-- -- - 
publiehere, or to l 

ptAUAtd on fA« Iff JvU/. 

ARBIVAU Ain> BAILIHaS, 

Jrv* Slnro teHM.'— 

AUdA Moluilu....4>TLcni&ia .MHv 

Mu7 W«Um1«7'- LAlm WSUraVDniaJuM. 

JmqihBniiM Bam* MtlMMkni .Mtam. 

To Sierra lcm4r— 

CuTJb CvllDi mlandoi.. ISHv 

BlUmi Bnwa .... 3a)LaBdcB..ItMw. 

HuUa; BndtHd....39I LoDdao-.iyMv. 

OuaUk Pt(iltiRlBk..>l4LonAa..UJaat. 

BlBlMlh TtiAn ll4L«idoa..t>Hir. 

LOHKIIi: PriDtod bjTBDIUI Bkuacd Bamukm. 
Df Ko. », St. Unnla'i Lane, in ttia fwltb of SI. 



byMiunyi Itivii^toM; Bntchuil i BHl«:r 1 ^'■>>*< : 
RlchArdBa i Mann ; uid MAddsB \ »&d loiiiiUed to 
Older by aU BoolcHlIm And Kcvmcn la To*B ■■' 
CuimliT. F- idap, IIU Jmt, IMI, 



THE FEIEND OF AFEICA. 

BT 

THE COMMITTSB OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE BXTINCTIOH OF TBS 
SLAVE TRADE AND FOR THE CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 

PUBLISH ID WOSTHLT. 



NO|90 LONDON, lat JULY, 1841. 



InAMeuBonia 

!■■ IfniBK BxpiiHTfoir ,..,..,.,.„.,.,,,,, 

(^dsTcfdUan^ 

Di.rd^.aatb>BBten7i>fCntnlAMa .... 



CONTENTS 

DMtbofOr JohaJinmi* 

VtMafXOmBfcat 

apncbol Captain TroUa.MFIjrmOBth . 



AN AFRICAN SCENE. 

"This is a people robbed and spoiled ; they are all of them BDared in 
holes, and they are hid in prison-houses ; they are for a prey, and none 
deliroetli ; for a spoil, and none milh Restore."— Imiab xlil. 21, 

Mntto of Sir F. BwHon'i boot m the Afrioan Slave-Trade. 

FiGUBS to yourself a negro village composed of some two or three 
nojidred huts, surrounded by a high wooden fence, and coDtaining perhaps 
a population of a thousand or twelve hundred souls. It is deep midnigh^ 
the labours of the day have long been over, and men and brutes are 
buried in slumber. The father has stretched his wearied limbs in the 
midst of his Uttle ones, the mother clasps her in&nt to her breast. Not 
a breath disturbs the silence of the earth 'and the calm heaven without. 
In a moment a sound as of a rising tempest comes from the desert — it 
increases — the trampling of a multitude of men — the clashing of thrar 
mde weapons, mingled with shouts and execrations, bursts upon the 
eat — the father springs to his feet and seizes his ready spear, while the 
mother strives to hide herself and her babe in some dark comer of their 
poOT hoveL By this time the wooden fortification has been forced. 
A hand of mordennis ruGSans belonging to some powerful neighbouring 
tribe rush upon their victims. A poisoned mtow vings its way through 
the wretched fatber^ who falls expiring to &e ground. Btamig torches 
are applied to the hut where lie concealed the remaining parent and her 
orphan chai^. She is compelled to rush forth into the ur to escape a 
fiery death, and her children follow her. The;/ are instantly secured 
and chained, excepting only the hapless infant, who being too young to 
become a source of gain, is hurled back to perish in tiie fliune^^, i^^^he. 



MO THE FBIEND OF .ATBICA. [Irt Jplt, 

mother be young and strong, she also is made a prisoner ; if otherwise, 
no feeling of mercy, no pleading of conscience interposes between her 
and instant death. The village is now a heap of smouldering ruins, 
with here and there the body of some warrior surrounded hy half a 
dozen of hh ioes, whom his desperation had given him strength to slay, 
before he bit the dust himself. 

Daylight beholds the captives marched over burning deserts, with 
parched feet and weary limbs, dispirited and heart-broken. This lasts 
for weeks together — the scene of violence is four hundred miles from 
the coast. At length that coast is g^ned, when lo ! in the winding 
of some bushy cove, half concealed by the mangroves which screen 
her from the British cruiser, may be dimly discovered the tapering 
masts, and the long, low, sharp hull of the hateful slave-ship. In 
exchange for a few muskets and a b^-fuU of bullets, to be employed 
in making fresh captures, the slaves pass into the hands of the Spanish 
or Portuguese Captain ; the mother is remorselessly torn from her 
children never to see them more. If she refuse to part with them, 
if she fling her arms around them and cUsp tJiem to her heart with 
the strength of despair, the lash soon subdues her refractory spirit 
and decides the fearful and melancholy contest between the cupidity 
of the slave-dealer and the fondness of a parent. 

" These are but the beginnings of sorrows." Now comes that accnrsed 
voyage across the Atlantic, but too well known to us by the name of 
"the middle passage." Cooped ap within the narrowest possible 
dimensions, naked and bleeding — often intermingled without distinction 
of sex— breathing an atmosphere of all but poison ; three hundred 
human beings, with souls and bodies like oiu- own, form tlie cai^ of 
the slave-ship, and this throughout a voyage of six or eight week*' 
continuance. From time to time individuals are brought on deck to 
serve a purpose which cannot be described. Xtefractorinesa is invariably 
punished with starvation and the lash. Should a pestilential disease 
break out amongst them — should the stock of proviaions fall shorts 
should a British truiser appear in sight and gun upon them in pursuit 
the wretches are dragged from below and deliberately hove oveiboard 
to the sharks that follow in the wake of the movuig chamd-honse. 
But it is impossible to go on — slanguage foils us in attempting to 
pourtray the horrors of this tremendous scene. We know but of one 
description that in any measure suits the slave-ship— fwful aa it is, it 
is not overcharged— we can call it nothing but a/oatmj/ heil! 

D,:i -izp:! by GoOg le 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



131 



THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 

Thk latest iotelligence nbicli has 
reached ui nktive to the Expeditioo, 
it dated, Maj the 28th. On the pre- 
eedia; daj- the Albert and tVilierforce 
arrived at Teneriffe, havimr sailed from 
Madeira on the 95th. Tbe Soudan 
had taken her departure, from the for- 
mer place, tea days before the arri- 
val of her ctMUorts. It is matter of 
thankfulness to Almighty God, ihat He 
has vouchsafed his merciful protection 
to all our beloved oountiTmen. Thus 
hr they have had to tell only of the 
sunshine of his blessing; and although 
there is doubtless many a dark cloud 
lowering is the distance, yet is our 
conSdence unshaken that tbey shall ex- 
perience tbe comfort of his presence and 
the truth of bis promises through the 
remainder of their coarse, as surely as 
th^ have felt and known them hitherto. 

We are happy in being able to 
furnish our readers with some extracts 
from letters addressed by individuals, 
on board the vessels of the Expedition, 
to friends in England. They all speak 
tbe same language of encouragemeat 
*nd hope. Our first, which is &om a 
tetter of Dr. McWilUam, surgeon of 
the Albert, bears gratifying testimony 
to the successful performance of Dr. 
Krad's rentilating apparatus. The date 
is. May tbe 25th. 

"1 have just mtaned ftwn a three 
dsyi^ excuTvlon in tbe country, where we 
have witueaed some of the most sablime 
scenery in nature. You, of contse, know 
that we Bailed from Plymouth on tbe 
evening of the 12th instant ; we were 
fcvoDied with most beautiful weather. 
In the Bay ftr&med for winds and storms, 
^ bad comparatively smooth water. 
The ventilation was pmfbmied every day 
l>y both tbe plenum ajod vacaum im- 
pulses; and succeeded admimbly. When 
in the latitude of Oporto, the action of 
the bnixer was sn^ended far some time, 
"•id then put on, and the valves fitted 
for the exhaustion, leaving the gunwale 
tnbea open, and drawing ont from all 
puts 01 the ship, including the cabins, 
hold, &c. The temperBtnre on deok 
tbronrfiont the day waa 63P rahr. Dur- 
"« the enspension of the action of the 
^tparatns the thermometer rose in the 
&pt!un's cabin 2°, in the gun room 3°, in 
wie lowcf deck 2J», and nearly the seme in 
the agfaM room and midibipmen'a berths. 



Tbns you may peroeive In how nearly an 
nniform manner, the eiKct of removing 
the supply by the fiutner was manifested 
in the five sections of the ship. On 
re-connecting tbe fenner with the engine, 
and leaTing the adjustment ss before 
fexhaustion) the thermometer fell to its 
fonner standard. So £ir as our expe- 
rience has gone, we ma^ pronounce the 
means we have for ventilation as nearly 
perfect. 

* I have placed in each of the five sections 
of the ship, a register thermometer, which 
is noted four times in the twenty-four 
honrs. The dne point is also noted in 
each compartment once a day — tbe tem- 
perature on deck, and the hygrometrical 
state of the Btmo^bere, is observed at the 
same periods, as aim that of tbe sea. 
Now all the observations in the sections 
bear, of coarse, a certmn relation to the 
external or deck observations, which, if 
well attended to, and followed up, may be 
of great service in a medico-econonucal 
point of view; at least, I imagine so. I 
need not tell you bow well I am sup- 

C~ k1 by Captain Trotter and Lieutenant 
bourne in carrying out my views on 
this bead. The same plans will be 
adopted in the other ships, and when on 
the river arrangements will be made to 
have the binometrical observations every 
hour, forming part of the duty of the 
ship. We 1^ to-night for Tenerifft, 



There I intend to have every valve in- 
spected, repaired if necessary and marked. 
I have, with Dr. Stanger end Dr. Prit- 
chett, been much obliged by the hospi- 
tality of a countryman of ours, Mr. Vsitch, 
who has thrown his splendid house open 
to our use. He is a scientific man, and 
is much Kratified at my havins- Eiven 
him your (Dr. Reid'a, to whom tfie letter 
was addiesed j pqters on the ventilation, 
&c., of the House of Commons and the 

Our next extract is from a letter of 
J. R. Thomson, Gaq.^ assistant-surgeon 
of the Wilberfbrce, dated Sarriot 
Transport, Teneriffe, May 17, 1841. 

" I beg to state that with a view to the 
introduction of the cochineal insect (Coccus 
cacti) into such parts of Africa as may 
offer.focilities for its propagation, (jn case 
Her Majesty's vessels Alial and WiUier- 
fort* do not touch here on their pasaa^ 
ut,) Ihave brought on board the i/arniK 
Bveral pknta of the Opuntia tvna charged 
rith the insect in ififferent states, and 
shall take such steps as may seem moat 
likely to enmin a safe conveyance. X 



THE FRIEND OP APEICA. 



[ISt JVLT, 



this ulAud, &ud iB one of tlie moat valuable 
conunoditiea of export. As the plants 
on wliich it feeds grow qtontaneouBly 
and in Kreot quantities in many puts of 
Africa, (so I am informed,) if the insect 
Iiaa not been already introduced, which I 
believe to be the case, it may, with a 
little attention, become a sonrce of benefit 
to the inhabitants of that connti;. 

" On mentioning the subject tn Captain 
Bird Allen, of Her Utneety's steam-vessel 
Soiidan, he was pleased to approve of it; 
and very kindly ordered the requisite 
bozw to be made for the plants." 

The Reverend Theodor Muller, chap- 
lun to the Expedition, thus writes to a 
cleiica] friend in London. 

"Madeira, Me^ 26. 

"I can tearcelv peisnade mvauf that 
we ore ont of Old England. All goe« on 
BO quietly and smoothly that I cannot 
help thinking that we are borne along 
by the praters and pood wishes of the 
good people in England. Hitherto we have 
been basking ourselves in the sunshine 
of Divine fiivoor. There are a good many 
English and Scotch people living here ; 
they hare a clergyman of the church of 
England, and one of the church of Scot- 
land, a very good man indeed. Dr. Eally. 
He labours here as a missionary ; he ii 
a medical man and lays the foundation 
of the Temple of God so quietly that 
neither hammer nor aze is neud. He 
has a hospital where men and women 
are received and cored gratis : but before 
he nvea them his medi^ advice, he reads 
witn them the Scriptures and prays. 
Hitherto be baa preached also on a 
Sonday." 

"It is very hot to day, and we are busy 
in preparing for sea ; for we are to leave 
this place this evening for TeneriSe. The 
princes seem very wdl inclined young 
men. I hope their sojourn in London, 
&C., will prove an abiding blearing to 
tlum and to their country." 

Wo cloK our quotations with the 
following passage from a letter of Mr. 
Commissioner Cwk, written from Tene- 
riffo the day after his arrival at that 
phce in the Alhtrt. It is impossible to 
commend too highly the noble spirit of 
Christian ateadfaatness which breathes 
in every line. 

"All feel anxious to push forwatd, and 
barit« put our hand to the plough we 



have no derire to look b«ck, or to witlidtaw 
from the good work. Hay He, without 
whose blessing all our effiarts must be 
unavailing, urge us onward. We may 
not be the men, whom the King delightetn 
to honour ; this Expedition may not be the 
channel through which Divine merc^ is 
deaUned to flow into poor d^Taded Amco. 
Yet, I bare a strong avurance that the 
set time to &vour her is not br distant, 
and if we ate not, others will be the 
honoured instenments used in her mwal 



It may be interesting to state for 
the information of some of our friends, 
that the AUtert and WUberforet had 
various trials of speed during the 
vc^age, and proved as nearly equal, in 
this respect, as possible. Nor must we 
omit to record that the ofBcera of the 
Expedition were treated with princely 
hospitality during their stay at Madeira. 

THE CAFE D£ TERD ISLAKDS. 

It will be recollected that in a former 
Number we described the neighbourhood 
of Sierra Leone as afflicted, beyond 
roost other parts of the African coast, 
with the curse and plague of the slave- 
trade. We have lately received, irom 
a trustworthy source, some information, 
which, while it confirms the painful fkct, 
serves at the same time to throw not a 
little light upon its cause. It appean 
that between the Portuguese calonies 
of the Cape de Verd Islands and 
various parts of the mainland, from the 
mouth of the Senc^ round to the 
Gallinas, freqaent intercourse takes 
place by means i^ slave-ships. Some 
of these are probably ownea at Porto 
Praya, San Antonio, and elsewhere : at 
alt events there is a close intimacy 
subsisting between them and parties 
residing at those places, ^^thin a 
short period of time last year, nine ves- 
sels under Spanish colours are known 
to have been cruising off two oS the 
northern islands of the group with a 
view to obtain refreshments and water. 
No doubt exists of their wants having 
been supplied. 

On the 3rd of September a achooner 
(the Firme) arrived at San Nicholaa 
from the Havannah, baring just com- 
pleted a voyage across the Atlantic with 
a cargo of sbv». She had taken tbem 



1B41.3 



THE ]<iaEm> OF AFBICA. 



133 



on bokrd at Biasao, and in due time hod 
lauded them safety on the coast of 
Cuba. This was her third Buccesefbl 
adventure of the kind. Both the owner 
and captain of the Firme are natives of 
the Cape de Verd Islands. The latter 
brought with him, on his return home 
in Septranber, several boxes of dollars, 
the produce, doubtless, of the fortunate 
spenilatioiis in which he had been en- 
gaged. 

Another vessel, we are given to under- 
stand, sailed from the Amcan coast, in 
company with the Firm«, having, like 
her, a cargo of slaves. When off the 
island of Cuba a British man-of-war 
hove in sight, and immediately gave her 
chase. Her captain steered directly 
for the shore, where his vessel soon 
became a total wreck, but not until he 
had landed the n^roes and escaped 
with them beyond the possibility of 
pursuit. 

About the time of these occurrences 
a third vessel, a brig under the Spanish 
flag, purchased at Sierra Leone, and 
fiiraished with papers from the governor, 
authorising her to proceed to Cadii, 
put into Porto Praya, under pretext of 
distress, a subterfuge, it seems, fre- 
quently resorted to by slavers. Efibrts 
were immediately made by parties con- 
nected with her to procure the means 
of enabling her at once to engage in the 
slave-trade, instead of adopting the 
tedious and hazardous expedient of a 
voyage in the first instance to Spain. 
In this attempt there can be tittle doubt 
of their success, although we have 
arrived at no certain knowledge of the 
fact. 

In addition to the intelligence com- 
mnnicated above, two other matters of 
painful interest have fallen under onr 
cc^icance. The first is that the owners 
of small coasting vessels belonging to 
the Cape de Verd Islands have lately 
been planning (and are probably at this 
very time engaged in executing their 
plan} excursions to the mainland, to 
bring over n^roea, to whom they give 
the name of " passengers," but who 
are, to all intents and purposes, slaves. 
The better JU> cloak uieir design, the 
ntunber of pretended passengers is to be 
lintited to ten. It reflects infinite dis- 
grace upon the Portugnese marine that 



men-of-war belonging to that nation 
have already set the example by re- 
sorting to the same base and fraudulent 
proceeding. The remaining subject, to 
which we desire the reader's attention, 
is the but too probable fact that slave- 
vessels, (we have particularly in view 
those which trade to the western coast) 
during the period intervening between 
the conclusion of one voyage • SoA the 
commencement of another, that is, while 
their cargoes are in course of being got 
ready for shipment, find employment in 
the commiBsion of direct acts of piracy. 
Last year several masters of merchant- 
men, on their arrival at the Cape de 
Verd Islands, reported their having 
been chased by suspicious-looking ves- 
sels: and about the same time a gentle- 
man who resides within a short distance 
of the sea-shore, had bis attention 
forcibly arrested by the manoeuvres of 
a slaver which continued in sight of his 
dwelling fbr many successive days. On 
the appearance of a distant sail she 
made towards it with all possible speed, 
and twice was seen to send her boats on 
board the stranger. It was the observer's 
clear impression that the slave-vessel 
was then engaged in perpetrating acta 

We do not accuse the Portuguese 
authorities of countenancing, or even of 
conniving at, these deeds of darkness. 
On the contrary, there is evidence to 
show that they have exerted a certain 
measurt of vigilance to check and pun- 
ish them. For example, a Spanish brig 
having put into Porto Praya to repair 
the loss of her rudder, in the beginning 
of September, was immediately seiied 
in consequence of irons and other re- 
quisites for the slave-trade being found 
on board. But we do maintain that no 
remedy at all adequate to the virulence 
of the disease has yet been applied ; and 
fitrther that the case b one deserving 
the prompt attention of the British 
Government. It is not to be wondered 
at that our efforts to quench the fire now 
drinking up the strength and preying 
on the vitals of Africa should be of 
little avail, along her western shores at 
least, while oil to feed the flame con- 
tinues to be supplied from so consider- 
able a reservoir in the immediate neigh- 
bonrhood. ■ ~- uOoOqIc 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



DR. VOGEL ON THE BOTANY OF 
"WESTERN CENTRAL AFRICA. 



[Contl 



nl,] 



When we consider that most of 
- the plants mentiooed up to the middle 
of the eighteenth century, by travellers 
to the weBtcm co^t of Africa, are cul- 
tivated in nearly all tropical countries, 
and arc only introduced into Africa ; that 
nobody has gone to Has country who has 
cared for exploring accurately its natural 
history ; and that therefore all that was 
known of its indigenous plants was only 
some vague reports, we cannot marvel 
that Linng, in his work Speciet PUmta- 
rum, in which he endeavoured to describe 
all plants known at his time, mentioned 
hardly any vegetable production of this 
part of the earth. Indeed, in hie second 
edition, in 1762, and in the additions to 
it, the West- African botany is no better 
and even one of the most, if not the 
most important plant of this coa^t, the 
oil plant, was known by specimens cul- 
tivated in America before it was intro- 
duced into our botanical list of African 
plants. The first botanist who visited 
tiiig coast with the intention of exploring 
its productions, was the well-known 
French botanist, Adaoaon, in the years 
1749 — 53, Had his observations and 
collection been published, our know- 
ledge would have been promoted consi- 
dei^ly- But, as if a just retribution 
forbade us to know a country which is 
so near |to Europe, yet only visited by 
Europeans in onler to earn off its in- 
habitants into slavery, neither his nor 
the collection of any subsequent tra- 
veller has been published till lately ; 
but as the description of his journey, 
which appeared in 1757, gives in gene- 
ral the first detailed pictureof the nature 
of this country, so it also enables a bo- 
tanist to conceive a general view of its 
flora, as be mentions the moat remark- 
able plants he found, and especially the 
genera ; but as he disdained to follow 
the ingenious invention of specific 
names adopted by Liona>us, all accu- 
racy is wanting as regards the names 
of single plants. Besides this he men- 
tions the principal alimentary plants, 
many sorts of indigo, the applicaljon of 
the hennah (Lawtonia mermit) for 
dyeins the nails, the farobier, &c. But 
what has made his name most known is 



I Ist Jin.T, 

hie infonnatioo about the gum-tree, 
and the baobab, or monkey-bread-tree, 
wtuch he afterwards described more 
careAilly*. He was the first naturalist 
who mentioned the remarkable form of 
the old stem of the baobab, which b^g 
only from ten to twelve feet high, has 
a diameter of nearly twenty-five feet ; 
he has called attention to the enormons 
age of this vegetable giant, possibly 
" the witness of the deluge." This tree, 
which by the pulp of its fhiit, and the 
use made of the leaves as food, is of 
great importance to the natives, now 
bears with best right the ^amo of 
Adantonia. Afterwards many plants 
of his collection were published. Adwi- 
BOn himself has mentioned some new 
genera in his PamilUt dtt PtatUtt. 
A. L. de JuBsieu, in his Genrra Plant. 
Cavanillei, has described many apedee, 
especially from the Mallow tribe, in 
his Diasertatioru (1785 — 90), and 
others are named by Lamarck in Diet. 
Encifct. da Boian-, begun to be pub- 
lished in 1769t. The next botanist who 
has given any account, was Dr. Is«i, 
a Dane, who vinted, in his first journey 
in 1783, the Danish settlements in 
Guinea; but we have also from him 
only a relation of his travels, in which 
the botanical character of this country 
is delineated by general outlines. He 
determined many alimentary tmd medi- 
cal plants more accurately, and men- 
tioned one or the other plant as new 
without description. Many of his plants 
are published by Willdenow, in his 
8p»e«i* Plantarvm (1797— ISIO). 

In the annual report of the Directors 
of the Sierra Leone Company in 1794 
WKB given the substance oiF a report of 
AfieliuB of the alimentary plants of 
Sierra I.eone. Wadstrom says, that this 
report was not intended for pubtica- 
tioD, and it is written, indeed, in quite a 
popular manner, and without any bota- 
nical information ; in spite of which 
there is an abundance of hi^W inte- 
resting notices in it, wtueh maaee na 
much regret that Afulius himsdf has 
pubUshed nothii^ of his collectitm be- 
• la L'BM. it VAc t. Be. it Par. Ibr im, TS, 



IMl.] 



THE FRTEUn) OF AFRICA. 



19S 



■ides some verr few plant* in two little 
memain*. His collection is, accordJDg 
to Mr. Robert Brown's testimony, byfar 
Ibe liehest of all which have been made 
oo the*e coasts ; some few speeiea of it 
were publiahed afterwards ; so wu the 
ftma AJkeHa, dedicated to him in the 
fourth volume of the Linnean Trant- 
aetioHt, 1798. Under the vegetables 
noticed in his report are especially re- 
maikable the butter or talloir tree; the 
cream fruit, which is not yet determin- 
ed, the tme ginger, two new species 
of roSee, &e. 

In the same year was published W A D- 
STHou's Etaay on Uolonizaliim, in 
which an abridgiaent of Afielius' report 
is reprinted, and a few obserrations npon 
the productions of S!em Leone are 
pren. We learn besides this, that Dr. 
Spamnann has made there an exten- 
nve collection for the Royal Academy 
at Stockholm, from which, however, till 
DO«,nothinf;haabeen published. There 
i) much information also in this hook 
which renders the name of Smeathmann 
dear to every one who feels an Interest 
in the civiliaation of Africa ; his name 
hw was afterwards made memorable in 
•cience by the genns Smeafhmannia, 
named by Solander and described by 
Mr. R. Brown in Imnean Tvansac- 
&nu, 13, a. 1820, from the collection 
be has made there, and which is (1 
hww not whether in whole or only in 
part) preserved in the British Mnseum. 
Here must be named Mun^ Park's 
Jouney,nhich appeared in 1799, were it 
onlvto state that he gave a description 
and figure of the leaves and fruit of the 
Aea tree, which furnishes the vegetable 
Galam butter. It appears to grow only 
in the interior. The species is not yet 
qnile ueertuned, but is said to be very 
(iniilar to Sattia butyracea itt the East 
Inifies. 

Golberry sojourned, in the years 
17S5 — 88, in Senegarabia, but his ob- 
servations were not printed until 1 SOSf- 
There is much good information in 
them, especially on ethnt^^phy, but 
by far the most interesting, is his 
description of the baobab, which every 
one will read, I am sure, with the 

• Gtnicn PL Shi. 1807, ■nd Btmiiia Oui- 

MMM,t81S. 



greatest pleasure. He observed one 
specimen whose compass was 104 feet, 
and the height SO feet; the branches 
stretched horisontally SOfeet trma the 
stem, and then dropped still 8 feet 

Winterbottom's account of the na- 
tives of Sierra Leone (1803) has many 
new notices. He describes some me- 
dical plants, a butter tree (which seems 
to be the butter or tallow tree of Afie- 
lius], and the preparation of the butter. 
He contests Matthews' accountf, that 
the inhabitants eat an earth with their 
rice, but Golberry confirms it, saying 
thatit is a sort of greasy loam they use 
formiiingvriththeirfoodt, Thetobacco 
is used by the Fulahs only as snuff, and 
is smoked nowhere but on the coast. 
The cola has by the Mandingos the 
name of garra ; it is red or white ; the 
latter is often used as a sign of peace, 
and the red as a sign of war. Jn the 
years 1S04 and 1607 appeared the two 
volumes of Palisot de Bcauvcns' Flore 
d'Oware et de Benin, with many plates. 
This work has been till lately the main 
source for the specific knowledge of 
the Western A^can plants, but in 
proportion there are very few described 
in it, not above sii hundred and thirty. 
We find here that the colais the seed of 
Stei-cvlia acuminata, the wine palm is 
Raphia vinifira. A kind of Ethiopian 
pepper comes from Xylopia undulala. 
Pandanut eandeiaht-um, which must 
have great influence upon the character 
of the landscapes, as it is very firc<]uent 
on the whole const, and a new species 
of mangrove (^Aricennia Afncana), are 
described ; the locust tree orfarobier is 
more accumtcly delineated as Inga hi- 
globota; also Napoleotia imperialit, 
or, as this little tree must now be 
named, Belriiia cferulea, Detv,, is here 
lirst made known, and it is of great 
interest indeed to botanists, as its struc- 
ture is not (]utte determined. 

In 1S18 the account was published 

• Oou. Fnf.,tDmii.p.e7. 

+ MiTTHKwi, A Vtyagi to Iht Jii«r Simt 
Leimt,Uiaiaa, 1788, p. 78. " A «pollKBOu» wh[l« 
cmrlb is tmnd in Hrenl pvlg of lb* tannn;, 
whicb n of » tnj unclomia > wUm thM tba 
[utiT» Inquentlj nl ii Hiih tbdr rice, u il dii- 
■olm liks buun; Hist (liw UH it to vbitBindi 
tbnr hoOM*." 

1 GuLB.fr.*., taa.il. p. ««.|l^(^;QQg|^, 



138 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[I at July, 



of the unfortunate expe^tion of Capt. 
Tuckey to the Congo. Prof. Smith, who 
hod accompanied it as botanistthaa given 
in his journal a list of the plants of Uie 
islaod of St. Jago, but as his stay was 
only for two days, and the list made 
on the passage-, it can be neither com- 
plete nor perfectly correct. But from 
bis carefully collected materials on the 
Congo, the botanical appendix has 
been elaborated by Mr. Robert Brown. 
Although this xoemoir is, for any one 
who values a book according to the 
number of sheets, rather small, yet it is 
not only the most important work 
we have on the West African flora, but 
it has also been of the greatest conse- 
quence for the adTancement of bota- 
nical knowledge. As the work is not 
scarce, and worthy to be read, I beg 
to recommend every one to look over 
this account, were it only to convince 
himself that the science of botany is 
now something more than a knowledge 
of the names of plants, and that the 
knowledge of a fiora may he promoted 
without enumerating all the single 
species. Ai every memoir by this 
eminent botanist clears up one or more 
general points of botanical knowledge, 
BO is it dedicated to the geography of 

Slants, which, created by himself, and 
ighly improved by the inquiries in 
America, of Baron Humboldt, is here 
applied to the African flora, ti' 
this time almost unknown. With thi 
are connected the most laborious in- 
quiries into the native land of the culti- 
vated plants which occur in all tropical 
countries. The important fact is here 
first clearly shown that not a small num- 
ber of plants is common to two or more 
quarters of the globe ; it is proved, that 
compared with other countries, the 
western coast of Africa shows great 
monotony in its vegetation. The details 
given in this account about the single 
plants are reprinted in more than one 
popular book, • I need not, therefore, 
repeat them, and will merely say, 
that none but a botanist is able to esti- 
mate the value of the observations upon 
the natural orders, and to say anything 
on that subject would be superfluous. 

The influence of this memoir was 
soon seen, and already in 1819 gave 



Professor Homemann a general ac- 
count of the flora of Guinea by a re- 
vision of the collections of the Danish 
botanists, by which the proportion of 
the natural order* in this flora is well 
shown. These collections which were 
made principally by Thonning and 
Isert, and of which many plants were 
already published by Vahl*, were com- 
pletely described by Professor Schu- 
macher, in a memoir which was pub- 
lished in the Memoirs of the Royal 
Academy at Copenhagen^. It is the 
only complete description of larger 
collections of this part of the earth, 
and, therefore, very importanL 

A kind of true pepper is named Pip*r 
guineenie; two native kinds of sngu-- 
cane, and two of cotton are enumerated, 
a kind of date tree which gives the 
common palm wine, is described as 
PhcBuix spinoia, and many new species 
and genera are given. 

In Bowdich's Mission to Ash&itj 
(1819) is a list of medical plants used 
by the Ashfintis. This proves that the 
remarkable akee tree (^Slighta lapida), 
which was long known in America as a 
cultivated plant, is a native of this 
country. Besides which, we learn the 
names of some plants growing in tlua 
region almost unknown to naturalists. 
In the Transactions of the Horticul- 
tural Society for 1827 is a memoir of 
the late J. Sabine upon the edible 
fruits of Sierra Leone. It is of great 
consequence with respect to nutritive 
plants, especially from the botanical 
information suggested by Mr. Robert 
Brown. We find the butter or tallow 
tree determined as Pentadetma butyra- 
rea ; the country fig of Afielius is 
figured as Sareoeephaltu etculenlut, 
&c. The author has endeavoured to 
refer to the names given by Afielius ia 
the above-named report, and they, in 
some degree, eluddate each other. 
The collection of these fruits was maiJe 
for the Horticultural Society by Mr. 
G. Don, who has also made a col- 
lection of dried specimens, of which he 
has described some new spedes in the 
Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for 
824. The same author has likewise 

• ElMmeraiit PUmlanm, 18tM rt 18M. 

* Sthdiucbbb Bitkrirclm ^f Oalaniln- Bam^ 
Ur, 1837. , - I 

,.,-|byL.OOglC 



ISti.l 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



137 



poblished maaj new Airiaui species of 
Combrelum in his moni^raphy of this 
splendid f^nus. Its numerous and 
beautiful African species, aa well as 
those of Smeathmannia, highly deserve 
to be introduced into the gardens. 

In the ExcHrnon* in Madeira and 
Porto Sanla of the late Mr. Bondich, 
theie is a list of plants observed during 
a short sta j in the Cape de Verd Islands 
and OD the Kivcr Gambia, hyhis accom- 
plished wife, nov Mrs. Lee. This lady, 
even in her botanical collections, has 
endured the same hard fate which so 
many African trarellers have expe- 
rienced in various ways ; for her speci- 
mens were quite deatr(»ed on the passage 
home, and nothing left of them hut the 
first notices. But what could not be 
destroyed was the deep impression made 
by the imposing grandeur of tropical 
T^etation on her mind ; and Mrs. Lee 
has given, in her Storiet of Strang* 
Land*, not only an excellent picture of 
Aftican life, but has also represented, 
with graphic skill, the general features 
of African tropical vegetation, and the 
sympathy which exists between our own 
best feelings and natnral scenery, so 
that these Ules are fully equal to St. 
Pierre's Paul and Virginia, which is 
so famed in this respect. 

The collection made on the expedition, 
which was undertaken under Major Ped- 
dle, and after hb death under Captain 
Gray, was destroyed ofler the demise of 
Mr. Kummer. the naturalist, although 
a few drawings remained, from which 
Sit William Hooker has described some 
species he tfaonght new in Gray and 
Dochard's Travtla in Western Africa, 
1825. 

Latterly, the French have made nu- 
merous krger or smaller collections of 
plants OQ the Senegal, from which many 
species and genera are here and there 
published, especially in De CamdoHe's 
great srstematic work, Segni Vegela- 
hilit Prodromtu, since 1824. The 
most important collections were those 
of MM. Perrottet et Leprieur, from 
1827-29. These were the foundation 
of a work published under the titie 
Flore de Senegambie, in which it was 
intended to describe all the Senegal 
plants collected by tbe French botanists. 
It is to be regretted that only ime 



volume has appeared (1830-33), pub- 
lished by MM. Guillemin, Perrottet, 
and A. Richard, especiallyas the authors 
have taken great care to make the best 
use of the excellent materials they had, 
and as M. Perrottet, who has super- 
intended cultivation in Scn^;amhia, had 
great knowledge of the useful plants. 
We find, therdbre, not only much valu- 
able botanical information upon already 
known plants and very many new ones, 
but also excellent notices upon the cuU 
tivated vegetables. The gum-trees are 
here completely described ; the different 
hinds of Jndigotiert, and the culture of 
them, ere discussed; the native cotton 
(^Gottypium punctatum, Schumacher,) 
is carefully examined, and its staple much 
prized; a new species of Slerculia is 
named, whose seeds are also used as 
cola — so that the great extent of this 
fruit is, perhaps, due to different but 
similar species: the tree is called by 
the natives Kola, Gounou, &c. 

During the last year. Dr. Brunner 
has published his Voyage to Senegam- 
bia and the Cape de Verd Islands, and 
has made some remarks upon the 
plants he observed, in the Regent' 
burger botanitcke Zeiiung. There ore 
some interesting botanical notices in it, 
and his list of the Cape de Verd 
Island plants is the most numerous 
we have, although his stay was too 
short for rendering it perfect. He 
endeavours, also, ' to complete, in 
some points, the comparison made by 
Mr. Kobert Brown between the floras of 
tropical countries. 

With respect to the vegetation of that 
part of Africa to which the Niger Ex- 
pedition is more immediately directed, we 
do not know, properlv speaking, any- 
thmg. In Lsiid and Oldfield's Voyage 
to this region, there are some few re- 
marks upon the useful plants, by which 
we may conclude that these are the same 
with those found on the coast; but it 
would not be right to draw any con- 
clusion from these occasional notices. 
When we consider that even Sene- 
gambia, by far the best-known country 
of these shores, has afforded so large 
a harvest, we cannot doubt that, be- 
sides the more immediate philanthropic 
objects of the Expedition, our voyage 
will give an opportanity of colkcting 



138 



THE FRIENB OF AFRICA. 



much intereitiii^ boUuiical information, 
more eBpecially if we should be enabled 
to examine some bigh mountains, such 
aa Fernando Po, the Cameroons, &c., 
which reach an elevation of 12,000 i^et 
above the tea, and which would present 

auite an unknown field for researches of 
le highest iroportaui 
We will, therefore, hope, that while 
a more happv fate than that of other 
expeditions allows us to carry to the 
natives of Africa the blessings of the 
Gospel and of civilisation, we may, 
return, bring back to Europe so 
additioDB to botanical science, and prove 
that the proverb, which was current 
in the time of Aristotle, is true to 
this day, namely, that " . 
produces something new." 



INTELUGENCE FROM WESTERN 
AFRICA. 

We are enabled, through the kindness 
of a friend, to communicate some intel- 
ligence of an interesting nature, lately 
received from Fernando Po and the 
coast of the neighbouring continent. 
Many of our readers are aware that 
towards the close of last year two gen- 
tlemen, Dr. Prince and the Rev. John 
Clarke, connected with the Baptist 
Missionary Society, sailed from England 
on what may be called an exploratory 
expedition to the mouth of the Niger; 
their chief object being, should the way 
be opened to them, the ascent of that 
rirer, with a view to the commencement 
of a mission amongst some one or more 
of the Negro tribes settled on its banks. 
Letters recently receive<I from these 
devoted men mention their safe arrival 
at Fernando Po ; and their subsequent 
passage across the strvt, about forty 
miles in width, which separates it from 
the mainland. The following extracts 
from these letters will be Amnd to fulfil 
the expectation which we have held 
forth above. 

Mr. Clarke, writing on the 2nd of 
February, thus describes the town of 
Clarence, and the snrronnding country ; 
also the Adeeyshs, or aboriginal inha- 
bitants of the island. 

"We landed at Clarence on the Itt of 
January, had a kind reception from Mr. 
^bompson, the agent of the West Afikaa 
" 1 wen iavited to remaiB 



where) al 

"The town of Clarence contains 
170 houses, and 17 at Kron town, 
adioining, besides seven large hoases 
belonging- to the West African Company. 
There may be in Clarence 700 inhabitants, 
andof Kroumen, at Kn>u town and hiding 
in the woods, 300. The Adeeyaha are 
from 6,000 to 10,000 souls: their correct 
number cannot at present be ascertained. 
We have met ttiis interesting people at 
three of their towns, and hod about 600 
of them in all to hear from us the words 
of etemat life. They are a most harmless 
race of people, and are not so covetous as 
most of the Africans usually are. They 
gave us a very kind reception, and ex- 
pressed themselves glad tikat white men 
were about to instmct them re^>ectini; 
God, and the way to be for ever happy. 

"The climate of Fernando Po is pro- 
bably not worse than other parts of West- 
ern Africa, It has this advaotaee, — you 
can get up the' monntains as high as is 
necessary, and obtain a oool and pleasant 
retreat ; we bare ascended the moontoin 
about 3000 feet, to tlie place where Colonel 
Nicoils had his house. The lur was cool 
and pleasant, and the prospect good ; and 
here, or two miles below, a house mi^ht 
be Bpeedily^ erected for the accommodatiou 
of a miaaionary. On the way, and about 
five milesfrom Clarence, are four Adeeyah 
tovm^ in which there may be about BOO^ 
or perhaps 1000 inhabitants. To the place 
where we alept, and where a house might 
be buUt, it is eight miles; and to the 
mountain where the late governor had his 
honse it is about ten miles from Clarence. 
The soil is amazingly rich, and continues 
to be 80 to the tops of the mountains. The 
land is cleared near the towns of the 
natives, but elsewhen is overrun with taU 
beee and bushes. It is weU watered, and 
very well supplied with all the Ituuriea 
usually found m tropical climes." 

In another letter Mr. Clarke says: — 

"These Adeeyaha are vulgarly called 
' boobies :' their hutsare scattered over the 
igland in different directions. Those near- 
est to each other form a town, and of such 
I hove got the names of above thirty-eeven 
already ; and have no doubt tliera are many, 
the names of which I have not yet bcea 
able to obtun: their nnmben camiat b* 
accurately known. They are a timid, 
inofTensive race, and are usually kind to 
such as go among them in a friendly way; 
but among themselves, they aometimes 
have war, and fight with the long wooden 
spear and the knife. Thar laoRoage is 
certunly vny poor, and caoitot m vHnr 
difficult lo acqnlR. It mhiib tosMMft 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



and j^tlej bnt I have not yet hurd a 
KgnJiar 'palaver;' I have only heard the 

more deliKhtfiil sounds of a timid female 
' Adeejalr teaching four of her country- 
women the trathe concerning God, and 
bis Seal Jmiu Christ This ma; seem 
■tnnge to yoa, but it wae thus; last 
Sabbath I attempted to moke myself on- 
dentood, on 'my letuni from Krou Town, 
in 1 vtiy short conversation with one or 
too of tfiese poor females. The reault woe, 
ttiat five of toem, neatly dressed, came to 
oar dwelling on the followinfj day ; two 
of them nndentood English, and in the 
sinpleat way I poBslbly could, I put words 
into her month to speak to the others, 
praying God to bless the feeble effort, and 
to wnte coavictioo on each of theit 
heuts." 

Having paMed over to Cameroons, 
Mr. Clarke and hb companion were in- 
troduced by Captain Lilly, a trader 
resident in the place, to the negro chief, 
King Belt. To this important person- 
■ge, u well as to several others, they 
ud been Aimiihed, before leaving Eng- 
land, with letters of introduction by 
Lieut.-Col. Nicolla. King Bell inune- 
diately granted the'use of his large hall 
np stairs t« his visitors, a luxury in such 
i climate of no trifling kind. 

Dr. Prince, writing from this place 
on the 4th of February, relates an 
amoaing eiemplification of the spirit 
of acquisitiveness possessed by King 
Bell and a brother potentate. After 
eipressing his strong confidence in 
God, althot^h in the power of a chief 
''by whom the life of a man is ac- 
counted of less value than a printed 
cotton handkerchief," he proceeds as 

"We appeared before Kin? Bell with 
hata we had purchsaed st Cape Coast, 
of unique ^ipearance, but the best 
niited for wear in a hat country I ever 
Bw. Hia Msjeety's eye was soon rivetted 
on these hats, and his toiurue was as 

!uick to demand them. The equiva- 
enthe offered wsa two seaman's castors, 
much too small, and not a little the w< 
for wear. After a hopeless reustance, 
thought it expedient to comptv ; and the 
next day I borrowed my old friend to go 
to King Agua's town haM by, to open our 
eommisrion before him ana his subjects. 
Tha hatatbracted hts oupiditv also, but 
when he beard that It was Bell's already, 
•nd that his rival had possessed himself 
of tha two, ha btoame vmea, pettish, and 



implacable; he would not shake hands, 
nor speak, except his displeasure, at part- 
ing, and left us to wander home as we best 
could, through the intricacies of liia plan- 
tain ground. His displeasure soon spread 
amongst his subjects, and we could get no 
help, tiU we reached the outskirts a little 
before the news of the transaction, and 
then by the promise of a reward, we 
secured a canoe to carry us down a man- 
grove creek to the great river." 

Through the kind interposition of 
Captain Wild, of the ship Reneical, a 
Liverpool trader. Dr. Prince was en- 
abled on the following day to appease, 
in a great measure, the wrath of the 
sulky Agua. The old African even 
consented to hia people's being assem- 
bled, that they might hear the address 
of his visitor, and signify their 4ish 
relative to the settlement amongst them 
of Christian teachers. The scene which 
ensued is described in language such 
only as an eye-witness, deeply interested 

what be was narrating, could employ. 

"About 6 p.m., riiad the gratification of 
meeting the most numerous and animated 



occupied in concluding a meetiiw- with 
Bell'^ people. 1 only wish a draughtsman 
had been present to sketch the scene. 
The king, habited in a rich scarlet silk 
aronnd ois loins, which formed a striking 
contrast to his glossy, jet black skin, was 
seated before his door. On his left was a 
large group of his chief men, and nume- 
rous sons. Those in the front squatted, 
flanked ond supported in the rear by others 
on tiieir feet. At a little distance on his 
right were some of his fifty wives, grace- 
fully ornamented with large beodx of va- 
rious colours disposed around their heads 
and aboat their persons. Then on every 
eminence, and furmiiig a large circle around 
me, were parties of^onxious expectants 
of my address, — youths, Zaccheus-like, 
mounting the trees. We were on a con- 
siderable height, looking d(>wn upon tho 
majestic stream, that presented upon its 
bosom many of England's boasted traders. 
The sun was rapidly declining behind the 
opposite shore; and ere I concluded, after 
they hod will) one accord shouted their 
welcome to the promised miasionary and 
teacher of their ofl^ring, I turned to tlte 
beauteous moon, then rising full in the 
sight of all, and told them that the God 
who mode that orb for their accommoda- 
tion by night, had beard their vow, and 
would record iL Theta were no fewer 
than £00 tu this company, which twd|w^ 



THE FRTEND OF AFRICA. 



collected by the sound of their country 
dnimin thirtyorfortyminutea. Manyun- 
derstootl Englishjand these were bo deeirouB 
of my continuing to speak without inter- 
ruption, that they would scarcaly allow 
the uae of the interpreter, promising to 
moke amends to the less instructed by 
tiieir own repetition. Your Committee 
and the Chriatian public who wished ua 
farewell and God speed to this land, would 
have been startled mto admiring gratitude 
at the instant that this lam company rose 
as one man, and cBJiied by acclamation, 
that penetrated far through the circum- 
ambient air, the proposition to send them 
a minister to reside amongst or near them. 
They called it ' a good palaver,' said they 
would protect him who came, thanked us 
moat cordially, declared they would build 
a house and school, and never desert the 
white man." 



DEATH OF SIR JOHN JEREMIE, 

GOTEBNOB 07 SlEBRA LboNB. 

It haa become our duti^ to announce 
to our readers the afflicting intelligence 
of Sir John Jeremie's decease, at Sierra 
Leone, on the 23rd of April, 

He was seized, in the beginning oi 
the month, with fever at Port Loko. 
Under its fatal influence he lingered 
until the twenty-first day from the com- 
nKncement of the disease, when he was 
called to resign bis spirit into the bands 
of God. The cause of Africa has lost, 
by the death of this distinguished indi- 
vidual, an ardent and persevering friend, 
— one whose best energies were enlisted 
on the side of Freedom, and whose de- 
Totedness to her service waa conspicuous 
to the close of bis valuable life. 

But while we drop the tear of regret 
over hii grave, let us remember that his 
example is still present to our view, and 
that, hj it, " he being dead yet speok- 
eth." We are as soldiera on the field 
of battle: one is cut down on this side, 
and another upon that. It is the duty 
of survivors to step into the places of 
their fallen comrades, and close up the 
broken ranks anew. Meanwhile our 
consolation ia that the conflict cannot he 
long, nor, if found fiuthful to our trust, 
our victory uncertain. 



DEVONPORT MEETING. 



iOg n 

port, to form an Auxiliary to the African 
CiviliEBtion Society, Edward Abbott, 
Esq., Mayor, in the chair. On the plat- 
form were the fallowing gentlemeo. 
The Ashdnti Princes, Sir Thomu 
Dyke Acland, Bart., M. P., Captain W. 
Allen, R, N., Rear Admiral Thomu, 
Mr. Commissioner Cook, J. Eccleslon, 
Esq., the Rev. Corbet Cooke, the Hev. 
D. Chapman, and many others. 

The Chairman openedthebuNoeBs of 
the evening, and said he had been called 
on to preside at a number of large meet- 
ings in the borough, of different descrip- 
tions, but he must confess that he es- 
teemed the honour far greater on this 
than on any former occasion, having to 
take part in proceedings that had for 
their abject the civilization of their fel- 
low-creatures. Several gentlemen would 
address the meeting; the objects of the 
Society would be fully explained, and he 
trusted that the utmost success would 
attend it. 

The Rev. Corbet Codke moved 
the first resolution, and said there «as 
no need to point out at great length the 
flagrant wickedness of the slave trade. 
It was opposed to the British constitu- 
tion — it was opposed to humanity-^ 
was opposed to relif^ion, " We ii%ht 
now," continued the Rev, speaker, "con- 
sistently attempt to put down, not the 
slave trade only, hut slavery also in 
every part of the world, since we hid 
wiped out the foul blot of both frwn 
our national escutcheon, and the deep 
stain of both from our national banner- 
He then proceeded to examine the state- 
ments of the increase of the slave trade 



made W Sir Fowell Buxton, in hi* 
work, The Slave Trade and it* Re- 
medy, and concluded with an earnest 
recommendation of the Society to the 
countenance and support of the meeting. 
The Rev. D. Chapman said:— 
"Everv injniy that has been inflicted cm 
man, nnfess there has been sincere repent- 
ance for the fault, will be vinted and 
punished throughout eternity. Yoorme- 
■ela of war pursue the ^ve ahipe, and 
occanonally overtake them, but in M»Be 
instances they fail in their object: but 
there will be ao fiulon iilUiaat«ljr; God 



1MI.1 



.THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



m 



will do ample jiutice to the sl&re at the 
ftwAil d&j of jndgiDent: there will then 
be a foU development of all the enormitj 
tliat lu8 been committed, — of all the dire 
and detestable injuries that have been 
committed, — for the record of Omniscience 
will then be onfolded, — oil actions there 
will be proved, and jadged, and pnnished. 
Let evory son], therefore, be now released 
&om the bondage under which it groans, 
— &om the bondage of ienoraoce, and from 
all bondage infernal ana human. Let the 
dartfnes of ignorance be di^elled ; let the 
empathies of his natnre be consulted ; let 
his capacity for every kind of excellence 
be exercised and filled ; let all his powers, 
moral and pbyncal, be brought into active 
and beneficial exercise. It ia obvious 
that to accomplish this important object 
there must be the most complete informa- 
tion given; by ChristianiUr alone could 
man Decome a regenerated being. The 
amount of good already effected is compa- 
ratively ex&emety ftmaU ; a great part of 
the earth is even yet covereo with dark- 
neaa, and blindness, and death, but a great 
and mighty machine is in continuous 
OjperAtion. Africa had been only very 
partialljr benefited. In all schemes for 
tlie civilization of AMca, Britain ought 
cordially to co-opeiate, for moat criminmly 
bad she been engaged in former per- 
petrations of the slave trade. As late as 
1786 Great Britdn employed 130 veeeek 
in the alave traffic, and during one year 
she exported no leas than 4^000 slaves 
from A&ica. They ought deeply to repent 
of this, and to manitest that repentance 
by inducing others to abandon that dire 
and damnable trafSc. They ought to 
make all poeuble compensation in tLe pre- 
sent for the dreadnil sufferings tJiey 
had inflicted in the past. Let this pur- 
pose be determined on and adopted, and 
ever? other measure that would insure a 
quick and total abolition," 

J. EccLZBTOti, Esq., the travelling 
Secretary, said, 

" He should endeavonr to point out to 
them the capabilities of the Anican.mind, 
and he would, by taking the metal' in its 
rudest rtate, show, that though wantii^ 
the palish and the manufecture of our own 
country, it was yet of the richest quality. 
He would take first the slave as ae ap- 
peared when disembarked from the hold of 
the alave ship at Sierra Leone, where he 
was immediately placed on some smal' 
location and provided with soitsble em 
ployment by the Government. He wa 
thus enabled to amass a small sum o 
money, with wliich he generally set up ii 
basaev as a little trader; having guneda 



sufficient sum hs takes his station at the 
fflde of the main streetof the town, where he 
can advantageously employ himself in trade. 
By industry, and nabita of frugality, he in 
a certain course of time amasses a suffi- 
cient capital to advance to a shop, in- 
stead of a station at the ude of the street, 
and supplies the merchants, ^European 
merchants amongst them,) wita articlee 
of native produce brougiit down the ri- 
ver by the Foulahs or the Mandiugoet^ 
or other people around. His next object 
is to get a house, where he may fix toth 
his dwelling and his shop ; this he selects 
iu the most frequented streets, the mar- 
kets, and thoroughfares, and so crowded 
are some of these with inhabitants, tiiat 
it is almost impossible to procure a 
standing. He would mention an ins- 
tance of the competition that exists ibr 
advantageous pieces of ground, from the 
statement of some gentlemen belonging 
to the Church Missionary Society, who, 
when in want of a piece of ground for 
the erection of a Chapel, were bid against 
by a ne^o. Although this man after- 
wards said, that if he had known the 
purpose to which it was to have hetm 
applied, he would not have outbidden 
the gentleman, yet he found his bargain 
so profitable, tiiat it went greatly against 
his inclination to give it up. The next 
object of the native trader was to procure 
the enjoyment of articles of European 
luxnrv; and men who had been located in 
the colony for ten or fifteen years, might be 
found in the posaession of such articles as 
tables and churs, and many other means of 
comfort. These men frequently amassed a 
fortune, that is to say, comparatively large 
sums of money, from 15007. to 20001. and 
3000/. This desire to amaee property, was 
not horn mere mean and sordid avarice, 
but frequentiy from the noblest wish to 
command that d^jjee of comfort which 
they knew a growing family required, and 
to provide for their children, when they 
attained the proper age, a sufGcient educa- 
tion. When instruction could not be pro- 
cured in the Colony, these poor beings, 
who had been captured in tlieir own 
country and deported and landed in the 
midst of filth and disease and wretched- 
ness, borne down bjr the sufferings to 
which captivity subjected them,— these 

Soor beings were known to make the first 
edication of thdr wealth, to sendingtheir 
children to England for education." 

The Sp^er then alluded to the Aah£nti 
Princes as important auxiliaries, and ex- 
pressed great confidence in the result of 
this glorious cause ; and even though 
fitilure might occur to the Expedition. 
. whifii, however, he did not believe would 



142 



THE nUEHD OF AFBICA. 



[IrtJrt-T, 



happen, yet the eaiue would be promoted, 
and Bood would flow even from the eril, 
for this Expedition wonld serve U a step- 
pi ng-etone, or a lever cm which to rest 
more Bucceasfiil efTbrfs for Ae future. The 
gentleman about to follow him, wonld 
atate what he had himaelf aeen in Africa, 
and would point out the mode in which, 
by means of the two branches of that raat 
river of the interior, which resembled an 
ioland sea, conunerceand cirillzstion wonld 
be carried in variong directions, till they 
should be enabled to canr evny blessing 
of Christianity and ciTilfzation into tbt 
Tery heart of Centrsl Afi^ca. 

Mr. ComiiwionBR Cook next addressed 
the meeting, and spoke of the horrors snd 
cruelties that bod powed nnder his own 
observation in AMca. He bad seen sights 
which it would shock them to hear of, ai 
much as it wonld pain bim to describe them. 
He had seen hunareds of his fellow-crea- 
tures brought down Anm the interior 
chained in twenties and twelves together by 
the neck, without any distinction of 

■ex, without a mg of clothing upon , 

he had seen the living chsmed with the 
desd ; he had seen the diseased dragged 
along with thoeewho were heal thy.in search 
of food, which they wei« oblig«i to go in 
quest of doily, none being administered to 
them, except what they could pick up 
from the garbage of dung heaps. He had 
Been them clustered upon the sea shore, 
picking up seaweed which was roasted and 
devoured. He threw great blame on Eng- 
land for the shatee be bad formerly taken 
in the traffic, and we were still to some 
extent the dcraoralizers of Africa, since 
In the ports of Africa which British 
ships frequent, the natives are the most 
denmded. 

CAPTAiif Alleit, R.N. of H.M. steamer 
TVilberforve, said that there had been 
BO many able snpporteTS of this noble 
cause, that he would willingly have with- 



is which made him o 
aider it his duty to address the meeting, 
and, howeverdifiicnlt it might be to him, 
he would not shrink frum it. Many 
powerful appeals had been made to them, 
urging that something should be done 
to alleviate those horrors to which we bad 
ourselves contributed. Those horrors 
had been punted in very glowing colours. 
He, however, could fully confirm all they 
hod said, since he hsd been an eye-witneas 
of what preceding speakers had so feel- 
ingly described. It was well known that 
on tde return of Lander from his daring 
and gucceaEful enterprise, in which he 
tnc«d the wane of the Kiget for IWO 



milea, some qiirited merchants of Liver- 
pool resolved to profit by the opening tbna 
gained, to nndertake a commercial enter- 

Sise. He(CapL Allai)w8a interested with 
r. lender in the management of the ex- 
pedition, and he might here pay a tribute of 
admiration to his companion, whoae claim 
to distinction was, however, he believed, 
fhlly ncognised by the dvilited world, 
particularly at the present time. The ex- 
pedition vras thought a bvourable opportn- 
nity for gainiiw geographical knowledge, 
and he had ofwn from the Admiralty to 
make snch a snrrej of the river as bis 
means pennitled him. In the perfcnuance 
of this duty he had abundant occasion 
to obserre the disorganiation of the 
country ; and though the people were de- 
graded, yet thrae was still so much good 
m them, that he was convinced the effort 
they were about to make for ibrnr rv- 
generalion would not prove in vain. From 
ministering to the insatiable demands of 
the slave dealer, to snpplr the unholy tnt- 
fic with the best blood of Africa, the most 
dreadful disorganisation was occasioned. 
He had seen every man's hand raised 
SKunst his neighbour, and he had seen 
when the peacefhl cultivator of the soil 
could only pursue his occupation with hia 
bow and quiver by his side. He had seen 
the Felatobs traced 300 miles from their 
homes by the destruction of towns. All 
the poor people who could not make their 
escape to the mnd banks in the middle of 
'■"" iver,werBcamedawayin chains. He 
seen on one ^de of the river five 
villages burning at the same time, and 
though there was an impassable river be- 
tween them and the spoilers, the inha- 
bitants crowded aronnd nim, ^ling pro- 
tection even in the presence of a sii^le 
white man. He thanked God that that 
protection was about to be afibrded them. 
They (the officers of the expedition) were 
all deeply impressed with tne importance 
and the goodness of their cause, and — God 
aiding them — they should go forth sup- 



that all over the land, pnjvn were beiog 
offered up that the Ahnig^ty nigbt 
"inchsafe them his protection. 

Dr. Hauiltoh of Plymouth uid- — 
He should read in an extemporaneoiu 
tiansUtion, a passage from a work by ttie 
Baron da Vartay, which was, in the ori- 
inal, one of the moat eloauent that ooold 
B imagined, and which cootained a 
mmted compliment to this oovntry, ma 
great peih^ as pm em oomDoittod ta 
p^MiT, The Baton de Voatey was Mct»- 
ta^ to Bmay Chtiitophe, the King of 



16tt.J 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



143 



Hwti, and the work was written, printed, 
and bound hy th« n^roes af the island of 
St. Domingo. (Dr. H. then read the 
passage from the work, which ia on the 
white and csolonred rruxa, and ia entitled 
RefiKtionMonaLetterofMaxera, a French 
ColtmUt, ajdnuedta Sitmoitd d* Sumonde. 
By Babon db Vtjnwr, Cq> Henri, 1816.) 

The extract concluded in these worda: 

"The immortal glary of ciTilisiiig one 
of the fbnr ijnartera of the world, this 
great and glonouB work which will Bmrive 
ererjthing great or glorions done by any 
nation of ancient or modem times, which 
ecJipaee erery other kind of glory, — this 
belongs to magnanimous, to genenua 
England ; this great and glorious and truly 
sublime work is slready commenced ; the 
jrfory of conqueroTB has disappeared— De- 
stroyeiB of the human race, homMe your- 
selres ; posterity condemns von : bnt true 
eIdtv, the gloi^ of England, is eternal, and 
her Mnefita will lire to the end of ages in 
tin mcmoT^r of man." 

After a few words from the Rer. J. 
Laupbn, Dr. TiioMAi said: — 

"The enonnitJes cmnmitted by the m«a- 
hnntos in that deroted connlzy, and then 

the h/imirv nf ttiA miiiA}t 

Wtlberftroe s^ uist so laive an amount 
of hnman misery coold no where be found 



slan ship, Bnt it is the nature of that 
abndons traffic, that it could not be de- 
scribed. He related an occnrrence that 
had happened 40 years ago to show that 
these horrois were not of yesterday. This 
was an instance of the throwing overboard 
of 400 Blares^ throngfa a scarcity of water, 
and frequent calms on the paaesge, which 
WIS related to Dr. T. by the man who 
when a boy, had asnited m the peipetiatioi 
of the atroeitj," 
Sir Thohai Aclamd, Bart., M.P. 

"That this was probably the last occaaoi 
on which persons at that meeting could 
hare the satis&ction of giatil^'mr the 
hearts of the brare men who were shortly 
about to leave these ahor^ with a proper 
demonstration of hearty English feelW; 
and he was sore that wnen Qiey were nr 
distant fonn tliese shores, engaged in e%ct- 
ing thdr generons and noble puiposee, Uie 
racoUeetion ef their coantiymtti's good 
will wonld go with them, joined, he 
trnste^ with the sincere pnytn of many, 
often entering them throngh the snltiv and 
painfol days of labour wnich must mtei^ 
TOM before Hum pvfpoMi eooldbe Kcom- 
plishfid." 



Sir Thomas then defended the So- 
ciety against certain accusations which 
had been brought againat it on the 
ground of its not being a religious 
Society. In the course of his observa- 
tions he said: — 

"He would ask them to look at what 
was the spirit of the Society ; thev would 
find it written as in letters of gola, that it 
was the decided conviction ofthe Society 
that in Christianitj^ alone England is to 
look for the realioktion of her benevolent 
hopes for the recovery and renewal of the 
best interests of Africa, whether temporal 
or eternal. The Society was a religioua one 
inasmuch as it set out with the conviction 
that all things were in the hand of God, 
that all success depended on hia biesaing, 
and that nothing wonld tend to draw down 
his blessing hut a conviction that all exer- 
tions and labours for the recovery of Africa, 
ought to be carried out in humole depend- 
ance on the will of the Divine Creator." 

Ia the end the honourable Baronet 
called on all who felt interested in the 
great cause, in which the Niger Expedi- 
tion was engaged, to offer up earnest 
prayer to Almighty God for its success, 
and for the safe restoration of the brave 
men engaged in it to their native land. 

" While (said he) the perils of a sultry 
dime, and of the great sea, were being 
' by our gallant countrymen, should 
r prayers be offered that we may 
see them enter our harbour again, feeling 
in themselves a conscionsnesa that their 
work hod been well done, and that they 
might again rest with glad hearts 'in the 
haven wiere they would be.' " 

After a few words from Admiral 
Thomas, Captain Moere, in an appro- 
priate address, called on the mee^ng, 
especially addressing himself to the 
ladies, to give three cheers for the 
officers of the departing Expedition. 

This was unanimously complied with, 
after which Sir Thomas Dyke Acland 
moved a vote of thanks to the Mayor* 
which was carried by acclamation, and 
the numerous assembly separated soon 
after ten o'clock. 



Th tt following is a report of the speech 
made by Captaim TRoTT«a at the 
Meeting held in the Assembly Room, 
Plytnonth, on the morning of April the 
30th. It was not given with suffident 



I fulness in the first report which we,re- 



Iceired. 



144 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



Captaik Tkottbr, the Commander of 
the Niger Expedition, rose, and was re- 
ceived with loud ap plauM. He begged to 
offer, on behalf of nimself and his com- 
panions, thanks for the expitsaion of good 
wiahee for the Buccen of the expedition. 
contained in the reaolation joat lead, ana 
for the highly gratifying reception he 
had met with. He was only soiiy it 
had not fallen into abler handa to do 
justice to the IcindneBH he had received. 
He most alM bear testimony to the kind- 
ness of the Society, whoee catue was 
now advocated. Its managers had always 
heen desirous of providing for tha com- 
forts of the expeditjon, and in cases 
where it was douDtful whether the Ad- 
miralty could, in conformity with the 
Farliamentary gmit, appropiiate the 
public money, the Society wera always 
ready with theit funds ; though in almost 
every case the lil>erality of tha Govern- 
ment bad sapetBsded the necessity of 
imnViTig use of them. For instance, it was 
at first doubted whether the Government 
could vote a sufficient sum of money for 
obtaining the apparatus for ventilating the 
steamers, but ultimately they had done 
so; and the amount which had been 

8 laced at his disposal by the Society had, 
lerefore, not heeo expended. Tnough 
tbere were men of scientific attainments of 
no ordinary kind amongst the medical and 
naval of&ceiBofthe expedition, yet as these 
had other and very important duties to 
perform, the Society conceived it desirable 
to provide gentlemen of eminence to ac- 
company the expedition, who would be 
enabled to devote their time exclu- 
sively to their peculiar branches of science. 
The plan of the Government would open 
the way into Africa. It would remain 
for the Society and other friends of that 
country to biuld on the foundation thus 
hid; and he hoped that the information 
which the expedition would collect and 
bring back, would be prodncUre of per- 
manent advantage to both coontriee. But 
they must not expect any immediat« re- 
sults from the expedition, for its obj ect was 
mtunly to collect infunmation for future 
opentions. The aecrificee made by tho«e 
compodng the expedititm had been spoken 
0^ but they all thought it a pri vil^e and an 
honour to go out on this expedition. Who 
would not i>e proud to see the British flag, 
the emblem of liberty, flying at the mast- 
head in the heart of AMoa? Who would 
not be proud in being instnunental in con- 
tributing to the preaching of the goqtel, in 
a land where tt had never bdore been 
heard t He and his companiona were no 
speakers; they were more accustomed to 
alct than to ^leak : but they all felt grate- 
fill for the kmdiMs tJuy hw leceirM. 



Our exhausted limits preclude notices 
of the Exeter and Belfast ineetbgs, 
which however we purpose to insert in 
an early number of our periodical. 

AUtivixs iXD suuNoa. 

Fnm Slnrw Lttm WNl BouHt .'— 
OvMIn. Tou. 

Piloaeii Ilo;)il ..BOIIar nurspool 19 JdhBi 

LadrCuipb^ ..SbsDn SOS Unrpool 18 Junk 

KlDgrton LoT«U SSS Um^Md 11 JiOM. 

JVMI Ike Oambli,!— 
Ann HoCannlcilc.. 79I«ndan.. HJboo. 

Frtt Ftmandt Ft. — 

OolduSpiiBf Irrldf SldLondOB.. 17JBBC 

Clu(lum Ponlu>v....SHLtTapiiol IVJnBr. 

FremAterai — 

Bnblid Oiinond....ll4L«ndai.. ISJmiB. 

Btowltob Ballaj lULoDdoB..B Jue. 

TaSltrrALuti*. — 
Hh7 Tat* 3M Landn. . 30 JiBK 

ToCafCaaaCaMti— 



ir'Jthm 
\cting a 

-J — — <A ofj^- --, — 

otade to <^»p«ar that HJUS, Acorn 
had tern eoounanded bj Libht. Hij(ket, 
lohfenoniheeoMlemcoatC ofAfrioa;tdierafiM 
we have tinee beat ii^ormed that it loa* 
Caft. John Adams wAo too* to tueeeu^ 
in eaptttrinff ttvfral glove WMSJt. ffe 
have the greaur pteature in eomctinff tkit 
mittaie, a» it giveaui an opporttmity of rt- 
marking that thit <ffieer ha* im farm er 
occaiiom (wAen in command cf H.M.S, 
Waterwitch) diitingmdied nimteff If 



SnhBeriptions and Donations are received 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoare, Esq. ; 
by HeaSTB. Bomett, Hoares, and Co., 62, 
Lombard-street; Messrs. Barclay, BeVan, 
and Co., 54, Lombard-street ; Heeers. 
Coutts and Co., C9, Strand ; Mewrs. Dzum- 
monds, Cliariiw-croaB ; Messrs. Hanbory, 
Taybr, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-street ; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, lenchurch-street ; 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet-street ; and 
Mess™. Williams, Deacon, and Co., 20^ 
Birchin-lane; and by the Secretatj, the 
Rev. J. M. Trew (to whom all conunnni- 
eations relative to the busineas of tha 
Society may be addressed), at the Office 
ofthe Society, 16, r 



sf No. tS, Bt. MuUn^ I^B. In (b Inlih 
UutlatiiUMFMilii aod poUWiM br Joiia 
LUH FAtUB, of No. Mf, Wtrt BDud. F ' 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THE COUUJTTBB OF THE SOCIETT FOE TBB EXTINCTION OP TBS 
SLAVE TRADE AND FOE THE CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA, 

PUBLISHED MOHTRtT. 

No. 100 LONDON, AUGUST, 1841. Prici 



7h*I(lfir,ItaBnBi!kMUdTiniDt>jlM . 

FRunlaPo. — ILlBmbert 

llimtiTairfaMitlnotTiKtilMkta 



CONTENTS. 

NsncM ai Nnr Boau !— 

AaluiitH ud tlM Oald Cout la 

Bamou on board Her Hi^7-*>Up.4a<]-l IN 



NodM lo SotHrlMn ud Cnnvaidanli. . . 



THE NIGER EXPEDITION, 

It had been our intention to have 'brought under the notice of our 
fiiendx in our present Nvuober, a Memorial addressed by the Corpora- 
tion of Havannah to the ProTisional Regency of the mother Country, 
famishing, as it does, some gratifying evidence of the increasing abhor- 
rence of the Shiye Trade amongst the Spanish Colonists. We received, 
however, letters from several of our friends engaged in the Niger Expe- 
dition, just as we were going to press, and have felt it to be our first 
duty to publish their contents. The Havannah Memorial must, tbere- 
fiore, stand over until next month. 

The £rst of our letters is from an officer of the Soudim, dated ^ St. 
"Vincent, Cape de Verds, June the 14th." We subjoin an extract. 

"I am unwilling to let any opportunity dip witbont sendiag oar fileitdj) itt 
So^and tbe kt«st poawble news, 

**The A&«rt and the WUbvfarM aniTsd here on the 8rd, and all hare been bnsy 
enbaildng coab and proTieioiu; the fbnner were landed heie aome montha ago, and 
tba proTunone wa are receiring &om the Harriot. 

" The holda of all the Tesaels have been Ihoronghly cleansed and re-atowed, which 
preeantioD, we hope, will be of the greatest adrantage. We all sail to-day or to- 
noDow, — the A&trt for Sena Leone, to embark interpreters and Kroomen,— the 
ffi&trfbnt, after taking in water, will follow the Albtrt to Siem Leone, to see if 
abe Is wantdd, and if not she will come on to oni next rendesvon% Cape Coast, 
whither the Soudan fs bound direct, accompanied by the Harriot, 

" We an in the best heal^ and spirits ; one while man has been invalided, 
Sanderg^ an armourer; he has had uImq, which b Uie cause of our parting with him. 

"Dt. Beid will be glad to hear^hat, on leaving this, the ventilating process is to 
be pnt in operation, so that we may have it in perfect Mtton before we teach any 
anhsiUiy locality." ,-- . 

,0L.i. .,™.4,oogle 



UB TBS FRIEND OF AFSJCA. [ABaror, 

Another vriter, after mentioning the several paiticulara detuled in 
the preceding extract informs ua tbat the Expedition voald probably 
reach tha mouth of . the Niger " about the 8ih of July." He then 
proceeds: — 

" On onr voyage out we oallsd at Madeint, when w« lay fire days, after whicli 
■wo tonctied at the IbIaqiI of TenerifTe, where we lay two days more, so that upon the 
Thole we haTe had a tolerably quick paBsage out here — 21 days, includhig stoppages. 
Knee leaTlag England we have not had so mnch as a shower of tain ; I neTei befbn 
ezperieaced such a continuance of very fine weather. The vessels, I am h^y to 
say, answer extremely well in every. reqMCt^ and it is expected that the two lai^ 
vessels will carry each thirty days' ooali into the Niger ; and the Soudan twenty 
days'. All on board are well and anuoua to enter the field of oar littaiB liboon ; 
everything seems to be arranged in the moat judioknii nuuinar.'* 

Ser MofO^i StMK-Vatelt Wilberfoi^ 
St. I^ncenf, Jme 16. 

llie following letter is of eapecial interest when we conuder the 
party from whom it comes, — Prince William Quantamissab, one of 
the Ashantee princes lately in this country. It is addressed to his late 
tutor, the Rev. Thomas Pyne. May God make the writer a great 
blessing to his native country^ where lie has probably by tiiis time 
aniTed 1 Our readers will find some notice of Aahautee at page 153. 

"St. Viiumt, Gapt th Vtrdt, 

"lert Jtme, IMJ. 

« Uy dear Sir,— I am ^medingly hi^py in addresnng these few lines to infoim 
you that, under the kind and benevolent Providence, we have safely arrived at the 
above-mentioned Island the 3rd instant, after a short but very oentfirtaUe and 
agreeable voyage of seven days from Teneriffe. We find this place very barren and 
unlike Madeim. It is, indeed, a town withont trace, a sea without ahlpa, and, wont 
of all, iahabitanU wit&out tducation; yet, sUU they are very obliging and dvil, ai^ 
behave exceedingly well to strangers. The houses are only a story high, and the 
iohabitanta live in such poverty that I can scarcely believe that this mnch needed 
yand belongs to Portng^, a nation that^pr^AoM to be one of the most powerfhl and 
dvilhsed ui the world. What a contrast between the two countries, England and 
Portugal ; or nther between the a^d two Muntriei^ governments. 

" 1 shoold like very much to know what you are doing, and how are onr IHendi t 
We are to leave here for Sierra Leone to-day, from thence to Cape Coast Castle, 
-when I shall have the pleamire of writing yon anolhar lottv. Do lut fiwget to 
wanamher ns very sSeotionately to onr Mends. When yon writa, plMue to teU BH 
about the news, whether my kind friends, the Uinistm, have gone ant or not: 

teU me aUo abont and how yon left them. Now I nnst b^ to twaiMte tU* 

Twy abort and impeiftet letter by requesting my kindest love toyoor InOmmi 
diter, and accept the tame yonnelf, from yonr affMtlonate friead, 

"Wiuuu Onoo Q^AMUumuL 

"VS. — I have not any Ume to read thli lett» over, and ifyonfindany miatakca, 
pny excDM them," 



by Google 



JMO 



TBS FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Ml 



THE NIGER, ITS BRANCHES 
AND THIBUTABIES'. 

Tbb lolutian of the great problem of 
AfHcsa geography haa, at the aanie timej 
reiDored the most formidable difficul- 
ties which had prcseoted themselvea to 
the higress of the interested or bene- 
volent explorer pf that mighty con- 

The most promising 1itnd-rout« was, 
and li, beiet with gbataclei to perpetual, 
and perils so awf\il, that it is onlr won- 
derfiil that any trareller should ever 
hare penetrated beyond the mere line 
of coast. 

Encumbered by a retinue compara- 
tively helpless, or left alone to hice 
nery danger, we cannot but admire the 
boldaess and persererance which have 
fbreed their way QVer mountain and 
river, diroorii marsh and jungle, deadly 
swamps and hostile tribes. At the 
same time we must not hope (nor 
indeed wish) for a lucc^ssion of such 
daring attempts. 

Nor was it possible, in former times, to 
adrance mncta&rtlwr or more «SectualIy 
by water. The Gambia, the Senegal, 
and their tributaries, indeed, seem to 
open Kconsidersble way into the western 
aide of AfHca, but what are 500 or 
eOO miles to a breadth of 41271 Un- 
brolun by deep gnlf or known naviga- 
ble river of any sufficient extent, the com- 
pact mass of this vast division of the 
riobe lay closed and sealed before us, till 
Lanskr, descending to the sea, con- 
nected the water of the Redment with 
the Great River of the interior, and 
mened an easy highway of 3600 miles 
through ite fajrest regions of Central 
Africa. Rising in lO' W. longitude, 
oitbin a brief distance of the sources 
of the river of Sierra Leone, the course 
of this singular stream is directed 
northwards, until it reaches tiie boun- 
dary of habitable land on the edge of 
(he Great Desert, where, turning to the 
south-east, it divides the very Heart of 
the countfy ; whilst its tributary, the 

iinndoDlTasac 
inj WW a«[armi „ 
i^MM via 111* Kwrin. 

t Jdltu, Iha dni of tha JU « Joli, (is Bsi 
Urn, RednMDj i. •. Ifaf Kmiimtau aad SniUm. 



Cha4da, will, in all probability, aarry 
ut nsvly to the iDunwi of the veitam 
bftDoh of th* Nile, ID aa" E, longitudfl, 
a distance from «ait t« WMt of klmoit 
aOOO gwgrtphteal miles. It ia no less 
worthy of obsarratioo, that whilst num- 
berlaii ijidepMident riven, igme of 
eouiiderabls magnitudi, Sow from tha 
western and southeni face of the Kong 
Mountains, this giant water ^sorba 
evary rivulet that iiiues ftota their 
nortbem and eastern aides until ita 
volume is iiumpaed far beyond tiiat of 
any leas felicstous oourao. 

It is presumed, then, that a aonolia 
digest of all the authentio information 
which haa been colleeted relative to 
thia " Father of Waters," ia illuatra- 
tion of the map which haa already 
appeared in the Fbieho or ArsiOA, 
and ia diraot eonnwiiou with the proba- 
ble movemeota of the Niger Eapedition, 
cannot &il to be of interest to our 
readera. It ia intended to point out tha 
various etales and domioiona with which 
it bringa us into contaet ; the fhoilitlea 
of inlercourae with those stalest the 
stability and security of such inter- 
course I the habits and character of the 
inhalHtautS[ their disposition to admit 
Europeans to their intimacy; and the 
articles of value which tbey can impart, 
or receive from us in exchange, 

I. The Dblta*. About two months' 
sail from the port of l<ondon, and 1500 
miles from the settlement of Sierra 
Leone, the vast deposit of alluvial soil, 
known aa the Delta of the Nigca*, 
commences. Accumulating gradually 
through countleas ages, it hu at last 
assumed the form of an irregular paral- 
lelogram, measuring round its sea- 
board about 940 mHea, and. reckoning 
from the foot <rf tha hilli 40 milea 
above lb<J, to the mouths of the river 
Benin on the waat, and Old Calabar on 
the east, otnnpriaijag an ann of 12,000 
milea aquare. 

Along the entire range, tba land, M 
might be expocted, is one uniform lov 
flat, except just by the Bonny, where it 
' I alightly elevated in one or two plaeaa ; 
rhilat] throngb ita unvaried plain the 

* It » SOO rmn limtm Uk oMUiw of tbf IMto 
'■* known to EiirowH, tnd man Ihtn Iwo tea- 
■riH rioM ttM SBgUi b«^ (0 (nda «OMta«r 



14S 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[AlIdDMFf 



mighty stream of the Niger discha^ea 
itself into the ocean by twenty-two or 
twenty-four months of very different 
magnitude and importance*. 

The western edge of the Delta is 
formed by the great river Benin or 
FormoBoti lying 'n 5" ^ ^- latitude, 
and 5° 2' E. longitude, which, from its 
siz and the antiquity of its trade, 
deserves some particular notice. 

Nyendaels, who wrote in 1702, de- 
gcrbes it as " a very desirable place of 
trade," and mentions three principal 
commerual towns upon its banks, the 
chief of which (Arebo) was about sixty 
miles from the mouth, to which, how- 
ever, *' ships may conveniently go.'' 
Here were once a Dutch and an Eng- 
lish factory^ , and markets held (aa at 
the other towns) for five days together, 
to which all the neighbouring people 
were accustomed to resort. So early, 
indued, as 1530, it is said that the Arabic 
language and religion had penetrated to 
this remote quarter, although we cannot 
^ve full credence to the report of a 
constant intercourse between the natives 
of Abyssinia and Benin. 

The description which the old navi* 
gator gives of the people is highly 
pleasing. " The inhabitants of Great 
Benin are generally very good aatured 
and very civil, from whom it ia easy to 
obtain whatsoever we desire by soft 
means. If we make them liberal 
sents, they, will endeavour to re< 
pense them doubly. They are very 
prompt in business, and liberal in all 
mutual presents of all sorts of goods §; 
k character which is confirmed by every 
other writer of the time. At that 

Eriod it was esteemed the most potent 
igdom in Guinea||, and enjoyed the 
blessings of a well ordered and stable 

favemment. The King with his Three 
latates, (the Three Lords of the Coun- 
cil, the Street Kings, and the Factors,) 

■ "Saehiadit voknneDfftdh water pound into 
dw H*, that, it b MM^, T«Mb an fenud to ba 
MiA'nf Aoiin tagtOttr in iraik vattt, twao^-Sra 
idlM ftom Cue FcnoDM ."— M<Qu«D, p. 737. 

f So lUBad frmn the beautiful aeoiaT OD it> 
IwDka. 

t Tba Dutch had alio aootlwr bdoij at ■ plae* 
called Haiboig: 

I Bdihui, CuM at Ouuva.pp. 4S8-0. 

■ ThekiDHof Beoiu 1> now in maUb^ nUect to 
Iba IdDgof Wan, Ihe " Oreat King," lahiia Innd 



ruled every part of the realm in peace. 
Crimes of a heinous nature were ran, 
and severely punished, beggary was 
nnknown, and the law of primogenitnre 
strictly observed. " The soil, a little 
distantfrom the river, is eztraordinarilr 
fruitful. The inhabitants are very well 
skilled in making several sorts of dyes, 
as green, blue, black, red, and yellow. 
Indigo grows here abundantly. That 
a prodigious quantity of cotton trees 
must needs grow here you may reaaona- 
bly conjecture, when I tell you that not 
only all the inhabitants are clothed with 
it, but they annually export thousands 
of woven cloths to other places *■" 

The entire dues paid annually for 
liberty to trade, amounted to about 6/. 
sterling, for each ship that vimted the 
river. The city of Benin or Oedo, 
which was twice visited by Nyendoels, 
is described as being " at least abont 
four miles Ui^." — " It contains thirty 
streets, twenty fathoms wide, and at 
most two miles long, commonly extend- 
ing in a straight line from one gate to 
another; in these streets markets are 
held everyday, for cattle, ivory, cottoa, 
and many sorts of European goods f." 
Of the inhabitants, some were et^aged 
in trade, some in agriculture, and othwa 
in various handicrafts, all without inter- 
fering with or disturbing each other. 

Of this scene of animated industry 
scarcely a trace is now to be seen J. Tlia 
precisesite of the city is almost unknown* 
and ft«m the mouths of the various rivers 
in its neighbourhood, the natives camo 
off to the Leem and BarraanUa, " earn- 
estly requesting us to inform all palm- 
oil traders, that their jars and calabashes 
were running over for want of vessels 
to take it away§." This decline of 
legitimate commerce is most undoubtedly 
owing to the Slave Trade, which, espe- 
cially whilst it remained in the hands of 
the English, completely absorbed every 
other. On the rise of the pnncipu 
modern branch of trade (in palm-oU), 
the merchants found that it could be 
obtained cheaper by tra^ng in lorga 
vessels with the more considerable ports 

• Botsur, Coal af OulMa, pp. 4MJ». 

* BlBMT.pp. U8Bv 
t iTOrj iinaiFibe ptiddpa] artiol* af tosl* •« 

IbaBa^n; It ia bnnalit ban lU. 



ogle 



Mfl.] 



THE FRIENI) OF AFRICA. 



149 



OBij, mch asthe Bonn^, Old Cskbar, 
&Cn and all of minor importaoce irere 
lapidlf deserted. Should it, however, 
be filimd to be the most advantageous 
branch by which the I^iger can be 
iKcnded, its aocieat consequence may 
jct retora. The examination of this 
poiDt will natorally form an important 
item in the anrveying department of the 

NlfilX ExPRDITlON. 

Bosman states the mouth of the Rio 
Fonnoso to be at least a mile wide, and 
thii is confirmed by Captain Boteler, 
who loakei it a mile and Ihreeniuarten. 
It is crossed by two bars the outer of 
hard sand, the inner of mud, on which 
there are twelve or thirteen feet at low 
water*. Inwards it deepens to five or 
di fathoios, with a considerable current. 
Aboat ten miles from its mouth, a 
u*igable branch, called Kradii L^e, 
moiofiF to the westward, and joins the 
Lwoi, forming a ready coDunuuication 
with Badagry, Jenna, and the Yabu 
tonntry, of which we shall hereafter 
have occasion to speak. Captun Be- 
eroft ascended the river itself, about 
thirty miles, and gave a favourable 
■ecount of its depth and width so far f. 
On a subsequent attempt, however, to 
leadi the main stream through this 
neat branch, he vraa nnsaccessAil, and 
■nslly penetrated hv the Wari branch 
into the Nun, which he reached below 
Ibu. 

He principal streams of the For- 
noM) separate (so far as we hnow,) 
from the Niger at various points. One 
•boat fifteen miles above Iba, which 
is about 800 yards wide, with a depth 
nrjTBfffnm ten feet to six fathoms {. 
Another nms off trora. Kirf, which 
Oldfield calls " a fine branch," and 
possibly one above Damuggo, called 
the Edo, at the opening of which the 
Oriah market is held \. 

The next branch of importance is 
die Biver of Wari, which divides into 



* M'QoMi m* il 
ad, irMb Si ftlbcn. 



■ hnaU 

I Oldfuui, H., Its. It k DVW p 
•m, tetitii HI iud»|Mnd«atiiTW. 



the Rio dos Esdavoa (by which slavers 
ascend to the town of Warf,) and the 
Rio dos For9ados. This stream, which 
seems likely to become of considerable 
consequence, b two miles wide, and at 
least eight feet deep everywhere ; and at 
its separation below Egaboh, it is 700 
yards wide, with a depth of six and d^ht 
fathoms. It is said to be deeper, with 
a stroDger current, than the Nljn, and 
may yet perhaps be found to be the best 
channel for entering the Niger. " On 
passingit, the river immediatelyincreased 
its breadth to 1,000 yards, Uie reaches 
became longer, the banks higher, and 
the bush that crowned them was more 
frequently interspersed with planta- 
tions of bananas, plantains, and yams*." 

Between this branch and Cape For- 
moso-t-, the most advanced point of the 
Delta, there are six or seven others of 
lesser size, which have however, gene- 
rally, the a[n)earance of being accessible 
to vessels of a small draught of water. 
Thev are all, probably, formed by a 
single branch diverging from the Nun, 
near Hysmma. 

Passmg by the Ndn for the present, 
we find six outlets before arriving at 
the united mouths of the Bonny and 
New Calabar:^, in two of which Captain 
Boteler saw vessels at anchor. 

The great estuary of the Bonny and 
New Calabar is eleven miles in width, 
and can* be entered at any time of the 
tide by vessels drawing from twelve to 
eighteen feet. Within the bar, they 
have from three to ten fathoms water, 
and the anchorage is safe at all times 
of the year. At twenty miles from the 
sea, tbeNew Calabar is six fathoms deep. 
It branches from the Niin below Uttle 
Ibfi, and the Bonny just above Ib(i> 
opposite to that which runs to Benin. 
This stream u, however, without water 
in the dry season at the point of sepa- 
ration, and cannot therefore be regarded 
as an ordinary medium of communi- 
cation. 

Bonny iSf however, of great import- 
ance, as being one of the principal seats 

t The liHuiea iDoad Uic coMt (him tha Bira 
FanimalDUiiiCape,!! llfl mita. 

t A TUD o( dltT«ng mikL Tbn an Ike Bia 
FUua, Brato, or BL Jdm'i, St. NuialH, Bb Bn. 
lMn,Bt.Banhpkiai«ir,8ot>bnni. OQK' 



IM 



THB TKtESD OF AFRICA. 



^AtflWwj 



of ths trtdo fa ulm-ofl") Md (eren to 
thli mnineDt) or ths Slavs Trad*. In 
ISlfi) oat veisel cbuld loamlj obtkin a 
cargo nf palm-oil at the Bonnet vhllit in 
1836) eight or teb anbually loaded 
then. King Peppel, of Bonny Town, 
(Hated on the ea«t bank of the nnr, and 
thickly inhabited by a buiy population,) 
poiieim Urge mi^lnee Kill of goodi 
and speeie, and a number of immenaa 
canoeaf. So important k penanage ii 
he, that when ho took offmoe at Capt. 
Vldal'B nirrey of the river, the Bngliih 
traders at the port were in the ntmoit 
oonetenation until the miiundentaod- 
lag wse rentOTed^. From the town a 
narrow and deep creek communiDatM 
with the River Andonj, fifteen milea 
to the eastward, vhleh ii the lait direct 
outlet «f the Niger. 



FERNANDO FO^U. ISAMBfitl'l'. 
Wi ore happy in being able to an> 
Bouuce to our readen the oeiiloit by 
Spain of the Island of Feniando Po 
to the British Oorernmentt a measure 
which we cannot doubt will be Aund 
productive of great and lasting benefit 
to the ceuse of African oiTiliuition. 
The following traoslatioa of a letWf 
addressed by M. Isambert. member of 
the French Chamber of Deputies, to 
the Editor of the OorutihUiMiul, has 
referaoce to this important measure. 
Il has been kindly forwarded to us by 
the writer himself, and will be found to 
place the subject in its true light, not 
•s connected with national or pohtictl 
aggrandisement, but| aa Of K purely phi> 
luthropic character. 

** n> He Mit» ^ Me OonitituUMUMl, 

* However JsalOQs I n^ be of the In- 
crnaet of British power ovw the etfM, and 
with whatevsr Indignation I may regard 
the threats ag«nst our possessions in Al- 
giers by some of the leading men in the 
connti^r, I cannot but, for my part, applaud 

• Tbs sttan n* OH OsUhw am OemMOHM. 

-t 8mm of tbae aceei Hmitf feet in Imgtb, 
md WIT «>g)>>7 *^n- 

t " Th* Uug u 'timsi giTta ■ ^rud dinnn-, to 
wUcli the mutm of rcMali and tbsir ttHth mm 
inTiteil. Tbs dliplK; on Iheu occaakn h nrf 
gisDil; ih« Mbte HTTln, m wall si tbs wlin*, 
lH]tMn, iM Mibta, an of thi INM fcMs."-~ 
BoTSUts, ii-, 44S. 



the cesrien that Spain is on ths point of 
making of the labnds of Fernando Po 
and Aiinabon. 

" They who have forgotten it, must call 
to mind that, by a treaty of 1827, Spain 
gave permission to England to form a per- 
manent establlahbieot at Fernando Po for 
the c^nie of negroes and as a place of re> 
sort fbr those nnutppT blaokawbohad been 
subjectedtoUtecrUeltiseof thetnde. Gnat 
Britain had aGovernor tiiwe, and. witli Ute 
exception of the Souiisli name, this island 
has been Englidi for fourteen years, even 
in the names of its capes, bays, and ports. 
After having been ateon«derabte expense, 
our neighbours (the English) have nwiy 



iTsrrignty, and unla 
the eetaUidiment ia Im^ up, this islaiKl 
eannot furnish the means sufficiently to 
combat the Slave Trade. This infamaas 
traffic has doubled In these latitudes, and 
becomes mora and more threatening to the 
olviHeatlon of Africa, and to the Improve^ 
ment in morals of BruH^ Cnba, Tens, and 
Other Muntriei which, m ^Ita of trcatic^ 
repair the lola of slavary by the eontlnnai 
ImpertatiOn of blaehs. 

^ It is to the great Society fanned Ivt 
year in London under the Presidency of 
Prince Albert for the extinction of this 
hateAil commeroe, and which numbers 
among Its members the moat eminent per^ 
ionages in Europe, that we owe the te^ 
newal of the endeavours whkh alone «su 
put an md to it, 

" It ba« b««k aoknowledged that FeAw 
doTo.'which govema the^ight of Benhi, 
and the two-and-twenty tnouths of the 
Jolibe or Niger, is the onhr point on thia 
side of Centml AfrirS sufllelently healthy 
for ntationlBg a permanebt mariUme eet» 
blishmenl. 

" A naval foroe is InsuffioieDt to tdm 
the slaveiS, which abewKl in the nMttttaa 
of the numenniB rivers on these ooastS) the 
winds aboe afibrd Uiem the means of 
ascending thne rivers, and of oocupyiag 
posiljons in 'the interior in order to Mflle 
the mechlnRtlons of the traffickers in 
human flesh and of the AfHcan PrtMea 
with whom they deal, and to make trM> 
ties with the chiefs of the moat powtt^l 
nations, and thces moel iatttested in the 
establishment of an boneet and prodnctive 
trade. 

" It ^ppeara certmn 'thai thIa part sf 
Afriea oentalns an IttmHse pepuiatiea 
and riches of every kind, and ihttt hn- 

Srovemant depends on the eitttnctloo of 
te slave trade wid theabolitiob oThuman 
sacrifices, maintained by miM(BlHign| 
every ysAr a large number er vtetina la 

u f£ J i_ al..^ >__ - — ■ - •nam 



THE FRIEND OF AFBICX. 



161 



tni» aloae, on tlu modsrate calculation of 
Sir Fowell Buxton, anntuUjr oaniw off 
fiOB Africa abont (iOO,000 of bar chlU 
iaa. It has mora than doublad and la 
attodadTwith gtaatai cniahica than ever, 
risoe it u pmacribad bj the lawi of all 
riTiliaed aatinu. 

"It ia pnaeoatad bjr bmd Impaliad b; 
anrice, and who n^aet neither moniUt; 
■01 humanitr. 

"In Tain do Spain, Fortnnl, and BruU, 
McT into tiwtias fbi Ua atwlitioo—U ii 
tamed oa in tiuir Auerioan pownwiona 
-"*■ ■- "d aiuladt; and almost 



■ whoae dat^it b to Mppnai it. 

"The govenunenta of theae oonnUiai, 
obUgad to wlniit theb Inability to flilftl 
Ihiir tmties, ought net to nfnaa to the 
peat (tateo of Eun^ which hare naviaa, 
tha tnnana of eoanring ita anppMatiou ; 
and hai ^laui a real Intenat in diq>nting 
iilmd^ the poiuwion of whloh U wholly 
bdiSennt to her, ainoe they pioduM no- 
lUng for that country, and which dta haa 
abtadf abnndooedl 

"Fnnoe ought, on her part, to do all in 
bv power for the luppreanon of the traffic. 
It ia one of the gJonea of tha ReroJntion 
of 1830 to have effected in ita coloniea the 
eonpleta eaaaation of the trade, which has 
■eDtumod in thoae of Sp«n and Portniial 
in Kwtt of the lawi of 1817, 181B, and 
US4, 

"It iechildiah to pretend that the poae o e- 
MQ of t*ro gniall ialandi in the Bight of 
HwiW) oan be injnrlooB to oar poNOKlons 
on tb mrth of Africa Fernando Po 
■a%ht, and ought, to becoma tha rival of 
OUT artdfliahmenta oa the Senegal, — bat It 
woaUbeavi " ' " " "■ 

lianp<aM«i< 
Ua and at Sinra Leone. 

"Whob oppooedtotheextandonof oar 
(esMHiMM on the Sanagal, to the aatabllah- 
BMnt of poeta in the high conntiy, at 
Baktj or dsawliare, in order to dnw to 
our nde the oonunero* of Tiinbnktnl 

"TbeSaMgallii the only colony of oat's 
*hi(h ia progrcHng— I nave no room to 
dwribe ita Mvant^gea, bat a neaaun ie 
very iiiiimiiij to be t^cen here, and this 
ia to abolish alareiy or ctmtivity for life 
thert^ maA Bot to anpply blacks for the 
pnipoae of aoadin^ tbeaa, as free, into our 
colonies — for this is to encourage the 
ilave-tndst which ia Oa nin of AJHua, 
for it excitei and keeps alive already kind- 
led atrife, and ia an Insannountable obstacle 
ia all mltlvatton and commerce. 

"Sngland docanot allow of the eziatence 
ef aWvery in her Afrlcaa eolgniea. Why 
AM.nat Aanea profit l^ the power wbich 
**" a en tin 8n>^ in rader to 



tile abolition of slarery then? Thereare 
no planlen to oppoee it— cultivation would 
not be hannled oy the change. 

" Such il the view that we ought to take 
as to the poGseaeion of Fernando Po tut 
Annabon -it may In the end seWe tlie in- 
terests of British commerce, but at present 
it wlU be a source of great expense to 
Great Britain. Herenergiesareevidently 
directed against the slave-trade, and ate 
urged oQ by the great Society for the Civi- 
lization of Africa. Instead of alarming 
ounelvee, we ought to rejoice at this new 
triumph of philanthropy. 

" Ibahbskt, J>t(Mt^'' 

"Purtti 19ri jMtr, 1B41.'* 



NABRATITE OP A NATIVE OF 

TOMBOKTU. 

In the fonrth Damber of Tha Fritnd 
ofAfricOt some notioe wu takan of the 
rewiurd offered for any positive intelli- 
gence of the ftte of Ab(i Bekr, the 
companion of the unfortunate traveller 
Davidson. 

A few extracts from the autobiography 
of this most interesting African cannot, 
we presume, be disagreeable to onr 
readen. They evince the high degree 
of improvement of which the native 
mind is capable, as welt as the constant 
and familiar intercourse maintained 
throughout the central regions of Sudin, 
and the manner in which it ia embittered 
or destroved by the accuraed Slavs 
Trade. We are indebted for Aeae Im- 
portant memoirs to the valuable Journal 
of the Royal Geographical Society. 



[on the Jiliba] and fully Insbncted ii. 
ri>jiii|i and eonstniiiw toe Korfin : but 
in the inteTpretation of it by the help of 
commentanea. This was dons in the city 
of GhiWh*, where there are many learned 
men, who are not natives of one place, 
but each of them, liavinn quitted his 
Own country, haa oome andaettled there. 
My &tlier'a name ma Karah U6ei, the 
Sheriff- His fiither'a name was 'Omar, 
an al-kaid, [magistnAe,] la the dtiaa of 
Tumbnt and Jenneb. He was son of tha 
king's witness or chief law officer." 

* About gighl dajri jonmnr E. or S.B. of Soi«, 
which ha lUtad to b* nidirif batwaen Jsoiwli aod 
AihiDll. tinch goU u dug u# rmt UiU Iswb. 

* That ia, deacnuled Srvto HDhammed, 



lff£ 



THE FRIEND OF AFBICA. 



[AroCTT 



After hisgrand&tlier's death, there was 
« disaetuion between Abd Bekr's parent 
and his brothers, and they separated, 
and went into different countries of the 
blacks. Id(is went to Jarra [in. Luda- 
msj'] and married and dwelt there. 
'Abdu-r-rabman travelled as far as the 
land of Kong*. He married the daugh. 
ter of the lord of th&t country, and 
dwelt there. Her name was Sarah. 
Mahmlid travelled lo the city Ghonab, 
and settled there. 

" Before all these things happened, my 
fiither used to travel abont continnally. 
He went into the land of Kaabna and 
Bomu. Thera he married my mother 
and then returned to Tumbut, to which 
place my mother followed him. '" 
to pass after this, that he ren 
his brethren, repented on account of 
them, and wept utterly. He then 
dered his slsTes to make ready for tbeir 
departure with him to visit his brethren. 
lliey therefore obeyed their master's 
orders, and did so ; and went to the town 
of Jennehf , and from thence to Kong, 
and afterwards to Ghonah. There they 
abode, and continued to serve theb master, 
collecting much nild for him. In that 
country much goM is found in the plains, 
banks of rivers, rocks, and stones. 

" They break the stones and grind 
them, <md reduce them to dust. This is 
then put into vessels, and washed with 

water. They then pour oat the mud 

rn the ground, and the gold remains in 
vessels. After that, Uiey try it, and 
make snch tiling of it as tney are able. 
For money or exchange they use shells, 
called ai tooda', gold and silver ; they also 
barter goods for goods, according to the 
measure of their value, 

"My &ther collected much gold in 
that country, and sent much to his father- 
in-law ; together with horses, assea, 
mnles, and vety valuable silk garments 
brought from Uisr, [E^ypt,] with much 
wealth as a present to hun. 

"After thia my &ther died in the dty 
oi Ghbnah. He was buried there, and 
my brothers went and made a great 
luaentatioD for him. 

"Abont five years alter my father's 
death, I asked my inatmotor, wno tausht 
me the Kor&n, to go with me to the city 
of QhSaab, to visit my father's grave, 

* A coiintTJ Ijiag taoopl tlis Kong mmnUina, 
tba <^l^ «f vUcb )■ about nrenlj &y»' j<nrne7 

il ■ loU Bine naar it. 

. ...i. =,^ .1 ,_ ^g ^^ ^^ ^^ 

lotTu^oktti. 



We resched the dty of Kong, and after- 
wwds went on to tlie city of Ghonah, 
and abode there a long tune, neionimg 
that tovtttiy (u otir own. 

"At this lime we heard the news of 
Adinkarah, sultan of Bnntukd\ [He 
made war upon Ghdnah, to revenge the 
death of his depnty, who had been trilled 
by one of the Ghon^ governors.] When 
the Sultan of Ghdnah heard that Adin- 
karah had come to kill them, he and all 
his host rose up to meet them, and 
manjied as f^ as the town of Boldh, 
choosing to attack them there : and there 
they fbnght &om mid-day till evening. 
Seven days after they again gathered 
themselves together, and engaged in 
battle, at the town of Amvikdht. It waa 
a hard-fought battle, and many soula 
perished on that day. ITiuB did Adinr 
karah overcome the King of Gbdnah. 

"On that day was I made a slave. 
They tore off my clothes, bound roe with 
ropes, laid on me a heavy burthen, and 
carried me to the town of Buntukfi, and 
from thence to the town of Knmfin, the 
king of Aahfatj's town. From thence 
through Askumft and Ajimmaku, in the 
land of Fanti, to Dsgh<&t, near the Salt 

" There they sold me to the ChristiaaB, 
and I was bought by a certain captun of 
a ship at that town. We continued on 
board ship at sea for three months, and 
then came on shore in the land of Janiaica§. 
This was the beginning of my ^VMy 
until this day. I tasted the bittenwsa of 
slavery from themJJ , and its oj 



things, He doeth whatsoever He 
wiUeth ! No one can turn aside that 
which He hath orduned, i 



inyoue 
!nl As 



withhold that which He hath nven ! 
GodAlmightyhimselfhathsaid; Nothing 

a beial us unless it be written for na! 

D is our master-t in God, therefore, let 
all the feithfnl put their trust I 

"Verily, I have erred and done 
wickedly ; bnt I entreat God to guide 
m V heart in the right path, for He know- 
etn what is in my heart, and whatever 
can be pleaded in my behalf." 

In Jamaica, Abd Bekr passed abont 
twenty-seven years, first as the slave of 

• Tba o^til of Oamu, Ijiotf S.R. of ITimfai. 
Bulj lull irmj bsticBsa it »nd Kong. 

t IG or ao mlbs S. of Qhrauh. 

I Di^ifih ii mmtioDsd bj I^iAd, dw Itausb 
HiMioiiU7. u ttol fir Didib th« Ibrt or Winnrti. 

! Thii WIS iD I8D7. cr eutr in 1806, *• Ihs 
KbdiliaD did not tike effsct till Mud in Iliu J«K 

a That iJi, ai be alUmaid* arid, ftm (ha fiajpls 
of Buatukli, FsDti, and AiUotL 



THE FRIENS OF AFRICA. 



IM-l 

s Btcme-mtBon, oanied Donellaa, aub- 
teqnently on the estate of Mr. Haynea, 
and finaUy as the proper^ of Mr. An- 
dcraoQ. Wbilst with Mr. Haynea he 
«u baptiied, and oamed. Edward Don- 
ellui. Mr. Anderson employed him to 
take an account of all that came to or 
mi iiioed from his alaTe yard. He 
put down eyerything' in N^ro-Engliah 
ud in the Arabic character (for he 
Dever had an opportunity of learning 
to read or write English), and read it 
off to ihe overseer in the evening. 

In thJB position he attracted &.e no* 
tice of Dr. Madden, by the excellence 
of hia character, and the anperiority of 
his Uterary attainmenta. He found a 
slave who had been torn from Africa 
before he had attained hia fifteenth 
jw, and had been two years in the 
West Indies before he coiud obtain the 
use of pen, ink, and paper, expresaing 
himself in Arabic with correctness and 
poiver, and writing its characters with 
clearness and fkcuity. The Korfin he 
most, indeed, have known by heart, for 
although he had never seen a copy from 
the time he left Gh6nah till he came f 
England, he could find any particuli 
pusage in it with the utmost ease. 

Dr. MaddcD was so much interested 

with him, that he applied to his 

to fix the price for which he would part 
with hia slave. 

Mr. Anderson at first refiued to part 
vith him, saying that no price could 
recompense him for the loss of his ser- 
vices. Hia int^pity was such that any 
loms might be confided to him ; and 
mch was his intelligence, that he kept 
a ccmstant account of all the daily 
receipts and payments, of the rations 
allowed to the slaves, of articles brought 
bto the premises, and of goods delivered 
&om the stores. He finally, however, 
set him free in the most generous 
manner, without receiving any equiva- 
lent. 

Finding Abii Bekr desirous of re- 
tuning' to his native country. Dr. Mad- 
den recommended him to Mr. David- 
son, then about to set out on a journey 
to Tomboktd. They embarked for 
Gibraltar in September, 1835, and, 
after considerable delays, succeeded in 
making their way to W£d-nlin, on the 
West coast, from which they started on 



their route across the desert in Novem- 
ber, 1836. The fate of his lamented 
master is well known. He was slain 
by a. tribe of wandering Arabs a short 
tune after be had commenced his dreary 
journey over the wilderness. 

Aba Bekr, however, of whom Mr. 
Davidson always speaks in the most 
afiecdonate manner, was reported to 
have gone on with the caravan to Tom- 
boktu, where he may possibly be at this 
moment. Whilst at Marocco, " he 
was fully acknowledged, and my drago- 
man had orders from the palace to treat 
him with respect, as he was a Muley 
[prince]." They heard also that one 
if his family waa tlien sheik of Tom- 



1 that h 



boktij, and that his presence would be 
a safe passport for the Christian in 
Sfid&i. 

Should it please God to have pre- 
served hia life so long, he may vet be 
of the utmost importance in furtheriog 
the great efforts which England is now 
makin)? for the regeneration of that 
land, from which sbe once dragged him 
and so many of his brothers. 

NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 

ASHANTEE AND THE GOLD COAST, 

By the Rev. John Bkicham. London; 

SfoBon, 1841. 
The name of Aahantee, more correctly 
As-hanti, waa first extensively made 
known to the British public by the 
defeat of the force commanded by the 
unfortunate Sir Charles M'Corthy, in 
the year 1824. 

llie circumstances of barbarity which 

companied that disastrous affair, nati^ 

rally produced a very unfavourable im- 
preasiou coDccming the character of the 
African tribes, eapecially the Asban- 
teea. And in one respect that impres- 
aion has since been abundantly confirm- 
ed. The heathen natives of Western 
Africa are, by the concurrent testimony 
of all who have visited them, blinded 
staves of perhaps the most ferocious 
superstition that ever disgraced any 
pe^le upon earth. 

The abominations of our own dinidicol 
worship, not excepting the wicker idol 
stufikd ^1 of human victims, sink into 
insigDificonce when compared with the 



IH 



THB FRIEND OF ATRIGA. 



[AedtttK 



vnapedtable horrora "preiented to the 
ares of the beholder «( the courts of 
BeniB, and Jisiiiotoj, and at Ardnth, 
Badagry, uid Coomuua'i" (the capital 
of Aabantee,) in short, ^m the west- 
ern limits of Aahantae to the delta of 
the Niger, "it is," ssjs Mr. M'Queen, 
"not odIjt the commoa, but almost tha 
daily custom for the sorareign and chief 
men in cTsrj nation, to soak their 
thrones and footat«ols with the warm 
blood of their fellow -creatures ; to canj 
their bones bared of their flash before 
them in triumph, and to adorn their 
war drums, their war accoutrements, 
tkeir palaces and their anartments, and 
aboTc all, the temples of tneir grorelling 
deities, with human skulls snd bones." 

This appoilinR statement is fnllj 
borne out bjr toe evidence of aucfa 
eje- witnesses aa Bowdich, Dupuis, 
taingi Williams, (secretary to Governor 
M'Carthy,)Clappertan,Lander,&o. The 
description giren by the laat mentionad, 
of' Hhe Fetiscbe-tree," "bending' under 
ita load of human flesh and bones," it 
absolutely sickening. What then must 
be the effect of beholding the reality? 

Mr. Beecham, in the book named at 
the head of this article, refers these 
horrors to the only cause adequate, 
in our judgment, to produce them. At 
page S50 we find him speaking thus : — 

"A careful examination of the national 
lelMon unfolds the true source of the 
barHTonapraotlDea which so exteaalrely 
pTsvaiL Waa nothing known of the 
•npentitioiia of the people it night ra- 
main a matter of doubt, whether in the 
wholesale butchery of their ennnie^ they 
were not merely indulgliu; their own 
BSTBge instincts like the wild beaata of the 

Again at page SS4 1 — 

"When onoe tt Is ascertmned tliat a 
people ore thoroughly imbued with the 
peranasion, that the deities, whom they 
V^ard as the arbitere of their own flite, 
inquire hnmaa aacrifioea as tha most a»- 
oaptabk oflkrlnn which their rotarlsa can 
pdasiUr prtaanl ; that titoae dtitlea, in 
nott emplojr themMlves in promoting and 
fomenting war. in order that their altars 
may contmnallT reek wiUi blood ; when 
once it is founa that such a persuadon ts 
the goremlng principle, the dreadful 
•eenes whkh ooo« in Ashantee cease to 

• H-QatMi AmtvMW «arw« «f 4Hn. 



, as it Is erident tiut such 

SMotioea inuit natnmUy result from such 
sqt-rooted and prevaluit prinoiplee." 
Besides the desire to purchase thfi 
favour of their sanguinary gods, or, to 
speak more truly, tiie anxiety to avert 
or appease their wrath, which their 
wretched superstition generates, there 
is also snother consideratioD awing ita 
birth to the same prolific source of- 
evil. It is believed that a man's rank in 
this life detennines his station in that 
which is to come i a king continues af\er 
death to enjoy and exercise Uie pre- 
rogatives of royalty i a chief has alas 
his proper dignity assigned him i and 
a slave fills the same degraded station 
which he filled whilst an inhabitant of 
earth. This being the cose, it follow! 
that OS soon as a person of high rank 
has paid the debt of nature, Ids sur- 
vitiog friends oaonot postibly manifest 
their affection towards hitn and their 
concern for hie happinesfe so strongly aa 
by sacrificing on his grave all bis wiresi 
and a numeTouB retinue of slaves, who 
were either members of his household 
while living, or oaptives taken in war. 
These unhappy beinf^s past, it is ima- 
gined, into the presence of their deceased 
lord, and enter upon thauvorious duties 
which their temporary separation fhim 
him had interrupted. 

The reader will now be prepared to 
understand how Mr. Beecham, quoting 
from Dupuis, can describe the king irf 
Ashabtee as deligfaUag in the recollec- 
tion of feats of war and bloodohed which 
he bod performed,— -as "wrapped np 
within himself in deligfatfhlcogitatians, ' 
as Insulting the memory of his fiillen 
enemy by elclaiming aloud, "Hit skull 
waa broken, but I would not lot* the 
trophy, and now I hare made a similar 
skull tk gold i" as Compelling a captire 
prince to witness the spectscle of hia 
brother'a death by crael tortures) to 
join also in singing the epicedium or 
death-aongi— 4nd yet aa being, at the 
tery some time, Ay natmr* " tha Toversa" 
of fetocions and aavage,— " poKte and 
affable in hie general mannen, and 
especially charadarfEed by hia tender 
and alfectiDData treatment of hia chil- 
dren," 

" To hia rrff^ifaM," ovr author continiMak 
" the SmttuX tnits hi his «htnwtar oMrt 



1841. J 



TdlC WIKSD OF AFIlICA. 



IM 



be traced. Tim tmight him to r^nri 
hii oaptive aa Ui implaoeble foe, who 
would carry his uuoity beyond tlie grave, 
and of whom, as an evil BpLrit, even a^r 
deatli ho would have to beware. That 
InBtructed him, moreover, to believe that 
the torture and meriftce of an enemy aM 
pecQliarly acceptable to the deitiei whom 
lie woraUpped. 'Ancvni,' eaja I>tipui«, 
*aaa hardly be penoaded that aa enemy 
might be converted into a friend j and a» 
be naturally thinta af^r hia gold, if he 
is M> far auccesaful, nothing can satiate 
liim short of his opponent's blood, which 
is esteemed the portion of the scoiJ due to 
the tntelai goda, (and acceptable to the 
ehadea of hli anceston) whose service it ia 
Inenmbent on him not fa> neriect, leat 
their wraUi ahonld ovarwhdm him on a 
iuture day/ Xhia aolvaa the difficulty, 
and showi on what principle the most 
diabolical revenge Is sometimes combined 
In the same tudmdual with gteat natuml 
aflbctlon." p. SS4. 

Wb are thoroughlj agrosd with onr 
intvlUgmt atithor that this is the true 
toiutlon of the dilfisulty i and Wfl think 
that, without travelling beyond th« 
limitfl of his Instructive history, wb 
find enough to set the queation at rest. 
Haviug famished hia readers with a 
faithful description of the cruel and 
ianf^uinary obtervances of the Aabaut«c 
court and noliility, and havinf shown 
their intimate connexion with tbe n«> 
tional belief, he proceeds still further to 
eatablish his position by exhibiting a 
liveW picture of the chaug^e produced 
by the mtreduotion of Christianity. 

The last two oh*ptera arsi for thia 
r«ason, by fttr the moat valuable and 
interesting in Mr. Beecham'a volume. 
Indeed we have seldom risen tnan the 
ptruatl of any namktive with a deeper 
Bfltue of tfaanKfalneaa to Ood ibr hia 
gWHlnesa in so iar blaaaing the Uboura 
cif fait BtrvanU ; and a stronger and 
olMrereonviotioB of the duty incumbent 
upon Ha to etert ouraelvn for the weU 
fire, tempoTtt ud i^iritnal, of the 
degraded bnt moat imprvvabto Afrioan. 
We purpose, aa the highest gratificati^ 
we can confer upon oar readera, to aet 
before than an outline of Mr. Baecham's 
relation in this oloaing part of hia woiiu 
For ampler detaila than our limita vUi 
admit, wi mutt refer them to the work 

itMlf. 

BefoKt ba««ver, wb Kitar upeti the 



task which we have thus proposed td 
ourselves, we mnst make a tingle cita*- 
tion from our author, tipon the suhject 
of Ashantee manufactures ; our main 
design being) to establish the capability 
of the native mind, when not under the 
dominion of thow baneful (nfloencei 
which either prostrate Its enei^es in 
the dost, or enlist them on the side of 
whatever is terrible in the history of 
dnf^l human nature, 

" The Athantees and Footeea are Inge* 
nlous artists in the pradona metal whloh 



writer liaa had the opportunity of atf 
mining, were ohaint and ringv,*>'wnted 
in a very ciaditable manner. The writer 
liaa been told by an artiat in London^ 
that a valuable Bold cliaia of Englisli 
manuf^tn re. Which had been repair^ by 
a native of the Gold Coart, was put into 
hia handa by the owner, and that ha wat 
not able, arUr a careful examination, to 
point out the new Units which had been 
added. Some of the rings are of toild 
gold, ornamented with various devices} 
others are formed of a hoop entwined 



of 



with net- work ; and otLera agaia, which 
composed entirely of gold net-work, ■ 
large or contract, according to the sizf 
the finger. The Ashontee artists are ex- 
pert In moulding gold into the fbrmt ol 
bitds, fiahea, BttdTarioae animala. 

"Iron is alao mauufsetnrad to a cmi* 
tiderahle extant) Bod some of the awordt 
made by the AaWitees are lud to show 
vei^ fine workmanship, 

"The native carpenters' work is not 
despicable. The Wnter has before him a- 
Stool, made of a white, soft wood, neatly 
carved ; and a low chair, brought by 
Mr. Freeman AKom the interior, which 
displays conMderal>]e tatte ; it alao ia 
made of white wood, and earred, and U 
studded all over with biaaa nails. The 
bottom la of strong leather. The chmr 
shuts up like a camp-stool, and has, on 
the whole, a somewhat elegant appear- 
ance. Tbe tanning of leather is aim 
Understood. The writer has In hia pos- 
teaidon a huge round anshloa, made of 
red-colonred leather, ingeniously oman 
mented with various davioaa out in the 
sabstanee with a knife. The cushion ia 
stuffed with the cotton produced by the 
silk-cotton tree. 

"Various specimens of pipe head^ 
iMught by Mr. Freeman in the maricet of 
Ooomassie, afmllar to those tent by Bow 
dlch, witii one of Uw abore-mentioned 
ctt^uens t« the firitUi Uamnia, asW** 



IM 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Atronn, 



the favonnble opinion which that bs- 
Teller has given erf' Aahaatee potteiy. 

" The &rt of weannK hag made concdder- 
able progress among iae Ashontees. The 
principle of their loome ia the same as tliat 
of the hand-loom of the EngUsh ; but 
the web which they mano&cture never 
exceeds four inches in breadth. They 
purchase the richest silks in order ta 
viuavel and interweave them with their 
own thread ; and their beet cloths are 
(OctoUed for their fineneas, variety, bril- 
liance, and size. The colours used by 
them in dyeing are red, blue, and yellow, 
and ft green produced by a union of the 
two laat-uentioned colours. 

**In Ashantee the wveml arts and 
mann&ctures ate in some caaee canted on 
in the sune town. DumpiM for instance, 
is menUoned by Bowdiui, as a very in- 
dustrious t«wn, where clotli^ beads, and 
potteiy were manufoctured m all direc- 
tions ; and the blacksmiths' bellows were 
always at work. At other places only 
one kind of manufacture is found, as at 
Diatasii, Um inhabitants of which are ex- 
dumvely employed in potteries; and a1 
A am i ma, where almoet the entire popu- 
lation is engaged in weaving." — p. 14&— 

14a. 

We proceed to the narration which 
we have promised our readers. 

In the year 1751, the first attempt on 
record to introduce the Gospel into Wes- 
tern Africa waa made by " the Society 
for the Propagation of the GOTpel in 
Foreign Parts.' The Reverend Thomas 
Thomson, afterwards vicar of Reculver 
in Kent, who for some considerabli 
time had been enga^d in the work of 
the Christian ministry in the American 
colonies, was, at the period we have 
mentioned, deputed to the British settle- 
ment at Cape Coast Castle. There, as 
he has himself infonned us in a history 
of his expedition, published in 1768, he 
remained during four years. The chief 
result of his visit, so far as the Africans 
were concerned, appeara to have been 
the transmission to England, with a 
Yiew to their education, ^ three native 
boj^. 

The subsequent career of one of 
Aese youths was not a little singnlar. 
After acquiring the rudiments of 
learning under the care of Mr. 
Hickman of Islington, he was sent to 
the University of Oxford, and at 
length having passed throi^ the 
iiMi|dcoaneG«itady,wu ordained. He 



was then restored to his native countryi 
and for "more than fifty years afleri** 
says Mr. Beecham, officiated as "chap- 
lain at Cape Coast Castle." What 
degree of success attended his nunis- 
try during that long period, whether 
amongst the whites or persons of his 
own colour, we are not iikformed. Bat 
we may safely infer that the amount 
could not have been lotge, when we 
read the melancholy statement that "on 
his death bed he gave evidence that 
he had at least as much confidence in 
the influence of the fetigche as in the 
power of Christianity." We must not 
withhold from our readers the just and 
striking remarks which Mr, Beeeham 
makes upon this strange narrative. 

"The ease of this individual fumishea 
matter for Brave contddeiation on the part 
of those who are anxious to promote the 
enlightenment and elevatttm of Afiica. 
It yields no support to the planaibia 
theory of ChriBtianioiig Pagsn ^an^fs^ 
primarily or chiefly, bytringing natives 
to this countiy ior education, wiUi a 



strnctoTB of their countrymen , 
that if, on their return, they a 



left to 
likely 
they will sink down again to the level m 
theur former slate than that they will 
prove the regenerators of their counby. 
Instructed natives may maintiain thwr 
conmstency, and act a nsefol part, where 
they are maced under the eye and direc- 
tion of European Misnonaries ; but if 
thev be thrown back into heathen society 
witliont such ropport, it onght not to 
exdte surprise^ should the rasult pnivo 
that the tune and care bestowed upon 
their culture have been amended in 
Tain."-f . 268, 2£fl. 

About twelve years ago, the Misdon- 
ary Society of Basle commenced a nua- 
sion, first at Liberiia, and then on the 
Danish Gold Coast. As this attempt 
has hitherto, owing to various unto- 
ward circumstances, eserled hut little 
influence over the native mind, it ia 
needless for ns at present to do mcK« 
than mention the &ct of its having 
hem made. 

It appears that in the month of 
October, 1831, some young mm, who 
had been taught to read the Bible in 
the govemmoit school at Cape Coait 
Caa&, and whose hearts had been ba- 
pressed with a aenae of i 



THB FRIEND OP AFRICA, 



16? 



i lociety which th^ called " The 
Meeting or Society toT Promoting 
duirtUo Knowledge." At a subse- 
qneat period one of these intereBting 
Tontha applied to the master of an 
EagUih merchant vessel trading from 
Bristol to Western Africa, requesting 
him to purchase, on his return home, 
nmdiy copies of the Scnptures, and to 
bring them with him on bis next 
voyage. Captain Potter) the person 
charged with this commission, was a 
msa of pie^. He nndertook not only 
to procnre uie books, but to engagCt if 
possible! the services of a Christian 
teacher in behalf of his African ac- 
qnsintanees. The result was the com- 
mencement of a mission to the Gold 
Cout, by the Committee of the Wes- 
leysn Society. This was in the latter 
end of 1834. By the 1st of January 
foUowing, tlieir missionary, Mr. Dun- 
irell, was landed at Cape Coast, and 
mmnenced his labours. The manner in 
which this good man was rec«ved and 
welcomed, may be understood from the 
fallowing sentence in his first report to ; 
his employers ; — "Joy beamed on every ■ 
conatenance, — their gratitude is without 
hounds 1 they say, 'We did never think 
of the missionary's coming to teach 
black men.' " 

It is impossible for us to enter into 
lengthened details of the mission thus 
anipidoosly commenced. We must 
hasten on. Within eighteen short 
months of his landing upon those &tal 
shores, Mr. DunwelFwas called away 
to the eternal world. Very beautiful 
is the language in which the native 
converts recorded in their minute book, 
their determination to continue faithful. 
"We will remain in the new profession 
(Christi&nity), for though the missionary 
is dead, God lives." 

Since the period of Mr, Dunwell's 
decease in June, 1 B35, others of his coun- 
trymen have not &iled to follow in his 
track; and some of them like him have 
already exchanged the toil and anxiety 
of the misionary's life for an immortal 
mnm. "Hiey rest," indeed, "ftom 
thdr hbouTS," hot, "their works do 
follow them;" and this is the part of 
ute subject to which we most confine 
'Wflttantion at present. . 



mparison on 
e rail imprei 



What, then, has been the effect pro- 
duced upon the native character by the 
introduction of Christianity up to the 
date of Mr. Beecham's publication in 
1641 ? Hear the just and sensible re- 
marks with which our author prefaces 
his answer to this inquiry : — ■ 

"It is a foct, that tnvellers and others; 
who have opportunity of personally ob- 
serving the proceedings of missionaries 
in heaUten lands, do not always sufficiently 
appreciate the effects of their teachinK- 
An nofalr criterion is frequently adopted; 
either the attainments of the native cod- 
verls are compared with acquirements of 
Christians in enlightened and civilized 
conntries, or in some other way the dis- 
advantages of their condition are over- 
looked ; and, as a uatmal resnlt, all the 
benefits which have actually resulted from 
the instructions of the misBionaries are 
not perceived and acknowledged. Ihily 
to estimate the change which has been 
effected by misuonarv labours, the pre- 
sent state of the people whose benefit haa 
been sought, should be contrasted with 
their former heathen condition ; and the 
ought to be institubed nnder 
of the troth, that the 
lepths of 
day."— 
p. 298, 299. 

We would that all travellers carefully 
stored np these observations in their 
memoiy. We should, in that ease, hear 
much less than we are accustomed to 
hear, of the want of success, or of the 
slight measure of it, resulting from 
the efForts of Christian teachers amongst 
the heathen. 

The benefits derivable from Chris- 
tianity by a heathen people, may be 
divided into mediate and immeoiate. 
The tatter will include all those which 
are of a moral and spiritual nature, 
while to the former may be referred 
such as are connected with their civiliza- 
tion, and general advancement in tem- 
Kral prosperity. It is delightful to 
ow that in the case of nations emerg- 
ing from darkness into light, both of 
these are sore to go hand in hand. 
fiuUcidualt may be sorely tried ; their 
temporal condition may become appa- 
rentiy more wretched by the change; 
bnt &« aggrtgaU, ih» colUctiv* hodg, 
cannot but be gainers. Thus it is that 
God makes gtmd his word, "that god- 
liness haa the promise (rf the lif^^iji^' 



THE FRIEND OF AF&ICA: 



[Anam, 



now i8,"&stfell u of "tbat vliieh ii to 
«ome." 

Tha MUMeKote b«neflU reiultbff to 
the nativM of the Gold Conat from 
ChristUn uutruotion, hafs be«i the 
aholition, in Dumaroiu iniUncMi of 
their heafheo ■apflntitionei-~the esU- 
bliihmeat amongat them of the wonhip 
of the only true God,— the peg^aful 
•njoymeat of tha ChrUtiui 8>bbt(hr— 
tiie improTement of their monli, pro- 
fligftcy, lying, and theft, beginning to 
disappear,^ — the awakening of neural 
ftffeclions long dormant in the breast, 
vinder the diraatroui influence of hea- 
thenism, — tiie present comfort and en- 
joyment of the goapel, — and 4 hope full 
of immortality in the hour of death. 
Listen to our author speakii^ on this 
lastpmnt:^ 

" In his last hours, the natire cosTert 
Is notnowauiTonnded by Fetiscbe priests, 
praetisinf their incantations for bis re- 
covery ; but freed from superstltione fears, 
be commends, with otiia confidence, his 
daparUnf spirit into the bands of bis Lord 
and Sanour, and the funeral procaaslon 
which accompanies his corpse to tha grave 
stands out in such pleasing contrast to the 
revolting scenes wnich heathen funerals 
exhibit, that many of the idolaters are led 
to acknowledge the enperiority of the 
Christian nligion over their degrading 
and inhamaa auiMrstitions."— p. 300. 

Ae an illuetrstion of a new and Im* 
proved morality take &« fallowing:— 

"A native convert was employed In 
«MiTeying goods to an English vesseL 
Having returned to the shore.lie fonnd he 
had ascidantally overlooked a quantity of 
in»y, amounting in value to thirty 
pounds sterii^ ; &ad be immediately pot 
offo^son in hu canoe, with the intention 



iTHa lun iHjie vo oreriaKe iv, EUia on nis 

ntnm h« went immedlat^y to the caatla. 
Mid pboed die pn^rty in tbe keq)> 
ing (tt the Freaidait of the Council, te 
he restoted to tbe ct^taln on his next 
voyage."— p. 30(^ 301. 

Amongst the temporal blessings 
which are to be traced to the beoign 
inflnenee of Ckrittiaaity, are the i^- 
lowingj— delireranoe tma the terton 
of a violent and cmel death beneath 
the honiUe Fetisehe tree or upon the 
grave of soaie deceased chieftain, the 
tbolition of polj^any, tbe becoming 



treatment of women, tha grpwA of " a 
taste for the deoencias and ootaforts of 
EurqMan lift," the eompantiTe seeu- 
rity af property, and die incnawd 
inoualry of the lutiTa oonTorti. It 
had been oar intention, considaring our 
limited apaoe, to fiimish our readen 
with an ^straet, marely, of the inttr- 
esting matters contained in the follow 
ing passage. On second thooghts, 
however, we are parenaded they will be 
found far too Taluable and soUd to be 
iubmitted to any procoas of condeniaf 

" The spirit of indnstnr, and desire for 
geneml improvement, which have been 
excited, bm strikingly evldenoed by th« 
&oL that many of the Christian nstivts 
Bwlied to Mr. Frewian to obtain i<f 
them, while be was in England, tht 
means of introducing an improved me- 
thod of agriculture, and sucb other assist- 
ance OS would enable them to advance 
more rq>idly towards a state ot dTillza- 
tion. An extract from a report on this 
•object, drawn up by Ur. Fmrnan dnriofi 
his visit to this eonntry, will bs rtad 
with interest. AfWexpreaNJig a decided 

opinion of tbe ] <■ r.- m 

Fowell Buxton's 
and elevation of ti 
proceeds : — 

*" It is with great jdeaniie I state that 
many of the natives efFastee, with whou 
I have had frequent latcrcourse, and whs 
have ah«ady Ud asids tiuir heathen 
WKirs and embraced Christianity, ars 
very anxious to engage in agricultural 

Snrsuits ; and have requested me to rcn- 
er them some asisistsace, by taking oat 
for tbem, on my return to Africa, a snpply 
of seeds, implements of husbandry, and 
uiythinr that would be useful in culti- 
vwng their native boU. At I>omcaiisi, a 
small Fantee town. aboAt tweaty-liTt 
miles fai the Interior, there is a littie band 
of Christians, about sixty in number, with 
•he young chief of the district at their 
lead, who are now. anxiously awning 



maboe, who have small plantationa in tbe 
bush, at a dialaDoe of frrai three to t«n 
miles from these towo^ who an novr 
turning their attentioiu more fiilly tliao 
they have ever done before, to the cultiva- 
tion of the soil. These requeots on the 
part of the natlne, have, imprened our 
minds witb tbe importaace of eatabliebine. 
at the earlieat opporUaity, two modd 
bmiBin the intBTtor of Fantoe ; thatw* 



1841.1 



THE yuraNDor AFKIGA; 



m 



them the MBt methods of miltara, and 
ahowiiw Ifaem the great capabilities of the ' 
soil. One of these tarna will be esto- 
bUdisd «t Domonhd, ftnd tbe Other at 
Jfansa, fonnsrltr tha gnat aUve-inait, 
and still * cowideiable town and distriot, 
about fifty nilea ob tha mad to Aibantee. 
In etKh of th«M plaeei, ft nddenoe tar » 
missIcFnaiy Is now bdog prepared ; and 
we hope thaL in Uts courae of a &w 
months Iwth tluM potlt will be ooBupiad ; 
when one ftf the gnat objects of the 
tnijBcniariefl wUl be that of Instraotb^ in 
the pradica! acieDce of agrlcnitnn, all 
thoM naUn^ whether CSMstiaa or hea- 
then, who may Gael dieposed to ton their 
aUenUcHi to it. 

"The Dvonl {mpnTemMt whioh has &!• 
Hady taken place in Pomonk^ Is begin- 
ning to hSTe a poweflfiil tnSnence on the 
social condition of the people. Their 
hoosw are kept more clean and decent 
than those of the heatlien, and they are 
imbibing a taste fbr tbeae many doroesUc 
comforts mbA omfmtmi iw^iritieh are to be 
(bund inaa EuuMa eottag*. Serual of 
them are bMlnmng to wear Earopean 
dottuB, and nsre requested ine to take 
Ibem out a fresh supply, on my return 
&D«i Etwland. The efieote produoed on 
the mind of the heathen ta the annound- 
iag neigfaboariiaod, by these salatary 
chaiures, are also beomaln; etrikiiu'Iy 
manOlBet, They bc^ to adcnlre the un- 
proved Bocial condition of their DomoiUM 
neigUMnn, cAhi eaUisg theii town 'a 
white man's croom ;' asd as a natural 
consequence, tiiey are now fceltng, In 
some Aeftiure, at leatt, S r^pect for that 
teUgion which baa been the cause of sacb 
« bewfioial chMige."—p. 903— S06. 

Mr. Bmcham's «aHler diaptare, 
wMch Aimish na with a history of 
^bantee, sspecnnlly of its intereoarse 
with the tribes upon the coast, and the 
whhe settlers from Europe, and the 
UttH put of his last chapter, m which 
be iBlatcB a Tint made DV Mr. Free- 
nm, the missionary, to the court and 
capital rf Aflhftnt«e, we have fbund 
oorselres compelled to leare uHDotieed, 
^nie circumstances of the history, al- 
tbongh of much intrinsic interest and 
impnrtjnpp, are not OUT immediate 
objtti, and Mr. Freeman's journey 
most not Tentnre to take up at present. 
Id m future number we may perhapi 
fflel ounelTes at liberty to do so. 



THfl BELIKVER'S AIM IS LIFS 
AMD HIS HOPE IN DEATH, a&r- 
MM pitaektd <m btard Her Majuljf* 
Stevi-ttttil Albert, on l^mtk^, April 
18CA, 1B41, Im lM Her. C. F. Cbilvi, 
JfU PtMuuiai ^ tin aimrtk MiHio*' 

Iw a late number we notieail a Sermon 
of the Rev. "Hieodor Mllller, chaplain 
to the Niger expedition. Ws would now 
recomiaend, ai a suitable compaaian to 
it) another Sermon, the title of which 
has just bew placed brfore oar readers. 
It wai addiesaed, like Mr. Miillar's, to 
tha orew of tha Alhtrt, on the eve of 
tbcir departure from Woolwich, and wilt 
be found every way worthy of the 
pr«acher and the occasion on which ho 
waa called to the exereise of his office. 
We hare bat little room for extrseti, and 
must oontaat outmIvos with transforrii^ 
to our paf^( the solemn and aActing 
words wi^ which tha Sermon olosea. 

"Go forth, brethren, In the name and 
skrengtb of me Lord, and succen must be 
yours. Tbemannerorthetimeof itamanir 
featation we ma? not determine. The pro- 
cees may be piunftil. Ton may not live 
to re^> the fruit of youi labour, but yon 
shall not labour in vain, God cdla yon to 
the Miterprise ; yonr Sovereign's auapicea 
invite you; your Country's sympathiea 
attend you; the prayers of Christendom 
follow you; and though it be but little 
that 'the least of dl mints' can profit, 
I do eanteHtly and aSeotlonatelv unplonr 
the God of Britain and your God to be 
with you, to be your 'sun and shield,'— 
to *aive you grace and glory,' so that 'to 
live,' should yon lire, maybe 'Christ^ 
andtodlE^ when you die, may be *gwn.'* 



Thb fbUowing horrifying statement, 
relative to the capture of a Portuguese 
slaver. Is extracted from the log of Her 
Majesty's achooner, Fawn, Lieut. J. 
Poote, cruising on the South American 
BUtion, In lat. 22" 80* S.,long. 40" W. 

« On the I9fli of February, 1841, Cacu- 
pas, on the coast of Broal, about eighteen 
miles, observed a large brig stmidhig In 
for the land ; altered our couiee so as to 
eut her eff If poesible. On approaohlng 
she ^ineared not to have the Uast idea <« 
OUT bemg a man of war : allowed her to 
dose wiUiin tange of ouiloog S2-poiuider, 
£ted a gun over her, aod otuitliar a> qnklf 



leo 



THE FaiEND OP AFRICA. 



u potrible a-head. She then up with her 
hefm, attempted to run, bnt appeared in 
rreat coilfusu>n. We continned to throw 
Qie ihot over, ahead and ast«m of her, 
withont intention of striking, as we were 
pomtive of Blares being on board. After 
a abort time she was increasing her speed. 
We ibsa determined to put a shot into 
tbeh^l), but with great r^ret, on accoont 
of the unfortunate beings on board. Shots 
tv ere then thrown under her Bt£m twice ; 
a third was alwnt to be fired, when we 
observed her round to. In about twenty 
minatea we came np and boarded her. 
The slaves were alt below, with the 
hatches on ; on turning them up, a scene 
preeent«d itself enough to sicken the heart 
even of a Portngnese — the living, the 
dying, and the dead, huddled together in 
one mass. Some unfortunates in the most 
diqgusting state of small-pox, oven in the 
confluent state, covered from head to foot ; 



letons, with difficulty crawled from below, 
'Bnable to bear the weight of their own 
bodies ; mothers with young in&nta hang- 
ing to their breasta, unable to give them a 
drop of nourishment. How they had 
broDght them thus &r appeared astonish- 
ing ; bU were perfectly naked — their 
limbs much excoriated from lying on the 
hard plank for so long a period. On going 
below the stench was insupportable. How 
beings could breathe such an atmosphere 
and live, appeared incredible. Several 
were under tne loose planks which were 
called the deck, dying— «ne dead." 

This unfortunate brig, named Dout 
Feoerairo, sailed from Bahia fort, Ben- 
guela, with 510 slaves; of these, pre- 
rious to her capture, she had lost 135. 

The Fawn carried her pri^e to Rio 
Janeiro. On the passage, and in the 
barbonr, subsequently to her arrival, 
twenty-five miserable beings died of the 
sufferings they had undet^ne. Mr. 
Ouseley, the British minister at Rio, 
decided on sending the brig, with part 
tS her cargo, for adjudication, to the 
nearest British colony. Notwithstand- 
ing the precautions taken, such as 
cleansing, fumigation, &c., the adminis- 
tration of wholesome food, and, where 
necessaiT, medicine, twenty more deaths 
were added to the number before reach- 
ing Berbice; making a total of 184, or 
3S per cent., of the cargo embarked ; 
nor will this appear surprising on peru- 
sing the following pardcutars of the 
limited diraenriona of the vessel. 



SpacstH 
ExDtmfl lenxth 

Mean bnadtb 13 featf ^ 

Numbar of nnlo piobablf plvxd (heft i 
Iraving Abica, 960. 



■ balor. 
L 60 by IS » « 



The gpue irquitsd for ■ penon to 11b down it 
il»ut fit feel 1:7 1} feet - 7), being (boot doubla 

8} feet. 



Height of llie male glare nxnn, 
Nuoiber of daji oat whaa eai^ 

Number tluDCe ts RiaJuuini' 
Nambei to BerUca - 



_n AIMca to 
Cajjhmd Jfrieaiu at Btrhia.SIati U.iSa. 





H» 


irnJ 


B.,* 


G>rt.T^ 


DeMhiancaUndlng. 


SI 

11 

3 


36 
6 


41 
11 


Ml IM 
4 S3 

»| 4 


Number aUemharkedm 
the 11th inat. 


44 


S4 


«S 


SO 1 IM 



uPaidtat ..Dawmi... 



Lord Wilmington .Walkar • 

Frtn tM OaiMa: — 
aniir Pwhlini... 



, ..Tnmongu. . lt9I>oiidsii.. laXBlT. 



sjotr. 



OrintlU* — London.. 1 Bapt. 

From Accra and Cape Cwtrt:-^ 

Oabem StaDfldd ....ISTLOBdm.. 14 Jolr. 

BUnbeth BaUay US London.. IS Jol^. 

ro Accra and Capi Coall ;— 
WnLlMaDaiir ..Pitt SI 



Subscriptions and Donations are rec^Tod 
by the Treasurer, J, Gumey Hoare, Esq. ; 
62, Lombard-street; Hess. Barclay, Bevan, 
and Co., S4» Lombard-street; Hesan. 
Coutts and Co., £9, Strsud ; Messrs. Dram- 
monds, Charing-croM ; Messrs. Hanbniy, 
Ta^oT, and Lh>yd, M, Lombard-street; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenchntch-atreet ; 
Messrs. Hoares, S7, Fleet-street; and 
Messn. Williams, Deacon, and Co., 20^ 
Birchin-lane; and by the Sacrelary, the 
Rev. J. H. Trew, lit, Paiiiament-street. 



lAinnii : Frlntad by Tsoiua Bichabd HAnuvoit, 
of No. V, Bt. ibrtlB^ Lana, In tha iiarid of St. 
Martin In ttaa Flelda ; and paldldioil br Jaim — 
l&uF<un, of No. MI, V- ■ -■ 

faf Hnrttj; R 






THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



PUBLISHED MONTHLY. 



No. 11.] LONDON, 


SEPTEMBER, 1841. Price 2rf. 




CONT 


ENT3. 












cdgtf InAtrioudtheEBt 1» 




" i« 






.. 108 



















THE SLAVE TRADE TO CUBA. 

In our eighth number we brought under the notice of our readers a 
Hemorial, " addressed by certain proprietors of estates in Cuba to the 
Goremor of that Island.'' Since the pubUcation of this document, two 
others of a similar nature, and of at least equal importance, have been 
received &om the same place. These are Memori^ of " the Munici- 
pality of HaTannah," and of "the (Havannah) Tribunal of Commerce," 
addressed to "the Provisional Regency" of the mother-country, and 
earnestly deprecating its interference in the Slavery-abolition question. 

We purpose to make a few remarks upon the first-mentioned* 
onlyof these papers, not having space to comment upon both. 

The object of the Corporation of Havannah is, to quote their own 
words, "to demonstrate the impossibility of resolving on the Emancipa- 
tion of the Slaves, without compassing the destruction of the Island" 
[Cuba]. It is not our intention to reply to the various crude and 
gratuitous assumptions, and unfounded statements, which pass, in the 
judgment of these memorialists, for sound reasoning, ex. gr., that " the 
abohtion of slavery must lead to the extermination of the whites ;" — 
that "the labouring classes of Europe are undoubtedly in a more 
unfortunate condition than the slaves of Cuba ;" — that the liberation of 
the negro population " infers the removal of a great number of hands 
from the cultivation of the soil ;" — that the negroes " would not be able 
to preserve their existence," as freemen, " wiinout the perpetration of 
crirae^' — and that "the melancholy condition of Jamaicat demonstrates 
how sad would be the prospects of Cuba," in the event of emancipation, 
"even if its white inhabitants were not exterminated." Assertions 
such as these, which all experience contradicts, may safely be passed 

* Our resden will find it at page 169. It should have appeared in onr last 
number, had not a press of important matter compelled us to poatpoae its insertion. 

t F<»afull and most satisfactory account of this "ndatKWfjf condition," see 
"A Wwter in the Wert India, hy Joseph John Gumey." , - ■ 

VOL.1. > ■' f D,:,izf:lwC_TOOgle 



162 THE FRIENp OF AFRICA. [Sbttmito, 

OTer without comment. They only prove the blindness and inveterate 
prejudice of those who have had the hardihood to put them forth. 
Had the document in question contained nothing more worthy our 
attention, we had passed it by without notice. But there will be found 
in it mateiial of far greater value; nay, much that may well fill our 
hearts with joyful anticipations of coming good to the cause which it 
is our happiness to advocate. 

We allude to the strong and decided reprobation {not the less 
worthy of note that it is beside the memorialists' main design) of the 
African Slave Trade. We find it denounced as contrary to sound 
policy, — as calculated " imprudently to augment the number of the 
coloured people," — nay, as likely, if not repressed, " to produce Uie 
total rain of the Island of Cuba." 

Nor is this all. We rejoice to discover a correct appreciation, on the 
part of these Spanish Colonists, of the guilt and wickedness, as well as of the 
impolicyof the Slave Trade. No language, in fact, that we ourselves might 
be disposed toemploy,in reference to this painful subject, could be strongiir 
than that which is now before our eyes. Let the reader note the following 
succinct but most emphatic expressions, and we doubt not he will agree 
with us : — " execrable traffic," — " illegality," — " delinquency," — " abo- 
minable excess," — " odious and clandestine," — " a tramc in every sense 
to be reprobated," — and to crown the whole, " a disregard of the 
faith of treaties," — " a trade which the laws of the country and a solemn 
trea^ with England have already prohibited." 

This it 13, especially, which has induced us to make the Memonil 
before us the subject of oiu* opening remarks in the present number. 
When, in the month of June, our attention was directed to a somewhat 
similar document, amidst much that afforded us gratification, we could 
not but be struck with the utter absence of aU r^erence to ttie eternal 
principles of right and wrong. A just cause was advocated, indeed, but 
on grounds exclusively selfish. The Slave Trade was condemned, 
because its tendency was to endanger the safety of the colony; not at 
all because of its " execrable" chamcter, and its violation of " the fcith 
of solemn treaties." We humbly thank God that He is already giving 
us to see the dawning of a brighter day than our eyes have ever yet 
beheld. Nor is it less cause for gratitude that our beloved country bas 
been the chief instrument in His hands of hastening its joyful 
approach. 

One word more. The Memorial speaks of " the pretended philan- 
thropy of a civilized nation," — meaning England; and attributes her 
efforts to suppress the Slave Trade to we unworthy desire of personal 
" aggrandizement." To this charge wc shall attempt no reply. Hap- 
pily, our shoulders are broad enough and strong enough to bear, not it 
alone, but as many more as may issue irom the same quarter. We 
allude to it because it inculcates a salutary lesson, which, although fami- 
liar to us from our childhood, cannot possibly be enforced too often, — . 
that we must never relax in our pursuit of a virtuous object because of 
the ill-will of enemies, secret or avowed. When compelled to acknow- 
ledge the propriety of our conduct, we may expect to find them misre- 
presenting and viUi^ng our motives. Our course through life must, 
if we " would see good days," be regulated by a higher principle than 
either the hope of man's approbation, or the terror of i ' ' 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[CtBdawi frna piga liO.] 

Altrocoh the Old Calabar river has 
haelf a separate source, yet, as a pro- 
Iwble branch of the Ni^r (the Croas 
Birer) joini it about 60 miles from the 
sea, it maj be considered amongst the 
other waters of the Delta. 

The estuary* of these two rivers is 
nine miles across, with deep channels 
scooped out by the rush of the waters. 
At the point of junction the Cross 
River has from two to seven fathoms 
irater, and is known to be a magnificent 
stream from 400 to 1200 yards wide. 
Up to the town of ErikoK, beyond 
wnich it is reported to continue its 
eonrse from the N.W., and to have deep 
water a great many days' journey up- 
wardsf . It is supposed to branch from 
the Niger both below and above Da- 
cmggo. The town of Erikok is situate 
on a high and almost perpendicular 
b«nk, shrouded in trees and bush- 
wood, and surrounded by a fine and 
pictansque country, to the markets of 
which traders trota the Bonny con- 
stantly resort for palm oil, which it 
prrodnces in abundance. Duke's Town, 
about 60 miles from the mouth, annu- 
ally exports 4,000 or 5,000 tons of oil, 
and grnt quantities of redwood. It was 
bare that Colonel Nioolls pravailed on 
the chieftain, Duke Ephraim, to ex- 
dange the produets of labour rather 
than the Iritourer himself, and bad tile 
satisfaction of securing a faithAil fHend 
in the person of an habitual riave- 
dealert. He bdiaved with the greatest 
attention to the unfortunate CoiUt- 
bnrst, whilst on his attempted route to 
the Bahr^-Abiadt and seems to have 
eonducted bis extensive commercial 
tiauaactioiis with as much regularity as 
an EngUsh merchant^. 

Returning to the central outlet, the 
Mtjn, or first Brass River, which has 
hitherto been the chief chuinel to the 



1 ColDUel Nicolli lajt thtt Ilw teiki o( tlieu 
Tirm ■» wdl tdspM Sir cotton m] tngu-, with 
LIS! (Ilia M IvAiBg^Um ntrjubm, indiiDt to 



interior, we find the usual characteris- 
tic of a crescent-shaped bar, on which 
there are, however, two and three 
fathoms at iow water. Within, the 
river is about three quarters of a mile 
broad, with an average depth of six 
fathoms ; and vessels lying here with 
both pcHnts of the entrance open, so as 
to have the benefit of the sea-breeie, 
Hufier comparaUvety little from the de- 
leterious swamps around. 

Just at the mouth there is a village 
of about forty huts, irr^;ularly built 
among plantain, cocoa-nut, and banana 
trees, where the negro pilots (whose 
characters have been very differently 
stated) reside. About nine miles from 
the bar King Boy (the hero of so many 
tales) has fixed nis barracoon*, imme- 
diately above which the river divides 
into several wide and shallow branches, 
the principal one leading to the east- 
ward to Brass Town and Bonny. For 
ten miles the navigation is difficult, and 
the channel exceedingly narrow, with 
an average depth of two fathoms. 
About 20 miles, however, up the stream, 
it deepens and widens, and the limits of 
the tide are marked by the disappear- 
ance of the deadly mangrove, the firmer 
consistence of the baniu, now partially 
cleared for cultivation, and the proiimity 
of the magnificent forests of a tropical 
clime. Farther on, villages appear, 
surrounded with plantations, and thickly 
clustered together, and the scene is en- 
livened by the ntmierous Brass canoes, 
laden with palm ml, slaves, or English 
goods. 

At every place where Oldfield or 
Becroft stopped, they found a strong 
disposition to trade, and the utmost 
good will on the part of the natives. 

The only spot at which hostile feel- 
ings have ever been manifested is 
Hysmma, where Lander, separated from 
bis friends, in an open boat, laden widi 
valuables, was mortally wounded. The 
river, however, is too broad and deq>, 
and the power of these petty villsges 
too insignificant, to cause any serious 
interruption. The hanks are still 
crowded with huts and townsf, and at 

am OUfiald wv llv akoIU of ■ niunbn «( 



lU 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[SsFmreBK* 



Egaboh,the first town builtatadiBlance 
from the river, upwards of seventy-eiffht 
canoes came off at the first signal to 
trade with Oidfield on his passage up. 
Here Laird was met by the formal em- 
bassy of King Obi, prior to his admis- 
sion into the dominions of this powerful 
chief, to whom on the following day he 
w&s presented with considerable pomp. 

We have now arrived at the first 
state of real importance, and first great 
centre of trade in the Delta, which 
deserves, therefore, somewhat more 
particular attention. 

Ibii, or Eboe, the capital of the 
country of the same name, is a town of 
considerable size and population, built 
on a high bank, 120 miles iirom the 
mouth of the N6n. The houses are of 
a superior class, neatly built, with well- 
fenced gardens attached to each, and 
kept very clean. The natives are ex- 
ceedingly expert in the management of 
their canoes, which are very large, and 
furnished with sheds and awnings, un- 
der which many of the people constantly 
live*. " It has, for a series of years, 
been the principal slave mart for 
native traders from the coast, between 
the Bonny and Old Calabar riv 
and for the production of its palm oil 
it has obtained equal celebrity. HuO' 
dreds of men from the rivers men 
tioned above, come up For the pur 
pose of trade, and numijers of them an 
at present residing in canoes in front of 
the town. Most of the oil purchased 
by Englishmen at the Bonny and adja- 
cent rivers, is brought from thencef ." 
Laird is of opinion that Obi might also 
concentrate tiie ivory trade, if a regulai 
intercourse were opened wiib him^. 
They carry European goods, cloths, 
knives, looking-glasses, guns, powder, 
&c., up the river in all directions, even 
as far as Fanda, and from their position 
at the head of the great outlets of the 

* " At dij-bnuli I vu miiFli pl«i«I to w« * 

leel palca oil, yuu, and pmrijuDiiA, lor it g&Te an 
BMuruin of Iha Rgulftr and iDdoitridiu liabitt of 
dig peopla. Then Dmld not Iutb basD )«■ than 
ft™ 100 to ISO, and in Ihs areniog ttan came 
dropping in wiih thrir caigoaa. It via the matt 
■iwfyiug proof of re^lar ajid honMl indmCry that 
I had jn laen in Africa."— LiiBD, i., IW. 

* LiKDiB. hi., 183. The price of oil Ihtre ii 

t LlIBD, i., 1U3 



Niger, the Benin, Nlin, and Bonnr, 
may, indeed, command the entire traoe 
witn the coast. It is gratifying, then, 
to find the most friendly ^position on 
the part of the King of Ihd towards the 
only European nation which has yet 
visited him. " The term ' gentlemanly' 
may appear misapplied to an untutored 
African Negro ; but he displayed to- 
wards us the very essence of gentility, 

' e most lively attention to our wants 
and comforts. I found afterwards that 
ras equally attentive to us in our 
distress. He said, if we would only 
promise to trade direct with him, he 
would send his two sons to our country 
to learn white men's palaver*." Cowries 
form the medium of exchange from this 
point upwards, and were placed firtt on 
the list of articles which he wished 
Laird to procure for him. 

Thirty-nine miles above Ibii and 
tme hundrtd and fijiy-nin« from the 
sea, the gentle rise m the first hills, 
and the blackened surfaces of projecting 
rocks, announce the terminating point 
of the Delta, and the commencement of 
brighter prospects and purer air. 

" Ths surrounding soanery is extremely 
beautiful; the corn-fields were numeroos, 
and yams and rice appeared to be gromi 
by Uie uativw in great abundance. The 
KTOund was covered with the richest ver- 
dure; the luxuriant foliage of the treea 
was divendfied by gentle eminences, and 
it seemed as if nature had intended to 
form a striking contrast with Uie low flat 
country which lay between this and the 

At this point lies the town of Kiri, 
where a very large market is held every 
fourteen days. To this thelhiia resort 
in great numbers} with powder, earth- 
enware, guns, cloths, iron-hars, and 
knives, which they exchange with those 
from the north, for ivory, mats, horaes, 
and slaves. They erect temporary 
houses on the sandbank, to which the 
vast number of fires gives the appear- 

•LtiiD. I., 07.371. "HeiiapartkaUrijhaDd. 
iom* man, iland* abora ill ftal HA, with ■ pro. 
mment noie and an oral Cace, gnod ejca, and a 
plfMliig npretdoo of counlniutcc, cambininf in. 
teltigem^d vrith good-aatnra.".— L, 101. 

t Oldiiild, Ii,, isa 

t OUGtldaaw 300 gaily dworaM lUH at ou 
time gnng op Um riTK, i^'ina it tk« apMnnca ot 
a npML-4L, I™ "-■- •- — ^-- 






1841.1 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. ' 



sDce of a Urge acd well lighted town. 
It was here that the Landers, Rurprised 
■t the appearance of European clothing-, 
were seized by the Ibii traders, and re- 
leased by the intervention of the natives 
of the place and of their old friends 
from Fandai who had come to attend 
the market. 

Product and Capabilities: — 
"The Delta of the NiEcr alune, if 
cleared and cultivated, womd support a 
population in proportion to its area far ex- 
ceeding anything known in Europe. Its 
square snriace is equal to the whole of 
Ireland ; it is intersected in all direc- 
tions by navigable blanches of the parent 
stream*, fonniDj^so many natural chan- 
nels for communication ; it is altogether 
compoeed of the richest aljuvial soil, which 
now teems with a rank and luxuriant ve- 
getation, comprising all the varieties of the 
palm-tree, besides teakwood, cedar, ebony. 



grows wild in the bush, and the palni nut 
often n>ta npon the ground unheeded and 
Btglootedt.'^ 

lite palm, oil trade altme affords a 
mfficient proof that " the natives only 
require to know what is wanted from 
them, and to be shown what they will 
gain in retumj," In 1808, the impor- 
tation did not exceed 100 or 200 tons 
per annum; to Liverpool there is now 
uinualljr brought from £300,000 to 
£400,000 worth, giring- employment to 
an annual tonnage of shipping to the 
Bight of Biafra alone, equal to one- 
fourth of that engaged in the trade to 
the West Indies^. 

(_To b« eontinutd.^ 



AFRICA AND THE WEST INDIES. 
Ws have received a letter from our 
correspondent, W. W. Anderson, Esq., 
whose paper "on the mutual dependence 
of Africa and the West Indies," ap- 
peared in our third number. Mr. 
Anderson incloses an article from a 
Jamaica newspaper, the Kingtton 
Morning Journal, in proof of the 
interest which this subject is beginning 
to excite in the West Indies. The 

■ Thfl NAn bnnch, mttar jHsiiig thfl lumw 
attk at the tctj moath, Taria from a mile And ■- 
btlf )o ihiH nubs In widtll, mi frvm two and m- 
kilf tDlen Uhoma Id depth, iibED fttIL 

* LuiD, U., tea. t Laxdu, Ui., 318. 

I JiMiKimi,F»rlktT Jfpni, p. 34. 



arljcle is too long to be transferred 
entire to our pages, but a single para- 
graph, containing a suggestion of con- 
siderable interefit and importance, may 
be set before our readers. It will be 
recollected that the main design of our 
correspondent, in his former communi- 
cation, was to show " the importance 
of supplying the West Indies with food, 
by the labours of Africans on their own 
soil," food so procured, being import- 
able into the West Indies at a much 
cheaper rale than that ut which their 
own indigenous productions can be 

" Were any enterprising ship-owners 
disposed to enf^ge in the trade between 
Jamaica and Sierra Leone, they might 
do BO with the reasonable chance of 
sneeesB. Their vessels might lake freight 
from London to Sierra Leone and Ja- 
maica. Upon arriving at the former 
place, they would land uhat British 
goods they have on board, and takinc in 
rice, corn, yams, &c., proceed on their 
voyage to this place-— a trade thus com- 
menced would not be liable to any con- 
udemblo risk of loss. It conld be earned 
on at a very trifling expense to the parties 
engaged in it, beyond the remnneration 
to an agent at Sierra Leone, or some other 
place, whose business it would be to pro- 
cure the articles luid have them ready for 
shipment, upon the arrival of the vessel 
from London, so that very little, if any, 
delay might take place in thu voyage 
hither." — Kingston Morning Journal. 

Our correspondent further inquires. 
Would it not be possible to get up a 
Joint Stock for a single experimental 
adventure from this country ?" We 
think it right thus to bring his sug- 
gestion under the notice of our readers 
for their consideration, although we do 
not deem it advisable to commit our- 
selves to any opinion upon the subject. 

The following advertisement, taken 
from a Jamaica paper, will show that 
persons in that colony are becoming 
alive to the advantages of opening a 
legitimate trade between their Island 
and the Western Coast of Africa. 

" KingOon, Jtma 9, 1841. 

" WiNTEO, a competent person to take 
charge of the Brig Gmmisaontr Barcloji, 
as Mast^b, to run between this Island 
and Sierra Leone, Apply to Mr. Barclay, 
at the Counting House of 

HinvBY ksa Da&reli-" 



160 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



QSEFTBXBm, 



THE SOLDIERS OF THE 1st WEST I 
INDIA REGIMENT, IN TRINI- 
DAD. 
The following ia an extract of ft Letter 
just received from a gentleman interested 
in promoting education in the Island of 
Trinidad. 

" Allow me to gir« yon some account of 
our opentions amongst the soldiers of the 
Ist W, I. Regt. in which I am aura you, 
aa well aa the reodera of the Friend of 
Africa, camiot fail to feel the deepest In- 

"About the month of October, 1840, the 

excellent Capt, in command of the 

men quartered in this Island, car 
quire if there would be any objection to 
admit some 20 or 30 of hu men to our 
ETcoing ClasseB, he being desiroiis to 
afford them the means of instruction. 
With bis request I cheerfully complied, 
taking shame to myself, at tbe same time, 
that the Captcun should have been before- 
hand with me in a matter which ought to 
have originated with myeelf. However, 
to make amends for my omission, I pro- 
posed to the Captain the propriety of hold- 
ing a Sabbath school also, for the benefit 
oi his men, with which proposition he 
appeared delighted; and, accordingly, it 
was arranged that the men should attend 
three evenings in the week at the school- 
room ; and on the Sabbath, as strong a 
muster as I can make proceeds to the 
barracks, where the Captain also joins ns, 
and instruction is imparted for about on 
hour and a half. 

" These men are Kroomen from Sierra 
Leone, and had never received the least 
elementary instruction previously to that 
which was now afforded to them, except 
otie, who could read well — yet three 
months had scarcely elapsed, whta from 
10 to 14 were commencing to read easy 
words. Now, several of them read flnently, 
and will shortly comroesce the psmsal of 
tbe Sacred Volume, which may God 
Almighty bless to their salvation. 

" Some of them have also made piofl- 
dency in writing on slates. Such as have 
niade sufficient progreas to appreciate what 
they have acquired and to tiiust for more, 
are most attentive to the advantagea 
afRinled them. I would dao remark that 
no compulsory measures were adopted by 
their officer to get them in the first instance 
to attend the school, everything being 
quite voluntary on their part. It is moat 
cbeeiing to see these men, as I pass the 
barraclu, sitting in the shade, book In hand, 
spellinff their lessons, or In^de exerdiing 
tbemaelvea with the leseon sheets patted 
on the wbU for their nse. 



The advaneea whieh many of tlMsa 
have made during the short period thev 
have been under instruction, and wita 
all the disadvantages under which they 
had to labour, have br exceeded the most 
sanguine anticipation of myself and others. 
From the prevailing opinion, in many 
quarters, that little hut failure oould ha 
expected from any efforts for the mantel 
improvement of adult Africans, 1 was 
anything but confident of so satisfactory 
an issue when we commenced. I have 
now proved to my own encoru'agement 
and satisfaction, that all that is requi- 
site either for yonnr or old, is to dsts 
their minds brought into contact with the 
means of instruction by teachers really 
desirous of benefiting them — and none 
are more smtable than some of their own 
class. I trust that these fkcti may create 
on interest in behalf of these men wher- 
ever they may be quartered." 



To the Editor (f" The Frimd </4fiim.'' 
Siii<— EUvna been long convinced that 
the v^etoble butter of AJrica might font 
an important article of commerM, I lend 
you a Drief account of all that ie known 
concerning it, either ns observed by myself 
or other^ Doping, through the medium of 
your periodical, to awaken more attenUon 
to its valuable qualities than it has hitherto 
excited. 

Mungo Park was the fint tiavellerwhtt 
spoke of tbe v^etable butter in so dcdded 
a manner as to give any idea of what it 
really is, dthongh older writers mention 
it under various names for grease. In th« 
countries which he first viuted, it was 
called the Shea tolu, and he describes the 
tree from whence it is derived as reaembling 
the American oak in uipearanc^ adding 
diat it is an article rf food, and bringliig 
a bunch of the leaves home. The flower 
has never reached this country, bnt the 
seed, or fruit, eo decidedly refos the tree 
to the natural family of S^>Ot», that 
botanists have placed it there aa a ^Mcies 
of Basna, diSenng from that Of the taOow 
tree on the coast of Africa, and elsewbei*. 
It extends overs latgopo^tm of die Con- 
tinent, from Jaloff and Hooss^ to the 
latitude of the Gaboon river ; how mnch 
farther south is not yet known ; but it haa 
not been observed in the neighbourhood of 
the Congo. Mr. Luider constantly men- 
tion* it m his last voyage, under the name 
of ^ mi eadanio," and in one tnotanoe he 
states that he received two hundred- weight 
ofthebuttaraaspnwBk IwiUaotkin 



lSil.1 



THE FEIEND OF AFRICA. 



167 



ianrt my botanloal dtwriptioii of tiu 
BftHu, aa it will b« owily found in Per- 
ioon't lilt of the claae DodecwtdrU mono- 
gyuia, and in othar anthon, but procMd 
to apvtk of i^ own knowled^ of the tree 
and fruit, (hi my fiiet amnl at C&pe 
Coaat, I cooatantly lieaid of the " Ashinti 
gnaaa" as on indiqtensable article of the 
oatiTB toilet, tor both nulee and femalea ; 
■ndooaoonerhadlancatablishnient, than 
I ma frequently obliged to pnichaae a pot 
of it for U»e ate of my women. Without 
Eome aid of this sort I wa« told that their 
ckins would become wliite and scaly, and 
Bfca cnclc Wb«n I omitted the auppir, 
inch constant recourae was had to the 
palm oil intended for the lunpa, that for 
the «ake of my ol&ctory nervea I haitoned 
to repair the fitolt. It looked very diity 
and amelt very diiagreeBbly after it hod 
been perfumed, ko tliat I fras obliged to 
inaiat upon its being used in ita puie state ; 
bat even thia waa not iweet, owing to the 
dirty state in which it arrived from 
Aah&ntl. On hia return from that place, 
Ut. Bowdich spoke highly of ite fragrance 
when freeh, and of i(s u«e in cooking 
■ad burning ; but a large pot of it which 
he had iirDcured at Coomassie, (Kum4ai) 
waa eithei: lost, or stolen on nia perilous 
(oute back to he«d-qnarters. The vewel 
in wbioh we embarked for England waa 
bound to the Gaboonfor acargoof wood; 
and we, in consequence, were detained 
in that river for many weeka, at a diatancc 
of moi« than fifty miles in the interior, 
and in a latitude of 0" north. During 
this period we passed eevenl days in the 
aktive town of Naange, where I had an 
opportunity of seeing the vegetable butter 
in itagRstMtperfectKtn, though the season 
wM post for precnring the flowers. The 
■abotance was padectly white, and resem- 
bM English hatter immediately alter it 
ia tnnied out of the chum. The food 
eoekti in it, nuih aa meat, fish, bsnanaa, 
&Cn had the moat delioste flavour imagin- 
able ; no amell iaiaed from it, and on ois- 
euit it wu excdlent. I filled two small 
jan with it, into one of which I put salt, 
m tha mannar of potted butter, but this 
toraad raneid before m^ four months' voy- 
age was completed, while that in the other 
jar, hariitt been simply ckrifled, remained 
sweet aaa fredi for years. I waa very 
■nxlona to see the tree, although not in 
flowetr ; but this w«s no easv task for a 
Enropean female to aeoompliui, as it^w 
in the thickest part of the forest. Pre- 
ceded, however, by two nativea with 
hatcheti^ to open the path, two more to 
fiighten away r^itilee, and scouts to give 
the alarm of wild bcMts, and who made 
bm timaa men noiie toi fiua than wu 



.,1 was taken through tiie bneh 
to a tail, straight tree, the bark of which 
resembled that of an ash. The branches 

S rang from the trunk at so great a height 
at we could not procure either leaves or 
pods, and all the advantage wbioh I derived 
from my expedition was the power of sav' 
ing that I had seen " the &t tree," as tne 
natives term it. The governor of the 
town made up for my dicoippoiutroent by 
givinf^ me several of the nuts, and a fitst 
decaying pod ; we put some of the former 
into boxes of eartli, and brought them 
with us half acroea the Atlantic, when 
they periahedj oot withstanding our care. 

In the ne^hbonihood of the Gaboon 
the butter is extracted by first boiling the 
nuts, and then expressing the oil; the in- 
habitants deem it a most precious produc- 
tion, and great dlstresB is felt when any 
scarcity ofit takes place. Yet they use no 
precautions to increase the number of 
trees. Their &vourite comparison for any- 
thing wonderful or advantageous, is " like 
the &t tree ;" and in a song composed on 
first seeing white meu, these are the words 
of the burden. 

On going back to the Tessel, I showed 
the nuts to a servant of mine from 
Booroom, a oountry to the east of Ash'inti ; 
she instantly recognised them, and told 
me that her pec^le bruise the nuts, boil 
them, and when the oil rises t '' 



When I visited Airica a second time, I 

Srocured some of the butter ftom the 
alofls, and when in England^ I afterwards 
found it so healing to Qie slEin in frosty 
weather, or eaaterly winds, that I submit- 
ted it to the inspection of H. Chevrsul, 
the celebrated analyser of diSbrent kinds 
of grease, and the following is a tmnslatiuu 
of his report. 

" The substance sent to me by Madame 
Bowdich, under the name of vegetable 
butter, is formed; — 1st., of a smaH propor- 
tion of aromatic principle ; 2nd., ofoleue ; 
3rd., of steariue. This last is analogous to 
tile stearine of mutton &t, for in saponifi' 
cation it gives stearic acid. The v^etable 
butter is perfectly liquid at 112° of Fah- 
renheit, at 100J° it begins to get turbid, at 
B61 it exhibits a liquid portion, in which 
float some small brilliant crystals. The 
liquid part is a oombination of oleine, and 
stearine, as are also the crystal^ but the 
latter contain a much la^r portion of 
stearine. A thermometer plunged into 
melted vegetAble butter falls to 83;% 
it afterwai^ ascends to 801°, when it be- 
comes qnito conoreto. It is easily conver- 
ted into soi^i, when heatod with solution 
of potash, ot soda, and the wapa thus ob- 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



[SBPfsnu, 



tuned ai 

lutton 

re inodorous. IfitwereposdbletopTOCUK 
thu mbatance in. any quantity, and at a 
reasonable price, it might be advantage- 
ooAy employed by Boap mannfactureTB; 
either mixed with vegetable oils to form 
soaps stmil&r to tboee mixed with alive- 
oil, or alone for toilet soaps. Lastly, the 
vegetable butter appears to me to be capa- 
ble of being employed for the same ali- 
mentery ums as the Cocoa Butter." 
I am. Sir, &c., 

S. (BowDicH,) Las, 



ABYSSINIA. 
The following communication from Dr. 
Beke has been received since the 
date of our last Number. We have 
marked a passage towards the close in 
italics, as suggesting matter for thought- 
ful consideration. 

"AntOtr, 21 Jtpril, 1841. 
"I was in hopes I should havebeenable 
by the present op^rtuuity, to send you 
the jouriial of my journey from Tajurrah 
to rarri ; but I have hitherto been pre- 
vented from completioff it by the many 
calls upon my tjme. You will, perhaps, 
ask what weighty matters can have thus 
occupied my whole time. In the first 
place, my attendances on the Negus (the 
King), who returned to Ankdber shortly 
after my arrival here, have often occupied 
entire days. Secondly, I have been 
making for him a number of thiiws, such 
as the model of a waggon, a pair oismith's 
bellows, a tuTning-Iathe ana screw-press, 
(upon which latter articles I am now en- 
gaged), wax candles, pomatum, soap; be~ 
sides having to answer hb inqturies on a 
number oi other subjects; it being my 
desire to rrndermyself as useful as possible 
to him. Further must be mentioned, my 
attendance on patients who have applied 
to me for medical and surgical assistance — 
a most unprofitable task, as, indepen- 
dently, of tne occupation of my time, I 
have to supply them with evaytHinff; and 
not content with this, they actually ask 
for a present when cured, as if they had 
done me a bvonr by applying to me, to 
whom they give no credit, but attribute 
their cure to the virtue of their amulets or 
some of their saints. And, lastly, a not 
unimportant iton in the consumption of 



" In We detail of my manifold occupa- 
tions, I must not omit a copy in different 
colours which I have madf tot exhibition 



during the Easter holidays in the chnith 
of St. Michael (that of the Negus) of the 
inscription on the cross, in eight lan- 
guages : the three original ones, and Ethi- 
opic, Amharic, Arabic, English, and Ger- 
man ; which work alone took up font 
whole days, and which, if it has no other 
value, is likely to leave a memorial of me 
in the country, as the scribes of the 
Negts have been engaged in imitating the 
Ethiopic characters, and will most proba- 
bly employ them in the embellishment of 
th«r manuscripts. 

"But, though thus mnlti&riondy en- 
gaged, I have not n^lected to turn my at- 
tention, as for as pos^ble, to the mun object 
of my ™it to tiia country, vii.: tbatrf 
inquiring into the extent and nature of its 
Slave Trade ; and I have been able to ed- 
lect suflicient facta to make the foUovrisg 
report upon the subject : — 

" The slaves introduced into the kingdom 
of- Shoa, proceed from two sources; the 
inroads of the Neg(JB into the neighbouring 
countries of Gurdge and the Gallas; and 
the importations made by HahomniedMi 
merchuita, of prisonera captured in the 
continual internal wars in tnose unbe^py 
countries and others similarly dream- 
stanced in their vicinity, or of persona 
kidnapped for the puipoee of selling them. 
Both cksses axe pnncipatly childr«ii ; the 
adults either fleeing before the enemy, or 
being killed by them, as too unprofitj)!* 
to be made prisoners. 

"Those taken by the N^s are not sold, 
but retMned by him in bis service, or 
given to his favourites or dependants. Of 
their condition I cannot say anything di- 
terminate at present, except th^ unoei a 
despotic government like tliat of this coun- 
try, where the life and property of even 
the highest Bubiect is at the absolute dis- 
posal of the ruler, there is ^no such very 
great diSerence between the freeman ua 
the slave. Here and at Ai^olall* and 
elsewhere, it is estimated that the Stgit 
possesses at least 2O0O sUtcs of both soca. 

" The slaves imported by the tndenirt 
intended principally for fiulher tiansnus- 
sioQ to the coast, there being two mun 
routes by which they pass through the 
kingdom of Shoa. The one is by Anlw- 
ber to the market of Alin Amba, in its 
vicinity, where they are sold to caravan 
traders from TajlirTah and Hdirur, from 
which latter place they are earned to 
Zfila and Berber* ; the oUier is by the way 
of D^bra Lfbanos to the market of Ant- 
zdfcia (Antioch), adjoining Asadleli, the 
frontier town, to the north, of the king- 
dom of Shoa ; from whence theyfind their 
way to MasBonri through northern Abys- 
dmi, and also prohaUy snpply the c>r»- 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



down in Arroffsmith's Map of Anyseinia, 
Ass^lleli being without donbt tlie Azzel of 
the Portuguese HiaaianarT- 

"The Pf^fis has the rignt of pre-emption 
of aUalaTes paaaiiig through his dominions. 
On their arrival, his governors set apart 
(och as they deem worthy of his conside- 
fation ; these they submit to him for his 
approval, together with the sum asked for 
tBem by the proprietors; but he himself 
fixes the price t« be pud for such as he 
thinks proper to select. 

"Further, tm import duty is exacted 
by the W^s of four pieces of salt, called 
Amole, equal to about lOtf. sterling, (20 
Arooles, more or less, going for one Aus- 
trian Convention dollvof the year 1780), 
upon every slave, male or female, exposed 
for sale; and as the nnmtier brought an- 
nnally by the way of Ankober ia probably 
from 2500 to 3000, and the nnmber by 
the other route ia, perhaps, as large, (I 
apeak hero merely from the conjecture of 
my informants, without any certain data] 
the whole amount of dutv will not exceed 
tome 260^. sterling. Sucn is the miserable 
nvenue derived by the Chrutian ruler of 
Shoa, from the traffic in his fellow-crea- 

** Jiiat when I aniTed in this conntry I 
was informed that flOO slaves were brought 
to the Chikka market (that of this town) 
for the inspection of the governor, prepa- 
ntory to their being transported to Alin 
Amba, for the aopplv of the caiavan fiom 
Tajurrah with which I came, and of one 
friiich haa since arrived from Htirrur. 

** The prieefl of slarea at Aiin Amba, as 
fnTnishea me by some of the traders from 
Taiurtah, arc, for boys, 10, 12 and IS 
doUars (equal to abont 40#., 50<., to 60*., 
ateriing, (and for giria 12, IS, to20dollan 
(equal to about SOf., 60s., to Sfii.,) and for 
TOT beailtifnl ones aa high as 2S to 30 
(foU(H«(eoualtoabontfi^. or6(,) for whom 
they would obtain at Mocha aa much as 
80, 00 or even 100 dollaia (171. to 202). 
This shows what immense profita aro made 
in this trade, especially aa the journey 
from hence to the coast is but ahort, as is 
bIm that to the opposite shores of Arabia; 
and being attended with no difRcultiea or 
dangers, the mortality among the slavea 
can scarcely be said to exceed that under 
the ordinary circumstances of life. On 
the way hitner, I met at Fi&lu a caravan 
n turning to Tajiirrah with about 150 
staTes, «iiefly girls. They walked in 
sin^e file, uncoimned, leadinr the camels, 
or earring small articles in uieir hands or 
on thuT hMds. T-WD or three went a little 



lame from having hurt their feet on the 
stony road ; but the generality seemed 
in perfect health and good spirits. Mr. 
Kispf, to whom I have read over this 
letter, in order that Imight have the bene- 
fit of his experience, tells me that the 
traders, in order to insure the obedience of 
their daves on the journey to the coast, 
and to prevent their escaping, perauada 
them that the inhabitants of Gidon to the 
N. E. of Shoa are cannibals, and eat all 
slaves and fugitives. The consequence is 
that the poor creatures axe onlv too glad 
tobecamedaway from the neignbourhood 
of such terrible people. On the road, the 
girls are the objects of the lawless pasiiona 
of their ownere. 

" 1 have just been told by Mr. Krapf that 
in Gur^ge a slave may be purchased for 2 
or 3 dollaia (Oi. to 12s.) and one of the 
traders from Tajiirrah says that tnJVbreao 
boy of JO or 12 yeart of age may he pur- 
ehattdf(/T a piece of b!ue eotton elolh, joAfcA 
in Shoa poises for one dollar, but in Arabia 
it worth mil more Ihan one Aa/fthat sum, 
and I beliete costt in Egypt only one mtarter 
oj' a dollar, (equal to about 1«. eterling ! ) 
This is, I think, the lowest price at which 
human life has been valued in the market, 
and shows what immense advantages 
would nreseut themselves to the European 
Slave aealer, if he could succeed in open- 
ing a tiade in this portion of Africa (which 
I trust it is impossible for him to do) but 
it, at the same time, proves how little money, 
if properly applied, mould be mfflcietU to 
put a ttop to the entire trade in human feth 
in this quarter. There is nothing further 
that I nave to say on this subject for the 



Thb municipal corporation of the ever 
moat faithful city of the Havana, addreases 
to the provisional regency of the kingdom, 
the complaints of the island of Cuba, on a 
question in which its very existence is 
involved. However unworthy, stillasthe 
only semblance of representation which 
these futhAil inhabituits enjoy, the mu- 
nicipality proposes, with all Uie warmth 
which justice inspires, and with all the 
confidence which the wisdom of a just 
government authorizes, to demonstrate the 
impossibility of resolving on the emanci- 
pation of the slaves of this island without 
compassing its destruction, in return for 
its untainted loyalty, and its great and 
constant sacrifices in favour of the mother 
country. But they would also appeal to 
the justice and the policy which an ill- 
understood philanthropy, not so well sup- 



170 



THE FRIEHD OP APRICA. 



portod by pMitire data as by an unww- 
tby jealousy, advances in support of eman- 
cipation. 

It b paiaiiil to obaeire, that the cii- 
cumstancea which have served as a pretext 
for denying to the pravinces of JUnerica 
the nght of reprewntstioD and other social 
guarantees, are not taken into account 
when the emancipation of the slaves is 
in question ; but it is much more painful 
to find, that the sufferings of one class of 
the population an exa^erated, in order 
to promote the disastrous and sanguinary 
ruin of the other. Those who have dis- 
cussed the question of domestic slavery in 
America, have left out of their conuoen- 
tion the fact that the difference of castes 
is involved in it — a difference which in- 
^ires tile most serious alarm with r^ard 
to an important portion of the population, 
which, without being of slave condition, 
desires the extermination of the white 
race. If the increasing uiunber of slaves 
were placed in more immediate contact 
with ua free people of colour, and if the 
difficulties which are raised by the subor- 
dinatioa and isolation of the slaves wore 
thrown down, so as to prepare the way 
fbr commotions, the experience of Cuba, 
like that of St Domingo, would speedily 
confirm the prediction, that in these 
islands the negro race is to ezterminato 
the whites, and that the whites are to 

frevail over the blacks on the continent, 
t is to be wanting in all knowledge of 
the hnman heart, to suppose that no de- 
dre exists for the destruction of the white 
population, and to believe that this deeire, 
when stimulated by the complaints, not 
of the slaves, but of their gratuitous de- 
fenders, will not prodnoe disasters and 
revolution*. But those who ex^gerate 
the sufferiiws of slavery on^t to consider 
that ita tvQa are not so ^reat aa those 
which lead to the extermination of the 
white class ; and ttiat this island will be 
lost to civilization and to trade, if a de- 
graded and ignorant claw is to preude over 
Its destinies. 

It is not the desire to perpetuate slavery, 
it is not the wretched love a£ wealth which 
must p«rish with the alaves which com- 
pose iC on which the oppoution to eman- 
cipation is founded. The preservation of 
the existence of the white class b that 
which can and ought to prevent it, and the 
inhabitaute of tiie island of Cuba, who an 
not to blame because their ^vemment 
peimite and protects the abominable traf- 
fic in slaves, nave a better D^ht to demand 
the preservation of tlieir lives, than the 
>lave race have to ask for their liberty. 
This liberty may be just in the abgtraot, 
but tha pmcrratioi) of the wliite nee i> 



not 1ms so ; nor ought the local circum- 
stances to be fbreotten which make eman- 
cipation impossiole. The freedom of the 
nunor and the madman is just in the ab- 
stract, but other reosons interfere with its 
enjoyment; and tliose who, affecting phi- 
lanthropic sentiments, would dschum 
r'nst the autJiority of the bther and 
cuiator, would not ba more unreason- 
able than those who cMm an emancipa- 
tion for which the slaves are not prepared. 
It is in vain that preparations for the 
transition ore proposed. The interests of 
the owners of slaves will not permit the 
alarm of preliminary concessions, nocoould 
they be granted without producing com- 
motions. The only remedy which reaaoa 
or philanthropy can suggest, ii to soften th« 
aufferings of the dave, m order to prepare 
him by slow degrees for the eiqoyment of 
his freedom ; and it b honourable te tli« 
legislation of the country and the msn- 
nere of the people, that the i^nlattonB 
r^arding slavery, and especially the royal 
cedula, of the Slst of May, 1789, and tlie 
humane treatment of the masters, make 
the declamations of those who ore inte- 
rested in promoting emancipation appear 
chimerical, and even ridicnloui. 

The labouring classea of Europe ars un- 
doubtedly in a more unfortunate coa- 
dition than the slaves of this ulond. The 
slave, who b maintMned and supported hy 
hb msster in sickness and old we, boa * 
more cheerful prospect before nim than 
the labourer who uvea by hb daily toil; 
who, even without the supposition of sick- 
ness or old sge, woula die of hanger, 
if improvements in machinery, or an 
increase of painmony, should exdodt 
him from the workshop. The snSer- 
ings of the stave in the island of Cuba 
are less than those of the aoldior or the 
sailor; and, ifforthbit cannot be said that 
the mannioctnrers and c^tallsts shonld 
be doomed to destruction, as little can 
it be said to be just or convenient that 
the white race of Uie island of Cuba shouM 
be axterminated. Our slaves an not in a 
situation so misarahle as tliose of fcraign 
colonies, where the maater holds the power 
of life and death, where the alave baa not 
the right to complun of hb maater, and 
where for him there b no human instke. 

There am few tesUmantaiy letUaiMnta 
in thb island which do not contain a pro- 

slavee, aa a reward for their servicas. 
There are few well condnot«d slaves who 
do not so increase their savings aa te enable 
them to purchase their freedom, under 
the protection of the " syndioaa" and the 
genaralai.*' There are few 
K--' by tbo »aiUi« *fcW> 



'procutador 



1841.3 



TH£ FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



are not rep na w d , to tiu advantage of the 
■laves themMilresi they ara admitted to 
the right of couctadou, which limita the 
price of th^ radejDption, and their savings 
ire wrefiilly protected. But, if further 
aUeriationa are soi^ht for in the condition 
of the aUre, if additional guarautoea 
■gainat abuse are demaodecL tlieir attdn- 
ment prceents no great difficulty ; aisce 
they would be perfeclJr in tiarmony with 
the proteoting spiiit mout laws, aod with 
the aamaoe nabitH and the natural dispo- 
stions ci the owners — bat not a general 
emaadpatioa, which coold only lead to 
rtinMtnr and min. The alarea would thua 
b« gradnallj promoted to the condition of 
freemen; and, if we n£ect that a jnat 
ptoportion between the wxea ia not now 
to DO found, and that among those of 
mixed blood the white* have the ascen- 
dancy, who shall say that within a few 
yean the difference of castes may not 
cease to excite alarm, and that domestic 
slavery may not cease to exist? This sup- 
poeee tils entire Bappi«euoa of the exe- 
crable tmfGc with Africa. The inhabi- 
tants of the island of Cuba are the most 
deeply interested in seeing that the num- 
ber of the people of colour is not impru- 
dently augmented. Thelawsof theeonntiy 
and a Bokmn treaty with Ensland have 
already prohibited the Slave-Trade; and, 
althoogh it may be believed that the sole 
object of the pretended philanthropy of a 
civilized nation is the aggrandizement of 
the poasemons of that nation in India, ns" 
altJhough it may be believed that tl 
destruction of tl^ colonies of France and 
Spain, Portugal and Holland, ia intended 
to promote the prosperity of English colo- 
nies in Asia, it is not for the inhabitants of 
the island of Cuba to defend a traffic in 
every sense to be reprobated. If the faith 
of treaties has been disregarded, If the 
trade in men has been permitted, it is but 
JQst that sach abominable excenes be 
repTCMtd, aa every other illqality should 
be leproNed. But thoee who have oom- 
mitted these exceawe are not in the island 
of Cuba; audit is not just that the natjve 
inhabitants should pay with their lives, 
and the loss or conflagration of their pro- 
pertv, for the delinquencies of othera, 
OB tlie erroneous pretext that our depen- 
dency on the mother country is to be 
maintained by tlie increase of the n^ro 
pt^ijation. That dependency will be 
pwpetuol if the elements of order aro 
preserved, which, h^ipily, now exist in 
the inviolability of our property ; it. will 
be perpetual, while the enlightened 
government of Spidn shall extend to this 
eovntry its protectibg arm. If its inha- 
Utaota have koown how to resist the 



them from other parta ^ America, and 
if they have been willing to sbed their 
blood and lavish their monejr, not only in 
Europe but in the neighbouring pravinoes 
of America, for the snppreMion of those 
who were formerly their brothers, they 
need not be a&aid of the doubts which ore 
thrown on thur inviolable loyalty ; unless 
I impoaeible — because the aniuat — 
event of Ueir being compelled to yield to 



let not its odious and clandestine con- 
tinnanoe be allowed to produce the total 
ruin of the island of Cuba. 

But to what good is emandpation to 
leadl What use wiU the slaves make of 
their freedom? Plunged in a state of 

ce from which the acquisition of 

, win not release them ; destitute 
of capital and knowledge, and without 
any stimnhmt to induce them to acqaira 
and aeenmiUate, their indolenee and sloth 
will moke them miserable in proportion 
to their numbers, and they will not be 
able to preserve their existenee without 
the perpelntlon of orimes, without im- 
piously and barbarously avenging the 
previous lost of their libmrty, and withost 
""Wm their own existence incompatible 
with uat of their present mosteiB, 

Politio^ economy may be able t« de- 
monatnte tiiat those countries are mon 
pndoetive in which labour b free, than 
those where domeatio slavery prevails ; 
but, when we bring into comparison, 
not the power of {nvduction of people 
distinct from each other in thur laws 
and customs, but the labour of a slave 
as compared with that of a freeman, 
both livins on the same spot ; when we 
oondder that the labour of the journey- 
man is not much less forced than that of 
the slave ; when we observe that the con- 
nunption and the cost of living of the 
slave is less than that of the freeman. It 
will not be posuble to establish the 
nperior utility of the labour which is 
fbrced by means of misery and pauperism, 
to that which is exacted by means of a 
gentle form of slavery. If the introdno 
tion of slaves into a place where they did 
not previously exist were in question, the 
doctrine of the superior productivenev of 
free labour might be held to be applicable. 
But this is not the state of the question. 
The existence of slavery is a &ct ; and if 
thia bet oxercisae a great influence In the 
d^wedatitmof lahonr, in the deterioration 
of mumen, uid In arresting the progress 
irf the knowledge and skill oiF the srttaan, 
the greater expense of the operatire and 
the msohanist, who, aeonstomed to higher 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[SEPTEinBI, 



enjoymente, 'will exact a higher ccon^en- 
sation, becranea evident ana anquestion- 
abk. 

The emancipation of- the slaves infers 
the removal of a great number of hands 
from the cultivation of the soil ; and, 
without taking into consideration tlie Ion 
of their value, which ought always to be 
indeninified, without considering the da- 

3 occasioned by every change in the 
cation of capita], the loss which must 
^ise from the want of the means of cul- 
tivation must be incalcnlable. That loas 
could not be supplied until after the lapse 
of many yeais by emigration from Eun^, 
because the emigration of whites cannot 
take place with the same facility with 
that of n^Toes ; and the greater cost of 
the produce of white labour would ex- 
clude the fruits of this island from a fair 
competition in the markets of the world. 
The melancholy condition of Jamaica is 
more convincing than all onr economical 
^eories, and demonstrates how sad the 
prospects of the island of Cuba would be, 
even if its while inbaBitants were not 
exterminated. 

And what would then be the advantages 
which the Spanish nation would derive 
by retaining this island in her depend- 
ence? By what means could we contrive 
to send four millions of dollars to tiie 



'Ould be the benefit 
of introducing into this island the pro- 
ductions of the peninsula, when they 
oould be no longer exchanged for other 
productions ? How could the interests of 
mdustiy or trade be promoted? All the 
nations of the earth, with one exception, 
are interested in the preservation of this 
island, and in the prosperity of its com- 
merce and its industry ; and the Spanish 
government can never decree the impru- 
dent emancipation of our slaves without 
committing suicide, and withont the loss 
of its own dignity and indeoendence. 
Spain has no iieed to receive lessons in 
philanthropy from other nations. The 
colonies cu Great Britain have always 
been in a worse condition than the pro- 
vinces of Spain, to which the very name 
of colony was offensive ; and the acknow- 
ledgment of foreign influence in questions 
of poutive rubt would be as injurious as 
it is disgracefuL 

The circumspection required ' '' 



importance to this island, ihe necessity of 
lo(^ knowledge in order to arrive at a 
right conclusion, and the right of those to 
be heard who are so deeply int^ieeted in 
the issue by mean of IegitinMt« repre- 
•entativM^ may poeaiUy prevent the en- 



actment of B sudden measuTe of erosnrapa- 
tion : but the Municipal Council of Ha- 
vana would be wanting in its duties, if 
it did not represent that the mere diecus- 
don of the question is as injurious as ils 
inconmderate decision could be ; if they 
did not make it Icnown with Ainkness 
and fidelity, that the aligbtest notice of 
the subject will endanger the politital 
existence of the island ; and finally, if 
they did not declare that the ineritaUe 
result of ils discussion will be a bloody 
revolution. The government will ac- 
knowledge the accuracy of tbeas observa- 
tions ; and, if the bWd of Cub* is to 
perish, if the ruin and extennlnaUoo of 
ita inhabitants is to be the reward of their 
sacrifices and their fidelity, at least it 
shall not be said that the evil might hsve 
been avoided, nor that it has been hastensd 
by the cowardly silence of this Hnni- 
ctpaUty. 

NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 

Proemidingt of the C&urth MutieMO 
Soeitff for Africa md tie £att, ISW- 
1841. London, lail. 
The forty-first report of the com- 
mittee of his noble Institution is a pub- 
lication of no common value. Should 
their labours, by any possible combi- 
nation of untoward circumstances, be 
brought to a close, and should no other 
monument remain than the one now 
before us of the good they have been 
instrumental in effecting, no one, who 
has made himself master of the subjecli 
would hesitate to class them amongst 
the most honoured servants of Almighty 
God. We are satisfied to rest this 
opinion upon the following facts. FiriU 
that there are now employed in Tarioas 
capacities by the Society, as clergymen, 
catechists, or school-masters, no less 
than eleven hundred and siity-five 
teachers of religion, nine hundred and 
eighty-four of whom are natives of 
heathen countries. Secondly, that at 
least four thousand six hundred once 
ignorant worshippers of idols, or of 
devils, have become, by the labours cf 
the Society's missionaries, consistent 
members of the Church of Christ: *i«l> 
Thirdly, that thirty-five thousand adults 
and children are receiving, in the 
schools of the Society, the blessing, 
above all price, of a scriptund educa- 



1841.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



173 



tion. We ire of opinion that these 
&cts cumot be too extensively pub- 
lished to the world. 

To the West African mission of the 
Society we advert with peculiar plea- 
sure. Never, perhaps, were greater 
difficultiea opposed to the success of 
aay benevolent undertaking than those 
which met its first missionariea on those 
inboapitable shores. Not to dwell upon 
the pestil«ttial nature of the cliioate, we 
may eaumerate the ignorance and brutal 
superstitions of the natives, the wont of 
adequate protection from the govern- 
ment of their own country, and above 
all, the deadly enmity of the slave- 
traders, who had discernment enough to 
percMve that Christianity and their 
saaguinary traffic could not long co- 
exist. But with his servants was Onk 
mote mighty than all their enemies 
combined ; OHEwho has made his pro- 
mise good from the first opening of the 
Mission to the present hour : " I vrill 
never leave thee, nor forsake thee." 

Our apace will not permit ua to give 
even a brief narrative of the progress 
of the Sierra Leone Church Mission. 
We must content ourselves with recom- 
mending our readers to take up the 
subject for themselves*, assuring them 
that they cannot fail to find, in pursu- 
ing it, one of the most interesting chap- 
ters in the history of human affairs. 
At present we must content ourselves 
with the adduction of a few facts, as we 
find them recorded in the work named 
at the head of this paper, which may 
serve to show what an important engine 
is the Mission of the Church Missiooary 
Society, in the work of dvilizing as well 
as of evangelising Africa. 

At page 39 we find the following 
notice of " The Christian Institution," 
a training seminary for native teachers. 

*'Mr. uaoc Smith, who has chsi^ of the 
Institntion, gave an interesting report of 
its state in December last. There were at 
the time seventeen students. Their pro- 
fresE in their studies was satis&ctory. 
Mr. Smith employs them occasionally m 
instmctinK the children in an In&nt 
School. He remarks, that many of them 
can Mnploy the hour allotted to this pur- 
pose in an interestins; manner, questioning 
the children, and heariog them repeat 



their Ubles and hymns. Mr. Smith re- 
ports favourably of the religious state of 
many among the students." 

The committee sabsequently allude 
to some improvements about to be in- 
troduced into this Normal School. 

" It is deMgned," say they, " to be con- 
ducted on such a system as may be best 
calculated to impart a sound education, 
intellectual, moral and religious, to the 
youths received into it, and thus becom^ 
under the Divine blessing, the means of 
prepsring Africans to be themselves the 
teachers of their own countrymen," 

At page 42 they describe) as follows, 
the remarkable desire for religious 
books, which has been excited amongst 
" the liberated Negroes." It may be 
necessary to explain, for the infor- 
mation of some of our readers, that 
this phrase applies to Negroes rescued 
by British cruizers, or otherwise, from 
the grasp of the slave-dealer. The po- 
pulation of the colony, about 40,000, is 
mmnly composed of such. 

" The growing dedre for reli^ons books 
may be judged of from the simple feet, 
that for the lost three quarters of the pre- 
sent year respectively, the missiooaries 
have applied for 2000 copies of the Cottage 
Hymn Book, Thus 6000 copies have beui 
forwarded to Sierra Leone, not for gratu- 
itous distribution, but for sale among the 
liberated Negroes." 

At page 43, (and with this quotation 
we must close our hasty notice,) we find 
the following interesting remarks upon 
" the Niger Expedition." 

" It is delightful to see the wondrona 
powers of stetun, combined with the most 
scientific invenUons which medical skill 
could devise for the preservation of the 
health of the crews, directed to the bene- 
volent end of civilizing Africa. But it ia 
even far more delightful to behold Sierra 
Leone furnishing that which neitiier be- 
nevolence, though unbounded, nor skill, 
though unrivalled, could supply. The 
Siena Leone Mission gives to the Expe- 
dition not only the long-tried and apnroved 
.ry, well acquainted ■ ' "" " 



— , .,1th the 

African character^ut it also furnishes the 
Native African Christian himself. The 
Rev. J. F. Schon, one of the Society's 
most valuable missionaries, and Samuel 
Crowtber, a native cstechist, will^ if it 
please God, accompany the Expedition up 
the Niger." 



by Google 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



[S> 



CASES OF SLATERS. 
We have been kindly &raured with the 
following extract from a letter, recently 
received from Commander Butterfield, of 
H.Af.S. Fanlame, announcing his buc- 
ceisful chase and capture of a Spanish 
brigantine vith 290 (Uves on board. 
The ^oiifonwii one of Sir William Sym- 
monds' ships. This i« not the first 
occuion on which «he hu done credit 
to the skill tnd sdentific knowledge of 
that well^uiown naval ardiitect. 

ojfi^l, 1841. 
" Zat.l° 6ff S., long, a? *iy W. 
« I have not much time to spare, 
hanng just tsken a Prize, with £90 slaves 
on board from Whydan, after & most 
b^ng chase of twenty-four honrs, and 
gomg over 257 milts of^ground, carrying 
a press of scdl, every t^ex in jeopsnly, but 
no TMiel could liavs done better. The 
Prise had been chased by the Woheritia, 
BontUa, Qignet, and t4/ra, all of which 
men of war she escaped iKta by superior 
■ailing ; the Cwtain made sure we 
were the Water WiUih, but as Fankme 
is quite equal to her, he is new not sur- 
prised atosr taking her ; she is called tiie 
Joitpkiiu, the fittest brigantine out of 
Havsnnah, and laughed at the idea of any 
man of war catchinrher. 

"£. H. BUTT^UIHS." 

F)vmthe"T6baffoe<i£ette,''ilanAia,18iV 
" The Cape of Good Hope Shipping 
list, lately received, contains Uie following 
dreadful account of the loss of 700 slaves, 
and the mbseqaent wreck of the slaver : — 
" The last accounts from Hozambiqne 
state that two slavers, one a ship and the 
Other a brig, were wrecked in Hoiam- 
bique harbour during a hurricane &om 
the S.E., but the crews of both, and 200 
■laves on board tlie brig, were saved. 
The ship had arrived tlie precedina: day, 
and had not taken in any slaYes. It was 
reported of the brig, which was com- 
manded by a Spanian^ that she originally 
had on board 900 slaveE^ but durini a 
horricane (in the prosecution of ner 
voyage) the hatches were battened down, 
and on opening them a&er the hurricane 
had subuded, it was discovered that 300 
of the slaves had died from suSbcation 
and want of food. The gale recommenc- 
ing, the hatches were battened down a 
second time, the consequence of which 
was that sn additional 300 slaves perished 
from the same causes, and 100 oi^the re- 
maining 300 slaves died on the paaage to 
Hozambiviue harbour, whither she repaired 
for the paijoee of getting a fiuUier wpply. 



" The sune paper, under the head of 
' Portuguese Slaven — Farther C^atts,' , 
states that the brig Amtuma OimMatte, of 
about 200 tmii^ captured in Hosambique 
chumel, February 23, by H.1LS. MedaU 
and sent into Cimon's Bay, originally had 
of slaves 050, of which M are suppowd to 
have died during the pao^. Another 
TMsel with 400 daves on board, had aim 
been captured by H.H.B. ModnU, and 
WH honriy expected to anive in (Smon'i 
Bay, bendes which, she (the iMoM) had 
run a veskI ashore, which had become i 
total WKck ; but 22 elaves and 6000 
Spanish dollars had been taken out of her. 

" The Slave Trade along the East Afri- 
can Coast continued to be prosecuted with 
its usubI spirit. The Portuguese whaler, 
Eliza, Lopez master, while lying In Mo- 
(«mba, ri2mileaS. of Moiambique) had 
conveyed on board 200 sUvfls, the duty o( 
■even dollars a head btlng evaded. tTpon 
receiving this inteUigence the actiiv Go- 
vernor of Mozambique da^atc h ea two 
armed boats after her, but they, being 
without sufficient ommuniUon, were kept 
off, and the vessel sailed with her cargo 
for the Bradls. At 4,niUitnane, the SUre 
Trade was carried mi with the greatest 
activity; and from Mozambique, it wn 
calculated that, during the twdve moDthi 
ending December last, not less tbsn 
tuw/M thoutand fiocw had been exported." 

The SotiUi Afriam Commemal Aduer- 
tUer of 20lh of February, 1841, conUim 
the following extract of a letter from S(. 
Helena:— * We have hwe a Portugue* 
■chooner, priie to the tValer ffitth, f« 
condemnation, with 230 iUvee on board. 
They have the amall-pax very eeverely. 
Those who are free from it, ore landed it 
Lemon Valley, which place is kept under 
strict quarantine. When the Water tVitci 
first gave chase, the captain endeavoured 
to (ret away by lightening the veaeel, for 
which purpose he threw overboard sbout 
130 slaves, having originally on board 
3fiO. He then ran his vesMil on shore, and 
made his eect^. The boats of the Wattr 
Witch saved about seventy from drown- 
ing, but the greater part of them died 
ofierwarda from exhaustion." 



" Thb Irit, 28, C^t. Hngh Knj»e, 
arrived in the river Gambia the ISth of 
April, where' she took a pilot on boatd 
and reached Sierra Leone. In a lew dsy< 
■he started for the Rio Pongasin company 
with the Tanugant. The boats were 
sent up to fire the bairocoons (slave 
houses]^ which they accomplished, and 
brought an^ the ' queen' and eleven of 
her ntablishment. aII the slaveB haJ 
been dispeiBed."— PfidrfSjmoe 6<Ktttt. 



IMl.] 



THE FRIEND OP AFBICA. 



A pnlilic meeting wbh held at the Guild- 
hall, CarnaiToii, on the evening of Thnrs- 
dtf, 2Dth May, for the purpose of form- 
ing an anxilUiV to the Society for the 
Extiiiction of the Slare Trade and for 
the CiTilization of Afnca; — the Rev. 
T. Tbokis, Vicar of Uanbeblig, In the 
chair. 

The CauRMAv, after haTins offered up 
a prarer for the hleaung of God, pro- 
ceeded to inform the andienoe of the 
cibje«t« of the eocietT, which aa it was new, 
he thought it but due to hia auditors to 
explain. EaTing expatiated at eome length 
u|«Q the evils of ■lavery and the alave 
trade he proceeded to show, from anthentic 
docDments, that the slave trade had been, 
and Kilt is, in a state of fearful increaae — 
th« ratio of that increase beinEaa 17 to SA. 
He then proceeded to ehow thai tlte So- 
ciety aimed at the axtinotlon of slavery at 
id vny ftmntaiti, by humaniziu^, civili- 
anj, and evangelizing that dontioent 
whenoa such lai^ maMee of the human 
fimily were annnally drawn to mpply the 
demand 6a alave-labour in the varioua 
slave<«tatae of the Western world. 

The Chairman tiien called upon Mr. J, 
Wfone, (the- gentleman to whose ezertiona 
the derire for forming a local auxiliary 
Mciety was chiefly to be attribnted,) to 
read a report of the objeots of the Puent 
Society, m "Welah; which was ■'""- --- 
eordingly. 

The Rev. Rosbbt Wiluams ndd that 
the Slave Trade was abhorrent to the best 
impnlsea of onr nature, and directly repng- 
nant to that code of love, and law of truth, 
vhich were contained in the gospel. 
His hearers rouat, therefore, botli as men 
and Chriatians, be deEirooa of extinguishing 
the evil. It had been extinguished in our 
coloniea ; but it was rampant in other [urta 
of the world : and the object of this Societj' 
tras to elevate the chsjscter of the Afri- 
cans, by introducing amcmest tliem the 
arts of agriculture and civilization aud 
thus weaning them from those wicked and 
cruel habits which led to the traffic in 
human beings. The objects of the Society 
were not such as would compromise Chria- 
tianity ; due honour waa paid to the 
gospel and its Divine Founder, — but it 
wwared, to reflecting minds, that a Society 
like the present womd serve as a pioneer 
to the truths taught by the Word of God ; 
and prepare the heathen in Africa to re- 
ceive that bith which led to eternal life. 

The Rev, J. Hdxi.bt, in a Welsh ad- 
drea, gave a most graphic picture of Um 
horronoftlie ^re Xnde, fhim the fint 



account of the miseries and wholesi 
ders attendant upon the middle passage. 

The Very Rev. the Ds&n or Bahoor 
spoke at eonstdenble length In favonr o( 
the objects of the Society. It was his 
opinion that improvement in the temporal 
condition of a savage people was a moat 
important auxiliary U> the introductiMi 
amongst them of religious knowled^ ; 
and therefore that Christianity and civili- 
sation, "the goepeland the plough," ahonld 
go hand in lutna. 

Mr. R. H. Pkskcb, in a Welah address, 
enlarged on the important principle that 
Christinnity was the meet efficient initru- 
meut of clvUisation, and was glad to assure 
the audience that ^is was a leading prin- 
ciple of the society, an auxiliary to which 
they were then about to eatablish. This 
country had already distinguished itself 
greatly.by its oppoaitionto the Slave Trade, 
and had made great saeriflcea to effect ita 
abolition. The moral triumph thus ob- 
tained exeeedad infinitely in importance 
the victories of Trafol^ or Waterioo, and 
when theee, and theur heroea, were for- 
gotten, this wonld be held in nndying 
remembrance, and elevate the count^ in 
the estimation of all the wise and the good. 
It was worth observation that when bo 
huge a sum aa 20,000,0001. sterling waa 
voted fbr the purchase of the freedom of 
the slaves, not a ronrmui was heard against 
it. It never called forth either remon- 
strance or petition, but on the contraiy, 
had met with the universal assent of the 
entire nation! And it must be a matter 
of great satisfitction to thero to know that 
the measure had worked well. Mr. Gur- 
ney, a gentleman who had addressed them 
in that Hall, had proved, beyond all 
question, that the emancipation of the 
slavee in the West Indies had operated on 
all interests there, more beneficially than 
the most sanguine friend could have anti- 
cipatad; and it was delightful to learn 
that Christianity — the religion of the Bible 
— was ezerciaing a powernil influence in 
those important islands. Indeed, he had 
never read more rtriking proofo of the 
power of the Gospel, nor more delightful 
exempliilcations of its genius and spirit, 
than were related by Mr. Gumey in the in- 
tereeting work which he had just published 
upon the subject*. He (Mr. P.) felt moat 
sanguine that the Lord was preparing in 
the West Indies instruments for effecting 
the cirilizatlon and evangelization of Africa 

* A Win'fr In iht Wal India, bj Josani 
Joan OnanET. Murtef . Loadgn, IMI. , 

logic 



176 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



and tliat ere long hondreds of converted 
negroea, inflneoced by a Saviour's love, 
and poategaine every requiuta qoaMoation, 
would visit tAeir &thon' laud, and preach 
to their denaded and ill-used counttymen 
that GoHpS which, while it would prove 
the power of God to their galvation, would 
also elevate them amongst the nationa of 
the earth. They were engaged in a good 
cause — to support it waa their duty — by 
BO doing they would bring down more 
abundantly the Divine blessing, and of their 
final success there could be no doubt. 

The Rev. Mr. GiuinnTH then addressed 
the company in Welsh, observing that, it 
having been pronounced desirable that an 
snxiliary in connexion with the Parent 
Society he formed, it became Deceasory to 
appoint proper officers for carrying out the 
contemmated objecta. 

Mr. Preecb here intimated that the 
Very Rev. the Bean of Bangor had sug- 
gested the propriety of ao forming the So- 
ciety that it should represent the views 
not only of the town, but of the county 
also — a Buggcation which would cause some 
delay in the appointment of the officers^ 
and might, perbaps, render another meet- 
ing necessary. 

The Rev. Mr. ARMBTnoNO' Williams 
read an extract of a letter from Mr, Gur- 
ney, showing that the result of the philan- 
thropic labours of the Anti-Slavery Society 
had been beneficial, in every sense, to the 
Spiritual, moral, intellectual, and social 
condition of the negroes in the West India 
Islands: and he inferred from this, that 
the laboura of the present Society would 
be beneficial to the negro race in Africa. 

Mr. K. M. Preece moved, and the Very 
Rev. the Dkan seconded, that the Right 
Rev, the Bishop of the Diocese, be invited 
to accept the Pre^dency of the Auxiliary 
Society ; as it was generally understood 
that it would be better to make the Society 
8 county institution than to confine it to 
the town and its vicinity. 

The following list of officciB for the town 
was ultimately put to the meeting, and 
unanimously approved of; — 

Prerident for tlie time. The Rev. T. 
Thomas, Vicar; Treasurer, R. M. Preece, 
Esq. ; Secretaries, The Rev. J. P. Morgan, 
Mr. John Wynne ; Committee, The Clergy 
of the town and neighbourhood, the Minis- 
ters of the dififerent denominations, William 
Roberts, Esq., Thomas H. Evans, Esq., E. 
G. Powell, Esq., Messrs. Owen, Jones, 
George Hai'ding, John Hughes, Richard 
Williams, R. B. Owen, William Jones, 
W. Pritchnrd, Simon Hobley, John 
Roberts, W. Pritchard, Robert Davies, 
H. Hughes, John Jackson, — Foley, John 
Thomas, James Foster. 



[SErtEMBBic,ie41. 



A subscription having been entered into, 
the meeting separated. 



Am* 

Fnm Sitrra Ltvttt and SMnii ,■— 
Optaln. Tout 

OnKEtmlM DiTlta lSSUTet;oiil,nJil]r. 

TIuuauHiuitaT..Qmmt( 349 LlT«rp<»l, SAnf. 

Bombay Puket.-CWae 4U UtstocI. 13 A^. 

ToSI(7T»I«IM.— 

AnuOnuI Wilkn snUmpool, 6Ai«. 



Juvems MoDouJd.. asLODdm.. «As|. 

PsTt FlHtwDod . .Vldlu leiLnodoiL.. 

John. Cwter l» Loofltn- - 1» Aai. 

AtethuK Walkn SDSLondoB.. UAi|. 

To Ok Oanlbia :— 

Julia Res 147 London.. UAni. 

GingH Cooko SMLo»1oii,.MAbi, 

Ann X'Conmck 9D London- SAi|. 

To FenundoFor — 
OoldeDSprlDg..,.IiTiiif SlSLoidtB.. IB^ 

Fron Capt ClHHln- 
RuuTBlo Hujita*. Brltton. ... 117 London. . 14 Am- 
Owige Cuininf Birluc laTIdndoa. ■ MAa|. 

To Capi Coatt;—' 



JtL(maoo-«AH- 



NOTICE.— "Thb Frikkd or Africa" 
mill Keneefvrth be puMxthed on (A« Ist day 
of Gverymonth. Ai, 6? tMl arrmigtmM, 
it mutt neeestarih ctase to be a itampei 
paper, it can no loru/er be tent In/ po^ ^ 
heretofore. We haw to beg our frieadi 
and tubtcribert in Hu eomOrif, to order 
their retpective boottdUrt to tuppfy them 
/or the future, who matf obtain it rt^alarfy 
in their monthfy parcels of maffoxinet aM 
other periodieatt, on application to i""" 
pubUeheri, or to their reipeetive L<m^ 



Subscriptions and Donations are recrived 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoare, Esq. ; 
by Messrs. Bamett, Hoores, and Co., 62, 
Lombard-street; Messrs. Barclay, Bevin, 
and Co., 64, Lombard-street ; Messrt. 
Coutts and Co., fi9, Strand ; Messrs. Dram- 
monds, Charing-cross ; Messrs. Hanbuty, 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard -street; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenchurch-stiert; 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet-street; and 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., SO, 
Birchin-lane; and by the Secretary, the 
Rev. J. M. Trew, (to whom all communi- 
cations relative to the bumness of the 
Society may be addressed,) atthe Ofli«. 
Ifi, ParliBment-Street. 

LoKDOR : Printid tij Thoiui Rich^bd Haiwmw, 

of Mo. 4S, St. HuTtlB-i Lane. tB thu pvU oT SI. 
Mnrtin In the Field! ; and pDtillitied h7 Jaim Wil- 
Luu Paikiii, of No. 44S. Welt etisnd. BcMalia 
byMamtji RivlDBioni; H»iih»rf; smej: NnW; 



. lot Sv**iil»r,ml- 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 

BT 

TBS COMUITTBS OF TBS SOCISTT FOB TBS SXTINCTION OF TBS 

SLAVS TSADS ASD FOR TBS CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 

PUBLISHED MONTHLY. 

No. J2.] LONDON, OCTOBER. 1841. PmcE 2rf. 





CONTENTa 

































THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 

Intsi,liobncb has reached ua of the progress, and we rejoice to 
add of the continued welfare, of our beloved countrymen engaged ia 
this Sxpeihtion, which we hasten to lay before our readera. 

The vessels reached Sierra Leone &oin the Cape de Verd Islands 
in the following order :~The Aibert, on the 24th of June ; the Wtlber- 
foreCf on the 26th; and the Soudan, on the 29th. No case of sickness 
had occonred on board any of the vessels, the place being unusually 
healthy. 

On the 2nd of July, the squadron, consisting of three steamers and 
a tender (the Amelia schooner) purchased at Sierra Leone, again set 
sail, and on the morning of Monday the 5th, anchored in Mesurado 
roads, off the American settlement of Monrovia. 

The following extract ftvm the AJricc^a Ltamaary, a Monrovia 
newspaper, notices their arrival, and the subsequent visit ashore of the 
commanding officers. 

"AxKiTAL Ai raa Port vw thk Afbican Civiliutioh Espkdition. 

" The BiiUsh Expedition to the River Quorra. or I%er, for obtaimng infbrma* 

tion, and nuldiig tnetieg with the tribes ia the gieat Talley of the Niger, prepa* 

ratory to GMTTing out plana for the extinction of the Slave Trade, and for the civilixa- 

tioD of Abies, honooied our roodstaBd with its preMOoe on Monday morning, the fith 

" It ia composed of three iron steam-hoata, and a schooner with aappliea ; all well 
anned, and maimed with abont 400 men ; commanded by officers of the gieateat 
ivorth and es^aimce ; and accompanied by a fUl and able scientific corps. 

"The qipewrance of thia sqnsdron in onr watea, was bailed as a new as In 
Afiican coast and river navigation. 

" The principal officera came immediately on sliore, and although they went off 
the same afUmoon, they had made good use of their time, havinj^ Tinted the 
Governor, miaaion-boiue, semijiarj', &c." ib,C_TOOQlc 



1^ THE FMEND OF AFRICA. [OctobBl, 

On the following morning, Captain Trotter drew up a sketch of the 
history and objects of the Expedition, alio a list of the principal 
persons engaged in it, which he forwarded for publication in the 
Luminary. Amongst the names we are hi^py to perceive that of 
the Rev. J. P. SchSn, one of the missionaries of the Church Missionary 
Society, who embarked at Sierra Leone, and who from hia " experience, 
and long acquaintance with the African diaractcr^' will doubtless prove 
a valuable auxiliary. 

The Harriet transport had proceeded on her way to Cape Coast 
Castle, where we may hope her consorts not long after arrived in 
safety. 

It will further gratify our readers to know that the report relative 
to the working of the engines on board the Albert is highly satisfactory. 
From the other vessels we have not received inteUigence on this head, 
but we have no reason to suppose that in either of them the state of 
things is of a less pleasing nature. 

Since the above was in type we have received a letter from Siora 
Leone, dated the Idth of July, 1641, of which the following ia an 
extract: — 

"I am Bure yon will rejoice to hear that the Elxpedition cominsiided by oar 
excellent tneni, Captain Trotter, had arrived here in safety. We irere for a long 
while expeclJDg this plewiog event, and on the morning of the 26th of June bad Ou 
pleasure to see from our drawinE-rooni verandah the smoke ot the Albert streaming 

along the vewe of our calm andoeautitul horiiMi. After breaklart Mr. drove 

into town and went on board, where he was moat kindly received bj Captua Trotter, 
who with some of his officers accompanied him back to dinner. Next morning 
Cqttain Trotter brought the two Aahanti prinoet to apend the da^ with na. I waa 
much delighted with their amiable and polished manners, aa well aa with thw pur« and 
christian sentimenta ; they are an encouraging specimen of what can be efleet«d 
in the Afrieau character, and will, I trust, prove a migh^ blMuni tDtheir,nt pnaent, 
pagan countrymen. While seated at breakfast we saw the T^lbtrfiiret advaucing, 
and this eanaed oa to lose Captain Trotter** locietv ooonar than wa had prnminiil 
ourselves, as he being the head had much to direct and see executed ; but I am b^py 
to say that he looked remarkably well, and enjoj^ed the most serene and happy 
spirits — his whole uipeojance and manner testifying that the peace of God was 
sweetly pervading all nis feelbgs amidst the numerous, various, nod arduous duties 
connected with the command of this elorious enterprise. The Sottdatt came ia two 
days afterwards, when we had the additional satis&ction to make the acquaintaoee of 
Captain Bird Allen. We also liked CutAin Allen of the Wilbtrfme. 

" Many of the olBoen and aooompamera of this Eqwditloo «M nUgloM^ and, 
under Bach meoj w« may reaaoaably hope that this gnat uodertakiiig will neeiv* tiu 
bleswng of our Lord, and prove the humble thot^h highly-honoured instruntant in 
His Aunighty band of raisins the natives of tiua vast Continent from tha loiraat 
depths of sin and misery in which human beings can be plunged, to the glorioas 
liberty of the children of God. 

" On Sunday, at C^tiun Tn)ttar>s kind {nvitatiMj, I watt on board the AKtrl to 

divine Mrrice with Hr. ■ , who officiated, and wa were delighted with the bMttty 

and utility of the accommodations, arrangements, and fuRiitim of tbi* the iMmt 
atcam-ship I had ever seen. Indeed, it is a little world, wparentiy "™'H">'"g all utat 
Kience and eJdll can produce for the comfort of each individual under th^ praent 
ciicunutances, and I hardly repressed the wish that we could occompauy the intovat- 



««.] THE yBIEWD OF AFRICA. m 

" Monday wm a day eeomxittad to pablic jMsyar for Uia blauiiig of God apon 
tlw Sj^editiou. How it would ban delighted your hearts to lutre Men the crowds 
•rf w«U<dnMed nativee filling up erery man place in the luge church at Freetown. 
The tbne Comnunden and a> many of uieir people aa could come on shore attended. 
Tbey afUrwards ezprened themtelvee m having been highly pleased at weiiw so large 
■DaaKmbl^e of intelligent leriou^ and feeling black countenances, Hr. M-^has 
been requested to ^nblisA hu sermon on thia occasion, wUcb 1 dan lav yon will like 
to Ttad, BB it contauu some particnlan rtmrdiiw Stem LacoM. It wiU M published 
by Sasleyi, Fleet-street 

" On TbandMy the Ist otJxdj we Inrnkbited on board the Soudamy and ^>eoi the 
for«nM>a in the Albtrt to say &i«well to our friends. They all sailed on the followiiw 
day, attMided by many umyus and beat wishes. For soniB day*, after a week of sach 
ittp interest in the midst of white friends, we felt a loneliness it would be difficult 
for yon to nndentaad who hara nerer expwknced the loes of the channa of English 
sode^." 



CHRISTIAN BnSSIONS 
The following interesting letter ap- 
pom in the AJnca's Luminafy of July 
3nd. It was addressed to the superin- 
tnident of the Wesleyan Missions at 
Sierra Leone by a native of the Accoo 
coontry. 

The writer was taken as a slave, re- 
captnred, and brought to Sierra Leone, 
where, under the blessing of God, 
be became acquunted with the truths 
of Christianity. Having subsequently 
inuused some wealth, he detennined, in 
concert with a number of hie country- 
men, to return to his native place, 
Badagry. Accordingly, having pur- 
chased a -vessel at Sierra Leone, and 
hired a white man to navigate her, the 
friends proceeded on their voyage, and 
reached their father-land in safety. On 
their arrival their first desire was to 
mike their countrymen acquainted with 
the truths of the Gospel. To this end 
the writer appeals to the individual 
throngfa whose instrumentality he be- 
came a Christian himself. 

« BadMiy, JIfanA Tmd, 1841. 
f " Rev. and dear Mr, — It was my desire 
to write to yon this day, hopine it may 
not of^d yon- By the providence of 
God, I was once brought to Africa where 
the sound of the Gcwpel is ; and I have 
Been and taste the blessedness of Jesns, and 
now I aak permission by the name of the 
Queen to go to my native land ) and it 
vai granted, so I took a naasage by the 
Quern Vktoria, and by me goodness of 
the Lord I arrived there in sMe, which I 
do not think as I have already seen it, 
that the place is very good ; no war is 
Ken, there no nothing of such kind is 
there, ao I humble beseech you, by the 
name of Jehovah, aa to Btaaoat m the 



THE HOPE OF AFRICA. 

messengers of God to teaoh na m<»« about 
the way rf ■Uvation, because I am now 
in a place of daritness, where no light is. 
I know that I was once under tight, and 
now I am in darkness. It is to bring; onr 
fellow-citizens in the way which u nght, 
and to teQ them the goodness of Jehovah, 
what ho had done for ns ; and by so doing 
if the Lord wQl have mercy to broke thM 
stony heart from them, that they may 
attend to the words which I liava spoken 
to them ; all will be right betwUt us and 
them, and I Imow better than them. It 
is my duty to pnt them to right, or the 
way which is nght. But not to go and 
meddle with them In thdr evil ways, for 
if I do the Lord will be angry with me 
and therefore some of my family childrMi 
which arrived with the brig MargartUe 
wishes the children to be instructed also. 
So I humble beg of you that if you ao 
good and kind and to pity on us, and send 
one the servant of Cluist to instmct us : 
by so doing if we ourselves will instructed 
I will try to speak to them the same as I 
have instmcted, and by so doing the place 
will be the land of the Gospel. 

" Hoping yon must not be afraid to send 
ns any ; S anything matter to him we 

ill take g 



will stand, we will t 



:e good caia of him 



WIU SUnU, wo WIM WKB ([UUU 1M<" "• "i." 

at onr ^ther and mother, hopim ourfew 
observations will find you and also your 
family in good of life as it leave me at 

"^1 the governor to Badagry Us cran- 
pliments to TCn, and he ia very glad to hear 
the word or GoAt ^ tindentand English 
well. 

"Yonri humbly 

poor obedient Servant 
Jambs Fbboubbom. 

The Govenmr to B«dagty 
l^ the name of 

„:, .Emml 

n2 ° 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[OcioBn, 



The dangers of pusiog through its 
unhealthy p&rts may certainly be inat«- 
rially obviated by proper precautions, 
which the gradual cleariog of the 
country will powerfully assist. The 
steamer in which Laird went up carried 
the seeds of disease within heiself, 
whilst " the tact that in the mouths of 
May, June, and July, Mr. Lander and 
Mr. Oldfield were exposed for 32 days 
in an open boat ascending the river, 
proves that while the river is rising the 
risk of life is considerably diminished*." 
Mr. Becrofl, now probably engaged in 
his sixth ascent, lost in 1835 only one 
man from consumption, and had no 
case of fever during a voyage of three 
months'. Since, however, a consider- 
able amount of danger must still exist, 
commercial establishments in which the 
personal superintendence of Europeans 
is required, cannot be contemplated in 
this region. Fortunately, indeed, they 
are not necessary, the most important 
stations being higher up the country, 
and the Ibus presenting us with a 
whole nation of active and enterprising 
agents. By the intervention of their 
large canoes, or a small steamer or two, 
manned by West Indian negroes and 
Kroomen, for the uninterrupted pas- 
sage of which the channel might be 
maintained at a more constant depth by 
banking up the mouths of some of the 
minor branches', every article of ex- 
change might be transmitted with the 
greatest facility from the sea to the 
great markets of the interior, at one or 
more of which an English factory 
might most successftilly be stationed. 

II. The Lower Nigkr — Above 
Kiri the scenery is very fine, the 
land gradually rising ; the river wide 
and deep, the banks covered with 
rich plantations* or adorned with 

> LiLiuit,i.,60;PrititdvrJjMta,So.a. 



■ Th«H THwIi wtn lotall; miBniTiM with mf 
Wiuauu to D«ntnliie tha nuluit. 

* Tba DBtunl bw at tb» oSxt of tba Bvtmj 
bmch, dtr for 10 mODlht Id tbe jnz, ibinn tlu 
cue villi vhich Ibl* could ba dour. 

*" The souitij gnmalhr pnHnlad tlut ftnued 
■Dd decidad appMnnw wVcb chuMlniMa laid 
IbM hu bsaa lona nodei Oit domimon of mui.' 
— UiKD, i., 1«0. 



magnificent trees, till we arrive st Da- 
muggo, a large and populous town, 
twenty-four miles higher an the stream. 
The inhabitants of this place dress in 
Manchester cottens, and trade exten- 
sively with the Bokw4h market in pow- 
der, muskets, soap, cloths, &C., whicli 
they exchange for ivory and slaves, 
which they carry to Kiri and Ibu. The 
King, Aboka, (brother of the King of 
Iddah) behaved with the utmost kmd- 
ness te Mr. Oldfield, and supported him 
strenuously against the calunmious re- 
ports circulated in Iddah, asseverating 
upon the Kor&n that " be woold 
die before he would allow the white 
men whom he had brought into the 
country to be injured." Great quanti- 
ties of red wood superior to that of ths 
Old Calabar, and worUi £20 a too, can 
be purchased here for a few commoi 
knives or beads. 

His dominions extend from Kir! to 
Damuggo, above which the kingdom of 
AttSh commences, the capital of which 
(Iddah) is thirty-nine miles distant, or 
32 2 miles from the sea. 

Iddah, seated on the sununitofa hill, 
the perpendicular side of which rises 
sheer from the river to a height of 200 
feet, presents an appearance unspeak- 
ably beautiful. It is clean, of great ex- 
tent, ornamented with verdant shrubs 
and noble trees, and is represented is 
sufficiently healthy for the occasional 
residence of Europeans'. 

"It has many natuml advantages, and 
on some future day will be a piaee of 
great importance. Situated as it is abovB 
the alluvial soil, and at the entrance to 
the valley of the Niger', it commands at 
present the whole trade of the interior, 
which it requires no prophet to foresee 
will at some time hereaA«r be imcaeDie. 
The inhabitants are enterprinng tndei^ 
and monopolise in a gitit measure Ih* 
trade above them ; ana the Kine is sud 
te be the most powerfiil monarch oetwen 
this and Fandah*." 

Vast quantities of ivory ore perpetu- 
ally brought down the nver, and Mr. 
Oldfield was shown two teeth, each 



ud Liapat, and ■ clnk Wt ob U 

Ocloba lo Jdim, buliiig in ibe inloriiB to Ibt iil- 
Jnst nmbM. Tlw Kli« bdwrml mj «ril k> 



LtOO'^IC 



IMl.] 



TBB FRIEND OF AHUCA. 



181 



flight feet long and ireigbing at least 
200 pounds. Cottons, cowries, red 
clotbt beads, velvet, and so^, ars the 
articles moat in request, and vitb them 
ivory may be purchased to any amonnt 
A>r about tempence a pound. 

The character of the then King waa 
certainly onfavourable*, although he 
waa perfectly disposed to ent«r into 
commerdal transactions, but be died 
shortly after the Quorra left Iddab, and 
Mr. Becroft has since been very warmly 
received in this important town. 

"In passing under the hill on which 
the town is situated, a magnificent and 
impoeing view of the Kong Mountains 
mddenly presents itself. There is some- 
thing so grand in the proq>ect Ibat no 
language can do justice to it"." 

Stretching from w.h.w. to s.e., their 
wild summits" hare or crowned with 
dark lomriant foliage, and their sides 
traced with the marks of cultivation, they 
present a series of the most enchanting 
prospects to the voyager, weary of the 
tedious uniformity of the lower plains. 
Still more gratifying is the scent of the 
pure open air, which assures him that the 
rcsion of miasma is past, and the fatal 
"Kver level" happily surmoim ted. 

The river &om this to Bokw^h runs 
in a valley between the mountains, two 
miles wide, broken by many islands, 
and varying from seven to seven and 
three quarters &tboms in mid channel ; 
its brcwd bosom enlivened by number- 
less trading canoes perpetually passing 
and repassing from town to town and 
£rom market to market'*. 

Passing " one of the loveliest little 
towns I have vet seen, seated on the 
nmunit of an almost perpendicular rock 
about ISOfeethigh", ' and the pleasant 
village of Attakoliko, we arrive at lost 
at the fomons market of the Lower 
Niger, the great southern confluence of 
European, Mooriali, and N^o com- 



11 "BcLnr tha ooiiflnen«i tJiffj mn imnilAr 
hi dwir iMtfiiM, >i>d aboat 3000 last bi^ ; Aon. 
thar an ootni, tabDlu- elsnluiu of 1300 fbdt, 
atrmd widi hWBtilhl wnodi, mi mrmonntsd bj 
ptrMDAenla diA." — ktj^n.Piit, Vitvt.f. IS. 

"HukXiuolwIdiii (H Iba loinu aDdrOUc 
•f niT iBportuce, uullf on tnrj Inuth dcj. 

" LuiD, i, ISV. 



t a distance of 246 miles from the 
sea, nearly opposite that singular land- 
mark, the Bird Rock", lies the bank on 
which the Bokwefa or Ikori market is 
every 10 days, lasting generally 
from a day and a half to three days at a 
time, under the care of a regular King 
of the Market, (Sfliki Kasiva) to whom 
a small duty for the privilege of trading 
is paid. Crowds " of busy dealers from 
every town on the Niger, both above 
and below, within a range of more than 
100 mites, from Egga to Ibu, and up 
the Chadda from Ada Kudu to F^ndah, 
assemble at their respective stations to 
eichange the various articles received 
from the Europeans on the coast for 
the ivory, rice, and slaves" of the 
sorronnding country, and the cloths, 
horses, saddles, and bridles, tobes and 
mats of the stilt remoter interior, of 
Nufi, Hausa, and Borou. 

" It is almost imposrible to imagine a 
more animating scene than an j3™mi 
market. On landing on the sandbank, 
a Enropean is struck with the remarkable 
appearance and dresses of the various 
traders and their attendants ; while on 
each ride he is welcomed with ' Senii, 
Senu, — Lori la fere,' (Good morning — I 
bopeyouarewelljfi^mahnttdredmoulha. 
Mats are erected m various directions, the 
natives of each country selecting a pieca 
of ground. These extend lor a qnarter of 
a mile, under which are azpowd for gala 
a variety of articles and proviuons; whilst 
his ears are sainted vntiL 'G^wa,gfiwa,' 
(a tooth, a tooth,} from fine well-formed 
slaves, who are canying elephantt^ t«eth 
on their headi^ wdghiug from fifty to one 
hundred poonda. Under the mats and in 
the iudocures are to be seen male and 
female slaves, from the i^ of five up to 
thirty ; 11,000 of theae poor creatures, at 
the lowest computation, are exposed for 
sale annually. As the visitor proceeds, he 
observes groups of merchants ^oadping 
over their beer on the banaina which they 
have made, or connting their b^s of cow- 
lies, contaimng from 9(^000 to 60,000. 
The various dnasea of tiie natives are not 



" A fangs tnd nsJod Duile n 



"^li; 



•pokoi (bgn, but Ilia Hiiua, u eraj wbenDp 
tba rirar, i« aDlveruUj undantood' 

" Hanr dsTa* tn alio brought boa tdj di>- 
taot pUce* totbii ouM. Itocj ii modi chaapv 



iritb (he rua of tha rlrar. 

LuMt TH than fint, Ihera « 
wardioT 60D0 paopla; ill tmgiua ol Ui 



188 



THE FBIEITD OF AFRICA. 



[OdMBII, 



tlic least strlldtig : Oitj iliow tlw enstoms 
of tike people of the different towns b»- 
tweeu Ibu end %gs, end tiie eltering 
rfiadea of colour are veij^ieroeptilile. The 
Tb6 trader is easily distinguished by hia 
half European dresa ; between Hxi and 
the Chadda bine connt^ clotlis are worn, 
and English cottons. Tobes and toibans 
an worn by the lenwctaUe natiTM of 
Iddah"." 

The Ticinity of this infliieiitial mar- 
ket, where elevated and heslthv litwt- 
tions may eanly be proeured, la obri- 
ousty the proper pUee for the fint 
trading establishment, in connexion per- 
hi^n with a bnuch at Iddah. Nor is 
there any reaion to dread any deed of 
rlolence or plunder, although it is not, 
so fhr as we know, under the direct 
control of any powerful authority". 

The people miTe agreed amcmg them- 
Relvei to maintua a perfect neutrality at 
all such meetings, whatever wars may 
rage in the land, and it is remarkable that 
tlua very market wai remoTed A'om its 
anrient seat (Klri) to Bokweh, on ac- 
count of the injury ofiered to the Lan- 
ders at the former place". Lurd, too, 
left goodi on shore for three weeks, 
scarcely watchei^ without losing a Din- 
gle package. 

LeaTiiig this bofy animated scene, 
ve enter the glnomy and silent gorge 
through which the Niger rushes in a nar- 
row and disturbed channel. Confined 
for the space of thirty miles to a bed 
of 700 yards in width, broken by large 
blocks of granite and rooky islets, and 
overhung by tremendous cliffs, ricing 
Uke wall* om either side to the height i^ 
SOOO or 3000 fe«t, seeming as if they 
had been buret asunder by some mighty 
convulsion of nature to give passage to 
its waters, the eye of the lonely voyager 
is happily prepared for the magoincent 
scene which awuta him oa hu irnez- 
peeted egress. 

- An itmnenn river, ahont IIOOO jaufta 
wide, extending as 6k m Urn m oevld 
iMcb, lajr befbro ua flowii^f miywticaUy 
between ita banks, whleh reaa KxadnallT 
to a oonmdenble bright, studded with 
eliunpe ot trees and brushwood, giW^ 
them the appearance of a gentlemw^ 
park ; whilst the smoke lising Crom di^ 

MOLDmto, B., KM, 

" PiobMj DDdra ih* Kins af AttU, vhcM do- 
ntaianxitaid to Iha Chsddf 
» Attn, Pbii. FitiH, p. 10. 



ferent towns on Its banks, and the nam. 
ber of canoes floating on its boeom, girt 
it an aspect of security and Mooe, at be- 
yond any African scene I baa yet witoeM- 
ed. The confluence of the Chadda was ■ 
Juat in sight, while on the weetem bank 
of the Niger, were two remarkable isolated 
fabls lands of a romantic and beantiM «p- 
pearatioe, giving a finish to a [More to 
which no deecriptien can do adequte 
justice"." 

Proiuce aitd CapahUitiu:— 
The gradually riaing ([rounds from 
Ibd upwards are admirably adapted 
for the growth of every article <£ tco- 
pical agriculture. Tobacco, indigo, and 
rice, are already raised for home cod- 
Eumption, and might be increaBed tc 
any extent. To these might readily be 
added coffee, ginger, and eolUm, wtuch 
is found wild upon the banks, whilst 
tamarinds, limes, and plantains, mayb* 
procured in abundance. Bees-wai, oi- 
trich feathers, and leopard skiuti have 
but to be demanded to insure a coD' 
atant supply ; and ivory of the highest 
qoality, and &eah &om the slaughtered 
animal, is brought from a short £staDee 
up the Chadda. 

" Both banks of the river are thicUj 
studded with towns and villages. I eouH 
connt seven from the plaiK where we lay 
aground; and between lb (i and the con- 
fluence, there cannot be less than forty, 
one generally oeourrittf every two oi thiw 
milra. The general <£a»eter of the peo- 

Ele is much superior to that of the inhs- 
itants of the swampy oonntry bctmMi 
them and the coast. They are shrewd, 
intelligent, and quick in their peice^ 
tions, milder in their dif^o^tions, and 
more peaceable In their habits. Apicul- 
ture Is extensivelj foltowed, and m in- 
tofiourseand trade between tike two town 



upper parts of the Rhine,} tee whol* 
population on the Niger, beiog of ta 
eminentiy commercial character, maa, 
women, and children, carrying on trade. 
Since we had left Ibfl, I had never any 
watch kept at i^ffht, as I eotuldend that 
we ware perfbctly sectm amoDg thtae 
hannleea and amiable petmle".' 

"Linii.i.plSB. At Ihs irMmm tf ObMcb 
C^ AlJsD plaen Banhrt Mnd, d ' 
* - - I, wWch ha Tt 



Lti*I>,i., in, 1T4. One am 
vho iiti abtcMded, nd baoi rftati 
dan, wa raanud In tba Acs oT Itia vhab mwW 
b7 a b«f ) enw of hra BtrnfMoa aod ^ KA' 
nxD, witbcnt tin sH^itaat diffloiltr. 



IMIQ 



THE FIUEND OP AFRICA. 



Th« moat deairable positions for t»c~ 
toriea can be r«aitilr Mourcd ; on hilli, 
or lofty banks, with nifflcient depth of 
wster mr a resKl to He alongside, the 
gmuiid dry, and the atmosphere pure 
and solubnous, with provisions of every 
kind, Ssb, fowl, beef, com, rice, and 
Testable!, abundant and cheap, and 
■urroundod by on independent, indui- 
trioiu, and honest neighbourhood, there 
would Mem to be little doubt of the 
propriety of forming some decided es- 
tabUshment within the n.ngB of a 
stream of commercial iat«rcoujse K> 
extensive and so important. 

We b^in, moreover, to obterre 
timcM of more powerful dominion and 
mora ttable goremmmt, than amongst 
tha patty tribes throughout the Delta. 
For the first time, too, we find mingling 
in every scene the busy and active 
Mallams ('ulema,) from the northward, 
met with as low as Kiri, and exercising 
considerable influence at Damuggo. At 
Iddah, however, they seem to have oom- 

Etetely settled Ihemaelves, where they 
old the oflae of confldential advisers to 
the king. Here Arabic is nnderstood, 
knd the Korfln sworn by. Here, too, 
we find the incursions of the dreaded 
Filitahs the lubject of constant con- 
TenBtion, and towns lud waste by them 
aa for down m Ada Kiidu. 

ITo b* MMUMNwf.] 



SIAVE-SMUGGLING INTO THE 
UNITED STATES. 

AuoKCBT the series of questions trans- 
mitted by the Committee of the British 
and Foreign Anti-Slarery Society to 
the Executive Committee of the Ame- 

riMLn Anti-Slavery Society, in the early „ ^^^ ^^^^ (Vif^nia) 
part of laat year, *u the following : ^he 8th of June, 18^7, hw the foUowing 



thocl 

loTeigD trade, in oonseqnonoe of its being 
oontraband. In presenting the evidenoe 
under thia haed, we would recur to the 
bet, that when, in 1831, Endand and 
FnnM made eSorta to induce tul tiie ma- 
ritime powers to adopt effectual meaturea 
for the extinction of the A&ican Slave 
Trade, the United Slfltea waa the only 
nation that positively rejei;ted those over- 



turee. After repeated 



of the 






[Hwition, and despite the urgent Boiicita- 
tiona of the Britiah and French Govern- 
ments, it waa finally reaolved, that ' under 
no condition, in no form, and with no re> 
Btrietion, will the United States enter into 
any convention, or treaty, or combined 
eflorts, of any sort or kind, with other 
nations, for the luppraHion of this trade.* 

** Mr, Aliddteton, of South Carolina, in 
a ipeach in Congress in 1819, declared 
that * thirteen thousand Africans are anna- 
ally ■muavled into the Southern States.' 

" Mr. Muen, of Virginia, in a speech in 
Congress, about the same time, declared 
that eargott of AMoon slaves were smug- 
gled into the south, to a deplorable extent. 

" Mr. Wright, of Maryland, in a speech 
in Coagrees, estimated toe number annu- 
ally atjt/teai thoimuul. 

'■The President of the United Stntee, 
in bis Mcssatce to Congress, December, 
1837, says, ' The large force under Com- 
modore Dallas, (on the West India station,) 
has been most actively and eSiciently em- 
ployed in protecting onr commerce, tn 
prtBtniina the importation o^tlavtt,' &a. 



Orleans Courier of the Ifith 
of February, 1839, has these remarks: 
' It is believed that AMcan negroes have 
been rigteofwi^ introduced into the United 
States. The nnmber and proximity of 
the Florida porta to Cnba, make it no 
difficult matt«r; nor is onr extended fron- 
tier on the Sabine and Bed Rivers at all 
unfavourable to the smuggler.' 



"Are Uiere any slares imported into 
the United States from Africa or any 
other eountiy, and what is the extent of 
thi« importation T" 

The aoBwer retamed to this inquiry 
wu of each a nMure, ra palnfullv inte- 
nUHtig, and at the same time so impor- 
tant, that we think proper to transfer a 
large portion of it to our pages. 

"There am/r«pieta importations of 
slavea into the United States from Africa, 
akd DOCMiMM^ importation* from the West 
IndiM. The axtant oamiat be stated wHh 
pradaoa. Indeed, our iafmnttiwi on 



' Eight African negroes have been taken 
Into custody at Ap^achlcola by the United 
StaUe* Deputy Marshal, alleged to have 
bean imported from Cnba on board the 
■choonet Empttvr, Captain Cox.' 

" The foUowin^ testimony of the Rev. 
Horace Moulton is contained in a letter 
dated the 24th of Febroarj;, 1839 : 'The 
foreign Slave Trade was carried on to some 
considerable eit*nt when I was in the 
Booth, Were Tou to visit all the planta- 
tions in Sooth Carolina, Geor^ Alabama, 
and MiHsaippi, I thuiL you would be 
KHtvinead that the honms of the traffic In 
honun fierii bare not OMsed, Imfsur' 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Ociowa 



^sed to find to many that ectdd not tpeai 
BnfflM among the slmei until the mystery 
iras expUned. This traa done wlien I 
Isamed that slave cargoes were landed on 
the coast of Florida. They could, and 
can BtjJl, in my opinion, be landed as 
Bofel^ on the coast as In any part of this 
continent.* 

" The following extract, from Captun 
3. E. Alexander, will throw light npon 
the shifte by which the Slave Tiaden 
and their alHes contrive to escape detec- 
tion : ' A ploni^r in Louisiana, of forty 
yean' gtanaing, assured me that there are 
a set of miscreants in the city of New 
Orleans who are connected with the Slave 
Traders of Cuba, and who at certain 
periods proceed up the Uissiesippi River 
as far as Qie Fonrche Mouth, which they 
descend in lai^ row-boats, and meet off 
the coast slave-ships. These thay relieve 
of their cargoes, and, returning to the 
mun stream of the MisaiBsippi, they drop 
down it in covered flat-bottomed boats or 
arks, and dispose of the n^Toes to thooe 
who want them!' 

" How extennvely these secret combi- 
nations between the slave-dealera of Cuba 
and certain parties in the States, exist 
thronghont the Sonth, cannot be known, 
hot we have no reason to believe that they 
are coitfiued to the dty of New Orleana.'' 



FERNANDO PO. 
Our neighbours the French are 
evidently beginning to understand the 
true character of the recent negociations 
with Spain, for the purchase of Fer- 
nando Po by the British Government. 
In our August number, we published a 
letter of M. Isombert to the editor of the 
Cotutitutitmntl, which places the trans- 
action, an we then stated, in a just, because 
in " a purely philanthropic point of view." 
Since then an able article bu appeared 
in the Journal dei Dihati, upon the 
same subject. It is too long for as to 
insert entire; and indeed some portions 
of it, which relate to the general policy 
of England, are beside the olnect of 
this periodical: but the following re- 
marks, which we quote from it, wUl be 
found to the point, as well as just and 



"The Cortes are abont to deliberate 
upon the proposal submitted by Ikigtand 
to the Government of Spain, relative to 
the islands of Fernando Po and Annobon, 
in the Gnlf of Guinea, whi^ the fonner 



country ofiers to purchase st the price of 
£60,000. Fernando Po, distant twBDty 
miles from the coast of Africa, u abovt 
twenty-four miles long and dx broad. It 
is exceediiwly fertile and healthy, and from 
its many Weltered bayL with Oieir exed- 
lent anchorages is well fitted to become 
an important naval station. But that 
which makes it a posititm of the first im- 
portance is its command of the months of 
the Niger, the chief river of the Africsa 
continent, as well as of those of tHorly 
fortr other Btiauns(for the most part nan- 

gible) which emptv themselves into the 
ulf of Guinea, and from which FenuDdo 
Po is distant not more than from forty to 
two hundred miles. 

" With regard to Annobon, the staatioa 
of wluch is more remote, and which in- 
deed is in all respeetamaehlenimportuit 
than Fernando Po, it may become an nee- 
fol poet of observation, and may serve to 
strengthen the command which the latter 
must exercise over the whole Golf of 
Guinea. 

"England builds great expectations upm 
the possemon of these two islands, which 
in the hands of Spain an now d httle 



namely, the abolition of the Slave Tndc, 
and the civilixation of the negro race. In 
1807 she abolished the (Bntish] tnde; 
in 1814 she reoordod in the Congten of 
Vioina the emancipation of the blacks, ta 
one of the principles of European eqiuty, 
confiding to time and to her own penonw 
exertions the work of ripeuiitt and deve- 
loping it. In 1838 she sboli^ed slavery 
in her ooloniee, making to the planten a 
compensation of twenty milliims steriinE. 
Since 1830 she has conclnded treaties with 
France, Denmaric, Sardinia, and ^loiD, 
for the suppretRon of the Slave Irade. 
And yet, after BO maity and soch BtaMgDaoa 
efibrU and sacrifices, she finds that hn 
object has not been gained — that the 
trade still survivee ; nay, that it b mots 
flourishing, and more inhuman lltfB 

" Aft«r the most exact reaesffch, the re^ 
lowest calcalaUoD shows that at thu 
momait more tbao 200,000 slaves ore 
annually entorted from Africa, and that 
upwards of 60(^000 n^ioes beddea Msiih, 
partly by war, and pwUy by cmettieB of 
eveiy description, to which tiier are sob- 
jected frtnn the moment of their captor^ 
until tlieir arrival at tiieir final destina- 
tion. 



for it ia an axiom in Costom-hoan m 



1641.1 



O'ER FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



ten, that it Is impoatible to rwtntin aov 
eoatnband tisffic in wUch the profit 
■monnta to thirty per cent, upon the ont- 
lay ; bat the AAiean StxTt Tnde yields 
the enanDans retnm of 180 per cent. 

" The condoaioii reealtiiig from the 
oMUHdention of these beta, la, thst in 
Africa mnst the trade be attaclced,— 
inflnence mnat be exerted oirer the ininda 
of the Africani thenuelvee,— eBbrts must 
be made t« soften their inannen by reli- 
gion, — it mnat be shown them tlut the 
wealth of their soil is sach as to sapplv 
the flleinents of a eotnmerce 6a richer end 
more profitable than this in^nons tnffic 
in biunan beings, a tn^o which dsciinatee 
the population, plnnms the ooantry into 
eeaaekae anarch^.and In spite of its natural 
atdowments^ dnrea &r fram it prosperity 
and peace. 

itricable drei 



a book* written with a simple i._. 

advancranent of humanity and nligiffi 



of & Fowell Bnxton hare been conceded. 
An inflnentiol Sodety has been formed ; 
GoTeniment hae placed at ita diifMaal-f 
three eteam-reeaeia and a million and a 
half of francs (rixty thonsand ponnds] ; 
and it ie in order to insure the SDCceee of 
this gnat Expedition to the Niger, that, 
at the inatanee of ^ Fowell Buxton, 
MgotiationB have hem entered into with 
Sciun for the parcbaae of the two iilaods 
of Fernando Po and Annobon. 

" FiWglflnd earriea her energy and her 
indvstiy to Qie coast of AiHct^— ehe opens 
to her miflsifniaries and her merchants the 
ronle to its cential tegions ; this, snrely, 
ia a glorioDS enterprise, and one for which 
the worid at large must applaod her." 

VEGETABLE BUTTER. 
To tJu MUtor ^« Th» JKnmI ofAfifiea." 
8iB, — Having read with much in- 
terest, Mrs. Lee's description of "the 
Vegetable Butter of Africa," in the 
last nnmber cX your periodicftl, and 
briiering that many others participate 
in the same feeling, I have tbouf^t 
that a brief account of another, and 
Bomevbat similar prodnction, likewise 

* Sir FovBi-i. BniTOH'i Jfrican Slavt TraJt 
ill BfmrJy. Idndoo ; Hnrnj. 

■B&Biigigsd In (hi 



t Thii ii ■ miitakg. 



ixrhoUr 



^'enous to the African Continent, 
might prove not wholly nnacceptable 
to the public. I purpose to describe the 
substance in ques^on, and the tree 
which yields it, as they are frequently 
to be seen in Demerara and the West 
India lalanda, whither they were on- 
ginally carried from the warmer parts 
of Africa. The butter is well known 
mongst the Negroes by the name of 
m&cca fat," and comes from a species 
of palm which seldom attains a greater 
height than that of five and twenty or 
thirty feet. The stem of this plant, as 
in all the species of the family to which 
it belongs, is a simple pillar, from which 
at regular intervals along the shaft, 
spring thefronds, or longfbm-like leaves, 
or "limbs," as they are called in Ja- 
maica. These " limbs" ore armed, on 
the under surface of the stalk, with black 
spines, so very hard and sharp, as to be 
dangerous to tread under foot. The 
stem, also, which bulges in the middle, 
where it acquires a Sickness of some 
twelve or fourteen inches, ia provided 
with a similar defence. The fruit, of 
which a fiiU-grown plant will bear many 
hundreds, springs from a boat-shaped 
spathe, in denae clustera. In size and 
appearance it approaches the common 
yellow plum so well known in England, 
Doing of an oral form, and about two 
inches through the longer axis; the co- 
lour a dull yellowish red. 

The fatty matter, or butter, is found 
between the external cuUcle and a hard 
atone or kernel which occupies the 
centre. When the ripe fVuit is gathered 
and slightly pressed or bruised between 
the hands, it exudes from the broken 
skin in a semi-liquid form, that is, 
having nearly the consistence of candied 
honey. 

The usual mode qf preparing it for 
nse is to macerate the nuts in a pot of 
water, which is then aet on the fire to 
boil. After simmering for two or three 
honra, the liquid masa is removed from 
the fire, placed in the open air, and al- 
lowed ^adually to cool. Thebutterrises 
and forms in a hard yellow cake upon 
the suriace, whence it may be removed 
by the hand) as soon aa the process ia 
complete. Unlike the " ahea tree" 
butter of Park, which is inodorous, it 
gives forth a strong but by no means 



)W 



, THB F&IEin> OF AFRICA. 



[Ogkok^ 



diugreeatia tcent. The taste is very 

?leHSSiit, being slightly Bweet. The 
Tegroee are extramety fond of it, and 
uie it wbenever they can prooure it in 
cooking their fisli and tioe, or other 
proTisiooa. It also forms an important 
ingT«dient in their soups. To the 
pdate aocustomed to its use, it eom- 
mends itielf as an agroeable condimeat. 
I am. Sir, &o^ 

8usAM Dallai. 



GERMAIfY.— MTTTER FBOM DR. 
JULIUa. 

Ahomost the ciromnBtaoces of en- 
eouragement vith which wa tne^i every 
nov and then, in pumuiDg the great 
object we have set before us, none is 
more cheering than the maniiestatioB 
of sympathy by our Christian brethren 
in foreign countries. By this ve find 
ourselves oontinually reminded that the 
cause we have espoused is in truth the 
cause not merely of a amall seetion of 
the human family, but of mankind at 
large— an integral and inseparable por^ 
tion of the common interests of our 
conunon race. Thus also we are 
taught how diSuiive, how all-oompre- 
hending is the spirit of our Hoty Faith ; 
how sure a truth it is that "he who 
loreth God will love his brother also," 
and how invariably " when one member 
of the body suffers, all the members 
suffer with it." 

The following extract of a letter, 
from the estimable Dr. Julius of fiir- 
lin, will illustrate and confirm these 
remarks. Germany may well be prond 
of many of her sons now ooeupying the 
very foremost rank in the battle of 
humanity and religion. 

StHitt, June itmd, 1S41. 

Sir, — For several years I have p^d the 
■matest attention to all that nlatn to 
the snppremon of the African Slave 
Trade. I have read with avidity all the 
works which I oould procure on fliat sub- 
ject, and hare sought to imprwi its im- 
portance on the hearts of our nation, te 
the utmost of my feeble ability. In 
varlone periodicsls I have npnsented 
the philaothnpic poiBt of vf ew In whlidi 
■looe the matter Is to be ngaided, and 
have endwvoared to combat the <rroiwonB 
news of Prince Pitckler Hu^u and itx, 
lEngine de Salt. 



Seven numben of the FHmi rf-Afn» 
have reached ma, which I have read with 
great satis&otioB. Uy most cordial good 
wishes accompany the (I^igo'^ Exptdi- 
tion, of the importance of which to our 
cauBa«totheiuteTeatsofhnmanity 



in aeneral, and te the tilings of God hia- 
self, I am fully persuaded. BJghtly, in- 
deed, does Six Fowell Buxton npraesnt 
all Christendom as lyii>g< '^ ^'* '°*^^^> 
under a sacred obliiratioB. I cannot doubt 
that Qermany wiQ strive to contiibut* 
her portion to the great building about to 

What I admire moat is the greatOMs of 
mind of the Ekiglish people, who, isttiDg 
all selfish ooiui£mtions aside, offar to tht 
entaxprise of the whole world the wide 
and miitful field which they are BodM- 
vouring to lay open. At the same Hmt, 
I am convinced that in this way only can 
the objeot of the Sodei^ be attained. It 
is tru& indeed, that hitherto nothing bat 
obstacles and hindrances have been ex- 
perienoed from the dvilLzed world, sod 
that WB must look to the Africans thun- 
selvea for the achievement of that which 
all the sacrificaa of Great Britun and sU 
the treaties with ioimaa powers bare 
fWed te accomplish. We may, howsTH, 
expeot very happy results from the uni- 
venal participation In our plans of all 
Christian people, who in this way will 
find not ooly scope ftr their iiympathy, 
but also a cMuideiable source ofoomnM- 
cial advantage, 

I rejoice m the thought that the day is 
coming when no slave trader shall be 
found lurking for his prey on Africa's 
shor^ when her fields shall rejoice undo' 
the bleasiag of the richest hsrvMt, and her 
ports be the resort of the mercbant-di^ 
of all nations. 

To att^ such an end no effcotannW 
too great. No brighter crown can the 
nineteenth century win. Hay God gin 
to those who an employed in this work 
the hsvpinsM of Uvug to see the fnl<il- 
ment Of their warmest wishes. The well- 
concerted plan of Sir Fowell Boxten must, 
I am persuaded, awaken in Qermany tiie 
intersat and s^pathy to whieh It is sa 
weU entitled, and this lympathr caonM 
hut contributa to ito saooeMful aoeem- 
plishijisiit. 

It 13 my intention to ccmimnnicste to 
popular periodicals wliatever I find in the 
Jyiend o/AMea likely to prove Interwt- 
ing to the German public, and whatever 
may tend to pnnnote the cause of the 
dnliiation.of Afrioa. 

I ofkr my auBpUeatieM iriib those «f 
•11 philaathrepiM, t« HI* Im whaas bands 
— all vAff pnqr, a»d who viQ o«e itj 



18*10 



THE FRIBHD OF AFRICA. 



2sr 



cMaa HimMlf to axtsnd hi* kiogdoM 
npoD tartb. I imftlors hu blMung omu 
ths Niger Expedttios, upon tb« unaer- 
laluBK* of ttu SooUtT, •ud upon &11 who 
may hMceforth aw their ttidMTonn for 
Uw iBttodaation of " the Bible and the 
Ploa^" into A£noA> 

lam, tte,. 



ABYSSINIA. 

A tETTER of a late date (May 29th,) 
has been received from Dr. Beke. Our 
correepondent writes from AnKolalla, 
whither he Iiad been sommoned by the 
Neglia (the king,) ibr tiie purpoae <tf 
pmeribuig for him and Mveral penoni 
abont the eourb Hie communicatian 
ii chiefiy taken up with jeogrophical 
discnsBioDS of little intereBt to the ge- 
neral reader. One estmcti however, 
may be givesi which Telatet to the pro- 
liable exi«t«ice of a vast navigable river, 
" beyond the connb'y of Niraa, to the 
«Mt and touth," emptying its wat«ra 
into the Indian Ocean, and destined, 
"perhapaerelnngito affbrd another high 
rt^ into the interior of Africa." 

The person from whom Dr. Beke 
derives hia information is a alave of the 
Negus, named Dilbo, from twenty- 
seven to thirty years of age, who had 
been brought from N&rea, his native 
country, about ten years befbre. This 
nan bore the strictest crosa-questioning 
without swervingfrpm his original state- 
ment. He deawibed tbe course of the 
atreuD, tracing it with a stick on tbe 
groundf and appeared altogether bo 
trustworthy and mtelligent, that neither 
Dr. Beke nor hia companion Mr. Krapf, 
missionary of the Church Missionary 
Society, " could see good reason why 
his relation should uot bb cr«ditsd.'' 

" Beyond Nina to the weit and aonth, 
Dilbo stotaa that thwe is a Twy large river, 
«hioh he oalli the 06<Uei, It riae^ he 
wyatin Hie ooun^ of Otibo, proeeadtthen 
thnogh Trifte and Thaubua, next be- 
twe«ti cfknm and KjLfi% and then ba/ood 
D'jandMio (0 da Mmity tf tht Ar^hi; 
by wueh he mean^ i eouiae, that it 
reaches the Indian Ocean, freqnmted by 

<■ The G&Hgbt aoeordink to Silbo'e isla- 
tio%ia aawidaaaftowthM^aee toChtr- 
fcoi, (abont tbiM milea Englith,) and ia 
OKMed is boato eapahla of omtainlnc fifty 



. . whieh theytianqmii 

horses, mules, grain, oloth^ and all soita 
of mercbandiae. 

" The boata are made of a (angle tree, 
which takee a whole month in cutting 

The inhabitants of K&ilk are maa^ 
but not Oaltaa, as their language ia di9«rent, 
and they are ciroumoiaed. The conntrr 
la higher, but tbe inhabitants are of aU 
colours, like those of Sliaa and Nirea. 

" Beyond Kiffa, the G<5djob is joined by 
tha Riw OmOf ooming from the conntiy 
of D6ko, the Inhabitants of which are 



I Moetnte aa fiir aa thiB eonntiy, and 
tempt the simple inhaUtants to v 



t br the aSvt of meat, gr^, dto., 
when they aeiae them, and eany them 
avray c^tive. 

"I would fiiTtbei remark that the name 
D'jandger or Djaudgera ia that given by 
Dllbo to the eonnby mailed Qengero or 
ffingaro in tbe maft, and be nya it ia n 
oalM by the natives themeelvea. The 
wovd ZSadfero, In Amharie, means "an 

r" and would appear to be given by 
Abyninians to that country and ita 
inhabitants by vray of ridicule. If I re- 
collect rightly, the Portuguese miauon- 
ariee who visited "Gingero," in the be- 
ginninc of the seventeenth oentnty, eom- 
paie the monarob of that eonntiy to am 
t^M, a otAaddenoa not a little cnriens. 

" I prefer aending home theae pBitieii> 
Ian without waiting till I have it in my 
power to verify them from other somree, 
(which I hope soon to do,) as I deem it 
of the ntmost importance that attention 
should be directed to this magnificent 
rivtar, tbe Gildjob, which may (and per- 
haps Ira long,) be found to aSbrd another 
high road into the interior of Africa." 

From a journal fbrnlahed by Mr. 
Krapf (whose name we have mentioned 
above) to the Committee of the Church 
Missionary Society, we extract the fol- 
lowing particulars relative to the extent 
and atrocities of tbe Slave Trade in 
Eastern Africa. 

"The countries from which a great 
number of alaves are brought, are Zend- 
jero, and beyond the numerous Galla 
Tribes; and jarticnlariy Guiagne in the 
Bonth-weet, t^Ba, and Nsrea, and beyond. 
From the latter countries, slavee are taken 
t6 Gondaf ; and from th^ce to Senaar 
ai^ HasBowa. From the other countrita 
they are taken to Zangebar and to ^loa ; 

• ThbafcDnTM 
whMepRMSH pnp*rslDi7 M 



THE FRIEND OF AFfUCA. 



and &om thence to Tajarrah, Hnrrur, and 
Zeila, as well as to the north of Shoo. 
The nnmber of slaves exported from all 
these countries may be computed at from 



amomr the Gallas. 

" The continoal wan, the disordered 
state of. all these nations, and the avidity 
of their mien, promote this shameful 
trade. 

"The houses of the Gnregneens are 
deocrihed aa being mach better bnilt than 
those of Shoa, which, bjr the Ginragueana, 
are called stables. Bat their houses are 
widely separated &om each other ; hence 
much opportnnity is ^Ten to kidnappers. 
The main reason of tus separated sLb^ of 
the Guiagseans is, I am told, the enmity 
of the people one aeainst the other, aiid 
the total want of civil order. Ciiildren 
sleep hy the aide of their parents ; but, 
notwithstanding this, kidnappers annually 
take a great number. These fellows break 
through the walls of the bouse at night, 
put a large stick upon the necks of the 
paients, and quickly take away their chil- 
dren ; if the children make an out«iT, 
they put a r^ into their mouths. In 
many houses, children sleep on beams 

E laced across, in the upper part of the 
onse. But kidnappers penetrate also to 
that place. If the walls of the houses 
should be too strong, the TohberB at nirht 
make a pit around the house, which tney 
set on lue. Then the inhabitantll^ gcaag 
out, &I1 into this trench, and are seiied 
wiUi their children. In general, the Gu- 
r^ueans are blamed as being a bad people ; 
as they have not civil authority, and are 
surrounded by Gallas and Hahomedans. 
The jurisdiction of Shoa is only and slowly 
extended to Aimellel, on the fiontier of 
Oan«ne beyond the Hawash. If tbia 
coontiT does not soon get a settled order, 
it will M deaolated after a little time, be- 
cause agreat number of slaves are brought 
annually from thence. One brother sells 
the children of his brother ; and the people 
are stolen in going frrau one village to the 
other." 

In the month of June, 1840, the 
King of Shoa determined to send an 
embassy bearing a letter and presents 
to the Governor of Bombay. A trans- 
lation of this document into English, 
made hy Mr. Krapf, cannot but prove 
interesting. 

"May this letter, which is sent by 
Sahela Selassieh, the King of Shoa and 
E&t, of Guragne and of the Galla nation, 
come to the great English Company in 
India, An you veil] lamqnitewdL 



About your happiness, I have been b- 
formed by your conntTynien ; and, at I 
heard of your kindnees toward sU men, I 
was much rejoiced, and resolved upon 
making Mendship with you. Whether 
my person is bad or good, you will hare 
heard from your countrymen, who have 
been in my country. I wish veiy maeh 
that it may please you to make Mendghip 
with me. God has given me a good sua 
large kingdom ; but arts and scieiKei 
have not yet come to my countn', as they 
have to yours. May it therefore plesw 
you to Hssiat me, particularly in sending 
guns, cannon, and other tbinzs, which I 
have not in my country, I do not riate 
how much you shall send me. Yon may 
act accordins; to your love and kindoeta, 
which are known everywheie. Ai to 
myself, I am ready to send to yon tUngi 
wnich are not in your country. Yon maj 
please to t«ll me what yon wish, and 1 
shall send it to you. The reason that I 
did not send it to you at present i^ tlui I 
do not know completely what yon wirii 
from me. I have sent to yon two hone^ 
having nndentood that yon like them. 
This may be conndered as a si^ of Mod- 
ship. I do not think that it is a fit pit- 
sent to^ou, bnt youniay<enuderita8th* 
b^imuno; of my love towards you, and of 
my friendship with yon." 

This overture was met by the &>■ 
vernor in the friendly spirit m which it 
naa conceived, and amicable relatioiu 
have probably by this tune been eita- 
blished between the two countriea. 
May they be found productive of good 
to the cause of Africa. 



THE TIHNtH (TuMiim) HISSIOII 

OF THE CHUIU^H HISSIOHABY 

SOCIETY. 



At the end of the year 1839, the Sub- 
committee of the Cbnrch Kivonary So- 
ciety deputed a misidonary, catechid, 
translator, and myself to proceed up the 
Tinmih conntiy on a misifcm of rcMarei, 
for the parpooe of ascertidning the widiei 
and views of the king and chieft of that 
country, respecting our sending and set- 
tling misnonariea and schoolmaatm among 
them, to teach their people the Christian 
religion. 

On our return from one branch of the 
river and ascending another, we found tbe 
tide was nearly done, and it bong S■In^ 
' — evening, we resolved <ai landings' 
int timber fiwtoiy m came to, "■ 



the first timber fiwtoiy 



1841.J 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



189 



Koa after came to one ; it woa now dork, 
and on ouraBcending- the bank of the river 
we vera kindly invited into the heod- 
mao's Loaae, and were hospitably treated { 
we therdbre reaolred on ependisg our 
Sabbftth here. 

About eig^t o'clock we were most egiee- 
ably BorpriBed to hear a number of johdk 
Toiees repeating the Church catechism and 
an eming prayer. This inteieetiiu cir- 
cunsttuce led me to make several mqni- 
ties, and soon I had the pleaaing satif&c 
tion of knowing that the aapporter of this 
nnall school was the owner oTthe fiwtory, 
who had been a scholar of mine in Kerra 
Le<Hie about fourteen years bef<»e. 

This nnexpected plenoare led to much 
conTemtitat Detween ns reepectiiw bygone 
days, md socn I recalled to mind Uie cir- 
aunstBoee of Captain ^pe&ce, (» very old 
trader on the coast,) having brought this 
person, when a lad, from the Pawpaw 
eoantiV, to be educated in Sierra Leone, 
and placed him in the Society's school, 
FrMtown, then under my charge. On iiis 
leaving school he eiu^wed in the timber 
trade, was now mame^ and had several 
children. He informed me that it had 
long been his practice to keep an evening 
tdwoJf for the benefit of the children oi 
the &ctory. 

He aflnrwanls showed me three letters, 
received from his father at different times, 
very affectionately intreating him lo return 
to tlte Pawpaw country. T^ey were writ- 
ten in broken English, very short, but the 
■enae good. There was no remark, at least 
so &r as I can now remember, relating to 
religion; they clueflyconMsted in express- 
ing parental afiecUon and speaking of 
tnde. 

He further informed me, that there were 
two chiefs who ruled the I^wpaw country, 
and that his father was one of them ; that 
formerly the two Krest districts were one, 
bnt now it waa divided info two, and each 
chief ruled his own district. The cause 
of this diviffion he Bt«t«d to me to be this : 
— his &ther haviiw seen and felt the evils 
ariring fiom the Save Trade, both to his 
people and himself, determined to abandon 
it alU^tber, and to turn his attention to 
agiicultnre and country tradins. He did 
not name the qusntity or quality of the 
finnner, bat said the latter was very con- 
siderable, particularly in palm-oil, cam- 
wood, &c. 

The other chief continued to carry on 
the horrible traffic in human beings. 

I should judge this son to be about 
twenty-five or twenty-six years of age, 
and, judging from what I saw of him, I 
should say no was a pious man. He ex- 
pieaKd a great de^ to see a mismouary 



sent to his father's conntry, and also to go 
himself to tell his parents and Mends what 
blessinn he had received by coming to 
Sierra Leone, and learning to read his 
Bible. 

1 promised to see this young man again, 
but owing to my having sufiered severely 
in travellmg up the country, I was obliged 
to be conveyed to the colony for medical 
assistance, and was therefore denied the 

If these remarks should be in any way 
useful to yon, in servii^ the great cause 
you have at heart, I shall consider my- 
self amply rewarded. 

P.S. I do not know whether this yonng 
man has since left for the Pawpaw country 

Jufy 22, 1S41. 

SLAVERY AND SLATE>-DEALING 
IN BRAZIL. 

We have been favoured with the fol- 
lowing letter from a highly-respected 
friend, whose son has been for some 
time in the Brazils, 

It describes most forcibly the condi- 
tion of the slave in that conntry, the 
ruinous effect of the baleful system of 
slavery upon the character and conduct 
of their masters, the wicked evasion of 
the generous efforts which England has 
so long been making for the suppression 
of the Slave Trade, the painful but too 
certain fact of some of her own degene- 
rate sons being yet engaged in its indi- 
rect support, with a bue of horror new 
even in the annals of the Middle Pas- 
sage. The Jear ofimurrection deserves 
particular attention. It seems at this 
moment to be spreading very widely 
among the slave-owners, and may yet 
materially assist in stopping this nefa- 
rious traffic 

Jiio, April 28, 1841. 

" The danger most feared here, is an in- 
surrection of the slaves ; in order to pre* 
vent which, tliey debase the negroes in 
every possible way : nor is this all, they 
treat ttiem with positive cruelty, in order 
to keep np the superiority (as tney think) 
between the white and black. ' Indolent 
and ignorant bynatnre and education, (of 
rather want of education,) they require,' 
say they, ' greater punishment and seve- 
rity than the brute creation. The mule 
that helps to carry the burthens is far 
moie easy to direct than are the slaves.' 
I should not be in the least surprised at 
any outbreak on their par^ A^^^tjhMr 



ito 



THS FRIEND OP AFIUCA. 



[OcKlU, 



minda in any i«gn» opened to the truth 
of their bein^ a nigiier cIobb in the c^ 
tion than the brates. It ii a very diffii 
matter to Mttle, in a ^^liticd point of tI 
how for education ib precticable among 
them. The fear of exterrainatioD, on 
the part of the Bratilians, is not without 
Kme groonde. Bat of thia there can be 
no doubt vhaterer, that the GoTemment 
beharei in the most flagrantly diahoneot 
manner respecting them. By treaties and 
pnblio declarations it agrees to pat down 
the SlaTfl Trade, uid fleoreQy aggnindites 
ttaelf by its furthermee, A day or two 
unce I was much enrpHsed to see an open 
market for sUvea ; and I find the sale of 
liem is universBl. The slsves, which are 
rescued by our cmizere, are taken in hand 
by the Government, which, under pretei 
of apprmticinif theae poor creatures out 
TBiions tradeemen, reaps a great profit by 
that which ii^ in plain terma, nothing 
more nor leas thaa a sale. 'Hids it ' 

that, instead of doing any good in ' 

cause, E^land Increases the cmeltiee of 
importation ten-fold, and is actually pat- 
ting monejr into the purae of the BiuQiim 
Goremment, h^ giving orer the slaves 
taken into their mercilasa hands. The 
private q>eculator losee his catgo, while 
the Government pocketa the sums pro- 
duced by the nominal Bpprenti(^ng of 
these poor wretches. But to return to 
tlie sale. The mai^et was jnst snch an one 
as our own for cattle or hoiws. The pur- 
ehasBi came np to each lot of slaves, 
looked at their pMuts, felt their sinews, 
and examined their poweia, and passed 
jndement on each, exactly as a noise- 
deaw' would upon me animal he intended 
to poTchase. The poor slaves are, most of 
them, line strong men, but their native 
feracitycan be discoveiedbythe close and 
omatont obserrar. When soma yean ago 
the poor Gormau and Iridi anxilianas 
ndielUd for want «f food, onus ware given 
into the hands of the slaves, — areiy t^ipo- 
Dent they maBOcred in a most unnatural 
manner^ showing all the character of die 
vild Alrican savage, and glutting them- 
aelves with the piece-meal alaoghter of 
the unhappy mutmeers. 

They suffer every species of degradation 
without opposition^ and kiss the feet (lite- 
nlly] of their punidier^ however insignl- 
iScant they may be, I believe they are 
hqipy in general; of course, however, 
man^ are the cases of brutality. "Hie 
Brazilians are a hard-hearted, idle, proud 
set of men, whose Ideas of euperiority seem 
to conust in the exercise of cruelties on 
their slaves. TUs might, in a great msa- 
gare , be tJ cTentcdt.tyflie canfiu attentiim 
of Govenusaita 



" There was a caricms tiisl of tht 
strength of a slave here the other day: 
he was ordered by his master, in order to 

Siin a bet, to raise a pipe (^ wine, and 
rink some of its cootMits &otn the hole. 
This was done by the man without ssmK- 
onee, and apparently without difficulty. 
One man will carry three bags of eoffee, 
each weighing more than a hondnd- 
wNgbt ; out such coses are not g«ienl. 
They do not live to a great age, and they 
soon betray maiiks of service. 

" A most distresring caw oocnrted ls4 
week, A slaver landed a cargo of firs 
hundred slaves, having eao^ed our nalur 
by great boldness ; these were all that 
were left of about nine hundmd taken 
from Africa. Doring the vt^ag* snm 
had got loose, and wwe about io maiim 
their captors, who, dlaeoreiing the plot, 
exerted their power in putting ssvenl at 
onoetodeAth. They BtUl feared fwtbni 
own safety ; in atavt to ensure which, 
they excited hostilitiee between the sUtm 
of two nations on board, and proeuied ■ 
fight between them to thin the nii»b«s 
of turbulent men for the rest of the vov- 
«e. The two nations of conns foogkt 
without arms ; rixty vrere killed bv tin 
methods resorted to amoi^ thsm ef utug 
and teaiing the fieeh with nails and tseti. 
A more horrible picture can baldly be 
oonceived of oold-blooikd trmelty en th« 
part of the captain of the vaasL Hu 
point was, however, guned, and he s*m 
his own life at the expanse of die Uves rf 
BO many others. 

The nnmber of slaves impMted aura- 
ally into Brazil ciHitinnes to IMSDMBI 
the risks aie greater, the osnfiDei 
during tbe voyage worse, in conseqanM 
of smaUer vessels being used for thst pIl^ 
pose. Our exertionB nave tratded to 'a- 
cnase the cruelty of trui^ortation, Tvt 
without ameliorating thair condition whw 
talcen, giving them up to exactly the was 
degree of davery to which they wdoU 
have been nhJeelMl hod they iMchad Bw 
without follfaig in «{th our ships. Ana 
hov is England to abqi tita Slave TMs, 
when so mudi Is SNit to Africa in fnitkN- 
anceoftbetniBcl The goods whiebcMD* 
from England, whkih on glvsn in or 
change for them, an immaDsa in qan^ I 
thnr an biragU ban and to oUht jlaca^ 
and at« thenee ^pped to the aoast rf 
Africa. No wonder, then, that oui &V- 
lish forrign merdutnta, in oO dova^iaM^ 
cry out W loudly ^;ainat the ^dltMM. 

I have given yaa a bs^ aeeaaatH 
alavery here : it ia a painfiil nttJect whsa 
contemplated nndn any diemnataM*^ 
hot to none Bo mndt as to then who MM 
been Ueaaed wflb Mitk <B tt> ftM i*«M 
of JEiiiglMdi 



imp 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



lei 



CASES OF BLAVERS. 

In our last Kumber we published part 
of a Letter from CommaniKr Butterfield, 
of H.M. brig Fantome, deacribinff bis 
cliaae and capture of a SpanUh bngan- 
tine, with 290 slaves on board, on the 
1st of May lasL In little more than 
six weeks afterwards the same active 
dSeer c^tured the Sana Nova, a 
Spanish vessel, having a car^ of 441 
slaves ; aud tgam ob the 3rd of Jul; he 
writM « Calloway— 

'OfAmbrit. 

" We are all quit* well, ond have just 
taken another vesaul fitted for wkvaa. I 
i» nttt know her name, as all haada ^ 
on duM« before we gM on board. I expect 
two more in a day or two. The one I 
hare taken i« 1£0 tons. 

" £. H. Buimnxuit*' 



(Ami the Soobdun.) 
HM. Slotp Acer*. Jufy II, lUU 
Lat.V'Bf N., long. 22° 48' W. 
Sib, — I forward for your valuable jour- 
nal an acMvnt of tbe captura of a large 
SmuUi ilava-brig, by H.M. iloop Aeom) 
Cmatain Jirfm Adains. H.H. doop Aeotn, 
JbIj 6th, 1»41, in latitude 6° W N., kmg. 
1T° Al' W- at half-pM two, a.m., db- 
eoTvad a l<»ig, low, auapicioiu-lookiiit 
brig, hoTerixf on her weather quarter, aim 
famnediately gun ehaae imtU two rjt.. 
at vilieh time, tiie wind havi^ incnaaea 
eooaidet^y, chase carried away both top- 



id stndting-BailB, royali, 
fljing-jib. At half-past tiiree ^owed 
colours, and fired a ahot and ahelt at her. 



whioh ohaao. hoisting Portugnaaa oi^i 
returned with his low torn, and oontini 
to do so as often as he coold, when fired 



B«t, o wiiw to jl«on) keepii^ w^ in his 
Ju and on the !•• quarter, to avoid having 
afaxt diet away, he could only letam six 
or aaven shots Atom keeping db a brisk 
fire from a long 32-pouBdtr in bndle-por^ 
which appeared to annoy ehaw much, 
aevcnral shot taking effect on hie main top- 
sail and boom mam-«tU. Tiro shells aua 



borBt ovar hiMi. 



r-main riggins; (owing 
to innd eoming aft), and save the chase 
a baavy fae «C giwe, which cut ai 
his lee-mmft«haet, boom-ahaet, lower 



BW hdJiatd^ Hid fore-tmi-aail halUardt^ 
dririiig the men away nom his guns] 
andaliDw seconds after he hauled down 
his eoaigiL hut coidinBed to cany ell 
BUl. Balf-fMt five, ehaw abwit half « 



mile a-heed, CMnmenced firing musket^ 
from the marines, which drove fala people 
below, riddling his bulwarks and sail^ 
aod cutting aw^ the jib-ihaet she tMmaehed 
to. We ranged up almgside, shoitMied 
sail to top-galUnt sails, sad hove to, and 
sent the senior Lieutenant Hawker, who 
boarded aud took possession of the Spanish 
alave-brjg Oabriel, from Havana, bound 
to Capinda for slaves, armed with a long 
24-pound pivot gun, 12 feet B inches long, 
and two IS-ponndei medium broadaida 
guni^ with a eiew of nstytwo muk 

The sailing of the abftw was most admi- 
rable, she beinga Baltimcoe vessel only 
two years old. During tbe chase she cut 
away anchor^ boate, spate spars, and 
eve^thing that could in any way impede 
her sailing, leewviw the guns as a demittr 
>rt i and indeed tney weie feirly terwd, 
for aavenl af the ahot pa»ed immediately 
overoorstemandhoommun-aaiL Aeom 
had one aeaman, John Dean, wounded. 
The ciq)tain of the prize was missing. 

The V. if. S. GatetU, May 29, men- 
tions the boats of her M^esty's ship Tar- 
i»agam being beat«n off by the Spanish 
Mg QAriti, OQ the B4th of February. 
I remain, &C., 

W. D. Ekbkdib, LieuL RJf. 



Lbrom Er<«itha coaat of A&ioa mmtied 
a veiy gallant a&ir between the boats of 
the PtiWM brig. Lieutenant S«uervill% 
and a piratical silver called the Attrta, in 
whichj after a sharp contest which lasted 
a considerable time, the boatTs crew sue- 
eessfhlly boarded the pinte, and c^tnred 
her, with the hiai of two auai killed, and 
sevenl desperately wowded. ThaJitras, 
est of fifty-four men, lost thirteen killed, 
and a great many wounded^— 2!i« Timgt. 

Wb obeerre with ntiflfiKtion that the Go- 
vemor-GeOjetal of Cuba has notified, that 
heoiceforth clearances will not foe gnnUd 
to vessels tot the coast of Africa. This is 
a Mow ts the mudi longer continsuuN t4 
OMakve-tndein that Island.— 7^ iS^ 

A BIRTHDAY FETE. 
As a pnx^ of die increasing interest 
of the British publio in the cause of 
AfVica, we feel much [Measure in no- 
ticing tfa« setting apart of a festival 
day, (the birthday of a, aon,) to the 
advocacy of ita claims by a gentleman 
well-known for his activity in every 
benevolent undertaking. Sir CuiLINQ 
Eakdlt Smith. Onthel2thof August 
a large party of his friends and rela- 
tions, asBemUed at Bedwcll I^u^i for 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Ocn»Bit,1811. 



the purpose of celebrating tbis domestic 
event, were led to the thoughtful con- 
sideration of lUatant and less happy 
lands by the addresses of several gen- 
tlemen who attended for that purpose. 
The subject of Africa having been 
introduced to the meeting by their 
host, Mr. EccLBSTON, the travelling 
Secretary of the A&ican Civilization 
Society, traced the various points at 
which beneficial exertions had already 
been made, the openings for missionary 
enterprise, presented W the probable 
progress of the Niger Expedition, and 
the great routes by whicb it was hoped 
that the stations on the Western and 
Southern Coasts, and the contemplated 
movements in the interior, might yet 
be connected together; the whole 
scheme being illustrated by a chart of 
the N^r and a sketch of the entire 
continent. He availed himself also of 
the opportunity to remove some objec- 
tions, arising from the misconception 
of the term " Civilization," and showed 
that in all the plana of the Society it 
was directly based upon ChrisUanity. 

The Rev, Dr. Cox, pointed out the 
singular concurrence of incidents which 
had led to the late mission to Fernando 
Po; and the Hon. and Rev. Baptist 
NofiL delivered an animating appeal on 
behalf of the different agencies, through 
which the introduction of the Gospel 
and its concomitant blessings into these 
darkened regions was now projected. 

The Rev. J. W. Weeks, of the 
Church Missionary Society, detailed a 
vaiietv of interesting fiu^~ concerning 
the colony of Sierra Leone, and that zea- 
lous missionary, the Rev. J. Mofpatt, 
inspired every bosom with the liveliest 
interest in the extraordinary movement 
amongst the wild tribes of South 
Africa. One of the Madagascar re- 
fugees spoke of the hopes opening for 
bis country in the Christian love of 
England ; and the Rev. Mr. Amdbewb, 
an Episcopal cleigyman from the 



States, expressed the stronir 



Unit* 

brotherly feeU^ o/that country in this 
great work. The meeting closed, as 
It bad commenced, with singing and 
prayer. A collection was made during 
the proceedings on behalf of the Church 
and London Missionary Societies. 
We trust that the feeling thus excited 



wilt not be allowed to die fruitlessly 
away, in the county of Hertford, nor 
the example of an anniversary so pro- 
fitably spent, be lost upon Christ 
in every part «F the country. 



ARBIVIU AHS SUUNOS. 




NOTICE.—" The Fruwd of A«ia" 
wiU Amcefbrth be pvbliAed on (A« 1st dsy 

of every month. At.bgthUam ' 

it mut ntcatarify caue to be a 
paptr, it can no longar be tent If jxM at 
liertlofort. We have to h^ mtr JriMi* 
and tubterOert in the countty, to orJtr 
their refpentive bookseiUri to nippfy d«B 
for the/uture, who mof obtain it rtgidarlf 
in their monthfy parcel* of magatinti mm 
other. periodioaU, on a^pUeaHoit to «V 
rvgMthe Lmdtn 



ptAHihrt, or to 
oorre^ondenti. 



Subscriptions and Donations sn Tecoved 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoare, Esq.; 
by Messrs. Bamett, Hoarea, and Co., 8£| 
Lombard-street; Meaars, Barclay, Sevan, 
and Co., 64, Lombard-street ; Hessn. 
Contta and Co., S9, Strand ; Heasrs. Dium- 
monda, Charing-croBs ; Messrs. Hanbury, 
Taylor, ftnd'LToyd, 60, Lombard-street; 
Heasia. Hankeys, 7, Fenchurch-street ; 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet«treet; sod 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., iO, 
Bircbin-lane ; and by the Secretary, ths 
Rev. J. M. Trew, at the Offloe, Ifi, Pariit- 
ment-street. 



LoHBoH : Printed ta; Tbovu Kicums HhciK"'. 

t Nd. U, St. HuUb'i laaa. In tb* pnlA at St. 
Uvtis kn U>B Field! i wd poblUwd bj Jen Wa- 
uAvPinKn. of Va. MS, Wot Btnnd. BsMdn 
b]'ManiiX! SlrtngUiij; Hstehud; B«le]r; inAMl 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 

TB£ COStiilTTEE OF THE SOCIETTFOR THE ESTIKCTION OF THE 
SLArS TRADE AJfD FOR THE CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 

PUBLISHED MONTHLY. 



Ko.IS.J LONDON, NOVEMBER. 1841. 



Ttttm^rSxpttntm 

Whjdab mud Um GAllfauu 

Ik* Dlfir and 111 TribBtutiL . . 



CONTENTS. 

. U3-~MT Wb]-dih and th* OaUUua-L^tn fMm SI 



AdzlUaiT EoslsUas 

Il«tninla(>«l Obiemltvntal Ctf* Pi 
' ' ' ' BaUlnn 



THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 
Our latest nevs of the Expedition is dated, "Cape Coaat Castle, 
July 28th." The vessels reached that settlement in safety, the Soudan on 
the 15th, tiieAlierlon the 19th, and the Wilber/orceon the24th. This 
difference in the times of their arriTal is explained by the fact, that the 
Soudmi proceeded direct to Cape CoBSt*, while her consorts touched at 
Liberia, on their passage from Sierra Leone ; and that the WUber/orce 
was dispatched to Bassa, where she spent five days in taking in a 
sapply of wood. Some cases of fever had occurred amongst the coloured 
men on board the last-named vessel, in consequence, it is believed, of 
their exposure to heavy rains while engaged in thb trying but neces- 
sary service. With this exception, the accounts received by us continue 
to be of the most cheering nature, and particularly in relation to the season 
at which the Expedition arrives at the mouths of the Niger. Upon this 
head we cannot help quoting the following passage from one of our 
letters, although we are restrained from giving the writer's name : — 

" With reference to aeuoa, I woa much giatifiod on Saturday, In talking to Mr. 
&VWII, who acxompanied lender from Fernando Fo, when he went up to meet the 
steam-boata. Speaking of Becroft, (master of the &iMpe,) without my having 
thought of, or alluded to oUTBelvea, I said, ' I suppose Becroft is up the Niger.' ' Oh 
no/ gaid he, ' he can't get up till August ;' and Mr. Brown's opinion is, that our large 
venela could not paaa the shallowa about Ibu between December and July," 

Christian friends in England, who felt anxiety upon a point of such 
vital importance, will not fail to recognise in this the guiding hand of a 
wise and merciftd Providence. 

* Li onr laat Number, we stated that all three veswls hod Wnted the American 
vAoaj, This appears to bare been an error, cnnmitted liowever upon tlie aaihority 
ofaUberiaiMViVVer. ibGooylc 

VOL. I. O '^ 



IM THE gRlEtJD Of AFRICA. " CNovacBM . 

WHYDAH AND THE GALLINAS. 

We invite attention to a letter, dated " Sierra Leone, June 4th, 
1841/* which will be found at page 206. Two points on which 
the writer touches are especially deserving of notice;— ^r*/, that 
there appears to be good reason [assuming the correctness of his 
facts) for the re-occupation by this country of its former settlement of 
Whydah*, seeing that it is "the central elave-point, and the rootofthe 
Slave Trade in the bight of Benin." It is not our province to enter 
into the political oonsiderations involved in tiiis important aufgeation, 
bnt upon moral and philanthropical grounds we may be allowed to 
bring it under the notice of Her Majesty's Government, wtd of the 
public at laige. 

The second point to which we would particularly advert is, that 
notwithstanding the destruction of the slave barracoons in the Gallins:^, 
(aeaFHendqfAfricOf'Soa. 5, 6, and 7-) no less than aia: hundred and Jjfty 
fresh victims had been shipped up to the date already mentioned, from 
that stronghold of horror and crime t< We may surely gather from this 
melancholy statement, that the mere appeal to force, faowefei 
justifiable under the mrcumstances of the case, cannot possibly reach 
the root of the frightful evil against which we are waging war. While 
the infliction of public vengeance on the wrong-doer is both a legiti- 
mate exer(»se of the right vested in well-ordered governments, and a 
duty plainly incumbent upon them, it must never be foi^tten, that 
when any nation or people has become wholly vitiated, the mischief is 
only to be effectually counteracted by bringing the public mind under 
the influence of sound and virtuous principles. 

It is proper to add, that the letter in question was addressed to one 
of the miuionaries of the Wesleyan Missionary Society. 



* " Whvdah, now commonly called Griwhee, may be ooniicleKd tba poi "^ 
Dahomejr, ftom which a route of aboDt a hundred inUea reaches throogh FitIm 
and Toro to Abomey, the capital. Griwliee u Mtuated in a fertile couoiiy, 
highly cultiv&ted, and is plentifully mipplied with all the niKiesraries and wn- 
veiiiencee of African life. Captain Adama, whose eatimates on thji point are nnnniillr 
lovr, represents it as containing 7000 inhabitants. The despotic and otsricioa* m^' 
ner, however, in which foreign residents are treated by the tyrant ofDahomey, bu 

SMlnally indaced the different Eniopean powen to withdraw their bdonea"' 
DKRirs Em^lofxtdia of Geography, 2nd. edit., p. 1231. 
t It is said (see Anti-Slavery lUporttr, October 20th,) that four boats and htij 
men, belonging to one of the British cruizers upon the African coast, have b»« 
totally destroyed in the attempt to cat out the Spanish slaver Awm, ttm thf 
Galhaas. This afflietiiw statement ia, howerer, too Ioom and giamA in iU pnsnt 
shape, to be received without distrust. / - i 



TBE FRIEND OP AFAICA^ 



IM 



[Cmdnosd Iron pv* IW.] 

III. The Comvloence and Chad- 
da. Embosomed amidst th« enormous 
Isbtei of the moutttain range, at a dis- 
tiDce of 273 miles frttm the coast', the 
noble Cbadda poun in its tributary 
waters. The scenery at this point is 
repres<^nted as of the most magnificent 
ebaroeter. On all sides rise the flat* 
topped hills to the height of 1,200 or 
2,000 feet, their bare and nigged sum- 
miti contrasting' strangely with the 
florid glow of their richly clothed sides, 
whilst the deep valley is filled with an 
immense lake-like expanse of water, 
■tuuded with innumerable rocky or 
wooded islands, and opening into three 
■pacions channels* to which the mind 
csn hardly conceive a termination. 

On the western bank of the Niger 
lies the large town' of Ada Kudu, 
"prrtlily situated on huge blocks of 
gnnite, forming a natural barrier on 
the side next the river, and giving it 
ihe appearance of a fortified place. 
Betwiit two of these is a landing place 
which might have been formed by art. 
The Chief (a lieutenant of the King of 
Att&h) rvcMved us very graciously, 
luured me of his friendship, and was 
polite enough to show us over a large 
jynog ground, placed on an artificial 
mound of earth, raised about thirty feet 
above the level of the village, and co- 
rertd with poles and sticks for drying 
the doth on as it was taken from the 
at The beauty of their dye consists, 
1 think, in the freshness of their indigo, 
lod the quantity they use. There were 
ibout fifteen or sixteen of these pits on 
the hill, each with a separate proprietor. 
It being mai^et day, the town alto- 
^her presented a lively scene of trade 
Slid industry. In the market we found 
pslm oil, shea butter, four or five kinds 
of grain, cayenne pepper, calavances, 
yams, Ac, exposed in considerable quan- 
tities for sale*." Whilst the "Qtwiro" 

' t.t.N.,7"JS';]oDg. K.,9*i*'. 

* Tits Niger u Out junetiai Ii aboat half ■ 
Bi>t, llu ChaUa ■ mila ind a hill broad. Tbs 
<mM MKam ia nnrtj two mlloi in width. 

' ll coDttliu iboBt 9,000 inliabituila. 

■ Luu>, L, IM'T. 



was lying there, the place was lacked 
and burned by the Fildtaha't yet in tha 
space of two months it had regained it* 
former animation — the dye pits at work, 
the old houses rebuilt, new ones erected, 
the town once more thickly inhabited, 
and a considerable trade in ivory goin^ 
on. 

Ascending the Chadda, which, even 
in the dry season, is two fathoms deep, 
with a current of from two to three 
miles an hour, broken by numerous 
green islands, between banks somelimes 
high and sprinkled with trees, some- 
times stretching into extensive plains, 
dotted with trees and bounded by 
wooded hills, and passing by many 
villages in which *' an air of great com- 



the kingdom of Fandnh, and the port of 
its capital, from which it is distant about 
thirty miles. 

Yimmahah, a walled town standing 
on a basaltic rock, jutting abruptly over 
the river, and ascended by a singular 
natural staircase, contains about 3,000 
inhabitants, with extensive dye works, 
and an ancient communication with 
Kan6 and other towns in the interior 
through the medium ot kASlas '. 

A little further on a snull creek 
leads up to Potingah, where Captain . 
Allen was received most kindly, tea 
miles from which, along an excellent 
bridle-road through a well-cleaned and 
cultivated country, lies the town of 
Fandah, at the exbvmtty of a broad 
plain covered with verdure, and inter- 
spersed with magnificent trees. Ad- 
mitted by the traders to be the largest 
town in that part of the country, and 
always considered by geographers and 
travellers as a place of importance both 
from its trade and position, this natural 
entrepdt of Arab and Filan commerce 
requires but a respite from the petty wars 
which rage around, and the rule of a 
milder and more politic chieftain, to 

* Tha innsA of tfaa» eonqiieim were coulder- 
■blf clucliFd bj the pmence of ilu KLcamen Id ilia 
rivCT, and et«i bclbn bj lbs unaided Laodeni, 

' r.iLlSD, I., MS. Al French-iDOd, " a mn( de- 
lightful apol," Blsratid abont SSO Hhi oh Iha 
nonhan bank, " a trt eligible litoaliau £ii build- 
ing' Mia nmarkcd bj Oldfietd. 

I To tUa, howarer, tlu nfsdljr of th* Kiag o( 
Pandah lud at Ibat tiiJM put a urn. 



108 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Mot 



recover its former consequence. Built 
in the shape of a half moon, and en- 
compassed by a wall and ditch, it pre- 
sents a striking appearance in the midst 
of the beautilid country which lies 
around. Its greatest width is about 
two tniies and three quarters, and the 
principal street (in which the market is 
held every Friday) is a mile in length 
and about 200 feet wide. The popula- 
tion is estimated by Laird at 36,000, 
nine-tenths of whom are Pagans. 

*' The only manufactures carried on 
here are cotton cloths, extensive dve 
works, and iron and copper utenflils. 
The thread is rough but etrong, the 
cotton being of very fine staple; the 
cloth is woven in pieces about twelve 
feet long and three broad; is exceed- 
ingly durable and heavy; its price is 
about 1,000 cowries' per yard if plain, 
but if dyed blue about 1,500. 

" They manufacture, from native iron, 
hatchets, chisels, nails, and clamps, and 
have a number of European locks and 
keys, particularly padlocks. Copper is 
nsed in ornamenting and fastening their 
large calabashes, and in the manufac- 
ture of bowls for their tobacco pipes. 
I tried in vain to get some of the ore, 
which must be very rich. The natives 
all agreed that it came down the Chadda 
Ji-om the etuluiard, 

" I may here remark, that during the 
whole time I was at Yimmahah snd Fan- 
dah I never lost an article of the slightest 
value from thefl by thenatives. Mygoods 
were quite at their mercy, if they had 
been inclined to take them; and, consi- 
dering the condition in which I was, 
their refraining from doing so may be 
looked OB as a decisive proof of the 
facility and security with which trade 
may be carried on in the country'." 

About thirty miles further to the 
east, and within less than fifty of the 
Chadda, lies Toto, another tovra of 
equal magnitude, but which has not yet 
been visited by any European traveUer. 

The natives manufacture copper and 
clay pipes, . spears, boivs and arrows, 
drums, stirrups, bridles and saddles, san- 
dals, tobes, trowsers, straw hats trimmed 

' AbMt otu ihilling iw/ling; but their TiJiw !• 
gnatm m ifaa Interior. 
* LttSD, 1., XIJ— 3S3 



with leather,andsereat variety of other 
articles. Arabian norses, brought from 
Sakatu, are to be procured titen for 
about 5/. or 6/. each, and bullocks, sheep, 
goats, horses, ostriches, and camels, ire 
said to be plentiful ". 

After passing the potingah creek the 
river continues about three-quarters of 
a mile wide, and from Gve to ten fathomi 
deep. On the left or southern bank, i 
long range, which runs from the Kong 
Mountains, below the confluence, ^- 
dually disappears into the plain, about 
eight or twelve miles distant from tbe 
river". Oldfield observes, that at this 
part he felt it as cold as in England ia 
the month of December, (this was in 
August). Leaving behind a number of 
tonus, which the alarm of the inhabit- 
ants (who took them for Filfitahs) pre- 
vented them from visiting, they csme 
into the Bassa country, where the une 
general terror seemed to prevail. Ev«a 
the messenger whom the King of Basu 
had sent to pay his respects to the 
white men, dared not venture on bosrd, 
and departed without executing bis mis- 

At length the daughter of the cluef 
of Dag'b6h was induced to come on 
board, and returned well pleased with a 
trifling present. Still, on enleriog tlie 
town, the inhabitants fled in all direc- 
tions, and finally, after penetrating KM 
miles up the Chadda, they were oUig^d, 
from the mere impossibility of prociuing 
provisions, to return. 

At tbis tjme they were said to be 
within two days' journey of Domab, 
which was reported to abound in irory, 
with a large and industrious popuIatJon, 
and eight or ten days from Biishi and Jt- 
k6bah, places of great trade,and abound- 
ing in trona, a salt much used by tl>B 
natives of the interior. On their return 
they anchored off a town named Oroko, 
near which was a larger one named Ko- 
mko, which they were invited by the 
king to visit. They were infbnaed that 
a-Mfila of merchantt Jrom the tail, 

■• OldfieU received thu intbimatioii <hn M* '^ 
tba rwulii tndtn nom Adi Kudo. 

" TLii ii iiiiDailut •■ ibowing Ihit tb«r*b» 
phjilcul obnacli (o ihe coma of Uh riiB bO 
the KiatlMui. 

'■ It is puuibis Ihti the um« rtSi irfA of 'H" 
Pi]iubi(RhoarennkedBa»iig»tic*i(t<iM| (WW 
Oil btnl MUck (a Pui u B&nb. 



18410 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



with camela, aases, &c., were then in the 

Beyoiid Dagbfih we have no accurat« 
knowledge of the course and character 
of the Chadda, but it ia impoBsible to 
leave this majestic stream " without spe- 
cnlatiDg, however briefly, upon the pro- 
bable results from tracing' it to its 
source, wherever that may ultimately be 
found. 

*' Rivalling, if it does notsurpats, the 
Niger in magnificence, having a much 
gnster average breadth, although I be- 
Heve the depth in general to be less, this 
magnitude implies a. proportionate length 
of course ; and if it do not pass through 
the Lake Chad, it must have its 
sources far away to the east"," which 
latter opinion certainly seems by far 
the most probflble. We may, perhaps, 
expect to hear of the surveying parties 
of the Expedition tracing its navigable 
stream for 700 or 8U0 miles, to a 
moderate distance from the fount 
nirings of the great western branch of 
the Nile, (the Bahr-el-Abiad, or ^Vhite 
Nile,) which a linked chain of known 
&cts have induced geographers to place 
in at least 7° N. lat. and 23° E. long., 
thus happily realidng the ancient fable 
of tbe final connexion of the Great 
Water of the Blacks with the wondrous 
River of Egypt'*. 

A direct communication might thus 
be opened with BorgCi or Dar Sille, 
next to Bomu the most extensive and 
important country west of Abyssinia, 
running through the centre of which 
the Bahr Misselid brings us round 
the celebrated Lake Cbsd, and into tbe 
usual caravan track from west to east 
Next comes Dar FCr, from which 



" TheMu»ljnin,*hoilMcribcillliei»niMot<he 
flim lo Pnpaii, a»ed a reoiBrUble eiprciBoa:— 
" Ae ffrtat hb Oditi to Kft7Ii<> wd th* '''"< ""< to 
the wH n, vbencs rni cunt, (tlie Gmnn OidfJ 
tmt tber BTBbQlh noiled uNufi.*— p.idui. 

i*Allm!>, Ocofr. JaHm.,Tiii.,291. Aathlllsnol 
tlM proper place far gsographlail diiciHloni, It 
will be uiSeiSDt to Mj, tbat CipUiD Allcn't hTpo- 
theeU of lU Hewing from Lite Chad irould Jw 

sobbIiT, bring oa into the legulsr ctmcan tncki 
IwOl to Abf wnU, and ktoh the de«tt ta Peizen, 
■ad (AmMe, periuH, Ihe difficaltimt Buuh. 

** A DiMlao orlglMtiDg noU probably <□ the 
htlMoown eann* at the Chadda, which tbe np- 
•iibUitj of a paaan Ihrongh the Kong 
led lluDito nganM tbe DDDlIniuitioD 
ir ihe Niger. 



slaves to the number of 9,000 or 10,000 
are annually exported to Egypt and tbe 
east, south of which are extensive mines 
of copper, silver, and gold. Descend- 
ing tJie Bahr-el-Abiad, we pass be- 
tween the pleasant countries of Kordo- 
fan and Sen&r, strike off by the Bahr- 
el-Azrek to Sboa and If&t, or through 
Abyssinia to the port of Zeila on &e 
Red Sea, (opposite to which is 'Aden, 
the station of our Indian agent,) or, 
traveTsiag the once renowned kingdom 
of Nubia, cross to the poit of Suakim, 
through which the great intercourse 
between Arabia and Central Africa is 
carried on, or continue our course till 
we land in the capital of Lower Egypt". 
Up the Bahr-el-Abiad Linant sailed, in 
1827, to Aleis, 160 miles from the con- 
fluence at Khartlim. He found it a 
mile and a half wide (in the dry sea- 
son,) and with a depth of three or 
four fathoms. The regular banks were 
four miles apart ; stifl higher np it 
expanded to a greater width, and during 
the rains and floods the breadth was 
stated to extend to twenty-one mites. 
An officer of the Pasha of Egypt pene- 
trated still farther on a slaving expe- 
dition, and where he turned back de- 
scribes the width as equal to six boura' 
psssage. The country on both sides 
seemed to be densely peopled, and to 
abound in horses and cattle. Across 
id along this river caravans from east 
to west are constantly passing. At Met- 
ta-tana, seven days' sail from the con- 
fluence, a passage-boat is kept for tbe 
k&fllas between Senilr, Wad Medinet, 
and Kordofau. At Aleis caravans are 
occasionally crossing from Senarto Dar 
Sitle, and still farther south ; merchants 
go directly west from Fazoglo into Sli- 
ain, traversing tbe coiuitries south of 
Kordoian and d)ar Flir. What ia most 
remarkable, however, is that Linant was 
told by some pilgrims from Dar Sille 
that they travell^ two months on the 
Bahr-el-Abiad before arriving at Sensr ; 
and that before arriving at the Abiad, 
they followed the course of anolhtr 
rivet- upwards, which, whether it be 
tbe Mtsselid or the Chadda, shows at 
least that the rivera in this direction 



byCl^OOglc 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



LWoTMBm, 



8T0 regarded as media of communic&- 
tion". 

lletuming along the Cbndda, within 
the admitted range of its course, which 
way soever it be deternimtid, we find 
the j^at district of Adamaw4, occupied 
by 1-llfitahs, and visited hy katilos of 
white people, not Christian, "who bring 
goods from the great sea." The tra- 
veller" who told this to Denham, said 
that he had seen white loaf sugar, sucb 
as ii brought from Tripoli to Bomii, 
guns, metal pots and pans, and mm. It 
is surrounded by extremely high rooua- 
tains, and a river is Mid to run betwaen 
two lofty ridges, end to be the same aa 
the Kawara of Nufi. Then come Jak6- 
bah and the Basia territory, till we 
arrive again at Fanda, and rejoin the 
better known Kawara. 

ITo be conlinued.2 



Our readers will remember thati at the 
close of a notice of Mr. Ueecbam's work 
DD Ashantee (As-h£nti), inserted in the 
tenth Number of our periodical, we al- 
luded to the narrative of Mr. Freeman's 
journev to the capital of that country, 
and held forth an expectation, that on 
some future occasion we might "find 
ourselves at liberty to take it up." As 
the subject is one of great interest and 
importance, especially when considered 
in connexion with the return of the 
Ashantee princes, Quantanissah and 
Ansah, to their native land, we are 
happy that circumstances allow of our 
gratifying our own wishes, as well as 
those of many of our readers, without 
longer delay. 

On the 29tb of January, 1839, the 
Rev. Thomas Freeman, accompanied 
by an interpreter and some nauve at- 
tendant*, amongst whom were two roI- 
diers provided by President Maclean, 
set out from Cape Coast Caatle on an 
exploratory journey to Kum^i, thecapi- 
tal of the kingdom of Ashantee. Mr. 

1) Tba aoure* of tha Abixd nuf be ngvdsd, 
pnlupa, u the culmhutinR point of Cenm), n ihu 
tt ih* NigBT ii vT WdMnd, Africa, ftoa wliieb 
DUghi; divRgeul ti'tn Bow to MM, wat, mnh, 



Freeman's purpose was to aacertaiii with 
what probability of success the mission- 
ary operations, commenced by the Wes- 
ley an Missionary Society upon the coast, 
might be extended to the interior ; and, 
in particular, how far the sovereign sod 
his subordinate chiefs might be indoecd 
to afford protection to religions teachers, 
should tney settle in tD«T conntry. 
Before proceeding farther, ne muit 
mention, to the honour of the natire 
converts, that they contributed the 
large sum of sixty pounds sterling to- 
wards defraying the expense of thii 
benevolent enterprise. 

" This noble instance," most justly oV 
aerves Mr. Beecbam, "of self-denial sdiI 
liberality, In behalf of the peopla who had 
for a length of years been tba biturtsl 
foes' of their country, is striking evi- 
dence that an element ^together new had 
been introduced by ChriiiUanity into the 
African character, in wbich a feeling of 
kindness and compassion for enemifsTiad 
not previously haa a place." (p. 315.) 

Quisah was the first town in Ashan- 
tee at which Mr. Freeman and his com- 
panions arrived. Here he was infannedi 
that the consent of Korinchi, a neigh- 
bouring chief, was requisite to enable 
him to prosecute hisjourney, Korinclii'i 
residence was at a place callid F6- 
muoah, distant about a mile from where 
the party had hatted ; and thither ac- 
cordingly they found tbemwlves com- 
pelled to repair. Their reception wu 
favourable, the chief giving them sn 
audience instate, "seat^underhislarge 
umbrella, in front of his bouse, sup- 
ported by his captains on the right band 
and on the left." Having beard the 
missionary's statement of the reatoni 
which induced him to visit Ashantee, 
he expressed a wish that the Gnpd 
might be preached to himself. Wth 
this request his visitor gladly complied, 
" explaining to him the scriptural doe- 
trine of the one true God, and giving* 
summary of the leading truthsofChrisIi' 
anity." On the foUovringday (Sunday) 
Mr. Freeman's visit was repeated, when 
about five hundred persons awenhled, 
who conducted themselves with great 



' Fraqnoalihediof 
inga of mDtiul hstnd and nrnuv, bad luegn 
tba inlaTtnuM bMnHO Iha AibMMM wd R 
of whkta UlUr uiba Oa «af«rtt WW* Ar te "M 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



' 1B9 



■eriiMuneu and decorvra, while he ad- 
dressed them from an appropriate paa- 
■age of the Word of God. 

« At the oonclatioti, the chief and tha 
taptaina mid it waa 'a good palaver;* 
and Koi&ehl «uL he waa anxiona to hear 
more, and wished to be puticularly ia- 
iormed what Yanhmpom (God) Cked, 
and what he disliked. He appeared miiah 
pleased when Mr. Freeman exitieeeed hia 
readinese to preach to him agatu ; and 
both he and his captains were evidently 
di^NMed to infer the excellence of the 
Chriatian religion, tnnu the leal which 
had prompted the miaiouarjr to make 
such ^reat sacrifices, merely for the purpoee 
of doing Uiem good." (p. 315.) 

Not withstanding, however, this fa- 
Yooiable oommencement, Mr. Freeman, 
not long afterwards, found himself on 
the eve of being t^^mpelled to abandon 
hia undertaking, and return to Cape 
CoasL Day after day, and, at leogtn, 
week after week, went by without his 
obtaining the permission necessary to 
hii proceeding to Kumfisi. " Korincbi 
met all bis demands with evasive an- 
swers, or fair promises, which were not 
performed," until, at length, his visitor, 
wearied out with this excessive duplicity, 
made preparations for his departure, 
and bent his steps once more towards 
the coast. This produced the desired 
effect. At a small croom where he 
halted, about nine mites from Fomunah, 
messengers, despatched by the chief, 
overtook him, and assured him that no 
fiirther obstacle should bo thrown in the 
way of bis proceeding straight to the 
neighbourhood of the capital. 

It afterwards appeared, that the prin- 
dpal cause of all the opposition and 
evasion which he met with at Fomunah 
arose, not from any ill-will on the part 
of Korincbi, but from the fears of the 
king of Ashantee himself. Daily re- 
porls bad in fact been sent to him, by 
special messengers, of the white man s 
conduct ; and not until the latter had 
shown his determination to return home 
rather than be trifled with any longer, 
could this superstitious sovereign so far 
overcome his groundless apprehensioni 
of his dominions being cursed with the 
presence of a powerful " fetischeman," 
as to resolve on admitting him to Ids 
presence. Tnilyaffisctiiigu thepicture, 



which the following dialogue between 
the king and one of Korinchi's messen- 
gers, displays to us of the chains in 
which heathen superstition hinds up the 
heart and understanding of its victim. 
Having no feeling of that charity 
which " seeketb not her own," in hii 
own selfish bosom, he cannot compre- 
hend the possibility of its existence in 
the case of another. 

The Kino.— You have seen the fetische- 
man? (muning Mr. Freeman.) 

MaffiBNaBti. —Yea. 

Kino. — Had he plenty of drums with 
him? 

Mbssbnoek. — I saw no drama. 

King.— Why ; he is a fetiachemao : he 
must have druiiis with him I 

Mgssenoeb.— I saw no drums. He hat 
plenty of boxes ; but I cannot s^ what 
they contain. 

Kino. — Why did you not endeavour to 
laam whether the boxes contained drums 
or not t Never since the world began has 
there been an English misuonary in 
Ashantee before. What can he want? 
(pp. 319, 320.) 

No sooner had our traveller set his 
face once more in the direction of Ku- 
ifisi, than he had reason to know, that 
the alarm occasioned by a visit which 
Mr. Beecham may well describe as 
" unprecedented in the annals of the 
country," was participated in, quite as 
largely by the people in general, as by 
their ruler. 

As be passed along the path, all the 
inhabitants of the towns and crooms 
crowded twetber to gaze at him ; but 
whenever they saw him engaged with his 
attendanta in religious woiabip, they im- 
mediately ran away, evidently in great 
alarm." (p. 321.) 

Elsewhere we are informed that the 
entrance to one of the towns "waa 
strewed with a fetische preparation of 
eggs, and other materials, for the 
aUeged purpose of protecting the place 
from destruction by fire." 

On his arrival at Eeirgu, nine miles 
from the capital, Mr. Freeman was 
directed to proceed no further until he 
had received a special invitation to the 
royal presence. He did not regret the 
delay, for the Christian sabbath had 
arrived, and " the messenger of peace" 
desired to spend its hallowed hours, in 
that land of blood and crime, in waaM'^ 
" o 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. " 



[N- 



ting himself, and the cause of which he 
was the herald, into the hands of " the 
God of peace." In theaftemoonofthe 
following day, the expected summons 
arrived, A royal messenger made his 
appearance, and directed him to proceed. 
This officerwas closely followed by three 
others, carrying gold-hilted swords. 
Their business wu to see that the king's 
commands were promptly obeyed. It 
would be doing injustice to the scene 
which followed, to describe it in any 
other langua^ than that which Mi. 
Beecham has employed. 



"Preceded by the messengen, and by a 
party of soldiers carryine arms, Mr. Free- 
man advanced nearly to ttie entrance of the 
capital ; and there, in accordance with 
African etiquette, wwted under a large tree 
for a further invitatioii from the sovereign. 
Inashort time Apdko, the king'schief lin- 
guist, one of the most influential men in 
the kingdom, came in his palanquin, 
shaded by an immense nmbrella, and at- 
tended by several officers, bearing gold- 
headed canes, who took charge of the 
traveUing luggage, and conveyed it to the 
placeprovided for the temporary residence 
of the straneer. Another messenger, ac- 
companied by an escort of troops, and by 
men bearing largo umbrellas, then arrived, 
with an invitation to the viutaut to meet 
the king in the market-place. As tfaey 
entered the capital, Mr. Freeman noticed 
that he passed between two heaps of earth 
newly thrown up, one on each ude of the 
road ; but it was well for him that he did 
not leom, at that exciting moment, what 



> human beings who had 
been just buried alive, as fetiscbe victims, 
with a view to avert any evil that might, 
withont such precaution, result from his 
viut. Tliis appalling fact, afterwards 
ascertained by his interpreter, a Christian 
native, whose veracity was above sus- 
picinn, tends to throw fresh light upon 
the cause of Mr. Freeman's long detention 
on the frontiers; at tlie same time that it 
exhibits, in a striking point of view, the 
fearful character of those superstitions 
with which the Christian missionary in 
Ashnntee wUl have to contend. 

"On arriving at the market-place, 
the imposing scene which the court of 
Ashantee preaenta, burst full upon his 
view. There sat the king, surrounded 
by his officers of state, his caboceers, and 



captuns, and attended by a very large 
body of miliUry, and many thousands of 
other persons without arms. The whole 



number present was estimated at forty 
thousand. A narrow path leading to the 
king was kept open, and Itr. Freeman wu 
occupied halt an hour in saluting the cabo- 
ceers as he passed along, before he reached 
the royal presence. 
" Havine paid his respects to the kiiw, 
J whom he was graciously received, it 
len became Mr. freeman's privilege, or 
rather task, to receive the suntatioiu of 
the sovereign and bis court in return. 
Attended byhis own people, and by some 
respectable Fantee traders, who happened 
at that time to be in Kumisi, he accord- 
ingly placed himself ina convenient vtns- 
tion, at a little distance. The caboceers 
succiesdvely greeted him, as they pancd 
with their bands of music, umbreUaa, and 
ererv variety of fantastic ornament. 

" 'The king, whose immediate suite msde 
an astonisbi^ display of gold, f<dlowed by 
the war-captain^ and the troops closed 
this striking exhibition of barbanrntqila- 
dour. It was a Ml hour and a half befen 
the gorgeous pageutt passed away, and left 
themissionarytohismeditations." (p.322 
—324.) 

The following are some of Mr. Free- 
man's reflections, after witnessing tlui 
scene of African magnificence. With 
them we conclude, for the present, our 
notice of his interesting journey. Neit 
month we may perhaps find space and 
leisure toresumeandGnish the uamtion. 
"Igaced onthisconconrKofluathciu 
with teeliogs of sorrow and joy. I w»- 
roned in the reflection, that moat, pediua 
all, of them weie totally ignorant of the 
great Author of their being, withoat one 
ray of divine consolation to cheer them 
amid the changing scenes of life. An 
they laid on a bed of Ungnishing 1 Thef 
liave nothing to comfort them, or bnay np 
their drooping e^irits. Doeadeath, wnitn 
stalks tbrongli the land in horrid fono^ 
rob them of their friends? Alas for themi 
tliey must sorrow as men withont hope. 
Doea death staro themselves in the fact, 
and ask the panting breath? Alas Ibr 
them! they have no ChrisUan hpP* 
beyond the nave, blooraiiw with im- 
mortality! Is it not BO? Tell it. y> 
murdered human victims, whose blood 
disfigures the streets, and whose pntre^rhv 
bodies taint the air 1 Tell it, ye csrairat- 
ous birds, and ye wild hearts of the forest, 
that feed on the mangled corpsn of the 
thousands of victims of supeistitioua 
cruelty 1 And, lastly, tell it^ ye hninw 
bone^ that lie bleachmg in th« opoi '•J' ' 
(pp. 324, 32«.) 






THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THE ASHANTEE PRINCES. 
We have much pleasure in present- 
ing (o our readers the following 



mmucations : — 


13, WiaiaKi3lnet,mKkPart, 
Oct. 21, 1841. 



from the AfhanUe PrincM, will, ~l think, 
be read with intereet by many. They 
add to the hopefulness with which I 
already view the retam of onr young 
friends to thdr country. Hay tlieir en- 
trance amonf their countrymen be "in 
the fnlneas of the blewing of the gospel of 
Christ." I add, as a suitable prefiice to 
the letters, the following statement from 
the Hon. and Rer. B. W. Noel. "He 
(Hr. Noel) had received a letter frtnn one 
of the of&eers on board the ship in which 
these yonng men sailed, and he was in- 
formed that they had di^laj^ an extent 
of Christian knowledge which could not 
have been expected of them. The officers 
on board had meetings for the discuuion 
of topics relating to religion, at which 
they ware accnstomed to ask queetiona. 
Two qneetions were proposed by these 
fonngmen: one was, — 'HowanAfrican, 
retnrniiig to his native land from a civi- 
lized country, can most efiectnally pro- 
mote the pn^irees of civilization among 
his people'* and the other, — 'Whatmea- 
snrea a yonn^ man, beHeving in the 
Christian religion himself, should take, to 
induce his countrymen to believe in that 
religion also ? ' " 

It will be observed, that Prince Ansah 
mentions, with just disgust, a euttom in 
which a goat wbb tortured in honour of 
their idols, by the people of tiie River 
Sinon. How happy a contrast do these 
remarks oresent to the linbita in which, 
but for the good providence of God, in 
leading him to Britain's favoured shores, 
he would have been brought up I It 
■honld be known, that at the death of the 
biher of this yonng man, (the king 
Quamina,) 3000 human victims were 
publicly sacriliced in Kumfiai, and 4000 
more privately indifferent places through- 
ont the empire. Yet instead of being a 
fierce or subtle savage and idolater, our 
yonng friend is all that is most excellent 
for piety, candour, rirtue, and affection. 
So benign is the spirit of the Goepel 1 So 
unspeakable the importance of extending 
Christian edocation to ail the tribes w 
the earth! 

Yours, very truly, 

Thohas Fthe. 
Tli»IUe,J.M. Trea. - — m^ 



Cope CooA Ctutk, Jafy Z4IA, 1841. 
Hr naiR Sin, — It is with much plea- 
ire I take up my pen to inform you by 
lese few lines from this place, that we 
safely arrived here on Monday, the 19th 
iustuit, after a long hut comfortable and 
agreeable voyage of sixty-three days. 
We stopped at the following places, viz. : 
Madeira, Teneriffe, Saint Vincent, Sierra 
Leone, Liberia, Grenville or Siaon, and 
Dix-Cove. Indeed I have no language to 
xm my thanks to Captains Trotter 
Allen, for their great kindness to us 
during our voyage. 

I wish von very particularly to tell our 
friends, taat the statement that the King 
put Corint«hn (Korinchi) to death, in 
anner that will disgrace the true Chris- 
tians, and the civilized eais to hear, is an 
error. I thank the great and merciful God, 
that Coilntchu is alive, but is no longer the 
chief of Adansi ; Governor M'Lean, who 
knows much of the king of Ashantee, sud 
Corintchu was a had man, and used to 

The climate in this place is reiy 

healthy, and Mr. and Mrs. Freeman, and 

all the misuonariea and their wives, are 

ixtremely well, and so are all the nn- 

christian Europeans here. I use the word 

uttehrittiati, because their ways are not 

perfect. There are two messengers just 

ae from his Majesty to inquire whether 

have arrived or not ; ana when they 

/ us they could not express their Bur> 

prise and joy, and they said the king and 

my mother were so anxious to hear about 

US, that they could not stop a day at 

Cape Coast, but went away immediately 

to tell his Majesty. I have no news to 

tell you at present, and as I have written 

to yon from Madeira, St. Vincent and 

other places, and hare received no answer 

3t*, I shall wait a Uttle till I go to 

My love to all my friends, and accept 
le same youiself, from yours^ afiection' 
ately, 

WiLuaii Ossoo QraHTAJfissAHf. 

* Sufficient time bad not clmpsed for llifl vtit*! 
f leltiii froni Eogland at Ctfa Cout. 

+ I^C W. QuBiitamLHiili it about 93 yaara old. 



Cbpe Ootut OutU, Ja^ Sgth, 1841. 

Mr nEAB Sir,— 1 feel always happy 

and delighted when I take my pen to 

write a letter to you, and particnlariy the 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[NOTBHUI, 



Mr. Pyne really I feel a great comfort. 
Through the mercy of a good and eracious 
God we arrived safely at this place on 
the 1 0th ot July, after an iatereeting atay 
at Sieri-a Leone. In this place we re- 
ceived very kind attentions shown to ns 
by Mr. and Mrs, Morf^an, the acting Go- 
Temor, the officers, and some of the Mia- 
sionariea. Mr. Morgan, the chaplain, 
kindly took us to see his interesting school 
of African children. I was indeed de- 
1i)chted to hear tliera read, so correct 
and distinct 1 The master asked them 
several questions in Scripture and in Geo- 



;./G 



Visited the Wesleyan 
town, and thev very kindly took db also 
to see their scnool, and we were pleased 
with it too. May the Lord help ns to do 
good ibr our country, and to liastcn tlie 
time for our people to hear the name of 
the Saviour and to beoome His servants. 
Another thing surprised and interested me 
much, was to tind so many different tribes 
from almost all parte of this vast Conti- 
nent, who have l>een torn away from their 
Father-land; for the sake of turning them 
into slaves, - beasts of burthen, to work 
with the ship - by their nnmerciful uua- 
teiB ; but now, instead of their being 
ill-treated, the Lord has pleased to bring 
Britons forward to put down this abomi- 
nable traffic and to defend the weak ; and 
they now enjoy their lilwrty in that JVss- 
lotm. ^ome of them are in this good 
Expedition going as Hisuonaries and In- 
terpreters to teU tlieir countrymen how 
dear England is wishing for their wel&re 
and their huipiness. I am v6ry glad to tell 
yon thatonjy one Ashantinee, or Ashantee 
man, was in the town. He was taken in 
the war wiUi Sir Charles M'Carthy. He 
is a seijeaut in the African Corps. The 
Major was kind enough to turn the troops 
out for us to see how our countrymen can 
do ; and be exercised them wonderfully 
well. 

We stopped at Sierra Leone a week ; 
after an interesting visit we set off fur 
Monrovia in Liberia, an American Colony. 
We came there in three days. We went 
on shore, saw very bad huts. The Go- 
vernor's bouse is perhaps the only good 
one in the place. No doubt you know the 
object of this colony. To see such an in- 
aignilicant little place like that, (you can- 
not i^l(^{ine how bad the place is — my 
disappointment is beyond any thing) 
having ao (^position uwspqMr, although 
then an sot mora than twmtj Ameiiauii 



there, is quite laughable. No nation on 
earth will do such a thing with the ex- 
ception of those who hyoocrititally «ill 
their land the iand o/itforty. 

We left this place af^r a short stay, 
with the intent of going to Cape Coast, 
but our coals got short In tiie way; so we 
called in a town near Cape Falmas nsiofd 
GrenviUa on the Sinon fiiver for wood, 
and stopped five days h»e. We went on 
shore with the Captain. The natives all 
Krumen ; saw them doing their bar- 
barous custom in dancii^; also saw them 
tormenting a goat fur their idols awfully. 
I did not hke the ught ; I withdrew froin 

After a long and interesting voyage w* 
liave safely arrived here. C^tun Trotter, 
Mr. Fisbboume, and all the officers, wen 
very kind to ua. Dr. M'WUliam wai 
kind enough to learn us how to use our 
Medicine Chest. When we anchored w« 
went on shore with Cant. Trotter, and tht 
Governor received us kmdly. There is no 
particular news in the town which I oould 
mention to you now, hut that it will not 
be long before we proceed to KumisL I 
am quite well, end may I trust that tlui 
letter will find my dear Mr. Pyne in the 
enjoyment of good health. You do not 
know bow often I look at your piotuie. 
I cannot wish for a better likenMS Csptaii 
Trotter says, and better preeent : aod I 
am quite agreed with him. 

I remain, dearest ^r. 

Yours very afieetionataly, 
John Ossoo Ama.* 

• Prince Aauh ii ibout 1> tcui sTaga. 



PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC 
MEN ATTACHED TO THE NIGER 
EXPEDITION. 

Among the letters lately received 
from Cape Coast Castle, dated the 29tli 
July, were dome from the NaturaliiU 
attached to the Niger Expedition, from 
which we learn that Dr. Vooel. the 
botanist, had been very active and verj 
successful in collecting plants at the 
various stations at which the vesseii bad 
called. He had already faad the oppor- 
tunity of examining the vq«tation of 
Madeira, Cape St. Vincent, Sierra 
Leone, Grand Bassa, Cape Palmis, an4 
Cape Coast, which will enable him to 
compare the plants of the interior with 
those of the Coast. He had already 
collected 700 species, and among others, 
he had succeeded m findiiy a M« 
species, or rather « new grailf> ckwel* 



W410 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



S08 



■Ilied to the NapoUoita, (belter Bet- 
vitia,) the beautiful blue flower, said to 
be the boast of Africa, both at Grand 
Bassa and Cape Palmas. He found 
both WossotnB and fruit, and bis speci- 
mens, therefore, will doubtless be Buffi- 
eieDt to show what botanists want to 
know about the«e plants. 

Dr. Vogel looked forward with the 
greatest interest to their ascent of the 
river, and to exploring the bitherto 
unknoirn botanical treasures of the in- 
terior of Africa. 

Mb. Roscher, the mineralogist at- 
tached to the Expedition, writes with 
eathostasm of the new conntriea he has 
already seen. He, too, has been inde- 
fetigable in the pursuit of his favourite 
sdence, — from St. Vincent he has 
sent home a map of the island, geologi- 
cally coloured, — from Cape Palraas, t 
very interesting geoloffical survey of 
the surrounding country, — and from 
fterra Leone, some valuable remarkf 
on the soil of the colony. He is ol 
opinion that the cultivation there has 
been carried on upon a wrong plan, 
neglecting the productions most fitted 
to the soil, and striving after those 
which could not repay the labour. On 
another occasion, we hope to find room 
for an outline of Mr. Koscher's remarks 
on the colony, and will only add here, 
that this disposition to examine into 
the nature of the soil with a view to 
iU capabilities for supplying the wants 
of the natives, and affording them pro- 
dueta for barter, is the most useful 
line that our Naturalists can pursue, 
for it is undoubted, as Sir Fowell 
Button has fully shown, that the true 
source of the wealth of Africa lies below 
tbesurfkce; or, to use the words of a dis- 
tinguished states man", "Itisthe Bible 
and the Plough that must work out 
the Civilisation of Africa." 

Want of space obliges us to postpone 
to a future Number some interesting 
extracts from our Correspondence, 
showing the influence possessed by the 
English in settUng disputes between 
neighbouring Chiefs, and the readiness 
and good faith with which they submit 
to their arbitration. 



ABYSSINIA. 
We have just received a letter from 
Dr. Beke, dated Ankober, 21st June. 
It is so interesting and valuable., as af- 
fording a complete insight inte the state 
of domestic slavery in the kingdom of 
Shoa, that we present it to our readers 

" In a former report, I mentioned the 
sources from which tlia slaves of this 
country are oriEinatly obtained. To this 
is now to be aoded, that slavery is here- 
ditary, and this, not merely DU the side 
of the mother, but also on that of the 
&ther : that is to say, if a free woman 
marries a m^e slave, iier children become 
the property of the husband's owner; the 
reason being, that she and they have te 
look to him for support. There is an ex- 
ception, however, in the case of the chil- 
dren of the Negiis' male slaves, who are 
free if bom of free women. 1 have not 
found any one who could inform me of 
the precise reason for this exception ; but 
it may be, that the Negds' slaves hav^ 
for the most part, fixed duties to peifai-m, 
for which they have a certain allowance 
of food, &c., BO that the ume argument 
does not wplr as in the case of a private 
individual. Marriages between free per, 
sons and the slaves of the Negus, both 
male and female, are very common ; and 
as the latter, after the performanoe of 
their stated tasks, rem^u at home with 
their fiunilies, and support themselves 
and them by other labour, it is onlj< by 
inquiry that one ascertainB that they are 
really slaves. A man-servant of mine 
introduced his wife into my employ, and 
some time before I was aware tliat 

..as a slave of the Negda, her only 

duty being to fetch water for the use of 
the palace, which she managed to do oti 
(A« (V, when she went out to feteh water 
for me. As soon, however, aa I became 
acquainted with the fact, I dismissed her; 
partly on account of the divided service, . 
but princil«lly for the reason, tliat, al- 
tluwgh X 00 not come here to preach a 
crusade agwnst slavery, yet I never con- 
ceal my BentiuenU with reject to it 
when called ou to express them, and I 
openly avow, that it is impoeuble for an 
^iglishman to countenance slavery in anv 
form, however indirectly. I appreheno, 
that in thns acting, I In nowise overstep 
the instructions or the intentions of the 
African Society. The father of my boy 
isalsos slave of the NeguB, hut his mother 
beioK a tree woman, he himself is free. 

■■The manumission of slaves is notinii*- 
quent, portioularly by tlie owner imjbia 
4 -.r- - .- Liooylc 



204 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[No?iiu>a, 



death-bed ; but, in thie case, the fact mast 
be confirmed by the confeasor of the de- 
ceased, otherwise they descend to hia 
children like any other property. 

" Th^ treatment which elares receive in 
thia country is on the whole mild, as is 

¥:nerally the case in OrientAl countries, 
hey are not exactly placed on the same 
footing with hired servants, lieing made 
to perfbnn the more menial duties, and 
being looked on with a certain degree of 
contempt by their free fellow-servants. If 
they are taicen ill, they are puniahed in 
the same way as young tiired servants are ; 
they have tiieir feet or hands tied to- 

Kner, are kept without food, or are 
.ten. If they continue incorrigible, 
their proprietor will part with them to a 
friend, or some person of authority, in ex- 
change for another ; and in some extreme 
cases, will turn them out of his honse al- 
together, thus giving them their liberty. 
But he cannot MUaChrialian slave, under 
the penalty of the forfeiture of the whole 
of his property. A G«lla or Moslem slave 
a Christian owner is at liberty to dispose 
of for money ; but this very rarely hap- 
pens, aa they are generally convarted to 
Chriatianity soon after their arrival in the 
country. In &ct, the wearing of a mdtab, 
or blue silk string, round the neck, ia suffi- 
cient to constitute a Christian in the eye 
of the law, such being the distinguishing 
mark of all Christians tliroaghout Abys- 
sinia. The making of slaves is, in fiwt, 
jusUiied by tlie priests of this country, on 
the ground, that they are thereby made 
converts to the Christian &ith. This 
specious reasoning does not require refu- 
tation; but it may just be remarked, that 
it is altogetlier inapplicable to the case of 
the natives of Gnrage, of whom a very 
great number are already Christians. And 
the real truth is, that tae encouragement 
afforded by the Christians of Abyssinia to 
the trade in tlieir fellow-creatures, causes 
the spread, not of the Christian, but of the 
Hohammedan faith ; for the greater number 
of slaves brought into this country, whe- 
ther Pagans or Christians oiiginally, are 
inlandea for export tc Mohammedan coun~ 
tries, whilst the Moslem traders carry 
their rebgions doctrines and observances 
into the interior of Africa. 

"If in consequence of severe pnnisliinent 
a slave should die, — a case which, from 
their general gentle treatment,can scarcely 
happen, — Uie punishment is tiie forfeiture 
of the owner's whole property. The mut^ 
del of a slave by a Orangtr is puniahed 
with death. 

"Should B slaye ran sway from his 
nuwter, he ro^ be reclaimed at any time, 
and the penoa who haa supported Dim in 



the meanwhile (not knowing his owner) 
is entitled to one dollar. A few daya ago 
I saw in the house of the chief Abks of 
Ank6ber, a female slave tied hand and 
foot, who had been six years away from 
her master. 

"I have mentioned that a Christian 
slave may not be sold ; but this does not 
apply to those brought to market by the 
Mohammedan deelen, respecting whoM 
^th no inquiry is made. It is possible 
that some few may hold fast by the ftilh 
in which thev were bom, but the gene- 
rality have been made Mohanunedsiu 
before their arrival here. The Htgui, 
too, in rare coses, with very refractory 
slaves, has been known to di^ose of them, 
although Christiaiu, to the merriksnta of 
Tajurrah and Hurrur. 

"Although in the cases above men- 
tioned a Christian is at liberty to dl^mse 
of his slaves, still, by the law, not only 
of Shoo, but of the whole Ahysdnisn 
empire, he cannot be a slave-dwler, snd 
it has been recorded by former Itavellen, 
that, as a rule, they are not so. Bii^pell 
says, indeed, that Christians sometunM 
secretly pBrticipal« in the tnde carriad 
on by Moslems ; which, however it may 
be the case in Northern Abysainla, can 
scarcely take place within the kingdom of 
Shoa. The transgresNon is followed with 
the loss of the offiinder's whole proptfty, 
■h B gene- 
lions tad 

dealings of each person are so complettly 
known to almost everybody else, — forwitn 
their immense quantity of leisure tine 
they seem to have hardly any other occu- 
pation than to pry into uie aHairs of tbEii 
neighbours, -that it could not well escape 
detection. 

"But the assertion, that the Christian 
are not sUve-dealers, might, without fbT- 
ther addition, lead to error in one respect. 
It might thence be inferred, that by the 
extendon o{{^itimate commerce, the tnde 
of this country would gradualfy pass from 
the hands of the Moslem into those of the 
Christian merchants. But the &d i^ 
there art no CArutian mertliaiUt wiaMv, 
the whole of the commerce of the eoimtry 
being in the ^atj^* of the Mohammedans 
And this stands to reason ; for the defite 
of the natives for the few foreign articles 
of almost absolute necessity, which are im- 
ported, induces them to encourage tb* 
visits of traders from the coast, who,_of 
course, are Moslems ; whilst the self-in- 



an effectual bar 
nnians participating 



Abyft- 
the trade. In 
Northern' Abyannia they sotDetinMS at* 
tempt it, but in MaMdwab Mid AifcAe 



18*1.] 



TH£ KRIEND OF AFRICA. 



205 



they ire snljected to the extartiona and 
<i{ipreanoii of the Hohsmmedon nivemora, 
who soon deprive them of the profits 
which thaj hoped to derive from their 
awcnlations. From Shoo, I believe, s 
ChriatiAU has fHtvr been known to go down 
to the coest for the purpose of trading. 
" The legitimate commerce of this coun- 
tiy eairiedon bj'Cluutians, has, therefore, 
yet to be formed of initio; aad I need 
■carcely remark, that nnder existing cir- 
cQiUHtaDces, it would be far more to the 
temporal advantige, as well as indirectly 
to ttie moral and religions improvement 
of the people, if it were not attempted, in 
the first instance, to turn that commerce 
into their hands, bat at once to take it 
into our own, and, ly ezomp^, to teach 
them what they should do. That, in a 
pecuniary point of view, the undertaking 
might, at the outset, be attended with 
disadvantages, is not unlikely : still, it 
would he hard if, with the facQitiea which 
we poesesB, we conld not soon drive from 
the field the Mohammedan slave-dealers 
of the coosU who, even in their peddling 
way, find the tro^e sufficiently lucrstive ; 
ana hy so doing we should, without oc- 
casion for further interference or expense, 
do away with their abominable tiaffio in 
their fellow-creatnTGS. The article of 
cotton alone presents a sufficient return 
fiw OUT imports, at least at the commence- 
ment; and, by d^rees, many other articles 
<:S native produce would, no doubt, be 
fcund deserving of the attention of the 
legitimate dealer, and the natives woald 
sotm be stimulated to devote their industry 
tothecultureofthem, Inthepresent. 
of the trade of this country, tlaveii iit 
that are required in return for the foreign 
articles introduced into it, and the natives 
hare consequently no inducement to turn 
their attention to their most beautiful 
and fertile country, hrther than is necee- 
Bary for the snpply of their immediate 

"These riews, however problematical 
they might at any other period epj>^, ac- 

Siire a force amounting to convietjon, at 
e present moment, when our daily in- 
creasing inflnence in the Red Sea and 
Indian Ocean affords the fairest opening 
for the extension of our commerce along 
their coasU ; and especially when the im- 
portance which the British government 
attaches to an intimate connexion with 
this countiT in particular, is evinced hy 
the splendid embassy which (from tb ~ 
news received only last night) is on tf 

Sint of arriving at the court of Shoa, 
iding feature of whose instructions, I 
trust, will be the secaring to British sub- 
jects the right of trading on fiiir terms, 



with full protection to their persons and 
property. 

" The only objection, which I appre- 
hend might be made, is, that if we were 
to take the traffic into our hands, we 
should be raising up enemies in the 
DanUcil, and other inhabitants of the 



', that our force at Aden and in 
the Red Sea is more than enough to nre- 
vent aggression on their part, whilst tliey 
would soon become aware, that the profits 



greater and more certain thsji from the 
petty retail trade nhich they now carry 
on, on their own account. 

"I conclude this letter, therefore, by 
expressing the fervent hope, that tins sub- 
ject will receive the early «aA serious at- 
tention of the friends of Africa, who mar 
rest assured, that the extension of Britisn 
commerce to this portion of that Continent, 
is the moat efieetuol means for the ^eedy 
extinction of slavery within it, and for its 
civilization." 



SYMPATHY OF THE WEST 

INDIANS IN THE CAUSE 

OF AFRICA. 

Seldom has it fallen to our lot to com- 
municate to our readers more gratifying 
intelligence than is furnished by the 
subjoined extract of a letter from & 
valued correspondent, the Rev. Griffith 
Griffiths, of Port Antonio, Jamaica. 

"Port AtOonio, Aagait 26(A, 1341. 
" On the Ist of August, I brought the 
subject of the African expedition, and the 
state of Africa generally, before my congre- 
gation, at Chnst Church, Fort Antonio, 
and collected, after the sermon, 26A Mr. 
Orgill did the same at St. Mark's, and col- 
lected 5/. 4«. Ad. ; and Mr. Campbell, at 
Monchioneal, who collected 15/. 2». 
Mr. Ashby did the same at Rural Hill, 
but I cannot tell the amount of his 
collection; it was, I believe, about 10/. 
He will transmit it himself to you. On 
the first page you have a bill covering the 
amounts collected by Messrs. Campbell, 
Orgill, and self. We leave its appropria- 
tion to yourself, only observing, that our 
deure is to have it applied to the evango- 
lization of Africa in connexion with the 
Niger Expedition. I have been in the 
habit of reading to my congregation ex- 
tracts from the Friend of Africa, and 
firom other publications bearing upon the 
same subject. Tliey appear to leel the 



«M 



THE FRIEKD OF AFRICA. 



mOHt lively interest in it ; and I think 
you will agree with me, Ut&t it is a point 
of paramount iroportance to the succewof 
the echeme for tns civilization of Africa, 
that all means should be used to extend 
and deepen this feeling of intenat in the 
welfare of tile land of their &then, among 
the inhabitants of the West India Islands. 

" I am requested to order eighty copies 
of the FruMd of Afriea, and, perhaps 
before that number ia supplied, I may have 
to order as many more. 

" The young Asfaantee princes an re- 
garded here with the deepest interect by 
oU, but especially by their countrymen 
and their descenduito, and also by the 
Fantees and theirs. We are ail impa- 
tiently looking for accounts from the 
Niger. Several clergymen have promised 
their advocacy." 

When ne find our emancipated fellow- 
dtizens, in the West Indies, making 
such a noble and generous use of the 
enlarg:ed means and privileges which 
freedom has conferred on them, we not 
only rejoice, with all our heart, in their 
possession of the boon, but pray God 
that blessings may abound to them 
more and more everyday; above all, 
that it may be given them to behold 
the fruit of their self-denying zeal, in 
the regeneration of the land of their 
forefatJiters. And where, we may ask, 
19 the man so blind as not to discern 
this " sign of the titnei ?" Where is he 
who cannot perceive how big is the 
future with good to Africa, when he 
hears such a voice of sympathy from 
her own expatriated sons and their de- 
scendants, across the ocean ? 



WHYDAH AND THE GALLINAS. 
"Sierra Leone, Jtmeith, 1841. 
"DeirSir, — Forsome timepnat I hare 
been an eye-witness to the proceedings of 
Some of the most extensive slave dealers 
on the coast, and have observed many re- 
presentations of the Slave Trade, which 
are far from being what I conuder correct. 
You are youreelf aware of the state of 
Bisaao, about the same as that of the Rio 
PongoB. These two places are the only 
ones to the north of ns. Tlie Gallinas has 
been destroyed ; but still there have been 
S50 unfortunate slaves shipped from 
thence, unce the destruction of that place. 
I believe you will find no more or the 
Slave Trade ttom that point, nntil yon 
come to Otoro, on Cape St. Paul's, when 



Qnita, (henoe t , . 

Sugru, thence to Little Popo, — which is _ 
place of note, — thence to Augna, thence 



} Great Popo, and thence to Whydali, 
" ' ' ' T nave no hesitation in nying, 
" " ' nthewiiols 



ThU last, I 1 

is the most formidable place oi 

coast, and there an more slarea diipp 

from it than from any other that I un 

ooqnointed with. 

" At the time that the British GoTem- 
ment alMudoned this place, they left the 
fort guns and alwut 600 libeimted people, 
lliese people have accumulated, and really 
ought to be protected. 

" Whydah contains about 10,000 in- 
habitonle, and ought to come nnder noticB 
for two reasons. It ia nnder the ooctnd 
of the king of Dahomj^, who resides aboat 
eighty miles in the interior : Whydsh 
Itself is in charge of the head man, Del 
Arrgon, and the noted slave dealer (Ds 
Sonza) reudesthere; and British labjedi 
should be, at least, protected. The nest 
Rason is, the Slave Trade ahould be 
stopped, and this place should be takea 
possession of, at all hazards. Not that I 
wish to see blood ahed ; you know to the 
contrary ; you ore too well acqD^ted 
with nte to suppose that I would wiUioaljr 
harm any one ; but as it regards tbu 
place, have it, I would, at all hazaids; it 
been too lon^ the scouige of the 
1, and it can be taken posee- 






1 of. Here ia tlie most eligible p 
for your mission ; the greatest field on 
tlie whole coast. Whydah is the centrd 
slave-point, and the root of the Slav* 
Trade in the Bight of Benin. 

Now, my friend, I am willing to speni 
nx months, and go with yon to the whole 
of these places, and visit the King of Da- 
homy; and you vrill find the reprats pre- 
viously given are at variance with what is 
the true state of things. I am willing to 
undertake it with yon, in full ccofideDCt 
that the work is a good one, and look fbr 
protection where I nave ever found it, in 
tlie All-wise God. Do not be afraid. The 
Ntuation will be sometimes perilous ; but 
I harbour no fear i It can be done. I sm 
nnder no necessity to seek for employment 
ofthisnature. You know, I have as much 
to bind me by the ties of nature as any 
man in Africa ; but I am well aware of 
the good that will result ftom a niisn<» 
of that kind. I remain, tc, 

Ree. T. Dotit. R. Ladkomcb, JrR' 
In the foregoing letter allusion it 
made to Mr. Dove's acquaintance viih 
Itissao, a Portuguese settlement npon 
the Western Coaat of Africa, south of 
th« Cape de Verd IsliDds. Of his viat 



TfiG FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



to this notorioni slave nurt, Mr. Dove 
write* u follow t : 

*■ While at Biino, I saw Mrenl BlaTets, 
■II bdoDgiuK to tho Portuguese. These 
nMebweTelyingin theh&rbour, and were 
only waiting Tor a favourable opportunity 
for ahippiiu slavea for Havaimoli and the 
Brazila. Many of these soot creaturea did 
I see, day after day, on tiie shore in irons, 
who had been either purchased on the 
CMst fur ram, tobacco, &c., or taken in 
war ; and thus brought to Bissao. Many 
of these half-itarved naked alares had on 
their feet heavy irons. Their feet were 
coupled together so that each Btep they 
were able to take could not possibly exceed 
three or four inches. Their ancles were 
greatly chufed, some were even raw, and 
Ihey were nnder the neceesity of &stening 
^teen leaves of trees between their 
irona and their sores. After witnessing 
mch horror And misery, as I cannot fully 
describe, I reaolved tlut 1 would neither 
eat bread, nor drink water in so foul a 
flace as BisBAO. I viuted the Governor, 
wbo a a native of Poland. He was very 
sick in his. bed; hi* apartments in the 
Fort were filthy in the extreme, and 



ordinary interest. We had a day of special 
prayer for the success of this noble under- 
takmg. Onr colonial chaplain, the Rev. 
D. F. Morgan, delivered a very appropri- 



the spirits of all flesh, that his blessing 
miffht rest upon thb work of mercy. 
Snilable addresses also were delivered by 
officers of the Expedition, and othets, 
wtim the nature and imixirtance of the 
object was clearly and distinctly stated. 
Snch a day was never before known in 
Sierra Leone. There was no market ; in- 
deed it was olie«rved with as much sacred 
solemnity as Sunday. I believe that the 
services of that day were not only cheer- 
ing and profitable to the hundreds that 
joined in tliem, hnt acceptable also in the 
i^ht of God, our heavenly Father. The 
three steamers, viz., the Albert, WiOtrr- 
firce, ud Soudan^ left us on the morning 
of the 3rd inst.) followed by the prayers 
and good wishe* of tiiouaanos." 
/H{r i7tA, 1841. 



CASES OF SLAVERS. 

We have to report a fresh capture, 
f the indefatigable commander of the 
'iintome, in the latter end of July. 
'bis, makes the fourth within the 
short space of three months, and seems 
to have been the most terrible case of 
the whole. Let the reader picture to 
himself a vessel otlKenly tons burthen, 
that is, literally not one half so large as 
many of our deep sea fishing' boats, 
the between-decks just ona fiiot eight 
inchet in height, and containing, packed 
together like bales of cotton, one huu- 
dred and^ee little children, the eldett 
under teven year* of age. Such was 
the scene presented to the eyes of 
the Fantome't men when they took 
possession of the pirate. Well might 
Captain Butterfield exclaim, after de- 
tailing these fearful particulars, — " If 
I could send my prise to England, I 
should make my fortune in a month, by 
publicly exhibiting her." On hearing 
of such things, one is almost tempted 
to ask whether the alaver'a crew were 
men or devils I 



dated off Benguela, 4th August, 1841. 

"We have just taken another prise, the 
Portuguese brigantine iJoriteo, with 3U2 

slaves. She was taken by our boats lost 
night,afterahardpullof Bixhoun. Will- 
cox had charge of^the boats, fhe slaves 
are in a shockina state, very much crowd- 
ed, and the BmaO-pox bad already broken 
out. 

"5th Aug. — I certainly never beheld 
such a scene of complicated misery as 
our prize presents this morning; 392 
wretched creatures crammed into a small 
vessel of 80 tons, nearly all children ; 12 
cases of small-pox, and about CO cases of 
itch ; it will prove a blessing, if that 
spread Mpidly, for it will save them from 
taking the small-pox. Most of them are 
living skeletons, mere skin and bone ; 10 
or 12 of the women have children at the 
bresst, a few months old. It ia scarcely 
possible that the latter should survive the 
passage, even to St. Helena. I dread 
sending away an officer and men in nioh 
a floating pest bousel " 



byGoogle 



sn 



THE FRIEND OF AFBICA. 



[N-. 



AUXIUARY SOCIETIES. 
On tbt 19th instant, a Meeting was 
held at Bradford, in Yorkshire, (the 
Vicar, the Hev. Dr. Scoresby, in the 
chair,) for the purpose of forming an 
Auxiliary to the African Civilization 
Society. At the close of the proc«ed- 
ings aubscriptiona were entered into, in 
behalf of the objects of the Parent 
institution. 



An Auxiliary ta tlte Afrien Civili- 
zation Society was tanati in Bri^ 
Town, Barbadoes, on the ted of last 
August. The FroTisioMl C^aoittM 
have began to receive fiobKriplkHii, 
and have had fire hundred copies of a 
circular, detailing their plan of opeii- 
tions, printed for general distribution 
throughout the laland. 



miHTBLT nUnRATOItl AMD TiLL OP RUN 4T UPK PALIUI, DVMHG THX YIU U40; 

BT a. m'oul, M.D. 


HONTH. 


TMireRiTirilK. 


iDKhM. 


REUAKES. 


,^ 


««. 


s^». 


Juapj 

Febnuiy 

um-a.:. 


7fl-0 

80-0 
81-0 
81-0 
700 
78-5 
J6-7 

78-0 

n-0 

79« 
810 

7»'0 


86-6 
78-0 
86-0 
87-0 
SI'S 
M-0 
797 
80-0 
81-3 
83-6 
88-0 
88-0 


78-» 

78S 

83-0 
83-0 
79-5 
78-0 
76-0 
78-0 
78-S 
78-6 
81-5 
»■* 


4-2B 
3-3B 

6-29 

} 

3-6S1 

n-es/ 

7-66 
SOS 


Wind ia ths nionuagf»mN.g.itto (jta 
plaeetolbstubneie. W«.tbwsc~- 
able, with jtaceaough rahi to nnderK 
pleMuit, and to tuppoit vMetitka. 

RsianwilyevBryday. Windntuble, bU 
very raiely from the land. 

Wind from S.W. and S. 

Veather generally atofmy and dinflMsVk. 
Windi^therly. IUiii\nia^iaen<M. 

DryKuan. Wb>d from the Und t iatb. 
momuu from the sea. 


S ""."" 


'•'I 

OcWber 

November ... 
D«cember ... 




Dufing iSe Taar IMl, 1 


?£=::•■ 

ThaiMun 


78-a 


WO 

muand 


i 78iIS«7| WuTdirSiS;*.""" ■'" 

™lTby ^^„ tanui, .hid, g™„Jly p™»i, it. 



aRUTALS IHS SAIUNOS. 

Captain. Torn. 
WmUmRatlibint..H'D<iuld..3MUr«rp«l, IlOot. 
Amu .Holnui UOUrnixiat, UOot 

Frvm airrra Ltmt:— 
ChutottoWj'U* Tfkl«y.... Its London, SOSepL 

To aUm Uent!— 
BiltliliTu'. .EiTM'.... .3(3 London. -IS Oct. 




RsoanlO ltu>ik(. Diftlni) .. 



Subscriptions and DonatioDs are TBound 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Boare, Eiq.; 
by HesBTs. Bamet^ Hoorcs, and Co., B^ 
Lombard-street; Messrs. fiarclay, Bevsa, 
and Co., 54, Lombard-etreet ; Mtm- 
CoutU and Co., G9, Strand ; Messrs. Drain- 
monds, Charing~cro9e ; A^avs. Hanboiy, 
Taylor, and Uoyd, 60, Lombard-stmt; 
MusiE. Hankeys, 7, Feni:hnrch.«tieet: 
Uessrs. Howes, 37, Fleet-strMt; and 
Messrs. Williams Deacon, and Co., ^ 
Bircbin-lane J and by the Secretary, tba 
Rev. J. H. Trew (to whom all eooimiuu- 
cations relative to the busincas of tbt 
Society may be addressed), at the OSics 
of the Society, Ifi, Pvliament-etreet. 



Lonm: Pilnlad br Tniua Ricbabd B&mMM, 
<t No. W, Bt. MmUi-l Lww, In lb* |iwU> •( •■- 
blutln In tb< PMdii ud pDblllkod bf Joa> '^^ 
janPau». of No. 441, Wett SInna. B»U*1» 

lyMomj: Rlvlngioni: Bitchsrd! SHktji MMtti 



Lordon .. VI Oct. Coimtrf. iToNrfarilir .VMwartcr, II 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THE COmflTTBS OF TBB SOCIETF FOR TBE BXTISCTION OF THE 
SLAVE TRADE AKD FOR THE CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 

PUBLISHED MONTHLY. 



No. 14.] LONDON 


DECEMBER 1st, 1841. 


Price 2rf. 




CONTENTS. 






AfHia ud th* Wut iBdIic 












si.™cc»piu«d 




TluM^udltaTribuUria 








... ■» 






Bialga1Wga«niib»BlaveXiBda 


NotlMtoeahwritHnudC 





PROGRESS OF THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 

It is our pleasing duty to report the continued prosperity of the 
Expedition up to the d&te of the latest intelligence which has reached 
us, August the 20th. On the evening of the preceding day, the Albert 
cast anchor above Alburkah Island, in the Nun branch of the Niger, 
hating happily passed orer the bar six days previonsly, with the Arabia 
tender in tow. The WUberforce and Soadan had also entered the river, 
and were anchored about a mile below their consort. Thus far the 
health of the officers and cr$W3 had been, on the whole, mercifully pre- 
served. The cases of ifeathifrom the period of the vessels' sailing £rom 
England until their ariival in the Niger, had been six, — three from 
casualties during the voyage, one from apoplexy, and two from fever. Of 
these last, one was a coloured men, and the other an European, Mr. John 
William Bach, philosophical and mathematical instrument maker to the 
Expedition. It appears, that on the 9th of August he was attacked with 
fever, not African, but of " a low typhoid kind," which, " supervening 
upon a constitution" (s^d to have been) " previously debilitated by 
irregular habits," terminated fatally on the 15th. The same result 
would, in all human probability, have occurred "in any warm country." 
Such, at least, was the opinion expressed by his medical attendant. 

Baring the passage from Accra, (where they touched after leaving 
Cape Coast,) all three vessels had the misfortune to lose the " tiuls " 
of their rudders. It became necessary, in order to their being repaired, 
to have them "beached," on th«r arrival in the river. This was accom- 
plirfied by hauling them close to the shore at high water, where they, 
were left "high and dry" by the receding tide. The result of these slight 

VOL.1. , iTCoogle 



210 THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. [Dbckvbeii, 

accidents, and of the measures resorted to for remedying them» was a 
delay of some days in the ascent of the stream. Fart of the leisure thus 
afforded was employed in taking soundings, and making surveys, by 
means of the boats ; and it is grsti^ring to add, that, in the most shallow 
part, thirteen feet depth of water, th&t is, much more than enough for 
the steamers and the tender, had been found through Louis Creek. 

The day after the arrival of the squadron in die river, the diief of 
Accassa, whose territory is situated on its eosteru bank, and who, it 
seems, is subordinate to King Boy, vent on board the Albert. King Boy 
himself also sent a message to Captain Trotter, to the effect that he 
intended to pay him « Tisit " u *oon as the felische> which he was per- 
forming, should be finished.*' As^ however, opportunity would be 
^ven to this personage of fulfilling his intentbn at a later period, it was 
deemed inexpedient to risk the consequences which any further delay 
might occasion. 

One of the most pleasing cironmetances which has come to our 
knowledge, and which cannot but encourage hope with reference to the 
JFavounble issue of the Expedition, is the readiness with which many <rf 
the natives allowed their children to be vacdnated by Dr. M*WiUisni, 
surgeon of the AUftrt. Great punt were taken by him to explain the 
purpose and efficacy of an operation so strange to them, and it would 
seem with very encoura^ng success. '* Kindness of manner," remsrb 
the narrator of this fact, "completely removes the distrust and fcar 
they evince on a white man's first coming- amongst them." 

Having noticed the progress of our friends from the period of th^ 
departure from the shores of England to th«r entrance upon the nari- 
gation of this mighty river, we feel, that we cannot close this article 
more appropriately, than in the words of a correspondent on board tlw 
Albert, who writes previously to the vessels' having entered the rirert 

" We an about to eutar th« Higer under cinnimaUnccs auqiidoDs in enrj my, 
ha.vlngf in many inctanccs experiaxed the protecting hand of God in a inaiuicr tktt 
conld not but ban been condderad i»niaHcabl« b; the most thonghtlcM amoi^ lo- 
The raina b«fan at Siena L«one earlier tiian onial thia fear, which cwued ua to anin 
at a time unnaually fine fbr the BeasoD, both aa to &ur weather and health ; and h ou 
etay there wu a week, it was a matter of great consequence to have compatativd; 
fine weather. I majsay the same of Ci^ Coast Castle, where the raini had eeaaed, 
aAd &Ir WMther had att In. This atabled oa to complete enr pnvialona and cmIi 
from tlw Barritt ttataBport, without ea^odng the mes to wet, so Injmkoa in tlw 
climate. Onr arriving later than waa intended at our dtttinalwii. Is anoiliir fif"^ 
able drcumstance; for,asbr as oar information goes, we could not bavB SSMltdcd tlM 
rim earlier, with the IWo larger ateamets, without liak." 



TH£ FRIEND OF AFtUCA. 



ON TROPICAL MIASMA. 

Ih No*. 2 and 4 of Ute Frimd of 
Ajrmi irill be found an analysis of the 
waters of the African coaat, togetbe: 
with some excellent remarlu by Profes- 
sor Daniill, on its bwuing on the 
Niger Expedition. We have now the 
^mifieation to add the following letter 
from Prof^or Ouhtav BrscHor, of 
Bonn, well known to the English reader 
bv his Observations on Volcanoes, in the 
Edinhurgh Philosophical Journal, and 
who ha> heretofore shown a lively inte- 
rest in th« wel&re of the Niger Espe- 

" PoppeUdorf, near Bonn, 
ZOtA April, 1841. 

"MtDkab 5jb,~I am much obli^d 
bi yoD be sending The Friend qf AJnea. 
Deeply impressed with the vaat importance 
of tie Sxpeditiou, abont to saU for the 
Niger, I instantly read oyer thoae raluabie 
papen. The most interesting to me as a 
cbemiit, was the account of the sea-water 
Ml that coastjContaining, in some insUuces, 
more than eleven cubic inches of sulphur- 
etted hydrogen in a gallon. 

" In support of the mpposition of Pro* 
fi»T Darnell, that tile pnibabUity of a 
Tolcaoic origin of the BulpanTett«d hydro- 
pi is ■nal^ and that, on the contrary, 
lU origin by the action of Tegetable matter 
ipn the salme oontoits of the water is 
ntoemaly probable, I venture to coll yonr 
stlentioa to some experiments I made 
tmlve yean wo, and published in the 
itktMi (far Chemi* mui PA^, 1829, 
Tel. lit, p, 30^ and Nmut Jahrlmch der 
CdMMiMrfPi^yMi, 1S32, vol. iv., p. 377. 
I'beae experiments being probobtr nn- 
hawn ta English ^ibitoaophen, I take the 
lilierty of conunnnicating them briefly to 
joa. 

" To each bottle of an acidalons water, 
bottled in the year 1828, J added from six 
lo eight gnuns of sugar, and preeerred 
them properly civked and sealed in a 
w'lar. Anerabont three months I opened 
xnue of Uie botties; the water was found 
to anell vew stiongty of anlphnretted 
nydrogen. After abont thirteen months 
» few bottke were opened again, and the 
water snt^ed also very etrongly of sul- 
phuretted hydn^m. In the bottles a 
Maiik sedhnent wtu fsnnd.which I supposed 
wbeaniphnretofiron. Three years and 
a half aflM, many of these bottles were 
^en^ and that black sediment collected. 
Aewifflng t) ray anslysb it couristed 



erf iron and sulphur very neariy in the 
same proportion as in iron pyritea. There 
was no doubt but the origin of this siil- 
phorvt of iiou most be derived from the 
reacti<xi of the sngar upon the sulphate 
of soda contained In the mineral water, 
whvebv aanlphuretof aodium waa formed 
which (Moompoaad thaearbcaiate of protoz- 
ida of iron oootuned in it, and thus pro- 
duead a anlphwot of iron. Indeed, the 
water remaining after the aeparation of this 
sulphnret of iron, contained acaroely a 
trace of aolphate of soda, whilst the 
mineral water taken op from the Riring 
contuned, in 10,000 parts of water, 1-098 
parte of thia salt, without the amallaot 
trace of sulphaietted hydrogen. 

" Not only theae experimenta^ut also 
other fads, »Tourthe views ofProfiwor 
Daniel], concerning the origin of sulphur- 
etted hydrogen in the waters of the rivers 
on the western coast of Africa. It is well 
known, that mineiBl waters containing 
sulphates, — for instance, that at Roiador^ 
near Bonn,— often acquire a smell of sul- 
phuretted hydrogen, when any Twetable 
matter, aa a smaU piece of straw, is acd- 
deutally present in the bottles. For thia 
reaaon, in bottling, the greatest care ia 
taken to remove such vegetable matter. 

There is no question but that the 
sulphuret of copper, found by Professor 
Darnell in the sheeta taken from the 
bottom of the schooner Bonetta, has been 
formed inasimilar manner aa the sulphuret 
of iron above alluded to. A further proof 
of this opinion may be found in consider- 
observatiou, made public in 
the before-mentioned Crerman Journal. 

At the bottom of a basin, encloaing a 
mineral spring, pieoea of iron pyrites, snr- 
- - - "- di^«nt v^etable matters, aa 



rounding i ^ 

pieces ot wood, stalks of planta, Ac, have 
been found. This iron pyrites waspartly 
tie common ore, so 
.w..<o> H,.w_.w. B_~. According tomy 
analysts the oompoution of thia iron py- 
ritea agned aa nearly as poeaible with uut 
examined by Betceliua. It is beytmd a 
donbt that taie sol^uiethas been formed 
by the action of the vegetable matter eon- 
tuned in it, upon the sulphate of aoda and 
the carbonateof protoxide of iron omtained 
in tlie mineral water. It may be added 
that traces of the former only were pre- 
sent in it, whereby it may be ahown that 
even the amaUest proportions of sulphatea 
are sufficient to produce sulphuretted by- 
diegan, nnder the drcomataaces aUnded 



to. 



T \jaeiauo uiurviui, lu irue jurui vvi« u4 

« ^fMMte dt <Mm», there is anotlM^^i (; 

pa '^ 



213 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[DicmiMi, 



the S7t1i vol. of that Joumttl, p. 148, by 
M. Bonsdngault. Thie philosopher also 
remukB, ' La caiue qui peut inflaer but 
I'iiiMlubtit^ de cerUinea contr^es, se 
d£Telopp« conHtammBiit 1^ ou Ik matiere 
v^^talft morte eat esfotke k I'Mtton de la 
chaleur et de I'tiumidiU. Elle est ptopte 
k tona lea pays chauds et marecaf^ux ou 
k ceox qni sont ontour^ de fbr^ts £ten- 
daea. Son action se manifeste sortout 
d'nne mani^ teiribte Ik oil il se feit nn 
m^lanse d'mox donees et d'eaux saldes, 
k I'emDouchure de gi«ndfi fieuves, on sur 
le littoral dee ^Ifea.' H. BouMin^nlt 
alludes to man/ instances occurring within 
the tropics in America, whereby it is 
proved, that vegetable matters putrefying 
by the influence of heat and nnmidity, 
spread infection over the neighbourhood 
of the most destructive kind. The results 
obtained by MM. Moscati, Rigaud, and 
Boussingault, prove sufficiently, that in a 
marshy country, during the precipitation 
of dew, an organic matter la deposited 
with i^ which blackens snlphurio acid. 
This matter is flocky, and, like an animal 
substance, contains nitrogen, M, Bouaain- 

Kult aaya, 'On pent meme con^evoir 
fficaciU de certaines precautions qui 
ont et^ indiqu^ pour se preserver de 
lears efleta. On a ait, par exemple, qu'il 
BuffisaJt de se couvrir la figure d'un voile, 
J'ei vu, en effet, pluaieuts foia, dans lea 
marus du Cauca, lespersonnea obligees de 
lea parcourir, a'entourer le viaage d'un 
mouchoir de maniire & ne respirer qu'i 
travera le tisau.' 

"All these ciicumBtances lead to the 
snapicion that it is not sulphuretted by* 
drogen on which depend the diaeases pe- 
culiar to the coast of Africa, but organic 
matter of animal composition. In con- 
sidering tliat this matter is formed during 
the qtontaneouB decomposition of vwe- 
table substances by an incomplete oxioa- 
tion of their hydrogen and carbon, it is 
very probable that, when vegetable sub- 
BtMicee are oxidized by the oxygen of 
sulpiialea, a matter of a similar kind ia 
also formed. As that matter formed b^ 
oxidation at the expense of atmospheric 
ait is volatilized, it is to suppose that the 
same is done when such a matter is formed 
by another action. These views being 
correct, such matters would be evulvea 
together with sulphuretted hydrogen, 

" As it ia intended by the medical offi- 
cers of the Expedition, on approaching 
the coast of Africa, to test the water at dit* 
ferent distances, I venture to add the de- 
sirableness of testing also the atmospheric 
air by meaasofconcentr.it«d sulphuric acid, 
placed in a vessel on the windward side of 
the deck, and protected ftjaioit insect*. 



It is scarcely to be donbted that the mote 
the air becomes infective, the more the 
Bolphuric acid will be blackened. 

" As for the destructiveness of sulphur- 
etted hydn^n, supposed in TheFnadi^ 
Afriea, I may be permitted to suggest » 
few remarks. It U true that this gss b 
very deleterious, only i,Vb part of it in 
the atmosphere kills a bird ; but in what 
manner does *-hia gaa act on mithhI life ^ 
When not present in such a proportion h 
to kill a man instanUy, it caoses inflam- 
mation in the Innga. Workmen cemaatiiig 
steam-vessels ia the inside, where the 
■t, after 



, oeeara befora the 

workman has left the vessel, he ridi:% 
at least, a dangerous inflammation w 
the cheat It is to be aappoMd that ml- 
phuretted hydrogen, when diluted with 
air in anch a proportion as still to be in- 
jurious to animaflife, will not afiect in i 
different manner to it. But are the dis- 
eases, peculiar to the coast of Africa, of 
such a kind as those produced by sul- 
phuretted hydrogen? 

" There are many places where tbia gs> 
is evolved in large quantities ; forinstinw, 
in the Sol&tara of Pozzuoli, in tiie nei^- 
bourhood of Naples, in diflerent roots of 
Sicily, in the neighbourhood of sulpnowM 
springs, &c. Now, do yon know any 
account about diseases proper to men 
places T On the contxary, snlphnraui 
niriogs are among tha moat distiiigiiislud 
fountains of haalUi, 
' " I think, as to the exhalations of nl- 
phuretted hydrogen, the same holds mod 
as ia aaid of oarburetted hydrogen. It ii 
also supposed that this gas, evulved from 
marshes, causes the intermittent feven n 
common in their environs. Wen tbii 
supposition correct, what diseases oo^t 
the miners to suffer, who frequentiy vo^ 
in an atmorobere containing above I'l v 
carbnretted hydrogen 1 

« I believe that sulphuretted hydrofw 
may juat aa little take a sliare in csuosg 
diseases, as carburetted hydrogeD don, 
thoush it is not Co be denied, tiiata much 
smaller proportion of the former thso of 
the latter is fatal to animal life. It " 
much more probable that the volatilavsg^ 
table matter aocompanying salphurettsd 
hydrogen, evolved from the wat« <» 'b* 
coart of Africa, originates diwMM » w 

that which is mixed with carbanttw 



difficult to conceive how sochastrikiK 
and important &ct as the impr^natioa of 
the waters of the ocean, upon Bach ■ mS 
line of coul, with BulphiiKtt«d liydngH^ 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



It is trne, he haa tamed, on this rabject, 
to same of the aceounla of the late travela 
in A&ica, to seek fbi evidence, and com- 
muoicated also some important obeerva- 
tituu made by Hscgr^r Laiid. But in 
this aeconnt a hoirid Bickening stench 
wcnliar to the mianoa is only alliided to. 
It ma; still be snppoeed that this gentle- 
man, when even nnAoqnainted with chemi- 
cal proputies, vonld have mentioned the 
(iinuantf of that stench to that of pntre- 
fyioa eggs. An indescribable feeling of 
heavueM, langnor, nansea, and diagnet, 
vith which one is Oppr^aed in tnoBe 
tnsinpe, is never experienced on breathing 
mch quantities of Bulpbnretted hydriwen 
IS to £11 a room with an ineupport^le 

"Otherwiae kabcs, when even heavier 
than atmoepheric air, are very easily dis- 
tribuled through it, and thereby extremely 
dilated, provided that tliey are not ex- 
haled in lecesses or in inclosed spaces, 
which do not st all, or but slightly, partake 
oflheextemalmovementaof theair. With 
Ktpcct to carbonic acid gee, there ate many 
intances of this kind in the neighbour- 
hood of the Laacher See. I was many 
times in the neighbonrhood of the village 
fS Wehr, on a large plun, meet likely an 
old crater of an extinct volcano, wDere 
carbonic acid gaa is evolved in immeasur- 
able quantities from hundreds of acidulous 
tprings close to one another, and where, at 
many points, bnbbles as large as the head 
scatter the water to a height of more than 
a foot. Nevertheless, in Uie middle of the 
matab, the smell of the gas is hardly, bat 
that of the marshy exhalations veiy dia- 
tindlv, perceptible. From this it is to 1m 
■Mn that gases are bv &i easier distribated 
thnnigh the atmospnere, than exhalations 
of putrefying matt«Ts. 

** In ^plying these observations to the 
nhalations of sulphuretted hydrc^n from 
the water on the coast of Africa, it is 
ohrioas that they, when even yet so con- 
Bdeiable, will hardly atfect a ship's com- 
pany. Bnt tlie eshalatiouB of pntrefying 
natters doabtlees bear qnite another rela- 
tion to those exposed to them. 

" I think it will be found that the sea- 
water in that country will contain hi 
len snlph«Tett«d liydro^u than that ana- 
lysed by Professor Darnell, and that this 
Sfor the most part has been produced 
ing the carriage of the waters to Eng- 
land. Indeed, the ve^lable matter found 
in different proportions, in all these waters 
which contained solphnretted hydrogen, 
seems to be the remaining pert of what 
has been decomposed by the snlphates in 
Qam, AH theee watere wen wttled in 



when, therefare, the analyus o: 
made, they had been preserved in tlie 
bottles above half a year. This space cf 
time is, however, according to my re- 
searches, more than sufficient to effect 
decompositions of sulphates by vegetable 
matters. Besides, according to the ex- 
periments of Professor Daniell, mentioned 
in No. 4 of Th« Frimd of Africa, three 
months are alone sufficient to produce 
Bulphnretted hydrogen, byaddingaquen- 
tity of newly-fallen leaves to water, in 
which sulphateof soda had been dissolved. 
The remark of tliis able cbemiat, that 
this mixture had a moat insupportable 
sickening odour, much more than that of 
pure sulphuretted hydrogen, is not to be 
overlooked, because it extremely favours 
the suppoeition suggested by me, tliat bv 
the action of vegetable matters on sul- 
phates, beddes sulphuretted hydr<^en, an 
organic substance is produced, which ia 
by for more fatal to animal life than this 
gas. 

" As for the use of the chloride of lime, 
and the Aimigation with chlorine, to de- 
compose sulphuretted hydrogen, and thus 
to render it innoxious, it is well known 
that these means of mitigation also effect 
decompositions of putre^ingmatteis ex- 
haled from the sea-water. Therefore, it 
is no doobt that these means will be, in 
every respect, very efficacious. 

" Though I am afraid of trespassing too 
much upon your valuable time, yet I 
cannot conclude this letter without allud- 
ing to a particular decomposition of snl- 
phuretted hydrogen, newly investigated 
by M. Melloni. You will find this veiy 
interesting Report in a letter of this phi- 
losopher to M. Arago, published in the 
CamMt* rendtu, tom, xi., p. 3^2. U, 
Melloni found that a small piece of lighted 
tinder, or a lighted ci^, when placed 
near one of the Jvmarolt, in the SoUatara, 
near Naplea, instantly produced a vapour, 
or a thick white cloud, and that this effect 
reaches to a distance of from live to six 
feet Axim the lifted substance. M. 
Melloni caused M. Payen to examine into 
this remarkable phenomenon, and this 
chemist found that sulphuretted hydrogen 
artificially prepared, and mixed with a 
large quantity of atmo^herio air, is af- 
fected by lighted tinder, or by any lighted 
substance, in the same manner as that 
evolved in the Sol&tara. The products 
of this effect are sulphurous acid, water, 
and a few traces of sulphur. Among 
those drcnmstances, the ii^Tedients ^ 
Bujphuietted hydrogen are coneeqnei|M.. 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Dwnon, 



united with ktmiMpherio oxyg«i, and 
form mlpbaniu acid and water. M. 
Payen haa fnitbei detected that iron, and 
nearljr all its natural oompotiiidi^ as iron 
f{Ianoe, titanlferons oxydiUaW iron, even 
iron pyiitea, and Uts, all, irhen heated, 
act precisely like lighted chorootiJ. 

"It ifl evident then, that a lighted dgar, 
an article fortunately common on board 
iJlahipg, will, in come measure, countenwt 
the noxLoua eSbota of aulphuretted hydro- 
gen, wlien inch isfbond to exist distribnted 
thnugh the stmo^herio tir. 

"GcwAT BisoHor. 
« To C^laiH WaAmglim, Jt.If." 

CAPE COAST CASTLE. 

Whili the TfiswU of the Niger Ex- 
pe<Ution wera at Cape Coast Cutle in 
the latter end of July, lome of the ofG- 
eerf made a Tiiit to a com and coffee 
plftntation in the neighbourhood. 

This thriving little settlement, abont 
an hundred acres in extent, is occupied 
by a f^ntleman of the name of Swanay, 
wno, however, wishes to dispose of his 
interest in it, being' about to remove to 
another part of the Coast. A valued 
correspondent, in whose judgment we 
place confidence, recommends the pur- 
chase of this property to serve as a 
model farm, and a school of o^culture 
for native youths. How far this sug- 
f[estion is likely to be favourably received 
by the friends of A&ican civilization, 
we ore unable to say ; but we consider 
the subject of sufflcient interest to war- 
rant our bringing the following particu- 
lars under the notice of our reaaers. 

Our correspondent and bis com- 
panions rode to the place in small phae- 
tons, each drawn by from five to eight 
men. At first the party were some- 
what shocked at this mode of eoovey> 
ance, but, "the chesrftil countenances of 
their attendants, and the speed with 
which they scampered down the little 
declivities m tiie road," quickly put to 
fliffbt all feelings of the kind. 

When they cuna in sight of the plan- 
tation, a neat cottage, surrounded by a 
snow-white parapet, and built upon the 
summit of a gentle slope, was the first 
object which presented itself to their 
view. The slope itself and the vale 
beyond it were laid out in coffiee-trees 
in healthy oondition, sod perfectly free 
from weeds. 



In the middle of the plantation were 
two avenues, affording cool and agreeable 
shelter ftvm the heat of the sun. One oT 
these consisted of orange, the other of 
bread-nut-trees. Twelve acres were 
found to be occupied by 4000 coffee-trees 
in bearing. Besides these there wera 
8000 youn;; plants in a nursery, reidj 
to be transferred to new ground as aoon 
OS it should be cleared for them, 

A portion of the farm about equal to 
tile quantity laid out in coffee, was taken 
up with com, while 20 acres more vere 
marsh and waste land. The avera|[e 
number of men and boys, employed at 
Ute rate of 2^. each per day, was 95, the 
payment being made in goods every 
three months. Our correspondent fur- 
ther informs us that Mr. Swaniy wonid 
probably dispose of the property forlesi 
than £500, and that then the eoSee 
alone would pay the interest <^ the 
purohoae-money. 



It is said of Governor McLean that 
he well supports the British chsrscter 
for firmness and integrity. He is oeca- 
sionnlly called on to act as arbitrator in 
disputes between neighbouring tribei. 
and bis decisions are received «lth 
respectful deference. A late instaau 
may be given ai an osample. In tits 
month of July, two ehiefk, whose resi- 
dence was situated twelve days' jonnwy 
iVom the Colony, appeared oefore tfae 
Governor, attended by four hundred 
followers, to receive his aVard npon s 
cose which had been submitted to his 
consideration a short time previonily' 
The general features of the bouDM) 
were the following. One of the psrtiei 
had made an incursion into the territory 
of the other, where he hod cut down and 
carried off a quantity of wood. Thii'fd 
to a quarrel, when the aggressor offered 
a certain sum, by way of compensation 
for the Urong. In the mean time, how- 
ever, the injured chief hod, to n*e * 
oommon phrase, " taken the law rote 
his own hands," and attacked and kilM 
two men belonging to his opponent, vho 
thereupon refused payment of the com- 
pensation money. Under these circun- 
stances the case was brought befbn the 
British Gorenor,by whom it was deeid«l 
that the original aggrMsor should ps; 



18U.] 



THE PRIEND OF AFHICA. 



the nm which he had oSbred in the first 
inituoe; but that hit opponent should 
f*j a itiU Uurf«T mm for the toes of 
life which hi* TJolenoe had oocaaioned. 
It was further determined that each 
party should lodge ten ounces of gold 
with the GoTemor, as a security for the 
preservation of peace between uem, for 
t twelvemonth. This last part of the 
sentence was the more important from 
the dmunstanee, that the late scene of 
contrition was situated in a district 
ibroogh which many traders were in 
the habit of passing, on their way to 
and from Cape Coast Castle. 

It is farther to be noted, in order to 
complete onr view of the importance and 
interest of this case, that the litigating 
chiefs were actuated by no dread of 
British power, but simply by a sense of 
juiticei and by eonfidence in the wisdom 
and good faitn of the Governor. 

The whole transaction, (and it is but 
one exsmplc out'of many,) places the 
character of the natives in a very fa- 
vourable light, and encourages the 
hope, that if the seeds of oiviliiatian 
town ainoag^t thera fail of producing 
in abondant harvest, such tailiire must 
be sttributed to other causes than any 
lack <tf fruitfulness in the soil. 



On the third day after Mr. Freemau's 
arrival, the king sent hia linguists to 
bim to obtain a full account of the pur- 
DOie for which he had visited Kumisi. 
Mr. Freeman, however, found it no 
easy matter to make them understand 
him. The leordi, indeed, that were 
•aid in answer to their inquiries, were 
familiar to their ears, but the things 
were strange to them. Thataman.with- 
OQt any hope of worldly gain, but simply 
in order to do good, should undertake a 
dangerous journey far from his home 
and friends, was something of which 
tall then they had never heard, and 
which they could hardly be brought to 
conceive. ' On the day after this visit, 
when Mr. Freeman was anxiously look- 
ing for some further communication 
from the court, he learned that one of 
the Ung's relatives hod died, and that 



a " custom " was to be made, aa usual, 
on the occasion. 

We shall spare our readers the par- 
ticulars of the frighttul and disgusting^ 
scenes which the capital of Aahonti be- 
held on that and on the following day. 
It is sufRcient to say th^t Jbrlj/ hunum 
heing$ were deliberately and in cold 
blood put to death, before the Moloch 
of heathenism cried " Enough 1 " 

Yet such was the kind feeling enter- 
tained by the king for Mr. Freeman, 
that he seat his favourite Ap6ko, at- 
tended by two officers carrying on 
immense golden sword, to give him, 
warning af what was taking place, and 
to request that he would not leave his 
house until the disgusting rites should 
be over. The missionary was also 
informed, that doubt no lonpr eiisted 
respecting the benevolent intentions 
witii which he had visited Kum£si. 

" In the midst of these scenes of 
horror," says Mr. Beecham, " Mr. 
Freeman sanctified the ChristiBn Sab- 
bath by conducting public religious 
worship at his own quarters, which was 
attended by many Ashanteee, some of 
whom manifested deep attention."— 
p. 327. 

Another proof of the favourable 
impression which had been made on 
the mind of the king respecting his 
visitor, was the permiasion granted to 
him, about this time, to examine the 
royal sepulchre at Bantama ; the rule 
having been relaxed in his favour, that 
no one shall enter within Its sacred pre- 
cincts, except when the king visits the 
tombs of his ancestors. 

The "custom" having ended, a 
week's partial seclusion of the royal 
person followed, and thus Mr, Free- 
man's expectations of a speedy answer 
were doomed to fresh disappointment. 
He remonstrated on the subject with 
Ap6ko, who, it seems, invariably mani- 
fested the most friendly feeling to- 
wards him. His remonstrances pro- 
duced some impression ; for Ap6ko, at 
his instance, went to inquire the king's 
pleasure, and came hack with the an- 
swer, that although the king could not 
then receive him, he would make ar- 
rangements for his departure on the 
morrow, Tb? Sabbath, in diB,meuJ-,. 



;the friend of Africa. ■ 



[Decbhbbi, 



vhile, again came round. Of its ser- 
vices we have the follonii^ notice : 

" Mr, Freeman conducted divine wor- 
ship, and e. meet encoatnging scene vrna 
exhibited. A native of the interior, ivlio 
had received instruction from some of the 
Cliristiau Fnnte'e traders, bad applied for 
baptism, and waa found to be eo well ac- 
qnainted with the doctiines of the Gospel, 
and manifested sucli a desire to become a 
dipciple of Christ, tliat Mr, Freeman felt 
justincd in admitting him into the Chris- 
tian Church hy that aacred ordinance, 
which he did u the presence of many 
Ashanteea." 

Next morning Ap6ko made his ap- 
pearance, accompanied hy a large bodj' 
of linguists ond other attendantB, and 
bearing a present of upwards of two 
ounces of gold, together with a slave, for 
Mr. Freeman. His companions also 
received some marks of the royal fa- 
vour. 

" Ajidko at the same time delivered the 
following message : — ' His Majesty knows 
that j'ou cannot stop longer, on account 
of tlie rains ; and ns the thing which you 
have mentioned to him requires much 
consideration, he cannot answer you in so 
short a time ; but if yon will come up 
again, or send a messenger, after the reins 
are over, he will )>e prepared to answer 
you.'"— p. 330. 

Mr. Freeman's reply could of c 



nly be, tliat 
nslies of the 



! king, and either return 
himself or send a messenger, at the time 
appointed. About noon the some day, 
having previously been admitted to a 
parting interview with the whole court 
of Ashanti, our traveller set his face 
once more towards Cape Coast, pre- 
ceded by a guard of honour, which 
escorted him as far as Franfraham. 

At this place it became bis pleasing 
duty to set at liberty the slave which 
the king had g^ven hmi, a circumstance 
which we can hardly doubt praduc 
strong impression upon the minds of 
those who witnessed it. For this rea- 
son we rejoice that the act of moi 
mission took place before the departi 
of the soldiers, who would not fail to 
report It favourably on their return to 
Kum&i. 

After a brief interview at F6munah 
with KoHnchi, who, overjoyed to see 



"threw his arms round his iw^" 
embracing him, and who supplied four 
strong men to aid him in crosnng the 
hills of Adansi, Mr. Freeman arrived 

Capo Coast on the evening of April 
the 23rd, the whole period of his ab- 
sence having been somewhat less than 
three months. 

Instead of setting down any reflec- 
tions which have occurred to our ova 
ds, and which must we imagine oc- 
cur equally to the minds ctf our reodert, 
on perusing the foregoing abridgment 
of Mr. Beccham's narrative, wc prefer 
spy into our pages the following ob- 
ations made by Governor Madeui, 
very competent judge of African 
character," to Mr. Freeman himielf, 
soon after bis return. 

" I would fain hope that, from tile 
manner in which you were received in 
your avotced cbanicter as a Miesonary, 
througliou t the who] e of your arduous jour- 
ney, tliere will not exist many obetadra 
lo the Bccomplisliment of tlie nist object, 
~tlie getting a /oeiMrtonrfi in the county. 
Certainly I think there will be no iimu- 
perab/e obstacle. 

" I liope and trust that the 'Weslevan 
Mieuonary Committee will be satisfied, 
that there is such an opening as will jn*- 
tify tliem in pushinKtueadvantigeasLntd 
by your indefatigable Kcal. I woifld al- 
most go so far as to say, that, if they have 
the means, a serious responsibility wiil 
rest upon them, and on ClirisUan Eng- 
land, if so glorious an opening into Centrsl 
Africa, if BO rich a horveal, be neglected. 
But I hone better things. And 1 do not 
despair of yet witnessbg the peaceful tri- 
umph of the Croee, even in that stroog- 
hold of Satan, Kumfi«. 

" I expect tlmt considerable advantages 
will arise from the Christian education of 
the two Ashantee Princes, now in Eng- 
land. If well supported, for all depends 
upon that, their mflnence in AiJiiiitct 
must materially aid the good cause." 

We shall only add, by way of con- 
firming the favourable opinion thus n- 
pressed hy the Governor of Cape Coast 
Castle, that Mr. Freeman received, not 
long after, a message from the king, to 
the effect, that he was desuous of seeing 
him once again, and would favoor the 
establishmcDt of a school at Kumiti. 



by Google 



IMl.] 



THE KWEND OP AFRICA. 



217 



THE NIGER, ITS BRANCHES 
AND TRIBUTARIES, 

[CoDliiniedfrDni pags IH.J 

IV. The Upper Niger, to the 
Kino's Fehry. Rowing between a 
coutinned range of hiUs, the banks 
Kned with luxuriaot trees, snd stndded 
with frequent Tillag-es, the river pre- 
sents, upon leaving the Confluence, a 
most picturesque and lively appearance. 
Thirty miles up the stream, the " toll- 
rate" of the great trading town of 
Kattam Karafi' appears at the mouth 
of its connecting creek. 

Farther on, opposite the to*in of 
Lelem, the high range of the Kong 
mountains terminates in a majestic iso- 
lated hill, approaching nearly to the 
water's edge*. 

The country maintains its animated 
look throughout. 

" No sooner does the traveller corae in 
fight of one town than he diacovets three 
or four, and sometimeB five others. The 
Bativee were seen in everjr direction in 
crowds, as thick together m on market 
days in England, gaxing at na with the 
greatest astonishment. The banks were 
covered with ehruba and tiees, of rich ajid 
beautiiiil foliace ; to the east, aa far as 
the eye could reach. Tegular rows of 
palm trets were seen, and on both sides 
were extenrive plains, whilst the river 
varies &om bait a mile to a mile and 
three quartera in width. The Nufi coun- 
ti7 lay on the eastern, and the Kakanda 
on the west«m bank*." 

^^'e now approach Kakanda or Ibodo, 
the capital of the independent kingdom 
of the aune name, a town larg« and 
veil peopled, but suffering, like all 
others in thia neighbourhood, from the 
iDcnrsions of the Filitahs. The natives 
raise rice, com, and yams, manufacture 
mats, cloths, and winter bats, and carij 
on a conaiderable trade with Bokw^h 
and Iddah, almost exclusively. They 
are said to be patient, iaduBtrious, and 
speculative. The Government, like 
most others, is despotic, but exercised 
with lenity ; and the Chieftain under- 

^ An racellflnt pUc* tor pnrchuiig iTOfj. Ei- 
ri£ EocBH Bulai, Bul nujia trt nportsd to exliG 
Id the Mitwtrd. 

* Tlie^ ■Fl"" from tinH b>lim» 4kiiig tLfl bmk, 
l«i( vilh dhntniilied migcibulfl. 



tftkea no important business without 
consulting tlie elders of the [^ople ; and 
the religion, as usual, is portly Moham- 
medan and partly Pagan. 

Leaving Kakanda, and entering the 
£^a territory, equally populous and 
equally beautiful, the first intimation of 
tbe direct authority of the HIiitahs is 
given in the canoe-toll which they have 
established at Lufoma, a town on tiie 
Eggh side of the river. 

£gga, sixty-eight miles from the 
Confluence, an extensive town, with an 
immense popula^on, astonishes the 
stranger at his first approach by the 
number of large and heavily laden ca- 
noes lying off the various landing- 
places. On going ashore, he is not less 
struck with the sice, crowd, and bustle 
of the great market. The sellers sit 
on the ground with their goods before 
them, consisting of plain and dyed 
tobes; NuG, Benin, and Portuguese 
cloths; sandals, coontry bits, saddles 
and bridles, English and Nufi beads, 
iron and antimony from Bomi'i, bowls, 
calabashes, indigo, cocoa-nuts*, and pro- 
visions of various kinds, both plentiful 
and cheap. The shops of the large 
traders filled with wares, look like a 
toyshop in England, and the sharp bar- 
gaining of the natives is exceedingly 
entertaining. Speculative and enter- 
prising, numbers of them employ their 
time solely in trading up and down the 
Niger, for which purpose they have 
their canoes fitted up with a temporary 
house. Indigo is raised here of a su- 
perior quality, and some very fine 
cotton i dye-yards of great extent may 
be seen, and they have the art of 
glazing the tobes between rollers of 
wood; spinning walks and weaving 
machines, resembling our loom ; and 
blacksmiths and spoon-makers plying 
their busy trades. 

One of the old Malluns who had two 
or three huts filled with cowries, offered 
to purchase ten or twelve shiploads of 
goods, and begged Oldfield to return 
againand"briDg plenty of trade." "This 
respectable old man expressed great re- 
gret at my leaving the place ; he had 
beard, he said, a great deal of white men ; 



ImpoitBd boa tome naldibaiiriiw HNnttr, tai 



SIS 



THE VBTSSD OT AHIICA4 



pKT 



heabould like to »ea them living in bis 
countrvi uid be would preierre tbem 
from ell diffieulties 4nd dangers'." 

We are here, indeed, amoaget a new 
and superior claw of men. The reputa- 
tion of tbe people of Nufi for arte and in- 
dustry roae above all otbers so early as 
tbe tiine of Ibn Batuta, in the fourteenth 
oentury; was exalted most highly by 
Sultan Bello in 1834 ; met Lander in 
descending from Bdaah; and continued 
tbe same when Oldfield ascended from 
Bokweh. Thur cloths' and tobes, 
knivei, bridlei, stirrups, braas oma* 
mentti st^ed leather, and a variety of 
etber ar&;lea, are of acknowledged su- 
^riority all along the river. Tbey 
are, nnfortunately, distracted by inter- 
nal dtMensiont, fomented by tbe de- 
■igning Filfitabs, who, having success- 
fully supported a younger brother and 
a Musidman, in opposition to the elder, 
IdrisS, who continued a pagan, bad 
driven the latter into a mere comer of 
hij dominions, and placed tbe Majia, 
bis brother, upon a nominal throne. 
The real ruler of tbe country is the 
■on of the old Fil^tab, Mallam Dando, 
cousin to the Sultan of Sakatd, who 
■ends bii messengers, both by land and 
water, to eolleet the taxes and tri- 
butea throughout tbe entire kinirdom of 
Null. 

Idrfai's town is a few miles from 
Egga, which pays him ostensible alle- 
giance ; his character is described aa 
remarkably mild and good natured. 

Near tbe populous town of Fofo, and 
the lofty range of the Rennell moun- 
tains, tbe Kadunia pours in its tributary 
stream. This important river, as yet 
wholly unexplored, was crossed twice 
by Lander at a considerable distance in- 
land, where it was too deep to be forded. 
Near tta banks is tbe city of Kuttup, 
on the road fVom Kanti to Jab6bah, of 
which he had previoualj heard many 
reports. 

" Here, ft)t the first time since leaving 
the coast, I sawplant^ palm, and cocoa- 
nut trees, In great abondance and In a 

* DLoniu), U., 114. " It B du obuaetw of 
Om Nnfi pHpla Is ^edi wdl of lu whtma v( 
ban mat UMra."— Lutoia, ill., lOa 



flourishing condition, 
traffic is carried on in slaves and bnllockg, 
red cloth, gum, salt, ^ra-nnts, trona, 
beads, tobacco, doth, nius, needle^ cut- 
lery. See. People from the most distant 
parts of the country Tee<»t here in vast 
numben^ and purchase these various 
articles. The Sultan being a Toiy gnst 
man, I thought it neoewuy to nuke hiM 
a present worthy the representative of the 
King of England'," 

The branches of this river probably 
extend as far north as Zega^, on tht 

Pursuing our course through a varied 
line of hills, sometimes approaching, 
and then receding, from the river side, 
with towns and villages numerous u 
usual, and hundreds of laden canoes 
ever passing up and down a stream (tf 
two and four miles in width, broken by 
numerous islands*, many of which are 
inhabited and cultivated, we arrive at 
the emtiorium of this part of the inte- 
rior, trie now well-known town rf 
Habba*. 

Seated on the dope of a gently rising 
hill, up which the houses ascend one 
above the other, in an amphitbeatrieal 
form, and surrounded by Pf^ttv vil- 
lages, the second city in the Filitah 
dominions presents a most pleasing 
appearance from the river wluch flowi 
around its base. The distant bum an- 
nounces its dense and busy populatioe, 
and thousands assemble to witne» the 
landing of tbe pale-fboed visitor. Fast- 
ing through tbe crowded streets, amidst 
a throng of varied tribes, FUitahs, 
Nufanchi, Bomueae, Yarribeans, and 
Arabs from Feiian aad Tomboktd, he 
reaches the spaiueui market-place, di- 
vided into suitable departments tor 
separate articles, and exhibiting an ex- 
tensive assortment of horses*, anet, 
mules, raw silk, red saps from Tripoli, 
cotton, cloth, buds, eaddlea, and saddle- 
cloths of ostrich feathers, amleU. 



'At Ihs liluuTof Gnngo, Iwnlr ^^ ■^<'" 
Egg*, tha bodj of gilbei Pirk m Mutjii hnU » 
b«n ban ftmnd and bojriad bv tbe dalim. 

• IBl mllH huH tha cWimbmi, uJ 4tt ftno 
thaua. 

>* Tha Omat an bnoRfat ftmn BakM^ hj th' 
Aiabb 8«M0fU«*nNiUba«««hlMnia« 
iuEDgJi^. Tlw »• aoipnm am tht IpMiifc. 



IMLl 



THK FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



■nklflti, tronm, loakmg'^UaMa, seedtei, 
ptper, indigo, mhiib, oitrichea, cuneli, 
Iropsrd «km>, beea' wax, mats (for which 
th^ are Aimous), sandals, stained 
leather, ivory, and slaves. " K^los of 
merchants, Arabs " from Tripoli, Sa- 
katii, Kan6, and the Hiusa country, 
w«re at Rabba during our stay. Se- 
veral of the Arabs were acquunted 
with the English Consul at Tripoli, and 
they stated the journey to that place to 
be nine months >" Some were taking- 
their departure eastward to Bonifl, 
others northward to Tomboktti. The 
dty contains a population of nearly 
40,000, gathered m>m all the surround- 
ing countries ; and the neighbourhood 
is well peopled and cultivated, with 
abundance at com and rice, flocks and 
herds of the finest kind. It is governed 
by a Sultan, tributarv to Bello, with 
absolute authority ana hereditary suc- 
cession. Osman, the present ruler, is 
described by Oldfield as of manners 
dignified and imposing, his conversa- 
tion free and easy, and his remarks 
shrewd and sensible. He appeared 
to be welt informed, and his manners 
altogether bespoke the courtier. The 
Majia resides in the neighbourhood, 
aad visited the steamers ; but his autho- 
rity is apparently wholly nominal- 
Ill the middle of the river, opposite 
to Rabbo, with a channel of two miles 
in width between, lies the extraordinary 
island of Zagdshi, the Manehe»teT of 
ASncAj OS it has been not inaptly 

With a superfidea of but fifteen 
miles long by three broad, the greater 

Cof which is under water during the 
Is, this speck of half solid land Is 
covered with an immense population, 
ingenious, active, and of the highest 
possible character. 

* They have liberty stampsd on thor 
fcatniM, and lUhtneas and activity am 
obsorvable in alTthdr aoUons. The gene- 
ntUty of the peopU are well-bshavedj 
hos^table and obli^Dg to strai^iws ; dwell 
In amity with thsir mAMnrnxt, and in 
vnity, peace, and aorial ulamnne with 

" Far Umh. •■ is: ill other Mm^m, au ancli 
ran of dveUin^ is tb« Milmitia ia wt ipul 

" Oi,Drtsi-D, U., 90. BIbth in parcbuad beie 
in ^*tx mnabni t^ tlia tndan doirit Uw rlnr, br 
*baa ibaj an tnumtM fton bwd lo hud lill 
Owr nwb the N*. 



aaeb ether ; they are mode bold by free- 
d<Hn, afflumt b;r iadnstry and &unlity, 
healthy by exercise and labour, and happy 
irom a combination of all these bleasiaga. 
They are fond of aquatic occupations, even 
to a pasdon, and cany them to exceaa: 
all the trade by water in these parts is En 
their hoods^ and they ok proprietors of 
the feny to and from BoblM, which Is a 
•ouree of oonaderable amoliuuent. Tbe 
cloth whisb they manu&otnre. In common 
with their countmnen, and the tobes and 
trousers which tney make, are most ex- 
cellent, and would not disgrace an Euro- 
pean manu&ctorj. We have also seen a 
variety of caps, worn solely by feraalei^ 
and nude of eotton Interwoven vritii silk, 
of exqidsHe woi^manshlp. In ova walka 
we see granps of people employed in spin- 
ning cotton and silk ; oUiera in ■""Hi^ 
wooden bowls and dixies, raata of various 
patterns, shoes, sandals, cotton dresses 
and c^s ; others huMly occupied in fe- 
shionins brass and iron sturrapB, bits 
for bridles, hoes, cluuns, fetters, Stc, 
and others again employed in mak- 
ing saddles and horse accoatremento. 
These various articles, which are intended 
for the Rabba market, evince considerable 
taste and ingenuity in tbeir execution'*." 

The secret spring of all this spirited 
industry lies in thur possession of that 
which alone is wanted in Africa to con- 
vert every town into a Zag6shi — tacit- 
riiy! Tne peculiarity of their situation 
frees them from all risk of invasion, 
and they obev no commands but those 
of their lawful sovereign, tbe " king of 
the Dark Water." 

At this point, then, connecting tbe 
commerce from the north and from the 
south. Moorish and European, with the 
manufacturing- and trading country of 
Nufi on the east, and the powerful 
country of Yarriba, extending to the 
coast of Guinea, on tbe west, and one of 
the centres of the rising Filatah power", 
in an elevated and healthy country, in 
which the European visitors do not 
appear to have suBiered front any ail- 
ment, and in which they have ever been 
most cordially received, a most impor- 
tant and influential station might be ea- 
tabliabed. 

The cbonnal ia already formed, and 



>1IU» ■■ likalr to 
ipcah hersann' { 
iu piwt It U taffiatont lo tj. that it ^p«is » be 
fiiTounbls to tha ipnod of drtltiUlni 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Dec 



the stream already Sowiuf; ; European 
goods purchased with palm oil or staves 
upon me coast, are carried from Ibfl to 
Bokw6h ; thence dispersed through the 
adjacent countries and up the Chadda, 
or carried to Egga and Rabba, where 
tbey are exchanged for the ivory, manu- 
factures, and slaves of the Upper Niger, 
which are thus carried down in turn to 
Ibli 1 whilst from Rabba they are dis- 
persed into the very heart of Sudan, 
mingle with the articles of Arabic < 
merce on the one side, and on the other 

fiasB through Yarriba back to the At- 
antic. What is wanted is an effective 
position from which English enterprise 
and sagacity may widen and deepen thi 
present, or open new channels, am 
swell the exisUng, or introduce fresh 
streams of reciprocal benefit ; and such 
this central town seems to afford. 
[ To be contittKed.^ 



PREFACE TO THE GERMAN TRANS- 
LATION OF SIR T. FOWELL BUX- 
TON'S WORK ON THE SLAVE 
TRADE, BY PROFESSOR RITTER. 
In July last Sir T. Powell Buxton's 
work, The Slaee Trade and itt Be- 
medy, was translated into German by 
Dr. Julius •, and published at Berlin, 
accompanied by a prefatory notice 
from the pen of Professor Carl Ritter. 
We have read this preface with much 
interest, and consider it every way 
worthy of the important volume which 
h introduces to the German public. 
Having described the formation of the 
African Civilisation Society, and the 
objects which it endeavours to attain, 
the author goes on to combat various 
objections to which the views of Sir 
Powell Buxton (see Tlie Hemedt/) 
may be thought liable. This part " 
his subject, which in fact chiefly t_ 
gages bis attention, he opens witn the 
tblTowing pertinent remarks ; — 

" It is possible to admit that these 
views (those of Sir F. Buxton) are well 
grounded, and to hold the performance of 
them very desirable, and yet to look on 
them as practicable only in the dreuns of 
philanthropy. It is indeed common in 
daily life to find men irightened by the 
many projects afloat, by too snpeAcial 



an acquaintance with the subject, end by 
a lukewarm will and despair of the pos- 
sibility of such great endeavoois effixdng 
their object. Now to meet and satisfy 
such is the aim of our preface." 

It is not our iulention to accompany 
the Professor throughout the whole of 
his elaborate argument, as in so doing 
we should be going over ground wilb 
which the public of Britain are already 
in a great degree acquainted. For this 
reason we pass by his notice of the 
countenance and support which our - 
Society has experienced both at home 
and abroad, as well as whatever relates 
to the destination, equipment, and rul- 
ing of the Niger Expedition. 

That, however, the dilGculties of the 
African Civilization question, (and they 
arc confessedly many and great,) are 
fully understood and fairly met by our 
Author, will be evident to all who follow 
him with common attention and impar- 
tiality. One passage, whiidi we are 
about to quote, of itself goes far to 
establish what has just been said. 
After enumerating various important 
objects which may well claim the at- 
tention of all who are interested in 
behalf of Africa, as, for example, the 
introduction of medical science, of use- 
ful trades, of a system of irrigation and 
drainage, of bridge building, and canal 
and road making, of printing and the 
manufacture of paper, &c., Profbssor 
Ritter thus proceeds : — 

3nt enppose the desirableness of alt 
these plans, expectations, and endesToais, 
which are indeed well worthy of atten- 
tion, to be admitted, the doubter may 



What is the first sUp to be taken? What 
guarantee have we got that they are not 
premature, vain, and impmcticable pn> 
jecta? How, for instance, is it pombls 
in a climate fatal to the European consti- 
tution, in a land of utter ignonnee and 
bsTbansm, in a part of tlte world of all 
others the most inaccessibly and moie- 
over, of almost unlimited extent, how is 
it possible, under such circnms^koes, to 
loolc for the tealixation of extenuve plans 
of usefulness, with such iniignincant 
means as a single Society is able to com- 
mand ? Can vre forget the hardahi^ <i 
thoee who have heretofore &Ilen victmta, 
and the unhappy termination of nmilar 
undertakings, under limilw ciimm- 

•"^^ ,KGooglc 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



" Now to thia WB make anawer, that I 
the dicnmstances in which we find onr- 
salvefl at pTeoent an very different from 
thoae of oar predeeeaaon in former days, 
la th« firat piacc^ we hare it in onr power 
to employ ateam-reeeela which may paw 
iqiidly through the poiaonoos iwampa of 
the Delta lantb, and penetrate to the rich 
rirer baoka of the interior. Up the car- 
rant of ench rivers they can make their 
way with ease, from their great power of 
motion, and their compact and eubatan- 
tial build. Secondly, throngh the me- 
diam of the lately-diacovered Niger, a 
field of uaefulneae in the interior of the 
Continent is laid open, of which, or of its 
poswble accesdbleness, no one had pre- 
viously formed an idea. From the very 
nuscarriage of previona attempts we may 
derive advantage; knowledge and expe~ 
lience have been thereby increased, and 
have brought with them considerable 
gams. In the next place, treaties are in- 
taided to be made by Great Britain, not 
aa formerly with European Powers car- 
tying on the Slave Trade, but witli native 
Priiices, — treaties entered into with a 
direct Tiew to their own advantn^ ; not 
for the profit of foreigners. We live in a 
better age. Time haa in this reepect hap- 
pily grown older. 

" As to what haa been s^d of the 



stances nnd relations of bo many millions 
of people, spread over eo vast an extent of 
teiritory, let truth and neceasity be placed 
in the balance, and they will be found a 
moretlmn sufficient counterpoise. While 
the treaties which have been concluded 
hitherto are confesaedly insofBcient to 
nproot the evif, amicable and mercantile 
relation^ ^entered into with the African 
rolera, may lead to their being conrinced 
that its desbuction is for their owr 
vantage. Although they may not at 
discover this, prclonged interconrse 
them cannot tail to convince them that 
the profits arising from a lawful trade 
fbanded on agriculture, mnst be br larger, 
both for communities and for individoola, 
tlun those which fiow from a traffic eo 
ntteriy degrading aa the traffic in huroan 

" Finally, let us bear in mind the order 
of Nature, that the bud must unfold itself 
by little and little,— let us think of the 
grain of mnstard seed in the Parable*, 
which, though the least of ail seeds, be- 
came the greatest of trees, — of the leaven 
which, hid in three measures of meal, 
Imreued at last the whole lump. Let 



SSI 



oara be the motto of the pious, noble 
Wilberfoica, during hia lei^hened, and, 
in the end, auccMsfiit struggle for the 
emancipation of the Negro, — that 'Success 
is not to be adopted as a motive or a rule 
of duty.' Only let us start with right 
principles, and in the progress and deve- 
lopement of our plans we shall attain, by 
God's blesnng, and unimpeded br the 
natural weakness of man, such oDjeota 
08 we may legitimately and reasonably 
hope for." 

Towards the end of his Essay we find 
our Author rimUcating the Native 
African from groundless aspersions 
which in former days were commonly 
caat upon him, by men too, in whose 
behalf the plea of ignorance could not 
be urged in extenuation of their injus- 
tice. The cause, doubtlesa, of thia 
unworthy conduct, waa to be traced to 
the existence of Ne^o Slavery ; for it 
is a melancholy truth, that the exerciae 
of tyrannical authority never faila to 
aggravate our estimate of the faults, 
and dull our perception of the virtue*, 
of those whom we oppress. For thia 
reason, were there none other, we should 
rejoice in the emancipation of our co- 
loured brethren of the British West 

" We moke answer," (to the wholesale 
calnmnialor of the African race,) " that 
we do not doubt of the human nature even 
of block men, whom we whites, in the 

C'de of our fancied excellency, have 
naccustomed to consider a lower order 
of beings than ourselvea, because we 
have knovm them only in circnmstancea 
of contempt, and when they have come 
into &tal contact with the worst people 
of our own colour. What would we say 
of the justice of passing judgment on 
Europeans generaUy, from the estimate 
which Africans moat have formed of the 
infiunous slave dealers, the very dr^;s of 
European aodety? 

" Widely ditfraent is the opinion enter- 
tained of uie natives of Souoan by those 
who have had opportunity of beeommg 
acquainted with them, and inconteaUble 
bets plainly show the injustice of ideas 
until now hut too prevalent npon thia 
subject." 

One more short citation, and we have 
done: — 

" Assuredly great nndertakinga demand 
great sacrifices from those who initiate 
them, and that, too, not only in war but 
(also m peace ; in the afhirs of religion. 



THE FRIEKD OV AFRICA. 



[;DEcUBn, 



of politiot, of trade, of wieRce, of nui- 
vers&l phiUnthTopv'. Wtthont a true 
enthniiasm, it will be impoeaible ever to 
make a. bwitming ia the att«mpt to i^vi- 
lize a whole conntiy. Yet what have we 
not wen achieTed in this very matter, by 
OUT own cotmtrymen, and other pious 
perwne^ who hare gnne aa miBuonariM 
amonnt the people of Southern AfricaT 
But then it mnet b« a tnu tnthtuiatm. 
founded on a more loft; prinoiple, and 
accompanied by discretion, judgmeili, and 
experience : an enthusiaem which Ic&ows 
tall well tue consolation for him who 
fells a sacrifice in the performano 
duty." 

To every word of this we yield 
cordial assent. By such sentdmenta we 
desire to have all our efforts tested,— 
by them we are ready to stand or fall, 



THE SLAVE TRADE. 

To tit Editor <^tke FaisHn of Atrica. 
Six,— Uy mind hai been for some yean 
mnch and painAilly occupied with the 
conudeiation of the Slave Trade question, 
I need scarcely say that I have teod every- 
thing 1 could procure upon the subject, 
includbg the work of Sir Fowell Buxton 
and the publications of your Society, with 
continnuly increasing interest, never, 
I trust, uall my feeble aid be wanting to 
further the cause in which you are 
embarked, and thoogti it be but little 
I h»ve to offer, tliat little shall be offered 
cheerfully. At preeent my purpose is to 
bring under the notice of your readers, 
eape^allv each of them as have influence^ 
more or less, with Her M^eetv'e Govem- 
men^ an important hint which I derived 
&om the commander of the ^onfoiiM man- 
of-war, whoM captnie of a alavet of twenty 
tons bnrthen, was reported in the last 
number of your periodlt^ After de- 
scribing the scene which was presented to 
the eyes of the British crew on taking 
possesdon of the little re«e1, you quote 
the following oaatence from Captain Bnt- 
terfield's report: " If I could send my 
prise to England, I should make nur for- 
tune in a month, by publicly exliibiting 
her." 

Now, Sr, it qipean to me, (and I know 
that others of your readers, with whom I 
am acquainted, participate in the same 
sentiment,) that a more effectual method 



horrors of which we hear and read m 
much, be bnnight to England, as tuar^ <h 
pctfible in Me vmdUion w ieAkA U km 
cf^Mrail. Let models of the human csreo 
be constructed, and put on board, in toe 
place and pontjons proper to ttiem. Let 
the quantity and quality of food destined 
for the sustenance of the captives 1m exhi- 
bited, together with the whips and nisna- 
cles used in confining and coercing than. 
Thus equipped, let the horrid vessel be 
brought up the Thames, and moored at 
London bndg^ ot in any other more con- 
venient Htuation, and let the people of 
England see with their own eyw what is 
the true charaoter of that bane and cuise 
of Africa wliich afflicts her along bsr 
western and eastern shores. lamnotni* 
ptuphet, if the result l>e not an immense 
accession to the ranks of those who long, 
and labour, and pray for the day « 
Africft'a ledemptiou. 



quataMi 
TMd<^ o 



cr 



itting in nactice this very expedient, 
itoaeof Omh •< floaUi« Mla,'^ of du 



ATRICA AKD THE WEST ISDIKS. 

Our last Number contained a letter 
from the Rev. Griffith Griffiths of Port" 
Antonio, Jamaica, in which the writer 
b«an testimony to the lively iaterest 
exhibited by then^roes, in measure* de- 
signed for the improvement of the land 
of their forefathers. Not less gTatif;^' 
ing is the following communication, since 
come to hand, from the Rev. H. M. 
Waddell, Presbyterian minister in the 
parish of St. James, in the same island. 
The detennination " to commence a 
ission" from Jamaict "to Africa," 
and " the off^ of pnrcn^ sarvice' on 
the part of th« negroes, are dream- 
stances of the very deepest interest. 
Truly the tide of Chriatiaa sympathy 
appears to be Sowing apaoe. 

"Theciioolwlettarof the Society fi» 
the Civillattioa of Afrio^ and the Aboli- 
tion of the Slave Trade, twMhw with the 
few Nnmban of Th* ^md ^ Afr¥», 
which you had the kindness to end (a 
myaelf and aevenl other ministem ^ ^ 
Jamaica pfesbytnr, were voy aoospttUe,, 
The enbjeot whieh th^ bnra^t nndtf 
our notice intcnetsd vi in the highert 
degTM^ and we unite with your Cownit- 
tee in oonsidning the liberatioo of AMo 
&om its present most al^eet oonditioD, 00* 
of the grMtestdatica whieh can aigi(*tl» 
attention of the British nation, sad (^ 
Oitiah Chriotiuu, Viewii« your Society 



THB nUEKD OF AFttlOA. 



tsaTaloable anxiliarfin the introduction 
of the Gocpel into the benigiited r^ons 
of that THt Continent, and eetceminE it a 

Bto a&bid it ■ token of oar ooidkl ra- 
■ccording to the messure of our 
I>1b Ability, w« bave much pleasure 
in oAring tbe Inclosed bill of exchaoge 
Ibi thirty poimdi steiiii^, bcdng part of 
the colkdJona which four of onr eongre> 

Stiona atada on the lit Atumati fi» the 
oefit of theii &ther-laiid. The fonr sie 
Uunpden, Trelswny, lUr. Geoim BIyth; 
Bellevaa, Tnlawny, Bar. P. Andenon; 
Goshen, St. Ann's, Rev. W. Jameaon ; and 
Hoont Zion, St. Jamea*, where I myaelf 
laboar. Othera of onr mioiaton abo pro- 
poaed doiitf aomethinS of the nme kind, 
nnd ve beRere that all would willingly do 
■0, irere not several of them much ancum^ 
htrei b; the aracticHi af their chtucha^ 
and other expenrive Uboan. 

"The dnty of onr churchea in thla 
taland to promote the avangelication of 
A&ica, eogagei the attantitn of onr Pre^ 
bjtoy aeoM yaata ago, bnt we knew not 
in vast way to proceed. At lang;th tlie 
tppeaianee of ^1 T. Fowell Bnxton's 
work, 7^ Remt^ for the Slave Trad^ 
poured light on the whole Bahject, and at 
once stimulated our aeal and dirtcted onr 
efforts. The way seemed Open, and the 
coarse to he adopted plain fi>r attiunlne the 
important objecte we had in view. At a 
Ute meetinz of the {"rwibytery, therefore, 
it wae nerved, that we should at onoe 
commence a misfflon to Africa. Onr con- 
gregationa also have laid to heart the de- 
ploiable state of the countir of their fore- 
utheie, and hare mpportea onr views by 
Ubenl collections, and 



» ordainad miaaionarie^we pn>> 
poBs to aend out aarirtairta nom onr 
chardea hiera. Soma of thaee may be 
utiraly onployed in relinona labonte. 
Dthen in ■eciilat' afEaiia, m tndeamnt and 
Isbonraia. Ai th« latter part of onr plan 
will be lamilar to what we belleva yowr 
Sodety wma at canylng into ctfeet, Ute 
Presl^tery wotdd lin to know. If, bcaidaa 
co-operation, we might expect any aiaiat- 
anco in fiiKheranoe <^ this part of oar 
object ; whether in the paai^ and fUf^ 
I«rt of those m> employed, or 
other ■wty^ 

" Can von inform us if there be any 
likelihood of a direct communication beinf 
otaMiAed between the Weat Indies an< 
the coast of Africa, K as to affiird o^por- 
tnni^ to Mrsona pnposli^ to ^ thither 
dirert, witiumt mildng tiie oiromtby Gng- 
laadl It has been repeatedly stated, that 
these Islands eonld be supplied fh)m that 
coutiaeia with corn, rice, and other pn>- 1 



us now obtuned Irani America, and 
also with yams, cocoas, &c. Conld tUa 
be done, it would eflect much towards the 
benefit of Africa. Our present aource of 
supply is maintained by slavery of the 
wont kind, and serves in turn to mun- 
taui it, whilst the other would tend 
directly, and inan eminent degree, towards 
its suppression. It occurs to me, that any 
veaseb so employed might find a TalDnble 
ntnm-caiffo firom our North American 
provinces u the article of salt fish, which 
would probably find ea ^ood a martcet 
on the coast, or up the nrers of Africa, 
es it does in this country. Every ma 
who hsa been ammg tliem knows the 
taste of the negroes for salt fish, the 
importation of everv descriptimi (^ which, 
(except herring^ Uie food of elavea,) has 
matly incrsMsd dnco the psople became 
ma I and no wender, as it Is not only a 
whoJeaoma and s flf lea b le fbod, but one also 
of the dieqMst oesoription. Hay we not 
auf^Kiae tut the same article would be 
squally aoocptablL for the same reason, to 
the people oT Afiicat Salt forms, I W 
lieva^ one of Uie prlndpal Hama in tiieir 
intwiial trade, lliu&a vessel soingfiram 
Newfoundland, or Nov* Sooth, to the 
Niger, with a cargo of fish, mi^t return 
bv the West Indies with com and rice. 
Ii such a trade were once begun, there b 
noealcnlatmgtheextmitto which it might 
be carried on, and the benefits it would 
confer on both sides. 

" I have been denred alao by tny 
brethren to request that T^U f^md qf 
A/rica may be regnlariy sent to us, and if 
it do not procure some collections annually 
for your Sodety, it wiU at least be paid 
for." 



THE ASHANTEE PRINCES. 
bRbt. 



Gipt Qxitt Caillt, 
Stpl. B. 1S41. 
Ht B81R Siv-'As there is a good op- 
portunity in this place of sending letten 
to Old] England, surely I cannet help to 
feel happy to write a few lines to my 
really true and rincere friend, Mr. Pvne, 
to inquire after him, and to tul him how 
I am going on. I need not tell yon that 
this place is verv dull. We really fed 
dull, because we have not gone to the land 
where I hope it may please Almighty God 
to help aa, and to set ns to a good work, 
to benmie useful to car countermen, and 
to tell them of tbeir horrible and super- 
stitious customs. These things, dewest 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[DBCIIfBU,lSil. 



friend, tronble aod discomfort my mind. 
But may He who is able to tum even a 
atone into braad, turn the hearts of onr 
people, snd change them from their evil 
ways. 

We are now waiting fiirthe paths to get 
clear and dry, and to near &om the Kins 
before we proceed to CoomaB»e [E.um&siJ 
with Mr. Freeman. I believe I did not 
mention to you in my last letter the kind- 
ness we have experienced from Capt^n 
Trotter andLieuLFiahlKiume: indeeathey 
made us as comfortable as they conld incur 
passage. We really left them with much 
regret. The Governor (M'Lean) went to 
Accra with the Expedition. Mrs. Freeman 
being not well, Mr. Freeman thought it 
was desirable to take her along with the 
governor; but poor Heb, Freeman was 
not long at AoembafbiE aha expired 1 The 
news oF this place is not worth hearing. 
The king's carriage arrived a weelc or two 
after I received vour affectionate letter-. 

How I ahonld like to hear some news 
from Ei^kod ! Tell me always plenty 
of news m your letters. I always repeat 
those sweet verses about " Bright bud of 
tlie olive-tree." Of all the presents sent 
to the king, none will please him more 
. than your well-choiced presents, and the 
Wesleyans' carriage. The only thing I 
am delighted at is to see a little change 
inreli^oninthistown,«ndlampleased 
also with the little improvement tliat is 
made in otiier respects. 
^Farewell, my deu^est Sir, &rewe]]. 
Remember me kindly to your brother and 
riater, (trusting that their dear children 
are well,) also to ourother Mends. Fare- 
well again, my dearest friend, and may the 
Lord keep yon. 

Pray for your affectionate 
John Aksak. 



SLAVER CAPTURED. 
As VrC were going to press, the 
following extract of a letter from Cap- 
tain Butterfield, of H.M. brig Fantome, 
was put into our hands. 

" St, ITdma, Oelober 7M. 
" Siuled on the Ist from St. Helena 
toT the Cape, and on the 3rd chased and 
captured the Portuguese brigontine Coa- 
eeeoi de Maria, with 4fi7 slaves on board, 
&am Mozombiqne to Pernambuco. The 
slaver beii^ short of provisions and w^er, 
we were obliged to take her in tow, and 
go back to St. Helena, where we arrived 
on Uie «th. 

" £. H. BCTTERFIELD." 



AUXILIARY SOCIETY. 
Amebtiho for the formation of an 
Auxiliary to the African Civilisation 
Society was held in the Shire Hall, 
Hertford, on Tuesday, October the 
26th, the High Sheriff in the chair. 
The Meeting was numerously and re. 
spectably atte&ded. Collection, 211 



Wulosk Bmitta.... as Idstei . .' 17 Oel 

Anion Clirif 3Se Llnrpual, S Koi 

BlIKu Bortiert.. laoLonduB. 11 Koi 

Hirtlqr _ Bndmd.. satLoadaa.. la Urn 

Marfuet Wtalts.... 133 Loodoa . . 18 Nm 

EUBbstli TiukK .. lML«Dilon..lSN<ir. 



...PeaflD.,. t38LoBdi«..W Oct. 



CturloUa Wf Ila ...WilkBr 



UvnpiMl.sa OeL 



from Aca-a ami Cape Caatlr— 

QiPfCtnor KicietB. .lltjo SIS London . . 8 KoT. 

Osunl Dnxdt Dariej ... lis Looam . . a Nov. 

Hinmddle FoDMCj.. 'nUBiku..iailar. 



Subscriptions and DonatiiMiB are reeeiTcd 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoare, Eiq. ; 
by Messrs. Bamett, Hoares, and Co., 62, 
Lombard-street; Measrs. Barclay, BiTTan, 
and Co., £4, Lombard-street; Me^nL 
Coutts and Co., S», Strand ; Menrs. Dnun- 
monds, Charing'Cross ; Messrs. Hanbnij', 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-street; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenchurch^trvet - 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet-Street; aod 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., 20^ 
Birchin-lttoe ; and by the Secretaty, tha 
Rev. J. M. Trew (to whom all communi- 
cations relative to the busineas of the 
Society may be addressed), at the OflKc* 
of the Society, 15, Parliament-stnct. 



Couoli/ WidntKlar, Ut BtttwAtr, 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA; 



THE SOCIETY FOR THE EXTmCTION OP 

THE SLAVE TRADE, AND FOR THE 

CIVILBATION OF AFRICA. 



LONDON: 
PIIBLISHED BY JOHN TY. PARKER, «5, WEST STRAND; 



Am >0U> BY ALL BOOKSBLLBXS. 



xjKatjan, 



b, Google 



t. ukxmCi livi. 



b, Google 



INDEX 



THE SECOND VOLUME. 






Bcme Aaeovit of ■ TTAtfra of, 
NidnTiwbtnfn, B; BlaTi Tnds In the Intvkv 
if, M7; FuUuicaMn' C<BBdtl« « Wcri 
itf, U>, lit, U7, W. 17B. ItP; Hkilaur; Ldmiin 

AMaa Pafan on Tnd«, IM) ClTlUMlon BocWj, 

JIMii«ii(,n,M, IM 
AlBlKeffvDiiBlida, IIS 



liiuitl Ptimi, «, 131 



Ihnwoi (ShtTB) datroTH, IM 
Aril Mbdon to Vv« Ablis, 130 
Ml. {Dr..) laHen fton, 41 . 71 
BtT Bf TmK TMUmsnlil to tba, 14, «7 
h, iRar. B.,1 Lettn bVB, n> 
■1 EkotEb ol Bit J. Jmmla, Ul 



Bi»k^ NotloMof HIT, 11, «, n, lU 



^tan gf (Onm, ig, n, M, n, U, 78, II 
(^ TnctK, LntB from, 101 
anr,Lott,KottoBDl, " 




Cralnr, Uittv from », 7« 



Si AmkBlDf at Um Pdlt« 



DiBlh of air L. ^lh,7I 
Deathi, (Lkl itf,l In Uw Hl(« Bip^tlon. N 
DMMMd SMiDwn el t»ta BipiUlion, n, JS, M, IH 
DKiWai irf PmiA MlnWrr M eta*« Tndi nmy, 77 
Decnwa i« tha SIM* Tnl>, l« 



DbUIb AdiOUiTi MwtlDf ot, lU 

Editor, Latlsi to tho, 13, 70, 04, U, 111, 1« 
EdiuMtoa of MiUre Twobon, U 
KfTeeta of EmaDdpotlSB tn jMuiOh lU 



If NktlTO Acnor, 17 
tboHlpr. 3,17, U,n, St, 3B, 41,45, H, 
n, M, R, 110, 149 
Zxtnctt of a l4tMr ftan DiCDH CUctaoa, Bq. , 14* 



vmiBidors.'n, in 

FlTO Qimt Fowm, noolr of, 1 
Fond fcr BdMlflldiitlniot dK«wedOBenuul 
MlB (ttKbid u the NlmBipodllloD, M, 7*. H, IN 
FBtcce PluB and Oponlku, 118 



■M (rf CUoBiil AcMcgp Ibr AMoa. 1» 
Id of BL Bilna, H 
-F«uadoPo,n 



^■rnla, (Sir lobn,) HiDoIr if, Id 

Aw> ot lunmem, 110 

Jsnraal irf M«a«. WiBb nd Ciuirthar, N 

Xlnc of Wupu, TMI lo, M 

Lctten. IS, «, n, 70, 84, M, lOt, III, 111, 141, Mt 



LottCuar, A 



,d by Google 



" M AH, t' 



MmUdi of Atrionn nnUBUoii Sodatr, H 
DollUB AliiiUu7, IH 

V AiLdUHT, 13) 

iiDd Laboon in Bouh AUm, ISO 
HoMFum.nw, « ''' ' 

Hontl dunotar of tha AbTMEnlMu, 1» 

Natln Aimr, U, 89, ST, US, 131. lU 

NwoDtBlpU.'nia.llt 

NKwndlH TdlinliHlM, «, n, 31, «, m 

KlfKBipelUtloa, Tha, a, 17, IS, p, «4, Kt «lt *i, «. 

«, Si, tt, 110, 143 
NoMswof KarBaiiki, 11, «, 89, ISO 

1. 18, n, U, IW, IK 



011Tnda,ThaAHlMlMl)), IN 

irOsmii)lttMpaW(#lb}c*, 11^ 1^,11} 



FMivnrt* of AMIS, Tba, U 



lUnmnl (putU) of NKv bpatlUM). M 
Bapurtiiit FuUuHDtaiyCmniDittaii, 1)9, )4f, W 
JtquiUlo at T«m, Iki, 110 



Bot. J. K. Tmr, bctv fa, m Ui tWt t« te Wol 

Iiull«>,ei,i», 118,117 
Rigbl of BMrab, Hw, 81, lU 

e(rdiallB,Tlu. lis 

BUyg TDda.'Tti*. ]4, 8s, ID}, 140, lU, 147. M 
— ^ -^ — Treaty far amitiiw^nn of, l.M.TT 
BUnts, Ciptan of, 18, n , 44, 80, W, 7B, lOi 
BlanrT, 14, 34, Af 

int]>aDnlledBtat«,18S 

Smftli, Hr Uonal. Daulb of, 7t 
SooietT, Tha Aboriglnia PtoteotloD, 4( 
EonsNlaii rabtln to Ntgac Hipadltlaa, (1 
Saltan. AddnM to ttia, US 
BMpMid BUnr, n 

TidimoDlal to Iha Bar of Tnab, 14 
lanbuktoi Ita Coauneraa, &e., 113 

IiHti, Iba BUTa Xada AboUtbui, 1, 41, ?T i O* Aa» 
■rt«B,Hl,l*?. '^ 

Trew.Rar.J.lL.LatlatbanBn. E, W^wAth to. 



148,141 ■..-.T-. 

Teat iDdiBi, Ibe. lOB. US, 117, 111 ' 
^lU-orlma. fiff )WW Bt«iMc, 41 



by Google 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



PDBLISHBD MONTHLY. 



No. 15.] LONDON, JANUARY 1st, 1842. 



CONTENTS, 

tmtr rf iha Vfn On*! Fomn tor Uia Gup- 

ITM ifcm nf tba Sl»Te Trad« 

UlMt AmsDonttlhimUuMinEiiMdlUoc ... 
XkgRltir.llaBniMbaandTilbatHiM 



TatlmonUIaUitBcTorTinilJ 

Tbe AliUaa BUt* Tnd* 

BUtcttIbCoIi* 

Ckplimnfa SlaTK 

AnillluT Boddy 

AntraU and BiniDgt 

VMoa to Bolndrflmi ma Oaiwitau JiinM . 



TREATY ENTERED INTO BY THE FIVE GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE 

FOB THE MORE EFFECTUAL SUPPRESSION OF 

THE SLAVE TRADE. 

The public 'papers have already announced to every part of the 
country the important inteihgence, that on Monday, the 20th of Decem- 
ber, the repreaentatives of the Five Great European Povera, Great 
Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia, signed, at the Foreign 
Office, in Downing Street, a Treaty, by whicli the contracting parties 
bound tbemBelves thenceforth to consider and treat the Slave Trade as 
piraa/: i.e, as a crime of the same magnitude, and obnoxious to the 
same punishment, as robbery upon the high seas; and by which addi- 
tional powers were mutually conceded, and such as existed previously 
extended and confirmed, for rendering more efficient "the right of 
search." 

If ever there was a document which deserves to be written in charac- 
ters of gold,it is surely the convention which we have just described. 
Ite ratification constitutes at once an important era in the history of 
civilization, and a solid and irrefragable proof that the labours and sacri- 
fices of our country in behalf of Africa, mighty as they have been, have 
none of them been in vain. 

If, for the fixture, we find ourselves taunted with the laige expendi- 
ture of means as compared with the scanty measure of success actually 
achieved, we need no longer take refuge in considerations arising out of 
the duty of looking rather to prindples than to results, but may at 
once meet the unworthy reproach by a bold and unqualified denial. 
Pointing to the tact that the united voice of five Christian Governments, 
Wifessedly the greatest upon earth, has publicly and solemnly declared, 
that so far as their example and their influence extend (and where do 
'hey not estendf), the traffic in human flesh shall cease forjevCT^wa 



i THE FRIEWD OF AFRICA. [J*yn*RT, 

may say, that every British life which has fallen, aa well as every 
&rtbiiig of BritUh treasure which has been expended, throughout the 
long years of a struggle unparalleled in the annals of the world, has 
directly ministered to this glorious consummation. 

We are well aware that in expressing ourselves so strongly in refer- 
ence to the recent treaty, we run the risk o( being classed amongst 
those who are charged with " indul^ng in anticipations too sanguine for 
the facts of the case to justify." We are not however of this opinion. 
On the contrary we think it scarcely possible that our hopes and expec- 
tations can be raised too high. For let us for an instant consider what 
this decisive measure may fairly and reasonably be expected to acconi' 
plish. 

firtt. The abolition of th« Slavs Trade, as far as making the oriioe 
capital can abolish it, in the case of the Five Contracting Nations. St- 
Cfmdly. The strengthening of the hands of England in her zealous efibrti, 
either now making or hereafter to be made, for its suppression on the seas. 
Thirdly. The assurance to the rest of the world that their encouragement 
of, or connivance at, its continuance, shall henceforth be marked with the 
very strongest reprobation with which one nation can visit the disgracefal 
conduct of another, or man denounce against his criminal and d^raded 
brotiier. Fimrlhiy. The conviction even of the slave dealer huDielf, 
(if indeed such a monster be not utterly dead to impressions of the 
sort,) that Great Britain is now, and has ever been, actuated by no 
selfish motive of personal a^randisement in her warfare upon those 
who wage warfare upon their spedes, seeing thst all the great and good 
in Continental Europe have done willing homage to her riitue and 
disinterestedness, by joining themselves with her in one noble bond of 
Christian brotherhood, against the common enemies of mankind. And, 
}aitly, though assuredly not least, the encouragement of every friend of 
humanity to redoubled efforts in the cause of universal freedom ; ^ust u 
the traveler, having guned the summit of some toilsome hill, whilst be 
looks back, and counts over the difficulties already vanquished, derives 
iiQtn the pleasing contemplation fresh vigour to pursue the remslndtf 
of his journey — 

DresT^ and darksome was the past ; yet lo 1 
That dsricness mitron forth-a ndlant bow. 

Such are the coosiderationa which lead us to rejoice in the execution 
of this noble Treaty, As we cannot distrust the motives of unmiied 
benevolence in which the measure has originated, 80 neither is it 
permitted us to doubt of its incalculable importance in the final and 
universal settiement of the Slave Trade question*. 

* Wemnst crave permiEiiontoadilaworcl or twotnore; which, however, to ir^ 
lireaking the continuity oT our amment, we threw into the fona of a note. Hartvc 
MH icaaon to SMiin tiuTrNtj Juat concluded, a pledge, idon thai) naually ■ t i 'f * ^ 
tory, of the preservation of geneinl peace? That eveiy fre»h iHmd of conwiios. 
formed between countries pOMnafaig d&tinet and aeparaM interests, mast mimiter, m 
tU 4«giM, to ao dadMblo an and, la soffidentlT clear. Bnt it it less w, that UMSlrai- 
«ttefaUpo«ibleticaiB that by which the contracting parties bind thomsalnt to tM 
promotion of tome object of known and acknowledged benevtdaicat— "The WMK ^ 
right«Mne« Is peace.* ib.GoOQic 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Various BbttementB, more or It 
tmtt-worthy, having Appeared in the 
public prints ngftrdnif the Expedition 
to tfaeNigert« general deaira may be pre- 
mmed to have aricen for the most ac- 
cnrate account, drawn from tbe most 
■utbentic sources, of tbe actual condi- 
tion and progress of tb is important enter- 
prise 1^ to the date of the lari advices. 
From the intelligence thus far re- 
ceived, and which extends in part to 
the 10th of October, the following facts 
may be gathered. 

H.M.S. Albert, WObetforet. 
Soiutan, with the fiarnof tranBDort, and 
■Amelia tender, after a favourable though 
somewhat tedious Toyage, arrived at 
the entrance of the Nun, on the 9th 
and loth of August. 

On the 15th, after taking out the 
necessary stores, coals, &(;., thej parted 
wid tbe Harriot, which proceeded to 
Fenmndo Po. In unloading the trans* 
port, thej vere detained a considerable 
time, owing to the heavy rolling of the 
vessels in the swell outside the bar. A 
farther detention arose when thej had 
crossed the bar, from the necessity of 
refitting tbe tails of the rudders, which 
liad been carried sway during the pas- 
uge from Cspe Codst, and without 
which the Vessels were ^nlost unma- 
nageable. They vete fortunate enough 
to And ft good beacli, with a sufficient 
rise bod fall 6f tide, but the unfavourable 
slate tX the weather and the strength of 
tbe tide prevented thetd frob beaching 
the Wilberforet till the IStb, so that 
her repurs could not be Completed till 
thd morning 6f the 20th. 

This necessary delay does ilot, how- 
ever, seem to have proTedinjurioustothe 
general health of the crews. They «n- 
joved a wholesome sea-breeze nearly the 
vaole of the twenty-four hours, and 
everyprecantionwaa used to preserve the 
■Qenfrom illness, especially by taking ex- 
treme care that they constantly changed 
their wet clothes, and by emploj'Tng 
every proper means to keep up their 
spirits. In this they seem to have suc- 
ceeded, as we learn from the vari- 
ous letters which have been received. 
One sajg, ■■ The field of our intended 



operations lies before ub, and I am per- 
suaded that there is only one feelintf 
amongst US)*— that all are animated with 
a desire to move forward I" The shlfM 
were regularly Ventilated, and suD 
or rain awnings constantly stretched. 
Up to this period there had been mma 
deaths, — four from casualties during 
the voyage*, one from apoplexy.and tito 
from fever. Of these last, one was a 
coloured man, and the other an Euro- 
[lean, Mr. J. W. Bach, mathematical 
instrument maker to the Expedition. 
Their fever was not African, but of a 
low typhoid kind, and, in the latter 
case, supervening upon a constitution 
previously debilitated. The first case 
of African fever occurred wiih a West 
Indian negro, at the mouth of the Nun, 
but he soon got well again. The other 
cases (chiefly on hoard the Wiiber^ret) 
were of a mild oharaoter, and almost 
ent»vly ccmfined to the coloured men, 
and before they reached Kboe there 
was no sickness whatever in any of the 

Under these favourable auspices they 

mmenced the a»cnU of At rittr on 
the 20th of August. (This has been 
erroneously stated as banning on the 
13th, when the Albert first crossed the 
bar.) 

liieir progress was necessarily alow, 
SI they can only make six miles an hour 
under ordinary circumstances, whilst 
the current runs about three; and thef 
were delayed still further by lotting for 
the Witttrfbrce, which had been di- 
rected to examine a different ohannel, 
and bad thus got ahead of the ethers. 
At Captain TroUer was fearful that she 
might hate got entangled among shoals, 
the 2Bnd (Sunday) was partly spent In 
endeavouring to ascertain the eourse she 
had taketi, but they did not rejoin each 
other till they arrived at Eboe on the 
26th. This deviation wss, however^ 
tbe meant of discovering a new chan- 
nel of the river, with numerous villages* 
and a larger population than had yet 
been seen. 

Up to this pinnt, ( 1 20 miles from the 
mouth,) tbe crews appear to have been 
wholly unaflbeted by tbe climate, which 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Jahuikt, 



was foand, indeed, to be " cool and agree- 
able, without much rain or Bunghioe." 
The toedieator wag used throughout the 
passage through the Delta, and, it was 
thought, with beneficial results. The 
constitutions predisposed to disease ap- 
pear, howerer, to have been silently 
imbibing its seeds, and on their arriv^ 
(Sept. 3rd) at Iddah, (100 miles fur- 



ther up,) remittent fever made its ap- 
pearance. Whilst there) the Aibni 
buried one man, and had several dange- 
rously ill, and the other vessels were 
similarly afflicted. From this place to 
the Confluence (about fifty miles) the 
sickness continued to increase, as the 
following table will evince;— 



List of tbb Stca on aoAKD the Expedition, pbom SBrTEHBKB S— 17, lUl. 





^ 


Si 


'3: 


Tm.1 


ss 


m. 


SSL 


^ 


TictualledintheSvessels, 
and Amelia (tender) ■ 

Placed on list (for fever) 

Died - - - - 
Diaduu^ to duty 
Convalescent 


61 

U 

1 

1 


81 

38 

« 
I 

* 


30 

la 

1 

3 


163 

6* 

8 

9 
G 


120 


20 


MO 

s 


301 

■ 
1 

" 



ireU.—Tba OffloD vho 11*1 at thli psrlnd ma Mr. MghUnsal*, oiu of tha 



In consequence of this very serious 
attack, and ^eir inability to examine 
the higher grounds for a healthy station. 
Captain Trotter deemed it advisable to 
■end the sick to the seaside ; forty-three 
of the forty-nine remaining cases were 
accordingly embarked in the Soudan, on 
the 19th of September. They reached 
the mouth of the Nun on the evening of 
the aist, having run down with the cur- 
rent in little more than two days and a 
half. On the way they lost Mr. W. B. 
Manhall, surgeon of the Soudan, and 
one of her men. Both these cases had 
been pronounced incurable befnre they 
left, and were sent to the sea as a last 



- Immediately on their arrival they 
providentially fell in with H. M. S. 
Dolphin, Commander Littlehales, just 
arrived in the Bight, who at once 
offered, in the kindest manner, to take 
the sick on hoard, and convey them to 
Ascension. They were accordingly 
removed, with the exception of two, ' 



(Mr. Waters, clerk in charge of the 
Soudan, and Mr. Woolf, seaman'a 
schoolmaster,) who were not expected 
to survive, and the I^^Ain itnmedi- 
ately sailed for Ascension. 

Ere she arrived at the isIand'ofAnna- 
bon, seven days after leaving the Nod, 
eight of the uvalids had expired. In 
the other cases, a sudden and most U- 
vDurable change took place, which the 
fresh meat and fruits happily confimed ; 
and when they arrived at As<«ntiaii, 
(Oct. lOth.) all were restored to health. 
Two of the officers have since returned to 
England, (Lieut. Harston of the'4A«rf> 
and Mr. Belam, master of the So*ia%,) 
accompanied by Assistant-surgeon Stir- 
ling, wDO came in cha^ of the invstid^ 
and who has again sailed for the Niger. 

The accompanying table shows the 
entire amount of mortality from the Iitt 
setting out of the Expedition, and the 
number of whites who have died of 
African fever; — 



by Google 



THE FRIEKD OF AFRICA. 



List of Dbatbi ix Expedition, raoM Uat ISth i 



> SEPTEMBEk 20th, IIHI. 





™„ 


■=?• 


eJUL. 


^Ifer 


,-. 


Died Inim casiultiu, ud one of qpoplex^ 
Da 4^ fever (tjphui) up to Augnsl 9th 
Do. do. (African} up to September 17Ui - 
Do. do. do. on passage down 

D& do. oa pa— ge to Aicenaioo 

Total 

Of Afticwi fever • - ■ 


1 

I 
I 


i 
1 

1 


1 
2 


= 


ft 

9 

8 
2 
2 


3 


19 


9 


a 


27 


3 


U 


S 


- 


30 



It appearft, then) thiit of tbe entire 
Dumber of white officers and men on*- 
fighih have perislied by thtt peculiar 
diieaK, — of tbe officers, oiu-Mven- 
leenih and of tbe men about tme-nxtk. 
The scientific men attached to tbe 
Expedition have suffered but slightly 
from illness of any kind. 

This loss ii certainly much less than 
that of former Expeditions to Airica. . 
I^k's whole retinue was almost anni- 
hilated ere he himself fell by tbe 
hand of violence. Captain Tuckey, 
in I8]6, died with nearly one-half of 
his officers and crew, and all tbe suen- 
tific men, with a single exception. 
Captain Owen lost nearly two-third* 
of his officers and a proportionate num- 
ber of seamen andmarines, whilst Laird, 
by thfe tinae he had arrived at the Con- 
floence, had buried half hi^ white 
crew, and more than half his officers*. 
Nor should we overlook the annual 
loss of life on board our various cmisers 
on the African coast, which such an Ex- 
pedition is directly intended to obviate, 
and which , if the whole bodyweretoperish 
at once, it would by so means equal. 

It is most probable, however, that we 
have heard lbs moat alarming of tbe 
news, and that the worst is really past. 
The climate at the Confluence is repre* 
tented as Balubrioui, tbe ground elevated 
and dry, and the senior medical officer 



(fa* Noa la Oclobw. 



[ the CoBga in Jul/; I 



was of o[Mnion, that moving higbemp the 
river would prevent the spread of fever. 

Captain Trotter, in a letter dated 
September 19th, immediately before the 
departure of tbe Soudan, states that the 
disease had been goiog on " till within 
these two days," (viz., to the date of the 
last Report up the river, September 1 7th,) 
from which we may infer that no new 
case had subsequently occurred. This 
is strengthened by his expression, " I 
do believe throngn the mercy of God 
we have got over the crisis." 

In this opinion Mr. Laird fiilly con- 
curs. In a letter to the Spectator, 
(December 18th,) be gives bis reasons 
for " considering that there is little, if 
any, occasion for despondency as to the 
fate of these brave and enterprising 
men." After drawing a comparison 
between his own loss and theirs within 
the same period oftime, he observes, *> I 
think the fair and legitimate inference is, 
that the seeds of tbe fever in both cases 
were imbibed in the swamps by all pre- 
disposed to take them; that they re- 
mained dormant for a certain number 
of days, and then broke out simulta- 
neously ; that, either owing to the sea- 
son of the year being more favourable, 
to the precautions adopted, or to both, 
the number of men who were predis- 
posed to the fever was much fewer in 
the one case than tbe other ; that the 
fever itself was much less malignant, 
as tiie ratio of mortality shows; tad 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA, 



[Jiitcm, 



tliat those who eicaped are not likely 
be attacked without returning to the 
swampy oountry and being again ex- 
posed to the malaria, tohicli, a* they 
have pat$»d through it once tmtcathed, 
there it the more hope that they may 
do again. 

"Without, therefore, wishing to create 
the impression that the crews of the 
Alhert and Witbarforce are perfectly 
safe, / think there ejeitti left cautejbr 
alarm now thanfirmerlif. They have 
passed tliroagh their greatest danger 
with much less loss than any reasonable 
man could have anticipated; for it surely 
was never expected that they alone 
■hoold be allowed to pass untouched 
through that ordeal under which so 
many brave men had fallen." 

With these views Colonel Nicolls en< 
tirely agrees, and it would be difficult to 
cite two higher authorities. 

Of the peculiar character of tliis fever 
or its probable causes we have as yet no 
means of speaking with preeision, the 
active and unceasing duties of the medi~ 
oal officers having prevented them from 
arranging their observations, or pre- 
senting their deductions in any conaiS' 
tent form. 

The feelings of the comnianderi under 
all theeircumatances.maybe best learned 
irom their own language. One of them 
writes thus, (dated September 19} 
" Although I have onli/ afeto miimtee, 
I will occupt/ them M Kiiiing a fete 
hurried Uae»,^il he onlg foattur* 
jrou and the reit of our tuuttout 
J'rieudt in England, that, although 
it hat pleated the Almighty to lay hit 
hand upon us with tht chuititement of 
tici;neet, yet there are still many epartd 
to try farther ; Ihatfarjrom looking 
back tee are tiiU trotting that He loAo, 
we knom, always heartth prayer, it yet 
laying to «(, Go forward. God hat 
been pleated hitherto to epare ail the 
Commietiontre, Tht abtt»ee of one 
vtttel I do not consider of a»y impor- 
tance t it will have tht advantage of 
giving ut a farther knowledgt of the 
, jRiwr." 

Amidst these scenes of sickness and 
suffering, it is consolatory to find that 
not only have all the bodily wants of the 
Tarious individuals composing the Expe- 
"" ' ' dto, but that 



di^oD bees strictly attended U 



their souls also faave been refreshed with 
the soothing balms of religion, snd doe 
homage offered to tliat mercifiil Creator, 
in whose hand are the isHues of life and 
death. Previously to oemBteBtJei; the 
ascent of the river. Captain Trotter 
issued an official order for public prayn 
in thedifferent ships, recommending also 
that it should be occasionally resorted to 
during the passage, and the Baerament 
of the Lord's Supper WHS admiaisteredlo 
as many of the officers and men as desired 
to receive it. This tone has been pre- 
served throughout, although religious 
duties have never been allowed need- 
lessly to encroach on the measures ne- 
cessary for the preserva^on of life and 
health. At home, thwr earnest request 
for " the prayers of their fpends' has 
been heard and responded to, and num- 
berless petitions have ascended from the 
various places of worship thronghout 
the kingdom for the safety and wel&re 
of the Kiger Expedition. 

We turn next to the eonsidention of 
the progress which they have beea en- 
abled to make in fulfilling the objects of 
their mission. The eueeessful blockads 
of the Bights, by which every slaver has 
been driven from the outlets of the 
Niger, has been so far aerriceable thsl 
the chiefs in the interior had begun to 
feel the want of a traffic whieh might 
Uke the place of the Slave Trade. 

The Commissioners were accordingly 
readily received by the two most pov- 
erfnl chiefs below the Confluence,— 
Obi of Eboe. and the Attafa (king) of 
Iddah. 

On the aeth of August, King Obi, 
(of whose deportment Captain TrotlCl 
speaks .as highly as fbrmerly did Mr. 
Laird,) came on board, and had the 
Treaty ffor the total aboktiom of tit 
Slave Trade and tuppretti&n of human 
eaeri/iett) explained to him, which he 
proved that he thoroughly understood 
by the perlinmt quettions whieh he 
asked. On the Commtinoner* assembling 
togetherintkeeabhioftbe^Aft-l, (iate 
which he came unattended,) he was toM 
that they were about to pray for a Wm- 
sing on both parties, and that he might 
join or not as he liked. He knelt down 
with them, but rose at the conclusion of 
the prayer, suffused with perspintie^' 
and calling in great agitatioD for hif 



IMi] 



THB FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



fiM. It appQutd thit he J^ncied 
tbty win iDvoluD^ t cuna on hii haul, 
but 911 b«iiig told by the interpreter 
tint it wu reftlly e bleuia^, he imiled, 
ud Hcmtd qu)t« xuiifted. 

Hb listeDed eagerly to religioiu in> 
struMitHi, and beggM they would Mnd 
bim « teicher to tell bi> people about 
God and bii Word. 

fiMidei nUifying the Treaty jnit 
d«Kribed, King Ohi fau agreed to lup- 
plf t Urge quantity of oil to the Euro- 
pMD tnJdera. A similar Treaty wu 
ccDcluded with the Chief of Iddah, to 
nbich there seeniB to be little doubt of 
hii riithfully adhering. A Treaty with 
Kabbawu the next point of importaaee, 
ud the laet letter broi^ht intelligmoe 
thtl for this purpose, as well as for the 
Wih of the crews, and the further in- 
fcitigation of the rirer. Captains 
TrotWr and Bird Allen were about to 
pna»ed to that town in the Alhtvt, 

Captain William Allen and Mr. Com* 
miwioner Cook were also going up the 
CUdda fitr Nnoilar purposea. 

All aocouDta concur in repreaenting 
tbe native* as perfeeUy diipoied to re- 
cdve the white man with kindoeiSi and 
to listen to him with lerious attention. 

** Men nuy oome here when they 
please; the country hitherto seema 
quite open." — " All the way up the 
rJTif we found the natiTCH peaceable, 
■nd for the most part unarmed, and dis- 
posed to flrlendly intercourse." — " TTiey 
consider us ss a superior race of beings, 
and believe that ne are sent by God for 
(beir good." Above all. their eagerness 
for miBuonaries and teachers is pecu- 
liarly encouraging. Obi and the Attah 
earnestly desired a teacher to be left 
with them, and seemed much disap- 
pointed when they found it impossible. 
" The people are ready to receive any 
white men as teachers, or black men 
acquainted with white man's knowledge. 
Obi aud tkat he knew his town wag 
not healthy, but that he would provide 
them with better stations in the interior, 
if they would but come. 

These kind eipressiona are reiterated 
by Mr. Miiller, who, vrith his fellow 
labourers, has entirely escaped from 
illness. 

Anotber importaDt point is the readi- 
ness with which they have permitted 



their children to be vaocinated by the 
medical officer* of the Expedition, 
whose number will be immediately in- 
creaaed by several volunteers. 

From the King of Iddah atrnct of land 
had been purchased, extending along 
the right or eastern bank of the Niger, 
irom Mount Patt^h on the north, to 
Mount Soraote on tlie south, and in- 
cluding Beaufort Island. Its length 
is about sixteen miles ; it stretches in- 
land from four to six, and comprises 
within its limits several populous towns 
and village!. The climate is consi- 
dered salubrious, and the ground rises 
gently from the bank of the river, in- 
terspersed with hill and dale, without a 
single marsh, whilst Mount Patt^h is 
elevated 1300 feet above the level of 
the river. The natives appeared most 
friendly, and expressed a aesire to be 
employed as labourers npon the model 
farm. Mr. Carr, with one of the sur- 
geons, had been lodged on Mount 
S^rling, and had set to work with bis 
men, preparing the groundfor its future 
crop. The land is well adapted for 
cotton, which is already cultivated to a 
large extent, and manufactured by the 
natives for sale; the staple is short, but 
capable of improvement. Unfortu- 
nately, a great part of the stores and 
implements for the ivna were injured 
on the passage out, and up the river, 
and a boat load of the moat valuable 
vras lost alt<^ether, in transshipping 
them at the mouth. 

In conclusion we may say, that there 
seems to he no ground for desponding. 
The loss of life is pronounced by every 
one at all acquainted with Africa, to 
be less than might reasonably have 
been expected; and there con be little 
doubt but that their acquired experi- 
ence is now sufficient to provide, ia 
some degree, against future dangers. 

The superior officers are stall ani- 
mated with the same spirit as when 
they set out, and their wise measure* 
have been already attended with consi- 
derable success. We have now evi- 
dently no enemy but the climate to con- 
tend with, and where that has not at- 
tacked at the outset, it seems probable 
that it may centinne to spare. Above 
all, it should be remembered, that iJiesc 

W^ 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[JlMTUT, 



the manifold and peculiar dangers to 
nhich they were about to be exposed, 
and with a firm reliance on that AI- 
mij^hty Power> to which they still seem 
so ready to entrust themselves. 

When the Soudan left the Con- 
fluence) it was understood that she was 
to return, if possible, to the other 
vessels; but from the illness of her 
engineers and stokers, it is most 
probable that she remained at Fer- 
nando Po. It was thought to be 
Captun Trotter's intention to descend 
the river by the 1st of December, leav- 
ing the iVilbsrforca up the stream, so 
that the Albert and Soudan may, at 
this moment, be either at Fernando Po, 
or engaged in surveying the neighbour- 
ing rivers. Should tbey succeeo in dis- 
covering a better passage to the mun 
stream than that through the Nun, (and it 
seems more than probable that this may 
be found in the Old Calabar,} their time 
will have been well spent, llie commu- 
nication with the Wilberjorce can be 
easily kept up by their galleys, and in 
the spring, when the water nils risen, 
the other steamers will probably again 
ascend to their sphere of noble la- 



THE NIGER, ITS BRAKCHES 
AND TRIBUTARIES. 

[Conliiiiwd tMm ffft 31 7 j 

A. PEW words on the neighbouring 
kingdom of Yarriba may not be unac- 
ceptable. . 

Commencing at the old slave mart 
of Bad&gryi on the coast, where Clap- 
perton was welcomed on his vbit by 
one of the Eyo chieftains and by some 
Bomuese officers, it extends north- 
ward as far as Rabba, and running 
along the river for some way is after- 
wards bounded on the east by Egga, 
Kakanda, and Benin. On the west- 
ward it borders upon Dah6me and the 
northern provinces of Ashanti. In 
passing through its territories from the 
sea, ClappertOD and Lander found fre- 

> If iLa retail of aaf ftitue apanfiaiii in llie 
lataior wtn la date Udt pot ind WMd«h tiau, 
nmdi «nld jtt ba effccM. 



quent and lai^ towns', encompassed 
with plantations of corn and cotton, and 
enlivened by the accustomed maricet, 
the inhabitants clean and neatly dressed; 
and very attentive and kind to the 
wearied travellers. 

At a short distance from the coast 
the land rises in gentle hills, with beau- 
tiful views and fine avenues of trees, 
but devastated, alas I by slaving inroads 
from the sea-side. At the town of 
Chocbo, about eighty-five miles direct 
from Badifgry, they came to the south- 
ern base of the Kong range, riaing 
2,500 feet above the level of the land 
to the south, extending in breailth sbont 
seventy-five miles to the north, and 
presenting a series of the wildest and 
grandest scenes. T^e valleys amidst 
them are exceedingly picturesque, popa- 
Ions, and productive of com, yarns, and 

At Chaki, perched on the v^ mm- 
mit of the highest ridge, the ur u cool, 
and the atmosphere clear and salnbrioot. 
The chief, wnose power extends over 
several towns, received them as meoseti- 
gers of peace, coming with blesni^ to 
his king and country'. 

" The Airther we penetiated into the 
countiy the more denae we found the 
population to be, and civilization bccUM 
at every step more strikingly apparnt. 
I«rge towns, at the distance (nomysic* 
miles from each other, lay, as we wen 
informed, on all sides of us, the inhabit- 
ants of which pay the highest ttspect to 
the laws, and live under a regular ibrm of 
goveroment*. 

Escorted by a numerous band of at- 
tendants, sent by the king in token of 
honour, and by a large body of country 
merchants, they caught from a loAy 
ridge the first glance of the city of Ki- 
tunga', lying in a finely cultivated val- 
ley, extending as tar as the eye coald 
reach to the westward, and embo«mi«d 

■ Jnaui,, ejX» or 10,000 ioli^tiiMte. M, 
■boat Id.OOO. Aiodn, lO/XU. Cluds, T.dW. 
Kniu, !0,000. Ajifa, 4;)00. Awp^ S.ODO. 

• ■' Indnd, Ihtn i* ■ bdief ni7 mAai, 
which aeem Id ham ncu beCm na Ih* noli «>Ti 
Ihsl WB ue chuged wi' 



ertif G0iu]tt7 Ibtongli which wb Jt 
««TOH, p. 24. 

• LlHDU,i., SS. 

* Thli » Iba HiqM Ism. Th* a 
EjD. It 1> Mid to b* ItiMtav'iv 
iUbbL 



by Google 



ISO.] 



THE ]!ltI£HI> OF AFRICA. 



midtt betutifiil trees, forming a belt 
niund the base of its rocky eaalem 
boondary, along which the view was iH' 
tertepted by a gigantic rock shivered 
into massy iragments. Its walls are 
abovt fifteen miles in circnmference, 
and it contains a very large population. 
There are seven difierent markets held 
eveiy evening, and a sort of fair twice 
> week, well supplied with manufac- 
tures of the country as well as those of 
Europe and Tripoli, agricultural imple- 
ments, provisions and fruits. 

The cotton plant is much cultivated, 
ind a considerable quantity of cloth 
bartered with the people of the coast for 
rum, tobacco, European cloth, and other 
artides*. The principal commerce is, 
bowever, in slave*. Sye-houses are 
found, and looms on the same principle 
a« those in England. Tbe naUves exhibit 
less of tbe negro character than those 
lloDgthe shore; and the men have an 
independent carriage that attracts at- 
tention. Some of them show great 
taste in carving, and almost equal the 
productions of Europe. They are hu- 
mane to the lower animals, and especi- 
lUy to the dog, which here alone is 
made a companion, mild and kind to 
each other, and singularly honest. , Hu- 
man sacrifices are not permitted, at 
least not in public, nor is it supposed that 
they frequently occur, although the 
country is pagan. 

The government is hereditary, and, 
as everywhere else in the interior, a 
mild despotism. Tbe then king (Man- 
lolah) received the strangers with tbe 
utmost kindness, and assured them that 
he was glad that white men had come. 

A remarkable instance of the natural 
tendencies of slavery had occurred be- 
fore their arrival. The H£uBa slaves of 
this monarch broke into rebellion, and 
being joined by tbe neighbouring fila- 
taba, had built a considerable town, only 
two days' journey from the capital, 
named AlorL They bad made frequent 
incursions around, setting fire to the 
towns and ravaging the country, and 
were the terror of ^tbe whole nation of 
the Yarribeans. 



t tha Ung** wim timding ■ 
■liartw»lniintha «■■>, and (ha Boontiy » baTmed 
It Baraula, in Kifilu dT 400 « aOO, froD Hinaa 
•Dd Ux Mipi to AdiiBli Md lb« Oold ComL 



** Hence tbe anxions solicitation of every 
one, that, as 'messengers of peace,' we 
would compromise matteta between their 
monarch and his refractory vaasals, which 
contee could alone iuspiie them with tbe 
hope of preserving their lives and pro- 
perty'." 

They afterwards forced a declaration 
of independence and a permission to 
trade with the natives from Mansolah, 
and Alori has become by far the largest 
and most flourisbin); city in Yarriba. 

Proceeding on our course up tbe 
Niger, between high and well cultivated 
banks, and passing tbe populous islands 
of Bill and Maji, and the romantic rock 
of Kiseh', we reach the influx of the 
Musa, which separates the kingdom of 
Yarriba from BorgiL It is nearly dry 
in summer, with a very rocky bed, but 
during tbe rainy season it brings down 
a vast body of water. At its mouth 
stands tbe rising town of Raka, wrested 
from Yarriba by the PiUtahs, who have 
strengthened it amazingly, and rendered 
it exceedingly populous*. 

Further on lies the considerable 
town of Lichi, with its little fleets of 
busy canoes, and tbe still larger, more 
populous, and more commercial town 
of Bajibo, inhabited by the industrious 
Nufanchi, although lying on the western 
bank. Here are constant passengers 
from side to aide, and residents who have 
been "a long, long way on the rivers 
even beyond Tomboktli." 

" A few miles on we arrive at the 
extreme point to which a steamer has 
hitherto penetrated, at the extensive 
town of Lever or Layabo, fifty miles 
from Rabba. Up to this spot the 
Niger continues of easy navigation, a 
noble river rolling grandly along, neither 
obstructed by islands, nor deformed by 

' Lahdii. [.. 07.— When ClippartDn waa in 
YanOy tLa citj waa Ihrown into great alarm br a 
merchant bang murdtrnd bj bis alaisa. nncUni 
that then were iMit; glavM to enrr tne Inbaba- 
taut, ha took the opponiiiiiij or vaminfl Iban bj 
Hk eiample of theaa Hduaana, aa well aa of St 
DinoipKD. Ccmiparfl the aingular Cuhau Memoiia] 
in 2Ti« Frioid efjfrice, Nd. 8. 

' A beDeyolent gealiu ii belierail to naida npan 
Ihia rock, vbich liua abmptlf from the bed of tha 
- — — ' — •--' ■- '■ -TUB BTarf bleaaiiig to 



of hia V 

OHipenle in anppratifa|| tha dam tndo, ud ■!• 
imgiDg ■ lagilimatc tnms. 



byGoogIc 



THE PWEHP OP AFRICA. 



[iufcaj, 



rocka and stones, iti width varying from 
one to three miles"." Here, however, 
the broken appearance of the itream 
has prevented Mr. Beoroft from at- 
tempting as yet any fitrther pn^ess, 
which Teasels, perhaps, of any coniider- 
able draught will scarcely ever be 
enabled to make. This, however, 
ii no necessary impediinent to the 
continuation of commercial intercourse, 
which may be carried on in boats 
adapted to the navigation, as well as at 
present in the native canoes". 

Passing through a very narrow chan 
nel, overhung with trees, and filled with 
grass and rushes, by rocky reefb and 
numerous islets, for about twenty miles, 
the lat^ and beautiful island of Patishi 
presents itself, still inhabited by the 
industrious people of Nufi, who have not 
left a single acre untilled or unproduc- 
tive. Abreast of It lies the still larger 
and more populous island of Telh, 
tenanted by tho same intelligent and 
active race, who, having here found that 
security which they have in vain sought 
at Lever and Bfuibo, have converted 
these fortunate isles into one smiling 
scene of prosperity and peace. 

Here tne Oli, supposed to rise to the 
N.W. of Niki, and whose stream, even 
at the close of the dry season, was 
found by Lander to be forty paces 
broad, and eight feet deep, falls into the 
Niger". A little higher up, the bed 
of the river for a space is entirely free 
from rocks, and it flows in an unbroken 
stream. 

This place has, therefore, been 
selected as one of the great ferries for 
the frequent caravans trading to and 
from Hausa, Nufi, Bomii, and Fezzan, 
Borgii, the coimtries north of Asb^ti, 
and Kumdsl itself. 

The village on the western bank" 

*• LiKDu, ii„ada 

II A cfauinel might, tederf, ba dequeued, or « 
Will rat, ud carrLed on, perhap*, bsjond BtUah, 
bul at pretent wt can oa]j contlder lbs Burnt errlaio 
modB or communication. To ucount fin Uu lingu- 
Ur dimiiiDlian o/ a ttnta k large both aboTB mi 
belolr, nibUmnmai paauj|ei faara been (impcaed 

TdocHr'or the cunmi (which ii sifficimi a eiplaiu 
it) mm; hare beeu luidR-aliDuted. 

" tljli riwT maj poialblf bo found to t&ai ■ 
cbmnel to thetountrj' ofBOTgi'i. 

■■ 1 1 la tha lut towa la the Wawa tarritocr, all 
•b0T» bebngiog to BOuah. ™ tha wntmi tide. 



known by various names (Komi, Wen- 
jerque, "King's ferry," Inguisbilliji, 
" ferry-boat,") displays a seen* of 
constant bustle and excitement. Hare, 
a Kfifila of 1000 strong, on iti way to 
Ghunjab, {oa the borders of Aihimti,) 
with ivory", trona, rock ult, count^ 
cloths, and ^ves, hiilting on the eaiten 
hank t thero the returning ouavUi 
laden with goora nuts, &«., Slliag the 
temporary town upon the western ; 
every spot crowded with honas ud 
men dressed out in their gayest trap- 
pings; here,merchantsdealiuf in horses, 
there, their slaves offering for sale bright 
glass beads, silken com, unwrought 
silk, tabes, caps, and trowsers; soms 
dancmg and drumming, and others iD* 
during in less innooent amuseneBll, 
whUe the long canoes perpetually cross- 
ing and recTOudng with thar heavy 
loads, and th« honea and e^Ue swia- 
ming over the streajn, render tha river 
almost as lively as the land. 

To tha westward, this great high 
road leads us through a oountiy planled 
with com, yams, indigo, and ootloa, 
to the metropolis of Wawa, " tiie dsaa- 
est, healthieBt, and most agroeable latj 
in tha interior"," one Aty's jonrtwy 
distant from the ferry, lliia city lies 
on a beautiful rising ground, with gentle 
hills on every side, and oontaini about 
30,000 inhabibuitB, The soil in the 
neighbourhood is extremely fertile, snd 
suppliaa then with the neoessarias of 
life without muoh labour, whilst their 
position on th* rout« to the eoatt, en- 
ables thent to procura atuy eoafcrts 
and even luxunea in greater abundance, 
and at a more rewooahle rate, than 
thair less happily situated Qountryara. 
From Dahime and Badagry they re- 
ceive mm, Manchester goods, p«wtsr- 
plates,jugs,aiiddiahea,eaMhMw«re, Ac 
m great abundanoe. In uchange they 
oould give ootton, indigo, ud b«eawai, 

ViU lurli of a1n»Mfc m^ bmuh *• 
woBdi BMi IW Vlaa, but tha aMir* d* rM UH 

them, becwue, Ilia; ttj. thaj cu g^ bdUt ami. 
and there lino ana to bu J tha nnfa. (CuFniTOT, 
^7S.) aiiUaDdIlw«iTanata«lh*ariB>faal>^ 
cica ol Oa rMnni traffic, aod jiaU an iaiaimiii 
ynSt to the marcbant. In Fainu and Tripoli ibna 
nuuanioU Jo, WqMlantWacar*. Tka i*U 
u chMj c«Tia4 bj th* Tntiiki to BarWi} i^ 



I* Uaosa, I, IT*. 



Google 



laa.] 



THE VBIEND OF AFRICA. 



ifurj ud ostrich teaHun, fttr which 
tkcy w>w oomplain that they am get 
no uk". Thej entertain a belief 
(coniiaon on the Niger,) that Eu' 
rop«au will MHue time or other visit 
their country for triiffic, and the kinf 
raqueited LkudaF to t«ll hia country, 
men, that they had hia permiaaion to 
eoBw and build a town, aud trade up 
ind down the Kawira. The people are 
Doted tor their honeaty, eheerf^neia, 
good nature, and hospitality > which 
rittue their easy circuiqitaiices induce 
them to carry ta escei*". The roada 
inmnd the city are good, aapecialty to 
BiUah, and the king pay* great attui< 
tion Ui their condition. 

To the 8.W. lies the capital of the 
prDTiDM of KUma, large, populous, 
mi ftimishod with the various arti- 
det of eommcrcft) and equally dis- 
pwed to form xa intercourse with Euro- 
patna. When Yarra heard of the 
white nea approaching hii kingdoni, 
be issued a proclamation in every town 
through which they vere expected to 
pass, prohihiting his aufajecta, on pain 
of death, from stealing even a needle, 
ud they «ere treated with the utmost 
ittei]tion and respect. 

South cf Ki&na we tBter agtia on 
tba territory of Yarriba, of which men- 
tien has been already made. 



iTohs 



NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS, 

THE PBOSPECIS OF AFRICA.—^ 
Sermm prtaeM <m fA« Oeearim o/ tkt 
It^mtunqftlu Nmr Sit>»dMomfivm 

iVwfoHw, Ml MomAv, Am 260. IMl, 
hf liU Bit. D. F. Uouur, CoUmiai 

Thii sermon, worthy as It Is of ( 
mendation in eTery point of view, derives 
of course its chief interest from the cir- 
ca mstaaces under which itwa* preached. 
The lait day of that brief sojourn which 
*u made by the vessela of the Expedi- 

X CurriatoH, p. M. — Hirir prhidpiil tnd* 
!■ in tiinm, vbo an Maght bj ■MorcbinU ftoM tl)« 

'f Tbaf Iwvw iM boDu HciiSM*, dlbsa^ p»- 



ties at Sierra Leone, wm observftd by 
all classea of the inhabitants as a day of 
Bolemn prayer to Almighty God. Mr- 
Morgan s church must have presented 
a spectacle of de^ and peculiar interest, 
-^A native of Britain addreaiing an 
assembly composed for the most part of 
Africans, once the "preyof the spoiler," 
bat now living evidences of the power 
of the Gospel to liberate from temporal 
aa well as spiritual bondage. The eye 
of the preacher would not fail to mark, 
interapersed amongst these, several of 
his own oountrymen, some of them resi- 
dent in the colony, others on the eve 
of theirldeparture for the mighty Niger, 
to carry the blessings of civiliiatioa and 
Christianity to the nations of the remote 
and little known interior. We can 
enter into the deep and holy feelinfr 
which would breathe from his lips, and 
spread itself over the whole assembly, 
whilst he thus addressed the devoted 

" The name of patriot is justly extolled 



among 



all nations. Jn the 



ceptation of the word, patriotism is limited 
In ita efforts to the patriot's own country, 
and is exercised to fellow-nibjects of the 
same government only. But Christian 
patriotism aoaie far higher, and embraces 
a much wider ran^ spnnung the fetters 
that would limit ile sympathies and cir- 
cumscribe its energies. Ita country ia the 
world, and it recognizee a fellow subject 
and B brother in every one of the human 
ftmily, whether he be found in the frozen 
regions of the North, or on die burning 
sands of Africa. No saorlfices demaTided 
In the pursuit of its object will cool its 
ardour, no obstaoles retard its protn^ss. 
A noble contempt of dangers and privation* 
marks its course, and a generous disin- 
terestedness guides its operations. 

"Such consecrated principles and feel- 
ings are required by tiie character of the 
enterprise m which yon are engaged ; 
and I trust all who bear a part in the db- 
tingnished canse are influenced by them, 
aaa that all will be ready to lay down Uie 
laurels they may ^in, at the foot of the 
Cross. None should forget their Chriitian 
character when placed beyond the moral 
restraint which a Christian society exer- 
cises. All the Europeans should let the 
Pagan and Mahommedan natives perceive. 
from their moderation and kindness, and 
the high rectitude of their conduct, that 
they belong to a nation whose religion is 
divme, and that they are under iUholy 
influeooe and have pwticipatedin its b^ 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



fJlKCllT, 



sedueas. The high beoriozwliicli distin- 
guishea the profession of a Briti^ officer, 
when mingled with Christian courtesy, 
cannot fiiil to alUy the suspicLon and con- 
ciliate the fevour of the natives, who will 
not be able to appreciftte yam motiTB?. 
Mnch, my brethren, much will depend 
upon the iavoarahle resnlts of the present 
efforts ; and deep personal reeponsibilities 
are attached to tboae engaged." — pp. 27, 28. 
Then referring to an humbling, but 
not therefore the less supporting and 
encouraging truth, which amidst our 
most strenuous efforts for the good of 
others we are bound never to forget — 

" Too much confidence must not be 
placed, even in the inatnunentality now 
in operation, however well suited it may' 
^ipear for the end proposed ; for the re- 
MUicee of Omniscience are inexhaustible, 
and He may select other measures for ac- 
complishing his purposes, and use this 
apjtantus only as a means to discipline the 
mmds of his people, and then lay it aside 
in order to show how entirely the work is 
hi« own."— p. 28, 

Not less worthy of a Christian minis- 
ter, and perhaps, in some respects of 
still higher interest, is Mr. Moi^an's 
address to those members of his con- 
gregation who were about to rerisit the 
place of their nativity. For this how- 
ever, we refer our readers to the sermon 
itself, and intend devotingthe remainder 
of our limited space to an able, and in 
our judgment, satisfactory answer, which 
we find at page 15, to an objection not 
infrequently brought by unthinking 
or ill-informed persons, against the ex- 
pediency of maintaining the colony of 
Sierra Leone. This objection is to the 
effect, that the Colony has failed of pro- 
ducing the ends expected from it, at its 
foundation, inasmuch as the expenses 
incurred from year to year by the Bri- 
tish Government are wholly dispropor- 
tionate to the benefits obtained. 

Now what says Mr. Moi^n, speak- 
ing, let it be recollected, on the spot, 
in answer to this? 

" This colony was selected as the base 
of operationa, whence the light of civili- 
zation and Christianity was to issue forth 
to the surrounding coontries. fint the 
friends of Africa have always been taunted 
with its utter fotlure in answering the 
expectations that had be«l raised, wd pro- 
ducing effects at all corresponding witii 
the expenditure laid out upon it. I will 



not atop to inquire whether or not these 
expectations were too sanguine in oom- 
parisoD with the means employed. Bat 
the taunt itself, f>unded on a wilful mis- 
calculation of contingent ciicrunetanNi, 
betrays the enmity in which it originatefc 
Whereas a fair and just calculation of ths 
whole of the proceedings, and a comet 
estimate of present nppeaiances compHed 
with a sober and legitimate expectation 
founded upon the nature and amonntof 
the means employed, and the mode oF 
their application, must lead to a modifica- 
tion of such an opinion, if not to a com* 
plete change. The usual method of jadg- 
mg on tiie subject is highlv nofiur, for do 
careful separation is mode between the 
amount expended in connexion with thi 
abolition of slavery, and what is laid out 
by Government in the imjirovemeot of 
the colony. When these indiscrimiuals 
calculations are balanced against the finan- 
cial returns of the colony, the ^sparity i> 
at once obvious, and the &ct of ita bilnn 
seems undeniable. It is granted that im- 
- have been expended, but the 



rated Africans, but to maintain a noble 
system of attempts for the suppreefdon of 
the Slave Trade a^;wnst the delennined 
hostility, the perfidione connivance, orthe 
concealed encouragement of almort eveiy 
Government in the civilized world. Ttttm 
efforts have been continued with a noble 
disintereetedness on the port of Eoglaud, 
wliich rwses her to a distiiwuished emi- 
nence among the nations of the earth ; ind 
they must eventually result in malcii^ *■ 
moral impression that will soon tenniosle 
in the total extinction of slavery tiuongfa- 
out the world. But the fnnds qiplied to 
the improvement of the liberated Afri- 
cans, subsequently to their emandpatioo, 
have been extremely limited. No en- 
couragement whatever has been held oat 
to industry in tlie cultivation of tho 
ground ; no capital has been expended in 
teachinr the rearing of any of those ttf^' 
commodities for the English market 
which the soil is ready to ywld. ArririDK 
in the colonv in a condition of the mcrt 
abject wretcoednesa, just reacned from the 
horrors of slavery, the recaptured ittgro it 
almost immediately thrown up<» his own 
reaonrces, in a state of society too new for 
any to have acquired lufBcient wealth to 
engage the laboun of othera, which wooM 
enable the rich to enlarge bis propoty and 
would give employment and the meana ol 
subsistence to the poor. Accnmnlaiicm 
of property in agncultonl pnwoil* [• 
alow ; and without it there can be no cul- 
tivation en ton eztennve and |BofiUbb 



IMS.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



13 



•ala. Private enteipriBe has nererbeen 
dincted to this colonr, which in other 
places has giyen impube to industry and 
imparted the meana of improvement. 
With UieaediaadTantages there is no legi- 
timate groond for enecting any rapid 
adreneement, and its absence should not 
create disuipointment. 

" But when the attention is dincted to 
the moral aqiect of the colony, — whither 
it on^t to be directed, the impression 
which the scene kaves on the mirid is one 
of pleaang astonidiment. The effects in- 
ttod of fUling short, I think &r exceed 
the means emplc^ed, so as to lesTe no 
doubt of the blcB^ng of Hearen baring 
rested on past efforts ; which proves the 
UK^ttibibtj' of the Africans for improve- 
ment. The Christian aspect of the vil- 
lages exhibits a most eogasing ught, and 
fonss the exclaiioBtJon, ' What hath God 
wToughtf The SDCoeea of Scriptural edu- 
cation, accompanied with missionary 1»- 
bourt, has nowhere been surpassed in the 
bitloty of modem Chriatianitj. Thework 
it Dot artificial and Ulnsory, but sober, 
gradual, deep, and may therefore be ex- 
pected to be permanent and progressive. 
On this gmnnd I take my stand, and fear- 
lesdy invite the scrutiny of the most 
tuptical doabter and of the most invete- 
rate foe ; and direct him to the schools, 
and to the churches, and to the cottages of 
the Cbristisn Africans, and then leave him 
to hia own conclusion." — pp. IS — 19. 

In corroboration of his own valuable 
testimony in favour of the schools at 
Siem iJeone, Mr. Morgan relates the 
following' circumstance in a Dote; — 

" A gentleman well known for his phi- 
lanthrc^ic exertions in behalf of the 
■laves, ^^ly viuted this colony, and gave 
tlis most flattering testimony to the state 
of education. After examirung one of the 
Church Hissioaory schools, he said to the 
writer, ' I was not at all prepared to exe 
peet what I have just witnessed. I hav- 
Tiuted schools in m^ own country, in the 
West Indies, and in other parts of the 
woild, but I must confess that in all my 
experience I have never seen a better re- 
gnWed schooL The readiness with which 
the children answered questions put to 
tham, their advancement m general know- 
ledge, and the intelligence they evinced, 
snrpMsed everything I recollect to have 
•sen before.' Upon the writer's asking 
sgain, if he thought the school in every 
respect equal to any he had visited in the 
1*^ provincial towns — 'Yes, and you 
may include London too. It is impossible,' 
was his emphatic expresmon, 'but that 
such schools must do much good,'— p 



Comment upon such a fact as this 
would be quite superfluous. We con- 
tent ourselves with repeating with still 
stronger emphasis, the obvious conclu- 
on drawn by the witness himself, — 
It is imposbibls but that such 
BCKooLB (and we may add, such la- 
bours generally,) must do good." 

lb tis BdUor tftht Fiusin) of Apuca. 
Sir,— Having watched with deep in- 
.erest the progress of the Niger Expedi- 
tion, I cannot but feel much affected, as 
doubtleee most of your readers do, by the 
intelliKence which has just reached ns of 
several valuable lives liaving already Al- 
len, if I may use the exprenion, in tha 
breach of this noble enterprise. 
'ith one individool amonff those who 
hare thus possessed with their bones the 
banksof the dark water" Ihaveberaifor 
years personally acquainted, and am inti- 
mate withothermembers of thesame devot- 
ed l>and. I have, however, found comfort 
by reflecting that we should not "think it 
strange, as if some strong ^'^ ^^ ^P* 
pened to us," when life is sacrificed on the 
altar of hnmooity in making efforts of 
this kind. Surely, have I said, no great 
victory was ever yet achieved wiUtout 
the loss of many and precions lives: and 
if a nation is not discouraged in pursuins 
her career of glory, because ten thousand 
bodies of her bnvest children strew the 
battle-fields of a Blenheim at a Waterloo, 
while others of her gallant sons march on 
to fresh conqneets over the mouldering 
ashes of their comrades; why should we 
indulge the distnistful, tiie nnfnl thought 
either of lamenting the efforts already 
made, or of desisting from our labour of 
love for poor Africa ( 

Yes, sir.manya Klorious spirit may yet 
be "gathered to the fathers" of AMcan 
discovery, in opening the way for bles- 
sings to ner miserable tribes: the bones of 
many Christian pioneers may yet pave 
the road of their succesaors m reaching 
points beyond them. But, ur, merciful 
intentions such as these, if we go on in 
faith and prayer, must engage a Mnedic* 
tion from on high, and cannot but even- 
tually triumph. Srom the graves of theao 
men future missionaries uiall proclaim 
the glad tidings of salvation to Ethiopia, 
stretching out her hands unto God. 

If you deem these remarks of the least 
value, by inserting them in the next nnm- 

ber of your philanthropic journal you will 
oblige another Friend of Afiica. ■ 



THE FRIEND Of AfRlCA. 



TESTIMONIAL TO THE BEY OF 
TUNIS. 

The fallowing document tells its 6wa 
tale of deep interest. Would that some 
Christian monarchs might be brought to 
take example by the Bey of Tunis. 

A Testimonial t^ OraHlude to Sit Higlt- 
nets the BtMate B^ of Twm, for hU 
philanthropic amd mottmcbUntiAUbm to 
abolish tht mhuman and horrible Ut^ 
in tlavea throughoU hi* etiauiH and 
vtfy importani AfiittM dommotut 
Wb, the undemgned British nddehta. 
officers, and merchaata, (of Malta UM 
Goxo,) having heard of yonr Hlghoess's 
philanthropie and noble fnteutitm and 
resolution to abolish the inhuinan TrofBc 
in Blacit Slaves throughout your terri- 
toriee, and that your Highness hat, In 
completion of so solemn and humane a 
design, actually talcen thejireflfflAiiMy Msm 
by suppressing aU the public places ot 
markets for the mle of negroes | foreaeeing 
the »a»t consequences of good to hnmUiItT 
in the regions of Northern and Centtal 
Africa, which must InerttaWy follow ftota 
this yonr Highnees's conduct, so full of 
enlightened and princely philanthropy; 
recogDiziag, in this spontaneous detenDlDS- 
tion of your Highness, a manifest tod aU- 
iapresBive example t« the Mohammedan 
and Christian sovereigns of nelghbouiing 
states, inciting them to Imitate auch an 
ofioctire eHbrt tot the amelioration of the 
BlBcba of Africa, a lai:ge bnt mort d»nded 
and snflmiw potion of the human race ; 
and remembOTlng the Immenee saerifioes 
which our own country has made and 
wntinuea to malM In blood and treMsun, 
to extinguisli the fbul crime of trafficking 
in the souls and bodies of men in erery 
Iwrt of the world; feeling, likewise, 
that, as in onr breasta, your Highnees's 
noble philanthropy will excite joy and 
thankfiihuas in the minds of our conntiy- 
men at home ;— we (Mne forward most 
anxiouily to express our ardentadmiration 
0fyonrHlghiie»'BanU-eIa7ery meamneiL 
and to oflor you our meat cordial thanks 
and ackmtwledgments, wishing you, at 
the same time, all prosperity hi your ad- 
ramlatratlon of the Im^rtant R^encv of 
Tania, as alM erory hmtiness In your 
poTKiDal and domeatio piirscy in tJUi 
worid, and In the life to come a foU reward 
for ftii Breat aot of mercy to the fbriom 
and desokto ohildren ot Africa. 



THE AFRICAN SiJ^YE TBADK 

(From the tiwrpool Stattdard.) 

Wb have been fiivonred with the Mlowtu 
commuHlcatton from Captain Grsnt, of 
theBhip/Zifro.belonttingtothisport Thi 
letter was received by the Snttu, which 
reached here on Sunday : — 

" Convention for th« Total 6nn>'*in("i <^ 
the Blare Trade, wreed upon by Mr. 
William Tucker, (Splaia of Hsr Bri- 
tannic M^esty'e abip IH*, and tmist 
offieer in oonunaad of Her Britamut 
M^esty's ahip* and nneli en the mH 
cowt of Afrlo^ awl Kioa Pnple (ad 
the Chls& of the Bonny deai^Mi. 
" It is agreed, and the two CoitiacUiig 
Parties h^by covenant and agresr- 

" 1. That the Blare Trade shall bi to- 
tally and for ever abolished in the domi- 
ntons mbject to the JntiadieUaB of Shv 
Pepple and the ehiefii of tfaa Boiny; u9 
that no ^ves shall b« paMsd through a 
exported from those domlmons tma tba 
dateot tba ratUdtion ofthia agnemt&t. 
" 2. That in conaideralion of ths totil 
aholition of the Slava Trade for ever, tad 
that no slaves shall ever be permitted t« 
pan throi^h or be ^^taW hwa thi 
said domiuons, Crreat mttun engsga ta 
pay King Pepple, en the ntificationi of 
thu wreemeni, gooJa to the amoaut of 
10,000 doDan per annntn Air five yean. 
" 3. That on each future time of nuJc- 
ing the annual payment, the man-of-wv 
faiinginji the annual ^ft shall taniA 
Great Britain with « document (nm Uw 
merchantfl freqneUtingUie Bonny, Ceiti^- 
log the fact that no slave Trade hu, to 
their knowledge, existed there, and tatl 
no slaves hate beoi passed tbnnuhtlM 
dominions soliject to the JnrlsdictloD of 
King People and the Chieft of the Booaf 
during the preceding year. 

"4. That i^ at my time whstmr, 
either from want of that docnnKitt, « 
from any other oimmiBtanea, it diall ^• 
paai that the Slave Tnde has bencanlil 
on In, ftmn, or throogh tha deoihiieB) 
MWeot to the joilBttotha of Kliw Piffk 
■nd the Chteft af the Bonny, tb« dfti 

, h Wrt dewii 

W fbre^ and King Pepple and the CUM 
of the Bom^ will inbjact tbsrasrivM U 
■evero acta « dis^aaiOTe ob the pert of 
aiaatBrittiii. 

5. That King Fipple shall make ■ 
proclamation and a law, prohibiting all hi^ 



WLI 



THX nUEND OF AFttTCA. 



15 



tidyecta, 01 panons depending on hlni, 
ftniu Mlline aojT tUvea to ba tnu*ported 
from the dominioni Bnbjeot to hie jnru- 
dicliaiL or to aid oc abet or Must in any 
soch nte, tmder penalty of Nren punlsh- 
moit. 

"6. 3W, at tha porticolar reqaart of 
Eiag Pmile, the said gift shall ba paid to 
him in dollars — vi»., 10,000 doUm per 
MiDom year bj year, for fivB yean, upr- 
the docoment required being received 
proof of his having fulfilled the abo 






"7. That should Great Britain at any 
fatore time permit the Stave Trade to be 
(wTied on Main, the Kii^ and Chie& of 
tb* BoDoy dull be at liberty t9 eanr an 
th« SUve Tnd« ^so. 

" Dane at tlw Parliament Bouse, Bonny 
Town, thia 20th day of Anguat, 18U. 

" WlLLIlK TUCZXB. 

" Kisa PxTpLK. 

"Kgned In the jwuenee of H. Blount, 
Ueut^umt commanding Her Mnjeaty's 
ship Pluto; W. Webste*. Second Lien- 
tfoant of Her Majesty'fl ahip Irit; 
Thomas E. Symods, AddlUonal Lieu- 
tenant of Her UaJeRt/a ship Irii ; Bo- 
bert Graham, Aasutant-Saigeon to Her 
Hajnty'B ehip Irit ; Christopher Jackson, 
BhlpAnwruf. KinsGeorge, JackBrown, 
Ula Indian Qneen, Jev Jew Guana, Anna 
Pepple, Dappo Pepple, Ogea Africa, Jem 
Bimny, Tom Tom, John Africa, Long 
Bristol, Grand Bonny, Jew Jew Peter, 
Captain Hart, Manilla Pepple, King Holi- 
d^i Pariiamcnt Gentlemui, AllisoiL Black 
Foobn, Jongo, Young Anna Pepple." 



SLAVERY IN CUBA. 

The following letter has been r»> 
ceived by the oecretary of the Britiah 
and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society from 
their cormpondant at the Havaanah ^— 

"Bamtmah, ifoe. 1841. 
" fiiBr— In Biy laat letter, by the finrrMt 
packet. X tnadeyon aeqnainted with the 
w, that the E^Muiah Oovenunoit had 
required fmm the Cqitun-General an 
omcial return of the number of daves im- 
pnted here from AfHea rince the Ekigllsh 
^ty of 1817 bad come Into operation. 
The Goiporatiena and the distingniahad 
individnala to whom the C^ttain-Oaniral 
kddnased hlmielf, for the purpose of en- 
abling him to eommnnlcate to the Regent 
the iufonofiUon required, lure aincc for 



the most part given in their reports; and 
I am h^py to be able to asmire you, that 
without any exception, they are decidedly 
fiivoumble to the luppieflsion of the slave 
trade; althoagh, In r^ard to the direct 
•nunolpation of the slaves already in the 
isluid, or even to the &te of that unfortu- 
nate claM to whom the name of ' Emand- 
pado' has been so itimngely ^plied, these 
reports display the most remarkable diver- 
sity of opinion. 

In general it is not dlfScnlt, In con- 
Versing with the more influential inhabi- 
tauta of the country, to form a pretty 
accurate judgment as to the contse of 
public opinion ; and as you formerly saw, 
with regard to the memorials in lavour of 
the BupprMsion of the slave trade, which 
were undoubtedly the spontaneous result 
of that eptnion, I found the means of seiz- 
ine it after it had assumed a formal and 
official chanwter. On the present oe«»- 
sioD, however, I find that the Captun- 
General, in addressing himself to the 
parties from whom he desired information, 
uaa made it an absolute condition that the 
reports returned to him should be under 
the seal of secrecy; and that their con- 
tents should not be allowed to transpire, 
except through the single channel of his 
Excellency' B communication to the Ke- 
gency of Spain. In this wa^ I am not 
yet enabled io send you copies of these 
reports; but I feel myself on safe ground 
in assuring yon, that in what I have said, 
as to their general spirit and tendency, I 
am not in any danger of leading you mto 

" Of tha pobllc bodies which have re' 
ported on the subject nferred to them by 
the local Boveownent, the Royal Patriotic 
BocUty has distlBguiahed itself by the 
boldness and liberality with which it has 
dechured itaelf In &vour of the suppression 
of ibt llava trade, and the preparation of 
the public mind for the oeasationof slavery 
itaelf. This aocletyconuaU of some hun- 
dnda of tha most fntelligent and influen- 
tial of the inhaUtaots but they have never, 
on any prevlotIS oMwslon, been brought 
together m such numbers, nor have their 
discussiona, although always devoted to 
subjects of public interest, such as educa- 
tion and roral economy, been ever attended 
with such an intensity of feeling as has 
been mwifested in the course of these 
recent debates. It is something new, in 
feet, in this Island, where the press is fet- 
tered by a censorship, and where public 
discussion is regarded by the authorities 
as in the higheS dt^ree dangerous, for so 
numerous a body to be thus officially 'in- 
vited to consider a questioo of nch Ti^' 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[JuniUT.l&lt. 



importance as that of the fntnre bte of 
tiie ' Emancip&dos.' It was not to be 
expected that when such a sobiect was 
opened to them, the aasiffned limits of 
discussion would be rigidly sdhered to. 
Accordinriy we find, from what has 
transpiTedofthe debate, that the whotesub- 
jeot, not of the ' Emancipadoa' only, not 
eren of the slave trade, but of liberty and 
elaveiy in the widest acceptation of the 
terms, has been freely treated of; and 
thus the means haTe been afforded of de- 
fining public opinion, and of ^Wng it a 
degree of exprewon and pnblici^ little 
short of that which the pres itself would 
afford. 



CAPTURE OF A SLAVER. 

BonOta, Oct. Znd, tf tht QiOitui: 
" Wk have just taken our first prize, a 
beautiful schooner fitted for the slave tnde, 
with a general carro on board ; ahe is a 
new Baltimore-hniU vessel, suls like a 
witch, she is under Portuguese colours ; we 
chased her two days and a night, and took 
her just at sunset September 80. The 
Teasel had been trying for 60 days to get 
In here, during which time we chased her 
often, but as she never showed herself till 
late in the day, and then only venturing 
within sight from our top-gallant yard, 
we never bad a chance. However, by 
help of moonlight, a good look-out, and a 
fine clear night, we kept her in sight all 
night, unseen by her ; the next day was 
nearly calm till 4 o'clock p. n., and she 
was getting away fast by sweeping, for 
she is not much higher than oni gig out 
of the water, and drawsonlysix feet, when a 
breeze sprang up, and we »n within gun- 
shot, wetted ner decks with the Qpny of 
a shot and made her heave-to. We are 
much gratified, of oonrse, in taking her, 
after se»ng her so often, and knowing her 
to be off here. Hete davea were all rMdy, 
and in three horns she would have cleared 
out her csr^, diipped her Aamn, and 



AUXILIARY SOCIETY. 

A Public Mbxtimo, which was very 
well attended, notwithstanding the in- 
clemency of the weather, was held at 
the Town Hall, Brighton, on the 3rd 
of December, the Earl of Chichkster 
in the chair, and an Auiiliory formed 
for Brighton and its neighbourhood. 



Hie Meeting was addressed lij the 
Noble Churman, Lord Teigninonth, 
the Rev. J. S. M.Anderson, Joseph Wil- 
son, Esq., the Rev, J. Sortain,lBaac Wig. 
ney, Esq., M.P,, Moses Ricardoi Eiq., 
and J. Eccleston, Esq. The coilection 
at the door amounted to 25/. 7<. Gd., 
and with the subsequent donations and 
suIucr^)tioDSi to 100^ 



OMJOA AifS %amm. 




ovuin. 


Two. 

n4Li>idcd>'. 

SMUntfo^ 

SOSUnpoBl 
SSlLooSo 

KtLlniTO<d 












I-S°,C««pb^...TrP™r... 


«Db 


Ksrilara' Brtdgs,. 




n'nOtanWa:- 


tnUndo'. 








TtOxQawMat— 


IDK. 




490Univad 
ItfLooSoa. 




Pilmm Cmmr ■ 


IlDn. 


Fr»* Aeer* and OifH Ctatl 


~tllaBian. 


»x«. 


To Accra and Copt Ctatti— 

BtltWiQiisn HdU^iAiiUSIaulaa. 

ai»*avM-Uwi..lbr>.... iuLcbAdo. 


ItDir. 



Subscriptions and Donations an ncnvsJ 
by the Treasurer, J. Gnmey Hoire, E^. ; 
by Hessn. BanetL Hoaies, and Co., 81. 
Lomfaard-otrtet; MesBa. Barclay, Bmn, 
and Co., H, LoBsbard-rtieet ; Usms- 
Coutts sad Co., fi9, Strand ; Hmcii. Dnm- 
monds, Cbaring-cross ; HcHrs. Hanbniy, 
Taylor, and Uoyd, 60, Lombard-stnei; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenehnrch-ctreet ; 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet-street; sod 
Meases. WiUiams^ Deacon, and Co., iO, 
Birchin-lsne; and by the Seeretsiy, tht 
Rev. J. M. Tnw [to whom all conunani- 
cations relative to tlM bnsiDeH of tht 
Society may be addressed), at the OAcs 
of the Society, IS, Pariiament-street. 



InlhaPMdii ud pabUdiad b; Jmh WUi- 
.Ktn, of No. 4U, WHt BtnaS. BuMiM 



■r bT lU BoohHUK* sad Kn 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THB COMMTFTSK OF THE SOCIETTFOR THS BXTINCTIQS OF THE 
SLAVE XBASE AND FOB THE CIVILIZAXION OF AFRICA. 

PUBLISHKD HOMTHI.T. 



II0.I6.] LONDON, FEBRUARY Ist, IMS. 



CONTENTS. 



niHilK.UaBruahMMkdTribaMilM .. 



THE NIGEH EXPEDITION. 

" Vhai, let ni ad^ la Uie bard«8t trial to which hnnuui fortitude can be expoeedt 
Wc aiuwer, the holdii^ on in pursuit of some noble and Tirtnous object whiuk coR' 
tinoally eludes our grasp ; difficulties at erery step multiplyiiigp in our path, and eadi 
mceeeding aSbrt ending only in disappaintment and ' vexation of spint.' The man 
^10, in Bach circmnstanceB, deliberately lesolTes to persevere, and firmly adhetes to 
Us resolntioD, — that man is the truly good man, — that man is the truly great man. 
Saoceas mav iMter orowu his exertions. He may g« down to the grave, < worn with 
tnxJous toil,' the victim of prematuie decay ; but he ehall have bequeathed to future 
ag«e the lesson of his great example, and his name and memoiv may do more to bless 
msnkuid than the accomplishment of his largest hopes ooold have ejected, while he 
lived and laboured amongvt them." 

" Should the Niger E!xpedition, the child of so many hopes and piayen, prove an 
Dtter bilore, (which calamity may God in mercy avert,! our duty will remain as 
listinctlj- marked to us, as now that our hearts are buoyea up with anticipation- "' - 



ae. While life is ours, * we must not be weair in well'doing,' and n 



pnaperons u 

riagle opportunity of fulfilling this great and high command can tw neglected with- 



" Let it, therefore, be deariy understood, that we do not stand or fall by the Niger 
Expedition. Let the thought cheer those good men who are about to bend their st«ps 
to uie coontiT of the Negro, that even their bilure shall not discoarage us, bat that 



rather we shall gather from thence, submission to the will of God, and more entire 
depmdenoe on hia wisdom to direct us in our fl 
and much enduring AMok" 



Kidenoe on hia wisdom to direct us in our fiiture e&brts in behalf of much injured 



Such were our words in the month of April, 1841, after announcing 
to our readers the departure from England of the first vessel of the 
Niger Expedition. Shidl we hold different language, now that some of _ 
our worst fears have been realized, — now that we have to speak of the 
return of vessel after vessel &om ^e re^on which has proved to some 
of the brave men employed in them the "valley of the shadow of 
death," — now that the truest firiends of Africa, equally with those who 
have no sympathy with her grievous wrongs, and no motives but those 
of selfishness or malevolence to gratify, join in one nnaoimous cry,— 
" The Niger Expedition must be tmmediately abmdoned," 



18 THE FRIEMD OF AFRICA. [F»b»pa»t, 

Is the time come, we again ask, when we can be called <hi to re- 
Doimce printnples upon which we had oalmljr taken onr iUnd, and ia 
the maintenance of which we had expressed our determination to live 
and die? 

Nay, ratbtv, is not this the very moment when it most becomes xa 
to prove, that our professions were something more than mere profes- 
sions ; something widely different ^ra the lip-deep Tauntings of an 
hour of sunshine, cheaply made and easily forgotten ; lond when no 
danger is at hand, but utterly unheard amidst tiie din of conflict, or the 
loanng of the tempest? It is when in the presence of his enemy, and 
on the very " edge of battle," that the un<uiunted seaman clambers up 
the shrouds of his vessel, — swings himself from rope to rope,— anfarl» 
the flag of his country to the breeze, — and bravely nails it to the masL 

And shall the example he thrown away upon us, who are engaged in 
a nobler canse, and in defence of mightier and holier interests 7 No, 
we too will nail our oolours to the mast, — we too will publish it abroad, 
and publish it at a moment when none can misconstrue onr language, or 
misconceive our motives, that the struggle in which we are engaged 
ceases only with our bfe; and, what is more immadiately relevant to 
the matter in hand, that nothing daunted by the melancholy issu^ 
and but too probable abandonment of the Niger Expedition, we wait 
but the next favourable opportunity to renew efforts which, put forth in 
dependence upon the blessing of Almighty God, have been withdrawn 
for a season, only because we aeem not yet to have discovered the mode 
in whidi He wilu them to be employed. 

«*;)t In the present state of public feeling, ovarbome by the aad 
intelligence jost come to hand, (ample particulars of which will be itmad 
at our 19th page,) it seems to be a pretty general impreuion tbat tiw 
Expedition can tudy be conndered in the light of "a&ilure.** For 
example, thus speaks one of the public Jounuus, **It (the Expedkion) 
has ended in nothing but the sacrifice of the lives of oar conntry- 
men ;" and thus another, — " The result is sad and moomfol dishp- 
nointment." When, however, men's minds become calmer, and their 
judgment again gets the mastery of tiieir feelings, it will be seen tbat 
these are misrepresentations. It will then be acknowledged, that cer- 
tain benefits (purchased indeed at a dreadful expense, but still solid and 
substantial) have been obtained; — e«jr.,the enlargement of oar acquaint- 
ance with the langu^s (the Hausa especially, of which Mr. ScbSn the 
Missionary succeeded in forming a large vocabulary), geography, geology, 
and botany of the country, — the experience acquired of the fnendlyMia 
teachable disposition of the inhabitants*, and especially of their willing- 
ness to entertain native instructors, — the ratification of two treaties at 
all events, for the abolition of the Slave Trade, of which there is good 
reason to antidpate the observance, especially in the case of that formed 
with King Obi, — and the deep and clear impression left upon the minds 
of chiefs and people alike, that there is one nation at least of distant 
Europe which takes a real interest in their welfare, and one religion 
which prompts to noble deeds and generous sacrifices in behalf oTthe 
universal family of man. 

* In wmflmuiion of ihii^ w« beg to dinct particakr atUotiMl to tbi aeemt af 

the Model Fann giran at a KbnquAt p^e. 



by Google 



isa.] 



THE FAI^n) OF AFRICA. 



IS 



NARRATIVE OF THB NIGER 
EXPEDITION, 

Tub greater part of the following: 
ilatcrant was prepared by oi for the 
Monmg Herald, and has appeared in 
that paper. Kotwitlutandlsg the fact 
tltat onr leaden hare already b«en made 
uqaalnted with many of its particnlan, 
through the medium of The Friend tjf 
Africa, we deem it adriiable briefly to 
recapttul^e them, in order to a clear 
lad [Qtelligeot nadcrttaitding of the 
■hale narrative. 

On the 30th of Aogiut the veasela 
of the ExpeditioD commenced the as- 
cent of the riveri hanng passed safely 
orer the bar six days previously. This 
iekj was occasioned by the necessity 
thev were under of repairing what is 
teconically termed "the tails ' of their 
Hidden, wnich had been damaged during 
their passage from Accra to the month 
of the stream. On the 26th they 
anchored opposite to EboCt a place 
situate at the upper angle of the iJelto, 
ud distant 120 miles from the sea. 
Thus far no case of sickneBs had oc- 
rerrad amongst the Europeans which 
did not Immediately yield to medical 
treatment The weather was remark- 
>hly flnaurablei the thermometer rang- 
ing from 74° to 84°, with a clear slcy, 
ud occasional refreshing showers. 

After recainng a visit fhim Obi, the 
iiing ef Eboe, - on which occasion a 
tnstj was concluded with him for the 
total abolition of the Slave Trade and 
human sacriBces, the Eipedltion pro- 
ended on its course, arrivmg at Iddah, 
100 mtlei higher up, on the ad of Sep- 
tsnthef. Here, for the first time, the 
African fever broke out amongst the 
cfew with violence, commenoing on 
hoard the Soudan, and rapidly spread* 
iDg to the Albert and WUbtrforte. 
Captain Trotter, however, considered it 
his duty still to persevere. Accordingly, 
after the ntification of a treaty similar 
to the one already described, with the 
Attah (the king) of tddi^, and the 
purchasa ftom him of a pieee of land, 
to beebosen higher up the iireom, (the 



selection of which was left to the Com- 
missioners, (via.,the three Commanders, 
and Mr. Cook,) the veasels ascended to 
the Confluence of the Niger and the 
Chadda, 270 miles above the sea. This 
place they reached on the 1 Ith (^ Sep- 
tember. A tract of land having been 
fixed-on in the neighbourhoodi it was 
dnly made over by accredited agents of 
the Attah. Mr. Carr having here 
also fixed on a site for the model farm, 
the stores were landed, and the persona 
originally appointed to the superintend- 
ence left in charge of them. 

Nothing could be more ft^endly than 
the disposition manifested by the na- 
tives. Indeed, they seemed to place 
the most unbounded confidence in their 
visitors, bringing provisions of every 
description from all parts of the sur- 
ronndmg country, as soon as they were 
oonvincad, by the landing of the farm 
stores, that the settlement wa* intended 
to be permanently occnpied. Their 
wiUiiigneas to assist in the work of cul- 
tivation may be understood from the 
HtA, that those who bad nothing to sell 
or barter, came forward and voluntarily 
proffered themselves for hire as labour- 
ers. Of Uie nature (rf the soil, between 
the upper part of the Delta and the 
Confluence, our reports speak less fa- 
vourably. It is described is consisting 
for the most part of a mixture of de- 
composed sand-stone and iron, some- 
what resembling that of Sierra Leone, 
and equally unpromising for agricultu* 
ral purposes. 

To resume our narrative ; whilst our 
friends were occupied with the arrange- 
ments just deacrioed, disease continued 
its afflicting ravages amongst them. To 
such an extent, indeed, did it spread, 
that on the 19th it was resolved to put 
the tick, now amounting to forty-six, on 
board the Soudan, and to dispatch her 
a. Lieutenant Fishboume, of 
the Albert, was placed in charge of her, 
while her commander. Captain Bird 
Allen, removed on board the Albert. 
With regard to the Soudan we need 
only further remark, that at the mouth 
of the river she happily fell in with Her 
Msjesty's ship. Dolphin, to which the 
sufferers were transferred, and whieh 
prooeeded with them direct to the Isliq^i 1 1 
c 2 <> 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[FEWPtlT, 



of AscenBion, while the Soudan con- 
^ued her course to Fernando Po. 

Meanwhile it was determined by the 
comnunders of the Tesaels still up the 
river to prosecute their voyage, the 
Wilberfbrce ascendiuff the Chadda, and 
the Alierl the Niger. The particulars 
thus far recounted have been for the 
most part before the public for the last 
month. 

By sunset on the evening of the 19th, 
(the day on which the Soudan sailed 
&om the Confluence,) several entirely 
new cases of fever had broken out on 
board the WUbtrforci ; the history of 
which vessel, now about to be separated 
from her consort, we shall take up first. 
Amongst these were her commander Cap- 
tain William Allen, her master, and her 
purser; also the botanist and the miner- 
alt^st attached to the Expedition. To 
ascend the Chadda under these circum- 
stances would, of course, have been 
madness; to stay at the Confluence, but 
little less. No alternative remained, 
except that of turning the vessel's head 
down the stream, and following in the 
track of Uie Soudan. Accordingly, 
immediate preparations were made for 
carrying into effect this new change of 
plan, and on the morning of the 21st, 
the Wilberfbrce b<^an her downward 
voyage, having previously taken on 
board sundry fresh patients from the 
AlberL Owing to various stoppages, 
occasioned by the necessity of procuring 
supplies of wood, a duty of peculiar 
difficulty in the weak^handed condition 
of the vessel, she did not reach the open 
sea until the 29tb. On the morning of 
the Ist of October, however, by the 
blessing of Almighty God, she an- 
chored saiely in the port of Clarence, 
Fernando Po. During her passage to 
the mouth of the river she lost her 
purser, Mr. Wakeham, and after her 
arrival at Clarence, Mr. Harvey the 
master of the Albert, and Mr. Collman 
assistant^ui^eon of the Soudan. 

Here it affords us the greatest pleasure 
to record an instance of that noble ge- 
neroMty which we trust and believe 
marks the character of the British mer- 
chant and the British tailor. Mr. 
Jamieson, of Liverpool, the owner of 
several vessels trading oa tlw'westeni 



coast of Afi-ica, had sent out iastroc- 
tioni to the ship-masters in his emeloy 
to render all the assistance in thnr 
power to the officers and crews of the 
Niger Expedition. Accordingly, on the 
6th of October, the Ethiope steanwr, 
one of the vessels alluded to, made hsr 
appearance at Fernando Po ; snd her 
commander, Mr. Becroft, at the soliri- 
tation of Captain William Allen, m- 
Btantly turned his vessel's held towards 
the Niger, with an intent to ascend in 
search of the Albert, and render bfr 
any assistance she might s|)peai' to re- 
quire. 

On the 9tii the WiSteiftree sgsin 
weighed anchor, and set sail for Ascen- 
sion, where she arrived after a tedioui 
passage of more than five weeks, on 
the 17th of November. During the 
former part of this passage, she *« 
accompanied by Her Majesty's steamer 
Plulo, which, in various ways, tea- 
dered her effective assistance. Tbe 
last accounts received from the Wilher- 
fbrce convey the gratifying intellipoM 
that the fever appeared to have bees 
almost subdued, for that no serious esse 
of illness remained on board, thougb 
two more men had died' on the pu- 
sage. 

We now return to the AVmi, which 
we left on the eve of her departure from 
the Confluence to ascend the Nignr- 
This, as we have already said, was oh 
the 21 St of September. On the 28di 
she arrived at £^;a, situated about 50 
miles above the j unction of the Cbadds, 
and 320 from the sea. During tlw 
short passage she lost two of hw «»■ 
men, whilst several others were taken 
ill ; nor did the officers escape— Cap- 
tain Bird Allen was attacked witlun 
fonr hours after the departure of the 
WxOierjtira, and Captain Trotter him- 
self whilst the vessel lay at Egga. At 
this place the Kroooken were employed 
in tailing in a large quantity of firewooi 
This necessary duty, of course, occu- 
pied considerable time. As soon ss it 
was completed. Captain Trotter, wlw 
now saw clearly the neoessitr of w™i- 
drawlngthe Expedition, and wliose judg- 
ment was confirmed by that of tlw 
Bu^on (Dr. M'William), gave ordeii 
for returomir dcnm tlwrifff;, 0» *" 



"^^a^i- ' 



m2.i 



THE FKIEND OP AFRICA. 



21 



5lh of October, Uierefore, tbe Bteun 
ma once more got up, and the 
AHert followed her consorts to the 
■M. Her condition at this period may 
be ji)^:ed of by the fact, that Dr. 
M>Wil£un was compelled to take 
duift of the TesKl, in addition to hia 
ardnoiu dutiea of attending on the lick, 
while Dr. Stanger acted as engineer, a 
tuk for which he qualified himself 
ebiefif hj reading Tredgold's TreatUe 
on the Steam-engine. Ab to the f u- 
ropon seamen, hut two or three re- 
miined o^hle of performing their 
datj. 

On the 9th the Albert repasied the 
model farm, where, finding all the Eu- 
Topeans ill of the fever, they were 
tiken on hoard, and the Albert pro- 
ceeded on her voyage to the lea. 
On the 12th, ihe anchored off Ehoe, 
ud was tupplied hy King Obi with a 
quantity of wood, which he had pre- 
Tiouily got ready for her, and which 
with great kindness he put on board 
with the teut possible delay. Here 
Mr. Kingdon, tne seamen's school- 
muter, of the Soudan, died. He had 
remained ashore at the farm during the 
Alberft absence at Eggtt, and was dan' 
geroDsly ill at the period of his re-em- 
barkation. Thus far the Albert had 
nude her way in safety, through the 
merciful Providence of Qod; and on the 
afternoon of the 1 3th tfieir eves were 
gladdened with the sight of the Eihi- 
opt'i nnoke, as she steamed rapidly up 
the waters of the Delta. Captain Be- 
<Toft at once came on boara with his 
fint engineer, and both vessels crossed 
the bar soon after sunrise on the 16th, 
and cast anchor in Clarence Cove late 
in the evening of the following day. 

Next morning twenty-eight wtients 
were token ashore, and kindly re- 
ceived into various private houses. 
Amongst the sufferers were Captains 
Trotter and Bird Allen ; the former 
happily convalescent ; the latter, atas I 
fast sinking into the grave, Onthe23th, 
at half-past nine, a.m., hie brave and 
gentle spirit exchanged a world of sor- 
row for one of unmixed and unchanging 
joy. 

In bringing our punfiil story to a 
Glose> it ta in some measure consolatory 



know that no provision or precaution 
which human wisdom could devise was 
leglected, to ensure success to this 
loble undertaking; that even the season 
of the year in which the attempt was 
made to penetrate to the interior, ap- 
pears, by the concurrent testimony of 
all well-informed witnesses, to have 
been of all others the most proper ; and 
that consequently, if the Eipeditiou has 
fallen short of success, it is because He 
who orders all human events as seemeth 
beat to his own wisdom, has willed 
otherwise, and would have us perfectiy 
to learn, though it be hy sharp experi- 
ence, the great lesson of humility and 
faith, wherein his word instructs us: 
Be still, and know that I am God." 




The following is an extract of a letter 
from the Cape of Good Hope, dated 9th of 
November, 1841: — "Her Majesty's ship 
FatUime returned to Simon's Bay on the 
24th nit., after a six months' cruise on the 
coast of Angola, for the suppression of the 
^ve Trade, having had the Briiktsii 
the WatermtcA under her orders, during 
which period they have captured 33 slave 
veswls, and liberated 3427 negroee— viz., 
JbndMK, 16 vesseh^ and 1340 negroes; 
Brut, 10 veeeels, and 1136 n(f[roes; and 
Watmeitek, 9 vessels, and 967 nq;roe«," 



THE PWEND OP AFBICA. 



([FmavABTt 



THE MODEL FARM AT THE CON- 
FLUENCE OF THE NIGER AMD 
THE CHADDA. 

Those who have taken an interest in 
the Niger Expedition are aware th^t the 
estabUghment and cultivatioa i>f "a 
model farm," constituted, from the very 
first, one of the objects to which the 
attention of the friends of African civili^ 
sation was most strongly directed. 

It ia our design in the present article 
to give some account of the progress 
which had been made towards carrying 
out these views by Mr. Carr, the gen- 
tleman appmnted to the office of ^rm 
superintendent, up to the period of his 
Te-embarkat4on in Uie Albert, on her 
return down the river. We are much 
mistaken if our readers do not gather 
some cause for thankfulness, and some 
incentives to fVesh efforts in behalf of 
Africa, from the following particulars. 
It has been stated already (see page 
19) that the Attah, or king of Iddah, 
willingly assented to the proposal made 
to him by the Government Commission- 
ers to dispose of a certain portitm of 
his territory in the neighbourhood of 
the Confluence, the selection of which, 
he at the same time agreed to leave to 
themselves. The place which first pre- 
sented itself to their minds as suitable 
to their views, was the deserted village of 
Adda Kuddu, situated rather below the 
mouth of the Chadda, and two dayi 
sail (according to the rate at which the 
vessels advanced) from Iddah. On 
examination, however, this spot 
found to be sufficiently favourable to 
fix their choice, for although the soil 
of the surrounding district was cchi- 
sidered tolerably good, itwas so covered 
with stones as would have rendered 
the cultivation extremely difficult- 
Adda Kuddu being for this reason 
deemed unsuitable, the Expedition pro- 
ceeded on its course. 

When opposite to the point of junc- 
tion of the Niger and Cnadda, atten- 
tion was directed to a low hill with 
extensive plains on either side d H. 
The first appearanca of this spot, 
which is marked on Captain .William 
Allen's chart of the Niger, by the name 
of Mount Stirling, was invitmg, end an 
actual examination of it atiU further 
cntfinoed the fovvurabte (mpiesaioa. 



The soil of tho hill was \ 
equal, that 9f the plains little inferior 
to the best discovered at Adda Kndda, 
and already in a groat mewure calti- 
vated by the natives. Hereaooordiogly 
Mr. Carr resolved that the intendad 
farm should be formed, and on the 
morning of the 14th of September 
the frame-work of a fanu-houao, adapt- 
ed, as far aa rareuinstaoces wodd 
permit, to the nature of the oountry, 
wu landed from the two larger steua* 

Mr. Carr himself and his s ss is t s nK 
at the same time proceeded asbore, 
taking with them a quantity of preri- 
sions, and implements suitable for sgn- 
cultural purposes. Captain Trotter 
further supplied them with a tent lo 
serve as a place of temporary abodo, 
untn the farm-house should be erected 
On the I7th, all necessary preparatiooi 
having been made for commencing dm- 
rations, Mr. Carr finally left the WS- 
btrforce, and took up his abode at the 
farm. His conduct on this inlerestinf 
occasion we leave him to describe in tui 
own words. " Before retiring to rest, I 
called all my people around me, ud 
retomed thanks to Almifhty God for 
his infinite goodness in having preserred 
us to be the means of ooaunendiig » 
important an uudertaking as thst of 
introducing improved agricoltore wd 
Christian principles into Central Africk 
I hoped they would use their ntmoit 
exertioiu to co-operate with me io fnl- 
fillins the duties imposed on us all, k- 
mindmg them that most of then hid 
already felt the horrors of slawv, ip* 
which they were redeemed by Briti*^ 
arms, and brought to enj<^ the bles- 
sings of liberty and Christianity ; ll>st 
therefore they ought to be thanuid sod 
joyful that thOT hod been dioseB U 
work for the redemption of their feDev- 
countrymen, and perhaps tiieir Mtreri 
and dearest relatives. I also pnnd 
that the natives night be ftvooraUy 
disposed towards us, and mded witk s 
short prayer for protection durn^ the 
night.'* 

Early on the fcHowing moniiBg (l» 
18th), Mr. Carr commenced fw*^ 
of levelling the ground, digjfing a tr«« 
around tu teat, and pUong n*^ '" 
shritw iu«h irtieki m wMt km ■» 



M«0 



THE raiEini or atrica. 



» 



tainad iixoigt, if toa long ezpoMd in 
tin opan tir. At the Buna time hii 
eupraten, n&tiTa of Slem Iioona, 
vera flmpleyad in Miortlng the Terioui 
piKM eompodng the wooden frame of 
the heuae, a work of BomB perpletityt 
awing to nntToidabU injnriei which the 
pacugaa hed reMived in landing. 

While these opentiona were in pro* 
greai, a number of native young men 
Bade their appainnoe, and stood gaaing 
with aatoniahnwnt at the strange spec- 
tacle before them. Ono of tlum was 
lakao into the SopaiinteDdent'a employ 
u pertefi and four othara were aet to 
veil at a place orergrown with rank 
paaa and bruafawood. Thaae they 
qoieklj eenunenced to elear away* eiert- 
ii^ tbemaclvea vigorously and well, 
cutting down the buah, and pulling up 
the Img graaa by the root. " Thus, ' 
•ays Ki. Carr, " I obtained on the 
morrgw after my aleeping hen, one 
Dative part«r, and four naove labouren, 
lo work for wagea, which at once proved 
the &lla^ of the aaaertioB) that these 
people wul not work without ooercian." 
Od Monday and Tuesday (the 90th 
aod Slst), the settlement emitinned 
ta make atawly pmgivea. and Bfr. Can- 
waa eaabled to u the rate of wagea to 
the aatiafhotiDn of all employed, visq 
100 eowtiea for a day's lalraur. that ia, 
fron uz in the morning to aix in the 
evening, allowing one hour fbr break- 
out, and two for dinner—eighty cowries 
when ihe labour commenced after break- 
bat; and ae on in proportion. In a few 
(kya he had aa many hands as he could 
give smployment to, not only men, but 
wmnen nnd boya alao. Of tb«r raa^ 
neaa to obey hia orders, be bears the 
Torv hiKheat testimony, and adda, that 
he had Men the maaas of aaring aoma 
AmiUea turn starvation and death. 

This last partkular is expluned by 
the fallowing intereating facta. The 
laboarers had toavriled ama a town in 
the interior, which bad been aacked and 
burnt by. a hoatOe natioo (probably the 
FiUtaba). For some time previously to 
the settlement at Mount Stirling they 
had been supported by the generosity 
id the inhaUtanta of Pandaiki, a village 
in the immediate neighbourhood of the 
Confluence ; but this source of supply 
aeon foiliDg them, they were literally 



in a atate of starvation when Mr. Carr 
and his companiona made their appear- 
ance. Beeidea this they had contracted 
heavy debts to some of the people 
amongst whom they had taken refttge, 
and were threatened with being sold as 
slaves If they did not quickly satisfy 
their creditors. Of the favourable 
ohange produced in their health and 
drenmstancea by Mr. Carr's opportune 
interfbrenee, the fbUowing extract &om 
his journal affords evidence not a little 
gratifying i — " At flrat I objected to 
employ them, seeing them nothing but 
aUn imd bone. I soon found, hoffever, 
that they woiked well, and in a short 
time I had not only the aatisfeclion to 
find them getting fat, but to hear ftom 
themselves that they had nearly com- 
pleted the payment of their dehta. They 
said it was the Good Spirit that had 
aent me to relieve them. 

By the SSrd the summit of Mount 
Stirling had been cleared, and an 
eligible site selected for the farm-house. 
Several of the natives were then em- 
ployed in carrying the frame-work to 
the top of the hitl, where Mr. Carr 
limaelr superintended its erection. He 
deseribea it as "a very neat honse, 
covered with aino, and roomy, enough for 
' e accommodation of a small flunily." 

A few days' experience, however, of 
Ita stability served to show that it was 
fkr from being secure agalnat the vio- 
lence of tropical tornados. On the 
night of the S7th ft was so seriously 
damaged by a Airioua gnat, that Mr. 
Carr determined to inclose it with ft 
strong atone wall, the materiala for 
which, with the exception of lime for 
mortar, abounded in the neighbour- 
hood. In order to supply the defi- 
ciency, he made a visit to an old Chief, 
who Uved at no great distance, hoping 
to learn from him the method of pre- 
paring the cement used by the natives 
in the constructi<m of their buildings. 
In this excursion he appears to have 
attuned his object, as we find him on 
the following day engaged npon the wall, 
while a number of natives were employed 
in making and carrying cement. 

About thia time the headman of a 
a neighbouring vill^ sent to tell him 
that he ought to abandon the spot 
where be was dqiging and clearing, as 



24 



THEFRIBKD OF ATSICA. 



IFSBBUUT, 



it wu dedicated to a s|»rit; at the 
same time offering to show him ano- 
ther place* equally fit for bis pnrpme, 
and not open to so grave an objec- 
tion. Mr. Carr requested to be 
infonned whether it was a cfood or an 
evil spirit to which the bill belonged, 
and, on learning that it was a good 
one, sent back word to say, that a good 
spirit does good and not evil; that, 
therefore, according to the Chiefs own 
reasoning, the place of bis abode was 
the very best possible for the forma- 
tion of the new settlement. He fur- 
ther gave him to understand, that God 
is the only good spirit, — that He is 
every where, ae the world was made bj 
Him and belongs to Him. With this 
reply his new acquaintance was so 
perfectly satisfied, Uiat he despatched 
five of his own people to work for 
the settlers, insisting upon it that their 
services should be rendered gratuitously. 
Air. Carr accepted their offers of assist- 
ance, but took care, very properly, to 
pay them wages according to the scale 
wuch he had laid down. 

A few days after this occurrence, a 
box of cowries was found to be missing. 
In a short time it was discovered thrown 
upon the ground at no great distance 
from the tent where it bad been origin- 
ally deposited. About one-half of the 
contents had been abstracted. The 
a^r now b^an to wear a scanewhat 
serious aspect, and it became necessarr 
for the Superintendent to act with 
promptitude and vigour. A search 
was accordingly instituted,' which soon 
proved succes^l, the traces of the 
thieves leading direct to the village of 
Pandaiki. A requisition was then sent 
\o the headman for the restoration of 
the stolen property. After some hesi- 
tation he complied, and presently pro- 
duced both the thieves and their ill- 
gotten booty. They turned out to be 
two lads, the youngest some ten or 
twelve years M age. Having con- 
fessed the crime, they were fl<^ged by 
the person who arrested them in the 
presence of the aggrieved party, and 
then dismissed amid the jeers and 
taunts of their fellow-countrymen. 

On the 1st of October, Mr. Carr, 
whose health had been for some time 
past in a precarious state, experienced 



a decided attack of the fever to whidt 

many persons in the ExpeditioD were 
destined to fall a sacrifice. Unhspinly 
the medicine-chest intended for Uie nie 
of the settlement had fallen into the 
water in getting it ashore. The coose< 
quence was, that, although the bottlei 
reached their destination, the labels had 
been washed away, and the vanoiu 
medicines could no longer be distin- 
guished. In these drcnmstances they 
became of but little service, with tbe 
exception of one or two of a plain and 
simple nature. To the timely nae of 
these, however, it is probable that tb» 
Superintendent owed his life. 

On the return of the Albert ion 
the river, he embarked on board of ber, 
at the suggestion of Dr. M'WiHism, 
his condition being such as to require 
an immediate change to a healtbicf 
climate. Within less than a month 
after landing at Fernando Po, he hid, 
by God's mercy, perfectiy recovered 
from his sickness, and in the most spiiit- 
ed manner resolved to proceed op the 
river in a canoe to return to his ontits 
at the farm. 

We conclude tbe present sitide, 
which has occupied more space than *« 
originally contemplated, with the W- 
lowinK extracts from the last letter re- 
ceived from Mr. Carr: it is dated " Fer- 
nando Po, October 24th," immeistely 
before setting out. 

" I have proposed to Captain Trot- 
ter to hire a small vessel, which beloogi 
to a gentleman here, in order to ny 
return to the farm. The hire rf tKi 
boat will be 1 6/. I have left the b«ad 
overseer (a black man) in charge of the 
farm, during my absence. I bsdabcin 
eight acres of land cleared for [^tiiig 
cotton, and I hope by this time part rf 
it is planted, llie natives when I lcft< 
were working very well. The greale't 
number that I employed in one ixj 
was thir^-fonr. They were quite satii- 
fied with thdr rate of wages. I fixiM 
provisions abundant and cheap. I Gx*' 
the price of some of them, vix.: I «**■ 
of yams, 400 cowries ; 1 aheefk 1000 
do.; 1 goat, 1000 do.; I fowi,I00do.: 
ducks, 150to200do.;cgg>,60do.FtT 



-(.)gle 



isa.] 



THE FBIENS OF AFRICA. 



THE NIGER, ITS BRANCHES 
AND TRIBUTARIES, 

[Cutfamad frim p. II.J 

To the N.W^ leven days' joumejr 
from Waffa, liea Niki, the chief town io 
BoTgG, equal is lise to Y&uri, and the 
oolj town in the west against which the 
FQatohs have not yet dared to " lift the 
ipear." No less than eight provinces 
ud leventy important towns are a^d to 
be depeoduit on thia metropolia, all of 
whidi have several smaller towns and 
villages under thdr control. We know 
it ss yet, however, only by report. 

To the eastward, a track of no less 
importance opens before us. Moving 
along the conne of a considerable tri- 
butary', the May-yarrow, {May-a-roa,) 
IbiDogh a country, as usual, well culti- 
vated and abounding in cotton, with 
villages standing at two miles' distance 
from each other, and hills from which 
iron ore is extracted in such quantities 
ag to employ whole hamlets of black- 
nuiths, we arrive by an easy journey at 
tbe town of Tahra, the occasional resi- 
deace of the sovereigns of Nufi. Four 
miles off is the celebrated market-town 
of Kolfti, the second great emporium of 
the inland traffic. Containing between 
10,000 and 16,000 resident inhabitants, 
besides the crowda of strangers per- 
petually pouring in from every quarter', 
the daily market is found to be insuffi- 
cient to supply their numerous wants, 
and two fairs are held, every Monday 
■nd Saturday, in addition, to suit their 
various visitants. From Bomu and 
Kan6 on the east; from Kubbi, Y&un, 
Zamfra, Sakatii, and the Desert on the 
north; from Yarriba, Bo]^(i, and the 
Gold Coast, westward; and from Benin, 
Yabu, and the furthest parts of Nufi, 
to the south, caravans are ever resort- 
ing, with the certainty of a ready sale. 
Redwood, peppers, and European goods, 
from the south; salt, cotton, country 
cloths, goora nuts, gold, brass, and 
pewter dishes, earthenware, and n " 
keta, from the west ; horses, trona, 
wrought utk, silk cords, undyed tohes, 

> n mia »llj tboDt twKtrnrdi bn>«d, and 
Mu WtwdnlHldeap. TfuAtMbndgaH 

*^nm apuv batwam KuUb ud Kufii, m 
nil* in •xBBt, B whsDj occupied with Um MI 



black lead, attar of roses, and slaves, 
&om Bomu and Hiusa; slaves and 
salt from the north, besides a variety of 
articles brought across the DeserL Ve- 
netian beads, Maltese swords, Italian 
looking-glasses, gums and scented woods 
of the East; silks, turbans, Fez caps, and 
tunics of checked silk, and linen from 
Egypt, are exchanged without inter- 
mission in this great conflux of ^stant 
nations. Some of these merchants 
erect tents for themselves without the 
walls, where thev sell their wares ; 
others s^Ld them by their slaves to the 
market, and to the different houses; 
others entrust them to brokers, of whom 
there are many in the town, both male 
and female; and besides these regular 
merchants, there is a great numher of 
petty traders, chieBy women, who come 
from the towns lying to the west of the 
Niger, in Yarriba and Boi^[ii, many 
days' journey distant, carrying their 
g<K>ds on their heads, and trading at the 
several markets as they pass. These 
lodge in the town, and, while they at- 
tend the markets daily, support them* 
selves by spinning cotton during their 
spare time. The inhabitants also, not 
excepting the artisans', (of whom there 
are many,) are constantly engaged in 
buying and selling. " At daylight the 
whole household arise; the women 
begin to clean the house, the men to 
wash from head to foot; the women and 
children are then washed. After break- 
fast, the women who attend the ma^et 
prepare their wares for sale, and when 
ready, go. The elderly women prepare, 
clean, and spin cotton at home, and 
cook the victuals; the younger females 
are generally sent round the town sell- 
ing the small rice balls, fried beans, &c, 
and bringing a supply of water for the 
day. The master of the house gene- 
rally takes a walk to the market, or sits 
in the shade at his door, hearing the 
news, or speaking of the price of goods. 
The weavers are daily employed at their 
trade ; some are sent to cut wood, and 
bring it to market; others to bring 
grass for the horses that may belong to 
the house, or to take to the market to 
sell ; numbers, at the beginning of the 
rainy season, are employed in clearing 

I * Djtn, UiloTt, iilnclnmiUtt, SB^ins^mi^i I . • 



THE PBIEND OT AFtttCA. 



[FgMttiUIT," 



the ground for Mwing the n»i» lAd 
millet; lome ara sent on diatftot jonr> 
neja to buy uid sell for their muter or 
miitreH, uid very nrely betny their 
tnut. About noon they return hom«, 
and about two or three in the afternoon 
they return to their diflerent employ- 
menta, at which they remain till neat 
■unaet, when they count their gain 
to their master or miitreaa, who re- 
ceivea it, and puts it carefully away 
in the itrong room. The young then 
go to dance and playt if it be moonlight, 
and the old to lounge and converse in 
the open Hjnare of the house, or the 
outer eooaie, till the coo) of the night, 
or the approach of momingi driTea them 
into shelter*." 

Such is the busy, happy, uaefol life 
of the good people of Nufi I 

The social virtues, indeed, Mem to 
be admirably developed. When the 
neighbouring town of Bali was destroyed 
by lightning, its destitute inhabituiU 
were received with tears, and eagerly 
relieved. Domestic slaves are treated 
aa members of the family, and eat from 
the lame ^ht and as for honesty, 
Clapperton never had an artiete stolen 
whilst he resided amongst them. For 
nules around the town the country is 
studded with walled towns, open vil- 
lages, and clutters of houses, and 
planted with cotton, indigo, yams, and 
Indian com. 

Leaving the river, at the town of 
Waia, the province of Kotonkom com- 
mences, and a fresh tribute ii exacted 
from the trader. Through a rich and 
beautiiul valley, and over woody bills, 
the road leads us to Womba, at which 
the eastern and western caravans in- 
variably stop. Passing several popu- 
lous towns in the province of DCishi, 
we come to another great halting-place, 
the capital of the imJependent state of 
Guari', and another at Makundi, where 
many of the merchaots came round 
Clapperton to wish him joy and a 
blessing on viuting their coontry. 

Approaching the Urge BUtu town 



i^j nadud b;' Inil tna htnt. 



b« "tril J HKlud hf Ind ttoa I 

* 11h Hij-Hoa, jon «(tn 

nlgbt pcrittpa ba nair%ia«d « b 



of Zariah*. the cuqiltd of Zsgseg, thi 
country beoomes " nnroeikably fine, 
and almost olear of wood^ and looks as 
tresh and beautiful u the richest parts 
of England ia the summer monthi. 
Plantations of nee and cotton, fields of 
undulating com, meadows covered with 
a lovely verdure, and gentle slopes with 
herds and flocks grazing and browiiiig 
on them, looked as pictuieaqne sbA 
mrat aa any landscape I had beheld id 
my own, or, indeed, m any other coun- 
try'." Here Clapperton met with manj 
Fillahs from Futa Bonda and Fata 
Tora, who were well acqu^nted with ths 
French and Eaglish settlements on the 
Senegal and Gambia. 

From this place a broad and good 
road, running through a well cultivated 
and populous country and large tradioK 
towns, and thronged with passeogen, 
asses, and bullocks loaded with ^ooda 
and grain, conducts us to the city of 
Kan6, the next great centre of tniU, 
halfway between the capitals of the two 
most powerful naUoas in this part of 
Africa, the Bomuese and the Fufitahi. 

Kaofi, a town subject to the Sultan of 
H&usa, is about fifteen miles bcircain- 
ference, surrounded by a wall, «i>k 
gates regularly opened at sunrise, sod 
shut at sunset. It contains between 
30,000 and 40,000 resident inhabitant!, 
lodged in good two-atory houset, built 
in the Moorish fashion, besides the 
itrangers who come in crowds during 
the dry months from dl parts of Africs, 
from the Mediterranean to the Moun- 
tains of the Moon, and from Sen&r to 
Ashjnti. Here, indeed, the greit 
streams of commerce from the shores of 
the Red Sea, from Tripoli, Gbadatniii 
and Fetian, bv one great desert road, 
and from T&Glet, Fei, and Morocco, 
by the other, meet and mingle with the 
current from the coast of GuiBea, and 
with the native fountains of the lur- 
rounding countries. 

iToba cMUmttn/.j 



* ttoiti WM *fiMiru4* luAmad, IkMlUiriM* 
hid drinii eat Ihs FUitahi, aad ittanti <a >■• 
■IkriMMoriMtMiTVHtaM. 

'LtMatM,i„in. 



by Google 



TAX FRIEKD OF AlfBICA. 



S7 



raESKRVATITE AGAINST THE 
IKPLtlENCK OP AFRICAN MA- 
USIA. 

Wi dtill not rntnre an opinion upon 
tlw iagcmoni thtory of the ^ntleman 
whoM letter v« an abont to pnbliBh. 
Thcttatements uid argumenU nowever 
I17 vhich ho lupporta it ars not & little 
renvtrkabie; and there is this to be 
uid for the expedient which be re- 
atammda, that whether it be found 
to realtie his anticipations or not, it 
can It all erenti do no hann. We 
■hoDlil be glad to hear of its htAng put 
to the test of experiment. Even ' its 
utbor can hardly wish it more complete 
■access than we do. 

n iXt Editor ofTka Tiaut." 
"KiB,— I an not in the habit of obtnid- 
ipg my opinions on the public, bat at a 
time IQce the present, when all out news- 
ptpersteemmth accounts of the disastrous 
moitBlit; which has attended the onfor- 
tnnate sdrentarers in the Afiican expe- 
iitjon, I think it becomes the duty of 
say one who has a reasonable suggestion 
Is offer, to nae hie beat endeaTOOT to make 
it known. It would he out of plsoe here 
to enter into a physiological mscosHlon; 
but I may stat^ that one of the conclu- 
sions at which I aniTed as the result of 
Mm* TsiT extended inquiries into the 
utnre of fsTer was, that what we cidl 
mslaria, or whsteTer it may be that causes 
ftrer, makes its noxious impression, not 
upon the lungs, hut upon the general 
lurfeco of the body. A fever caused by 
nposDre to cold in this climate, is a &- 
milisr Ulnstratdon of the mode In which 
I eoneeive malaria produces ferer in hot 
conntriea. However, be this ss it may, 
it was this view which led me to enter- 
Wn the idea of the possibility of defend- 
ing the dcin Irom the action of malaria by 
nesns of some unctuous triplication, or 
(h1 alone. This opinion was no sooner 
formed, thsji it struck me as a very re- 
msricable clrenmslanee, that the most dis- 
tinctive characteristic in the personal 
habits of the natives of Africa, as con- 
trasted with those of the strangers who 
Titit them, it, that the common custom of 
the one people is to anoint the whole but- 
fsce of their bodies freely, whUe the other, 
on the oontra^, with the aid of soap, are 
at great pains to rHuove everything of the 
kind whieh eren the natoraT secretion of 
the skin pnridea. Bere, then, is a broad 
dig Jnctian between the peisomu habits of 
the two pe(^fr— tlu one anoints, the otbei 



washe*. They are both equally exposed 
to the influwoe of malaria — the one es- 
capes, the other is nearly annihilated. 
The circnmstance now adverted to, though 
snffidently remarkable, would not of itself 
wBTTBttt a conclttrion either way; let us 
MS, therefore^ how it ^^ees with what lias 
bam obatrved in other conntries. 

" It has been noticed in those parts of 
Turkey where the plague (not the same 
ss the African fever certainly, but still a 
fever) is most prevalent, that there is a 
elan of persons who appear to possess an 
immunity from its attacks, in fact <a 
charmed life ;' and this class consists of 
tboas who are engaged in the practical 
part of the oil trade. It is quite impoari- 
ble for these persons to keep themselves 
clean J their clothes imbibe the oil, and 
thev seem consequently to move about 
clad as it were in an armour plegue-proof. 
One more example will suffice: it is the 
hct mentioned as having been observed in 
London at the time of ttie neat plague — 
via,, that no tallow-chandler was known 
to suffsr from it. It has been supposed 
that the effluvium of the melted fat might 
be the cause whv these pcraons escaped 
the destruction which raged around them. 
I am, however, disposed to attach great 
weight to the fact of the clothes of these 
men being in ibe same condition as those 
of the oil traders, because here are exam- 
ples of three totally distinct classes of men 
having no one thing on earth in common 
except greasy skins and freedom fi^m In- 
fection. Surely this cannot be mere 
chwce; indeed, I think it not at all un- 
likely that the practice of anointing, so 
common to several nations of antiquity, 
took its rise irom some ^milar observations 
and experience. It is quite possible that 
the custom may be conttnuea among the 
Africans, even at the present day, from 
some idea of its being conducive to health, 
though more probably all recollection of 
its origin has long been lost. But, what- 
mav b^ or might have been, the 

n why these people anoint themselves 

with oil, it is sumeient for us to note the 
fact and its consequence, and to profit by 
it. 

*' I trust, Sir, I have sud enough to jus- 
tifymyinbudingmyself upon your notice. 
A great and urgent neceaeitv exists, for 
which I propose a remedy, which there Is 
great reason to believe will prove effectual 
— a remedy so simple that all may obtun 
and nse it, for the wonderful goodness of 
God has placed the oil-bearing plants, as 
He has the groat coal beds, in those regions 
where they may be most useful to man- 
kind. As the cleanly habits of Europeans 
may be lomewbat Bno«k«d_a( ^.f^^lp 



THE FBIEm) OF AFRICA. 



morinff clothes Batnratocl with ]Mhii-oil, 
it uavM as well to state, that I do not 
appnlieiid it to be at all neceuaiy to use 
it to any sach extent. The skin will 
retain a certun quantity of oil vbxn 
rabbed in without giving rise to the in- 
eoDvenience of soilmg the dreoL and per- 
haps that might be sufficient ; but, how- 
eTer,theqnantJty,andtheiiio0tconTenient 
mode of ^plying it, ore matters that ooold 
venr toon be ascert^ned by those immedi- 
ately concerned in usii^ it. I would onl^ 
add, that I think it important that it 
should be used in the evening as well as 
in the morning, because it would appear 
that the influeuce of malaria is most 
powerful between the hours of sonset and 
■nniise. Iam,Sir,youi obedient servant, 

" A ScBOBOv,' 
"ChelltiAaajJm. 18, 1842." 



THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 
7b th6 Editor cftht Moonxno IIbuu), 
Sib, — As a very near relative of one of 
those who have &llen, whilst endea- 
vouriD^ to benefit Africa, in the Niger 
Expedition, I am induced as an act of 

S' istice, due alike to the feelings of the 
ving and also to the memory of the 
dead, to ask permission to say a word 
npon the remarks which the 7&n« has 
thought it right to make npon the 
moomful tidings received last week from 
Africa. 

The remarks of tlie 7Vfl>«i are, I think, 
calculated to convey a wrong impression 
to all unacquainted with the subject, of 
the manner in which the Expedition was 
formed \ and therefore, it ought to be 
noderstood, that the Nirer !Lxpedition 
was a eoluntwr one, that the (rallant men 
composing it ofired their services, and, I 
believe, that one of the difficulties en- 
countered at ita outset lay in the selection, 
out of those who volunteered their ser- 
vices, of the men most suitable for its 
purposes. The pain already felt by the 
mends and supporters of the E^cpedition ia 
sufficiently acute, without its Deiiig ag- 
mvated by the idea being spread f£road 
that they entrapped persons into it who 
knew nothing of the nature of the service 
they were entering upon ; and to suppose 
so (which sapposition the remarks alluded 
to would perhaps tend to create} detracts, 
in a measure, from the honour due to ttte 
patient courage and devotion displayed hy 
those who survive, and hy thoee who have 
&llen in the sacred cause of humanity and 
religiou. 

^though, sir, I think that the wrong 
iupies^a might be conreyed hy wh»t 



the Timn has said, yet I can racid; 
think that its Editor mtendsd to eoave; 
such an impresuon; became the psin 
which it is calculated to csuse, he miut 
be well aware, would be likely to inereuR 
the bitterness of the bchiowh of niny of 
those who are at this momeot mauming 
the loBS of near and dear relatives; dm 
many of them (the survivii^f relatiTei) 
are numbered amonsBt the active friends 
who, ^ler much reflection and iuquir;, 
have advocated and supported the ent^ 
prise from its conunencemenL 

It is extremely piunfOl to roe to ob- 
trude myself on the public notice; bet, 
I repeat, as an act of justice due alike b> 
the reelirigs of the living and the revered 
and beloved memory of the dead, i( 
seems to me a duty, in defiance of mf 
own feelings, to do ao.— Inclosing mj 
name and ^dress, I subscribe myse^ Hr. 
EditOT, your obedient humble eervenl, 
Tbe BnoTBBjt OP oNB wao HtS DIH) 

IN THX NiOKB ExFKOinOI'. 



UturiU iXO BAIUINW. 



Cmtaa DftVlH ... ISl UnifMl.l7Bu 

Wbtc Qinh..., 3(lL«uliB..WI>^ 

BCrkoy Bcstle.... 313 UintTg*'> ^^^ 

BUKlBth 

Oansnl Brook .. 



. . Lath . . . , 1S9 TrfTiiift* . 



..FUM.. 



.. UlLi 



II I» 



Subscriptions and Donations are iteeifti 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoare, Etqi 
by Heesrs. Bamett, Hoeree, and Co^ G^ 
Ixtmbaid-street; Messrs. Barclay, Beitn. 
and Co., 64, Lombard-street ; Uem*- 
CouttB and Co., 69, Sti&nd ; Heesn. Dnm- 
monds, Choruw-cross ; Heesn. Banbury, 
Taylor, and I^yd, 60, Lombard.stieet; 
Messrs. Hankeya, 7, Fenchurch-etieei ; 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet-street; si»< 
Messre. Williams, Deacon, and Co., % 
Birchin-kne ; and by the SecrEtai^', the 
Rev. J. M. Trew (to whom all coinmiuu- 
cations relative to the bosinesi of tlie 
Society may be addrened), at the Office 
of the Society, 15, Parliament-street. 



Lomos : PilnUd br Ti 



BicuuIUMW. 




THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



TBS coieienTBE of tbb society for tbe extinction of tbb 

SLAFS TSADE JND FOR TBE CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 
PDBLISRKD MONTHLY. 

No. 17-3 LONDON, MARCH, 1842. Ia!^»"„™ 



V of Ik* PabUe Mind In Ci 
nwMKsr.ltiBi 

LM D(DaktlulnllieN[gw£tpedUlon . 



CONTENTS. 

Sune^iloaindkUTala UicNInrEjqwdltlon .... 4t 
Trim; tgrthsBipii«ita&afth( NO'S Tmto .... U 
H. M. Mcuan- WUbsiforoe. The AduoUe Mncei 41 
Motion of NMBoidu. Th« AtnriglnHBoiileV.. 41 
" ■ MMlAU 44 



AWAKENING OF THE PUBUC MIND IN CUBA. 
Thb accounts which have reached thLs country from the Island of Cuba 
at various times during the last twelvemunth, have given rise to a con- 
fident expectation that the day is not distant when uat " Queen of the 
Antilles" shall no longer he obnoxious to the terrible judgment which 
God has denounced agiunst the mystic Babylon : — " Her sins have 
reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquitiea. 
Iteward her even a^ she rewarded you, and double unto her double, 
according to her works ; in the cup which she hath £lled fill to Iier 
double." (Rev. xviii. 5, 6.) Our readers cannot have forgotten two 
remarkable Memorials which were published in the eighth and eleventh 
numbers of this Periodical, both of them emanating from influential 
bodies of the Cuban community, and both reprobating, in the very 
strongest terms, the longer continuance of the African Slave IVade. 
Nor have these been the only expressions of public opinion upon this 
question of (in Cuba at least) all-absorbing interest. Nut only were 
other documents of a similar character drawn up and presented about 
the same time, some to the Colonial and some to the Home Govern- 
ment, but as we were informed by a correspondent of the Anti- 
Slavery Society*, various " corporations as well as distinguished indivi- 
duaifi, to whom the Captain-General addressed himself" on a late 
occasion (of which by and by), sent in rephes, " without antf ex- 
ertion decidedly favourable to the suppression of the Slave Trade" 
One large and infiuential body, the Royal Patriotic Society, composed 
of some of the chief citizens in the Havannah, even had " tlie 
boldness and liberality" to declare itself in favour, not only of the 
excision of this monstrous evil, but also of " the preparation of the 
public mind for the cessation of slavery itself." 

It is most gratifying to know that these in^cations of an improved 
tone of feeling amongst tbe Spanish colonists generally, are mainly to 
be attributed to the energetic remonstrances, the persevering efforts, and 
above all, the noble and self-denying example of Great Britain. With 
re^^d to this last we shall but say, that the day which saw the British 

• S«. JiVwsd ^ J/rtM, No. 16. i.dbyGoOgle 

VOL. ir. D 



3D THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. {Mixca, 

Slave Trade abolished, rendered certain not only its destruction, but the 
destruction of slavery also all over the world. The tree of liberty was 
then planted — its growth and maturity became thenceforth merely 
questions of time. Let it not, however, be said, that the subsequent 
efforts of our country have been either unnecessary, or expended in 
vain. The attention which the subject has excited throughout every 
nation and in every cabinet of Europe, ia a proof to the contrary. The 
recent treaty for ttie more effectual suppression of the Slave Trade, and 
the measures now understood to be in progress in France, for the amelio' 
ration and ultimately for the emancipation of the slave, afford evidence to 
the contrary — the agitation of the question in Holland and Denmark, 
nay, in Spain itself — the fierce but not doubtful conflict between the 
abolitionist and the slave-dealer now either actually begun or on the eve 
of beginning in the Brazils, in Dutch Guiana, and in Cuba, and duly 
rolling on a deeper and broader tide in the United States, — all these, 
to say nothing of successful efforts at sea and on the Coast of Africa, 
are plain and incontrovertible evidences to the contrary. To advert to 
a special instance, one of the latest which has come to our knowledge, 
what was it, let us ask, that called forth the expression of "the public 
mind" in Cuba, which the correspondent of the Anti-Slavery Society 
described } 

It was the demand made some time ago by the British Govcmmnt 
upon the Government of Spain, and transmitted by the latter to the Cap- 
tain-General, to be furnished with an account of the twenty-five thousand 
Africans apprenticed in the Colony during the last ten years. This 
demand, at once so just and reasonable, seeing that British money ind 
British life had been expended in their deliverance from tlie slave- 
ship, occasioned an agitation, from which everything was and is to be 
hoped for in Cuba, 

With a fettered press — a conscience hardened by long habituation 
to guilt on the one hand, and misery on the other — and what is more 
appalling still, the constant and all-pervading, though unseen influence 
of a mighty demon, ever dragging in his train insurrection and blood- 
shed, blazing cane-fields and ruined homes, anything that has power 
to rouse the miserable inhabitants to something like a hopeful effort 
for deliverance from such grinding and crushing thraldom, must needs 
be counted for a blessing. Had we, therefore, no more in view than 
the ^od of the Cuban slave owners themselves, we should rejoice, 
nay it were impossible not to rejoice, in the demand made by the 
British Government. But when we consider that that demand was con- 
nected directly with the happiness of some thousands of A&icans besides, 
indirectly with that of some hundreds of thousands, and yet more 
remotely with that of millions, we cannot but offer thanksgiving to 
God for putting it into the hearts of those whose station gave them 
both the right and the power to take order for the protection of the 
innocent, and tiie calhng of the guilty to account. We trust thew 
is not a Briton (we are sure there is not one possessing a true British 
spirit) within the free shores of our native land, who legnts a single 
effort which his country has put forth in behalf of the wronged and 
suffering African ; or who womd have her slacken her exertions, or abate 
her «eal, while there remains a single bolt upon the door which keeps 
" liberty from die captive, and the opening of the prison from them that 
are bound." 



1812.] 



' -THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



dl 



THE NIGER, ITS BRANCHES 
AND TRIBUTARIES. 



mp.H.J 

"The Su;,or Market of Kui6, is well 
supplied with every necessar; and luiuiy 
in request among the people of the iote- 
rior. There is do market in Africa so 
irelt reflated. The Sheikh of the 
Sag lets the italls at to much a month, 
and the rent forms a part of the reve- 
Dim of the governor. He alao fixes 
the prices of all wares, for which he ii 
entitled to a small commission. There 
ii another custom, regulated with equal 
certainty, and in universal practice ; the 
seller returns to the buyer a stated part 
of the price, by way of blessing as they 
term i^ or of luck-penny, according to 
Dur less devout phraseolc^. This is a 
discount of two per cent, on the pur* 
chase-money; butif the bargain is made 
in a hired house, it is the landlord 
who recaiveatheluck-penn?'. Particu- 
lar quarters are aasignea to distinct 
articles; tha smaller wares being set in 
booths in the middle, and cattle and 
bulky commoditdes in the outskirts of 
tbe market-place. The interior is filled 
nith stalls of bamboo, laid out in regular 
streets ; where the most costly wares 
are sold, and articles of dress, and other 
little matters of uso or ornament made 
sod repaired. Bands of musicians 
parade up and down, to attract pur- 
cbsBers to particular booths. 

" The market is crowded from sunrise 
to sunset everv day, not excepting their 
Snbbsth, which is kept on Friday. The 
merchants understand the benefits of 
moDopoly u well as any people in the 
'vorld; they take good care never to 
overstock the market, and if any thing 
falls in price, it is immediately with- 
drawn for a few days. It is regulated 
with the great«st fairness, and the regu- 
lations are strictly and impartially en- 
forced. Ifatobe,orturkadee,purchased 
here, is carried to Bomu, or any dis- 
tant place, without being opened, and ie 
then discovered to be of inferior qiulityi 

' TbecnmDOj k aompoHd of cowria and dallari. 
1'faniiii^Hiat Upper Siidin, barter, nunubctiind 
'™lut^ald, cowriea, sud ■ thio gold coin, called tbn 
nilitoi, (flu Dalionil coin oT BKat ot th« Arabiail 
aoATutkiahHinaniiiieDB,) ot Ugb •utiqiiUT', aid 
"Dtth about 111. imliiiB, fivm tba 1^ tradan. 
In JliUoQ and Oanao, gold-dust ia naad iaatewL 



it is immediately sent back as a matier 
of course, the name of the dylala, or 
broker, being written inside every par- 
cel. In this case, the dyUiia must find 
out the seller, who, by the laws of Kan6, 
must forthwith refund the purchase- 
money'." 

ClappertoQ was solidted by some 
resident merchant Arom Ohadamis, to 
take supplies of goods or money to any 
amount, for his bill on our consul at 
Tripoli, which accommodation, however, 
he did not happen to require. 

Kan6 is famous for its spinning, 
saving, and dveing establishments, as 
well as ^r tannmg, and the manufacture 
of leathern jars. It might form, per- 
'laps, a better post for Europeans than 
taxatfi, as its purely commercial cha- 
racter preserves it from the disturbing 
jealousies of neighbouring tribes. The 
weather was found to be cold in the 
ith of February, and a fire required, 
and any unheal thinesB in the city seems 
to depend upon local causes, which a 
residence at a little distance might 
effectually remove. 

Southward of Kanl5, a road traversed 
by its merchants leads through a beau- 
tiful country, and several populous 
towns, to the great market of Kuttup. 
From this place it runs over a range of 
lofty bills to the city of Jak6bah, to 
which Lander was pressingly invited by 
its sovereign, whom he met in H<[usa'. 
Thence it descends to Fandah, and 
reaches the Chadda- 

V. The Nioer above the Ferry. 
From Comie to Busah the bed of the 
river is full of rocks and islands, which 
inhabited and cultivated, 
and to wtich our manufactures have 
already penetrated. Narrow and deep 
channels intersect these natural bar- 
riers, through which the current rushes 
1th fearful velocity. 
The banks ore covered with shaggy 
woods, which stretch far inland, and 
e tenanted by elephants, buffaloes, 
_ id an ancient tribe of pagans, termed 
Kambri, by all accounts the aborigines 

II tS,— Ha feniid hna Eng- 

... ^ ... mhrellM, bton^l by way ot 

Ghi^raii tioiii llw Medilerrancao. 

' Unbrtunauly, wiiliin half a daj'i joomcy ot 
Uiit town, b« «ai tunted back by tbe Zagxag 
^nger*. Jakobab baa a cmaidenlbia trado in 
lony, lued for tinging the Bj»Wa- 

o 2 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[lUuiB, 



of the country, a mild and harmless 
race of husbandmen and fishers, the 
frequent prey of their artful and un- 
scrupulous neig'hhours. 

Just below Btisah, the Menai, a slow 
and gloomy stream, twenty yards broad, 
and two fathoms deep, pours lazily in. 

Opposite the town, which lies on the 
western bank, the narrowed channel of 
the river is agitated by ripples and 
eddies, and black rugged rocks rise 
abruptly from its centre. On one of 
these the vessel of the ill-fated Park 
was shattered after the death of its 
owner, the precise spot of whose de- 
struction is still pointed out by the 
natives*. 

Biisah, a town of some 10,000 in- 
, habitants, derives its chief importance 
from the influence which its ancient 
monarchy seems to exercise over all the 
neighbouring states, whether Moslem 
or Kafir, (ruiking next tp the sovereign 
of Bom(i,J and the advantageous sta- 
tion which it may perhaps be thought to 
present for the carrying on of trade 
beyond the rapids of the Niger. In 
itself, however, it is, perhaps, of all the 
surrounding states the poorest and 
feeblest*, and for all future purposes it 
would seem at present that Y&uri is 
likely to be far preferable. 

Within sight of the town of Garni- 
cassa, live miles north of Biisah, all 
the branches of the Niger meet, and 
form a magnificent body of water, at 
least seven or eight miles in width, 
although some of its side channels are 
still broken by rocks and sandbanks 
high as Kagoji, three or four miles 
further on, and numerous islands are 
constantly appearing. 

Opposite to Gamicassa lies Wa 
the most celebrated market in t 
Yiuri province of Engarski, which 
attended by thousands of people from 
Yauri, Biisah, Wawa, and other parts, 
and is noted for its extreme cheapness. 
The banks of the river, lined with fields 
of corn and Kambri villages, present a 

* Tha bUoroarcouatiymmliubeni, 
bnwiinil ID thflir ucceHdn. Atucked. 

nept ott LbouiuuU irilb thvir king, Ibe pn 

uiicn :— " Da not hurt (ha irhitsmon, 1«t jau paiiih 

Uks the people of BuHh!"—LiHDiii,i.,14S. 

* I.A.1DIS. ii., lOT^The ntllgfon Upuwi, 
tt«kiDgi,OBhewlorih« Pa(£*o[ JTWfl 



which 



.pleasing prospect till we arrive at the 
large fishing town of Sdld. 

A short way ftulher on, the lait 
difficulty appears in a formidable lii^t 
of black rocks (the bed of a mountain 
gorge,) which runs directly across the 
stream, leaving in the dry season but 
narrow passage through which the 
water rushes with great impetnosity. 
During the rains, however, they are 
completely covered', and beyond tbem 
rocks, islands, and sandbanks terminate, 
and it is probable that no other place 
at all BO dangerous exists upon the 
Niger. Leaving the river, and travers- 
ing a country, first barren, and then 
covered with plantations of rice, com, 
indigo, and cotton, for a distance of 
eight miles, Yfiuri is seen extending in 
an immense circuit over the plun, with 
its lofty walls and eight vaat iron-plated 
gates. Populous itself as any other 
city in the whole continent, ana seated 
in the midst of a large, fiourishing, and 
united kingdom, which the Pilfiahi 
have hitherto invaded' in vain, possess- 
ing also many domestic manufactures 
of a superior kind', its consequence is 
raised still higher by its central posi- 
tion on the great north-eastern road 
from Kumfisi and the neighbouring 
provinces to Sakatfi, and so to the e«st, 
west, and north, of Upper Sfid^n. 

Turning to the S.W. from Yfiuri, the 
route leads through Niki, (alresdv 
mentioned,) beyond which lies the level, 
cultivated, and populous country of Di- 
gomba. Here, as Dupuiswas informed, 
it passes by the chief towns of Zogho, 
a place of vast importance from its 
commercial and political relations with 
every nation from Hausa to the seij 
and of Yandi, which is reported to be 
four times as large as Kum^i, inhabited 
by a most enterprising and commerdil 
people, and celebrated for its riches and 
manufactures. 

This city forms a depdt and periodi- 
cal mart for the abundant gold* and 



SreT7 obstacle, indeed, w 



Jntunad b«<wHB Vaui. 



Buaah, NuA, and Fuidah. 



bond there fnnn Cairo. 

■ The richau miiMi in Africa ■» ban, ft^Breie 
oinstMinljlndapUi. SonMaflliahisfaiMB <>T 



1842.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



33 



JTarv of Sarem and Aibioti, the cotton 
zoom, carpets, trinkets, and cutlery of 
HiiiM,andtl)e manufactures of Fezian, 
Eg^t, and Smyrna. On this road we 
crow lofty anow-capped mountains, and 
a lar^ river whose banks abound in 
Tsloable game. 

NmI comes Saiga, the principal mar- 
ket town of Inta, capital of the province 
properly called Gunjah, less than Yandi, 
bntlargertkanKumfisi, and of consider- 
able commercial importance. Plunging 
from the open champaign of the eastern 
pTOTinces into the dense forests of As- 
ointi, one of the eight great highways* 
of the state, leads us to the well-known 
dty of KumtCsi, 100 miles from the 
•ettlement of Cape Coast. 

The entire length of this road, (per- 
bapi 600 miles) is as well beaten and 
■afe as any in Africa, and is constantly 
traversed by the Ashintis and surround- 
ing tribes, by Hausans, Bomuese, Bor- 
gnese, natives of the Desert, of Tunis 
and Tripoli, Morocco, Fee, Tafilelt, 
Cairo, Medina, and Mecca, in caravans 
of 800 or 1000, with numerous trains 
of camels and horses. Along this 
track Europeans might safely travel; 
the Moslem sovereigns of Dagomha 
and Gunja have expressed, it is sud, 
an ardent wish for free communica- 
tions with the whites; and Dupuis was 
infonned, that except in Benin and 
Dahomey, the names of the Kings 
of England and Asb&nti would carry 
him in security to the very banks of 
the Kaw&-a. He suggests the open- 
ing of weekly and monthly markets at 
the English settlements on the Gold 
Coast, to which the permission of the 
King of AshEtnti would of itself be suffi- 
cient to draw a crowd of traders from 
the interior; but under the present re- 
lations of that powerful country to our 
own, and with the probable innnence of 
the young princes lat«ly gone out, we 
may perhaps not despair in seeing such 
a market fixed in the capital itseUF, and 

DnpuBircig^lbncpoiuidi. Ten DuoMiidiUTM 
*ra toflajii inpioeiiTuig it on Ihe Bura, in tha 
niny mnini liia gnMc part i« »eat In Nilil, 
■ ' ' — IT drenlals 



n much aupeiioT,] inlind, In TUiow dinc- 



extending it may be still further to the 
interior. 

But this is not all, — the lines of com- 
munication do not stop here, — another 
road leads almost due north to a town 
called Gdrma, the capital of a powerful 
kingdom, near which it seems to fall in 
with the track from Sakatu to Masina, 
(west of the Jaliba,) described by Sul- 
tan Bello's schoolmaster'*. By this 
road, although circuitous, Dupuis men- 
tions that many go to HStusa, probably 
account of the commercial habits of 
the people who dwell upon it. 

A still more interesting route is that 
to Jenne, the capital of Masina, and a 
place of ancient and extensive commer- 
cial importance. Noted so early as the 
eleventh century for its cotton manufac- 
tures, and its trade in gold and salt, ' 
Jenne still maintains the high reputa- 
tion of the great kingdom of Melli. 
Situated on an islaodformed by a branch 
of the Niger, it presents a varied scene 
of bustle and animation; numerous 
caravans of merchants every day arriv- 
ing and departing with every article of 
use or ornament. 

" In going round the market," says 
Gallic, "I observed some shops pretty 
well stocked with European commodi- 
ties, which sell at a very high price. 
There was a great variety of cotton 
goods, printed muslin, scarlet cloth, 
hardware, flints, &c. Nearly the whole 
of these articles appear to be of EnglUh 
manufacture." 

This route, as laid down by Abii 
Bekr of Tomhoktiij passes by Buntokii, 
the capital of Gaman, through the fer- 
tile and populous country of Kong, 
where the mountain chain of the same 
name is crossed, by Kew^i, famous for 
its asses, and through an agricultural 
district to the Niger, a distance of per- 
haps 600 miles. 

Jenne is within an easy distance of 
the still larger-town of Sego, so warmly 
described by Park, (from which there 
seems no insuperable difficulty in open- 
ing a communication with the British 
settlements on the Gambia",) and of 

" This reMsrkalile rcmlo unilm 'Viiiri with 
leant, thmigli tbo letj cepln uf the iuterior, 

1' In Itm, IP Bltcmpl Ku mHle b; Ihe nrr- 
chanta on tlie Gunbis u nlabllih ■ wUn oomnu- 
oicalicm with TnidD, ind bj iLufila nlth Seeo, bul 



» 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Maa, 



Toiiiboktu, whioh brings us round agun 
to Yauri. 

A little to the northvard of Yl!im"t 
the river Kubbi, leading to tbe town 
of the ume name, falls in, and still 
further on, the considerable stream of 
the Zinoi is supposed to unite itself 
with the Kawara. 

Vram this point we have no distinct 
knowledge of the country until we arrive 
by a N.£. route at the metropolis of 
the FiUtahs, the noted city of Sakatu. 
Built by the leader of the Filatah inva- 
sion, the learned Sheikh Othman Dan- 
fodiO) after the conquest of Guber and 
Zamfra, (about the year 1805,) this 
capital has been much extended by his 
son Bello, and is now perhaps the larg- 
est and toast populous town in the 
interior of Africa. Standing in a 
pleasant situation, on tbe summit of a 
gently rising hill, overlooking the river 
Zirmii surrounded with a high and 

toDH canul drciuulaDeM, «eb«UaTS, pnnntod ili 



■mgn d>j of 3A mUcs, irould b* pctfaipi lU niln. 



strong wall, and laid out in regular wsll- 
built streets, with a population estimated 
at 120,000, Sakatii prasuiU hi ap- 
pearance of quiet importance, more im* 
posing, perhaps, if not «o eDlivening u 
the busy stir of Kan6 or KulfiL 

Trade was, indeed, interrupted b; 
the disturbed state of the country, at 
tbe time of Clapperton's visits, yet the 
daily market was well supplied witli 
goora nuts and gold from Ashinlii 
calicoes and woollen cloth, with brsss 
and pewter dishes, and some ipicH, 
from Nufi; unwrought silk, otto of 
roses, spices, and beads, brought by the 
Arabs" from Tripoli and Ghadamii; 
and salt, ostrich skins, horses, dates, 
and Moorish goods, by the Tuariki fbm 
the Desert ; which are eichanged for 
com, civet, leather, and while and blue 
check tobes, manufactured by their 
Nufi slaves, 

Slaves an both imported and ex- 
ported. 



[T'o b§ oiMtinutii.'] 



The following ia an Abstract of tbe List of Deaths of OmoBaa and Msv belongiag to 
the NioER ExrwiTiOK, after the departure of the Vessels &«m ^gland. 































CoutFsTiT 


ALBERT. 


WILBERFORCE. 


SOLUAN. 


< 


1 


■»■.. 


i 


! 


-■K. 


i 


1 


fi 


i 


1 


1 


1 


1 


i 


19 






"i 
i 


■i 


1 

T 
1 


"t 

'■'■ 


.. .. 


is 


i 

M 
t 

s 


EO-Kla of cliit.'.U « won-out 

as.::::::::::::::::;; 






7 


is 


1. 


Mi 1 


' 


2j 


10 


S 


« 


■■ 


" 


tf 



Number of daj> M the moatli of Iho Rive 


witUio 


*.«ST. 


.:l»s„>».. 


WIDll. 


«a 


• 
30 




at 




TotelnitBherof lUTiinlboRiTCT 


fli 


*> , 


ID 










'■A 



im] 



THE FBIEHD OF AFRICA. 



SLAVERY IN CUBA. 
In tba opening article of onr pment 
omnber we have made some remarks 
upoD tbe improved tone of feeling wbicli 
bu bcfun to manifest itaelf amongst 
tbe plantera of Cuba, relative to tlie 
lobject of n^pro slavery. We haveap- 

eed to some interesting facts which 
1 cone to onr knowledge at various 
lituei daring the last twelvemonthi in 
proof of tbe awakening which is taking 
place throughout the island, not only to 
the danger, but also to the guilt and 
misery of society, constituted as it now 
ii, in that unfaappy place. These indi- 
cations of an approaching change for 
the hatter we hail ourselves, and we 
call npon our readers to hail, with 
thankfulness to Almighty God. 

Thst it is the dnty of those who en- 
joy tbe blessings of freedom themselvei 
to lose no opportunity of promoting 
their diffuuon in Cuba especially, the 
following account of the present condi- 
tion of its slave population, furnished 
by awell-informed witness, Dr. Madden, 
cannot fail to coavince tbe most acep- 
ticat. 

"With rwpect to my own experienoe, 
ilarery in Cnba is more destructiTB to 
human bfe, more pernicious to society, 
depwJing to the dave, and debasing to the 
master, more fatal to health and happiness 
tim M onv other tlm»-holdiitg comtry on 
tie face of Oe habitable ffloie. Instances of 
cnielty liave come to my knowledge, of 
tiiB murder of negroes perpetrated with 
impunity— of men literally scourged to 
death— of women torn fi^jm their child- 
ren,— of estates where an aged negro is 
not to be aeen— where tbe females do not 
form a third part of the slave population 
nay, of eatates where there is not a singli 
feDiale—of labour in the time of crop oi 
the sugar properties being twenty con 
tinned hours, frequently for upwards of 
six months in the year, seldom or never 
nnder five, and of Iba seneral imprsa- 
Mon prevailing on this subject, and gene- 
rally acted on by the proprietors, that four 
hours' sleep is sufficient for a slayo, 

" These cases, «r, were I to bring them 
before yon without a shadow of colour- 
ing to heighten the effect of the naked 
outline, would, I am pereuaded, cause 
you to marvel that such thmgs could be 
in a Cbristian lend — could occur in the 
present age — could be done by men who 
-moved in society, who are tolerated in it, 
nd beat the name and wear the garb ol 



gentiemen ; by a people, in short, prefer which they relate. 



sing the religion of Christ, and daring to 
couplo the sanctity of that name wiUi 
rapme, murder, and the living death of 
slavery itself." 

THE CASE OF THE CREOLE. 
The circumstances relatiug to the 
American brig Creole, or rather to the 
slaves whom she was conveying from 
Norfolk, United States, to New Orleans, 
have exdted an extraordinary sensation 
both in this country and amongst our 
transatlantic neighbours. Nor can we 
wonder at this, when we consider, not 
only the immediate questions of inter- 
national law to which the facts of the 
case have given rise, but also the influ- 
ence which those facts must, as a matter 
of course, exert over the institution of 
slavery itself, and more directly still, 
over the internal Slave Trade, in the 
great western Republic. It will hence- 
forth be known to every victim of op- 
pression from the Potomac to the Mis- 
sissippi, that in certain islands not very 
distant from his own unnatural mother- 
earth, on which God has lavished the 
richest bounties of his providence, and 
where man enjoys all the dignities and 
immunilies which belong to that honour- 
able estate, the wretched may find con- 
solation, and the outcast a home, — 
consolation administered by those, who 
not ignorant of misery themselves, have 
learned to succour the miserable; and 
a home which no slave-driver ever 
dares to pollute with his odious pre- 
sence, and over which the arm of a free 
and mighty nation extends her protect- 
ing shield. Such knowledge as this 
cannot fail to contribute its full share 
towards bringing about the consumma- 
tion for which we, in common with 
every one not warped by prejudice or 
blinded by self-interest, devoutly and 
ardently pray. 

To the man who participates in these 
sentiments, an abstract of certain pro- 
ceedings which took place in the House 
of Lords relative to the Creole, on tbe 
14th of February, cannot fail to afford 
the very highest gratification. Before 
however we notice these proceedings, it 
may be well to furnish our readers with 
a rapid sketch of the chief features of 
■' 'mportant and interesting case to 



byGoogle 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Marcs, 



On the 30th of last October, the brig 
Creoh sailfd from Hompton Roads, 
Virginia, with a cai^ consisting of 
sundry box eB of tobacco and 135 slaves. 
Her destination was New Orleans, in 
the State of Louisiana. During the 
first week of ber being at sea, every 
thing was favourable, and seemed to 
promise a speedy and profitable issue to 
the voyage. But these pleasing expec- 
tations were doomed to sudden disap- 
pointment; for on the night of Novem- 
ber the 7t1i, nineteen of the slaves got 
possession of the ship, having over- 
powered, with little difficulty, the slight 
resistance which their jailors were able 
to offer, (the life of one white inan, a 
passenger, being sacriGced in the fiay,) 
and compelled the reluctant crew to 
navigate her to the port of Nassau, 
in the British island of New Provi- 
dence. Our limited apace prohibits us 
from entering into the particulars of the 
contest, which ended in this result. Let 
it sufflce to observe, that even on 
showing of their adversaries, the negroes 
stand acquitted, not only of all acts of 
violence, except such as were indispens- 
able to tbe achievement of their liberty, 
but also of having been the first to en- 
gage in tbe struggle. 

On the 8th of November the Creole 
made the light of Abaco, and 
boarded shortly afterwards by a pilot, 
who carried her into the harbour of 
Nassau. Gifford, the mate, then went 
on shore and accompanied the United 
States consul to the governor, for the 
purpose of requesting his interference 
in order to the restoration of the vessel 
and its cargo, living as well as lifeless, 
to tbe American owners. After hear- 
ing their statement, tbe Governor 
determined to place a guard of twenty- 
four soldiers, under the command of 
Captain Fitzgerald, on board the brig. 
Evidence was then taken by the magis- 
stratcs of Nassau relative to the acts 
of piracy and murder said to have 
been committed by tbe nineteen in 
gents. Upon these charges they were 
carried ashore, and committed to pri- 
son, while their companions, to the 
number of 116, were declared "froe,aud 
at liberty to go on shore, and where- 
c\ er lliey pleased." It should be men. 
tioncd here, that the nineteen prisoners 



I informed at the period of their 
commitment, that it vas not the inten- 
tion of the local anthorities \o bring 
them to immediate trial, but to refer 
their case home for the decision of 
the British Government. Against these 
proceedings Ensor, the master of tbe 
Creole, entered a vehement protestt 
demBnding_/fr«l that certain volunteers 
from tbe crews of two American ships, 
then in the port, should be allowed to 
take armed poseessioa of his vessel and 
her cargo in behalf of the owners, and 
next, that the accused negroes should 
be sent to the United States, there to 
undergo their trial. The American 
consul, who had previously conducted 
himself in a most disgraceful manner*, 
joined with Ensor in his protest and 
demand, but the governor was not to 
be moved from the course which ho 
had wisely resolved to follow, and dis- 
missed tbem both with a dvit refusal. 
On the I9th of November the CreoU 

' We gboald dwplj pHvn lo mtk» ■ diarge or 
IhB urioiu nilun asunU an; ™>. ^t npecullj 
KgBLOiit H pmon holcing » impoiluit ui office m 
th«t of irpicKaladTB of s fbrcigD^rreiitiDflnt, opoa 
light or inaufficient aroundi). Ilia IbUmii^ ei. 
iricU. howntr, ttaai Uic pmtnt of iha niMs ud avw 
of ths CttoIi iprmr lo lu » oodcIubtb igsiat lbs 

UI7 tluit Ihfl Rritiah Govsmniiint should do longn 
xva^ise him in bis officio] cHpsdt^. 

"About two or- Ihreo hours after ths btigrcAchfld 
NsHuit Captain Woodude. of Ifae barqaa Louim, 
vi'IAIAe Atnrricancmiul.ciiaiiioa boai^ aod i( wu 
agned that CapUun WmdMda. with u meoj of hii 
aew K could 1m ipanid, and the accond male and 
four ullon of tbe brig Cmma. ihoald caue ou 
board with utdb, and vitb the o&an and crev of 
the CmU, ntcue Uie biiK from the BriUih officer 
then in coouDutd, and conducl bcr to Indian Rej, 
whero there irai a United Slatea veuel of war. 

Jiod erery daj with Captain woodnde. the cvnmut, 
and Ihc officers of tlie C'oRfrf u^ and the whole plan 
wasartanged," Tho writm iben go on to rdaieao 
ituane allempt made hj Woodude and hia porlj tn 
effect their illegal purpcae. which met. of eourae, 
with prompt reautance and dol^t from (he British 
officer and Iroopa in i^harge of Jie Vrtalt- In the 
oooraeof the nuratiun. we are informed that," ereiT 
eflbrt had been made in mnccrf ailh (hi ranni Is 
yuTchati unu ofihe Uralrrt at A'ainu.bul tba7all 
refbacd to aell/' and abcetl; anerwarda that, " the 
offifera and crew o( theZ«uflaaild tbsC'oivrTa,ajid 
Oit Amtriam amtul, urrt warmly inlirriird m Ikt 
plan, and ercij thing possible wai done for Ita tQC> 

la none of the comnMnt* which hare been mad* 
bj the public prinla upoa Uia case oftbe Crr^rlt, han 
we teen tbiagriMTiDlaiion of hia duir by the Ana- 



THE FaiEWD OF AFRICA. 



37 



Hiled from New Frovidence, croseing 
ihelw of the MiBsiBsippi, &Dd arriving 
at New Orleans on the 2nd of Decem- 
ber. 

It is from a statement drawn up by a 
notary public of New Orleans, and 
nhscribed bj the mate and crew, (the 
naiter having remained at Nassau on 
Mcount of wounds which he received 
in the struggle with the negroes,) that 
the particulars just recounted have been 
githered. The testimony is therefore 
such as cannot be suspected of partiality 
lowards either the late slaves of the 
CrtaU, or the public functionaries of the 
British colony. 

We tnrc now with rincere pleasure 
to the proceedii^ already referred to 
■s having taken place in the House of 
Lords, on the 14th of February. The 
distinct and manly statement of the 
Earl of Aberdeen is worthy of a British 
miiuiler', and deserves the gratitude and 
thanks of every right-thinking member 
of the conununity. 

Tn Cask or tbe Ckeolr av Nassac. 
fftme o/Lordi, Feb. 14. 
Lord Srowham sud, he had now b_ 
bring under tne notice of their Lordships 
the motion of which he had givan notice 
on a former evening, for the production of 
any correspondence which might have 
taken place l)etween his noble friend 
(the Earl of Aberdeen) opposite, and the 
American Govemmentas to theshipO«>fc. 
Whether any Buch coixespoDdence existed 
he knew not; but if there did, he was not 
aware that any objection could be niade 
to its prodnction. If, however, his noble 
friend liad an; objection to tbe productJon 
of the papers at present, he would not 
press his motion. In bringing this sub- 
ject under the consideration of their Lord- 
ships, he would state, that ^nce he had 
mentioned the subject on the first night 
of the session, he had again considered it 
in all its bearings, and after having con- 
salted all the authorities rejecting it, not 
in the expectation that he could find any- 
thing which could alter the opinion ne 
bad given on the first evening, out to see 
whether any thing in the shape of adonbt 
conld present itself ; nothing of the kind 
had occurred to him. On the contrary, 
the more he considered it, the mors con- 
firmed he felt ill his first opinion, as to 
the absence of right on the part of one 
nation to demand of another a subject who 
had taken refuge in it, having committed, 
or being chaiiged with, or even convicted 



of an offence, in the nation claiming him. 
The noble lord then entered into a length- 
ened sraument to establish the gronnds on 
which he hod formed this deliberate judg- 
ment, and concluded with bringing for- 
ward the motion of which he had giv^i 
notice. 

The Earl of Alerdem b«wged to statfc 
in answer to the question of his noble and 
learned friend, tbet communications had 
taken place between Her H^esty 's Govern- 
ment and the government of the Bahamas 
on the subject to which his motion re- 
ferred ; and perhaps his noble and learned 
friend would not press his motion at the 

Fireaent stSKe of the transaction, when be 
nformed the House what had been the 
course porsued by the Government on the 
subject. Ah their Lordships might well 
imagine, the government nad given to 
tbe case its most serious consideration, 
and had availed itself of all the legal as- 
sistance which was desirable respecting it, 
and they bad come to the conclusion, thnt 
by the laws of this country there was no 
machinery, or authority, for bringing those 
persons to trial for mutiny or murder, 
and still leas for delivering them up. Ac- 
cordingly orders were sent out oy the 
Secretory for the Colonies, for releawng 
those persons who had hitherto been 
detuned. It was posuble that tliere 
might exist some law in our West 
Indian colonies, by which those parties 
might be brought to trial. If so, it could 
be acted on, but he must aay, that he wsa 
not aware of the existence of any snch ; 
and if it did not exist, orders had been 
sent to discharge the men. 

Lord Dcnman said, that as his noble 
and learned friend had put off this motion 
from Fridny, in consequence of his ab- 
sence, be felt called upon to offer a few 
words on it. He believed he might bbt, 
that all Westminster-hall, including the 
jndicial bench, were of tbe same opinion 
as that now expressed by the noble earl, 
(of Aberdeen,) and by hie noble and 
learned friend near him, that there was 
nothing in the law of England which 
would authorize its government in givinr 
np persons who had been charged with 
crimes in a foreign state, and eonght re- 
fuge here. Nay more, it was perfectly 
clear that an alien, seized iu this country 
for a crime allc^^ to have been com- 
mitted in a foreign country, might resist 
with force the party attempting to make 
the seizure, and if the resistance ended in 
the loss of his life, the seizinff parties 
might be tried for murder, and, if con- 
victed, might be executed. However 
desirable it might be to have some red- 
procal municipal law subwsting betfraei^ 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[MilCB, 



nfttioiu on the lubject of oriminil offend- 
era, he (Lord Bemoan) hoped that he 
should never see the day when ve 
should be called on to act aa policemen or 
KHoIera to thoH who sought refiige on our 
shores. Ab to the Mnons to whoea can 
this motion referred, he would my, that 
he was glad to find 100 of his fellow-meu 
rescuing thamaelrei iroin the d^^rading 
state of slavery. On the geneml question 
of tltis Government not having- power to 
deliver up those men, he repeated, that 
he had no doubt whatever. 

Lonit Campbell and CottmAam, and the 
Zord Ckane^lor, followed on uie same 
Dido, supporting and substantiating the 
arguments of the preceding speakers. 

Lord Broughcua then said, that he had 
reason to know that the noble and learned 
lords, one of whom had been Chief Justice 
of the Common Ploaa, and the other, who 
was now the Chief Baron of tlie Exche- 
quer, entertained opinions similar to those 
which he and his noble and learned friend 
bad expressed on this subject. He would 
now, with leave of the House, withdraw 
his motion. 

We cannot dismiu the important 
case which has thus far occupied our 
attention, until we have placea on re- 
cord, in our pages, the following opinion 
expressed in reference to it by the en- 
lightened and noble-minded Judge Jay, 
of the United States, in a letter ad- 
dressed by him to Mr. Joseph Sturge. 
" Our alave-holden are In great wrath, 
and maan, if possible, to terrify your 
Government into a surrender of the nine* 
teen murderers, that thev may be sus- 
pended from Southern giboets i» lenvrem. 
They will no doubt be demanded in 
peremptory temu by our Minister in 
Losdon, In my opinion their surrender 
would be moat disgraceful to Great Britain, 
most cruel, wicked, and puiillanimous. 
Admittingthem to tomnrdeiati, by what 
law is your GoTemment authoritad to 
send to the United States nineteeen human 
being! to be put to deathl The law of 
nations doea not require it. We made a 
treaty with you in X7M, by which each 
party agreed to sarrender murderers; hut 
. that treaty has espit«d, and sinoe then w 
AoM rt/iued to tarrmder tntirdMtri at tAe 
rmiett o/yovr Oonemmmt, as in the case 
of the two Bombees, who fled to this 
country ^m Ireland, and in the caaa of 
one Holmes, who committed a verv atro- 
cious murder in Canada. Also in toe case 
of the Amitiad negroes, we refused to sur- 
render the allied murdereia to the 
Spanish HinisUr. Still, if you cannot 
sarrender them aa murderers, can yon a* 



fugittM tiavit? If yon suirmdtr that 
men, on what plea con you oSbrd pntec- 
tion to the 12,000 fugitives m Canada! 

" Have we a right to claim favonis we 
do not reciprocate? There is no law autho- 
rizing the surrender of a foieign fogitive, 
and 90 far have we been hitherto from 
claiming the surrender by^OQ offngitives 
as a right, that we once ofitied to agree to 
surrender fugitives from your West lodis 
islands, provided and on conditbn tlist 
you would bind youreelves by treaty te 
surrender auch slaves as might flee to 
Canada. 

I mention these facts, that yon nsy 
see that the claim we shall prder bt tlie 
surrender of the Crtolt negroes, is u eca- 
trary to international law, aa it is to IIm 
law of Almightv God, There is not one 
of the slave-holders who are now tliint- 
ing for tlie blood of these negmet, wha 
would, in similar circumstances, hare 
scrupled to take human life. Do let your 
Government and people nndentond the 
true state of the caae. I do hope yont 
Ministry will listen to the dictates of 
justice, hnmoolty, wtd notional bonour." 



THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 
VujT TO THE King of Wauab, 
Wb inserted in our kat number lome 
account of the model form at the cen- 
flueoce of the Niger and the Chtddt, tha 
facta which we stated having been drawn 
almoat exclusively from the jourail c* 

Superintendent Mr. Carr. Tlie fol- 
lowing account of a visit made by thii 

lemon to the sovereign of a town 
opposite to Iddah during tbe progiesi 
of the Expedition up the river, aflbrdi 

example of the friendly treatnen* 
which our countrymen eveiywhere ei- 
perienoed at the hands of the natives. 

We left Eboe (Ibu) on the 28th of 
August, and arrived at Egarra (Iddah) 
on the 2nd of September. Fnm 1^ 
to Egarra we passed many Tillages 
built on the banks of the river, which, 
with the country around, even in the 
interior, is much cultivated. Eitensiw 
tracts of land forming natural saviona) 
could be seen in various places. In the 
morning the fVU&erfot'ce crossed over 
to the opposite sida to out fiid, when I 



\m.'\ 



THE lilUJSNP OF APiUCA^ 



8ft 



nent on shore with my lerruit uid 
guD, On Imding tlie nativei came up 
to ui tnned with bended bows and 
arrows fixed. The people of the steamer 
vbo were sent os shore, and who were 
eilbec KroomeQ or other black people 
from Sierra Loone, &c., wen muoh 
alanned, and were on the point of re- 
luroing to the vessel, when I stopped 
ihem, telling them to remain where they 
veK and call to the lieutenant that there 
utre umed men resisting their landing. 
Id the mean time I jumped on shore 
unarmed and made signs to the natives 
that we did not wish to do them any 
harm, but came to cut wood. Soon after 
tVm Lient. S. csme on shore with an in- 
terpreter, when we snooeeded in getting 
the natires to show us where to cut 
irood, and then set the Kroomcn to 
noik. The natives wished the inter- 
preter to go uid see their king, and ai 
the interpreter was afr^d to go alone, I 
accompanied him with my servant. In 
the road we met hundreds of armed 
iiilh bended bows, &c., but as soon as 
the natives who were with us told them 
that we were friends going to see their 
chief, they immediately joined the party, 
sad some of the bclilest came to give 
mc their hands, which I cordially shook. 
"Before we reachedthe town I suppose 
at Jeait 1000 natives had joined 
After walking about six miles we came 
to a town which is called Warpar, and 
vtre derired to sit in an open yard, 
nhifh, fTr>m its cleanliness, I should 
suppose must be the public palaver place. 
We remained there about an hour. In 
the mean time, a messenger was des- 
patched to the king to inform him of 
our arrival- On the return of the mes- 
aeager, the king tent us some country 
heer, and said he would he happy to see 
UI. We got up and passed several huts 
until we came to another yard, where 
"•■ere again requested to sit down. ^ 
had mats and stools sent us with another 
jar of beer. After remaining there half 
an hour, the king sent to let us knov 
that he was ready to receive us. I fol. 
lowed the guide and squeezed myself 
through several doors leading to differ- 
ent huts until I came to that of his ma- 
jesty. In an inner room I found him 
seated on a stool, his prime minister at 



their feet. He beckoned to me ta lie 
down on a mat on his left, telling the in- 
terpreter to sit by me. I opened the 
palaver by telling the king that I was 
glad to have this opportunity of Tlsitlng 
him, and hoped he was well, to which 
he bowed and snapped his finger, and 
said be was also happy to see me, as it 
was the first time he had ever seen a 
while man. I then told him that I 
came to see him of my own accord, hut 
that the interpreter was sent by the 
tieutenant of the ship to let bim know 
that the crew were cutting wood at the 
river side, that he (the lieutenant) would 
be glad to purchase provisions from the 
king or his people if they had any to 
dispose of, and that if he would go down 
to the ship ho should receive a present. 
To this he gave for answer that he was 
very glad; that wc might continue to 
cut as much wood as we pleased, but 
not to injure the cultivation; that he 
would try and go down in the morning 
himself; and that the same road I took 
in coming I was at liberty to take in re- 
turning, but that he could not allow me 
to go alone, he would send a sufficient 
number of persons to conduct me. In 
reply I expressed my thanks, and told 
him there woa no occasion to send a 
number of persons, that one or two as 
guides would he enough. The lung as- 
sented, on which I shook hia hand in- 
tending to depart, hut he said he could 
not let me go id that manner, and beg- 
ged me to wait until he got a present 
ready for me. Presently I sow a num- 
ber of persons tying two goats and bring- 
ing in a quantitr of beer. I asked the 
interpreter if these were for me, to 
which he answered in the affirmative. 
I then told him to tell the king, that 
I could not receive these things from 
him ; that if be had any present to 
make he had better do so to the captain 
of the ship on the morrow when he pwd 
his visit. I further told him that as it 
was getting late I could not remain any 
longer. I then bade him good bye and 
went away. I was sorry to find, in spite 
of all I could do or say, that I was con- 
ducted by 100 armed men. The cause 
of these people being armed and resist- 
ing our landing arose from their being 
lity witli the Attah of £garra» 



his right hand, with a panther's skin at I who had> some time bock, made waiio%; 



40 



THE ymEND OF AFRICA. 



tHin 



them. This race of people hare several 
towne in the interior, Bome much larger 
than the one I saw. They own alle- 
giance to the King of Benin, who com- 
mands the whole tribe. Benin is re- 
ported to be many days' journey from 
oence. Oa my return to the ship, I 
met the purser and surgeon of the WU- 
berforce, who had been sent to the king 
wiUi some presents. I told them what 
I bad done and how far the village was 
situated, on which they returned. I got 
on board rather late. On the road I 
shot a large partridge, the size of a pul- 
leL J gave the skin to the aoologist, 
who cooaidered it to be a fine spedmen : 
the fiesh was served up for breakfast, 
and found excellent. Having cut enough 
wood we left this place and went over 
toEgarra." 



ABYSSINIA. 

Our correspondent, Dr. Beke, sup- 
plies, in the following letter, some par- 
ticulars relative to the treatment o1 
slaves in the kingdom of Shoa. 

Aim ^Mfo, 2(M A&, 1841. 

The iiS[y allowance made bv the N^ns 
(king) to each slave, is a small portion of 
bailey, barely sufficient to make two flat 
cakes of br«id. Beyond this, they must 
provide for their own sabsiirtence. When, 
from age or sicknesa, they are unable to 
work, it too frequently happens that they 
have their liberty given them ; in other 
words, their daily allowance is stopped, 
and they are left to shift for themselves. 

On the other hand, a child bom in sla- 
very has its allowance (at first not so 
laige) from the moment of its birth, as 
from that time it incurs the liabilities of 
its condition, although it is not set to 
work until it arrives at a competent age. 
In order to ascertuuthis,snd alBO to keep 
acbeckon them, as in many cases they 
are living with tiieir free parents or rel^- 
tives, dispersed over the whole connbv, 
a yearly census is taken of tbem througn- 
ont the whole kingdom, and such of them 
as are found of a proper age, are taken to 
one of the two capitals, Ankdber and 
Angolalla, and their daily task assigned 
them. 

A slave, whether of the Negus or of a 
private individual, may acquire property, 
and is allowed the enjoyment of it during 
his life time ; but upon his death it passes 
to his proprietor. In the ease of the Ne- 

b'b slavee^ there is thb favour shown to 

:lr children, whether &e»>bom or slavct^ 



that the lands of the dcMssed parent are 
left to them for ona year from the date of 
his death, and the house utensils and arti- 
cles of small value are relinquished to 
tbem altogether, by way of a ble^Dr, ■ 
It is called. The cattle and movablta 
of any value are, however, taken posMS- 
Bon of by the Nqjus, after the expnalioii 



^i 



then begin to idmI upon the Negus, ■ ii 
the foolish and (for habits of indostiy) 
most ruinous custom of Abyssinia, sod 
continue doing so for eevenil (b some 
casM as many as ten) yean; and it n«t 
nnfreqoently happens, that, in the conne 
of time, they obtain a grant of tbdr 
parents* possessions. 

If the slave of the Nei;us jmrehsN i 
slave, the latter passes to the Negus, with 
the rest of his master's property, npoo hii 
death; but duiii^ his lUe time, the dm- 
ter is not permitted to snbetitote his slsrt'i 



lotpermiti 
s &r bis 



services for bis own. The duly allow. 
ance b a personal grant made in conndtrs' 
tion of ptrtonai services, which do not 
admit of commutation. 

J am, &e., 

C, T. Bike. 

"PERPLEXED BUT NOT IN 

DESPAIB." 
We have received Sir Fowell Bui- 
ton's kind permiarion to publish the iA- 
lowing letter. It should have vffeati 
in our last number, had not a preu of 
important matter compelled us to poit' 
pone its insertion. 

Bsv. R. E. Hakkinsov to Sib T. 

FOWBLL BCXTOH, ButT. 

WfdpoU, Lrnm, Ja». 22, IS41 

Mt vmv ukaii Fmbkh,— I f«l ■" 

strongly with you and for yon, onacwwnt 

of the melancnoly fate of o 



ly heart to yon. Though I am nn 
I don t know in what woros to esprM 
myself, or by what con3ideiati<»is the pre- 
sent weight upon our minds and bwti 



ay be in any way alleviated. 
At any rate it will be a satii 
me, that you should know that I 



among^ the many deep monmeis oo the 
present occanon. 

I wiU endeavour to tell you the thoogliti 
that have been dwelliiw on my mind ertr 

tice the last sad intelligenoe arrind. 

At the ]0M of lives, and such tsJdwJJ 
lives, there can he hat onedee Mm* 



IB4X.1 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



41 



grief; but then I noanl them u miauim- 
ariea Mot in the spint of benevolence on a 
most benevolent enand, tuid which they 
in the nme qnrit have undertaken. I 
r^aid them as martyn in a holy caoBe, 
and the cioint of nuutyn will be theirs. 



and with rM|Met to ihoae wlui have been 
instrumental in BoztdinB' ihem. 

Bat then the thought forces itself npon 
mj ininiL how can it have been, that a 
project of sDch munixed good-will should 
nave &iled! I would approach with the 
deepest reverence any attempt to asngn 
leascHM for the ways of Providence, which 
■re in themselves to ns poor shortsighted 
mortals insemtable. 

There may be, and there are, withont a 
donbt, leMoos which can be comprehended 
Mkly by that Intelligence which niletii all 
things in liesven and earth ; but there are 
nme things, even in this lainented bilnre, 
which seem to square with the dealings 
reeoided and experienced of the univerau 
Governor. 

How many have been stopped short in 
the full tide of usefulness, in the prosecu- 
tion of a work which we know to have 
been after the Divine mind and heart, the 
extension of the Redeemer's kingdom — 
jostles, martyrs, monarchB, misaionaiiea, 
numetens devoted servants of Christ— and 
in how many instances have the very 
events which have been deprecated, been 
Dver-mled for the more speed}^ and fuller 
accomplishment of the objects in yier' 

Tlieee &cta, so far from exciting in i 
distniBt that the zeal to liberate AMca has 
not dhe INvine approbation and sanction, 
only call for a higher exercise of fiuth, 
that onr most sanguine wishes and piayers 
will ultimately be accomplished to an ~~ 
lent, and perhaps by a system of mt — 
which we nad never contemplated. I de- 
Nre to receive the present check se a trial 
of fiuth, and if it has the eflect of produc- 
ing an increase of &ith, ene:^, and f rayer, 
the consummation will be hastened m that 
way which God delights to honour and to 
crown with success. 

I seem to hail as a merciful dispensation 
that the loss of lift has been i)ermitted to 
the extent which boa taken place. If it 
had been leH^ enconraeement would im- 
mediately have been given and taken by 
nnmbers, to follow in the some wake, and 
who con calculate how many thousands 
might have fi^en victims to the same &tal 

I wish to interpret the cry &om the 
Niger, full of wailing and woe as it is, " Be 
Gtmtented to jwuse, be contented to wait 
God's mm tune, the work is his, and 



when accomplished. He will show it to 
have been liis." So far from desponding 
put more bith in your prayers, more hu- 
mility and simplicity in your exertions. 
Watch for the openings of Providence, and 
confidently leave every thing in his hands 
who has the cause of good-will to man 
(his own dear caose) nearer his heart than 
sny of his most ardent followers. 
Believe me, my dear friend, 

Ever yours, Ac- 
It. R H. 



We have received a letter from a 
correspondent at Bolingbroke, who 
signs himself " B. D. B.," suggesting 
various expedients, bj the adoption of 
which he conceives that the loss of life 
consequent upon the late attempt to 
penetrate to the interior of Africa 
might, in future similar expeditions, be 
partially, if not wholly, avoided. Our 
correspondent may, however, feel as- 
Bured, that most of his suggestions had 
not only presented themselves to the 
minds of those who planned the Niger 
Expedition previously to the period of 
its outfit, but bad also been adopted by 
them, and subsequently acted upon by 
Captiun Trotter and his officers, as far 
as circumstances would permit. " B. D. 
B." labours under the mistaken idea, 
that the vessels ascended the stream at 
an improper season of the year. As 
this opinion probably prevuls to a great 
extent in various parts of the country, 
we are glad to have the present oppor- 
tunity of correcting it. This we can- 
not do more effectually than by stating- 
that all practical men who have pos- 
sessed the means of acquainting them, 
selves with the western coast of Africa, 
and particularly those, who, on former 
occasions, followed the same route to 
the Interior, are, so far as we know, 
thoroughly agreed that the season at 
which the recent attempt was made, 
was the most suitable which could have 
been chosen, not only for the passageof 
the vessels, but also for the health of 
their crews. In the dry season the na- 
tives themselves, dwelling on the banks 
ofthe Niger, are afflicted with dysentery, 
fever, and other complaints incident to 
low marshy situations witbiQ the ti^ 



is 



3 FRIEND OP AFRICA, ' 



LMiBCT, 



pica*. Had our brave countrymen 
ascended at such a time, it ia probable 
that we should hare been compelled to 
report a much more terriblo mortality 
amongst them than baa actually taken 
place. 

One anggestion of onr correspondent 
may be noticed, for which, as also indeed 
for the fWendly spirit in which he writes, 
we have to offer him our thanks, — it is, 
to quote his own words, " that a hos- 
pital ship should attend the expedition, 
into which all the sick should b« imme- 
diately removed." Upon the advan- 
tages of such a veasel, affording aa it 
would roomy accommodation to the in- 
valids of the squadron, and separating 
them from their uninfected comrades, it 
is needless for us to expatiate. Its moral 
effect too, in preserving the healthy 
seamen from the depressing in&uence 
of witnessing sufferings wbicnthey can- 
not alleviate, and which it may, at any 
time, fall to their own lot to endure, 
would be hardly less important. 



TREATY FOR THE MORE EFFEC- 
TUAL SUPPRESSION OF THE 
SLAVE-TRADE. 

It is with deep regret that we find 
ourselves obliged to announce that 
the final ratification of the treaty be- 
tween the Five Great Powers of Europe 
for the more effectual suppression of 
the Slave Trade, which was to have 
been accomplished a fortnight since, has 
been delayed, and maybe possibly alto- 
gether prevented, so far as the French 
Oovemmentisconcernedf . Of the sin- 
cerity and good faith with which M, 
Guizot entered into this important treaty 
there can be no doubt whatever. In 
fact, the measure was the result of a 
proposal originating with France in 

* " The MtSTH ill ■£!» that UiiimcaitlilFebTa- 
tj) ii Ihg DKHl unheallhjf. tai tful then wat now 



conjunction with Great Britain. The 
opposition, however, which the French 
Minister experienced in the Chamber of 
Deputies, has compelled him to aban- 
don, or at leaat to postpone, the accom- 
plishment of his enlightened and bene- 
volent wishes. One of the London 
morning papers, after alluding to thii 
somewhat disbeartedng intelligent, 
proceada as follows: — 

" U. Guisot, feeling himself oblig«d (o 
refliae, for tbe present, to join without it- 
serve in the name of France, in ntifvini 
the treaty in tbe prociiw terms in wnica 
it had been initiated, proposed certain nii>- 
difications. In these modifioatiiHU Lord 
Aberdeen has declined to aoqaieaee, b^ 
of opinion that as a Britiah minister, iu 
ought not to admit the necessity of so/ 
guarantee for the disintereatednHs ami 
probity of Great Britain with raptct to 
the abolition of tbe Slave Trade, tbcM 
baTing been already proved by sanifiMi 
and efibrts in that cause, to which aeither 
Fiance nor any other country MD pndDM 



Tbs WMtba «■■ intaMdj Lot, thg thsnDin 
hariog bMD ft«q>HiiU7 uiO'bi boun; ud ddE ■ 
breath of itiiid Inapered Ibo bett during tha dar, 
white lbs iit|}ita WB» mout ami raw irilLoiit beins 
cool.-— £ainf Olid Oic(flfW,;VarTa(irf,TDl.i.,p.lJd 

thai Lord Aberdcea baa eichuiged irith tha mini). 
H^"^"™^ Pt™>ia, and Auicria, tbe ralificv 






^lUMtioi 



Copia. ,J tb, i^uim .«, laid babn bod) 
Hduin or Parliuaeot on tbe aiit of Febniary. 



H. M. STEAMER WILBERFOBCE^ 
THE ASHANTKE PRINCES. 

Wb have the gratification to mfonn 
our readers, tbst accounts have been 
received from H. M. steamer Wilitr- 
force, dated Ascension, Jan. 4tb, men- 
tioning the health and safety of all on 
board. 

The following communicaUon will 
read with hope, not unmixed vith 
anxiety, by the many kind friends who 
interested themBclves about the Ashan- 
tee princes during their sojouni is 
England. 

Prince William Quantamistah and 
John Ansah left Cape Coart Castle m 
the 7tb of November, on their even^l 
return to Kumlal, the capital of their 
relative, the king of Aahantee. They 
were accompanied by two mistionaries, 
Mr. Freeman and Mr. Hi^ms." 



NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 

ENGLAND AND HER COLOKIKS, 
eomidertd in rdalion to tie Aberiffhf; 
withaPrtipetatfyrq^trdtHjtamMf^i- 
talRtlUf. ^ ^ ^ 

This ii one of a series of tracts, iwueJ 
at various times during the last three or 



ma.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



43 



four yean, hy a benevolent Society, 
■hich haa for its object the protection 
of the Aborigines in the British Colo- 
aies. — Thoie who have made themselvei 
acquainted with the Report of the Par> 
liuoentary Comnuttee upon this subject, 
published in the year I837| have no 
need to be informed that it is a re- 
cord of feaTfiil interest and importance; 
and that the formation of a Society 
wliich should devote itself to the von 
of remedying, or at least of alleviating, 
some of the evils therein shown to be 
inflicted by civilized man upon bis aav- 
■ge brother, was an undertaking deserv- 
ing of the approval and encouragement 
of every good man. 

Hitherto we fear that the pecuniary 
resources of the Institution thus called 
ioto action, have been far too limited to 
allow of its prosecuting its designs with 
a rigour in any measure commenaurate 
>ith their importance. 

Nor is thia the case merely with 
the particular Society in question. 
The remark is applicable to but 
loo many others also. The melan- 
choly truth appears to be, that al- 
though particular persons, led, and 
properly led, by certain predilections, 
whether the result of natural inclination 
or of accident, choose to devote them- 
wives to the advancement, each of some 
special object of his own, the main 
body of contributors to any one benevo- 
lent institution, is, for the most part, the 
'erj' same that contributes also to the 
support of all the others. We say this 
is i "melancholy truth," not of course 
03 intending to convey censure where 
we can tiel nothing but admiration, but 
because its necessary effect is to diffuse 
owr an almost unlimited surface, the 
•canty means which a body so small, 
(small as compared with the mass of 
the community,) is able to apply to the 
Taat necesaities which solicit its re- 
wurces. 

For this the non'Siviag members of 
the community are alone to be blamed. 
They compel their neighbours, who are 
sctuated by a spirit so Afferent from 



their 



own, to cut up, as it were, into t 



many minute fragments the liberality, 
which, if brought together and concen- 
trated, m^ht avail to accomplish some- 
thmg great and lasting, something 



worthy of the age of knowledge and 
civilization in which we live, for the 
benefit of mankind. These selfish 
beings, thus become guilty of a crime 
which, perhaps, they never even dreamt 
of seeing reckoned against them in the 
catalogue of their sins. They not onl^ 
withhold such assistance as they have It 

their own power to render to the help- 
less and the indigent, but they mar, to a 
lamentable extent, the Eood which others 
are anxious to accomplish. 

We must not, however, pursue these 
reflections farther, however important 
we may deem them, especially in an age 
when almost every succeeding day be-, 
comes the birth-day of some new So- 
ciety of vast conceptions and poverty- 
stricken means. Our rapidly contract- 
ing space warns us that we nave other 
duties still to discharge, and that they 
also demand their appropriate share of 
attention. Offering, therefore, our best 
wishes for the success of the Aborigines' 
Protection Society, we take leave of 
it with the following extracts from 
the tract named at the head of thia 

"The aborigines who may be termed 
British, amount at a low estimate, to 
1,000,000 inhabiting Australia; 1.000,000 
in the South Seas, including New Zealand ; 
half a million still surviving in North and 
Sonth America ; and 2,000,000 in Western 
and Soothem Africa; with several millions 
of the more barbarous tribes in British 
India and its borders, and in the Eastern 
Archipelago and Indian Ocean; it may 
therefora be safely aaid, that our exten- 
sive possesuons bring us into contact with 
more varieties of the human race than is 
the case with any other power; it is to 
England, therefore, that the world looks 
for an example in the treatment of the 
coloured races ; but whether we regard tlie 
post or the present, the history of these 
people is a subject of mournful reflection." 
— p.l. 

"I'he Society's operations embracing, 
as they do, an exteuMve correspondence 
at home and abroad, the publication of 
documents and panels, pnbfic meetings to 
advocate aboriginal riahta, interviews and 
commnnications with different departm ents 
of tlie State, the presentation of petitions 
totheCrownand to the Legislature, neces- 
nrilj reqnire considerable time and labour. 
But whOe engsged in summing up the 
evidence Qist aaa been ftom time to time 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



ttUKCH,184£. 



laid before it ; whila the CrOTemmeiit luH 
yet t« be aroused to a sense of duty, long 
selected; and while other important 
duties claim the Society's attention, whole 
Mbes— naj nations, are being awept from 
the face of the earth by disesMS both of a 
demoralizing and cont^ous nature — 
disMaes in^oduced by Soropeana — poi- 
son^ destroving life at ita very source, ad- 
miuiBt«red or whites without the trace of 
an antidote. — p. 4. 

" "With these fiwta before us, we cannot 
donbt that Government is bound to do, on 
behalf of the aboriginee, all that humanity 
and justice demand. But if humanity 
and justice appeal in vain, policy may 
prevail. The cry of distraas is at liome ; 
to assnage the calamity we are naturally 
directed towards colonization; but that 
colonization will not prosper— will not be 
well-pleaung to the Mtwt High, i^ in 
talcing nine-tentbs, we turn not to the 
beet advantofe for our wards, like honest 
guardians, the remaining titne. The ^- 
plication of thia tithe for the benefit of 
the coloured races ia euEag^ng the attention 
of the Society ; but if measures be not 
taken, and that immediately, to arrest the 
pcogreas of disease, famine amongst many 
tribes must consummate the fate whicn 
pestilence has advanced, and thus the 
eBbrts of the Society may be rendered 
unarailinK- 

" The Society therefore appeals for pe- 
cuniary aid to carry out its views, and with- 
out w^ting to perfect operations etroagly 
Indicated byneceadty,it win, on an increase 
of income of 300/., send out to some por- 
tioa of the globe where unchecked disease 
b spreading desolation, a medical man to 
administer relief, and, as iar as poaable, 
instruct the natives in the practice of his 
profesuon. At the same time it mma at 
extending its operations, as the success of 
thb experiment, and the means placed at 
■■ "-PP.7,8. - 



ita disposal, may sanction." 



M£HEUET ALL 



We learn that Hehemet Ali proposes 
■oouring Negroes to fill up the want of 
nb sailors ir "■' "" ' ' -' 



ivy. This does not 
coincide with the promises made by him 
to Dr. Bowrlng and Colonel Campbell, of 
bia puiposing to put a stop to the Slave 
Trade in theae parts. The excuses, of 
course, an, that the time has not yet 
come; that the Egyptians are not civilized 
sufficiently to permit such an act being 
carried into force ; and tiiat he must first 
ask the pleasure of his master, the Saltan, 



We are glad to be able to inform oar 
readers that Lieut. Fishbounw, vho 
was lately appointed acting commuider 
of the Soudan, has been confirmed ia 
that rank by the Admiral^, and also 
Messrs. Webb, Toby, Sidney, and 
Fairholme, in the rank of lieutenant. 

We are happy to be enabled to itile 
that Dr. M'William was quite convi- 
lescent bythe laitaccounts, (23rd Nov.,) 
and Captan Fishboume and the othera 
who had been attacked with iever, vere 
also recovered. 

The Albert and WUbtrforee are sow 
probably at Ascension, where thej vill 
remain till the 1st June. 

The Soudan is temporarily laid up 
at Fernando Po; her officers and men 
being at Ascension. 

CAPTURE OF A SLAVER. 
Thb brig Gabriel, a slaver, was captnrd 
when fifteen days from the Havannah, by 
her Hajesty's orig Acorn, She had « 
crew 01 sixty-five SpauiardL and ex- 
changed seveial shots with the Aw*. 
Her cargo consisted of dry goods, lumber, 
and rice. In one of the bs^ of rice »en 
found papers, which stated that there veit 
no leas than twenl^-eigii slave- resMli 
fitting out at Havannah. The brig's 
crew were put on board the Aeam, which 
suled for Africa, to land them on a d«M- 
late and uninhabited part of the CMst*. 
Seven other vessels previausly eapturfd 
were being broken up at St. HelEaa,wiJ 
1600 liberated Africans were on that it- 
land. — Montreal Coarier. 

• Tbu miiat be ■ nti^utemcnl; Iliere «i )« » 
doubt UiBj wen tulun In Sion Leow, when *• 
Hixed Commuaioii Colli L it ^aUbliibnL 



ARRlVAia AKD 


BiIUB<W, 










CtMa. 


Ton*. 




FnDdiLainni....acii«r.. 


aatuwtaa. 










TlK>dU*NmTlor....H«T<T . 


ttJUropoo 


UFA 










lULOBdH. 
























MtimiBa.. 














FriM Copt Oxuti— 






NbwTIhw PlWitt . 


IMLoBta.. 




Ldbdoit : Piliiled bj Tbdhu Rkiiu Hmuw". 


0( No. «, 81. Hutu-. Uu,lD tlu puM 










bj aU BookBllMi and M 









THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THB COttttUTBE OF THE SOCIBTFFOR TSS BXTISCTiON OB TBB 
SLAVB TRADB AND FOB THB CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 



PDBLISHBD UONTHLT. 



No. 18.] LONDON, APRIL, 1842. {s^1"p^*' 


U. 


CONTENTS. 




TtuNlatr.lUBwuhoandTrtbotarte U 




wS] 












. » 



















THE NIGER EXPEDITION— NATIVE AGEWCY. 

In the Honse of Commons, on the 4th ult., a question was put by 
Lord Ingestre to Lord Stanley, with a view to elicit the intentions of 
Government relative to the Niger Expedition. In Ms reply. Lord 
Stanley stated, that while it waa undeniable both that the Expedition 
had been undertalcen with the most humane and pnuseworthy designs, 
and that there was upon the part of the natives of Africa a desire to en- 
gage in commerce, and to form friendly relations with this country, it 
was but too plain that the climate was of the most deadly character; 
that therefore her Majesty's Government did not feel themselves justi- 
fied in renewing an attempt already attended with an afflicting loss of 
human life. So far then as white men were concerned, he had no 
hesitation in stating, that the Expedition must be considered at an end; 
although the Government might possibly see fit to authorize the ascent 
of the river by a small steamer manned by native sailors, with a view to 
afford ■ countenance and protection to persons settled at the model 
farm*. 

We feel bound to express our entire acquiescence in the determina- 
tion thus announced by the noble Secretary for the Colonies. The late 
experiment, by which it was proposed to test the practicability of open- 
ing up a highway for European knowledge and civilization into central 
Aftics, has been fairly tried, and the result has convinced us, not that 
the project is, as some maintain, either absurd or impossible, far indeed 

* The abo?e I* bat a brief abrtnct of Lord Stanley's speech. A ibll rvfoiA of all 
that poned upon the occaaoa will be found at oar COtb page. ii. CiOOqIc 

VOL. II. X 



« THE F RIEND OF AFRICA. [Apwi, 

otherwise, but simply that the white native of & northern climate it 
unable to breathe -mth impunity the psculiar atmosphere of the banks 
of the Niger. To this circumstance, and to it alone^ muit our recent 
want of success be ascribed. God forbid that we should so underrate its 
importance as to recommend the further prosecution of an enterprise in 
which nature and providence appear to be arrayed against ua. No ! 
as Lord Stanley has said, and as we desire to repeat, the Niger Expe- 
dition must not, and ought not, on its late footing, to be renewed. 

Still, while on the one hand, it is the part of candour to make this 
^nk avowal of our views, we feel it to be not leas our duty, on the 
other, to urge home upon the hearts and confidences of those who 
live for others as well as for themselves, the indisputable foct, that 
the highway to the very heart of Africa — the stronghold of her bloody 
superstitions, and the chosen home of the demon who prostrates ber 
enei|;ie8, and laughs to scorn the efforts of her friends, Ues perfectly 
open; and, further, that it is in our power— in the power of England 
— to equip and send forth the force tbat, by God's blessing, ihiU 
march to the achievement of a conquest the mightiest and noblest 
ever recorded in the annals of mankind. A reference to circumstances 
within the range of every one's observation will lerve to illustnle 
our meaning. 

There was a period, and that not a very remote one, when the whole 
Indian possessions of Great Britain barely sufficed for the erection of 
a few commercial factories, together with the military works necesuT 
for their defence. At present our Eastern empire includes a million of 
square miles, and an hundred millions of inhabitants. By what agency 
has this mighty change been effected? History makes answer, by the 
agency of the natives themselves, directed and controlled by the knoir- 
ledge, the intelligence, and the enterprise of Europe. And who is there 
so ignorant as not to know that the self-same machinery preserves to 
this day in comparative tranquillity, a country once either ovemm l>y 
foreign conquerors, or disgraced by endless scenes of domestic violence} 
If, then, the expedient resorted to in this instance has been attended 
with success, success sucb as its first projectors could not have antici- 
pated, and as it is impossible to conceive within the reach of any oO>a 
means, why should we despair of the efficacy of similar measures for the 
re^^eneration of Africa i Is oar cause less glorious than that of the con- 
querors of India, whose aim was temporal aggrandixement? Are our 
difficulties apparently more insuperable than were theirs? Or if '■> 
some respects they are so, are our guiding and supporting prindplo 1^ 
capable of withstanding the buffetings of adverse fortune? To these 
and sucb like questions, in the name of every friend of Africa, of every 
friend of man — in the name of humanity— -virtue — religion — we fesi^ 
lesaly answer No ! We have made an inroad upon the territory of the 
monster, whose two heads are superstition and cruelty. We !«▼« ■"•* 



iwa.] THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 47 

iriUi disaster where ve had fondly anticipated conquest. It shaU disci- 
pline US to humility^ caution, distrust of ourselves, reliance upon God, 
the necessity of a cbange of measures — anything and everything rather 
than the baseness of a cowardly and precupitous flight. Our white troops 
hate been discomfited by an enemy, in contending with whom the 
greater their devotedness, the more disastrous and inevitable their 
defeat We will raise new levies of native soldiers, who to the physical 
snd GOOstitntionBl capabilttiea of the southern, shall unite the knowledge 
and heroism of the northern man, and, by God's grace, the Christian 
principle, without which they would be a curse rather than a blessing. 
In a word, to drop the figure, we will build our expectations of 
sDccess in tiie work of dvilizing and ChristiamEing Africa, mainly 
upon her own sons*; and to fit them, so far as our ability may 
extend, for usefulness hereafter in this high vocation, shall be the great 
object at which we aim, and the animating hope of our brightest hours. 
The undertaking may be, nay, must be, one of time and patience. Its 
foundations will thus be all tiie deeper Isud — its success all the more 
certain — ^its reward all the sweeter. 

Viewed in the light that the principle of employing an agency drawn 
from the country which it is designed to benefit, casts upon the subject, 
what immense importance attaches to oar settlements upon the Western 
coaat of Africa — to Sierra Leone — to the Gambia— to Cape Coast Castle 
—to Fernando Po. Instead of lamenting the many sacrifices which these 
have cost us, let us rather rejoice, that at this interesting crisis in the strug- 
gle between good and evil, we have them in possession ; and let ua bend 
every efibrt to strengthen the hands of those pious missionaries who are 
there engaged in doing our work — who are there preparing labourers for 
die ingathering of that harvest of good which is one day to ripen (none 
may doubt it) for the most isolated, and withal the most injured portion 
of the human family. 

We shall have, it ia to be hoped, many future opportunities of 
entering into dettdls of plans and operations. At present our design 
is to bring out into clear light, and to leave distinctly impressed 
upon the minds of our readers, this great principle, which analogy 
mggesta, and all experience confirms, that the bbqbnbration of 

ApRtOA MUST BB LOOKED FQB THBOVQH THB AQBNOY OP AFRICANS 

TBBM6BLTES. 

* It is not intended that Uahonld be nndeistood that this is an expedient only 
now firaeed upon ne hj tlie preeanre of edTerBe drcuniBtaiicea : on the contniy, it ib 
a principle which we haTe had in yiew from the rery first. All we mean \amjia, 
that recent erents htvt pressed it more Btrongly than ever npoa our attenUon. 



izedbGooyle 



THE FRIEND OF APttlCA. 



THE NIGER, ITS BRANCHES 
AND TRIBUTARIES. 

[Cootiiiiwd from p. B4.] 

The principal manufactnreB of Sakatii 
are of tanned leather, red and yellow, 
which is wrought into various articles at 
Kanoand Kashna; white cotton cloth, 
of which they makea considerable quan- 
tity both for home and foreign con- 
sumption; checked and red striped 
cloths, ahocB and hoots, bridles and 
saddles; whilst they cultivate dourra, 
millet, wheat, (first introduced by the 
Arabs,) barley, rice, (the best in 
Hausa,) onioas, nitta trees, fruits of 
Tarious kinds, indigo, and cotton, to a 
great extent. 

If there were buyers, they could ex- 
port in considerable quantities, ivory, 
bullocks' hides, (now only worth 
sixpence each, tanned and all,) goat, 
antelope, and other skins, gum arabic, 
senna, bees' wax, indigo, and cotton; 
whilst the commodities best adapted in 
return might be various cloths, tape, 
unwrought silk, sewing needles, looking- 
glasses, earthenware with figures, cam- 
let scarfs, paper, tin and copper pots 
and cups', rings, bracelets and anklets, 
earrings, &c., &c. 

That a strong and cordial feeling in 
favour of an intercourse with England 
exists in Sakatu, there can be no doubt. 

When Clapperton paid his first visit, 
in 1834, he was escorted to the city 
with the highest marks of respect, and 
received with hearty welcomes by the 
assembled multitude. The sultan and 
bis vizier treated him with the utmost 
kindness, asked many questions about 
England, and especially on the condition 
of its inhabitants, expressed deep r^ret 
at the death of Dr. Uudney, for whom 
they had much wished, conversed re- 
peatedly and anxiously upon the best 
means of establishing a permanent 
trade with our countrymen, and finally 
senta letter to King George IV., desir- 
ing a consul tA be sent to the FiUtah 
town of Itaka*, with whom he promised 

' Pnnuioiui ««re r^golnrlj bcdI to Clapperion 
in pevt^r diihEi, with Iho Ijindoli ttuop, and odca 
iq n Kliite bum of English minuhdun. Keloid 
Mr. Hunilton thai he coukl bsve nfoodatnl a bill 
OD Iha Treuut7 oTLmdon, ■! Sakitii. 

' Hit mittalie a» to the prmimiiy of thii lown 
to the K*, ii luieljr uf loach leu CQUcqucDce Ehan 



to join an officer of biaown, to regulate 
the commercial intercourse which might 
arise, expressly assenting, moreover, to 
the protuhition of the Slave Trade as 
the primary condition of the treaty. 
When he returned, in 1826, he wis 
again welcomed by the Gadado, and 
told that a messenger had gone to NuG 
to fetch him up. Bello's reception of him 
at his camp, amidst the bustle and dia of 
war, waa "most kind and gnUifjing; 
he asked after the health of the Kingof 
England, and if we were still at peace, 
and how I had found my friends, ' and 
took the presents which bad been sent 
to him in the most friendly way. He 
remained for some time in attendance 
on the sultan, without noticing any alter- 
ation in his demeanour, but was finally 
refused permission to return by way of 
Bomu, with which they were then en- 
gaged in a bitter war. This jealooay 
on Bello's part seems bv no means on- 
reasonable*, and, notwithstanding thnr 
consequent quarrel, he does not Mpear 
to have treated Clapperton with uDOnd- 
nesa or disrespecL 

To this may be added the sedalons 
insinuations of the Arabs, who might be 
supposed to dread the injnry of their 
own commerce by the free introdnc- 
tion of European articles, yet in the 
very last conversation which thcyhad to- 
gether, there was no semblance of rode- 
ness or hostility, hut on the internip- 
tion of the interview by the entranceof 
some of the chief inhabitants, another 
day was appointed to give him the in- 
formation which he desired with regard 
to his route. 

Soon after, our unfortunate country- 
man, exhausted by the constant fatiguei 
of bis protracted travel, suBering 
under the e^cts of an imprudent repose 
upon the damp earth when vioWtly 
heated, and irritated by the distresaiog 
delay of his journey, expired in the 
arms of his faithful servant. 

Belloappeoreda man of some leaning, 
and rather piualed the blunt nilor whh 

hJB diKpowticHi towudi mcb %idp€ u bA^ ifua 
it, which Mr. Bscmft iodesd bM Aon U be ■>> 
imponibilily. 

• EroeciBllj cottddering Iha belief »iW" k" 
aTidenilf eniertihieil, ibat tber vnv coiiqit 
■imi and ammuDilian to On Sbtikh. vUA (ka>- 
eT«r iad^lficvil Uiev mmT aoiMKr lo B,) o^^ 
hara bEen of TUt eo 



1B42.] 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



bis qoeatiaM upon theological subjects. 
He recogDised tbe signe of the zodiac, 
tome of the constellatioiiB, and many of 
the stars, upoo a planisphere which was 
presented to him, expressed himself 
much pleased with an Arabic copy of 
EucUd, one like which, he said, his 
family had formerly possessed, and was 
Tery anzioos to hear the EngUsh news- 
papers read'. 

Nothing certainly has been manifested 
in his conduct which should discourage 
us ft'om making another trial) consider- 
ing the immense advantages which must 
result from securing a stable position in 
the leart of the sectatd kingdom of 
Snd&i, seated upon the great caravan 
route from east. to west, and command- 
ing or influencing all the centres of 
trade fh>m the Desert to the sea*. 

From Sakatli, the road to Kashna 
and Kaii6 passes through a most diver- 
sified country, covered with thick woods, 
and shagged with wild rocks, or open-' 
ing into extensive plains, over which 
the herds of the Pilatahs roam at lat^, 
broken with lakes and pools, and studded 
with vilhiges, surrounded by their 
patches of cultivation, and enlivened by 
the stirring caravan*. 

Crassiog the dreaded " Guher Bush," 
a dense wood frequented by the troubli 
some rebels of Guber^, the town of 
Zirmi appears, the capital of Zamfra, 
to which runawav slaves from all parts 
of Hausa ily witn the certainty of wel- 
come; and on the other hand, the large 
and populous town of Kutri, with a 
number of dye-pots in its outskirts. 

The plantations all along the banks 
of the river are carefully watered from 

• When OldEeld laj off tUb)M, hevu njWKt- 
cdlj vrged by tb« Rprenwr U> Tint B«1lo, who, he 
iAidf " vnjld bs gud to see Lhem, aod gira thsm 
mnjUjIng their heHrt« wiib^ iot" A report, how- 
erer, unived looa «fler thu be wu yaX Ani. 

' WhIct commiuucotion nuj perhaps be ob- 
tahicd b; Ibe Zirmi, which in the miTDth of Febrnuy 
WB> bund lube SO jnit brnatl, and 13 hel dnip, 

with m pttnvnf ,kf Ol *n!lH art h^i-r ns*- Sa-tr*1,, 



goon nntg : man]' Tiurili lalt-menbanla relorning 
te Kilgria ; but all bending their nay to Keibna, 

J Snlian'Bello raenUont the enperiorilj of the 
Kople of Guber, aajing Ihat Ihey alone, of all (he 
Hanaa tribes, are heo, being deacended from the 
Copta, while the rut are the progenj of Baiiira, 
Ihal ia. a alare. — DiNBAH ind tLArFEBTOK, ap- 
pendix ii., 4S0. 



its deep bed by means of t, bucket and 
lever ; and in uie neighbourhood of the 
markets the road is crowded with pas- 
sengers and loaded bullocks. 

Shortly after we descry the lofty mina- 
retsof Kashna,andenterthe town. This 
is still a place of considerable tradot 
although the chief commerce has been 
carried on at Kan6 since the FiMtah 
conquest. There are two daily markets 
in different parts of the town ; the 
southern attended by the merchants of 
Ghadamis aud Tuat, the northern by 
the Tuariks : the former bring un- 
wrought silk, cotton and woollen cloths, 
bea<js, and a little cochineal, which they 
sell for cowries : these are sent to their 
agents at Kano, to purchase blue tobes 
and turkadees, which are conveyed 
across the country to supply the fair of 
Gbit'; and whatever they do not 
dispose of there to the Tuariks, they 
send to Tomboktfi, in exchange for 
civet, gold, and slaves. 

The manufactures of Kashna are 
chiefly of leather, such as water-skins, 
red or yellow cushions, bridles of goats' 
skins, &c. ; tanned bullocks' hides are 
also frequently carried to Fezzan and 
Tripoli. From Kashna a frequented 
track leads across the Desert by Agadez 
to Mljrafik and Ghadamis ; and the 
town is a favourite resort of the 
Tuariks during the dry months, where, 
with the hire of their camels to the 
caravans crossing the Desert, and the 
sale of the salt which they bring with 
them, they provide themselves with 
grain and other necessaries for their 
sojourn in the wilds of the Sahrs'. 

Traversing a woody country with 
wide breaks of cultivated ground, the 
Kafilas halt at Duucami, " a moderately- 
sized walled town, wilh an overflowing 
population. I was both surprised and 
pleased to observe the neatness of this 
town, and the tidiness of its inhabi- 
tants. Every inch of spare ground 
was planted with tobacco, and tastefully 
fenced round with the dried stalks of 
that plant. The inhabitants at the 
northern quarter of the town manu- 
facture large quantities of cotton cloths, 
which are neat and durable "." 



' In the Dncit, neoi 

' CuFFEBTON, p. IS 

I* LtvDin,!. 3ST. 



byGoogle 



THE FRIEND OV AFRICA. 



[Aran, 



The nest station of import&nce is 
Kan 6, which has been already de- 
flcnbed, (p. 31,) and which it Beveoteen 
days, or about 170 milea (at ten milea 
a day) from Sakatu. 

Hence we proceed by the baoks of 
theKoji, (in the rainy monthBaconsider- 
able stream",) through an open and 
well -cultivated country, with beautiful 
Tillages, and large herds of cattle, in- 
t«rsect«d occasionally by stripes of thick 
forest, on a road crowded with traders 
goin^ to, or returning From Kan6, and 
travelling huxters offering various kinds 
of provision; by the town of Girkwa, in 
which a market is held, finer than that 
of Tripoli ; the romantic village of 
Zangeia, Murmur, (where Dr. Oudney 
breathed his last,) Katagum, the ancient 
frontier of Bomu, where the cowry is 
seen for the last time, and native cloth, 
beads, or other commodities of standard 
price take its place, and slaves, grain, 
uid bullocks, are the principal articles 
of trade ; the pretty market of Sansan, 
Bedigana, surrounded by Kafirs, whom 
every good Mussulman thinks himself 
entitled to enslave ; Bedikarfi, where 
travellers wait to join the Arab Kafitas 
for protection, and the nights are so 
cold, that Clapperton found the water in 
the vessels cnisted with ice " ; Deltago, 
Bera, both with abundant markets, 
Old Bimi, the ancient capital of 
Bomu'*, Damasak, and so to Kouka, 
the modem metropolis of this extensive 
and influential empire. 

Bomu, the most respected sove- 
reignty in this part of Africa, extends 
for perhaps 400 miles from north to 
Bouth, and the same from east to west, 
but its limits are liable to much variation 
from the occasional recovery of andent 
donunioos encroached on by the restless 
FiUtahs. It owes its present greatness 

>' I«iidar fciBid it in Jttj (do imillai lo bid. 
It Uli into die Y«a, Hid wh thought b; Clapper- 
ton to b* part ot tha rirowhidi lb* Anba npi«- 
Motod m OowiBg bvm Toolnttt to Bsjpt 

■■ This city, datrojad in Ibg FQUdi iimiDDn, 
■ud DDW \j\af In rata*, corand • u/tet of flf* o> 
ix tq/itn mibit, ud b wid to han bad • pooul*- 
tioB of 300,000 aoubi lb* iralla ■» idU pwllj 
itaDdlag.wsII and ationglT bidH. Naar il itood 
Iha fcronrtta waM a u M of 1^ brmew Saltan, Qtat- 
b«&,npao tba Yau, beieanobleitaMai, tharuini 
of wUch yet abow ibat tba buildinga nnial btn 
bean of ■ princdr charactn, and Or nperiorlouir- 
Ihiog DOW to be aeen in ibe cnanlf}. 



to the sagacity and entenrise <tf the 
Sheikh El Kaoemy, its real mlei, who, 
co-operating with the rebellious natives 
of Hfosa, has succeeded in wresting 
several places of importance from Saltan 
Bello. The population is not less than 
five millions, and ten different Ian- 
guages are spoken within its harden. 
The prinrapal towns, (which are large 
and well built,) are thirteen in number. 
The most valuable productions of the 
soil are senna, com, indigo, and cottoo, 
of which the two Utter grow wild 
close to Lake Chad. The indigo is of 
superior quality, and forms a dye pro- 
bably not excelled in any pari of the 
world. But the present riches of tlis 
people consist in staves, bullocks, and 
fine horses, of which last 3000 or 3000 
ere annually brought to Sud^. Bees' 
wax, ostrich fealhers, ivory, hides, 
horns, skins, and civet, might be pro- 
cured to any extent. 

Brass and copper vessels are brought 
from Barbary, and iron from Sudao 
and Mandara. Gold is scarcely kDonn, 
as that brought irom Ash&nti it mostly 
carried by Osa Tnarika to Barbary sod 
£^ypt. Carpets and oushioos its 
brought from Tripoli and Sudin. Tbs 
usual calculation of a Moorish merchuit 
is, that a camel load of merchandise, 
bought at Mfirslik for ISO dollars, will 
in Boroii bring a return of 500 ckir. 
Persons in Fezsan will send three gsidH 
loads in chai^ of one man, and, sfier 
paying all expenses, give him a third of 
the remainder. All merchants who 
have gone amongst them have beeo 
treatedwith great liberality, and Kvctsl 
have returned, in leas than nine yesra, 
with fortunes of 15,000 or 20,000 
dollars ; yet the commodities they brii^ 
are mostly European, purchased in Tri- 
poli at Kill 250 times tneir primecott". 

The principal return which th«e 
traders obtain for their goods con^isU 
in ilaveti for the wealth of Ilonid 
prindpalty depends mi its preaeating 
a mart or rendezvous for the K&fiUs 
from Sud^. To the Moors, indeed, 
the traffic in slaves owes its origin, 

'* Danbta glrs m low li« tf Raada m wtoli 
aunnoB pnfib itf ght be abulnad, and iba dnn 



1848.] 



TEE FRIEND OF AFRICA, 



«1 



tod partly iti continouice. They refuse 
em other modes of payment for the 
articles which they bring with them, 
and which tiie nativea ao eagerly deaire, 
aod ihey reaell them at a profit of 500 
per cent, in the markets of Fexaan, 
Bengazi) and Egypt. Were it not for 
tbe«e induoementa the trade would be 
uuknovn, and domestic slayery, how- 
ever wrong in principle, would be by do 
meanian intolerable evilin practice in the 
interior of Africa. The alaye a treated 
u a member of the family, entrusted 
with targe qaanUtiea of goods to dis- 
tant markets, and corporal punishment 
is almost unknown. Nor baa its continu- 
ance as yet whollv saared the hearta of 
the natives ; on tne contrary, Denb&m 
■ays that it was with feelings of the 
highest satisfaction that he listened to 
rame of the most respectable merchants 
whea they declared that, were laig other 
■ystem of trading adopted, they would 
gladly embrace it; and the Sheikh em- 
bodied the essential principle of Sir 
Fowell Buxton's plan in one brief bnt 
pregnant sentence — " You say true; we 
are all sons of one father I Yon aay, 
also, that the sons of Adam should not 
sell one another; but what are we to 
do? TKa Arabt who come her* will 
hiw nothing ehe but tlavet : why don't 
joa trndu* your merchant*?' Nor 
vat this a mere transient feeling or 
hypocritical declaration ; for when 
UmderwasatBusah, inl830, he heard 
that the Sheikh had prohibited the ex- 
portation of slarea from the interior 
further than Wawa, which would con- 
Bidetably affect the European trade. 
AU cUsses of people listened with eager- 
ness to the proposal for establishing a 
freqaent communication with merchants 
&om Europe, and Mr, Tyrwhitt was 
lefl at Eouka, at their express desire, 
" to receive," aa they ssJd, " the English 
merchants that were coming"". El 
Kanemy seems, indeed, to be a man of 
very enlarged mind and sound judg- 
ment. When he had succeeded m 
deliveriag his country from the yoke of 
ihe Filitahs", he refused the offer of 

" H« di«d,binra>Br, aftnaihorttcaidmMlDUu 



b«ng made Sultan, and placed the bro- 
ther of bis former master on the throne. 
He built the town of New Bimi for the 
monsfcTch, and established himself at 
Angomu, three miles distant, and then 
at Kouka, retaining the dictatorship of 
the kingdom pro tempore. The sul- 
tanahip is, indeed, but a name, although 
the court stjtl keeps up considerable 
state, and adheres strictly to its ancient 
customs. He has taken the greatest 
pains, moreover, to settle and improve 
the country and the people, asked Major 
Denham many questions about print- 
ing, and gave him designs for three 
coins, for which he wished a stamp and 
apparatus, that be might be enabled to 
introduce a more convenient medium of 
exchange than that in use amongst 
them. One of these pieces he intended 
should be of gold, a second of silver, 
and the third of iron, 

"Already the desire of exchanging 
whatever their country produces for the 
manufactures of the more enlightened 
nations of the north exists in no small 
degree amongst them ; a taste for luxury, 
and a desire of imitating such strangers 
as visit them, are very observable, and 
nan of rank is ever distinguished 
by some part of his dress being of foreign 
materials, though sometimes of ue 
most trifling kind. It is true that these 

Eropensities are not yet fully developed, 
ut they exist, and give unequivocal 
proof of a tendency to civilixation, and 
a desire to cultivate an intercoarse with 
foreigners'*," 

(» b* eonebuled in eur next.) 



balisva, that w« aright han iMOi dMbld to knp DB 
' - niBdmMiriaidwSbaJIf.bmlDr 
Ihg tmcbwT of Makiii, Iba Saltan of Fbiub, ot 

rhom SU oni inTillelt bars had naaoa to coin- 



BUj and lemrd more 



Tripoli to tla 

„ him biuerlr far baihiK liioiin 

to (bB''ChiiMia&dogi,"— la which h« 

ropliad, that ao kog ■* thsr paid bt what Ihsj- 
purcliaMd, and bduivsd well, h* would altrara iv- 
uiTa Ihem wilb Idndoea and hoapiuUl]'; aod it 
God war* to puiiiih lum tx thia, wV had he not 
- iniifeadthi " ■" 



alr«a4j panii&ad tha prapl* of Tripoli 
tmnia of CbciMiani van allowad 
OuoWn-lr Strkit, Jult 1M8, p. 108. 



byGoogle 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Apbh, 



FUND FOR THE RELIEF OF 
RELATIVES OF OFFICERS AND 
SEAMEN WHO HAVE FALLEN 
IN THE NIGER EXPEDITION. 
Our readers will be jlad to learn 
from the Resolutions inserted betow, 
to which we beg to call their attention, 
that a fund is in progreaa of formation 
for the benefit of the destitute widows, 
children, and other near relatives of offi- 
cers and seamen who have fallen in the 
Niger Expedition, The measure is the 
more salutary and important, inasmuch 
as the sufferers intended to be relieved 
are not included within the class entitled 
bjtheregulationsofthenavytoa pension 
from Government. It is quite needless 
for us to commend an object such as 
this to the sympathy of a benevolent 
public. 

" At a Meeting of Sabterihert to a Fond 
for the Rehef of the destitnte Widows, 
Children, and Relatives, of such 
Officers, Seamen, and Marines, as may 
hare lost their lives whilst employed 
in the Niger ExpedUion, held at the 
Office oftheAfiicsn Civilization Society, 
16, Parliament Street, on Priday. ^e 
4th of March, 
The Eabl ob Eostom, M.P., in the Chair, 
"RsaOLvan — Ist. That this Meeting, 
whilst bowing with sabmiauon to the dis- 

Snsations of an All-wise and over-ruling 
ovidencB, have learned with deep regret 
that many relatives of their late intrepid 
countiymen are left either in a destitnte 
condition, or in very impoverished cir- 
cnmstancee, and, although some may be 
entitled to pensions from Government, as 
widows and orphans of Officers in her 
Majesty's Service, others are left wholly 
unprovided for. 

2nd. That, under these circumstances, 
the friends of Africa be solicited to con- 
tiibute towards a Fund for the purpose of 
substantially testifying their sympatliy, 
by affording present, and as &r as may be, 
efiectnal relief to the sutterars. 

"3rd. That, for the purpose of canying 
out the above Resolution to the fullest 
practicable extent, a Committee of Sub- 
scribers be appobted, consisting of^the 
Earl of Euslon, M.P., Capt. the Hon. P. 
Maude, R.N, Sir T. Dyke AcWd, Bart, 
M.P., Sir R. Harry Inglis, Bart., MJ_ 
Sir T. Powell Buxton, Bart., Sir Harry 
Vemey. Bart, the Ven. the Arch- 
deacon Wiiberforoe, A. Kett Barclay, 
E«q, Edward N. Buxton, Esq^ WiUiam 
Evans, Esq^ M,P., Samuel Gumey, Esq, 



Samuel Hoare, Esq- J. Gnney Bout, 
Esq., C^ Heniy Hope, B.H. OB, A 
Trotter, Esq. ; with power to add to theii 
number; and that they be auUcrized to 
take such steps towards the atttunmeat i^ 
the object in view as they mvf deem le- 
qniaite,Bnd to administer the Fund to the 
beat of their judgment," 

" RoBXKT SroKn^ Btm. Seef 

LIST OF SUB8CRIBEH8. 
SirThasmD^ke A^laid,BirL,HP. £10 I 

TbeLadjAclud 10 D 

ThomuDr^eAclHid.Eiq. (00 

G»rg« AlkinaOD, Eiq SOD 

ArthiiT Kett Buclsf, Bq DO 9 

CbuW BstcIbj, En MO* 

J. OiiriMj BucIbt, Eig. t 

Robart Barcl&f , /oD., Esq S 

CapL Bnulbn, R.N 10 

Jouph Bddwi, E». 3 

Chirln J. Bvnu, £iq SS 

Ths Lord BciIbj- 10 

Sir T. Fowell BoWoo, Bait. M 

Tba Lad; BaiUn t ( 

EdwudN. BuHod, Esq. WOO 

Tbs Lord Callborpe SO 

Ths R«T. F. CanniiiBhui t B 

Capt Ihg Hon. J(iLDniiiiBi,R.N. .. 10 

The E«l of EiBiOD, MP W D 

WiUiunETSiu.Eiq.,HJ> M ■ 

jDMnh Fletcher, E^. t 1 D 

W. E. Forwer. Ew. I 

Wm. Slocn Ftt, 1^ 10 I) t 

W.A-Guntt,^ 10 1 

The Bar. Cut Oljn 1 I) 

The Rn. BoeUnw OTaoi 10 

Sunael Qurnef , E>q lOf 

SHnaelGumer.Jnn., Esq , (ft 

HivQuriH; t 

Jotnih Joho GuisSf , ^q U I 

J, H. Qitmef , Eiq. | I) 

WiUiun Biodia Onnwr, En. fit 

Juna Heck, Esq 10 1 

Tbe Rbt. B. E. Hukinui SOD 

Stmael Hoaie, Eh 10 t 

J. GunmIIova,E*q 10 10 

C^ilualledtTHwi, R.N., C.B. .... 10 O 

Sir Robert Hnr^rlngln. But, H.P.. 10 t 

Audrav JobulaB,Eiiq 1 

WilliMii Haii7 Leathun, Eeq 1 

The Lord B[>hop of London 10 

ThBKighlHon.S. LashingtDn,D.C.L. 10 10 

Henrjr Willum Macaalij, E>q 10 

Adod jmoua, pflT H' W. Macaalar, Eaq. 10 

Captain the Hon. F. Huide, ail. .. f t 

Colonel Ni™lli,C.B. 1 » 

CapL Sir E. W. FaiTT, R.N J 

J. P.PlnniptrB,E«i., M.P 1 

Hi>aiBCellu!l>iik>ofSaIberla&d,K.a. 10 

Aleiaiuln' Trotter, Etq f f t 

William Tnreer, Eaq 1 

Sir Harrr Venuj, Bait S » 

Henrr WaraoothpEaq..,. « 

TheTen-iIteArcbdaun WUbsteoa f t 

The Rer. Caoon Wood Sit 

N 3. — Snbecriptious received by J. G- 
Hoare, Esq., iVeasurer, 6^ I^mhard 
Street; by the Members of the Com- 
mittee ; and by the Secretary, 16, ftrJis- 
ment Street, to whom all commusieatiMM 
respecting Uie Fond nunr be m Uxem i. 



iflis.! 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



ABU BEKR ES-SIDDIK. 

Wk have been favoured by Dr. Mad- 
den with the result of his inquiries after 
this interesting African, and nith some 
farther intelligence which he has sub- 
sequently received. 

The circulation in Africa of the 
printed papers, offering a reward for 
any positive intelligence of his fate, 
brought in two vague reports, which, 
howeTer, proved to be erroneous. One 
was, that Abu had arrived in the Moor- 
ish territory; the other, that a negro, 
who had been servant to a white man, 
bad reached Tomboktu, and returned to 
the place from which he came. Dr. 
Madden has since learned from the 
brother of the lamented Davidson, that 
some intelligence had been communi- 
cated by W. Wiltshire, Esq., the British 
vice-consul at Mogadore, who had taken 
a deep interest in the fate of these 
travellers. The following extract fVom 
Mr.Willahire's letter will show that AbG 
was not only saved from the murder- 
ous Arabs, but had succeeded in reach- 
ing the place of bis education, (Jenne, 
on the Niger,) where one of bis rela- 
tives was the reigning chief. To arrive 
at this town he mast, of course, have 
passed through Tomboktu. 

" In July last, a friend of the Sheikh 
of Tomboktu was here (Mt^adore,] of 
whom I made some inquiries, and he 
atatcd, that Abli had not been heard of 
sinethe reached Jenni. I engaged him 
to make inquiries, and promis^ a re- 
ward of 100 dollars to him or any other 

■naa who might bring a letter from 

m. The caravan started from Wad- 
•ada in the beginning of October ; on its 
reaching Tomboktu, the reward offered 
by me will not be forgotten by the friend 
of the Sheikh, or by a native of this 
town who accompanied him, and to 
whom I made the sarne promise. I 
cannot ejpect any news until about this 
period neit year." (This letter was 
written in January, 1&42.) 

We may reasonably hope that the 
same quick perception and sound judg- 
ment which distinguished Abn whilst 
a slave in Jamaica, (see Friend of 
Africa, No. 10,) aided by the superior 
knowledge which he has acquired in civi- 
lized countries, may be turned to good 



ij; 



account amongst his less advanced coun- 
trymen. Dr^ Madden, who naturally 
takes an extreme interest in his fatei as 
having first procured his freedom, and 
then recommended him to Mr. David- 
son, expresses his earnest wish that 
some communication should be opened 
with him, and that he should be induced, 
if possible, to return either to Mogadore, 
the Sen^l, or the Gambia, as might 
be found the safest or most convenient. 
For this purpose he recommenda a 
special messenger, a trusty native <tf 
the country, to be sent from each of 
these points, with letters to Abb, re- 
commending his return, and that the 
friends of the two partnera in difficulty 
and danger should enter into a sub- 
scription for the purpose. For our own 
part, we are perfectly satisfied that the 
information which he might impart, 
not only with regard to the deatb of 
our enterprising countryman, but also 
about the ancient and mysterious city 
of Tomhoktij, would bo highly valu- 
able; and we should be extremely glad 
to find his attachment to this country, 
and especially to his estimable friend Dr. 
Madden.Bsufficient inducement to revisit 
our shores, where he would no doubt be 
heartily received, and might be employed 
with advantage to himself, and much 
benefit to his native land. 

THE ISLAHD OF ST. HELENA. 

In a late number of the Anli^ 
Slavery Shorter we find the follow- 
ing extract from the Minerta, a Ger- 
man periodical published at Jena. 

"For cultivating the gardens, for 
fishing, and housework, the people of 
St. Helena have blacks, in number 
about six hundred. They Kei'e bought 
and imporled at slavei, contrary to the 
latett lam. They live in wretched 
huts, separated from their masters' 
dwellings." 

Wehave cerfainlyno grounds for be- 
lieving this statement to be correct, be- 
yond the fact of its having made its ap- 
pearance in the columns ^ a respectable 
cotemporary. Indeed, all the information 
which has reached us, relative to the 
island of St. Helena, induces us to con- 
clude that there must he rome mistake 
or misrepresentation in the ^tf^f* 
o 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Atoi, 



Still, u it is impossible for us in Britmin 
to know cTerything' that tkkes place in 
BO remote and isolated a dependency, 
and as abuses are always re«dy to creep 
in and mar the be>t-Uid xdietnes of 
human wisdom and benevolence, we 
think it proper to give additional cur- 
rency to the stAtement in question by 
tranferring it to our own pages. Haply 
it may thus fall under the notice oif 
some one competent, fVom personal ae- 
quaintance witii St. Helena, to meet it 
with confirmation or deniaL 



THE NIGER EXPEDITION. _ . 

vail ofMeisrt. Schon mtd Onathir. 

It is already known to our readers, 
that the late Expedition was accom- 
puiied, during its asceat of the rirer, 
by the Rev. J. F. Schiin, one of the 
miuionaries of the Church Missionary 
Society, and Mr. Samuel Crowther, a 
native catechist. Both these individuals 
embarked at Sierra Leone, on board 
the FFt^£er/in-cB, we believe, from which 
vessel, however, Mr. Schdn, at a later 
period, passed into the Albirt, asceod- 
mg in oer to Egga, the highest point 
which >be was able to reach, and after 
her paaiage over the bar, arriving 
ssiely, though in somewhat broken 
health, at Fernando Po*. 

During the progress of the Eipedition, 
Mr. Schiin and Mr. Crowther carefully 
noted in their journals the various 
transactions, in which they either took 
part themselves, or which passed before 
their eyes. The records tnus produced 
we believe to be of unusual interest, 
and ve rejoice to learn that it is the 
intention of the Church Missionary 
Society to publish them in the form of 
a BmaU volume. We shall hail the ap- 
pearance of this work with the highest 
gratification. Is the mean time our 
readers will probably be glad to have a 
■ample of the information soon to be 
communicated to them at greater length. 
We are the more happy that we have 
it in our power to give some eitracts 



with Utptah) Trotter, i 
111* MBntndm of the Eipiidi 
BtHWR'T whHa ihin and pRMoa irf mil 
bal«f mUnllf to Iha snMmiion ot il 



gsiW^'aid 



from the forthcondng pobticttion, as 
well as fh>in letters written by Mr. 
Schon, because of the striking confir- 
mation they afford of the principle con- 
tended for in the opening article of out 
present number. A short pauage cen- 
tred in a letter received from Hr. 
fieal, of Bathurst, Sierra Leone, will 
serve for a fitting introduction. 

" To-day the Expedition left us, with 
our friends, the Rev. J. F. SchBa; Samuel 
Crowther, catechist; Thomas King, 
schoaImari«r; rix boys, nonitot^ fnm 
onr schools; bendM interpreters, miMt of 
whom were memben of our Chnrdi ;— 
so that our MiMion has beta liighljr 
honoured, in supplying upwards of twenty 
persons to ud in carrying out the grand 
design of this Expedition." 

Mr. Schiin, writing on the 24lh of 
July, thus describes 

C^M Coatt C^h. 



cellent aehool in the fwt, attended by 
abont 160 Boya, and the Wesleyu Hie 
siouariee have a GirU' School. I Mw * 
farm here yesterdar, with which I "•• 
much delighted. There are seTeral thou- 
sand coffee-trees in full bearing, the bread- 
fruit tree, and other West-Inoun plant); 
and the soil ia apparently fsrtile. Then 
an aLcty people employed on U, «Iim 
wages are abont 2t& ttaritag par dieta. 
They gave up planting oottont as the jnt» 
was too low for it." 

In another letter, dated "Bim 
Niger, fifteen miles beyond Ibo, Ax- 
gnst 30th," is the following relation of 
Ititmrntne wiA tUt Kittg tfJi«. 
On the evening of the dith day w* in- 
ohored at the creek leadlngto Ibo. Kmo 
all I have hitherto observed, I am incliocfl 
to think that we have come, if not at tbe 
beat season of the year, at least m a Ttrjr 
good season. The river u high, and ttu 
tveather fine, with occoeional ram, whkh 
is hy no means unhealthy. The Aaft 
and the Soudan arrived on the fbllovin; 
day, the 27th, in the afternoon. 

" Neeotiationa were inunediately «ni- 
enced with the King of Ibo, who esnt 
on board. Onr objects haviiw be« 
largely and clearly explained to nimi'" 
exprused himself willmg to enter ulo s 
treaty with England, and to rfxJish at 
alave trade altogether. He admitted tmt 
that wasahardtiiii«;bat.iiotwttbUnd- 
ing, agreed to all ttra p<»i«ls. Ow » 



1842.1 



THE FBIEHD OF AFOICA. 



topRler. Simon Jimaa, acquitted himself 
Tvrj well: ha ib a liberated African of 
Siern Leone, and a member of our 
Chaieh, He spoke most tonchinriy to 
tlie king of the miseries which slavery 
brines on the people at large, of the tears 
ef their psffents, the desolation produced 
to the country, and of the kindness of 
Ellwand in reacning them from the hands 
of the 9paaiaidB and Portnguese, making 
thsm free, and f*w'''"g them haw to make 
this life oomfbrtaUe, sad to prepare for the 
next. The king listeaed to him with the 
Rnatest attentioi^ and tt^rened hii appro- 
bstiun and surpnss rery freqnentlj. He 
could not have believed that slarea oonld 
be treated with so mncti kindneas; that 
th^ were ill-tieAt«d, he well knew," 

"The object of my ctnning, andm* de- 
sins, were explained to him by myself and 
my interpreter; whcm he expressed an 
ennnt desire to have teachers sent to him 
snd his people. He most readily confessed 
that be was ignorant of God, and depen- 
dent on " white man''fi)r Instruction. I 
directed Simon to read some yersea of 
Scripture to him, which astonished him not 
a little. Thnt white men should be able to 
lesdsnd writ^ he expected, as a mattwof 
rouse; but that an loo slave should read 
ma more than he could ever have ex- 
pected. He seized Simon's hand, squeezed 
it most heartjly, and said, "You must stop 
with me: you must tnch me and my 
people : yon most tell it to the wMte man : 
I cannot let yon go, nntil they return from 
the country/' He could not be diverted 
from his (>Dject, bat insisted on Simon's 
remain ing; to which, Kfler much conside- 
tstion, we aerecd. I much wish that he 
had more knowledge, and was better 
qoalified for teaching, as a great door is 
opened to him. I have had an opportunity 
or watching him daily for the last ten or 
t<Felve montliB, Knd I believe him to be a 
^cere ChristiBU. He has a correct know- 
led^ of OUT Religion ; and I believe that 
lie joined the Expedition with a desire to 
dogood to his country-people, I trust ha 
will daily pray for Divine diroction, and 
be made tne instrument, in the hands of 
God, of mnch good to his benighted coon- 
toymen." 

"This occurren« proves that the ob- 
jection so often leisM — that the Africans 
wonld not listen to their own country- 
people, if they were sent to them with 
the Gospel— is perfectly gnrandleas. The 
King of Ibo is willing, yea anxious, to hear 
of IM wmdtrful vorl^ of Ood, from the 
lips of one of his own country-people, 
ftrmerly a slave. I must be the more 
wmest in recommending native agency, 
as tile place appears to me to be very un- 



healthy and prejndi(»<d in a high degree 
to European constitutions. The town ia 
an entire swamp at present : I was obliged 
to walk np to mjr knees In mud to the 
very door of the lung's palace. Mr. Laird 
and Hr. lender must nave seen the town 
at a more &voarabk seaw», from the d»> 
scription which they give of it. A few 
pions intelligent Itw men — there am snch 
at Sierra Leone— might be Airther in- 
structed, and a schoolmaster or two might 
oo doubt be obtained for them." 

We turn now from Mr. SchSu's letters 
to his Journal, consoling ourselves for 
the necessity we are under of making 
but one or two brief extracts, with the 
reflection, that it will soon be given to 
the public without abridgment. 



"Aug. 23, 1841. — Simon Jonas and my- 
self bad some conversation with an Ibo 
man, from which we ^bered, that there 
was not much trsflic m slaves carried on 
St present, and that the people were chiefly 
engaged in preparing palmoil. He was 
told by the Interpreter, tliat be himself 
bad been made a slave, but had been 
litwrated and Idndly treated by the Eng- 
lish. The Ibo man conld hardly credit 
it. He had hitherto believed that slaves 
werepurchaeedby the white people to bo 
killed and eaten, and that their blood waa 
used to make red cloth. Thb notion is 
veiy prevalent among them. 

Aug. 24. — Anya. Never lias the Slave 
Trade appeared so abominable to me sa 
to-day ; when I found that the natives in 
general entertuned the most fearful ideas 
of the miseries to which they expose the 
helpless victims of their avance by sellii^ 
them. The circumstance by which this 
information was obtained, or rather con- 
firmed, I having often heard it before, is 
too interesting to be omitted. Our Brass 
interpreter was peculiarly an^dous that 
one of the large number of persons who 
surrounded our vessel this evening should 
come on board, because he thought he 
recognised him. Though many yeart 
had elapsed since our Interpreter was sold, 
and both had, in the mean time, become 
old men, they instantly recocnised each 
other ; and 1 cannot describe the astonish- 
ment manifested by the Ibo man at seeing 
one whom he verily believed had long 
since been killed and eat«n by the white 
people. His expressions of surprise were 
strong, but ven" Mgnificant. " If God 
himself," be ssid, " had told me this, I 
could not have believed what my eyes 
now see." The interpreter then f^ifw\' 



THE rRIEHD OF AFRICA. 



and that the veiyperaon with whomiu. 

■peaking, had been his doctor and ntme 
in a Mver« illnen, on which account he 
had retained a grateful remembraQce of 

Some account of the fearful .extent 
to which human sacrifices prevail 
amongst the people of Western Africa, 
waB given in our tenth Number. The 
Journal from which we are quoting 
affords lamentable proof that the Ibo 
nation is not exempt from the influence 
of the same bloody superstition which 
elsewhere immolates iU annual heca- 
tombs. It will be recollected, in con- 
nexion with the circumstances des- 
cribed in the following quotation, that 
one of the articles of the treaty entered 
into with Obi, King of Ibo, stipulated 
for the total abolition of all such hor- 
rors. 

Cruel Si^attilion* of the Ibot. 

"Aug. 26, — I this forenoon satisfied 
myself of the correctness of various par- 
ticulars, which I had previously obtained 
of Ibo |)eople, reHpecting some of their 
superstitious practices. It appears to be 
but too true, that human sacrifices are 
offered by them, and that in a mos't bar- 
barous mamwr. The 1^ of the devoted 
victim are tied together, and he is dimed 
from place to place till he expires. The 
person who gave me this information told 
me that one man had been dmzged about 
for nearly a whole day before ois suffer- 
ings terminated in death : tbe body is 
afterwards cast into the river. Interment 
is always denied tliem : they must become 
food for alligators or fishes. Sometimes 
people are listened to trees, or to brandies 
close to the river, until they are famished. 
Wliile we were at anchor inside the bar, 
the body of a young woman was found 
on the sand-bank, liaving been dead, tqi- 

.1.. — 1.. - fg^ hours; and as no 

f injury were observed. 



" In&nticide of a peculiar nature like- 
wise prevails among tJiem: twins are 
never allowed to live. As soon as they 
are bom, they ore put into two earthen 
pots, and exposed to the beasts of the 
forest, and the unfortunate mother ever 
afterwards endures great trouble and hard- 
ship!. A small tent is built ibr her in 
the forest, in which slw is obliged to 



dwell, and to nndeigo many ceruninuei 
for her purification. Slie is sepsnted 
from all society for a considerable time; 



permitted to st down with other women 
in the same market or in the same hnnse. 
To give birth to twins is, therefore, coo- 
sidoied to be the greatest misfortune that 
can Iwfall a woman of the Ibo nalian. If 
any person wishes to annoy an Ibo womsn, 
he lifts up two fiugere, and nays, ' Yon 
give birth to twins,' which is sure to 
make her almost mad. If a child abonld 
happen to cut its top teeth first, the poor 
in&nt is likewise kOled: itisconridend 
to indicate that the child, were it allowetl 
to live, would become a very bad peitoa. 
To say to any person, ' Yon cat jiwr 
top teeth first,* is, therefore, aa mach u 
to say, ' Nothing good can be exptded 
irom you : vou are bom to do evil : it it 
impofluble ror you to act otherwise.' " 

Our next extract furnishes some sc* 
count of the town and neighboarhood 
of Egga. 

"Sqil. 29.— -This is undoubtedly th« 
laigest town we have yet seen en tii« 
banks of the nver : the population miy 
safely be stated at 7000 or 8000. Nufi u 
the language of the conntrr, thongh msny 
others are extensively spoken and nndu- 

" The Nufi language ia^ioken at the MD- 
fluence of the 'TBhadda and Niger, on the 
left bank of tiie river all ^e wsy to 
Rabba, and even beyond it. The flnfi 
nation must comprise more than 100,000 
persons. They are a harmlees, leachsbjr, 
and industrious people here: and nicfa ii 
their character at Sierra Leone. Tbe 
people, not including the strongen froai 
vanous other kingdoms, differ in nothing 
from those below, as regards their itligios- 
The same mixture of Paganism sad 
Mahommedanism iseverywhereobserred. 
There are, however, fewer chatnu^ snd 
other marks of superstition, to be seen 
than in the towns below Idoah. 

"Egga appears to be entirely surroonded 
by water ; and the swampa behind it ex- 
tend to a considerable distance, Tbe 
hole country may become perfectly diy 
L tbe dry season; but it u a qncatioo 
whether the healthiness of tbe town 
would he advanced by it. The nnanimou* 
testimony of tlie natives ia, that tbo diy 
season b very unhealthy, and that fever, 
small-pox, and dvientaiT, carry off lart> 
numbers, even of tboM uom and broogat 



up at the place," 



^iOi>\W 



mi.-] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Room muat be found for one more 
gbtHt pasB^e. We should be wanting 
in the duty which we owe both to the 

Inblic Bud to ourselves, did we with- 
old from our readers the melancholy 
ucoont which Mr. Schdn has given of 
the climate, throughout the valley of 
the Niger, bo far, at least, as be and his 
aMpaoions bad aa opportunity of ex- 
ploring it, 

(Siinateo/tieSmitof tie Niger. 
"The answer to the question, whether 
Eggimkbtbe coniddered a suitable sta- 
tion for £nnq>ean Hiasionaries, is obvious. 
It L> much moreobjeoUonable than Iddab, 
1)«caaae much moie unhealthy. Having 
now advanced upwards of 300 miles into 
the interior, in aeoich of comparatively 
healthier stations than those along the 
fout, and being obliged to sum up my 
inTestigationa in this single sentence, 'I 
hive seen none,' 1 feel no small portion 
fifgrief and sorrow, especiallv when I can~ 
■ider that the people, to aU appearance, 
wonld be readjr to receive the Gospel of 
oar aalvatioo with open arms and hoorta." 



ABOLITION OF SLAVERY AT 
TDNIS. 

We leam from Tunis, by advices to 
the 8tb of March, that the mission of 
Mr. Richardson, deputed to present the 
"Address, testimonial of gr&titude," &&, 
to the Bey of Tunis", for the preliminary 
steps which bis highness bss taken in 
order to the abolition of negro slavery 
in his dominions, has ended most satb- 
fictorily. The following is the answer 
of the Bey to the Address, copies of 
which will be forwarded to Gibraltar, 
Florence, Leghorn, Naples, Smyrna, 
Tripoli, Malta, and Goio. 
(TVoM&iiMm.) 

"Praise be to Godl From the 
servant of God, Musbeer Ahmed Basha 
Bey, sovereign prince of the domii 
of Tunis, to the perfectly honoured 
Eaglishmeu, united together for the 
amelioration of the human race. May 
God honour them I We have received 
the letter which you forwarded to ns 
by the honoured and revered Richard- 
son, ccHigratulating us upon the mea- 
sures which we have adopted for the 
glory of mankind, to distinguish them 

* S« Z> Friind of 4/ri<tt No. I S. 



from the brute creation. Your letter 
has filled us with joy and satisfaction. 
May God aid us in our efforts, enable 
us to accomplish the object of our 
hopes, and accept this our worki May 
you live continuallv under the protec- 
tion of God Almighty I 

" Given at Tunis, 26 day Elbojah, 
1237" {7th February, 1842). 

(Seal of the Bey.) 



« Wallon Rtctory, Want 
"February 7, 1842. 

" My dear Trett, — I cannot but take 
a deep and lively interest in the trials of 
the Niger Expedition, and though still 
required to keep from anything calling 
for mental excitement and exertion, the 
most unchristian and bitter attacks that 
have been mode upon the Society in the 
public journals, compel me to write to 
you, and express my deep sympathy 
with the Society, and my entire appro- 
bation of the noble spirit expressed at 
the beginning of the February Friend 
of Africa. 

" Now is just the time for honouring 
God by confidence and boldness. The 
Society is in a far more hopeful and 
better state now, than in its grand gala- 
day, with Prince Albert in the chair. 
This chastening is the proof of the 
Lord's love, and will lead to the desired 
blessing. Be not afraid, only believe. 

" The Jews' Society at its commence- 
ment had great patronage and worldly 
support. Its difficulties came i its worldly 
supporters failed, it was proved, the 
love of God's children was called forth, 
and it is now rising to its trtie and full 
blessing. 

" The Church KTissionary Society in 
Africa had sorrows upon sorrows, and 
death upon death, that it should not 
trust but in the Lord. (See 2 Cor. i. 9.) 
It persevered, and thousands have 
thanked God, and will thank God, 
through eternity, for its perseverance. 

"I do sympathize from my heart 
with every relative who has lost a be- 
loved member of a family, but I also 
would rise to their privilege of giving 
up what was dear to them for the|J)Mlj^- 



M 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA, 



ffood of a whole continent, and for the 
honour of Christ and his glorious Gob- 

Eil. I felt this, when 1 went to Sierra 
Bone and Western Aftica, doubtful 
whether I should retnm, for the Church 
Missions, and that should I fall, the 
Lord could abundantly recompense nj 
parmtt and my own family. 

*' I trust, that the Lord may itill open 
a great and effectual door for your So- 
dety. Nay, I am confident He will, 
because of the wrath of man against 
you. The great principles of the So- 
ciety will Btnke now deep into the heart 
of all its true supporters, and not 



Aill blessing we desire. We kn^ 
whom we have believed, and whom we 
serve, and all power in heaven and earth 
ia his. 

" Most affectionately yours, 

"E. BiCKXBflTXTM." 



MRD STANLEY'S MOTION FOR 
COMMITTEES ON THE WEST 
INDIES AND WESTERN AFRICA. 

LoHD Stanlkt has moved for and 
obtained the appointment of two commit, 
tees of the House of Commons, one to 
investigate the state of the West India 
Islands, the other, that of the British 
possessions on the coast of Africa. 
The following are the terms of the 
double motion : — 

" That a select committee be appointed 
to inquire into the stat« of tht aiSettnt 
West India colonies, in reference to the 
existing relations between employers and 
labonrera, the rate of wages, the supplv of 
labour, the system and expensa of coltiTB' 
tion, and the general state of their mral 
and i^ricultural teonotay," 

" That a select committee be appointed 
t0 inqnire into the state of the British 
pOBseasions on the west const of Africa, 
mote e^Mcially with reference to their 
present relations with the nrigbbomiiig 
native tribes." 

In coouDon with every m 
io the cause of negro emancipati 
well as in the prosperity of our colonial 
possessions, we rejoice that this import- 
ant measure has been determinea OD. 



Amidst many collateral advaDt^cs 
which may reasonably be anticipattd 
from the labours of the two commit- 
tees, we shall be furnished with a nua 
of evidence, which will probably do 
more to advance the cause of freedom 
and civilization all over the world, than 
anything which has occurred since the 
passing of the Slavery-abolition Act. 
Of this we cannot entertain a doobt, 
when we consider the deeply intereitiag 
statement with which Lord SUnlcf 
prefaced his motion. For the present 
we muBt content ourselves with obien- 
ing, that he bora the most direct ud 
unequivocal testimony to the happy re- 
sults of "the great ezrieriment, u 
respects the welfare (phyNca! loil 
moral) of the negro txipulatioa ; and 
that the authorities to which he appealed 
ia support of his assertions wen aw^ 
as to carry conviction to the mindt rf 
all who heard him. One of these, 
short as is the space allowed ui, n 
feel that it would be unpardonable to 
omit. It is an extract from a £ipstdi 
of Sir Charles Metoalfe, the late Go- 
vernor of Jamaica, dated March 30lli, 
1840. 

"The thriving condition of tba p* 
santry ia very striking and gnti^uf> 
I do not suppose that any peaantiy u 
the world have so many amioiU, « 
BO much Independence and enjoynient 
Their behaviour Is pMccable, and in wm 
respecta admirable. They are fend m 
attending divino service, and an to m 
seen on the Lord's da; thitnging tow 
respective chuidtea and tsbiida, dremd 
In Kood clothes, and manj of than ri di^ 
on horseback. They taid their childna 
to school, and pay Sa ihar sebooliag. 
They subscribe for the erection of chnrews 
and chapels; and En the B^tist craiiinii- 
nities thev not only provide the wbob^ 
the religious ertabliahmntt, bnt by tu 
amount of their contributions affind t« 
their ministen a vety respectable tof^ort. 
Marriage Is genwal among the peo^^i 
tiieir morals are, I nndentaitd, mwA in* 
proved, and th«r sobrie^ ia nBMrinU*- 
I am venr h^>py to add, that ia w* 
reqiecta they t^pear to deaerve thsir pm 
fiirtune." 

Such testimony as thia oo^t to be 

blished from one end of ChristcDdtni 

to the other. 



hrCfelOgk' 



ISti.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



THE ASHANTEE PIUNCES. 
Letters have been received by the 
Committee of the Weeleyan Misaionar; 
So«nety, aDnoimciDg the safe arrival of 
the Ashantee Princes at Kumjsi. Our 
readers will recollect that we mentioned 
in oar last number the departure of 
these intereating youths from Cape 
Coast Castle, in company with the 
missionaries, Mr. Fieemaa and Mr. 
Higgins. 



THE NIGER EXFEDITIOIf. 

HousK DP CoiaiOKB, March iih. 

TiscoDKi Imoebtkib udd that ths house 
would recollect that last year, shortly 
before the Niger expedition sailed, lie 
had called its attention to the subject, 
and had ventured to give utterance to 
the fears he entertwned r^pecting the 
Tssnlt of that expedition. He was sorry 
that his antidpations had been confirm^ 
to a lamentable extent, and he would take 
the present (x>portumty therefme, of 
asking if Her Hajesty'a GoTsmment in- 
tended to renew that expedition hereafter! 

Lobs Srunxr sdd that the m^ier ex- 
peditloa had been undertaken with the 
iiKMt humane and [dulantbrople inten- 
tions — with a derire to improve, if poeaible. 
tiie interior of Africa, 1^ introdncii^ and 
promoting commerce, and bv puttmg a 
atop, aa &r as it could be wn^ to the 
prai^ce or enconraffement of the slave 
trade on the part of tne ohieb who occupy 
territoriea on the banks of the Niger. 
How, it was impossible to deny, that to a 
certwn, and indeed to a lamentable ex- 
tent, the expedition had proved a fiiilure. 
^e would not say that it had been alto- 
gether a bilure, for there was on the part 
of the Inhabitants of that country a desire 
to enter into trade, and to encourage com- 
mercial intercourse with this country; 
and i^ in addition to that desire, it 
could be proved that there was any law 
reconised amongst those chiefe under 
whidi such commerce could be carried on 
Bucce8Bfiili|y, there was nothing but the 
dangers of^the climate that could prevent 
its been carried on by whitea. But it was 
deA that the climate—upon the banks of 
the tirer at all events, nor did it appear 
to improve in the interior, but was rather 
worse, perbi^B — was so deadly in ita 
nature to white men, and likely therefore 
to produce such disastrous effects amonast 
expeditions composed of white men, that 



Her Hajeet^a GoTerament did not fed 
Ihemsslves justified, even for the impor- 
tant objects for which it was thought 
right to deq>atch the last expedition, to 
run the risk of eacrificing the nealtb and 
Uvea of more of Her HaJMty's sabiects by 
renewing the attempt; so &r, then, aa 
white men were concerned, it was not the 
intention of Her M^sity's GovemmeDt to 
renew the expedition to the Kiger. He ' 
must not omit to mention, however, thai 
an attempt had been made to establish a 
&rm conustiug entirely of negroes, who 



jng entu . 
carried with tnem into that country no 
ion of the civilization, and 
and religion which they had 
, their oonversa with this coun- 
try; in connexion, therefore, with this 
bet, the subject deaerved the serious con- 
sid^ation of the house. But on the part 
of the Govenunent be dtsolumed any in- 
tenUon of araniring territory, or of as 



to give protaction when it could not be 
immediately and effisotivaly jriven. Be 
disclaimed on the part of the Government 
any intenti<Hi of promldng to any petaons 
who might settle there, holding nomi- 
nally British possession, proteodon by 
force of arms; so that if they settled 
tlwre they must settle, not under British 
protectiw, but under the laws of that 
country. At the same time, it was a 
mattar of serious consideration whether 
the farm should be altogether abandoned 
by tiie GoTemmenL and whether, sup- 
posing it eonld be altogether nveu up to 
negroea, whom the climate did not appear 
to affect, the GoTenment ahonla not 
affbrd that kind of moral euf^ort and 
protection which a small steamer going 
up the Niger under the British flu, but 
entirely nunnad by natira sulor^ fer the 
purpose of occamonally calling to onunn- 
nicate with, countenance, uid support 
them, might give. One thin^, however, 
was quite certain, that lookms to the 
dreadful loss of life, and loss of health to 
the survivors of the late expedition. Her 
Majesty's Government did not intend to 
renew the expedition to the Niger upon 
the nme scale and footing. 

SirR.H, lirauss^d he wished to make 
a Aw observations with reference to the 
recent enwdition. He felt that in allud- 
ing to this subject he was discharging 
a duty nbich he owed to men who 
were exceeded in gallantry b^ none en- 
gaged in the service of their conntn'. 
He was anxious to express his grateful 
acknowledgementa to the members of the 
late Admiiustration, as well as to Her 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Apbii,IS42. 



Ma.jesty'8 prewnt adviseM, for the course 
they had puraued with Tegard to the Niger 
expedition. Hod. geatiemen were re- 
markably seantive with respect to the 
loss ofhuman life incases where the object 
was one of pnre nnmixed benevolence. 
God forbid that he should undervalue the 
sacrifice of human life which had been 
incurred during the progress of the ex- 
pedition to which he allnded. He grieved 
for it as much, he trusted, as any indivi- 
dual in or out of that house. But when 
he considered tlie loss of life which had 
attended expeditions conducted for the 
single and sordid object of gain — when he 
reflected on the sacrifice of human life 
whichhad been incurred in carrying on the 
slave trade, and when he compared it with 
the loss which had attendea this expe- 
dition for Buppressing that trade, he did 
not envy the sensitiveness of hon. gentle- 
men who could bear to hear of the loss of 
one-fourth of the crews of all the vessels 
engaged in the Gaines trade— 2,fiO0 outof 
10,000 individuals — and who censured 
Her Majesty's Government for sending 
out an expedition to accomplish an object 
of the most pure and diaintereBted benevo- 
lence, in which 42 individuals had perished. 
The r«sult of the expedition of Oldfield 
and Laird had been much more disastrous. 
He thought the results of the expedition 
to the Niger did not justify the language 
which had been used by some him. gentle- 
men as to the policy which dictated the 
undertaking, and he was aatisfied that the 
general principles of that policy would 
still be carried out. The question of th« 
expediency of pursuing the objects of the 
expedition might hereafter come before 
the house ; and it was only necesBsry for 
him to say that, in his opinion, nothing 
had transpired to justify the condemnation 
of her Majesty's late advisers, or of the 
present Gt)venunent, for having counte- 
oanced and supported the 



ivuig couttte- 
undertaking. 



SLAVER CONDEMNED. 
A LBtTBK ttom Table Bay, Cap* of 
Good Hope, communicates the following 
intelligence. 

" On the 1st insL the case of the P»rtn- 
gneae slaver Anne, seized by H.H.S, 
Aeom, and sent in here (Table Bay,) came 
before the Vice-adminlty Conrt f(a adju- 
dication, when their honours immediately 
ordered her to be condemned." 



ASKIVAia AKD BUUIKM. 

FrtM Siirra Iniu:— 

dqitalB. Tau. 

LaTtnla EsU Loadon, UFA 

OuKM Cooka LaBdca.,MFA. 

OoMii Thciaa* LIt«pod,Ulliit. 

Ocon Btub Loodqs-.ltFtfc 

Bonud. DddIiU LoBdon.-tirtk' 

n-MiUcOnRMa.— 
Afrkmiu......,...Iiainoiiger... LoDdOBi. S>Ftfc 

r« llu OanMa :— 
QwrgaDeui LaChuMor.. Londmi ■ ■ M ?tk. 

FnincliI«wioii...,Dav* IiODliin..nFtb. 



NoTicB TO CoBSBSPOHnurrs. 
Wt hane recetved Dduft 
fur which tM an much oU^ed. 



Subscriptions and Donations are iMeived 
by the TtMsuier, J, Gomey Hoam, £<4-i 
by Messrs. Bamett, Hottres, and Co., <^ 
Lombard-street ; Measrs. Barclay, Beiia, 
and Co., £4, Lombard-street; Mfsn. 
Coutts and Co., 69, Strand ; Messn. Drnm- 
monds, Charing-croas ; Messrs. Hsnbar}', 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-street; 
Messn. Huikeys, 7, Fenehnrch-etiMt; 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet^treet; sail 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and G)., 20, 
Birchin-laue; and by the Secretary, the 
Rev. i, U. Trew (to whom all cMuniuu- 
cations relative to the hnninwi of tbs 
Society may be addreewd), at the Offic* 
of the Society, IS, Parliameat-stresL 



Lonaif: Prialed by Tbohu Rkhau fliMUoi. 
ot N». W, at. HtrUo-a Luu, In tb« viH of St. 
HvtialBtbaPMdi; and pobUAW br J«" ^^ 
LuBPAun, of No. US, W«> SMad. tcltilm 
bjHamjFi lUirIi«MB*) HatchMd: B«tar: KM^: 



by Google 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



rffB coamrrrEE op the society for the extinction of the 

aLAVB TRADE AND FOR THE CIVILIZATTOX OF AFRICA. 



FUBLiaHBD MOKTHLY. 



No. 19.] LONDON, MAY, 1842. 


fPmic.2rf. 
1 Staufsd. M 




CONTENTS. 




















D™»iOffl»»«d8-i«o 


otUi>Nl((iEi|«- 




60 































THE niGHT OF SEARCH. 

pKRHAPg there are few more proli6c sources of error nmongst men 
thaii the ase of amphibological language, or, to speak in more homely 
phrase, the calling of things totally distinct by the same name. A cele- 
brated philosopher indeed^ of the last century, does not hesitate to 
attribute half the controversies which agitate the world to this very cause. 
However this may be, we have at all events one striking example 
afforded us of the mischief it is capable of producing, in the question 
which is usually called " the right of search. With the discussion of 
thia question the public press of both England and America has been 
for several months, and still is, largely occupied; and yet we are very 
doubtful whether even now its merits are properly understood by any 
conaiderable number of the inhabitants of either country. With the 
hope of clearing away some portion of the mist in which, whether from 
accident or design, the subject has been involved, we have thought 
proper to devote part of our present Number to its consideration. Its 
mramount importance at this juncture of our relations with the United 
States has induced us to assign it the first place in our list. 

We begin by observing, in accordance with what was said just now, 
that there are two things resembling each other in some of their acci- 
dents, but essentially and really distinct, which go by the common name 
of " the right of search." Our business shall be to make this clear; 
in order to which we must enter on a slight historical sketch. 

In the year 18L2 an unhappy war broke out between Great Britain 
and the United States. One of the main objects sought to be attained 
by the latter, by whom the contest was commenced, was the renuncia- 
tion on the part of her antagonist of a certain right which she claimed 
of visiting, and, to use a rough but expressive nautical phrase, thoroughly 
"overhauling" the merchant ships of friendly or neutral powers in time 
Of war, for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of British sailors 
amongst their crews, and if found, carrying them forcibly away. 
Independently of the alleged injustice which thb claim involved, 
the American government contended that the power had been grossly 

VOL. II. F 



«£ THE FRIEND QF AF^CA. VUh 

■ ■ S. T'-T-g-iT-y I ' ■ f,. .-Kf^.4 w—F------jfi .4 t-fir-r-' ■■'/i. 4_.f » 

abused, for thit many native Americans had thna been tyrtnnicaltf 
forced, under pretext of their being subjects of the English crown, into 
the service of a foreign nation. On these, and on some other gnitmds, 
ivhich it is beside our purpose to noUce, war, as we have said, was 
declared by the infant republic agiunst her powerful rival; and the 
casus belli, as politicians speak, which we have described, and which the 
event of the struggle left undecided, is what is truly and properly called 
"the right of search." 

Now let us change the picture. When, by the abolition of the 
British Slave Trade in 1806, the protracted struggle in behalf of 
outraged human nature, terminated in the victory which England 
gained over her own selfishness and cupidity, she did not content 
herself with sitting down an idle spectator of the wickedness of others. 
On the contrary, her efforts became more energetic and more deter- 
mined than ever. Her voice never ceased to be lifted up in vehement 
protest against a crime of which she had washed her own hands; her 
treasure, nay more, the lives of her children were willingly consecrated 
to the same holy cause, until at last she succeeded in having the Slave 
Trade proscribed by all the govemraenta of the civilized world. Great, 
andoubtedly, was the triumph thus achieved, but it was still far, very 
far, from being complete. The provisions of treaties which had received 
the solemn sanction of their respective legislatures were evaded, some- 
times openly, sometimes covertly, by the subjects of Spain, Portugal. 
and France, especially by the former two. Nor were the pitizens of 
the North American Republic, and even in some instances Sritish 
subjects themselves, free from an indirect, but not less guilty, partici- 
pation in the same crime. New efforts were therefore loudly called for 
on the part of our country, and new efforts were freely made, A 
squadron of men of war waa fitted out for active service on the coast of 
Africa, another for the South American and West Indian seas. Courts 
of Mixed Commission, for the condemnation of captured slave-vesieh 
and the liberation of their crews, were established in our own or in 
foreign dependencies, — liberal sums were dispensed, in the form of 
bounty money, to all successful members of her vicilant sea-police- 
Still the evil exceeded in virulence the efforts whidi were made to 
overcome it, — nay, seemed to gather ^sh strength from that very 
opposition itself. As in the case of the fabled monster of antiqutiy, 
whenever one head was struck off forthwith two started up to occupy 
its room. And to this hour the gigantic struggle continues. On the 
one side, the genius of benevolence represented by the greatest and 
freest nation upon earth ; on the other a hideous fiend, the offspring of 
avarice, begotten upon human woe, the true and perfect prototype of the 
Lernean Hydra. Lately, that is within the last five or six months, one 
great advantage has been gained. A new and more stringent treaty 
than ever has been entered into by the great powers of Europe, a treaty 
declaring the Slave Trade piracy, and rendering more efficient certain 
mutual concessions which previous treaties had granted and guaranteed, 
relating to the examination of suspected slave-ships. To this and to 
all other similar treaties the American Republic has declined to became 
a party. She has, indeed, passed laws against those of her own 
citizens who may be detected in the crime of slave-trading, but 
tibt absolutely and positively refuses to sanction the ezunination by 



ma-l Tflg y WENP of AgRICA. M 

fbragnen anywhere on thfl high Beaa, of her ships, however ttrens the 
circumstances of suspicion which may attach to their appearaqce or 
proceedings. 

With her htffh a»d ezclijsive claimB to imnmnity Irem eTorjr ipsGies 
of foreign cqercioo, even if proved to be guilty, Great Britain deolarea 
ttiat she }^^^^ peither the right nor the intention to interfere, muoh 
less to set them aside } but she contends, and adduces abundant evi- 
dence of whftt she assorts, that the ships of other nations with whom she 
bas entered into ^ti-slave-trade conventions, are in the frequent habit 
of falsely makifig use of the American flag, as a security against exami-^ 
nation and capture; that therefore common sense, and the very neces- 
sity of the case, require that she should have sofiie better evidence of 
their nationality than the mere assumption of a particular ensign. She 
demands, in short, that all ships of whose "piratical" (language of the 
late treaty) character suspicions may reasonably be entertained, should 
be visited by her men-of-war, and required to prove, by submitting their 
papers to inspection, that they are whftt they profes? theipaelyes, and not 
rogues in disguise. Now it is to this demand upon the part of England, 
that most unwarrantably, and indeed most absurdly, has been given, ef 
late, the title of " the right of search," th"« identifying it, in the imagi- 
nition of nine-tenths of Englishtpei) and ninety-nine one-bundredths of 
Americans, with something which we have already shown to be ajtoge- 
Iher different. 

To put the toattei in the clearest light, we enumerate the following 
pcnnts, which make a total distinction between the t^so cases, leaving 
it to the reader's own candour 4nd good sense to draw the ohvipiH 
copcluEion. 

1. The right of searoh properiy, and the right of search ims^roperly, 
so called, dif^ in the motives in which they respectively origmated — 
the one being prompted by a selfish desire of personal adv^ntagp, ofte;^ 
pursued in opposition to our neighbour's interests — the other by tb§ 
godUke principle of lore towards mankind. 

8. The two oases differ essentially iit the nature and extent of the 
examinatioT) to which the foreign ship is required to submit. In the 
one case the crew was mustered, the features, accent, and other personal 
peculiarities of every man on board freely, and sometimes, it is to be 
leared, unnecessarily and insultingly somtiniaed — they were wicked 
times, those times of war, may they never be renewed! — the cargo over- 
hauled — every nook and comer or the vessel subjected to rigid search, 
and her voyage often injuriously delayed. In the other case, nothing 
is demanded but a satisfactory proof of the vessel's nationality, which in 
nine cases out of ten the ship's log-book and other papers must satis- 
factorily establish. 

3. The right of search has been claimed and ejcercised everywhere 
over the globe, and under all circumstances — the to-called right of^ search 
only in certain latitudes, and under circumstances of strong, or at least 
of justifiable suspicion. In this respect it is eiiactly analogous to tlie 
poner vested in the civil magistrate of arresting and esamining the sun- 
posed burglar or thief. There may be, and occasionally there is, in th^ 
exercise of this power, on interference with the freedom of the honest 
citizeaj hut no honest man who is not bereft of his senses would thutk 

Fa Google 



:THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



[MlT, 



of objecting to it on that score; for be knows that the ezigendeB of 
society demand and justify it. 

We have only, in conclusion, to express our earnest hope t.hat Lord 
Ashburton's mission may result in bringing our brethren beyond the 
Atlantic to see this important subject in the light which justice — mercy 
— the interests of universal philanthropy — cast upon it; and that England 
and America, the two greatest maritime powers in the world, may at no 
distant day be found heartily associated in the work of banishing from 
every region of the globe the blackest crime that ever yet cried to heaven 
for vengeance against its abhorred and guilty perpetrators. 



PARTIAL RENEWAL OP THE 
KIGER EXPEDITION. 

By letters froni Ascension, dated 
February 7tli, ve learn that the Alhart 
had rejoined her consort, the Wxlber- 
forre, tX that island, on the 28th of 
January. Although several of her 
officers and crew were suffering from 
the effects of African feier, no farther 
cases of mortality had occurred on 
board, and ne may venture to hope, 
that the pure breezes of the Atlantic 
have long since restored the invalids 
to their wonted health. 

In consequence of reports which had 
reached Ascension, relative to the 
model-farm, (but which are too vague 
and uncertain for us to notice at pre* 
sent,) Csptain William Allen, at the 
head of the Expedition in the absence 
of Captain Trotter, had determined to 
take the WUberforce to Fernando Po, 
with a. view to prepare either her or the 
Soudan, or, if deemed expedient, both 
vessels lo reascend the Niger. It was 
Csptain Allen's intention to sail from 
Ascension on the 1st of March, in 
order to be ready for the river about 
the beginning of April. 

Thus, whilst we in England have 
been debating the question of the pn- 
uriety or impropriety of renewing the 
Expedition, the brave men who are 
most nearly concerned in its solution 
have settled it already in the affirmative. 
Whatever be the final results of their 



penei 



s ther 



The follawiog letter from Mr. Miiller 



the chaplain, to a friend in EQ|Und, 
has already appeared in the fucari 
newspaper. It is in every reiped 
worthy of a Christian minister. MsT 
God protect the writer and his noble- 

inded companions : — 

"AmMUuM,Iii.7,lBa. 

** I sit down to writ« a few linea to yon, 
before we leave this place for tbs coast of 
Africa, in order to nave an interest in 
your pmyers; not that I wish to pray hj 
proxy, but because we are tsu)^t in tne 
Bible to pray for each other. Pleaw tii 
tell my fnends at lalitigton, that they do 
the Ame, for I can assure you, if 1 hid 
not the confidence that our God ud 
Saviour hears and answen prayers, snd 
that He who has delivered me ftom sick- 
ness and death on our firnt attempt to ff 
up the Niger, will aod can deliver m tht 
second time also; if I had not this ora- 
fidence, I would withdraw from the Fs- 

rlition and go home. ' fiat for all thiii 
will bs inquired o^' saith the liori 
Therefore, let all who call anon our Lvd 
Jesus Christ, and who love nim, snd th* 
coming of his kinj^om, let them all f- 
member us in their ptayers, that tbe 
Lord may deal bountifully with his kt- 
vants, and deliver us out of all trouble.-' 
In hurry, "Yours veiy triiij, 

"T.Muixss- 



GRENADA AND JAMAICA. 
Wb have great pleasure in aonoimosf 
that our esteemed friend the Bev. J> .^■ 
Trew, who tailed from England in Fe- 
bruary, arrived safely in Jamaica m 
the 20th of March. During hii *»; 
at the island of Grenada, where the 
vessel, owmg to some defectiTe airaDT' 



1B4S.} 



THE FRIEIfD OF AFRICA. 



8S 



ments of the Rojal Mul Steam Ptcket 
Compuiy, was detained for upwarda of 
■ fortnight, Mr. Trew lucceeded 
fonniDg an anxiliary to the Africao 
Cirilisatioa Society. To tbia end a 
public meeting was held on Thursday, 
March 3rd, the Lieut. -Governor in the 
chair. We quote the followiDg notice 
of the proceedings from a letter of Mr. 
Trew'a, written just before the departure 
of the English mail: — 

" Daring my detention, he says, I hare 
endearonred to get up 



the 



learonred to get up a public meeting, 
fint. on so luge a scale, which has yet 
en ulaoe in the Weat ludiea. I heartily 
with that aome of the leaders in our great 
csnae coold bare witneaaed, aa I haveheen 
priTilcffsd to do, the assemblage which 
took place at Balcer'a long room, in 
St. George's, on Thursday last, the Srd 
instant. The Lieut.-Govemor in the 
chair. NcTer hare I felt so strongly 
the effects of eiaaneipation in the mend 
elevation it has imparted to mind, aa 
ision; neither hare I ever 
I much the breaking down 
of cMte without destroying thoae ancient 
landmarks, ' honour to whom honour 
is due,' than on this occasiou. We 
had at OUT meetii^ every grade in 
society, from the Goremor down to the 
hnmbleat labonier. Amongst our apeakers 
-we had the Speaker of the AMemoly, the 
Attorney- General, and three gentlemen 
<^ colour, of whcaa two are members of 
Anembly, and who, I can assure you, 
with much propriety both of language 
and of manoer, advocated the cause of 
AAics in a rery interesting and af- 
fteting manner. One of them eipedally, 
deacended from an Eboe stock, when com~ 
menting Jifon the interesting communi- 
cations which took place between Captain 
Trotter and the lung of that country, 
asked emphatically, ' Has the Expedition 
foiled? Ko, sir, not so long as a high-way 
has been opened by it for the introduction 
of the Goqiel into my father-landl' 

" To hare enjoyed this meeting, yon 
must have known what slavery was — 
you must have felt somewhat of the iron 
entering into your own son). All this I 
had felt, and now, for the first time in the 
West Indies, 1 heard the pecmle speak of 
fieedom with impunity, and oi tliose great 
rights which the family of man were 
created to tsajw in common with each 
other; and I fut, too, that I, was myself 
afneman.' 



"An auxiliary to the Parent Society waa 
formed, under very encouraging ciioum- 
Btoncea — the Governor, patron; the At- 
tomey-Genernl, Mcntofy, &c." 

The A. Gtarget CAronkle, of Grenada, 
of the 9th Haioh last, says, 

" The meeting was attended by nearly 
every individual of respectability rendent 
in Town, and by a large number of the 
labourers and working clasges. 

" His Excellency the Lieut.-Govemor 
having kindly tnken the chair, addressed 
the meetinjt, stating the object contem- 

Cid, which was the formation, in this 
d, of a Sodety auxiliary to the 
African Society; and then culed upon 
the Reverend Mr. Trew. the Secretary 
of that Society, to detail ita plana ana 
objects, which the Reverend Gentleman 
did, in a most eloquent and lucid man- 
ner, and in a style which interested 
every one present m behalf of that por- 
tion of the world which the Society ia 
intended to benefit. 

" Reeolutjons expreeaing the feelings of 
the Heeling, and others appinoting the 
different officers of the Society, havini 
been adopted, the Lieut.-Govemor sai{ 
that he accepted with pleasure the ofBoe 
of Patron of the Society then formed, 
and would, to the utmost of his power, 
promote its objects. 

The sum collected at the dow 
amounted to about eight pounds sterling, 
and subecriptjons received afterwards to 
upwards of twenty-six pounds. 

CAPTURE OP A SLAVER. 

" Wb were more than gratified, this after- 
noon, by a visit from Mr. Pompey Fraser, 
commanding the JtieAmond Dri^her. 
From his mouth we obtained a statement} 
which will speak for itself. 

" * Yesterday, about twelve o'clock,' says 
Mr. Fraser, ' I was standing under sail, 
when I saw a vessel quite under my lee, 
miming down before the wind. I came 
'~ anchor, and lay there, till she could get 

ar where I was. A boat put off, and a 
white man oame and asked me, in good 
English, the way to Havannah. I told 
him I did not luiow. He then said, 
he wanted to go to some place on the 
Spanish Main. I pointed out to him what 
course he must steer, to get into the 
Sjpaniali Main and the River Oronoco. 
When we went to the vessel, the man told 
us, the cuitun had died ten days after 
leaving Africa, and they had had fbr^- 
two days' pasaage. While I and the man 
were talking, one of our people wmt wad 



THE FRIEND OF AFHtCA. 



tMii, 



peeped tota the hatches, and Famestld Uild 
tne that he uw persons domn below. I 
peeped also and m-t them too. We then 
went ashore to the Manager'a honae, and 
were joined by the Owtnet^tf soon afler 
which, the Muiager rowed arter us, and 
we all went on board the vessel toge- 
thef. The Managar (Mr. Pearson) aaked 
the crew, what the cai^o was. They said, 
nothing but water. Tile Manager said, he 
understood there were slavea on board. 
The man, who could speak Englisti, did 
not dery it, but confessed there were 
seventy-seven slaVes. We took chane of 
the vessel, and took her ashore. There 
were seven hands on board, all Spanisj^lB, 
and seventy-seven slaves, almost all young- 
people, of botli sexes, quite naked, without 
even laps. Three uaves had died on the 
pasaoge. At first, the slaves were shy of 
us, but, when they saw that we intended 
tliemnoharra, they were oveijoyed. They 
had been fed on farina, as sour as '' 

i'uic^ from which their condition waa 
ean. They are now at Rkhmond. The 
ere* thade Ho reslstadM. They are now 
prisdneiB by order of the Magistrate.' 

" We think it will begenerallyadmitted 
that Captain Fraser deserves the thanks of 
tlieColony, and sdmething more sohd than 
uianks. Jfgt allowing ourselves to doubt 
that he will be suitably recompensed for 
his tact and brarery, we only remark fot 
the present, how very strange it Is that a 
oTaf^ not Uiucli bi^r than a Colony 
Bchootief, should have escaped our armed 
cruizers, onr mail-steamers, our in^rchant- 
men even, and should have been picked 
up, iuqniriag the route to Havannah, olf 
the coast of Essequibo.'* — Tie Grenada 
Fr^ Frui, Monk ind, 1843. 

Mr. Trew supplies the following 
«4ditiOnsl paKiJ!ill&rs :-^ 



"Having understood that three of 
the crew c^ the slaver are now oh board 
this ship, and that une of them could 
ipeak English, I took an opportHnity of 
collecting fford them the following mt' 
titialan relative to their recent employ- 
ment: — The vessel is a schooner of 
alouttwentytons burthen: she had ori- 
g'nally eightj-one slaves on board, ten 
ot whom were women, tnd seventy-one 
men and boys; she had both 8panisi. 
and PortOKUase coiouri on board, and 
«M hound for Havani. The slatM 
■*tite aent on boerd, U, CAbinda, hf 



a Portugese ttaerchant, during the 
night, and she sailed before daylight; 
they were fed during the voyage twice 
a-daj on beans and farina, divided 
into eight messes, and were brought 
up to receive the fresh air daily when 
t£e weather was good ; four died on 
the passage from fever cai^bt before 
being put on board. Orders were given 
not t« punish them, lest it should depre- 
ciate their value on arriving at Havaaa, 
where they had expected to have landed 
theircargoquietly, at a bay twenty Miles 
from Havana, When my infonnant left 
Havana, four vessels had just arrived 
there with a targe number ol negroes, 
and three vessels werC lying at Cabinds 
for sUves. The captain engaged him 
fot thlHyflve doll&l^ per tnon^ ; sad 
he says that a bOnUs is given when the 
cargo afrlves safely, and even larger 
wages are now offered, but that he would 
not now go for double the sum) tlie risk 
. being so greati The veeael was so crowded 
that the crew slept on deck during tb« 
whole voyage of thirty days. My is* 
formant, and the remainder of the ctct, 
are Romaii Catholics jthey say they hid 
never heard of the Pope's (Uaapproral 
of the Slave Trade. They made ds 
resistance when the drogher took them, 
because, after the death <^ the dptaiai 
no one on board knew anything rf 
navigation, and theywet^, ilonsequeDtl;, 
rather glad when they were brought lo 
land, tnofe especially as they knew that 
they themselves would be aismissed, 
though the slaves and vessel would 
be . detained. When asked it tbcj 
had arms or knives oh board, the aniwir 
*aa, that they bad not, for what woaid 
be the Use of them? My iflforman! 
stated that all the vessel! Oow trading to 
Africa, ftre dS Hety imatt kiirthen, so 
that die loss is ^ss iii cate of af 
ture, u some are certain to escsp^- 
He is wholly ignorant of the price 
paid, or obtained for the slaves, beesuse 
they were ready to be shipped ftom 
the harracoons as soon as the to* 
glish cruiaers should leave the pert. 
He believes that slaves ftre often vien 
from Havana lo the Sonlhem Stale* of 
ihe American Union, bat he had uver 
been ih eye*witnem ef if 



Liii .,jbvGo oglc 



THE Fftiem) OP AFRICA. 



tBE NIGER, ITS BRANCHES AND 
TKIfiUTABIES. 

[CMMlodadlhimpHBM.l 

Trrouoh the Sheikh of Bornu's 
cood gavemment, the aumhcr of IcaGlas 
from Peizan haa greatly increased, and 
in SD equal proportion the reapectability 
of the traders attached to them ; the 
bands of robbers nbich formerly ia- 
ftited every path haviag been effectually 
diipersed, andthe roads rendered nearly 
a safe as in England. 

At the market in Kouka at least 
1 3,000 person s cod stantly assemble, some 
from places two or three days distant, 
"bilst slaves, sheep, and hullocbs, vheat, 
rice, indigO) and leather are extensively 
sichanged, through the medium of am- 
ber,beaas,aad native cloth. AtAngornu, 
the largest and most populous town in 
the empire, the market is attended " in 
pele«able times" by 80,000 or 100,000 
fEopie, and has quite the appearance of 
a bustling place of business'. Straneers 
come here occasionally from Tomboktlj, 
and even Sierra Leone. 

To the north of Kouka the river Yeu 
Bows into that inland sea of fresh water, 
ibe mysterious Lake Chad, Towards 
(be close of the dry season Major Den- 
liun visited the Yeli at Old Bimi, and 
found it pursuing an ecuttrly course, 
"a very noble stream, nearly a quarter 
of a mile in breadth. Omar Gana end 
ibe Shouaas were nnanimous in declar- 
ing that after the rains a very strong 
current from west to east constantly 

Following its course to the eastward, 
they fbund it some distance lower, 
"nearly as broad as the Thames at 
Richmond." Soon after the rains had 
ceased, Capt. Clapperton found the 
Veu running at Uie rate of three miles 
an hour. The account which he re- 
ceived of it was, that it rose to the 






p. 60,80,101. Such ii 



incredible 



•iM -• Dot iMoUe«t thit diaj have an other tnndt 
or cimductin^ butibeu,tio qui«t ijfttfim of tlv^pinfl, 
■bicb btdHd Uuit livalj ud wciil btina would 
bbnUj ndun. Anmilu unDgns^t HmsIiHm 
wcnn Id KnropB. At lh« grMl Oil it Kiinj 
nmgond, lu U^a cootie of Ruaui, 100,000 aei- 
eUnU dmJ liiniully to lucmble. 

* IMS, f. \it. It ii twr« Klw cillcd Ibe Gun- 
<«rt[K«tnbMoi). 



BouthYard among the hills of, Bfiushi, 
between Adikmawi and Jakobah, and 
after passing Katagum, turned abruptly 
to the eastward ; " it finally empties 
itself into the Chad'," Crossing it on 
their way to and from the Desert, they 
found it (in fiood or nearly so) a consi- 
derable stream, full of water, and flow- 
ing towards the Chad with a strong and 
deep current. 

On the southern side of the lake, the 
river Shary pours in its waters ; its 
magnitude drew from the travellers an 
involuntary exclamation of surprise, 
being 650 'yards in width, and running 
nearly north at the rate of two or thrco 
mitea an hour. Ascending this noble 
river, we reach the capital of Loggun, 
a populous and superior country, Ker- 
nuk,whereDenham was kindly received, 
contains at least 15,000 inhabitants, 
and is- well hid out, with wide and 
handsome streets. They manufacture 
great quantities of cloths and tobes, 
which they Aye beautifully, and have a 
metal currency, consisting of thin plates 
of iron, the value of which Is settled by 
proclamation at the commencement of 
the weekly market, and gives rise to a 
considerable amount of stockjobbing 
speculation' . 

Beyond this point, we do not accu- 
rately know the river, but it most pro- 
bably rises among the lofty mountains 
along the other side of which the 
Chodda is thought to flonv, so that it 
may yet be found to present a new and 
not inconvenient route fVom the Ka- 
w4ra to Bomii'. 

The vast extent of inland navigation 
presented by Lake Chad is, however, 
the moat Interesting object in this part 
of the country. Viewed on the western 
side, hy Kouka, it stretches away to 
the east and south-east in an uninter- 
rupted expanse of waters, whilst from 
the south, at the mouth of the Shary, 



* "Should nmfidMW* *nl tnnqiiilli^ ba alal,. 

lisbvd bj El Kuwinj'i pKOTtioru.in thoH prorinoca 
bordering OD ihe great tr>ob of KulIlu.LoKKun Till 
be a profitablo reoort (br mBTcbuliu In tbi imiB t- 
diste DoIglibDurbood of 111* great riier.naiBor Utt 
tovna up eitmnelj bnltb;, "— Dehuim, p. Mfl. 

tliat lbs roul (Wnn F^nda to Kouka wa> perftc'llj 
opaa, and tbat jou Gonlil ga bj Ivid in ■arantean 
dajl. Tbia iboni, at 1ea«, that tach a ccmDoni.. 
ca(ion would not be stnuige or uoir. 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



no land can be discovered, even by a 
teleacope, to the north or «ast*. Its 
surface is Btudded with many islandi, 
some of which are inhabited by a wild 
independent race, who send out fleets 
of 100 or 200 canoes on piratical ex- 
cursions. Whether this immense body 
of water, swelled by various streams, 
some of considerable magnitude, be 
provided with a suitable outlet, or 
exhausts itself by perpetual evaporation, 
this is not the place to inquire. In 
whatever direction such an outlet may 
be found to flow, it must be of infinite 
value in opening up large tracts of land 
now unknown; and should none exist, 
the lake itself and its tributaries are 
yet of the utmost importance. 

From Bomti, the great north-eastern 
track leads through the Desert by Bilma, 
the capiul of the Tibus, where sail is 
collected in large quantiliesT,toMui'£uk, 
the metropolis of Fezzan (a journey of 
42 or 45 days), and so to Cairo, Gho- 
d^is, and Tripoli. From the far* 
projecting oasis of Fezzan, the hardy 
Arab penetrated at an early period into 
the heart of Nigritia, and centuries ago 
these wild regions were, as now, stirred 
by the close tramp of the frequent 



Rounding the northern shoulder of 
the Chad, or traversing its southern 
shore, we fall in with the eastern road, 
through K^em' or Begharmi, by the 
singular valley of the Bahr-el-Gazel, 
and the half-known Lake Fittre and 
Bahr Miaselad, through Dar Sille, Dar 
Fur, Kordofan, Senar, across the Bahr- 
el-Abiad to the shores of the Red Sea. 
This route, however, has been much 
interrupted by the contention between 
Bomii and Waday for the possession 
of K&iem. 

Returning by the caravan path to 
Yauri, we may proceed up the Niger by 
towns and regions little known thougn 
not unvisited, nor deprived of thi 
accustomed intercourse of commerce 
which is carefully protected by Sultan 

• Th« SbelUi npoftod il ta ba (vm^ d*ji 
jotinw; miud. or abnil tOO mils. 

I 30,000 bagi (nHidto lun bem euiied mrr 
hj Ote Turiki iliina in ow jtm. 

* Odm ui atmiT* ud powaihi emratrr, bo 
■aw bcakn lo pttna, Ukd iU mOioritj liM^ fei r e 



Bello' , and most probably by the ruler 
of Tomboktu, until we arrive, alter a 
voyi^e of perhaps 600 miles, at the 
celebrated western emporium of Moor- 



Although somewhat fallen from its 
high estate in the days of Leo Afri- 
canuB, the ancient town of Tomboktn 
is still of eminent consequence. Seated 
at the salient point of the Desert", 
where the waters of the J£ib& drive 
back for a space Its devouring sands, 
it presents the first settled restiog-place 
for the weary travellers crossing IIm 
" dry ocean" by the great western track 
from Tafilelt, Fes, and Marocco, tbe 
chosen road of the Arabs from tbe 
remotest period. 

Inclosing a circuit of about four 
miles, its population has been very vari- 
ously estimated, but all are engaged in 
trade, and every house is a store. 

Here the kafilas from the north and 
east meet those of the south and west, 
diverge lo their widely-separated desti- 
nations, and reassemble for the return 
home : here tbe gold of Ashanti, Gi- 
man, and Bambarra, the salt of the 
Desert, the honey, cotton, grain, lad 
provisions of Jenn€, the slaves vi 
manufactures of Sddan, the stuib and 
cloths of Fez and Marocco, and tbe 
guns, glass and earthenware, piper, 
cotton and woollen goods of Eorope, 
are exchanged or warehoused for future 
transportation. 

From this left ventricle of the migfatj 
heart of Africa, the vast arteries which 
we have seen branching off, up ths 
Jdliba. almost to its source (easily con- 
nected with the colonised aeaboanl of 
the west), sonibwards to the Gold Cout, 
whence proportionate veins ascend ta 
meet the vital current which passes 
down the Great River to the BighU, 
or sweeps eastward till it flows into lbs 
answering channels of Asia, sad north- 
wards till they touch the confines of 
Europe, are supplied with perennial and 



bj Muua Bulamui. ■ conquaing Kon duana, 
in Hh jtMi 131S, and in Uh eonna orteaMkte 
pbca (rfabana, tbs •DClM «mM tf «■*■ 



1US.3 



THE FRIEND OP AFMCA. 



sbimdaiit strerais. Should the Niger 
Expedition yet succeed in its noble 
designs, not oaly the goods but the 
men of Europe may ere lon^ reach the 
fountain as well as float on the streani, 
and the golden ley of English com- 
merce unlock the gates of the long- 
sealed city of ToUBOKTU ! 



NoTK. — As some of our readen may not 
be fully acquainted with the syBtem ot 
proBnnciation adopud in this paper for 
African names, the subjoined table of 
sonnds is given; — , 




Tba poaltiaa ot the ucent ilw Tuiw In Him 
iuUoca. Touboktu (uituwiilUnbjIbnBainli 
■nd deteimiiwd bj gaoenl uagel becoma Tombii 
ud TombiUo io Bvbu;, mid iihaiili >cu giie 
ID to tiiB Airican AiaociMun, from Ibe nportA i 



VorEfikak (FHtwl 9/ Africa, No. 11, p. IIU,) 
nad Btrikak; for BitM. (Ibid, No. 18, p. IVS,) 
nad B*itlii-~iieAni freaa B^vi, a tlkTe; tm 
Glitdamii nad GhodinU. 

Wa b^TB beeu vpSanwA bj' t, g«iitl«iun Donnectad 
wilfa the Niger Eipedition, Ihat the doiciiptioD of 
tli*paiof&Nig« (No. 13, p. 183,1 is uol quite 
comet, ud llial lbs lulls cu hudlj bs uid to 
(RBlMDg llw tied of tLa liTdT, Ibongh Hwr Tina 
■ connderaUs luigbt at aoms diataaa, and mi 



Id Sakatii (No. 18, p. 



It upon 1 



e. It maj ba italad, pecbapa, ■• about SSO 
■, aDowliia fcr dw windliip at tin nad; bui 
■aAj may dlBtevnt motaa be talus, but diS^nni 



In the Frietid of Africa (No. 12) 
menotice was taken of a negro named 
James Fergusson, who, with a number 
of his countrymen, had returned to 
their native place, Badagry, and had 
induced the heathen governor to join 
a a request for a miBsiooary. This 
was early in 1841. Since that time 
these extraordinary men have continued 
to emigrate, and in a letter from the 
Rev. Thomas Dove, dated November 
24th, 1841, we find the following ac- 
count of this interestii^ movement: — 
The liberated Africans have no 
desire to leave their native soiL Hun- 
dreds have already left our colony for 
Badagry, (once a noted place for the 
Slave Trade.) and hundreds more are 
I the tip-toe. They are begging vt 
tend a mittionary mith Aem to 
Badagry. The Akus have purchased 
two prize vessels, (captured slavers,) 
and they are just about to purchase a 
third. They have taken down elemen- 
tary school hooks, slates, bibles, and 
testaments, for the purpose of making 
a beginning in that heathen land. TTtt 
liberated Afrirant have eommgnced a 
rubicription among thsmteleet, to en- 
able the Committee (of the Wesleyan 
Missionary Society} to send mitsion- 
ariei to their own, their natiue land. 
One has given seven ^ineas, another 
five, some two, and others one. I find 
they have raised already nearly the sum 
of seventy-five pounds; but this is only 
the beginning. Our income from this 
source will, I hope, this year exceed 
one hundred pounds. Thank the 
Lord, Sierra Leone hab hot -yet 

PROVED TO BE A failure!" 

On this statement a comment is 

needless! 



PREVENTION OF MALARIA. 
Our atten^on has been called by a 
correspondent to an article in a late 
Number of the Gardener's Magazine 
giving some account of the uaeAtl 
properties of an aquatic plant, in puri- 
fying the stagnant waters of low 



THE FRIEND Of AFRICl. 



[Hit, 



marshy attiutions nithin the tropics. 
The gentleman from whom the article 
has been received iQtroduceB it with 
the folio wiDg- ob serrations: — 

In the Number of the Gardener 
Magazine for March, the value of the 
Jusaiena grandiflora, an aquatic and 
marsh plant, is practically shown, by 
an example token from the awamps of 
Louisiana. la the West Indies those 
plants are known by the name of prim- 
rose willow, and 1 have five species 
enumerated in my manuscript Flora of 
the West Indies ; namely, the Juasiena 
crecia, common in marshy situations in 
Jamaica, Tofaagv, and other islands : 
the Jussiena birts, found in Jamaica: 
the Juasiena octovalvis, which 1 found 
abundantly in marshy parts of the 
Dodand, in Nevis, when it was in 
flower in July, August, and September: 
the Jussiena pubescens, found in Ja- 
maica : and the Jussiena repens, also 
found in Jamaica. By introdutzing- 
these, and especially the Jussiena gron- 
diflora, which is more properly an 
aquatic plant, and may be obtained in 
abundance from the neighbourhood of 
Kew Orleans, into the marshy and 
stagnant waters along the lower course 
of the Niger or Quorra, such a change 
ma^ possibly be effected in the consti- 
tution of the atmosphere by a natural, 
not artificial, process, as may ' 
years adapt it for European constitu- 
tions, and prepare the way for the 
civilization of that mighty continent 
find the ultimate extinction of the 
Slave Trade and Slavery. 
JuuigKa ffrand^ora. — "I am 

enabled to give you the fecta of the 

tary influence of this plant on the health 
of the inhabitants, when permitted to 
grow in the waters of Louisiana, which 
nets I promised in my communication 
in your Msgozine of February, 1811. 

"Dr. Cutwright informs me, under 
date of September 24th, that Bayon 
Torre Bonne, in tbe parish of Torre 
Bonne, having been declared a nAvlgablc 
bayon or natunl canal (stream it in not, 
for It has no current, and is not fed by 
springs or rivulets), and its surface being 
thickly set with the plant, which gave it 
tiu appearand of a meadow covered with 
i tallflowering weed, and obstructing the 
navi^tloa very ftiuth, it was eltared, of 



" The banha of the bayon m now Ui 
have been thickly inhabited fn airsaly 
year^ with tbe constant cnjoymBnt oF 
health, until the destruction of un Jusi- 
ena tlu*ee years since, [when bilioaa Aa- 
eases made their appearance ; while tbose 
on the banks of the two Bayons Cubon 
(Grand and Petit), Bayons Black enl 
Blue, and otEen on whose watets lb* 
plant still remains, continue exempt &om 
tiiem. The waters in these bavoiu uc 
stagnant, but pure and sweet. The piiut 
feeds on the aqueous impuritiaa. It bw 
no attachment to the aoil, but floats on 
tbe surface of the water, and only beeouit* 
stationary when it becomes too thick isi 
crowded to float. Put into mu/ ttagnml 
pool efaattr, it toon pitrifiM tl. 1 bare 
not met with it above the 30° of IsL in 
this country, but I saw it crowing in one 
of the aquariums in the fiotaoic Garden 
in Oxford : when I asked the boUniit 
who accompanied me in the gaiden, wby 
the waters were so much sweeter sod 
clearer than in the other aquariuma, b> 
' me he could not tell, and added. 



that all tbe aquariums v 



»(ji 



iliedwit^ 



water from tlie same source. —J. M. 
Phitadebihia, 1U\ October, 1841. [Gv- 
denet'i Magaxinet ^o. 14i. Marthf 18i£, 
page IBS.] 



LETTER FROH A CRUISER. 
To the Sditor of the FanitD or Antn. 

StR,— The crime of Slave Trade bu 
been defended upon the pretence that the 
ordinary afFections of human natun an 
almouC unknown to the African. 

In the year IB40, I landed a nmnber d 
slaves at Sierra Leone, just rescued frem 
the horrors of alaveiyi According to tbe 
usual practice, a party of Uie Wert India 
Regiment went on board the vewel on hei 
arrival, to obtain volunfeers. One of tlw 
recruiting party recognlced his brother 
aroonest the newly-arrived slaves. Tbev 
rushed into each other's arms, and hugged 
and embraced each other with transportt 
of joy, which It Is Impoeslble to describe, 
and which could not be witnessed withont 
the most lively emotion. 

How many thousand similar meetinn 
between nrar relations who never eoold 
have even hoped for such happiness, iniut 
have occurred amongst tbe vast nDmbenof 
slaves who have been restored to liberty at 
Sierra Leone I 

I am. Sir, 

You obidtent atmnl, 
Tormu^, A Cmomm, 

tredHodof, Marti aoa. 



1H>.] 



THE FBIEin} OF AFRICA. 



71 



BfiATH OF SIR LIONEL SMITH, 

aOTIRNOR OP THE MIUBITIUS. 

Wb regret to infonn our readers 
nf the death of Sir Lionel Smith, 
successiTely governor of Karbadoes, 
Jstnaica, and the Mauritius. 'ITie 
melancholy event took place In the 
hst-maltioned island, oh the 3rd of 
Jannal'y. His actual illness appears 
to hkTe been of but short duration, no 
Kien symptoms having shonn them- 
wives until within a day or two of hi; 
decease; but the fatal mahdy must 
hive been deeply seated in his c»>nBtitu- 
tioQ, a fact sufflcienly attested by the 
mode of his death, — the effusion of 
water on the chest. 

The late Governor is a serious loss 
to the colony. Ijis whole career, in 
&i various important statioils which he 
wis called on to fill, may be appealed 
to M ftffordin^ evidence of his firm 
ittichment to juatice, and the cause of 
nui(Hial liberty. His fimeral is said to 
bave been attended by ten thousand 
persons. 

BRAZIL. 
Wb have received the following list of 
vessels which sailed &om Rio de Janeiro 
doting the last year on sUve voyages to 
the coMt of Africa. The greater portion 
of them, it will be seen, vis., nine out of 
wventeeh, sailed under the flag of the 
United States. Thus does the star-span- 
ded Gflnner of the mnch-vannted land of 
libeKy cover the most iiihuntan traffic 
thsL ever dis^c^ manttind. When will 
til« Federal Oovemment relieve itself of 
the odium of throwing its protective shield 
over sAbh deeds of darkness and of blood ! 
n Aid 



Ue. Nailnb. Num. 

I- if ADiBricu Pllgrtm . 

I- S Portuguoe Conches da liaHt 

M Amofeui SophU 




Two American vessels were loading in 
Jnnuary last for the coast, one the Itetert 
Browne, a, ship of upwards of 60O tons, 
chartered for 10,000 Spanish dollars; the 
other, the Sagamore, of about 300 tons, 
chartered forOOOO Spanish dollars. 

In O Canmercio, a Bahia paper, of tlio 
12th December, 1B41, we have an account 
of the capture of fifty-six newly-importud 
Africans, who were concealed in the fiic- 
tory of Cahrito, iu the vicinity of the 
city. It appears that infomiatioa of their 
I>ein^ there had been conveyed to Uie 
President, and a public officer was ordered 
to seiee them, Sr, Antonio Magalhaei de 
Castro, the " Promotor Publico,'' who 
was sent upon this service, in a letter to 
the President, gives a detailed nnrrative of 
the expedition, for such it might truly 
be called, as he was accompanied by a 
captain, Bento Jos^ Goncalves, forty foot 
soldiers, ten cavalry, and six policemen. 
With this formidable force he marched to 
the scene of action at midnight, on the 
8tU of December, and surrounded the 
place where the poor victims of cupidity 
were supposed to be. The soldiers on one 
side of the building hDvins;, without wait* 
ing for orders, discharged their muskets 
at some launches in an adjoining creek, 
which had made off on their aspmoch, 
the guilty parties received a timelyalarm, 
and efCectM their escape, only a book- 
keeper belonging to ttie establishment 
having been secured. Fifty-siK Africans 
were, however, released, and delivered 
over to the chief of the police. The con- 
clusion of St. Antonio's letter to the 
President deserves to be recorded, as it 
exhibits the most just and enlightened 
views with respect to the disposal of the 
captured NeCToes. Hesays: — "Pennitme 
now-, your Excellencj-, to intercede for 
tliese unhappy people, libemted hy my 
exertions; my supplication is not without 
fouudutian, nor without legal base. It is 
Ume that, in fullilment of the law, all 
these Negroes, thus violently dragged from 
their homes by deceitand violence, should 
be restored to Africa — let them be sent 
back to their country, to which tliey are 
probably more attached than many of onr 
conntrymen, who dare to call themselves 
civilized, are to ours. I hope that your 
Excellency will, in pity, favourably con- 
sider all the unhappy Africans, and parti- 
cularly these lately taken, as a special 
favour to myself. The liberated AtHcan 
whose services are put up to the hiyhest 
bidder, in my opinion, your Excellency, 
meets a lot of^ unparalleled lianhJiip, 
Better to be a slave! What guarantee 
has the muiitcwtuld whose services are put 
up to auctionf Wh&t tmitment can they 



7S 



THE FRIEiro OF AFRICA- 



LMiT. 



expect wheii dckt And how jealously 
watohed, in the hands of a purchaser 

oftentimes without philanthropy, and 
who, perhaps, killing them by dnining 
the last drop of the most extreme service, 
can Bcaroely himself suffer tlie slightest 
pr^udice? Some few exceptions there 
may be, but we should not for these make 
the esistence or the destiny of so many 
onh^py fellow-creaturea, dependent on a 
system which as a general rule is so inha- 
man. If these AAicans liberated by my 
assistance be delivered np here into the 
hands of individuals, the painful idea will 
always accompany me, that I have co- 
operated in the aggravation of their sod 

From the order of the Frendent to the 
chief of the police, it would appear that 
the humane request of Sig^ar Antonio was 
not complied with. The President directs, 
that the "men and boys should be placed 
at the disposal of the Intendont of Marine 
for the service of that deportment, and the 
women he distributed in the various nun- 
neries, and in the misericordia (hospital), 
as they may be required : and the fonntT 
OS well as the latter will be required to be 
compensated for the little service they 
can render during the firrt six montlis 
with food and clothing ; after which they 
will be distributed to various services, 
according to law, with preference to the 
stud department and conv^ts in which 
Uieyan fonai "—Anti-Slavmy X^Hirter. 



PUBLIC HEETINO AT CHESTER. 

Ow Thursday, March Stst, a Meet- 
ing was held in the Exchange Assembly 
Room, Chester, for the formation of a 
Branch Society, in connexion with the 
Society for the Extinction of the Sla 
Trade and the Civilization of Africa. 

Although we have abstaiued for 
Mveral months past from taking up 
our already perhaps too limit«d space 
with rtports of speeches delivered on 
such occasions, we nevertheless do not 
intend to bind ourselves by a rule so 
strict as to admit of no exception. On 
the contrary, we may probably now and 
then devote some portion of our publica- 
tion to a detail itf proceedings in the So- 
dety's behalf, at various places through- 
out the kingdom; especially when from 



either local or general circumitauces it 
seems right to give them somenhit 
greater permanence than can be mo- 
ferred hy the columns of a proriDdil 
newspaper. We conceive this to be 
the case in the instance now befbn 
us. In the present crisis of our iote^ 
course and relations with Central Africa, 
the meeting at Chester atiomes la 
aspect of greater interest than nsniL 
It may serve to show that although 
deeply mourning, we are not nnduly 
cast down, by the late severe diipot- 
sation of Divine Providence: and thit 
our friends, like ourselves, have deter- 
mined to inscribe "ohwakd" on thtii 
banners, remembering that "dutiesiic 
ours, while events remain with Hioi «ha 
has sent us into his vineyard, aod ip> 
pointed each of us hu proper work." 
With these observations we introdnee 
the report of the Chester Meetisf to 
the no^ce of our readers. 

The Chair was taken at 12 g'doek by 
LOKD RoBXItT Gbosvknob, H.F. 

The Ndblr Cbaibmak, in opening tb 
business, said he was h^py in Deing sUt 
to take a part in the present pnceMiogs- 
He should have be«i happy to do n 
under any circumstances ; for he could 
not forget the numerons petitions be bid 
the honour to present to Farlisment, no 
the communications ha bod teeeived&Mn 
this city, nor the anxiety manifested bf 
all clswes of the community, for tw 
attainment of tliat ff^ measure of jus- 
tice, the abolition of slavery;— an anxu^ 
the effects of which prove, that it snM) 
not from the mere tranuent feeluig of 
disgust, which the cruelty of the syslas 
could not bnt engender in the bnssb 
of Englishmen, bnt that it was the off- 
spring of mature deliberation and Nocoe 
conviction. He conld not too fof* 
that one of the first, if not the very ii* 
meeting of the African Civilisation So- 
ciety, was presided over by an illostnM 
Prince, of whom he could never spesk 
except m terms of the wannest «i^J^ 
and admiration; — a Prince whom htoti 
the honour to serve, and whose virtuau 
example shed the greatest lustre wi hif ex- 
alted station. They all remembaedwitb 
what joy they had hailed the depsiun 
from this country of that little itadm 
philonthrDpist^who Nt waiirtJ«rfcT 



lULl 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



Ahki ; bnt it wu not ibr him to descrilw 
tiw dwk eland wliich had arisen dnce that 
tim^ and oTenhadowed their brightest 
hopes: and tbej must see in such a 
mult, ■ manifest proof of that Scriptural 
dseUration, that thoneh "the lot was 
ent into the lap, the disposal thereof was 
with the Lord. Theirexpectations,how- 
erer, were not destroyed ; and when they 
had listened to the means which the 
Aftican Civilization Societjr yet intended 
to employ, in furtherance of their great 
work, it would i>e for them to judge, 
whether the proposed plan held out a 
nfficient prospect of success to justify 
them in ronning « Branch Society in 
Chtster, that, by their united and ener- 
getic co-opention, they might aid in 
ejecting the cirilization of Africa, and 
the complete sitnihilatioa of the Slave 
Trade. He would now call npon Hr. 
Wardell to moYo the first resolution. 

W, WissELi, Esq., then rose to move 
the first resolntioD, reprobating tlie Slave 
Ttade, and pledging the meeting to use 
their ubnost efforts for the enppreesion of 
n odiooB a treffie. Mr. Wardell said the 
leMlation i«conimended itself on the 
gnrandof common humanity, Hewished 
tc know by what authority, human or 
dirine, were men calling themselrea 
Christiana authorised to drag aimnally 
100,000 poor AMcans from their homes, 
goading them onwards over burning 
deserts, until numbers died from exhaus- 
tion; or thrusting them intJ> ships, and 
eanying them thousands of miles, with 
no more room than a corpse had in a 
eofBn. If such evils ensted, and they 
did nuhappilv to a most alarming extent, 
it was their duty to endeavour to suppress 
them. The question would then arise, — 
how could this be effected? It might be 
done in oeveial ways. First, by the 
governments of the world entering into 
mutual treaties for this purpose; but 
■Ithongh this might be proanctive of good 
results, it did not strike directly at the 
root of the evil. Let the Amcans be 
instmcted in the culture of the soil, and 
in the value of its production^ and they 
would no longer desire to traffic in human 
flesh, in exchange for the goods which 
they required from civilized nations, as 
batter might then be conducted on other 
end better principles. Their moral and 
intellectual faculties, too, should be culti- 
vated. He then alluded to the Niger 
£xpedition, and described the circum- 
Manoea connected with its recent attempt 
to ascend the great river of Western 
Africa. He concluded b^ expressing his 
conviction, that by effecting what might 



be termed local settlements, the work 
could t»e carried on, and it would end 
at last in the miiial renovation of hhherto 
benighted and miserable Africa. 

The Bbv. C. B. Tatlbr seconded the 
resolution, and in the course of his addreaa 
read three tetters, — ^m the lUv. Edward 
Bickersteth, the late Captain Bird Allen, 
and an oRicer of the Niger Elxpedition, 
whose name he did not mention; the 
tetter of the first mentioned being particu- 
larly enconraging to the philAntnropiatB 
of England to persevere in the work wMch 
they had begunt 

Jamss Rogers, Esq., one of the Secre~ 
taries of the Metropolitan Society, then 
addressed the meeting. Having stated 
the objects of the Society, he proceeded 
to notice an objection or two that hod 
been K^ed uainst it. Amongst other 
things, it had been charged agunst the 
Society, that it was endeavouring to 
renovate Africa, " by the vile principle 
of gain." That the Society intended to 
recommend commerce as a means of abo- 
lishing the Slave Trade, he did not deny; 
but he did denv that it was the vUe prin- 
ciple of gain which they desired to call to 
their aid. What had originated, and still 
caused men so far to forget the common 
feelings of their nature, as to o^ny on 
this altominable traffic in human flesh? 
Was it not this the viU princijile of gain? 
Yes! it was this principle which haa led 
to the sacrifice of millions of the sons and 
daughters of Africa, on the desert, the 
deep, and beneath the lash of the task- 
master; and by every feeling of compas- 
sion, mercy, and religion, be called upon 
them to declare an everlasting warfare, 
against this unholy — this thrice-accursed 
principle. But was this the charscler of 
every species of commerce? God forbid ! 
He was not one of those who conceived 
that the true riches of a nation lay in its 
trade or its commerce, unconnected with 
its social, moral, and religious condition; 
but when he looked round on those noble 
institutions which were the glory of this 
country, and many of which had been 
built with the gains of honest commerce, 
he rejoiced in believing that there was a 
virtuous, an innocent, and an honaunble 
principle of gain; and of this principle it 
was, as B secondary and subordinate agent, 
that they wished to teach others to avail 
themselves, in working out the social 
regeneration — the civilization of Africa. 
But did he mean by civilization, merely 
the introduction of a spirit of commercial 
enterprise! and could it be thought that 
he supposed this sufficient for AiHcal 
Mol ror all the vices of corrupt and &llen 



T# 



THE PBIBND OF AFRICA. 



[lUy, 



fanmtui attnn might ran riot aniidat tha 
luxury and riches consequent oiicomme> 
cial intercouree. Their Bchenie iucluded 
within it all that was aeceiaaxy to tlie 
Lappineas of men — all that It waa the will 
of God every man should aspire to and 
attain ; and he knew of no civilization 
that was not based upon Chriatianity. 
In att«mptin2 therefore to civilize Africa, 
th«y proposed to Chriutianize It also; not 
directly indeed ; for tlieirs waa not a 
Miseionaiy Society, but strictly and pro- 
perly a Civihitation Society. Hence tney 
required the aid and co-operation of Mis- 
sionary Societies. This Society would act 
the part of a pioneer, and prepare the ivay 
for those nho should labour exclusively 
for the salvation of souls. Medical men 
would also be sent over to inveatieate the 
diseases of Africa, wliich, thou^) both 
numerous and malignant, had ""ly within 
tlie last year exciled public attention, in 
the way of attempting to remedy them. 
But to all the diseases and qiiseries 
of Africa, must be added that great 
exasperating cause of all, the Slave Trnde, 
— which, like a fiamipg swofd wielded by 
m bloody demon, was bagishii^ peace aud 
love from a country otherwise capable of 
happiuessond enjoyment. And the meana 
now to be used tor its extipctiou mgst bp, 
not BO much the interception of slave 
^ipa by British cruisers, as the cutting 
off of the trade ^om the interior of Africa 
itself, by convincing the natives that they 
are losers by that tmde, inasmuch as they 
■ell for a few dollars, tUoea handa which 
might realise for them an annual income 
of at least ei^ht or tea times the an)ount. 
l.et the Atrioani once experiroeotally 
undenUnd this fiict, and he hesitated not 
to say, tiiat they would too well nnder- 
■tand their own interesta, to barter on 
auch ruinous terms. And nbw a word or 
two as to tile possibility of carrying this 
into effect. Did Athca possess latant 
wealth and unexplored resources, and was 
it possible to call tliem forth for the pur- 
poses of commerce? Yes, but the motive 
which induced the Africans to engage in 
the Slave Trade was the want of the 
manuiiictures of Europe, and more espe- 
cially of Bntish goods. The natural 
resources of Africa were incalculable. 
Poultry, fiah, cattle, iron, the precious 
metals, besides all the rich productions of 
the vegetable kingdom, were in abun- 
dance. Africa and Great Briton ought 
to trade with each other, — each possess- 
ing what tha other required, and each 
requiring what the other poaaesaed. Great 
Britain wants raw matenal in exchange 
for manufactured goods; Africa wants 
suiuifacluted goods in exchange for raw 



luatarial. Hr. Rogers then allndad to tke 

Niger Expedition, and observed, that the 
projeetora had boan charged with inhu- 
manity by some of the public journals, io 
having remaned at home, and left othen 
to face the dangers of an A&ican climBts; 
but such objeotions as these wen ealca- 
Isted rather to euite a smile, than to 
have any weli^ht withthought&I paisoiu. 
Why, they might as well complam of aa 
architect for not hewing the stone of 
which the building wna erected ; w of 
a commander-in-chief for not doing the 
dutv of a common soldier. What would 
sucu persons have thought if they liad 
been told that the first Lord of the Trea- 
sury had gone to teach the Afrioaua to 
drain land ; the prfniate of England ta 
help them to build a farm, and the speaker 
of the House of Commons to aid them in 
ploughing and aowina; seed? or whit 
rather ought they to think of those pe> 
sons who, not satisfied with staying at 
home doing BOtbipgi were doing war» 
than nothing in speuduig great powepof 
eloqijence and sarcasm aS^P^ ^ ^^"^ "' 
such mighty ipipcrtance, and frautlit 
withsQchgreat and glorioua results? U'' 
friend, Mr. 'Wardell, hs4 spoken of tht 
Expedition, and spoken of disasters which 
had attended iti still, it roust not U 
forgotten that topograpliical discoreria 
had been wade— treaties with AlriM 
chiefs had been entered into, stipulalii^ 
not merely for the abolition of the Siv 
Trade, but for the discontinnance of ha- 
mon sacrifices; and how then could ib* 
Expedition have failed? He odmitttd 
tliat thirty-nine deatlia had occnned se 
board the shipe, but these men vaa 
voluntarily — tfiey were not drMgri m 
board by the pressgang; and althoagii 
they had died in the eauso of pbilw 
tbropy, they had carried out the objecti 
for which they were sent They migbl 
not have been so Bucceasful as they could 
have wished, but defeated nltinist«lj' 
they could not be. Defeated! Sol the 
triumph of truth waa sure. 

GboBOB WiLBlUHAM, Ef«. SeMO^ 

the resolatinn, and said, that althoaeh 
the recent Expedition had not fulfills 
ail their expectations, yet they ongW » 
persevere, in the hope, that the AhnipilJ 
would still vouchsafe his blessiDg to sn 
undertaking, the object of which «• 
clearly in accordance with Hia will. 

The Rkv. Chiucru^r Rufw Jaimi 
the formation of a Branch Sociely f" 
Chester, upon the principle* laid ^o»b « 
the prospectus published by the Spoetyi 
and in connexion wiih tha paicnt S****^ 
iu Loudon. Tha Rev. CJunwUw "* 



IM!,] 



THE t^ETO OF APWCA. 



W 



thit it had bem objected that this Sodety 
WI3 thongbtleHlf exposing tlie lires of 
their fellow-crsBturea in tlu nncongeaiol 
climate of Africa. Bat the persoiu who 
niMd these objections did not appear to 
consider that b v the presaat afsl«m of in- 
t«rcoane with AMca, lires must neces- 
nrily be sacrificed. It was calculated 
that there were 10,000 lailora engaged 
in the Afiiean trade, and ..that out sf 
that number 2600 annually fell victims 
to tile climate; and, thereCbl«, if com- 
mercial intercourse were ever to he de- 
prived of its terrors, it must bo by the 
■dcqitlon of plans based upon information 
only likely to be obtained from such 
expeditions as the present. The Rev. 
Chancellor then argued that there were 
Bliil in the Navy of England man wiliiug 
to hazard their lives in such glorious 
efTorta of philanthropy as tha one now 
before them ; and even if these should fail, 
tbne would be found Christian mission- 
aries ready to sacrifce their Menda, their 
homes, and their lives, if required, 
Ml divine Haster'a cause. 

The RiOR* WoxsHiPFci. thx JfiToH, 
m a abort addrese, seconded the resolu- 

G. B, Giujtvii.LB, Ebq^ then moved tie 
ipiwintment of the officers of tlie Socie^, 
which was seconded b^ the &bv. W, 
CuBKBOx, Westeyan minister, 

iiMta RooBRs, FsQ'i moved the lasl 
molution — & vote of thanks to Lord 
Bobert Giosvenor, for his kindness in 
Ukingtbs chair, which whs iecoada4 by 
the I&v, Chamcbllor RiiKES. 

Lord R. GsoavBXOH haviiw retnrped 
thanks, the Meeting' was dissolved. 

A rahaeriptiiHi was immediately opened 
fi>r the purposes of the Society. 

The Marquis of Westminster was ap- 

K'nted President of the Chester Ilranch 
iety ; and tJie Haiqiiis of Cholmonde- 
ley, the Bishop of ChesUt\ Lord R. 
Grosvenor, J. ToUemache, Eea., and G. 
Wilbraham, Esq., Vice-PieeidentB. A 
T^ efficient Committee was also ap- 
fointed, 



THE ASHANTI PRINCES. 
Ik coBMquwM of on ill-natured jeport 
fpecting the conduct of the Athonti 
Princes, who were recently in this ooun- 
try,whichhssbeen copied mtoBon^e of the 
^y journals from a Sunday newspsfwr, 
we have, though utterly disbelievmg it, 
thought it but an act of justioe due to inew 
uuerestiog young men to inquire into the 



■Dhiect ; and wa learn from the most 
authentic aoiirew of fnlbrination, that the 
'eport, as we expected, is destitute of tha 
lightest fbundatiou. We have aeoaanis 
of thrir Arrival at Kumisi, and of their 
favourable reception by the iiin^, wha 
had appointed a house for their residence, 
and that of the Missionaries who accom- 
raoied them from Cape Coast Castle. 
We mfty add that the carriage, and other 
presents, aant to the king by the Wesleyan 
Miaeionary Society, were received with au- 
probation, TheAahanteesaressid, by Ur. 
Freeman, to attend Divine worship con- 
stantly, and to listen with serious atten- 
tiop. "Thus," he adda, ** things pro- 
mise well f and my inost awwuine ei^ec- 
tationa are mare than realixed." 

We are promised a report shortly op 
the agricultural implements furpiahed by 
the African Civilization Society, and 
which have been, no doubt, actively and 
usefiilly empbyed. 



Dbcbuxd OnicmBB xtm Suvbm oi thi 

NiOSB EXTEDITIOM, 

Tbb following subaiiTlptionB have been 
added since our last to "The Fund for 
the Relief of Relatives of OfiicerB and 
Seamen who hare fallen in the fiiger 
Elxpedition." 

Ciptwn TrotWr, H.N £30 

Mii.TroltBi,S«ij 8 

lient. H. C. UuitoQ [UUorH.H.S.V, 

Wilbtr/om) S 

Tbomu Clukun, Biq. fi 

Mr».CUrkioB 6 

MntCook J 0- 

BiFhird Beriui, Eiq., p« CspUlnH. 

Hope 1 

Janet Bnwn (U>* Ei^Hcr of H.H. 

ty.JIbert) 10 

TtaeRsTJsiHiDiWMa 10 

TheRer.W. Deahry.D.» 3 

Mii.Eniiai» 10 

Williiun Fitbboume, Eng. I U 

Wflliun Fiiiliboome,Jiin.,E«(| 1 U 

Jowpb Flahbounu. Jan., E»| 1 U 

M>nauiiK7<A4dltioatl] t 

Ci^tun Sir EolMit Hagu, R.N 1 I 

Alfred HwTii, Eaq 9 3 U 

WiUism Stippwy, E»q 3 3 

Mn. SimpkiDWD 3 

Gsnrg« VaughSB.EHi > * 

N.B.— A distribution of a laige portion 
of the fimd has been made. 



THJg FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



CASES OF SLAVERS. 

The following mtelligetw« has been 
received from St. Helena, up to the Gth of 
February, on whicli date the Aeom, 16, 
Commander J. Adams, was lying there. 
She had captured a Portuguese schooner, 
(the Dot Am^ot,) with ISO slaves on 
board, and a Portaguese brigantine, (the 
Xintna,') with AOS slaves, both of which 
had beencondemned at St. Helena. The 
FoMtotiie, 16, Commutder fiutteifield, had 
been spoken with on the 20tii of Januuy. 
All well on board. She had captured a 
Portngneie brigantine slaver, which the 
crew had abandoned in the chase. The 
Waterailck, 10, Lieutenant Commander 
Hatsou, was at Cabinda at the some date. 
All well. She had captured a Spanish 
ship fitted out fbr the Slave Trad^ but not 
with any slaves on board. An English 
merchant brig had been burnt in the river 
Gaboon in December. The Briik, Lien- 
tenant CommaQder Sprigg, left St. Helena 
fbr the coast on the 20th of January. The 
Aeom sailed itoia St. Helena for the Cape 
Of Good Hope on the 7th of February. 



SUSPECTED SLAVER. 

We extract the follovin^ paragraph 
from a letter received from Mr. Trew, 
dated at sea, 15th March: — 

" On our entering the harbour of St, 
Thomas, an AMeHcan brig, fitted out as a 
sort of steamer, having a, propelling power, 
was just proceeding on her voyage, but 
nobody knew whither, Itissaid, that she 
receives slaves from vessels engaged in that 
trade on the coast of Cuba and Porto Rico, 
and carries them rapidly to their destina- 
k>n. One foct, however, affords strong 
suspicion of her being a slaver, namely, 
that some Jamaica gentlemen, who were 
seeking a passage from St. Thomas's to 
that Island, offered the captwn of the brig 
1400 dollars to convey them to Port Royal 
(Jamaica), which he refused, demanding 
2000 dollan for a service requiring only 
about three days to perform. The brig 
quitted the harbour without a passenger." 



ARRIVALS ASD uiLiirest 





..Ualia 


•Aft.; 


TaSimUiMt— 






Hullqr. BtM&fd... 


.Iob4m. 


nua. 




.UniV«I.Blto. 


PrvmO^-Caul,— 








.LoBlva 




ToCaptCft— 










TaatOainMat— 






AMamu InmcacK. 


.LOBdM 


.KHm. 




..tate 









SubscripUons and Donations ore reennd 
hy the Treasurer, J. Gnmey Hoare, Eki. I 
by Ueesis. Bamett, Hoores, and Co., 6!> 
Lombard-street; Messrs. Barclay, Bct», 
and Co., M, Lombard-atreet ; Man. 
Contta and Co., 59, Strand ; Menn. Dnui- 
monds, Charing-croea; Hesss. Hsnbni}-, 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombaid-ftmt: 
Messrs. Hanlceys, 7, Fenchnrch-»ti«* ; 
Messrs. Howes, 37, Fleet-street; sn^ 
Messrs. Williams, Deaeon, and Co, ^ 
Birchin-lane; and by the Secretaiy. ^ 
Rev. J, H. Trew (to whom all cowbdiu- 
catlons relative to Ihe bnsinas of tlw 
Society may be oddreaaed), at the OCk 
of the Society, Ifi, Parliunent-ftreet. 



IiOUMN : Prlstod br Taonu RtcsASs Bissu 
ef Ho. tf , St. Mutia^ Un*. m tke rvM •< 
Hurtlll in U» FlaUii ud pmUbh^ br tun * 
LuaPimKn, of Kb, MS, WmI tMmL SMi 



■r \] sll BookHllen *a» Mn 



I .;, Google 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



PUBLISHED UOHTHLT. 



No. 90.] LONDON, JUNI!, 1842. 



« of tboAMou CiTiUBtloB BocMf n 



EaplOTnHntiitNaUn A(«W!)' VT 

TtuBbmTimdg .\ » 

Nimcn or Nsw Beon :_ 

l.VliKbithaT7iiltadStiMbrJ.BItaia .... N 



loiBtuBfBaot OaVlttrBxpalUkm . 



DECISION OF THE FRENCH MINISTRY RELA.TIVE TO THE 
RATIFICATION OF THE TREATY OF DEC. 20ib, 1841. 

Thb newspapers have already made most of om- readers aware that 
die Ministry of France have at length poblicly and positively declined 
to ratify the Treaty of December 20th for the more effectoal auppreuion 
of the Slave Trade. The following were-the circumstances under which 
the announcement was made: — On the l7th ult., the Chamber of Peers 
took up the discussion of the bill for supplementary credits on the 
estimates of 1841 and 1842. In the course, or rather at the commence- 
ment, of the debate which ensued, the Marquis de Boissy, a hot-headed 
young nobleman, introduced ^e subject of the recent treaty, protesting 
not only against its ratification, but also against the longer observance 
of previoos conventions by which the mutual right of search had been 
conceded on the part of Great Britain and France. Some of this 
speaker's remarks were of a nature personally offensive to M. Gnizdt, 
whom he described as " the oi^an of English interests in the French 
cabinet." For this he was called to ordeir by the president, but 
persisted notwithstanding in the use of the objectionable expression. 

M. de Boissy was succeeded by M. de Galriac, who defended 
England against the injurious aspersions which had been thrown upon 
her conduct and motives in relation to tlie slave trade. 

M. de Mol£ next ascended the tribune. His object was to defend 
himself against the chai^ of inconsistency in appearing at one time to 
jaronr, while at present he opposed the right of search. His speech 
consisted for the most part of a historical review of the efforts made by 
Ett^and to induce France to make common cause witii her in her 
hostility to the slave trade. These, be said, commeneflMn 1817j but 
were not in any measure successful until after the Revolution of July, 
1830. In 1831 and 1833, treaties were entered into between the two 

VOL. II. GooqIc 



' ^ THE FItlEND QF AFRICA. tJcst, 

nations, the proTisions of which England endeavdtued to have still 
farther enlai^d in 1836, and agun in 1838. One of the articles pro- 
posed on the tastrnamed occasion related to the extension of the- lati- 
tudes within which a mutual right of search had been conceded by the 
contracting parties. At this period, he (Count Mol^) was a member ol 
the cabinet, and although always personally opposed to the coneesuw 
of ths right of search, he was at the same time unwilling to afford 
grounds for his being accused of un&iendly feeUng towards England, 
and had therefore endeavoured to adjoom the question by resorting to 
negotiations, discussions, Sec, which led, as a matter of oouiso, to tb« 
wished-for delay. Such, he felt it necessary to explain, had been his 
part in reference to this important question. The speaker cpocloded 
by assuring the chamber that he had never intended to extend preri- 
ously existing treaties, and by defying any one to prove, as some bad not 
scrupled to assert, that his administration had consented to snoh a conni. 

To Count Molfi succeeded M. Guizot, who said, that "The chamber 
would perceive that Count MoI£ had gone back to the post, asd trttfed 
the subject in a manner which he (M. Gais6t) had always avoided. 
What had been juat said left him at full liberty to allude to &ets oat 
afecting himself, and consequently not touching his own responsibility. 
He would therefore go back too, yet not farther than th« Revoli^tioa of 
July. He would show the chamber that the written dsq>atohei to ud 
from Coont Mol^ did not exactly square with the worda they had just 
keard.*' , 

EHere the Honoonble Minister read sundry despatches toud 
from Count S^bastiani, the ambassador at London, tending to proTe 
that Count Mq]^ had manifested no sock opposition to tka rigkt li 
■**rch as he bad stated in his speech, and had raised no objectioa 
against the extensioa of the latitudes proposed by England. Our limiti 
JHedude the possibility of inserting more than the following ihert 
extract: — 

"CoDNT Mol£, MiNiSTSR or FoRBiON Apvaiu, to Oodnt 

SeBASTTAHI, at LONOOIH. 

"JUn»^12,10ftS. 

** Althong^ the Frendi and English fnees an united to |»erait llie 
tr^fic, it is in reality only the English force which can act, since Fiinee 
has not been able to obtain the right of search over those flags lAith 
an dHnpromJsed in the trade ; and, nvverthdess, it is eertain that tbe 
presenee of our foreea must inspire tbe slavers witii the neoesnt; o( 
using precautions whitA unibrtunately always turn to the detriment << 
^e wretched victims. Sodt a state of things camutt endun; "^d 
■■iilat loaitmff /or the Bunpem OevtrnnunU ia coMtrt a ftnM * 
mare aimkUe rapraman ^ ike tragic, that wkieh haa bean ad(^ ^ 
Vfoea and En^and must be made as efficaaoua as possifak.'^ 

M. Qnizfit thus contimied .■— " The discuation on tbe qniitim cav 

ii.;,Gooyk' 



IM/j TBB yitlENP OF AFRICA. ^ 

not tske plaoe to-day, but m mf view it rentttt from all the negetiatimtf, 
that fyanee ia morally engaged to ratify the Treaty. Since the last dis- 
cuuion in the ChsmHer, the position of the question is in no respect 
altered. The ratification of the Treaty has been positively reiused> 
and no engagement has been made to ratifr it at any future time. It is 
said, that when the Chambers are over toe Treaty will be ngned. I 
might take such an assertion as an iuault to my common sense. Do 
you suppose that the material presence of the Chamber is what influ- 
ences the determinations of GoTemment ! No, gentlemen, whether you 
be absent or present, it is certain that your opinion and wishes are 
equally looked to by us. The line of conduot which 1 adopted two 
months ago in refusing to ratify the Treaty, 1 will equally pursue when 
lite doors of this building are dosed ; and, in the actual state of tfu^f, 
I conceive that I should fail in my duty were I to recommend the roHfi- 
eation." 

Count MoU rose to explain. His remarks, however, we need not 
notice. It is enough to say that be did not succeed in rebutting the 
charge of inconsistency which the despatches, read by M. Quizot, had 
tended to fix upon both himself and his administration. The Chamber 
then adjourned. 

On the 19tb and 20th the debate was resumed. It is, however, only 
necessary for us in this place to enumerate the principal features which 
narked its further progress. These were,^«/, a speech of M. Guisot's, 
in which he triumphantly estabUshed his position, that the honour of 
France was pledged to ratify the treaty : — lecondly, the startling doctrine 
put forth by M. Dupin, and received with loud tokens of approbation 
by his auditors, that "it was absolute nonsense to assert that the 
government could be morally pledged to conclude a treaty to which the 
nation was resolved not to adhere :" — and tMrdb/, the almost unani- 
mous determination expressed by the chamber, to oppose all further 
prosecution of the measure. 

We think this debate one of sad and serious importance, as indicating 
a tmfy grievous state of feeling on the part of the French nation relative 
to the slave trade question. It is now clear that all tiie persevering 
efforts, and what is more, all the sacrifices made by our country in the 
war which she has waged for eight and thirty years agunst this enormous 
wrong, have fuled to convince our neighbours across the channel that 
we are actuated by any worthier motives than those of the meanest and 
lowest desire of personal a^raudizement. To a groundless jealousy of 
England, (how utterly groundless, let every honest and right-minded 
man judge for himself,) can alone be attributed the present di^racefal 
conduct of the French Cabinet, which, in this case, as M. Guizdt him- 
self confesaes, is the mere mouth-piece of the nation at large. We do 
not blame the noble-minded man, whose name we have just mentioned, 
for thia nnworthy sentiment, and the still more unworthy tei^T«r«tion 

G 2 >Ogk' 



80 TH E FBIEWD OF AFRICA. [Jrai. 

which the pass^es of hia speech, printed in italics, w plainly eihiUt 
We heliere his desire to be as sincere as oar own for the promotion of 
friendly relations generally between France and England, and eipeoBUy 
for a brotherly onion between them upon the question of the skve- 
trade suppression ; and we cannot but be aware, with all the reit of 
the world, of the great and idmost unprecedented difficulties of hii 
position. We believe that he has done all that was posuble, under 
existing circumstances, to relieve himself from the burden of responsi- 
bility which had rested upon him in reference to this great question, 
by placing it on shoulders to which it rightfully belongs. What that 
burden is will be evident from the following sentences which we re-qnole 
and now place in close juzta-position. 

" In my vibw it rbsultb prom all the nrootiations, that 
Francb is morally bnoagbd to ratify the Trbaty. 

"In the actual state of THINQS, I CONCBIVB THAT I SHOULD 
fail in my duty were I TO RBCOMMBND TBB RATIFICATION." 

We candidly confess that we do not envy the state of mind of that 
Frenchman who could be instrumental in forcing the government, b; 
which he and his fellow-countrymen are represented, to make such in 
avowal as this. 

PUBLIC HEETIKG OF THE AFRICAN CIVILIZATION SOCIETY. 

In the near approach of the public meeting of the Society, which U to 
be held in Exeter Hall the latter end of this month, we feel it to be 
unnecessary to anticipate the Report then to be made; the proceedingi 
of the Committee in relation to the 74'iger Expedition will, of couix, 
form no nnimportant part of it; and in connection with this subject we 
will only say a few words. — ^"The failure of the Niger Expeditton" 
has been frequently appealed to in proof of the Society's inabilitj 
to accomplish its objects. We deny both the fact and the inference. 
We deny that the expedition has proved a failure. On the contwy 
it has resulted in the enlargement of our acquaintance with certain 
great facilities for exploring the most hidden recesses of Centnl 
Afirica ; for example, the mild and peaceable character of the population, 
their readiness to entertain native teachers, the comparative ease witb 
which their languages may be acquired, their industrious and commff- 
dal habits, and, generally speaking, their good faith in the observance 
of pecuniary and other engagements. Besides all this, anti-slave-tnde 
conventions have been publicly ratified by the heads of two of the moit 
important tribes on the banks of the Niger. Are there any who deem 
these considerations insufficient to disprove the assertion that "the 
undertaking faas resulted in failure i" If so, then we tell them thtt the 
Niger Expedition is not yet at an end, that at this very moment, in *" 
probability, the WUberforce and Soudan are up the river, with, «c 
may hope, a large actnssion of native sailors, inured to Ae dimstei t^ 



1S42.3 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



certainly vith whaterer advantagea past experience can afford their 
crewsj for OTercoming the difficulties and haziu*d3 to which they may be 
exposed. So far iiom applying the word "failure" to the expedition, we 
have no hesitation in declaring that it is at this moment as much an ob- 
ject of OUT ardent, although chastised hope, as of our anxious solicitude. 

But we deny the inference even more strenuously than the assumed 
fact &om which it is deduced. Have we not again and again asserted that 
"we do not stand or fall by the Niger Expedition;" that "its com- 
pulsory return shall not discourage us ?" and if so, irhy should we now 
be tied down to follow its fortunes, and allowed to exist or perish only as 
it meets with success or failure ! The Expedition was a means, — a most 
important and most interesting means we freely admit, — for promoting 
the good of Africa. Still it was but a single means, and to allow the 
stream of our philanthropy to Sow only through a single channel, how- 
ever carefully constructed, when a thousand channels are ready to 
receive and transmit it, is something more than either selfishness or 
folly, or than both conjoined. It is a daring invasion of the prerogative 
of Him who alone has a right to ordain the course which his creatures 
ought to follow — ^who grants success where He sees it to be for our good 
and his own glory to grant it — who withholds success where He sees it 
to be for our good and his glory to withhold it. 

We conclude with assuring our friends of our own deep conviction, 
that the friends of the African are bound to come forward in support of 
the Society at this important crisis, more zealously than ever, and with 
reminding them, by the following catalogue, taken from its prospectus, of 
the yet unaccomplished, we may say, almost unattempted, purposes for 
which it was formed : — 

" The adoption of measures for reducing the principal languages of 
Western and Central Africa into writing — the introduction into Africa 
of enlightened views on the subject of medicine, to prevent or mitigate 
the prevalence of disease and suffering amongst the people — the en- 
conragement of practical science in all its branches — the affording 
assistance to the natives, by furnishing them with useful information as 
to the best mode of cultivation, as to the productions which command 
a steady market, and by introducing the most improved agricultural 
implements and seeds — the promotion of schemes for forming roads, 
canals, &c. — the manufacture of paper, and the introduction of the 
printing press — and lastly, and above all, the extinction of the horrible 
Slave Trade." 



SIERRA LEONE. 
At a meetiD); of the principal inlia- 
bitants of this colony, conveDed by Dr. 
Fergusson, the acting governor, in De- 
cember last, it was resolved to open 
a Mendty negotiation with the Kmg 



of the FooUh^, for the purpose of 
forming relations of commerce with his 
country, and introducing Chrialjanity 
and civilization into the interior of 
Africa. It was at the same time deter- 
mined to name a penon of worth and 
experience to the conduct of the un- 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



baeay, wb«n the choice fell upon Mr. 
W. C. Thompson, translator and lin- 
IFuist in the employ of the Church 
Miasionary Society, a gentleman, who, 
from his attainments in the native lan- 
gaaaet, especially in the Timmanee, as 
well as from his nell-known Christian 
character, was considered thorbnghly 
qualified to discharge the office. One 
object which Mr. Thompson has been 
requested to keep in Tiew, is the collection 
of information bearing upon the estab- 
lisbment of a mission at limbo, a place 
situated not far from tbe sources of the 
Niger, and about 700 or 800 miles above 
Timbuctoo. 

Towards defraying the expense of 
this undertaking, the sum of 400^, 
inclasiTe of a grant from the colonial 
obest, was subscribed before the meeting 
leparated. 

It is worthy of especial note, that 
many of the contributors to this fund 
iten natives of Africa, who had been, 
but a few years previously, liberated 
by British cruisers from the grasp of the 
sUve-dealer. 



NIGER EXPEDITION. 
Iti our last number we stated that it 
was Captain Allen's purpose to sail 
from Ascension on the Ist of March, 
in order to he ready for entering the 
river about tbe beginning of April. 
We have since had letters from Ascen- 
sioD, dated March I5th, by which it 
appears, that Captain Allen sailed on 
the lOth of that month for Cape Coast 
Castle and Fernando Po, and that it 
was his intention not to enter the ri^ 
before the end of May, It is most pro- 
bable that Her Majesty's steam vessel 
Kite, which sailed from England in the 
middle of April, with instructions for 
Captain Allen, will fall in with hi 
previous to his ascent of the liver, 
which case either the WiWerfhrei or 
Soiuhn, will endear our to reach the 
model form, and, if possible, Rabbah. 
It ia understood, also, to be Capt. 
Allen's wish, if circumstances permit, 
to explore the Chadda. The Albert, 
unless orders arrive from England 
in the interim, will leave Ascension 
on the 1st of June, and proceed to 
Fernando Po. Her invalids had all 
improved Id health. 



The senior officer of the Afriesa 
Sta^on has discretionary orders to 

make the steamers serviceable npoa the 
coast. Tbe officers and men who ie 
not wish to remain on board will be 
brought to England by Her Majesty'i 
brig Dolphin, the same vessel wbicll 
embtirked tbe Soudan't sick cre«, b 
September last, at tiie mouth of tb< 
Niger, and took them to Ascension. 

FERNANDO PO. 

The island of Fernando Po has been 
frequently alluded to in tbe accotinti 
which have been published fi'om time 
to time of the late attempt to ascnii) 
tbe Niger. Our readers will remember 
that to this place the vessels of the 
Expedition proceeded after passing from 
tbe moutA of the river into the open 
sea, and that there the mortal remsiD) 
of some of those noble and gallant spi- 
rita whose loss still lies like a lesilen 
weight at our hearts, have found (heir 
find resting-place. Independentlf. 
however, of these accidental circam- 
stances, Fernando Po ia likely to occupj 
no unimportant place, both from iti 
situation, nearly opposite to the nume- 
rous outlets of the Niger, and from 
certain intrinsic advantages which be- 
long to it, in the future history sf 
negro civiliEation. These consiaers- 
tions lead us to believe that some notice 
of its principal features will prove n« 
unacceptable to those who have luJ 
comparatively little opportunity of 
acquainting themselves vrith the ge<^ 
graphy of Africa. 

The island of Fernando Po derives 
its name from Femao do Po, a Portu- 
guese navigator by whom it was dis- 
covered and taken posseesion of fa>' 
Alpbonso V. in utter disrncard, as wu 
the usual prac^ce in the Middle A^i 
of the rights of tbe original inhabrtaiiti. 
This was in the year 147N3. Afleia 
precarious and unprofiti^le tenure of 
300 years and upwards, the Portuguese 
ceded it to the Spaniards, in wbMe 
bands the nominal sovereignty still 
remains, although tbe govenneiit is 
virtually and substantially bitoh- 
This impoTtsat iaUnd, wUefa tmtmi^ 
the whole Bight of Benia, A» gi w" ^ 
resort ef tbe slavs 4«^m ffl ^ "**' 



181^:1 



■ rPBS ^I^H) 09 AMWCA. 



•ra tout of Africst is lituated in 8° 
Sff north lat. and 7° 40' cut Ion. fraiti 
Greenwich. It ii tventj-four milea 
long bf &ft«en broad, and about sixty 
in etrcnmference. Ita sar&;e is ragged 
and tmerent riaittg in the centre into 
two lofly peaVa, which are clothed to 
the summit with lusuriuit and peren- 
nial verdare. The clinuite of the coaBt 
ik hot, and at timbh lUlfaeiltliy, although 
exposed to the influence of the strong 
sea>breexe ; I)ut the high lands bf the 
interior are pleasant and comparatiTelj 
sallibrious. All authorities agree in 
representing the toil as well fitted for 
the cultivatidn of coOee, cottoti, sugar, 
tobacco, yalns, plantains, ginger, arrow- 
root, and, in short, the usual produc- 
tions of the most favoured tropical 
regions. At the same time, the sea by 
which it fs encompassed abounds with 
fish and turtle. 

In the year 1919 an efort was made 
to colonize a portion of the island, by 
an Englishman named Robertson, 
which, however, resulted only in fail- 
ure. Eight years afterwards the at- 
tempt was renewed under better aus- 
pices, and with tolerable success, and 
the town of Clarence, situated on the 
shores, or rather on a promtmtory 
above the shores, of a small roadstead, 
now bids fair to rival the oldest and 
best established British settlement on 
Ae coast of the neighbouring continent. 

In one importsnt respect Fernando 
Pe possesses great and peculiar advan- 
tages over all other places in the same 
neighbourhood. The high lands of the 
intertot arc capable, ftom their elevation 
above the level of the coast miasma, of 
affording several admirable sites for the 
erection of a fever hospital. Had 
tnch an establishment existed at the 
period of the Albn-ft arrival from 
the Kiger, it is probable that we should 
not now have to deplore the loss of so 
many of her gallant crew. At all 
events, We cannot doubt that the advan- 
tages of the mountain climate of Fer- 
nando Po will be better appreciated, the 
moT« onr acquaintanca enlarges with 
the swampy lands to the north of the 
Bight of Benin. Mr. McGregor 
L^rd, in bis Narrative of the Expedi- 
tion of the Qnorra and Albourka, men- 
tions one striking fact, in corroboration 



of this opinion. We state the eirenni- 
it&iice in Us own words. " Cblonil 
NicoUs" (who in 1888, the period of 
Mr. Laird's visit, administered thfe 
government) " hail cnt a roAd up the 
monntain and built a small honse above 
the fever range ; and Ihad thb pleasure 
of seeing at Calabar Mr. Ballard, a 
gentleman who was carried up in h 
hammock) in the last stAge bf ftter, 
and had recovered Immediately." 

The population of the island is ndt 
large, considering its site, and still 
more its capabilities; but it Is, wb 
believe, on tiie increase. Tbe natives 
are described as being robust and 
well-formed, althottgh not M tall as 
some of the continental tribes. Their 
complexion is lighter than that of 
negroes in general ; their hair, too, 
is considerably longer, and approaches 
to the European standard, — a circum- 
stance which some hate attributed to 
their partial intermixture with Spanish 
and Portniniese blood. 

The following particulars relative tt> 
their moral and intellectnal charac- 
ter are supplied by Colonel Nicollt, 
whose experience of them extended 
throughout a period of five years. 



have a fkir opportunity of learning 
afforded to them, acquit themselves as 
well as white persons of their age. 
Their greatest vice is indolence. Petty 
crimes are fewer amongst them than 
amongst a population of equal numbers 
of white men. Theft and adultery ever 
met with the same heavy punishment, 
namely, the cutting off of the right 
hand of the offender. In the eonrse of 
my five years' residence amongst them, 
I saw three women on whom thlA 
punishment hod been inflicted. Two 
of them had been deprived of one hand 
each, and the third had both handl cut 
off. She ran away from them to livfl 
in our colony— they demanded h(<r 
from US:— I asked them how they wonW 
pnnish her for the third crime — they 
said, ' kill her.' 

*' Liberty and kindness ensured the 
good service of the men I had the 
pleasure to govern. As my seeming 
means of authority decreased, (the i^^ 



THE BVIEND OF AFRICA. 



LJiwi, 



rines and « detachment of the AiMcan 
regiment haviag been removed,) aome 
peraons said to me, ' You are in a very 
awkward predicament, a few artificers 
are all you have to depend on.' My 
angner was, 'You are very much mis- 
taken, I am stronger than ever I was. 
When I had a hundred white men I 
was always in trouble and weak, I have 
now 500 men well armed. I have lest 
trouble and am stronger and more 
usefully aided than ever. Give the 
African rational liberty, just rulei and 
kind and civil treatment, and you will 
never fail to get good service from 

Allusion has been made to the lus- 
nriant v^^etation of Fernando Po. 
This splendid feature in its aspect, 
leather with the magnificence of its 
two lofty peaks, starting abruptly from 
the very bosom of the ocean to a 
hewht nearly equalling that of Etna, 
BO delighted its first discoverer, that he 
called it " Formosa," a name which wan 
afterwards transplaced by his own. The 
glorious spectacle of a moonlight night 
within the tropics has been often 
described; not often, however, with 
greater success than in the following 
instance. '-' The view from the galleries 
of the Government House on a clear 
moonlight night, 1 never saw equalled, 
nor can I conceive it surpassed. To 
tLe north-east the lofty peak of the 
Cameroons (on the munland) rising to 
the immense height of 14,000 feet, 
throws its gigantic shadow half way 
across the narrow strait that separates 
the island from the continent; while 
the numerous little promuntories and 
beautiful coves that grace the Bhores ot 
Godericfa Bay, throw light and shadow 
BO exquisitely upon the water, that one 
almost can imagine it a fairy land. On 
the west the spectator looks down al- 
most perpendicularly on the vessels in 
Clarence Cove, which is a natural 
basin, surrounded by cli& of the most 
nnnantic shape, and groups of little 
islands which nature seems to have 
thrown in to give a finish to the scene. 
Looking inland towards the island, 
the peak is seen covered with wood to 
^e summit, with its sides furrowed 
with deep ravines, and here and dtere 
a patch of cleared land, showing like a 



white spot in the moonlight." Laisd, 
vol. i. p. 279. 

In die midst of tlus subtime and 
magnificent scenery, whatever wu 
mortal of our late beloved country- 
men awaits the morning of the ressr- 
rection, 

SOME ACCOOKT OF J. B, A KA- 
TIVE OP AFRICA, AND OMCK 
A WEST INDIAN SLAVE. 
The following letter is fttrm a dc 
rical correspondent, with whose oaiw 
we are acquainted, and in whtae sUU- 
ments we can place confidence. In 
giving it to the public we beg thst it 
may be distinctly understood that ne 
do not commit ourselves to any ex- 
pression of an opinion regarding ite 
lawfulness of the conduct attributed 
to the principal party in our corm- 
pondeat's narrative. We publish the 
account, simply with a view to eihibit 
the rich material not unfrequently to 
be met with in the mind of the utiTt 
African. 

To the Editor of Tht Frkttd t^ Afria. 

Sm, — I send you a short account of 
an emancipated negro with whom 1 «ti 
acquainted some years ago in the hlsnd 
of Jamaica. If considered suitable to 
the purposes of ZA« Priaid of Afriot 
you are at liberty to make it public. 

About five miles from my place of 
residence, in Jamaica, was situiUd a 
flourishing coffee plantation. Ahbougk 
nominally under the charge of a white 
overseer, this estate was managed chiefly 
by a negro, a native of Africa, who bad 
been brought to the West Indies befoR 
the abolition of the British Slave Tndt. 
This man was an attendant upon public 
worship in my church. Barely indetd 
was he absent from bis accustomed lett 
notwithstanding the distance and the 
intervention of more than one moud- 
tain stream, which it was nccestary iv 
him to ford going and retumiog. J' 
B. learned to read at a dme when read- 
ing was a rare accomplishment amoi^ 
negroes. His voice might be bearai 
clear and disUnct, eveiy Sunday no™" 
ingi repeating the respmisea and tlx 
a^mate rerses of the psaliBS. ^<x 



1642.] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



nlisfied with thii attahminit be went' 
<m to teach hiniBelf writing- and the 
cnmnon rules of arithmetic. I have 
seen his writing. Indeed he hu written 
to my self in a good, bold hand. 
This man was remarkable for decision 
of cbaraeter. Although a person of 
mild and amiable temper, and much 
under the influence of religiona imprea- 
riona, nothing coutd either bend or drive 
him iVom any purpose which he had 
once deliberately fonned. He wai alio 
a man of great natural courage. An 
instance in which he was put to a aore 
trial is worthy of record. 

The proprietor of the coffee plantation 
to which B. was attached became deeply 
involved in debt. His property was in 
consequence to be soldfor ute benefit of 
his creditors. In the then state of the law 
tlie negroes also became liable to seizure, 
and might be thrown into prison, — they 
were in this respect considered precisely 
in the light of horses or homed cattle. 
J. B. however calmly resolved that 
neither upon himself nor bis fellow 
slaves should this abominable act of 
injusUce be perpetrated. To deter the 
constables from approaching the plan- 
tation, he made known his intention to 
reaist, shoi^d violence he attempted, 
and as his character was well under- 
stood in the neighbourhood, for some 
time no one ventured to interfere with 
him. One morning be received certain 
information that a seizure of the negroes 
was to be made at all haurds. He 
took his measures accordingly. By his 
direction every man proceeded to his 
work armed with a sharp cutlass. It 
is not, I may remark by the way, un- 
usnal to put cutlasses into the hands of 
the negroes, toenable them to clear the 
land of the low brushwood which grows 
everywhere within the tropics. On the 
occasion of which I am speaking the 
slaves were directed by their leader to 
conceal their weapons in some ' long 
grasa close to the spot where they 
w6T« employed at worii. Not long after 
the accomplishment of this manceuvre 
the constables came upon the ground. 
Between them and their expected prey 
was a slight hedge of U^;wood. They 
■ommonMl the negroes to surrender. 
B. wsved his hand by way of signal, 
-when in a moment his men asautaad 



their cntiasses) drew up in a close and 
compact line, and awaited his Inrther 
orders. He then stepped forward in 
front of the little hand and addressed 
the constables: "Yon see," said be, 
" that we are perfectly prepared for 
you ; not a sii^le man shall be deprived 
of his liberty this day ; we are quite 
able and determined to resist your vio- 
lenee, yet we wish at the same time to 
do you no harm. If you pass the hedge 
which separates us you must expect to 
encounter brave men fighting in a just 
cause. If, on the other hand, you 
return, as we earnestly advise you, 
to those who sent you, and leave us in 
peace, not one of ua shall molest you." 
The constables were prudent enough 
to take the counsel thus given them. 
They lefi the negroes, and their brave 
yet gentle leader, to continue th^ 
labour in peace, and within a few 
months from the date of the occurrence 
I have narrated, by an act of the legis- 
lature the law was abolished which 
authoriied the impriaonment of slaves 
for the debta of their masters. 

V. D. M. 



EDUCATION OF NATIVE TEACH- 
ERS FOR AFRICA. 
Sin,— To mtliorate the sodal condition 
of tbsNeitTo, there mustbe created, if po*- 
sible, a link of communication between 
civilized Europe and barbarous Africa, in 
order that, by aecustomioK the African to 
European habits, he may be placed where 
be should be placed in hia proper relation 
to the great human family. The plan 
of M. Drovetti (late Coosul-GenersI of 
Fiance at Cairo) has been to send yearly 
a number of young Africans to France for 
instruction. These have soon evinced the 
possesuon of an average shore of ability 
and intelligence. Might not some of the 
numerous agents of Britain's benevolence 
bring about the formation of Britiik 
schools for Negro children? From these 
might go forth teachers for schools in the 
Negro territories. If one hundred, or 
even fifty Negro children, selected for 
promising capacities, were to be sent from 
Europe, properly qualified as teacbera, and 
a corresp<Hidence kept up with them, 
under the aid of British patronure, it 
would perhaps tend more effectually to 
improve the African population, than all 
wluch has hiHierto been done for tbat 
purpose. 



,_,:ibyG00g[e 



THB FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



fJm, 



If the worthj and indefiitinble per- 
(ons who direct our great Scmevolent 
eata&Iifihments, would try (as an experi' 
IfAent, and beginning only on a ataaH scale) 
X NfeffTo School for this gmnd purpose in 
England (snch an one already exiBts In 
France), Enrope might be enabled to 
BolvB the problem whether Africa's lonB 
am be delirered from their present god 
df^radation; at all eTcnta, one happy 
leault would be the rewwd which nerer 
fells to accompany oven the unsucceaafnl 
MForis of genuine philanthropy. 
Jtttv, 1S12. Homo Sum. 

PRESEnVATlON OF HEALTH IN 
TROPICAL CLIMATES. 

A C0FHE8P5SDENT has kindl]r for- 
warded to us the follotring extract A-om 
ft letter addrbised by Captain Murray, 
R. N., while in conlnland of H. M. ship 
Vahrow, to Dr. A. Combe. The 
14tter itself Wag Written several years 
H^, but tlie f^ct^ which it records can 
never be oat of date. 

I attribute the good health enjoyed by 
tte crew of His Majesty's ship Valorous 
whan on the West India station, during 
the period Xhad the honour of commanding 
her, to the following causes : — keeping the 
ship perfectly dr^ and clean — habituating 
the men to neanng flannel next die ^in 
— to the precaution I adopted of giving 
each man a proportion of his allowance of 
itocoa before he left the ship irt a morning, 
dther for the purpose of Watering or any 
other duty— and to the cheerfulness of the 
Mew. The Valofo«t sailed from Ply- 
mouth, December !4th, 1823, havingjust 
returned fhjm the coast of Labrador and 
ffewfoundlaitd, where she had been sU- 
tioned two years ; the crew, including 
efficert^ amounting to ISO men. I had 
tirdered the purser to draw two paliB Of 
ffanoel drawers and two shirts extrtt fot 
flKh man, as soon as I knew that our de»- 
tination was the West Indies. On our 
Swling, I issued two of each to every man 
ftnd boy in the ship; making the officei^ 
*rf each division responsible for the men 
Wearing these flannels daring the day and 
tilfrht; and st the regular morning nine 
b'ciock muster, I inspected the crew per- 
lonaliy, for yon can hatdly eonceive the 
difficulty I hate had of forcing soriie of 
the men to use flannel at first, though 1 
never knew one who did not, fK>m choice, 
adhere to It, when Once &irly adopted. 
The only precaution after this was to see 
that, in bad weather, the watch, whed re- 
lieved, did not turn In In their wet clothes, 



which tLe ynnng hands Wen ifit to do, If 
not looked after. Their flannels wen 
changed every Sunday. 

Wlienever fresh beef and vegtUiiles 
could be obt^ed at the contract price, 
they were always issued in preference to 
salt provisions. Lime juice was isafA 
whenever the men had been fborteeti divs 
DO dlip's provinons ; and the cnw tooic 
all their meals on the main deck, except 
in very bad weather. 

The quarter and main decks wen 
scrubbed with sand and water, and wU 
atones, every morning at daylight. Tht 
loWer deck, cockpit, and store-rooms, tfre 
scrubbed every dsyaflerbreaklist, with drj 
stones and hot snd, nntll quite white,— 
the sand being c&refiilly swept up and 
thrown overboard. The tramp well «• 
also swabbed out dry, ana then aenblKd. 
Here, as well as in every part of the ihip 
liable to damp, Brodie attna 



which n 



were constantly used, until every appeer- 
anoe of humidity vanished. The lewet 
deck and cockpit were washed once erfty 
week in dry weather; but Bnjdie stora 
were constantly kept burning in then, 
until they were dry ^[sin. Tht huE- 
mocks were piped ud And in the nrttbgt 
from 7 a.m. until dnsk, when the am 
of each watch took them down altt^ 
nately; by which means only one half rf 
the h&mniockB being down at a Ume, tiie 
'tween decks were not so much crow^rf, 
and the watch relieved was sure of turning 
into a dry bed on going below. The W- 
ding was aired, at least once every mtk. 
The men were not permitted to go a 
shore in the heat of^the son, at vhm 
there was a probability of their gellin); 
spirituous liquors ; but all hands were in- 
dulged with a run on shore, wbenontor 
the reach of temptation. I was employnl 
on the coast of Caraceas, the West InJis 
Islands, and Qolf of Mexico ; and b ooant 
of service I visited Trinidad, Moigsrit*, 
Cocha, Cnmona, Nueva Barcelona, I^n- 
guira, Porto Cabelhi, and HarMxbo; lU 
the West India Islands^ &om Tobago ta 
Cuba, both inclusive ; as also Curaf os mi 
Aruba, and several of these places reput- 
edly ; also Vera Crsz and Tampico, in tin 
Oulf of Mexico, which must have girta t 
trial ^ the constitution of my ms^ sA" 
being two years omcmg the iesbot* ef 
Idbrador, without ar '"' ' " 



Yet I arrived in Englaiid, June S4lb, 
toitkMt having buritS a twoU m» * 
tMctr, or ititutd having a tici mm m '^ 
Sit! I am satisfied that « dry sbiii luy 
be e]q>ected to be a heoltliy one a m.* 
climate. When in command of Um w- 
entilfOt 18gnn^intheyt«rl809ilw«« 
sent t« Ven Cnu, wkm I finuid—- • 



1B«.1 



THE FRIBm OF AFRICA. 



*8t th* — '-i 4^ — -, IS, and gm 

mgi ve nere jmned bf , 36, and 

-^ — , 18. During the penod wb nmained 
at anchor (from 8 to 10 weeks), the 
three frigates lost from 30 to 00 men each, 

the brigs from 16 to 18, the mo«t of 

her crew, with two different commandeni 
Yet the Meerait, although moored in the 
middle of the squadron, and coniUot in- 
tercourse held with the other ihipe, did 
not lose a man, and had none sick. Ah 



attribute her HiDgnlarly healthy state to 
seflAouing ; nor can I to superior uleanli- 
nea^ because even the breeehea of the 



the J 

may be attributed to the cheerfal 

the men ; to my never allowing them to 
go on shore in the morning on an empty 
stomach ; to the use of dry scrubbing for 
the dtip ; to never working them in the 
nin. Cheerfulness contributes more to 
keeping a ship's company healthy, than 
any precaation that can he adopted; and 
with this attainment, combined with the 
precautions I have mentioned, I should 
■ail for the West Indies with as little 
aosiety as for any other station. — Atgmt, 
April nnd, 1827. 



EMPLOYMENT OF NATIVE 
AGENCY, 

OtiR attention has been drawn to the 
Following judicious remarks, which we 
find in a note upended to a Missionary 
Address*, delivered some months Ago, 
by the Rev. J. Beecham, one of the 
Werelaries of the Weslejan Missionary 
Society. Our readers may perceive 
that they ftdmit of a still more general 
ipplictttioD than their author has given 
them. It may also be observed that 
they strikingly illustrate and confirm 
the views which we have ourselves 
expressed, in the opening article of onr 
Number for April. 

The Cliltivation of a native ininlEtr;^ 
b becoming a question of primary im- 
I^Mtttnee to the societies engs^d m the 
ittiA of spreading Christianity in heathen 
emmtrles. It is recommended by weighty 
considerations. Welt-trained native agents 
woald, in many respects, possess supe- 
rior efficiency. Intimately acquainted 
iHth the rapentltiOns and heathen customs 
of Qi^ country, and knowing, from their 



Own tiTAvt peinfhl experi^nee, the idMmer 
in which thwt work upon the hopes and 
fears, and tyrannise over the proatnte 
mind, they would be hx better qualified 
than the foreign miaeionaiy to eecnte, 1^ 
their practical sympathy, the affections of 
theit unhappy conntrymen, and to MsaQ 
mora effectually the idolatrous systems by 
which they are enslaved. They would 
have another decided advantage with 
i^ard to luguage. While foreign minio- 
nariee have to consume much of their time 
and strength to acquire only a moderate 
acquaintance with the language of tlu 
people amOT^ whom they are called to 
labour, native misaionariea^ intimately 
acquainted with it as their vemacular 
tongue, would be able at once to present 
Gospel truth to the minds of their coun- 
trymen, with a power scarcely ever 
attained by the foreign minionaries 
who toil longest in the field. And in 
many climates the native miariooary 
would be capable of an amount of effort^ 
and able to bear an accumulation of hard-- 
ships and privations under which the 
foreign mimonaxy would unk and die. 

The formation of a native ministry also 
recommends itself as a measure of 
economy. It would diminish, so far as 
carried into effect, the immense annual 
expenditure of Misaionary Societies, in 
^wssgea and outfits for missionaries sent 
from this country. Native ^nts in trop- 
ical countries would not suffer like 
Efliropeattafrom the effect of climate; and 
» large saving would be effected under the 
head of medical expenses, passive-money, 
and the expenses connected with the 
ictuni of sick missionaries, the support of 
misuonaries' widows and children, and 
outfits and passage-money for other 

occa^oned by sickness and death. And 
then, it is obvious, that in many conutriea 
natives would be supported, in comfort 
and respectabUitv, with much smaller sala- 
ries than would be necessary to meet the 
wants of Europeans. Wera a native 
ministiy to be hencefoKh employed on a 
considerable scble, it is thus apparent 
that a large amoont of annual expenditure 
now inciured in the support of ousting 
misdons, would at once be set at liberty, 
for the further extension of the work, by 
the establishment of new missions. 

The employment of a native ministry iii 
further recommended by the past expe- 
rience of the church. In our own and 
other Christian countries, Christianity has 
been perpetuated and extended by this 
means. Foreign missionaries brought tlie 
Gospel, and founded churches; and, in 
process oif time, • native miaiitiy trow, 



THK FBnam of aprica. 



[Jiim, 



by whom the Go^el waa carried through 
the length and breadth of the land, and 
from thence ha« sprasd into " the reg' 
beyond." Engird received the Go 
at the hands of iniesioiiariefl from a 
tant country; and is now, in her tnm, 
■ending miauonariee to the enda of the 
earth. 

May it not then he inferred, that a 
native ministry ia included in the divine 
economy as a principal means hy which 
the Chnrch may pwform her duty to 
the Heathen 1 The churches of Europe 
and America may not be able to send 
white misdonaries in sufRdent numben to 
preach the Goapel to tho whole heathen 
world ; nori( by some mighty effort, they 
could once get anch an immeuae army of 
miaaionariea into the field^ might Uiey 
have the means of maintaining It there in 
a state of efficiency, by fumisning annual 
Buppliea of new nusaionariea, to fill up the 
vacancies which would be continually 
occurring : bnt — Are they required to ao 
this? It is from the Church that the 
GoBpe) must ultimately be carried to 
" every creature ;" but it is to be home in 
mind, that each new society, formed by 
missionary labour in a heathen land, 
becomes a part of the church ; and the 
great Head of the church, by his gracious 
operation, will enable it to famish its 
quota of agents for the vast work of the 

If these views are correct, the question, 
as to the means necessary for the prepara- 
tion of a native ministry, deserves most 
anxiona connderation in the preaent state 
of profeMed inability, on the part of the 
Missionary Societies, to meet uie rapidlv- 
inorearing demands of the foreign work. 
It U admitted that something more 
than piety and zeal is indispensable in 
those who ore to exercise their ministry 
in this country ; bnt if colli^ies and in- 
stitutions are requisite to prepare them for 
their labours, how much more neceeearpr 
must some edncational provinon be to fit 
those for the ministry who have grown 
up from childhood in the ignorance and 
dwtodationof savege life! At the several 
missionerv stations God is rapidly mul- 
tiplying tne number of hopefiu converts, 
whose piety, zeal, and natural talents 
afford the promise of fiiture uaefiilnen ; 
but are we enthnsiastically to expect that 
he will snpematurally endow them with 
the genenl knowledge which they require 
in their ncred vocation, any more than 
lie works miracles in thb country to fur- 
nish his aervaota with those qnalificatione 
which may be acquired by the application 
of natnratmeanat This is a subject which 
•apedally dunudi the attention of the 



friends and supporters of our Society, lod 
furnishes another powerful motive, in 
addition to those which are gmenlly 
urged, to increased liberality. If ihs 
funds of the Society were so amplj 
enlarged as to enable the Commitln 
annually t^i expend a moderate snm in 
the proper training of native sgetiti, llic 
returns for such expenditure would, vaia 
the bleaslDg of Almighty God, be in- 
calculably great. 

The limita of a note vrill not alkw im- 
plificaUon. A single condodtw rwisrii, 
to prevent mistake, must suffice. Tlit 
training of native agents is not reeom- 
mended for the pnipose of BupeiBM9iii{ 
European missionitriee. A native ministiy 
must for a long time be employed chiefly 
as an auxiliary force ; and toe uUnoit 
pecuniary exertions of the Society will l» 
requisite to send Engli^ miBsioDaiia in 
sufficient numbers to r^ulate extMiog 
missions, and to embrace those openingi 
for more extended usefulness whicDevei;^' 
where preaent themselves. 



THE SLAVE TRADE. 

OBHKRAL BUIDUnT. 

Tkb slave trade, so far as its movenent* 
can be tiaced in official and other aatfim- 
tic documenla, is but little dimintilMd 
in extent. The markets for hniun 
beiu^ ore still open — the traffic is ctznd 
on with great activity — the profits ore im- 
mense — and it is found, th^ just in pro- 
portion to the vigour of the meaua uri 
for its forcible suppression, is the inge- 
nuity of its abettors successfulljr exerdid 
in canning it on, and the miaaies idI 
mortality of its victuns fearfully incnoied. 
Cuba and the Brazils are, at the prwot 
time, the largest markets for the mit of 
slaves, and tliither a vast mnltitnde of 
these wretched beinga— principally of tb* 
male sex, inthe prime of their existtwe— 
are annual^ ttansferred fiom the m*- 
tinent of Africa, to replace those who bm 
miserably perished under the oppttiou 
of the slave aystema of thoee conntma 

The ravages of the slave trade are not 
confined to the Western Coast of Aflica, 
for the supply of the alave-mariieti «b 
both the American continoits and ttw 
West Indies. The eastern coast nftn 
also. Thence slaves are tranaported u 
the Brazils, and to the stalea bordering on 
the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sm, 
through which they find their way ioW 
various parts of the (wrt, and evm into tH 
British territories in Bbdoatan. Fr^ 
northern Africa slaves are shipped for ™ 
marketa in the Levant and Constsnthiiqu«> 
where they find K rtody aii*. TbcMgn 



ISC] 



THB FRIEITD W AFRICA. 



riirtH en the bordan of E^pt (apply that 
ooantiT' with wretched beii^ oi tne same 
cbaa. To glht the tapodty of the rooie 
oiTiUx«d portioDS of the earth, Africa ia 
■till compelled ammally to yield wp aa 
immeiue nomber of her children, who are 
fiirced into exile and alarery. 

The flags at present employed in eover- 
Iiw thia tnffic, on the wiatem coast of 
Amea, are the Portuguese, the United 
States, and the Spanish. Occanonally 
the flags of Brazil, Monte Video, Fmnce, 
Sweden, and Hamburgh, ere uaed for the 
same purpose. On the eastern coast we 
find the n^ of Portngal and Brazil, with 
the occaaional asdstance of others. The 
fl^s of iliBerent Arab chiefs also are at 
jneaent devoted to the game infiiinous 
trade. On the northern coast, the Sardi- 
nian, Greek, Russian, Austrian, and Otto- 
man flan cover the traffic to the Levant 
and Tnrkey. 

Cnn* urn Porto fiico. 

The accession of a liberal government 
in Spain naturally created, in the minds 
of tne abolitionists of this country, the 
hope that the bad bith which had for so 
many years marked the conduct of its 
anthoiities in relation to the slave tinde, 
would have ceased, and that there would 
have been exhibited, on the part of those 
who now hold the reins of power, a 
cere determination to put an end i 
great an evil. As yet we are unable tore- 
port officially what reply has been given to 
the British Government for the exact ful- 
filment of the Spanish treaties with this 
country; but it is understood that the 
regent either has reeieted, or intends to 
resist, the liberation of the slaves illicitly 
introduced into Cuba and Porto Rico. On 
this point, however, it is to be hoped the 
British government will be firm, as this is 
plainly the only efiectnal means by which 
the termination of the slave traffic in thoee 
colonies can be secured. How &r the 
new-bom zeal of the authorities in Cuba 
in reference to the suppression of the slave 
trade results from policy or from prin- 
ciple, a short time will probably snow; 
but with eveiy desire to augur well of the 
present movement we cannot anticipate 
any great result to flow from it, while the 
government of ^>ain refuses to vindicate 
Its own laws by enforcing the liberation 
of all slaves illemllj poaseseed, and thus 
hononrahly to fiufil Its engagements with 
Great Britain. 

In Cuba a vei^ strong feeling of appo- 
sition to the contmuonce of the slave trade 
appears to exist, especially among the 
Creole or native population, but except in 
the caae of a few of the more enlightened 



members of the o 
portent colony, there seems to be ni 
for the abolition of slavery itself. 
Bxahl. 
Frmrt the vsluableinfbnnatloaoolleeted 
by Mr. Pilkington, who visited Brazil in 
1839, it appears that nearly onb hiluox 
of slaves had been introduced into that 
empire during a period of little more than 
seven years previous to his arrival — that 
British subjects were deeply implicated in 
the slave trade — that the Brazilian mbing 
companies bad their mines wronght prin- 
cipally by slaves, a considerable number 
of whom were purchased from slavers 
direct from the coast of Africa, and that 
their condition, especially in reference to 
punishments, and want of all means of 
education, was such as to reflect the 
maleat disgrace on the directors and share- 
holdeie of these companies, with, it ia 
painful to say, but few honourable excep- 
tions; and that the general condition of 
the ^va population of that country ia 
extremely wretched and fearfully de< 

Africa — Tntis and Udecat. 

His Highness the Bashaw Bey of Tmiis, 
in northern Africa, has not only prohi- 
bited the slave trade throughout his terri- 
tories, but has emancipated the slaves 
which belonged to him, and is using hU 
influence to induce his subjects genially 
to follow his excellent example. 

The Imaum of Muscat has recently en- 
tered into a treaty with this connt^, to 
prohibit the slave trade in his domimoiu, 
Doth in eastern Africa and Asia; and it is 
not improbable that some, if not the whole, 
of the Arab chieft on the bordeis of the 
Red Sea and Persian Gulf, may be in- 
duced to take the same course. The 
number of slaves supposed hitherto to have 
been exported from the territories sub- 
ject to the Imanm of Mascot, is estimated 
at 20,000 annually.— /ran tie R^wt tf 
the BritUh and ForeiynAiUi-tlaperySoeit^ 
/>r 1841—2. 

NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 



Ik our Number for May, 1841, we 
took some notice of a work entitled, 
Slaeety and the Internal Slave 
Trade in the United Statei, descrihinK 
it aa an appalling and yet faithful 
sketch of those melancholy features of 
* Bf JonsraStCBos. Loodon, Htunlloi, 1S4S> 



by Google 



rax VKSESD as avhica. 



Americ&n 8ode^. We ^ink tfa&t the 
Totune now before us forms no inap' 
propriate sequel to its predecessor; 
naj, tbat in soma respects, its claims 
and pretensions are of a still higher 
order. It is the testimony of a witness 
of undoubted probity, to Acts which 
presented themselves to bis own obser- 
TatioQ; it relates to circumatanpes of 
very recent occurrence, above all, 
"nearly the whole of the narrative 
portiee,'' as tha writer tf^lls us in bis 
preface, ''has been sent to America, to 
different individuals who were concerned 
in, or present at, the transactions re- 
lated, and has been returned with their 
verificatioq of the facts." 

Of course it will be understood that 
our obaervations are coDfined to matters 
which fall within the legitimate range 
of this periodical. Upon the other 
parts of Mr. Sturge's work, and indeed 
upon its general merits, it is not our 
business to pronounce any opinion. 
We consider the Author, pro re naid, 
simply in the light of a competent and 
trustworthy witness to certain ^cts 
which concern the welfare of Africa and 
her children, and we may add, which 
we would gladly see proclaimed (sucb 
b their interest and importance) fVom 
the Orkneys to the Isle of Wight 

Mr. Sturge embarked for the United 
SUtes on the 3rd of March, 1841, on 
hoard the Britith Qveen steam-ship. 
On the ilrd of the following month, he 
landed at New York, and without lots 
of time, oommencad his inquiries and 
oonierencss with abolitionists and others 
upon the subject of American Slavery. 
This course of honourable devoteduess 
to his object, he appears to have steadily 
pursued during the four succeeding 
months, when he agun set sail for 
England; carrying along nVih him the 
cai^ of information contained in the 
present volume. Our contracted space 
will only permit us to notice a few of 
its most prominent Matures. 

It is probably known to most of our 
veaders, that the several states of the 
Union have reserved, each one to itself, 
the sole right of le^slating upon the 
anbject of slavery widiin its own limits; 
that therefore the Federal government 
ii excluded, by tfaa very term of the 



constitution, from all Interf^ieBse with 
this "domestic" institution. It ii not 
our business to express any opinion on 
either the wisdom or the folly of piobi- 
biting the great national aisambly Uaa 
all exercise of authority, in a nalWr, 
the influence of which pervades tbe 
whole nation, from the humblest dtiien, 
to the President at WashmgtOD, mi, 
which may at any moment, kindle s 
blaie, that alt the patriotism of America 
could not quench i it is euoi^h for lu 
to know that such is the actual state ef 
the case, and that consequently tbw 
who wish to promote the cause gf abeb- 
tion, in accordance with the prindplN 
upon which the Union has been farmed 
must direct their efforts to awaken to i 
sense of duty, not Congress, but tk 
several Independent legislatures of t^^ 
slave-holding states. There ishcmeTer 
one exception to this general statement, 
and that is the small but importut 
portion of the Union, known by the 
name of the "district of Columbil" 
This central spot, upon which stani 
the capital, is entii«ly under the oas- 
trol of the supreme government) isi 
in it, not only is slavery permitted to 
exist, but it actually forms the gnnd 
mart for that rankest of abomiDStionii 
— the internal slave trade. Here then 
surely, if any where, is the IsgitimaK 
ground for attacking Americans, is 
their national capacity, upon the subjsO 
of what they cannot deny to bt * 
national crime. Let ua bev- whsl our 
Author tells' us of bis visit to tUs pbH 
of unenviable no0riety. 

"We were now (June 3id) in tbs ail- 
triot of Columhie, and in tlw at? ^ 
Washington, the metropolis of the Uaitri 
States. Here are ooBcentrated as it wwt 
into one foou^ theassouationsof tbepNt, 
connected with the great *tniggl« ^ 
iodependenoe, and the memory it tbw 
name* and event* which behwg to histeiy. 

Here is proclaimed to the whole wuU ^ 
the united voice of tbe Ametkaa pwpK 
■We hold these truths to be B^^ndvl. 
that all men are eieated equal] that tlMf 
are endowed by their Crealol with «ert«» 
inalienable rights! that oman^ tuw 
ore life, liberty, and thaimiauiafhw^ 
Bass';* end here also, vy a muonty •■ 
Uu seme people ej^Mfing^tlwrduikcnl* 
ePtdanrtMnf l e hl iei ww 



1 048-3 



THC FBIEKD OF AFRICA. 



91 



will throng th«ir npm^tatiYei, thi« 
declaration is tiBtuplea under foot, and 
turned int« deriwon- 

"The diittict of Columbia is ttie chief 
Btat of tlie American slave trade; com- 
roeicittl euterpri«e there has no otbn 
object! 

" Waibiiwtoii is oneofihebestan^pplied 
and most frequented elave marts la the 
world. The adjoining, and one* iertile 
and beantiful States of Vbginia, Harvland, 
and North Carolina, are now blaetea ivitn 
sterility and eTer-encroaching desolation. 
The euiM of the first murderer rests upon 
the planters, and tlie gioimd will no 
longer yield to them her Btrengtli. The 
impoverished proprietoiB find now their 
chief Boarce of revenue In what one of 
themselves expressly termed tbnr 'crop 
of human flesh? Uenoe the skve-holding 
r^oD is now divided into the "slave- 
breeding,' and 'slave-consuming' states. 
Fn>m its locali^, and firom its impprtaace 
as the centre of public affairs, the district 
of Columbia has become the focus of this 
dreadful tiaffic, which almost visa with 
the African slave trade itself in extent and 
cruelty, besides posaeasing aggravations 
peculiarly its own. Its victims ars 
marched to the wuih in chained cofflea, 
overland, ia the &e« of day, and by 
vesaela cowtwias." — pp. 74, 7£, 70. 

It would be unpardonable in us to 
omit the fallowing note which we find 
appended to the foregoing quotation :-~ 

"Laige establishments have grown up 
ttpon the national domun, provided with 
prisons for the safe-fcaapinB of the necroes 
till a hll catgo is procund; and should at 
any time, the factory prisons be tnsufB- 
cient, Uie public ones erected by Coogres^ 
are at the service of the dealos, and the 
Uoitod Statet^ Maishall beoomes the ^ent 
of the slave trade. — From page 99 of 
Judge Ja^i Viete. But the climajc of 
iufiimy it stUl nntold. This trade in 
blood,— this bnying, imprisoning, and ex- 
porting of boys and girls eight years old, 
— this tfiftring asunder of huSMnds and 
wives, parents and children, — is all le- 
mltaed, in virtue of authority delegated by 
Congreas!! The 24Mh pafte of Oib laws 
of the dty of Washington is polluted by 
the following enactment, hairing date 
28tb Jnly, 1B3S :— 'For a HomM to trade 
or tnSic In slaves for profit, four hun- 
dred dollars.' " — lUd, page 98. 

Our author then supplieg us with the 
fqllqwing narrative of what fell under 
hU own obsarvation. 

"In the afternoon I 
ste^'p«;ket, with o^ of nty 



Alexandria, about tix miUa distant, pb 
the other side of the Potomac. A meri 
cliant to whom [ had w introduction 
jcitidly accompanied tie to a sUve-tradine 
establishment there, which is considered 
the principal one m the district. The 
proprietor was abaent ; but the penon ta 
charge, a stout middie-«ged man, with a 
good-oatured countenaDee, which little 
Indicated his employment, readily con- . 
sented to show lis o^er the establianment. 
On passing behind the house, we looked 
through a grated iron door, into a square 
court or yard, with very high walls. In 
which were about fifty klavee. Some of 
the youngei onea were daneing to a fiddle, 
— an affecting proof in their situation of 
the degradation caused by slavery. 'j.'heie 
were on Uie' otlier hand, otne^ wito 
seemed a prey to ulent dejection. Among 
these was a woman, who had fUn away 
from tiei* master twelve yeois ago, ana 
had married and lived ever since as a trt» 
person. She was at last discovered, taken 
and sold, along with her child. anc| woul4 
shortly be shipped to New Orleans, iipleag 
her husband could raise the means of her 
redemption, which we understood he vtfl 
endeavouring to do. If he (idled, th«y 
are lost to him for ever. Another melWr 
chol^ looking woman was here with htir 
nine children, the whole family having 
been sold away from their husband suqi 
&ther, to this slave-dealer for two thou- 
sand two hundred and fifty hilars, fhia 
unfeeling separation is but the Ixainning 
of their sorrows. They will in allproba- 
bility be re-sold at New Orleans, scatteied 
and divided, until perhaps not two oi 
them ore left together. 

" Our guide told us that they oometimea 
sent from this housa from filteen hundred 
to two thousand slaves to the tooth in a 



their possession." — pp. 77, 7S, 

During Mr. Sturge'a stay at Wash- 
ington, he visited the House of Repre- 
sentatives, which happened to be in 
session at the time. lAe subject before 
the housa was the proposed re-enact- 
ment of a certain rule by which the 
members were bound not to open any 
debate upon petitions for the abolition 
of slavery in the district of Columbia. 
All such petitiona were required to be 
laid on the table without bang read or 
ra&rred to, and wew thus in p<unt cf 
fact rejected. The debate upon this 
iwpartaat qvas^ was not coadhifUd 
during the period of Mt. Sturge's it^^ 

II, Google 



THE PIOEND OF AFRICA. 



tJoim^ IBtf. 



btrt he wu gntified at finding that the 
speech of an abolitionist member was 
"listened to with silence and attention," 
a stronr indication of "the feeling' which 
aeemetf to preyail, that the subject 
could no longer be treated nith con- 
tempt and ridicule." 

After alluding to a visit which he 
made to the Senate House, our author 
thus concludes the account of what he 
witnessed within "the territory of the 
Federal goTemment," and over which 
we again remind our readers that 
government exercises the most absolute 
and exclusive jurisdiction: — 

**0r leavino: the Senate Honse, .. . 
drove to a sUTe-deAler*B establishinent 
near at hand, and within right of the 
Capitol. I cast my eye on aoms portruts 
and caricatures of abolitionists, British 
and American. The young man in charge 
of the establishment b^u to oxplam 
them for our amusement ; on which. on( 
of Toy companions, pointed to me, aai 
infornied_him I was an English aboliti- 



prolong our stay. He told us there ' 
five or six other dealera in the city who 
had no buildings of their own, and who 
kept their slaves here, or at lie public d^ 
jau, at tbirty-four cents per diem, the 
dlfl^nce in comfort being wholly on the 
aide of the private establishments, 

" We sabsoquently virited the city jail, 
and were able to confirm this statement 
from our own observation." — pp. 83, 84. 

We request the reader's attention to 
the words which we have printed in 
italics, establishing as they do most 
decisively, the fact, that slave-dealing 
in Amenca, is not only protected, but 
fostered and encouraged, by the supreme 
government of the Union. Here we 
have the public jail of the United 
States turned into a slave-dealing esta- 
blishment for the convenience of private 
speculators in the most nefarious traffic 
upon earth! 



TO SDBSCBIBEas. 

Webeg to attvrt'our Friend* tkat tht 
dtlqjrtMch iat talen plaea in the Publica- 
fton of ourpratuU Number hat been ocea- 
tiamed by eireumUaKtet vhoUjiunavoidable, 
imdthat it tPtU ie <mr mdMeaur at far at 
pottibU lo'ttm) Om Jrom timilar tiita/h 



Dbcbask) OFPtont am SBum at m 
NioBR Exptmnon. 
Tbk followiog BufaaeripUona hanbam 
added sioea oar last to " The Fond fiir 
the Relief of Rebtives of Officers and 
Seamen who have fidlen in the Niger 
Expedition." 

TheEulofDiTtnKlBlh £10 

Tbg Esri Jennn 10 

Cii>cWm.AIIa,H.M.&V.WiItN>inca 30 U 

J. k. Pniridt, En^ H.D t 

John BrigbtwsB, Etq. f 

HiMTrottn 8 8 

ThB I^T Cungie, BO. 8 

Jims HcQutn, Eu. .-.,. 8 

A Primd in DmuUn 8 

Tbe Dowun Laitj Orar 9 S 

Tb» ami. Hua Fox 9 9 

MisREckauU 9 10 

Tlw Rar. F. Conninghim 9 

Jobnnu«iinld,Jiia.,eiq 10 

APriaid(p«CmtunHiw) 10 

Limit. Huiun, Uu of H. H. S. V. 

irgbarfhree 8 

Colbeled br Do. 

B. R. HsMni, Eu. 10 

Mn.HviMi I » 

J~H*nlaa,Eaq 10 

R«T. E. B. Enin 10 

Rut. A. C. Wdlui 10 

Hn. Qdons ButUmer 10 

Un-Pow^ 8 

— OrowH.Eaq. < 

— ^mpwui, B«j. S 

liMltSDHlt EgOtDD, BJi 0*0 

Chu-la PvBO. Eiq. O S 

Siiiidi7 FHeub 1 U S 

Fortmn ITjumiuU i. flMtf 

Lotu Stall LoBdoH ..71IV 

BagUnd I««ls LgodiB ..•Mv 

Cawton Fmilon Landoa ..SMsr 

dptCook FliiBh PlTUHHth.lSHv 

Bteidbit Adun PlrtooaUi.Hlli; 

EUb Vudsmt.. riTBioatli.UIlv 

Ftv» C»pl Ciart I — 

Oiluma. StanlWd — PlTiiKiBai.SiAfr. 

OoT. Hanliui ..LoDloB 

SnbscripUons and Donations are recMvcd 
by the Treasurer, J. Gomey Hoare, Esq.; 
by Messrs. Baniett, Hoaree, and Co., 62, 
LombBrd-street; Meens. Barclay, Bcvao, 
and Co., £4, LomWd-street ; Heasn. 
Contts and Co., S9, Strand ; Messrs. Dnm- 
monds, Chariog-cnMS ; Messrs. Hantrary, 
Taylor, and Lloyd, 60, Lombard-atrect; 
Meears. Hankeys, 7, FenchnTch-rtiect ; 
Messrs. Hoarea, 3^ Fleet-street; and 
Messrs. WiUiams, Deacon, and Co., SO, 
Birchin-lane ; and by the Secietary, the 
Rev. J. H. Trew, at the Office of the 
Society, Id, Parliament-street. 

ot Ko. U, Bt. Btirtln'i Idiu. iD Um mUt ■( "• 
Ifanhi (I) tba FlaUt 1 IB 1 pnUlikaa kj Jms Wp^ 
LUHPAum, ot Hs. Ml, V ' 



.ogle 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 

BT 

TBS COUUnrSS of TBS SOCISTTFOB the BTTINCTIOS of TBS 

SLAVS T&ADE AND FOR THE CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 



No. 21.] LONDON, JULY, 1842. 



CONTENTS. 

IlMUoiafAUouClTlUntlaBBoiilMr Ml Utfuta 

Mlui ftom tlw BUiop of LoBdon. Blrl. Fonll BbTe-TndtiBlhaliitakaaf Aftla... 
Baxtaii,But.,udCapWnTn>ttar IW OHofSUnn 



MEETING OF THE AFRICAN CIVILIZATION SOCIETY. 
Or» readers will perceive that we have devoted the greater portion of 
tiiis Number to a Report of the Meeting which was held in Exeter Hall, 
on Tuesday, June the 21st. 

We consider the proceedings upon that occasion to have been of much 
deeper interest than those which it usually falls to the lot of a public 
joamol to record. This indeed was to have been expected, not only 
from the nature of the subject, and the high character and ability of the 
several speakers, but also^, and chiefly, from the .circumstances which had 
occoired since the period of the former Meeting, in June, 1S40. How 
many events of importance to the cause of Africa have been crowded into 
the space of two short years ! — the equipment and sailing of the Niger 
Expedition ; its imperfect success and forced abandonment of some of 
its most desirable objects when thery seemed just within our grasp ; the 
continued and ever-increasing agitation of the questions of slavery and 
the slave-trade throughout the whole dvilized world; the awakened per- 
ception of the Colonists of Cuba, to the folly and wickedness of con- 
niving at the illegal importation of slaves ; the treaty of December the 
20th, 1841, confirming and rendoring more efficient "the Right of 
Searoli "; tbe controversy with the United States growing out of the 
same subject. Such are the prominent transactions which have exerted 
more or less influence over our great cause, during the brief interval 
alluded to. Doubtless they all contributed, each in its degree, to pro- 
duce the tone of feeling which marked the proceedings of the recent 
Meeting, a feeling for which we devoutly and fervently thank God, and 
from which we trust that all who may read the Report at our 94th 
and following pages, as well as all who were present on the occasion 
itself, will, with ourselves, derive fresh incitement to persevere, through 
weal and woe, in stead&st support of a cause, not more replete with 
future benefit to others, than wiUl present and immediate blessing to 

*»'»«'e*™»- D,9,„z^b, Google 



THE FBtEND^OF AFBICA. 



'' A Pvnn HuRNa of 
triaoda of the SMut; wm bald on Ox» SSnd 
June (Tuesday), in tfae Line Room in Exeter 
Eaa. The body of th« Hall, and the dde 
gilleriei, wire occnpied bj a bighly romte- 
tabtoMdiNW^ Lotd A8HLEli^H.P,iM- 



Tha Ewl at CUahcRvi U» BbI FortMon* ; tha 
BartorHuTDWbjr; UwbriolBiutani UuLocdTla- 
mont Sudan; BIttapof OloiuHlari BUi^ofNor- 
< fiah : Lord Triinainilh ; Liwd Jolm XbbbII ; JjmS 
Bobwt OnrrmD ; Vm. AnftdcaooB SBnOBl WniHT- 
fM« i tb« Pwo of VuHhtMori Him. Ov*- F- *Ugdc 
B.N-i Hon. Civt- Dsmuo, K.N.; Uia. W. F. 
Oowptr, M.P. : Heat W. B. luoallK X.P. ! Capt. 
H.Hope, C.B., R.N.; CoL Nlooll* ; Rlfbt Hon. Blr 
Onrge Ron. G.C.B. ; B[rRobert HurjIngUi, But., 
M.P.I air Ttaomu S;ka AcUnd, Bart., M.P. ) Blr 
JoHpli da Cwnj Laffan, Ban. i Sli Bdmid Fanr, 
B.N.i Blr Oaona Btaphm; CwL Btaufort, B.N.; 
n« Saw. Br.lmUqriTlaooiuilHswlcki Lord Hah«i 
Bar. Mr. Oslaoh, Barilni Bn.Dr. BnoUngi Bit. 
. _. B.Bat-iWU- 



Baf.) Bar. John Baxdiani; WDUam Bton P17, 
B^. I Saimnl flrnnar. Bat. i Ham? WajinoDtta , Baq. ; 
J. Ganiv Bou*, Baf-i Kmsb Baldam, bq.j B. 
IbUhawa, Eb]., Ad., Ao. 




■t fait not oolji at homa, 

- AamanittfeaNti*' 

Bipaditlon. TbalaadtaifofelaetaattlwBodetjinldil 
ta aamfrlaiA la a ik«la antHca, naoMlT, ta pDBBta 



of Afrbm, lir a nriea otamrla darffned 



MCcBtnl AMealBaMofoOivaiaBejIiirooBUBBnl- 
■■tkt. Ih* laaalt* t( OhtMiiB taalnvtios. and to 
WKumt^hAHaaf^rlooltaral: 



denUj' of thaofliiDal SodatT, bat In ocnfonBlli Tlti 
tl« piindiilaa, and In foctliaaan of Itiotdaoti, nnlM 
fat tha pDipoaa of maklni an aralamt 61 aa ifrt. 
snltandshanula. BWatly ^mMhIi thateJanaJial 
pnoeedlnv of tJua>g«DU«raaa,«lu, brfnMa lit- 
ttnDtoaa, miftit bt oallad an Africaltanl iMidt- 
tIaa.waaJdnoaltonn an; part id tha Baport ; M, M 

mifbt In oaaTanlant to add, that on tUiiplcidiDi] 



to than. TIm MalaMj'iniiiw 
to Iha pr^OMl ot Sir FowaD Bozlon for Iht if|>i<D>' 
manto/Uw KIgar BipadUka, Iha iMllif o^M If 
irtdoh WW for <atablUiln( new tamDodai nWiiB 
irlth tha grlDOlfal AnAm rvwanaapfri m IkatUo 
Tnda, b7iB«auatTn«tIaa,th*Uaiiot«litakibiidl 
ha tha aha^mnest and ahnlDla poUNtloB ol iki 
aUm Trade, and tha admliAm of th* CDobicUif IB' 



To a 



ra «B« to anud Iba Hl|« ti If 



aqnlpBaot and aatOt of Uw BqadUtn, b ak 



On tha part of tha Afrioaltuial UmMtoo, aaffll 

barked, and tha nan of tbiB pnpBtir, ai «<a Bi IM 
shaifB of aiipartntaadliv ft Bodd (ana, ta taoH' 
numtall? eitahlDhed op the »lf<r. «ia talnriri » • 
rrt VuTTin aijiMlmiad In tha iaiiie»iil Wnllall* 

imltlTatloB AiapUrlevmalhaUa' 

Iha i ai^awiiidiaaii l iaofthii ?' ! ™' " '" Thstban 
baao to amply dataOed alnadj in temiT HdUm rf 
Dte »«iid W XMea, IhM It la neadlM Iv ■ iph 



tea thmaxiBvcd their feellBce of hiartMlnnau 

'■■-■ — T* n "t— -" J—.ial 

partkalatlr daphnad the doith of C««ala BM ^ 
Fntoc* hopaa, hewercr, niiiniiilii Allta. Haw* 
avrad. OMhi not en thla aecovrt to ba dMww'' 
thsa vaa aUU a gnat, and. Ood pani U b1|U I|^ 

«bo aoaupanied tha Bq^edlttoB had nal ibAi^ •■ 
aUin themnapnpertfcA aathaiAltaa; na tlv^ 
Irarj.ltaaThadKibreDdinedthalrlalaeflhaihU' 



pBrtaia.waaMlbrthatfMlaMMtB 



aMofchadneHiw umHiiiI branrM"" 



which h»d that MUw Iha BxpodithB * 



18M.3 



THE FSIEND OF AfRtCA. 




rt aer gnUMtrt ny attMipt b«r<>^. 
, unnmr, nttfltf tlw tiMr *<tli OK OmI, 
ItowiM Um OMlrwHIi Ob AtMh ot U&b, vHb 
lo^tta sbIj Bf OMTMInaUlttauI nttolai, wUoh 



cllBMIbannMlliiVg^aBTtaiTnoiTUOHilnl Af- 
rloh «r aajpnplMuj fartBOit In aiiT tua ^TNd At 
ttMAtMHIobaosdtdtoHaflftfMtT Thaivtlfr 




dMikd, can b* (rawn Umt* I 




1w i^ooTsd to TmiADda n>, ar to ■mna pU« of 
■B uiullJ oi tb* aoMt, to to KMrrad (Or M17 b*A 
■UasptnUsli inlflit vpou ftullils. .... RsrleiT- 
iog in Ika sMamataBoaa, tha Committal dsDlad that 
tho aipadltkn bad Ulad to tba extoit 



<B fba twhof aimWiIni tha ■laTa.tnlla, and nb- 

tvpft^avA Tba tntarttnna tbua opaned Tllh tbo 
natlna bad matariall; omfimad tlM tvlnlaii* wW- 
sallj sittrCabHd of tba tnoUciMlllT (rf Introdooiai 

doclutjr, avxCa^ In oonmunU tntaranne, dealra 



an ti 






ttutan In 4w eaat. o( whlsb tbe Importanca conld 
■catc^ ba OTwnted, namalj, tha ^tnoa of Datin 



I, tbtmsb tbdr pnpar clmuwaa, tba Aftlcaa 
C^OInUon Bocblj nUad. . . ■ • In aUudliii to tb* 
loan and ramca wUcb bad basn eipnliiBoad, tha 
CommlttM gbNTTtd, Umi to; ni^ut to FM Hwn 







■■BelaatnnilTaflibiHiri and, thlrdlr. an adatiate 
dagiaa of p r o la eMnn and me ui tt r. Tba rtralt irf Iba 
•vnjaalini lb* bank! of Iba Rlfar> had o« 

liUtr K tha nil In Ha lE 
lima or nothlDi na tsown of 

rtw. - • - - In nsard to arrlcol- 




ogt Bufaljr t>j tba noenl mundiotloa of Brlttib 
N«naa Is UtaWiat IndMa, larAadl^ bm^ Ihn 
mamj wha dull* tbab fa«l^a ftan tba O 

brtbr ai 

Mralr <Bl%MBad MB* tf AMoa. a daap nd 




BilUdi 

llirBuld 

AcrlonltnTKi Aj 

'hethor an adaquata dtpeo of 

■Huiftjmlght not ba expactod in a fdandlr toxrltmy, 

thioDgfa tha banign iufluaDce or ChtiMbmlt; and 

(twttod ben«Telaic«i»p«ntIii|<Hi a people <aariU« 

a2 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



(i(tlwidnuit*fMlt«d«at M tlu<n bi BiUU oon- 
bhUu. ud <aj0TlB« Uw bvKitDt Ub«nl 
ol looltr w>d 




■flwti ud butoiMlon toe U» p««t wuk at Imputtng 
tha lil«ilii(a of OirlitUallr uiil olTlllMd life to Uu 
'BboMB. FMi^i It mllJit idmlt 




Tb* Baport Umd pMNd « to ksaM DpvstlOBi, 
daUUinc Uu ^*|a irtikfl, bad bMn takn for tbB 

MMiUdiiiuat of AnniHjBadeCiea In dinnot pHti 
of ths Unttod KtofdofD. AdiIUiitIh tud *!■> ban 




1, tb* Doke of Tui- 

■OT, Md » bort «* llhirtrt™ Mid tauwd towUMn. 
had ■ Bf tlamd UwmitetAl^i ud thaRratUrof 
Bmm hid last bla aid bfUu DoMkatlin of a boll 
pmnbUtt? of Uw BiHMiBdh 

nw imulnlag toplca of tb* Report mn Uia Nat* 
»''5^?*J**'^" ■»*'•» o^ifU*" rf *''»». irllh 

Uia BedaQ. Dnlho am polnl, 
ttat .1 l«(tl., a«B7Powar In 1 
drlUnd FowtT In Aacrio^ li 



fllan-tnda M olmlul, and had fOmdlT lattUM 

lla pnatloa. ConTeatloni had iHn dfaadvtth 
aamlof UwDUat InWimiUal cUah wtkainwM 
AbkB,Tb.:tha(d' ' '■ " * " ~ 

rf tha Tha 




naolntko. Dot mUa vMli 

to ba pinari and anna advaiuw bad ilnalj tai 
nudatowatdilhtaHabinuatotlhlioldaiit laMI 
tha pnotloal molt ot all Ibal had bMD *B 




lUbadnotad.wlth (UUm MunyvblobUtBiM 



rfthaC 

ud rurthar to tba aHmmfanHBt ol ■batus ■■•■ 
tfaodi mar benaf tir aaim ahnlaMd Is tM b tb) 
" CtTfliutioa of AMiM.~ vbsthar thoaa aSWi t* 
dincted " to tha onltlnttan of Ilia aoll, tl Uim- 

marelal Intarsoone, or to that which 1> I — riiH? 

■upartor tn than lU.— 4ba latabUihBBl rf <^ 
Chimian Uth on tha CoBUnmt of AMb.- 

Lofd J. RCSBELL nie to nora thi IrM'nt' 




id TUB to dmam dof tbanlUiaataiBKaAff 

~ . OB JiBde* aad cbnttT' ' 

d br tb* UiMT ol tbw 

Ihvbldith "- 




THE KftlEND OF AFRICA. 



KdonlM. iKnr TMt win th* liilnwi i (iiTolnd (d Hm 
uiilntimBB at Uw iritaD], ud bow powafnl wm 
•baeAnMof tbakgMctonsidaf lfa*]ini|ii1gt(inln 
Ika VaM lodltB Colnloto inrcDt ttaltoooDtiT fnm 
iflMUnc Uw ■boUHaB of Atot. Bat thoB who 



■a, Qr lij tb* pown iddoh 
and tbnn^ lh« blMAq 
flodtlMTBltlPMMrMaiB^ad. ^uoongid, tl 
faytlMaa enttaoCpait liMinj. lUAjrl DotoaUn, 
TOD to pnsnn Id tba tfbrta jou bar* tittun, and to 
look ut ool7f«rthi- 
wfUtfamlaU jgn to 



kumaiiltriiiajntiitiial The i)lt)Bet tontan^tod br 
tUi SooiBV bat bMS lrWl7 iMed la tlM lattw tf th* 
BiAsp tf loodoB, wlileli «M nad at tl» oonmnso- 
BBol of the pmoeadiiich— It la Oia attMOpt to dla- 
daiaa a THt d(M of Jnatloa aod of ahailt;, dna ftem 
Oi rt a W i ii gotepa to o ti p u M ul and Ind^tad AMoo. 
How bu thla dabt beoi laonmd, and bow li It to ba 
dladiaiiodr It baa beai luuuii ai l bj tba bonwt 
wbkli. <W OiM otBtmlM, w«* pntcolad bj tba 
BrltMi ennni, br ^ BillUi fla(, and br tba BBlbo- 
illTof tboBrttUmnu Tba wan, Um owtlTltlw, 
and UwUDOdAadotAMoa^-thabonon.thomaBa. 
dM, to wbMi tb* riani wata «at)(titodr-tlH datew- 
tkaal Utooaaaddoiliif tba pa— g« IWtnAMa lo 
aur n do i il al poatfalaoa»— tba mortolltr, tha oppna- 
ikB, tbawUp,(baebala,— all tbMa dliiartbic aod 
dnodfol aocDBipaabaaito of iblTHy wtn. M Dl 

a^atb^rOiaatBdUlB. Hava «• sot, tbas, a daU to 



Ibataonearoattallo* 



1, Aall Ukapart Ih (ba dara 



tbcia orlUMa. anliw we axart n uw alta a boUt^ and 
ocBtlnaaadT loi Iba cMUaatleo and tba oliilMliBliB- 
(toa of Alrloa, Wamoit, tboDipioflaadtolnqababj 
wbat naani tbeaa otdtota nay be attotawd. I aa 




It. Ai m wan fnllj nran si 



did Bot thlDk it rlibt that aar I 
aivwed In It bat tboacwho TahmtarOr mi* i"! tbilr 
' ' Join tba aipedttioa. Gnat la ha* bam tba 
' witb nprd to tba obfaaU at 4kat 



bM attcodad It^l la not to ba R«ud(d. ai 
„^, baTa re p M en tad, aa an attar fUhov and oala> 
mllj. iBtbaOiMplaoa.wabaraAownMdMpaDpla 
of AMoa. tbat the antborltj of K^land and of 



lag tba ^aloa of bmna& aaolAota, and la farourtiif 
thaaatabUilUDaat of paamfnl ooauneroaaad cItIUb- 
tloalaAfilca. DoDotbaacbntbatowtUba.toaflaF- 



bebif dlmtad Iv tba IWit of tba (eapel, and of bslaa 



tbaraaamm nadr to ■BrUeallialrUTeafoTabteote 
saaod^aiUri tiMT will glTa ondBUe to OK 

pnAariooa. and (bar will ant to wItb s* la inppiwalBc 
bonflila and Intaamau pnotlota to wbMi tba? 
Mtbacto aSadad aneou imm ant. nie Urn ot 

UltiAtoh baaoocmad Incairjlnioae tUaexpidlllDii 

la ^apl; to bada^ocad; bM I ( 




Weat Indlea to baUM of dTtUiad lUar-tbOT )>an 
reoalTad bBtroMloa ftom tba Bdalataa of mickn m 
tba tntba of Iha (oqaL How iBqwrMnt la It that 



tonad to olTlUied liaUla, ud aoiiaatolad wlUi tba 
aaaofChriatlulCy, tobecoiH tha Uaohse and 
ctm of Uw<r faUow Donntqrmen Id Aftlsai 

AMoana who wen sdncatiid ondH tbe can utd at tbs 
aipaoto of the fitiU. ud who ham now teturaed to 
UMir own oounlTT, to imiiarl to tbtli oonntrjnMiti the 
sHoalhar hate hen wwlTed. I hid tha latla- 
a of latrododdj: thoK jroiing men to h« Ma- 
JeaOr. and bat MaJaatJ "■ pl"""*!" """'•'. "^ 
tbarinocnlrhoiiedlhef mitht be the maana of pro- 
raotlof tba ipiwl of Cbrlatlanitir In AMoa. Tbeaa 
BTBi than, amoor the nieana to Tbloh we m^ how- 
iftv look ftmraid for aaOMaa. If oar attanpta to 
loliodBoa cMUBtlon and ObriallaDltx tow Afiiea I17 
iiiimimfniiiniiaiinniiiiMiiiiii^iil liiliMHii 



B^ ud HlTatlan of mlllioM of ont tal 



THE FRIEND OF AFBICA. 



[I'VLT, 



KaaM^Jt 11 urt. I MntMi, wUlwit ubtfal &*!• 
Uvithat 1 Aa to teaad tta nBloUmAlob hu 
tHpn>psadlva«»U«liird. U to, I UUnk, Im- 



but II i* Ih* loa of lib by vbtsb ttat 

hM li«o mtundtd. wUdi mliJii vfita ear virlU. 

WawhorMUlMdMluna, bM ' 



iBBim,— WB muM b* pcapcnA to 

dsjmttaa to th« MiriJMi «UiA tbM* who bm baai 
oar piODHi* Id Ibb floftoui woA hHa ban Mllad 
apon to iMk*. B to lapqalMa for B* ta wnwA 



*ltb* natitf GodldBllaaiwiUiii*.— that tl»mnir 
pBulta ur pnt waA to baMgempibbad, notpt Ir 
tk* m>ntM7 aAilaca <rf U»M >lu lutetah- - 

It ia>i«iMiti»a»uiiTiH»i«wtto ii i i > ■ tu yrtw; 




Miiiail. il J iliii nabanla l wii . amlal i T »] r r'l«i 

•IptantUTaifflimad,! baUat* tbON jctoolpUi •■• 
taaadln tnith Hd Jiutlaa, add that If «• pansTB* 
Ibaj aaoM l«d lu to nlltBut* anBOBH. PRmvhlek 
•( tboa* {rinoMaa li anj Du of na papand to lacala t 



lAloh *• ban BawbMO (BaUad la naka of ttaa dM* 
idninWwaWi wraaga irtJoh wa bar* loAlotad - 
tka* tnat aDodiHl. taaaanaH ar I 





bnnidf«UMjr,«atbainatdi}aoIi4ololi««f Ika 
Chanta, to BiDanat Iha A*«a wham tkv laal haU 
Inimclibtaaaabetidata. Baltmat ba. rn nibii 



naaaa wbWi bava nat jat baas triad, lAot tta 
amaalatgaadiAbbiniaeklaatWo. llbtak,By 
laid, trs biTa sat oaly laanad aapwlaBoa, bol wa 
^ -fnatalnattb.brib 




otTfUiBtlw lata tha haart o( Ifea AM«n atoHMMh 
BaUartis thto. I BMlMa I an aat MM al ttaaa «ft«ae 
bribada- 



ikBiMdlr, k Iba OkiMbadV.tBd <B l^ 
(MitoattoaOtlnilaBd, a vbalMX Ai^mo^M 
da lb* Ltad* mA In flfh tUf am wl lb tba paaUMsa 



THE PftlEIfD or AFRICA. 




lun fUlad to atpcrlMMt II bem hkTiDg bnn th« earn- 
{■Dloii In nj own parlA, et tha unrgm of Om 
d omUmt (t k ycBBf mu wbe jaiaid IMi 



a hba, to Iha IhI Bd 

fna C«t. TMtfr, nUtlnf ttit, teluiutaaksd bf 

Us dtowa, h* qnKtad hb b«d Mton b* Tod wtlnly 



ipiSA K, But wblls I csoplald (Or Iboii mnmd ra* 
ttn own ftir Oioii |>Ilaiit man vho fbrnwd the 



H Ibttta and MT*-"Tiia did not 
ooont t)M bmL Look it Uw rtallnn w *bw< jroo 
lM*e lall Uiiai !" DU bN Uimii laUnit bibi cHmt 

fiisaastr— dldtharnot nlnntBOr to datbaworkT— 
«u It any •eont that pntUcoM and dntli hitlnd 
apoa th* Ihont sf Atrlca to nuat tham * Did ttu^ 
fa forth on llialr mlaiDn fgiuir>nt of tba poUi whldi 
Ihnataiud then f And rat irbOa ve an **'^'*"t 
ud waaplng for Uuaa Chriitlu hcroM, tbm an 
tlioaa *bo ■; to n, "Tiini;rourToli»of idmltatliia 
bta taannf pitr telbiaamligii[d«lnHn,wbakDSW 
BDt vhlifaar tbej trfent, or tbe daneen tbay had to 
aunBalo'.'' Va; I nloa too faliUr tbeb fkm«^ 
tfmlra hn Atav^r tbo (Implo hiart irtleh. In ■un]'(< 
lb«m, taught br dad*! graoa, M them oaiml)' omml- 
Uif tha oaM, to ha nad; to maka tba aorifloa.— I 
Taloa tlwli' ataerr too blgbty to lUo* Uili MIgini ta 
ha Itinrwn upon ibam— to pmntt than to b* pltM m 



M It br no BDiWd MD- 



mrk hlra b«an IM to nnl 

tfbllRj.— If anflhlnl *M 

■Uadara I htTe nothnd, 

Indihlp, bnt I mv *PP*al lit *nrj 

austbis.U tba beat and in«M onrlnolng aTldnwa to 

not lUa— that ha whs Uftdi u on tMtar In tbia woA 

«f bnmuittj to AMe> li hbnnlt the duMMi MmI 

k»d tba aadaUMe cbMnplOB of bomuttj at hom» 

It UlndMdi thing fiir«hl(ft tn thank Ood,tb*tira 

coma itton Enropi, able to mj that It la not frotn 

Ike OntHtlo dnanu of «ir btDaralenM. bnt It to 



tnu^lnRloatft 



pranll, U 9lta of all tba a^pnHBt 
apfwui uMUld nl. thew Hilni* mnai 
anoimplblutioiit Of Ooa*B glot]' and of 
Daa. If *a, vba tnat In Ood'a iapf> 
et^aIlf and Bberlr tba gnat mik, wo onMoltbw, 
Id sBFialna or la Iboae *lio feuow U, Wt It onvned, 
thnngh Ood'a hlaMtfig, with ondonbtad aMoed*. 1 
bag, mj Lord, le aMond Iha rtothitloB. 



■Bd mr nr, frftBd wba piwcdad u ban pMdal 
■nd gadnad that oaaia, baAm R ovtm to mr tun to 
IlMWtdo«htllta;«Br*aidM. Tla tartlst Mtoh I 
bOTTi an a^' jnn b> attrm hi la ihh i 

" That thk HeaUni, wUt* abaring In tha aamw 
wUab Buna ot Iho ctnanutanoaa mnnaoUd witli Iha 
Niger Kipodltlon an oalonlatcd to prodaoa, njoloea, 
»1 tlk thankfalaeaa to Almlfh tr <3od, In the oooTlotloai, 
that tba nlttmala abjteta ^ thto Soolatr, tIe., tha 
BitlDCtlon of tba SliTa-tmU, and tba CIvlUaatloa of 
Afr4mchl«jl7 bf nallTi 



pranotad In tba <nf of pnpaimtlon for fiLtsn adM^ 
br tba molti ol that B>p«lltlDn.~ 
Hy liH, tba enN, M I taM btfMa, hM betii ■• DM 
Slaaded, Oat I mar «r It IM baao oatTtod br BMIn. 
natknt VMadU It trnj ba aapaotad that I ahoolt 
•at ■ Ana w»4a hi antipgct «f a «a«B In whleb wa ut 
daaplTUMacaltd. Itto.lBdaad,nOBnanatJaot 




eo-eptntatwitk 
tba alaT»«Bd>] and I «oa- 
onaoflbamoBtdiacnltpMsta. TraaltU, 
tbal.onthamaiglnot tba oout of AtrtalowhUB 
am ondaanbBT* aooeat, En^Ui oonn aa aea oan liod. 



indoatiT «aa Miiplr. kr oMng to tboaa wbt 
datfra thtfli tba pndnM tf ear tadiuDT li 
exchanga not for iilaoq>. bM ftv tka pndnoM tf 
Ibelrintsaoa Bit«lilMtbtotottiaoai*wlitatMf«Ai 
le tboaa |dBMa«Uobai«Bltnalat<n tbamaifin et 
tbe ooMt, tba dWoBlt]' haa aatoaa, bmr will ron mMI 

AMea, MM) hn* baea aooMomad la anio]' lk« al^ 
nnlacaa cd BDrapaan maanlutaita, bnt irbl«b, 
batng dapdnd of tba <Dl7 maaaa whkb hara bithtrii 
aMMM (ban to ablatai tboai artleUa, oamalr, tbt 
export of ibalr rtana, abaU atlU b« doaboua of pa*. 

otiBlMt of Ufaf TbaKnglUi MlBa huatpnaMtt 
bean icAnal; atia to adraaoa toavrta then fuU. 
It baa baan afanoat HitlMr odBflMd to tba OMdn (t 
tbaeoaatoflftis. Tbeei|llthtt«At,ttMiptlavaf« 
trifling bMtaaaea, baa bar^ baan ibla tt ptBabui 
'-- '^— * — mma n^oo* tb iMtht gi y ai - — 
I, and wtiara tfao dedA tot BOfOt 



mteiitntea, vhldi bn hllhecia Mab lUlabd bf 
tkTFtade, bu to to Aat hf dMnoBUntUg (lU 
■a adnniaga* Bta la ba aaeoMl bf nndhuiiaa 

• of te faAmorw ttiOa t^ baa hKbMd Ba« 



tloa tB «Ueh tbh BooMt baa laMft io tofa i ibai* 
Mil be aUa to Mnbflnle tety lti«<r ts fu aoMMt 
Belweai an and 4ra nlUa Vf tba giMlat tint 4 
AMCB, tha bigllA ^ haa baan aean, «oiidnetifl| 
uen of pMwa, man d bvandanoe, nun who hire 
Anni tba pHpfaef that qaartirot the globe boir la 
do (dupe tba (ndnota of Itiair own aoll ; ■DdlbellaTa 



m muni iiii|iiini^ nfBii[[l»niHinh.j| |rimtae«nniil 



THE FBIElfD OF AFRICA; 



ot Uii 

In tbe i] 



1 tUi hoimm^ Hid 



tuU of Hut put or Africa, that then ni ■ gnat 
£unipeiin caoatiT mdy to (iir« them Kit tlie blcHliig*, 
moial, tsmponl, vid rBli^DQB, whLcb they ODuld 
dvHin, uid tbfl tunu of ui Eoropan wtU notbo jubi> 
cdilod, H tt faltberto hH boea Id Uia Intur tiuU of 
Africa, wLlh nolhliig but the tmcoungamcnt of u 
' ~ II li sratlfyiAg to know, from tlio Iq- 




ble and wlllliii tu,ilvB 
pecttofaH Disal, nAlfloua, and 
. Itr lord. It hu alnadr 




bUcnr-mm to dangK. The 

were hJIdwviI, not only without ' 

Irmlitinn for the >i»T ' <<iiMMirt of their mts^fflle, to 

■Kdtdibt and forty irhltemMi up the Nlfsrloi tbe 

dardopoDent of the oomnunlal itg nM of lb* 

Hot on]; waa no or niaad taalnat thm for ataflni 
at home, while thajeipOMd othento UMaadaofin, 
but, on th« oontraiT, the loodeet mjriloni of pob- 
11c vprohatlop wan baatowcd oa tb«i far tbalr 
anlerprlK. Whjialt thatlMadasfskto balnew 
red ttom moUTee ol banaroleiiae. than IB thoee at 
tnttanmOMl fnUt 'WhyliUtliatthebMwnlaBM 
la Ihli coimtij fi to b« oourtdend aa mnaltr tor In- 
siinlnftboaeilaka,wUdt tb* nve oUeolaof^la. 
highly hononnble oirtalnly, an oonaMBBl to k* 
mliUed to (bU toHUr I thlBkltmattd«dnibI*,at 
the ptMmt mooUBt, that tb* Sooiaty aboDld not only 
opotlnnelntliiereanlUeakirtB. W* dMold not odb' 
iUk that til* ttU If thla Bodety U (led op with the 



lUVhaTtben. The taBlli of the «ii«dlthn haTt 
leea Impoitant, hot wa have not yet bad the oppor- 
ttmlty of bauidt bom tba banlia of that mighty 
ilTu of the affect of Ibe growth ot tb«e leada of 
npBlaliaii— tbe eAct ot that sew acquaintance wllb 
thla great utloa whloh bam bMBdiMoniDalel along 
that gnat chaoHL Butat th* BiBa tlnia wa mntt 
not He 19 tba bta of the Boole^ oB a dagla dKvt. 



jIvUIbUoii of AMI*, wbleh, 
asrer aiiilad,— that wa an new — g— — g—i ' ■ 
sfmltaof our llbHBtlDg Ibe AbMua atBUm l4aa^ 



forget th» growlBg ilwlii anamt tba Ubantad A 
oaaa at Slam LaoB*. to ambaA in tUa and Mbw 
iBteT^iastetba borflt nf tbOM tl thalibntbna 
who an kH cMUiad aad h« laatnutad than tb«a- 
•dna;— w<e mwt not f«(*t the riian wUoh (bay 
look bt lU* Twy aipadllloa ap tba NIrr I— *■ m^ 
Inget tba di^n whkb tbay wa ■"B'—'-r la 






calculated to be ml»lMHt>«a UHiia tbA hcMhi 
Nor mnat wa ioaa atftt <d tbe ilngnlar but, wt 
cane to onr bnowledga only fUit i l ty, that tba n 
aUbgratedAHieaaateiain' - ■ ■- — 




BUD, Btlad b; 

Africa, Imboed vllh an anleii 

h> their black hnlhiui In Afrtoa, the blague wl 

th^ bare raodiad,— wa auM Dot locfM that ' 




ban vaaitiM n 
madabytbanArlhabtMfltotthoAMcaB; wahan 
eiampUi of penona In tbe Wcat IndlM who an now 
forming oolcalaa la the haariotAtrle>,B»Unyni in 
'- itbeartaof Ufa, IhacMl- 
lnwUoblbcythH- 
IlylMdJaltbananto- 




THE FBIESD OF AFRICA. 



ta dnMwUob nliglawfsolatleiaiUHiidDi th«n li 
nncli fa> ba dona vhloh ooilDMrolBl aiMrpclaa tlaaa 
(■a nsTK b* Bbl* to dbot. All Uul li left nodoiia 
tiTiwdin«u>UlefttatlilaSoolalj. ItliftUitgud 
wnple Slid ; It li one which En^aod la psouUirl; 
allBd vfea to oooivr ; It >■ one tern Thidi I ui (Ud 
iDiietliBaDdctjIiiiotdlipiiBdtoiluink. AUboogh 
Ta bsTa bn hnmblM for ■ tlma, nt ought nol to ba 
itagouratvd In tha pmt antspiiB in vhioli m haie 



■taoalni^idTuoad pBriodo 
1 bwl no Un tbat I ■' ' ' ' 
I did, how 




di fs^Ddlcaa which hAte baeb saalad 
bj the talliii* of yoai bdiavolant otijaol fn tb* Ki|*r 
ExpsdlUon. Ibal an npiifiitnnUj nf ■iiiliii Mm |iiii 
puUlona wbldi wan mada te thai andarttUni; * 



with tha pliant and biinuuu offloar la whom the 
ccmduotottbMaxpadltbmwMnlniiled.Mwall aa 

-u of hit eomptolonai I had an opportunity 



>t fonh 00 tbdl biuniuu undartiliing; and daeplj. 
lenfora, do I dian In tha n«ret wbiofa the ibUiuI- 
e> ktlcDdInc tbal aipedltton tie ao eminently cti- 
nUt^ to caiB (Mlh. Bat I mutl aar, that I dbtd 



ottteetwbliA all h<T« in tI 



which hara attaidad that put of odt axeniooa, 
whllat thaj affbid a beaoon «nd a wamLng to ardd 
tbe Uka dangan in tutuie, alao afford «n aUIHaiial 
InMnliTa, tut impow on oa Ou addttional dstj of 



tlM put an aiMlUonal (muid ol "—*"'"— and ad- 
Tanta^ in (nluie. Caitilnlr, wbau 1 aaa ammd ms 
■Bcb an aaeniblj aa tha pnoeat ^ wbaa 1 aeo, la I 
lufama.thafaaUagwitbwMob tin ildiwi lliit 
baTe ban ddlTtnd In npport of tb* HocdMr bna 
boon nodndb; thlaBamarOHaaanUj; lo 
tnhBlald ■ DMAOMl^ danbl aa to (ha nltlnutg ■ 



in whlsh, 

BDdK tha blaarii« tf JMviM FrotidBoa, tlw tnh t; at 
nw Bwafta, and tha notUada of tha o>tlaota we ban 
■ rlaw, mlllla na to bv* and axpoM >aoog& 

Tba naolnllon mt than pnt and agived to. 



Tha BIBHOP OP OLOTTCESTER. o _ 

hlnitdr, WH loudly eb««l. He aiild.— My lord, II 

la under any ntraomatancaa palufol and dlBirniit for a 
penon who li not acooatomed lo addnaa laiga aavn- 
Miea, Co be called upon ta ornne forward npm an 
ooctalon like the pteamt, when the fodlDga of aO 
who tal:aulalenal In (ha matter eannot fall to ba 
pTBtly moTed; bnl partfoolaiiy when he baa to 
follow thna who hin gHlued a high and ilaaernd 
reputation, and bare brought to bear bpQik thaaubjeet 
-_ aa gnat aa erer ohamed tbe aaraof an 









Id ttala been a ioa« of Irtaio^,— bad the Nliig 

' > trhmph In Oia MWOeM o( tba Int ai- 
IhllaentaBti-Jdionld, In all probaU- 
llty, ban bean aUanAat*. and otban would ban 
paitakanln (ba triumph i but I do teal tlial,n&dai 
dnomataBoaaiadl aa Oioea (bat hare ban ansoanead 
to4iy, U beoomea (ba oidar fo wUoh I bara tha 
lumnr to biloBS, (o dadara (bat tbiv aontlnae ana 
j i ei w m a In (ha aantlm«B(a whidi Buy i i rrf waad at 
(he fbnndatlOB of (hla Soolaty two yearn ago. II >a 
right (bat It tboold ba known, that we ngaid tUa 
Sodatyaa tbandad atrlelly upoai (ba prbnlpltof our 
_-,■_. .« .. of (liegrea(e at aad meat 




at the iiaTa-lnde and of daTary. i 
waa Doi iDowB by (halt pradaoetma daring (batianf 
pwlod.whan(heqneatleaof tba aboUtfoa ot alamr 
waadabatadlnpatllmanL ImDatnamaOilaaBbleot, 
bvaiBaalliaTetheoomaMafodtDgtbat aboold Infla- 
enoa aU the msnlier* of that body, I wiib that the 
reputation of onr predemeor* aliould not be unjoallj 



pnUidy and prlntely. tor (he abolition ot tbe 
ng the ttmetbat battle wH fo^it, 
and io naUy loaghl, uadai tha lead and gnldanoe of 
the TCOetBtad fatba ot (be doqnant JLieh^aoon 
wbian yon ban tU« day beard. Hartng bean led by 
tbal aaaertloB to look Into (ba foota, I end It raooidad, 
that, upon araiy oooaaloa wbto tba aabjeot waa 




mWyy-l 



In tba habit at 



In tba abidllian id atmBo whloh 

laoanMiyto the word ot Ood. Bnt 

prooeed to more tha taaolatioa wbkdi baa 



" That (hla Iteetlna: nepaotlDllr aipraata Itaap- 
protaatlau and admlraOoD tf the aaal, fortidide, and 
exanplary eonduot ot C^taln nottar, and of tba 



/^v t^-v 



THE FRUDU) OF AFItrCA. 



pfPtT, 




wbloh ttaa pcooHdlB*! ot Ihi dar eeu mmnA -1 
IP— tlut Uia dMtnHtin f«nr of tli* itnt SH not 
tak* tftot upon thoH irlio wMB ot tbe BoloDTtd nse. 
Tkat dttteaw* In Uw omiUtaiUoa point* out Uw 
m t -na- In which Utw ■nlMprin* ihoiiM. In tatun. 




ly Hfwled <• tk* noHi, 

Ibtf UW7 MknowMftd oolj » nllflOB nlher da- 
•ndlm Ihui oUitrwlH, ud In which Uie moM 
■ilKlitHKd of ma IiK»U lUd "M lialtam. W», OB 

that w* kn firitowlnf Uw dloMlM of om blHMd locd 
hlmaeU, In (oHf «b« UMhlBe aU nMIOU tb* boly 





UiU dar iiiinlilliii oT« m ■ BaMMun irtn hM, fai 

Idli^ to Um than any honiiDi or 197 Htla, cas be, 
ItetslUaa cooiiiuB-|UMl,«lwlMt«ttMlr MM- 



of ttia lows DlaMM la thoa part* of thomtta tr r l> 
wbldi tbojr an loldtotad to Odi oamaittall inflMnt. 
I wni sot (Main Tun Ian|a' than to mj, that «• 
luT«hnDdlo-da7Bnuliaf trtmniiba; andlbopetfaa 



LORD mOOtntT KiSOV-Vr bid*. Ia4h*, 
md imtlomai,— t im isnlBMdnoldatala jonwHb 
many obnmtlaDa In aasoadlnc tha taMaUBn vtilok 
ha* Jut IwMi raond bj Ibo rifhl ismaia fntMtt, 
— "^ ' lamant tba fallioo il tha xnnt Thrirrti 
Ic wa miut b* flad to tall, bad readj ta 



thuaa who plannod the cxpedltloD at boDO, «r tna 
injr ttm Ib Um lUiuifaawat of thoa* itko CMdiwM 
ttabnad. Far oibnwM. Etarrthlnc that IhaOt- 
- 1 of wO^ea oaold nneat to altliato tb* 
I sf a* oUmato, «■■ arloptad b th* boOdlat t( 
Oiadilpaiad thaoqdpiBralot tha a«in: aadvltt 
nsud to tbo oDean who *«» ohaqred «tlh ibaaxpa- 
dIUon, It !• not too innoh to Mf, that wlthSDt «■• 
Ihaf d^maa tbo hlRbatt maanca. 



ban *MB how, I 



to flkooantv lb* onotfe diBf*ri of a traifaal na a> 



h and tBtpbiat Iho^l, *h«a w 



ofAtMca, IL 

nlmo of EBflukd, vbo B«ni iMkad ifK tta be* rf 
a wbHa man^-ud jat wbo at* di^MdMl m a* 
IB lb* ftto ot (Ua «B< 




wtJob expalltac* bu ifa 
bnn, wjtbool any Is]ai7 lo Itaair bi 
tothtbUTK And 1 midd obaara, V 
wbai tniMwin*Tac bo oor nMta oV 
mat* diftukn rf lb* ChiMkB Mth 



1M13_ 



THE VRIERD OF IVBICA.' 




pnw vkW tMMi tew to (Aula M Ai ft 
lliiiB-initoin»fl|iiii<|iiiiiiiiMi MMj jll—Miiii !■ 



11m HBBOPof NOttWrOH-Kftort, liaH,iB« 



kulon. Rk kiMnm to ycBT laii M gtajHaKbatfn- 
,^^^-"- — — • 

tat for 



■■ilMioi to DiTnir> bol Kbat of thU!--4» Imiin- 
AttaAw In Bi* war of "71 .--•-- - 




thi total otlDOtloa of dAnrr— tba npmaiMlr* of 
li m peol ? — ■ town wUeh, fur ntttj 
land,— wboM (nlubttoBli ami ill tkitT maltb, 
tlMfr town Ita InllWDoa, to tiia a M t tt a oa tlwri 
In fkmtr ti riarat]'.— to A* laMaoaOan, tba aoa- 
C Btoh il pMe n tfaa at t>» Btota KaJa. 



af tte Sarary AMWoa ao 



«ao(aUktad>^-Aalr 



a •dntBlB of tha taimlplo Wbloh (nMa aw 
". WmthajapttaMIilniAirhlacniltMlh-oa. 




a Jni a «t taaitotorf»h>Twyaiaocia. r 
5«a, k aatBlw^tenar Thamcotl 

Brfiha fgdai 



MgrwahataMilaitoA Iba paaHa af iBaiaadr-ttat 
wliMa» H B l N U Um mmma a* tha ywr iMt* 
omnwMlwu^aB iiiH i fiaM f n k not bv ma to laak 



of aU irant I bM tf I eaaU da ao,-4r I ami to da 
■»,-41MlaanadlfeatI ■hoold «Bd thatthsBiAo 
M Ukaal ttid moal ^OvH In Iha eUMa of tka 
aiilaallai af ditBT, tan dn teiD tba in* to an 




( Iha atak of thoaa wba an bt 

. arwana, In ■ ilato ot aanl. 

rinarratbonM. H/lsd,! dU&otwMi Uaalocka 
yaatarMDpnHoaa, bat tba IMUiit at tba maauol 



mrlorf, a ward rincUnt thoaa who bara emrai 

gbamaa. aa Ibaj haia batn pkaaad to oall than, aat 
know not what olfaat ItnH of npnnob tba; bar* 
aan plaaai to WI7 to tii who wan oonoanHd tn 
MDdfnsDBtlhaai^adltlonttAftloa. Wahata haao 



htmanlito. Maw, latmaa* tbianMetlng.wIietha' 
tbaa BfD WB anj (Odd caua that did not meat with 
aMBBoBopindtlonat Itaflnt itarttaiT How fCW 
bara But with aaafMdliiftmia! how manjr ban 
tea divirltodud hare hMB glTV np In dtafnlrr 
Thanki ha taOod, that knot aa oBio with na. Wa 
hanmet with oppodtlon I lml,lcBowlnto<iiiiaaaBt9 
ba a good ma, wa an datamlnsd to pa<i farwafd t 
and, altboosh dkvtWad with oar laeoil dlnatsa> 
waannotoaatdown. It wa taba an sxasaite liom 
pMI tlnua, wa an ftdlj JaMUad in the praoaadlnga 
wthaTaadoplaa. Suppote In the aailj di^ of Mri; 



ams^tpi,^* gwathlaartigaot tba pure n^lglDD «( 
Chikt B^t hue ban loal to tho woild lOr a tuu, 
andwanld haTafa«atad* mnllltada of mtndeata 
wHililkhthanilBtliabaartaf maa. OTaqipaaa tba 
of a* ftOowna rf Om paat and (Md Wleb- 




wblabbaDiat,a 
fodtoM of Iba «v i-hal ba batD oranxoaa, tha world 
ukht ■p^ bar* Man In abMit the darknaaa of 
pagankD, and wtthoot the hki^ngi of that nll(loiia 
lOw^wenowaqfii)'. Atabi.tahettaoaaaof OolniB- 
hm. In wbea bnM aAtad the manl7 iplrHand par- 
•BTerlm aOBir ot a Mtkb allor; ba waa Biittah, 
not br Urtta, bat ba WMin heart I that (realDan waa 
oggimA 117 ooa-hall rfhkown nation; ha bnTed 



IHS FBUKD OF AFBICl. 



to doubt the pnqiriatj of the od 



ndAi 



•ikd *ii iBiOTuUblaFniTldeiueomiulal Uuit tluttut 
ehDuldbeUiaiMnB of the DMMBltroI ooraotei for 
trhitfoUondt Cnfuitiuutalj, ud de«l7 U be de- 
plmd It 1>, 1b the B«me ol nlictOB whole BMbKn 
wen •atannliiaWd >— Nood ma ihed In gnat ibun- 
duoa, end wlUunt hidletkiii In Ite bolrnmie i— the 
He dqupnlated, lod tbeuUve) drlTso 



ofAtrtoi;— tbeAfrlcui 
ill Quty hAd reoonno to 
lor ueir luxmri ua h DSflui the locuned ^iton of 
■lawT in those ''^'"^ir There U, thereforep ■ devp 
d^t due to *TTM»4rtfc uid to AfricL We Are celled 

■etiuted byiUgh twwJ end CtoUthm prlndplei to dn 
jMtla wban eo miuh Isjiutla had been done. But 
there ii Tet ose other butmoe J wiih to brinf undo 
jonrnoltiia. IthMD>tenb*ene*ld,th*t " Hoped*- 



wnr be alluded to too aflan.ar 
r wlUi (w much omL The (n 
a gallantly In hii ooone, In I 
Ion : he wai pennitted to lire 
md, while on hia death-bed, ot 
afin, he tell that he had a 



lu, under the mantle of WUbeifotot, panertie ;—IM 
ua ge gn in on coone, kunrliV that It ia the oaaaa ef 
Ood| of Chriatiani^, end of hUDaul^. ud bunrlnf 
thM It cuiwt be avTonf thln( tHU e |DOd 10 peieente 
thvebi to tlio tad. Otherahare ildloulednafoi onr 
npeotetlona of |ood from tbeezpeditiin to tlw Nlier. 
1 am prepered to aay. that boUl In B pUloeiipIilcel and 
k BdeBtUe riev m haw bees gnot plnen. In 
aoleaoe, eraqr bcl la of '""■™— Importaiue;— it ia 
like ■ itone thrown Into the inter, lou aee the ameU 
drolee extendhis loie after another, but thi^ rem- 
bente jon know not where. I can aaanre tob, that 
certain facta conueeled with malalla, aiialnc [ran 
peitllenUal T^oura, have been colleMed— the climate 
haa bMO Mudled-and ttano facta w coUeotad hoUout 
. r— ' '"TT- frf nmfnlniiaa in raaa itf thla imimlrj trrlni 
agaln*Wledbyap«MUiDoa. If God lo oidned It, In 
Ua wlae ^DTldenoe, that weahould igaln hare audi a 
*UtitlOQ, then 1 ban no doDbt It wtU be found, that 
the ExpadltloD to the Niger haa prorUed tauedlas 
wbldi nsnr mlgfat hare hem Imows but K>r IL We 
mowB orer the loae of life which haa (aken place, hnt 
WB momn aa Chitatlana j— thote who hare &Uid a 
taciiase to the dlmate hare gene to tbalr nward. 
The (rtM Nelaon mU, " "^ii--^ aj^eota that eraj 
man win do hia dutj (- Ibe} did thdr dutr, and fUl 
hi ita pnrlOnDaiiee. We appland then who. In their 
eomtrjr'a defence ilBrt forward, ditjlof das|«, and 
plant their cDontiy'l Sag on an aHmT^ work)— 



Aocetot AUoat We ban 0*117 OiMlBiBigltn 
toprooeedtn theooonawe hare cbajkad eat toon 
guldanoe. The rti*rCoii«o la likeaIMB,nd bii 
Buuif peMafta; majrwa netlake Itatatnetfoa 
BOBml WehBTctriedoBe.aadweharaUWilil 
u Branotbv. end another, antUallhiiB taaUM 



the boMH, Mid to th* meetlni. fo OB aadimw 
erennnlolhewid. IhaiemaobplaaeenlBDotlii. 
" That thlalleatli«. dulf a pp aaii la tliit ibe|d<ta 
endioliciui pntaeta agalaat theeia*e'Itide,wUit 
han now baa made t^ abnoM ereiT O"!'''" ■* 
dvilliad power, and IttOOat Ib anydiBlaiilliagI 
the Blare TiBde that DMj »• pOTBd la ban td)B 
I^HM, etui flnda DO leaaon for anr lebiadaB «( tta 
rigUanceitf thiaBodetr, nor uj-thiBf In tan n> 



Blave Trade, and the flual ahoHtlnn (f AUoa 

Ur. BUXTON waa celled npsn to ■BeeodlbanB4i- 
tko. Hetaid,— lfjlaidaiidtilsida,IleiliitH« 

unwilllnflnea to tnvaai upon your Unie at lUi lik 
period of the day. 1 fully appretdaMthairBitilBU 

ua already, and am awBiB, that more of eiul iMUf 
uelofOUow. Iafaall.tli<ntaie,baTeiyhMfa'<t' 
chaitlns the duty forced upon me. In brta*al*(W» 

hard read. I WBuMlMHie awt dedad t r i ^M ff"' 

lord, and the meetlni, thadnoanaaddNp RtM to 



that he la unable to atland bifon lea. loar^ 
deep bhia afflloUan at the partial faUmwU^'''' 
fallen upon the exettlona of the SocMj, and KBW 

hefe^lntereelad In lis welbn, and baw<Wq4^ 
fetle pledged to the [etBc^lea utbb whk* H •« 
founded. Thoea prindpleswoe mth aadJaKIa; 
and, in my bthv^ opbikm, 1 1 b the dslT of an ■« 
tootaae from their einitia, m he diaU act, bi "i^ 
Ing Africa, unto we hare ■useeded In pirtttaiaB Bl 
totbecuneof theBlaTBTrBde, and iu «■««»■* 
rtaveiy be rally exUngnUud. Be aeooded tbi nr 
tloB wtlh pleann. 
U. LINBTANT waa thai ialndBDed by the saUi 

wcelwd with amalderable cheertBfr WbealllBM 
he aald, I hare to lai^cM to you thla riedliitli*- 

•' That thla HeeUBf, fully mec«nMa| dn b^*- 
mlnMied olBlma of the BBflMnf peopia of Africa 4^ 
the people of flreat Britain, and dMlrM ft™ * 
experience of the Nigs Bipedlth* addJtHMl in* 
al the cometaen if the noenl ptae^ta asd w 
mctlcahlUty of many of the obJene cd tbli GdcW, 



That, he iBld . WH a gnat and giaDd boU 

dand that the abolition ot dBTvyiteiild be 
law of the land. But that waa not ncogb. 



iraaienotXloaBSf or anuy at lb* ij* 
I I will lay that 10 hag ai »••»*■ 
tbt aca,-«i log aa yvB go wia »• If" 



IMg.] 



THE FIU£ND OF AFRICA; 




J. OURKBT H 



« nHtton. B^an doliii n lis otaBrrtl bs 



<niJmi*,lS3>,ta Jiiiia,I84(l..£4,SS8 




tbar mf, tlut ha not onlr DODcnrred 
tiiv, feat In a¥BT70tbv wblcA hAd ba 
HianBlntlDD, like tba vtkoi, « 

Lou TKIONMODTH 
•ceopj thcdi time,— nun 



< eqHUllf u tbe rtaolutloB 
joaa requind no vordi In Um 



Ivt Ihia HMtins )i>«>U IndB Iti mat ra 

■d eorllKl thiak* to HieRojel RJghiHH l^lnce 

t, for bli ooatlnQBd patrocufa h ths Fn 



1 KdMpdeM oftntltodeto bl' 



The Hon. WH. COWPER lecDDdad the 
vltli (ist wHiftettat Hli (atflBii of mp 
»t f B hnmi tM tBe tedhlmtnJoio,Mli»l>»d»Jenbt 
■bnilar feaUngitnaU iBtm 

~1« ma B PrlnoB irtw, riBM bii 



hia trtaedrliiuliiguidbr l>l*(natTlTt<ie, the lora 
■rbDle people. He mold not 
■-' -» Prtnoe 



•■ of neleljF, bem tb* lUijti Prlnoo 
(0 the (ne MtgrsM o< the Wat India ; ud 
be tratod, todMd. hadld not doabt, bat thotr libDon 
mnld ts MoHd I7 Ood, Mid thajr msit nocsed. 
"Wbat tbej hid dons mlib t be Uke the nult muitiinl- 
BSsd, irhkb, bidot Bortnnd b J Ood, might jet besame 



Tho Hod. W. & LABOBLLEfl badmndl pi 

bMagtheoiienatmoiiiif a TOtoofthiiikito 

of Os 8oideV,aid,lndolDcaii ' 




tbeirlntenst,aHloiulf tsmpportthe obJeoMof Iha 
BocAi^;I(Blb«Dititylii8o(Uimoat, to thetr fiintat 
t, wu the oBl; mj In vhloh thsj oonld orer 
1 ■ luaaleBt sii^T of lahoiii (or Iho onltlntlon 
■Ir sMutsa. Snoh labour mut oome fmra (he 
of AMee, Imt, dI Mms, irithont stsb the 
sot BfqKeranoa or talut of 9lKrrry. The; irsre 
Mw p^Flni ■ debt which hiateiy told than thai 
, lad b* tnMed (bir vonld paj 1( In fUU. He 



"Thai the tbaoki <f It 



[atlngara dneta tb* 
. iHir moran Vowell Buxton, the 
Chairman, and to IheDepatr Cbalnnio, and to the 
Couidltas and Asditon of Ihli Bocte^, tot thA 
Mluilioa to It* (OUn dorliv tbs pMt je 



of the Mettjuf to the 

tDtoa d«l«iw of Sir T. F. Buxton, and quoted troia 
hU booh. Id Older to ifaow that, B (ar from balni too 
■nfDlnet he had always bum thD Ant bflen svare thAt 
tbsr wnaU han many dUBealtUa to contnd with, 

mill tb«t llirr irnnld niiilniihl nwil iilMi imaisM 

~ ' - ' - ,f^ ^ tetwrfrua Cl^lUla Tmtter, 




m ths Hatliig ndjonmed. 



UonljfunhB cslllheaUintlan of 
thsHeedntto the Repnrt made bj tb* worth; Troa- 
- -41 the trleoda of theSooletj, thatgood 



which 

Lord ABHLEY 
•pproptUt* ^iMh , 



Falhmi, /IBM 21, 1842. 
Mr DBAK SlE TnouAa, — I bid prcTCDted 

from Mtonding tlie Meetmg of ths Africui 
Cnilizatioa Societ7, which ia to be held thia 
difi but I un deBirouB of expreuiug my 
heartfelt sympathj with the fnendi of the 
ondertaking, under the grieroni duappoint- 
meat with which it ha* pleaaed God to visit 
them, in the partial failure c>f their fint efforts 
imder drcnmsCances of the moat sfflictiie kind ; 
and at the some time I wiah to declare my firm 
perauaaion, that other channel! will be opeiwd 
to ua, Ihiaugh which we maypajaome portion 
of that Teat debt of justice and cbaritj, which 
ia due hom Christian Europe to opprcMed and 
benighted Africa. 

It aeema to me impofaible, that we ilioiilil 



THXTBIKND OF AEBtCA. 



Cinr, 



be peiiuIttEd, by * gndont nvridenoe, fai 
nine good to IlkA inil>inni of oor fcQow- 
irho hiifl ncdTcd at our huid* tndi 
of eril, If 



SlofT «a ira •Mkinf to uhma, b; 



iMntad UHl Ba^MMd oUUm. 

Ilili«*« me, m; dor Sir Hkwu , 
With frnt nfiii, joon moittnilf, 

C. J. hOKOOK. 

Sr T. D. JUIna, Bwt., U.P. 



Amis, 184S. 
Hr viAK Loftp AiBUT,— It ii m Httle 
•ggnntiaii of mjr present lEl holOi, that tt 
prereati me From attending the Meetiiig 
Societj for the EitinctiaD of the SUre Tnde, 
and the Cmliiatioa of Afiiea. I need hardlj 
anorc joni Lordahip, tbat I retain ■& onal- 
fnd oonnctiMM twopointa, Til., tUtwhM- 

onr datf to perMrere ; and agdn, tert the 
Lord at oompudon and li^toooaneia b, tad 
win be with tboae who fUtUUI; labour fi» the 
pnrpoae of rMcning Multloiu of the hoKiaii race 
u will from tbdr monl darkaen, aa troai the 
faiteuie raSeringi, whieh thej now endure. 

Mar He haaten the daj when the GtMoal, 
with iti train of attendant bleaatuga, ^all 
lUoe forth npon Aftioa. 

I am TC17 diaukfol, that iriiiU I av debarred 
fmiB taking n; than of labonr, ja«r Lordihip 
and other hitUtal men are atiD proaeentiiisthe 



engendea of the Sodetj, 

I haTB the honour to be, mj dear Lord, 
Ter7 faithfUW Tpora, 

T. Fowau, Bdxwk, 
The BifU Hon. Lord Aahlej, M.F. 



Japhaoii'i dedded reto, owing to the v 
m; heahh, would prevent m; befaf preMOt at 
the Ueeting of the African CiviliaUionSodatT, 
to-morfov, where jenltiodi; aoUcit mj attoid- 
ance, at the leqoeat of the Committee. " 

reatodthi 
I am connnced there 

propitioii* for AlHci Otaa the preaait,iu>r one 

calling more for itrennaDt csertion on oar part. 

Onr lealoni and dented Himmariaa, brnrinf 
tbe noxiona cHmate year after year, hare pned 
the way for farther exertiDna, by thsedncatlon, 
at Sierra Leone and other pUcei, of the libe- 
rated ibrea and otber nalinw, from diitaat aa 
w«a ti neMboanngparti <rf Africa, wiko have, 
hj Ood'a Ueamnf , bain conrerted in nnmbo'* 
Ma iutancea to ChrMianitj. He eegtfnwa 
with wluch theae Tolimtettcd ta jiAa the Niger 
BipeAtioB, brt year, in seder to Tjdt thdritt- 



ni,(Mme^tki|^ 
apioStaliU empbymeat Itor the pwpoM,) ite 
pnioft thatuMMfit the pieaent gmvatiwi ■> 
dimoal^ inU be foqnd by th* 80^ 1b fadiai 
■flMla) ageati,lM»,^a,tiiiasdt»iMMtNli^ 



triM, to 00 



■mfioTe thdr conation In iUt Ufc, h «tO •■ 
taihevtbaalhe^affoiuhopeoftnDther. B)- 
and-by, on tbe eoBtnty , M flw SbTC IMi Bi 
Oe ivportation ef BbMrtad riant into Sma 
Leone diminiahat, then wiB 0^ btM A* 4- 
a rmd a nti efthn»ewlwwiwebw ^b ta»^lhn 
their own oMUtaiea, and they , of eonna, vll M 
bavBlfaeMMtwiihtoiMamtoflMlandcfltm 
IbreUhvt. 

Now, therefore, it the time tir iiettioB, one 
paitimfatily aa Black ^«wy mntt Mvnl} b« Ai 
inatmnent need for the raunation of Abio. 
owmg to the btneftd effect ef ta cUbMi V 
the eo n t ti l uti on of While ■ten. 

la ny Itte <rlrit to the Ifi|er, both OM al 
peo^ called loodly to ban fautradon Ml U 
than. Their rimirlinnnnti of Odr owi Wt- 
y, eomMDea with n deaiie for lmtn>f <i* 
aiowtedge, wit ven nmkahle, wi tk 
fact it a my oMoaia^ng ana to o«r taalt 
who tie to BMMibU t».Heno« k tba cMN rf 
Afriet,MdiA»,ifth»yhndc»lyiiil*iPi<l*' 
UiadBe» nd anrttn ef tte i^het, «i Ik 
■nrprlae tad deliriit which OeyeriDced on bd« 
t^ thrt the SqiedUiaa had e<MM wdirii k 
their good, and not for onr own prot^ maliM 
' ribald fin the eSntaOcrare now B>U|' 
ug alio wmarfcthtt the lahtlwtaatirffl' 
banki of the Ifiger are in a lafic^t WM ' 
tdTBMemlM In aeme of the narfal tm M U k 

MiTn i[i|iiiiiltti initiiiil Mib"^-'- 

■iMy may gi*e th«M I Hd (Hi, addMl *> M 
freidom from many of the Ticca and fBlMMMM 
prertleBt •MMfit thsBMiTee «■ d> e«a«. Bd 



'ilabonn. Oaths ntnn<f>T 
Dt. Willitm Anen, m the arttn. tk 
II be better abU to det«miB*ta wW 
>«Hni<M«M badinetrittM 

■na ttM, FarH«fa n>, yM «••' 

aw«re,olbT«M l r aut^ MwMAAaridndkW 



ciety'i operatiaM, lAaa 

tha Vimhowiw, iihteee eenld ta wait j* 
•tew.aedoak.ilkA 




lB4i.] 



I THB VKmm OF AFOICA. 



IW 



UAIABIA. 

Etistbody is aware that the great, 
we may uy the RoIe, obstacle which has 
hitherto defeated our attempts to benefit 
the African tribes ia the neighbourhood 
of the Niger) 1b the satore u their oli- 
Dute, BO uogenial to the Europe^ eon- 
stituliQn. "niis harrier onoe oTer-leaped 
ud the road to roeocM, so far 



cm bardly be too strongly directed to 
a Bobjeot of such immeiue and para- 
nonnt importance. For this reason it 
is our wish to open our columnf to cor- 
lespondentSj who have it in their power 
to iurnish informatkm which haply 
nuy, at some future period, be tamed 
toftood account. "Knowledge," we all 
know, "IB power;" but while we assent 
to this, let us remember that it in- 
Tolves a great practical principle. The 
wents of mischief are abundantly 
auTe to this; shall the agents ^ 
good incur the charge of negligence 



a fi»eg«mg remarks, rather than 
with the hope of adding to our present 
stock of informatjon, we quote the 
following notice of Malaria Siaia a late 
Qumber of the Ptnny MagaMxne: — 
The aBiDo^^ODs bom the tarfaoe of the 



«uUi, known, by the appeUstioAi^Mafo- 
Ha or MMMKita, alUuHigh weareignonnt 
of theii nature, prodooi yvrf maiked 
cfiects upon the numan eooiKmy in the 
localitiss where they esiat. In our own 
coeatry th«K auaant chie^ piocwd from 
muahy districts, prodnnng the well- 
known diseaae *^1^ agne or intennittiw 
ferer, and which preruls endemically in 
tho ieony and swunpy diatriota of Linooln- 
ahLn^Cunbridgeddle, Enu, &C. In 
^•rnwr dimattw^ and ceneualJhr whao 
aided bydeficient or bad food, and tiw aeeo- 
iiitilatff>ni>f ftnimaJfiHhwting uponadense 
population, the serenl dumptionacf pe»- 
tilantiat feranaM prodMed,as for example 
thow which rarage the aooth of Enn^i^ 
the nwrts of Africa, and the Weat In^es. 
The extant to which malaria psraila in 
the Campc^na di Boma ia wul known, 
caniine all who can do bo, to qnit Bona 
^"ao, the month of July to that of October. 
AlthoDjh marshy dislxicts an well known 
M being pre-eminently capable of pro- 
dacing the malaria, yet they are not 
eulonYely wt; the isault of Bumorani 
BhMmUona pniTai ibat tha only cirain* 



»a esratial to it* piodneden are the 
recent presence of water or mere moisture, 
and the influence of solar heaL When the 
quantity of water present ia very great, the 
effects of malaria frequently do not msni- 
fest themaelves nntil this subsides. Thus 
tntTellen in Afiica have found the danger 
greatest at the oommeoeemmt (rf um 
i; when theae ban continued for 
I time, the alcknsaB baa abated, again 
to be renewed upon thur eeeaatlon, when 
the soil has become somewhat dried by 
the eTapoiation from its anriace. So in 
the Burmeoe war it was found that at the 
subsidence of the inondationa oui troopa 
ohiefly sufiered. Dr. FereusBon relates 
that a moat destTuetive Mnn of ferer 
showed itself in the anny which pnitned 
the course of the Guadiana after the battle 
of Talavei^ that river being dried up into 
little pools. At other times daring the 
Peninsular war, the wont feveis were 
found to occur when the great heat wliich 
prevailed had dried up the surface of the 
earth, the emanations reraping from the 
cracu and fissorea which reacted. The 
collections of low hrusbwood, or of leeda 
and grass termed junglee, Generate a mala< 
ria, producdng what has Men called the 
jun^e fever. TheianndaticnanddMuning 
of nce-gronnds has proved a fertile sonrc* 
of disease both in India and Europe. Na> 
poleon intended to hare jnohioited ite 
cultiTation in Italy and fiance, as the 
Emperor of Ruua had already done ia 



the cultivation of indigo, the tvcnyui^ m 
flax, the mud left after the drying up of 
pondi and marshes in summer, the toming 
up of land which has long lain as paatutc, 
lu^lected drains and sewera in wann wes- 
th^, &c. &c. 

Many circmnstancea iuE^anoe the de« 
velopment of the efiects of malaria; thua 
it has sometimes been carried to gmot 
distancee, and to sitoatwuabq^ogr^ihically 
healthy, by wimfa and eunenta of ur; 
wiiile alao the fellii^ of vroods and fbresta 
has often, by expoemg a quantity of damp 
soil to the action of Uw son's rays, guw- 
lated TniaaniatH, in a site liitherto naoon* 
tamiaated by their inflnenca. 



Ws are favoured with the fotlowrng 
drcvlaT, which, translated into Aralic, 
is to be circulated throughout the inte- 
rior and along the coast of Northern 
Africa. It does credit to the head and 
the heart of our wmrthy c«mdr Cfdonel 



IM 



ISE FBIEKD of AFRICA.. ' 



[July. IftA 



Wanington. We an iafimned that 
tfae Loeutt, steam tender, left iome few 
days ago foi Tripoli, to convey thence 
tlie Colonel to the Syrtis, where it is ex- 
pected that he will have a meeting of the 
Arab chiefs, and confer with them upon 
the mode of immediately puttdug a atop 
to the importation of slaves from the in- 
terior to the coast. — Malta 7Vin«j. 



Thk benevolent and humane feeling of 
thepeople of England to better the condi- 
tion of the black tribes of the interior of 
Afiiea, and the anxioos dwire of my august 
mistresB, the Queen of England, to abolish 
the revoUbg.trsfGc in the fleah and Wood 
of our fellow-creatuTM, induce me to ad~ 
dress these few words to every good man. 

The object of (he tiailic in ataves iE^tn, 
hnd habit has reconciled it to those who 



the in&nt from its mother — or separating 
the wife from her husband — and dnwing 
the victims over the burning sands <^ the 
desert— where they often expire under the 
lash of the slave driver ] — towards the 
coast, to be exhibited in the public bazaar, 
and tbence transported to a foreign land, 
where thejr are sold to gratify the avarice 
or the pBsnons of man. 

One great God rules over all, both the 
black and the white I And can we bring 
our mutds to beliere that He can sanctjon 



Believe me. No. His merey. his for- 
Aeneae, hie benevolence and justice, 
extend to all his creatores. The black 
anS the white enjoy His almighty care. 

Mis evident that the ol^ect 'iBoam. I, 
therefore, in the name of my Sovereign 
and common humanitV, call your atten- 
tion to a more honoursole pursuit in com- 
merce, where the profit and advaot^es will 
be ten or even an hundred fold. Look to 
the natural reaources of the interior, when 
the following articles invite ^u to trade 
in them : — gold-dust, ivoiy, ostrich fea- 
thers, g<un, skins, indigo, senna, &c. 
Abolish now this inhuman traffic in yonr 
fellow-crwtnies— open a communication 
with the natives of the interior— aaaure 
them that they can carry on trade in 
peHect seeom^ to life and property 
throngh those territories under your im- 
mediate control, and allow the few r^ular 
tnders to pass by you nmnoleated, and 
assist their lawful traffic. 

Then yon will have done a humane and 
benevolent act, which God will approve, 
in thus' diffhsing plenty and h^pmeasto 
millions of jooi nllow<cn«thns. 



Your own oonsoienees will U»n tall 
yon that yon have-done well; you will 
become ricn and happy by a commercial 
intercouTse with the interior, and yon 
will obtain the |>ermanent friendslup of 
England, who will not be nnmindfiu of 
the great and noble act of your abolishius 
slavery, and promoting commerce tad n- 
vili^Uon thiougfaont Central Africa. 

Th«ae objects are the cheridied wish of 
my heart^-and to see tlie regency of Tri> 
poll the land of jnatic^ piocp^ty, nebm, 
and h^piness, is my Rrventpnyff. 

(Kgned) H. Wabunotok. 

Britith Voninaate, 26«i Mardt, 1812. 

CASES OF SLAVERS. 

Patnu, ManA 23, 1843. 
Two v««els with slaves from the Bar* 
buy coast anchored at the port of Nats- 
rino lately — one under the Ottoman Sag, 
and the other under that of Samos; tbe 
latter was in that port on the 12th iBstsot, 
and was not molested by the Greek 
government! So much for the execa- 
tion of the Greek law prohihitipg the 
trade in slaves. 

On Sunday the 6th of Fehntny, when 
in latitude twenty-six degrees twenty 
minutes S., and longitude fortv-thrw 
de^^ea twenty-five minutes W., Her 
Majesty's brig Partri^st, Ueuteasnt 
Wm. Morris, commander, proceeding 
from the River Plate to Rio ae Janeira, 
with the mail, fell in with and c^ued 
a very fins brig of 240 tons, under FD^ 
tugnese colours, and called the St. Antanio. 
The vessel hod a slave deck laid, and wh 
fnmiahed with water aad proviaians f« 
800 slaves; she hod left St. SebMtiw 
only a few days previous to her c^oie, 
and was bound to Ambris, when a foil 
cargo of slaves was emd to be ready fa 
her.— Attsifisiira TOegri^, 

Subscriptions and Donations are reeeind 
by the ^uusuiw, J, Gvra^ Hoore, &q.; 
by H«aKS. BaroetL Boares, and Ck, Si, 
Lomhard-streat; Meavt. Barelay, Bevs^ 
and Co., 5^ Lombard-street; Mean. 
Contts and Co., 69, Strand ; Measn. Drom- 
mondt^ Charing-onMs; Meava. Hanbory, 
Taylor, and Lkyd, 60, Lombanl-etito ; 
Heears. Hankeys, 7, Fenchnrdi-etreet ; 
Messrs. Hoarea, 37, Fleet-atnet; nd 
Measrs. Williams, Deaoon, and Co., Vi, 
Birchin-lone; sad by the Secretary, (he 
Rev. J H. Trew, at the Office of the 
Society, 15, Psriiament-rtreeL 



LoKiHiHi Prioud bj Tnoiui RiEuuHuIuu. 
ot Ko. U, Bt. HuilB'i 1am, la th* ^lU if Bl 
MsHlaliiUHFlBldai and pnWM^ Iv J«n Wrl- 
LUBFAaan. at Ho. «4S, W«i gmot. 



THE FKIEND OF AFRICA. 

TBB COXMITTEB OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE EXTINCTION OF THE 
SLAVE TRADE ANOFOS THE CIVILIZATION OF AFRICA. 

PVBLISHED MONTHLY. 

No.2a.3 LONDON, AUGUST, 1842. {liil™' 3i 



TwnbakM ; \tt Conunanw, AneStst (Dd ICn 
BksbIut'i Raport Df hli Vlilt to thcWsjt Is 

Tlie MaurlUu ud tha aaroIullH 

IdT€ of Coiialrx ,,,.,<,-, 

Lott Canr, u Anurfasa M»gio . • 



UMUaiaf tha Di^Un Auillliiiy Boolfl^ . .. 



THE WEST INDIES AND THE MAURITIUS. 
Wb bare ereat satisfaction in publishing, in our present Number, two 
very Taloaole docoments, to which we beg to call the special notice of 
OUT readers. We allude to the abstract of the Report made by the 
Secretary of the African Civilization Society to the Committee, on his 
return &om his Mission to the West Indies (p. 116), and the comma- 
nication from the MauritiuB, at page 11 9. 

In whatsoever light we consider these documents, whether as 
indicating the number and variety of opportunities presented to us for 
the furtherance of our designs in behalf of Africa, or as assuring us of 
the deep and lively interest taken by the expatriated negroes in the 
welfiire of their own or their fathers' laaid; or as incontestably establish- 
ing the glorious and successful issue of the measure of 1834, they will 
K found worthy the thoughtful consideration of every one into whose 
iisnds these psges may come, from the minister of religion to the 
■talesman who directs the counsels of the Sovereign. It is especially with 
reference to the last-named point, we mean the evidence which they 
afford of the happy change in the aspect of Colonial Society, brought 
about by the Abolition of Slavery, that we allude to them at present. 
And seldom indeed has it fallen to our lot to point to a more triumphant 
confutation of the predictions and surmises, of those who denounced the 
measure of negro emancipation as fraught with misery to the slave 
himself, and ruin to society at large. For ourselves, we do not hesitate 
to say that we could not find it possible to understand the constitution of 
that man's mind, who should refuse to admit the conviction which these 
ample narratives, the former especiidly, are so well calculated to produce. 

For the present we dismiss the subject with an observation intended 
ior those who still cherish with fond regret the memory of an iniquitous 
and exploded system. While tnith, for the most part, is like the 
diamond hid in tiie mine, so that they who would find it must dig deep, 
and labour long and hard, it is ncit always thus. Sometimes truth is 
like the sunlight, filling the heaven;), and spread over all things — strange 
that in this last case men should ever miss it. The reason is that 
passion, or prejudice, or selfishness:, or all of them conjoined, imprison 
thor understanding, and as effectoiUly cut tliem off from ligh^ as if they 
had been buried olive. , ikGooqIc 

VOL. a, 1 '^ 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Acq 



-:T. WIQER EXTBPITIOH, 

A LETTER, dated Fernando Po, 
April 19th, reporti the arrival of the 
WUberforc* at that place from Abbbii- 
sioD, on the 7th, after having called at 
Cape Coast Caatle and Accra, where 
she r^iaained ten days for the purpose 
ef mailing jnajfnetic observationa. 

Captain Wiiliam Allen had com- 
menced his preparations for thp rp- 
A«ceot of the river, which he intended 
to attempt, with the Wilbwfaree and 
Soudan, on or about the J at of June. 

Letters from Aicenaipn, date4 Ma,f 
28tb, state that the Albtrt waa still 
there, waiting the arrival of orders 
from England. 



THE REPUBLIC OF T^^AB, 
It is geDerally |uiOVn tq tb« pqbli 
thut treaties cqnTeyi^g certain rwiprowl 
rights and privileges have been for a 
long time past in progress of negoti^- 
tioa between our own GoTemmeqt and 
that of Texas. From tlie subjoined 
paragraph, which we qaote fVoip one ^ 
the cbily prints, it will be seen what are 
the nature and objeeta of tbese treatl^, 
the ratifications ef whieh have bepn re* 
cently exchanged betyraen the caatraDtr 
tng parties. It is not, af qgur^i pgr 
husinesB to express any opinion respects 
iqg the policy which hjia dictated the 
lect^ition of Texan Independence 
on the part of Great Britajn; but we 
may, at all events, be allowed to rejoice, 
^rtt, that there is now some solid ground 
for expecting peace between two hostile 
republics in each other's Immediate 
neighbourhood; and, secondly, that the 
Britisb Government, true to its course 
of active opposition to the AiHoan Slave 
Trade, has not failed to stipulate for the 
oonceHsion of '' the right c^ learob," as 
an indiapensable preliminary to it« me-' 
diation between the parent state and her 
offspring. 

Tbutibe bbtwxbh Gbbat Bsrr^iK um 
TsxAs, — The ratifications of the long- 
pending treaties between GreatBrl tun and 
Texas were exchanged at two o'clock on 
Tuesday, the 28th ult., by the Earl of 
AberdBen, Plenipotentiary oi'Great Britain, 
and the Hon. Aahbel Smith, Plenipoten- 
tiary of the republic of Tcxaa. These 



Ireq^ee er% tferef |n nnmberj— A M««ty 
of amity, naviKathm, and eommeice; a 
treaty nnderta^ing mediation by Great 
Britain between thQ i^nhllca ^Mexico 
and Texas; and a treaty grapting recipro- 
cal light of search fl>r the Hupprestkn of 
the African alave tiade, Ther were ne- 

?[)tlat«d in 1840, and concluded in Novem- 
er of that year by Viscount PalmeiBton 
andGenemtJameBHamilton, T^epowen 
to ratify the first two have bewi a oes- 
uder^bfe time in England, bnt their com- 
pletion has been very properly de]Bye4 
until the ratifications of tne treotj' mntint 
the right of search coald be ■unvl'MtwiU' 
ly exchanged. By thfl treaty nlijitive to 
Mexico, Great Britain offer* hec madiatiaa 
between MbxIoo and Tsxaa ea the fellow- 
ing condition :~Texaa to annme 1 ,000,0001. 
sterling of the public debt of Mexico, pro- 
vided that state reeogniies the iodepea- 
dence of the new republic, and agnte to a 
satisbotoiy adjustment « the bonndsry 
line between the two eonjitiie& Tm 
proffered medlAtion pf Gres|t Qn^ be- 
Iween Mexica and Texas will, it u to b* 
hoped, be productive of ipinediate pca« 
between those countries.— IVn(«», July 4 



THB •'AMISTAP- AFBICAM8, 
Inthluswci haa hem iMalied at 
the arrival of t^iew negroes at ^etit 
I^eone, wbeie they Ud moonied tinae 
time, there being 'some difficultiea ^bout 
their reaching Hendi, their native eountry. 
Una of the three Ameriean Mi^enariM 
who nc^om^anlfd them b«dt in eeoK- 
qnunfe, by the advioe 9f GoTemor Sir 
George Macdonald, Bccgmpaiiietl Cinqoe 
and afew othersof theparty onanexpliv- 
ingtoun Their return was daily eneclcd. 
There were sqvaral hundred Heaatani at 
Sierra Leone, nme of whom twd nocf- , 
nlsed several of the AmUtad AfiicaM- { 
l^ie MiHsionarlei^ who had continned is 
exeellwt health, repveeent their durgn ' 



TSS 4SW8 AT lUVASCUa 
Bttr9atif»Ltlltr,ialtdBmMum»,Jm 

c The three brothera Pmvt. wba wt 
under Britiab protection, bav^ ^ the is- 
stigation of our wortfeiy and intelligent 
Craksu), Mr, Wood, emaadpated the slam 
who were in their 



lascus to do six* mae. I thiak 
they will Bucce»dt'f- i 



1842.] ■ 



TBS FBIBNp OF AfBIOA. 



in 



LBTTER FROM THOMAS 
CLABKSON, Eao. 
In oar lut numlm wv pTomiwd to 
hy befon our raadera a Utter froni the 
Tenerable Thoinaa ClarkBon, the veil- 
known and lon^-trietl friend of the 
African. Ths Bufferings through vhich 
he 19 passing, and nhich it appears nov 
quite oonfine hint to his boiit*. must caJl 
forth the deepest Bympathy in every 
h«aR. At th« same time ve cannot 
but derive encouragement from his 
bright example, when we find him, after 
( long course of neariy sixty years, 
dsTotedneis to our common object, a* 
interested and as ardent as ever in all 
that ooncema its advanoement. The 
fiillotring Is the letter to which we hare 
slhded:— 

Dun Sir, — Sir Fowell Bhxton wrote 
iQ me the oilier day to request that I 
would attend your next public meeting, 
^ I wrote to him for answer what I 
must now say to you, that at the pre- 
KQt moment three severe wounds in 
m; feat compel me to lie on the sofa 
tveke hours in the day. I can scarcely 
valk serosa the room. I was put into 
1 carriage one day last week for a little 
exercise, but had not proceeded more 
tbao a mile when I was obliged to return 
home on account of the pain which such 
a little excursion produced. Had it not 
been for this impediment, you may easily 
unagme what pleasure it would have 
given me to attend a meeting, whose 
object is that to which I have devoted 
fify-iwtn years of my life. 

I cannot expresB to you what my 
feelbgs have been since the painful 
ncwB of the Niger Expedition, but I am 
one of those who can never despair in a 
righteous cause. The cause is a right- 
eoug one, and if it were so when we 
took it up, it must be ao now: why 
should we not make another effort on a 
reduetd Koitf We want only "the 
Bible and the Plough," and a very few 
persons, four or five, to attend these 
instruments of good. I wilt give you 
an idea of what I mean by referring to 
ihe follovring facts. The Rev. Mr. 
Ciarke, and. Doctor Prince, of Jamaica. 



set out only last year to maka trial gf % 
religious mission to Fernando Fq, u4 
to see what prospect there wap ttt 
limilar missiooa to the opposite eostl- 
nent of Africa. On their arrival, th<V 
went to different villagea nnwmefC 
trusting their lives antireiy to the pr^ 
vidence of God. The nativaa ttimft 
tJum uaarmti coniidered them at 
friendt. Various interviewa took pUw 
between them, and the coosequwee 
was, that some of the adulta attended 
their preaching, and some of the childmi 
their schools. But I must now di^ew 
for a moment to say, that while th^J 
were sojouroioff at Fernando Po, on* or 
both of them visited the opposite c^ti- 
nent, (which containa towns, where th« 
inhabitants are the most barbarqus and 
superstitiau3,andwherethegTeatestmar- 
kets for slaves were held in all Africa,) 
and were generally well received by the 
inhabitants of the villages there, most ti 
whom expressed a desire to be initruoted. 
Returning to Fernando Pu, they found 
a great increase of missionary work; 
and the prospect of civiliring the whole 
island, and <^ spreading Chnstianity oa 
the adjaoent continent, was woh, that 
they are now on their way to England 
to get a supply of fresh Miagjaoariw. 
Kow what does Fernando Po want to 
meet the fiiU wishes of your benevolent 
Society? It is already in the way of 
being Christianised. It wants only the 
plough to assist its people to raise 
their native productions, and to get 
some notion of commerce by the sale 
(rf them. Now, Sir, what nave your 
Committee to do but to follow the «x- 
ample set them at Fernando Po; to 
select other spots on the continent of 
Africa in the most healthy parts, where 
one or two Miasionaries may be sent, 
and one or two Instructors in Agricul- 
ture? We have not to incur the 
expense of eolonisiog, but of making 
simple settlements on a small scale. 
! have known several persons who have 
formed settlements in Africa to trade 
with the natives, who have lived alone, 
without any other whits person with 
them for years, and who, during all 
that time, have been nninuleated. You 
see, then, at what a small expanse a 
settlement in Africa, auch aa I have 
suggested* could be made, and what an 
i2 



112 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



|,AnniiT, 



infinity of good such a settlement might 
prodaM. You might have six or 
■eren settlements of this sort, at an 
expense which would fall nithin the 
Kacb of the purse of the Committee; 
tud small settlements in six or seven 
different placesi would spread the light 
more diSusivelj than a single lat^ one. 
I have only farther to observe, that 
black people should be employed in 
these oiffereut settlements, on account 
of the climate. Black people, pious 
men, and fit for missionary work, may 
be had from Jamaica, and I have no 
doubt that black cultivators, sedate aud 
Meady and intelligent men, may be had 
from the same quarter; men too, who 
would rejoice in being instrumental in 
enlightfinbg their brethren in Africa. 
I am. Dear Sir, 

Yours very truly, 
Thomaa Clarkson. 
nHuRee. J. M. Trtm, 
Stontmy ofiha Afriam OMUiatum 



THE AGED [NEGRO DISCIPLE. 

lb At Bditor qfthe Fhiknd or Araic*. 

Sib, — I am encouraged from your 
insertion of my "Account of J. B^ a 
native of Africa," in a late number of 

Jour periodical, to send you another 
rief narrative of the last days of one of 
his fellow-countrymen. For the truth 
of tiie circumstances related I do not 
hesitate to pledge myself. It is per- 
haps, proper to mention that the account 
has already appeared in a little work 
which I compiled for the use of an 
educational institution about eighteen 
months ago. It has not, however, been 
given to the public at large, and there- 
fore cannot he known to the generality 
of your readers. — I am, Btc^ 

V. D. M. 
lie that lofty chain of mountains 
which runs through the eail«ra part of 
Jamaica, and which is known by the 
name of "The Blue Mountain Rimge," 
there is situated a remote coffee planta- 
tion. 

There ore, indeed, many such planta< 
tiona iu various parts of that lovely and 

n' turesque island, but the one of which 
m idtout to speak deserves to be dis- 



tinguished from others, ai havii^ been 
the scene of an occurrence of more tbn 
common interest. An aged Africu 
negro, who, with many othcn, hved on 
the property, waa luen seriooily ill. 
The doctor who visited him, reoim- 
mended his removal to Kingiton, some 
eighteen or twenty miles ^tant, vhere 
he might have the benefit of a wanner 
climate and greater comforts. To King- 
ston, accordingly, he was taken, lid 
there admitted into an hospitaL But hii 
health, notwithstanding, contiaued to 
decline, and it waa soon apparent thit 
"death had marked him for tui own." 

Now it so happened that the attorney* 
for the coffee-plantation where tbe <M 
African had lived was a pious man, ud 
one, therefore, who felt interested k 
the spiritual welfare of all his depcod- 
ants. This gentleman, hearing thattbe 
invalid was fast sinking into the gnn, 
made a point of visiting him with s ne> 
to impart such instrucUon and consoli- 
tion as his circumstances might seen tt 
require. An obstacle, however, not to 
be overcome, defeated his kind pnrpuei 
and that was the impossibility of holdinf 
intercourse with one who could ipeik 
nothing but a confused jai^on of brun 
English and the dialect of his nitin 
country. After many vain attempts to 
converse with him, tbe gentleman tool 
bis departnre, disappointed and grieTed. 

At length he bethought himself of u 
expedient. Among his acquaintances it 
KingstcHi there waa one indiridoil, i 
sincere and lealous Christian, wbo, is 
he believed, from a long and intuoil' 
acquaintance with negro habits, woW 
both understand and speak to the dyio^ 
man. His acquaintance undertook iIk 
office, and, as soon as be conveoieBtlj 
could, repaired to the suffierer's bedaife. 
From tlwnce he returned in astopisli- 
ment. "Sir!" he eiclaimed to ve 
gentleman who had deputed him, "' 
expected to find a poor ignorant mm 
dying without hope, and without llif 
consoladoni of tbe Gospel. JiiP 
then of my delight to meet with » dis- 
ciple of the Lord Jeans Christ snxiooslf 
looking for his Master's commg 1" 

It may be easily imagined whil •» 
tbe surprise and gratification of tJtf 

■ Tlu ignil of IJM sImM imyWw - 



mf] 



THE FRIEKD OF AFfilCA. 



113 



geutlemsn on hearing these words. 
uked for some explanation of what 
Memed so strange, and even unaccount- 
able, that a poor old n^ro, who bad 
puaed nearly all his life in a remote 
mouDtain settlement, having had no ap- 
parent means of instmctioD, and neither 
making nor understanding English, 
tooald yet be able to testify the love of 
Christ to bis soul, and to rejoice "in 
hopeof the glory of God." The follow- 
in^ particalars were then ^ven to him, 
u, in nibit&nce, the sick man's own 
eiplanatioD of the mystery. 

By some means, of which no clear 
account could be obtained, intelligence 
had been brought to tbe remote district 
iavbich he lived, that a missionary was 
in the habit of preaching or expounding 
tlie Scriptares every Sunday morning. 
Who this missionary was, or where lie 
preached, fae "was quite unable to say ; but 
there is do ground for believing that any 
inch had ever at the time held public 
lervice within eighteen miles of the spot. 
It is moit probable, therefore, that tbe 
miisionary alluded to was stationed in 
Kingston. However tbis may be, among 
tiioae who frequented bis ministry was 
a negro from a plantation adjoining the 
one OQ which the poor African resided. 
This man was in the practice, when he 
returned, generally late at night, of re- 
counting to him, as well as to other in- 
terested listeners, whatever he could 
recollect of the truths he had himself 
but just learned from the minister of 
God. 

Thus, in a manner truly wonderful, 
*a« the seed of eternal life sown in the 
heart of our aged friend; and the dew 
of God's blessing descending upon it, it 
quickly sprang up, flourished, and 
brought forth fruit. 

The end of the invalid was peace and 
joy. When his visitor inquired, shortly 
bdbre his departure, whether the nigbt, 
uanally so long and dreary to persons in 
bis afflicted circumstances, was so to him, 
bis answer was, "'No, I am quite happy; 
u I lie on my bed, I think of Jesus my 
Saviour." 

He is now with that Saviour, and 
>Etall never leave Him more. 

Surely the lesson which this narra- 
tiTe teuben is a plain one. Tbe 
Christiaa nunister whose instructions 



(although conveyed through a most im- 
perfect channel) were so richly blessed 
to the poor old African, could not pos- 
sibly have known what God was silently 
accomplishing by bis agency, but has 
since graciously made plain to us. 

It may have been his case (it has 
been that of hundreds), that, seeing 
little firuit of all his toil, and well nigh 
sinking under the cares and anxieties of 
his weighty cba^^, he has been ready 
at times to cry out in despair, "Who 
will show us any good?" Bat "the 
Lord's band was not shortened that it 
ctnild not save," and now He says to 
every reader of these pages, " What- 
soever thy hand findeth to do, do it 
with all thy might." — " In the mornbg 
sow thy seed, and in tbe evening with- 
hold not thine hand: for thou knowest 
not whether shall prosper either this or 
that, or whether they both shall be 
alike good." 



TOMBOKTU^-ITS COMMERCE, 
ANCIENT AND MODERN. 



The first steps of infant c 



well as tbe parties by whom it is chiefly 
conducted, must always be extremely 
interesting. Intercourse between na. 
tion and nation is the great civilizer of 
mankind, and as this is for the most 
part induced by the reciprocal wants 
from which exchanges spring, the his- 
tory of commerce becomes in some 
measure the history of civilization. 

Further, when a people, who have 
themselves arrived at the highest 
known elevation, are impressed with 
the benevolent impulse of extending a 
helping hand to others less favoured, 
they ordinarily seek to commend their 
design to tbe suspicious temper of an 
ignorant race, through the medium of 
their natural desires, by stimulating 
their curiosity, arousing tbdr emula- 
tion, and teaching them the value of 
time and labour in the production of 
such articles as will secure a thou- 
sand novel gratiflcatioDs. It is nfriji^- 
cessary, therefore, for the efiectivfe'' 



lU 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



execution of such & purpose, to ascert^n 
u eiteDsively and mioutelj as possible, 
the amount and kind of commercial 
intercourse which has already existed 
in such eotintry, the character of the 
foreign visitors by whom it has been 
manned, the effects which it may have 
already produced, and the disposition of 
the natives to extehd and increase it. 
With regard to Aftica, inquiry of this 
kind is especially important, since it has 
long been admitted that the peculiar dis- 
position of its inhabitants points to a 
Sitem of beneScial exchange as the rea- 
est and most effectual way of securing 
a sufficient inlet for higher principles 
and modToB of action. 

It would be a great mistake to call 
the negroes "tavagea," Iti the ordinary 
acceptation of the term; cruel habits 
and dark Buperstitions, indeed, often 
appear, but thes« do not constitute the 
proper character otthe »elvaffg{6,~^t}te 
wild man of the woods. The Africans 
aeem never to have existed in the lowest 
stagu of society ( ir, at t«Ut, thfeir 
natural hbtit hu Always eletated them 
with r&pidity and ease. They have 
never been found as tameless hunters, 
like the North American Indians, nor 
(if we may except the FuUhs, who yet 
are agriculturists also) nomade sbep- 
herds, like the tribes of Central Asia. 
Wherever thay are me t with, they appear 
as husbandmen, aad still more as mecha- 
nics and merchants, — the very habits 
upoa which civilisation in its human 
origin is hasod. Docility, attachment 
to localities, and a strong disposition to 
barter and trade, seem to be the leading 
characteriBticB of the African race. 

We know, too, that an intercourse, 
both extensive and permanent, has been 
established for centuries in the very 
heart of Africa, which, though labouring 
under many disadvantages, has yet done 
something for its improvement, and 
may be found to have provided ui with 
better and more organized materials 
tluD the native mind, if trhoUy uncul- 
tivated, could be expected to supply. 
It has no doubt introduced some diffi- 
culties of its own, but it remains to 
be seen whether these will fully coun- 
terbalance the useful habits which it 
has tended to originate or confirm. 

Amongst these difficulties, the most 



merce we must look for the orisin of 
this fhtal traffic, although a much Urger 
portion has since passed into other 
hands. The two great tracks delineated 
by Arabian writers through the centre 
of Africa, are those of the slsve-huater 
and the slave-dealer; and the neitrh- 
bouring desert has ever reared a nee 
with bosoms hard and unmelting si iti 
own, whose riches and enjoyments de- 
pend upon the numbers of their hamin 
moveables. We must recollect, how. 
ever, that they have created this tnde 
by takltlv advantage of the mercsstilt 
propensities of the negro, Ttom vhon 
they would accept no other artkh is 
tKchangM, and that it Is no pleasure Ui 
the African to barter tnen rather thu 
Other commodities, whilst they hiH 
trained him to commercial acutenm, 
and to value those European goodi 
#hich we trust will soon be presented 
at a lower rate and of higher quslitr, 
on the express condition that he wiU 
deal fa slaves no more ! The D«ert 
trade must indeed fall before ours, if 
they be but once fairly brought into corn- 
petition ; Its commodities are purthswd 
too dear in the markets of Barharr. 
and the expense, risk, and \on ofi 
Journey across the shiMig sands, dnf 
too heavily upon its profits to sI1o« i< 
to bear mi against our less embarrswrd ' 
means ot transport and superior cspitsi: 
hut, in the meantime, it has done sonte- | 
thing towards paving the wsy for * 
better system, by bringing the nstifw 
into order fer business, and obliteTatin; 
some of their wilder and coarser hsbilf- 
Interesting indeed, to our very cViA- 
hood, are Its strange tales of iuipn 
and suffering ; and its antimiity, eiMi- 
and the means by which it nai acqoire^ 
so firm a hold, may well engage lh> 
attention of our maturer years. ^ 
sketch, thfen, of AMcan comiiHTte- 



which the papers on the Niger tsr^ 
' dy introduced, and of its aitcira! 
emporium, may be found to eomliioF 



already 



some of the many proofb of the posubi- 
lity of maintaining an advsatijeo^ 
intercourse with the inhabftaoti <" 
Sudim, and even fhmish some ii>d'<*' 
tions of the most tnitable pohiiJ ,*' 
which it may be carried on by British 






IA43.3 



THE f RiENb 6f A^tdA. 



hs 



Bercbants, and applied most effectually 
to tbe aavancement of the temporal 
lad etenial intereats of ttie natives*. 

The tida df CiTUitotloa trhicli rolled 
after the Roman eagles over such a 
Tist extent of Europe and Asia, was 
crafiDed within narrow limits upon the 
GOBlinflBt ot AtriM. The aerthern re- 
gion, stretching along the shores of the 
Me^iterfttiVMn, aAd blmost fdrftttng a 
part Df £tlK))ef, WBs Indeed vnt-- 
spread by the Gi^Ek And Roman cola- 
nists, the n^hle Kmalns of whose tAKte 
and knowledge nn eaj^rly sought by the 
modet* iHiT^ler J, hut the dreary es- 
pcuse of th^ Stikri eeemi either to have 
baffled ih^t dftflns ipiHt, 6t to hftVi; 
buried fbfr ever th^ feeorda bf ItH pftt-- 
gresj. Thfe Oasis 6f Fsiiflti (Pfca»a- 
iiHi Hegio of PlIHy) beSrt the tfaceti of 
theif itttvadd, aflS ekh1bit« the ruins of 
their ancient iieltldtneHts), hut beyond 
ils bound* We have no Certain tindispu^ 
t«d inrbfiAadon, Nof waa tills owing 
to any lack of tillflobity ; bn the toa- 
tnry, Aftica uema froiii the earliest 
period to hAii excited the desit'ei fully 
u much Ks it commanded the feTeFeuce 
of the iOqiiigitiTe -Abi thoughtful an- 
dehls. The *ery obstacles which 
barred tHelf progress were peopled by 
thejf lively itnagination with the tnost 
nysleriouB forms, and aasociaied with 
the warmest and tetiderest feelings. 



*It 1^ «s tnilt, tiIui««»Mi7' 
■nden, llUit, whiUt niir subject obi 



labkiTid, Cm 



TitniTT, !■ peiUm- du^ar^vd nor neglecled. Ifit 
bt ibaofiltelj necenarr Uiat one tlunild Btka thB 



+ lfl „ 

np. BiR than* of BonitM Kud AMea mmld 
Imigff tff» Mftt Of autfaiet omtlDnnti 1 
cliidtle, Hauni tmdwiiMM, BoiBblMloD brinhaM- 
liMi, *M HSB tiM dMHto at drlHMtiin, btT« M 
r»nd UHU Id Butwr md In AndalHiU. tbi 

Dtten It uw BMinl bmitMtr or His MpmH 

* twMflrteJ HMMHIili, trinoipbal ttehi*, tvptil. 
i*l» md Ihllr MHUMkIt, UBIba, —-J-— — " 
OtUrti, (MM dU 1^ ardriw u 
MntflOA MM W OMlf a««M. 

|Attta««11«rB(»4)fn,tb« Mr 
of main, MM4 du Mdalii* of ■ 

■I OUAa, Muof DRdwoi Mp^iMn ■ large dtr n 
litTA (klaiM, tthteh ti BMiMbudlf flis caw « 
Omaa or J#iM. Un «M«k M Quam, lb* cBpiUi 



t'lacingin the east the shrineof the Am- 
monian Jove, an dr^cle mote respected 
than that of Delphi, With the cave of 
the Bel-ce Ltttniii the terror of chlldreti) 
ahd ih thfe far west, the goldeU reign of 
Urahua, the birthpliice of Jupiter and 
the Titans, and the faVourite dwelling 
of the Impersofiotioli Of the Etttlhi 
mingled with horrid Gorgtina, and Ama- 
lons elad in more hilmSn terrors, they 
sought, moreover, in every sand^hroud- 
ed oails for the Hesperian Gardens 
and the Islands of the Blest, which fled 
Westward before the step of the explo- 
rer, till they were driven at length into 
the boundless ocettn*. The raliey of 
the Nilcj too, and Ihfe sacred land of 
Ethiopia,— the supposed birthplace oF 
Egyptian sdience,— must have seeined to 
them but as a magnificent portal to a 
still grander sanctuary; and we knoW 
that they penetrated in a direct line as 
far as Abyaslttitti So intense, indeedi 
was their desire tolifttbe veil which the 
gloomy desert spread before their sigbti 
that a greater number of recorded expe* 
dltiona of discovery were sent to A&lt* 
th&n to any other country within tliB 
limits of their knowledge. Two points 
chiefly attracted their attentiotit^^ts 
seemitigly boundless shores and fathom- 
less interior, which they sought accord- 
ingly with equal ardour to circumnavigate 
and explore. Front the days of Pharaoh 
Necho, King of Egypt, who lived about 
900 years before Herodotus the fatbet 
of Grecian history, to the establishment 
of the Roman power in that country, 
the attempt to sail round its extended 
ooaits Was perpetually renewed. The 
desperate Sataspes, the daring and inge- 
iiltnis Eudoxus, the commereial and en> 
tefprising Hanno, the intelligent and 
able Polybfust successively endeavoured 
to ascertain the limits of this tantalising 
Continent. Of the results of these 
enferpriiei we have unfbrtunatety but 
mutilated accounts. Still more imper- 
fectly told) and perhaps still more 
nnsueOessful, were the efforts of tlie 
young Nasatoones, the haughty Cam' 
byses, and aevdral Roman generals, to 

* In Utar timB, tbe Cranra bmiiifaefl nimbib 
to the 0u«. Capt. BeKhsf lupjxaet lliat inms 
•Hipillt gstdcim, near Bengaci [Btrtnict), mctond 
uuldst jwriMiaiDulM cll^ MUgeMSd tlwfiM)f|l«h' 
ofth* Guxleiuor Ihe Hsiperidn. < S 



iia 



THB FRIEHD OF AFRICA. 



cross the wilds of the Seitri to the 
fertile repons beyond". 

Ptolemy supplies us with & short and 
incidental notice of two Roman expedi- 
tions, one made by Septimus Flaccus, 
who, marching directly south from 
Garama, came in three months to the 
country of the Ethiopians; the other 
by Julius Materous, who, on learning 
that the Ethiopians had attacked Ga- 
raina, marched in four months from 
Leptis Magna to Agisymba, a country 
inhabited by those people, and the name 
of which seems to be transferred from 
the Eastern coasL No details, how- 
ever, are given of their march, or of the 
re^on in which it terminated. The 
active and enterprising Greeks of 
Cyrene may also have extended their 
trade beyond the borders of FeKi^n, 
but, in African get^raphy, conjectures 
are too apt to l>e mistaken for probabili- 
ties to be lai^Iy indulged in. 

So far, however, as the Fhtenician 
mariners coutd stretch along the eastern 
and western coasts, they failed not to 
establish something of commerce, in 
which we find many articles of the 
modem trade. Ivory and rhinoceros 
bom, myrrh, frankincense, cassia, and 
tortoiseshellf, were exchanged for 
Egyptian unguents, Athenian cloths, 
domestic utensils, brass, iron, arms, 
and occasionally com, wine, and oil, as 
far as the island of Arguin, perhaps, on 
the Western, and Qniloa (Kilwfi) on 
the Eastern shorej. The habits, too, 
of the negroes appear much the same 
as at present; the repose by day, the 
music and dancing by night, surprised 
the Carthaginian as much as they 
amuse the English navigator. The 
singular custom of asilent traffic, where 
the goods deposited by each party are 
removed in their absence and an equi- 
valent left behind, first mentioned by 
Herodotus, prevailed throughout the 



WboloK 



Olhs 



Dwrt. 



tDfltwirtn<relaim 

f fjJuld i> Dot EumliMed by proftne viiten^ but 
the Opbir of Soloman ha bem gnunltj anigDed 
lo AMcB. We cu haidlj, bowmai, udgD toy 
otbsT iBur« ot tlw sbflniluit anpplT of Uii* maUd 
which (ha Romuu pouaucd. 



middle ages, and may, tor aught «e 
know, still exist in the wilder district* 
of the interior§. 

l_To be eoHlmted,'] 



REPORT OF REV. J. M. TREWS 
VISIT TO THE WEST INDIES. 
Thk Committee of the African Civi- 
lization Society having from time to tine 
received authentic information of tbe 
great interest excited in the minds of the 
coloured population of our West Ini^ 
Colonies, m favour of the objectsof ttui 
Sodety, and of their de«re to psitici' 
pate in the labours necessary for carry- 
ing them into operation, determined, ti>- 
wards the close of the last year, to tad 
an agent thither, to assist in the foniii- 
tion of Branch Societies, and to promote 
and guide the rising spirit to which tbe 
efforts of the Society had already giTen 
birth. TheSecretaryofthe Sodety.lhe 
Rev. J. M, Trew, some years ago Rector 
of St. Thomas in the East, Jamaica. 
having kindly volunteered to undert^ 
these interesting and important duM 
his offer was accepted by tbe Coo- 
mittee, and to him was gladly entnuM 
the office of carrying out tbe vien *iu 
wishes of the Committee, which bad >ho 
an especial reference to tbe employmein 
of a coloured agency for Africa. On 
the 30th of January, he sailed frim 
London, and after a detention of seven- 
teen days in Grenada, where be 
formed an Auxiliary to the Society, 
/see Friend of Africa, No. 19,)irri«d 






f Thtocn 

and bj Dr. Sbnr in the lot cc 

wiptioa gifen to 




irriTB It Iba place ufoinled, vUch »<■ ^ 
awjorthaBum. (bar find wnnl kofaifg^ 
dnat. agtioM vhieh On Moon plan b b«?' 
thoT triubniulbeTJudea willba MfaobWB 
It llHNigTilinn,thgiiutBBni)iv,MrBn*<w 
b«n!*lDi tW *a^ "f t^ Oinken Bd Ian w 
gold doll: or fIw maka nae dwl u elloii >i* '' 
Utter. Jn thunaniialli^toi ~~' ' 

vithmt Hdng or '"^^ — 

ituic* Df diihoiuM 

■pnk irith Out pegfjt Ibnbi 

'■»'■ ,,, Google 



1B12.] 



THE FRIEin) OF AFRICA. 



H7 



■t hia destinatioD on the 20th of March. 
His first object was to communicate 
vhb the then Governor, Sir Charles 
Metcalfe, who received him with great 
kmdnesi, and consented at oace to 
patmniie his undertaking, presenting at 
the same time, a donation of £100 to 
the Society. Eqnally gratifying was 
his reception from the Bishop of the 
diocese. Thus encouraged, Mr. Trew 
set about making preparations for a 
public meeting to be held in the town of 
KingstoD, at which an opportunity 
might be afforded to him of explaining' 
the object of his mission to all clasees 
of the inhabitants, and securing their 
approval and co-operation. Severe 
domestic affliction with which it pleased 
God to visit him about this pe- 
riod, compelled him to postpone for « 
season the xieeting thus contemplated. 
In the meantime it was judged advisable 
that, before any further steps should be 
taken in the matter, he should visit, in 
luccessioD, the chief places in the 
North-Eaatem parts of the Island, and 
hold Gommunicatiott with their inhabi- 
tants. It is to the narrative of this 
interesting tour that we especially 
desire to direct the reader's attention 
throughout the remainder of the present 
article. The first visit which we find 
recorded in our friend's jouroal, was to 
a place called RuhlI Hill, in the parigh 
of St. Thomas in the East. It is 
described as a missionary station under 
the care of the Rev. W. Aahby, of the 
Church Missionary Society. After a 
brief allusion to the painful fact, that, 
owing to the want of adequate pecuniary 
■uppOrt, this valuable institution finds 
itself compelled to withdraw from Rnral 
Hill and other promising spheres of 
labour in the West Indies, Mr. Trew 
thus proceeds: — 

" Although the intimation for the meet- 
ing waa very short, the church bell soon 
sommoned the inhabitants from their 
homes, and we enjoyed the pleasure of 
se^ng them issuing out from the goise of 
a monntain, or wending their way down 
the sides cj a hill, to meet ns at their 
pretty church, near the sea shore. The 
service was begun by Mr. Aahby, who 
introduced us to the meeting ; and whUe 
the storv of the wrongs of Africa was 
bnnight oefore them, and the remedy pro- 



poaed for the relief of ita sufleringa, we 
were pleased to see the deep attenUonpud 
bjr tlie people, many of whom knew from 
bitter experience what those miseries were 
which vre endeavoured to picture to 

Mr. Trew's next visit waa to the 
important town of Fort Antonio, well 
known to many of our readers as having 
been the usual rendezvous of home- 
ward-bound West Indiamen during the 
last war. After consultation with the 
Rector, the Rev. Griffith Griffiths, it 
was deemed advisable, owing to tbe im- 
possibility of giving sufficient notice to 
the inhabitants, to forego the purpose 
originally contemplated of holding a 
meeting in Fort Antonio. A senuoa, 
however, was preached in the church in 
aid of the Society's funds. The col- 
lection amounted to about £9. The 
church, which is one of the largest in 
the island, was filled with an attentive 
congregation, composed chiefly of the 
emancipated blacks. " It was not diffi- 
cult," says Mr. Trew, " to perceive that 
tbe subject made a deep impression upon 
them, which we trust will be rendered 
permanent, and will issue in some of 
them offering themselves to <go and 
teach' their poor brethren in Africa." 
Before the congregation separated, an 
affecting incident occurred, which we 
find described as follows: — 

"After the conclusion of the service, 
and while the collection was being made, 
we perceived a little gronp of children 
standing at the foot of the stairs, t^i^ei- 
ently anxious to speak to us: weaddreassd 
them, inquiring what we could do for 
them, — they answered by asking ns to 
accept of a little sum which each of them 



Te^ short time ago these children were 
livme in the darkness of heathenism, — 
they nad been brought to this island with 
others, part of the caigo of a captured 
slave ship," 

From Port Antonio Mr. Trew con- 
tinued his journey, in a south-easterly 
direction to Mancbioneal. Although the 
circumstances attending the meeting 
which was held at this place are des- 
cribed at considerable length, we cannot 
prevail upon ourselves, either to abridge 
or to describe them in any other Ian- 
guage than the »"*"'■ ?7^<^,oOQk' 



lis 



tSE ritlElrtt Cif AFRICA. 



[AWnn, 



"As iht deputation approoclied on 
horwback to within a fcw tatlei of the 
place of meeting we weM gfMted bv w- 
tiei haatetiinK on to the bav, lome of tn«m 
moutited, others making the beM of thetr 
WSJ oa Gjot. As we oeared the place It 
became dear that hen, indeed, the people 
ware in earaest about Uie lUatter, until we 
turned the point of land wliich opena up a 
Tiew of Manchioneal, when such a sbht 
displayed itself as we had bat seen betore 
lb the Weat Indies,'— -the shons of the 
bay were literally covered with a dense 
tnaas of peopl^ tiie majoflty Of whom We 
afterwards understood had given up their 
work {lyr the day, and* dressed In their 
beat apparel, hod oome earlyi in order to 
- express their sympatlur, and to hear the 
recital of the woes Of the laud of their 
lathers. 

"After ringing a hymn, the Eev. Rich- 
ard Panton shortly addressed theni, re- 
minding them of th^ putonl Oon&Betlon 
with himtelf and Mr. Ttsw, In days when 
they did not eigoy either the elril ttr 
religious freedom whioh they then hod. 
Some of them would, no doubt, he Said, 
remember when be stood a lew yards 
from the place where he then was, ex- 
pluning to them the delnslou under which 
they laboured, hnd eudeaTouflng to set 
them right regarding the opinion they 
had been led to entertalD, tnat freedom 
had then been ffrooted'. Now fteedom 
had come in tratn, and how altered were 
their oircuTustances, — what an amount of 
gratitude whs due, therefore, by them to 
Him who had wrought the deliverance 
for th«m, and what muit bfl tiidit feeling 
to hear of thoM In the Und liFom which 
they had (prufig, who were esduHna Still 
greater hardships than those they uem- 
selvea had suSmd ia the worsi d^ of 
elavwy. 

" He then introduced lAe to this dense 
masa of my former parlshlonen by levert- 
tog to my residetioe among them, under 
totally difiitrent tirodmstaoces ftom thoee 
In which we thed stood. It aflntded me 
great delight to Bee there many ftces with 
which I was ottoe fiuidtiat, to whom I 
observed that Uiey would no doubt re- 
member, with deep heartfelt gtadtndb to 
God &>r the change, tiie period when, so 
&r Ifom such a meeUng as the prsasnt 
beii^ attempted, the subject for which 



Vb* BtDMen or MlgMa of tntj itluaiStMiim 
took u loUire lart M SMaSM^ ' "■ 



they had met was not feven to Im bresthtl 
In the closet. Kow, bowevtf, that thi 
blesilhg of fratdmti had been gidud br 
thi!m,-'^e people xX England, whe htn 
fought the bettle,haii turned their thouhU 
and sympathiea to the fauuMn mna 
whence the horrors of slavery had ^niu, 
and now we were met together to be nuoi 
acquainted With the miseries end cnieltj 
which are still endured by the «Teli;h[i 
natives, to hear wliat means bare ben 
proposed Ibt the allcTiattoti of tlUMs nias- 
rise, and to lend ft helping hand to tk 
goad and great work. The hearty ex- 
pression of their interest in the niiH 
which these good people gave us was short 
all praise, and the fact that, in ui aasemi)!/ 
of at least thtee thousand persons, not i 
single impropriety was committed, spesb 
Volumee for their moral chaWctef. 

" It Was amusing to see the portienlit 
iuteteat taken by the Africans ss thdr 
oountriea were namedi The m^erity o( 
those present were Irom Kboe, and *hik 
we gave them the narrative of Gaoiiai 
Trotter's interview with Ohie, ind lut 
anxiety tO obt(un Christian teachers bum 
the Conunlssioners, many of them wtn 
standing on tiptoe, fearful lest a ringh 
sentence of the lait news Mm tbilt eomt- 
try should be lost. While we eonUnnd 
the narrative) we overheard them esUint 
the attention of others ) ' Dat for m ce*is- 
tiy, you hear dat now \ what yon nf t< 
dat nowt* and otiier similar axprtasmu. 
It wa« qulla dUsk when our mteUnj. 
which was held in the open air, was na- 
cluded, and under such a disodvautagf wfe 
collection made. But to have tH- 



nessed the sturdy ttid genBrans ieellni k 
they cune forward to deposit th«r efa' 
Ings, wolild have put to ahama many who 



depreciate the negro chwacter,— esck 
seemed to vie with the otJiers ingi'ini 
ehter/itlljf, to help to put *way the cow 
Irom their Country. 

" the eollMHlon ainiMilit«d to upwaidt 
of SM, atertiog, whm the gteat mK«ii* 
separated in petfett order aad ([QistiHM- 
The following evening, a samon «■ 

6 reached at Golden Grove etuqtel of M^t- 
\e bthi little church Was i#i>wde<I, vJ 
the amount of otir eoUecUoll bete *" 

bath WM tiie last plue viiHed Vr 
Mr. Tr«w and tlw kind fHwdi "l» 
icoAmpaiilett him. Here, also* a puM" 
meeting was convened, and ■ Hvelj 
interest czdted amongst tboMwbo csm' 
together. Although in the carl; p*it 
of the day the weather pnscstid ■• 
uninviting aspect, the aisembly k"^ 



IMS.] 



THE PMEND OV APEICA.' 



lift 



dnmbered npwanh of a thouBanil indt- 
TiduEils. The collection was lOl., and 
al the eoncluiion of the proceeding!, 
wn personi came forward and offered 
thwnselves to go to Africa in any capa- 
city nhich they might be considered 
qiullfied to fill. 

We must postpone our notice of the 
Kingaton meeting) whick was held on 
the 35th of Apm, as well as of other 
itDportant matters mentioned in the 
jouroal beibre US, until next month. 
Meanwhile we conunend to the attention 
af our readers the two fbllowing ex- 
tracta from iU pages. The first refers 
10 the hopeful prospect before u9, of 
obtaining from Jamwea, no Bcanty or 
jiireard mppW of the very agency for 
Afric*, of which we are in search. 
The second describes the improved 
condition of the negroes since the birth- 
day of their freedom, and will carry 
doubdess to the heart of every man who 
ronlributfld to that glorious event, a 
regard that princes might envy. 

" From all I have seen and heard from 
tie hiaok sad coloured people, who have 
come under our notice amcc we left Kin^- 
rton, t feei confident, that it only requires 
the subject to be kept before them, In 
order to stimulate thwn to yet greatar 
exttUoM. Their eyss are optn to the 
ataU of things, and it must beohMrin^, in- 
deed, to know that although the Fnsnds 
of Afncs ha-ve been cnat down by the late 
moumru] disisters, still wltli such a feel- 
ing abroad amongst our Christlnn nep'oes, 
there is no need that they should despair. 
The Lord, we trust, is inclining the hearts 
of Mne of His young Bervants amongst ttie 
colonnd population of these Islands to go 
forth, and He who inclinee will we feel 
persuaded also prepare tliose who desire to 
iDske known the word of His salvation to 
their wretched brathren in Africa. May 
He also enable His servants at home to 
seize on the opportunity which appears to 
be presenUd them of employing an agency 
for the Erangeliaation of that oountty. 

"Towards AfHca, the feeling awaked 
among the negroes is, I believe, deep and 
solemrt. One poor roan writes to his 
minister, 'We have enclosed four shillings 
for the collection to-dav, being all the 
money WB have got in the house, which I am 
sorry for, as I am almost ashamed to send 
so little.' (Appendix D.) Anotlief Intel- 
ligent negro obnrved to me, ' Hasaa, I am 
too old myself to go to Africa, but wltii 
God's hdp, I will giva mm half of all my 
eanuDgs to those wno will go there,' 



There are one or two oburvations 
connected with this interesting tour, which 
I feel no ordinary degree or pleasure in 
of^ring to the Committee. I allude, in 
the fitit plaot, to the marked improTsment 
1 have every where witnessed in the 
physical condition of the n^roea. The 
altamtioo, to lay mind, has been so strik- 
ing when contrasted with their former 
appearance, even during the period of 
the sppranttceship, that I have again and 
ag^n been eompelled while paHlng along 
the road to express my sstonishment to 
my feilow-ttavelien at this wonderful 
revolution. The drowsy inertness of the 
slave has diBappeared, and with it tiiat 
often meagre and squalid look, whioli was 
characteristic of the weak or the oiipressed. 
They have become robust in their consti- 
tutions, active In their habits, and in their 
Sneral deportment as respectable and 
eorous as any peasantry in the world. 
I doubt whether there be any alike inde- 
pendent in their circumatonees, and sure 
I am tilers are not any more contented 
With their condition. 

" It was extremely gratifying to observe, 
also, the change which had taken place 
with respwt to the means of education. 
Thronghont the wliole of the parish of 
PorUand, and Bt. Thomas in the East, 
groups of children were met with morning 
and afternoon gnng to, or returning frotn 
their school^ which, with but few excep- 
tions, were conducted by young black 
men trained as teachers in the normal 
BchoOlfi of the country." 

THE UAVRITIUS AND THK j 

8GYGH£U£S. 

rnwm a OtrrttpcBdni.) 

TiTE results of Emancipation in the 
Mauritius have been less satisfactory 
than in the West Indies, nor is this at 
all surprising. While the former wts 
almost without religious instrtction for 
the slaves, the latter enjoyed the benefit 
of numerous missionary establishments, 
and numbered thousands of Christians 
among the labouring classes. These 
knew the worth of the Gospel, and 
contributed lar^ly to the erection of 
chapels and the support of ministers, as 
soon as their freeuom enabled them to 
do so. They knew the blessings of 
education, and not only strove to snatch 
a few hours from their labour, in order 
to procure instruction, but readily 
devoted their little savings to the pur- 
I chase of books, and the payment of 



120 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 






teachers. Mauritius had nooe of these 
advantsgea. We do not believe that 
at the complete emancipation of her 
laboaren, twenty adults could be found 
among them who had any just ideas of 
Teligion. They knew not its value; 
how then could they be expected to 
make any sacrifice to obtain it? lliey 
knew not the advantages of knowledge, 
and therefore had hut little desire to 
obtain it, either for themselves or for 
thdr oflhpring. 

Happy had it been for the lahonrera 
of MauriUug had the effects of their 
ignorance stopped here. Having no 
religious feeling, no moral sentiment, 
no guide but their mere animal feelings, 
most of them devote the high wages 
they obtain to the purchase of intoxi- 
cating liquor, which naturally leads 
to every speciei of vice. The planters 
in general paying, a high price for tbcir 
work, and not being able to urge it 
forward as formerly, b^ the whip, ply 
the labourers with spints to a terrible 
extent, in order to induce them to 
greater exertions. It is shocking 
to contemplate the effect which this 
^Btem must produce. So terrible, 
so gigantic is this evil, that nothing 
short of the prohibition of distillation 
on the island, would prove an adequate 
remedy. This may be looked upon as 
a great sacrifice; but it is infinitely less 
than the magnitude of the evil would 
warrant. Not only are the blacks who 
have been used to intoxicating drink 
deeply injured by it, but the coolies, 
sober as they are in India, speedily 
acquire the habit of drunkenness ; and 
the Malagasy (natives of Madagascar), 
who in their owu country are remark- 
ably mild and dodle, become quarrel- 
■ome and discontented. Ramandria- 
nosan, the intelligent and conscientious 
interpreter at the Police office at Port 
Louis, most deeply deplores this evil. 
There is another source of immense 
mischief, the disproportion of the sexes. 
Nearly or quite ftnty thousand East 
Indians have been introduced, with less 
than three hundred women among 
them, and five or six thousand Malagasy 
without a single one] The consequence 
of this is, not only great depravity; 
but a recklessness natunlly arising ihnn 
the want of dmneitic cares and 



domestic society. The best of the 
Indians, who would, be of great vilne 
to the colony, save -their money, isd 
return to India; by which means their 
services are lost, and so much capital 
is abstracted fVom circulation. Bendes, 
how is a labouring population to be 
kept up P There is not only the moit 
revolting depravi^, hut a contiaoil 
and enorraous expense to the coloay, 
in order to import that labour which 
ought to be suppUed from the coaottj 
itself. 

Notwithstanding the melancholy pic- 
ture we have here given, there is atill 
much to please the philanthropist in tbe 
contrast between the past and prtsent 
order of things. Formerly there were 
but two classes, — the rich and the poor. 
Now a third class is rapidly apriagin; 
up, in spite of the disadvantages imiil 
vrhich it grows, and small freeholden 
are increasing daily. These are til 
firom the emanupated slaves. ThoK 
of that class who behave as they oafh 
to do, earn vety good wages; tbetr 
expenses are small; aud they soonsan 
enough to purchase a piece of grouod. 
On it they erect a cottage, plant i 
garden, and live by its produce and 
the sale of the surplus. The resolt of 
this bas already been to moderate the 
excessive price of &uit and vegetaUn 
in Fort Louis; and we have no doabt 
whatever, that in a few years, tboK 
articles will become as cheap there u 
in other places. The high roads every 
where give proof of the comfort derind 
by the industrious part of the labouring 
population, from the abolition of shvety- 
Where, a few years ago, not a hoitw 
was to be met with for miles, and 
nothing was to be seen on ritfaer ndt 
but jungle, or the lordly wild mm, 
the road is now bordend by o*^ 
tages and gardens, the general netl- 
ness of which gives testimony of the 
industry of tbeir inhabitants. Uiunin- 
gled licentiousness was formerly tk 
condition of the lower class ;-^iw> 
great numbers of them are minied; 
and many of those females who, froo 
the various causes induced by a state of 
slavery, had no children dnrit^ it* 
continuance, are now bearing bnulic*. 
Many of these children an rwwvisg 
Christian edncstioii in the sebooEi cf 



JB«J|_ 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



181 



the Mico Chuityi and thoM under the 
GoTerameat, u well as in serenl esU- 
bliahed by the S9detf for Promoting 
Chrigtian Knowlei^e, and one by the 
Ladieg' Segta Society. When these 
inititutiooa gball have had time to 
produce the effect! that may reasonably 
tw eipected &om them, a state of 
things infinitely prefenbte to the 
preteot must ensue. The pupils in 
these ichoola suniiest quite as much 
inleEligence as children in Eng^land; 
sod ifreat numbers of them now 
Uke delight m the study of that 
ncied Tolume that is '■ able to make 
them vise unto salvation." 

In the Seychelles islands, where the 
eiril commiseioner, Mr. Mylius, takes a 
Terj lively interest in the moral as well 
u physical condition of those under bis 
jonst^ction, the most pleasing results 
are already evident. More marriages 
hif e taken pUce there within the Ust 
three years, tluin in any preceding seven ; 
and many of the black population are 
t*»ring their children with much care, 
ud take the greatest pleasure in seeing 
them reputably married. During the 
lut two years, in those islands, there 
have not been so many prisoners as in 
say one year before ; and we confidently 
believe that the condition of the in- 
habitants of those islands will go on 
unproving, under the fostering care of 
> gentleman who has ever been dis- 
tinguiehed as the friend of the negro 
nee. The enemies of the n^ro say 
that he is deficient in gratitude. In 
the present day, it is almost futile to 
notice a charge that has been so amply 
disproved; nevertheless, we would ask, 
what bad they to be grateful for to the 
lirger number of their masters? We 
have seen one estate, that has ever 
wen as an oasis amid the surrounding 
desert, where there certainly was cause 
fat gratitude to the manager. And 
what was the result? While neigh- 
houring planters were complaining of 
the incorrigible dishonesty of their ne- 
poee, at Beau Marguier there was 
scarcely an instknce of theft in a year. 
Others were constantly annoyed and 
uconvenienced by th«r best hands be- 
ing induced to leave them to work else- 
where. Here not one such case oc- 
curred ; and one instance in particular. 



that took place during the apprentice^ 
ship, deserves to be recorded. The 
en^neer, a remarkably clever man, was 
paid six dollars a month as gratuity ; he 
was in every respect n most valnsble 
servant. A neighbouring proprietor of- 
fered to purchase his term of service, 
and give him a high salary (1 believe 
forty dollars a-month), to work on his 
estate. He replied, " if my master had 
no need of my services, I would thank- 
fully accept your terms; but while ha 
wants me, no offer you can make shall 
induce me to leave him!" At the pre< 
sent time the mechanics on that estate, 
and they are all good ones, are working 
for lower wages than they could obtain 
on any of the surrounding properties, 
and they do so cheerAilly and cont«nt- 
edly, because they gratefully remembw 
how much better their situation was 
thau that of others, when their master 
had more power over them. 

Their attachment to the British na- 
tion, and their gratitude for the boon of 
freedom, are very strong. Their love 
to the person of our amiable Sovereign 
is intense, and many have be^^ed to 
come to England, no matter in what 
capacity, only to have the gratification 
of once seeing her, to whom they con- 
sider themselves so deeply indebte<L A 
gentleman who returned from the Sey- 
chelles a short time since, was urged by 
many to take them, saving they had 
only one wish, that of seeing and uiank- 
ing the Queen for their liberty, and that 
th^ would willingly die as soon as they 
had had that pleasure. When a rumour 
of war between England and France 
reached the colony, the blacks were, as 
may easily be supposed, all on the side 
of England. A report was spread that 
a man-of-war was coming thither for 
seamen. When this reached the ears 
of the labouring classes, many of them 
left their work and ran to Mr. Mylius, 
saying, " If we are now in ease and 
comfort, we may thank the Queen for 
it; and if she wants us to go and fight 
for her, here we are." Three or four 
hundred seamen, out of that small 
population, would have been leadv to 
embark at a moment's warning, witoont 
thinking about terms I 

They are most desirous of possessing 
a likeness of Her Majesty, for whose 



m 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA, 



penon ihaj hBTe an unbounded attach* 
stent, and to whose goTeminent they 
are everready to yield implicitohediencc. 
Many of the Africani who vere 
carried thither ai slaves, have urged 
the frienda of their race to send to 
their native country, aaying that if they 
could only go and tell their relatives 
how veil on they are under the firitiah 
govemmeut, they would all wish to 
come to enjoy its protection. Whw 
the account of tha attempt on the 
Queen's life was made known among 
the negroes, their indignation was ex- 
cessive ; no terms were too strong to ex- 
press their abhorrence of such a crime. 
We may confidently look forward to 
the time when the negro race will be 
among the most valuable of our colo- 
nists. Placed by nature in a spot 
where the absolute wants of life are 
few, and yet able to gun good wagea, 
they will, as civilisation extends amoDg 
them, spend more money in our manu- 
factures than any other racej and we 
firmly believe that thosei who are most 
active as the friends of Africa, will, at 
DO distant period, be reooguized as the 
best friends of England. 



LOVE OF COUITTRY. 
This principle is powerfully displayed in 
the simple and afFet'ting picture drawn by 
a poor African when spenklng- of his 
native Jiome, as given by Mr, Riland, in 
his Memoirs of a //'eft Indian Planter. 
''All, Sir," mid poor old CRmr, "every 
one loves his native land; the places 
where his fatliere lived, the trees, flowers, 
and animals ; and 1 think witli pleaanre 
now «ven upon the drradful snakes, be- 
canse they belona; to my countty. God 
wade our part of Africa such as any man 
might love. The sky is there not con- 
stantly covered with cold clouds, and 
always dripping with rain, though we had 
onr niiny aeaionst but then they were 
regular, and we know when to expect 
them. The sun does not there olothe his 
beams in mists and fogs, but pours his 
kindly heat on ell things ; and vou can't 
'magine how fast it makes the plants 



me) to the finest palaces 
Europe; all waa delightful except tliu 
curse of the Slave-Tnde."~CARTSM s Lee- 
ttaf*»m Ttuti. 



ACCOUNT OF LOTT CAREY, AH 
AMERICAN NEGRO.* 

Tas subject of the present sketch wu 
a remarkable example of negro intellect 
and worth. He waa bom a slavi^in Chsrln 
City oounty, about thirty nlks baton 
Richmond, Virginia, on tlie srtste of Mr. 
W. A, Christian. He «a» the only child 
of parents who were tbemsilvts slsvet, 
hut it appears of a pious tarn of mind; 
and although he liad no instraction fran 
books, It may be supposed that the d- 
monitions of his father and motlier nur 
have laid the foundation of his fiitutt aae 
fulneas. In the ^ear 1804, ths jawf 
slave was sent to Rtchmond, and hiied ost 
by the year as a oommoii labourw, it i 
warehouse in the place, Whilein tl^aesi- 
plovment, he happened to hear a seimoii, 
which Implanted m his uncultivated mid 
a strong desite to be able to read, chiefif 
with a view of becoming acquainted 'iui 
the nature of the events recorded inthe^cT 
Teatsment. Having somehow prooarfJ* 
copy of this book, & commenced bsnii; 
his letters, by trying to read the cbsftti 
he had heard illustrated in the ttraum; 
and by dint of perseverance, and the kiin 
oasistahce of youne gentlemen who callci 
at the warehouse, ne M-aa In a little lime 
able to read, which gave him gr«at ai» 
&ction. This Bnqnisition Immtdiilfl; 
created in him adMiratobeabletewriU: 
an accomplishment he soon also iw 
tcied. He now hccame more useful tabii 
employers, by being <ible to check u^ 



[>f aao dollaip, or nearly ITU. sUrte 
he purchased his own beeuom and tbit n 
two children, lea him on tha dcsth of tui 
first wife. 

"Of the real value of his nfriw 
while in this employmeiit (says tin 
author of the American publication from 
which these facts are extracted}, it if 
been remarked, that no one hat a dealer in 
tobacco can form an idea. Notwithstsno- 
Ingthe hundreds of hogsheads whirh wtit 
committed to his charge, he canld niodui* 
any one the moment it waa called ki; 
and the shipments were made »'itl> * 
promptneas and correctness such ii so 
jiereon, white or coloured, has equsli^ 
m the some situation. The last ycu ui 
which he remained in the warehousr. bo 
salary was 800 doHars. For fats sUlit;^ 
his work, he was highly t«te«9Ded, sri 
frequently re«-arded, by the meichsiit. 

From ■ TolunH of Kcptfbj, If Maui W. 
snd R. Chunban. , ~ i 



THE FttlKND OF AgRJCA. 



mth n firo delltr banlt-iKite. Ha vu ^Iw 

allowed to sell, fw hu own b«iefit, wsny 
mall parcels of damaged tobaoco. It wh 
b/ aaTing tbe little nuni olitAined In ttlia 
v«r, vitn the aid of subaoriptioni by the 
merDbanl^ to witow ii|teT«ata hs liqd b«en 
attentiTe. Qi^ ))e ww enabM to pimjuaa 
Ui« frwdoiB of tu« Ituiiil;^. Whei) the 
wloniatji were fltW oHt for Africa, he ww 
enabled to bear * oonaldereble paH of hU 
ownexpenaes. Qetdaapurcbawil ^bouae 
ud Botne land in Rictwioni]. It ia mi, 
tbat while employed qt tb^ warebonsej be 
often deToted hia leuuro time to rending, 
Mi that a gentleman, eji one occaaioB, 
Jilting up a poak, which he baA left f<H ft 
few moaients, ■ fb^nd it to bo gMiTB'a 
WeaUh ^ Natittu, 

Aa eariy «• ifllA, thti intelllKnt es^aq- 
elpated aUre bmn to fcol speolal iBterat 
■n the Mii«e of AfHean Hiaalona, and con- 
tiibnted probably, mere than any other 
psnoai, in giving ongln and eharecter to 
UieA&ioanMlsalonarySoclety.eeUbllHhed 
during tbat year in Rlcbmond. Hia he- 
Devolenoe waa piveUcal; and wheqever 
and whanver ^d ebjeeta were to be 
BffiKted.bewaareadyto lend his aid. Hr. 
(^y waa among the earliest Mnlgrants to 
Afiica. Hera tw ikw before liint a wide 
and intererting fteld, demaBdlng rarioua 
lad powerful taleats, and the most demoted 
piety. Uia Intelleetnal ability, firroqeM 
^ pnrpoae, Dnbendlng iate^iy, correct 
jodgment, and diaintereeted IJ^BTolence, 
MOD placed him In a consplenooa station, 
*)>d j^ve him wide and commanding in- 
fluence. Thoagh natumlly diffident and 
Miring, his worth was too evident to al- 
low of his remaining in obscurity. The 
difficulties which were oooonQtavd in 
founding a, settlement at Cape Monts^sdo 
were appalling, and it wa* prepoaed on one 
■Kcasion, that the emigrant! ahonld i«^ 
move to Sierra Leone, whoae climate ia of 
the most deetructive characteri bat the 
Ksolutiwi of Lott Car«^ to nmun 
not ahaken, and his decision httd no eu— 
effect towards inducing othen to imitate 
bis example. In the event, they suffered 
severely; more than eight hundred nativea 
attacked tbem in November, 1833, hut 
were repulsed; and a few weeks later, a 
bodjr of fifteen hundred attacked them 
agam at da^-break ; seveml of the colon- 
ials were killedand wounded; but with nc 
more than thir^-seren eSectire men and 
boya, and the aid of a small piece oS artil- 
lery, they again auhisTed a vlotery orei 
Uie natives. In tbeae aoenes the intrepid 
Carey neeeMariiv bore a conspicuous part. 
In one of his letters, t)e remarks, thai 
tike the Jews ia Tebuilding their uty, 



they lutd to toil iHtb tllf4r Ornu bende 
them, txA nrt upon their ami 8Tery 
light; but h« dwttnd ^(er this. In ue 
□Mtemphatiatermajlhat '*Aere never had 
beea on nour, w a minute, no, not even 
when the l»U« wera flying found lus 
head, when ha could wish bimaelf bock 
In Ain^rtca {i{(atn.** 

The p«oali«r wjgvm of th^ early vaX* 
granta, th^ icantiofea of theu euppliM 
and the want of modioal attentiena, sub- 
jected theqi to severe and eompUcated 
sufferiog*. To Telieve, tf poaiihle, tbeae 
■offerings, Hr, Car^ obtained all the Iv- 
formation in hia power oonocmiog the 
diseuM of the olmain, and the propar 
Kmediea, B« made liberal a^fioaa of 
hia {iroperty in behalf of the poor and 
dtstreraed, and devoted hia Ume almoet 
esolualvely to the relief of the destitute, 
the sick and the affilcted. His aervlcea as 
a physician to the oeltmy were Invaluable, 
and ware fbi a long time rendusd wttbont 
hi^ of fawaid. Bat amid bla mnltlplied 
cores «nd ftfforta ha nsvei forgot or 
neglected ta promote the joiot wuae of 
Civili«^on 4nd Chriationitjr Amotm tha 
no^vee. 

In 1806, M^ Carey was eleetad ?ioe- 
■gent of tbe eolony, and h« diseharged tha 
duties of that Important office till hia 
death, which oecumd In 1686, in th» 
EBoat raelaneholy ifumner. Ons evening 
w)|ile he and aoRie ot^M* won engagad 
In mahlitf eartridgea in tiw old agenoy- 
boitse at MoBrevla, the ehief town la the 
settlement, 1h nrepoKtlon to defend the 
rights of the oelony a^^st a slave-tmde^ 
a candle appeara to nave aoeldentally over- 
turned, w¥ieh caught some loose powder, 
and Instantaneonsly naohed the entire am- 
munition, prodaeing an esploslon which 



Te«nll«d in ikt death of elxht peiwms. 
Mr. Carey aarvlTed fbr two days. Sueb 
waa the unftirtunate death of »iis active 



eoloured apostle of civilisation ( 
eoaat of Asrlca, where his memory will 
long oonttnue to be oheriahed, 1%« 
career which he punued, and the Intelli- 
geuee whi<^ morlnd hia oharooter, m%ht' 
prove to the aatiahction ef all impartial 
thinkers, that the rooe of blacks ii not 
destitute of worth and ospaoity, and that 
their culture vrould in time produce an 
abundant harvest of the best principles 
which digni^ human nature. 



by Google 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



[Amim, 181S. 



UEETING OF THE DUBLIN 
AUXILIARY TO THE AFRICAN 
CIVILIZATION SOCIETY. 
Oh Monday, July ISth, a Meeting 
of the Dublin Auxili&ry Society was 
beld in the Lot^-room of the Rotuuda, 
Admiral Oliver in the Choir. The 
meeting was addrewed by the fi 
Dr. Singer, Henry Irwin, Wm. Bu 
andDr.Urwick; also by Mr. Ecclestoa 
from the Parent Society, Messrs. Fin- 
lay, Guinness, Mackay, Carr, F. £. 
Singer, and Dr. Stanger. Our limits 
will only permit us to give the foUi 
ing abstract of the last-named speaki 
address, who, it will be recollected, ac- 
companied the Albert to the utmost 
limit of her ascent of the Niger, and 
subsequently exerted himself with ex- 
empluy fortitude and perseverance for 
the preservation of her suffering crew. 
Dr. Staxobr said that he had been 
honoured by bung allowed to move 
the next resolntion, which anticipated 
zreat advanta^ from this visit (of the 
Niger Expedition^ to Africa, and ex- 
ptCKod a hope that it should not be 
abandoned. If this were abandoned, the 
apirita of onr comrades, who have fallen 
in the attempt, would rise in judgment 
against ua. Though in one instance we 
have failed, though we have not been able 
to carry out the object of out misdon, by 
reason of the deadly climate, yet that 
mercifiil Providence which has afflicted 
na with »clcnew has also allowed us that 
we might have succeeded had our health 
been preserved. The natives received us 
with great kindness, and were moat 
anxious to receive instrnction &om us, 
and the King of Eboe was most solicitous 
that one of onr instructors, a black man 
from Sierra Ijeone, shouH be left with 
him, and after an interview with Captain 
Trotter, he returned to his own viOaffe. 
I was there at the time, and immediately 
after he assembled hie wise men and 
wives to tell them what was done. He 
stated that four gnat canoes (the A&ert, 
Wilierforee, Soudan, and Amelia tender) 
bad come to do them good. He was re- 
ceived with thnnders of applause from 
them. His wivee came round to sliake 
hands with u^ and treated us in a very 
Afiican-like manner. The native cha- 
racter of the Afi^con is not like that 
which is fteueially imagined. The time 
their character is generally estimated is 
when they are labouring under the de- 
basing efiecta of Blavery, A white nun 



had been carried away and bronBht to 
davery, and by it his feelings hsa beet 
entirely changed ; he lost his moral 
energy and vivacity of character, and in 
his view death vras not the thing hi 
wished to avoid. If snch were the i«suU 
in the case of a white man being said fi« 
a slave, what would it be in the cose of i 
black man, who is deficient in edacatioQ! 
The moisl character of this people is not 
at all deficient, when we see them in 
theb nndve state; and if we eiamiie 
their manufectnres, they are mch u 
wonld cause some of our people to hludi. 
The manu&cturing of ootton is excellent, 
and of iron the welding is as petftct is 
possible. The natives, while they trt 
cultivating their land, use a dsraei tii 
inches long, which is stiappea round 
their hand, so that they can Ikave their 
hands free to work, and yet be r«ady U 
strike at an enemy. They were ^ai to 
give us provisions, and if we wot 
again we should find abundance ; the 
supply wonld be created by the demscd 
— the country is quite cap^le a! it. 
During our sickness we had an apptl^ 
tunity of observiog the kind sympsthf 
of the King. Our companions wen on 
shore burying the dead. I never sii' 
such kindness from any one ie thii 
country. I ted him tlirongh the ship, 
and he s^d, " This is a bad conutry Iot 
white men," and he said it with gi«st 
and deep sympathy, — The ^leaker cbd- 
cluded by expreasing a hope that (be 
feelings of the Meeting would be exatcd 
by the details placed before it. 



Subscriptions and Donations are receinJ 
y the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoore, E^.I 
by Messrs. Bamett, Moarea, and Co., ffi> 
Lambard-street ; Messrs. Barclay, fitvsi, 
and Co., 54, Lombard-street; MesBS. 
Contts and Co., 69, Strand ; Messrs. Dram- 
monds, Charing-croes ; Mewrs. Banbnr]', 
Taylor, and Lloyd, &0, Lombard-etrwi; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fencbnrcfa-ftrwt; 
Messrs. Hoares, 37, Fleet-street; vl 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., ^ 
Birchin-lane ; and by the Secretary, the 
Rev. J. M. Trew, at the Offioe of tlw 
Society, Ifi, Parliament-street. 



( : PrtatAd by THoiu* Bicb*(I) Hmui 
B, Bt. ItiKln-i Lua, tn tha (*iM •> 
ittaeFleUa; ud pabUdiad br "■■ * 

«■", of No, m, WHt soma, a* < 

V; RItIbkUiui HUchudi Beileri "W 
on; Mudk; ud MwMsai lat im^ 
■U BrxduaUsi Hd NvnoHa ta Zmb I 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 

BT 

TBE COMMUTEB OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE ESTINCTION OF TBB 

SLAVS TRADE AND FOR THE CIYIUZJTION OF AFRICA. 

FVBLISHED MONTHLT. 

No.23.] LONDON. SEPTEMBER, 1842. {s^^w'.M. 

CONTENTS. 

Raport* of Hut PirilurwalaiT OoouBltlaia on ths 
Wart Gout of AMoa and tha W«t India 



ICTniw-iTMt to ttMWot 



Bude ulHlaii (0 Wotmn Afrla. . . 

Walbidle>^If>UTeA«ai07 

n"ijli«(lPitooM 



UntiiigoftballuuihBtn AozlUanr Badsty .. 

SlBTsBanaaOD DgMRi)«d 

ConnsxiDD or BiitUi BobjHta nilh tha SlanTiMla 



INCREASE OF A COLOURED AGENCY FOB AFRICA. 
Not only Mr. Trew*8 report of his late -visit to the West Indies, (for 
the reminder of our notice of which see page 12?) but other commnni- 
cations also which have reached us, reUtive to the negro colonies of 
Great Britain, afford evidence of the gradual collecrion of materials out 
of which may be constructed, sooner or later, a coloured agency admi- 
rably adapted to the work of Christiani^g and civilizing Africa. Thus* 
for example, Mr. Zom, superintendent of the Janwdca Moravian Mis- 
sion, in his letter at page 132, writes as follows: — 

"We have for some yeanalready bmiliarized our people with the &liject condition 
(if Afiica, and dnce this fresh stir has been made smoDgat them, several young isuia 
We come forward and volimteend to be tiained foi mittionoiy work in Afiico." 
Thus also Mr. J. Miller, writing from Antigua (page 131) i — 
"Two piouB men hare offered spontaneously for A&icB. • * • One is a man 
of aterling worth, reiy intelligent, a regular attendant on the means of grace, and s 
"Hy hnmble steady person. • • ' He was for many yean the doctor of two 
fstatej. The other is oat (Blioo) teacher at one of the stations, a carpenter, and an 
MwUent workman." \ 

More remarkable still, both from the feots which it records, and the 
authority on which those facts rest, is the following passage from the 
report of the Parliamentary Committee on the west coast of Africa : — 

"The geatleman lately acting governor of Sena Leone, and the Queeu'a advocate 
there, are both gentlemen of colour; and it appears that an Akoo, lately a liberated 
AUcan, is now on his way to EngWd, to be ordained a clergyman of the Church of 
Inland, having been instmcted in Greek under the care of the Chnich Misnonaiy 
Sodety established in the game colony." — S^ort, p, S. Note, . ., 

We do not envy the man whose heart can remwn unmoved by such 
cheering intelligence as this. As to the evidence which it affords of 
tKe wise and just policy adopted of late years towards our colonial 
empire, we believe it to be so direct and incontrovertible, that we 
shall not expend a single effort in the proof of it,— we might as well 
set about proving that fire bums, or that the aun shines at noon dayMlglc 

VOL. II. K 



12fl T H E FHIEND OF AFRICA. LBp™™ " 

The chief point of view in which we desire to consider these things 
at present; ia with reference to the encouragement they afford to leneved, 
nay, to redoubled efforts in the cause of Africa. The grand difficulty 
with which we have hitherto had to contend, consists, as every body 
luiows, in the selection of a suitable agency. On the one hand, medical 
and scientific skill have been baffled in the attempt to protect the con. 
stitution of the white man from the destructive influence of climate; on 
Uie other, the man of colour has been so recently brought witlun the 
reach of inatrucUon himself, that the expectation of furnishing him forth 
as an instructor to others seemed to be amongst those remote proba- 
bilities which only time and the fostering care of the wise and good 
could be expected to mature. Speaking in a general vay, thisb mdeei! 
still the case, but it is no slight matter of thankfulness to discover, tbil 
the prospect is far less remote than we bad dared to anticipate, and thit 
conjecture and speculation upon the subject are fast giving place to cai>- 
viotion and certainty. Already we can discern the approaching footsteps 
of the advanced corps of that numerous host which is one day to msnd 
to the rescue of their Mhers* land &om an enemy more cruel than Ac 
grave, £rom a slavery worse than death itself. In the meantime be it 
ours to "slack not our hand" in making preparations for the war. H 
not called on to engage in it personally ourselves, our duty ia alltht 
more plun, to discipline, equip, and send forth, those who are to be the 
actual combatants on the side of truth and goodness. We must not be 
satisfied with a cold approval of their object, — an approval which in- 
volves no sacrifice of time and labour and pecuniary means. Sudi 
hollow-hearted friendship is in some respects worse than enmity iuell'. 
and in every case, its hypocrisy deserves, and will surely rective at lut, 
« deeper and heavier sentence of condemnation. 



PLANS FOB FUTURE OPERATIONS 
t OF THE AFEICAH CIVILIZATION 
SOCIETY. 

A SuB-CoMHiTTfiE of the Society 
was recentlv appointed to consider and 
report to tbe General Committee on 
the mort eligible plans for future ope* 
rations. The following is an abstract 
of its chief proeeediagi, which have but 
just tenninated. 

Tbe topics to which the attention 
of the Sub-Committee was directed 

1. The promotion and encourage- 
ment of agricultural and practical sci> 
ence, with a view to the benefit of 
Africa. 
^ II. Tba preparation of suitable 



agents, and their appointment Id ruu- 
ble localities. 

III. The acquisition and difltuioDC^ 
further information respecting tlie in- 
terior of Africa. 

I. Tbe fint-menUoned of tbcse ei- 
jects the Sub-Committee reconon^ 
to be advanced by affording astisun^' 
BO far as the slate of tbe Sodei;* 
finances may permit, to agrinJun! 
experiments now making in T«i)C>ti 

Kts of Western Africa, especially « 
omanassie in tbe nei^bourhwd m 
Cape Coast Castle, Sierra Leone, Ft'- 
nando Po, Accra, \\'hjdah, &e. "H' 
ends to be kept in view are stated u 
be the subititutfon of f^ to *^^' 
labour, and the mitigation of ^tbt Utw 



IBAg.] 



THE FRIEND OP AP RICA. 



127 



vhere it cannot be ImmeiUately abolish- 
ed. Towards the attainment of these, 
the following are considered eligible 
means: — the introduction of meclian- 
ical contrivances) such as the plough 
and the cart, in place of manual labour; 
the employment also of oien and 
mules where practicable, and the be- 
Btowment of rewards for superior culti- 
vation, upon the natires. 

II. Under the head of preparing and 
locating a suitable agency for Africa, 
the Sub- Committee state that they 
consider the former of these objects in 
no way so Ukely to be attained as by 
the fonnatjou of a Normal and experi- 
mental establishment of the Society's 
own, for agricultural and scientific pur- 
poses, either at Fernando Po, or In 
some place on the coast or in the 
immediate vicinage of the continent. 

Until however, the Sodety finds it- 
self in circumstances such as to enable 
it to adopt and carry out this suffges- 
tion, the Sub-Committee are of opmion 
that encouragement should be afforded 
to iusUtutions under the control of 
other parties, provided they be con- 
ducted in accordance witb the princi- 
ples of the Society. In this place they 
notice, and recommend for adoption, 
the report made by the Secretary of 
his visit to the West Indies, setting 
forth the arrangements made for the 
purpose in question, by the trustees of 
the Mico Charity. 

The Sub-Committee further recom- 
mend, that in whatever nay assistance 
be afforded by the Society, whether to 
corporate bocUes or to individuals, an 
annual report be made of the applica- 
tion of the grant, and the result that 
has followed from it. The Sab-Com< 
mittee further recommend encourage- 
ment and assistance to be afforded to 
persons employed in the study and 
translation of tne African languages. 

As relates to the location of agents, 
it is recommended that, as soon as 
further information may justify the 
measure, endeavours be made to send 
one or more persona acquainted with 
at least the elements of medicine, agri- 
culture, practical science, and useful 
trades, to Ibo and Iddah, in compli- 
ance with the wishes expressed by the 



chiefs of those places to Capt. Trotter 
during his recent visit 

III. Under the head of the acquisi- 
tion and diffusion of information res- 
pecting Africa, the Sub-Committee con- 
sider that encouragement should be 
afforded to experienced and properly 
qualified travellers about to explore its 
central regions; also, that suitable 
rewards should be given to persons 
communicating valuable information 
respecting Africa, and prixea for lite- 
ral productions illustrating its history 
and condition. 

The report of the Sub-Committee, of 
which our fast-contracting space will 
only permit us to give the foregoing 
abstract) having been laid before the 
General Committoe, was by them unani- 
mously adopted, and after some farther 
proceedings which need not be detailed 
in this pkce, it was resolved, as the 
first step towards canying out its re- 
commendations, to apportion a certain 
sum to be appropriated to the purposes 
of instructing in the knowledge of 
medical or other science, of mechanics, 
and of agriculture, such coloured 
agents in the West Indies as may vo- 
lunteer their services for carrying into 
operation the objects of the Society in 
Africa. And farther, "considering the 
vast importance of following up the 
friendly intercourse already opened 
between this country and the chiefs of 
Ibo and of the Egarra country, cer- 
tain individuals were deputed to look 
out for an intelligent agent of esta- 
blished Christian character, and of 
suitable attainments, in order to his 
proceeding, at the earliest proper op- 
portunity, to those parts of Africa, for 
the purposes stated. ' 

Other topics, recommended in tlie 
above report, ore still under the consi- 
deration of the Committee. 



KEPORT OP REV. J. M. TREWS 
VISIT TO THE WEST IHDIEi 

[CoMbinBd SWD p*gB 119.) 

AlTEa Mr. Trew's return from tha 

tour round the eastern part of Jamaica, 

described in^our lost number, he took 

imntediate steps in order to the fbrma< 

k2 



12S 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



tion of on auxiliary to the African Ci- 
Tilization Society in Kinffston. For 
this purpose, a public meeting was held 
on the 25th of April, when the Gover- 
nor accepted the office of patron, and 
the Bishop that of vice-patron. Speak- 
inff of the favourable circumstances 
under which the Kingston Auxiliary 
commenced its course, as well as of the 
disposition of the community at large, 
Mr. Trew observes — 

"Here a feeling of the most Maudly 
nature existA inwards the (Parent) S<>- 
ciety, and such as will, I trust, yet prove 
highly beneficial to ita interests. 

Soon after this, our friend's state of 
health precluding him from active 
ertion, he occupied himself in comi 
nicatjng by letter with persons in differ- 
ent parts of the Island, relative to the 
object of his mission. From a large 
proportion of these be had the gratifi- 
cation to receive assurances of cordial 
support. He was also fortunate i 
being able to induce a kind friend (Mi 
J. Miller) to visit, in his stead, som 
of the western parishes, fpr the purpose 
of holding public meetings, and diSusing 
information relative to Africa- This 
gentleman took his departure from 
Kingston on the S8th of April, arriving 
at ^rfield, a Moravian settlement in 
the parish of Manchester, on Saturday, 
the 30th. Next day the Rev. Mr. 
Zom, the Minister, announced a meet- 
ingforthefollowingmoming,"tohear," 
as he informed his congregation, " the 
last news from Africa." 

The narrative of the next day's pro- 
ceedings shall be given in Mr, Miller's 
own words, as we find them embo^ed 
in the report before us. 

" In the moming, as soon as the day 
dawned, the people began to muster, evi- 
dently under great excitement, Mr. Zom 
having on the Sabbath interested them in 
the subject. By the time the hour of 
meeting had arrived, the church was 
crgwdM; the deep sympathy of the au- 
dience for the BU^rings of the inhabitants 
of Africa was very marked, in fact, it was 
with difficulty their indigtiation could be 
■uppreaeed. We endeavoured to urge 
upon them, not merely to assist the Afn- 
can Society, but also to form an A&icai 
Uisnonsry Society, and to pledge them- 
•elves to BDpport a teacher to a cert^n 
extent. The idea seemed tg be one which 



pleased them, and after the meetinf[ vw 
concluded, many oflfered to afflisl by l»i- 
ger subscriptions than ever, in order to 
enconrage the Board to adopt tlietneuuc, 
'" o persons offered to place themBclTH 

the hands of the Society, to go to 
AMca— one of them well acqumnted with 
the cnltivation of coffee, and, 1 beliere, 
with that of sugar also. Of both Mr. 
Zom speaks very highly. I asked Ua 
to take a fecial oversight of them, bo thil 
when proper measures are devised, tirr 
may be received. Our collection amooBl- 
ed to upwards of 81," 

On Tuesday, several of the Mora- 
vian missionaries having met togetiier, 
for the transaction of busineia relwivt 
to the mission generally, the clsims rf 
Africa upon the symp^y of the Chrii- 
tian world were .brought forward, im 
made a prominent topic of convera- 



ITie result was the adoption rf 
a resolution to memorialise the MUsia 
Board in Germany upon the subjert, 
informing its members, at the mw 
time, of the readiness of the peoptt 
un4er their chai^ to aasist in promo'- 
ing the good cause. 

On Wednesday morning, at the nm 
hour of six o'clock, a goodly aasemblip 
was collected together at the sunuM* 
of the bell of New FulneckChQrcb,bf 
the purpose of farther confercM* « 
the subject of Africa— its necewJi* 
and its wrongs. 

"The fteling," says Mr. Miller,"**" 
OUT hearts, was that the beaeechinF oT 
from Eboe and Iddah, the stretching im 
of the hands of theoe deeply-dtgriW 
people for help, might not be aw^ 

The mioming meeting at Ne" fij- 
neck was followed by another in i« 
evening of the same day, at ^^''^ 
however, Mr. Miller found hnnself ""■ 
able to be present, owing to an eopf 
ment at Snowdon, a place thiiti-*' 
miles distant. Here, also, a seoe « 
the most encouraging descriptioa p«" 
sentcd itself. The people had «lw 
in many instances contribnted w "* 
funds of flie Sodety, wiUi the obj^- 
and constitution of which ''^fr^ 
been made acquamted, by its iiw*'' 
gable friend the Rev. Mr. Littkjob"- 
and now its represenUtive ■» "' 
corned amongst them, and a **sl "*" 
course speedily collected, to Usia" » 
his address in its behalf. 



194i.3 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



12S 



Subsequently to Mr. Miller's visit 
to the West, Mr. Trew had the grati- 
Scation to learn that the zeal thus 
c^played by the adult portion of the 
populatioa in the cause of Africa, had be- 
jpin to extend itself to the younger mem- 
ben of the community also, in the same 
Beighbonrhood. The sum of £6 2t. 6d. 
was trannnitted to him through the me- 
dium of one of their religious teachers, 
being the proceeds of provisions sold 
from ii spot of ground cultivated by the 
ebildren exclusively in aid of missionary 
«ffort» having Africa for their object. 
Hiis pleasing offering vas accompanied 
hj the following message — 

"They have reqnested me to say to 
yoQ that they will continne to cultivate 
ilie ground as long as they axe at school, 
and that in addition to this, they will ti; 
to ^ BDbecriptions to the Society &om 
Ihtir friends at home. We hope to raise 
a pretty ^ooA snm for the Society this 
jt>i, which I will transmit to yon for 
the tame purpose as the above.** 

One more meeting at Hope, in the 
parish of St. Andrew's and district of 
UgUBneB, tenuinated the public pro- 
ceedings in behalf of the Society during 
the secretary's visit to Jamaica. At 
this meeting', which was held in the 
open sir under the shade of some large 
trees, the collection amounted to the 
ram of 15/., sterliDg. Having spoken 
of this as his closing effort, Mr. Trew 
lobjoms; 

" The subject has been taken up and is 
in dne course of being advocated by several 
ftiends from whoae labours the Society 
may reckon npon receiving additional 
■id towards its objects." 

Upon the probability which exists of 
the West Indies generally, and Jamaica 
in particular, becoming useful to the 
Society even in a pecuniary point of 
view, Mr. Trew observes, — 

" Had circnmetances permitted, I tiave 
no doubt the funds of the Society would 
have be«n conmderably ausmented br a 
more extensive advocacy of its cause toan 
I have been able to effect, while on the 
oUier hand, it mnst be observed, that the 
expense of tiaveUing in the colonies is so 
gnat, that any very extensive efforts 
must neceffiarily occasion a conMderable 
«^tlay. Th« amount already remitted to 
Jha Society has been 400?, sterling. 
Other sums eqoal perhaps to lOW., ster- 
ling, will be forthooming. XkeexpeDMS 



of the miaaion have been about 300^ 
It ia however anticipatod that a ground- 
work has been laia for rendering the 
West Indies, even in a pecimiary point 
of view, of advant^e to uie Society. ' 

Having appointed a valuable and 
zealous E^eut to set on foot and super- 
intend further efforts in the Society's 
behalf, Mr. Trew took his departure 
from Jamaica, on the 21st of May. 
On his homeward voyage he touched 
at Turk's Islands and New Providencs. 

With tha following interesting notice 
of his visit to the former of these we 
take leave of the subject which has 
thus far occupied our attentdon, and 
that of our readers. 

"At Turk's Islands I was detained seven 
days. During this period pnUic meetinga 
were held, and the cause of Africa pleodett 
at Grand Kay, on Thursday, the 26th, and 
at Salt Kay, on Friday, the 27th of that 
month. Amongst these islanders a very 
deep anxiety prevuled to hear of the 
wrongs of Africa, end to contributo to 
relieve them as far as lay in their power. 
The meeting at Grand Kay was attended 
by about eight hundred persons, who 
contributed £2 7'- Qd. sterling, and at Salt 
Kay, by a yet greater number, who aub- 
scribed£2 10a, Jd. sterling to the Society. 
When it is considered tnat salt is the 
only article of export produced by these 
poor ialandera, and that they raise scarcely 
any provisions for the supply of their 
own wants, these sums, trifling as they 
may appear, evidence a degree of interest 
in the cause highly to be commended. 
It was extremely gratifying to learn from 
the respected individuals who occupied 
the chair on each of these occauoni^ that 
the liberated Africans who have been 
located in these islands, have acquired 
the confidence of their employers to a 
great extent, and that the services of no 
class of persons are so much valued as 
theirs. They were composed chiefly of 
persons from the Eboe, Handingo, and 
Fantee tribes, and when told of the de- 
signs of their friends in England for the 
deliverance of their country, expressed 
their unbounded gratitude to the mglish, 
and their abhorrence of the Spanian na- 
tion. A Christian Eboe who had been 
listening with deep attention to the na^ 
rative of C^tun Trotter's interview vrith 
Obi, said to me at the close of the meeting, 
' Sir, I have been praying for year* that 
it would please God to send the light of 
of His gospel into my country, and I 
thank Him that I live to see that t^nli- 
time has come.' There are some nattk-O 



THE FRtSND OF AFRICA. 



[ScFTmsi, 



aUjr fine and intelligent native youtlu 
■inoiigBt the liberated Aiticana here, who 
etui letain a knovfledge both of their 
naliT« and of the Sngliah tongue." 



In the Friend of Africa, No. 6, a 
statement ii inieited from the Rbt. W. 
Hofinun, Inspector of the Bule Miiii- 
onary Iiutitution, relative to the pro^ 
ceedings of that Society in Western 

Their misHionary, the Rev. Andrew 
Riii, was then thinking of proceeding 
to the West Indies, with a view to pro- 
curs seme Christian negro iamilies 
from the Moravian Eitablishmenti in 
Antigua and Jamaica, to act as agri- 
cultural labourers, planters, and mecha- 
nics, and, if possible, as catechists, it 
having been found that the necessity of 
engaging in manual labour greatly 
Bhortoued the valuable Uvei of the 
missionaries*. 

Mr. Riis uid another miosionary have 
lately set oat, and by a letter irom 
Antigua, dated July 6th, 1842, it ap- 
pears that they were expected in that 
island every day. An educated African 
was accompanying them, for the pur- 
pose of obtaining a perfect knowledge 
of the system pursued in the Mico 
sehoolg. The following letter from 
Mr. Hoffmann, dated Basle, May SIst, 
1842, explains [their present position 
and prospects. 

" I would not trouble ^ ou with a letter 
without l>eing able to gire some further 
notice on the subject of which I had the 
honour to give a brief outline in ttie IHmd 
ef Africa. I oonld not do so till now, as 
negociations were required with the Royal 
Board of Duties ana Commerce in Den- 
mark, and with Hla Hiyest^ the King of 
Denmark himself. Our miBsionaiy, Mr. 
Bus, who ii b; birth a subjeet of the 
Idnff, was twice at Copenhagen, and had 
the nonour of an audiauc^ with this most 
generous and benevolent monarch, who 
fonubly expressed his Christian interest in 
the suoceaa of an enterprise promising so 
much e[ood to his dominioni in Africa. 
His Majesty was not only very kind and 
gracious in granting everything required 

liutiBl]<n oT the Tfthlfl of 
1 Sodelj Ld Mutionarj 



for establishing a Cluistian Nsgio celsaj 
in Danish Akra, but he condeteeaded sw 
to offer tliat negroes of tliot dcaaiplios 
might be taken fiom tlie Dsmah coumia 
iu the West Indies. 

" Hr, RQs received a royal pronuM thtt 
the Govenu^General at St TboioM 
would be recommended to assist liia pro- 
ject so &r as it would not hurt the intml 
of the colony. On the whole, there cit 
not be said too much on the ChriatUi 
philanthropy of the noble-minded mo- 
narch and the truly pious Queen of Da- 
mark, who wish to do much good to (Iwir 
African subject^ and to eiadieste tbt 
venomous upas-tree of Slaveiy and tb 
Slave Trade. On the other hsnd, tlun 
:tJODi to be conducted wilJi 



the Board of Director of the HonviH 
Missions, and with their mieeionsiiti in 
the West Indies, who all did tlwir Blmoa 
to bcilitate our steps. Lastly, we dwned 
it indispensable to have the conKBt iT 
Lord Stanley, and his powerinl iM>n- 
mendation to the local authorititi ii 
Jamaica, Antigua, and St, Kltt'a, in ontti 
to be ftee from anv hindrancei vUt^ 
might possibly arise from the alleged ml 
of labourers m Jamaica, should ire dun 
to remove some ai the negroes ftaa tluM 

" Hr. HilB is now in Londoi^ and *ii^ 
his com pouions, the Re v. J. G . Widmsn ml 
Mr. G. Thompson (a negro of Cape Mounli 
brought to Basle eleven yean igo ^I 
Mr. Lessing, once our missionary st Li'*' 
ria), will leave England for the W« 
Indies before the end of Hay, ThtJ 'i" 
choose there a party of nt^oca, ti*^ 
men, agriculturists, and t<ach«i, ^ 
with a clever German artivo (s jc^ 
and smith), will take a passage to Gum 
in the course of the summer. A l"1l' 
outfit of implements is prepared htn.*" 
will be sent to Christlensborg i» ^^ 
forty large boxes, for the use of the «' 
colony. Amongst them i* a pewtj-;^ 
vented sawing machine, the want of "b™ 
was the cause of great inju^ tothebeilU 
of the mUsionarieB. If the Lord be pin** 
to bless our little colony, we have b "<* 
to send them afterwards a steam ioseIw' 
for sawing, to enable the nativea to i*H 
advantage of their extensive forsM •* 
valuable timber. Clearing tbsaa fan* 
would at the same time oentriboU tt "' 
healthfulnesa of tlte ■uTTonndiDg cou'T' 
But there is a great obstacls to W" * 
trade, which ia at the same linw * P^ 
furtherance of Slavery. There sre J' 
beasts of burden or dianriit-cattleshs« I* 
whole coast. Horses die after oos <x}*' 
years, and oxen have nevet tiev '»*' ' 
• II sbouU be ohnrTBd Aa( dd>«>a^'^ 



IMS.] 



THE FBIEND OF AFRICA. 



181 



We would try mnlM^ ubImb the ezp«on 
tt the onlaet were too gnat. Bearing 
bardeni is one of the principsl lobonn of 
■iftTea on the Daai^ Gold Coast, and if 
we could nioceed in Buhatituting a cheaper 
lod moK efficient power, the price of slavea 
mold certainly uU, The advantage of 
Uiis, however, would onl^ be perceiTed 
wh«ra their exportation la rendered im- 
p>mi>le by the Tigilanoe of the Colonial 
Mithorities. 

"For the apiritnal wanta of the aft- 
tiTfli then ia prepared a reading book 
with tablea in their languBKe, which 
ii a dialect of the Aahiuti. Hr. ROa 
Kpcaka it well, and Masaia. Widman and 
Thompson have learnt enough of it to 
commonioate with the negroes on their 
anival. We have at the ume time pr»- 
puvd all other meana for ealabliahing a 
B^ro school at onoe. They will b^in 
with ns^fro ohildran from the Weat Indiei, 
to ihow the notivea what benefit they 
might derive fiom being Instructed. The 
negioes, howoTer, at Akropong, are already 
prepaied for echoola, and In the laat newa 
Rem a Mesd on the coaat, we hear that, 
on being informed of Mr. RQs' apeedy 
Rtnm, tdey -were flill of joy, and set vo 
woH[ to rebuild hit houte, which had 
gone to decay." 

AUuiion is made in this letter to the 
poaaibitity of some uilaapprehenaion of 
the viewB of the mission in the Weit 
Indies (positive hindrance, it ia ob- 
vioQs, ther« could not be); and a ipecial 
iatroduction for Mr. Riis and hia asso- 
ciates to the govemoTi of Jamaica, 
Aetigua, and St. Kitt's, together with 
a recommendation of their object to the 
favourable notice of their Excellencies, 
vas accordingly sought from Lord 
Stanley by the secretary of the Mora- 
vian Miastonary Society in London, 
which, it ia almost needless to state, 
WM instantly and cordially granted. 
Similar letters of recommencUtion were 
also giveu to the governors of the 
tariaus Britisti settlements on the coast 
of Guinea. 

The lahoQn of that excellent body, 
the Moravians, upon the Gold Coast, 
commenced at an early period. In 
1737, two missiouariea, one a ;iative, 
set out for the cotrat. The European, 

aud Even lAtve nteflda, in ollpnibsbllilj. bat n 
•burt wtf lata the intaiiDT. The cauu hu ainvr 



however, Mon died. In 1768, five 
missionaries arrived, but tbrae wers 
soon carried off. In 1770, their place 
was taken by four others. Before the 
close of the year, the whole six had 
perished, and the mission was in conse- 
quence abandoned. 

In 182S. the noble attampt wu re- 
newed at Danish Akrti by five ydnng 
men, who once sat under the instructions 
of the lamented Blumhardt, of the Basle 
Institution. They all died shortly after 
their arrival. In 1834, they were sue 
seeded by three others, of whom but 
one (Mr. Riis) survives. In 1885, ho 
removed the mission to Akropong, an 
elevated tract, about forty miles from 
the seaside, and the residence of the 
chief of Aquapim. The results of his 
labours in tnat district have been already 
detailed. 

It is interesting* to notice, in con- 
nexion with the plans of Christian 
CwiUwntion now proposed, that in this 
very neighbourhood, fifty years ago, 
Danish colonists were the first to intro- 
duce the pleitgh to the rude natives of 
Africa. See Friend of Africa, No. 5. 



WEST INDIES.— NATIVE AGENCY. 
Extiaet of a letUr from Ur. J. Hiller. 

"Anlifiua,Jv^ea, 1843. 
"Two ve^ excellent men have offered 
sush-forAftica. Oneoametome 



and laid, — ' Sir, I have long been thinking 
over this matter, and now I come t« teU 
you Uiat I am ready with my wife to go 
to do what I can to instruct the ^ple of 
AfnoB.' Mr. Holberton says he la a man 
of sterling worth, very intelligant, a re- 
golar attendant on the means of grace, 
and last, thougb not leaat, a vary humble 
and steady person. I know him perhaps 
better than Hr. H., and I can say, that 
his notes, which I have seen, shew him 
to be a man well fitted for a place where 
mat confidenee and prudence ia required. 
But the beat i* to oome. He was for 
many years the doctor of two estateii and 
hia wiils the sick nurse and 'la Bse 
femme' for the same; both irith their 
children are i healthy and well-tnuned. 
Hera la a valuable aequisition to our 



■^a., 



other is our teacher at one of the 

etations, with hi* young wife. Ha is a 
oatveKttr, and an excellent \forkinan, 
ana left hia ntoatioa to join us bom 



THE fhiend of afbiga. 



"If you open the way, I 'shall select 
tkree more before leaviDfr. Urge the 
neceeeity for a vigorooa effort ; we will 
give you men, if you will give ns the 
uid put MB in the way of em- 



ploj,jjfB 



apeet the fiienda fenn tlie Basle 
HiAionaiy Society here <laUy, and I can- 
not but regard it aa a dngnUr providence, 
that their movement should be simulta- 
neoDs with ours. Mi. Rue has been 
many yean in Western AMca, and he 
brings with him an edacated African to 
get a knowledge of the Mico system. I 
trust th« visit will he one <^ mntnal 
benefit to na all," 



, Superii 
ion, Jami 



" Faititdd, Jamaka, 
<<Jfiyl9tA,1812. 

*> Hr. J. HUIer. of Antigua, who has 
been appointed Haperintendent of the Hico 
school^ in the West Indies, and who wUl 
in future reside in Kingston, baa lately 
been with us and excited our attention 
■new to the d^taded state of poor Africa ! 
He held a meeting for the African Civili- 
zation Society in oui chapel, and also one 
at New Pulneck, which, though on a 
weelc-day, was well attended; and here 
he made a amall collection of 8t or 91. 
fbr the Sodety. We hare for some yean 
alrndy ^niliarized our people with the 
abject condition of AMca, and nnce this 
fresh stir has been made among them, 
several young men have oome forward, 
and volunteered to be trained for misnon- 
ary woA; in Africa. The tmsteee of the 
Buco Charity have kindly pioSered us 
several vacancies in their Normal Institu- 
tion In Kingston, for tJie purpose. 

" It seems clear that the nfteneration of 
Africa depends mainly on the blacks; let 
n« be u^ and doing, and not be backward 
in tiaimug theae soldiers of the croea to 
attempt the conquest of a country already 
fertilized by the sweat and ashes of a 
number ctf our white brethren in the last 



" I regret tlie symptoms of 
dlfl^ipointmuit which have manifested 
thmuelvea hen and there in England. 
Unchristian cowardice 1 and still more 
the haish and improper cennires cast 
upon the Niger Expedition; let nt, on the 
contnij, ccmtiuue to pi«y, and to labour 
for the poor Negroes t what think ysut 



duU we ban 



front 



congr^ations at home, to prepare labln^ 
era for that fietdl And whoi the^ an 
prepared, ahatl some of the ez)>encrKed 
and acclimated white miflionariM fms 
the West Indies go with them, to guide 
and superintend Uieir work? I am son 
we could readily procure two or tlira 
volunteers from our own ranks. 

TrauUng School. We have now • 
youths, of whom five are from foortMitn 
seventeen yean of age, and have had thrir 
elemeulary education in thedaysdunlKf 
this parish. Br. Holland, who iAa 
charge of them, ia devoted to Ihdr in- 
struction, and nndv his gmdanc^ I hrt 
DO donb^ they will make great mind 
progress in inbellectnal and moial enltut. 
" Our lads cultivate the ^oond it 
their support, three houn of the Asj fe 
five days a week, aa that we cheriih tbe 
hope, that, by the b^jinnine of nsit jatr 
they will be able to feed tnenuelvci; A 
present their perenta provide 'btol 
tdnd ' as we term it here. Here \i» Br. 
Holland is indebtigable; indeed, witlxnt 
his help, I never could have suoeeedediii 
this put of the project. He is gttlhx > 
small, light plon^ made, according tout 
plan of one ooeaamnally uaed in AnwdM, 
and lliis will greatly &cuitafe thrirlslMD: 
fortunately be has some knovtedn «! 
these matters derived frvm his &uirr'> 
&rm. It is 'a day of small thii^;' ^ 
who knows what a small seed majpd* 
to I We must of course be picpun ^ 
disappointments and delays, but we mtA ^ 
make effi>rts for Christian preacben u' 
teacben for Africa and tarjamaiw^ 
Should any C3iristian friends take t ^ 
cial interest in our bumble instjttitk«i | 
they could greatly aid na by a dmstiw 'i 



isuhl books, maps, globee, dottunj, 
he like. lite 'parlonrprintii^ p<k 
kindly furnished by s Christian lidj 



year or two ^ 

account in Br. Holland's hands. Wt«) 
about to strike off a little hymn totllx 
anniversary of IWdom, whidi I diiD ^ 
h^py to send fon, as spoof i<m^'<'' 
our esteemed friend, that bn ^ vy^ 
useleM, though from want of lewm. it* 
not emptoyedasmnchBaweconlddaiib 



THIS ASHAWn PBIMCB. 

iNTELLtCBNCKliaa come to this «^ 
try reapecting theae twoyouDgin«i,i!«"* 
Coomassie, June 6tli. As ibfj •"" 
now left the shores of EngUiw *** 
than a tweWemontlif and hti Ix*" " 



1842.] 



THE FRIEiro OF AFRICA. 



133 



the iaie of this newa, io their own 
toontiy about nx montlis, it wilt be 
interesting to our readers to learn how 
they are going on. 

They left Cape Coast in November, in 
company with the Wesleyan Missiona- 
rieS) being commended by the brethren at 
the coast to the gradous protection of 
God. On thdr arrival at Coomassie 
"the natives were astonished above 
measure, for they never thought that 
the good white people would allow 
their princes to return." The fact of 
OUT having sent them has given to the 
Ashantis a veir favourable impression 
of the fidelity of our country and govera- 
ment. Altfaougb at first distreHsed at 
the sight of the surrounding barbarism, 
so tb^ one of tbem burst into tears, and 
was quite overcome, they express them- 
selves as becoming happy "in theendea- 
Tour to put in practice the good desires 
with which th«r hearts glow." They 
speak of the missionaries (with whom 
they live in a house apportioned by the 
king) as a very great comfort and encou- 
ragement to Uiem; of their sense of the 
benevolence of these devoted men to 
leaving their country for the welfare of 
a distant people ; of their acceptance 
with gratitude and humility of the 
means of grace; of their feeling that 
education is the principal thing, and of 
their therefore binding their thoughts 
to encourage it. They have also 
spoken to the king against the Slavi 
Trade, and trust that that traffic will ii 
time be abolished. The king says hi 
ia happy to hear that the Knglish peo- 
ple wish for his comfort and prosperity, 
and for that of his subjects ; he has not 
used the beautiful carriage sent him bj^ 
the Wesleyans, in consequence of a 
distressing and melancholy fire at the 
capital, but expresses bis gratitude for 
British kindness. 

The report of the marriage of the 

Erinces is utterly unfounded. They 
ave not formed any particular connec- 
td<Hig or friendships at all. 

In a letter from Capt. Trotter, R.N., 
they are thus spoken of: — 

" Leamngton, Aug. 15th, 1S42. 
"Mr SEAB Sib, — In answer to your 
note about yonr young friends, William 
QAwtamiHah and John Ansab, I have 



much pleasure !n being able to assure 
yon of their amiable, gentlemanly, correct 
moral conduct during the two montha 
they were under my eye, on board the 
Albert, when taking a possace from this 
countiT to C^>e Coast Castia last year ; 
and I feel certain the ofEcera have 
the same pleasing impreanons, and will 
bear me out in saying that they were 
very intelligent and agreeable messmates. 
I have seldom met with young men of 
their age with so much knowledge of the 
Christian religion ; and now that they 
are fairly up the country with the mis- 
uonariM, I trost the cause of Christianity 
may be furthered by their influence ana 
example." 



REPORTS OF THE PARLIAMENT- 
ARY COMMITTEES ON THE 
WEST COAST OF AFRICA AND 
THE WEST INDIA COLONIES. 
These important documents have 
been laid before Parliament and printed 
by its order since the date of our last 
Number. The evidence and appendices 
however, not being yet ready for deli- 
very, we abstain from commenting on 
the various matters which have occupied 
the attention of the two Committees, 
and the conclusions at which they have 
arrived, until the . case is completely 
before us. In the meantime we invite 
attention to the abstracts of their reports 
announced as contained in the Appendix 
to the Report of the African Civiliza- 
tion Society. See the notice to that 
effect at our 140th page. 



On Wednesday, the 3rd of August, a 
Meeting of the Manchester Auxiliary 
was held in the Corn Eichange, the 
Hon. and Very Reverend the Deam 
OF Manchester in the Chair. 

The Meeting was addressed at con- 
siderable length by the Chairman, by 
J. Eccleston, Esq., from the Parent 
Society, W. Read, Esq., Rev. Dr. 
Halley, Dr. Grindrod, S. Eveleigh, 
Esq, Rev. W. Verdon, and J. P, 
Westhead, Esq. , ibvOoOyk" 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Tlie laige n>om waa occnpied on one 
m, Rom whom 
been prerlously 



ride with woikin^ m 

once had 
expected I 



I disturbance J 



By the excellent arm^ementB, how^ 
ever of ^ C. Sh«w, CommiadoiMT of 
Police, the steady conduct of the Chaiis 
maiL and the judicious alluaions oontained 
In the rarioui apeechet, they were kept 
poriectly quiet till the firet reeolution wa« 
about to be passed, when an attempt waa 
made by a lad about eighteen yeara of 
age, to epesk from the platform. He was 
soon, however, pat down, and although 
oooasional interruption was afterwarda 
oSered, no difficulty waa found in paaung 
the various rraotutiona, and no act of 
positive disorder wliatsoever waa i 
mitted. 



tm, fa tf om uthwltT not Utnf (Bipk|id itlk 
Dun ant wliam ouc tnanenoo uUodi. Am ittj 
htra only axiitsd naim ou pioiactlon ud u cnr 

povar li oomplBto. sabjeota ot the Biltlili OHn ud 

tUs pdnful sue, «nd, by flain bflta, lo ■boir jtm 
Lordflhlpg that I Am not ocotiplBd iDpfirflaTliigTigQt, 



Sun BuuiAOQOR ozaTsoTTO. 
H. M. gan hrig Rolla, which arrived 
laat moDM from the Weat coast of 
Africa, reports having left the Mada- 
gatcar at Cabeoda, near which place, 
in company with the WatencUch, she 
had destroyed abarracoon and_^Uberated 
nine hundred alavea. 

CONNEXION OP BEITI8H SUBJECTS 
,WITH THE SLAVE TRADE. 
Wb beg to call the rarticular attention 
of our readers to the following report of 
the prooeedinga in the House ot Lorda, 
Tuesday, August 2nil. 

jf Bnf Uod, mcUng *« a 
- tDu muntry Alone bat for tha 
It Indlfnatlon of OMiUnil tlut 
ia vrhlch bad for thno tiLmdmt yon 
baan tba anouig* at AMca aod Iho rUagnos of Chria- 
Uao EoniB. To thia rightaom act, in vhlcb oui 

Buatalned b; its Tirtiw^ ud ■nim^tjiH ^ ItoploiiaHal, 
B long and criminal dalAy 8uw«edod, for which pajtlA- 

nounced was protected: unlTcnalLy condtgnnod, it 
ptntlaued tn flDuriih, even lo Incnsse^ 101 at length 
that Hotanoe waa reooidcd \til tho legialatuie, which 




tac beif U annplaia <dal>*»4ndlDg. to point iialnat 








Bcalut te«ltn utioni iirar whgn vg 1iit« no MB. 



Ihlulc It will bf naoBMTT t« detail jgg 
ahow, that bj tha atunoloiof BhttA 
~ of BrlUali unA, 

ttuongh the aptaymant tf Mllih coital, ite 
foreJiQ tls**-tnSa Is In paat part popataalnl lad 
protected. lwlUgDa(«H»tothaabotiwhldilial, 
Inemntablr l»d to th* pnaunpUon wbsm ik 
DapltallidnwBtbAttlwInfflonvdni. yewLM- 
■hlpiknow— Iiv^mlouw, beowiM tba pain p» 
KDled bji tbe crown to poillannt and tha cscn^oi' 
duoe el tha gaTannuiil with oar lanlCD ifa*. 



doubled j tha vnonnt of aqgar oz| 
Idud haitnc rlagn fnnl IN la 970 ml 



fonrjwn,arAbaTaM,0Ci>7Hrlj. InUlkaUanih 
lu TCKilA Importwl M,W» aUna In (ba jeva US 

ud lS3Bj andtbepilMfaATfaicil) 






tat tbAt importAtlon al 
eatimatethathaaen ' 
hnportatkuii n canno 
ftarlj, raquUlnt th 
mlllhnia; while tha 
noirnt to tbne 
pnot that the (aptlal which uphdd Ihb 



1* aaporta of Uia MuJ Hi 




;paoditura upon the pi . _ 

/earn. 

to aak If BnaQanaOntoaaaUlairti 
wmillkmii^iaanvl TbamN* 

haaniriiMinadiandin IboUm anBid tv l** 



aniiad I7 analhar iobI*. But fllTin( ■ 
"- ai^ ahowlti( that BrttHh (BhlacM ai 
nj^ wlih vacBUttona Im BauU, ftr M 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



wbisli tba Micna Ui^ bnjan bmuilit h> IhsiurlHti 
Onj tntfatatJ In tja flnl plica tbe; biTe tha 
mnntiil dnlmthm of an booouralila nun In tha 
■BKtg sf BiuO, tbM tbe Uv ihiHlimng ma BUra 
Tndtnai»t«iiHNl7a daadlatta, hnTiag aaUialy 
Ulan inla dlnae. Thejr hivs tn Ihs nnt plue a 
piUUai ar manuiUl troa ths pnvindjtl ■■embly of 
BaUi to tliB MBsIa, nriliic a npal sf tbe lav, 
wt tljat tfaaj lavo UunualToa an/ tpnbla about 
tha pnUUtkia— irftli that Ibey aoiild oaiUf deal, bj 
intOi dlaipidlng Iti but the pntUon that " 
J — , ■-- -'■n 18)1, ll» data of tha law, -'-- 




•p Wkl Jiid Uw kiubaMtrf a/Uu uU." Thiy 
BMB Hknlt lb* •ilfKan of tba ooatoabaad BUn 
^nda. Ib didaaa tf tha In, BUd af llw tmV with 



" <I>M d IramyrMriM M JMiwraJ and (I(»IU, auy 

■h" Tlwj oifo 
Mpioiliiilljrot 



ud fnm wUoh tlw ttMe dnwi fxM isnnMi. 
ICtw B. lato. p- Wti) la othar wart*, tlw aitni* 
mMtBotWpBOidiBdbTlaw, bst pannltled, fcr tiar 
Iba srinlul alKMld add to fala luUt, tha offnoa of 
violaltai tba pnjUUUaa of tha law; (• pnnalU* 

aeoU, bM to pnv" tn bit ooinnlOD. 

>ubl7, that of lUnaa 



ma dwoUlng upon tlw danfen raaultlot 

iddi, •■•boraaUMthaironlof alllbaaai>srll>,th* 
ImmcuaUlar whieb li tba raanll 
Id to TkHata tha Uwi 



IB briiall rf plnMa-tor anr rina* Hanh, lan . Man 
tndlDf fa ^nar br tk* law of BiuU-on bdMlf of 



iw ItnBtlBiHnr bnkoi tgr tbas, aod 
wUoh thay ^dan thair wtU oolrtlBM to li t at nouA t, 
ailniMitaanl' " ' * ' ' " ■■--■■ 



Illy of ooBunlttlai tha iddltlonal ImmonUly i 
li*ab[a| It mida the afe ot tha Judfca (wom ' 
nABoalt. 

tnuh an Iba notniow flwta, BotortOBi to all w) 
Iliad Id BtMU 1 and prarinfl ta IbOM aVM*d m pr 
nstlns and fradttoi l« Iba 
ooDatir, be tbigr nildant tbm < 
thdr oapHal nnn b« oMd lapHBota u 
a eemtrj whm Iba AMouJ twk 



But joor Idtdibipi taul BBtiafpMB, that nf ehai|a 

— '--tBriUitanpltaUitsafamiilaTliicln Uisproino- 
: thliiaUt]rotmimfit«« Uie wialth b^ows) by 



ipm m«e (imenl pntbabUltj or natnnl tah- 
I hjtvB oartaln ^eelfio beta to wUoh I oan 
lefei, and whloh unliiftiuialid}' kan no drabt npsn 
haHiliJ«;t. OnthaUthofJulj, 1838, (lam abUtod 
o lira th* date that Uun ntaj ha dq donbt of aiy 
inthorltj,) the Enallih Ommtttbrntm at Klo »Hita 
to Lofid FalmanlaD, " Tba vartooi oiukitaldaii 
goim OB IB Ihli ooaBbTiBd ainry da; miiltlpl>lB(, 
an for tbe maat part tba NHiU ot Urltldi nitvpilB.' 



It iddou toaoe the aooaa wbloh nub vaeuhk- 

tlgiu take i thootfi «e eao with dUBoolty follow anil 

— -STal tbeihifli, the nbtle mnlftTBDoai 1^ whieh 

lavlieTadedj thanaoma toUshlnowind then 

ttfn wbloh leiva no doubt u to ttie tnoiioUana 

that an galng on, and ibew In whit wajr tba invcat- 

' of ouiltal takai plioe, and what an ths fttit. 

mortad to for iiiilat and lot Kmanlot tho 



Ul tfali oouDtrr , Hid to all Id tdota and porptvoi 

h uadat. She WW pnrchaaad foi whDBi t .1 

d, a iHtoriaiu lUia trader. With what 

oapllall loaranotwhattaar IhapuiDhuawMBWda 

tha metnbaBt'iown t^tal, wttta th* saptial of 

^anlaid tor whom bo mlf tat ban loted w isait, 

orwltb tbatof tha Haflldi nuMlar who wm « luaid 

ai ibe wai poMbaead , bar naaa 




baan ao Imneont ahip. Sash of jroor Undihtpa ai 
oan hrinf jfdw nOndi to balieie thli tala, mwt i 
todewed with a Mnnftb of fhllb, with powon i 
bcUat far wwwidliit the ooawN of my omlHllt' 
FmnCadli, then, ihalued tuU to Atrioa, and wr 
HiMd CO tb* tlan aaial, oloaa u a notorlon ilat 



. ThBDl 



owBOCi thne ww, hawow, anry naioo to htlkra 
that aha balnnaed lo a aetorioD* •Un-lndH Dt Cuba, 
and bad beaa panbaaad foi bin by ble LmidoD laent, 
Tbi* bwpBHd early laat yav. 

AwlbwliMMooeooamdBatinwib laatn wa; a 
Tiael, Aneitmii bnOt, but Brltuh ownal, nllad 
from UTvpsol, and theDuueof ha omun, wbloh 
I OHd not mmttOD, an fino U tba p^eci on your 
table. The utlolM Htnad by Iha tunua wno fcr a 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



rsEPTOfBu, 



vu Lagot, ft potorioiB *l4Tlnf port r i 
■Ae wu oondfmnvd far Aiding in tllA rdATe-brtdfr 

But kUMU irhils beton thlifciiun, CiplilB §01) 
H.H'fip Oruvtn, captund 4 vwal nniLar BnxU 
cotoujT, off the cc4Bt of Bnill, havlnf vrantj 



whidi 1 iMTa btfon Htated in tbii pUoe, Uut kocta a 
InOc li poBldiiMe u (tlciii; la • BriUdi mtrjeot 
inidir Uh proTisloD of tha CoiuoUilatsd Act, whelfav 
tbe hUtw puTichAwd be brought imn the Cout of 
Africa or frTim vif other pUofr— du Bxapttozulatbat 
Act da jiDt pTotAot it— ttaej onlj protaot porehaflDf 
■nd oarryfDf coaitwIiB In thA di mh i t o n gof tbo eniwn. 
Not to DulUpIr IndwiciM, » oua totalrouiu bafon 



fl- ilkTa-tndlns. Mj nobU Mend, the 
Lord Protdoit, T11117 rocDllect It ; heiatwlthDiDpan 
thA iippcHl- The aUp had bun aant out npon a alar- 
Ing ngra^i and tbe conalgivQ of tfaa airpt waa a 
vary woU known alnTa tjHder ; but anumg other arl- 
dEaioa which ba prodoHd, to avert tha condaDmatlni, 
waa the oettiflcaie of Iwentj or thirlji 
hoius eatabllibol hi Bmll, all totl^rlns 1 
chanctcT for reepcctabilitj and hononr- 
hooaei abont onvhaU were Brlltih am 
men aornpled not lo Join in boacing thia tei 




ider tb* patnmafe, and known to 
if ■edabrated BnlUiBn mlnla- 
ilan-tradlng party, Iflndthii 
poncerrfe ip™ o"" coontiTinan. " W« deekn, thai 
wehana^ealnqieetfbt the BngUih merdianla of 
Bio, not only for their eaodiut In our Intemal doq- 
«nu, but [^dpallx lor the mt <» •Ale* Otf am- 
MbuUtsOurauimiifcarthit Mafluln^lW«,«hs- 
, ther by ordering gooda fit to bo employed (n t»ii nwr* 
^ kumaniif-—-vhMha by lending thoir money to the 
edTimtnrer, or whether, ai la lald, by innuing reai^i 

ao greatly icapectedlithetcbgariogJiidiotalteaUmaiy 



n dBfea, In tnaoh of the Inra 



Africa, •■ the mj in which Ibey then < 
ranom tbe ovf™ Maoka by <ndar(ng goou nt nr 
bcb« anployed In thti woric of homanlty.'— Whether 
the foodi « bnnundy naed are tbe ocot gnu, aa they 
need to be called, vhloh bahig bmgbt Kir twelre or 



llludoD maj ha t« the ibasklaa, the nuDadaa, tha 



Inn weighta that foam [art (< tbe cvge la thh ToyiiB 
of hnminity, or whether the whipt and goaii ta- 
darUy ahadnrtfd out nndar Ihalader 




tbetnOc? ExagsentlonlaaliflyatobaaenilBiw' 
both M unblr, and thenfwv wnog, It li tetaw 

demned; and aa Dtlaily In ~ ' 

Jected. I hare ofta] 



[0 beyond the (aot, or any lUng te 



ir thhigi of which tbay xexj ba If 



the fad, in ao tu at tbeir captlal drma tbe ball. ■ 
Ibeir demand for Ita pcodna eanaaa It to beWM; 
and thoyareibamBlntbagnlltypnflMatlhdiB'' 
aetkn » tar aa they carry •» tfaeir aoooM << Flat' 
Ing or ot nlDlng by piimhialng ttacaa TiatlBi it ** 
■laTfr^radar^ araife*, whom ha taara tna AHa 




THE FRI£ND OF AFRICA. 



IS mnsd of th* damuid 
« Ofnoqr decUnd to 1m (ha eipama iscnmd by 
tba mt puKliMM of dant twiulnd to luap up the 
MscklocvinUiigtlumliw. UUOl. wu Nktad to be 
the mm thus expended In Dno yoATp ud KTBntf-thrae 
Msrote watt jiUc^ed to bkve been bought. Uuty 
biildin cf Uuea ihma u«, irlthonl doabt, taooommble 
iDil exeeUentparHHU. irho bars nover oenildered the 



vlBltitimlth with which Frortdmoe hu bl 



Ot their ifente In BnzU, I annot ipeik in a 
iii!li iDeeinfed Ittnu— thejr miut knav that tb 
le dbwtlj ■b*(Us( the tTBfilii. U the; my tt 



It In k BrtUih letllamen' 



le that tbejF ilioiild be Ignonnl 
ofthedireiirtioinlherponihiiie, hsTingbeenlabd]', 
>B7,batth*dvb*to(«,1uiiUdrnmtbe biddof the 
•laivAIp. Nspanoo 




M the ptioa paid at _ 
WbenBl.orTW-onljrlx 
and ml. or 1301. ii the prloe of a onole, ot a KaKined 
"' — " '" catotnTBthegnlllT 




AfMca. IB tact 
Uiit with en 
enoleahaidlja 






natket bnn whenc 
hudi. Bone of thi 
loiay, BerMaJcHy'i 



re newSjbrouffbt 
le maAet oanoot be mpplkd : 

111, Thoeebmught Co latearo either 
ted with KDiebodllT illneei, d 
r. or of hablti dlanlute uid 
would buji a Urgo number i 
I of that deaotlptloa. or Iroit 
uofonaeen dluftter, oooaolo 
jbaier not keeping the ilave, though 

ut the flUf«L Thoflo 
herefon, know, that It 

tbvr are lupplled with m 






re been heard tr 







known. A veMt arrfvea fnm AMoa, ant 




tnrtng to land her cargo la Klo, from fear o 


thoBrl 



I oottTBiivit i*wHjiij place, from whsue thej 

wooda, and at only a few mllee distance Irhd the^dtj- 
I aaked ol my Inlemuiiiti bov it hqjpeaed that ai 
many •* 700 or NO, thanumba frequently landedfrom 
oneilaiw, oouJd be oonveyed Ihioogh the comtr^r 
without danfsr of their awajdng, ot rMn) to itaiit 
iMpan. Alaa] I Ultle knew the ogodlUon In 
- - ' inaohedtbonewwDrldl 



hauBted, and crippled^ barely capable of crawling 
along, I ehould hare aeen that the leqat movement 
(owajdifll^t,or thonlalngahand In reaialauce, waa 
an abeoiute, a phyMcal Impoaaibllltj. Thna pajilrelj 
taken to tho harncooD, they are fborv leen and pqr- 
Dhaaedb}'themIneageDt,D[thepliuilen'a«enI. Can 

ho ladeallugtor ncgmea newlyUnded? Nay, if ho 
only repalra to the city, and le there waited upon by 
ec^taln, oi hli luper^argi), can he pretend to 
that ho l> awaie of tbe artlt^ ho le buying— yea, 
Li certainly a* If he biul aeen tha poor oogio 






e piece. Such 



gnlahed from ilave-Uadeia. In the African ilare- 
trade they an dlraoUy Hmeemeil— ilayo-lnuleia in (he 
ordlnafy BcceptaUon o( the tDrm. A bread dittlnotUm 





actually lee the onminal Imfflo, he doe. not go down 


to the alaTfr^hlp with her freight of miiery and of 


eilme, her Uding of wtctchee, and her feloB erew. 




when hl> hired agent i> cotered with guilt i the agent 


whom he aela on aa tbe aocompUee of pinoy, by 


wheae acta he praflti, the reBdt of wh(M wn>og.doUlg 


allgoeslocnrlohhim. U he be not an acianry (o 


the felony, hie mcney procure* 11, hta wealth ii in- 


cnasodbyll, wlthoat bli aid It oould not be peipe- 


traled. IThoanr they be thai hiatigate such Inlqul- 




money, let them he »eU anured that their avltal la 


tbe »eiT wring whloh nta to motion the whole ma- 


chinery ot crime, ai certainly a» the main ^rlngot 


that clock moYce (he hand which lella me how long, 


bow much longer than wu neceaarj. I hare been 


detaining you tg dweU over thcHpnlnful loenee. 


But men, eipedally when engaged in evil eour*-. 


are prone to dlaecTej minute dlfferenoeei and aelf- 






•ereen oa from the Rem Judge whom PravldeiKe 




to whom I have alluded, an apt U aay. poialbly 



lee nothing of all tbe pufTering they oocaalon, and 
all tba vice by which they pruflt^ and many who 
would ihrink from doing the deed with tbalr own 

cyca, hare but little qualm that othen «houid do it for 

in which eomolynnttirapngenisdaa mhidedtoput 
two of hia family to death ; but eren hla relmtleag 




with gKSt force on the 1 



THE ftliE?ft) OF AFRICA. 



LSsmiran, 



ourM to UiB kdjdnlng pilue, ha MW two pcnoiu 
ortitbad lo daotli b; tbe deaE«n( el * mUUa casopj 
tmiltf wblch (bB7 h«d iMen d«eplDg. Hii bus csa- 
dnctor ADd hla niyil vmplajH vould bATQ noallfld 
fram tha ilgbt of the ilaiigbter irUiA thar titd Bo 
temple thni to perpetnl*. and of wMch auA m« U 
f\iStj u U be had Omd to phmfo Ua dinar Into Iba 
Ttotlmsudbeeniprlnkliidallhtfaalrlilood. BMIt 
|g not sum certain that the Mow of tha hstchat irtilota 



pnaed undar the Vlook ifbli^h It hid mqx 
It ti oartBin that the napUal af BnUih 
loreated In the mtnei of BiuQ, and the 
Of Cuba. UndlM the nn 
dm, and InBtJgatv ihe to rtur ea, and 



rtnitod the ngleniof AMoa, tn 
at lutlotu, the moat oateolat 
raltfUm of chatltf and pcaoe. 
1 hear It Indoed wtiiiiiaTed that th 



meiee ii labominc. va ilHnUd be ikiv to itop np an; 
ohannd in vhloh capital ma; Bnd snplOTtnant. I 
can listen to no mob argmnent i 1 pniMt uitarl]> 
a^nal iU applkAtlDn to tbta queallon; and jour 
lordoblpfl, above all men, can glre It DO quarter. 
What BOune hale ^D been holding, and aDl]> feater- 
dijboldiagr RtfiiirdlaN of the pleitthit trade va* 
lahourlflf , 50Q hara IncroaaAd Its bnrtboi, vbere tba 
plain intenata of decorum and of morale demanded 
naOdltlODtothelDad. But harlng orcmilBd that 
plMi wliaD Indeoanc)' vu connterpleaded. ;ou must 
DOtdkOw jroormlTM more psUont of orlrae. Sworn 
enemlea to practicea of an Immoral tandencj, vlU 
Jfrn be the pnteolon of aotnal guilt ! tToiiimpaliiiig 
in dealing with pii Tata rights, when thay varred with 
purity of conduct, can jon harbour a prepoit«rouA 
MUnacj tcwarda pltaoy and murder, to ecreen trom 
jDMloe Uie (aim of the fekm or hlaacoom^lce! Tlie 
or pmapeata ma; be t 



that holding tut ont iDtegrltf 
InRot brighlattorlmua. let ui mdi out the nust 
Tile pollDtlan that detUei our lionaet tnde, and tar- 
heir name olio drire It. Ccua lo protect the 




Tcdaeoad bjr no one irtrtoa, nor (Moad b; 
tim^, aan the ttlnmph Drat pubUe prlnotpla and 
nathmal iHnoiir, in wtiich Ttctory diorn of Ita gtoriea 
lodi on pnoe itrlpped of Ita wonted Idaaalnga. n^, 
clotlked In a doabl* oiiti»— In fh«n ibal glva It, irtioin 
Itilalna with the diigTaoa of golltr prodtai In tliem 
ibktrecetra It, whom It oornpta with Intempcnooe, 
and cripplea with dlMaae r But 1 cniaa jet mora 
bearr Ilea 00 the galoa of African aliTa7 and war, 
wbatber tiwr awell the itoree of tbo trader, or re- 
planlihthe coffarasf the atale, Siiraly. nrely tbli 
CDBntIT nerar can forget the mulm of bar greatcM 
poM, and none the leaet of her palrlota, that IE la hn 
high pr er cgatlTe to teach tha natloni bow to lire, 
And not her poUoj alone, hut her IndoatiT must be 
hapt pure, and aJioTe forming a p«rinerablp with 
*1o1hi» andilaTerr- It li with peace, and with free- 
n gt England nWunUr main- 



lalng bar hnl j atltanoe. IDia li the ol^vfaig of tW 
llbertf, hot the lupport of her pannt, bj a duilli 
aboTB all Qnalc or Soman abadtlea, Uta nnnatf M 
parent ; and yon, m; loida, calling 4o*n Vfoa im 
and joonalTaa tba lilmahnji of BeaTan by pumlai 
tiM ontne whlsb I, In all himillity, hot wltli ill w 
■Hitauia, mge Ton lo like, will add to ytm mv tau 
an hononr of whloh ym Hand little la niid ; M 
allbid ma, wbo want It mnah, tha Onlj cDnntatkn I 
oan avv now enjoy, bj helping me to dlnbizii 1 
aacred puhUo duty. "I moTa 70D to molra, Hal 
this HoiiM wlU. with aU pnotjoable expadllkB, tiki 
■uob meamrfla aa maj be moat effaotDal for pnrnl- 
Ing the employment of Brltlih capital In pmnMliw 

The DUES ol WKLUNQTOIT aaU, that ina He 
attnlkiBWUahhem«iMlh<<rlaidA4abadpitf 
vaacli of Ua noUa and Mavl 
leraiTlDeedthermnat alltoaailMla 



be had ^lokm, that «■• a part of tha a<rll ftr vh 
be conld ban no dIStoaUr la aadlBg a naiadr (tVi 
bear), bat after haTlag attndcd moN paUntty ■' 
anzlonalr to the veeidi which tkaj h^ jail hand, ta 




thatact. Tbarawaa 
th* nal talnlkini of the baman of tha ■">""' 
irtiieh waadnwniipbf h^maat gaHngnWI"' 
eiorllant Hmd Dr. LoaUngtoa, whehad tata" 
daap an tslaraat In the iiuiiiiimIiiii of tb* alan b^ 
He. iharelbra, eooildand, that tba Beat idMB^ 
conne woDld be b> adopt I daal«nloi7 ■Bt' ■''^ r| 




THE FBIEND OP AFRICA. 



190 




cnbuked In Ih* lUn-tnd* 1 

Ui0II,*lUl»Tl«W 

LORD WBAAKCUFPK 
piac to ba bnnflit tonreid tj 
Hie DUKB dI WELLINaTON aflalMi Uutlw 



[•ri to aodBtake Uu fnmlai ol ttw DWHUe in qoas- 
U(m, u hii (nut knoirlfdga at tha lubjsot, and tha 
part ha h^ UkMi m Uulntnidiutlon of (Uallv Win, 
nDinaiUT qutUflad Urn for tbe 1^. Tb* dUBaul^ 
Buto frame an sot vhlsb ihaiild naolitha partln; 
ud uthe traiiBctlaM M^ Ftaaa ta anollier coiiDtrjr, 
from whtoh tba/ could not taaHj toaoDanA artdeooe, 
1 1 miU raqnln gnat Ofsrlcina In the tottooalUea of 
tlw nltlaot to Ii^aa an effiottBt meMon, and he 
InUiA Ihat Ma DOUa and Itained frimd mnld Ipplf 
Ui mind qiaadlly to the iubjeot. 
Af tv a f a« worda from Lord BroHiJuaa, tha mothm 



MORAL STATE OP ABYSSINIA. 

Thb ptfncipal canw of the comiptioi 
of mannera in Ab^ninis i^ after their 
ntenul cirors, their oiuettled mode of 
living. A govemot for uutaace doea not 
like to lemain long at the bbui* place, 
cran when there is no war. He resides 
Bometimea At one end of the proTince 
which he govems, and BometimeB at the 
other, with a great number of officera and 
Mrrantg. Hib fint wife ia froqnentiv 
obliged to remain in the houM to whioh 
he has taken her; and he not wiliing to 
live alone, takes a concubine. Thna the 
firat un being committed, he continuee to 
add othen to the number, until he has 
lost every feeling of conjugal duty. Thme 
who are with him are in the same aitua- 
tioD, and do the same thinga. Several 
vomen being in this manner attached to 
one man who is not their huabaod, and 
Meing thenualvea neglected, endearonr on 
their part to corrupt young men, whose 
aituation should mnintAin tnem in inno- 
cence ; and thus immorality la commu* 
nicated to dl the bnnchea of society. 
NeTerthelew, openly they maintain much 
more decency than one would be led to 
*"PJ»o»e, after having read the description 
which Brace gives of an Abysinian feast, 
i admit that sach feasts may have taken 
puce among BhameleM UbortinM} bnt 



excessea of that kind are , , 

either as to their cruelty, or thdr inde- 
cency. I hare haard people speak of 
many things ; bnt I have seen len inde- 
cency in the oapital of Abyrinia, than In 
the ceipitala ot England, Fiance, and 
E^pt. In Tigre, with the exception of 
Adowah and Antola, the women are much 
more reserved than in the Interior. The 
ordinary consequence of the immorality 
^uded to ia alotb ; from which results 
poverty, together vrith tiie dedre to live, 
where pride ia not offended, In a State of 
dependence upon othere : the result of 
this, again, is envy, craftiness, and false- 
hood. The Abyesinians are liars as well 
as the Arabs : bnt they have yet a feeling 
ef ahame when discovered, which the 
the Arabs hare not. The fint conse- 
quence of fjslsehood ia sweaTing. Another 
series of vices, which alio result from 
illicit connexions (for so I call the poly- 
gamy irf the Abyssinlans, as they know 
very well that U ia nnlawfal,) b to be 
found in the cironmstanee, that the chil- 
dren of one and the aamo father, who are 
not of the same mother, are always ene- 
mies to each other ; in such a degree that 
they cannot endure to see one another j 
nor have they sny filial love for their 
faUier, inasmuch as he generally has a 
&therly ai!ection only for the children 
bom ot a favourite wue : not to mention 
their jealousiefl, and tha consequences 
thereof, which go so fer, that an adul- 
terer is often kUled by his rival. This 
inconstancy in the intercourse of the sexes 
with each other may Ije observed during 
the whole life of a man. It is this that ren- 
ders tlie Abysainians so liglit-minded, hav- 
ing nothing but inconstancy itself; al- 
though the children show leas of levity 
than the children of other countries.— 
GtObat'b Alyuinia. 



ABOUTION OP THE 
SLAVE TRABE IN THE MEDI- 
TERRANEAN. 
* Thb following Address ia to be proposed 
for acceptance at a general meeting of the 
Anglo-Halteae Anti-Slavery Asaociatton : 
" To Hkk Hoar Exoxllbht HAnsvr m 
Qcfixit 01 Ekouxd. 

"* « May it please your Majesty, we, the 
undersigned, the residents and inhabitonta 
of the countries within and around tha 
Meditenuncan Seas, humbly ^proei^ 
your Utyeity's tbzone, aa the moit Ulut- 



uo 



THE FRIEND 01' APHICA.' 



tiiouB and most pnuBont SoVere^ of tha 

Seople who, more thasaoy otiwr, have 
evotod, 'throtigh a long rgeties of .yean, 
their Bubgtance, their laboars, and their 
life, to the eniBDcipation and civilJzatJon 
of the African race, aud we humbly pray 
your Majesty— 

" That your Majesty would be gra- 
ciouely pleased to confer and co-operate 
with your M^esty's most futhfol allies, 
the august parties to the late and final 
settlement of the hSdXia of Turkey und 
the Levant, that is to say, their Majesties 
the King of the French, the Emperor of 
Russia, the Emperor of Auatria, and the 
King of Frusaia, in order that youi Ma- 
jesty, together with those mighty Sove- 
reigns, may, in perfect harmony and 
efFwtively, persuade, and advise, and ad- 
monish their common Ally the Sablime 
Porte, to declare illegal and prohibit the 
iahuman traffic in negro slaves, which la 
now actively carried on iu Tripoli of the 
West, and likewise to use all its efforts to 
atop the exportation of negro slaves from 
the interior of Africa through that Otto- 
man dependency ; forasmuch as the pro- 
hibitjon and stoppage of such traSic (a 
traffic. coD^ranr. to Wh hOman and divine 
law);«!ill tend-eijuftlly to-the;gfti>d order 
and liberty of the subjects of the Sublime 
Porte, to the benefit and civilization of 
Africa, and to the freedom and happi 
of all mankind." — Timei, 



The Spanish brig of war, Lubano, is 
stated to have captured another skver, 
the schooner jElta, under Portuguese 
colours, off the island of Porto Rico, 
having on board at the time 212 negroes. 
The Lubano carried her prize into St. 
John's, Porto Hico. — ffanla Telegraph. 

The Moniteitr' Parisien announces that 
the Tribunal of Brest had sentenced to 
hard labour for life, the captain and offi- 
cers of a Portuguese vessel captured off 
Mozambique by a French cruiser, ' 
piracy and ^ve trading. 



that the Governor of French Guiana 
sabmitted to the Colonial Cooneil a pro- 
ject of law for the emancipation of the 
slaves, according to which an indemnity 
of 14O,0O0,00(tf., payable in ten years, 
with the interest, should be inscribed on 
the grand livre of the public debt in favour 
of the slaveowners. The i^dren bom 
after its adaption are to be free; in the 



coarse of ten veara the praent divei 
would acquire taeir freedom, bvt tbej at 
to rem^ during five yean more atliched 
to the land ; so that in the space of fifteen 
years, slavery shall have oMsed to exist 
m the colony, — Tints, 



Mr. Ansell, Gardener and CollectoT 
to the Niger EipedilJon, reporta thtt 
be has just ascertained that the plmt 
BO extensively used by the natives for 
dyeing their cloths of the beautifal 
blue colour for which they are so re- 
markable, is not a species of indigo, 
but of the genus Tephrosia, and neir 
to tho Tephrosia Toxicaria, and that it 
grows in great abundance in the Qeigfa- 
bourhood of the Confluence. 



NOTICE. 
Thii dcgr upubluhed, lit RepeH tfAt 
Committee of tie "Soeiefyfortie Ex^k&» 
of the Slave-Trade, andforthe CiriUMim 
of Africa" delivered to tie tuticHUn A 
the meeting in Exeter Hall, on the Hit i^ 
Jtms, miih a report of the tptediet lia 
made. Together uiilh the R^xni it pMM 
a eopiow Appendix^eontainittff m ai*r« 
of the report of the ParHamentaty CWibI- 
ieeonthe Wett Coagt of Afriea ; tieSiert- 
tar/s report of his recent vitit A> (*« T* 
Indict, ami other inrnorttmt doeumodi. 
Patched by John Murrqy, Alhmarit 
Street, and to be had of J. W. ParbTy 
Strand; Ratehard and Sm, PiModillf; 
Sedmi, Fket Street; &aUh md -Elia, 
Q>rnhill,Sje:, ^. 



Snbacriptions and Donations an r«cattl 
by the Treasurer, J. Gumey Hoare, £•(■: 
by Messra. Bamett, Hoarea, and C<s G^ 
Ixtmbard-street; Me«drs. Barclay, Beno, 
and Co., C4, Lombard-otreet ; Mesn. 
Couttsand Co., 59, Strand; Messrs. Dnun- 
monds, Charing-cross; Measrs. Honlmrv, 
Taylor, and IJoyd, 60, Lombard-itncC; 
Messrs. Hankeys, 7, Fenchurch-strtei; 
Messrs. Howes, 37, Fleet-street; m' 
Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co., W, 
Bbchin-Iane; and by the Secretaty, Ut 
Rev. J. U. Trew, at the Office of tlu 
Society, 15, Parliament-street. 



Lokdor: PrlnefflbrTilousRicuuHuuiB' 
t No. u. Bt. ICutlB't Luu.la tka fmil^d^ 
lirtlii in [he Flsldi i m4 pnbUdHil kr Jam *!'' 
lAu Plains, of No. M«. W«tt Stnui. fluMt" 
jMmny: HlTJnttoiu; Hatdurdi BttHj: M*'' 
RIchudni: Muoni ud MwMni und mprlM » 
ordu by au fiookiiSm ud VtintamlaT*rmi^ 
C<>unttf.^~auri4<V, M ArfcMcr, ISO. 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



PUBLISHED MONTHLY. 



No. 24.] LONDON, OCTOBER, 1&42. 


r Plica A 

\ STA1.P.D, 3</. 


CONT 

TheAmBfaMTrealT m 

ni MKk Bipgditinn l« 

Tlu AMiClDD or BiAnry to tb« Fnncb Colanla. 144 
AUlfo. I«> 

Tb. ItHfut TiMli vltta ttaa United Btats .... 147 


ENTS. 

N<mciU0FN.wB«»U!— 

Afri™,byRolmtMol&' 

Bingnfihlaa netoh dF the late 
CuttdnuDfAbr-lnb 


MID Soottem 


EUrJobnJmmJe lU 


Offloi<r.»<]ae*m*nofUie 








Eimiiliof ■ Leila from Tlunnu ClukKD. I^ , 
(oUuBer.J. M.Treir Itf 







THE AMERICAN TREATY. 
Gknbbally speaking it is a safe rule for our guidance through life to 
try to look 8t the brightest dde of things, and when events fall out not 
exactly as we could wish, to rejoice at whatever good they bring along 
vith them, and be thankful that the evil is not greater. In something 
of this spirit we desire to accept the recent Treaty between Great 
Britain and the United States of America, It is very true that to a 
certain extent our expectations have been disappointed. We do not 
scruple to own that we were sanguine enough to entertun a hope that 
when the representatives of two enlightened Christian nations met 
t<^ether face to &ce, and dispassionately talked over the present state 
of the African Slave Trade — its fearful virulence, and the comparative 
failure of the efforts hitherto made to extinguish it, some arrangement 
might have been entered into not very dissimilar to that which already 
exists between the great Powers of Europe j and which is usually desig- 
nated the " right of search." That no provision of this sort is openly 
Bet forth in the Treaty is abundantly clear, and for Uiis we do not 
hesitate to express our sorrow. Whether the exercise of this impor- 
tant power, within certain limits, may not be contemplated by the latter 
part of the eighth Article, which speaks of " concert and co-operation 
(between naval squadrons) upon mutual consultation, as exigencies may 
arise," it is useless to conjecture. Time alone can properly, and time 
must shortly, disclose. 

Let us, however, turn to the substantially valuable portions of the 
l^ty. Of course it will be understood that our only business is with 
the Articles relating to the Slave Trade. dij ^pibyGooyk' 



1^ THE FRIEND OF ATBICA. [Octobei , 

Id the first place then, it ia no slight matter to have so far over* ' 
come American prejudice upon this great question as to iDduce our 
Transatlantic brethren to enter into any anti-slave-trade conven- ' 
tion whatsoever with England. It is true that their Government his 
denounced and prohibited the African traffic so ^ as its own cititens i 
are concerned ; but the act of uniting with a foreign nation, and espe- 
cially with England, of whose maritime ascendancy America has always I 
shown herself extremely jealous, is altogether a new feature in the case, 
and one which most needs exercise the strongest influence, not only over | 
other nations, but, by a reflex operationj over America herself, in re/tr- ; 
ence to her own internal Slave Trade. 

Let it be observed next, how much this view of the matter i) 
strengthened by the ninth ArtJde of the Treaty. In this we find it 
stipulated that the Contracting Parties " agree that they will unite in aB ' 
becoming representations and remonstrances with any and all Ponn 
within whose dominions such (i. e. African negro) markets are allowed , 
to exist, and that they will urge upon all such Powers the propriety Mil 
duty of closing such markets at once and for ever." It is scarcelj 
possible to conceive stronger condemnation than these words convey- 
not indirectly, not by mere implication, but in the most simple, straight- , 
forward, and positive manner, of the course hitherto pursued by tk 
United States. A single extract from an author of undoubted vereon 
will suffice to place this matter in a clear point of view. 

"The great internal Slavs Trade of America u carried on by sea,a9wellM^ 
land. Captain Basil Hall saw a brig from Baltimore lying alongude the lev^at>'t' 
Orleans, with upwards of two hundred negroes on board, her decks presenting a aW* 
which forcibly reminded him of Rio Janeiro. ' In the one case,' says CapUin H»l 
' the slaves were brought from the savage regions of Africa: in the other, fitim tb 
veiy heart of a free country. To the poor negro the disUnction is probably no ptH 
matter.' "—Cohdbb's North America, vol, ii., p, 177, 

Now, we affirm, fearless of contradiction, that America cannot, witli- 
out forfeiting all pretensions to consistency, nay, to common decency 
and common sense, proceed to carry into eflect that portion of the 
treaty by which she binds herself to remonstrate with other Powen 
against keeping open Negro ** Slave-marketa mthin their dominions," 
while she continues to keep open just such a market within her owi) 
dominions. Yes, America haa verily sounded the knell of the Ameiiciii 
Slave Trade by subscribing the present Treaty, and that monster ona 
laid in his grave, his fellow monster, American Slavery, must soon folio* 
him to the same tomb, — their union, as every one acquainted 1^^ 
Americft well knows, is vital and inseparable. 



ia«0 



Tfifi VRI£ND OF AFRICA. 



One point more renmns to be noticed. By the recent Tteaty, 
America has bound herself to ** equip and muhtain in service on the 
the coast of A£rica" a squadron of men-of-var " to carry in all not less 
than eighty guns," in order to thfe suppression of the Slave-Trade. This 
squadron cordially co-Kiperating, as vre have a right to expect, with a 
British iquadron of equal, or of greater force, cannot fiul to strike terret- 
into the heart of the Slave-dealer, and will probably be found sufficient 
not only to establish an effective blockade of all the great Slave-marti, 
from the Qambia to the Niger, but also to afford complete pirttection 
to the surest enemies of slavery and the Slare-Trad^ friendly intercourse 
and legitimate commerce. 

Upon the tenth article of the Treaty, which relates to the mutual 
surrender of criminals, it is, perhaps, imnecessary for us to comment. 
Some of our cotemporaries appear to think tbftt it may have reference 
to the question of the Slave-Trade, for which reason we have inserted it> 
together with the eighth, ninth, and eleventh Articles, at our l47th page. 
That it is intended to convey any guarantee for the surrender of escaped 
Slaves, such as refugees in Canada, or the negroes of the Creole, we do 
not for an instant believe; and, indeed, we are well persuaded that no 
British Minister dare venture to saddle it with such an interpretation. 



THE NIGEB EXPEDITION. 

Her Majesty's Bteam-vessel Kift 
arrived at Plymouth, ou the 2nd of 
September, from the Coast of Africa, 
bringing home, as passeDgers, Captain 
Wm. Allen, R.N., and the remaining 
officers and crews of H.M.S. Wittw- 
forct and Soudan, viz.:— 

Commander Wm. Gllia. 

Mr. Wm. Fonter, Master. 

Dr. Moms Pnlchett, Surgeon. 

Mr, Wm. Bu«h, Acting Pniaer. 

Mr. ThoDipMQ, Acting Sacgeon. 

Wr- AnderviD. Acting Secoiid Muter. 

Mr. G. GuBtaffson, EDgineer. 

Mr. Rd. Greyatock, Engineer. 

Mr. RoKheTi Geologwt. 

Mr- Loqii Frtuer, Natonliit. 

Mr, Terrj, Chief Cierk to the Cimunltuon. 

^'- Crowtlier, Native Catechift. 
*nd about twenty men, mort of whom 
W volunteered from the Mnchaat 
»srvice, since the return of the Expe- 
«'WB from the river last year. 



The Kitg reached Fernando Po, fhun 
England, with the Government des- 
patches, on the 24th June, having had 
an unusually long passage, in conse- 
quence of Ending no coals at Sierra 
Leone. It had been intended that the 
Wilberjbrce and Soudan should leave 
Fernando Po on the 35tb of June, in 
order to proceed up the river ; but. In 
consequence of the receipt of the Above- 
mentioned despatches, which directed 
that only one vessel should go, the 
Wiibtrforee was selected for that 
service. 

Lieut. William H. Webb, who had 
volunteered for the command ; Mf . 
Webb, Acting Purser ; Mr. llensman, 
Surgeon of the West African Com- 
pany's Establishment at Clarence Cove, 
(who had received an Acting appoint- 
ment, as A saistaut- Surgeon, from Capt* 
Allen, for that purpose); Mr. John 
Waddtngton, Actiog Boatswain; Hr^lc 



ta 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[Octowi, 



Hy. VtkVj, Acting Carpenter ; Mesgrt. 
Johnstone, Cnmeron, and Collins, En- 
gineers, and forty-fire blacks, formed 
her crew. 

The whole of the above-mentioned 
officers, with the exception of Messrs. 
Hensman and Cameron, took a share 
in last year's etpedition. 

The FRtt«r/%rc« left Clarence Cove, 
in tow of the KUe, on the 20th of June, 
and crossed the bar of the Nun on the 
Snd July, Capt. Allen having himself 
accompanied her thus far. 

On his return to Fernando Po, Capt. 
Allen determined to leave the Soudan 
at that place, in charg;e of Hr. Stur- 
gess, Master's- Assistant of the Kile, 
with Mr. Stirling, late Assistant-Sur* 
geon of the WUherfore*, and two 
Bupemumerarj Engineers, who had 
lately been brought out by the Kite; 
and, afler giving orders for any vessel 
touching at Fernando Po, to proceed 
to the mouth of the Nun, and await 
the return of the tfitberfbrct, finally 
sailed for England on the 7th July. 

Mr. Cook, Civil Commissioner, and 
Mr. Simpson, Clerk of the Wilber- 
Jbree, sMled a few days previously in 
the Golden Spring, and arrived in 
London on the 18th ult. 

Lieut. Webb had directions to pro- 
ceed to the settlement at the Conflu- 
ence, in order that any who wished 
might have an opportunity of return- 
ing. He was also entrusted with dis- 
cretionary powers to open a communi- 
cation with Rabbab ; but the limited 
number of his oflicers would, in all 
probability, preclude his attempting 
tile difficult navigation of that part of 
the river. 

During the three months which the 
Wilberforca and Soudan passed at 
Fernando Po, and cruising in the Bight 
of Biafra, although several cases offerer 
appeared among their crews, only one 
death took place, tJiat of Mr. Ross, 
one of the supernumerary Engineers, 
who bad not been up the Niger. Capt. 
Allen had a severe attack of fever 
during the passage home, after leaving 
the Cape de Verde Islands, but had re> 
covered before his arrival in England. 

By intelligence of the J 2th July, 
from AacensioQ, we team that the 
Albert WIS still at that island, daily 



npecting the arrival of Captain Foots, 
lie senior officer on the station, who, 
it was supposed, would imniediilely 
despatch her to England. Her erev 
bad all tolerably recovered their 
strength, with the exception of b«r 
commander, Capt. E. G. Pishbourof, 
whose constitution had not yet nMtd 
from its late shock. 



THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY D( 

THE FRENCH COLONIES. 
Petition addretted to the Membrrt af 

the Chamber of Peen, md of ^t 

Chamber of Deputiet. 
Gehtlsmen, 

We come in the name of t}ie etenul 

Erinciples of morality, justice, tnii 
untanity, as well as in the name of tiic 
true interests of France, to call for the 
abolition of the slavery still existing in 
our coloniee. 

Where is the man, at the prweM 
day, who is not ready to denounce sla- 
very as the most flagrant of iniqutiH? 
Relif^on proscribes it, humanity <iis- 
owns it, philosophy condemns it, tht 
manners of every civilized nation i^ 
earth repudiate it And slavery bu 
not only arrayed against it the avowtd 
opinions of mankind, but there is not i 
single individual amongst us who docs 
not from the bottom of his heart detnt, 
while he denounces it with a loud vatn. 
How, then, comes it to pass, tbtb 
thus attacked upon all sides, sl»my 
continues to exist? Is it not, gnlW- 
men, that slavery is protected by iott- 
rests which re^rd themselves as in- 
separably bound up in its ptesemtice. 
and which in secret minister to its snp" 
port without daring to avow it openly? 
May not it also be, that however filM 
with horror at the thought of slimr 
itself, we are not adequately affected by 
the lot of those unhappy beings <» 
are its victims ? 

This indifference, supposing it to eiA 
is culpable indeed. Althou^ remoid 
from us by a distance of two thoustw 
leagues, the evil does not less it*''} 
exist in alt its atrocity. We dn v* 
hear, it is true, the groans of the si*"- 
but we know that he suffers, and t^it 
the moment he ceases to bewail ^ ^- 



18*2.] 



;THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



is the moment of bis deepest degrada- 
tion, and consequently of his greatest 

We know that there are in our colo- 
nies, upon a French territory depend- 
ant on us and governed by our laws, 
two hundred and fifty thousand haman 
brings subject to a away, which, how- 
ever sanctioned by custom, is not less 
tie cruel and barbarous away of slavery 
— two hundred andfifly thousand human 
beings robbed of all the rights of huma- 
nity, for whom there is no inviolable 
right of existence, no sacred freedom, 
no defined privileges, no legal security, 
no family, no society. We know that 
these wretohed slaves are such under 
the empire of our laws, and that they 
may cease to be such the moment that 
«e will it. We know that in our colo- 
nies each succeeding day witnesses the 
birth in chains of some miserable infant 
that nature had designed to be free, and 
that only becomes a slave in virtue of our 
laws. Whilst thus we allow a tyranny 
to endure which we have it in our power 
to put an end to, do we not make our- 
selves accomplices in its guilt? Do we 
tfaink to escape from the responsibility 
of injustice perpetrated, because others 
»re guners by it, while onr share is 
only to have tolerated the crime. Gen- 
tlemen, we are firmly persuaded, that 
it is your imperative duty to do what- 
soever yon have it in your power to do, 
when the act required of you is the abo- 
lition of the most monstrous of oppres- 

Gentlemen, the demand which we 
make upon you in the name of con- 
science, justice, and humanity, we make 
also in the name of the national inte- 
rests. We believe that it is not only 
immoral to sanction the continuance of 
slavery in our colonies, but that its abo- 
lition would be a wise and beneficial 
measure for the country at large. 

We are well aware, gentlemen, that 
those who administer the government 
of France have to consult for interests 
more immediate than those of our colo- 
nies, but for none, we affirm, more sacred 
or more urgent. Without doubt there 
are in France miseries and wrongs, and 
wants which call for your most anxious 
solicitnde, but after all there are in 
France none but freemen. In our colo- 



nies, which ar* still France, may b« 
seen wretchedness far more appal- 
Img, wretchedness happily unparalleled 
amongst ourselves — the rfretchedneaa of 

Gentlemen, however great may be 

the importance of the political interesU 
of our country, do they surpass the in- 
terests of universal humanity, to which 



your attention is now 



ivit'ed? Who 



shall live longest in the memoiy of 
mankind, the legislator who toils, with a 
laudable devotion doubtlesB, to enact 
such laws as the exigencies of France 



may require; or 



then 



a who labours to 



abolish slavery in her colonial posses- 
sions? Wilberforce! gentlemen, in 
England, is immortal, not for having 
given liberty to the blacks, hut simply 
for having demanded it with the firm- 
ness of virtue, and the perseverance of 
humanity. 

We know not, gentlemen, whether 
the frightful and cruel wrongs of slavery 
shall at length disappear from our colo- 
nies; we cannot tell whether you will 
apply to them the remedy which we ask 
of you with our most earnest prayers ; 
but this we do know, that as long as we 
shall have a voice to raise, we will not 
cease to proclaim in your hearing, that 
slavery is a monstrous violation of the 
holiest laws of morality and ^el^ion; 
that its maintenance is a continual 
crime, a perpetual violence, a stain upon 
modem civilization, a burning shame 
on the countries that tolerate it in their 
bosom; that from the bottom of our 
hearts we believe him to be unworthy 
of freedom who holds one of his fellow- 
men in slavery. And we shall not 
hesitate to add, since it is our rooted 
conviction, that no man can be in tlie 
full enjoyment of liberty himself, while 
he knows that other men are pining and 
languishing in bondage. 



.'ANTIGUA. 
Sxiraet of a Letter from a Cmretpon- 

denl in Antiffua, daUd 5th Auguit, 

1842:— 

The cause which is so near our 
hearts, Africa, seems to gain interest 
among the people. Since I wrote to you 
last, I have had two opportunities of 



J4g 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[OetHiit 



■peaking- to the people in the coantry: 
the result is, that more have offered 
than our friends of the B^ale Society 
feel inclined to take. I regret much 
that they are obliged to leave so soon. 
I think I told yon they must depart 
from Jamaica in October. The flame, 
however, is kindled, and I hope vrill 
continue to bum until something effbc- 
ttve is done. I am more ana more 
pleased with Mr. , whose qualifi- 
cations for the work are of no ordinary 
kind : his steady determination to e<> 
wherever he may be useful to his 
countrymen, delights me much : his 
children will also be a great assistance 
to him. Four other persons have 
offered, but I want to hear from you 
what i> the feeling of friends at 
home. Do not let them faint : tell 
them tliat many hands and hearts are 
lifted up for them here. If we are 
baffled and defeated in one point, let 
n* try another; and, committing our 
cause to " the Prince of the Kings of 
the Earth," Me will teach our hands 
to war, and our flngen to fight. 



PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE on 
THB WEST COAST OP AFRICA.— 
DECREASE o> thb SLAVE TRADE. 
SivcK the date of our last Number, 
the evidence taken before the West 
Atiicm Committee of the House of 
Commons has been printed. An im- 
portant Appendix, however, which con- 
tains Dr. Maddan's report of his visit 
to the British settlements of Sierra 
Leone, Cape Coast Castle, &c., is not 
yet delivered. Until this document, 
whiok formed to a great extent the 
ground-work of the Committee's pro- 
ceedings, gets into our banda, it would 
be prematura to eKpreas any opinion on 
the points which occupied tbur atten- 
tion. We shall probably find our- 
selves in a condiUon to return to the 
subject in our number for November. 
In the mean time it may be allowed ns 
to quote certain portions of the evidence 
given by a very competent witness, the 
Hon. Capt. Denman, as to the diminu- 
tion of the Slave Trade within the last 
four years, and the causes to which, in 
hii opinion, this is attributable. Capt. 
DenBum is already fiivoiuiddy known 



to our readers, as having eOected tlie 
destruction of the Slave barracowi* is 
the Gallinas, in October, 1840^S»e 
Primd of Africa, Nos. 5 and 6.) 

JtftnulM o/Evuitnee Utim h^trt At SeUd 
GmmittM on the Wea Coa* of Afriaiy 
.7ijn«22,1842. 



QvutuM. — Will you state what yoai 
service on the Coast of Africa has been I 

Arutoer, — My flrst acquaintance nitli 
the Coast of Africa was in the year 18-11, 
when I took over a slave-vessel from Rio 
Janeiro. In the year 1839, 1 commuiiicJ 
the Curlew, upon that coiaat, for a cm- 
siderable period ; and for the last tvo 
reare I have been in charge of th« M«tt 
between Gape Verde and CapePalnui. 1 
was the senior officer upon that district. 

^ies(*o».— What has been the conne of 
the Slave Trade since yoar acquaintance 
with the Coast of Africa ; has it decrcSHd 
in extent^ or changed its direction ? 

AnriBer. — Since my first acquuotun 
with the coast, the Slave Trade \m 
changed in many most important puti- 
calan, both with regard to the looUty, 
and with r^ard to Uie method in which 
it has been earned on. 

QtMKtim,— WiU you state first as lo 
the locality, in what reqpecta it bu 
changed ? 

Amaer. — In the year 1835, whntlia 
Eqnipment Treaty came into fbm, the 
eflect was, in a great meaanre, to diin tlit 
Slave Trade into the soath latitndM. 
where it was carried on with perfttt ini- 
punity, under the flag of Portugal, lij 
the then exiBting treaty. They Umh 
■fijund, that upon the north coast tbtj 
could car^ on the Slave Trade, by uBOJ 
the flag of Portugal exactly as before. 

Quatian. — By the north eoait, y«a 
mean north of ih» eqnatoi 1 

AtuiMT. — Yes : hut from the eni <^ 
the year 1339, they have been eqatUf 
shut out from the Portugnese and ftw 
the Spaniah fhig. Up to that period ii« 
check whatever had been effected. Sim* 



QMrtwn.— Not only nortli of Uw b^u- 
tor, but along the whole cotttt} 

Atuaer. — Alons the whole ceait « 
Africa. The whole amount of the eipirt 
of slaves from Africa is, in my i^iniaii. 
now, not one-half what it was prerioasly 
to the Act of 2nd Victoria, ""pow- 
ing ns to capture PcrtngiUBe aUsa fittM 
foe the sure Tnda. Ae aM ft •!) 



18M.] 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



147 



.feniMr change* had been to throw the 
SUve Tnde under the flag of Portugal, 
where it received a perfect protection in 
the southern latitudes, and in the northern 
latitades was on the same footingon which 
it had been always since the trade was 
fiiat eetabliahed, 

Queition. — Doea the trade seem now to 
look to any fl^ to cover itself under I 

Anwxr, — I'hey »eein to have been de- 

[irived of erery flag they could possibly 
ook to ; they no longer receive protec- 
tion from any fl^. 

Queitioa. — Not from the American 1 
Antwer. — Not from the American flag 
decidedly, except indirectly. 

Quettioa, — Do you conceive that the, 
present system, if carried on with the 
same amount of force, will reduce the 
Slave Trade to a still greater extent? 



foe sDocessfal under any circumstances ; 
but that to render it effective, we want a 
considerable increase of force ; with an 
increase of force, I believe that in three 
yeaia the Slave Trade may be demolished 
and exterminated. 

m. — In the south as well as in 



the north ! 

Antieer.—'YeB; there is no longer any 
difierence since the 2nd of Victoria. 

Quatiaa. — Do you contemplate a block- 
ade of the whole coast t 

Atuwer. — I contemplate the blockade of 
those parts where the Slave Trade is 

Quezon, — Do you believe that a mate- 
rial check to the trade, or an extirpation 
of the trade for two or three years, in an^ 
one place, makes it difficult to resume it 
afterwards, if the interference of the 
cruisers is suspended f 

AMWtr.—lt turns the traile into an- 
other course. When once the trade is in- 
terrupted at any place, people are not in 
the habit of sending traders up the coun- 
try for staves, and tmdem from the interior 
cease to bring slaves down to them there, 
and there is great difficulty felt in resum- 
ing it ; and in almost every instance legiti- 
timate commerce comes in, and the wants 
of the natives are supplied by those means ; 
but I would not in such cases suspend the 
interference of the cruisera altogether, 
until the Slave Trade should be entirely 
enulicsted. 



Thc following ore the articles of the 
ttcoty negotiated by I^ord Ashburton 



and Mr. Webster, which bear more or 
less directly upon the question of the 
slave-trade. The other parts of this 
important convention relate to matters 
with which our publication has no con- 

Ab,t. 8." Thepsrties mutually stipulate 
that each shall prepare, equip, and main- 
tain in service, on the coast of Africa, a 
sufficient and adequate sauadron, or naval 
force of vessels, of suitable numbers and 
descriptions, to carry in all not less than 
eighty Giina, to enforce separately and re- 
spectively the laws, rights, and obligations 
of each of the two countries for the sup- 

Sression of the slave-trade, the said squa- 
rons to be independent of each other, bnt 
the two Governments stipulating, never- 
theless, to give such orders to the officers 
commanding their respective forces as shall 
enable them most eifectaally to act in 
concert and co-operation, upon mutual 
consultation, as exigencies may arise, for 
the attainment of the true object of this 
article ; copies of all such orders to be 
cammunicated by each (jovemment to 
the other respectively. 

Art. 9. "Whereas, notwithstanding all 
elTbrts which may be made on the coast 
of Africa for suppressing the slave-trade, 
the facilities for carrving on that traffic 
and avoiding the vigilance of cruisers by 
the fraudulent use of flags, and other 
means, are so great, and the temptations 
for pursuing it, while a market can be 
found for sLsves, so strong, as that the 
desired result may be long delayed, unless 
all markets be shut against the purchase 
of African ueKroes- the parties to this 
treaty i^ree that they will unite in all 
becoming representations and remon- 
strances with any and all powers within 
whose dominions such markets are allowed 
to exist, and that they will urge upon all 
such powers the propriety and duty of 
closing such markets at once and for ever. 
Art. 10. " It is agreed that the United 
States and Her Britannic Majesty shall, 
upon mutual requisitiDns by them, of 
their ministers, officers, or authorities, 
respectively made, deliver up to justice all 
persona who, being cbaived with the crime 
of murder, or assault with intent to com- 
mit murder, or piracy, or arson, or robbery, 
or forgery, or the utterance of forged 
papers, committed within the jurisdiction 
of either, shall seek an asylum, or shall 
be found within the territories of the 
other; provided that this shall only be 
done upon such evidence of criminality as, 
according to the laws of the place where 
the fugitive or person so charged shall be 
found, vronld justify his apprehension and 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



[OCVOBEtt, 



trates of the two governments shall have 
power, jurUdiction, and authority, npon 
complaint made under oath, to issue a 
warrant foi the apprehenBion of the fusi- 
tive or person ao chatged, that he may lie 
brought before such judges or other magia- 
trates respectively, to the end that the 
evidence of criminality may be heard and 
considered; and if on such hearing the 
evidence be deemed sufficient to sust^n 
the cliarge, it shall be the duty of the exa- 
mining judge or magistrate to certify the 
same to the proper executive anthority, 
that a waiTant may issue for the surrender 
of such fugitive. The expense of snch 
aoprpliprsion and delivery shall be borne 
and defrayed by the party who makes the 
requisition and receives the fugitive. 

Art. 11. "Tlie eighth article of this 
treatv shall be in force for five years ft^m 
the date of the ratification, and afterwards 
until one or the other party shall signify 
a wish to terminate it. The tenth article 
shall continue in force until ono or the 
other party shall signify its wish to tei- 
minate it, and no longer." 



PORTUGAL. 

A NEW treaty has been entered into 
between Portugal and Great Britain, 
for the more effectual suppression of 
the Slave Trade. We have only room 
for the following Article, — the loth. 

" Her H^esty the Queen of Portugal 
and the Algarres hereby declares Uie 
Slave Trade to be piracy, and that those 
of her subjects who shall, under any pre- 
text whatever, take any part in the traffic 
in slaves, shall be subjected to the most 
severe secondaiy punishment," 

"Done at Ijisbon July 3rd, a.d. I&4S." 



EFFECTS OF EMANCIPATION in 
JAMAICA. 

To the Editor of the Friend of Africa. 
Sir, — It gives me sincere pleasure 
to send you a copy of a lett«r addressed 
by Mr. Philip Livingston, late of the 
Island of Jamaica, to the editor of the 
New York Jourrtal of Commerce. 
Mr, Livingston is a much-valued friend 
and correspondent of my ovin ; one, of 
vhose character for truth and integrity 
I entertain the very highest opinion. 
His place of residence was a coffee 



plantation in the parish of St. Mary, 
in the neighbourhood of Scots Hall, 
Maroon Town, of which he was for- 
merly Superintendent. I will venture 
to affirm, that no man in Jamaica was 
more univcrsaliyand deservedly respect- 
ed. His testimony to the results of 
Negro emancipation in that important 
colony is invaluable. My name and 
address are inclosed. 

I am, Sir, &c., 
Cvt^mcvs Hantoniexsis. 
Sept. 22, 1 842. 

Having recently arrived in this country 
from Jamaica, and purchased a farm in 
Ohio, with a view to spend the remaindo' 
of my days in this land, and finding the 
minds of the people so blinded as to tLe 
real state of slavery on the one hand, aail 
the results of emancipation in the Britidi 
colonies on the other, I feel it to be i 
duty I owe 1^ God, and to the slave, to 
publish to the world my knowledge of tbr 
effects of slavery, and bear testimony U 
the happy results of emancipation in the 
West Indies. As I have resided thirty- 
one yean in Jamaica and in tlie island of 
Old Providence, during which time I was 
a slave-holder, it may oe supposed that 1 
can give apretty accurate st^ementoflhe 
horrors of slavery. 1 was considered by 
my neighbours in Jamaica as too indnJ- 
gent to my slaves. They said I spoiled 
them — made them lacy — and that thiu 
they were a bad example to the other 
slaves around me. Yet my treatment of 
them was liaish and arbitrary in the ex- 
treme. I would often flog men and 
women without mercy, and without saffi- 
cient cause. I thank God that he bai 
awakened me to a sense of my gnilt in 
treating my fellow -men worse than the 
beasts of burthen. I have seen enonch 
of slavery to convince me that it is"* 
system that every Christian should shud- 
der at, and loolc upon as revolting to 
humanity, and contraiy to the bhasnl 
precept of onr Lord Jeeas Christ, vi^ 
" Whatsoever ye would that men should 
do to you, do ye even so to them." 

I can assert, without fear of contra- 
diction, that emancipation in the Island of 
Jamaica has been a blessing to all i Inm i 
of its inhabitants, and has had the effect 
of influencing the emancipated to be in- 
dustrious, orderly, and useful monben id 
society. So far as my knowledge goet, 
this is the case in all tlie Brili^ Cokmio. 
Having been a participator in the sin vl 
holding my fellow-men in cruel bondsfK 
I rejoice and thank God that the filwi^ 
!_ 1 — "' no aowlheliappint dMBsf 



1842.;] 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



149 



p«aauitiy, I believe, in the world. They 
■re Mizing with avidity the meuiB which 
an employed to enlighten their minds 
aai point them to the crosa of Christ, 
Another pleaung feature in the character 
of this people is the derare tliey manifest 
to hare their children educated ; and I 
am hnipy in being able to afiimi. that 
their children are as docile as anv ciasa of 
White children I ever uw. They are 
making rapid improvement in useful 
knonledge. I have no other motive in 
thus coming before the public ttuu 



EXTRACTS OF A LETTER FROM 
THOMAS CLARKSON, ESQ., TO 
THE REV, J. M. TREW. . 

" Plavford BaU, Ipmieh, 
"Sept. 13, 1842. 
" I AM glad to find that in the JWnuf o^ 
Africa yon lay snch a stren upon native 



Hit plans. He has raised up a people by 
the lesnlt of emancipation, qualifiea both 
in intellect and habituation to a hot cli- 
mate, to do for OB the grand work 
A&iea. You know well that we can fi 
among the emancipated slaves people with 
religious views and with intellectual capa- 
city equal to the white% and from these 
pnncipally we are to pick out labourers for 
the African vineyard, I apprehend you 
-will not have nearly so much difficulty 
in finding out spots in Africa, the most 
useful for your proposed opeiations, e 
you will in fixing the number of peopli . 
and the sort of people required, so as not 
to exceed the limits of your funds. 
You cannot send two or three only to a 
Colonv. In the smallest Colony there 
must t>e more ; there must be enough to 
form society, both for the appearance of 
safety, and for that converse for which 
smu was fitted by the organs of speech to 
pass the time usefully \xt himself and 
others. And yet there need not be many. 

After speaking of missionaries, Ur. 
Cbrkson says; — "Another person most 
essential, is one well acquainted with 
the raising of tropical produce. A good 
ploughman is anoUier person necessary to 
the concern ; these should be coloured 
person^ if lucU are to be found, A good 
carpenter also should be sent to make and 



repur the huts or cottages, &Q.; and 
likewise a frood smith or blscksmith. 
These should be black men also; and, 
like the pastor, deeply interested in the 
work of Salvation through the cross of 
Christ, and I see no reason why these 
artificers should not lend a hand in teach- 



to Jamaica ; but as to a black plougnman, 
I fear it will be more difficult to find one, 
for the plough is only now beginning to be 
used, notwitlistanding the remonstiancea 
of the historian Long, who introduced it 
into Jamaicawithmuvhsnccess, But you 
may write to Jamaica and have black 
people instructed in the use of it. It will 
De a question whether married people 
should not be sent, and a preference given 
to them ; but this would increase your 
expenses. 

" I must now sav a word to von upon the 

Cla of Africa wnere I thiuK: you would 
likely to succeed. It is evident that 
yoQ must make your first effiirts where 
you are under engagements to make them, 
such as Ibo and tne Egarrah country. 

The banks of the river Gambia, in the 
King of Barra's dominions, at the month 
of the Gambia, and the banks of the 
King of Combo's dominions on the other 
side, and also at the mouth of the same 
river, appear to me to be highly eligible 
places. ?rheee territories lie opposite to 
each other, and the island of St. Mary% 
garrisoned by about 200 soldiers, lies be- 
tween them. These two kings have abo- 
lished the slave trade, on the principle 
that they gain more by the labour of their 
subjects than by selling them for slaves 
Here then one of your acts of civilization 
has already taken place ; and therefore I 
presume on this very account, your task 
would be rendered more easy, for though 
they have done away with the slave trade, 
they retain all the otlier vicious customs 
of the Africans. You would be gnatly 
assisted by the merchants of St. Mary's, 
both in the purchase of land, and in the 
promotioQ of ^our plans of civilization. 
Some of tile mhabitants, both of Barra 
and Combo, cross the river every day to 
St. Uary's, and are on good terms with 
the {gentlemen located there. The nor- 
mal institutes, if planted there, would 
have the protection of the St. Hmy'a 
peojile, which would be a great thing. 
Again, if you had locations at the mouths 
of the Gambia, yon would have induce- 
ments to go further up the river ; for 
example, to M'Carthy's Island, and then 
you might go still farther on in the same 
river, whicu I have been always told ex- 



THE FRIEND OT AVBIGA. 



[OtMtn, 



twtds DOS milea into tha eountrj. Yon 
may lee these facta sUt«d in Dr. Madden' 
official Report to Government." 

NOTICES OF NEW BOOKS. 

MISSIONARY LABOURS AND 

SCENES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA. 

by Robert Hoffit. Iioodon, Snow, 

1842. 

This ia the work of a very remark- 
able man, — one of those occasionally, 
indeed, but still rarely, to be met with 
in our passage through life, of whom it 
may be affirmed, with exact truth, that 
they have lived far more for others 
than for themselves, — a thoroughly 
practical man, too, knowing that time 
IS too short and too valuable to be 
wasted in visionary speculations or idle 
abstractions, while the field of useful- 
ness lies uncultivated before him, — we 
need scarrely add, a man far above th^ 
miserable prejudices of party and 
opinion so rife in our crowded, jost- 
ling, selfish community, where every 
man is dissatisfied, because inconve- 
nienced, that his neighbours do not ail 
see with his eyes and go the same way 
as himself. No stronger evidence that 
we do the men of our age and country 
no injustice need be cited than the 
fact, that a reviewer of Mr. Moffat's 
self-dcnjing and invaluable labours for 
three-and -twenty years amongst the 
tribes of Southern Africa, who writes 
in one of the leading journals of the 
day, has had the presumption to ex- 
press himself in the following terms : — 

" We consider it almost impossible for 
any calm, observant, well-informed man 
to contemplate recent missionary efforts 
In that quarter (Africa), without a con- 
viction being forced upon his mind, of the 
inntility of all individnal labouis, — the 
Inability, moreover, of all self-constituted 
' '' and voluntary associations, — to 



mysteriously darl 

" This volume (Mr. Hofist's) will be 
in itself eminently usefiil, if, by display- 
ing the hoptUitnesi of tht eourtt hitherto 
purtued, it suggests the .adoption of one 
more safe and stable." 

And once more : — 

" It would ill become us to be xx- 
TRBNE IN OUR CBNSURB of thosB who have 
piously oHenptsf to perform mart than 
tliey could," 



Really we cannot trust ouneWea to 
comment, as it deserves, npon Isnjrnage 
such as this, when applied by a wrileT 
who, perhaps, has never been for 
twenty-four consecutive hours of hit 
life out of hearing of St. Paul's clock, 
to the toils, and trials, and achievement! 
of the Christian warrior, who, afler 
maintaining almost a quarter of a cen- 
tury's waifare against the savtgeism 
and superstition of Hottentots, KaSn, 
and Bechuanas, comes back to report 
such a tale as the following:— 

" To listen to Becbnanas eKolaiming— 
'We have been like the beasta before God. 
wliat shall we do to be saved T and to 
observe them receivio); with meekness (he 
sincere milk of the word, produced in oui 
minds sensations not unlike those eiperi- 
enced by aged Simeon, when he hda llie 
infant Saviour in his arms. We wete 
naturally led to anticipat« an oatwini 
change unongtJie inquirers corre8paTidic|> 
witli their professions. Tliose who wm 
baptized had previously procured decent 
raiment, and prepared it for the occssion 
with Mrs. MoSat's aasiatanc«, who hsdta 
supply two of the women with gowna 
from ner own wardrobe. Hitherto a seW' 
ing school had been uncalled for, the 
women's work being that of bnilding 
bouses, raising fences, and cultivating tJir 
ground, while the lords of the croatiw 
for their own convenience and comfan, 
had from time immemorial added to their 
pursuits the exercise of sewing their gar- 
ments, which, &om their durabUi^ sad 
scanty supply, was any thing but a Ubo- 
rious work. It was a novel sight to ob- 
serve women and young girls handling 
the little bright inatnunent, which vu 
scarcely perceptible to the touch of 
Rngers accnstomed to grasp the handle 
of a pickaxe, or to employ them to sup- 
ply the absence of trowels. Bnt they 
were willing, and Mrs. MoAt, in older to 
encouram them, enesged to meet them m 
oflen as ner strength would permit. Sh# 
had soon a motley gronp of pupils, very 
few of the whole urty potaeaaing ritha 
frock or gown. The scarcity of roaterisl* 
was a serious impediment to pn)gn>> 
and living as we did &r beyond tne nscb 
of tradera, and six hundred mila finmi 
market town, it was next to impoanbleto 
obtain them, at least iutt when wintid. 
The same Gospel which bad taught them 
that they were spiritually misenbit, 
blind, and naked, discovered to them aW 
that they needed reform exterually, 
and thus pr^Htred their minds to aibpt 
those mooes of combrti d 



1B«.3 



THE FRIENn OF AFBICA. 



in 



MDTeaienoe which the; bad been 
euftomed to view enlyoa tba pecnliaritiee 
of ft Btranj^ people. Thna, by the slow 
bat csrtain progreM of Gospel principlea, 
whole tamiliee became clothed and in 
their right mind. OmAmento, which 
irere fbrmerly in hij^h repute, as adom- 
in^, but more frequently aisfiguTing their 
penong, were now tamed into bullion to 
pnrcbage skina of animals, which being 
prepared almost as soft u cloth, were 
mnde into jackets, trowsera, and gowns. 
When opportnnity was afibided by the 
Tirit of H trader, British msnu&ctont 
were eagerly purchased. 

"The same spirit difliised itself throngh 
all the rontine of household economy. 
Formerly a chest, a chair, a candle, or & 
table, were things unknown, and sap- 
Jioted to be only the snperBnoDB occom- 
psoimenta of beings of anothai order. 
Although they never disputed the supe- 
riority of OUT attainments In Ijeing aoJe 
to manubcture these luperflnities, they 
would howerer question our common 
ttnse in taking so much trouble about 
them. Ther thought us particularly 
ntrayagant in bBraiog fet in the form 
of caudles, instead of rubbing it on our 
bodies, or putting it into our atomachs. 
Hitherto when they had milked their 
cows, they retired to their houses and 
JErdi, to ut moping over a few emhen, 
Nldom afibrding sufficient light to see 
vhat they were eating, or even each other: 
U night, aproading the dry hide of some 
animal on tae floor, they would lie down 
in their akin cloaks, making a blanket of 
what had been their mantle all day. They 
WDu fbond to read in the evenina or by 
night, required a more steady 1ifn>t than 
that afforded by a flickering name from a 
bit of wood. Candle moulds and rags for 
wicks were now in requisition, and tallow 
urefully preeerred, whan bunches of 
handles were shortly to be aeen suspended 
'Tom the wall, — a spectacle far more 
gratifying to ua than the most charming 
picture, an indication of the auperior light 
which had entered their abodes. 

" Oar prospects continued chesring, 
^d the increasing anxiety for instroction 
nd the growth or knowledge among onr 
dididatea, greatly strengthened oqt 
bands. The experience of those who had 
Wn received into Church fellowship, as 
^llaaof thoseuQderconvietionB,wasoftea 
simply but expresuvely staled. ' i seek 
Jesus,' one would say; and another, 'I 
aoi feeling afler God ; I have been wan- 
dering, onconsdous of my danger, among 
oeaeU of prey ; the day has dawned, I see 
vy dangar,' A ^lird would say, ' I have 
"wn sleepiog in the lion's den ; or have 



been blown to and fro like a calabash 
upon the water, and might have sank.'"— 
Mqfat,pp.li0i—503. 

From our very goul we pity the 
man who, afler reading such state- 
ment* as the foregoing, could sit 
down and deliberately pronounce a 
sentence upon the Missionary, who, by 
God's grace, accomplished such won- 
ders, and the book which records them, 
to the eflfect that " he (the critic) must 
not be extreme in his censure" of such 
as "piously attempt to perform more 
than they are able," 

Let it not, however, be supposed 
that the harvest had thus far ripened 
without a corresponding outlay of toil, 
and weariness, and watching, on the 
part of the labourer. What are the 
difficulties of a moral character which 
impede the Christian Missionary in a 
heathen land we may learn from Mr. 
Moffat himself, who, in recording his 
testimony, may seal it with a " que ipse 
vidi : " — 

" When a mianon is commenced among 
a barbarous people, it is a novelty ; eveiy 
thing about the stranger is new; his per- 
son, dress, and implements excite tneir 
surprise. His manners are the subject of 
conversation; his temporary abode con- 
tinues to be visited by petsons from a dis- 
tance, to see the show; but instead of 
paying for their enterC^nment, and thean- 

Sanoe and cravings which their presence 
icts on all occasions, they think they 
have a tight to beg, if not to steal ; that 
they may have some tangible proof that 
they have seen the stranger and experi- 
enced his kindness. His resources must 
soon Ml, and distance and poverty prevent 
him &om replenishing his exhausted 
atorea. He finds that he is only com- 
mencing his hardships, while he heats 
their hoaannaa changed to ' Away with 
him, away with him !* This revene 
nea a more serioua aspect, when they 
perceive what is the real object of the 
missionary, and anticipate the probable 
result of tne doctrines taught. Tne natu- 
lan, in the grosser form of a savage, 
broods over the terrible havoc the new 
system will make with his darling plea- 
sures, andviolentiy rebels at tlie axe being 
laid at the root of nis sensual enjoyments, 
without which life would be a grievoua 
burden to him. Tbisiaaperiod in which 
the bith and patience of the missionary 
put to the test, and surely no where 
e BO than amongst s lawless nbbk,"— 
pp. 266, £J>7. ' 



byGoogle 



162 



THE FEIEND OF AFRICA. 



[OCIOBBB, 



Nor are the phyucal trials and priva- 
tions of his lot less barrassing to one 

who had been accustomed, during bis 
previous life, to the comforts of home 
in a civilized land. Take, for example, 
the following account (abridged) of our 
Author's jo uraey to Griqiia country; — 
" Vandra'bj'le and myself were some- 
what in advance of the rest, when we 
observed our three companions remaining 
behind ; Imt, supposing tbey staid to 
strike a light and kindle tlieir 
rode forward. Having procee 
distance, we halted and hallooed, but re- 
ceived no reply. We fired a shot, but no 
oneanawerea. We then pursued onr ionr- 
ney in the direction of the high groundnear 
the Long Mountains, through which our 
path lay. On reaching a buahless plain, 
we alighted, and made a fire : another shot 
WBH fired, and we listened with intense 
earnestness; but gloomy, desert silence 
reigned around. We conversed, as well as 
our parclied lips would allow, on what 
must be done. To wut till morning 
would only increase the length of our 
suffering; to retrace our steps was im- 

SOffiible ; probably they had wandered 
xim the path, and might never overtake 
ns. At the same time we felt most re- 
luctant to proceed. We bad just deter- 
mined to remain, when we thought we 
would fire one more shot. It was an- 
swered — by a lion, spparentiy close to the 
place where we stood. My companion 
took his steel and flint, to try by striking 
them if he could not discover traces of the 
lion's paws on the path, e^tpecting every 
moment that he would bound on one of 
us. The terror of the horses soon told us 
that the object of our dread was close to 
ns, but on tiie riglit side, namely, in onr 
rear. We instanUy remonnted, and conti- 
nued to pnrsue the track, which we had 
sometimes great difBculty in tracing along 
its £ig-zag windings, among tlie bushes, 
stones, and sand. The dark towering 
difis around ns, tlie deep rilenceof which 
was disturbed by the ^nt of a solitary 
baboon, or the squalling of some of its 
young ones, added to the colouring of the 
niffbt picture. 

*' We continued our slow and silent 
march for hours. The tongue cleaving to 
the roof of the mouth from thirst, made 
conversation extremely difficult. At last 
we reached the long-wished-for ' watet^ 
fitll,' 80 named, because when it rains, 
water sometimes falls, tliough in 

Soantities ; but it was too late to 
ne hill. We bowed the knee to Him 

oui beads o) 



we heard to soothe us was the distant n»r 
(rf the lion, but we were too much es- 
hausted to feel anytliing like fear. Sleep 
came to onr relief and it seemed made up 
of scenes the most lovely, forming aglbw- 
iug contrast to oar real situation. These 
elysian pleasures continued till moming'i 
dawn, when we awoke, qieechleae with 
thirst, our eyes inflamed, and our whole 
frames burning like a coal. I then as- 
cended the rugged height to the spot 
where water once was, but fouud it » 
dry as the sandy plain beneath. I stood 
a tew minutes, stretching my languid eyt 
to see if there was any appeuancc of 
tlie hoi-sea, but saw nothing ; turning to 
descend, I happened to cough, and wss 
instantly surrounded by almost a hundred 
baboons, some of gigantic size. They 
grunted, griimed, and sprang from stone 
to stone, protruding their mouths, and 
drawing back tJie skin of thrar foreheads, 
threatening an Instant attack. 1 kept 

Grrying diem with my gun, which was 
ided ; but I knew their character and 
disposition too well to fire, fiir if I bad 
wounded one of them I should have been 
skinned in five minutes. The ascent had 
been very laborious, but I would have 
given anything to be at the bottom of the 
hill ag^n- Some came bo near as even to 
touch my bat while passing some fra- 
jecting rocks. It was some tune before I 
reached the plain, when they appeared to 
hold a noisy council, either about what 
they had done or what they intended 

" We now directed our course iowvrdi 
Witte- water, where we could seateely as- 
pect to arrive before the aftemoon,even if 
we reached it at all, for we were aooD 
obliged to dismount, and drive our horses 
slowly and silently over the glowing 
plain. Many a time did we seek old ant 
hills^ excavated by the ant-eater, into 
whidi we thrust our heads, in order to 
have something solid between our fev«nd 
brains and tlie piercing raya of the bdd. 
There was no shadow of a great tuck, the 
shrubs sapless, barren, and blighted, as if 
by some blast of fire. Nothing "»■— ir*' 
was to he seen or heard, except tiie shriO 
chirping of a beetle resembling the <zickcl, 
the notse of which seemed to increav 
with the intenuty of the heat, Not a 
cloud had been seen unce we left oar 
homea Hy difficulties and anxictits 
were now becoming painfi)! in tb« ex- 
treme, not knowing anything of the nwf, 
which was in some place* hardly diacen- 
ible, and in my ftitbinl guide hope haJ 
died away. The horses moved at tbe 
slowest pac^ and that only wboi driren, 
which efibrt wu latmnous ~~ " 



Cooy 



Lia u I 



1 8420 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



expressed by aiitni, except 
Teeanise to a pipe, and for which we now 
b^aa to loao our relish. After utting a 
long while under s bnsli, oh[ what a 
relief I felt when my guide pointed to a 
distant hill near to which water lay. 
CooiaKe iBviTed, but it was with pain 
and labour that we reached it lata in the 
afternoon. Having still gufRcient judg- 
ment not to go at CHice to drink, it was 
with gnatdifficnlty I prevented my com- 
panion doing that which would almoat 
lostuitly have prored btal to him. Our 
hones went to the pool and conaumed 
Dearly all the water, for it appeared that 
some wild horses had shortly before ehdced 
their thiist at this spot, leaving for us but 
little, and that little polluted. 

" Becoming cooler aHet a. little rest, we 
drank, and though moring with animal- 
cule, muddy, and nauseous with filth, it 
was to us a reriving draught. We rested 
and drank, till the sun sinking in the 
west, compelled us to go forward, in order 
to reach Griqua Town that night. Though 
we had filled otu* stomacha with water, if 
such it might be called, for it was gnwsly 
impure, tnirat sooa returned with in- 
creaaed agony; and painful wm the ride 
and walk, for they were alternate, until 
we reached, at a late hour, the house of 
Hr. AndeiBon. 

" We remained here a few days, in the 
cM>nTse of which our loat companions 
arrived, liaring, as we rightly supposed, 
-wandered towards the river, and escaped 
the thiist which had nearly terminated 
our career in the desert." — pp. 100 — 166. 

We much regret that the narrow 
space which we find ourselves com- 
pelled to allot to each of the subjects 
which comes under our notice precludes 
the possibility of our bestowing on Mr. 
Moffat's volume, in a single Number 
of our periodical, that attention to 
which, from its meriti and its interest, 
it has so just a claim. To remedy 
this defect, we propose to return to the 
GODsideralion of it on another occasion. 
Meanwhile, we close the book for the 
present, with feelings of thankfulness 
to Almighty God, who guided his ser- 
vant safely through the midst of many 
dangers, and gave him to see so much 
fruit from his labour; and with a firmer 
conviction than ever, that the word of 
God is the ^at hope of the world, 
and the religion of the Cross the true 
r^enerator and civilizer of mankind. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF' THE 
LATE SIR JOHN JEREHIE, 



Sib John Jbrkmix, son of the late Hr. 
John Jeremie, a distii^iahed advocate of 
the Royal Court of Guernsey, was bom ia 
the year 179S. After having completed a 
le of legal study at I^on, in France^ 
raa admitted to the Guernsey Bar, 
where his career was marked by uniform 
and eminent snccess. His eloquence and 
sbilitiea having been brought nefom the 
notice of the government, he was ap- 
pointed, in 1B24, Firat President of the 
Royal Court of St. Lucia, in the West 
Indies. In this office he was called upon 
to revise and report on the slave laws uieu 
preparing for that island. He was thns 
led to direct his attention to a subject to 
which the entire energies of his mind 
were subsequently devoted. Tlie more 
extensive his inquiries became, the mora 
deeply was he impressed with a convic- 
tion of the enormous evils of the existing 
system ; and, on his return to Europe, be 
published. Four E»saj/» on (Jolonud Sla- 
very, pointing out with admirable clear* 
ness the general features of slave commu- 
nities, the ameliorations introduced in St. 
Lucia, and the practical steps to be taken 
in order to effect the final annihilation of 
slavery. This tract, which contained the 
results of personal experience, honestly 
and fearleaaly declared, produced a great 
sensation in the public mind, and, doubt- 
less, contributed in no unimportant d^ree 
to promote that great measure of emanci- 
pation which has shed an imperishable 
lustre on the name of England. 

In the year 1832, he was selected for 
the office of Frocureur and Advocate- 
GieneiBl of the Island of Mauritius. Onr 
limits will not allow us to enter into the 
detail of the various and baiassing diffi- 
culties which he experienced in that dis- 
turbed colony. He had to contend against 
powerful interests, against deep-rooted 
prejudices, against national antipathies, 
against fierce and angry passions. Those 
difficulties he has described in an ample 
vindication of his conduct, entiUed,A«Mt 
Ecentt at Mauriliut, published in 1836. 
The following extract from that pamphlet 
containa a hnef summary of the services 
which he rendered to the cause of huma- 
nity and enlightened government; — 

•Witiiin tile last three years he haa 
traversed fifty thousand miles, encountered 
the BBsasain on shore, and the pirate at sea; 
for ten years it bas been his fote to ftoe, 
in the service of the Crown, every peril to 
which life ia subject, whether from the 
ocean, from climate, or the band of man* 



154 



THE FBIEItD OF AUtlCA. 



' Nor have these eiertiom been nnsnc- 
cesaful or begtoired oa unnorthy objects. 

'Amon;^ the multitude of resulations 
and enactments introduced in colouies in 
either hemiaphere, not one can be pointed 
out which has MIed in accompliahiog ita 
purpose, not one evil or abuse contended 
against that hat not been remedied ; not 
one where it was requisite to return twie« 
to the subject ; yet even these, auffident 
alone in number and importance for the 
life of many public servants, be is content 
to pass ovei in silence. 

' Two purposes of KTeater m^iTiitnde 
have been accomplished, on which he 
would rest his claims to a fair, and impar- 
tial iudg'ment. He asks no more. 

' Ten yean ago, a legal distinction, 
broad and galling, existed between 
the free claaaes throughout our n^ro 
colonies, — the distinction of colour. It 
WHS said to be interwoven with the 
whole frame-work of society, and inex- 
pugnable. It seemed to him a fertile 
source of weakness, and, should it con- 
tinue to endure until emancipation were 
granted, likely to shake to its foundation 
tliat part of our empiie : as a grievance it 
was politically more pregnant with 
danger than slaven' itself; yet, had it 
drawn compaTatively little attention, and 
though occasionally a voice had been 
laited against it, nothing bad been practi- 
cally efiected. 

' It was after four years' experience, 
and having well weighed and witnessed 
the consequences, that Mr. Jeremie drew 
up and submitted to Sir Gieorge Hunny 
sn ar^meiit in which this grave colomal 
question was treated in all its bearings. 
This at once caught the clear and quiak 
eye of that eminent statesman. It met 
with bis approbation, and, without « 
struggle or a murmur, the curse of Ham 
disappeared froln the western world. 

' Sir Qeoige Murray commenced with 
St. Lucia, and within six months not one 
British West Indian colony petsisted in 
this mistaken and outrageous policy. 
Deep-rooted as it was said to be, it met its 
deserved late, and men only wonder, and 
oontinue to wonder, how, for two centuries, 
their prejudices could have rendered them 
so blind to their true interests. 

' Next, with regard to emancipation. 
Here he would not, nor could, with pro- 
prietv, allude to any popular efiort of his ; 
irat Lis labouis, exclusively official, and 
transmitted to and cwducted by deure of 
the Colonial Office on this single subject, 
■night almost, without a metaphor, be 
measured by the yard, or weighed by the 
load. But to refer to recent times. On 
hi* last viiit to thia country U becuas hii 



duty to draw np, by commaDd, end tnm* 
mit from the first port he arriTsd it, s fell 
and matured plan for the prsedcal eon- 



magnificent experimoit, which neeinnlj 
be compared with the meanin ss adi^tol 
to show that it was not witbont its ow. 
That othem of nnqueationsd abllit; must 
have laboured long and imiwimj t 
that important work, none csn doi j ; bnt 
that an ample outline, and all ths princi- 
ples and leading features of the ipim, m 
now at work, will be found dirtiottlj 
traced in these papers, will, he ia rat- 
vinced, be admitted.' 

These exertions and nerifiees woe 
justiy appreciated and acknowle^ed. h 
the year 1836, be waa appointed Vniait 
Judge of the Supreme Court of Ce/loD; 
and, at the same time, he was prtsnitel 
by the Anti-Slavery Society with a nh- 
able piece of plate, bearing an inseriptioB, 
which testified In Ou most grati^ 
terms their sense of his important h» 



Tba HonoDRbls Jobn JiBtllli, 
M of Hii M^jeitj'i JuMiM* of (ha Saptv 

Couit of Ibe Uluid or Cb; kn, 

kc, Ac. 
B; Kboie InflDiible ■dhmDM D 
tight principla Dodcr drconitlMica 

of unpualialad difficult, 
while diKlurging bigh offidwl date 



Thb tribnla o[ oBnliawU m^KX 

bj bin Cow^uion is tbcj 
Aoti-SUnrj Cuh, 
3TIh Julj, 1B3B.- 

At no time did he lose sight ef tbi 
question on which his thonehti had do* 
tor many years been ardenUy fixed. Is 
June, 1840, he published, A iMerteStr 
T. FoaxU Baxlon m Negro SmatteipatM 
and African OivilicatUM. It coniiiud 
of practical recommendations ta the t<>- 
vemment, with a view to improre the 
moral condition of Africa, to mw fiiriJi 
her vast, but neglected resonrees; to in- 
trodnee order, industry, and OMitentnMiti 
into scenes of unexampled misery ssd 
crime, and gradually to effect, by a ■ri* 
of wise and oomprehenuva measures, lbs 
totalextirpationof the most awful scwig* 
that ever afflicted maukini". 

It waa from the same anxiety fbr l^ 
amelioration of the neffTD t«ce, incnawili 
no doubt, by the ntpalllng bet, which bad 
been lately and ftnibly ntged, diac m 



ius.] 



THE FBIKND OF AFRICA. 



IM 



less than half « million of haman being* 
are Blill annoally reduced to bondage, or 
destroyed, that, reckless of penonal 
daoget*, undeterred by the most dis- 
couraging ciTCuraetaiice& he accepted, in 
October, 18i0, the high but ill-bted office 
of Captain-Geneial and Crovemor of Sierra 
Leone aod its dependencies. On this 
occasion he Teceired the honour of knight- 
hood. His friends, while they respected 
and admired his intrepid courage, could 
not bat reflect with deep emotione of 
Rgret and pain, that he had gone to that 
fesrful climate, where youth and strength 
are no protection agunst waatii^ disMse 
and prematura death. 

Their melancholy apprehensioDS were 
too 9ooa realized. Four months had 
scarcely elapsed since his arrival in Africa, 
before he tell a victim to the ferer pre- 
Talent at Fort Lago, to which liis arduous 
duties had recently called him. He ex- 
pired on ths 23rd of April, at the age of 
lorty-aix. His death, afflicting to oil the 
fricoda of hamanity, ia peculiarly so to 
hia survivinK relatives. Their oaly <x 
Bolation is, that Jie has le& behind hiin 
honourable name, as one who, gifted with 
^reat talents, derotod those talents to 
jaatice and mercy, and who in various 
employments, in the four quarters of the 
globe, laboured with unwearied persever- 
ance and zeal, to spread the blesffin^ of 
civilixBtion, and to promote the best mta- 
feats of man." — From Dtmcuf'a Sittory 
o/Guenuey. 

The following resolution was adopted 
b^the Committee of the African Civiliza- 
(lOD Society, on receipt of the intelligence 
of the deatn of Sir Jonn Jeremie, viz. : — 

" That the death of His Excellency; Sir 
John jeremie, the nncompromising mend 
and advocate of the coloured race, and of 
the abolition of Negro Slavery, is an event 
which this Committee contemplate with 
the deepest regret. 

" In the appointment of Sir John to his 
moat arduous and tcmMnsihle office, the 
Committee felt no ordinary d^^ree of in- 

• The tollowino 
hil lot paiDphlBl: 



Hachia, Coloorl Mu?I, PioA Genfral Farqabaraou. 
It vu alia my fata, b> lb; goTotmieDl junM to ths 
laoioT officer in gazTuon, of whaterer nnk, to 
nroar in lno capuias, a major, anii a colood, ai 
goiRnon, within a month; ths lail of whom VH 
in due coune lupencdcd b^ my Mead General 
Mackip, rnm England, whodinl irilhin eigbttteeka. 
And in the Eut, I am now the only aniriTcr of the 
Ibreejudgaa wbobeliniged to the Supreme Court of 
CeyloD, when I ascended that bmah in tha Wtb aT 
December, 1838.' 



lerest : they fauled that event as eminent- 
ly calculated, under the blessing of Godi 
to elevate the morals, to preserve the liber- 
ties, and to increase the privileges of the 
African; and they felt mtisfled that his 
administration presented the surest gua- 
rantee that the great objects contemplated 
by this Society would have been carried 
out in the fullest and most eomprehensif e 
manner. 

"Whilst, however, the Committee have 
not been permitted to witness the con- 
summation of their hopes, they desire to 
tww with humble suiimission to the will 
of God, and whilst plaeins their sentl- 
menta on recerd, to otTer them as a Imt 



n afflicted family." 



CUSTOMS OF ABYSSIHIA. 

As soon as a child is bom, it is int'' 
mediately taught to drink lukewarm 
butter with a little honey. This seems 
to have been customary among the Jews 
(Isa, vii. IS.) After the age of six or 
seven years, tne children are considered aa 
servants. The boys are shepherds till the 
age of fourteen or fifteen, and reside with 
Seir parents ; but if their parents are 
poor, they leave them by their own 
choice, at the age of eiBht or nine years, 

order to get their livelihood by keeping 
cattle elsewhere. The gifls are oocupied 

managing the tittle ^airs of the house] 

d begin to fetch water, which is alwava 
at a dutance, as soon as they con walk 
steadily ; at ^e age of eight or nine year* 
they be^ to fetch wood from the moun- ^. 
tains. They do not begin to grind Ull 
they are thirteen or fourteen years old. 
When they many they oaase to fetch 
water and wood, and often cease to grind 
unless they be very poor. There are 
some fathers who send their children into 
oonvents, or elsewhere, to have them 
instructed ; but there are many who will 
not do this, lest their children Aonld 
become monies; on this atscount many 
boys desert their parents, in order to seek 
instruction for themselves. Some enter 
the houae of a priest or some other teacher, 
as aetranls during the day, and they 
receive instruction at night; others go 
(rfter their lessons are over, to get food by 
b^ing. There are also some persons in 
easy wrcumstances who support those- 
children who seek for instrtiction without- 
the help of their parents. 

Nearly oil the great men send their 
children into convents, to learn readmg, 
and to repeat the Psalms from memory; 
this ia ^ the iaatmctioB they »e^yf|^. 



)M 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA- 



The danghUiB of the hieber class leani 
nothing but Bpiaalog and "'"""g'Ty tha 
affiure of the house. There are, however, 
K few kdies who can read. 

There are very few who learn to write. 
Upon the whole, I should think that in 
the coQDtnr where Amharic is spoken, 
aboat one fi^h of the male population caji 
Kad a little, and in Tigre about one- 
twelfth. As soon as the son of a great 
man has learned to read, be it well or ill, 
his fiilher gives him a district of a greater 
or lesa extent, according to the af^ction 
he bean towards him ; and he then but- 
rounds him with servants, marries him, 
and makes a soldier of him for the rest 
of his life. 

The danzhters of grandees marry very 
young at the age of eight or nine years; 
and then they appear no more in public 
until their hosbands die. 

The Abyssiniana pay much respect to 
their snperion; they are scarcely ever 
heard to speak evil of him who governs 
them. The serraata are attached to their 
masters, and swear by them : even after a 
man's death, if he has done them good 
they will swear by him. 

Among the common people, when a 
young man has arrived at the age of 
about HiKteen, he begins, if he remains 
with hia father, to arrange his afl^re 00 as 
to enable him to marry at the age of about 
eighteen, to a girl of about fourUen years; 
and he is then a husbandman for the 
reminder of his days ; but all his em- 
ployment consists in tilling the ground, in 
building or making the necessary repaiis 
to his house ; and sometimee he is seen 
employed in the harvest with hie wife. 
All the other woric is done by women. 
About half of the young people enter into 
service at the age of fineen or dxteen, 
either as soldiers or as workmen, mostly 
for the remainder of their lives, because 
they save nothing. On the whole the 
Abyssiniansaremilotowardstheireervante, 



stances and benevolence to have several 
' servants, every one keeps as many as he 
can afford to feed, although he ia not able 
to give them much work to do. There 
are few male slaves; but all those who 
can alford it, have female slaves to grind, 
and to fetch water and wood. The 
Christians do not sell their servants; but 
■ometimeB they give them away as pre- 
■eots.— Gobat'b Afyuinia. 



TOE SLAVE TRADE. 

H.H.& Holla, Com. C. Hall, arrived 

on 'Snttiay Jrom the GoUinas, on the 



west coast of Africa, where she has been 
employed nearir three yean in pnttiif 
down the Slave Trade ; she bat not btcn 
very successful in taking prizes, from ha 
indi^rent soiling, many laree damn 
having escaped from her. The AnSo, 
however, has assisted to liberate from the 
slave banacDons on shore, at the Galliou 
and Fairly River, upwards of 1 100 sUtm, 
for whicl^ OB they were not taken iflost, 
she is not entitled to receive any head « 
bounty money. She has aisa assisted to 
destroy eleven large Blave-hanaooons, be- 
longing to the white piratical riire- 
deolers, that would contain upwatdi of 
SOOO slaves, with all their alave-ftctorie^ 
buildings, &c., and on immense qasntilj 
of valnable property, viz., rum, tobsccn, 
fire-arms, gunpowder, cloths, cottoD\ sit, 
provisions, rice, and wions aitictes for the 
purchaae of slaves bam the native chie& 
One of the slare-borracoons at M^imir 
had seven guns monnted, and fired roond 
and grape on the approach of the meiM)f- 
war's boats. 



Fund fou the Rklibf op Rkuhtbi ot 

OpPICBRB AMD Skambk WSO DlU 
WKIUT BBKTINO IN IBB NlOSR BlPI- 

SitUeripliolu ttetinei stAtmtmllf to tb 
List but ptAlithed, {tide ifritud ^ 
Africa for Juttt.)^ 

Officsn so baud H.H.S.T. JOtrl, l» 
eluding Mr. TboiLwiD ot U.M.S.V. 
Sourfnn, per CiptH.D. Trotter, K.!J,S7 7 11 
Ditto diuobjC^pt SttaoKB, KJi... IQ It U 
Hr.W.Simftcai, S'lftr Exptttaiim.... 1 lU il 

L«dj Cuolina Buekbrr 1 e 

S. Qoldner, E«q. Si* 

William Ranjud, Eiq l«v 

B*T, P. Jnfanston ., .,..._.,.., 3 ' 

Mr* JolmWDti 1 • 

Frofaim Sen-ell , S * ' 

W. M. Tweedy, E.q 9 OV 



NOTICE. 
Should at^ mauheri iff the Afnem<Xr>- 
ligation Sactetf not have nceiMd Ot Semi 
Annual Bq>ort, juet pabOAed, (*« •» 
requetted to maie appHtatim at the Oflrr, 
Ao. IS, ParliametU Street, where 1*9 m" 
befumMed with a eojpg, . 



'IWH ; PriDtm \,j TrfoKAS KicMau Hiun-' 
>. u, St. Hirtla'i Lue, In tha iwfA iT 'it' 
nlntheFlstd*! ud pntolitbad bj Joi* «i>- 

rMtunyi RltlDcloiu 1 Hslckvdi Scaler: HUri: 



No3.S 



THE FRI£ND DV AFRICA. 



THB AFftlCAN PALM OIL TRADE. ] 

Th B foil wingftatMoent respectinglhU 
important trade hu been transmitted to 
iH, and we give it 3 place in onr columns, 
u ne doubt not measures maybe adopted 
for JDcreuing the production and eon- 
sumption of palm oil, and thua estend- 
iog a powerful means of improTug the 
phTsiral and moral condition of Africa. 

In ihe year 1838, which may be 
ukenaa tbeaverageof the three preced- 
ing and succeeding years, there were 
imported into the United Kingdom, 
rriimRnBsia,Sl,938tons oftallow,of the 
take of 2,077,622?. for which, we hove 
to pay in money instead of manufactures, 
for our whole exports to Russia amount 
is value to only 1 ,663,3421., though our 
whole imports from that country amount 
ii value to 6,977,8&fiJ. anDnally. 

The quantity of palm oil imported 
into the Unjted Kingdom, chiefly from 
th* Wettem coast of Africa, gradually 
increased ^m 98,070 cwts. in 1827, 
t0SS5,eDO, in 1840. The quantity irf 
palm oil entered for home consumption at 
LondoDt Liferpooli and Bristol, indepeu- 
dntly of a quantity entered at Hull and 
sent coastwise, amouuted during the last 
three years to 41,696 tons, of the value 
Dri,249,880;. The whole quanti^ im- 
ported in 1641 was about 19,000 tons, 
and it is expected that ciHisiderably more 
trill be imported during the present year. 

This large quantity of palm oil has 
liitherto been consumed in the manu- 
facture of yellow and mottled soaps, and 
iu the preparation of grease for nllway, 
and other Toachinery; its dark orange 
colour having, until very lately, pre- 
cluded its use in the manufacture of 
candles and white soap. 

About sil years ago a yerv ritople 
mEthod was discovered of so ble«ehing 
and refining palm oil as to render it 
perfectly white by the action of heat, 
light, and atmospoerio air, without the 
use of chemicals, all of which injure it : 
and since then, the importance and con- 
sumption of it for thesa purposes has 
greatly increased, and these trades only 
require to be enabled to purchase it in 
this bleached sUte at about SL 10*. per 
ton abeve the market prica of the raw 
palm oil, to induce them to use it to a 
much larger etteot. Iiid^>and»ntly of 



the colour, however, another drawback 
to the larger consumption of palm oil 
is, the HBmeaw quantity of dirt and 
water existing in it as at present pre- 
pared abroad, amounting on an average 
to about 1 cwL per ton, and pro- 
ducing a fluctuation in its value and 
price amounting to 3^ or 4/. per 
A few jean ago, Rusuan tallow 
..„ imported in a aimlUr state, hnt the 
Russians soon leamt the EngUsh me- 
thod of refining it, and now Ruasiaa 
tallow is aa valuable, — and a short time 
more valuable, than the beat 
London town-made tallow. 

a well-known fact, that the palm 
oil tree grows wild in the greatest 
abundance in Africa, and that the coU 
lection of the nnta, and preparation of 
the oil therefrom, might be increased 
to any entent if the natives were en- 
couraged and assisted in the undertaking; 
— that their present processes of procur- 
ing the oil are not only inefficient bat 
injurious to the oil, and might be very 
considerably improved, both as regariis 
expense, and quality; and that so far 
from this mutually advantageous trade 
being encouraged, the native chiefs and 
palm oil factors, by their frequent 
quarrels, not onW sometimes prevent 
the preparation of the oil, hut actually 
make the native holders refnse to sell 
what they have already procured. 

The expense of the carriage of palm 
oil from the docks to a blent^ing factory, 
of unpacking and repacking, of carriage 
thence to the consumer, of artificial heat 
for bleaching it, and the loss by dirt and 
water, prevent ihe possibility of carrying 
on the manufacture in this country at * 
profit of only 2i. lOr. per ton above 
the market price of the raw palm oil. 
But nearly the whole of these expenses 
might be avoided by bleaching the 
palm oil before put up for exportation 
at oar aettlements on the ooaat of Aftica. 

Thus it appears that we are paying 
annually to Russia about 3,000,OOM. in 
money only, for an article we might 
very easily supply ouraelves with from 
Africa in exchange far our own manu- 
factures, to the great physical and moral 
benefit of the negroes and advantage of 
ourselves, — provided such exchange ia 
efTected on uie good Christian prindple 
ttf "doing n we would be done by^^tjlc 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



Wb have the tiigli gratification to lay 
before our readers, by pennission of the 
Wealeyan MissionBry Society, Bome ex- 
tracts from a Joumal of the Reverend T. 
B. Freeman, on his second visit from 
Cape Coast Castle to Ashanti, nndertalteu 
for the purpose of commencing a Mission 
at the capital, Kumawe, Mr. Freeman 
set out from Cape Coast Castle on the 
6th of November, aoeoropanied by the 
two young Ashflnti princes, who were 
lately in this conntry, Mr. H. Smith of 
Cap* Coast, the Reverend R. Brooking, 
an inteiTireter, some servants, about IGD 
carriers from the coast, IBOAshanti car- 
rieis, and a seijeant and six soldiers from 
the forL He carried with him presents 
from the Queen of England, together 
with the handsome carriage sent to the 
King of Ashanti, by the Wesleyan So- 
ciety. Mr. Freeman entered Kumaaie on 
the 13th of December, and left it on the 
31st of January on his return to the 
coast. 

aiaatplaa. 
Urn. Ll(b.~At b>ir-put flTBA.K. «a went to bring 
vptbt cudata to Akiad, took bnakfut, ud pro- 
ceeded to Nuuu, wfacro wp urlved ftboat noob. 
flibrl, the Bhltl, rwwlnd ni vary iinHif, ud 
■ppniicd my glad to bh me. I had oat leea lilm 

llth.— We atoppMi M Honaa to reM the men, 
■Dd make nrkwa pnpantlona to IMIUIato onr 

Utedand leea oultintBd paria ot FanU. 
Hr. Brooking^ ttw moDthi' laldeoM at Manan 



Our little a< 
wUeh haa seat na aoma toonble to eatablU . 
■ooDOBt of the pr^udioea of the people, oonlaiiu 

nuAe a plaalng progna In their leanli^. When 
I paved through Maiifu to Eumaal, In 1830. MtUng 

' nluted, and 



.. by U 



obUdns, 1 

God. Small aa the dd 

Another loarce of en 



Ksmaai, and ■[vhlcb atom 
fcrwHded to Knmaii whanan 
bo a gi«at adnntasa to na. 



It ia,lhatwaBhi]I 




IhenadlODtartbuiIeiiiacled: ] 



H know vban jm tUak jn m 




iJdent. while ill » 
gayi the loft)- hllli tlalni lattr 
bund 1 Iha fniitful Talleji. *la'- 

faig lieyond, aa (ai m the ere owld nach ; and •<' 
aaltwvre, laDfhlDg banaMh the blight aoa of * X" 

pkal ikj, SUad the mind with wmda and ddifbt 

InformlDg ua. that HIa Hajeaty will mdteii' 
Kumaai on Monday, the 13th Inatant. 

A ifcmi LtUtr nf WOamtfrvm On XIaf. 
ImL— ADOtbar miiogm arrlTsd, wllh ■ MM 
from tba Ung, of which the fOUowIng la a cop; ■— 
ITuMari, jrvr.aM.UU- 
RsT.at,— Yonn of the SSBd of Ihte ma* I 
tMBMed on tba Ulh nlttaio. I am very lony *« 
you could not loob Kmnail on the Bnd, ai u> 



90i.-At halffait fonr J>. H. I B»t rouod U ^ 
np the (wilRi. Ae. At fin a. a. we atuUd W 
Kdoahln, and pawol Uui»(h a beaiitifal ^ ' 
(ha conntiy, mot* thIrUy popnlated, and man ^ 
tenilvely enltlTatad, thanmuiy p&^of (hebIB* 
tbnngh vhMh I Iun« pHad riB» »a toft H^ 



THK FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



<i OK tatab, {AimmAt dlfUiila.) 

Tbe nmit ■» bmnlUullx (HhthI i 
a- We luTs to-dijr puHd awtr f 
mniu of Umponiiy brtdffa. wb 
Itoiniicnw I17 order o( the kla». 



lotbtrarlMd niokiorFO>tiirlthirillin,iia>da&«a 
1b« niuiBgu cUmblng'fdHitt on ererr hud- On 
li"" bcann an pliood long moat polv. which ■» 
n»ned with lutfa itnul bum lour to ali tachea 
thick, Kd thli complaUa Uw lirldge. Gnat uid 
hsportut iHDtti wn DfteD pradocnl bj llula thingi. 

l^ xp Ihs curiage ti (he ouh of a hetler ntad 
iidiif made thrangti thle part of Ariiantt Ihan haa 

(BUmoDjr ot all Uw psopla ; and good roadt an ona 
ot Uio insteat meniu of pramoUng dTUiHUoo. ai 
*>U ai an almgM imlTenal indlcaUoDof natlaial 

Alaquanar bafon thnar.a. we nwshed Edna- 
bk and hilwd (01 Ibe night. 

Weiunedfnm Eduablu at two r. h.. uutreadiBd 
Kanlalnniflrer.H. Od our waj we paaied through 
f««u,tliB Utile croom who™ I ■prat the laat Bab- 
nth and latt nlgfal on aj war up. on my Bnt tlait 
luKuDiad. Aiwa pueed through, the peepla re- 
'<«nlied ma with nnUiiii EouaUnanesa. Tha ap- 
^'■'vw or the fOrnl near Kani Ii pcouliarly 
°BKUfii]; the road, wllhln a mile or two of tha 
'^™°'< leada through a splendid gmre of acacia 
«, nuBjot them riil/ 01 aerciit; feet 




Wth_Wa Btarled (imn Karal at fiva *,«.. and 
l^hedKiaiiad aboulaarean.a. Al the eDtnnce 
^he town we itoppad. and bad the carriage olmned 



i^i ihuttt half-paat rigbt 
"^ arriTed, with a oouote 
■~™«'l™ aDd dallgbt at aeeli 
■^[-Bted by a largo 0.11. 
•"^-handled awonte, and caiH 
*'"< gold. Then were alw 1 
t^'^ltagulMa h. hla train. 

^t"^ to rr^l^J^The 

*>w colleoted amaZwiille the 
Apoho left B. ,„ ^ Up.. .. 
^•ho^ael,old«^,to 
"" '*»•'«, lodged In 



ling ma again. Ho wm 
D of meiaengen with 
nea richly omamBnted 

. Tbay gaTO ue aU a 
I the king would H»n 
e oarrlago a^tdttd In- 

« men wen c lean ing It. 

I charge of oar luggage, 



or xeapeoti to him In the aama *"^""^ m 
K befOro, and pwil on, tbroogli an im- 
aeofpaople, to takaouraeata at adla- 




ua and the carriage. After h« 
naa rnvfta eppoMla na, aa alraadj meattODed, ha 
tuned towaidf the oaniaga, and lookad at K lor 

■hloh, ha paaed on, fallowed b/masrof hia o^. 
talna Tbara waa tha aamo cstraardlnarr dl^layoC 
harharie gold, Uood-itatned itooU, ^0.. aa I wltocaaed 
on m; fortnar viblt, with tha axccption of the borrlblfl 




14th.— At two r 


>. we w« 


nt to vUl tha king. 


He waa eeated under ble latga 






alhimally 




to btan. and alao Mi. 6mllh. 




from Cape CiKal.) and Ur.Biwklng; and pnaented 


thearrUgclnthe 




WealfljanMiiakma., 


Booletj. 






Onpieeenllngth 


carTtaga, 




bytheBorlatya.. 


j>kcn st the 


ir good f«Jlng toward. 



e prcaent. racelvEd the meaaaf 
wmor. and btcged me to preie 
'ealeyan HlBlouaiy Soclf ty- 
Uo also fltpnaaad hla latEifaot 
the prlncea, and bla Ibanka t 
Queen of England, and to aolar 
kiDdneaa and attentkin wUoh ha 



er M^eaty tha 
Haelcan. fer the 

irt diatance, and tha kin^ 
. lU* penon b tb* oolr . 



n b tb* oolr , 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA^ 



InftmnBion respectlne the c«Tt«go, 
OnmytaUlm htni, thRliri-r HajHty 
Bnglud 1ml soeo It, hsaBenii' 
■ndgaJd, "Tbeau»DO[BnEl 
of Uioirhlte p»plB, ■ 



livuT gMd." After all l> 

wv grnw tbronirhp and <li( 

tgUiiklBg,! Mtthsnkrnl tbalmrreil ■ duk, B^ 

ttaitotgetUng it np ftir narlj (wo hnidnd mClei 

thnnwb the lonett n! OuIdh. when wa had olteo 

bnn obliged la rat oar vi]' Chtonih tb* tlilekjiiii^. 





IT Msjaiy tbe tiaem of Eoglud, 
lUer pneenti fruia Urn Weslerw 



the klDS. >n< 
Annan. The 



ilet bid died, ud 
rft fn tbe pBbUo 



Dl|b ted people t I Hv i lad neu- m] 
me of tb* Mng^ eieonttoncn. Re b>d decapnswa 
po(ir*lrtlni1nth«iiwnilng. Ho appened to h. frm 
■UWB to elihtoen yem ol ■!«■ I iwl"«l b im bF 

■•Ellfcly." raghtj IraiDortiLl iplrili hoTTted lot 
ttMMenul iroTJd,b]rlhehiad*<rfibo7iiBderellb- 
teenr«no(ii«a. uidbeonlTOM of aUrKa niunbcr 
en^Bffad In tbe ame dreadful empleynient I finnly. 
Britlih ChriBttm.wllI not reUi la their nHtloDi to 
■vnd unongit The Aibantle tbs banpoDlisfBf Ge^iri I 
Sunda/, l«h.— At half put nine, •.■■. 1 ««■ 
fnoled dlvbio anrrlcs midor a Urfe ilKd. tntTtaarir 
nr tbo puTpoH. 1 lead pciyBl, Bid praadied 



_^__. . « AoaU !>aT« > h«n 
n no( part of that baaattfBl bjaa^ 

•• Oama, tbou Cnnquwor of the uatlea*. 

Now oo Ihj while bono appfiir.- 
riofiiiK Memad la All Ibem wlIli ddlchl. 1T( 
with pn7«r. 
coodncud dlTineBnin. 



at tho Unfi huuiehold iri 



Doralat- Manj ot U 



otlheldng' 
ae In tbe piamliif < 
TbaUnifendit 



Thee 



bonntUnl nippl/ of (■!" 

_ _ > week, coocpt Tofid^a and Vi 

diyi'; IbtM an bl> frtieta-d«]rL 

PreKab/Vvat Ui XMf . 
SOth.— About thxea r. »■ Apoko came to Info 
that the king wm landing u a preacol ; and w 
am laaU to noelTe It. looDidlng lu the iiaual c 
We had no noner doae », thaa aloog train of 
aaia tbair appeannoe. Apoko and the olb 
guirti look Ibeif K«ti oppoilla m. nirroBoil 
- "b gold-himdled iwor 



f fire-wood*. Then followrdt 

ro> plantaloi, juma, and oCbn 
L aunm. tvalTO ickiea, of goM- 
luroscy, OT M. dBllDg). Ki. 
ninaamoQDted to STL tairnvej, 
11 benefit of the HtMiOB. Dm 



'e then aU left our quartan; 

om eighty to ninety yardi wide, 
ktedoaaridnggniuDd, u-'-- *- 



ebortly afterwardi hit 
•ervautiafTlvFd, with pahn-wlne. and a Urge nla- 
baah, partly oreiliild with gold, for him to drink ml 
of, and a lai^ ^rer bowl, to hold nndv the calabaA. 

Majoay^ b«id- While he wai drinking, tbe Itrft 

the how. to let the people know that he ni itni hid- 
ing the cslabaili lo bla month. Ite then lest la i 
npid; of falm-wine, afln which b* ntniaai to hU 



Thaeo 



mosd Sumall, Ttewcd fhm tbe U|k 



waidd*taTaod,aiid 



* Whan, In an pnbaUUty, no eoA tb 



qilendid deeorlptlon. 
tnd of elik -cotton, i 
orer a beautiful undulating 
oonld mob, filled tu with 
£3d.— In the artcTHDai < 
were much pleKAod with I 






levatod, healthy port of the town. Into MUd tV 
dng wlitica ua to nmora orlyneit week. 
'■(fraMa« iuH>Mrt«Um aU eWXtiw, a< « »Hb^ ia- 
ItnUm, M OkrliMiwf^r, OMHaaUw, «lww>. •> 

It eight T-M. Apoko <■»• W nr. tha l*n»i*a* • 



* " If wa bring yon mntlon. beB 
iringjon block! ot flra-WDod to eook 
■ the Idaa ooDTiyta m itTlnt tb* I 



iaa.3 



THE FIUENB OF AEBICA* 




liDfulltS.udl 

prwntt All RstrBJnt vu 



, 1 acquAlnted him w[(h tli« 
b biul Ktakted (he Britlih OoTsnuqoit 
ia ukiog Ui> prliMMtaEiifliiiid,|lvliicUwai> libe- 
ra education, ud ibowliig Lham the klodbeM ^hldi 
Ihej' aipeilncadwbUdnmjooimtey. Ipointedmit 
to him Umi fntt MHine bom whiob Enftud dirlved 



ClirliUuiltr, thmt Kiul of ill n 
proper pOHltioD. I Infornied blm of the kind faellngt 
whicb ED^lMudobflrlflbedtovKrdafaiiDBDdblipflopLe, 
uid of tluli uulal; 1o STangellB uid ofvUlM tlto 

TbB ubjeol of dCTDT wu toucbod upon, ud be 



utipotb; wblcb EogUuid ti 

populUloD U bn Wot Indlu co 
oouldbeAiUvelnEogland; th ' 






li« plu»d hia fatt on litillMfa 



ud the iliiTe-t 



my people to buy ud tell thorn u thef pLouei tbtj 
■ra of n« uiB for furthliif elM but alAvce ^ tbej ufl 
Btn)ild,the]riTellttlabattaiUw)bH>te." Ivuwcred, 

TBliubleMddlcnef them, It lie proof that jauoould 
ntMkB am of thsm In boow h^ Id Aabutl i wblcb 



dr«pp«4 tbe 

tisD of CbrfUlultT 



jouwitblud to 
Fut <a the I 



MlHlonuies wu the In trod uc- 
ito hlidomloiotu; ud, lor that 
lis protection, and tbe favour of 



cu(iled Id ■ Unly and 



feclflioa, Iq whfcb Ui, H- emflh, and Mi, Brooking* 
William quaiitaDilHah, ud m;Klf, all Joined. 

Thu npldltf with which tiaVElUng li pedDDsed I17 
lAQ-nade and iteiKn-paduta Terj mucb Intereated 
And aehmlihed Mm. On Kme pabn-wtoe being 
brought In, herequeated na to drink hIa heallb ; we 
dunk iome oat of tumUeia. ud the king uaed hl> 
calabaib, patllT ovarlald with lold. 



from the fomt. The j 



other n^ieotable Toung men from t 
wlthna. WoiatdowntwelTelnnuni 

focdbl; of good old Eagland 1 bapp 



B and *w oa dlia; mid be Uktd Englbb 



wu not. )lo Bid, I 

of learning a thing ■> raluaMe, And who l> thlt fln* 

Htlliig K boinhl; ■ 

na on civUlzatlon J nolena 

nl king, on the 

Iwcen tiimaelf and tke throne of Aihutl. Thll bet 

Ahontmie p.ii.. Prince John AniBh'i annt aent ni 
a preaoit at :rama, fruit, and a llttla gold duit. At 
twor,v, tbekingient uaapreaenl, coiudttingof two 
&t ahMp ; one fu the Priocm, ud the other for Mr. 
Brooking and mytelf, Apokaatatrd. thathlamajeaty 
bad heard that this wu Chrlatmaa^lay, ud that ba 

had conrensd with Apoko early in the nuinilng, and 
told him the rcaion wh; we kept Chrlalmuilai'. 

About half-put threeo'ckMk, the king BCDtuimma 
palm-wliio. 






KlaflHtJiliiia 



through part of the town, the king returned 
hit teat In tha itroet oppoaltc hia midesoe. 



id dlTlu 
■ervk& Mr, Brooidng rc«d prayera, and I preached 

and aHaoUie. One of tfa* klng'a aSBt, and aere^ 



thetumbtof htiueeKora. Her*- 
turned about balf-paat ten a- m. About eleren a. M, 
Apoko went to sppak to the khig, ilxtut our rtunotfal 
Into a laiger and more air; bourn, wbloh the king 
had provided for u in a more open and healthy part 
ntvned to eaj that the hoilw 
iTcuearl, 



ne Kbif gitu a PtiKie Bintur, 
aSth,— A1wnt aeren a. k. the king aent n 
invitation to dine with blin to-day 1 ud raqu 



idbefon' 



kl laige nmbraUaa, a ling ti 



tabu, kldnej-haane, ko., all Ttrj nioalj' laTTed up 

In Eniopau atyla. At the and of our bbl* ware 
phusd two other tablci. with Tia7 abort lege, (about 
twelve or feurteen Inobea long,) on whloh wera 
placed platea and dlihee for the king and the princi- 
pal memhsn of the royal famllji andononaof ttuM 
lahlH were diq^yed leienl pMoea of diver plala at 
Portugnoeo manufaotim. 

Befoteweaatdown T* InfooMd IhtUngtbatiH 1 
thwt laed tuan mi* th* lift* of (M. wa IMiiMO I C 



THE FRIEND OV AFRICA, 



IS hod of the MUa, ud U 



BffiMn U nw, Mt Ibe king. Id an Europam dna. 
l«c». wich M mlthHimTB bem fuhloniildi In ea^ud 



t, tfOVtiMk-vuMlnmi 



In loUm •botlii. latttoitA (nn tbe Deck 

•IflittlBiMnniiidhliiwck.aad huglDfrloolj ilown 
tbebmiC, neuij to (be wkitt.completcdtbfldreisof 



nap, irith limli of tha luna dacriptkn. Nor to 
him Mt aDotlier priiioe, dolbed in ons of tba laift 
iMNtoiliM'olotto.natmitM pttMnli bou Moida 



to tha king"! hourliald ; and on tbe klnfi rigtit 
bjmd, at a tbott dlatance fiomtlLe tabla, lal Apoko 
and the other Unguiata. 

Bsblnd lu, at tbe fartber and of tba Tard, a tud, 
CDDilatLDff of iBTKa] naliw nindidatu, vltk flatn, 









|aia thB r>tiuilnd«r 

wan taking oun. a 
aa placed bsfon tlia 



Uog, wUob ba amt nnuM to nil oiiitauu and pnqile. 
WUla we tm *"i-h<"[ [ our dinnu. a line >hnp. 
vhola, WM ^aoad tofore tlia klug Id ■ Uisi 



ilMnmra iDaUaaea of It, andtlut dcer.udnnc- 
>bea baUooka, wan tvaated whole. Be appond 
piMed with tbe anawer, and, with Um airinuioa of 
aanaoT bliiaiT«au,pnBeaded toaBluptbs ibeap, 
■sdind pxttdtllnandtethedilalaaBde^laln*. 
nmiml !■ n 111 ^mlin lliil at aiiiililliBnII ml 
wa^nid It ner dtfdna 




retnn of tbe prineaa, and ei^1<in ear (am* 
hopea andpiaTM*, ti>at Hw WnglMi tail fte A*oiii 
nilgtal baooaia one hi villi, a>d that an ttBhlarim 
(tf Chriatlaiiltr«>>ddYlllBt>uwUdi Biflaad m 

in)<9(,Dnj, Id dne time, be azpeftaicad hi AAati 



Htyatj Qnaai Vlotoila; a 



simd, both la ""t'-'-' and at Cape CaaB CMtla 

The king then reqnaatad oa to go and B Uie S»- 
Booss boDI bj Omt Tntn QomlBn. We kqitKi 



ra and lakn hl> le 



lafdwilbgold. Paidng Imtoanothaneai'nfcDl 
the Um eaated In eompan? wllb 0«1 KolA ■>' 
aCtand«dbTAp(>ko,«ndolharllBfiilMa. ObuUbb 



eTay pieoa 0/ glaai w«a daoontodwilb inMaint 
nuaUotiJldeaeriptlniailuga idcea « ntk-pl^ 
Talgblng aererml nunoca each, aada gi«t n^" 
of gold dulD*. The valghtaf pm bartaiK P- 



Kt^llrii mnk- The wii* or ^^ m v* ■■* "^ 
rilnr, and tboae on the other aoUd (Did. WkSil 
•toad admiring them, the king cmnH np la nt o^ 
nrrabonUd the ttMament altead; mala mfCM 

thtaiii In aneiher part of tha mom, tbe tM •»> 
cuneop and aocoated ma iD tb* KlkiwIagDHMr:- 
" IndiTi that anpaat, leonld bardljMliP'^ 
tba BniUah HO* s> dlilnlwated a* ta Ulu > "^ 
tronbleln teadil^lha natireaot AMcniM'l**^ 
Ton ware faei* beftvs, I ootid bardij Kd '^^ 
ra9aoth« it; bat I baia ns ban now. fa ^ 



wlthTOD. I thankjioalgTjaBrklDAMaiaa'l' 
fnUrnttdM tbatToaotiisM la tamSm*"*' 

I aniwend, •■ 1 am m? glad jmn Hty*)"^ 
fied rcapeetlng the moUToawbleh lead aate(«*> 
Kunud! andjlnut, that the mmToataHi'' 



it ftar we had kioksd IhtoDgh tha prtaefjial in*^ 
ha houB. wo relnintd lo the dliili«'<*>>''*"' 
nnafralL Thekhiga^bitwkbiimiaiitat*' 
■d amranod with na'vaiTfr»dI0«Tarl«aM" 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



■dhimfau* 
HnlniH inil t-irt- mir Ihtii nf lifm Wbamltft, 
tent tbf^Hidadinuaf htapa^ahi nBdiHst 
alio eat qnuUn. The bub bud plujad HTmil 



Ic Setnt in Oa Paiaet, 



Ju. 3rt., ItU^-Eari7 tatbe afMr 
iDtdUtMWa that Uh IdDf wonM k 




Tba FflBoaa, Kr. BmUns, ny IntoipiMar, mod 
infBU, laokvnaMMatUMlinnr and of ths jud, 
ic rifbt •tood tinD^Unl*bo7i.ncbba«- 



kiaiMiilUiioldaomfiUDt*. Th» ltlii( •■« dniiad 
■ Inpud itin ap, riehlr otnvnvitad with (old, 



Jfo vlult iDkAfli of tbfl nral fuillj wka piuuit, 

■ms penufttAd to vrlLdsH the levM aboiit to tako 
plice. The ml/ neo bcsldH odthIth who iron 



tlH ma ODmpodUff the bu] 
al Ctileft. ilDgaMi. Itc, • 
nmt Dftho Unci w1t«| 



It then tvm 1ii> Cad* to tho wmli, uid 




id Umh iIv*1, utd KTtnl ot the kfnt> 
.■oxiHjni>imfwon«i),fnjmAftdOB to twenty 
ife, BHiBben at Ih* noal famlljr, Isdaii 



:« hudioiDelr dneiedr ud 
nea wiu ine fiwot dasgcwn. While Qitf 

Id, he e|iiB deeeeBded into the jard. Add begu 
uuahlnwU. Wken ba-ma to ui he mU, K 
not iMBIl tor llwklBp of Aetautl to dnou before 
r wive* 1b the pf eeenoe of eoy one : bvt thnt he 
■> before me in beoenr of the Que 




dnnoe Willi the ta 



jDlned In the 
■lee. thfl/ttlll oontlnued la dug 
"Ac. Bome of wbloh woro, " Thu 
the only king In Atiia who hu 
biif bt wllb the groU goBM,' (Kliodlng to the anaca 
- - The King of Aihutl 

roii(btwlth,udkllled,tb«Kiii|ofBuiitufai." Tbe 
latter the Ung kum^f cttbe up to ezpUln u follower 




rtbakhig.u behediald 
wndd, and pen U> body to the beaMe, and the 

Tba king thrn task from one of the little beye 
T*!!— tt-t near na hti own fold-handled iwoid, and 

ii gold and ■Unr. asd daoaad 



hlmaelf fbofht penmally. 



Bttoa of the kiof'a wlrca, and eoDie of Ihoi 
oemben of tbe Aunl1y> wer* t«7 Una yaung wo 

During the time wa ware alttlng. the king le 
osnepalm wine, and leeniDd highly ploajed- J 



UthB BvenlDgol 






, and tbe king, b 



the centre of the ywd, the aoanavaioertainly one of 
the moat EXtraotdlnary 1 ever wltneaed. Tbe dla* 

FaveuraUi imtpraiim madt (y nueatfid iKdleaJ 

trsKiMM afa tide Ctilnf. 

ISth^-Eady thie morning Apoks oame to raqneat 



^ipaaied to be breaklnip 



""rSSfTc. 



THB FMEnD OF AFRICA. 



rat, bta Mtol*, idn^ nd iHw^bI* mi^mxaeS, 
br anrr miua In ttatli |iair*i, to MUiyihiJE (nU- 
tndp- 1 ifaall BflTV fcTgtb the oouBt<omcqa of bLi 
MMiiluii davM *liin> I am atw Um : ttxj wEtcbcd 
BT mnntenaaw vltta Uw nuai InUoM inUmt to 
uoirtalB, If povlUa. vbatbB I thoiiaht ha wgnM 
tMonr; and wlxa I told th«m tlMn wan bopM 
TMpMitlng hbn, UuIt Jajr wu TOT flMt. 3leTi^ 



bultbi]' 

«IHild III t» ludaogd, 

Into iflodigr world i tad hnKa IbsfirlihMJ. KirtliBlr 

own mkft, IhU ba mlital again be ntiHd to baallb 

bihI ■trBD^th. 

jma^M firt '» Kumail .■ iaifmt Tmk ilatrotcd. 
While I «■ aoDfandng villi Apoko, nan n' 
brougbt to ui tbat tlia t^jwa vai od flta. Wa Inima' 
dlatalf VHit ost, ud found that a qoanlltr of hl(ta 
tiaai, whloh ooT«n iBnnil acHa nl land at the out- 
•ida Bl tha lorn, behind our quartan, mi on An. 
Hnob of tha ram betcg my irj, II now helni the 
Harmattui trmaaa, and Iti aTarags height fnun 
twelve to fifteen feet, the flamea were makluf faftid 



npttini and people to attempt to oheiA tha ptagnM 
of the iamee : and kii( to m, iBqueaUng ne lo be un 
onT^nmrd. We midtered all theatnugth wa could, 



rannlnt. Wataaadti t <Tj>wlhaawfft laatrtllt 
tha Kla( WW budl; nmad al a dMuce, ai » 
DDTod the grwier part of Uia thitoh mit of Ux wv 
af tha fln. 1 wai down In tbe xarfne tMhitiiii N 
bMriuf out the thBteh, when OhI Kujoh, thibu 
■IVweut la the thnoe, paiHdtij tod denial Ui 

ShonlT afttr thlg, we BW the fire ivbil 1» •m'ts 
plan Diar tbe njti naldeoce i a qnantltir el llulA 
had hMa tem off and tlUDwn aBtbaftaaiidiiBlIki 
fin had atieadj caufht en* lodattt, whBmai- 
oaadad In qnanehlng it, audtlwiabfaTMitiiEliiii 
honae topi almoal awtaln daMncliiin. 11 imhI 
tbM the paevla had apprcliended nodufirAiBiith 
auarterallM'thaUiatah wa* Km oSi *b4 Uiq'M 
thosloce lalt 11 without aojr one to waldi U. it 
le protrtai of tha Sanua wb uRiM^ ta 






quarlen, that the 

the I^ird maniEfnllT fkvonred 

flans In their appnaflh. Though the 9i 

with a light IhiMh of bunboo-laana, whleh wsuld 
take an 11 



a quarter of a mile 






u alao on On. Thie 
ig fntai that dlreotlon, 
a dams rapidly adTanoIng to- 
ot the fln 
to get mt 
mjtiaTal- 
Princao and 



boolu and other thingi paslted awi 
llng'boief, ready lor rouTluf, aud 
Mr. BnoUBC DOW took thaameiti 

dlataljr ODmnientad nuioTlBg all our thlog> 
■Oaet. While we wen thtu engaged, one of 
same numlng to «v, (hat the Bis Divt h 
dtrriUngloafewmlnulee; and II iutaJ)' would, had 






a dIrectiBn etdllcleal^ obUque to ama ni 



hone iDafmlgnandbarbaimilandl WaUt thank- 
Ail t« God, anladotadhlobslroanM. naSnoaB' 
tiaiiadtonit*liirM«a«l hoan, antUBorathoi 
thetownwulonkiB. Wha ^ danfec nwaa 
anr dwcUhig and pnqw^ ww paM, wo wait down 
the KlMi^ MideaH, DOV to whloh tha Ira VM Oi 



ground am wbhih tha On PMMd li ahoat lull t 
biUb In length, and BTea hundred and U>I]'>'dil> 
biwdth, containing Uia amt popBioa pan of ib) 



rhouBode al pBiOD* an bunt oat ot b«ii •■> 
lom^ llMwnthttaoouidvBblovuBlillifl^ 
uM and iTorr hu been toat bj tht tit, aal Ha !• 
one hafa parliha^ 



during tbe fin on aatanUr; lal » M 
ngnt at the ii>taMKipba,h(nii.li 
to Ooithtlinhwiul 




albititwblGAibobad 



BHir m tba aftonaoa I walked ont, M a" ■ 
«olD and dUud. tatakantflMuaadhM. n 
laat tmum to vtow I MUad «m am ft*- * 

7 0o>rrc 



TOE FKTEND OF AFRICA. 



AitaanU fend Enjlvid, v 

slwvja DODtlnaB. B« 1^ 

and of mr u Mhi tbtt fnjurtoufl ind 

to wUoh I unwW, " Yi 

tomqoHnb- It Uil« |M> ^n bli luU 

mU, " Vgtun, IndiTiUutBnfut.ludbiitUtU* 

frIuuUj lnl«rMiiiH vlth tt» En^ih i and we lun, 

in conHqma. bsaa dcprind of nunT kdnnticH. 

Our iwta Kx Bimpian tklngi te faaanl la « imiiiil 




at r°o acaln- ■ han 



ddit mjieif ia oaa aaoia an Aihaoti. and muit. If 
poBitila, coQWBp at tha naoal ia«n, with Ihe Kabo- 
rin, to pa; mj onnpUmaits to the Klni." Thia 



laan el Um, Ufhl; paUfled that a 



i>Var«mAM> iHHri and arrival ol Caft Ca 



boifawsoa UhCmiL AnvrbnOfiistUisKliif icaln 
•ant Apofea. to reqwat ■» ta nop imtU ha had t>kBi 
bit batb, and he wsidd aaad iDMn)w to Mf, 
"FanvcIL" AtnMlialf-iwtniBgApokaandaaTeral 

iB(aniifmaiTiTed,liriB(bi«BDagald«Btol)i«o»^»lm. 
and amtliB'. aiada irltli Mnr, In an nnllnliliaditaM. 
AvakamU, 1^1 iMmiifint mam Xit«*r'' 



pvaMnta ha had ttotlveA. 

Apoka alio Informadma, that tha Kbit wNld make 
ua a pnaaet gf a liLTar totiaoofr^pa i and that th« 




Extraet tf a Itmr j^n* Hi Jlcr. 
^aUd XMHff, JpHI W, IM*. Ii 
B. nv/miM, Ctt Oaait UtttU. 
An thiBta aiDOBd na •» u pramUng aa na-. 1 
id br all tha pitoalpal Atab. 
n wdtlnt a paatu InUraat 
aooagUian. Ian >ialiuiirBittliigafawartWMo( 
Inrnliim onnpUtcd. A bv daj'i ago I had a lide- 
board ftnlibcd and put In Iti ^aca, irhich rtmm- 



* In U» anna ol Handaf mninlni, tha Kia( tent 

ma at. tnU^nit, and * tian, alnut tugBiy-flTi jmn 



Yob wULwoai 
that ezoallcnt mli 
thlnf h« toniad Ln 



u- [d nadlDR tha adToiliim of 
e 6outh-6aa Iilaodi wu Ibo le( 



turned In Kumaiii notdidltooaiiitaii 
DafDirai caaia In aod KW It, who, ifti 
•mined it, far upmnU of taalf-an-hi: 
lil^lial allimtlwi, an^ placnd It in tin 



Tha king •!•) paid r 
alnuat an houi; 

Ul-Utba, with * 



too. wai much frmUBBl irilh 
dealnd me to work tha tnra- 
ive waa imtlr delighled. B* 
mrprlae, when, after ho bod 
hul had It, I loformed him 






Hr. Brooking writs roUofiplrtta, and big with taspM 
of abaadaBt wiiw, He la now bnaj In building the 
caw MlBilon-honae; and I am ai buf bmt ndaa- 
TMrtng to meet all fata wanta { and thay are not tfl- 

Frgjudln, on the putef the Aahutlt, iKmi to pas 
awva* the morning dood and the earl^dew: w« 
••• an aataililwj at tba plaaalag pnaiiast of thingi 
in AahMli. Tha kini It now aboat lo lonn a new 
■treat. In honour of the oiaiai; which will be a 
gmt OOITeniawe to the Imthno there, aa It will 
afm a healthy ooaMwnlftloa with thamaiket-plaoa 
aiid (lie prlaolpal part of tho towo. 

Ur, Brooking entmte me to lend i 
to'KunaitwIthoat daiar, atatingltt 
that Xv^rt ia tMT morv haaltliy tha 
whlA 1 Hitfm/ agTBe with Mm, 
JCrtrwd ^ a LtUr /rem Frimx VOIi 

«Jt, t» On Bic. /Otn BuThuB, 






oaiTlaga. Per thIa I ban Iva raauni; and Iwill 
•ocplaln thamlOTOB. Flrat, tba oarrlag* will baa 
meana of olviliilBt and Irnprovlng the town of 

king baa oidered new atnela to be made palBble fo^ 
tho oiUTlagfl, thtfcforo the carriaga indeed will im- 



and again, the carriage will tj 
half of the diatrevea and h ard 
nal^boma' beada and ibnulderaj therefore 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA, 



jTfOTBIOIB, 



Srlraeto/alMtrJt'emOuanr.llitiiaMB.Frttmni, 
to Oi OBterat Beerttaria, Haiti MUiUm BauM, 
Cape CmwI CaMilt, Ua§ 9U, ISU. 

■oara uf ]«roui HLUgfiictloD, mvoKuUy wel«bsd In 
th0 bALuica ■gaioHt my nwn vuffBrlnei. fran tk- 
lioiH CAUsn during the put ycAr ; ixid ihoulcT " ^ 



■omMhlng like Lhs fnllnsi of old Sin 
~ now lEttst tboii (h; ae 



■-FnKiiBibonaitnstafftlettu'.iiubUdied Inlbi 
flaptembv untubvr of liiA ' Ttotlon,' odt Mebda 
woold Icoin tlut Mr. PnomUi In oompui; with 
Han. Kowlud ud AUon, m«t Mr. KwUngmt 
tho Pnh on May 14th ; Oat Ur. Rovluid retunuid 
wHb He. BnoUng to KodihI \ nod tlut Mr. Frgo- 
mu i>ll*d M Domuui on hli mr imcTc, ud tban 
laMdHisdHr. AUantohlalntsnnlagohaiEe. Alia 
m ilwrt TMt bt Capo Cout to oaoplM ths nipnmij 
■RwvmcnU, Hr. Allan wu to l«k 



COUMITTEE OP thb HOUSE op COU- 
MONS ON TBB WEST COAST of 
AFRICA.— Tub SLAVE TRADK 

I. ITS DECKKASI. 

In the Report of the Commona Com- 
mittee on the West Coast of Africa, the 
S&titying fact of the rapid decrease of 
e Slave Trade, within the last two or 
three years, ia stated in the strongest 
terms; indeed, the Committee do not 
hesitate to assert, from a consider- 
AtioQ of the evidence before them, that 
" North of the Line, over a coast of 
many thousand miles, the trade, with 
the exception of a few points in the 
neighhourhood of Sierra Leone and the 
Gamhia, is virtually extinct." 

The fallowing atotements made by 
several of |the witnesses appear to have 
fumiahed the chief grounds for thie 
conclusion. 

We benn with the evidence of Henry 
William Macauley, Esq., one of Her 
Majesty's Judges in the Court of Mixed 
CommisaioQ, at Sierra Leone, from 
1831 to theendof 1839. 

Quettioii. — From information obtained, 
were you led to believe that the Slave 
Tnide on the Coast of Africa, taking both 
the east and the weat coast, had increued 
or decreased during the peiiod yoa were 
theret 

utenefr.— It had decretised in the Bights, I 



BO M to be alnuMt'eutuely destroyed it 
one tune. 

Q.—Tht: queatiou refers to the coast oa 
the south ofthe Line? 

A. — When it was auppreaaed to a CT^ 
extent in the Bights, it wae driTcn Doth 
north and south of the Bighta ; the M 
Slave Trade rivers in the B^hta were the 
principal places frequented by sls't- 
vesael^ but the whole efforts of the ciui- 
sers were directed to tlmt point, and tbe 
tmde was almost entirely HuppreaBed in 
those rivers, the Bonny and many otben. 
Q. — You had no information which 
could enable you to judge whether the 
Slave Trade on the whole bad increasd 
or decreased during your residence at 
Sierra Leone? 

A.— I should say, that it decreased 
during the last two years I was there, 
from the immense number of GaptIU^ 
that were made. 

j.— Do you think that it is a verf 
material decrease! 

A.-~l do. 

In our last number we i]aoted the 
evidence of Captain Denman to ihi 
same effect. At present we need bul 
refer to his emphatic expresatoD tbai. 

from the end of! 839 the Slave Trade 
was diminished to one-half what it was 
before," and that too, as he added when 
further questioned, " along the whole 
Coast of Africa." 

Next we have the testimony rf 
Commander Henry Broadhead, "lio 
served upon the African coast from 
January, 1838, to July, 1841. 

This witness is asked, if there is not 
" considerable difficulty in the manner 
in which the Trade is now carried od; 
to which he replies, " So much to t*"*' 
the slavers cannot be insured in tpe 
Havannah at any price, such is the aii^ 
ficulty of escaping" (from the men w 
war). Afterwards he is further pressed 
upon the same point, as follows :— * 

Q.-You have sUted that the Sla« 
Trade has become so unprofitable that tM 
risk cannot be insured at the Havannah 

.4.— They will not inmira them at liaii 
the value of the vessel and cargo. In 
short they will not insure them at aU; 
such I have been told by the ^tanUnJ"- 

e.— How many slavers did yon t*"* 
during the three years and a half ye" ""*" 

1 the coaat? 

^.—Twelve. 

G.— Have you any idee of the prop«- 
tion enMged m the Tttde which h»W •"* 
beentaken? LtOO'JIC ■ 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



uw coast mta almoat certain < 

talun. 






Let ui next hear what the master of 
» British merchantman says upon the 
foint in question. 

C^tain Thomas Midgley examined. 

$.— Will yon state what acqnaintsnce 
jw hare had with the Coast of Africa, 
•nd b what cqtacitj ? 

'^.--Aa master and rsaperaargo of a 
nssel, from the esrty part <^ the year 1830 
lo the latter part of 1841, 

$.— What part of the coast have you 
wen acqnainted with? 

-^.— GenBTally the coast between Cape 
Uoant and the Equator, all along the line 

C— Hare yon fonnd a difference 

Mtent to which the Slave Trade is carried 
oD, from the period of which yon have 
spoken! 

■i.— A few Tears ago it was carried 
» a coneiderabte extent, bnt latterly, 
tile last two or three yMrs, it has veiy 
peatiy decreased. 

Our limits will only permit us to 
^ht to tile testimony of one more wit- 
"^1, upon the subject of the decrease 
«fthe Slave Trade. 

"e select the example of Mr. John 
Hughes, an African merchant, resident 
'or seventeen years at the Gambia, from 
'hich he has but lately returned. 

0.— Compared with the state of the 
Slave Trade at that period ^1828) it has 
*>' very much diminished m that qoar- 
**' (Cachen and the Rio Nnnez) ? 
■ .^.— The Slave Trade is nothing now to 
*W it was fbnneriy. 

n. THE CAttBES OF THIS DKCHEASE. 

From the fact of the decrease of the 
Slave Trade on the coast of Africa, we 
lum to the causes to which, in the 
ipinion of the parliamentary witnesses, 
his is mainly attributable. Hear the 
evidence, upon this head, of the last- 
ited witness, Mr. Hughes, who, both 
Tom his commercial habits and eiperi- 
^ce, and bis long residence in Africa, 
list be allowed to be a competent 
lUthority. 

C— To what do yon attribute the da- 
Kase of the Slave Trade t 
A — I attribute it to the impetus given 
J legitimate trade, and the presence of the 
men of war^ cruisers, I consider that 
le impetus that has been Kiven to them 
y the French and English Traders, has | 



tuned the attention of a great muiy of 
the poorer class of pMnile to legitimate 
trade En those places (places between the 
Gambiaand Sierra Leone ^. I speak from 
my own personal knowledge in saying so. 
Formeriy the petty Slave-trader of Bisao 
and Cacnen, used \a get into his canoe 
with goods to the value of 100 dollars, and 

CD up the rivers Cachen and Jeba, and 
ring down his two or three slaves. That 
elan of people go up now and bring down 
hides, and other articles of Intimate pro- 

Thia witness describes the state of 
things along the more westerly portion 
of the coast. Captain Midgley speaking 
of the east, especialW of the Rivera 
Nun, Calabar, and Bonny, thus also 
asserts the reciprocally destructive 
influence of lawful commerce and the 
Slave-trade. 

Q. Have yon found the Slave-trade an 
advantage or inconvenience to you in your 
trade? 

A. IthaBcertiun]yacted,inmyopinion, 
as an inoonvenience, A great nnmber of 
the principal skve-dealers in the Bonny 
River, I speak more particularly of the 
Bonny, at one time traded very little in 
palm oil, and now they have given alt 
their energies to the nalm oil, because 
there are no outlets to tlie Bonny, at least 
no Slavers come tbere. 

The increase of commerce thus 
gradually superseding the traffic in 
Slaves, is described as follows by Mr, 
Francis Swansy, who " went out to 
West Africa in 1831 and returned in 
the middle of last year." Mr. Swaniy 
was engaged chiefly in mercantile trans- 
actions, but partly also in agriculture. 
Besides these, his regular occupations, 
he exercised the functions of a magis- 
trate at Dixcove, Cape Coast. His 
evidence appears to us so valuable that 
we have no hesitation in transferring & 
considerable portion of it to our pages. 

Q. Have yon any accurate idea of the 
amount of goods landed on the Gold Coast 
for internal consumption ? 

A. I should say about 150,0001. per 
annum. 

Q. Is the amount increasing ? 

A. It is. 

Q, Can von form any estimate of the 
amount of gold and other native mer- 
chandize exported from the Gold Coast I 

A. I should say a little exceeding the 
amount of the imports. , -. , 

§. la that increasing? i,, ..KibyLTOOglC 



no 



THE FRDEND OF AFRICA. 



A. Itia. 

Q. Isthweanturatobtfimndmgold 
■ad in DAtdve raerchaBdiis equal in wtw 
to the imports of EoropcoD goodil 

A. There ia certainly. 

Q. If the Hupnly of EuropMii in«r- 
ehaadiie were to be flirther iaerMMd, dg 
Ton think oorreepoading returns would 
be fbuad in the inoneM of oatiTe a»- 
ehandizel 

A. It cannot be ineresMd rary BTeatly 
at gne«. It ia incretaing now gmduallj-, 
and ea the imports increase the produM of 
the country muit increqgft aUo. 

Q. Hsa it been increaung daring tlie 
Tvhole time of your Bajoum theret 

A. It has. 

Q. Can you state the total increaM 
which hu takot place between the time 
of yoQT ftrst aettling there, and the preaant 
time; bask douU^di^Mlf; 

A, I should say not gene^y on the 
QrAi Coast, bu^ 'it> h^^ intxe^sed mate- 
rially, 

Q. Has it tacreose^ onelisin ' 

A, Very,neBilv.JLBkould.]J)i:^) &om 
«ne third to, one fialF. 

Q. Aie the natives' generally disposed 
to labour in order to prociire gold-dust, 
and to manufactu^ poliii'oil to enable 
tiiem to prociire articles of im^port? 

A, They are; and that diipOeitLon is 
gradually spreading. Fonnerly the peo- 

fie of Dixcove went Tery little into the 
ush to aeek for gold, now a number of 
them go forty or fifty milee back and 
bring back gold with tiem. 

Q. Is the export of gold-dnat ia~ 
ureaatng? 

A. 1 should Bay it is dightly; not so 
much as produce perhaps. 

Q. So far as you are enabled to judge, 
do you think A&ica would be aUe to 
make retunte in natite produoe, for all the 
■nana&otared goods sfie is now in the 
habit of receiving, indqwndantly of pay- 
ment in slaveel 

A' I do certainly, and for much more. 

Q. Do Ton think the substitution of 
payment m native produce, instead of in 
alavea, is now going on tn a condderable 
ottent? 

A. Itia. 

Q. May we reasonably loidc ibr ifa en- 
tirely nipaaediiig th^ at no distant 

A. Decidedly, i diink. 

Q. When you wH. that A&ica could 
pay in native piodnoe for emytbing she 
now reccivaa, putting alavaa ont of the 
queatiMi. did yom mean that to ^ply to 
ue wWe eoaat, or only to that part to 
which tlie inquiiiM hare baea uat di- 
rected? 



Ai I apeak of Uie whole cotet, that if 
from Sierra Iieone or CafwPafaaastoCifi 
Lopei. 

Q. Including thoee parta when tbi 
Slave-trade ia sow earned on to s pti 
extent? 

A. Yes. 

Q. You speak from a long realdenM « 
the Gold Coast and the iDfomatioOwbKk i 
you have been able to deriva during thd I 
residence ? 

A. Yea. 

Wa turn to the evljmca of Mr. J.Ai 
C^cgSi ^tio bas been engaged in th 
African trade from the port of Liin. 
pool, since 1825. | 

J. Have yon seen muah of tlu Sliw 
e on the coast of Aiidca ? 

A. Formerly I Hw a good deal of il. 

Q, Is the palm dl trade greativ a- 
creased since you first knew the tiade! 

A. Yes, very much. 

Q, la thest^pl^ of palmoUlimitei! 

A. It is incrsBsing; they mU all ibqi 
can gB^^and it iucreaaea in quaatity i'bJ. 
year. Since there has bun no liaYiiitii^ 
qnantihi of palm oil has iucteaaed. 
■ Q." How long has Blaring ceaaedwoi* 
in the river Bonny ? 

A. I camot tall exBCtly, tbeie mni* 
slsTCTH when I was lagt Ulerc^ theie <"■ 
a good many in isae. 

Q. When were yon Uat tfaet«7 

A, Imat year. 

Q, What did yon h^t of the Si»in 
trade of late, before yon had been thtnt 

A. That there bad been <ndT KtUc 

«. To what do yotattribnUHila^ I 
ceasedt I 

A. I think the palm oil trade and tit j 
cnillHra o& the coast, both oombbcd. 

Q. Do you think the natirtf (r Of 
bla of scqiptying palm oil to aay aalwi' . 

A. No, not to any extent. 

Q. Would they he able to &]i[al| 
oil in exchange for tha arUdea ib<7 *« 
toposMssI 

A. I thmk thqr ««iUd. 

Q. FalmtdlhaanowUkenthaplK** 
tallow in soofe d«giee 1 

A. Yea, a ^eat deal «f aoap i> a* 
made of palift oU insted of tallow. 

Q. The demand laincresiisst 

A. Tea, and the conBtdBtml h»J> 
netted ever/ yaar niiir 1> nw H 
brought into England. 

Oar laat vitaen diall b« Coti^ 
Broadhead, a portion of wboat tiiif^ 
we have quoted alreftdr. ^'■^ 
stated to the Committee tW tbr CM 
t>oceer or kinff of Popo, ii b«MO<l 
aware of the aavantagaa poaiHHd W ' 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



> MONTHLY. 



No. 26.] LONDON, DECEMBER, 1842. 



ThaUoMFum.. 



THE MODEL FAIIM. 
Thb presumed anxiety of our friends to receive the fullest and most 
authentic intelligence of the condition of the Model Farm at the 
confluence of the Niger and Chadda, we must plead as our excuse for 
delaying the publication of the Friend of Africa a day or two'beyond its 
vavay time, that we might be enabled to present the information recdved 
on the very recent arriTsl of Her Majesty's Steamer " WUberforee" 
relating to this interesting experiment. 

It will be remembered that the late supeiintendent, Mr. Carr, took 
possession of a particular spot in the territory purchased from the Attah, 
called Mount Stirling, on September 14th, ISll, on which the frame of 
a farm house was immediately erected, and the work of clearing the 
ground commenced. Free labourers were at once procured, who worked 
from six in the morning to six in the evening, at the rate of 100 cowries 
(about \^d.) a day; and in a short time the ground in the neighbour- 
hood was effectually cleared. (See Friewi of Africa, February, 1842: 
No. 16.) 

On the 1st of October, however, Mr. Carr had an attack of fever; 
and on the return of the Albert from Egga (Oct. 9th) he consented to 
accompany her to the coast. There he speethly recovered, and prepared 
to return to his proper sphere of labour without delay. Unfortunately, 
however, he entrusted himself to that race of desperadoes, corrupted by 
constant intercourse with European slavers, who inhabit the mouths of 
the Niger, and was in all probability murdered by them for the sake of 
the goods which he was conveying. Two men were afterwards brought 
down by the Wilherforce as accomplices in the deed, and we may 
perhaps yet receive more decided information upon an event so deeply 
to be regretted. 

In we meantime, the Farm was left under the charge of a very 
intelligent American uoto from Liberia, with fourteen African labourers^ 
principally from Sierra Leone ; and on the departure of the Albert ap 
the river (Sept, 21st), the Amelia schooner was left moored off the farm, 
with about nine negroes on board, under the care of an African from 
Sierra Leone, whose conduct appears to have been most unexceptionable 
throughout. ^ 1^ GoOqIc 

vot. u. ' j» o 



174 THE FBIErn) OF AFRICA. [Dbob mbek, 

On the Farm the cotton-seed i«nt ont with the Expeditioa had been lown* 
bat, as the dry season had commenced, it did not fructify. The people were 
therefore chiefly occupied for a time in raisinir housea, of which seven were 
erected, besides four hats. The ute of the Farm is described as beautiful, 
and of commanding riew. It is gratifying to obsenre that, in the first instance 
at least, the taking possession was hallowed by prayer and praise, and that 
these sacred duties were not discontinued upon the departure of the Super- 
intendent. The natives, too, seem to hare attended with reTcrence whenever 
public prayers were offered up. The ground was elear«d again in January, IS42> 
and in April, the soil being moistened by a shower, some land was again 
sowed in cotton. Yams, also, were planted, and Indian com, which grew snd 
produced well. As the rainy season had not fully commenced, however, the 
planting could not be finished till May, at which time about forty or B&y acres 
(acconUng to the Acting Superintendent) were sowed with coUon. tbt seed 
brought from England having been lost in the first planting already alluded to, 
that of the country was substituted. For this product, the soil is described aa 
being well adapted, and generally as Tery good; at the baek of the monntuna as 
mrticnlarly fine and rich, with pleasant breeies on the smnmits. When the 
fVitberforca left the Confluence, the Farm was looking very well, and the 
cotton crop had ereij promise of being a good one. It was left in charge of 
a neighbooring chief, with instructions to save the crop, which his people were 



MMumg 
> cap^l 



perfeody capAla <tf doing, and to keep it as a pieaent to himsolf for hia 

Of native Ubonr there was no scarcity, the numbers employed being frequently 
100 men, women, and boys a day, and on one day 236 were fully occupied. At 
flrit 100 oowriea (about 3rf.) a day were given, but as the stock began to run 
short their pay was reduced to 50, which seems to have excited no murmur what- 
soever. For these wages they worked cheerfully from 6J a.m. to 6| p.m^ with 
an interval of one hour for breakfast, and two for dinner. The security, indeed, 
which the establishment afforded from the constant inroads of the slavehuntera, 
induced numbers of the persecuted tribes in the snrronnding country to settle in 
their n^hbonrhood, and to cultivate mnch more extensiTely and carrfully than 
before. 

The most distinct and positive contradiction is given by every one to the 
charge of making slaves of the natives, or drivii^; them with the whip. Some 
men who were guilty of theft were certainly punished by their own head-man, at 
the request of Mr. Carr, whilst he remained on the Farm; and others were sub- 
soqoently diastised by their own people for some clear and flagrant offence ; but 
anything like slave-driving we are iiilly authorised to deny. 

The labourers, moreover, invariably received their wages ihtmsehtt, and tlie 
Chiefs only got occasional presents for special services, or to secure their good 
viU. 

Some interesting anecdotes respecting the Slave Trade, tending also to confirm 
this point, may be found in the proceedings of tiie Acting Master of the Amelia. 
This man, not being directly engaged in the business of cultivation, spent a con- 
siderable portion of his time in visiting the surrounding villages, for tiie purpose 
of conversing with the people, and improving thnr hid>its, both by precept and 
example. In the course of these visits he come to a village called Ajjarah, near 
the Confluence, a place of retreat from the restless Filatahs. Near a fetish stick, 
laden with its usual charms, a Kokanda lad was Iring in chuns, whom the 
natives offered to him, with a child of two years old, (its mother sold " long 
ago,") for sale. Somewhat to the surprise of the natives he remonstrated freely, 
and, it would seem, with some effect, against this inhuman traffic, as well as the 
luperstitioua follies with which it was so closely connected. Their chief was 
afterwards warned of his sovereign, the Attah's, treaty with the English for the 
suppression of the Slave Trade, and, on the objecte of the Expeditita) being 
recounted to him, he is said to have expressed bis approbation. 



18*20 THE FRIKHD OF AFRICA. 178 

He sfterwtrda attended dirioe ■errJea, and seemed much pleased with the 
little sebool which vu estabUihed, 

At another time & woman waa brought to the Farm for sale with a rope round 
her neck; she was not only poiitiTely refused) but the ohwf who brought her waa 
denred at bis peril to keep her aaftly till the return of the ExpeditioD, with a 
threat of the Attah's severe diapleaaure if he did not. 

The light in which the natiyee regarded the Settlement may, perhaps, best be 
shown by a tonching >PPm1 which waa made to the Farm people several montha 
after Ihey had been left entirely to themselvea, by a man whose sole remaining 
brother was about to be sold as a slave, eleven of his relatives having be«i so 
disposed of before. To hia eemeit and repeated snpplicatioas for assistance they 
were obliged, however, to reply, that they could do nothing for bis brother, tm^ 
A« wtre hrovght to the Modtl Farm, which mu a BrUith tetllmmU. 

The price of slaves in the aurrounding distiicts they ascertained to vary fhna 
40,000 to 13,000 and 6000 cowries, (1000 cowrisa is there aboot 4t. sterling,) 
tud in times of great distress some were sold aa low aa 300 cowries, (about 9d. I ) 
and children for ten yams I SevM«l sad accounts are also given of the modes of 
kidnapping and c^tturing slaves, and the cruelties inflicted on them bv their 
uvage masters, — not without frequent ramoostrances from the Farm poopCe. 

The whole country around the Model Farm, wbidi, from ita mountainouB 
character, affords greater security to tiie pusecuted fiigitive, is consequently 
filled with exiles, prindpaUy of the Bassa and Kakanda naticms, who hailed the 
establiehment of the white man (or white man's people) in their neighboorhood 
vritfa de%ht. Not without reason, indeed, for they not only received abundant 
employment at the Farm, but were protected by ita very vicinity from their 
rnthlesa assailants ; and, for the first tune in many years, were permitted t« 
cultivate their little plantadona in peacsw 

On a visit to Mount Fatteh, however, raae Map, Fri»tui of Africa, No. 4,) 
a chief anmsed the neighbouring village <:^ Fandaitu* of soiling bis people who 
hod gone to the Farm to work^— but he seemed in no way dissatisfied with the 
settlers, and spoke of his ioteolion of coming down, and having the palaver 
arranged with their assistance. Nor does this treaoherous praetice seem 
in any way to have been brought to their notice previously. The con- 
duct dt the people left at the Farm appears, indeed, thronghout their sojonm 
there, to have been praiseworthy in all points relating to Uie Slave Trade; 
but we regret to find th^ in other respects, some irf them were guilty of 
neat improprieties, and that eymptoms of insubordination occasionally appeared. 
It must be remembered, however, that on the departure of the Buperiotendent 
they were neoessarily left under an imperfect authority— a state of things which 
was certainly not contemplated when they were first sent up — were without a 
rel^oua iostructor, far removed fnaa the eyes of their superiors, and from all 
the restraints inctdeot to civilised society. It is evident, however, tbst the 
greater nomber were not undeserving of confidence, from the fact of the officer 
who visited the settloneat having been disposed to leave them behind nnd» 
proper direction. 

The surrounding natives are resorted to be most peaceable and friendly, 
and very industrious. Well-supplied markets were regularly held at the 
Farm, and in the surrounding villages. The Basaaa (a very common name in 
Africa,) are also described as a qoiet and intelligent people, and extremely 
desirous of learning the mannen and customs of Europeans, very obedient and 
industrions. In about six months, some of their children were taught to 
spell. They live on a high mountain, east of Mount Stirling, for safety. The 
Kakandaa (see Map,) are said to be more indolent in their habits, and, 
notwithstanding their own exposed situation. Slave traders. They cultivate how- 



IW THE FRIEWP OF AFRICA, [Dkimh. 

ever imall farms, on which they raue rice, yunsi &nd gninea com. Tilt 
Ag^lahg, near Mount Stirling, are a sensible, humble people, friendlj to iba 
white man, and very willing to work, many of them having left their hmia 
and gone to the Settlement to reside. 

To the west of the Farm, a village (Awodn) was found, snTToanded iridi 
extensive fields of yams, com, beans, nullet, and other crops, with the natiTM H 
work carefully weeding their grounds. In the huts, they observed the women wind- 
ing cotton thread dyed with indigo. The inhabitants, about two or three huadnJ 
in number, seemed highly pleased when they were told that the wlute men M 
come to teach them the Word of God, and to live in peace and industir. Ai 
JogQ, a mile and a half from Stirling Hilt, the huts were very neat ana elm 
and fine beds of tobacco were observed. Their earthen pots were very ix. 
The population, about four or five hundred, manifested the same disposibOD to 
hear, mingled with timidity, as the inhabitants of Awodu. 

Their funeral ceremonies are conducted with great pomp and noise, cmM) 
darting up and down the river with incredible velocity, drums beting, miubo 
firing, and females shrieking and hissing like serpents. 

Mount Patteh (about 1200 feet high) is described as affording a very ■iJ' 
and pleasant prospect for many miles around. Its summit is as level as ihedcd 
of s ship, and almost covered with luxuriant crops of com, yams, millet, it 
Tlie natives seem moreover to have some idea of the rotation of crops. Locdj)- 



the largest of its villages, contains about four thousand inhabitanU, ud 
surrounded with plantations of com, &c. Here a remarkable instance dccuim 
of the mode in which slave wars are perpetuated through the spirit of retilul''*' 
A man from this village had seized a lad belonging to Pandaiki, and tbe pahw 
was now heard in presence of his chief. It appeared that the Pandaiki pNfit 
had carried off the man's family, and when chained with the offence, had trsitd 
it from time to time. The man accordingly revenged himself hy catching ow' 
thrar youths in retum. It was proposed that the matter should be settled U ^ 
Farm, but we do not hear of its decision afterwards. 

At another village, three men were found in chains, whom the chief howntr 
denied any iatention of sellinr. 

The great disturbers of l£iis part of Africa seem to be the Filatahi, vitt 
whom the Nufis are said to be closely united. The known characteroFik 
latter people, however, leads us to suppose, that either tbe more reekieu of tl^ 
countrymen may have attached themselves to tbe Filataha, or that ib^ 
strangers, as coming from the Nufi country, are known occasionally by (i^ 
name. (See Fritnd of Africa, Nos. 14, 16.) These daring marauden ott 
frequently into the neighbourhood of the Farm, attacking the surrounding trii» 
but never ventured within sight of " the white man's ground." They ^ 
threatening messages, indeed, that they would come and see what thej ''i' 
sitting down there for, and on one occasion, about four hundred warriors, nitft' 
them mounted*, came down, with the avowed intention of breaking up tbe uiv> 
around, but on their first attack, they were repulsed ^T the natives, and lAO* 
It would appear from the report of a native, that the Filatshs (at least in '^ 
neighbourhood of Egga,) are divided into two parties, the larger of »bid'' 
exceedingly turbuIenL Its leader had once set out on his march to the Fu*-' 
was further r^rted, when the chief of Rabba, hearing of his intentioo, wol ^ 
him, and required him to desist, adding this appeal to his feelings, " That ^^ 
people from a ^stant country were coming to nim as strangers, but not bW 
able to reach his place through illness, they had turned back in the way, a^^ 
some oftbeir men amongst tl^, — Is it comely and reasonable to go to wtf v-'' 
them? To treat strangers in this way is very badf ," 

From this chieftidn of Rabba, (a deputy 'tX the Saltan of Sakatii,) a 

• Timj K* diHritwd •• areatlKt he 



M^O ^THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. W? 

fni also receiTed by the gettlers, informing them that he hkd got the present 
KDt from Egga by the Expedition, (a dnwing of the steamers, a. rich velvet 
tobe, and a handsomely bound Arebic Bible,) requesting to know at the same 
tune what they wanted, and why they had setUed in that country. A reply was 
sent, to the effect that they had come to put down Slavery and Idolatry, but that 
a fuller answer would be given by the commanders upon their return. 

A Pandaiki woman, who had been at Egga shortly after the visit of the 
Albert, sUted that ita effect had been to induce the withdrawal of the Filatah 
troops in the neighbourhood*, and to eatabUsb (for a time at least) an unwonted 
peace and tranquillity. The place, she sud, had strangely altered. No man 
lifting his hand against his fellow, and every one carrying on his business without 
the least disturbance. The road, moreover, to Toto, an important towii in the 
interior, which was closed for many years on account of robberies, had been 
re-opened. 

It is to be feared, indeed, that this happy change was not of long duration 
after tt was known that the Expedition had Idt the river. It is important, how- 
ever, to observe, that these outrages seem to be committed by straggling handittit 
the savage vanguards of a conquering nation, but that the nuun body of the 
Pilatahs are not known to participate in tbem. None of these circumstances 
seem to have excited any serious appreheniions in the settlement. 

The Attah, or King of Iddah, paid the settlers great attention, two mes- 
sengers having been sent to inquire after their health and condition, they having 
been specially recommended to bis can on the departure of the steamers. Still 
further kindness was shown in the present of a butlockt which had been intended 
for the Commander, but for which that officer had not time to wait on fais 
passage down the river. 

Oa the 3rd of July, 1842, the fFUber/orce, commanded by Lieut. Webb, 
who had volunteered for the service, proceeded up the river, in conformity with 
the Government instructions, to examine the state of the Farm, and, if requi- 
site, to bring away the settlers. On the 6th he arrived at Ibo, and saw Obi 
and King Boy, from whom he received a pilot who had accompanied the Expe- 
dition the year before. On the 10th they reached Iddah, and took on board 
the Attah s Head Mallam. Presents were given at both places. Near Beaufort 
Island they unfortunately struck on a rock, and were detained for five days. On 
the 18th they reached the Confluence, officers and men all well. 

On inquiring into the condition and prospects of the Farm, and the dis- 
position of the labourers to remain, Lieut. Webb had fully determined upon 
leaving the establishment behind, with the volunteers, (more than one half of 
the original number,) under the charge of Acting Assistant Surgeon Hensman, 
who had accompanied the vessel from Fernando Fo ; but some sickness having 
appeared on board the Wi&arforee, that gentl^nan could not be spared, and 
all the consequent arrangements were ^ven up, and it was finally determined 
to bring away the entire Establishment. Tbe frame-bouse was accordingly 
taken down, and, with the remaining stores, transported to Fernando Po, where 
they remain in charge of the agent of the West African Company. 

The Wilberjbrc* and AmtUa finally left the Confluence on the 23rd 
of July. 

The tribes which had collected around the Farm expressed the deepest 
regret at their departure; and some even appeared offended, that the white 

leitflr*, artmting all Bl>lih> to glra op fi^iting, md lit down quHtlj, ad&iB, " Now, tb* wUW paopli 
are mvjok Iba •«»; thiinigattnofGodr 

ThacUcrarBabU vaaiabnudUtbe noMlliiw,! 



byGoogIc 



m THS FItlEin) OF APtUCA. tDKwm, 

mui should come and sit dawn araongst them, to t«ach them his biMon, mi 
then go away. To use the language of one man, the Bassaa and Kikuiilu 
would "go down to meet another Eipedliiou I" 

Hm health of the Mttleri bad heen good throughout, and the climate n 
«dd to agree with coloured people. The natives did not wem to BOJIer mneli 
from disease. 

On reaching Sierra Leone, on their passage to England) many natin* of liw 
banks of the riTer expressed a strong desire of going up to Httle, tkaH 
another ^isit be paid to the site of the Farm, and sereral of the or^iul 
labourers would willingly return. 

Horses at the Confluence are large and good, of Arab blood. Fin mm 
boQKht for the Farm, of which two died, two were given awajr, and ime tika 
to Fernando Po. Sheep, goats, and bollocks were plentiftil. 

The Wilberforce reached Fernando Po July 29th. Nearly two witdB 
after she lost the clerk, Mr. Webb, and the boatswain, Waddingtoii iVom aick- 
ness. On account of the serious damage teonvfld in the river, It was tbo^rbl 
necessary to bring her home, and on the 18th of September sbe silM 
from Fernando Po for England, where she arrived on the 16th of NcTembffi 
and came round to Woolwich on the 26th, all on board in tolerable' bealth. 

Her Majesty's brigantiae Dolphin arrived at Portsmouth, from AicmiEni 
Nov. 19th, bringing the remaining officers* and men of the EspediUon. Hk 
AQMTt and Simian have been left aa cmiaeri on the oout 



ASHANTI MISSION. 
Accounts have been received Stasa 
Mr. Freeman, from which it appears 
that the Mission in KumiiaL has been 
steadily gaining ground, and becoming 
more firmly established. The Mission- 
aries enjoy the protection, confidence, 
and goodwill of the king, and are on 
terms of good intelligence with the 
most powerful chiefsi They had hoped 
to have a comfortable Mission-house 
fitted iqibytlie close of the year (1842). 
The conduct of ths young princes is 
apoken of as " very praiseworthy," and 
toey were about to build a house for 
themselves, and get settled. 

The general Mission is said to wear 
a very encouraging aspect, and favour- 
able openings for instruction amongst 
the numerous Fanti tribes, much 
greater than the means of taking ad- 
vantage of them. 

Mr. De Graft has probably gone to 
Bad&gty by this time, with an Euro- 
pean Missionary, Mr. Allen, who was 
not, however, intended to remain. Mr. 
Allen is also the superintcnent of the 
Domonlsi Farm, at which a coffee 
plantation has been commenced, to the 



great delight of the Bumrandingiufiw^ 
who are preparing to imitate it to i1k 
utmost of their abSities. Tbey W 
also rented the Napoleon I^anl«li«i ^ 
Mr. Swansy, oO which they have wwil 
thousand coffee-plants, heavily l>^ 
with fruit. The Chief of Domwinw 
had accompanied Mr. Freeraui ox ' 
visit to this plantation, and MRn 
very anxious to commence one directly 
in his own district. 



COMMTTTEE titm HOUSE or COl- 
MONS OK T8X WEST COAST (• 
AFRICA. 

RKTIRXMBMT OF WHITE SLAVr I 
SBALCaS. 

Two or three striking instances dit 
withdrawal of extensive slave desk.-i 
from the Coast in consequence sf t^ 
measures recently adopted bj H^ 
Majesty's cruisera, and of the nfi 
substitution of legitimate eonivm 
appear in the oourse of the Etideo'l 
and Appendix to the Parliamtiu.7 
Report on Western Africa. 

CapL H. W. Hill, E-N, i"i^' 
oourse of hia examination, gnti '^ 



I. HcWIDimi. Mr. Qna^VM^^ . 



IW] 



THE roiBd) OF Af RICX. 



HI 



following tMtimonj ai to the eifeet) of 
destrojing; the barracocms. 

Q. HaTa 70a found an; iaeUng of 
initatioa created ftmoag the Datives on 
tbeeoartb^ that mode of prooeedingl 

A. No; I WM freqaanUjat the Gal- 
linaa after tlie baincoona flteie wen 
destroyed, and I thoogbt « good fteling 
ma qtriuiteg up amimgit the chia& for 
the eetabliehment of eommcaoe and the 
enltivatioa ot the acnl. Thej certainly 
exprcoMd a wish that the barracoona and 
the ilaTing eetabliehmenta hi the neigh- 
bonring alMet ahonld be deetioyed, m well 
ai their own. 

Q. Had voa aoj commnnleatkD vith 
the BlaTa-oealen themielTee iipon the 
Bobjeet of thie method of ptttting down 
the Slave-trade.) 

A. Yes; I Mw, I think, the moat 
intelligent of the Slare-dealerg that were 
established at the GalltiMa, I think it waa 
Don Angal Ximanea, who told me that it 
was impo^bie fiv him to oairy on the 
^ave-tnide if this plan were followed 
up ; that he wna mined by it, and 
that he int^ided immediately going to 
America, and that he had recommended 
the oth«r Slave-deolen to do the same. 
Two or three of them I know left Africa 
immediately, and one other man left the 
Gallinas tarritoiy and eettled In the 
neighboaiing ilatea, with the intention 
of trying to cany on the SlaTe-trads 

Q. Have yon heard, nnce the destrac- 
tion of the uave factory at the Gellinaa or 
at Seabar, whether lawfol tnde haa taken 
the place of the Slave-trade 1 

A. When I was last at the Gallhias, 
one of the eh]e& dtowad me a sample of 
cotton that he was cnltivaUng, ud he 
pramiaed that he wonld collect as mneh 



at the time I >>m speaking o^ six or eight 
large packages in nls house, and he said 
that. In the conTse of time, he could pro- 
duce any qnantity. He seemed to be 
honest in hu intentions. 

Q. Waa it wUd 01 cultivated cotton t 

A. He UM me that he had cnltivatad 

it ; and it appeared to me to be paiticn 

larly good ; it wsa mndi finer than any I 

have seen elsewhere. 

As it has twen reported, that mibse- 
quently to the destruction of the 
Gftllinas barracoons, slatei oontinoed 
to be exported from that river, it is 
important to leam that the chieftains 
with whom Capt. Demnan had made 
treaties, had, m observance of their 



engagements, taken no part in the 
continuation of this inAmons traiBc, 
and that their snccessora bad also been 
induced to relinquish it npon a lecond 
visiL 

Capt. W. S. Blodst, R. N. 

Q. Yon were ensaged lately in an 
ezpedlti<ai to the GaDlnast 

A. Yes. 

Q, Have yon any objection to state the 
urcumHtanceel 

A, None whatever.— I heard at ISerra 
Leone that there were three extenuve 
&ctories established at the Gallinas, fifteen 
or twenty miles higher up than thoaa 
which had been pievionaly destroyed by 
Captain Denman, bat estMUahed hy thie 
aame people. 

Q. Had yon with von the treaty that 
C^ptun Denman had ugned with kit^ 

X I had. 

Q. Was this the same chief! 

A. No ; this was a c)uef who had not 
been inoluded in the treaty with king 
Iiamina, (another party to the treaty,] 
being fifteen miles high^ up the river. 

Q. Hare yon any reaaon t« believe that 
the former chiefs tcept theii engagemaat 
with Captain Denman ? 

A. I nave no reason to think otherwise, 

Q, You expect then, that, if those trea- 
tiee are observed, which have been Eub- 
sequently made, the export of Slavea from 
the Oalluias will be extinct? 

A. I think BO. 

A still more important instance is 
presented is the case of Don Theodore 
Candt, a very extensive Slave-dealer at 
Mew Cestos. Deeply impressed bv the 
hnmtng of the barracoons at Gallinaa, 
Canot made a volontary offer of de- 
livering np a considerable nnmber of 
Slaves to IJeut. Seagram, of the Ter- 
magiaU, which was of course accepted. 
His abandoned factory was afterwards 
destroyed. But thii was not all; the 
aame energy and talent which had 
raised him to the first rank amongst 
the Slave-agents on the coast, are now 
exclusively devoted to legitimate com- 
merce, for the proBecution of which he 
has, with the approbation of the naval 
oScera whose prooeedings inflnmeed 
his determination, purchased, in eoa- 
janction with an English merchant, the 
territory of Cape Mount, and erected a 
fhetory. )i*K' 

The fbllowing CooTention of Atmf 



180 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



[DKnm 



and Commerce wis at the same time ' 
entered into with the Datives by Lieut. 
Seagram, so as to enlist the chiefs 
and people effectually on the side of 
jasticci humanity, and enlightened self- 
interest; — 

" It b agreed and determined,— 

1st. That from this date the foreign 
Sl&ve-trade is totally abolialied, and that 
the kioK and prince eofitgB to punish any 
TTian, bems suhjectto their authority, who 
shall purchase, or sell, or aid and aiisist in 
the purchase or selling, of any slave for 
the purpose of embarkation, or ibr reword, 
out of their territory. 

2nd. That all Engliah vessels shall 
enjoy a iree and unrestricted commerce 
-with the nativeg of this country. 

3rd. That the king and prince enrage 
to allow a British &ctory to be established. 

4th. That any misunderstanding arising 
between a native or natives, and any per- 
son or persons under the protection of 
Engl^o, the offending parties shall be 
dehvered over to the country to which 
they may belong, to be punished accord- 
ing to law. In &ith of which we have 
hereunto set onr hands and seals, at the 
town of Panama, the 21st day of Febrnaiy, 
l&U, 

(Sgned.) 

H|l 

King X Fana Tora 



The subsequent conduct of Canot, 
under this novel chan^ of circum- 
stances, may be best gathered from s 
letter of Cspt. I>eDmao's to the Right 
Hon> the Chairman of the Committee: 

« Mr. Theodore Canot, be 
peculiar ntnation, I think il 
to remark on some observations, which, 
it has been 8tated,>I once made wiUi regard 
to that individu^ When I first heard a 
lamouT of Mr. Cauot's liaving abandoned 
' the Slave-trade, I certainly shared the 
doubts entertained vet; mnetally and 
natuially as to the &ct fthen went to 
Tfew Cestoa, when I found reasons for 
modifying that opinion ; I, therefore, 
directed that the experiment should be 
made of settling liim at C^ Mount. 
By this step a luge and long established 
trade at New Cestos was annihilated, and 
at the same time ws obl^nad the un- 



doubted riRfat of deatroyinx his ssttlcmnl 
at Cape Mount, if it dianld srei U 
perverted to improper uses. A strict 
surveillance of tne eatablidimait, how- 
ever, for twelve months, enabks at 
to state that during that time tlist 
was not the smaUeet ground far *»■ 
pidon, and that I am perfatiy coo- 
vinced of Mr. Canot's honest imn d 
devotinghis futurs life to leddnude jnu- 
suits. His settlement promises the mml 
beneficial resolts ; oonuneree to s ts; 
considerable extent has been slra^j 
created by bim, and he is st the nsh 
time makmg arrang«ments fbi the isiaiif 
of produce on an extended scale. Ki. 
Canot afforded the most importsnt in- 
formation respectjng Slave-lnde w n- 
riouH occaaons, the correctness of irtuA 
I had opportunities of ascertainiu. Hi) 
highly meritorious conduct st Liberii, 
when the Niger was loot, hss be» siceidj 
stated in my eridenoe. 

" Ftnaify, letmtider (As o pp o m m t) «f 
brinfioff Slmte-trade and Ugkimati nw 
inio dirtet etm^ariton, in ti* parm 4 
Mr. Canot, at mt o^tet »/ gnA tapoft- 
anet, and at one htmng *tr<m (Mai » 
every pogtibit Import; partieJa^f ai )k 
eiursy, int^ifuut, and a ff a ia w wft , J^ 
ettpenortoanjfcAerSlae^faalarmAfrM, 
are tetU blow in Otiba; and Acr^ 
tBkiU they afbrd tht bttt promiM efitam 
m kit neiD occupation, migr aliB m fifil 
expected to be not vithoia injhimtt « * 
dueing oAerM to follow hit emmfk^ 

Whatever views may be aiteTtoiw' 
of the legality, or the policy, of destnj- 
ing the harracoons, bo unexpected ul 
important a result is indeed desemf 
of the utmost attontion; and wlieto< 
by opening a direct and encaun(ii; 
commnnication with the factory wCtF* 
Mount, which might he easily ^ 
through Mr. Kedman, the putDer ■■ . 
the purchase of the ground, or bjrnii'! | 
this example as a lever upon tbe psUic 
mind in Cuba, we cannot do better OtU 
recommend, with CapL Denmu, (^ 
advantage be taken of this first gn* i 
instance of a Converted Slave-dftlu' 



COHlflTTEE OP THB BOUSE Of con- J 
MONS OK TBB WEST COAST i\ 
AFRICA. 



Thi attention of our readen nur," 
think, ba lUefully directed to sons F j 



18*20 



THE FRIEND OP AFRICA. 



181 



tiona of tiie evidence ^ven by WHiam 
Hackintosh Hutton, ^aq^ beforethe late 
Committee on the WeU Cout of Africa. 
Mr. Hutton is a London African 
merchant of tbirtr years' experience, 
and one of the Committee entruated 
with the management of the a&irs of 
the Gold Coast. In the midst of much 
opposition, and many injurious calum- 
nies and misrepresentations, to which 
onr Society has been exposed, it is not 
a little gratifying to find views, which it 
has advocated from the vetr first, cou- 
finned by the testimony of this well- 
infortoed and experienced witness. 

QiteUicn. Has yonr palm oil trade with 
Popo' inereased of late ! 

Atitwer. Yes, it has. 

Q, How lone have yon been connected 
wiUi Popo in the way of trade? 

A, About eight yean, 

Q. Coo you state at all the progressiye 
amount of exports bom Pqpo to your 



Bay, the increase of the trade in the ^ 
ducts of Africa. In comparison with 
about eight years ago, I date say the quan- 
tity of palm oil from that portion oi the 
coast may have tiebled ; still at preaent 
the quantity is not Urge, comparatively 
for instance with the Bonny. Bonny ex- 
ports from 1S,000 to 20,000 tons of palm 
oil, and we think it a great deal if we 
can get 300 or 400 from Popo. I suppose 
the nngle river of Bonny exporta as much 
as all the rest of Africa put together. 
There are sometimes as many as twenty 
veeeels, lying at one time in the Bonny, 
mntiw palm oiL 

Q. Eto you attribute the growing in- 
crease of the lawful trade with the coast 
of Africa, in any dc^^ee to the obstruc- 
tions thrown in the wsy of the Blare-trade 
tiy the efforts of the British Govem- 

A, Yes, the increase of the lawful 
txade may be so ptomoted in some mea- 
sure, for the ikative Africans have their 
#ant8 which they are desirous of setting 
snpolied, and they part either witn their 
produce, or with their slaves, to procure a 
supply of those wants. If they cannot 
diaw the supplies which they want from 
a foreign merchant who will take their 
slaves, they are then compelled to take 
them from the British merchant who can 
take only their produce. 

Q. And who will not talu their daves? 

* iMHtaiB n° 18- M^ Longilads 1° «C B. ft«m 
Gnanriob—EMTOa Frkud »f Aftiea. 



A. And who will not take their slaves. 

Q. Do the same native merchantH csr^ 

I trade in slaves, who carry on the tni^ 

pahu oin 

A. In many places ; in the Bonny par. 
ticularly; in Bonny, however, there is 

try little slave trade now, 

0. Is there a capacity in Africa to 
snpply palm oil to an extent sufficient to 
extinguish the Slave-trade, without dimi- 
ni^ing the imports of Africa ; that is, if 
they exported no slaves, conld they ex- 
'Wit palm oil and other products to a snf* 
Icient extent to obtmn Uie same amount 

A , Quite Buflicient. 

Q. f^m what yon know of the trade 
D palm oil to this and other countries, do 
you think there is a capacity and a diapo- 
Ktion in theee countries to use palm oil 
to the extent implied in the precedinir 
qnesUoo! . ^^ 

A. It is a men speculation; It depmda 
npon BO many contingent cinnmstances. 
I should say mat pslm oil has very much 
increased in consumption, and Mere ia 
every appearance of that cousumptioQ 

Ttsstvely increasing still. 
To an extent to supply the place of 
the whole of the Slave-trade aa it now 

rista, in the course of some years? 

^. I do not know how to view it in 
that way. 

Q. Will it not depend very much npmi 
the competition which it has the power of 
bearing with other articles, such as tallow 
and lard? 

A, Undoubtedly it depends upon so 
many contingencies. Of course the con- 
sumer of palm oEl will not use it, if it is 
more for his interest to purchsae some 
other commodity, which will answer his 
purpose at a less price. 

Q. What are the articles with which It 
competes! 

A. Chiefly tallow. 

Q. And lard? 

A. No, lard does not come into con- 
sumption for soap or candles. 

Q. If there should not be a demand 
for palm oil, to the extent implied in the 
preceding questions, are were other 
natural products of Africa, which would 
be sufficient to snpply a legitimate trade 
to the extent contemplated in the pre~ 
ceding questions 1 

A. Ilere are ; there ue cofiee, sugar, 
indigo, cotton end ground nuts. 

Q. Then you conceive that the Slav»> 
trade might be altogether abolished, with- 
out interfering with the supply of the 
articles of Itsitimate commerce for Uie nse 
of the inhabitants of Africal i 

A. I have no donbt whatercr ^^t^ 



THE FRTBND OT AF&IC^ 



[DiciraB, 



becntae the natire AMcan parts with hia 
dareB to snpply hia wanta. For iuBtance, 
if he wants to pnrehase dress or eatables 
hebarteiB a slave, and he would hare the 
same wantfl If he could not sell hia slave. 
Therefore, if (here is an impediment in 
the way of hU selling his slave, lie will 
continue to get palm oQ, or cotton, or 
indigo, or enrar, ot some prodaoe bv 
which he shall obtain a supply of hu 
wanta. 

Q. Is It clear that he would be willing 
to Ubonr to aconire that which he now 
acquires by being gnilty of lddniq)plng 
hia fell w-crea tores f 

A. When ha finds kidnapping no 
longer of any use he will turn to innocent 

Q. Do yoa believe that the absence of 
the piacticea to which the Slave-trade 
leads wonld, by promoting peace amongst 
the people in ^ica, contnbute very mudi 
to increaso their internal prosperity and 
indnatry, and consequently their powei 
of producing arUdes for export and Im- 
port? 

A. I have not the slightest doubt of it. 

Q. Has that besD found to be already 
Uie case In parts where the Slave-tra^ 
haa been either extinguished oi pulially 
diminished ? 

A, Yes it has moat materially on the 
Gold Coast where trade exiat^ and the 
natives get oil their wants supplied by 
legitimate trade. There is a very large 
extent of coast on which tliere ia no Slave- 
trade whatever, irom Cape Palmaa down 
to Capo St. Paul*. If we confine our- 
Belves within these two capes or promon- 
tories, I suppoae that except in the 
Dutch settlement of Elmina, there haa not 
been a slave exported there these dozen 
or twenty years. 

Q. Has the Intimate trade between 
these two points iuoreaaed more rapidly 
thanat the other parts of the coast t 

A. Ye* it haa decidedly. 

Q. To what trade do yon partianlarlr 

A. Tlift trade In palm oil, iTtny, and 
gold. 

COLOUMD AGENCY, 
The following ia an extract of a letter 
from a Jamuca missionary, now in this 
cDuntiTi addressed to the Secretary of 
the African CivilixaHon Society^ dated 
6tfa October, 1842. Aft«rthe mantton 
ofa collection made by hti consTOgstion 
for the Society, he says ;— 
"lamnotmrareof mypeopb haWng 



done anything further In peeunbiy mtt- 
teiB, but their interest in A&ica eontiBiui 
un&bated. A numher of steady wdl4n- 
stnioted persona, members of roy chtinli, 
have expressed their willingnev to go cot 
and form a colony In some &Touralil« 
spot, In the neighbonrhood of a w&it 
town, if acoompanied by a teacher uJ 
minister; some of them am earpeiiten, 
othan moaons, others common laSonnn, 
&C., and with a view to fatnra ntrfnliiM 
as teaohers, some very promising ba^ae 
proMonUng thdr edncation at acadan w ii 
and our various conjfngations an niwf 
funds for the establuhment and si^«t 
of an African Mi^on. • • • 

"The following extract of a letttt 
which I have recently received ftom mj 
people, shows that their deilie for the re> 
generation of AMca remains asordaitii 
ever. ' There b one grand object,' thff 
say, 'about which we an puticohri^ 
BolicitouB, and that is, the eonveniiin in 
Afiiea. We cannot but feel that God is 
putting it Into our power to do gool 
to that land. And what we wiih iii 
that our Mends In Britain would aid 
and direct us. Take our money, <>1cb 
our children, take our yontb, and ox 
them for the eonvei«on of AMca. Go4 
(for It ia He who haa done it) Gcdba 
given us freedom, and humbled at tbt 
reiT honour, — pratefnl for the blessing,— 
and tremblfng for the responribility, «t 
cannot hot tfilnlc that we are eallw 'H 
the help of the Lord in Afiica!' Went 
Africa's children. Surely what Q "- 



what they have done for n^ and tbroogti 
yon, our minister, we call upon thoa 
to torn their evfa to unh^py Afriet It 
appeals as if*^ death itadf gWded (lie 
shorea of Africa against the approach aF 
meR^ hnt If the white manStll. ti^ iF 
the Aoican himself cannot lire in nii at 
land. We do moat firmly helieTc that 
Jttia Chritl shall reign over every nalio". 
and over every heart, and the belin 
aflbrda us unspeakable delight. All vMi 
shall know God and hia am Jesu CAitA- 
The Holy Spirit feitt eoma down, t^ 
fteedom, education, and religion win mitt 



men in one vast brotherhood. W* d° 
believe that 'Efhbma AaU iiniAm 
lur handt to Qodf and It Is tlw bdiei 
that niakea us ao uivent In her bebalf.— 
Can it be that we sh^ die and see oothiiii 
done for AMca r " 

A correspondent of the Sodtt^i 
holding 4 lagal altoMiM in uoikr 
eoloBT, b ft lettn to the ,8icnUiT> 

Bay.:!-- iM,^T..C>0;ilC 



18U.3 



THE FSIEin) OP AFRICA, 



IBS 



" I lure in«t irlth a natire African 
whom I consider to be a rery deurable 



eoiutrj. H» excited my attention at a 
late AnniTensiT Meeting, held here in 
eapportofthe Wealej'an HiorfonaiT 8(»* 
cietr; when, after I had add iM Bed the 
audience ttoin the platform, describing 
some of the horrid ieenes which hare 
taken place in Africa and on board alare* 
ehipa, and urged the doty incnmbent on 
all Chxistiaiia to interfere in behalf of that 
benighted and unhappy ooontry, the 
person I have allnded to came up from 
amonget thoee who were anembled, and 
as it were, under the spirit of inspiration 
followed up tay apeeeh in a atiain which 
would hara gratified a London audi- 
ence, stating that all the horrors which 
I had dcBcribed were true, and that he had 
wltneflsed many saeh ecenee, for that he 
wBB not taken from AMca till he was 
»batit sixteen years of age, and he eoold 
therefoTe well rBmambex the dreadinl 
things which ha had seoi. He can read 
coirectlv, and has so constantly studied his 
Bible, that voa wonld be surprised at his 
Scriptnral Imowledge and conversation. 
I afterwards sent for him to my honse, 
and found that he was determined to 
BM hb native ooAntry, if posribia, ir 
eaose of yoor Society, and I think ha may 
do mach for yon. He has nnce bnmght 
to me another very reBpeotable Afirican, 
-who is also denroua of being angaged by 
yoai Sodety, for Africa, " 



HATIVE FARM AT DOMOUNASt. 
In consecjueQce of the death of the 
gentleman who undertook to luperin* 
t«nd the managetnnit of this farm, (in 
aid of which tbe Committea of ibe 
Atnean CiviliMtion So<uety made a 
grant some thna ago,) the intended 
■gricultnral operations have been much 
delkjed. It will, however, be seen tnra 
the following Report, reoently received 
<Tom Mr. Freeman, that be hu not 
allowed the implements committed to 
bis cire to remain in entiia disuse. 

"Several of onr people at C^w Coast 
hsre applied to in6f(n' aedstancein asricnl- 
tural pursoitt^ and I have •nppUed them 
wiUi tome of the implements puced in my 
care far the Africni aviliaation Sodety 
OS well as by private liberality, at half- 
prioe, the payment to be made, m part of 
tbe produce of their plantations ; and the 
money thus lecelved to be applied to any 



practical punose connected with ut^cuI- 
tnre, &&, which time and circnmstancee 
may point out to vs. Some have received 
cross-cnt saws, and pit-saws, under the 
same legulationa, and are now basilr en- 
gaged in cutting boards and beams. Four 
whom I supplied with the latter 
ata, came to me yesterday, stating 
that they had cut ninety boards for sale, 
and begged ne to allow them to store 
them on onr premises, to which I have 
readily consented. These same men have 
also received pick-axes, spades, &c., and 
are bnsy farming. They yesterday asked 
me for coSes-geed, that they may prepare 
for a ooffee-plantatloit next year. Accord- 
ing to my instructions, theynave cut down 
the bush and sowed com, which is now 
springing up, and will bring them a qnick 
ntom for tiieir labour. After the gather- 
ing of this com, they will then clear the 
roots of the trees ont of the land, and 
plant oofFee. Their little plantations are 
at Ailetu, about ibur mites beyond the 
Napoleon pUntation, and on the road to 
Denkraa^the retddence of the celebrated 
refugee, Kujoh Chibbu, which is sitaaled 
i^nt twenty-five milea north-west of 
Cape Coast 

"The King of Ashtoti expressed a irish 
to have some of his people taught to cut 
boards, and asked me to procure him saws 
from the Coast. Some AshAntis have 
been sent with onr men to learn to saw; 
and I have sent the King a cross-cut saw, 
and a pit-saw, as a present from the African 
Civlliution Society, with which he is 
very much plrased, and for which he re- 
questa me to present his thanks to that 
Sodety.*' 

PERNAWDOPO. 
Wb extract some infbrmation respect- 
ing the inhabitants of this island, from 
a statement mode by Dr. Prince, (who 
has recently returned from thence,) at 
B masting of the Baptist Miiiionary 
Society. 

" By the blessing of God we were safely 
conducted to Fernando Po; and howaffree- 
able it wat for us to find, what we litUa 
expected when we set forth, a people 
willing to receive us, and waiting lor the 
messengers of God. We met with some 
settlers in the town of Clarence who had 
listened to the goapel in Sierra Leone, and 
at Cape Coast Castle; and though they 
bad thrown off the yoke, which had been 
burdensome to their nature, and agun re- 
turned to all kinds of evil, yet God had 
not suffered the remembrance of his truth 
to be completely obliterated from their 



lU 



THE FRIEHD OF AFRICA. 



[Dbc 



minds, and the^ bad it in tlieir Iieart to 
gigit oret tlieir ain, to mourn their destitu- 
tion of teachers, and pray that wme might 
be sent to them. While they were thus 
praying, and intending to send money to 
procure a misdonaiy, we pat oar feet on 
that land, and were haUed by them with 
neat and inexpressible joy. Here was 
God first putting it in their neart to desire 
that which his goodness was prepared to 
Brant. As soon as we hod procured a 
house to which we could invite them, 
ther flocked "like dorea to their windows," 
and soon filled every apartment. We 
had not been there more than two weeks, 
before some inquirera came, and said 
that they were pleased bevond all mea- 
sure : that they felt so delighted, that thev 
could relinquish all they had in the world, 
now that their hearts were gratified by 
welcoming us to their shores. Many who 
were living licentiously, came to be united 
in matrimony. When we arrived, there 
were only six oounles married; but when 
we departed, we left seventy-two. The 
moral aspect of the place was also very 
much improved; so that, whereas the 
streets used to be filled with qnarrelling, 
and every evil that could be imagined, 
the whole community had become or- 
derly. Even those who frowned upon 
the introduction and establishment of 
the Mia^on there, were constrained to 
say, that we had been benefactora of 
the people. Six weeks after our arrival 
some petaons came forward to make a 
voluntary offering in support of the Mis- 
sion. We formed two daases, amounting 
to seventy individuals, which were divi- 
ded between Mr. Clark and myself; and 
they, of their own accord, made a collec- 
tion, amonnting to 20/. per annum. 

They were desirous that we should have 
a place constructed for public worship. 
They were a little suspicions, as they 
heanl we were to travel to and fro, of our 
departing from them. They Uiought 
that if we were in earnest, and wonld 
bwjn to erect « place of worship, we 
might be encouraged to come again. We 
accordingly procured some land in a 
tnitable utuation ; but for reasons which 
I need not expl^n, that grant was recalled, 
and we were compelled to purchase apor- 
tion from the natives, as contiguous as 
pomhle to the t«wn. The natives were 
willinc to nU; indeed they offered to 
give tne land, as it was to he devoted 
to carrying on the work of God, "We, 
however, preferred to purchase, and 
paid a pnce far exceeding that for 
which the natives looked. We have 
procured land in two other localities ; and 
it h«B been mode or a to the Society vitJt 



as good a title as could be obtuned. Tia 
people are moat anxious that we dxwU 
not delay to settle among them. Intn- 
vellinf through the fint thirty towns ws 
visite^ the inquiry continually wu, 
"Will the white man come to-moirowl 
We will do all we can to make him ctni- 
fortabl^ and send our children to be in- 
structed." The old people would m, 
" The old onerf eats are too hard to M 
instructed, but the young onva ma; be 
brought up in the w^ deured." 

THE AFRICAN CIVILIZATION 
SOCIETY. 

From Iht Jamaica " MoTBltsg Jianiat,' 
BfSepttmbet lOlh, IBU. 

Om Sunday last, the Rev. Mr. Staiuby, 
Rector of Hanover, preached to i 
numerous congregation in the Chon^ 
of Falmouth, an eloquent and impru- 
sive sermon, in aid of the funds of tbe 
above-named excellent institution. Tbe 
rev. gentleman took hts text from ibe 
42nclcliapterofIsBiah,Ter8e22nd:'<But 
this is a people robbed and spcdled; 
they are all of them snared in bob, 
and they are hid in prison houses; thtj 
are for a prey, and none deliv^b; 
for a spoil, and none saith, restore." 
In exponnding this passage, Mr. 
Stainal:^ dwelt in the fir^t place, witk 
conaiderable force, on the perseratkmi 
which the followers of the Jewisb 
Faith have suffered among all natinu 
of the earth, from the commenceiDeBt 
of the fulfilment of the propbeciei 
uttered against them; and then oSered 
a most feeling and Christdan pnj«i 
that this long>suffering people miy, tt 
no very distant period, be restored to 
the favour of tne Moat High. He 
next considered the present Aepiiti 
and oppressed state <^ tbe childieo d 
Africa; the inhuman traffic carried oe 
between the chie& of that countiv u^ 
the dealers in human fieah; tbewa»- 
ralized condition of those govenuaenB 
by whom slavery has not been aboIishMli 
and the noble exertions that are m* 
making throughout the British Dcmt- 
nions to put down the disgusting vni 
inhuman traffic. Knowing as we d^ 
that the rev. gentleman had fv ' 
series of years laboured sealonslj > 
the canse of freedom, we wen not > 
little delighted at bis aasertitti, lU 
Ubertf wu in no country mora wa- 



1M8.3 



THE FBIEHD OF AFRICA. 



stricted In iti progTMB tb&n in this, and 
that throughout tlie length and breadth 
□f Jamaica, justice is, with few, verj 
few exceptions indeed, purely {ubniaiB- 
tered. The conclusion of the sermon 
was an energetic s,ppeal to the congre- 
gation, and happy are we to add that 
that appeal was not made in Tain. It 
prodnced a collection of £20 6t. 2id. 
Bterling, which will be forwarded to the 
Society by the next packet. — Pott. 

LOSS OF THE CREOLE. 
As this vessel attracted considerable 
attention in the commencement of this 
year, &ora the circumstances attending 
the self-liberation of her slave cai^o 
(see Fritnd of Africa, March, 1642), 
our readers may, perhaps, be interested 
in knowing her fate. 

From the 2Snd to the 25th of Octo- 
ber last, an awful storm of wind and 
rain devastated the beautiful island of 
Madeira. 

The Craole happened to be lying 
there at the time, and from the account 
furnished by an eye-witness, we extract 
tbe following notice of her total de- 
struction ; — 

" On my arrival at the Pontinha, the 
object of alarm was too cleoiiy marked. 
The Cnole had dragged her fmchor, and 
been driven on shore. In a few seconds 
she had become a wreck ; her keel forced 
in, her hull broken, and the waves 
sporting between the decks, which had 
too often rung with the cries— perhaps 
cries to Heaven for vengeance — of impn- 
Boned Slaves. The sailors, worn out with 
fatigue, were just taking some re&esb- 
ment, when a sea stmck the vessel, and 
sprung her anchor. Death stai^ tbem ii 
tAO fitce ; bnt the mate, with admirable 
Belf'poBseHaon, ordered the jib to be set, 
aeiaed the helm, and piloted her between 
the two rocks. In less than a minnte the 
winds and waves dashed her against the 
coast, carrying her bowsprit over the wall 
of Uie Siudinian Consul's garden, into 
wbich the sulors scrambled off tbe 
rigging, and were all saved through the 
provituoice of God." 

So complete was tbe ruin of this 
wretched vessel, that masts, rigging, 
bulwarks, and decks, were scattered 
piecemeal over the besch, and the very 
framework of the hull wu rent into 
countless atoms. 



SLAVERY IN THE OKITED 



"Thb upholders of slavery in America 
— the atrocities of wbich system I shall 
not write one word for which I have not 
ampleproof and warrant — maybe divided 
into three great classes. 

" The first ars those more moderate and 
rational owners of human cattle, wbo have 
come into the possession of ^m as so 
many coins in their trading capital, bnt 
who admit tbe frightful nature of the 
institution in the abstract, and perceive 
: the dangers to society wiui wbich it is 
fianght ; dangers which, however distant 
they may be, or howsoever tardy in thdr 
coming on, are as certain to fall upon ita 
goittv head as is the day of judgment. 

''The second consists of all those ovrneri^ 
breeders, naera, buyets, and sellers of slaves, 
who will, untU the bloody chapter has a 
bloody end, own, breed, use, buy, and sell 
them at all hazards; who dtWedly deny 
the horrors of tbe system, in the teeth of 
snch a moss of evidence as never was 
broogbt to bear npon any subject, and to 
whicn the experience of every day contri- 
butes its immense amount ; who would at 
this or any other moment, gladly involve 
America m a war, civil or foreign, pro- 
vided that it bad for its sole end and object 
the assertion of their right to perpetuate 
slavery, and to whip and work and torture 
alaves, unquestioned by any human autho- 
rity, and nnassailed by any human power ; 
who, when they speak of freedom, mean 
the freedom to oppreea theb kind, and to 
be savage, merciless, and cruel ; and of 
whom every man on bis own ground, in 
.republican America, is a more exciting, 



angry robe of scarlet. 

"The tliird, and not least numeroug 
and influential, is composed of all that 
deUcate gentility which cannot bear a 
superior, and cannot brook an equal,- of 
that class whose republicanism means, * t 
wiD not tolerate a man above me ; and of 
those below, none must approach too near;' 
whose pride, in a land where voluntary 
servitnae is shunned as a di^race, must 
be ministered to by slaves; and whose 
inalienable rights can only have their 
growth in n^jo wrongs. 

" It has been sometimes urged that, in 
the uiMvailing efforts which have been 
made to advance the cause of human free- 
dom in the republic of America (straug« 
causB for historv to treat of i ), sufficient 
i^rd has not been had to the existence 
of the first class of persons ; and it has 
been contended tliat they are hardly nsed 
in being oonfoonded with the leoond. 



186 



THE FRIENC OF ATBICA. 



[DsciofBn, 



This is, no doubt, the sue ; noble f utanccs 
of p«cnniaiy ana penonal sacrifice have 
already had their growth taaoog them ; 
and it IB much to be r^retted that the 
gulf bet ireen them and tne advocates c^ 
emancipadon should bare been widaoad 
and deepened by any means ; the nthar, 
aa there are beyond dilute, among these 
elave-ovners, many kind maBters who are 
tender in the exercise of their unnatural 



po; 



StiU it ia to be fewed that thia 



ijaatice is insepatable irom the state of 
things with which humanity and troth 
are called upon to deal. Slavery is not a 
whit the more endurable because some 
hearts are to be found wliich can partially 
resist its hardening influences; nor can 
the indignant tide of honest wrath stand 
stilL because in its onward course it OTer- 
whelms a few, who are compantively inno- 
cent, among a best of guilty. 

" The ground most commonly token by 
these better men amtmg the advocatea ot 
slavery, is this: ' It is a bad system ; aad 
for myself I would willingly get rid of it, 



ific 



)uld, most willingiy. But it is 

' England take it to be. 



00 hod as you . _ __. 

Yon are deceived by the mprmniitatinni of 
the emancipationists. The greater part 
of my slaves ars much attached to me. 
You will tty tlut I do not allow them to 
be sevenly treated ; but 1 will put it to 
jon whether ^on believe that it can be a 
genisral practice to treat them inhitmaiiJyt 
when it would impair their valufl, and 
would be obviously egainet their mastsre.' 

** Is it the interest of any man to steal, 
to game^ to waste his heolth and mental 
fiKulties by drunkenness ; to lie, forewMr 
himself, indulge hatnd, seek deqMiate 
revenge, or do murder? No. All these 
an TOMS to ruin. And why, tbea, do 
men tread them 1 Because such ineliit»- 
tions are among the vicious qualities of 
mankind. Blot out, ye friends of slavery, 
from the catalogue of human pMslniB, 
brutal lust, cruelty, and the abuse «f im- 
Bponnble power (MFall earthly tonptationa 
tne moat difficult to be teatsted), and when 
Te have done so, and not before, we will 
inquire whether it be the interest of a 
master to lash and msdm the sUrea, onr 
whose livee and limbs be has an ^bnl«te 
oontrol. 

"But ag^n; this class, tocetJier with 
that last (me I have named, the miastable 
ariatociacy spawned of a false imublii^ 
lift up their voices and exclaim, * PnUic 
(pinion is all-sufficient to • ■ 

cruelty as you denounce.' " 
Why pauie opinion in ._. 
slavery, u it uotl PiUilic opinion, in the 
■laves stMc^ has delivered tiis slan over 
to tU tma» menin rf ttwir mMt«a, 



at to prevMt amdi 
».' Public opimoB I 
u the slave atates jf 



Public opinion has made the laws, and 
deemed t£em legislative protection. Pub- 
lic opiniou has knotted the lash, heated 
the branding-iron, loaded the rifle, and 
shielded the mniderer. Public opinion 
threatens the abolitionist with death, ifhe 
venture to the South; and drags him with 
a rape about his middle, in htoiA unblush- 
ing nooo, through the fiist city in tha £ast 
Fublio opinion ha^ within ■ &w jeurt, 
burned a slave alive at a slow fin ui the 
city of St. Louis ; and publia i^inioa has 
to this day maintained upon the bench 
that estimable judge who charged the jui^ 
em panelled to try his murdereia, that their 
most horrid deed was an aot of public opi- 
nion, and being so, muat not be ponishad 
t^ the laws the public sentiment lud made. 
Public opinion nslled this doctrine with s 
how! of wild applause, end set the pri- 
eonetB free, to walk the city, men of rank 
and inflneooe, and statiMi, as they had 
been before. 

" Fublio (^linion I Whit daai cf mei 
bATe an immense pr^cmderaDce ow tba 
rest of the communitjr, in their power tf 
lepresenting public opinion in the l^ida- 
ture? The slave owners. Tliey send 
from their twelve states one hundred 
membMs, while the fooiteen free states 
with a frea population nearly doable, 
return but s hnsdied and finty-two. 
Before whom do the presidsatial caadir 
dates bow down lheiiMMhumbly,oBwlK>m 
do tliey 6wn the most fondly, and fcr 
whoas tMes do they eater tha BMMt sai- 
duoualy in their swrile protsstaticMS? 
Tlie slave ownen alw^s. 

« Publia tfinionl Haw the pmUic 
opinion <rfths free South, as s^rsased bj 
its own mcanben in th* House of Bqw^ 
sentatiTasatWaahingtaa, 'Iharvajmat 
retftect for the chui,' qttoth North Can> 
liua'; ' I have neat reipect for the ehah 
as an offioer of tne housa^ and s gnM ■*- 
apeotfiiff him pefsonally ; nrtluBg bvt that 
MMeet piennli ma finm raaUag fat tks 
fatbV Md tearing that petition w^ hM 
{ust been piwihid for the abobttoB d 
aUvwy in the district of ColnmUa, to 
Recast *I warn the abalititmiats^' a^ys 
South Catolina, 'IgBonnt) inftiriatBd mr- 
boriaai ■• they are^ that if dianc* ahd 
duowaoT of tMn into our hands, hem^f 
npsotuMon'i death,' <Letanabiditis<i- 
ist come within the bordMS of South Caiv- 
Una,' vies a tUi4-mild CardhM's eol- 
league,— 'and if we can oitch him wuwiU 
try htm ; and notwithstaudiiig tho inbr- 
forence of all the goTemmeuta on earth, 
including the federal govenunso^ we will 
Buca iiirol* 

"Public opinion has made thb law. 
It iu deelned tbat ia Wtalibgtw, in 



1848.] 



THE FBIEND OF AFHICA. 



IBT 



that oity which takes it« aame hom the 
father of Americaa liberty, an; jnatice of 
the paooe may bind with ntteta any neeni 
□aMiDg down the street, nod thrurt him 
iDto nol i no offence on the blaek mmn'i 
part Is ne cM safy. The jnatice my*, ' I 
chooae to thinlc this men a ranawi^/ and 
loclc him op. Public opinion empowen 
the nuu) of law, whan this ii done, to 
advertise the negro in the newnpapan, 
warning his owner to come and daun nim 
or be will be eold to pay the gftol fees. 
But Huppoaing he is a free black, and has 
no owner, it may natnioUy be presumed 
that ha is set at liberty. No; hb is sold 
TO KBcoMFKna HU oiolbk. This has been 
d(xieagain,«iul again, and again. Ha has 
no means of proving his freedom ; has no 
adviser, messenger, or ewislanee of an^ 
BOrt 01 kind ; no inveetigaUoa into hia 
case is mad^ or inquiry iiutituted, Hc^ a 
bee man, who may hare aarvad for yean 
and bought his liberty, is thrown into 
gaol on no process, for no crime, and on no 
pretetwe of^crime; and b sold to pay the 
eool fees. Tltis seems inmedibK even of 
AmeiKO, bnt it is the law."— Duxxn'B 
Amttiotm Ifolei. 

UEKTINGS OF ATTXUIABIBS. 

Odr friends in the country bave been 
fbr some time post desirous of la 
before the public, in their vuioiu 1 
lities, a statement of the important 
events which have recently occurred in 
Africa and the West Indies. In ( 
pliance with this wish, a series of 
Meetings was amuiged, for Weymouth, 
Dorchester, and BUndford, on the 5th, 
6th, and 7th of October, by the Com- 
mittees of the £aat and West Dorset 
Auxiliarieo. 

At these places, eepedolly it Blond- 
ford, where Lord PoBTMAif was in the 
choir, the spirit evinced on behalf 
the Society was very gratifying, and 
the details of its views and plans were 
received with satio&ction. 

The secretaries, Revds. H. J. Ur- 

Juhart, J. Mensies, C. W. Bingham, 
I. Monle, and Corr J. Gl^ took an 
•ctive port in the pnoeediDgi of the 
several meetings. 

At DorchttUr, Mr. Bixqham re- 
marked i 

« It wu odd by some that they had 
done no good. They had been a l«w 
time at work— two yeftra and a half I A 
long time, fonooth, to repay the long 
eeriea td worn and itUQOM tw lud Iwiii 



heaped by ua upon Africa. It really was 
Temarkable that people ihould turn away 
from a Bocie^ on ench futile grounds as 
these. There was no member of that 
Society, he was tnre. bnt what felt that 
they mnrt 'cast tndr bread on the 
woteiV >Dd ^ oontent to wait 'many 
doys' tor ita retain. He had been very 
much straefc with s remark of the lole 
Ur, WUberfbroe, which might be applied 
to the diaasten which the Society had 
undergone. He reminded his bearers that 
St. Paul, when he went forth to preach 
the Gkiepel, not only met the oppodtioa 
of men, but he might almoet have ima- 
gined for a momMit, of heaven. Mot only 
woa ha 'beaten with rods,' bnt 'thiice 
did be suffer shipwreck.' Ha did think 
that pasoage was one which sfannld be 

me in nund by all." 

The Moble Chairman at Blm^ord 
spoke in a similar strain i 

" Altbonph there hod be«i loss of liib, 
and other cu^umstsnces tending to induoo 
despondency, in the matter of the Niger 
E^tedition, vet those devoted men who 
went out voluntarily and had lost their 
lives, tbongh they were ket to their 
countrjr, yet itill ipok* tnunpet-tcninied 
to their lellow-coantrymen and fellow- 
Christians to oMoa forward miweeoraeetly 
in the Gonse in which they had embarked 
■—not to look bock beouiae foil saccees 
not at once attend the operations of 
Soriety, but to renew their effbrta in 
order to caity oat th^ hlj^ pnrpoaes. 

" With ngvd to the state and proapecta 
of the Society, be wonld say that the ' 
word ' iu pa i r' wao not known in this 
nait of the County of Dorset. (Hear, 

The Rev. Carr Gltk spoke in 
terms of praise of the efforts of the 
Dorset Auxiliories to assist the Parent 
Society, which he trusted would be con- 
tinued and increased. 

" Let them bnt continue and penever^ 
end with God's blessing, their objects 
would, aooner or later, be aocomplisoed." 

At Rvdt, Jtlt of Wight, a meeting 
was hel^ October 1 Itb, the Vicar in 
the choir. 

Conuderable interest woe excited, 
and a still more favouroble prospect may 
ba antidpated next year. 

At SotiAampton it is in contempla- 
tion to fonn an Auziliar; and to hold a 
Meeting next Spring, wluch is consi- 
dered more fovoiuvble seasoit than 
the present. 

Oa iMving Dors«t Mg. i^^^fi|M(; 



THE PKIEND OV AFRICA. 



[DscsHBn, 18^. 



proceeded to Suffolk, ia which county 
two lectures were delivered, at Ipfwich 
and Haleuoorth. The Ipswich meet- 
ing (Not, 8th) waa respectably attended, 
and much interest waa excited by a 
letter from the venerable Clarkson, 
whose infirmities did not permit him to 
attend. A considerable number of 
annnsl subscribers was procured, and a 
favourable impression seems to have 
been made. 

At HaUiKorth, (Not. I4th,) the 
active idndness of our corresponding 
member, Andrew Johnston, Esq, had 
secured a very full attendance, and the 
audience seemed deeply interested. 
The Vicar took the chair, and some 
subscribers were here also procured. 
It may be mentioned that a gentleman 
at HaUtworth has fitted up his house 
with teak from Fernando Po, which 
takes a beautiful polish, and is exceed- 
ingly durable. It bears only the objec- 
tion which was raised agtunst mahogany 
on its first introduction, namely, its 
extreme hardness, which spoils the 
tools of the workmen. 

At NorwUA, Not. I8th, we had the 
support of Sir Fowell Buxtok, and 
Joseph John Gurnet, the former of 
whom presided with his usual spirit, and 
the latter delivered a very excellent 
speech, from which we extract a few re- 
marks, regretting that the lateness of 
its reception does not permit us to insert 
it entire— 

" lb. G, said that the principles IMd 
down were clear and important, and the 
&cts stated equally convincing. The 
result of the Niger expedition bad been 
very &r from shaking his own attach- 
ment to the society. On the contrary 
the termination of the Expedition had 
lemoTed the only difficulty that fbi^ 
merly pressed on his mind in reference 
to this mstitntion. He always felt that 
he could not, |witii his principles, take 
any part in promoting an armed expedi- 
tion. This was, however, purely the 
measure of Goremment, and not of the 
Soi^ety; and the latter hod been con- 
nected with the Expedition only so for 
as it uded its strictly peaceable and 
beneroleut objects. It wus satis&ctory 
in know that not a gun had been fired 
during the whole progress of the Expedi- 
tion, and that the whole intercourse with 
the people was of the most peaceable 
character. It had been ascertaioed that 



there was a ready acqnieacenM on the 
part of the natives to unite in pntnotiitf 
the objects of this institution ; and though 
the lives of Eoropeans could not be en- 
trusted to the climate of A£ie^ it had 
been ibund that native agents oonld be 
employed with safety and enceeB. Some 
of the most deadly enemies to iUveiy, 
and who always intended to be ao, wen 
very much afr^d that if the Afiican 
Chiefs kept their people at home instead 
of selling thero, the bonds of slavery might 
be more strengthened ; bnt it was grati^- 
ing to find that there was no desire to 
perpetuate the system of domestic slavery, 
on the part of the Airican Chie& Thb 
removed the substantial diflScultiee of tbi 
question. 

" There appeared also a great williqg- 
ness on the part of the African dueb to 
concur in the plans proposed by the 
British Government, and he did not hesi- 
tate to say that the agency of instruded 
negroes, if properly instructed for th« 
purpose, would be found in all rsneda 
sufficient to carry ont the viewa of th« 
Societv and of the British Govenmat. 
He believed that if they persevered in thi 
work they should in the end attun the 
victoiy over their great enemy; and 
would have occaMon for lliiiiil riilimii 
that they had not been permitted to jgia 
the multitude in going mst aale^ cm this 
most important subject. (Applause,)" 

One donation deserves particuUr 
notice, as it was given espeduly for the 
contemplated Institate at Fernando Pd. 
The donor was a lady well known ■■ 
every work of benevolence, M» 
Hancock, of Norwich. 

We trust that this lecture will he 
foUowcd up by a public meeting in 
Norwich, which our frieads in that 
place and noghbourhood seem earaestlj 
to desire. 

On the whole, it is perfectly dear. 
that the general interest on bdialf </ 
Africa has by no means eubnded, lad 
that although some discouragement mn 
exist with regard to the results of tka 
Expedition, the great plan of an eftt- 
tiTe Natita agency ia calculated to 
secure the full confidence of the Britiih 
public. 



LoNDon I PrlDt«a br Tnoiua BicaAan HauiM^ 
of Mo. U, St. HutiB'i Iaiu,lB Uis putob «f K 
IlvUDlBtliBpUilii aad piililltfcwl *T farm "- 
LiiH PAUn, of No. A*t, WoM Bund. MM ito 
bf Mnnvi BltlBftow; Halshudi trnttf: I'M*' 



THE FRIEnB of AFRICA. 

BT 
TBS COBmiTTES OF TBE SOCIETY FOR THE BXTWCTIOS OF TBS. 

SLAVS TRASS AND FOR TBE CITILIZATION OP AFRICA. ^^ ^ 

MOKTHLT. SA^^^-P 



No. 27.] LONDON, JANUAKY. 1843. {I^iwM.'gi, 



CONTENTS. 

AJdrcH to tha Pihnda o( Africa 

TombaktB; lEi Comaurog, Andml iBd Xodm 

Til* MOddTuiu 

Tad*brt««iAM!aaiidtlMVMtliidi« 



Jdtie^^tUiivtiioWM, 

HarM«]aty^Coiuiil>tDBnuaiu . 
Madal minrled to Dr. HoWllUUD . 
Cum of Sknn 



ADDRESS TO THE FEIEKDS OF AFRICA. 
Thbrb never was a period in the history of African dvilizfttion when 
the friends iA that great measure might with more propriety adopt the 
words of an Apostle than at the present day : " We are troubled on every 
side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair; per- 
secuted, but not forsaken ; cast down, but not destroyed *." Most nobly 
did the pHlanthropists of the kingdom, led on by the Consort of our 
beloved Queen, stand forward, in the eyes of all Christendom, to wipe 
away the stain from the national honour, in having so long neglected the 
claims of Africa on her justice and mercy. But, alas \ such is the uncer- 
tainty of all human effi>rts, that those which were then conceived in a 
spirit of such disinterested and enlarged benevolence, and entered upon 
in dependence upon the blessing of God, have as yet, in His inscrutable 
purposes of wisdom, hiled fully to accomplish the ends for which they 
were undertaken. Sickness, terminating in the deaUi of many of the 
truly Christian and intrepid members of the Niger Expedition, with its 
series of imlooked-for and untoward disasters, put an end to that noble 
undertaking befi»e it could have been properly said to have fully entered 
upon its important labours. Hence the m^hty outcry raised agtunst 
^e promoters of the measure, as well as agtunst the measure itself, 
founded upon the excessive waste of human life (though a larger amount 
is every day occurring in the trading ships which frequent the coast, and 
of which we hear no complaints, and which still continue their 
respective engagements), just as if the mercenary and slavery-loving 
part of the nation, and those prejudiced against the benevolence 
of the age, would by clamour stifle the cries of Africa, dirert the.nation 

•SCOT.iv.8,Bi ^ 



2 THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. [Jt.injuT, 

bom. a consciousness of its responsibility, and blazon forth her increased 
commercial relations with that continent, as if these were to atone for the 
national wrong, or afford a panacea for the ten thousand evils which 
British intercourse, from first to lost, has indicted upon h^ children. 
But is this din of opposition, this tyranny of the press, to frighten us 
ttom our duty ? Are we to content ourselves to leave to future ages, as 
our predecessors have done, the payment of the debt ; and, overawed by 
the consentaneous efforfa of the day to annihilate our sympathy, — to 
abandon in despair future eSbrts for the relief of suffeiings we have our- 
selves created ? Surely not. A conspiracy may exist to criish these 
efforts, or to frustrate future plans for the amelioration of the condition 
of A&ica — 'but when have not men conspired together when ignorance 
was to be upheld, or the light of God's revealed truth to be excluded 
from B lost world ? 

Hence many have been tiie conspiracies formed agtunstCSuistianity in aU 
ages, yet it still bends its onward course to gladden witli its presence the 
benighted inhabitants of heathen lands — it marches on to the fulfilment 
of its predicted designs, when " the wilderness and the Solitary place 
■hall be glad for them*," " tbe desert sh^ rejoice and blossom n tlie 
rose," when " the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord, as 
the waters cover the seaf." Conspired against, we may be — yet we are 
" not forsaken." He, whose cause it is, will never abandon it, th<mgh 
the walls of that spiritual temple which He is raising to His own glory, 
from amongst the inhabitants of every nation, may be erected in 
troublous times — our duty to Africa is no less plain now than it wai 
when the whole nation smiled upon the Expedition, or when the first 
meeting in Exeter Hall was distinguished by the presence of our nobles, 
and honoured by the presidency of the iUustrious Prince, llie neces- 
sities of Africa are no less appalling now than they were tben — nor is the 
moving principle to duty changed. There is but this difference in the 
circumstances of our position. We must go forward, more simply, in 
dependence upon God ; we must henceforth leam to bear in mind whal 
Sir Fowell Buxton, in his most valoable work, has in^ted upon, that 
the Bible and the plough must be regarded as the gnUid oltimate 
remedy for her deliverance, that the lever to be applied by the Chnrdi 
of Christ, in her efforts to evangelise and bless the world, ii CSiria- 
tianity, and that it is her bounden duty henceforth to afford to Aitia 
her fur proportion of labourers in the missionary work. 

But besides what is thus required of the Church at laige, there is ■ 
responsibility devolving upon the Government of England, in nltnaa 
to the civilization of Africa, wholly independent of her claims on the 
benevolence of individuals, or bodies of Christians, and which caimot, sn 
long as the doctrine of restitution is to be inidntained, be di!^)ense<! 
with. The nation is largely indebted to the people of Aftic»--tbeff 

* Iniah zxxr. 1. t Iniah ^ g. 



18*3.] THE FftlEWP dF AFRICA. 3 

cUiiiiS iixe nnlicl^dsted ; theit- grievances are hnredressed ; their 
injuries are luiatdiied for. "Can any one," asks orife of the fnost 
enteiprising friends of Afriba *j ''.believing in the justice of one 
universal Creator — nay, liny Onfe merely conTenaat with the history 
of the Vorldi doilbtj that fdi- the blood, and the sufferings, the 
misery, and the tears of these Africans, a day of retribution will not 
sooner or later arrive J The present pfosperity of our conntry 1^ ho 
prodf to the contrary. We boadt that the sun never seta upon our 
doininibris. fifty ^eata &g6 Spain did tbe^wae; and where is she now ? 
her commerce almost annihilated ; her power, aa a nation, despicable ; 
her people • * * demoralised and depravedi the very lees 
of a nation; her territory alternately scourged by domestic feuds 
or foreign foes. — Let any one read die account of her crueltiea in 
the new ^orld, and her history for the last half century, and donbti 
if he can, the retributive justice that awaits the oppressor, who, blind to 
the consequences; neglects the opportunity offered by Providence 
for the expiation of his guilt, and whose punishment, though it inay 
slowly, yet surely overtakes and overwhelms hiih. On the principle 
of repairing the evil we have dohe, and avoiding its punishment, 
it is OUT iritn^t as well as our duty to atone, as ^ as lies in our 
powei-, for the misery we have infiicted on the African race." 

Oh the justice of these remarks there can be but one opinion. 
Nationally we are debtors to the African race, and, if we would have the 
bleaslng of God to descend in a yet larger measure upon our highly 
privileged country, w6 inast make restitution to them to the utmost 
of our ability, even at the eleventh hour. 

Such are the sentiments witii which 4e wbuld commeiice the year { 
nothing terrified by the gathering of the tempest, or the frowns of the 
world. Cheenid onfrwda by the assurance of the final triumphs 
of Chriitidhity, and thai "The Lord God Omnipotent reigneth," 
we would adopt the language addressed to Moses of oldi on an occasion 
when danger and difficulty ptessea the chosen people on every side, 
"Speak ilnto the childltn of Istdel, that they go forward." With 
the {tiiitit bt the cloud by day, and Ihe pillar of fire by night, to guide 
and to direct us, we would earnestly invite all the friends of Africa 
ta rally ^ound the standard of her deliverer, and, nothing discouraged by 
thfe bVentA bf the ^ast yeU, to lei this motto be inscribed upon our 
banner for the future — In tfife iihme of tiie Lord, — Let us " Go 
Forward." 

* U'Orcgot Laird, kme^, p. 73. 

D,a,i,z.:i by Google 



THE F&IEND Of Ai^lCA. 



I^JuroutT. 



tdfnm Fol. JJ.,pigB 1100 



From vhat has been already observed 
it will appear that if, at any time, a few 
adventurers succeeded in making their 
way into the heart of S(idfin, during the 
classic ages, at remote periods, and with- 
out any certain connexion, no results 
of consequence ensued; and the inter- 
course which was maintained along its 
seahoard, seems to have died away by 
degrees, and at last, amidst endless 
political and ecclesiastical distractions, 
to have been altogether forf^tten. 

It was reserved for another and a yet 
more hardy race to renew with success 
the prog^ss of ^scovery, to cross the 
burning sands of the wilderness, and 
insinuate themselves throughout the 
kingdoms that lay beyond. Stimulated 
by religious zeal, not unaccompanied by 
hopes of temporal advantage, which 
afterwards expanded into strong com- 
mercial enthusiasm, the fiery Arabs 
poured like a torrent into every comer 
of Northern Africa. Its conquest was 
first attempted by the Khatif Omar, 
but afler a single campaign, the war- 
riors returned to Egypt, and all further 
designs were suspended for nearly 
twenty years. A second inroad was in- 
vited by the native Christians, oppressed 
alike by the Emperor and the Patriarch 
of Carthage; but to the third, under 
Akbar, the subjugation of its principal 
provinces is more justly attributed. 
Having advanced to the verge of the 
Atlantic and of the Desert, he secured 
his sway by laying the foundations of 
Kairwan*, which still ranks second in 
its district only to Tunis. Intestine 
dissensions and occasional repulses, how- 
ever, delayed the pn^resa of victory ; 
nor was it till the year 69S of our era, 
that the Greeks were finally defeated, 
whilst the aboriginal Berbers f still 
maintained a stubborn conflict in the 

• Ksirwut, or nlhar Kihinven, ii tlw Bn^ar 

fiunl at Kihin {Ciirv), nwuiiuglAi vicforvri, wd 
Eo Sakatu (^ hatdng pUcv), wu ^pUed la the 
fint Htded vtBticai of the inrailrai- 

+ Tho Duu Bertwr Mnnl la hlTa otiginMad Id 
Iha comnarcial aad diplDnadc lat^oaga of tlw 
Rmuo Empln, aad to Ut* naant nual; • l»- 
Tngoar, tarianu. 



regions of Numidla. The tai^^nage, 
religion', and habits of the Arobit 
nevertheless, continued to spread 
throughout the country ; and the build- 
ing of the celebrated city of Fea 
(a. D. 786) may be regarded u sniE- 
cient evidence of the extent and ata- 
bility of their power*. 

During these repeated ittvuknts, the 
ancient inhabitants, finding tbemaelTes 
overpressed by the acrumdating Arabs, 
retired in great numbers to the impi^- 
nsble recesses of the Atlaa range, or 
wandered across the Desert to the rery 
borders of Negroland. 

The scanty patches of verdure whkk 
diversify the sandy waste, attracted 
several of these exiled hordes, and 
being swelled in numbers from time to 
time by fresh parties of their brethren, 
they formed in different places settle- 
ments which might in some sense be 
called permanentf. 

Of the various tribes whicli thm 
parcelled out its inhos[»Uble domains, 
the Zenfiga seem to have been the 
most numerous and powerful in andeat 
times^. Three principal divisitnu ti 
this sept extended from the foot of 
Mount Atlas to the borden of S&dfa, 
with whose inhabitants they freely 
intermingled, and over which tbey 
exercised, no doubt, considerable in- 
fluence. In the northernmost portion, 
occupying the hills on the tonth nde of 
W^d Nun and Darti, and the fort 
or town of Arkf, dwelt the Lumtliiia: 
separated from them by on oninhabi- 
table tract, ten days' journey in width, 
but bordering in like manner om tke 
sea side, the Benu GoddiU filled the 
southern zone of the Sohnifl, whilst the 



* Lm AfriaDU tm tlttt &t naa 
rom an Anbio mritbt mM,iBiat 
lin&ataBbtiiSM. 



goUhanc 

W* om ai^rtUBsIUn n tocenla >iai«lrf)i 
of Ih* aofy DOTMnanla of Oa H«m and Anka te 
"'r ''"''' r-iarhraiifthiJafliiiiiMrw^j 
"" ^—-otqiuKiDghUwdtk villlWMBi 




ThalioDuntrf ianUta han B 
Tba whola bo^ ttZmdit, tanrin 



1843.3 



THE FRI&ND OF A7RICA. 



mora rterile tracts in its interior 
abandoned to the wandering tribe of 
the Benli MasiH'a. These last, con- 
fined to a dixtrict, the very name oj 
Nrliich indicates its hopeless sterility, 
sought support by becoming the guides 
of the Kifilas, which soon began to 
traverse their country, and in which 
offic« they subsequently seem to have 
been established by a sort of hereditary 
right. 

Inflamed with reli^ous ardour, the 
preachers of Islamism soon found their 
way imongst ^ese wild Momidians ; and 
Leo tells us that in the year of the 
Hijra 380, (A. d. 987,) tbey had all 
become followers of the prophet. Con- 
version seems to have stimulated their 
ambition and aroused their martial 
propensities, for abont 60 years after, 
the three tribes, uniting under a single 
leader, Abli Bekr Ben Omar El- 
Lumtdnf, and assmning the name of 
A! Mor£bittin, or Champions of the 
Faith, marched northwards, drove out 
the family which, aAer several revoln- 
tions, had assumed the command of 
Mauritania, and made themselves mas- 
ters of the fertile regions on both sides 
of the Southern Atlas. Their second 
general, Yusef ben Tfishifin, founded 
the city and empire of Marocco* about 
the year of our era 1063, and pushed 
his conquests into Spain. There thev 
guned the battle of Badajos, in whicn 
King Alfonzo was slain; expelled the 
rtvd 'dynasty of the Ommeyah, and 
figure in its annals under the name of 
Almoravides. Their occupation of Fez 
was vigorously contested by the Magh- 
r4«a-|-, who had long ruled the country, 
and joined with the Mikn£sa, and other 
Zenita tribes, to oppose the invaders. 
The victory, however, fell to the Mora- 
bites, who entered the city in triumph, 
A.D. 1067. Surprised and expelled soon 
after, they r^ained possession in 1069, 
slangbtenag, as it is said, 20,000 of the 
Maghriwa, whose swayin the west thus 
tenninaled, after a continuance of just 
a century. 
«hat (othawrt 
ei^ to TafilalL 
■CoL 




The vanquished most probably retired 
to the desert, where we shall afterwards 
find their name, and in 1084, the Emir 
of the Morabites invited his brethren of 
the Lumtiina, Goddala, and Mas6fa, 
to fill the extensive and well-watered 
territories which they had thus aban- 
doned. The ecclesiastical and political 
rule of the conquerors extended from 
Algiers southward to Sud&n, and lasted 
for three reigns, comprising shout eighty 
years*. In the middle of the twelfth 
century, they were torn from the throne 
in their turn by the Almohades, a sect 
or tribe of more austere character, and, 
after varions changes the sovereignty of 
Marocco finally settled in the line of the 
Sherlfs of Tafilelt, in which it has now 
continued for nearly 300 years. 

" After the fall of the Morabite dy- 
nasty," says Ibn Khaldunf, " the tribes 
of the Molaththemun [ike mv^d, from 
theliihim, or wrapper, which they wear 
over the lip,) returned to the desert, 
and now occupy the countries which 
they originally possessed in the vicinity 
ofNegroland. But the emigration of the 
Zen&ga had been but partial ;" so that 
those who had remained, combining with 
the kroken remnan ts of their disapp ointed 
brethren soon revived this formidable 
name upon the frontiers of Sudan. 

But, whilst they had been thus engaged 
in the north, they had not been less ac- 
tive in another direction, having opened a 
path along the banks of the Niger, and 
extended their authority or their influ- 
ence east, west, andsouth, through alarge 
portion of Central Africa. l%e previ- 
ous condition of the Negroes is described 
by Leo as completely barbarous. It is, 
however, common to all ancient accounti 
of less civilized people to find men 
living " like beasts, without kings, lords, 
government or taxes;" little agnculture, 
rude clothing of skins, imperfect notions 
of property, and promiscuous intercourse 
of the sexes. Some of them are said to 
have adored the aun with songs at his 
first rising: others to have worshipped 
fire, whilst the people of Ga<^ were 

ipetta irllh mat ■noitr of tbdr Iniia, H 




THB FJ|ip»B fly jlFBICA. 



[Jiicun^ 



** trtu Chrutiattt, (?) which doctrine t|iey 
received from Egypt." The consequence, 
however, of the Moorish invasion, was 
iiot oi)ly the intraductiqa of the Maho- 
metan religion, hut a rapid elevation in 
the arts of life, and the estahlishment 
of a considerable coiBmercial iatercoune. 
"And then ffTeat Dumbers of the mer- 
cl^tnts of Barbary travelled inlo that 
coiintry to ae]l their goods, aifd learnt 
(or taught) their language." 

We have arpved, then, at the period 
at which the mercantile history of 
K^oland may he said to commence, 
and shall proceed to consider its charac- 
ter, extent, and the parties and foutes 
by which it was carried on, eo ^ 4a fhe 
somewhat doubtful light) of ai)tigui|y 
may enable us to trac^ them. The 
earliest notices of Uie African kingdoms 
and their trade were derjved througti tl)e 
account^ transipitted to tW refined 
Arabs of Spain by their hrpther Mpsle- 
m^, who were just emerging from the 
desert. These statements were col- 
lected an4 embodied iq a work which 
(jeierypB more reputation thai) till lately 
it haa gained- ^^'^ 'Obeidi-llah J^b- 
dullah el l^ortohi, s^nlamed ^1 BekrE, 
^e outnor of the ^itibu-)-inesale^ «a- 
Umem^ek, or Book of ftoads and 
Realms, ijrfitten in the fear of tpe Hijra 
f6Q (4.0. 1067), had ample oppoitu- 
nmes, from his high official station and 
lesideAP^ JD Cordoya, of latisfyin^f hia 
curioiity, and co)lecting the n^pit S117 
theotic statein^nts, and with the ftpsis)!- 
ance of this and subsequent writers, we 
shall endeavour to describe the conf- 
merce of S<idau and its emporium, pre- 
vious to Mie foundation of Ton^bokbi*' 
X^e extensive range of Cent^ Africa 
m^y bo considered as divided iQto two 
coBunercial provinces, eaph dependent 
op its own great desert road, and holding 
but slight communication on the jr north- 

r Tlw dMa of lh« pitaievd Anb wril«n in wbow 
imrki noticM of Aliiu. BWnar l<a bn, DUj bo fixindi 
■n [h DBatly M can )n eoltceted) a Ibllan:— 

1liMaiiiitaieilbeid94M,A.p.; Iba Hiokal, etnt. 
10; ^BakTi,boniJal(MO,di«dlO«4j El Idiui, 
WTOtt ID IICO ; Ito FUbu. (qixKed bf i.biJfeiU J 
mAMj in «nt 13 ; Dm Qnzi^frtAtbly in cent. 
IS; tnawbimiimcaaifHai1h»liitUai-Jaitj»b 
t, liAimtTkh, (Book oT OvncnpliT,) (Wt 13; 
Y*£Dt,aDLIBi llmS«4,liamlSlt.diellS6e-T; 
AUIM^dMlMli Itail-l-Wvdl, 1140; Hn B^ 
ttu>.lUI; HahUl.IIUW; 11b KhiUuo, bora 
18SB, dial I4M; 8Wu|b*MlB, ItWl LkkUiCI. 



ern frontiers*. The f»»^a^ loute 
through ^ezz&n, was t>ut little trodden 
by the early ^rib merchants, iu com- 
parison with the western, which W 
more directly to the important fliftricU 
of Fes and Marocpq. The i)i>rt|ieTD 
terminus of this tracl^ wa| the Iowa of 
Sijilm^saf, OD the eastern side qf Atlaii 
eight or ten days froifi Fei> and in tbe 
district which i| iioif called T&fllelt. 
Enriched by the constant transit of mer- 
chandiie, this citj attracted crowds of 
foreigp merchants and artisqf)8,miii)pgit 
w^qm jyere piapy ^pws, ^d ^ru Wi?™^ 
with raagnificeift mosquj^ apd colleges- 
To the S-W- lay the wealthy [jtovinM 
"'■ ' ' * r|cer 



/ Dara, the resort of worVers b gold, 
o4 at elevep d^yi dif m^ce, the gathec- 



ing place for the caravans ^bou^ to lUit 
op their drearyjpurney, presented itself 
in the town ofT^ped^jt, in the prorioce 
of Siis el Altsat^ 

"Proceeding jrom henc^, l^e fot 
day's journey con4uc^d to a deep vsU. 
cajled B^ e} Jei^m&Iin; tjie second W 
thrpugji a narrpT defile. Then foe 
three days the ro^ vetft over the moon- 
tail}:! of Azaw^, strewed with t^sm 
{)f iron-aton^. ^lirp^ i^js heyoiu} ibt 



mountains y[aa the fva|eri^ff;p|ace of 
'^mdefas, and th^^fw^fuf^eragr^ 
i}l called W^M^ljn- T^FF uo^^^ 



thrK days led ^ ^ ^pptr spring, ovM 
Tazka, or tte Hofisp. Four davs fw 
Uier jrere t}|e pr^ckjplj ^elli fl'f Welli- 
ng, and after anjctbei; {^^' days itw 
wal^rinff'place qf Aiikarit- Tjiere.eiided 
the hard desert, and ^f fcgjon of lima 
sand-hills ppnunencedi the pMsase of 
jrhicb presented the greatest oiwQ^Q 
x4 the ^yellef, ^d «u frwght vita 
the extj^eet iMngerll- 

' (re k «nUij»u^} 

OuB readera will dnnbtleu have leaned 
with deep r^ret, from Qor ^alemeot 
under thu head in our last niimber, tbs> 
the officer in command of Her Majeitj i 
I, hoiranr, to '>•'* 



iljB mnffiUi nam 4«in t|u nqvt tf 0^ 
(mm from siDlliiin If chk, «• luTiaf Man IrniW 
1^4 JtoounGMignL In Ur ^Bfjf ?••■' "^ 
hiiiiig tnen de>(ii>]r«|f bj Af tiiA^m, k^ >■ 
luiTonniing oauntiT nUioad itf nciiiff «4>(i'- 



1843.] 



TOP vfLnam (ff jissiek. " 



Bfup JfilieHbrct, OR ber ]tte yi»ij to 
^e Niger, foiled to obtaia »aj sa^shc- 
torf infonnatian respecting Uie &te of 
Mr. Alfired Carr, after he entered the 
Nupn broach of the ^tver oij his re- 
turn to the Farm. The na'tiyefl btoj^bf 
down the river, in t)ie jippe" of pf oc(irmg 
some intelligence, Iffrvipg giypfl very 
confined ^nd uQ«aU^factory »cGOU»tt, 
were discharged from qutody at Fer- 
nando Bo, and put on board the £<!iucja>ti 
to await the dpportunily of a passage 
to their own country. Oif becoming 
acquainted with tt|s f^ct, tl)p gentlemen 
interested >? ttfi ifpd^Ftakjiig i^unedi- 
ately (net, and jt ^ppeii^ng tPai » '''•'f* 
migbt itiU rieasomply he enteitaintd 
tiiai Mr. Can may be yet living, 
thmigfa in a fttate of bondaM, (a hope 
decidedly entertained hy Mr. CarFs 
brother, Cjiief Justice pt'SierraLeoDe.j 
tiiey resolved tq ofef ^ reward pf 2pOO 
dollars to any persoi} nliq, in Rifph p#sf , 
Way'prqctfM hiBrelsi'#P; Tte fpUowiog 
is » Ropy or tbe nolice issued | — ■ 

ywo TffpuwuR pqif+as S*y+>p- 

MIoM Farm m Africa. 
TBf Subscribers to ^e ^ye nqipfd 
Farm eBtabEshed at the CbnJIuenpe of tjie 
Niger and Chadda, haviiw received intem- 
gencB by Her'MajeBty'sBulp ^iHe^orce, 
recently retnrned frbm' ptepce". Ih^t lif- 
AlebbdCa^^ t^e'Siiperinteniient of jJiq 
sald'Farm. wUo', yithliis Aii^can jervonf, 
entered itk B'vbr Nifnh iii'a natiirB cano^ 
in the'ijn'onUi of Noveii)6eri 1$41, for th« 
piirpoap of retonung to thp l/ann gftef " 
short absence, had not'reacjiei jt "■■^" 



tn^iiftaiitfieefiMtf^^ncA; wdLord 
Stanley has, with greftt kipdaesB, under- 
taken to pron(ote the object in view, by 
transmittlpg copies of the notice, Ihrotagl} 
the Lords Commissioners of the Admi- 
ralty, to Heflllajesty's cniiier* on the 
coast, a^i tp the dpvernors qf U^e several 
Pri4»l» W»'lei(^i!t* t» >Ves^m Africa. 

TRADE BETWEEN AFRICA AMD 

TUB WEST IMDIES. 
lb the Editor of ^ Fbishd of Akuci. 

" ■"'■"'' ;^^ij,^' UiftTf** 17, 1848. 
Sa,— HftTing perused Sir FoweU Bux- 
WsvahiabS/orfcMi'^Tbegkve.TBade,'! 
and "The Remedy," J have natuiaUy 
enough had my attwtion awakened tfl 
the cEiraded state gf the Isad of my fore- 
bthecs; and, I have beep jaapired with 
a Btjong deoK towsfdl leaeening Uis 
intense and eccuinnlating miseriea, in- 
flicted npon Africa by the slave-trade. I 
am aware that my fteble agency can do 
bat little towards the accomplishment of 
this impprtantolyect; nflverthelees,aBtho 
question of a irade between A£icb ^4 
Ute West Indies has been mooted, I may P« 
^wed, o» the ground of my local poel^ 
tion, to pfer B WW** PI two «■ fine <* 
the point? whit* that quwtion pmhm»- 
l^iese islands, once the hot-b«dt of sla- 
TOT, 6»*e long been a»d Btill are, depep- 
deot o» imww *w supplies qf provisiow; 
and thjw Grwt Britain, lylul* Intheyeiy 
act 1(1 lottdly woteating (wmnrt the «- 
couiamwntyhicb wonU.l^ gww to»» 
hPFiid trade of tfre man-thief tjy tlw_ intro- 
duction pi de*B-g;pwn sugar, direcUy 



the m_ 

althdngh 



left it ip July last; lyu, 
inuchreasop to ffifp'he 



may ' hare" beeii 'liljea on his' 

Si, tif'e Subscriber^ enter'-" 
rtKe ■" 



y J)e stiil aiivej ^hop^ h^ldln 
captivity, 'fhia' !fl to' giye "iiotii^, ib^f 
siiould such ife tJJe caae.'the a|>ovp revrar^ 
of SdOo'DoBafs will te Joid (o aqy person 
or 'penoua yrho Bholl p^Mbiire the In>erat40ii 
of flie said'Mr. Alfred' Carr,' fipon pro^ 
du<^ i' <^rU^te of'the &ct signed by 
Limaelf.' ' - '■ ■ ■ 

' Application to be m^e to the Bs 
MessA. 'Ba^ett,' Ilbares,' Boiniti 
Bradahaw, bonktns, of Lqtdoq. ' 

(Suned) On behalf of the Subscriber^ 
■ ■ W.Coo^ 

IaIb one of Her M^ntj-'t Camnliiiilonen oi 
tlie BipeAtim la'^s Niger.' 

T%f aboye potjcfi ha» heen lit»eFally 
dis^ut^'4lW!))gft the meiBfltut-vessels 



u^ and popeuming m these islands »a 
produce of its (wmpefled apa unrequited- 
tojU. h 18 lamentaWe tp see our Of^ 
aaiifOl in the BftOmalQHJ posibQi) <|f Jm^ 
ing doiro the sUTfr-tiade with m hand, 
Wst she npb)4dB it Fjth the other. 
l*f the ftieitds (? Afrip* paf^fl W» 
cupcr flf hnmanity aifd p^i^olencs gn 
^^ib they have bq nobly epf«red, and 
urge on tbsir «>JP5?n*e ol merpjt, « till 
the irildemetf sbaQ be glad, 4nd W 
detert *all «!J<»« »"4 hhwiflm M the 
row.'! Thj!8oiBlan,dB being formed intha 
it |p^n \iBi6 into pae great Aiiti-SlareiT 
SpcJBty, ye may my to Amepc% tyie v^ 
not BO Ac encourage slavery aa to purchssa 
vpurgQods,^' jivhile we might B^yW Africa, 
*' bring hither your com, year rice ypw 
ttJwusM, and the prpdupe of your fishjreies, 
Bod we will become your customers- ■ 

Bot it may be asked, is there enpugjf 
of Anti-Slavery feelmg in these lalands;. 
or tare the labdy cmiHHP^H vho 



THE FRliENDOF APRICA. 



{Jitnumx, 



might be more readily expected to ioii 
SB Anti-Slaveiy Sode^, saffident w^^t 
<ar influeoce to aimme the poaitiai hinted 
at, or speak out in tha terms dooribedl 
J im^ne they bsTe,— fw let It be remem- 
bered th^ art th« tii^eoiwtaitn. 

In the dsjB of alaTeiy, the martera had 
to Bapply food and clothing for thtai 
iknee, and they used to call themselres 
the consomeiB of all thftt the n^roee ate 
and wore. They had the pnichaiing 
of proTiaioiu, and gave their CDstom 
to whom they pleaaed. But the caee ie 
quite altered now, and the labonreis, who 
were the feimer stares^ now porchsBe ftir 
themmlrea ef whomaoerer tA^r pleas^ 
and if their minds were de«ply imbued 
wiUi Anti-SIsreiy feelingi, and theJr 
n-mpathiee Udy aroused in ikvonr of 
Afiica, it ia dear that they would cany 
their custom to those mefchanta wbo 
ahonld deal in African produce the result 
<A Jrte laboor, in preierance to those who 
should continue to deal in American goods, 
the produce of tloM labour. 

Cm this side of the Water It wonld be 
an MBv matter to obtain persons &Tour- 
ably dimosed to the opening of a trade 
with Africa. A large number of onr mer- 
chants are men of African deecent; who 
would feel di^oaed to use all the means in 
their power in &vonr of AMca; particn- 
larty when they found that in so doing, they 
would be promotingtiieir own Interests. 

Ereiy thing, Mr.editor, seems &vour- 
able to the project of aiconia^g a trade 
between Africa and the West Inoies; our 
Queen, our statesmen, and the British 
pei^le sre &voiimble to it, and what can- 
not snch a phalanx accomjilishi If the 
trade required protectiim m ito infancy, 
wonld it not be easy to impoee a restric- 
tive dnty on American proTisions, which 
might be removed if the Americans would 
free their slaves? Snch a restriction would 
be unobjectionable, because baaed on jus- 
tice and hnmaiiity,an^deslgiMd to suppresa 
davety and euconrage free labour. Be- 
sides ti^, it is hoped that it would only 
be tenqxnary, ana it would ftimiah an 
additioiul pecnidary motivt to the Ame- 
ricans to manumit \Mx alaves. 

On the sabjeet of the equalisati<Hi of the 
duties on fbreiea sugar with those of the 
BriliBh ColoiUes, the strongest ground 
of objection is to be found in the encou- 
ngement wUch such a stm would give 
to slavery. Sir Robert Pee^ speaking on 
this subject, says that " it would not be 
&r the hcmour of Engilaad to let in slave 
Bogar without an attonpt to obtain sMne 
equivBlSntsecuritieafbrthenegro." Such 
a sentiment, Mr. Editor, beqtealn the phl- 
faatbro^ and the atatsamon, Kr Robert 



is right. Let this be held oat aa a omdi- 
tion to the alava-holding stalM of Cubs 
and ifoa^; Jne your ikmi, mtd ws to^ 
adaHtjwtr mmot. At snch a oondnaon 
avariet miAt despwid,bnt Jtnw amity would 
rejdce. If it be tnemeans of obtamli^ the 
emandpaliMi of their enslaved brethren, 
the 'West Indiana (I mean the lately 
onandpated) would readily give up the 
advent^ of protection in tiie Kitish 
markeL and they would stiU live and pru- 
Bjier; butvrithout reqnirins: conqkliaiiee 
with such a condition, equaluation of tbe 
duties would be an act of iqjustice. Let 
the prindples here laid down be acted 
wpoa In dealing with American provisioDa 
imported into the British Colonies^ and, 
dmultaneously with the dviliiatioa of 
Africa, would be promoted the cause to 
emandpation in otaer ports of the world. 
Auouer leaaon tiiat mi^t be givun in 
&yonr of the trade here recommended, is 
the employment it wonld give to Kitidi 
capitoL Hr. W.WemysB Andoaon, in a 
letter published in The Fnend if Jfriea, 
dated 15th Febmoiy, 1B41, atat«8 that an 
objection has been nr^ againat him to 
the effect ^that no dup inating the dr- 



slighteat dunce of a „ - 

produce from Jammca." The person «rho 
made this objection, can have no know- 
ledge <^the entire dependoiceof tlie o^»- 
nista upon British merchsnts. What is 
it that loads British vessels and draws 
bmagnment to the mercantile *-taMiA- 



shippedt The merchanta who m^ke llm 
advance^ direct the canying, and aeoua 
the freight for their own sUpa, and euca- 

iasioo. for theraselvee. 

The carrying of West India prodoce to 
the British market is directed, not in tha 
West Indies, but in En^and. It is tnae 
this buriness has hithoto been in tlw 
hands of the former I^o-Slaveiy patty, 
who have found thdr acoonnt in it, bat I 
imagine there are to be found amongst tim 
mmbaots of England, othen uT agnal 
weight and standing, who can advanca m^ 
nw on mortgages of land, wprodnce to be 
shipped, and thus aecuie frm^t for their 
ahipa, and commisdon for themadvea, to 
whalevar ext«it their means will allow 
them. Tbe fidd is <^>eatng now; for tho 
lately emandpated are gettii^ Jinrws 
sion of land in some of Uie ishuML anj 
will be glad to avul themsebea rf tba 
•srrices of Britinh modiaata. IVws 
merchants who npheld the old ajatiiia, 
and othere of the aamedaaa, ore afc alug 
for this aortof boanesBiandit bafl^. 



THE l^RIEm> OP AF&ICA. 



acconnt in tt monl point of new, thkt 
tKe Anti-SUvery fortj shoold not have 
its due influeDCo in ub a&sin of then 
in\v^', which if they only beitii tbem- 
aelvea, they may exert as fitr as may 
be necSBsary foe all ths benevolent ob- 
jects whicn they contemplate. I am 
aware that there an indirianals who imv 
^e, that sdfiBhneas is the only motire 
which sctnates commercial men, and who 
sneer at the ideft of connscting benevolent 
derigtH with commeraiol entwprisa; but 
those whoM heaits warm with Christian 
fteling, know how to make all things 
sabevvlent to the " glory of God " and 
the "good of man." 

This sabject. Sir, is too extennve for the 
limits of a dngle letter. I will therefore 
close for the present, by observing, tliat, 
as British commernal enterprise btonght 
into existeom sod supported a set of Slave- 
holders in these island^ to its own and 
their advantage; so fintish commercial 
enteniriae can also support &«edom and 
free ubonr to its own advantage, to the 
advantage of the West Indians, and to the 
■dvoutsgv of the continent of Africa. 



lai 



, &c. 



Tss GBjinnsoif or ah AvbiojUi. 

UISSIONABY LABOURS & SCENES 
IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, by Ro- 
BBBT MopsAT. London, Snow, 1848. 
(See(mdNotic».J 
A MI33IONABY leaviuK home for a hea- 
ven country cannot nave too rivid a 
conception of the debased and grovelling 
character of the people amongst whom 
he is about to take up his alrade. No 
stronger proof of this need be adduced 
than the fact that it haa been asserted 
ag'ain and again by those whose expe- 
rience qualifies them to fonn a sound 
opiniou on the subject, that with what- 
ever preparation derived from hearing 
or reading the reports of others, they 
may have gone forth, their first actual 
contact with the terrible reality has 
been almost enough to drive them to 
despair,— -nay that it could not fail to 
have doue so, but for those high prin- 
ciples in which it ii something more 
than either the duty or the privilege of 
the Christian teacher, in which it is 
absolutely necessary for him, to take 
refiige. Doubtless there is great be- 
nefit to be derived from the fact, me- 
lancholy at it is, which we have just 



stated. Humility, confidence in the- 
power of God alone, horror of sin, see-. 
ing what are its fruits, compassion for 
the miserable beings enslaved by it — ■ 
all these, the near approach to heathen- 
ism in its most hideous form, although 
it cannot plant them, has a direct ten<. 
dency to nourish and sustain. Still 
such is the constitution of the human, 
mind, so apt to be unduly influenced by 
the circumstances which surround it--- 
so prone to extravagant hope at on« 
moment, and at the next to despon- 
dency bordering on despur, and this in 
spite of the strictest self- discipline, and 
upon grounds often far more specious 
than soKd.that it is incumbent on every, 
one about to enter upon a new and 
untried career to arm himself, as far as 
may be, against a dangerous propensity 
by which his steady pursuit of du^ 
may at any moment be interrupteo^ 
and which has probably produced mora 
mischief to the world than the world 
ever hat been or ever can be made 
aware of. 

Looking at the subject In this point 
of view, too much importance can 
scarcely be attached to tne reports of 
eye-witnesses of human nature under 
its most appalling aspect ; for although 
the thoughtful consideration of such 
narratives can only, in part, as we have 
already intimated, avail to prepare the 
future missionary soldier for the actual 
shock of battle, they are, nevertheless, 
amongst the most useful means which 
he is able to employ; and in this way, 
OS well at in one still more obvious, 
they furnish a striking illustration of 
a well-known truth, that "knowledge it 
power." The following passages from 
the work of Mr. Molht are of the 
character we have described: — 

" Amongst the poorer classes of the na- 
tives, when the a^d l>ecome too weak to 
provide for themselves, and are a burden 
to those whom they brought forth and 
reared to manhood, they are not onfre- 
quenUy abandoned by their own children 
with a meal of victuals and a cruse of 
water, to perish in the desert ; and I have 
seen a smiall circle of stakes bstened in 
the ffiotind, within which were still lying, 
the bones of a parent bleached in the aun, 
1 who had been thus abandoned. In one 
instance lobserved a small brok^ earthen- 
ware vevel, in which the li 



Tm Wrmo we imitJL 



IJaiinat, 



irater had Ijmh left. ' Wh«t Is this ?' I 
i^, potnting to thd Makes, aJdr^Ming; 
ASMmam, (a natiTe convert). Sm rtflj 
mat '.This is heatliepism ;' and then di 
■cribed thif panicid^l cuBtoiu, 
two aiUr^ a ciicnmatance occv 
corroborated lils Btatementa. , , _ 
^relied all 3a,v over ^ eatidy plain, & 
jiassed a sleep'eea ^ghi from bxtreiliti 
thirat and fatigue. Risinif fearly Aext 
nonti^, and learinf tHe people to get 
the vag^on leadf.to follow, I went, tor- 
ward with one of our nnmber. After 
passing a ridge of tiilia, and advanciuK a 
coDudenble wn^ on the plain, we beheld 
an object of heart-rending distreaa. It 
iPBd on old woman, a liTing skelettjn, sit- 
ting with her head leaning on her knee*. 
She tried to rise ; but trembling with 
wedcneea, sank amln to the earth. I 
addrened her by ,ue name which Bofmds 
■met In eveiy dime, and charms even 
the saTa^ ear. 'M^. lootheT, fear ilot, 
we are ^ends, and will do you no harm ; 
tray how do rou come to be in this situa- 
tlonl" To tnis she replied, • I hare been 
here fbur davs; my children h^veleft me 
here to die. 'Your diildrsnl' I inter- 
rapt«d, 'Yes;' raising her hand to her 
rimvelled bosom, 'my own djildrCn, 
three souj and two daughters, ^hey are 

£ne,' pointing- with her finger, 'to yon- 
r blue moDiitain, and hare left me to 
die,* 'And pray why did they leave youP 
I inquired. SpreadW out her hanas, ' I 
am old yod see, and lam no longer able 
to aerva them ; when tiiey fcUl gane^ I 
•m too feeble to help In carryipg home 
tbe flesh ; I am not able to gather wood 
to make a fire; and I cafoKt carry t^eir 
children on mf hack at Twrd to do. iliis 
last sentence was more than I could bear; 
and though my tongue was clearing to 
the roof of my mouth Erom exceaoi*e 
thirst, this reflj opened a fbnntain of 
teare,"— pp. 133, 134. 

" An intelligent trareller (Dr. BoTchell) 
who sojourned for a time among the Bato- 
lipi^ was not mistaken when he was 
obliged, most reluctantly, to come to the 
conclnaion that the fomegt blot oii tlieir 
character ts the indiHerence with which 
murder ia viewed by them. It excites 
little sensation, except in the fomily of the 

rraon who has been murdered ; and brings, 
is said, no disgrace upon him who 1ms 
committed it, no nneasineas, excepting the 
fear of their revenge. 

" Daring my aSiy at Konpke, an in- 
stance occurred confirming this statement 
of Dr, Burcbell. A man was guarrellbg 
with his wife about a very trtning aflUr, 
^hen, in a fit of rage he grasped his spear, 
snd laid her at hialeet it bleedbg torfwl 



coghizmice of the criitie, and hS walked 
about withont a blush, whilfe the lilUess 
body wiit dragKed ont to be devour^ by 
the h^eUs. Wheh I endtaroorbl la it- 
pf«se'nl to thd cKleft with whom I was 
mmitidtj as old a«;iuaintatices, the magnl- 
tttd^ of such ciihies, tbey laiighed; I inisfat 
say InardiiiHttly, M the horror I fttt Tor 
the mnrdet' 6f q n-bmail br her owil hds- 
IMd."— bp. mj 460. 

TKt folldWing reliitloti, ilthongTi 
sbmewtiat abridgetl, displays the most 
melancholy picture of nnmaii natnre in 
iU lowest condition) which it has ever 
fallen to our lot to de^ribe, — lefemitet 
horresclmus :~^ 

<' Our time" (Mr. itoffal w«8 it tfaii 
period aniOhg^ th< Bechuanas) " was in. 
cessantly occupied in bollding, and la- 
bouring freqUehtly for the tneat Irhich 
perlsheth ; bntour exertions were iii vain, 
mr while i/t sowed the native^ reaped. 
The site of the.Matlod was il ItsKt sandy 
soil, where ho khid Hf tegttablfs would 
grait without constant irri^tioti. Oar 
water ditch; whicli ^as kmie llilleri In 
length, had been led ont cif the |Caninian 
river, ah d passed Iii Itseotlrsa tbrongh the 
gardens of the natives. As irrigation waa 
to them entirely imkuowi^ fountains and 
AreaniB had been suflei^d to hin to *ist^ 
where trops, even of na(i»* graili (h«l- 
cue Boighum) Vriiich aag^rts ■tJifrlng 
drought, are seldom very, abundant from 
the general scarcity of rain. The native 
women, seeing the fertilLdns; e6ect of the 
water ih our gardens, took Qie Ubor^ of 
cntting open our w^er ditth, and 4)h>w- 
aa it, on some occasions^ to flood theirs. 
This mode of proceeding left us at times 
without adrop of water, even for culinary 
purposes. It was in vain that we pleaded 
and remonstrated with the cbie&^ the 
women were the masters In tliis matter. 
Hr. Hainiltoti aha I were dml^ cnmjielled 
to BO alternately three miles with A spade, 
and turn in many outlets into natiTe gar^ 
dens that we might have a little moistnre 
to refresh our burnt up v^etablM duiiiy 
the nisht, which v«e were obliged to ini- 
cate when we ought to have .rested from 
the labours of the day. After we bad 
i^isM, with great labour, v^etable^ so 
necesMTf to our heUth, the natives ironld 
steal them by dajr as well as by night; and 
after a yea^s toil and core we aeutely 
reaped anything to reward ns fiv our 
labour. The women would watdi onr 
return from turning the stRoms into the 
water course, and wonid Imme^atetj go 
and open the outteta again, tbns Ifftraff 
u on ■ Huntj ptain muy dqn momt 



IMitl 



'ftifi InufeNil bif krtiick. 



_ii 



■ itop of ireteTi excepUiw that irbith wu 
carried fh>iii % dislant tooilUiii tinder a 
ctoudltM ikj, when 'the tbenuometet' at 
noon wonld frequently ri*e.to lSti° in the 
shade. When we eompkined of thia the 
women became exa^wraUd, and goine to 
the Usher dun, wheie tfie mttet waa led 
oni of the riveiy witl^ their pi/cks coni- 
pletelf deBtrof ed it, allowing the Etream 
to flow in jU ancient bed. . . 

" Our Bituation nught ^ better eott^ 
eeiTsd than described: not one belier^ 
onr report amongst the . thonsanda br 
whom wB were snrrounded. Natire aioj 
especiallj to the wife of the Higdonaryi 
though not to be dispciued with; Was k 
wurce of onxietf , ana an addttloa to our 
; for any individual might not only 



tibe in het aims, begged, and that rerf 
lunbly, of a woman jut t« be kind 
enough to more out pf » tem^rary kit- 
chen, that she might shnt h, da nmialj 
before going into the place cjf wotship. 
The woman, a plebeian,, seized apiece. of 
wood, to hnr] it at Mra.Ho^t'ahead, who^ 
of courae, immediately made her escape^ 
leaving her the undiapnted occupant of 
the kitchen, any of the contents oi which 
■he would not hesitate to appropriate td 
her own tue. A^ nunr men an4 wome ' 
as pleased might come ipto onr hut, ifiv 
ing ns not room even to tur^ ounelvee, 
and nuking everything they bnu^ed the 
colour of their own fnaey red attire. 
While some were talkme, others wonld 
be aleepiuK, and some piUsiing whaterer 
they could lay ttielr bands npoif. Thi« 
wonld keep Ui« hotuewtft A perftct pri- 
soner in a suffecatidg atmosphere, dinost 
Intolerable ; and whni tbty deported thef 
left (Ml times inope than thdr numbw 
behind — company still more offenidte. Aa 
it waa not pleasant to take «ur meob 
amidst Rich filth, our dimief was 
deferred for hours, hoping fot their depar- 
ture ; but after all it had to be eateh when 
ibe natives were olesnaing themselves tnm 
vermin at onr feet. The attendance at 
pnblic worship would vaxy Eroiu oiie to 
forty; and these very 6ften manifesting 
the greatest indeeomm. Some wonld be 
anonng, Bom» langhing, some woridnr, 
and ouen, who nught even be styled tXe 
ttoUtue, wonld be eiiiployed in redurrinl; 
ftom tour omamentaoertun nameleea in- 
sects, letting them ma about tlia fbnns, 
while flitting by the Mianonary'a wife. 
Never having been accustomed to chairs 
or stools, some would nt with their feet 
on the belches, having their knees, accord- 
ing ,t? V'^'" <^T^ "^^^ of uttiti^ drawn 
up to their cnins. In this positio[t oae 



inlj fUl ialeep qiiJ thtniile dre^ io lb« 
great merriment i)f hla ftllbws. On aome 
pccasiona an Opportpnity would be watched 
to rob when the Itiffioaarj was eng^ed 
in public service. The thief Would jqst 
[tut his head within the door, discover wlid 
Wb8 id the ptiltiit, bM knowb; be ebnld 
not eome dowii before a certain time had 
elapsed, woiild gd td hb hodsc rind tiilce 
wliBt he could lay his hands npon. 

" Some nights, or rather tnoniii^ wet 
had to record thefts eonunitted in the 
rse of Iwentjr-fonr hours In our honses, 
smith-shop, our garden, and among 
uittle ill the field. These they have 
re than once driven into a bog or mitb 
at a latft boor, Infbiining us of the acci- 
dent, as they teimed it; and aa It was thed 
too dvlc to render aadstance, one or more 
would fall « jm^ to the hyenas or hnngi^ 
datives. One night they ente^ opr 
cattla-fi^d, killed one of onr best diought 
oxen, aild catiied the whole away except 
one Aouldet. W6 wen compelled to use 
much meat, from the scaidty of graiii Aid 
vegetables. Onr Uieqiw6 had to purchase 
at a distance^ and very thankful might W6 
be if out of twenty we seonred one half tit 
oniselv«a. They wonld break theit legsj 
cut off their tula, and more fnqnentjr 
carry off the whole CBTcase. Tools^ sUch 
as saws, axes, and adtea, were lonei iR- 
terely felt, ia we conid not at that tMai 
replace (Jiemj whai tibere was no btteiw 
course whiUever irith the firiti^ colony. 
Some of ottr tools and utennls whidi they 
stole, on finding the metal not what they 
expected, they would bring back beaten 
Into all ahMM, and offer them In exclumge 
for some othw article of talaa. 

"KnlTea Were dwayd eagerly coveted j 
Mi metal ^bons they melted, and when 



wen snppl^ with plated iron one^ 
which they found not to pliable, they snp- 
poftd them bewitched. Wheil Mr, Ha- 
milton and I m^t we almost always had 
some tale to tell about onr loaseSj but 
never about oOr gainS, excejtt those of 
ndgnation Aid peace, the results of |»- 
tience, and bith m the unchangeable pur- 
posee of Jehovah. ' I will be exalted 
among the heathen,' cheered our often 
baStd aOd drooping flpirila." pp.28S-289. 

We shall not run the risk of weaken- 
ing the impression which this faithful 
portrut b^ hfeathenisni cannot fail to 
produce, by any further quotations at 
pretext ftoni Mr. Mofbt s book, itill 
Ie« hf kaj additional h^mat'ks of our 
owii. We Shdll probably, however, 
recur to the subject once more W>1(^ 

, future iimiftij>t>_ *- 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



HBB MAJESTY'S CONSUL AT 

DAMASCUS. 

Ir amtaMadoni consulsi and oUier offi- 

dal agenti, accredited by Her Majesty's 

Sveroment to tbe different nations of 
> worldt amongst whom slavery con- 
tinues to exist, would exert themaelTes 
with tbe same geae t ons zeal which Mr. 
Wood, the British consul at Damascas, 
has displayed in the following instance, 
we should probahly ^scover, before 
long, that the moral influence rapable 
of being exerted by our country towards 
the suppression of slavery and tbe 
slave trade, is not only of a more 
wholesome character, but far more effi- 
cacious besides, than that which arises 
from the whole arra^ of her military 
and naval force combmed. 

Extract of a letter irom Her Hi^eaty's 
Consul at Damascus, dated eth October, 
IS42. 

"Tbe Anrb-lbltesB Anti-SIaTefy As- 
•oinstion will learn, perhaps with some 
MtisfiM^im, that I have not only snc- 
ceeded in persuading some of the Christian 
sects and Heiwews recent at Damascus, 
to liberate the slaves in tiuir posBesaioa, 
bat that the iwelgn consuls have readily 
ibUowed my suggestion, and have decreed 
the oxtancipation of thoee that were poe- 
aessed by their lespeotive subjects and 



Vx are happy to annonnoe that James 
Ormiston UcWiUlam, M.D., who aocom- 
paniad the f^iger I^pedition as Chief 
Medical OScer,lias recently been swarded 
one of the Gold Medals founded by the 
bite Sir Gilbert Bhue for the beet Medical 
Jonmal in the Naval Servici^ whilst serv- 
ing on board Her Miyesty'a shipiStoutfOn 
the oosst of Africa. 

Onr readers will remember that Mr. 
MeWilliam is the gentleman who so suo- 
cesifully navigated the Albtrt down the 
river, at the period when her excellent 
oonmaader, Mid so many of her brave 
m the river 



CASES OF SLAVERS. 

Taa Ftnttme IS, Commands P. G. 

H^mas, took a prise into Bio de Janeiro, 

on the 2nd Seatemhai, having on board 

337 slaves. We learn by the Crana 



btg cargo to Demerai^ aider the disrgs 
of Lieutenant Lang. The limumt was 
then en^loyed in ouizii^.— ITaAsd 
Strwt Qwmt, Novemb* 18. 



Tax Madagatear, 4^ Captain John 
Foote, was at Aaeension on tbe I4th of 
October. A further destruction of bana- 
coons has talcen place on the ooast of 
Africa, in which operaUon three men of 
Her Hiyesty'a ship Madagaieor wen 
killed, and one severely wonnded, by tlie 
natives. The following is an extract from 
a private letter, from the Madagaief, 
dated August 2!1, 164S. 

" Captain Foote has lately been putting 
in force some very strong neesnrea for 
the abcdition of slavery. On tbe lEZnd of 
May a par^ of mariners landed at K*- 
benda, at A a. m., and took poasearioa of 
three barrack-room^ and suit on bosrd 
9fi6 slavea, destroyed all stores, and bonwd 
the whole of the premisea to the gnmnd. 
On the 3Ist of Hay, landed ^ain tt 
Ambrii, and took 260 slaves, destroyine 
two barrack -rooniB, and all stone ; ana 
on the Ath of June sent three boats op the 
river Congo, where they destroyed two 
bvTUck-rooms, and all stores. TUt his 



been a great loss t# the Spanlatdi s 
Portuguese at St. Panlo de Loaado. Tm 
slaves have been sent to St. Helena, where 



Ws reported in our last week's Gantte 
that the FoKtome, 16, Commandtr P. G. 



Hsyroea, had taken a prize into Rio ic 
Janeiro, which occnpied but a very fe« 
days. The crew of the slaver esc^ed 



from her, and landed with some difficdtj 
in the sur£ The pmnace of the AatMw 
had previously been fired upon, while st 
anchor off Istha Gnmde, and one of hir 
crew severely wounded. They wue in a 
little cove near the eatate of a man named 
Yoemdelias, reputed to be extowveK m- 
gaged in the ttaffic of slavea. The Ccss- 
modoie has addreased a ven- ^irited 
remonstrance on the subject of thn oai- 
rage, to the BcasUian Anlhuitie^ hot 
the result has not yet taanntiied. — 27Mb' 
jSbrmce fioHtts, November 38. 



lASDoa: PiIntadb7Tsoi>MBitBiaDHABan*>> 
Df KikU, St. Hutla^IaM.Is tkavttkkdSL 
HvtlBUIli«n*Uai uSpabl^nai94«n*>^ 
uu pAun, of Na. MS, W«t SWMia. MS ■!■ 
byllBinrt RlTlBitmu; HatohH^i Bt^ni MM^ 



THE FRIEND OF AFRICA. 



PUBLISH EO UONTHLY. 



No. 28.] 



LONDON; FEBRUARY, 1843. 



fromjUHoi .^ 

BiTl7 FIvu of NiU>« Atatej 

UtMog Df Uw Almma CtrlUsrthm Bodoty iu 



CONTENTS. 

Wnt India 

ArrlckWutod bj ^ulu wid Rartond bjr Nttl<ra 



T.J. U. Tno... 



CONTEMPLATED EMIGRATION TO 
THE WEST INDIES FROMAFBICA. 

A MOST important annoniicement 
haviDg lately been made in the public 
prints that a lyatem of Emigration, on 
an extensive scale, under the sole direc- 
tion and responsibility of Her Majesty's 
Govenunent, to the exclusion of all 
private undertakings of a like nature, 
is shortly to be established between 
our settlements on the Western Coast 
of Africa and our West India Colonies, 
we are desirous of calling the attention 
of the friends of Africa to the subject. 
Of the good' intentione of Her Ma- 
jesty's Government towards Airica, in 
lending the sanction of its authority and 
support \o this measure, there can be 
no doubt, and were the sphere of its 
operation not so widely removed ^m 
the strict and constant scrutiny of the 
Home Government, there would be 
little apprehension as to the working 
of the system and its &ture results, 
but when it can do little more than 
select the a^^ency by means of which 
this great effort to relieve the West 
Indies is to be carried out, vre confess 
our anxiety to be of the deepest cha- 
racter, lest by any means in these 
appointments a single agent may be 
cnosen whose principles as a friend of 
the African race may not afford a rea- 
lonable ground of Iiope that the African, 
in all that relates to his expatriation, 
may be dealt with and regarded as a 
free agent, or that in the details of the 
plan his moral elevation may not be 
kept in view aa an object paramount to 
VOL. III. 



every conflicting interest in the colonies 
wherein he may be settled. 

The advocates of the measure are 
pledged to secure these benefits to the 
emigrants. It was strongly contended 
that the effect of locating uncivilized 
Africans in our more enlightened 
Christian colonies would he to elevate 
their moral condition, and that in pro- 
cess of time, thus enlightened, they 
might revisit their native shores as 
men who had tasted of the sweets of 
that liberty wherewith Christ makes 
his people free. But how is this to be 
effected? A mere change of residence 
from Africa to the West Indies, will 
not in itself produce this moral eleva- 
tion ; thei* must be means employed 
whereby shall be secured to every new 
comer into our Colonies a provision for 
his having Scriptural instruction. His' 
progression in Christian knowledge, as 
well as in civilized habits, mnst be 
statedly reported upon to the Govern- 
ment and to the country, in order tbab 
we may be able to wateh the progress 
of the mighty change which has with 
so much confidence been predicted at 
the natural effect of the change in their 
condition. If good is to result to 
Africa through their means (and this 
should always he the main idea), a. 
variety of engines must be employed to 
effect that good, nor must the country 
complain either of the labour or Ihe 
expense attending it, if the end in view 
is to be the good of Africa, and not 
merely the transportation of so many 
thousand human beings to cultivate UlQ 
cane fielda of the West IniUes. 



u 



-THE FBISND OF AFRICA. 



The time to make provision for secur- 
ing these moral beneGta to the emi* 
grants itt the present, before the work 
is eDtered upon. Let it be required of 
every individual who applies to the 
authorities ia the islauds for immigrants 
Ut ghow that there are available means 
for their religious instruction, of which 
the Planter will, a£ far as in his iwwer, 
make use for that purpose ; and let 
it iurther be insisted upon as the neces- 
sary coniUtiou of their conliniiing to 
benefit by the labour of such persons, 
that at a given period of every year a 
certificate be produced by the Plaat«r, 
from the resident Minister or Mission- 
ary, that so many of their immigrauts 
have, during the year, habituaUy at- 
tended Divine vroruiip, and other means 
of religious improvement ; statins also 
his opinion of the progress made by 
them, and by their countrymen gene- 
rally, in Christian knowledge and con- 
duct, within his parish or district^ during; 
the year. 

In the present stage of affairs we most 
content ourselves with throwing out 
these general remarks, earnestly press- 
ing the consideration of the subject on 
the attention of those persons who may 
be able to render good service to the 
cause, by securing to the emigrants 
those ereat moral benefits which, if not 
carefully provided for in the outset by 
the moat stringent regulations, will be 
utterly disregarded and lost sight of in 
the general working of the system. 



It is peculiarly gratifymg, after the 
conception of a great scheme, especially 
if it be so vast in its design and so 
eitensivB in its application as to require 
an accumulation of authorities to take 
off some natural hesitation at its first 
proposal, to find that the main idea has 
long since arisen in minds the most 
entitled to respect, although they had 
no opportuiuties of working it out 
into a definite plan. Thus, the truly 
noble thought of making compensation 
to Africa for the injuries of thtt Slave 
Trade by advancing her civilization, 
though it has been indebted to recent 
discovert^*, and a smgular concurrence 



of circumstances, for a late expansion 
into a systematic series of efforts, had 
long smce presented itself te her 
thoughtful friends, and seems to have 
taken especial hold of the profound and 
Pitt. 



"Among the subjects which were then 
started (saya Ur. Clarkson), than was 
one which was always seer his heart. 
This was the Civilization of Africa. He 
looked upon this great work as a debt due 
to that continent for the many injurua 
we had inflicted upon it; and had the 
Abolition succeeded sooner, as in the 
in&ncy of bis exertions he had hoped, I 
knowne had a plan, suited no do oh t to 
the capaciousness m his own mind, for 
such establishmeuta in A&iea, as ha con- 
ceived would in due time piumole this 
impwtant end*." 

The main pillar, agalui of the A&ican 
CivilisatioD Society, a well-traised 
Christian Native Agency, was forcibly 
recoounended twenty yean ago, bj one 
ot the ablest men that ever treated the 
subject of Christian Miuioni. In that 
most interesting tract, the Simtt e» 
Mittiont, by Mr. Douglas, of Caversf , 
we find the formation of an efcctive 
Native Agency urged especially in the 
case of Africa, although th« peculiar 
circumstances of that day unfiMrbtnatcly 
prevented his views from being carried 
into effect. Now, however, that those car- 
cumstancea have bean not merely altered, 
but so completely reversed th^ fanner 
obstacles become the most dinct and 
powerfulaidsiitismost pleasing to tiace 
the line so h^pily chalked out, and to 
republish remarks which n^ht with 
propriety be used at this moment aa tfae 
prospectus of as Africaa Training 
Society. 

"Central Afiica(obHervesHr, Douglas,] 
is a region distinguished from alt otheis 
bjr its [trodnctlons and its dimato ; by the 
simplieity,and yet barbarian magnuoenc^ 
of its states; by the auldneas sad yet tlw 
diabolical &rocity of its iah^itanta; and 
peculiarljr by the darka natnn o( its 
superstitions : by the maxtcal ritea which 
have stniok strangers wiUi awe In all i^««, 
and present something tnexpltcable, and 
even appalling, to enlightened Eai<^iean& 
The evU principle here saans to t^pt 
with less of limitation, and ia rBBSMia in- 
accewible to white men, (till to enchant 



1843.1 

and delnda tbe lutionb Tbe commoa 
and cbaracteristic mark of their supersti- 
tion 19 the Bftteia of Fetishes, by which 
an mdtvidual impropriates to himself some 
casual objeajt m divine, and tfhich, with 
vemect to Ubi, faj this pioeoM beoomeg 
deified, «nd tstttta a pacafiv htalitj onr 
ilia forbme*. 

" An inflMDoa oorre^ioDding iritlL the 
Fetiah ia that of tha &^ or ^all, hy 
which 1 mitten ohanwten poBa w i the 
power of STcrUnff eril from tha wanr; 
and thus a fonnoattan is laid upon tbe 
▼erf aapeiBtition of the Africana, for 
effecting a core by thia TMientioa tot 
writing. Tbe tUMnutans hare availed 
thetnselTei of it for introdadns the 
Kor&n. * Ilwre u no Ood but God, 
and Mahomet ii hi* pn^ihet,' has been 
tuwd, firrt at a Safie, and at lerward* at 
a genniB* eonfeaioB of frith, sad tbe 
clas of BoekuMB, or Maiunnetan^ .is 
held in high iioiMV, aad poBsaeaea great 
inflneracf^ Bot oaly orei tbeir mindg but 
their eecDlai a^urs. 

"All altempta either ta psBefzate into 
Africa, or to better tbe ciuidiUDU of the 
Airicans, have failed from one obstacle, 
tbe climate, which in a short period is 
death to (most) Enropeans. All tia~ 
vellera, and all teachers, mutt ban a 
pnriiatfanny y«ar or two to <iiiBtify 
tii,eBue1vee a* kamcM, lief<Ma they can 
enter into the tail frcita of their labenn. 
At that rery time their short lease of 
life expira*; the climate exerte its des- 
tructiTB power ever tkem, and others, ia 
endless Bad fivitless suocasMoa, inberit 
their Isbows and their &te. 7^ ctoi^uera 
i^4fiicamMCbeAfnixuu. While Euo- 
peans aM pteveoted ircm catering A&ioa 
by tke nuMalthy clinale and their sus- 
pected aelour, tboannds and milluas of 
Africans have beoi permitted to b« 
carried into oonntries where Europeans 
can not aaiy i«ai^ thorn with safety, but 
where they are ooatiBuaUy Burroimded 
with tbe arte and knowledge of Europe. 
These Jt^icana may be trained mth great 
iacility ta he the im^vers of their 
eount^. AMea ia bi so low a etat^ that 
at first persons of very moderate aoauiie- 
menta will be moat in contact with the 
minds of their counttymen ; and a know- 
ledge of the common arts of lift, and the 
power of instmcting others in reading, 
writii^, and arithmetic, aeems snftdent 
for the fKtt poneeo, who, tbau qn^i&ed, 

■ IttuTbereBB(li«a,ll«tmlUiinaitUinB^<rf 



THE FMEHD OP AFRICA. 



•15 



DaUcnuI belief, -when the ptBralnit creed ii 
tboTDcgbly iateiwDTea, bi nrnm^ the HindoiH, 

with the sbule run nt el toatXj, the hebiti of 

diD; life, and Ibe lam uid nutom* oTtb* CSI111I17. 



if they are sinoere and aseloat ChrietiaB% 
will iai soScient opportunity to soraad 
tbeir opinions. Tbu« ean be no aoubt 
that the Africans, from the charm which 
they attribute to written characters, 
woold anxiouaty avail themselves of edn- 
cation, and be Hnxioos to transaribe por- 
tions of Sariptnre: an ei ' ' 



attainments, would b 
of tbe natives wonld ,be filled with more 
reapoct, and become more desirous of 
European information j meanwhile thia 
African Institution might with ease ho 
prepared to fnmbh men of higher attam- 
ments, who might either iacorporate oar 
literature into the African kngua^a, or 
if they are fouad to b* too nmiAed and 
barbtavus, might introduce English as the 
Ejcneral and learned language of Africa. 
Ikiropeana, without so immense a destrac- 
tioo, might thus give their aid to tlia 
improvements Eoing on in the coostry 
itself ; for it ia the penonal labour of wtW' 
sioBariea that is so raioons ; and mere 
snperwtasdaBca, which is all that would 
be required ht this eaae, may foe eacociaed 
for many yeua without iatal coDsequencesi 
Schoolmsetera aceoropUbhed in reading, 
writing, and arithmetic, mighty as Maho- 
metans have done before them, make 
ftlmeet as many converts as they can find 
scboleni Tbe chief otKteelea are tiie 
African imoranoe, tlioiightieEBD*M, immo- 
nlity,and propeMsty to vagieand atagical 
temMS,— «^ which arc to be leasesad only 
by ratsjig them higher in the scale q£ 
ciTilization, and by inspiring them with 
artlfici^ wants, since the wnuts of nature 
are too readily supplied to lead them to 
habits of thoi^ht, self-deniri, and exerticni. 
"TbefoilupeofaU niisaioiiary«xertie»^ 
wbic^ axhibita sa neteu^talya pietaea 
of feebleness and nuBfiniaa^ is to be 
attributed sot only to their want of pn^ier 
sncoesson^ not alone to the im^tienoe of 
dLaappointment, and diminished mterest at 
home, which expects the harvest immedi- 
ately after tbe seed-time, and is ignorant 
of uiat great law, true in all generous, 
lar^, and lariing att«anpts,1)hat one gene- 
ration sows and another naps, — bnt ea- 
pei^ally to ncoieof those miaaiona hevkig 
t^en root in the soil, and derived the 
only sure strength from the place where 
atone it would vigoronsly grow and imbibe 
nourishment. None of them looked for- 
ward to the native converts as the fntora 
<Mef sappoiters iofllie mimmi, or formed 
tjiem with prsrimia discipline te no- 
. decgo a labenr and a harden whidi tiiey 
airaeoauldetfecituallysBstain, — theywera 
olwifys dependent for precarious sullies 
^ on ft distuit cooatiy^ wbwce tbe asiaat- 



THE FRIEND Of AFRICA. 



^VsmoiMt, 



ants Uiey obttdned came unqualified, and 
nqniied long to be leamen before they 
could Bct OB teachers." 

Another great cause of failure, not 
directly pointed out by this author, 
although the mode of obviating it is 
admirably developed, is the isolated and 
desultory character of many missionary 
efforts. A missionary or two, of the 
most devoted zeal and perfect courage, 
with physical powers perhaps of the 
most efficient order, go forth to labour 
amongst a vast population, amidst whose 
wide-spread daflcneas the utmost light 
which they caa diffuse is but the faint- 
est of gleams. When a few converts 
have been made, after years of almost 
hopeless toil, these converts require their 
constant care, and the slightest with- 
drawal of attention is threatened with 
some alarming relapse. 

The rude mind of the people, too, is 
unable to appreciate the excellence of 
things purely spiritoal, and the unosten- 
tatious messengers of peace are silently 
despised or impudently plundered, as 
presenting no outward demonstrations 
of overawing power. Worn out by re- 
peated rebuffs and disappointments, and 
exhausted by the mechanical toils neces- 
sary for hia very subsistence, (which 
again lower him in the eyes of the indo- 
lent and haughty natiTes) the poor eer- 
Tant of the Cross sinks at last beneath 
a death far more painful than public 
martyrdom, without being so useful, and 
others succeed but to run the same 
coarse, or the very memory of his exer- 
tions fades gradually away. The re- 
medy for this great evil is clearly pointed 
out by Mr. Douglas. It is to introduce 
civilization in the frame, not in de- 
tached pieces ; to present the wild hea- 
then with the spectacle of an organited 
Christian communityt employing pro- 
cesses and working blether with a 
power which seem miraculous, realising 
before his eyes the thousand advantages 
of dviliied life, and with all this in- 



prince around, agreeing to look up in 
the perfect simpUcity of unaffected re- 
Terence, to the minister of the Word. 
It is not too much to say, that without 
the personal authority or miraculous 
gifts of the Apostles, mch a teacher 



might exercise over these simple tribes 
a sway more unopposed than even the 
Apostles themselves amidst the leaned 
cavillers of Asia and Europe. 

"It consists in forming the mdioieiita 
of fiiture citiea and future civilizstion, by 
small bodies of artisans and teachen, esta- 
blished at fsroorable points for intenoons 
with the surrounding coontiv. In short, 
it is merely to follow the metnod by which 
civilization hss begun and proceeded in all 
countries and times; vilh^es. rising into 
towns, and towns into cities, hawig been 
the origin and medium of all improve' 
meats. Every mierionary station ahooU 
have a Model School attached to it ; and a 
continued snecesnon of teacher^ in our 
improved luethods of teaching, diould 
issue forth, year after year, to pnpore the 
way for the entrance aiul reception of the 
Divine meesage of mercy to roaoldnd. 
English, in this way, might become <■»• 
vecsal as the lesmed Ungnage cf the 

There are some excellent observa- 
tions upon this subject in a number of 
the 71mM, a paper not remarkable for 
the general correctness of its views 
upon such topics*. 

" Evangelization must precede dviUn- 
tion, is a piopoeition of Mr, Moffatt, whkh 
we can only accept with manv giains of 
allowance. Now that it is no longer po^ 
mittod the Christian Misuonaiy to wok 
miiBcles in the sight of Uie heathen, we 
■ evangelisation and civiUm. 



think theii 



the factory or the colony be planted ; let 
the rites of religion be therem ngnlariy 
and duly administered; let there be no 
divisions, nor gross and open immoiBlity, 
in the Christian settlement; and then tit 
the preacher thence go f<Htii to the aar- 
rounding heathen, and ctmfidentiy hc^ 
for an audience, who, seeiiw a ChristiaB 
congregation's good works, will qaicklr be 

Erepsred to Aacdj their ' FathiBr which 
I in Heaven.' " 

For the execution of such a plan tbe 
greatest facilities are offered in the 
peculiarities of tbe African character. 
Essentially patriotic amidst circom- 
stances under which it is equally won- 
derful that patriotism ahiMild either 
spring up or survive, the n^ro Ions 
no land, however lovely, so well as the 
land of bis fathers. 
• Tiwti, 8iyt-!llrt,ie«a, "M is^ MiMT U> i 

'■*"•'" ,,., Google 



1843-3 

" It leeiDH to be the unirenal wuh of 
mankind to spend the erening of thur 
d&ys whore diej spent their infuKj. The 

CT nesro teele Uiia desire lo tie greatest 
w. To him no water b eweet but 
irhAt is drawn from his own well, and no 
tree baa so cool and pleasant a shade as 
thetabbatree of hienative Tillage. When 
war compels him to abandon the delighb- 
fol spot in which he first drew hie breath, 
and seek for safety in some other kingdom, 
his time is spent in talking about the 
country of his ancestors ; and no sooner is 
peace restored than he turns hia back upon 
the land of strangers, reboilds with haste 
his father's walls, and exults to see the 
smoke arise from his native Tillage*," 

There is, indeed, one difficulty which 
deserves to be seriously noticed, namelv, 
the dangers which are supposed to be 
attached to the very name of colonisa- 
tion. It is no less disgraceful indeed 
than true, that colonization by Euro- 
peans, — and not least by Englishmen, — 
has ordinarily been the proclamation 
of subjugation or death to extensive 
hordes and even nations, but providen- 
tially the very obstacle which has so 
long closed Africa against our beneficial, 
saves her also from our injurious, inter* 
course. Her climate is a surer barrier 
agunst European ambition than all the 
political aaf^piards in the world. 

Nor must the simple station, formed 
of the little band of surrounding agricul- 
turists and mechanics, and the central 
missionary, be mistaken for the impo- 
sing colon V, possessed of ample resources 
and stimulHted by the constant infiux of 
daring adventurers to the demolition of 
the most eacred boundaries, and the 
unscrupulous extension of territory. The 
Dative character of the African, too, 
appears to preclude any great danger 
even from such a settlement. He is 
not a wild hunter or a roving shepherd, 
to whose venr existence immense wastes 
are absolutely necessary, but already 
devoted, so far as the Slave Trade and 
its results wUl permit, to the pursuits 
which are supposed to distinguish civi- 
liied society. He is (mdely indeed and 
imperfectly, but still) an agriculturist, 
a mechanic, and above all, a trader — 
well adapted, moreorer, for regular 
government, and ordinary administra- 
tion of the laws. The great n^o 



TffE FHIEND OF AFRICA. 



17 



kingdoms on the Niger, and th« perfect 
submission of the Cape Coast natives to 
British jnsticB, may afford aufficient 
illustrations. 

We cannot therefore perceive any 
peril either to themselves or to the 
neighbouring tribes, in fixing small 
groups of well-taught Christian ncgroea, 
superintended l^a missionary, in suit- 
able locations. Their numbers, indeed, 
must be too small to excite much fear 
of the one, and in the facU of the Niger 
Expedition and the Badagry emigration 
there is abundant encouragement with 
regard to the other. 

MEETING OF THE AFRICAH" 
CIVILIZATION SOCIETY IN 
SPANISH TOWN, JAMAICA. 
The Morning Journal, (Jamaica,) of 
the 3rd of December, 1842, records a 
very interesUng meeting of the friends 
and supporters of the Society, held in 
the Public Buildings, Spanish Town, s 
few days before. la the absence of the 
Hon. W. Ramsay, Custos of St. Cathe- 
rine, W. W. Andersok, Esq., the tried 
and steady friend of the African, was 
unanimously called to the chair. Se- 
veral excellent speeches were delivered. 

By a letter just received from an 
active friend at Kingston, dated Dec. 
17, it appears that these animated 
efforts on our behalf are not confined 
to that city alone, 

"I havejnstretnnied," says the writer, 
"from the mountains, where with Br. 
Whitehome, (the Jamaica Agent of the 
Society,) we have held three meetings. 
Our fint meeting was held at Ninety, 
with the oongrc^ons of Dn. White- 
home^ Benslmw, and In§jlis. The place 
was crowded, and considerable interest 
excited by the delivery of the various 
addresses. The collection was upwards 
of Al. On Wednesday we rode over to 
Brainard, one of the stationa of the Ame- 
rican brethien. 

"The people manifested- throughout 
the most marked attention, and I can 
onl^ give you an idea of the excitement 
which .pTeniiled, by reminding you of the 
Manchioneol Meeting, Here our collec- 
tion was 11. IC*. On Thursday we rode 
over to Elliot Although the day was 
most nn&vourable, yet we had a good 



18 



THE FRIEND OF AFfilGA. 



[Fbbvtakt, 



•ttandance, and the feelinff which vm 
awakened waa not leas striKingly nuuii- 
feated than in the other places. The col- 
lection waa nearlv 91. Con^dMing the 
state of the weatner and the roods, we 
have reawnt to be very thuikflil fw ihe 
awccen which has followed oar exartioni, 
Wa are under a d«bt of gmtitade to 
the AmerJcaa biethi^ Raoefaaw and 
Beardalie, for their valaablo aamstance 
and co-operation. 

"1 hope to have the pleasore of ac- 
comBanytng Br. Whitehome to Cla- 
rendon, Vert, and St. Ann's, daring out 



Bifety of tiHiting a miaU portion of i 
in the neighbourhood of the *"— " 
the pimMMe of carrying out on 
tnral plana. Yon will be pleased to hear 
that two medical goBtlemen hava kindly 
nfl^red lo lend Ibeic asaistanee in super- 
intendiiw the work. If weoouldaatabiish 
a mode] farm even in miniature, with the 
help of onr African studeat^ the expe- 
riment ia worth trying. 

" The arran^ament aboat tha hoepital 
is in tUUttiruotiil the young men reUirn, 
which will be about the 6th. Let me 
have every wortt on ttie subject likely to 
give QB aid in bringing the elaSms of the 
Society befire the poople." 

In the West Indies, then, there is 
evidently no lack of zeal or devotion, 
and heavy indeed will be our respon- 
aibility if we do not, m some way or 
other, avail ourselves of these inatru- 
menta so wonderfully provide*!, and 
atimnlated into actioii by tke ddit^ «f 
our enterpnttnff views* 

PUBLIC MEETINGS. 
Om the S2nd of December & Lecture 
WM delivered at the Athenanun, Derby, 
by Mr. EocLEsroif, to a small but 
respectftble aBdienee. 1^ chair was 
tak«n by die Venei^^ Hk Arch- 
deacon or Dekbt, who isti<odtioed 
the Lectnrer in an animated mech. 
Wh. Evaub, Esq., M.P., and W. L. 
Newton, Eao^ to whose kindness we 
are indebted for this tipportunity of 
stating onr views and pro^ectSt ex- 
prcsied their feelinff towards the So- 
ciety, and a collectkm at 141. 2f. lOd. 
was msde at the door. 

A Lecture was also delivered at the 
£astem Literary and Scientific Insti- 
tution, London, on tha 3rd of January, 
inaatnted hy uunHroui lycciawiis of 



Afiioan produoa ai 

sksUbM of sUvvrs, instrumaota of 

pnniahnMoit, &o., which axcited great 

interest. 

On the 9th of JiBuary a meeting 
was held in Portsea, at which Cap- 
tains FisHBouRNs and Stranoe,* 
R.N., kindly attended as r^reaentotivea 
of the Niger Eapeditiou, which thej 
ably defended in ito p<^cy and reaulta, 
whilst they apoke with deep feeling of 
^e losses and snferings which they 
had sust^ned in its proseculioD. 

Captain Straqge and Mr. Ecclsaton 
also spoke at some length, and the 
Chairman, the Rev. Ehwakd Dewd- 
SKY of Portsea, to whose unwearied 
exertions the cause of the n^ro has 
been so Ions- indebted, closed the meeting 
in an excellent speech. 



AFBICA WASTED BY BBITAIH. 

AND RESTORED BY NATIVE 

AGKNCY. /n a ZtlUr to li* Lord 

Buhqp of Londot^ by the Bev. J. H. 

TitBw. London, J. Hatchaid and Son, 

PiccadUly, 1843.— pp. 61. 

We have risen from tbe peruaal of thii 

most aeasonable pamj^let with some 

such seriea of feelings as Sir Fowell 

Buxton's Slave Tradt mi Semedtf 

formerly inapired, — first, a sense ot 

horror and half-indignant peoiteBce, 

and then a stimulating hopefulneas of 

better things in store for Africa, not 

without a degreeof wonder at the length 

of time for which the magnitude of oar 

obligations had escaped us, as well aa 

the nappy means by i^ich they might 

be at least partially ^scharged. 

But the tract itse^ precludes aD pre* 
liminary observationa, and demands our 
immediate attention. It comsenoca 
with an address to the GornnBcst and 
to tbe nation, through the medim of 
tbe National Church, a tone which is 
preserved thronghoat, and wUch pUces 
both the subject and tbe writer at once 
on tbe highest ground. Aa a nunistcr 
of the Church of England, Mr. Trew, 
whilst giving due pnise (and none cxa 
give it more eincenly) to the eSorts of 
every other body, aaturall}' aad justly 

* nawenttoa wwa J ■ llii^ ^ KM 

MniwuiM of Hw IS^mj't dlpa'AAM' mi 
WbtHoKb.' 1^ ban, rise* tfaiit ffMCB bna 

Of WgW, bMB ■ " 



18«0 



THE FRIEND OP APEICA. 



10 



direct9-lumse1f to tfae powerftal and pro- 
miaaot body to wHicn hfl officially be- 
longs, and to him amongst its heads 
who has taken the most active part in 
the rec«nt attnnpta for the improTe- 
mant of Africa. 



ization of Africa. But thta agency costs 
the nation nothing. If we would, aa a 
nation, oHer (were It poeaible) an ade- 
quate atonement, we must bwr the bur- 
tnen of raising up and tupporUng a 
Christian ag«Dcy at tha national oost. 
This is the very least we con do, but wo 
ought to do more. The Chuich of the 
ualion ought to assume her proper pouUoa 
in this work, and as her innnence, her 
means, and tier reaponsibility are the 

rteit, so, likewise, should her sacrifices 
the ttdemption of Afrioa l>s the 
sreatflBL" 

The awAil responsibility incurred by 
Great Britain from her long possesaioa 
of the settlements and forta on the 
Western Coast,— the vile uses to which 
they have been put, and the immense 
wealth derived (at least for the time) 
from such employment of them, — the 
iinury thusj done to the moral character 
of the natives around, — the very limited 
extent to which she has sought to repair 
that injury, — the means positively at 
her command in and around those settle- 
mcnts themselves for such reparation, — 
and the boundless scope and perfect 
hopefulness of their application, — is 
plunly and faithfully set forth, and 
enforced upon the heart of the nation 
by the moat cogent a^;umeDta and 
touching appeals. 

Most atrUung is the simple balance- 
aheet between our obligations, our 
meani, and our exertions, displayed in 
p. 34. 

At the three Settlements of Cape 
Coast, Gambia,and Sierra Leone, — with 
a surrounding population (under our 
influence more or less) of about 460,000 
souls, peaceable, friendly, and dispoNd 
to listen to the white man's instructions, 
— the total Government expenditure, 
on a few BchooU and a solitary chap- 
kun, barely exceeds 1000^, not more 
than one tenth of the annual outlay on 
the military establishment of a single 
settlement. The total militery and 
civil expenditure, indeed, amounts to 



upwards of 111,000^, so that the sum 
devoted to Instruction is not the tme 
hundredth part of the entire. This 
insigniScant snm is well contrasted with 
the voluntary contributions of the 
Church and Wesley an Missionary 
bodies, of whom the one expends 7,884^, 
the other 7,377^ a-year, besides large 
sums for buildings. The total number 
of Gommuuicants, again, out of such a 
vast and acoessible population, is but 
5,OS7, andof seholBis(so far as returns 
are given) 8,013. 

What a stimulating and reproachful 
contrast is, moreover, presented in the 
rapid and extensive progress of Islam, 
propagated here, not as in tite East bv . 
the sword alone, bnt ,by commerdu 
intercourse, and far more by the con- 
stant establishment of rmall tiAooU, 
where the ohildrm of the Pagans receive 
its doctrines with the tempting bait of 
learning, poor and meagre as it be; 
and this with a perfect apprehension on 
the minds of the natives, of the superio- 
rity of European instruction, whensoever 
it ts afforded tbem. But me set them 
no example of propriety, even, in ordi- 
nary demeanor, much less in the im- 
pressivB observances of Christian wor- 
ship; — " The white man never prays," 
— What a humiliating reflection 1 

But through God's preserving care, 
amidst all their native and acquired 
corruptions, the children of Africa are 
not wholly lost to a sense of their con- 
dition, or unwilhng to be raised out of 
its profound miseries, — on the contrary, 
we find numerous instances cited of the 
capabilities and generous disposition of 
the negro, of his love for his father- 
land and his brethren, and singular 
desire to hnpart the blessings which 
may have fallen upon himself. Out of 
these natural tendencies, uded by the 
happy ciroumstanees which have re- 
oently favoured their development, the 
author raises a wise and noble loheme 
for the elevation of the entire race. In 
the main idea he is amply couGrmed 
by variona Missionary Societies, by the 
late and present Govemmenta of this 
country, and by the events attending 
the recent expedition up the Niger. 

The plan which is here proposed has, 
however, the great merit of being deci- 
dedly pnietku in its character, whilst 



THE FBIEHD OF AFRICA. 



[Fbbbu«kt, 1843- 



it embraces a larger amount of beUer 
materiel than any other. Without over- 
looking or disparagiiig Sie^^a Leone, 
Mr. Trew avowedly looks to the West 
Indies for the greatest number aodJieBt 
quality of agsnts, of whose charactcTB 
and powers he has had the fiurest op- 
portunity of judging, both in the times 
of slavery and freedom. Full of seal 
for the land of their sires, and pos- 
sessed of considerable knowledge and 
most improvable powers, these men 
' seem to require little more than some 
specific training to direct and concen- 
trate their energies, and to prepare 
them for tlieir mighty task. For this 
purpose an institution, already exists, 
and is in fact in operation, in the Island 
of Jamaica, " which, if judiciously ma- 
naged, . promises, mider the Divine 
blessing, -to provide a nnmerous and 
efficient supply of Chnstiaarsgents." 

This institution was, till recently, the 
property of the Church Missionary 
Sociey^, and its management is still in 
U)e hands of the same parties as before. 
One tiiird at least of the persons hereiu 
trained are to Ije considered as devoted 
to Africa, and to receive an education 
specifically for .that purpose. Of volun- 
teers thare is no scarcity, nor are tbey 
men of reckless habits or desperate 
fortunes, to whom any change would be 
an agreeable or necessary variety, but 
persons of the highest character, and 
highly recommended by their respective 
ministers. Wlien property qualified, 
it is proposed to transfer them to some 
central and least insalubrious point 
along the shores of Africa, perhaps 
Fernando Po. There a. normal school, 
with niai\u^ laboor and industrial 
schools , attached, . should be founded, 
and placed under the superintendence 
of a cler^yroanj as a centre of li^t and 
knowledge to the entire continent. 
' "The tftabliahment of a normal and 
industrial scliDol. would furnish a supply 
of missionary labouretB of all others ^st 
raited to the presfint ciceamstances ,of 
Africa. The extremely degraded con- 
ditioiL of the native tribes renders' it 
desirable that means for the improvement 
of their barbarous habits of life shanld be 
proccedod with simultaneously with tiieir 
nUgtona inatmctjon. The most acc^t- 
able missionary for years to come, to the 
inbabitaata of Centtsl A&i«at will b« tlie 



the Qospel, is, in addition to h 
love for souls, qualified from his agri- 
cultural, medical, or mechanical skill, to 
alleviate the amount of their bodily sufier- 
mgs, to impnrve their bahits, and to con- 
tribute to their social or domestic h^pi- 
ness by instructing Ibem in tlte arts of 
civilized life, — thus may he esMct to find 
a readier response in their. aSocUons to 
those messB^ of grace and peace, for the 
profitable diffusinn of '.which lie becomes 
' all things to all men,' and purely * that 
he may win some.* , 

With the whole of this plan it is 
needless to say that we perfectly agrve, 
and it is impossible to give too nmch 
praise to Mr. Trew for the untiring' 
ener^ with which he has elaborated its 
details. Few men, indeed, of the pre- 
sent day, have devoted more of tune, 
exertions, health, and even chancter, 
(amongst the friends of slaverr, from 
whom he has severely suffered,) tLan 
this respected gentleman. The welfare 
of the African race seems ever at bis 
heart; and indebted as we are to him 
for the first enlai^ed scheme of negro 
education in the West Indies, and for 
his active services in the cause of the 
Society, a still deeper debt of gratitude 
is justly due for this spirited attempt to 
arouse once more the attention <^ out 
rulers, and point out a sure and prac- 
ticable way whereby the regeneration 
of Africa may, unoer IVovidence, be 
effected. , 



It iswtih (Aa grealftl r^rtt thai 
to tamounce to ottr /rieiidt tie 
di*o(nitiniiane«,jlrom' imavoidiMe 
gUmeei, ofthit Ptno4i«'l. 

We are fvi^ tavnMe horn 
meotM of extending tie ititertH i 
teill thut be stupended; btU «m 
eonftdetice upon the deep andean* 
of those alreadjl engaged in tiie 
Keep alive amongtt themtdeit, m> 
in ot}i«rs, that Aofy teal tMrk < 



._ Ajrica 

tltfK\\M 



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