Selections from the writings of James Anthony Froude

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WORKS BY JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE.

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SELECTIONS

FROM THE WRITINGS OF

JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE

EDITED 13Y
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CONTENTS.

tIISTORICAL SCENES.

PAGE

BECKET AT THE COUNCIL OF ORTHAMPTON, 1164. (Shart
Studes, Vol. iv.) 3
THE IURDER OF BECKET, 1170. (Ibid.). 11
CORONATION OF /NNE BOLEYN, 1533. (Histary of Engl«zd,
Ch. 5). 26
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, 1535. (Ibid., Ch. 9) 35
SOLWAY MOSS, 1542. (Ibid., Ch. 19) 53
KET'S REBELLION, 1549. (Ibid., Ch. 26) . 62
PROCLAMATIO OF QUEEN JAE, July, 1553. (Ibid., Ch. 30) . 74
WYATT'S REBELLION, 1554. (Ibid., Ch. 31) 84
THE ARRIVAL OF PHILIP IN ENGLAND, 1554. (Ibid., Ch. 31) 97
THE LOSS OF CALArS, 1557-58. (Ibid., Ch. 34) 106
THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, 1563. (Ibid., Ch. 41). 122
THE ]'IURDER OF DARNLEY, 1567. (Ibid., Ch. 45) . 135
rHE ASSASSINATION OF ]URRAY, 1570. (Ibid., Ch. 53) . 144
THE IVASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOIEW, 1572. (Ibid., Ch. 58) 153
THE ARREST OF CAIPIAN, 1581. (Ibid., Ch. 63) 174
AN ATTEMPT TO ASSASSINATE THE PRINCE OF ORANGE, 1582.
(Ibid., Ch. 66) 180
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ARIIADA IN IRELAND, 1588. {Ibid.,
Ch. 71) 186

ri CONTENTS

ISTORICAL PORTRAITS.

ST. HuGr 0F LINC0LN. (Short Studies, Vol. ii., A Bishop of
the Twelfh Century) . 207
HEIRX VIII. (Hislory of JEngland, Ch. 2) 229
HvGr LTImR. (Ibid., Ch. 6) 234
THOMAS CROIIWELL. (Ibid., Chs. 6 and 17) 243
Sm HUFRE:e GILBEIT. (S]mrt Studies, Vol. i., Englanà's
Forgotten Worthies) 255
ELIZAET. (Histo«y of England, Ch. 60Conclusion) . 263
ELIZABETH'S TREATMENT OF HER SAILORS AFTER THE ARMAI)A.
(Ibid., Ch. 71 . .. 27ï

HISTORICAL SKETCIIES AND
MISCELLANEOUS.

THE CHURCH OF ROME IN ITS VIGOUR. (Short Studies,
Vol. i., Times of Erasmus and Luther, Lecture i.) 285
THE DESTRUCTION OF RELICS AT THE EFORMATION, 1532-38.
(History of England, Chs. 6 d 15) 293
TUDOR ENGLAND. (Ibid., Ch. 1) 300
THE REFOATIOB I SCOTLhD. (hvrt b'tuds, Vol. i., The
Influence of the Refomtion on the Scottish Chamcter) . 312
THE OR[AS I IRELAD. (History of England, Ch. 8) 318
SPAI AD THE ETHERLADS. (Ibid., Ch. 51) 326
THE OBLE O LIE. (Short Studies, Vol. ii., C]vinism). 339
SELF-SACRIFICE. (Ibid., Vol. iii., Se Studies) 348
ATIOAL IDEPEDECE. (English in Itvland, Vol. i., Pre-
liminary) 353

HISTORICAL SCENES.

BECKET AT THE COUNCIL OF
NORTHAMPTON, 1164.

IN the autumn of 1164 the king once more smnmoned
 great council fo meet him af Northampton Cstle.
The attendance ws vast. Every peer aml prelate
hot disabled was present, all feeling the greatness of
the occasion. Cstle, town and monasteries were
thronged fo overflowing. Becket only had hesitated
fo appear. His attempt to escape to the continent
was constructive trcason. If was more than treason.
It was a breach of a distinct promise. The storm
which he had raised had unloosed the tongues of those
who had to complah of iii-usage in his archl)i.hop's
court. The chancery accounts had been looked into,
and vast sums were round to have been received hy
him of which no explanation had been iven. Who
was this man that he should throw the country into
confusion, in the têeth of the bishops, in the teeth (as
it seemed) of the pope, in the teeth of his own oath
given solemnly to the king ? The object of the North-
ampton council was to inquire into his conduct, and
he had good reason to be alarmed af the probable
consequences. He dared hOt, however, disobey a per-
emptory summons. He came, attended by a retinue
of armed knights, and was entertained at St. Andrew's
monastery. To anticipate inquiry into his attempted
flight, he applied for permiion on the day of his
arriv_al to go fo France fo visit the pope. The king

4 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

told him that he could not leave the realm until he
had answered for a decree which had been given in
his court. The case was referred to the assembled
peers, and he was condenmed and fined. If was a
bad augury for him. Other charges lay thick, ready
fo be produced. He was informed officially that he
would be required to explain the clmncery accounts,
nnd answer for money wbich he hml applied to his
own purposes. His proud retaper ,vas chafed fo the
luick, and he turned ,,,ick with anger. His admirers
see only in these demands the sinister action of a
dishonest tyramy. Oblique accusations, it is said,
were raised at-ainst him, either te make him bend
or te destroy his character. The quest, ion is rather
whether his conduct admitted of explanation. If he
had been unjust as ajudge, if" he had been unscrupulous
as a high otIicer of state, such faults had no unimportant
bearing on his present attitude. He would have done
wisely te clear himself if he could ; and if is probable
that he could net. He refused te ans-ver, and he
sheltered himself behiud the release which he had
received af his election. His refusal was net allowed :
a second summons the next day found him in his bed,
which he said that he was too iii te leave. This was
on a Saturday. A respire was allowed him till the
following Monday. On Monday the answer was the
saine. Messenger after messenger brought back word
that the archbishop ,vas unable te more. The excuse
might be true--perhaps partially it was true. The
king sent two great peers te ascertain, and in his choice
of persons he gave a conclusive ans-ver te the accusa-
tion of desiring te deal unfairly with Becket : one was
Reginald, Earl of Cornwall, the king's uncle, who as
long as Becket lived was the best friend that he had
af the court; the other was the remarkable Robert,

THE COUNCIL OF NORTHAMPTON, 1 16 4 5

Earl of Leiceser, named Bossu (he Hunchback).
This Robert was a monk of Leieestcr Abbey, though
he had a dispensation fo remain af the court, and so
biffer a Papist xvas he that when the sehismatie Areh-
bishop of Cologne eame aterwards fo London he
publiely insulted him and fore clown the altar af whieh
he said mass. Sueh envoys would uot have been
seleeted with a sinister purpose. Ïhey fouud that
the arehbishop eould attend if he wished, and they
warned him of the danger of trying the king too far.
He pleaded for one more day. On the Tuesday lnorn-
ing he undcrtook o be l»resent.
His knights had withdrawn from the monastery,
not dariug or hot ehoosiug fo stand by a prelate who
appeared fo be defying his sovereign. Their plaee
had been taken by a swarm of mendieants, sueh as
the arehbishop had gathered about him af Canterbury.
He prepared for the seene in whieh he was fo play a
part with the art of whieh he was so aeeomplished a
toaster. He professed fo expeet fo be killed. He rose
early. Sonne of the bishops eame fo ste and remonstrate
with him: they eould hot more his resolutiou, and
they retire& Left fo himself, he said the mass of St.
Stepheu, in whieh were the words : "The kings of the
earth stood up, and the rulers took eounsel together
against the Lord and against His anoiuted ". He then
put on a black stole and cap, mounted his palfrey, and,
followed by a few monks and surrounded by his guard
of beggars, rode ai a foot's pace fo the castle, preceded
by his cross-bearer.
The royal castle of Northamptou was a feudal palace
of the usual form. A massive gateway led into a
quadrangle; across the quadrangle was the entrance
of the great hall, at the upper end of whieh doors
opened into spaeious ehambers beyond. The areh-

6 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

bishop alighted at the gare, himself took his cross in
his right hand, and, followed ly a smM1 train, passed
through the quadrangle, md stalked up the hall, "look-
ing like the lion-man of the prophet's vision" The
king and t, he bans were in one chamber, the bishol)s
in another. The arehbishop was going in this attitude
into the king's presenee, that the court might sec
the person on whom they dared to sit in judgment;
but cerf,aih "Templars" warned him to beware. He
entcre, l mong his brethren, and moved through them
t,o a chair ai the upper end of the room.
tIe still hehl his cross. The action was unusual:
the cross was the spiritu;l sword, and to bear it thus
eonspieuously in a «leliberative assembly was as if a
baron ha«l cnt, ered the eouneil in arms. The mass of
St. Ntel)hen had been heard of, and in the peeuliar
temper of men's min«ls was regarded as a magieal
ineantation. The Bishop of Hereford advaneed an«l
oflçl'ed to earl W t, he cross for him. Foliot of London
@lis h tjus sectdi, "a son of this world") said that
if he came tbus armed into the court t, he king wouhl
drav a shal'per sword, and he wouh[ sec then what
his arms wouhl avail him. eeing him still obst, inate
Foliot tried to force the cross out of his hands. The
Arehbishop of York added his persuasions; but, the
Arehbishop of York peeuliarly irritated Beeket, and
was sileneed by a violent answer. "Fool thou hast ever
been," sai«l the Bishop of London to Beeket, "and
froln thy folly I sec plainly thou wilt hot depart."
Cries burst out on ail sides. "Fly" some one
whispered to him; "fly, or you are a dead lllan."
Ïhe Bishop of Exeter came in aU the moment, and
exelaimed t, hat unless the arehbishop gave way they
would all be murdered. Beeket never showêd to more
advantage ghan in mOmeltS of personal danger. He

THE COUNCIL OF NORTHAMPTON, I i64 7

eolleeted himself. He saw that he xvas Moue. He
stood up, he appealed fo the pope, charged the bishops
on pcril of their souls fo excommuuicate ayone who
daved fo lay hands on him, aml he moved as if he
inteadel fo withdvaw. The Bishop of Winchester
bade him resign the archl)ishopric. With an elaborate
oath he swore that he would hot resign. The Bishop
of Chichcstcl"tlmn said: "As our primate we were
bound go obey you, but you are oto" primate no longer ;
you have broken your oath. You swore allegiance fo
the kig, ami you sui)vert the commou law of the
realm. We too appeal fo the pope. To his presence
wc summon you." " I hear what you say," was all
the answer which Becket deigned fo returu.
The doors from the adjoining chamber were nov
flung open. The ohl Earl of Cornwdl, the hunchback
Leicester and a muuber of bal'OlS entered. " My
lord," said the Eat'l of Leicester fo the archbishop,
"the king requires you fo corne fo his preselce and
answer fo certain thiugs which will then be alleged
agaiust you, as you promised yesterday to do." "My
lord earl," said Becket, " thon knowest hov long and
loyally I set'ved the king in his worldly aflldrs. For
that cause it pleased him fo promote me fo the oice
vhich now I hold. I did hot desire this once; I
knew my ilfirlnities. When I consented it was for
the sake of the king alone. When I was elected I
was formally acquitted of my responsibilities for ail
that I had done as chancellon Thevfore I ara hot
bound fo answer, and I vill not answer."
The reply vas carried back. The peers by a swift
vote declared that the archbishop must be arrested
and placed under guard. The earls re-entered, and
Leicester approached him and began slowly and
reluctantly fo announce the sentence. "Nay," said

8 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Becke, lifting his tall meagre figure fo ifs haughtiest
height, "do thou first listen to me. The child may
not judge his father. The king may hOt judge me,
nor may you judge me. I will be judged under God
by the pope alone, fo whom in your presence I appeal.
I forbid you under anathema to pronouuce your sen-
tence. And you, my brethren," he said, turning fo
the bishops, "since you will obey man rather than
God, I call you too before the saine judglnent-sea.
Under the protection of the Apostolic See, I depart
hcnce."
No hand was raised fo stop him. He swept through
the chamber and flung open the door of the hall. He
stumbled on the threshold, and had ahnost fallen, but
recovered himself. The October afternoon was grov-
ing into twilight. The hall was througed with the
retinues of the king and the barons. Dinner was
over. The floor was littered with rushes and frag-
ments of rolls and broken lneat. Draughts of ale had
hot been vanting, and young knights, pages and
retainers were either lounging on the benches or
talking in eager and excited groups. As Becket
appeared among them, tierce voices were heard crying,
"Traitor  traitor! Stop the traitor !" Among the
loudest were Count Hamelin, the king's illegitimate
brother, and Sir Rauulf de Broc, one of the Canterbury
knights. Like a bold animal af bay, Becket turned
sharply on these two. He called Couut Hamelin a
bastard boy. He reminded De Broc of sone near
kinsman of his who had been hanged. The cries rose
into a roar; sticks and knots of straw were flung af
him. Another rash word, and he might have been
torn in pieces. Some high oncial hearing the noise
came in and conducted him safely fo the door.
In the quadrangle he found his servants waiting

THE COUNCIL OF NORTHAMPTON,  6 4 9

with his palfrey; the great gare was locked, but the
key was hanging on the vall; one ot' them took it
and opened the gare, the porters looking on, but hOt
interfering. Once outside he was reeeived with tt
eheer of delight from the erowd, and with a mob of
people about him he ruade his wa3 T baek to the

lnonastery. The king had hot intended to arrest him,
but he eould hot know this, and he was undoubtedly
in danger from one or othêr of the angl'y lnen with
whom the town was crowded. He preparêd for im-
lnediate flight. A bed was ruade for him in the ehapel
behind the altar. After a hasty supper with a party
of beggars wholn he had introdueed into the house,
he lay down for a few hours of test. Af two in the
morning, in a storm of wind and l'Mn, he stole away
disguised with two of the brethren. He reaehed
Lineoln soon after daybreak, and from Lineoln, going
by eross-paths, and slipping from hidiug-plaee to hide-
ing-plaee, he made his way in a fortnight fo a farm
of his own af Eastry, near Sandxvich. He was hOt
pursued. It was no sooner known that he was ë'one
from Northampton than a proelamation was sent
through the eountry forbidding every man under pain
of death to meddle with him or to toueh his property.
The king had deternfined to allow the appeal, and onee
lnore to plaee the whole question in the pope's hand.
The Earl of Arundel with a dozen peers and bishops
were despatehed af once fo Sens fo explain what had
happened, and to request Alexander to sênd legates to
England to investigate the quarrel and fo end if. The
arehbishop, eould he have eonsented tobe quiet, lnight
bave relnained unmolested ai Canterbu W till the result
eould be aseertained. But he knew too wêll the foreês
whieh would be at work in the papal eoul't to wait
for ifs verdict. His eonfidenee was only in hilnself.

IO SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Could he see the pope in person, he thought that he
could influence him. He wtts sure of the friendship
of Lewis of France, »vho »vas meditating a fresh luarrel
with Henry, and would wclcome his support. Hi
own spiritual weapons wouhl bc as effective across the
Chamel as if used in England, whi[e he would himself
be il, persolml security. Ont dark night he vent down
with his two companions into Sandwich, and in an
open boat he erossed safely fo Gl'avelines. At St.
Orner he fell iii wit.h his o1,1 h'icnd the Justieiary de
Luei, who was returning from  mission fo the eom't
of France. De Luei urge, l him fo go baek fo England
and wait rot thc pope's deeision, warning him of the
eonsequenees of persisting in a course whieh »vas real[y
treasonable, and undcrtakil,g that the king would for-
give him if he woul,1 rcturn at once. Etreaties and
wm'nings Wel'C a[ike thrown away. He remained and
despatehed a lctt, cr fo thc pope, saying briefly that he
lm,l folloved the example of his Holincss in resisting
the eneroaehlncnts of princes, and had flcd from his
country. He had been ealled to answer belote the
king as if he had becn a mere layman. The bishops,
who ought to have stood by him, ha,1 behaved like
eowards. If he was hot sustained by his Holiness, the
Church would be ruined, and he would himself be
doubly eonfounde,1.

Il

THE MURDER OF BECKET, 1170.

TrIE king's friends, secing thcir mastcr's perplexity,
deterlnined fo take thc l'isk on themselves, ami deliver
both ]fini an, i their country. If thc king acted, the
king might be excommunicatcd, aml the empire might
be laid mider intcrdict, vith the consequeuces which
everyone foresaw. For their owi acts the pelmlty
would but rail upon themselves. They did hot know,
pel'haps, distinctly what they rotant to do, but some-
thing might have fo ho doe vhich the l¢ing lnUSt
condemn if they pr«poscd if fo bim.

But being done unknown,
He would hve round i fervrds well done.

Impetuous loyalty fo the sovereign was in the sl)irit
of the age.
A,og t.lle gentlemen about his pcrson whom
Henry had intended fo enlploy, could he have re-
solved upon the instructions vhich wel'e fo be given
fo them, were fore" knights of high birth and large
estate--Sir Reginald Fitzurse, of Somersetsllire, a
tenant in chier of the Crown, wllol, Becket himself
had originally illtroduced into tlle court; Sir Hugh
de Morville, custodian of Knaresborough Castle, and
justicial'y of Northul,lberland ; Sir Willia, de Tl'acy,
hall a Saxon, with royal blood in hinl; and Sir
Richard le Breton, who had been moved fo volunteer

I2 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

in the service by another instance of Becket's
dangerous meddling. Le Breton was a friend of the
king's brother William, whom the archbishop had
separated from the lady fo whom he was about fo be
married on some plea of consanguinity. Sir William
de Mandeville and others were fo have been joined in
the commission. But these four chose fo auticipate
both their companions md their final orders, and
started aloue. Their disappearance was observed.
An express was sent to recall them, and the king
supposed that they had returned. But they had gone
by separate routes fo separate ports. The weather
was fair for the season of the year, with an east wind
perhaps; and each lmd found a vessel without ditlï-
culty fo carry him across the Channel. The rendez-
vous was Sir Ranulf de Broc's castle of Saltwood, near
Hythe, thirteen toiles from Canterbury.
The archbishop meanwhile had returned from his
adventurous expeditiou. The young king and his
advisers had dctermined fo leave him no fait cause
of complaint, aud lmd sent orders for the restoration
of his wine and the release of the captured seamen;
but the archbishop would hot wit for the State fo
do him justice. On Christmas Eve he was further
exasperated by the appearance af the gare of his
palace of one of his sumpter mules, which had been
brutally mutilated by Sir Ranulf de Broc's kinsman
Robert. "The viper's brood," as Hcrbert de Bosham
said, "were lifting up their heads. The hornets were
out. Bulls of Bashan compassed the archbishop
round about." The Earl of Cornwall's warning had
reached him, but "tight, hOt flight," was alone in his
thoughts. He, too, ws probably weary of the st«'ife,
and may have felt that he would serve his cause
more ettbctuMly by deth than by lire. On Christmas

THE MURDER OF BECKET, 117o 13

Day he preached in the cathedral on the text "Peace
fo men of good will" There was no peace, he said,
except to men of good will. He spoke passionately
of the trials of the Church. As he drew towards an
end he alluded fo the possibility of his ovn maz'tyr-
dom. He could scarcely articulate for tears. The
con-egation were sobbing round him. Suddenly his
face altered, his tone changed. Glowing with anger,
with the fatal candles in front of him, and in a voice
of thunder, the solenm and the absurd strangely
blended in the overwhehning sense of his own wrongs,
he cursed the intruders into his churches; he cursed
Sir Ranulf «le Broc; he cursed Robert «le Broc for
cutting off his mule's rail ; he cursed by naine several
of the old king's most intimate couucillors who vere
af the court in Normandy. Af each tierce imprecat.ion
he quenched a light, and dashed down a caudle. " As
he spoke," says the enthusiastic Hcrbert, repeating the
figure under which he had described his master's ap-
pearance af Northampton, "you saw the very beast of
the prophet's vision, with the face of a lion and the
face of a man." He had ch'awn t, he spiritual sword,
as he had sworn that he would. So experienced a
man of the world could hOt have failed fo foresee that
he was provoking passions which would no longer re-
spect his office, and that no rising in England vould
now be in rime fo save him. He was in better spirits,
if was observed, after he had discharged his anathema.
The Christmas festival was held in the hall. Asceticism
was a virtue which was never easy fo him. He in-
dulged his natural inclinations af all permitted rimes,
and on this occasion he are and drank more copiously
than usual.
The next day Becket received another warning that
he was in personal danger. He needed no friends fo

4 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

tell him that. The only attention which he paid to
these messages was to send lais secretary Herbert and
lais cross-bearer Alexander Llewellyn to France, to
report lais situation o Lewis and to the Archbishop
of Sens. He told Herbert at parting that he would
see lais face no more.
So passed at Canterbury Saturday, Sunday and
Monday, the 26th, 27th and 28th of December. On
that saine Monday aft.ernoon the four knights arrived
af Saltwood. They were expected, for Sir Ranulf
with a party of lnen-at-arms had gone to meet them.
Therc on thcir arrival thcy learncd the fresh excom-
mlmications which had been pronounced against their
host and against their friends af the court. The news
couhl only bave contirmed whatever resolutions they
had forlned.
On thc morning of the 29th they rode with an escort
of horse along the o]d Roman road fo Cantcrbury.
They halted af St. Augustine's Monastery, where they
were entcrtained by the abbot elcct, Becket's ohl enemy,
the scandalous Clarcmbahl. They perhaps dined there.
Af any rate thcy issucd a proclamation bi,lding the
inhahitants remain quiet in their bouses in the king's
naine, and then, with some of Clarcmbald's armed
servants in addition fo their own party, they went on
to the great gare of the archbishop's palace. Leaving
their men outside, the four knights alighted and
entered the court. They unbuckled their swords,
leaving theln af the lodge, and, throwing gowns over
their arlnour, they strode across to the door of the
hall. Their appearance could hardly have been un-
expected. If was now three o'clock in the afternoon.
They had been some rime in the towu, and their al'rival
could hot rail fo have been reported. The archbishop's
midday meal was over. The servants were dining on

THE MURDER OF BECKET, 7 o 5

the remMns, and the usual company of mendicants
were waiting for their turn. The archbishop had
been again disturbed af daybreak by intimation of
danger. He had advised auy of his clergy who were
afraid to escape fo Sandwich ; but none of them had
left him. He had heard mass as usual. He had
received his customary flogg'ings. Af dinner, he
observed, when some one remarked on his drinking,
that a man that had blood to lose needed wine to
support him. Afterwards he had retired into an
inner room with John of SMisbury, his chaplain
Fitzstephen, Edward Grim of Cambridge, who was
on a visit to him, and several others, and vas now
sitting in conversation with thcm in the dec|ining
light of the winter afternoou till the be|| should ring
for vespers.
The knights were recognised, when they e.ntered
the hall, as belonging fo the ohl king's court. The
stevard invited them to eat. They declined, and
desired him to inform the archbishop that they had
arrived with a message from the court. This was the
first comnmnication which the archbishop had received
from Henry since he had used his uame so freely to
cover acts which, could Henry have anticipated them,
wouhl bave barred his return to Canterbury for ever.
The insincere professions of peace had covered an
intention of provoking a rebellion. The truth was
now plain. There was no room any more for excuse
or pMliation. What course had the king determined
on ?
The knights were introduced. They advanced.
The archbishop neither spoke nor looked at them,
but continued talking to a monk who was next him.
He himself was sitting on a bed. The rest of the
party present were on the floor. The knights seated

I6 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

thenselves in the saine manner, and for a few moments
there was silence. Then Beeket's blaek restless eye
glaneed from one fo the oher. He slightly notieed
Traey; and Fizurse said a few unreeorded sentenees
go him, vhieh ended with "God help you!" To
Beeke's friends the words sounded like insolence.
They may have mean no more han pity.
Beeke's faee flushed. Fitzurse wen on : "We
bring yon the eommmds of the king beyond he sea;
will you hear us in publie or in private ?" Beeke
sid he eared hot. " In private, then," said Fizurse.
Thc monks hough aft.crwa.rds tlu Fitzurse had
mcan go kill thc rchbishop where he sa. If he
knights h,! entered the palaee, thronged as if was
with men, with ,ny sueh intention, they v«ouht seareely
have lcr thcir swords behind them. The room was
eleared, and t short algereation followed, of whieh
nothing is known save ghag ig ended speedily in high
words on both sides. Beekeg ealled in his elergy
again, his lay servants being exeluded, and bade
Figzurse go on. "Be if so," Sir Reginald said. "Lisgen
hen fo what the king says. When he peace was
made, he pug aside all his complaings againsg you.
He allowed you to reurn, as you desired, free go your
see. You bave now added conempt fo your other
offences. You bave broken the treay. Your pride
has tempted you to defy your lord and master fo your
own sorrov. You have censured he bishops by whose
minisration he prince was crowned. You have pro-
nounced an anathema againsg the king's minisgers, by
whose advice he is guided in he management of the
empire. You bave lnade ig plain ghag if you could
you would take the prince's crown from him. Your
plots and conrivances go aain your ends are notorious
go all men. Say, then, will you agtend us fo ghe king's

THE MURDER OF BECKET, I I73 17

presence, and there answer for yourself ? For this we
are sent."
The archbi,hop declare,l that he had noyer wished
any hurt fo tlae prince. The king had no occasion fo
bc displeased if crowds came about him in t]ae towns
and caries after they had been so long deprived of his
presence. If he had done any Wl'Ollg lae would make
satisfaction, but he protested tgainst being suspected
of intentions xvhich had lmver entered his lnind.
Fitzurse did hot enter iato aa altel'catiou vith hin,
but coatilmed : " The king commamls further that you
and your clcrks l'cl)ttir witlaout dclay to the young
king's presence, and swear allegiance, alad promise fo
anaend your faults "
The archbi,laop's retaper was risiug. "I xvill do
whatever lnay be rcasonable," he said; " but I tell
you plailaly the kiag shall have no oaths from ailE, nor
frona any olle of llly clerg'y. There bas been too nluc]a
pel:}ury already. I have absolved laaany, with God's
llell) , who had pel:jured themselves, a I will absolve
the rest when He permits."
" I understand you fo say that you vill uot obey,"
said Fitzul'se; and went on in the salaae toile: " The
king COlnnmnds you fo absolve the bishops whom you
bave excolnmunicated without his pemaSssiola "
"The pope sentenced the bishops," the archbishop
said. "If you are hot pleased, you laaust g'o fo him.
The afltir as lione of mine."
Fitzurse said if had been done af his instigation,
which he did hot deny; but he proceeded fo reassert
that the king had given him permission. He had
complained af the rime of the peace of the in.iury
which he had suffered in the coronation, and the king

a I=te ws lluding to the bishops who hd sworn fo the Constitu-
tions of Clrendon.
2

I8 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

had told him that he lnight obtain from the pope any
satisfaction for which he liked to ask.
If this was all the consent which the king had given,
the pretcnce of his authority was inexcusable. "Ay,
ay !" said Fitzurse ; "will you make the king out fo be
a traitor, then ? The king gave you leave fo excom-
municate the bishops when they were acting by his
own order ! If is more than we can bear to listen fo
such monstrous accusations."
John of Salisbury tried to check the archbishop's
imprudent tongu.e, and whisperêd to him to speak to
the knights in private ; but vhen the passion was on
him no mule was more ungovernable than Becket.
Drawing fo a conclusion, Fitzurse said fo him: "Since
you refuse to do any ont of those things which the
king requires of you, Iris final commands are that you
and your clergy shall forthwith depart out of this
realm and out of his dolninions, never more fo return.
You have broken the peace, and the king cannot trust
you agan.
Becket answered wildly that he would hot go
never again would he leave England. Nothing but
death should now part him from his ehureh. Stung
by the reproaeh of ill-faith, he poured out the catalogue
of lfis ovn injuries. He had been promised restora-
tion, and instead of restoration he had been robbed
and insulted. Ranulf de Broc had laid an embargo
on his wine; Robert de Broc had eut off his mule's
rail, and now the knights had tome to menace him.
De Morville said that if he had suflred any wrong
he had only to appeal fo the eouneil, and justice would
be dont.
Beeket did not wish for the eouneil's justice. "I
have eomplained enough," he said; "so many wrongs
are daily heaped upon inc that I eould hot find

THE MURDER OF BECKET, 117o 9

messengers to carry the tale of them. I ara refused
access to the court. Neither one king nor the other
will do me right. I will endure if no more. I will
use my own povers as aI'chbishop, and llO chiht of
lnan shall prcvent me."
"You will lay the realm under interdict then, and
excommunicate the wholc of us ?" said Fitzurse.
"So God help me," said one of the othelS, "he shall
hot do that. He ]Las excommunicated over-many
alrea:ly. We bave |)Ol'lle too lOl]g with ]Lira."
The knights sprang" to their feet, twisting their
gloves and swinging their arms. Thc arehbishop
rose. In the general noise words eould no longer be
aeeurately heard. At length the knights moved to
leave the l'OOm, and, addressing the arehbishop's
attendants, said, " In the king's naine we eolnnmnd
you fo see that this man does hot eseape".
" Do you think I shall fly, then ?" eried the areh-
bishop. " Neither for the king nor for any living
man will I fly. You eannot be more ready fo kill me
than I ana fo die .... Here you will tind me," he
shouted, following them fo the door as they went out
and ealling after them. Some of lais friends tlmught
that he had asked De Morville to eome baek and speak
quietly with him, but it was hot so. He returned fo
his seat still exeited and eolnplaining'.
"My lord," said Jolm of ,Salisbul'y to him, "if is
strange tlmt you vill never be advised. What occa-
sion was there for you to go after these men and
exasperate them with your bitter speeehes ? You
would have done better surely by being quiet and
giving them a lnilder answer. They mean no good,
and you only commit yourself."
The arehbishop sighed, and said, "I have done with
adviee. I know what I have belote lne."

0 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

I must bave been now past four o'clock, aud unless
there were lights the room was Mmost dark. Beyond
the archbishop's ehamber was ai1 anLe-room, beyond
the anLe-room the hall. The knig'hts, passing through
the hMl into the quadrangle, and thenee fo the lodge,
elled their lllell 15o tlrlllS. The grett gare was elosed.
A mounted guard wts stat, ioned outside with orders
fo a]low no one fo go out or in. The knighgs thl'eW
off their elo,ks and buekled on their swords. This
ws t.he work of a few minutes. Froln tbe eathedral
tower the vesper bell was beg'inning" to 8Otlll«l. The
arehlislmp had seate,l himself fo reeover from the
agitation of the preeeding seene, when a breathless
monk rushed in to sty thttt the knights Vel'e arlning.
" Who eares . Let them arm," was M1 that the areh-
bishop said. His elergy were less indiflerent. If the
al'ehbishol w«s ready f»r deatla, they were hot. The
door froln the hM1 into t.he court was elosed and barred,
and a short respire was thus seeured. The ingention
of the knights, if may be presumed, was fo seize the
arehbishop and earry hiln off fo Saltwood, or fo De
Norville's eastle af Knaresborough, or perhaps fo
Norlnandy. Coming baek to exeeute their purpose,
they ïound themselves stopped by ghe hall door. To
burst if open wonld retluire time; the ante-room
between the hall and the arehbishop's apartments
opened by an oriel window and an outside stair into
a garden. Ià,obert de Broc, who kuew the house well,
led the way to if in the dusk. "fhe steps were broken,
but a ladder was standing agùnst the window, by
whieh the knights nmunted, and the crash of the t'all-
ing easenlent told the fluttered gronp about the areh-
bishop that their enenies were upon them. There
was still a moment, q2he party who entered by the
window, instead of turning into the arehbishop's room,

THE MURDER OF BECKET, ii7o 2I

first xvent ino the hall t,o open t,he door and a,hni
their comra, les. From t.he archbishop's room a secoud
passage, little used, opened ino the nort.h-west corner
of the cloist.er, and froln t.he cloister there was a way
into the north transept of the cat.he«h'al. The cry
was, "To the church. To t.he church." There af least
there wouhl he imlue,liae safety.
The archhishp had tohl thc kuight, s tha hev
wouhl find him where hev lef him. He did
choose t.o shov fêar, or he vas afrai«l, as somc
of losinghis nmrt.yrdom. He wouhl no move. Thc
bell had ceased. Thcy rclninded him tha vespcrs
had begun, and tha he ough o be in thc cat.hedral.
Hall yiehling, hall resising, his frieuds swep him
down the passage iuo the cloiser. His cross had
been forgoten in t.he hase. He refused t.o st, if till
it was fetched and carried 1)efore hiln as usual. Then
only, himself iucapal)lc of fear, and rebuking the terror
of tire res, he advanced deliberately up the cloister o
the church door. As he encred t.he cahedral cries
vere heard from which i became plain tha t.he knights
had hroken ino the archbishop's rooln, had found the
passage, an«l were followingilu. Ahnost imlnediately
Fizurse, Tracy, De Morville and Le Breton were dis-
cerned, in t.he wiligh, COlning through the cloiser in
their arlnour, with dravn svords, and axes in t.heir
left hands. A colnpany of mel»a-arlnS was behind
hem. Iu front they were driving before hem a
frighened flock of monks.
From the middle of he ransept in which he arch-
bishop vas standing a single pil]ar rose inLo the roof.
On he eastern side of if opened a chapel of St. Benedic,
in which were fle olnbs of several of t.he ohl primates.
On he west, running parallel t.o he uave, was a lady
chapel. Behind le pillar seps led up ino fle choir,

22 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

where voices were already singing vespers. A faint
light may bave been reflected into the transept from
the choir tapers, and candles may perhaps bave been
burning before the altars in the two chapels--of light
from without through the windows af that hour there
could have been scarcely any. Seeing the knights
coming on, the clergy who ha,1 entered with the arch-
bishop elosed the door and barred if.. " What do you
fear?" he eried in a elear, loud voiee. "0ut of the
wny, you eowards! Thc Church of God musb hot be
ruade a fort.ress." He stepped back and reopened the
door with lais own hauds, to let in the bremhling
wretches who had been shut out. They rushed past
him, and scattered in the hiding-places of the vast
sanctuary, in the crypt, in the galleries or behind the
tombs. AIl, or almost ail, evcn of lais closest friends,
William of Canterbul'y, Benedict, John of Salisbury
himself, forsook him to shift for themselves, admitting
frankly that thcy vere unworthy of lnartyrdom. The
archhishop was left alone with lais chaplain Fit.zstephen,
lobert of Merton, his old lllas[;er, and Edward Grim,
the stranger from Cambridge--or perhaps with Grim
only, who says that he was the only one who stayed,
and was the only one ccrtainly who showed any sign
of courage. A cry had been raised in the choir that
armed men were breaking into the cathedral. The
vespers ceased; the few monks assembled left their
seats and rushed to the edge of the transept, looking
wildly into the darkness.
The archbishop was on the fourth step beyond the
central pillar ascending into the choir when the knights
came in. The outline of his figure may have been just
visible fo them, if light fell upon if from candles in the
lady chapel. Fitzurse passed fo the right of the pillar,
De Morville, Tracy and Le Breton to the left. Robert

THE MURDER OF BECKET, i i7o 2 3

de Broc and Hugh Mauclerc, an apostate priest, re-
mained af the door by which they entered. A voice
cried, "Where is tle traitor? Where is Thomas
Becket ?" There was silence ; such a naine could
hot be acknowledged. " Where is the archbishop ?"
Fitzure shouted. "I ara here," the archbishop replied,
descending the steps, and meeting the knights full in
theface. "What do you wantwith me? I ara not
afraid of your swords. I will hot do what is unjust."
The knights closed round him. "Absolve the persons
whom you have excommunicated," they said, "and
take off the suspensions." "They have marie no
satisfaction," he answered ; "I will not." "Then you
shall die as you have deserved," they said.
They had not meant fo kill him--certainly not af
that time and in tlat place. One of them touched
him on the shoulder with the fiat of his sword, and
hissed in his ears, "Fly, or you are a dead man"
There was still tine; with a few steps he would bave
been lost in the gloom of the cathedral, and could
have concealed himself in any one of a hundred hiding-
places. But he was careless of life, and he felt that
his rime was corne. "I am ready to die," he said.
"May the Church through my blood obtain peace and
liberty! I charge you in the naine of God that you
hurt no one here but me." The people from the town
were now pouring into the cathedral; De Morville
was keeping them back with difficulty at the head of
the steps from the choir, and there was danger of a
rescue. Fitzurse seized hold of tle archbishop, mean-
ing to drag him off" as a prisoner. He had been cahn
so far; his pride rose af the indignity of an arrest.
"Touch me hot, Reginald:" he said, wrenching his
cloak out of Fitzurse's grasp. "Off, thou pander,
thou!" Le Breton and Fitzurse grasped him again,

a4 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
and tried o force him upon Traey's baek. He grappled
with Tracy and flung him fo the .ground, and then
stood with his back against the pillar, Edward Grim
support.ing him. He reproached Fitzurse fol" ingrati-
tude for past kindness; Fitzurse whispered fo him
ag'ain fo fly. "I will hot fly," he said, and then
Fitzurse swept his sword over him an,l dashed off"
lais cap. Tra.cy, risin from the pavement, struck
direct af lais hea,1. Grim raise, l his arm and cm'ht
the hlow. The arm ['ell hroken, and the one friend
round faithful sank baek disabled against the wall.
The svord, vi{h
arehbishop ahove the forehead, and the blood triekled
down lais face. Standing firmly with lais hands elasped,
he bent lais neek for the ,leath-stroke, saying in a low
voiee, "I ana prepared fo die for Christ and fol" His
Chureh" These ,vere his last words. Traey again
sruek him. He fêll forward upon his knees and
hands. In that position Le Breton dealt him a bloxv
whieh severed
sword against the stone, saying, "Take that for my
Lord William". De Broc or Mauclerc--the needless
ferocity ,vas attributed fo both of them--strode for-
ward from the cloister door, set his foot on the neck
of the dead lion, and spread the brains upon the pave-
ment with his s,vord's point. " We may go," he said;
"the traitor is dead, and will trouble us no more."
Such was the murder of Becket, the echoes of which
are still heard across seven centuries of rime, and which,
be the final jndgment upon
place anaong the most enduring incidents of English
history. Was Becket a martyr, or ,vas he justly
executed as a traitor fo his sovereign
supreme moment of terror and wonder opinions were
divided anaong his own monks. That very night

THE MURDER OF BECKET, i I7O 2 5

Grim heard one of ghem say, "He is no margyr ; he
is jusfly served". Anogher said, scarccly fe«,ling,
pel-haps, the meaning of t.he wor, ls, " He wished o
be king and more flmn king. Le him be king, le
him be king-." Wlwt.her file cause for which he died
was o prevail, or wheflier f, he sacrifice had been in
vain, hung Oll t, he answer which would l)e given to
this momentous «luest, ion. In a few days or weeks
an answer came il, a forln fo which in that ag'e no
rqioin,ler was posihlc, a,d t.hc only unccrt.ainty
which remained t, C, an«,rhury was whefler if
lnwful o use le ordinry prayers for fhc repose of
he dead mau's soul, or whefler, in eonsequence of
ghe stounding miracles which were insgangly worked
by his renmins, le pope's .iudgnwn ough no fo be
nnt.icipaged, nd t.he archbishop be g once adored as
n sain in heven.

2b

CORONATION OF ANNE BOLEYN, 1533.

IN anticipation of the timely close of the proceedings
abDunstable, notice had been given in the city early
in May that preparations should be nade for the
coronation on the first of the following month. Queen
Arme was af Greenwich, but, according fo custom, the
few prcceding days were fo be spent af the Tower ;
and on the 19th of May she was conducted thither in
state by the lord mayor and the city companies, with
one of those splendid exhibitions upon the water which
in the days when the silver Thames deserved its naine,
and the sun could shine down upon if out of the blue.
summer sky, were spectacles scarcely rivalled in gor-
geousness by the world-famous vedding of the Adriati«
The river was crowded with boats, the banks and the
ships in the pool swarmed wit.h people, and fifty great
barges formed the procession, all blazing with gold and
banners. The queen herself was in ber own barge,
close fo that of the lord mayor, and, in keeping with
the fantastic genius of the rime, she was preceded up
the water by "a foyst or wafter full of ordnance, in
which was a great dragon continual[y moving and
casting wildfire, and round about the foyst stood
terrible monsters and wild lnen, casting tire and
making hideous noise". So, with trumpets blowing,
cannon pealing, the Tower guns answering the guns
of t, he ships, in a blaze of fireworks and splendour,
Anne Boleyn was borne along fo the great archway

CORONATION OF ANNE BOLEYN, i533 7

of the Tower, where the king was waiting on the
stairs to receive her.
And now let us suppose eleven days to bave elapsed,
the welcome news to bave arrived at length from
Dunstable, and the fair summer morning of lire dawn-
ing in treacherous beauty after the long night of ex-
pectation. No bridal ceremonial had been possible;
the marriage hd been huddled over like a stolen
love-match, and the marriage feast had been eaten in
vexation and disappointment. These pas lnortitica-
ions were tobe atoned for by a coronation pageant
which the art and the wealth of the richest ciçy in
Europe should be poured out in the most lavish pro-
fusion to adorn.
On the morning of the 3lst of May the families of
the London citizens were stirring early in ail houses.
From Temple Bar fo the Tower the streets were fresh
strewed with gravel, the fooLpaths were railed off along
the whole distance, and occupied on one side by the
guilds, thcir workmen and apprentices, on the other
by he city constables and oflîcials in their gaudy
uniforms, "with their staves in hand for to cause the
people to keep good room and order" Cornhill and
Gracechurch Street had dressed their fronLs in scarlet
and crimson, in arras and tapcstry and the rich
carpet-work from Persia and Lhe East. Çheapside, to
outshine ber rivals, was draped even more splendidly
in cloth of gold and tissue and velvet. The sherifti
were pacing up and down on their great Flenish
horses, hung with liveries, and all the windows were
thronged with ladies crowdiug to see the procession
pass. Ai length the Tower oaans opened, the grim
gaes rolled back, and under the archway in the bright
May sunshine the long colulnn began slowly to defile,
Two states only permited their representaives to

28 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

grace the scene with ¢heir presence--Venice and
France. I was, 1)erhal)s, fo make t,be most of this
isolated counçenance çhat the Frcnch ambassador's
train formed thc van of tbc cavalcade. Twe!ve
Frcneh knights eame riding foremost in sureoa of
blue velvet with sleeves of yellow silk, their horses
trapl)cd in 1)lue, vit.h white erosses pow, lcred on t.hcir
hanging:s. Art.er them followed a troop of English
gent, lemen, two ami t, wo, ami t.hen t.he Knigh[s of [he
Bath, "in gowns of vio[êt, wit,h hools purfled with
miniver like doet.ors" Nexç, perhaps aç a little
intcrval, t.hc abhots l,assed on, mi(,rcd, in their robes:
the barons followed in erimson velvet, çhe hishops 0en,
and t.hen t, he earls and marluises, t, he dresses of each
or, lot incl'easing in elah, n'ate gor'eousness. Ail these
rode on in pairs. Theu came alone Audeley, lord
chancellor, and 1,ehind him t.hc Venet.ian ambassador
and t.he Arehbishop of York; çhe Arehbishop of
Canterbury and Du Bellay, Bishop of Bayonne and
of Paris, hot now with bugle and huntlng-froek, but
solemn with stole and erozier. Next,, the lord mayor,
vit.h the eiçy maee in hanl, and Garçer in his eoaç of
arms; and çhen Lord William Howard, the Duke of
Norfolk's broçher, Marshal of Engand. The oNeers
of çhe queen's hous,dmhl sueeeed«d çh marshal in
searleç and gol,1, and t.he van of çhe proesion was
elosed by the Duke of Sublk, as bigh constable, wiçh
his siiver wand. Ig is no easy maçter fo pieture fo
ourselves çhe blazing çrail of splendour whieh in sueh
a pageant must bave draxvn along çhe London sçreeçs,
--çhose strees whieh now we know so blaek and
smoke-grimed, çhemselves çhen radiant with masses
of eolour, gohl and erimson and violeç. Yeç çhere it
was, and çhere çhe sun eould shine upon it, and ens

CORONATION OF ANNE BOLEYN, i533 2 9

of thousands of eyes were gazing on the seene out of
the erowded lattiees.
Glorious as the spectacle was, perhaps, however, if
passed unheeded. Those eyes were watehing all for
anotherobject, which now drcw ncar. In an opeu space
behind the constablc there was seen approaching "a
white chariot," drawn by two palfrcys in white danask
which swept the grouml, a gohlcn canopy borne above
if making lnusic with silver bells: and in the chariot
sat the observed of all observers, thc be«tutiful occa-
sion of all this glittering h«n,mge lortu ,es play-
thing of thc bout, the (uccn of Englaml-«lUCCn af
last--borne along upon the waves of this sc of glory,
breathing the perfumc,[ incense of grcttness which
she had risked ber fait naine, ber dclicacy, hcr honour,
ber se]f«'espect fo win ; and she had won if.
There she sat, dressed in whitc tissue robes, hcr
fair hair flowing loose over ber shouhlcrs, and her
tenlples circled with a light coronet of gohl and
diamonds--most beautiful--lovelicst--most favoured,
perhaps, as she seemed af that bout, of ail England's
daughters. Alas  " within the hollow round " of that
corone--

Kept death his court, and there the antick sat,
Scoffing her state and grinning af her pomp.
Allowing her a little breath, a little scene
To monarchize, be feared, and kill with looks,
Infusing her with self and vain conceit,
As if the ttesh which walled about her lire
Were brass impregnable ; and hmnoured thus,
Bored through her castle walls; and farewell, Queen.

Fatal gift of greatness ! so dangerous ever! so more
thau dangerous in those tremendous rimes when the
fountains are broken loose of the great deeps of

3 ° SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
thought ; and nations are in the throes of revolution ;
--vhen ancient ortier and lav and tradition are split-
ring in the social earthquake ; and, as the opposing
forces wrestle to and fro, those unhappy ones who
stand out ahove the crowd become the symbols of the
struggle and fall the victims of ifs alternating fortunes.
And wha if into an unst.eady heart and brain, intoxi-
cated wit.h spleudour, the outward chaos shou]d find
its way, converting the poor silly soul into an image
«)f thc saine confusion,--if conscience should be deposed
from her high place, and t.he Pandora box be broken
h»ose of passions and sensualities and follies; and at
length there be nothing lcft of ail vhich man or
woman ought fo value save hope of God's forgiveuess ?
Thrce short years bave yet to pass, and again, on a
summer lnorning, I,UCcll Amie Bole)-n will leave the
Tower of London--not radiant thên wih beauty on a
gay errand of eoronation, but a poor wandering ghost,
on a sad tragie en'and, from whieh she will never
more return, passing away out of an earth where she
may stay no longer, into a presenee where, neverthe-
less, we know that all is well--for ail of usand
therefore for her.
But let us hot eloud her shortlived sunshine vith
t, he shadow of the future. She went on in her loveli-
ness, the peeresses follovi N in their earriages, with
the royal guard in their rear. In Fenehureh Street she
was met by the ehildren of the eity sehools; and at
the eorner of Graeeehm'eh Street a masterpieee had
been prepared of the pseudo-elassie art, then so fashion-
able, by the merehants of the Styll-yard. A Mount
Parnassus had been eonstrueted, and a Helieon fountain
upon if playing into a basin with four jets of Rhenish
wme. On the top of the mountain sat Apollo with
Calliope ai his feet, and on either side the remaining

CORONATION OF ANNE BOLEYN, 1533 31

Muses, holding lutes or harps, and singing each of
theln some "posy" or epigram in praise of the quecn,
whieh was presented, after if had been sung, writtcn
in letters of gold.
From Graeeehureh Street the proeession passed fo
Leadenhall, where there was a speet.aele in better taste,
of the old English Catholie kind, quaint perhaps and
foreed, but truly and even beautifully emblcmatie.
There was again a "little mounttin," which wm hung
with red and wlSte roses; a gold ring was plaeed on
flae sulmni, on whieh, as. he queen appearcd, a whit.e
faleon was ruade fo "deseeml as out of the sky"
"and t.hen incontinent came down an angel with great
melody, and set a close crown of gold upon thc falcon's
head; and in the saine pagean sat Saint Amie with
all her issue beneath her; and Mary Cleophas with
her four childrcn, of tle which chihlrcn one ruade a
goodly oration to the queen, of fle fruitfulness o Sç.
Aime, çrusting that like fruit should corne of her".
With such "pretçy conceiçs," aç that rime the honest
tokens of an English welcome, the ne queen was
received by çhe citizens of London. These scenes
musç be nmltiplied by the number of çhe streets,
where some fresh fancy meç her ai every turn. To
preserve the fesçivities from flagging every fountain
and conduiç within the walls ran all day with wine;
the bells of every sçeeple vere ringing; children lay
in waiç with songs, and ladi with poeies, in which
all the reurces of fantastic extravagance were ex-
hausted; and çhus in an unbroken triumphand
to ouçward appearance received with the warmç
affecçionshe passed under Temple Bar, down the
Sçrand by Charing Cross fo Westminster Hall. The
king was noç wiçh her throughouç the day; nor did
he intend ço be wiçh her in any part of çle cetmony.

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

She vas fo reign vithout a rival, the un, lisputed
sovereign of the hour.
Saturday being passed in showing herself fo the
people, she retired for the night to "the king's
manour bouse at Westminster," where she slept. ()n
the following morning', between eight and nine o'clock,
she retm'ned to the Hall, whcre the lord mayor, the
eity eouneil and the peers vel'e again assembled, and
took her place on the high (lais at the top of the
stairs uuder the elot, h of state; while the bishops, the
abbots and bhe monks of the Abbey formed in the
area. A railed way had been laid with earpets aeross
Palaee Yard and the Sanetuary to tbe Abbey gares,
and when ail was wt, ly, 1)l'ece,le, l by the peers in
their robes of Parliament, the Knights of the Garter
in the dress ot/ the order, she swep ou under her
eanopy, tbe bishols and the monks " solemnly sing-
ing". The train was borne by the old Duehess
of Norfolk, her aune, the Bishops of London and
Winehester on eitber ,side "bearing up thê lappets
of her robe ". The Earl of Oxford earried the erown
on its eushion ilnmediately belote ber. She was
dressed in purple velvet furred with ermine, her
hair eseaping loose, as she usually wore it, undêr a
wreath of diamonds.
On enel'ing the Abbey she was led to the eorona-
tion chair, where she sat while the train fell into their
places, and the preliminaries of the eeremonial were
despatehed. Then she was eondueted up fo hê high
altal', and anointed Queen of Enta'land , and she reeeived
from the hands of Cranmer, fresh eome in baste from
Dunsable, with the last words of his sentence upon
Catherine seareely silen upon his lips, the golden
sceptre and St. Edward's erown.
Did any wing'e of remorse, any pang of painful

CORONATION OF ANNE BOLEYN, I533 33

recollecçion, pierce at çhaç monenç çhe incense of
glory which she was inhaling ? Did any vision
aeross her of a sad, mourning figure whieh onee had
stood where she was standing, now desolaLe, ncgleeted,
sinkiug inLo Lhe darkening twilighL of a lire eut shorL
by sorrow ? Who eau Lell ? AL sueh a Lime thaL
figure would have weighed heavily upon a noble
mind, and a wise mind would have been taughL by
Lhe LhoughL of iL LhaL alLhough lire be fleeting as a
dream iL is long enough Lo experienee strange vieis-
siLudes of fortune. BuL Amie Boleyn was noL noble
and was noL wise,--Loo probably she felL nothing but
Lhe delieious, all-absorbing, all-inLoxieaLing presenL,
and if LhaL plain, suflbring faee presenLed iLself Lo lier
memory aL all, we may fear LhaL iL was raLher as a
foil Lo her own surpassing loveliness. Two years
}aLer she was able Lo exulL over Catheriue's deaLh;
she is noL likely to bave LhoughL of her wiLh genLler
feelings in Lhe tïrst glow and flush of triumph.
We may now leave Lhese seenes. They eoneluded
in Lhe usual English sLyle, with a bantluet in the
greaL hall and wiLh all otiLward signs of enjoymenL
and pleasure. There musL have been buL few persons
present, however, who did noL feel LhaL Lhe sunshine of
sueh a day mighL noL lasL for ever, and thaL over so
dubious a marriage no Englishman eould exult with
more Lhan hall a hearL. IL is foolish Lo blame lighLly
aeLions whieh arise in Lhe midsL of eireumstanees
whieh are and eau be buL imperfeeLly known; and
Lhere may bave been poliLieal reasons whieh ruade so
mueh pomp desirable. Anne Boleyn had been Lhe
subjeeL of public eonversaLion for seven years, and
Henry, no doubL, desired Lo presenL his jewel Lo Lhem
in the raresL and ehoieesL setLing. YeL fo out eyes,
seeing, perhaps, by Lhe lighL of whaL followed, a more
3

34 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

modest introduct, ion would have appeared more suited
o he doubfful nat, ure of ber position.
A any rate we escape from this scene of splendour
very gladly as from something unseasolmble. If wouhl
bave beên well for Henry VII.[. if h ha, l lived in a
world in which women could bave bcen dispensed wigh ;
so iii, in ail his relations with hem, he succeeded.
With lllell he couhl speak the right word, he could do
t, bc righ thing ; wit, h womcn he seemed ho bc under
a faLal necessiLy of misake.

35

THE I)ESTRUCTI()N OF THE CltARTER-
[{OU,SE, 1535.

HERE we are Le ct)t.r Ill)011 elle O[" flic ffl'Llid SCCllt's
o hisLory; a sOlelllll baLt, le foug'ht, out, L tlto death,
3"ce foughL wit.houL feroeiL3, , 13 t.he eh«tmpions »1' rival
priueiples. Heroie lllçll had t'allcn, and were mt.ill
rase falling, for whaL was ealled hcresy; and new
Lhose who hd inflieLel deaLh ou ot.hers were ealled
upon Le bear Lhe same wiLness Le Lheir own sinceriLy.
Eng'lmd became Lhe Lheat.re of a war beLween Lwo
armies of mtrt.srs , Le be waged, noL upon he open
field, in open aeLiou, bue on the stake and on t.he
scatIbld, wiLh the nobler weapons of passive endurance.
Each parLy were rcady fo give Lheir blood ; each parLy
were ready Lo shed Lhe blood of their anLagonist.s;
and Lhe sword was Lo single out its victims in t.he
rival ranks, hot as in peace among Lhose whose crimes
niade Lhem daligerous Lo socict.y, buL, as on t.he field
of bat, Lle, where the mosL conspicuous courag'e mosL
chdlenges flic aire of the enemy. IL was war, though
uuder Lhe form of peace ; and if we wouhl undcrstand
Lhe truc spirit of Lhe Lime, ve musL regard Catholics
and Protestants as gallanL soldiers, whose deat, hs,
when Lhey fall, are hot painful, but glorious; and
v«hose devoLion we are equally able Lo admire, even
where we cannoL equally approve Lleir cause. Courage
and self-sacrifice are beauLiful alike in au enemy and
iii a friend. And while we exult iii LimL chivalry

36

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

with which the Smithfield martyrs bought England's
freedom with their blood, so we will hot refuse our
admiration fo those other gallant men whose high
forms, in the sunset of the old faith, stand transfigured
on the horizon, tinged with the light of ifs dying glory.
Secretary Bedyll complained fo Cromwell of the
obstinacy of certain friars and monks, who, he
thought, would cofer a service on the country by
dying quietly, lest honest men should incur un-
merit.ed oblo«luy in putting them to death. Among
these, the brethren of the London Charterhouse were
especiflly mentioned as recalcitrant, and they xvere
said ai the saine rime fo bear a high reputation for
holiness. In a narrative vritten by a member of this
body we are brought face fo face, ai their rime of
trial, with one of the fev religious establishments in
England whieh continued to dcserve the naine; and
we may sec, in the scenes which are there described,
the highest representation of struggles which,graduated
variously according fo characer and telnper, and,
without the tragical result, may bave been witnessed
in very many of the monastic houses. The writer
was a certain Maurice Channey, probably an Irishmarr
He went through the saine sufferings with the rest of
the hrethren, and was one of the small fraction who
finally gave way mder the trial. He was set at liberty,
and escaped abroad ; and, in portance for his weakness,
he left on record the touching story of his fall, and of
the triumph of his bolder companions.
He commences with his own confession. He had
fallen when others stood. He was, as he says, an
unworthy brother, a Saul among the prophets, a
Judas among the apostles, a child of Ephraim turning
himself back in the day of battle--for which his
cowardice, while lfis brother monks were saints in

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, 1535 37

heaven, he was doing penance in sorrow, tossing on
the waves of the widc world. The eal'ly chapters
contain a loving lingering picture of his cloister life--
to him the perfection of eal'thly lmppiness. Itis placed
before us, in all its superstition, ifs devotiou and ifs
simplicity, the counterpart, even in lninute details, of
the stories of the Saxon recluses when monasticism
was in the young vigour of its lire. St. Bede or St.
Cuthbert might have found hiluself in the house of
the London Carthusians, and he vouhl have had few
questions fo ask, and laO duties fo learu or fo unlcarn.
The form of the buihlings vould bave seemed more
elaborate ; the notes of the organ vould have added
richer solemnity fo the services; but the salient features
of the scene vould have been all familiar. He would
have lived in a cell of the saine shape, he would bave
thought the saine thoughts, spoken the saine words
in the saine language. The prayers, the daily life,
almost the very faces with which he was surrounded,
would have seeined ail unaltered. A thousand years
of the vorld's history had rolled by, and these lonely
islands of prayer had remained still anchored in the
stream; the strands of the ropes which hehl them,
wearing now fo a thread, and very near their last
parting, but still unbroken. What they had been
they were; and, if Maurice Chamaey's description
had corne down fo us as the account of the mouastery
in which OttK of Mercia did penance for lais crilnes,
we could have detected no infernal sylnptoms of a
later age.
His pages are filled with the old familiar stories of
visions and miracles ; of strange adventures befalliug
the chalices and holy wafers; of augels with wax
candles; innocent phantoms which flitted round
brains and minds fevered by asceticism. There are

38

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

accounts of cert, ain.fratres ,'eprob
panitiofl'ail bl'othrcn and the frightful catastrophes
whieh ensued o them. Brothcr Thomas, who told
stories ont o[ doons, cci»tut s,«cM«.res, vas attaeked
ont night by the devil; and the fiend would have
strangled him but for the prayers of a eompanion.
Brother GeOlge, who el-aVe, l after the tleshpos of
Egypt, was walking oue ,lay about the eloister when
he oug'ht fo htve been at ehapel, aud thc great fiRure
upou thc eross at the end of the g'alle
baek upon him as if hung', and drove him ail but mad.
Bl'ogher John l)aly found faulg with his dbmer, and
sai, l ghag he would as soon eat goadsM/r«
his cell was for hree monhs filled wih toads. If he
threw them ino the tire, they hopped back o him
uuscorched: if he killcd theln, ohers calne o take
their place.
But hesc bad brothers were rare exceptions. In
/encral he house was perhaps the bes ordered in
England. The hospitality was vell sustained, the
charities wcre profuse, and whatever we may think
of he intellect vhich couhl 1)usy iself with fancies
seemin/ly so childish, the monks were true to heir
vows, and l'ue o their duy, as far as they compre-
hended wha duty mean. Among many good, the
prior John Haughon was the best. He was of an old
English family, and ha,l been educaed at Cambridge,
vhcl'e he mus have been the contemporary of Laçimer.
A he ag'e of weny-eight he took the vows as a
monk, and had been veny years a Cart.husian at the
opening of the roubles of he Reformaion. He is
describc,l as " small in sature, iu figure graceful, in
counçenance dignified". " In ruminer he was most
mo,lest : in eloquence mos swee : in chastiy without

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, 535 39

stain." We may readily imagine his appearanee ; with
that felninine austerity of expression which, as has
been well said, belougs so peeuliarly o çhe features of
the medieval eeelesiasties.
Sueh was the soeiety of the lnonks of the Charter-
house, who, in an ent t, oo late for their eontinuanee,
and guilty of being unablc to read the signs of the
times, were summoned o wage unequal battle with
the world. From the eommeneemcnt of the divoree
eause they had espoused instinetively the queen's side ;
they had probably, in eommon wit.h their alited
house at Sion, believed unwisely in t.he nun of Kent;
and, as pious Catholies, çhey regarded the reforming
measures of the Pal'liament with dismay and consterna-
tion. ïhe year 1533, sys Mauriee, was ushered in
with signs in heaven and prodigies upon eart.h, as if
the end of the world was af hand: as indeed of the
monks and the monks' world the end was truly af
hand. And then oeme t.he spring of 1534, when
the Aet was passed eutting off the Princes Ma W from
the succession, and requiring of all subjeets of the
reahn an oath of allegimee fo Elizabeth, and a reeog-
nit.ion of the king's marriage with Queen Aime. Sir
Thomas More and Bishop Fisher went fo the Tower
rather than swear; and about the saine rime the
royal eommissioners appeared at the Charterhouse fo
require the sublnission of the brethren. The regular
eletN'y through the kingdom had benç fo the storm.
'he conscience of the London Carthusians was less
eltie ; they were the first and, vith the exeeption of
More and Fisher, the only reeusants. " The prior did
answer ço the eommissioners," Iauriee tells us, "that
he knew nothing of sueh matters, and eould hot
meddle with them; and they eontinuing fo insist, and
the prior being still unable fo give oher answcr, he

40

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

was sent with Father Humphrey, our proctor, fo the
Tower." There he remained for a month; and af the
end of if ho was persuaded by "certain good and learned
men" tht the cause was uot one for which if was law-
fui fo sutthr. Ho uudcrtook fo comply, sub cotditione,
with some necessary reservations, and vas sent home
fo the cloister. As soon as he returned the brethren
assembled in their chapter-house " in confusion and
great perplcxity," and Haughton tohl them what he
had promised. He vould submit, he said, and yet his
misgivings foreçohl ço hiln that a submission so ruade
could hot long avail. " Our bout, dear brethren," he
conçimm, l, "is hot yeç corne. In the same nighç in
which we were set free I had a dream that [ should
hot escape thus. Within a year I shall be brought
again fo thrt place, and then I shall finish my course."
If martyrdom was so uear and so iuevitable, the
remainder of the monks were aç first reluctant ço
purchase a useless delay aç the price of their convic-
tions. The commissioners came viçh the lord mayor
for the oath, and if was refused. They came again,
with çhe threaç of iustanç imprisomnent for the whole
fraternity; "and then," says Maurice, "they prevailed
with us. We all swore as we were required, making
one condition, that we submiçted only so far as was
lawful for us so fo do. Thus, like Jonah, ve were
delivered from the belly of this monster, this im,na,is
cettt, and began again ço rejoice like him, under the
shadow of the gourd of our home. But if is better to
trusb in the Lord than in princes, in whom is no
salvatiou; God had prepared a worm thaç smote our
gourd and ruade it to perish."
This worm, as may be supposed, was the Acç of
Supremacy, with çhe Statuçe of Treasons which was
attached to if. It. was ruled, as I bave "said, that

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, 1535 41

indequate answers fo oncial inquiry formed sufficient
ground for prosccution under thcse Acts. Buç çhis
interpretation was not generally knowu; nor among
those who knew it was it eertain whether the C, row
would avail itself of the powers vhieh it tus pos-
sessed, or whether it would proeeed only against sueh
oflgnders as had voluntarily eommitçed themselves to
opsition. In the opening of the following year
(1535) the firs uncertainy was a an end; it was
publicly understood that persons vho hml prcviously
given cuse for suspicion migh be submittcd fo
question. When çhis biffer news was no longer
doubtful, the prior called the convent togethcr, and
gave them notice fo prepare for vhaç was coming.
They lay already umler çhe shadow of treasou; and
he anticipated, among othcr evil consequences of dis-
obedience, the immediate dissolution of the house.
Even he, with all his forebodings, was uuprepared for
the course which would rcally be taken with them.
" When we were all iu -eaç consternatiou," writes our
author, "he said fo us :--
"' Very sorry am I, and my heart is heavy, especially
for you, my youngcr friends, of whom I see so many
rouud me. Here you are living in your innocence.
The yoke will hOt be laid on your necks, nor the rod
of persecutiou. But if you are taken heuce, and
mingle among the Gençiles, you may learu the works
of them, and having begun in the spirit you nay be
consumed in the flesh. And there may be oçhers
among us vhose hearts are sçill infirm. If these mix
again with the world, I fear how if may be wiçh
bem; and what shall I say, and what shall I do, if
I cannot save those whom God has trusted fo my
chae ?'
"Then all who were presenç," says Chmmey, "burst

4OE SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

into tears, and cried with one voice, ' Let us die
gether in our int.egrity, and heaven and earth shall
vitness for us how mOustly xve are eut off7
"The prior answercd, sadly, ' Wouhl, indeed, that
it might be so; that so dying we might live, as living
we ,fie--but they will hot do to us so g'reat a kindness,
nor to themselves so grêtt «n iury. Many of you arc
of noble blood ; and vhat I think they will dois this:
Me and the elder brethrcn they will kill; and they
will dismiss you that are young into a worhl whieh
hot for you. £ therUb"'e, it depe,d ,' me alo,e
çf my ¢,tth. wll stçce fi, e the hotseI .«,ill th,'ou,
ys«l]'b" you" sakes o,, the meecy of (o,!. I will
m(&e q,yse{l" a.n«the.m« ; aml to p'ese.'ve v ft'o
these d«.,l«.rs, I will cose,t to the K;ag's will. If,
however, they have determined othcrwiseif they
ehoese fo lmve the consent of us allthe will of God
be done. If onê death will hot avail, we will die
" ail.'
"So then, bidding us prepare for the worst, that the
Lord when He knoeked might find us ready, he desired
us to ehoose eaeh out eonfessor, and to eonfess out sins
one fo another, giviç us power to grant eaeh other
absolution.
"The day after he preaehed a sermon in the ehapel
on the 59th Psalm'O God, Thou lmst east us
Ïhou lmst destroyed us' ; x eoneluding with the words,
' Itis better tiret we should suttr hcre a slmrt pênanee
for out faults, than be reserved for the eternal pains
of hell hereafter';and so ending, he turned to us
and bade us all do as we saw him do. Then rising
from his place he went direct fo the eldest of the
brethren, who was sitting nearest to himself, and,

1The 60th in the English version.

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, i535 43

kneeling before him, begged his forgiveness for any
oflbnee whieh in hearl, word or deed he might have
eomlnited ag'ainst him. Thenee he proeeeded fo the
lleXç, and said the saine ; tlld so ço the ncxt, }ll'OUg}l
us all, we following him and saying as he did, eaeh
from eaeh imploring pardon."
Thus, with unobtrusive nobleness, ,IM thcse poor mon
prepal'e themselves for thcir end; no less beauiful
m their resoluion, hot less deserving t.hc everlast.ing
l'ememln'anee of mankind, than hose tin'ce hundred
who in the sumnler morning sat eomling their golden
htfir in he psses of Tht, rmopylw. We will hot regret
their etmse ; there is no etmse for whieh any man ean
more nobly sufl?l" than to witness that it is better for
him to die than to speak words whieh he does hot
mean. Nor, in this their hour of trial, were they let't
wihout higher coin fort.
"The third day after," the story g'oes on, " was t.he
mass of the Holy Ghost, and (Io,1 ruade known His
presenee among us. For when the host was lit'ted up,
there came as it were a whisper of air, whieh breathed
upon our t'ees as we knelt. Some pereeived if wit.h
the bodily senses ; all felt it as it thrilled into their
hearts. And then followed a sweet, sort sound of
music, at whieh our venerable father was so moved,
God being thus abundantly manit'est among us, that
he sank down in tears, anal for a long rime eould hot
eontillUe the servieewe all relnaining stupefied, hear-
ing the melody, and feeling the marvellous eflets of
if upon out spirits, but knowing neither whenee if
came nor whither it went. Only out hearts rejoieed
as we pereeived htt God was with us indeed."
Comfored and resolute, the brotherhood awaited
patiently the approaeh of the eomlnissioners ; and they
wMted long, for the Crown was in no hatst.e fo be sevcre.

44

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

The statures had been passed in no spirit of cruelty ;
they were weapons fo be used in case of extremity ; and
there was no attempt fo enforce Lhem until forbearance
was misconstrued into fear. Sir Thomas More and
the Bishop of Rochester remained unquestioned in the
Tower, and were allowed free intercourse with their
friends. The Carthusian monks were lefL undisLurbed,
although the aLtiLude which they had assumed was
notorious, and although the prior was known fo forbid
his penitents in confession fo acknowledge the king's
supremacy. If the Government was aL length ch-iven
fo severity, iL was because the clergy forced Lhem fo
if in spire of themselves.
The clergy had taken the oath, but they held them-
selves under no obligaLion fo observe iL; or if they
observed the orders of the Crown in Lhe letLer, they
thwarted those orders in the spirit. The Treason Act
had for a while overawed them; but finding that ils
threats were confined fo language, that lnonLhs passed
away, and Lhat no person had as yet been prosecuted,
Lhey fell back into open opposition, either careless of the
consequences, or believing that the Governlnent did hot
date fo exert ils powers. The details of their conduct
during Lhe spring months of this year I ara unable fo
discover; but iL was such  af length, on the 17th
of April, provoked Lhe following circular fo the lords-
lieutenant of Lhe various counties :--
"Right trusty and well-beloved cousin, we greet
you well ; and whereas iL has corne fo our knowledge
that sundry persons, as well religious as secular priests
and curates in their parishes and in divers places within
this our realm, do daily, as much as in them is, set
forth and exLol the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome,
otherwise called the Pope; sowing their seditious,
pestilent and false doctrines; praying for him in the

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, i535 45

pulpi and making him a god: o he grea deeei of
our subjects, brin,,-ino- them into errours and evil
opinions ; more preferring the power, laws and juris-
diction of the said Bishop of Rome than the most holy
laws and precepts of Ahnighty God: We therefore,
minding not only to proceed for an unity and quietncss
among out said subjecta, but also greatly coveting and
desiring them fo be brought to a knoxvledge of the
mere verity and truth, and no longer to be seduced
xvith any such superstitious and false doctrines of any
earthly usurper of God's lawswill, thercforc, and
comnand you, that whensoever ye shall hear of any
such sedit.ious persons, ye indelayedly do take and
apprehend them or cause them to be apprchended
and taken, and so committed to ward, there to remain
without bail or main-prize, until, upon your advertise-
ment thereof to us and to our council, ye shall know
our further pleasure.
" HENRY R."
In obvious connection with the issue of t.his pub-
licat.ion, the monks of the Charterhouse were at
length informed that they would be questioned on
the supremacy. The great body of the religious
houses had volunteered an outward submission. The
London Ca¢husians, with other affiliated establish-
ments, had remained passive, and had thus furnished
an open encouragement fo disobedience. We are in-
stinctively inclined fo censure an interference with
persons who af worst were but dreamers of the
cloister: and xvhose innocence of outward ottb, nces
we imagine might have served them for a shield.
Unhappily, behind the screenwork of these poor saints
a whole Irish insurrection was blazing in madness and
fury ; and in the northern English counties were sonne
sixty thousand persons ready fo rise in arms. In these

46 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

great struggles men are formidable iu porportion fo
their virtues. The noblest Protestants were chosen by
the Catholies for the stake. The fagots were already
g'rowing" which were fo burn Tyndal, the translator of
the Bble. It was the habit of the rime, as iç is the
habit of all tilnes of rem danger, to spare the multitude
but to st.rike the lea, lcrs, fo make responsibility the
shadow of power, to ehoose for punishment the most
eNeaeious represcntatives of the spirit whieh it was
ueeessary fo suhdue.
The influence of the Carthusians, with that of the
two great lllell who were following" the saine road fo
the saine goal, deterlnined multitudês in the attitude
whieh they would assume, and in the duty whieh they
wouhl ehoose. The Carthusians, therefore, were fo be
ruade to bend : or if they eould hOt be bent, tobe ruade
examples in their punishment, as they had ruade theln-
selves examples in their resistanee. They were noble
and good" but there were others in England good and
noble as they, who were not of their fold; and whose
virtues, theneeforxvard more re«luired by England than
eloistered aseetieisms, had been blighted under the
shadow of the Papaey. The Catholies had ehosen the
alternative, either to erush the free thought whieh was
burst.ing- froln the soil, or else t.o be erushed by it ; and
the future of the world eould not be saerifleed fo
preserve the exotie graees of mediœeval saints. They
full, glorionsly and hot unprofitably. They were hot
allowed fo stay the course of tbe Reformation; but
their suflbring:s, nobly borne, suNeed fo reeover the
sympathy of after-ages for the faith whieh they pro-
fessed.
To return fo the narrative of Mauriee Channey.
Notiee of the intention of the Government having
been signified to the order, Father Webster and

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, 1535 47

Father Lawrence, the priors of the tvo daughter
houses ol' Axhohn ami Belville, came up fo Lori,lori
three weeks after Easter, and, with Haughton, pre-
sented thcmselves before Cromwell with an entrcaty
to he excuse,1 the submission. For answer to their
petition they were sent to the Tower, where they were
soon after joine, l by Father Reyuol, ls, one of the re-
calcitrant lnonks of Sion. These four were brought
on the 26th of April before a committee of the privy
council, of which Cromwell was oue. The Act of
Suprelnacy was laid berore them, and they were re-
quired fo signify thcir acceptance of if,. They refuse,l,
and two days aftcr thcy were brought to trial before
a special commission. They pleaded ail "hot guilty".
They had of course broken the Act; but they wouhl
hot acknowledge that guilt eouhl he involved in dis-
obedicnce to a law which was itself unlawful. Their
words in the Tower to the privy council formed the
marrer of the charge against them. It appears from
the record that on their examination, "they, treacher-
ously machinating and desiring to deprive the King
our sovereign lord of his title of supreme Head of the
Church of England, did opcnly declare, and say, the
King out sovereign lord is hot supreme Head on earth
of the Church of England "
But their conduct on the trial, or at least the con-
duct of Haughton, sparçd ail diculty in securing a
conviction. The judg'es pressed the prior "lmt to show
so little wisdom as to maintain his own opinion against
the consent of the realm ". He replied that he had re-
solved originally to imitate the example of his Master
before Herod, and say nothing. "But since you urge
me," he continued, "that I may satisfy my own con-
science and the mnsciences of these who are present, I
will say that out opinion, if it might/o by the sufli'ages

48 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

of men, would have more witnesses than yours. You
eau produce on your side but the Parliamen of a single
kingdom ; I, on mine, have the vhole Christian world
exeept that kingdom. Nor have you all even of your
own people. The lesser part is with you. The ma-
jority, who seem to be with you, do but disscmble, to
gain favour with the King, or for fear they should lose
their honours and their dignities."
Cromwell asked him of whon he was speaking.
"Of all the good men in the reahn," he replied ; "and,
when his Majesty knows the truth, I know well he
will be beyond measure oflhndêd with those of his
bishops who have given him the eounsel whieh he
now follows."
"Why," said another of the judges, "have you, con-
trary to the KiN's authority within the realm, per-
suaded so many persons as you have donc to disobey
the King and Parlianent ?"
"I bave deelared my opinion," he answered, "to no
man living but to those who came to me in confession,
whieh in diseharge of my conscience I eould hot refuse.
But if I did not deelare it then, I will deelare it now,
because I ara thereto obliged fo God." He neither
looked for merey nor desired it. A writ was issued for
the return of a petty jury the following day. The
prisoners were taken back to the Tower, and the next
morning were brought again fo the bar. Feron and
Hale, the two priests whose conversation had been
overheard af Sion, were plaeed on their trial at the
saine rime. The two latter threw themselves on the
mercy of the court. A verdict of guilty vas retm'ned
against the other fore'. The sentence was for the usual
punishment of high treason. Feron was pardoned; I
do not find on what aceount. Hale and the Crthu-
sians were to surfer together, When Haughton heard

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, 535 49

the sentence, he merely said, "This is the judgment of
the vorld"
An interval of rive days was alloxved after the tl'ial.
On the 4th of May the exeeution took plaee af Tyburn,
under eireumstalmes whieh marked the occasion with
peeuliar meaning. The pulishment in eases of high
treason was very terrible. I need hot dwcll upon the
forln of it. The English were  hard, fieree people;
and with these poor suttrers the law of the land took
ifs eourse without allevit.ion or interfcl'enee, lIut
another feature listinguishcd the present exceution.
Fol' the fil'st rime in Eglish history eeelesiasties
were bl'OUght out fo suffit in their habits, without
undergoing the previous eeremony of degradation.
Theneeforward the world Wel'e fo know that as no
sanetnary any more shouhl proteet traitors, so the
saered ottiee should avail as little; and the hardest
blow whieh if had yet reeeived was thus dealt fo
superstit.ion, shaking from ifs plaee in the minds of
ail menthe keystone of the whole systeln.
To the last moment eseape was left open, if the
prisoners wouhl submit. Several members of the
eouneil attended them fo the elosing seene, for a final
effort of kindness; but they had ehosen their eourse,
and were hOt tobe moved from if. Haughton, as
first in l'ank, had the privilege of tàrst dying. When
on the seattbld, in eomplianee with the usual eustom,
he spoke a few touehing and simple words fo the
people. "I eall fo witness Almighty God," he said,
"and all good people, and I beseeeh you all here
present fo bear witness for me in the day of judg-
ment, that being here fo die, I dêelare that if is from
no obstinate, rebellions spirit that I do not obey the
King, but beeause I fear fo oflnd the Majesty of God.
Out holy mother the Chureh has deereed otherwise
4

50 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
than file King and file Parhamenb have decreed, and
therefore, rather bhan disobey the Chureh, I ara ready
ho surfer. Pray for me, and bave merey on my
brebhren, of whom I bave been the unworbhy prior."
He then knelb down, repeating the firsb few verses
of bhe 31sb Psalln, and afber a few momenbs delivered
himself ho the exeeubioner. The obhers followed,
undaunbed. As one by one they went ho bheir deabh,
bile eouneil, ab eaeh fresh horrible speebaele, urged bhe
survivors ho luve piby on bhemselves ; bub bhey urged
bhem in vain. The faces of bhese men did nob grow
pale ; their voiees did not shake ; bhey deelared rhem-
selves liege subjeebs of the king, and obedient ehilth'en
of holy Ghureh ; "giving Ood bhanks thar bhey were
hcld worflLy to suttr for the bruth ". AI1 died wibh-
out a murlnur. The sbern work was ended with
quarbering the bodies; and ble arm of Haughron
was hung up as a bloody sig-n over t.he arehway of
bhe Charrerhouse, ho awe the remaining brobhers into
submission.
Bub bile spirit of bhe old mayrs was in these friars.
One of bhem, like the Theban sister, bore away bhe
honoured relic and buried it; and all resolved fo
persisb in bheir resigned opposibion. Six wee-ks were
allowed bhem fo consider. Ab the end of bhat rime
bhree more were taken, bried aud hanged, and bhis
still proving ineffecbual, Cromwell hesibated to proceed.
The end of the sbory is very bouching and may be
told bricfly, that I may nob have occasion ho reburn ho
ib. Maurice's accounb is probably exaggerated, and is
wribben in a bone of sbrong emobion; but if bas all the
substantial feabures of trubh. The remaining monks
were lefb in bhe house ; and two secular priests wére
senb ho take charge of bhe establishmenb, who sbarved
and ill-used bhem ; and were themselves, according fo

FALL OF THE CHARTERHOUSE, 535 5

Maurice, sensual and profligate. From rime fo rime
they were called belote the privy council. Their
friends and relatives were ordered fo work upon
them. No efibrt either of severity or kindness was
spared fo induce them fo submit; as if their attitude,
so long as if was maintained, was felt ,as a reproach
by the Governnlent. Af last, four were carried down
fo Westminster Abbey, to hear the Bishop of Durham
deliver lais falnOUS sernlon against the Pope; and
whcn this rhetorical inanity had also failcd, and as
they were thought fo COllfil'lll Olle another i, their
obstinacy, they were dispcrsed among other hou.es
the retaper of which could be depended Ul)On. Some
were sent fo the north; others fo Sion, where a new
prior had been appointed of zealous loyalty ; others
were left af home fo be disciplined by the questionable
seculars. But nothing answered. Two round their
way into active rebellion, and being concerned in the
Pilgrimage of Grace, were hung in chains at York.
Ten were sent fo Newgate, where nine died miserably
of prison lever and filth; the tenth survivor was
executed. The remainder, of whom Maurice was one,
went through a form of submission, with a mental
reservation, and escaped abroad.
So fell the monks of the London Charterhouse,
splintered to pieces--for so only could their resistance
be overcome--by the iron sceptre and the iron hand
which held it. They were, however, alone of their
kind. There were many perhaps who wished fo re-
semble them, who would have infitated their example
had they dared. But all bent except these. If it
had been otherwise, the Reformation would have
been impossible, and perhaps if would not have been
needed. Their story claires from us that sympathy
which is the due of their exalted courage. But we

Sa SELEC'FIONS FROM FROUDE

(allllOç bltune the Govel"nmeni. Those who know
what çhc condition of the count«'y really was must
feel their inability fo sug'est, with any tolerable
reasomtlleness, what else eouhl bave been dolm. They
may regret so hard a n«cessit.y, but. they will regreç
in silenee. The king', too, was noç wit.hout feeling.
Iç was no mtter of indiflbrence fo hiln thaç he follnd
hilnself driven fo sueh sçern courses with his subjects ;
and s Lire gohlen splendour of his manhood was thus
suddenly ciouding, "he eomnmnded all abouç his Courç
ço poll their heads," in publie token of lnourning;
"and to give thcm exampie, he eaused his own head
t.o be polled; and h'om theneeforth his bear,l fo be
knotted, aml fo bc no more shavcn "

53

SLWA¥ MO,S, 1549,.

A PROTRACTED invasi{m, so late in the season, wa8, for
lnany l'easons, undesirablc. No force lar'e cnouvh fo
penetrate into the country with safet.y conhl maint.Ml
itself lllOl'Ç thtll t ['l'W ,iaVs. The Ilol',iel't'l'S had l_ec
the chier oflçndt, l'S; am the campMgn was o be a
Border fol'ay on a vast scale. On the 21st of Ocfober
Norfolk entcr«d Scotland with twenty thmsand men,
an,[ remained in the Lothiaus for Mue davs. The
harvest had been lleWly gathered in" it was reduced
to ashet. FarlUS, villages, tocns, abbeys, went down
in blazing ruins; aud having friuged the Tweed with
a black broad mOUl'nil" l'ira o1" havoc, fit'tcen toiles
aCl'OSS, and havil,g thus inflicted a lesson which, for
thc pi'osent season at least, would hot bc or'otteu, ho
then withdrew. Fifteen t.housalM Seofs hun V Ul)On his
skirs, but would hot venturc an engagement; and
he returned in insolent leism'c to el'wiek. Here,
owing fo a want of foresight in the eOlnlnissal'iat
dcpartment, he round the supplics iua, lequate fo the
maintenance of his followers, and with son,e misgiving
lest the enemy might attempt a realiation which, with
reduced lmmbers, he luigh find a diculty in pre-
veuting, he left in garrison for the wiuter a fifth only
of his army, and, sendin" fle test to their holueS, he
r[oined thc counci[ at York.
In a despatch to Sir T. Wriothesley, on the 9th of
November, he conl'essed his surprise at the Scott.ish

54 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

inaction, and attributed iç justly to disagreemenç
among themselves and want of ability in their leaders.
A further conjecture, that " the King would gladly
agree with England, but his council would hot suflbr
him," was lcss well foundcd. James was prescnç in
1)crson with the Scottish force; and hot spiritcd, and
pcrhaps the lnore 1)assionate from a latent knowledge
of the unwisdom of his course, he had longcd for the
cxcitement of a batt[e. He would have attacked
Norfolk while within his fronticr; he would bave
pursucd his retreat; he dcsired afterwards fo carry
tire and sword into Northumbcrland. But the Scot-
çish lords, eithcr rctaining a wholcsome mcmory of
Flodden, or from some other cause, refused fo follow.
James explodcd in anger. He called them traitors,
cowards, unworthy of their ancestors ; but fo no pur-
pose. Some were kinsmcn of the Douglases, and still
resented thcir exile; some hated the clergy, and
carricd on their hatred fo the war which the clergy
had promotcd. Dcaf fo entreaties and indiflbrent fo
tmmts, they watched the English across the Tweed,
and dispersed fo thcir holncs.
The king, deserted by his subjects, returned sullenly
fo Elinburgh. Such mcmbers of the council as shared
his disappointment, and would humour his mood, were
cal lcd together, and Beton played upon his irritation
fo strike a blow which he had long mcditatcd, and had
once already attempted in vain. The absorption of
the Church lands by the English laity had hot been
without an cflct upon their northern neighbours. In
the first panic, when the idea was new, and the word
saerilege was sounded in their cars, the Seottish noble-
men had united in the elamours of the elcrgy, and had
expeeted some greaç judgment fo mark the anger of
Heaven. But years had passed on without bringing

SOLWAY MOSS, 154.2 55

the threatened punishments. England was standing
prouder and stronger than ever ; and even such good
Catholics as the Irish chiefs had commenced a similar
process of deglutition, much to their comfort. The
double example brought with ita double force. Many
worthy people began to think it might be wisely irai-
tated; and the suspected of the Church were among
the late recusaut.s in the army. Betou drew up a list
of more than a hundred earls, knights and gentlemen,
whom he represented to be heretics, and to meditate
a design of selling their country to England. To cut
them off' wouhl be a service to Heaven ; and their
estates, which would be confiscated, would replenish
the deficiencies in the treasury. The tirst rime this
pretty suggestion had been ruade to James he had
rejected it with titting detestation ; now he told Beton
that "he sav his words were true," and that "his
nobles desired neither his honour nor his continuance ".
If the cardinal and the clergy would final him the
means of making his raid into Elgland without
them, and revenge their backwardness by a separate
victory, he would devote himself heart and soul to the
Church's cause, and Beton should be his adviser for
ever.
The secret was scrupulously guarded. Letters were
circulated privately among such of t.he nobles as were
of undoubted orthodoxy, among the retainers and con-
nections of the bishops and abbots, and among those
whose personal loylty would outweigh either prudence
or any other interest. The order was to lneet the king
at Lochmaben on the night of the 24th of November.
No details vere given of the intended enterprise. A
miscellaneous host was summoned fo assemble, without
concert, without organisation, without an object ascer-
tained, or ny leader mentioned but James.

5 6 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Ten thousand men gathered in the darkness under
this wihl invitation. Tbe Western Border was feebly
defended. The body of t.he English wm af Berwiek.
The Seots round tht they were expeeted on the instant,
belote warning eouhl be given, fo cross into the Marches
of Cumberland, fo waste the country in revengv for the
inroad of Norfolk, and, if possible, surprise Carlisle.
The cardinal and the Earl of Arran would meanwhile
distraet thc attention of the troops a Berwiek by a
"demonstration at 'ewark.
Af midnight, more like a mob than an army, they
marched out of Lochmaben. James alone couhl have
given coherence fo their movements, for in his naine
only tbey were met. Jmms, for the first and last
rime in his lire, displaycd either prudence or personal
timidity, and tfllowed them to advance without him.
Each nobleman and g'ntlen,an hehl together his per-
sonal follmvers; but no one knew in the darkness
who was present, who was absent. A shadow of
imagined eommand lay with Lord Maxwell as Warden
of the Marches : but the King of Seots, jealous ever of
the best-aflbeted of his loals, intended to keep the
eredit of the sueeess, yet without sharing in the enter-
prise. He ha,1 therefore perilously allowed the ex-
pedition to go forward with no nominal heml; and,
as soon as the border was erossed, Oliver Sinelair, one
of those wort.lfless minions with whieh the Seottish
Court, fo its misfortune, was so often burdened, was
instrueted fo deelare himself the general-in-ehief in the
king's naine.
The arrangmnents had been laid skilfully, so far as
eflheting a surprise. The November night eovered the
advanee, and no hint of the approaeh of the Seots
preeeded them. They were aeross the Esk belote
dybreak, and the Cumberlan,l farmers, waking froln

SOLWAY MOSS, 542 57

their sleep, saw the line of their corn-stacks smoking
froln Longtown to the t{olnan vall. The g'arl'ison of
Crlisle, ignorant of the force of the invaders, dared
hot, for t.he first honr8 of the lllOrllillg', leave the walls
of the eity, and t.here was no other awfilable fOl'Ce in
readiness. The 8eots spl'ead unresisted over the
country, wasting at their pleasure.
But the English borderers were hot the nen fo
stand by quietly as soon as they had reeovered fron
their fil'st alal'm. There were lin mcn-«t-al'lnS at
hand; but the [al'lllt, rs lld thêir lai'm-servants had
but to SlUtch their al'mS and spring" into thcir suhlles,
and they heeame at once "thc N,)rthel'l H)l'S()," famed
as the finest light eavalry il, the known worhl. As
the day grew on they gathered in teus and t«vênties.
By the afternoon, Sir Thomas Wharton, Lord ])aeres
and Lord Musgrave had eollceted t.hree or four hun-
dred, who hovered bout the enelny, eutting off the
Stl-agglers, and driving the seattered parties in upon
t.he main body. Being" without organisation and with
no one to give orders, the Seot.s floeked together as
they eould, and their numbers ad, lcd fo their confusion.
The ery rose for direction, and in the lnidst of the
tulnult, af the most. eritieal lnoment, Oliver Sinelair
was lifted on spears and proelailned through the erowd
as eOlnlnander. Who was Ninelair? men asked. Every
knight and g-entleman, every eommon clan follower,
felt hilnself and his kindred insulted. The evening
was elosing in" the attaeks of the English beeame
hotter; the t«mmlt and noise inereased, "every lnan
ealling his own slogan"; and a troop of Cum-
berland horse showing themselves in the dusk on
an unexpeeted side,  shout was raised that the
Duke of Norfolk vas upon thêm with the army of
the Tweed. A moment's thought wouhl have shown

5 8 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

theln' that Norfolk could not be within thirty toiles
of Carlisle; but his ha.me caused a panic, and reflet-
tion was impossible. Few or none in the whole
multitude knew tbe ground, and 10,000 men were
bhmdering like sheep, in the darkness, back upon the
border.
But here a fresh difficulty rose. The ride was
flowing up the Solway. They ha,1 lost the route by
which they ha,1 advanced in the morning, and had
strayed towards the sea. Some flun away their arms
and struggled over the water; some were drowned;
some tan i,»to the ruins of tbe honses whieh they had
burnt, and surrendered themselves fo women when
there were no men fo take them. The lnain body
wandered af last into Solway Moss, a morass between
Gretna and the Esk, where Wharton, who knew where
he was, had them af his merey, and substantially the
whole army were either killed or ruade prisoners.
Intending t,o remain for several days in England, they
had brought tents and stores. They had twenty-four
eannon, with eart.s and ammunition. All were left
behind and taken. Lord Maxwell refused fo turn his
baek, and fell early in the evening into the hands of
the English. " Stout Oliver was taken without stroke,
flying ful! manfully." In the lnorning Wharton sent
a list of captures fo the king, with the names of the
Earls of Cassalis and Gleneairn, Lords Maxwell,
Fleming, Somerville, Olipha,lt, and Grey, Sir Oliver
Sinelair, and two hundred gentlelnen. Never, in all
the wars between England and Seotland, had there
been a defeat more eomplete, more sudden and dis-
graeeful. More lires were lost af Flodden; but af
Flodden two m-lnies had lnet fairly matehed, and the
Seoteh ha, l fallen with their faees fo their enelnies. Af
Solway Moss ten thousand mon had fled belote a few

SOLWAY MOSS, 542 59

hundred farmers, whom they had surprised in their
homes. " Worldly men say that all this came by mis-
order and fortune," said Knox ; "but vhoever bas the
least spunk of the knowledge of God, may as evidently
see the work of His hand in this discomfiture as ever
was seen in any of the battles left fo us in register
by the Holy Ghost." The folly of venturing such an
expedition without order or leader may account for
the failure ; but xvho shall accourir for the folly ? The
unlucky king xvas given over fo l)elieve a lie. "The
cardinal had prolnised heaven for the destruction of
England:" and the cardinal had mistaken xvholly the
intentions of heaven upon the malter. In the dead
of the night stragglers dropped into Locilmaben, with
their tale of calamity. The king had not slept. He
had sat still, vatching for news; and wheu the
tidings came they were his death blow. With a long,
biffer cry, he exclaimed, "Oh i lied Oliver ! Is Oliver
taken ? Oh! fled Oliver!" And, muLtering the saine
miserable words, he returned fo Edinburgh, half para-
lysed with shame and sorrow. There oLher ominous
news were waiting for him. An English herald had
been aL the court for u fortnight with a message from
Henry, fo which he expected a reply. The invasion
was the answer which James intended, and on the
fatal night of the march t, he herald was dismissed.
On the road fo Duubar, two of the northern refugees
who had been out in the rebellion overLook and
murdered him. A crime for which the king was but
indirectly responsible need hot have added much fo
the weight of the lost battle ; but one of the murderers
had been intimate with Beton. To kill a hcrald
was, by the law of arms, sacrilege, and fresh disgrace
had been brought upon a cause of which his better
judgment saw too clearly the injustice. The cardinal

6o

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

came baek froln the Border to concert measures fo
repair t, he disaster of the Solway, but his presenee
was unendurable. James, as well as Knox, saw iii
the ovcrwhchning ealamit.y whieh had prostrated
hiln the imulcdiate ju, lglnent of the ul)per powers,
and, in a dreamy, half-eonseious lnelalmholy, he left
Holyrood, and wan,lered into File o t.he disearded
minister whose adviee he had so fattlly negleeted, the
ohl Lord Ïresurer. l(irkaldy himself was bsent
ri'oto home. His wife received the ]ring with loyal
abetion; hut he ha, l no defiuite purpose in going
thither, and ho wouhl hot romain. The hand of dctth
was upon him, and hê knew it, md he waited it.s last
ga'asp with passive indiflbrenee. " .Iy portion in this
worhl is short," ho said to her; " I shall hot be with
you fifecn dys." His servmts asked him where he
would spcnd his Christmas. " I ennot gell," he sai,l :
"but his I ean tell--on yulc day ye will be mtstel'less,
and thc reahn without a king."
Two boys whom Nary of Guise ha,l home fco him
had died iii the year preee,ling. The queen was af
Linlithgow, expeet.ing cvcry day ber t.hird etmfine-
lneng. But Jalnes was wem'y of earth and earthly
interess. He showed no ,lesire t.o see her. He
went languidly o FMkland ; and thcre, on the 8t.h of
Deeembcr, Caille t.i, lings that there was ag'ain al heir
fo the erown ; that a prineess, know tffterwards as
Mary Stuart,, had bccn hrought into the worhl. But
he eould hot rally out of his apathy. He on[y said,
"The deil go vit.h i. It will end as if hcgun. If
eame from a lass, and if will end wit.h a lass. And
so, falling btek into his old song, " Fie  flcd Oliver!
Is Oliver t.aken ? All is lost" in a few lllore days
ho moancd way his lire. In thc poeke of his dress

SOI,,VAY MOSS, 1542 6

was foul,l Beton's seroll, wit.h thc list of names
mm'ked for destruction.
To sueh end had t.he blessing of Paul II[., and the
cap, and the sword, and t, he miduight mass broug'ht
at las a gallant, 'ent, leman.

02

KET'S REBELLION, 1549.

THE eastern counties had been the scene meanwhile  of
another insurrection scarcely less formidable.
On the 6th of July, four days after the commence-
ment of the siege of Excter, there was a gathering of
the people for an annual festival af Wymomlham, a
few mlles from Norwich. The crowd was large, and
the men who were brought together fouml themselves
possessed with one general feeling--a feeling ofburning
indignation af the un-English conduct of the gentlemen.
The peasant, whose pigs and cow and poultry had
been sold or had died, because the commons vere gone
where they had fed--the yeoman dispossessed of his
farm--the farm servant out of employ, because where
ten ploughs had turned the soil one shepherd now
watched the grazing of the flocks--the artisan smart-
ing under the famine prices which the change of
culture had brought with it:all these were united
in suflring; while the gentlemen were doubling,
trebling, quadrupling their incomes with their sheep-
fatras, and adorning their persons and their houses
with splendour hitherto unknown.
The English commons were not a patient race. To
them it was plain that the commonwealth was betrayed
for the benefit of the few. The Protector, they knew,
wished them well, but he could hot right them for
want of power. They must redress their own wrongs
 During the rising in the West in favour of the old religion.--A.

KET'S REBELLION, 549 63

with their own hands. The word vent out for a
rising; Robert Ket, a Wymomlham tammr, took the
lead; and far and wide round Norwich, out in the
country, and over the border in Suftblk, the peasants
spread in busy swarms cutting down park palings,
driviug deer, filling ditches and levêlling banks and
hedges. A central camp was formed on Mousehold
Hill, on the north of Norwich, where Ket established
his headquarters; and gradually as many as 16,000
mon collected about him in a ctmp of turf huts roofed
with boughs. In the middle of the common stood a
large oak-tree, where Ket sat &fily to administer
justice ; and there, day after day, the ottbnding country
gentlemen were brought up for trial, charged with
robbing the poor. The tribunal was not a bloody
one. Those who were round guilty vere imprisoned
in the camp. Occasionally some gentleman would be
particularly obnoxious, and there would be a cry to
hang him; but Ket allowed no murdering. About
property he was hot so scrupulous. Property acquired
by enclosing the people's lands, in the code of these
early commuuists, was theft, and ought to be confis-
cated. "We," their leaders proclaimed, "the king's
friends and deputies, do grant license fo all men fo
provide and briug into the camp at Mousehold all
manner of cattle and provision of victuals, in what
place soever they may find the saine, so that no violence
or injury be done to any poor man, commanding ail
persons, as they tender the king's honour and royal
majesty and the relief of the commonwealth, to be
obedient to us the governors whose names ensue."
To this order Ket's signature and fifty others were
attached; and in virtue of a warrant which vas
liberally construed, the country houses over the whole
neighbourhood were entêred. Not only were sheep,

64 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

eows and poultry driven off, but guns, swords, pikes,
lances, bovs, wcre taken possession of in the nanle of
the people. A eommon stock was formed at Mouse-
hold, where the spoil was distribute, l; and to lnake
up for past wants, they provided them,selves, in the
way of diet, so abundantly that, in the tilne whieh
the camp lasted, 20,000 sheep were eonsulned there,
with " infinite beefs," swms, hinds, dueks, eapons, pigs
and VelliSOll.
Considcl'ing the wihl eharaeter of the assemblage,
the order observed was remarkable. Chaplains were
appointed, tmd morning and evening serviees--here
hot objeeted to--were regularly read. On the oak-
tree, whieh was ealled the Oak of Reformation, there
wts plaeed a pulpit, where the elergy of the neigh-
bourhood ealne froln rime to time, and were perlnitted
without obstruction fo lectm'e the people upon sub-
mission. Among others, ealne Matthew Parker, after-
vards Arehbishop of Canterbury, who, "mounting
into the oak, advised them fo leave off their enter-
prise," or, if they refused, af all events not "to waste
their vietuals," nor " fo nuke the publie good a
pretext for private revenge ". The magistrates and
other local authorities were powerless. Iu London,
the Proteetor eould hot resolve on my distinet
course of action. Of the Norfolk insurg'ents he was
believed distinetly fo approve, and even to have been
in private eonmmnieation with their leaders. For
several weeks they were umnolested. The eity of
Norwieh was free fo them to eome and go. The
lnayor himself, partly by eompulsion, had sat with
Ket as joint assessor under the otk, and had been
obeyed when he advised moderation. The ultimate
intention, so far as the people had formed an intention,
was fo give a lesson fo the gentlemen nd fo reform

KET'S REBELLION, I549 65

the local abuses. They had no thought, like the
vestern rebels, of lnoving on London, or noving any-
where. They were in permanent session on llousehold
Hill, and there they seemed likely fo remain as long
as there were sheep left to be eaten and landowners
to be punished.
At last, ou t, he 31st of July, a herald appeared at
t.he oak, bidding al| the people, in the king"s naine,
depart to t.heir houses, and for all that t.hey had donc
promising, wit.hout exception, a free and entire pardon.
The people shouted," Go,t save the Kiug". They had
lived a month af t'ree quarters, they had given a leon
to t.he gentlemen, who had seen that the Government
eould hot proteet them; the pardon vas a sanction
to thcir cnterprise, whieh might now fit.ly end. Un-
doubtedly, had the rising t.erminated thus, the
comnlons wouhl bave gained what they desired.
Ket, however, stood upon the word. "Pardon," he
said, was for oflnders, and they were no oflnders,
buç good servançs of t.he eommonwealth.
The herald replied that he was a traitor, and offered
to arrest him. The people thought they were betrayed,
and in the midst of wild cries and uproar the mayor
drew off into the town, taking the herald with him,
and the gares werê elosed. This was taken at once
as a deelarat, ion of var. A single night served for
the preparations, and the next lnorning Norwieh was
assaulted. So tierce and resolute the people were,
that boys and young lads pulled the arrows out of
their flesh when wounded, and gave them to their
own arehers fo return upon the eitizens. After being
repulsed again and again, a storlning pal'çy aç last
ruade t.heir vay through the river over a weak spot
in the walls, and the town was taken.
Regular armies under the eireumstanees of the now
5

66 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

victorious rebels are hOt always fo be restrained--an
English mob was still able to be moderate. The Nor-
wich citizens had hOt been oppressors of the poor. and
plunder vas neither permitted nor attempted. The
guns and ammunition only vere carried off fo the
camp. The herald attempted fo address the people in
the market-place, but they bade him begone. Such
of the inhahitants as they suspected they detained as
prisoners, and withdrew fo their quarters.
By this rime the council were moving. The Pro-
tector proposed af firsg fo go himself into Norfolk;
bug either he was disgrusted by the others, or preferred
fo leave the odium of severe measures fo them. North-
ampton was selected fo lead; and if is fo be noticed
thar no reliance could be placed on levies of troops
raised in the ordinary way; Lord Sheffield, Lord
Wentworth, Sir Anthony Denny, Sir Ralph Sadler,
Sir Thomas Cornwallis, and other members of the
privy council, went with him; and their force vas
composed of the personal retinues of the lords and
gentlemen, with a company of Italians.
The Norwich citizens, by this rime alarmed at the
humour of their neighbours, received them eagerly.
NOloEhampton took the command of ghe town, and
ghe gages were again closed. The next morning the
fighting recommenced, the Italians being first engaged ;
and an Italian ocer being taken prisoner, with the
saine national hatred of foreigners which appeared in
Devonshire, he was carried up fo Mousehold, stripped
naked and hung. The insurgcngs having the advan-
rage, brought their cannon close o the valls. In the
night, under cover of a heavy tire, they attempted an
assault; and though they failed, and lost three hun-
dred men, they fought so resolutely and desperately,
that Norghampton renewed the offer vhich had been
sent by çhe hera.ld of a free pardon.

KET'S REBELLION, x549 67

But the blood of the commons was now up for
battle. They had formed larger vievs in the weak-
ness of the Government. They replied that they had
not taken up arms against the king, but they vould
save the commonwealth and the king from bad ad-
visers, and they would do if or die in the quarret.
Again the next day they stormed up fo the walls.
Struck down on all sides, they pressed dauntlessly on:
a hundred and forty fell dead on the ramparts, and
then Ket forced his way into Norwich, a second rime
victorious. Sheffleld vas killed, Cornwallis was taken,
Northampton and his other companions fled for their
lives. In the confusion some buihlings were set on
tire, and, as a punishment fo the inhabitants far
having taken part against theln, the rebels this rime
plundered the houses of some of the more wealthy
citizens. But they repented of having discredited
their cause. The property which had been taken was
made up afterwards in bundles and flung contemptu-
ously into the shops of the owners.
Parallel to this misfortune came the news that Henry
of France in person had af last entered the Boulon-
naise, and that there was a fresh rising in ¥orkshire,
fo which Russell's success in Devonshire was the only
counterpoise. If was characteristic of the administra-
tion of Somerset that, with hall England in flames,
and the other hall disattbcted, and now openly at war
with the most powerful nation on the continent, he
was still meditating an invasion of Scotland. Of the
Lanzknechts who had been brought over, some were
in the west with Ruell. The rest had been marched
northwards under the command of the Earl of Warwick.
But the defeat of Northampton ruade further perse-
verance in this direction impossible. Scotlmd vas af
last relinquished, left fo itself or fo France. Orders

68 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

were sent o Ruland, vho was aL Berwick, fo cross
t,he Tweed vih sueh force as he had v«ih hiln, fo
level he works a Haddinon, and, leavinff here
e ho, lies of Lhousands of men, and the hundreds of
Lhousands of pounds whieh had been spenL upon Lhe
fort, ifieations, Lo bring off Lhe garrison. Warwiek's
dêst.inaLion was changed Lo Norwich, where he was
ordered o proeeed wighou$ delay. The German roops
were  follow him by foree«l marches.
Dudley, Earl of Warwiek, was now passing ino
prolninence; he was he son of Edward Dudley, who
had been Lhe inst.l'UlnCnL of thc oppressions of Henry
VII., who, on the accession of Henry VIII., had taken
part, in a rcasonablc attcmpt fo secure the pelon of
t.he ycmng king and had died on the seaflbld. The
faults of the faher had hot been visit, ed on he son.
John Dudley was eml)loycd early in t.hc publie service.
He bad disin-uisbed bimself as a soldier, a diploma-
t,is and as an a«hniral. As Lord Lisle, a ile given
o him by Henry, he had eommanded he English
flee a Spihead a he ime of he Freneh invasion
of 1545, and he was second in eolmnand uuder Somer-
se a Musselbur-h. Perfeegly free ff'oto vague en-
husiasm, in his faults and in his virues he was alike
distinguished from fle Progeetor. Shrewd, silen,
eunning and plausible, he had avoided open collision
wih ghe unele of t.he king; be had been employed
on he norhern Border, where he had donc his own
work skilfully; and if he had opposed Somerse's
imprudent sehemcs, he had submited, like he test,
as long as sui)mission was possible. He had he
of gaining influence by açeting o diselaim a desire
for i ; and in his leers, of whieb many remaiu in he
Sate Paper ONce, here is a one of sudied modera-
ion, a seeming disinteresedness, a houghful anxiey

KET'S REBELLION, 549 69

foi" others. Wirh somerhing of rhe reality, something
of rhe ati'ectarion of high ,lualities, with grcar 1)ersonal
courage, and a coolncss which never alh»we, l him to
be off his guard, he had a characrer wcll firted fo
impose on others, bccausc, first of ail, it is likely
he ha, l imposed upon himself.
The ncws oi" the change in his desrination, and of
rhe causes of if, reachcd him about rhe 10rb of August
at Warwick. He wrore immeliarely to Cecil fo en-
treat rhat Northampton mighr rcmabt i rhc chier
command. " Lord Northampt(m," he said, " by mis-
fortune bath receive(l discomt'ort cnough, and hal)ly
this might give him occasion to think himself utterly
discredited, and so for ever ,liscourag'e him. I shall
be as gla, l, for my part, fo join with him, yea, aud
virh ail my heart to serve under him, as I would be
fo bave rhe whole authority myself. I wouhl wish
that no man, for one mischance or evil hap, to which
all be sult)ect, should be urterly attect." Withour
waiting for an answer, and leaving rhe Germans to
follow, he hastened fo Can,bridge, whither North-
ampton had retired, taking with him his sons, Lord
Ambrose and Lord Robert, Sir Thomas Palmer, Sir
Marmaduke Consrable, and a few other gentlemen.
Rallying the remains of orthaml)ton's force, he
nmde at once for Norfolk. He reached Wymondham
on the 22nd of Augusr ; on the 23rd he was belote
rhe gares of Norvich ; and for the third rime Norroy
Herald carried in rhe oflr of' a free pardon, with an
intimation that if was marie for rhe last time.
Ket had af len'rh learnt some degree of prudence,
and was inclined fo be satisfied with his success. He
allowed the herald fo read rhe proclamation in all parts
of the town and camp, he himself standing af his side;
and he had nmde up his mind fo return wirh him and

7o

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

have an interview with Warwick, when an unlucky
urchin who was present flung himself into an English
attitude of impeiueuce, "vith words as unseemly as
his gesture was filthy". Some one, perhaps a servant
of the herald, levelled his hmluebuse, and shot "that
ungracious boy throttgh the body ". A eut with a
whip might bave been endured or approved; at the
needless murder shots arose on ail sides of treachery.
In vain Ket attempted fo appease the exasperation.
He could hot pacify the people, and he would not leave
them. The herald retired from the city alone, and
the chance of a blood|ess termination of the rising was
af an end.
The rebels, after the second capture of Norwich, had
retained possession of if. Warwick instantly advanced.
The gares were blown open, and he forced his way
into the market-place, where sixty men, who were
taken prisoners, were hanged on the spot. The insur-
gents, however, on their side, were hot idle. A number
of them, making the circuit of the walls, intercepted
the ammunition waggons in the rear, and carried them
off fo Mousehold. The cnnon were in front, and
were placed at the north gare; but, vith little or no
powder, they were ahnost useless ; and another party
of the insurgents, with picked marksmen among them,
charged up fo the batteries, swept them clear of men
by a well-aimed shot from a culverin, and carried off
the guns lu triumph.
Another storm of the city now seemed imminent.
The force that Warwick had with him was the saine
which had been already defeated; a partie spread
among them, and Warwick was urged fo abandon the
town--to retreat, and wait for reinforcements. But
he -knew that two days, af the furthest, would now
bring them, and he would take the chances of the

KET'S REBELLION, x549 7 x

interval. Death, he said, vas better than dishonour.
He wouhl hot leave Norvieh till he had either put
down the rebellion or lost his lire. But so ilnminent
appeared the peril af that moment, that he and the
other knights and gentlemen dre:v their swords and
kissed eaeh other's blades, "aeeording fo aneient eustom
used among men of war in times of great danger"
Happily for Warwiek, the rebels did hOt instantly
follow up their sueeess, and in losing the moment they
lost ail. On the 25th the Germans came up, and he
was sale. The next morning, by a side movement, he
cul off the camp from thcir provisions. They were
left " with but water to drink, and fain to eat their
meat vithout bread" ; and on the 27th the whole body,
perhaps 15,000 strong, broke up from Mousehold, set
tire to thêir cabins, and, covered by the smoke, came
down from their high ground into Dufllndale. They
had ruade up their minds fo figh a decisive action,
and they chose a ground where all advantages of
irregular levies against regular troops were lost.
On the morning of the 27th they vere drawn up in
open fields whe.rc Warwick could attack at his pleasure.
Before the first shot vas fired he sent Sir Thomas
Palmer forward, hot now fo otlr a gênerai pardon,
for he saw that success vas in his hand, but excepting
only one or two persons. The message vas recêivêd
with a shout of refusal. The rebels opened the action
with a round from their cannon which struck dowu
the royal standard; but never for a moment had they
a chance of victory; the sustained tire of the Lanz-
knechts threw their dense and unorganised masses into
rapid confusion. As thêy vavêred, Warwick's horse
vere in the midst of them, and the fields were covered
instantly with a scattered and flying crowd. Ket rode
for bis lire, and for the rime escaped ; the res fulfilled

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

the misleading prophecy, and for three lniles strewed
Duffindale with their bodies: 3,500 were cut down;
one rrely hears oi. "wounded" on these occasions,
except mong the victors. A i.ew only stood their
ground; nd, seein that flight was deth, and that
death ws the worst they lmd fo i.er, determined fo
sell their lives derly. They mde , ba.rricde of crts
and waggons, and, with some heavy guns in the nfidst
of them, prcpred fo fight fo the ls. Warwick
respected their courage and otthred them a pardon.
They had an impression he had brought down a barrel
full of ropes and halters, and that they were to be
ruade over to the mercies of the gentlemen. They said
they would submit ii' their lives were really to be
spared ; but they would "rthcr die like men than be
strangled at the pleasure of their enemies ". Warwick
declined to prley. Ho brought up the Germans with
levelled matchlocks, and they threw down their arms
and s.urrendered. In this last party were some of the
ringleaders of the movement. He was urged to make
an example of them ; but he insisted that he must keep
his promise. Either from policy or from good feeling
he was disinclined fo severity. " Pitying their case,"
he said "that measure must be used in all things ;" and
when the fighting was over, the executions, considering
the rimes and the provocation, were hOt numerous. Ket
and his brother Willim were soon ai'ter taken and sent
fo London to be examined by the council. A gunner,
two of the prophets nd six more were hanged on the
Oak of Reformation ; and if appears that there were
other prisoners wliom the Protector released. In the
autumn (but hOt till the change had taken place in
the Government) the Kets were returned fo their
own county for punishment. Robert was hung in
chains on Norwich Castle; William on the church

KET'S REBELLION, I549 73

tower af Wymondham. So ended the Norfolk re-
bellion, relnttrkable alnong oOmr things for the ol'der
xvhich was observed glllOll" the people during the
seven weeks of lawlesslmsS.

74

PROCLAMATION OF QUEEN JANE,
JULY, 1553.

THE death of Edward VI. vas ushcred in with sigs
and vonders, as if heaven and earth xvere in labour
with revolution. Thc hall lay upon the grass in the
London gardens as red as blood. At Middleton Stony,
in Oxfordshire, anxious lips reported that a child had
been born with one body, two heads, four feet and
hands. About the time when the letters patent t were
signed there came a storm such as no living English-
man remembered. The summer evening grew black
as night. Cataracts of water flooded the houses in
the city and turned the streets into rivers; trees were
ton up by the roots and whirled through the air, and
a lnore awful omen--the forked light«fing--struck
down the steeple of the church where the heretic
service had been read for the tiret time.
The king dicd a little before nine o'clock on Thurs-
day evening. His death was ruade a secret; buç in
the saine hour a courier was galloping through the
twilight fo Hunsdon to bid Mary mourir and fly.
Her plans had been for some days prepared. She
had been directed to remain quiet, but fo hold herself
ready to be up and away at a moment's warning.
The lords who were to close ber in would hot be ai
their posts, and for a fev hours the roads would be

 Embodying Edward VI.'s device for the succession.--A.

PROCLAMATION OF QUEEN JANE, 1553 75

open. The Hovards vere looking for her in Nor-
folk; and thither she was fo ride af ber best speed,
proclaiming her accession as she went along, and
sending out her letters etlling loyal Englishmen to
fise in her dcfenee.
So Mary's secret friends htd instrueted her to aet,
as her oue chance. Mary, who, like all the Ïudors,
was most herself in the moments of greatest danger,
followed a eounsel boldly whieh agreed with her own
opinion ; and when Lord Robert I)udley eame in the
morning with a eompany of horse to look for her, she
was far away. Relays of horses along the road, and
sueh other preeaution.s as eouhl be ttken without ex-
eiting suspicion, had doubtless hot been overlooked.
Far diflirent adviee had been sent to her by the
new ambassadors of the emperor. Seheyfne, who
understood England and English httbits, and who was
sanguine of her sueeess, had agreed to a course whieh
had probably been arranged in eoneert with him ; but
on the 6th, the day of Edward's death, Renard and M.
de Courieres, arrived fronl Brussels. To Renard, aeeus-
tomed fo eountries where governments were everything
and peoples nothing, for a single woman to proelaim
herself queen in the faee of those who had the armed
force of the kingdom in their hands appeared like
nmdness. Little confidence eould be plaeed in her
supposed friends, sinee they had wanted resolution
fo refuse their sig'natures fo the instrument of her
deposition. The emperor eould not move; although
he might wish well to her eause, the allianee of England
was of vital importance to him, and he would hot
compromise himself with the faction, whose sueeess,
notwithstanding Seheyfne's assuranee, he looked upon
as eertain. Renard, therefore, lost not a moment in
entreating the prineess hot to venture upon a eourse

7 6

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

from ,«hieh he antieipated inevitable ruin. If the
nobility or the people desire,l fo have her for lueen,
they wouhl make her queen. ïhere was no need for
her o sir. The remonsranee agreed fully wih he
opinion of Charles himself, who replied fo Renard's
aeun of his eondue wih eomplee approval of i.
The emperor's power was no long'er e«lual o an ai-
tude of lnenaee ; he had been taugh, by he 1-epeaed
blunders of Reginald Pole, to disrust aeeoullçS of
popular English senimen ; an,1 he disbelieved enirely
in he ahility of lary and ber friends o eope wih
a eonspiraey so broadly eonrived, an«l suppored by
the eomtenanee of France. But 51al T was probably
gone from Hunsdon befol'e adviee arrived, fo whieh
she ha, l Ieen lost if she had listened. She had ridden
night and day without a halt for a hundred lniles o
Keninghall, a eastle of the Howards on the Waveney
river. There, in sale hands, she would tl'y the eflhet
of an appeal fo her eountry. If the nation was mute,
she would then eseape to the Low Counl'ies.
In London, during Friday and Saturday, the death
of Eward was known and unknown. Everyone
talked of if as eertain. Y,:t the duke still spoke of
hiln as living, and publie business was earried on in
his naine. On the 8th the mayor and alderlnen were
sent for fo Greenwieh fo sign the letters patent. From
them the truI.h eould not be eoneealed, but they were
sworn fo seereey belote they were allowed fo leave
the palaee. 'œehe eonspirators desired to have Ma W
under sale eustody in the ower belote the mystery
was published fo the world, and another diffieulty was
not yet g'ot over.
The novelty of a female vereign, and the supposed
eonstitutional objeetion fo if, were points in favour of
the alteration whieh Northumberland was unwiBing fo

PROCLAMATION OF QUEEN JANE, 1553 77

relinquish. The "device" had been changed lu favour
of Lady Jane; but Lady Jme was hOt fo reigu alone :
Northulnberland iutended fo hold the reius tight-
grasped in his owu hauds, to keep the power iu his
own family, and fo ule çhe sex of Mary as amoug the
promnenç occasions of ber iucapaciçy. England was
sçfll ço have a king, and thaç kiug vas fo be Guilford
Dudley.
Jane Grey, eld«sç daughter of the Duke of Suflblk,
vas nearly of the saine age viçh Edward. Edwrd
had been unhealthily precocious; the activity of his
mnd had been a sympçom, or a cause, of çhe weakuess
of his hody. Jane Grey's accomplishmençs vere as
extensive as Edward's; she had acluired a degree of
learuing rare in maçurcd men, vhich she couht use
gracefully, and couht permit ço be scen hy othel',q
wiçhouç vauiçy or COliSCiOUSlcSS. Hcr characçer hall
developcd with her çalcnçs. Aç fifçeen she was
learning Hebrew and could write Grcek;
she correspondcd with Bulliger in Latin af lcast
equal fo his own: buç the maçter of her leçters
more sçriking than the lauguage, and speaks more for
her than çhe mo,ç elaborate panegyrics of admiring
courçiers. She bas left a portraiç of hcrself dravn by
her own hand; a porçrait of picçy, l)uriçy, and free,
noble innocence, uncoloured, even fo a fault, wifl the
emoçional weakuesses of humaniçy. Wlfile the efllects
of the Reformaçion in England had been chiefly visible
in çhe outward domiuion of scoundrels and in the
eclipse of the herediçary virçues of çhe naçioual char-
acçer, Lady Jane Grey had lived ço shov çhaç the
defect was not in the Reformed ffith, but in the
absence of ail faiçh,--that the graces of a Sç. Elizabeth
could be rivalled by the pupil of Cranmer and Ridley.
When married ço Guilford Dudley, Lady Jane had

7 8

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

entreated that, beinff herself so young, and her hus-
band scarcely older, she might continue fo reside with
her mother. Lady Northumberland had consented;
and the new-ruade bride remained ai home till a
rumour went ahroad that Edward was on the poiut of
death, when she was told that she must remove fo her
father-in-law's house, till "God should call the king fo
His mercy"; her presence would then be required af
the Tower, the king having appoiuted ber fo be the
heir fo the crown.
This was the first hint which she had received of
the fortune which was in store for ber. She believed
if fo be a je.st, and took no notice of the order fo
change ber residence, till the Duchess of Northumber-
land came hcrself fo fetch hcr. A violent scene enued
with Lady Suffolk. Af last the duchess brought in
Guilford Du,lley, who COlumandod Lady Jane, on ber
allegiance as a wife, fo returu with him: and, "hot
choosing fo be disobedient fo ber husband," she con-
sented. The duchess carried her ott and kept ber for
three or four days a prisoner. Afterwards she was
taken fo a house of the duke's ai Chelsea, where she
remained till Sunday, the 9th of July, when a message
was brought that she was wanted immediately af Sion
House, fo receive an order from the kiug.
She went alone. There was no one at the palace
when she arrived; but ilnmediately after Northuln-
berland came, attended by Pembroke, Northampton,
Huntingdon and Arundel. The Earl of Pembroke,
as he approached, knelt to kiss her hand. Lady
Novthumberland and Lady :Northampton entered,
and the duke, as pvesident of the council, rose fo
speak.
"The King," he said, " was no more. A godly lire
had been followed, as a consolation fo their sorrows,

PROCLAMATION OF QUEEN JANE, 1553 79

by a godly end, and in leaving the world he had not
forgotten his duty to his subjects. His Majesty had
prayed on his deathbed that Almighty God would
protect the realm from false opinions, and especially
from his unworthy sister ; he had reflected that both
the Lady Mry and the Lady Elizabeth had been
cut off by Act of Parliament from the succession as
illegitimate ; the Lady Mary had been disobedient to
her father; she had been again disobedient fo her
brother; she was a capital and principal enemy of
God's word ; and both she and ber sisçer wcre bastards
born: King Henry did hot intend t.hat the croxvn
should be worn by either ot' t.hen; King Edxvard,
tbere[ore, ha, l, before his death, belueat.hed if fo his
cousin the La,ly Jane; and, shouhl the Lady Jane
die without childre, to'her younger sister; and he
had entreated the council, for their honours' sake
for the sake of the reahn, to ste t.lmt his will was
observed."
Northumberlaml, as he concluded, dropt on his
knees; the four lords knelt with him, and, doing
homage fo the Lady Jane as queen, they swore that
they would keep their faith or lose their lives in her
defence.
Lady Jane shook, covered her face with her hands,
and fell fainting fo t.he ground. Her first simple grief
was for Edward's death ; she felt if as the loss of a
dearly loved brother. The weight of her own fortuite
was still more agitating; when she came fo herself,
she cried that if could hOt be ; the crown was not for
ber, she could hOt bear it--she was hot fit for if. Then,
knowing nothing of the falsehoods vhich Northumber-
land had told her, she clasped her hands, aml, in a
revulsion of feeling, she prayed God that if the great
place fo which she was called was indeed justly hers,

80 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

He would give her grace fo govern for His service and
for the welfare of His people.
So passed Sunday, the 9th of July, at Sion House.
In London, the hope of first securing Mary being
disappointed, the king's death had been publicly ac-
knowledged: circulars were sent out fo the sherift,
mayors and magistrates in the usual style, announcing
the accession of Queen Jane, and the troops were
sworn man by man to the new sovereign. Sir William
Petre and Sir John Cheke wait.ed on the emperor's
alnbassador to express a hope that the alteration in
the succession would hOt affect the good understanding
between the courts of England and Flanders. The
preachers were set fo work fo pacify the citizens;
and, if Schcyfue is fo be belicved, a blood cernent was
designed fo strengthen the new throne ; and Gardiner,
the Duke of Norfolk and Lord Court.cnay were
directed fo prepare for death in three days. But
Northumberland would scarcely bave risked an act of
gratuitous tyranny. Norfolk, being under attainder,
might have been put to death without violation of
the .forms of law, by warrant from the Crown ; but
Gardiner was uncondemned, and Courtenay had never
been accused of crime.
The next day, Monday, the 10th of July, the royal
barges came down the Thames from Richmond: and
af three o'clock in the afternoon Lady Jane landed af
the broad staircase af the Tower, as queen, in un-
desired splendour. A few scattered groups of spec-
tators stood fo watch the arrival: but if appeared,
from their silence, that they had been brought together
chiefly by curiosity. As the gares closed, the heralds-
at-arms, with a colnpany of the archers of the guard,
rode into the city, and af the cross in Cheapside, Paul's
Cross and Fleet Street they proclaimed "that the Lady

PROCLAMATION OF QUEEN jANE, 2553

Mary was unlawfully begotten, and that the Lady
Jane Grey was queen ". The iii-humour of London
was no secret, and some demonstration had becn
looked for in Mary's favour; but here, again, there
was only silence. The hcralds cried, "God save the
Queen" The archers waved their caps and cheered,
but the crowd looked on impassively. One youth only,
Gilbert Porter, whose naine for those few days passed
into Fame's trumpet, ventured to exclaim, "The Lady
Mary bas the better titlc". Gill)«rt's toaster, one
" Ninian Sanders," dcnouimed the boy to the guard,
and ho was seized. Yct a misfortunc, thought to be
providentid, in a fcw hours bcfcll Ninian Sanders.
Going home to his house down the river, in the July
evening, he xvas overt.urncd ami drowimd as he vs
shooting London Bridge in his wherry ; the boatmen,
who were the instruments of providence, escaped.
Nor did the party in the Tower test their first
night there with perfect satisfaction. In the evening
messengers caille in from the eastcrn counties with
news of the Lady Mary, and with letters from herself.
She had written to Renard and Scheyfne fo tell them
that site was in good hands, and for the n|oment was
sale. She had proclaimed herself queen. She had
sent addresses fo the peers, COmlnanding thcin on
their allegiance to coine to her: and she begged the
ambassadors to tell her instantly whether she might
look for assistance from Flanders; on the active
support of the emperor, so fat" as she could judge, the
inovcmeits of her friends would depend.
The ambassadors sent a com'ier fo Brussels for
instructions ; but, pending Charles's judgment to the
contrary, they thought they had better leave Mary's
appeal unanswered till they could sec how events
would turn. There was a rumour current indeed
6

82 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

that she had from ten to fifteen thousand men with
her; but this they could ill believe. For themselves,
they expected every hour to hear that she had been
taken by Lord Warwick and Lord Itobert Dudley, who
were gone in pursuit of her, and had been put to
death.
The lords who were with the new qucen were hot
so confident. They were sitting late at night in con-
sultation with the Duchess of Nort.humberlan anti
the Duchess of Suflblk, when a let.ter was brought in
fo them from Mary. The lords orderêd the messeng'er
into arrest. The seal of the packet was brokén, and
the letter read aloud. It was dated the day before,
Sunday, 9th July.

The lords, when the letter was read fo the end,
looked uneasily in each other's faces. The ladies
screamed, sobbed an,l were carried off in hyserics.
There was yet time fo turn back; and had the Re-
formation been, as he pretended, the true concern of
the Duke of Northumberland, he would have brought
Nary back himself, bound by conditions which, in
her present danger, she would have accept.ed. But
Northumberland cared as little for religion as for
any othèr good thing. He was a ga'eat criminal,
throwing a stake for a crown ; and treason is too
conscious of its guilt to beliève retreat from the first
step fo be possible.
Anothèr blow was in store fol" him that night before
he laid his head upon his pillow. Lady Jane, knowing
nothing of the letter from Mary, had retired to her
apartment, when the Marquis of Winchester came in
to wish herjoy. He had brought the crown with him,
whieh she had not sent for; he desired her fo put it
on, and see if it required alteration. She said it would

PROCLAMATION OF QUEEN JANE, 1553 83

do very well as if was. He then tohl her that, before
her coronation, anothcr crown was fo be lnadc for her
husband. Lady Jme stal'ted ; and it seemed as if for
the first tilne the dreary suspicion crossed ber
that she was, after all, but the lmppet of the ambition
of the duke fo raise his family fo the throne. Win-
ehester retired, and she sat indignant till Guilford
l)udley appeared, whml she tohl hinl t.haç, young as
she vas, s]le knew t,htt the erown of England was
a t, hil,g to be tl'ifle,! with. Thcrc xva.s no I)udley in
E«lward's will, and, l»ef«we he eouh|
consent ()f Ptl'lialnellt; lllUS be fil'st aske«l alUl obtaine«|.
The |,oy-husband went whilfing o his lnother, while
Jal,e sent fOl" Armldel and Pelnbroke, and ohl them
tha i was hot for ber to appoilt kings. She
nlake ber htis|)an«! a duke if he desil'ed if ; tha was
within }tel" prerogative ; but king she would no lnake
him. As she was speaking, the ])ltehess of Nol"thun-
berland rushed in with ber son, fresh from the agit.a-
ion of Mary's letter. The lnother storlned ; Guilford
eried like a spoilt ehiM tha he would be no duke, he
would be a king: and, when Jane stood firm, the
duehess bade him eome away, and hot shal"e the bed
of an ungrateful and disobedient wife.
The first experienee of royalty had brought small
pleasure with i. Dudley's kingship was set aside
for the moment, and was soon forgotten in more
alarnling matters. To please his mother, or to paeify
his vanity, he was ealled " Your Graee ". He was
allowed o pl"eside in the eouneil, so long as a eouneil
remained, and he dined alone--tinsel distinctions, for
whieh he poor wreteh had to pay dearly.

84

WYATT'S REBELLION, 155.

ON the flight of the duke 1 being known at the Court,
it was supposed immediately that he intended fo pro-
claire his daughter and Guilford Dudley. Rumour,
indced, turncd the supposition int,) fact, and declared
that he ]md called on the country to rise in arms for
(.}.ueen Jme. ]3uL Suttblk's plan was idcntical with
Wyatt's; lin had carricd with him a duplicate of
Wyatt's proclamation, and, accompanicd by his brother,
he presented himself in the mtrket-place at Leicester
on the morning of Monday the 29th of January. Lord
Huntingdon had followed close upon his track from
London; but he assured the Mayor of Leicester that
the Earl of Huntingdon was coming, hot to oppose,
but, to join with him. No harm was intendcd to the
queen; he was ready t,o die in her defence ; his object,
was only to save England from the dominion of
foreigners.
In consecluence of these protestatious, he was allowed
to read his proclamation ; the people wcre indifférent;
but he callcd about, him a few scorcs of his tenants
and retttiners from his own est,at,es in the country;
and on Tucsday morning, while the insm'ent,s lu
Kent were attacking Cowling Castle, Suflblk rode
out, of Leicester, in full armour, at the tmad of his
troops, intcnding first to move on Coventry, then to
take Kenilworth and Warwick, and so to advance on

 Of Suffolk.--A.

WYATT'S REBELLION, i554

85

London. The garrison a Warwick had been tampered
wit, h, and was report, ed t,o be ready fo rise. The gat, es
of Covent, ry he expect,ed fo find open. He had sent,
his proclamat, ion thit,her t, he day before, by a servant,,
and he had friends wit,hin t, he walls who had undcr-
t,aken fo place t, he t,own af, his disposal.
The st,at,e of Covent.ry was probably t, he st,at, e of
most, ot, her t, owns in England. The inhalfit,ant.s were
divided. The mayor and aldermen, t, he fat, lwrs of
families aud t, he men of propert,y wcre conscrvat, ives,
loyal fo t.he queeu, t.o t.he mass an,1 fo " t, he cause of
order" The young and ent,husiast, ic, supportc, l by
ot,hers who had good reasons for being iu Ol)posit,ion
fo est,ablished aut, horit, ies, were t, hose who had placed
themselves in COlTespon,lence wit, h the Duke of Suffolk.
Suflblk's servan (his naine was Thomas Rampton),
on reaching t, he town on Mon,lay eveniug, ma,te a
mist.ake in t, he first, person t,o whom he a, ldressed
himself, and rcceive,l a cold answer. Two ot,hers of
t, he townsmen, however, immediat,cly welcomed him,
and told him t, hat, "the whole place was a his lord's
comman,hneut,, except, certain of t,he t,own council,
who feared t,hat,, if goo,1 fellovcs ha, l the upper hand,
their ext, renfit, ies heret, ofore shouh-I be remembered ".
They t,ook Rampt,on int,o a house, where, present, ly,
anot,her man ent, ered of t, he saine way of t, hinking,
and, in his own eyes, a man of importance. "My
lord's (luarrel is right, well known," t.his person said.
"If, is God's quarrel ; let, him come; le him corne, and
make no st,ay, for t, his t,own is his ovn. I say t,o you
assuredly t, his t,own is his own. I ara if,."
If, was now night,; no t, ime was fo be lost,, fle
t,ownsmen said. They urged Rampton t,o ret,ma at
once t,o Suflblk, and hast, en his movement,s. They
would t,hemselves read the proelamat,ion a t,he market-

86 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

cross forhwih, and raise he people. Rampon, who
ha, l rid, len far, and was weary, wished to wai ill the
morning: if t.hey werc so confi,ten of success, a few
hours couhl mke no ,liflrence : bu i appeared shorçly
ha the "good fellows" in Covent.ry were noç exclu-
sively un, let he influence of piey an, l parioçism.
a rising commence,l in tbc ,lu'kness, i was adnit.ed
ha "uudoubted spoil and pera, lvenure destruction
of many rich men would ensuc," and wit.h t, ransact.ions
of his kit,l f.he ,luke's servan was unwilling o
comec himself.
arrived a; an,l, in t.he meant.ime, f.he çown council
bad received a warning fo be on t.heir g'uard. Belote
dayhreak hc consables were on [.he aler, he decen
ciizens çook possession of t.he gares, and the conspira-
çors lin,1 losç çheir opportuniy. In t.he afcrnoon
Suflblk arrived wih a bundre,l horse under tbe walls,
bu t, here was no admission for him. Whils he was
hesiat, ing wha course t.o pursue, a messenger came in
ço say çha t.he Erl of Hunt.ingdon was a Warwiek.
The plo for he rcvol o[ he garrison had been
deeeed, and he whole ¢OUlry was On he aler.
The people had 'no desire o sec fille Spaniards in
England ; bu sober, quie ftrmers and bmesses would
no fise a the eall of he friend of Northumrland,
and assis in lwinging baek he evil days of anarehy.
The Greys had now only o provide for heir
personal safeLy.
Suflblk had an est, are  few toiles disçan, ealled
Asley Park, o whieh he pary ret.reaed from Coven-
çry. There he duke shared sueh money as he had
wih him among his men, and bade hem shif for
hemselves. Lord Thomas Grey ehanged eoaçs wih
 serwnç, and rode off o Wales ço join Sir 3ames

WYATT'S REBELLION, I554 87

Crofts. Suflblk himself, vho vas iii, took refuge vith
his brother, Lord John, in the eot.tage of one of his
galnekeepers, where they hoped o remain hid,len ill
the hue and ery should be over, and they eould eseape
abroad.
The cottage xvas eonsi, lered inseeure. Two bowshots
south of Astley Chureh there stoo, l in the park an old
deeaying t.ree, in the hollow of whieh the father of
Lady Jane (-Irey eoneealed himself ; and there, for tvo
winter days and a night, he was left without food. A
proelamation had 1)een put out by Huntingdon for
Nuflblk's al)])rehension , ami the keeper, either t.elnl)d
by the rêward, or frightened by tle meuaee agains
all who should give him sheltÇr, broke his trusta
rare example of disloyltyand, going fo Warwiek
Castle, undertook to betray his master's hiding-plaee.
A party of çroopel's were despatehed, with the keeper
for a guide; an(l, on arriving at Asfley, they round
tlat the duke, unable go endure the eol(l and hunger
longer, ha.l eravled out of the tree, and was )varming
himself by tle cottage tire. Lord John was diseovered
buried un(let some bundles of hay. They were earried
off at once to the Tower, whither Lord Thomas
and Sir James Crofts, who had failed as signally in
Wales, soon after followed them.
The aeeount of his eonfederates' failure saluted
Wyatg on his arrival in Southwark, on the 3rd of
February. The intelligence vas being published,
the moment, in fle streets of London ; Wyatg himself,
at the saine çilne, was proelMmed trait.or, and a reward
of a hundred pounds was obred for his capture, dead
or alive. The peril, hovever, was far from over;
Wyatt replied to the proclamation by veal'ing his
naine, in large letters, upon his cap ; the sueeess of the
queen's speeeh in the eity irritated the eouneil, vho

88 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

did noç choose Lo siL sLill under Lhe impuLaLion of
having approved of Lhe Spanish marriage. They
declared everywhere, loudly and angrily, that they
had noL approved of iL, and did noL approve ; in the
ciLy iLself public feeling again wavere,1, and fresh
parLies of Lhe t.rain-bands crossed the water and
deserLed. The behaviour of Wyatt.'s followers gave
Lhe lie fo t.he queen's charges against t.hem : the prisons
in Sout.hwark were hot opened; propert.y was re-
spect.ed scrupulously; the only at.tempt af injury was
aL Winchest.er House, a.nd there if. was inst.ant.ly
repressed ; t.he inhabit.ants of tbe ]Ol'ough ent.erLained
them wiLh warm hospit.ality ; and the queen, notwit.h-
standing hcr eflbl4S, round herself as it were besieged,
in ber principal ciLy, by a handful of commoners,
whom no one venturel, or no one could be trust.ed,
fo att.ack. So nmtt,ers continued t.hrough Saturday,
Sunday, llonday and Tuesday. The lawyers af. West-
nfinster Hall pleaded in harness, and the judges wore
harness under their robes ; Doct.or Weston sang mass
in harness before t.he queen; tradesmen attended in
narness behind their counters. The lnet,ropolis, on
both sides of the water, was in an attitude of armed
expectation, yet t.here was no movemenL, no demonst.ra-
tion on eit, her side of popular feeling. The ominous
st.rangeness of the situat.ion appalled even Mary her-
self.
By this t.ime the intercepLed letter of Noailles  had
been deciphered. IL proved, if more proof was wanted,
Lhe correspondence between the alnbassador and the
conspirators ; iç explained t.he object of the rising---
the queen was fo be dethroned in favour of ber sist,er ;
and it was found, also, though names were not, mell-

 French ambassador in England.A.

WYATT'S REBELLION, t554 89

tioned, that t,he plot had spread far upwards among
the nohlemen by whom l\Iary was surroundcd. Evi-
denee of Elizabeth's eomplieity it did hot eontain ; while,
to Gardiner's mortifieat.ion, it showe, i that Courtenay,
in his eonfessions to himself, had hetrayed t, he guilt
of ot,hers, but, had eoneealed part of his own. In an
anxieLy to shiehi him t, he ehaneellor pronouneed the
eipher of Courtenay's naine t,o be unintelligible. The
queen plaeed t.he letter in the hands of Renard, by
x.'llolll it was instantly read, and the chancellor's
humour was not ilnproved; lIary had the nlortifiea-
tion of feeling that she was herself t.he last objcet of
anxiety eithcr fo him or t,o any of her eouneil ; though
Wyatt was at the gates of London the 'eouneil eould
only spend the time in passionat, e reeriminat.ions;
Pater blamed Gar, liner for his relig'ious intoleranee;
(Jardiner blamed Pag,, for having advised the marriage;
some exclaimed affainsg Curt, enay, some affainsg Eliza-
beth ; but of actiug ail alikeseemed incapable. If the
queen vas in danger, the eouneil said, she might fly
to Windsor, or to Calais, or she might go t.o the Tover.
"Whatever happens," she exelaimcd to Renard, "I ara
the wife of the pl-inee of Spain; erown, tank, lire,
all shall go before I will take any other husband."
The posiLion, hovever, eould hot be of long eon-
tinuanee. Could Wyatt once enter London he assured
hilnself of sueeess; but the gares on the Bridge eon-
tinued elosed. Cheyne and Sout.hwell had eolleeted
a body of men on vhom they eould rely, and were
eoming up behind from Roehest, er. Wyat, t desired to
return and flght them, and Lhen eross the water at
Greenwieh, as had been belote proposed; but his
followers feared that he meant to eseape ; a baekward
movement would hot be permitted, and his next efibrt
was to aseertain vhether the passage over the Bridge
could be foreed.

9 ° SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

London Bridge was then a long, narrow street.
The gate was at the Sout,hwark ex/ferait,y; the
drawbridge was near the middle. ()n Sunday or
Mon&y nig'ht Wyat.t scMed t.he leads of the gate-
bouse, eliml,e,l into  window and deseended the
stairs into the lodge. The porter and his wife were
nodding over the tire. The rebel leader bade them
on their lires be still, and stole along in the ,larkness
te) the ehasm from whieh t.he drawbl'idKe had been
eut away. There, looking aeross file black gulf
vhel-e the river was rolling below, he saw the dusky
mouths of four gaping eannon, and beyond them, in
t.he torehlight, Lord Howard himself keeping wateh
with the guard: neither force nor skill eould make
a way into the eity by London Bridge.
The course whieh he should follmv was determined
for him. The Lieutenant of the Tower, Sir John
Brydges, a soldier and a Catholie, ha,l looked over
the vater wit.h angry eyes af the insurgents eolleeted
within reaeh of his guns, and had asked thê «lueen
for permission fo tire upon them. The queen, afraid
of provoking the pcople, had hitherto refused; on
t, he Monday, however, a Tow,,r boat, passing the
Sout.hwark side of tbe water, was hailed by Wyatt's
sentries; the watermen refuse,1 to stop, t.he sentries
fired, an,l one of t.he men in the boat was killed.
The lleXt lnorning (whether permission had been
given af last or hot was never known) the guns on
the White Tower, the Devil's Tower and ail the
bastions were loaded and aimed, and notice was sent
over that the tire was about to open. The inhabi-
tants addressed themselves in agitation to Wyatt;
and Wyatt, with a sudden resolution, hall felt to be
desperate, resolved fo mard for Kingston Bridge,
cross the Thames and oeme baek on London. His

WYATT'S REBELLION, 1554 91

friends in the city prolnised fo receive him could he
reach Ludgate hy dayl)reak on We, lnesday.
On Tuesday lnorning, th'l"efore, Shrove Tuesday,
whieh the queen had hoped t.o spend more happily
than in feing an army of insurgent.s, Wyatt, aeeom-
panied by hot more than fifteen hundred men, lmshed
ou¢ of Nout, hwark. He hml eallllOll with him. whieh
delyed his lnarch, bu¢ a¢ four in the afternoon he
reached Kings¢on. Thirt.y fee¢ of the bridge were
broken away, and a guard of three hundred men
were on Lhe ot.her side; but Lhe guard fled fLer a
few roun, ls from t.he g/ms, and Vyagg, leavin his
men o refresh Lhemselves in Lhe Lown, wenL fo work
o repair Lhe passage. A row of barges lay on Lhe
opposiLe bank; t.hree sMlors swam aeross, aLLaehed
ropes o them and Lowed Lhem over; and, t.he harges
being moored where Lhe lridge was Iwoken, beams
and planks xvere lMd aeross Lht.m, and a road ws
ruade of sueienL sLrent,h o bear the eannon and
Lhe wagons.
By eleven o'eloek aL nighg Lhe river ws erossed
and the mareh was resmned. The weather was sLili
wild, Lhe roads miry and henry, and Lhrough Lhe
xvinLer nighg Lhe nloLley parLy phmged along. The
oehesLer men ha, l, mosL of them, one home, and
Lhose who remained were Lhe London deserLers, gengle-
men who had eompromised t.hemselves oo deeply o
hope for pardon, or fanaLies, who helieved Lhey were
fighLing Lhe Lord's baggle, and some of t, he Protes-
tant elergy. PoneL, Lhe laLe Bishop of WinehesLer,
was wiLh ghem; William Thomas, ghe laLe elerk of
Lhe eouneil; Sir George Harper, AnLhony KnyveL,
Lord Cobham's sons, Pelham, who had been a spy of
NorLhumberland's on Lhe eonLinenL, and oghers more
or less eonspieuous in Lhe worsL period of Lhe laLe reign.

92

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

From the day that Wyatt came fo Southwark the
whole guard had been under rms aU Whiteball, nd
a number of them, fo the agitation of he Couru ladies,
were stationed in the «lueen's ante-clmmber. But the
guard was composed of dangerous elements. Sir
Humfrey Radclift: the lieutenant, was a " favourer of
the gospel "; and the " Hot Gospeller" himself, on
his recovery from his lever, had returned fo his
duties. No additional precauions had been taken,
nor does if seem that, on Wyatt's departure, his
movemelitS were watched. Kingston Bridge having been broken, his immcdiate approach was certainly
unlooke,! for; nor was if till past midnidt that
information came fo the palace that the passage had
been forced, and that the insurg'ents were colning
directly back upon Lori,lori. Between two and three
in the morning the ,[uecn was ca]led from her bed.
Gardincr, who had becn, with others of the council,
arguing with her in favour of Courtenay the preced-
ing day, was in waiting-- he t,ld ber that ber barge
was af the stairs fo carry ber up the river, and she
must take shelter instanl:ly aU Windsor.
Without disturbing herself, the ,lueen sent for
Renard. " 8hall I go or stay ? " she askeîd.
" Unless your =[ajesty desire fo throw away your
crown," Renard answered, "you will relnain here ti]l
the last extremity ; your tlight will be known, the city
will rise, seize the Tower and relcase the pl-isoners ;
the heretics will massacre the priests, and Elizabeth
will be proclaimed queen."
The lords were divided. Gardiner insisted again
that she must and should go. The others were un-
certain, or inclined fo the opinion of Renard. Af last
Mary said that she would be guided by Pembroke and

WYATT'S REBELLION, 1554 93
Clinton. If those two woul, l under6ake 6o stand by
lier, she would l'enlaill nd see out thc st«'uggle.
They were not present, and were sent for on the
spot. Pembroke for weeks past h«,l ceI'tainly wavered ;
Lord Thomas Grey bclieved ai oue time that he had
gained him over, and to the last felt assul'cd of his ncu-
rality. Happily fol" Mary, happily, it mus be said,
for England--for the Reformation was noç a cause fo
be won by such cnterprises as that of Sir Thomas Wyatt
he decided on SUl)porting the que,n, and promised
to defend her with his ]ife. AI four o'clock in the
morning drums welit round the city, calling the
train-banals ço an instauç musçer aç Charing Cross.
Pembroke's con, luct dctermine, l he young lords and
gentlemen abou the Court, who with their servants
were swiftly mountcd and under arms ; and by êigh
more than ten thousand lllel were stationed along the
ground, then an open fiehl, which slopes ri-oto Piccadilly
fo Pall Mail. The roa,l or causcway on which Wyatt
was expêcted to advancê tan nearly on the site of
Piccadilly itself. An oh| cross stood near the hêad
of St. James's Stl'eet, where guns were place,i; and
that no awkward accident like that ai Rochester might
happen on the first collision, the gentlemen, who formed
foui" squadrons of horse, ,vere pushed forwards tovards
Hyde Park Corner. "
Wyatt, who ought fo have been at thc gaie of the
city tvo hours before, had been delayed in the mean-
rime by tho breaking down of a gun in the heavy road
ai Brentford. Brctt, the captain of the city dcsertêrs,
Ponet, Harper and others urged Wyatt to leave the
gun where if lay and keep his appointmcnt. Wyatt,
however, insistêd on waiting till the carriage could be
repaired, although in the eyes of everyone but him-
self the delay was obvious ruin. Harper, seeing him

94 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

obstinte, stole away a second rime to gMn favour for
himself by carrying news to the Court. Ponet, un-
ambitious of martyrdom, told him he vouhl pray
Goal for Iris success, and, advising Brett to shift for
himself, ruade away with others towards tho sea and
Germany. ]t was nine o'clock belote Wyatt brought
the dragg'lcd rcmnant of his force, wet, hung W and
faint with their night march, up the hill from Knights-
bridge. Nea," Hyde l'ark Corner a lane turned off;
and here Pcmlwoke htd pbtcc, I a troop of cavah T.
The insurgcnts stragglcd on without or, let. When
hall oi" thcm had passe,l, thc horsc dashed out and
cut thcm i two, and all who were behind were dis-
pecd or cq,tured. Wyatt, cu'in" now only to press
forward, kcpt his immediate followers tog'ethcr, and
went straight on. The queen's guns opened, and
killed thrce of his men; but, lowering his head, he
dashed af t.hem and over them ; tlmn, turning to the
right, to avoid the train-banals, he struck down towards
St. Jtmes's, where his party again septrated. Knyvet
and the young Cobhams, leaving St. James's to their
left, crossed the pttrk to Westminster. Wyatt went
right along the present Pall-Mall, past the line of
the citizens. They had but to move a few steps to
intercept his passage, close in and take him ; but not
a man advanced, hot a hand was lifted; vhere the
way vas narvw they drew aside to let him pass. At
Charing Cvss Sir John Gage was stationed, with part
of the guard, some horse, and among them Courtènay,
who in the morning had beèn heard to say he vould
hot obey orders ; he was as good a man as Pembroke.
As Wyatt came up Courtenay turned his horse towards
Whitehall and began to move off] followed by Lord
Worcester. " Fie! my lord," Sir Thomas Cornwallis
cried to him," is this the action of a gentleman " But

WYATT'S REBELLION, 554 • 95

deaf, or heedless, or treacherous, he galloped off, calling
"Lost, lost ! all is lost ï' and crried pnic t) the Court.
The guard had broken af his flight, ml came hurrying
behind hih. Some cried tht Pem]nvke had played
flse. Shouts of treson rung through the palace.
The queen, who had been watching- from the palace
g'allery, alone rettfined ber presence of mind. If others
durst hot sand the trial ag'ainst the traitors, she said,
she hersclf wouhl go out into t.he fiehl and try the
«luttrrel, aml die with hose thab wouhl serve
Af this moment lçnvvct and the CobhalnS, who had
g'one round by the old palette, came by thc gatcs as the
fugitive gur«l xvcrc Stl'UR'gling" in. lnfinite confusion
followed. Gag'e xvas rolled in the dirt, and three of
the judges with him. The guard shrunk tway into
tlm occs and kitchens fo hide themsclves. But
Knyvet's men nmde no atempt fo enter. They con-
tented themselves with shooting  few a.rrows, and
then hurrie,t on fo Charing Cross fo rejoin Wyat.
Af Charing Cross, however, heir wy was now
closed by  company of archers, who had been sent
back by Pembroke fo protect tlm Court. Sharp fight-
ing followed, nd the cries rose so loud as fo be heard
on the leads of he White Tower. Af lst the leaders
forced their way up le Strnd ; the rest of the pal'ty
were cut up, dispel'sed or taken.
Wyatt himself, meanwhile, followed by three hum
dred men, had hurried on through lines of roops who
still opened fo give hilu pssage. He passed Temple Bar,
along Fleet Street, and reached Ludgae. The gte
was open as he approched, xvhen some one seeing
 number of men coming up, exclfimed, " These
be Wyt's ntients ". Muttered curses xvere heard
among the by-sanders; but Lord Howard ws on
the spot; he gares, notwithstanding the murmurs,

9 6 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
were instantly closed; and when Wyatt knocked,
Howard's voice answered, "Avaunt ! traitor ; thou
shalt hot colne in here" "I have kcpt touch,"
Wyatt exclaimed; but lais enterprise was hopeless
llOW. He sat down llpOll a bench outside the Belle
Sauvage Yard. His followers scattered from hiln
alnong the by-lanes and streets; and of the three
hundred, twenty-four alone remained, alnOng vhom
were now Knyvet and one of the young Cobhalns.
With these few he turned at last, in the t'orlorn hope
that the train-banals would again opeli to let him
pass. borne of l'elnbroke's horse were colning up.
He fought lais way through ttaeln to Temple Bar,
where a herahl cried, " ir, ye were best fo yield ; the
day is gone against 5"ou; perchance ye may find the
,lUeen mêrciful ". ,Sir Maurice Bel'kêlêy was standing
near laill on horseback, fo wholn, feeling that further
resistance was useless, he surren,lercd lais sword; and
Berkeley, to save hiln t'l'Ona being cut down in the
tunmlt, took him up upon lais horse. Others in the
saine way took up Knyvet and Cobham, Brett and
two more. The six prisoners wêre carried through
the Strand back fo V'eS[lllilas[el-, the passage through
the city being thought dangerous ; and from Whitehall
Ntairs, Mary herself looking on from a window of
the palace, they were borne off in a barge fo the
Tower.
The queen had tl'imnphed, triumphed through ber
own resolution, and would now enjoy the fruits of
victory.

97

THE ARRIVALOFPHILIP INENGLA D, 1554.

A LETTER froln Philip would have been a consolation
to Mary in he midst of the roul)lcs which she had
encountered for his sake; but le languid loyer had
never wrien a line t.o hcr; or, if he hml writt.cn, no¢
aline had reached her hand; only a ship which con-
aiued dcspaches fa'oto him for Renard had been
akeu, in the beginning of May, by a French cruiser,
and the hough that precious words of aflbcion had,
perhaps, been oit their way to her and were lost was
liard fo bear.
In vain she atelnped to cheer her spiris xvith he
revived cerelnonials of Whisunide. She marched
day after day, in procession, wifl canopies and banners,
and bishops in gilt slippers, round St. Jalnes's, round
S. Martin's, round Westminser. Sermons and masses
alternated now with religious feass, now with D'iges
for her faher's souk Bu all was o no purpose ; she
could hot cast off lier anxieties, or escape from he
shadow of her subjects' hared, which clung o ber
steps. Insolent pamphlets were dropped in ber path
and in the oflïces of Whitehall; she rod upon them
in he passages of the palace ; they were placed by
myserious hands in he sanctuary of her bedroom.
At lengflb chafed xvih a flousaud irriations, and
craving for a husband who showed so small anxiety
fo corne to her, she fled from London, af the beginning
of June, to Richmond.
7

9 8

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

The trials of the last six months had begun fo tell
upon Mary's understanding : she was ill with hysterical
longings; ill with the passions whieh Gardiner had
kindled and Paget disappointed. A lady who slept
in laer room told Noailles tlmt she eould speak fo no
one without impatienee, and that she believed the
whole world was in a league fo keep ber husband
from her. She round fault with everyone--even with
the prinee himself. Why had he hot written ? she
asked again and again. Why had she never re-
eeived one eourteous word from him ? If she heard
of merehants or sailors arriving front Spain, she wouht
send for them and question t.hem; and some wouht
tell her that the prinee was said fo have little heart
for his business in England ; ot, hers terrified her with
tales of fearful fights upon the setts ; and others brought
ber news of the Frcneh S, luadrons that were on the
wateh in the Chaunel. She would start ont of her
sleep af night, pietnring a thousand tcrrors, and among
them one fo wlaieh all else were insignifieant, that her
prinee, who had taken sueh wild possession of her
imagination, had no answering feeling for herself---
that, with her growing years and wasted figure, she
eould never win him fo love ber.
"The unfortunate queen," wrote Henry of Franee,
" will learn the truth af last. She will wake too late,
in misery and remorse, fo know that she has filled the
realm with b]ood for an object which, when she has
gained if, will bring nothing but affliction fo herself or
fo her people."
But the darkest season bas its days of sunshine,
and Mary's trials were for the present over. If the
statesmen were disloyal, the clergy and the universities
appreciated her services fo the Church, and, in the
midsç of he_r trouble, Oxford congratulated her on

ARRIVAL OF PHILIP, 554 99

having been raised up for the restoration of life and
light o England. More pleasant than this pleasant
flattery was the arrival, on the 19th of June, of the
Marquis de las Navas from Spain, with the news that
by that rime the prince was on his vay.
It was even so. Philip had submitted fo his un-
welcome destiny, and six thousand troops beingrequired
pressingly by the emperor in the Lov Countries, they
attended him for his escort. A paper of advices was
drawn for the priuce's use by Renard, directing him
how fo accommodate himself fo his barbarous fortune.
Neit.her soldiers nor mariners would be aliowed fo land.
The noblclnen, therefore, who fol'med his retinue,
were advised to bring Spauish musketeers, disguised
in liveries, in the place of pages and lacqucys. Their
arms could be concealed amidst the baggage. The
war would be an excuse for the nobleme being armed
t.hemselves, and the prince, on landing, should have
a shirt of mail under his doublet. As fo manner, he
must endeavour to be aflble: he would have fo hunt
with the young lords, and to make presents to them ;
and, with whatever difficulty, he must learn a few
words of English, to exchange the ordinary salutations.
As a friend, Renard recommended Paget to him; he
would find Paget "a man of sense"
Philip, who was never remarkable for personal
courage, may be pardoned for having come reluctantly
to a country where he had to bring men-at-arms for
servants, and his own cook for fear of being poisoned.
The sea, too, was hateful fo him, for he suttre(l miser-
ably from sickness. :Nevertheless, he xvas coming, and
with him such a retinue of gallant gentlemeu as the
world has rarely seen together. The Marquis de los
Valles, Gonzaga, d'Aguilar, Medina Celi, Antonio de
Toledo, Diego de Mendoza, the Count de Feria, the

oo SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Duke of Alva, Count Egmont and Count Horn--men
whose stories are written in the annals of two worlds :
some in let,tm's of glorious light, some in letters of
biood which shal[ never be washed out while the history
of mankin,1 survives. Whether for evil or good, they
were hot the meek innocents for wholn Renard had af
one rime asked so anxiously.
In company with these noblemen was Sir Thomas
Greshan,, charged with hMf a million of money in
hullion, out. of the lat, e arrivals from the N«,w World ;
whieh the emperor, art.er takino" seeurit.y from the
Lomlon merehants, had lent the «lueen, perhaps t.o
enable her o make ber marriage palatable by the
restoration of the eul'relmy.
Thus preeiously freighted, the Spanish fleet., one
hundred and fifty ships, larg'e and slnall, sailed from
Cormma a the beg'ilming" of July. The voyage was
weary and wretehed. Thesea-siekness prostraed both
the prince aml the troops, and t.o the sea-siekness was
added the t.error of the Freneh--a t.error, as if. happened,
needless, for the Eng'lish exiles, by whom t.lle prince was
fo bave been inçereepçed, had, in çhe las few weeks,
melt, ed away from the Frenell service, with t.he excep-
tion of a few who were aç Seilly. Sir Peter Carew,
for some unknown reason, had writ.ten t:o ask for lais
pardon, and had gone fo Içaly ; but. the change was
reeent and unknown, and the ships st.oie along in
silence, the orders of the prince heing that hot a salure
should be fired o catch t, he ear of an enemy. Aç last,
on t.he 19th of July, the whiçe elifl of Freshwater
were sighted: Lord Howard lay af. the Needles wiçh
the English flee; and o17 Friday, t.he 20th, at t.hree
o'doek in the aft,enmon, the flotilla was safely anehored
in Southampon Wat.er.
The queen was on her way fo Winehester, where

ARRIVAL OF PHILIP, I554 oI

she arrived the next morning, and either in af.tendance
upon her, or waiting ai Southampton, ws ahnost the
entire peera.ge of Englaud. Haviug ruade up their
minds fo endure the marriag'e, the lords resolved fo
give Philip Che velcome which was due fo the hushan, l
of their sovereign, ami, in the uncertain retaper of the
people, their presence might be necesstry t,o protec his
person from insult or from iiury.
If was an age of glitter, pomp and pageantry ; the
anchors were no sooner down than a harge was in
readiness, with twenty rowers in the «lUCen's colom's
of green and white; an,[ Arundel, l'embroke, Shrews-
bury, Derby an,1 ot.her h)r, ls went off to the vessel
whieh earried the royal standard of Castile. Phi]ip's
natural manner was eold an,l stifl; but he had been
sehooled into gradousness Exhausted by his voyage,
he aeeepted delightedly the instant invitation fo go on
shore, and he ent.ered the barg'e aeeompanied ])y the
Dnke of Alv«. A erowd of gentlemen was waiting to
reeeive him af the lauding-plaee. As he stepped out
--hOt perhaps without some natural nervousness ami
sharp glanees round himthe whole assemblage knelt.
A salure was 'ed from the batteries, and Lord Shrews-
bury presented him with the order of the Garter. An
enthusiastie eye-witness thus deseribes Philip's appear-
&nee :
" Of visage he is well favoured, with a broad fore-
head and grey eyes, straight-nosed and of manly
eountenanee. From ¢he forehead fo the point of his
ehin his face groweth small. His paee is prineely, and
gait so straight and upright as he loseth no ineh of his
height ; with a yeIlow head and a yellow beard ; and
thus fo eonelude, he is so well proportioned of body,
arm, leg and every other limb fo the saine, as na{ure
eannot work a more perfeet pattern, and, as I have

o2 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

learned, of the age of twenty-eight years. His Majesty
I judge to be of a stout Stolnach, pregnant-witted, and
of most gentle nature."
Sir Anthony Brown approached, leading a horse
with a saddle-cloth of crimson velvet, embroidered
with gold and pearls. He presented the steed with a
Latiu speech, signifying that he was his Highness's
Master of the Horse ; and Philip, mounting, went direct
to Southampton Church, the English and Spanish
noblemeu attending barchemled, fo off'er thanks for his
sale arrival. From t.he ehureh he was eondueted fo a
house whieh tmd been furlfished from the royal stores
for his reeeption. Everything was, of eourse, magnifi-
eent. Only there had been one single oversight.
Wrought upon the damask hangings, in eonspieuous
letters, were observed the ominous words : " Henry, by
the Graee of God, King of England, Franee and
Ireland, and Supreme Head of the Church of
England".
Here the prinee was fo remain till Monday fo re-
eover from his voyage ; perhaps to aseertain, before he
left the neighbourhood of his own fleet, the humour of
the barbarians among whom he had arrived. In Latin
(he was unable fo speak Freneh) he addressed the lords
on the eauses whieh had brought him fo England, the
ehief among those eauses being the manifest will of
God, fo whieh he felt himself bound fo submit. If
was notieed that he never lifted his eap in speaking to
anyone, but he evidêntly endeavoured fo be courteous.
With a stomaeh unreeovered from the sea, and disdain-
ing preeautions, he sat down on the night of his arrival
fo a publie English supper ; hê even drained a tankard
of ale, as an example, he said, fo his Spanish coin-
panions. The first evening passed off vell, and he
retired fo seek sueh test as the strange land and

ARRIVAL OF PHILIP, 554 o3

strange people, the altered diet, and the firing of guns,
vhich never ceased through the summer night, would
allow him.
Another feature of his new country awaited Philip
in the morning; he had corne from the sunny plains
of Castile ; from his window at Southampton he looked
out upon a steady downfall of July rain. Through
the cruel torrent he ruade his way to the church again
to mass, and afterwards Gardiner came to him from
the queen. In the afternoon the sky cleared, and the
Duchess of Alva, who had accompanied her husband,
was taken out in a barge upon Southampton Water.
Both English and Spaniards exerted themselves to be
nutually pleasing ; but the situation was hot of a kind
which it was dêsirable to protract. Six thousand
Spanish troops were cooped in the close, uneasy, trans-
ports, forbidden to land lest they should provoke the
jealousy, of the people; and when, on Sunday, his
Highness had fo undergo a public dinner, in which
English servants only were allowed to attend upon
him, the Castillan lords, many of whom believed that
they had corne to England on a bootless errand, broke
out into lnurmurs.
Monday came at last; the rain fell again, and the
wind home& The baggage was sent forward in the
morning in the midst of the tempest. Philip lingered
in hopes of a change; but no change came, and after
an early dinner the trumpet sounded to horse. Lords,
knights and gentlemen had tlu-onged into the town,
from curiosity or interest, out of all the counties round.
Before the prince mounted if was reckoned, with
uneasiness, that as many as/bur thousand cavaliers,
under no command, were collected to join the pro-
cession.
A grey gelding was led up for Philip ; he wrapped

io 4 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

himself in a scrlet cloak, and started fo meet his
bride--fo complete a sacrifice the least congenial,
perhaps, which ever policy of state extracted from a
prince.
The train could more but slowly. Two mlles
beyond the gares a drenched rider, spattered with
chalk mud, was seen galloping towards them; on
reaching the prince he presented him with a riug
froln the queen, and begged his Highnçss, in ber
Majesty's naine, fo corne no further. The messenger
could hot explaha ile cause, being unable fo speak
any language which Philip could understand, and
visions of eolnmotion instantly presented themselves,
mixed, if lnay be, with a hol)e that the biffer duty
might yet be eseal)ed. Alva was ilnlnediately af his
master's side; they reined up, and were asking eaeh
other anxiously what should next be done, when an
English lord exelaimed in Freneh, with eourteous
irony: "Our Queen, sire, loves your Highness so
tenderly tlmt she would hOt have you eome to her
in sueh wretehed weather". The hope, if hope fhere
had been, died in ifs birth; belote sunset, ith
drenched garlnents and dragg'led plume, the object
of so many anxieties arrived within the walls of
Winchester.
To the cathedral he went first, wet as he was.
Whatever Philip of Spain was enteriug upon, whether
if was a marriage or a massacre, a state intrigue or a
midnight murder, lais opening step was ever fo seek
a blessing from the holy wafer. He entered, kissed
the crucifix, and knelt and prayed before the altar;
then, taking lais seat in the choir, he remained while
the choristers sang a Te Deum laudamus, till the
long aisles ga-ew dim in the summer twilight, and he
vas conducted by torchlight fo the deanery.

ARRIVAL OF PHILIP, 554 o5

The queen was af the bishop's palace, but a few
hundred yards distant. Philip, doubtless, could have
endured the postponelnent of au interview t,ill morn-
ing ; but llary could hot vait, and the saine night he
was eondueted into the presenee of his haggard bride,
who now, after a lire of misery, believed herself at
the open gare of Paradise. Let the eurtain rail over
the meeting, let if dose also over the wedding solem-
nities whieh followed with due splendour two days
later. There are seenes in lire whieh we regard witb
pity too deep for words. Tleunhappy queên, unloved,
unlovable, 3"et with her parehed heart thirsting for
affection, was flinging l,erself upon a breast fo whieh
an iceberg was warm ; upon a man fo wholn love was
au umneaning word, exeept as the most brutal of
passions. For a few months she ereat.ed for herself
an atmosphere of unreality. She saw iu Philip the
idem of ber imagination, and in Philip's feelings the
reflex of her own; but the dream passed away--her
love for her husband remained; but remained only
to be a torture fo her. With a broken spirit and
bewildered understanding, she turned to heaven for
eolnfort.

lO6

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, 1557-58.

FoR the last ten years the French had kept their
eyes ou Calais. The recovery of Boulogne vas an
insufficieut retaliation for the disgrace which they
had suffered in the loss of if, while the iii success with
which the English maintaincd themselves in their
new conquest, suggested the hope, and proved the
possibility, of expelling them from the old. The
occupation of a French fortress by a foreign power
was a perpetual insult to the national pride; it vas
a memorial of evil rimes; while it gave England
inconvenient authority in the "narrow seas ". Scarcely
a month had passed since Mary had been on the
throne without a hint from some (uarter or other
fo the English Government fo look well fo Calais;
and the recent plot for ifs surprise was but one of a
series of schemes which had been successively formed
and abandoned.
In 1541 the defences of Guisnes, Hammes and
Calais had been repaircd by Henry VIII. The
dykes had been cleared and enlarged, the embank-
ments strengthened and the sluices put in order.
But iu the wasteful rimes of Edward the works had
fallen again into ruin ; and Mary, straitened by debt,
by a diminished revenue and a supposed obligation
to make good the losses of'%he clergy, had round
neither means nor leisure fo attend to them.
In the year 1500 the cost of maintaining the three

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, 557-58 o7

fortresses was something less than £10,000 a year;
and the expense had been almost or entirely supported
by the revenue of the Pale. The more extended
fortifications had necessitated an increase in the
garrison; two hundred men were now scarcely
suNcient to man the vorks; vhile, owing to bad
government, and the growing anomaly of the English
position, the wealthier inhabitants had migrated over
the frontiers, and left the Pale to a scanty, wretched,
starving population, who could scarcely extract from
the soil sutiicient for their own sul)sistence. While
the cost of the occupation was becoming greater, the
means of meeting if became less. The country could
no longer thrive in English hands, and it was rime
for the invaders tobe gono.
The Government in London, however, seemed, not-
withstanding warnings, to be unable to conceive the
loss of so old a possession to be a possibility; and
Calais shared the persevering neglect to which the
temporal intcrests of the reahn were subjected. The
near escape from the Dudley treason  created a
momentary improvement. The arrears of wages were
paid up and the garrison vas increased. Yet a few
months after, when war was on the point of being
declared, there were but tvo hundred men in Guisnes,
a number inadequate fo defend even the castle ; and
although the French tleet at that rime commanded the
Channel, Calais contained provisions to last but a few
weeks. Lord Grey, the governor of Guisnes, reported
in June, after the declarat.ion, that the French were
collecting in strength in the neighbourhood, and that
unless he was reinforced he vas at their mercy. A
small detachment was sent over in consequence of
 A conspiracy formed in 1556 by Henry Dudley, Northumber-
land's cousin, fo send h'Iary to Philip in Spain and make Elizabeth
clueen.--A.

I08 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Grey's letter; but, on the 2nd of July Sir Thomas
Cornwallis informed the queen that the numbers were
still inadeqmte. "The enemy," Cormvallis said, "per-
ceiving our weakness, maketh daily attempts upon
your subject.s, who are much abashed to see the
eourage of your enemies, whom they are hot able
fo hurt nor 3"et ,lcfen,l f, hemselves." He entreated
that a larger force should be sent immediately, and
maintained in the Pale durin rhe war. The charge
voul,1 be great, but the peril wouhl he gl'eater if the
lllell were hot provided ; and, as her Ma.iesty had been
pleased to enter into the war, lier honour must be
more eonsi,lered than her treasure.
The arrival of the army under Pembroke removed
the immediate ground for alarm ; and after the defeat
of the Freneh the danger was supposed to be over
altogether. The queen was frightened at the expenses
whieh she was ineurring, and again allowed the estab-
lishment to sink below the legitimate level. Lord
Wentworth was left at Calais with hot more than rive
hundred men. Grey had something more than a thou-
sand at Guisnes, but a part only were English; the
test were Burgundians and Spaniards. More un-
fooEunately, also, a proelamation had forbidden the
export of eorn in England, froln vhieh Calais had hot
been exeepted. Guisnes and Hamlnes depended for
their supplies on Calais, and by the middle of the
winter there was an aetual seareity of food.
Up to the beginning of Deeember, notwithstanding,
there vere no external sylnptoms fo ereare uneasiness ;
military movements lay under the usual stagnation of
winter, and exeept a few detaehments on the frontiers
of the Pale, who gave trouble by lnarauding exeursions,
the Freneh appeared to be resting in profound repose.
On the 1st of Deeember the governor of Guisnes re-

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, 1557-58 lO 9

ported an expedition for the destruction of one of their
outlying parties, which had been aCCOlnplished with
ominous cruelty.
"I advertised your Grace," Lord Grey wrotc fo the
queen, "how I purposed o make a jouruey to a church
called Bushing, strongly fortified by the enemy, lnuch
annoying this your Majesty's front, ier. If luay please
your Mest, y, upon Monday last, af nine of the clock
af ni-ht, having with me Mr. Aucher, lnarshal of Calais,
Mr. Alexander, cal)tain of Newnham Bridge, Sir Hcnl'y
Pahner, my son,  an,1 my o)usin Louis 1)ives, with such
hol'semen and f[»ot«uen as couhl I»e convenicnly sparcd
abroad in service, leaving your 5h]csty's pinces in
surety, I t,ook lny journey towa.rds the said Bushiug,
and carrie,1 with me t«vo camion and a sacre, for that
both the weat,her and the ways serve, l well t.o the
purpose, and next morninff came hither before day.
And having before our coming enclosed the said
Bushing with two hundred fooLlnen harquebuziers, I
sent an officer o SUmlnOn the saine in t}le King's
Highness' and your Majesty's naine; whereulto the
captain there, a man ot" good estimation, who the day
belote was sent there wifl Lwelve men by M. Senar-
pont, captain of Boulogne, answered t,hat he was not
minded fo tender, but would keep if with such men
as he had, which were forty in number or flereabout.s,
even fo the death ; and further said, if their forLulm
was so fo lose their lires, he knew that tle King his
toaster had more men alive to serve, with many other
words of French bravery. Upon this answer, I caused
the gulmers fo bl'ing up their artillery to plank, and
then shot off imlnediaLely Len or twelve rimes. But
yet for ail flfis they would not yield. Af length, when

Sir Arthur Grey.

I IO SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

the cannon had ruade an indifferent breach, the French-
men ruade signs fo parley, and vould gla, lly have
rendered ; but I again, weighing if not meet fo abuse
your Majesty's service therein, and having Sir Il.
Pahner there hurt, and some others of 'my men, re-
fused fo reeeive them, and, aeeording fo the law of
arms, put as many of then fo the sword as eould be
gotten af the entry of the breaeh, and all the ïest
were blown up wit.h the steeple at the rasing thereof,
and so a|l slain."
The lav of arms forba.,le the defenee of a fort hot
rationally defensible ; but if was over hardly construed
against a gllant gentleman. Grey was a tierce, stern
man. It was Grey who hung the priests in Oxfordshire
from their church towers. If was Grcy who led the fiery
charge upon the Scots af MusselbmN'h, and, with a pike
wound, which laid open check, tongue and pdate, he
"pur.ued ont the chase," till, choked by heat, dust and
his own blood, he was near falling mlder his horse's feei.
Three weeks passed, and still the French had ruade
no sign. On the 22nd an indistinct rumour came fo
Guisnes that danger vas near. The frost had set in ;
the low, damp ground was hard, the dykes were frozen :
and in sending notice of the report fo England, Grey
said that Calais was unprovided with food; Guisnes
contained a few droves of cattle brought in by forays
over the frontier, but no corn. On the 27th the in-
telligence became more distinct and lnore alarming.
The Duke of Guise was af Compiègne. A force of
uncertain magnitude, but known to be large, had
suddenly appeared at Abbèvillè. Something evidently
was intendel, and something on a scale which the
English commanders felt ill prepared fo encounter.
In a hurried council of war, held af Calais, if was
resolved fo mate no attempt fo meet the enemy in

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, 557-58 

the field until the arrival of reinforcements, which were
written for in pressing baste.
But the foes with whom they had fo deal knew
their condition, and were as well aware as themselves
that success depended on rapidity. Had the queen
paid attention fo Grey's dcspatch of the 22nd there
was rime to have trebled the garrison and thrown in
supplies; but if was vague, and no notice was taken
o[ it. Thejoint letter of Grey and Wentworth, written
on the 27th, was in London in two days, and there
were ships at Portsmouth and in the Thames which
ought to have been ready for sea ata moment's warn-
ing. Orders were sent to prepare ; thc Earl of Rutland
was commissioned fo rase troops; and the queen,
though without sending nlen, sent a courier with en-
couragenents and promises. But, when every moment
was precious, a fatal slowness, and more fatal irresolu-
tion, hung about the movements of the Govermnent.
On the 29th Wentwort]l wrote aain that the French
were certainly arming and might be looked for inlmedi-
ately. On the 31st the queen, deceived probably by
some emissary of Guise, replied that "she had intelli-
gence that no enterprise was inteuded against Calais
or the Pale," and that she had therefore countermanded
the reinforcements.
The letter containing the death sentence, for if was
nothing less, of English rule in Calais was crossed on
the way by another from Grey, in which he informed
the queen that there were thirty or forty vessels in the
harbour at Ambletue, two fitted as floating batteries,
the rest loaded wit.h hurdles, ladders and other materials
for a siege. Four-and-twenty thousand nlen were in
the camp above Boulogne ; and their mark he knew to
be Calais. For himself, he would defend his charge to

112 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

the death ; but help must be sent instantly, or if would
be too laie tobe of use.
The afternoon of the saine day, December 31, he
added, in a postscript, that flying companies of the
French were ai that moment before Guisnes ; part of
the garrison had been out fo skirmish, but had been
driven in by numbers; the whole country was alive
with troops.
The next morning Wentworth reported fo the saine
purpose, t.hat, on the land side, Calais was then invested.
The sea was still opeu, and the forts ai the lnouth of
the harbour on the Rysbank  were yet in his hands.
Heavy siege cannon, however, were said fo be on their
way from Boulogne, and it xvas nncertain hov long
he could hohl them.
The ,lefences of Calais towards the land, though in
bad repair, had been laid out with ihe best engineering
skill of the rime. The country vas intersected with
deep, muddy ditches: the roads were causeways, and
ai the bridges were bulwarks and cannon. Guisnes,
which was three mlles from Calais, was connected with
if by a line of small forts and "turnpikes". Hammes
lay between the two, equidist.ant from both. Towards
the sea the long line of loxv sandhills, rising in front
of the harbour fo the Rysbank, formed a natural pier;
and on the Rysbank vas the castle, which commanded
the entrance a.nd the town. The possession of the
Rysbank was the possession of Calais.
The approaches fo the sandhills were commanded by
a bulvark towards the south-x e, t called the Sandgate,
and further inland by a large vork called Nexvîham
Bridge. Ai this last place were sluices, through which,
ai high water, the sea could be let in over the marshes.

 A piece of rising ground standing between Calais and the sea.--A.

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, I557-58 II

If done effectually, the town could by this means be
effectually protected ; but unfortunatcly, owing to the
bad condition of the banks, the sea water leaked in from
the hig'h levels to the wells and reservoirs in Calais.
The night of the 1st of January the French remained
quiet ; with the morning they advanced in force upon
Newnham Bridge. An advanced party of English
archcrs and musketeers who were outside the gate
were driven in, and the enemy pushed in pursuit so
close under tire walls that the heavy gun, could hot
be depressed to touch t, hem. The Engli.h, however,
bored holes through the gares with augers, fired their
muskets through them, and so forced their assailants
back. Towards Hammes and Guisnes the sea was
let in, and the French, finding themselves up to their
waists in water, and the tide still rising, retreated on
that side also. Wentworth wrote in the afternoon in
high spirits at the result of the first attack. The
brewers were set fo work fo fill their vats with fresh
water, that full advantage might be taken of the next
ride. Working parties were sent fo cut. the sluices, and
the English commander felt confident t.hat if help was
on the way, or could now be looked for, he could keep
his charge secure. But thê enemy, he said, were now
30,000 strong; Guise had taken the Sandgate, and
upwards of a humlred boats were passing backwar,ls
and forwards to Boulogne and Amblehm, bringing
stores and ammunition. If the queen had a body of
men in readiness, they must corne without delay. If
she was unprepared, " the passages should be thrown
open," and " libert.y be proclaimed for all mên fo corne
that would bring sufficient victuals for themselves""
thus, he "was of opinion that there would be enoug'h
with more speed t.han would be ruade by order"
8o.far Wentworth had writ.ten. While the pen
8

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

was in his hand a lnessage reached him that the
French, without vaiting fol" their guns, were stream-
ing up over the Rysbank, and laying ladders against
the valls of tlle fort. He lmd but rime to close his
letter, and Selld his swiftest boat out of the harbour
with it, vhen the castle was won, and illgress and
egress af an end. The saille evening the heavy guns
came froln Boulogne, and for two days and nights the
town was tlred upon incessantly from the Sandbank
and from "St. Peter's Heath "
The rate of Calais was now a question of hours;
WelltWorth had but rive hundred lnen fo l'epel an army,
and he was without provisions. Calais was probably
gone, but Guisnes might be saved; Guisnes could
be relieved with t great effort out of the Netherlands.
On the night of the 4th Grey round nletUlS to send a
letter through the French lines fo England. "The
enenly," he said, "were now in possession of Calais
lltwbour, and all the country between Calais and
Guisnes." He was " clean cut off from ail relief and
aid which he looked t.o llave" ; and there was no other
way for the succour of Calais and the other fortresses
but" a power of lllell otlt of Ellg'land or from the King"s
Majesty, or frOln both," either fo force the Freneh into
 battle or fo raise the siege. Corne what would, he
vould hinlself do the duty of a faithful subject, and
keep the castle while lne could hold if.
The Court, which htd been incredulous of danger
till if lmd appeared, was llOV paralysed by the
greatness of if. Detànite orders to collect troops
were hOt issued till the 2nd of Jtmuary. The Earl
of Rutland galloped the sanie day to Dorer, where
the musters were to lneet, flung himself into the first
boat that he round, vithout waiting for theln, and
was half-way across the Chanllel when he was

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, 1557-58 I15

by the news of the loss of the Rysbank. Rutlaml
theret'ore returned t.o Dover, happy so far to bave
escaped sharing .the rate of Weutvorth, which his
single presenee eouhl hot httve avert.e,1. The next
dtty, the 8r,1, ptrties of men eune lu slowly froln
l(ent nnd Sussex ; but so vague had beeu the lanvuage
of the proclmatiou t.lut thcy came without arlns;
an,l, dth»ugh the country was at war with Frtmce,
there were no trms wit.h which to provMe them,
either in Dcal, Dover or Stmlwich. Again, so in-
distinct lu,] been Rutbtn,l's or,lers, tht although 
few hun,h'ed mon lil corne in nf last tolerably well
eluipped , ud the Prince ot" S«tvoy lmd colh'cte,l some
Colnpanies of Sptmiards tt Gravelines, md hd seut
word t.o l}over l'or the English to joiu him, Rutlaml
vas now obliged to refer to London for permissiol t.o
go over. On the 7th permission c:tmc; it was foun,l
by tiret t.ime, «r SUpl*Ose, l fo be foun,1, tlutt the lUCen's
ships were none of tlem seaworthy, tud tre ortier of
the council came out fo press ail competet merchant
ships u,l all able seamen everywhere for the queen's
service. Rutlan,l cont.rived at last, by vigorous eflbrts,
fo collect a few hoys an,l botts, but the lreneh had
now ships of war in co-operation with them, ml he
could but pprotch the French toast near enough fo
sec that he couhl venture no netrcr, aml gtiu return.
He would lmve been too late to save Ctlti tt that
t.ilne, however, even if he lmd succeeded iu crossing.
The duy preceding, the 6th of Jalmary, after t
furious ctumonade, Guise ha,1 stormed t.he castle. The
English had t.tempted to blow it up when they couhl
hot ve if, but their powder train had ]3een wshed
with wtter, aml they failed. The Spniards, for once
honourably ctreful of English interests, cme along
the shore from Gravelines alone, since no one joined

II6 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

them from England, and aLLempLed in Lhe face of
overwhehning odds fo force fleir way ino the own ;
bu hey v«ere driven back, and Wentxvorh, feeling
ha further resist.ance would lead o useless slaughter,
demanded a parley, and afer a shor discussion
ceped he terres of surrender offered by Guise. The
garrison and bhe inhabittms of Calais, amouning in
all, men, women and children, to 5,000 souls, were
permied t,o ter.ire fo England wifl their lives, an,!
not,hinff more. Wenworth and fifty ot.hers were
remain prisoners ; flac own, with ail that iL conaine,l,
was o be given up o he conquerors.
On t.hese conditions he Enfflish "laid down t.heir
arms and t.he French roops entered. The spoil was
enormous, md t.he plunder of St. Quenin was not
unjusly revenged: jevels, plae and money were
deposied on the algars of he ehurehes, and the
inhabitans, carl'ying" vith them the clothes which
hey wore, were sent as homeless beggars in the en-
suing week aeross ghe Channel.
Then only, when if was too lat.e, the queen roused
herself. As soon as Calais had detànit.ely fallen, all
he English eounies were ealled on by proclamation
to contribuée their musers. Then all vas haste,
eagerness, impetuosiy; flmse who had money were
to provide for those who had none, till " order eould
be taken "
The Viee-Admiral, Sir William Woodhouse, was
direeted to go instantly fo sea, pressing everyt.hing
tha would ttoa, and lwomising indemnity fo the
owners in the queen's naine. Thiry flmusand men
were rapidly on their way to [he eoas ; he wêaher
had all along been elear and fros[y, wih eahns and
lighg eas[ winds, and glae sea off Dorer was swiftly
eovered wih a miseellaneous erowd of vessels. On

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, I557-58 x x7

the lOth came the queen's command for the army to
cross to Dunkirk, join the Duke of Savoy, and sve
Guisnes.
But the opportunity which had been long offered,
and long neglected, vas nov altogether gone; the
ships were ready, troops came-and-arms came, but a
change of weather came also, and westerly gales aud
storms. On the night of the lOth a gale blev up from
the soth-west which raged for four days : such vessels
as cou]d face the sea slipped their moorings, and ruade
their way into the Thames with loss of spars and rig-
ging ; the hulls of the test strewed l)over beach with
wreeks, or were swallowed in the quicksands of the
Goodwin.
The efl'ect of this lst misfortuue on the queeu was
fo produoe utter prostration. 8torlns may rise, vessels
may be wreeked and excellent enterprises may surfer
hindranee by the eommon laws or eommon chances
of things; but the queen in every large occurrence
imagined a miracle ; Heaven she believe,l was against
her. Though Guisnes vas yet standing, she ordered
Woodhouse fo collect the ships again in the Thames,
" forasmuch as the principal cause of their sending
forth had eeased "; and on the 13th she eounter-ordered
the musters, and sent home all the troops which had
arrived af Dorer.
Having given way fo despondeney, the Court should
have eommunieated with Grey, and direeted him fo
make terres for himself and the garrisons of Guisnes
and Hammes. In the latter place there vas but a
small detaehment ; but af Guisnes were eleven hundred
men, who might lose their lives in a desperate and now
useless defenee. The disaster, hovever, had taken
away the power of thinking or resolving upon any-
thing.

r x8 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

If must be said fcr Philip that he recognised more
clearly and discharged more faiOffully the duty of
an English sovereign than the queen or the queen's
advisers. Spanish and Buundian troops were called
under arms as fast as possible ; aud when he heard of
the gale he sent ships from Autwerp and Dunkirk fo
bring aeross the English army. But when his trans-
ports arrived af Dover they round the men ail gone.
Proclamations wcnt out on the 17th fo call them back ;
but two days after t.here was a counter-panic and a
dread of iuvasion, an,1 the perplexed levies were again
tohl that they lnusf relngin af home. o if went on
fo the end of the month; the resolution of one day
alternated with the hesitation of gle next, and nothing
was done.
The queen's government had lost their heads. Philip,
having done his own part, did hot feel if incumbent
on him fo risk a hattle with inferior nunlbers when
those who vere more nearly concerned were contented
to he supine. Guisnes, therefore, and ifs defenders
were left fo their rate.
On Thursday, the 13th, thê Duke of Guise appeared
before the gares. The garrison could have beeu starved
out in a month, but Guise gave Engbmd credit for
energy, and would not run tlm risk of  blockade. To
reduce the extent of his lines, Grey abandoned the
town, burnt the houses and withdrew into the castle.
The French ruade their approaches in form. On the
lnorning of Monday, the lîth, they opened tire from
two heavily armed batteries, and by the lniddle of the
day they had silenced the English guns, and ruade a
breach which they thought practicable. A stonning
party ventured an attempt; after sharp fighting the
advanced colum had fo retreat; but as they drew
back the batteries re-opened, and so eflgctively that

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, 1557-58 9

the coming on of night alone save(l the English from
being drivên af once, and on the spot, from their
dêfences. The walls were of he old sort, consruced
when t.he ar o[ gumel'y was in is iffacy, and brick
aud stoue crumbled o ruins before he heavy cannon
which had corne laely ito use.
Under sheltcr of the darkness earthworks were
hrown up, which proved a bèter proection ; bu he
French ou their side plaued oher batteries, and all
Tuesday and Weduesday thc terrible-bolnbardment
was coutinued. The ohl walls were swept away; the
ditch was choked with the rul)bish, and was hut a
foot lu depth ; the Frcnch treuches had been advauced
close fo it.s edge, and on We«luesday afternoon twelve
COml)anies of Gascons and Swiss agaiu dashed at the
breaches. The Gascons were the first; he Swiss
followed "xvith a stacly leisure "; and a ]lan.l-o-haud
figh beg'an all along he English xvorks. The guns
froln a single tower, which had been left sanding',
causing loss o the assailans, if was destroyed by
the bateries. The figh coninued ill nigh, when
darkness as before put an end fo if.
The earhworks could be again rèpaired, bu the
powdcr began o rail, and his loss was il'reparable.
Lord Grey, going his rounds in the dark, trod upon a
sword poin, and was wounded in he foot. The day-
ligh brought the enelny again, who now succeeded in
lnaking themselves lnasers of the outer line of defence.
Grey, crippled as he was, when he saw his men give
way, sprung o he {op of the rampart, "wishiug God
tha some sho would take him ". A soldier caug'ht
him by he scarf and pulled him down, and ail tha
vas left of the garrisou fell back, carlTing their
commander with theln into he keep. The gae was
ralnmed close, but Guise could now finish his work af

I20 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

his leisure, and had the English al his merey. He sent
a t.rulnpeter in tle evening o propose a parley, and
the soldiers insisted that if reasonable terlns eould be
llad they should be aeeepted. The extremity of the
position was obvious, and Grey, as we bave seen, was
no stranger fo the lav of arms in sueh cases. Hostages
were exehanged, and t.he next morlfing the two eom-
manders met in the French calnp.
Better terres were offered by Guise than had becn
granted fo Calais- -Grey, Sir Henry Pahncr and a few
otcers were fo consider themselves prisoners; the rest
of the gai'tison lnig-ht depart with their al'lUS, and
"every man a erown in his purse". Grey dema.nded
that they shouht luareh out with their colours flying;
Guise refused, alld aller ai1 hour's discussion they
separated without a conclusion.
But the soldiers vere insensible fo nice distinctions ;
if they had the reality, they were hot particular about
the form. Grey lectured theln on the duties of honour ;
for his part, he said, he would rather die under the red
cross than lose il. The soldiers replied that their case
was desperafe ; they would not be thrust into butchery
or sell their lires for vain glory. The dispute was al
ils height when the Swiss troops began fo lay ladders
to the walls; the English refused fo strike another
blow ; and Grey, on his own rule, would have deserved
fo be executed had he persisted longer.
Guise's terlns were accepted. He had lived fo re-
pay England for his spear wound al Boulogne, and
the last remnant of the continental donfinions of the
Plantagenets was gone.
Measured by substantial value, the loss of Calais was
a gain. English princes were never again to lay clailn
fo the crown of France, and the possession of a fortress
on French soil was a perpetual irritation. But Calais

THE LOSS OF CALAIS, I557-58 I2I

vas called the "brightest jewel in the English crown "
A jewel if was, useless, costly, buç dearly prized. Over
the gare of Calais had once stood the insolent inscrip-
tion :--

Then shll the Frenchmn Clis win,
When iron nd led like cork shll svim :

and the Frenchmen had n'on if, von if in fair and
gallant fight.
If Spain should rise sud,lenly into ber ancient.
strength and tear Gibraltar from us, our mortification
would be faint compared to the angib of humiliated
pride with which the loss of Calais distracted the
subjecçs of Queen Mary.

THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, 1563.

PEACE ",vas signed in France on the 25th of March, and
notice was sent fo Warwick that the purpose of t, he
war being hapl)ily accomplished, he was expected fo
withdl'av from Harre.
The prinee,  however, was unwilling fo press matters
fo extrelnity. On the 8th of April he protested in a
seeond and more graeious message that neither by him
nor by the admiral had the town been plaeed in
English hands ; })ut he obred, in the nale of hilnself,
the queen-regen{ and the entire nobility of France fo
renew solemnly and forlnally the clause in the Treaty
of Cambray for the restoration of Calais in 1567 ; fo
repay Elizabeth the money whieh she had lent him,
and o adroit he English o free trmle and intereourse
with ail parts of Franee.
Conhl Elizabeth have emperately eonsidered the
value of these proposais she wouhl have hesitated
belote she refused them; but she was irritated a
having been outwitted in a h'ansaetion in whieh her
own eol)due had hot been pnre. The people, with
the national blindness o everything but their own
injuries, were as lutions as the queen. The garrison
a{ Havre was only anxious for an opportunity of
making "the Freneh eoek e W euek " They prolnised
Elizabet.h tha "the least molehill about ber town
should no be los without many bloody blows"; and

1 Of Condé.--A.

THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, I563 I23

when a fev days later there came the certaiuty that
they would really be besieged, they prayed "that the
queen vould bend her brows and wax angry t the
shameful treason "; " the Lord Warwiek and ail his
people wouh_l spend the last drop of çheir blood before
the Freneh should [asten a foot in ble town ".
The French inhabiLant.s of Havre had ahnost setLled
fle difficulçy for themselves. Feeling no plcasure,
whaçever Oey mighç aflcç, in having "thcir
enelnies" among theln, they Ol)ene,1 a covrespoudence
wit, h tire Rhingrave. A l)easanç l)assing the gares
with a l»tskeç of chickens was ol)served fo bave some-
flfing undcr his clothes. A few sheets of white pal)er
was all which çle guard couhl discover; 1)uç t.hese,
wheu hehl ço çle tire, revealed a cospiracy ço mur,[er
Warwick and admiç çlae French army. The towns-
people, lnCn, womcn and children, were of course
insçanfly expelled ; and the English garrison in soliçary
possession worked night and dty to prepare for thc
impending sçrnggle.
If was viçl no pleasure çlaaç Con,14 felç himself
obliged ço tm-n againsç Elizabeth çhe al-nly which
her own moncy had ssisted him ço raise. She had
auswered his proposais by semling ço Paris a copy of
the rçicles which both çhe prince ud çhe adlniral
had subscribed. "No one flfing," she said, "so much
oflnded her as their unkind dealing afçer ber friend-
ship in çheir extremity ;" while Sir Thomas Smith,
on çhe other side, described Condé as a second king
of Navarre going the way of Baal Peor, and led
by "Midianiçish women ". Yeç, had Elizabefl's own
dealings been free from reproach, iç was impossible
for Condé, had he been ever so desirous of it, ço make
çhe immediaçe resçoraçion of Calais a condition of
peace. Had the war been foughç out vith çhe supporç

1 2 4 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

of England in the field fil] the Catholics had been
crushed, even then his own Huguenots woul,l scarcely
have permitted the surrender. Had he held out upon
if when the two factions were left standing so evenly
balanced, he would have enlisted the pridc of France
against himself and his cause, and i,lentified religious
freedom with national degradation. Belote moving
on Htvre he ma, le another effort. He sent )I. de
Bricquemaut to explain his position and fo renev his
oflbrs enlarged fo the utmost which he could venture.
The young king wrote himself also acceptiug" Elizabeth's
declaration that.hcr interfcrence ha,l been in no spirit
of hostility fo France, entreating thaç she would con-
tinue her generosity, and, pcace being ruade, recall her
forces. The ratification of the treaty of Cambray was
promised agaiu, with "hostages af her choice" for
the fulfihnelt of if, ri'oto the noblest familles in
France.
But if was ail in vain. Elizabeth af first vould
hot see Bricquemaut. She svore she would bave no
dealings with "the false Prince of Condé," and desired,
if the French king had any message for ber, that if
should be presented by the ambassador, Paul de Foix.
When de Foix waited on her with Charles's letter she
again railed ab the prince as "a treacherous, iuconstant,
pejured villain". De Foix, evidently instructed fo
make an arrangement if possible, desired her if she did
hot like the prince's terres fo naine ber owu conditions,
and promised that they should be carefully considered.
Af first she wouM say nothing. Then she said she
would send her answer throuffh Sir Thomas Smith;
then suddenly she sent for Bricquemaut, and told him
thaç " her rights fo Calais being so notorious, she
required neither hostages nor satisfaction; she would
have Calais delivered over ; she would have lier money

THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, 563 125

paid down ; and she vould keep Havre till both vere
in her han,ls".
Bricquemaut with, lrew, replying briefly that if this
vas her resolution she must prepare for war. Once
more de Foix wa. ordered fo make a final eflbrt. The
council gave him the saine ansver which Elizabeth had
given fo Bricquemaut. He replied that the English
had no right to demand Calais before the eight years
agreed on in the treaty of Cambray were expired. The
council rejoined that the treaty of Cambray had becn
broken by the French themselves in their attempt to
enforce the claires of Mary Stuart, that the treaty of
Edinburgh remained unratied, and that the fortifica-
tions at Calais and the long leases by vhich the lands
in the Pale had been let proved that there was and
could be no real intention of restoring it; "so that it
was lawful for the Queen to do any manner of thing
for the recovery of Calais; and being corne fo the
quiet possession of Hvre without force or any other
unlawful means she had good reason to keep it"
On Bricquemaut's return Catheriue de Medici lost
hot a moment. The troops of the Rhingrave, which
had watched Havre through the spring, wel'e reinforced.
The armies of thê prince and of the Guises, lately in
the field against each other, vere united under the
Constable, and lnarched for Normandy.
In England ships vere hurried fo sea; the western
eounties were alloved fo send out privateers to pillage
French colnmerce; and depôts of provisions were
established af Portsmouth, with a daily service o"
vessels between Spithead and the mouth of the Seine.
Recruits for the garrison were raised wherever volun-
teers could be round. The prisoners in Newgate
and the Fleet--highwaymen, cutpurses, shoplifters,
burglars, horse-stealers, "tall fellows" fit fol" service

i26 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

--were drafted into the army in exchange for the
gallows; an,l the council doterlnine,l fo maintain in
Havre a constant force of six thousand lnen and a
thousand pioneers, suNeient,, it was hoped, with the
help of the flcet and the eommaml of the sea, fo defy
the utmost whieh France eouhl do.
Every day t, lwre was now fighting ramer the walls
of the town, and the first sueeesses were with the
English. Fifty of tho prisoners taken af Caudcbeeque,
who had sinee worked in the gMleys, killed their
c«qtfin and carried their vessel into Havre. A sharp
action foll,wc,l wit, h the l[hing,'ave, in vhich the
Fl'cneh lost rourteen hundl'ed men, and the English
eomparatively ew.
[Inf«wt.unately young Tl'emyne was among the
killed, a speeial favourite of Eiizaheth, who had
distinguished himsclf at Leith, the most gallant of
the splemlid hand of youths who had beèn driven
into exile in her sister's rime, and had roved the seas
as privateers. The quecn was prepred for war, but
hot for the eost of war. She had resented the ex-
pulsion of the Freneh inhabitants of Havre: she had
"doubted" if they were driven froln their homes
" whether God would be eontented with the test that
would follow "; she was lnore deeply aflçeted with the
death of Tremayne; and Warwiek was obliged to
tell her that war was a rough gaine; she lnust hot
diseourage her troops by finding fault with measures
indispensable to sueeess; for Trelnayne, he said,
"men came there fo venture their lives for her
Majesty and their country, and muet stand fo that
whieh Goal had appointed either fo lire or die".
The English had a right to expeet that they eould
hold the town against any foree whieh eould be brought
against them; while the privateers, like a troop of

THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, 1563 I27

wolves, were scouring the Channel and chasing French
tradcrs fron the seas. One uneasy symptom alone
betrayed itself: on the 7th of June Lord Warwiek
reported tha a ste'ange disease had appeared in t.he
garrison, Of whieh nine nlen had sud,lenly died.
But t.he intimation ercated lift, le alal'm. For thl'ee
more weeks the English Court remabmd sanguine,
and alked hOt only of keeping Havre, but of earrying
t.he war deepcr ino Normandy. "I was yesterday
wit, h the Queen," wrote De (.uadl'a  on thc 2ml of
July. "She sai¢l she was aboug fo send 6.000 a¢[,li-
tional troops across thc Chmmel, an, l the ll'cnel
shoul«l pcrhaps find he war hrough to their own
doovs. Cecil and thc admiral sail the samc to me.
They have fi)Ul'teen ships well arlned and lnamed
besides their transports, and every day they grow
lnore eager an,l exasperafed."
But on flaf day news was on fhe way whieh
al)ridged these large expcetations. "The strange
disease "was fhe plague ; and in the elose and narrow
street.s where 7.000 men were paeked fogether alnidst
foul air and filth and summer heaf, if seffled ,lown o
ifs feasf of death. On the 7th of June if was firsf
nofieed ; on fhe 27th the men were dying" af fhe rate
of sixty a day; fhose who fell ill rarely reeovered ;
fhe fresh water was eut off; and the tanks had failed
froln droughf. Ïhere was nofhing o dl'ink bug wine
and eider; fhere was no fresh meat, and t.here were
no fresh vegetables. The wifidmills were oufside fle
walls and in fhe hands of fhe euemy; and though
fhere was eorn in plenfy the garrison eould hot grin,l
if. By the 291 of June fhe deafls had bcen rive
hundred. The eorpses lay unburied or floated roft.ing

 Spanish ambassador in England.--A.

I28 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

in the harbour. The officers had chiefly escaped ; the
common men, vorse fed and vorse lodged, fell in
swathes like grass undcr the scythe, and the physi-
cians died af their side.
The Prince of Con,l,, notwithstanding the last
ansver fo de Foix, ha,l written on the 26th of June
a very noble lctter fo Elizabeth. " To prevent war,"
he said, "the King and Queen, the Princes of the
blood, the Lords of the Council, the whole Parliament
of Paris, wouhl renew the obligation fo restore Calais
af the eight years' end. If was an offer which the
Queen of Englan,l couhl accept without stain upon
her honour, an,l by agreeing" to i she would prove
that she had engaged in the quarrel with a chier eye
fo the glo T of God and the maintenance of the truth."
Elizabeth had fiercely refused; and when this
terrible news came from Havre she could not--
would not--realise ifs meaning. She would send
another army, she wouhl call out the musters, and
feed the garrison from them faster than the plague
could kill. Cost what it would Havre should be held.
It was but a question of men, money and food; and
the tarnished faine of England should be regained.
And worse and vorse came the news across the
water. When June ended, out of his seven thousand
men Warwick round but three thousand rit for duty,
and the enemy were pressing him closcr, and Mont-
morency had joined the Rhingrave. Thousands of
vorkmcn vere throwing up trenches under the walls,
an,1 t, housands O[ vomen were carrying and wheeling
earth for them. Of the English pioneers but sixty
remained alive, and tlle Freneh eamlon were already
searehing and sweeping the streets. Reinforeements
were hurried over by hundreds and then by thousands.
Hale, vigorous English countrymen, they were landed

THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, 1563 129

on that fatal quay: the deadly breath of the de-
stroyer passed upon them, and in a few days or hours
they fell down, and there were none fo bury them,
and the commander could but clamour for more and
more and more.
On the llth of July but fifteen hundred men were
left. In ten days more at the present death rte
Warwick stfid he wouhl have but three hundred alive.
All failed except English hearts. " Notwithstanding
the deaths," Sir Adrian Poynings reported, " their
courage is so good as if they be supplied with men
and victual they trust by God's help 3-et to withstand
the force of the enemy and to rendcr the Qucen a good
account thereof." Those who went across front England,
though going, as they knev, to all but certain death,
"kept their high courage and heart for the service"
Ship after ship arrived ai Havre with ifs doomed
freight of living met), yet Warwick wrote that still
lais numbers waned, that the newcomers were hot
enough to repair the waste. The ovens were broken
with the enelny's shot, the bakers were dead of the
plague. The-besiegers by the middle of the month
were closing in upon the harbour lnouth. A galley
sent out to keep them back was shot through and
sunk with its crew under the eye of the garrison.
Gn the 19th their hearts were cheered by large arrivais,
but they were raw boys from Gloucestershire, new
alike to suttring and to arms. Calmon had been
sent for front the Tower, and cannon came, but they
were old and rusted and worthless. "The worst of
ail sorts," wrote Warwick, " is thought good enough
for this place." It was the one complaint which at
last was wrung from him.
To add fo lais difflculties the weather broke up in
storms. Clinton had twenty sail with him, and three
9

3 o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
thousand men ready fo throw in. If the fleet eould
have lain outside the harbour the ships' guns could
have kept the approaches open. But a south-west
gale ehained Clinton in the Dmvns; the transports
whieh sailed from St. Helen's eould hot show behind
the island, and there was a fear that the garrison, eut
off from relief, mig-ht have 1)een overpowered in their
weakness and destroyed.
Too late for the emerg'eney, and still with sullen un-
willingness fo yield, the (lueen on the 20t.h sent over
Throgmorton fo aeeept Condé's terres. But the Freneh
Court vas with the besieging arlny, and knew the
eondition of Warviek's troops too well fo listen. The
harbour was by that rime elosed ; the provisions were
exhausted; çhe Freneh undersçood their power and
meant fo use if. Warwiek, ordered as he had been fo
hold the plaee under all conditions, " was prepared fo
die sword in hand" rather than surrender without the
tlueen's permission ; but in a few days af latest those
whom t, he sword and pestilence had spared famine
would make an end of. Fortunately Sir Franeis
Knowles, who was in eommand af Pol'tsnmuth, had
sent o the Court fo say that they musç wait for no
answer from Franee ; they must send powers instantly
fo Warwiek fo make terres for himself. A general
attaek had heen arranged for the norning" of the 27th.
L()rd Warwiek knew that he wouhl be unable fo resist,
and with the remnant of his men was preparing the
evening before fo meet a soldier's death, when a boat
stole in with letters, and he reeeived Elizabeçh's
permission fo surrender af the last extremity.
War, plague and storm had done their work, and
had done it vith fatal eflïeaey. Clinton was ehafing
helplessly af his anehorage "while the Freneh were
lying exposed on the beaeh af Havre ". He eould hot

THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, 563 131

reach them, and they could but too effectually reaeh
Warwick. Knowing that to delay longer was to expose
the handful of noble men who survived with him fo
inevitable death, and himsclf wounded and ill, the
English gencral sent at once to thc Constable to make
terres. Thê Constable wouhl hot abuse his advntage,
and on the 29th of July Havre was restored fo France,
the few Engqish t«'oops remaining being allowed to
depart vith their arms and goods umnolested an,1 at
thcir leisure.
The day after the wettther ch;mged, and ('linton
arrived fo find tht all was over, and that Warwick
himself was on board a transport ready fo sail. The
queen-lnother sent M. de Lignerolles on board Clinton's
ship fo ask him to dine with ber. He excused him-
self umlcr the plea that he could hot leave his lnen
but he said to de Lignerollcs " tlmt the plague of
deadly infection had done for them that which all tbe
force of France could never have ,lone"
Thus ended tbis tmlmppy enterprise in a ,lisaster
which, terrible s it seemed, was more ,lesiml)le for
Engqand than success. Elizabeth's favouring star had
prevented a con, luest from being consummated which
would have involved her in interlninable war. Had it
hot been for the 1)lague sbe lnight have hel,l Havre;
but she couhl have hehl it only at a cost which, before
mmy yea were over, wouhl have thrown her
exhausted and easy prey a he fee of Philip.
The firs though of Warwiek, ill as he was, on
reaehing Porsmouth was for his brave eompanions.
They lmd reurned in nfiserable plig, and he wroe
o tire eouneil ¢o beg ¢ha hey migh Le eared for.
Bu there was no occasion o remind Elizabeth of sueh
 duy as this : ha, l she been allowed she woul, l have
gone a once a the risk of infeeion'o thank hem for

3 2 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

their gallant« T. In a proclamation under her own
hand she commended the soldiers who had faced that
terrible sieg.'e to the tare of the country ; she entreated
every ffm,t.leman, shc commanded every oncial, ecclesi-
ast.ical or civil, in the reahn fo sec fo their necessities
"le.st God punish them for their unmercifuhess "; she
insisted vith generous forethought " that no person
should have any .a'rudffe af those poor captains and
soldiers because the town was ren,lered on conditions ""
"she woul,1 have if known and undcrstood that there
wanted no trnth, courage, nor manhood in any of
thcm from fhe highest t,o the lowest"; " they would
have wit.hst.ood t,he French fo the utmost of their
lires: but iç was thought the parb of Christian
wisdom hot fo telnpt the Ahuighty fo contend with
t, he inevitable mortal enemy of the plague"
Happy woul,1 if bave been had the loss of Havre
ended the calamities of the smmner. But çle garrison,
scattering to their bornes, carrie,l the infect.ion through
En.a'land. London was t.aint.ed already, and with the
heat and drouffht of Augst the pestilence in town and
village hehl on ifs deadly way.
The eruption on the skin which was usual vith the
plague does nbt seem fo bave attended this visitation
of if. Thc first sympt.om was violent lever, burning
heat alternating with fits of shivering; the mouth
then heeame dry, the tongue parehed, with a prieking
sensation in the breast and loins: headaehe followed
and languor, with a desire t.o sleep, and after sleep
came generally death, " for the heart did draw t.he
poison, and the poison by its own malice did pieree
the heart" When a man felt hilnself infeeted " he
did first eommend himself fo t.he highest Physieian
and eraved merey of Him" Where he felt pain he
was bled, and lin çhen drank the "«qz¢e co-t9"« peste, "

THE SURRENDER OF HAVRE, i563 i33

--the plague water--buried himself in his bed, and
if possible perspired. To allay his thirst he was
alloved sorrel-water and verjuice, with slices of
oranges and lemons. Light food--rabbit, chicken or
other bir, l--was taken often and in small quantities.
To prevent the spread of the contagion the houses and
Stl-eets and staircases were studiously cleane,l; the
windows were set wide open and hung with fresh
green boughs oI" oak or willow; the tloors were
strewed with sorrel, lettuce, roses and oak lcaves, and
freely and frequently sprinkled vit.h spring water or
else svith vinegar and rose-water. From cellar t.o
garret six hours a day the houses were fumigated
with sandalwood and musk, aloes, ambcr and cinna-
mon. In the poorest cottages there were rires of
rosemary and bay. Yet no rêmedy availed to prevent
the mortalit.y, and no prêcaution to check the progress
of the infect.ion. In July the deaths in London had
been two hundred a week; through the following
month they rose swiftly to seven hundred, eight
hundred, a thousand, in the last week of the month
to two thousand; and at that rate with scarcely
a diminution the pêople continued to die t.ill the
November rains vashed the sewers anti kelmels clean,
and he fury of he disorder was spen.
The bishops, aribuing the calaa,fiy o supernatural
causes, and seeing the cause for the provocation of the
Ahnighy in he objecs which exciêd their own dis-
pleasure,laid the blame upon Oae theares, and petiioned
thê Government o inhibit plays and amusemens.
Sir William Cecil, no charging Providence ill man
had donc his par, round the occasion tacher in the
dense crowding of the lodging-houses, "by reason tha
the owners and enants for greediness and lucre did
ake uno them ot.her inhabians and t'alnilies fo dwell

I34 SELECTI()NS FROM FROUDE

in their chambers"; he therefore ordercd that "every
house or shop shouhl have but one lnaster and one
family," tu,ci that aliens and strangers ,,shouhl
l'OlllOVt.
The danger alarmed the council into leniency to-
wards the State prisoners. The Tower was êlnptied.
The Catholie pr,.lates were distributed among the
bouses of their rivais and sueeessors ; Lady Catherine
Gl'ey was eommitte,l fo the eharge of her father's
brother, broken in health, hearg and spirit, praying,
but pl'aying in vain, t.hag " her lord and husband might
be restorel to h.r," and lining • slowly towards the
grave into whieh a few years latèr she sank.
The victims who died of the plag'ue were chiefly
obscure.

THE MURDER OF DARNLE¥, 1567.

ST. MARY'S-IN-THE-FIELDS, called commonly Kirk-a-
Ficld, was a rooflcss a«l ruined church, stan, ling just
inside the old town walls of E, linburgh, at thc north-
western corner of the prescrit collcge. A,ljoinilg if
there stoo,1 a quadrangular buihling which ha,1 af
rime belongcd fo the l)ominican mouks. The nort, h
front was bui]t along t, he cdge of thc slope which
descends fo the Cowgate ; thc south si,le contained a
low range of unoccupicd rooms which had been" priests'
chambers"; the east consisted of offices and servants'
rooms; the principal apartments in the dwelling into
which the place hal bcen convel-ted werc in thc western
ving, which complctcd the square. Under the vindovs
there was a narrow strip of gl'aSs-plat dividig the
housc from thc town wall ; and outsidc the wall were
gardens into which there was an opening through t, he
ccllars by an underground passage. The principal gate-
way faced north and led direct into thc qua, h'angle.
Here if was that Paris 1 round Bothwell with Sir
James Balfour. He dclivered his letter and gave his
message. The carl wrotc a fcw words in rcply.
" Colnmend me fo the Quccn," he said as he gave the
note, "and tell her that all will go well. Say that
Bal four and I have hot slept all night, that cverything
is arranged, and that the King's lodgings are rcady for

1 ]othvell's page.--A.

t36 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
him. I have sent her a dialnond. YOU may say I
vould send lny heart too were if in my power--but
she has if already."
A few more wor, ls passe,l, and fro,n Bothwell Paris
went to Maitland, who also wrote a brief answer. To
the verbal «lUeStion he answered, "Tcll her Majesty
fo take t,he King fo Kirk-a-Field"; and with these
replies the messenger rode baek through the night fo
lais lnistrcss.
She was hot up when he arrive, l; ber impatience
eonld hot rest till she was dressed, and she reeeived
him in bcd. He gave his letters and his message. She
asked if there was anything further. He answel'ed
that Botlnvell bade hiln say "he wouhl have no rest
till he had aeeolnplished their enterprise, and that for
love of her he would train a pike ail his lire". The
queen laughed. " Please God," she said, " if shall hot
eome fo that."
A few honrs later she was on the road with ber
vietim. He eould be moved but slowly. She was
obliged to test with him two days af Linlithgov ; and
if was hot till the 30th 1 that she was able fo bring him
fo Edinburgh. As yet he knev nothing of the change
of lais destination, and supposed that he was going on
fo Craig'millar. Bothwell hovever ,,,et the cavalcade
outside the gares and took charge of it. No attention
was paid either fo the exclamation or relnonstrance;
Darnley was informed that the Kirk-a-Field bouse
was most co,venie,t for him, and to Kirk-a-Field he
was conducted.
"The lodgings" prepared for him were in the west
wing, which was divided from the rest of the bouse 1» 3-
a large door af the foot of the staircase. A passage

'Of January, 1567.--A.

THE MURDER OF DARNLEY, 567 37

ran along the ground floor from which a room opened
xvhieh had been fitted up for t.he queen. Af the head
of the stairs a similar passage led first fo the king's
rooln--which was ilnmediately over t.hat of the queeu
--and further on fo closets and roolns for the
servants.
Here if was t.hat Darnley was established during the
last hours whieh he was fo know on earth. The keys
of the doors were giveu ostentatiously fo his groom of
the ehambel', Thomas Nelson; the Earl of Bothwell
being ah-eady in possession of duplieat.es. The d,»or
from the eellar into the garden had no lock, but
servants were tohl t.hat if eouhl be seem'ed with bolts
from within. Ïhe rooms themselves had been eoln-
fortably furnished, and a halMSOlne bed had been set
up for the king with new hangings of black velvet.
The queen however seelned fo think t.hat they would
be injured 1)y the splashing from l)arnlcy's bath, and
desired that they might be t.aken down and change&
Being a pcrson of ready exl)cdients too she suggested
that the door af the bottom of the staircase was hot
required for protection. She had if taken down and
turned into a cover for thê bath-rat; "so that there
was nothing lêft fo stop the passage into the said
chaluber but only thê port.al door"
After this little attention she left lier husband in
possession ; she intended herself fo sleep from tilne fo
tilne there, but lier own room was not 3"et ready.
The fm-ther plan was still unsettled. Bothwell's first
notion was fo telnpt Darnley out into the country somê
Sulmy day for exercise and then fo kill him. But
"this purpose was changed because if would be known";
and vas perhaps abandoned with the alteration of the
place from Craignfillar.
The queen lneanwhile spent her days at lier husband's

I38

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

side, watching over his convalescence with seemingly
anxious tttgction, and returning only fo slcep al Holy-
rood. In the starry evenings, though il was midwinter,
she would go out into the garden with Lady Reres, and
"there sing and use pastime". Aller a few days her
apartment al Kirk-a-Field was ruade habitable; a bed
was set up therc in which she could sleep, and par-
ticular directions were given as fo thc part of the room
where il was fo stand. Paris through Solne mistake
misplaced il. " Fool t.lmt you arc," the queen said fo
him when she saw il, " the bed is hot fo stand there ;
lnove il yondcr to the othcr side." She perhaps lneant
nothing, 1,ut the words tfterwal'dS seemed ominously
siglfificant. A powder bu'rel was to be lighted in that
room to bh)w the house and cvevy one in il into the
air. They had pltced the bed on the spot where the
powdcr was to stand, immedittely below the bed of the
king.
Whatever she meant, she contrived when il was
moved to 1)tss two nights there. The ol)ject was fo
make it appeal" as if in what was to follow her own lire
had been ailned al as well as her husband's. Wednes-
day, the 5th, she slept there, and Friday, the 7th, md
then ber penance was allnost over, for on Saturday the
thing was to have been done.
Among the wild youths who followed Bothwell's
fortunes three were round who consented fo be the
ilstrumelts--young Hay the Laird of Tallo, Hepburn
of Bolton, and the Laird of Orlneston--gentlemen re-
taincrs of Bothvell's house, and ready for any desperate
adventure. Delay only created a risk of discovery,
and the earl on Fl'i&y al'ranged his plans for the
night ensuing.
Il seems however that al t,he last lnoment there was
an impression eitht«" hat the powder lnight rail or that

FHE MURDER OF ])ARNLEY, 1567 139

Darnley could be more conveniently killed in a scuftte
with an appearance of accident. Lord Robert Stuart,
Abbot. of St.. Cross, one of James the Fifth's wil,1 brood
of children whom the Curch ha, l provided with lan,1
and title, ha,l shared in past timcs in tbe kin's riots,
and retaining somc regard for him ha,l warned the
poor crcature to be on his guard. Darnley, making
love to destruction, tohl the qucen ; and Stuart, know-
ing that his own lire might pay the forfcit of his
tert'erence, either received a hint. that he nlight 1,uy
his pardon by doing the work hilnsclf, or else dcnicd
his words and ofl)re,1 to make the king lllaillaill }lelll
a the swor, l's poing. A duel, couhl it lc mariage,l,
would remove ail difficulgy ; and Boghwell would take
tare hmv ig should end.
Somehing of his kiud vas in conelupla¢ion on
Sat.urday night, and the explosion was dcferred in eon-
sequenee. The queen that evening at Holyroe,l hade
Paris tell Bothwell " that the Abbot of St. Cross shouhl
go to he king's rooln and do what the earl knew of "
Paris earried the message, and Bothwell answered,
"Tell he Queen that I will spcak o St. Cross and
then I will see ber'"
But this too eame fo nothing. Lord Robert ven,
and angry words, aeeor,ling fo some aeeotmts, were
exehanged between hiln and Darnley ; but a siek lnan
unable to leave his eoueh was in no eondition to eross
swords ; and for one more night he was perlnited to
survive.
So at last eame Suuday, eleven lnonths exaetly from
the day of Rizzio's murdcr ; and Mary Stuart's words,
t.hat she would never test till that dark business was
revenged, were about fo be fulfilled. The Earl of
Iurray, knowing perlmps what was eoming, yet
unable fo interfere, had been long waiting for an

• I4o

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

opportunity to leave Edinburgh. Early that morning
he wrote to his sister to say that Lady Murray was |Il
at St. Andrew's, and that she wished him to join her ;
the queen with some reluctance gave him leave fo go
It was a high day at the Court: Sebastian, one
of the lnusicians, was married in the afternoon to
Margaret Cawood, Mary 8tuart's favourite waiting-
woman. Whe the service was ovel', the queen rock
an early supper with the Bi,hop of Argyle, and after-
ward,, accompanied by Cassilis, Huntly and the Earl
of Argyle, she went as usual to spend the evelfing
wiih lier husband, and professed fo intend to stay the
night with hiln. The hours passed on. 8he was
lnore than commonly tender; and Darnley, absorbed
in lier caresses, paid no attention fo sound in the
room below him, wh|ch had he heard theln might
bave disturbed his enjoyment.
At ten o'clock that night two servants of Bothwell,
Powrie and Patrick Wilson, came by order to the earl's
apal-tments in Holyrood. Hepburn, who was waiting
there, pointed to a heap of leather bags and trunks
upon the floor, wh|ch he bade them carry to the gare
of the gardens at the back of Kirk-a-Field. They
threw the load on a pair of pack-horses and led the
way in the dark as they were told ; Hepburn himself
went with theln, and st the gare they round Bothwell,
with Hay, 0rme8ton, and another person, lnUt-lXted in
their cloaks. The horses were left standing in the
]ane. The six men silently took Ihe bags on their
shouh|ers alld carried them to the postern door wh|ch
led through the town wall. Bothwell then went in
to join the queen, and tohl the test to make haste
with their work and tlnish it bèfore the queen should
go. Powrie and Wilson were dismissed; Hepburn
and the three others dragged the bags through the

THE MURDER OF DARNLEY, I567 4

cellar into Mary St.uarts room. Tbey had intendcd
to put the powder ino a cask, but the door was oo
narrov, so they carried i as it vas and pourc, l if ou
lu a heap upon ¢he floor.
They bhtudered in the darkness. Bothwell, who
was list.euing in the room al)ove, heard t]tem st.um-
l>ling af their work, and sto]e down fo warn them fo
be silent ; but 1)y t.hat f, ime all was in ifs place. The
,lark mass, in which the fire-spirit lay imprisoned, rose
dimly from the grouml; thc match was in ifs place,
and the earl gli,le, l 1)ack fo the ,lueeVs si,le.
If was now past midnight. Hay and tlepl)url werc
fo romain wi{.h the powder ah»ne. "You know what
you have fo do," Ormeston whispered ; " wheu all is
quiet abovc, you tire the cml of the lint and corne
away."
With these words Ormeston passed stealthily into
the garden. Paris, who had 1)ee assisting in the ar-
rangement, went Ul>stairs t.o the king's room, and his
appearance was thc signal concerted 1)eforehaml for
the party fo break up. Bothwell whispéred a few
words in Argyle's ear; Argylé touched Paris on the
1)ack significant.ly : there was a pause--the length of
a Paternoster--when the «lueen suddenly recollected
that there was a masque an,l a dance at t.he palace
on the occasion of the marriage, and that she had
promised fo be prescrit. She rose, and with many
rcg'rets that she could hot stay as she intende,l, kissed
her husband, put a ring on his finger, wished him
good-night, and went. The lords followed her. As
shê left the room, she said as if by accident, " If was
just. this rime last year that Rizzio was slain "
In a fêw moments the gay train was gone. The
queen walke,t back to the glittering halls in Holy-
rood; Daruley was ]eft alonc with his page, Taylor,

142 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

who slept iii his room, and his two servants, Nelson
and Edward Seymour. Belmv in the darkness,
Bothwell's two followers shivel'ed beside the powder
heap, and listened with hushed breath till all was
still.
The king, flough it was lire, was in no mood for
sleep, and Mary's last words sounded awfully in his
ears. As soon as she was gone he went over "her
lnany speeehes," he spoke of lier sort words and her
earesses whieh had secmed sineere, "but the lnention
of Davie's slaug'hter lnal'rcd ail his pleasure "
" What will she do ?" said he, "it is very lonely."
The shadow of death was ereeping over hiln ; he was
no longer the randoln boy who two years before had
eome fo Seotland filled with idle dl'eams of vain
alnbition. ,%_'orrow, su[-t.ring, disease and fear had
doue their work. ïhat night, before or after the
queen's visit, he was said fo have opened the Prayer-
book, and to have read over the 55th Psahn, whieh by
a strange eoineidenee was in the English serviee for
the day that was dawning.
True or false, such was the tale at the rime; and
the words have a terrible appropriateness.
" Hear lny prayer, 0 Lord, and hide not thyself froln
my petition.
" My heart is disquieted within nie, and the fear of
death is fallen upon me.
"Fearfulness and trembling are COlne upon me, and
an horrible dread hath overwhehned lne.
:' It is not an open enemy that hath done nie this
dishonour, for then I could have borne it.
"It was even thou, my companiou, my guide and
my own familiar friend."
Forlorn victim of a cruel ageI Twenty-oue years
old--no more. Af the end of an hour he went to bed,

THE MURDER OF DARNLEY, 567 43

with his page aS his side. An hour laser they Swo
vere lying ,tead in the gar, ten l»eyon, l She vall.
The exact faets of the nmrder ;vere never known
only aS t«vo o'eloek that. Monday morninff a "crack "
was hear, l whieh mme the drowsy eiçizens of E, lin-
burg'h çurn in t.heir sleep, and brouffhç down all thaç
side of Balfour's house of Kirk-a-Field in a eonfuse, l
heap of dusç and ruin. Nelson, the sole survivor, venç
ço bed and slepç when he left his masser, and " knew
nothing" çill he foun,l the house falling abouç him";
Edward Neymour was blown in pieces; bus Darnley
and his page were round fOl'çy yar, ls away un,let a
çree, with "no sign of tire on them," and wit.h Lheir
eloflaes seattered aL their si,le.
Some said thaç they were smot.hered in their sleep ;
some çhaç they were çaken down inço a sçable and
"virried "; some çliaL " hearing çhe keys graçe in ghe
doors below filera, çhey sçarted from their l)eds and
were flying down elle stairs, when they were eauhç
and sçrangled ". Hay and Hephurn çohl one eonsistenL
sçory fo the fooç of çlae seaflbld: When the voiees
were silenç overhead they liç çlie match an,1 fled, loek-
ing the doors behind çhem. In the g'arden they round
Boçhwell waçehing with his friends, and they waited
çhere çill She house blev up, when they ruade off and
saw no more. Iç was flmughç however çlaaç in dread
of çorçure they lefç the whole ,_lark çrut.h untold ; and
over the events of t.haç nig'hL a hon-ible mist still hangs
mpeneçrated and unpeneçrable for ever.

I44

THE ASSASSINATION OF MUHRAY, 1570.

ALTHOUGH fO the Catholics, fo fle frien,ls of Mary
Stuart,, fo t]m friemls generally of anarchy and the
right of every man o do as he pleaseda large elass
af this rime in Scotlandthe administration of Murray
was in every way deçestable, yet the disinterested in-
tegrity of his charaeter, the activiçy and equity of his
governmcnt, had commandc,l respect even from those
who mosç disliked him. They might oppose his poliey
and haçe his principles, buç personal il]-wil], as he had
never deserved iç from any one, had never hitherço
been fe]t towards him, exeept by his sister. The arrest
of Nort.humber]and, and the supposed intention of
surrendering him fo Elizabeth, had ca]led ont a spirit
against him which had noç before existcd, and an
opportunity was created for his destruction whieh had
bcen long and anxiously watched for.
The i)loç for the lnurder was originally forlned in
Main Stuarç's household, if she herse]f was hot the
prime mover in iç. The person seleeçed for the deed
was Jalnes Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh, nel>hew of
çhe Arehbishop of Sç. Andrews and of the Duke of
Chatelherault. The eonduet of the Hamilçons for the
past ten years had been uniformly base. They had
favoured the Reformaçion while there was a hope of
marrying the heir of their bouse fo Elizabeth. When
this hope failed, they tried fo seeure Mary Sçuart for
him; and when she deelined the !mnour, thought of

ASSASSINATION OF MURRAY, i57o i45
earrying-her off" by force. The arehbishop had been
a party o the murder o[" Darnley. He ha, l divoreed
Bothwell and helped the queeu fo marry him, in the
hope that she would ruin herself. When she was af
Lochleven the house of Hamilton would bave voted
for her ,leath if their title fo the crown had been
rccognised. Had they won af Langside she was fo
have repaid their service by marrying the Abbot of
Arbroath.
A steady in,liffcrcnce fo every interest but their
ovn, a disregard of every obligation of justice or
honour, if they couhl sccure the crown of Scotland fo
their lineage, had given a con.istency fo the conduct
of the Hamiltons beyond what was fo be round in any
other Scottish family. No scruples of religion had
disturbed them, no loyalty fo their sovereign, no care
or thought for the public interests of their country.
Through good and evil, through truth and lies, through
intrigues and bloodshe,1, they worked their way to-
wards the one object of a base ambition.
Murray was the great obstacle. With Murray put
out of the way the little James vould not be long a
difficulty. For the present and for their immediate
convenience they were making use of Mary Stuart's
name, as she for ber own purposes vas making use
of theirs. The alliance would last as long as was
convenient, and af this point they vere united in a
common desire for the regent's death.
Bothvellhaugh had been taken af Langside. His
life was forfeited, and he had been pardoned by Murray,
against the advice of those who knew his nature and
the eflhct which generosity would produce upon him.
His lands had been escheated and taken possession of,
his family were removed from his house, and pictur-
esque visions of a desolate wife driven out into the
IO

146 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

woods fo wander shelterless bave served in the eyes
of Mary Stuart's admirers fo justify the vengeance
of a half-maddened husband. But the story tests on
legend. Sueh indeed had been the aetual l'are of Lady
Murray when Mary Stuart was in the flush of her
sueeesses after hcr marriage with Darnley; but the
Cstle of Hamilton was large enough fo l'eeeive the
househohl of so near a kinsman of its ehiefs, and
Bothwellhaugh was the wi|ling instrument of a crime
whieh had been eoneerted between ]la T Stuart's
followers and the sons of the Duke of Chatelherault..
Assassinat.ion was an aeeomplishnlent in his family.
John Hamilton, a notoriols desperado, who was his
brother or near relative, had been employed in France
smularly
fo murder Coligny, and, ," • enough, af that
very lnomênt Philip II., who valued sueh services,
had his eye upon him as a person who might be sent
fo look after--so Phi|ip pleasantly put it--the Prince
of Orange. The cavalier would have taken with the
Utnlost kindliness to the oeeupat.ion, but his reputation
for sueh atroeities was so notorious that Philip was
advised fo ehoose some one against whom the prince
wouhl be less likely fo be upon his guard.
Einburgh hot ottbring eonvenient opportunities, an
intinlation was brought fo Murray, that if he would go
fO Dunlbarton Lord Fleming was ready to surrender
the eastle. He went as far as Glasgov, but only fo
find that he had been misled, and he rèturned after a
fèw &ys to Stirling. Bothwellhaugh had been on the
wateh for hinl at more than one spot upon the road,
but he llml been unable to make eel'tain of his aire,
and he did hot mean fo risk a failure. Creumstanees
requiring the r%ent s presenee again in Edinburgh,
he left Stirling on the afternoon of the 22nd of
January, and that night slept af Linlithgow. The

ASSASSINATION OF MURRAY, 57 o 47

town then consiste,1 of one long" lltrl'OW st.reet. Four
doors beyond the regent's lodgings was a bouse
belonging" fo the Archl)ishop of St. Andrews which
was oeeupied by one of his dependents. From the
first landing'-plaee a win,low opened upon the ste'cet,
the stairease lea, ling direetly ,lown from if fo the lSaek
garden, at the en,1 of which was a lane. A wooden
baleony tan along outside the bouse on a ]evel with
the window. If was railed in front, and when elothes
were ]rang upon the b,rs they fo,',ned a eonve,,ient
sereen behind whieh a lnan eouhl easily eoneeal himself.
Here on the - "
nloinnlg of the 2:h'd erouehed llamilton
of Bot.hwellhaugh. The Abbot of Arbroath had lent
him his own earbine ; the best horse in the stables of
Hamilton C, astle was af the garden gare in the ]ane,
a second was waiting a toile distant., and any one who
rode down the st.reet in the direet.ion of Einbnrgh
would bave fo pass within three yards of/he assassin's
hiding-plaee. "l'he secret had hot been kept with en-
tire fidelity. Some one, if was hot known who, came
fo ilurray's bedside belote he rose, tohl him that
Bothwellhaugh was 13,ing in wait for him, and named
the house where he wouhl be round. But ilurray
was the perpetual ohjeet of eouspiraeies. He reeeived
similar warnings probably on half the ,lays on which
he went abroa.d. He had ruade up his mind fo &rager
as part of his position, and he had eeased fo heed if.
He had no leisure fo think about himself, and whether
he lived or died was hot of vital moment fo him. He
paid just suflïeient attention fo the warning fo propose
to leave the town by the opposite g'ate; but when he
came out and monnted his horse, he round his guard
drawn up and the street hot easily passable in that
direction, and he thought too little about the marrer
to disturb them. It was said that he would have

I48 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

started af a gallop. But the people were ail out fo
look at him. To bave ridden t'ast through the crowd
would have becu dangerous, and so a a foo's pace he
passed in fron of Bothwellhaugh. To miss him so
was impossible.
The shoç was firedhe pu his hand o his side and
sai,l t.ha he was woun,led ; buç ho was allie fo aligh,
an,1 leaninff on Lord Sempell he l'êf.urned fo the bouse
which he had just left. He llad Ieen hit "above t.he
navel at the hut,toning of the ,louhlçt . The ball
ha, l passed t, hrou'h him and kille, l a horse on the
othcr si, le." In the confusion the murdcrer escaped.
The elot.hes upon the rail coneealcd the smoke, and
minutes passed 1)efore t.he wiudow was discovered
fr, m which the shot had been tire& Parties of men
were on guar, l in t.he lane to defend him if he was in
danger; but their help was hot required, and in a
few hours he himsclf had brought, t.he news of his
success to Hamilton Cst.le, where he was received
with an ecstasy of exultation. Thence a day or t«vo
after he ruade his way to Fl-tnce t.o receive the thanks
of Mai T Stuart, and to lire upon the wages of this
and other villanies.
The regent did hot at first believe that he was
seriously hurt, but on examination of the wound, it
was seen that he had but a few hours fo lire. His
frien,ls in their bitter grief reminded him of the advice
which he had neglect.e,1 after Langside. He said
eallnly that "he could never repent of his clemency"
With t.he sanie modest quietuess with which he had
lived he lnade his few arrangements. He commended
the king to Sempell and hlar, and "without speaking
a reproachful word of alay man," died a little belote
midnight.
Many a political atl'ocity has disg'raced the history

ASSASSINATION OF MURRAY, 57 o 49

of the British nat.ion. It is a question whet.her among
t]lem all therc can be found any vhich was more uscless
to ifs projeetors or more misehievous in ifs immediate
eonseluenees. If did hot bring baek liary Stuart.
If did hot open a road fo the t.hrone t.o the Hamiltons,
or t.urn baek the ride of the Reformat.ion. It flung
only a deeper tint of ig'nominy on his sister and her
friends, and it gave over Seotland fo three years of
misery.
With a perversity seareely less than the folly whieh
destroyed his lire, his memory ]las heen saerifieed fo
sentilnentalisln; and t.hose who eall sec only in the
Protestant religion an uprising" of Ant.iehrist., and in
the Queen of Seots the beautiful vietim of seetarian
iniluit.y , have exhausted upon lIurray the resourees
of elotluent vituperat.ion, and have deseribed hiln as
a perfidious brother huilding" up his own fortunes on
the wrongs of his injured sovel-cign. In the eyes of
theologialiS, or in the eyes of historians who tke
their ilSpil'açion from theolog-ieal systems, the saint
changes into the devil and the devil into the saint, as
the point of view is shiftel from one ereed to another.
But faets prevail af la.st, however passionate the pre-
dilection ; and when the verdict of plain human sense
ean get itself pronouneed, the "good Ilegent" wil]
take his place alnong the best and greatest men vho
have ever lived.
)leasured by years his eareer was wonderfully brief.
He was twent.y-five when the English were at Leith;
he vas thirty-flve when he was killed. But in tilneS
of revolution men mature qiekly. His lot ha,1 been
east in the midst of convulsions where, at any nioment,
had he eared for persolal advantages, a safe and pros-
perous course lay open to him : but so far as his eonduet
eau be traeed, his iuterests were divided only bet, ween

I50

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

duty fo his country, duty, as he understood if, fo God,
and affection for his unfortunate sister. France tried
in vain fo bribe him, for he knew that the truc good
of Seothmd hy in alliance and eventual union with
its aneient enemy ; an,l he preferred tobe used. trifled
vith, or trampled on by Elizabeth fo being the trusted
and valued friend of Catherine de Mediei. In all
Europe there was hot a man more profoun,lly truc
to the prineiples of the 1Reformation, or more eon-
sisgently--in the best. sense of the wor, l--a servant
of God. His house was eompared to"a holy temple,"
where no foui word was ever spoken. A ehapter of
the Bible was read every day after dinner and supper
in his family, t)ne or more ministers of the kirk
were usually among his guesgs, and the conversation
ehiefly turned on some serious subjeet. Ye no one
wtts more free from sour au.sterity. He quarrelled
once vith Knox, "so that they spoke hot together
for eighteen months," beeause his nature shrunk from
extremity of intoleranee, beeause he iusisted tha while
his sist.er remained a Catholie she should hot be inter-
dieted from the mass. The hard convictions of the
old reformer were .justified by the result. The mass
in those davs meant intrigue, eonspiraey, rebellion,
murder, if nothing else would serve; and better it
would have been for Marr Stuart, better for Seotland,
better for the broa, l welfare of Europe, if it had been
held af arln's lengt.h while the battle lasted, by every
country from whieh if had once been expelled. But
the errors of Murray--if it may be so said of any
errors- deserved rather fo be admired than eon-
denmed. IIi t.he later differenees whieh arose between
him and the queen, he kept at lier side so long as he
eould hohl her baek from wrong. He resisted her by
force when in marrying Darnley she seemed plunging

ASSASSINATION OF MURRAY, i57o i5i
into ail elenent in whieh she or the Reformation would
be wrecked : and when he failcd anal in failiug vas
disowned wit] insnlt8 by Elizaheth, he alone of all
his party never swerved t]n'ough persona] resentnlel
from the even tenol" of his course.
Afterwards, when his sister turned aside from the
pui-suit of thrones fo ]ust and crime, )lurray took no
part in the wild revenge whieh followed. He with-
drew from a seene where no hononrable llltll eould
relnain with lire, and returne,1 only fo save ber from
.iudieial retribution. Only at last when she f,)reed
upon him the ttlternative of treating ber as a publie
enemy O1" O[ abandoning Scotlan,1 fo almrchy and
ruin, he took his final post af the head of all that was
good and noble anlong his eountrymen, and thel'e met
the fate whieh from that moment was mtrked out for
• As a ruler he vas severe but inflexibly .iust. The
corruption whieh ha,1 begun at the throne had satu-
rate,1 the courts of law. In the short leisure whieh
he eonld snateh froln his own labours he sat on trials
with the judges ; and" his presenee struek sueh rever-
enee into them tlmt the poor were hot oppressed by
false accusations, nor tired out by long attendanee,
nor f.heir causes put off" {o gratify the rieh ". He ltad
his fatler's virtues without his father's infirmities;
and so with sueh poor l'esourees as he eould eommand
af home, wi{h lmllow support from England, and eon-
eenfrating upon his own person the malignity of
politieal hatred and spurious sentiment, he held on
upon his road till the end came and he was taken
away.
Seotlan,l was struek fo the heart by his detth. The
pa{hetie intensity of popular feelin R" foun,1 expression
in a ballad whieh was published ai. Edinburgh immedi-

52 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

ately ai'ter Murray's death. It was vritten probably
by Robert Lord Selnpell, on whose arm he lent after
he was wounded.
The strife of faction was hushed in the great grief
which fell on all in whom generous feelinF, was not
utterly extinguishe,l. Those who ha,l been loudest in
their outeries ag'ainst him were shamed by his loss into
forg'etfulness of their petty grievanees, and desired
only fo revenge a crime whieh had a second rime
brought dishonour upon their country.

THE MASSACIE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 1572.

THE Foundcr of Christianit.y, whcn Ho sent. the
Apostles into the worhl to preach thc (]ospcl, gave
them a singular warning. They wcre t,o bc the
bearers of good ncws to lnankind, and yet Ho said
He was hot comc fo scnd peace on earth, but a sword
H was corne to set house against, house and kin-
dred against kindred--the son would dcliver up his
father o death, the hlçher his sister, the lnother the
chihl; the strongest ries of natural affection would
wither in the tire of lmte which His words were
aut o kindle. The prophecy, which referred in
the first instance to the strug-lc between the new
religion and Judaic bigot, ry, has fulfilled itself con-
tinuously in the history of the Church. Whenever
the doctrinal aspect of Christianity has been pro-
minent al)ove the practical, whenever the first duty
of the believer bas been held to COlmist in holding
particular opinions on the functions and nature of his
Master, and only the second in obeying his Master's
commands, then always, with a uniformity lnore re-
markable than is obtained in any other historical
phenomena, there have followed dissension, animosity,
and in later ages bloodshed.
Christianity, as a principle of life, has been the
most powerful check upon the passions of mankind.
Christianity as a speculative system of opinion has
converted them into monsters of cruelty. Higher

I54

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

than the angels, lower than the demons, these are"
the two aspects in which the religious man presents
himself in ail rimes and countries.
The first burst of thc Reformation had taken the
Catholic powers by surprise. It had spread like an
epidemic from town to tow, and nation to nation.
No conscientious man could pretend that the Church
was what if ought fo be. Indiscriminate resistance
to ail change was no longer possible; and with no
clear 1)erception where fo stand or where t.o yiêld,
hall the educated worM had been swept away by the
stream. But the first force had spent itself. The
reformers had quarrelled among themselves; the
Catholics had recovered heart t'fore their opponents'
divisions; thc Council of Trent had given them
gq-ound o stand upon ; and with clear conviction, and
a unity of creed and purpose, they had set themselves
steadily, with voice and pen and sword, fo recover
their lost ground. The enthusiasm overcame for a
rime the distinctions of nations and languages. The
Englishman, the Frenchman, the Spaniard, the Ita|ian,
the Germm, remembered only that he was a son of
the Church, that he had one toaster the Pope, and
one enemy the heretic and the schismatic. In secular
convulsions the natural distrcss af the sight of human
suffering is seldom entirely extinguished. In the
great spiritual strugNe of the sixteenth century
religion ruade humanity a crime, and the most hor-
rible atrocities were sancified by the belief that they
were approved and commamled by Heaven. The
fathers of the Church af Trent had enjoined the
extirpation of heresy, and the evil army of priests
thundered thc accursed message from every pulpit
vhich they were allowed to enter, or breathed if with
yet more fatal potenc in the confessional. Nor were

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEV, 1572 155

the other side slow in learniug the lesson of hatred.
The Lutheran and the Auglicau, hovering between
the two extremes, might attempt fol-bearalce, but
as the persecutiug spil-it grew among the Catholics
European Protestantism assumed a stronger and a
sterner type. The Çatholic on thc authority, of the
Church ruade war upon sl)i'ital rebellion. The
Protestant believed himself commissioned ]ike the
Israelites fo extinguish the worshippers of images.
" No mcrcy to thc hcretics" was the wat.chword
of the Imluisition : "the idolaters shall die " was the
auswering t.hulder of the disciples of Calvin; and
as the death-wrestle sprea, l from l«md fo land, each
party strove fo outbid the other for Heaven's favour
by the ruthlcssness with which they carried out its
imagined behests. Kings and statesmen in some de-
grec rctained the balance of their reason. Coligny,
Orange, Philip, even Alva himself, endeavoured af
rimes fo check the frenzy of their followers; but the
multitude was hehl back by no respousibilities ; their
creeds were untempered by other knowledge, and they
couhl indulge the brutality of their natural appetites
without dread of the Divine displeasure ; while alike
in priest's stole or Geneva (,',wr,, the clergy, like
a legion of furies, lashed theln into wilder mad-
IlPSS.
On land the chier suflhrers had been the Protes-
t.:nts" on the sea they had the advantage, and had
used if. The privateers had for the most part disposed
swiftly of the crews and passengers of their prizes.
Prisoners were inconveuient and dangerous; the sea
told no tales, aud the dead did hot corne back. With
the capture of Brille and Flushing the black flag had
1)een transfcrred fo the shore. Sir Humfrey Gil-
bert, followiug the practice which he had learnt in

56 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Ireland, hung the Spaniards as fast as he cauffht
them. The Hollandcrs ha, l shown no mercy to the
priests; they had been the instruments of Alva's
Blood Council, and the measure which they had dealt
was dealt in rcturn to them. The Prince of Orange
crossed thê Rlfine in July, coming forward towards
Mons. He took Rm'cmondc by assault, and the
monks in the abbeys and priories there were instantly
murdered. Mechlin opened ifs gares fo him, and
after Mechlin some othcr neighbouring towns fol-
lowed the example; in ail of them the prince could
not prevent his cause from being dishonoured by the
same atrocities.
While these scenes were in progress the admiral
and Count Louis were preparing for the gq-eat campaign
which was fo end in the expulsion of the Spaniards,
the death or capture of Alva, and the liberation of the
Low Countries. For the French Govermnent to go to
war with Spain as the ally of the Prince of Orange
would be equivalent to an open declaration in favour
of their own Huguenots; and with examples of the
treatment of their brethren before them, the French
priests and monks had reason to be alarmed at the
prospect of Calvinist ascendency. The Paris clergy,
confident in the support of the populace, had denounced
throughout the summer the liberal policy of the king.
One of them, de Sainte Foix, in the very Court itself,
had held out the story of Jacob and Esau to the am-
bition of the Duke of Anjou ; and the favour shown
to Count Louis, the alliance with excommunicated
England, and the approaching marriage of the Prin-
cess Margaret had hot tended to moderate their
vehemence. The war was pronouuced to be impious ;
the Catholic king was fulfiIling a sacred duty in crush-
ing the enemies of God ; and those who would have

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOME'W, 572 I57

France interfere fo save them vere denounced as
traitors to Holy Church.
Yet as the weeks passed on, it seemed as if all their
exertions wouhl be wasted. The traditions of Francis
I. were not dead. The opportunity for revenging St.
Quentin and tearing in pieces the treaty of Cambray
va splendidly alluring. The Catholic leaders, Guise,
Nevers, Tavannes, even Anjou himself, clamoured and
threatened, but Clmrles was carried avay by the
tclnptation, and pel'haps hy nobler motives. Coligny
said that whoever was a'ainst /he war was 11o true
Frenehlnan, aml the Court appeal'ed fo agrce with
Coligny. The Prineess Margal'et's lnarl'iage, ira|e-
pendent of ifs political l)eal'ing, was in itself a «lefimcc
of the Paptey. Plus V. had rel'used zbsolutely to
allow or sanction if till the King of Navarre was
reeoneiled fo the Chureh. Plus had died in the May
preeeding, but his sueeessor, Gregory XIII., had main-
tained the objection, and thoug'h less peremptory, had
attached conditions fo his COllSellt fo which Charles
showed no signs of submiting.
The only ulmertainty rose from the attitude of
England. Catherine de Mediei had aequieseed in the
war, with the proviso from the first t.hat France and
England shouhl take up thé quarrel together. As the
Catholie opposition inereased in intensity, Elizabeth's
support beealne more and more indispensable. If the
king risked the honour of France alone in a doubtful
cause, and experieneed anything like disaster, what-
ever else happened his own ruin was certain. As
soon therefore as i was diseovered that Elizabeth was
hot on]y playing with the Alençon marriage, but was
treating seeretly with Alva fo make her own ad-
vantage ou of he erisis, he queen-mother's resolution
gave vay--or raher, for resoluion is hot a word to

5 8 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

be thrown away upon Catherine de Medici--she saw
that ",var was too dangerous fo he ventured. Religion,
in its good sense and in its bad sense, was equally a
word wihou meaning to her. She haed and she
despised Calvinism; i$ was a new superstition as
overbearing as ghe old, and wihoug the sauet.ion of
gradRionary existence ; ig had shaken her own power
and her son's throne, and though, if ig would serve
her purpose, she was ready fo make use of it, she was
no lcss willing, if ig st.ood in her way, o se ber foo
upon is neek. The impatience of $he Hu'uenots
wouhl hot endure ,lisal,pointmelt, and their own
safety was as lnuch involved as that of the Prince of
Orange in the intended campaign. The idea of a
general massacre of the Huguenots had been long
familiar fo the minds of the Catholics. If the project
on Flanders was abandoned, they knew that they
would be unable to lire in the ,listricts of France
where they were out-numbered, and they declared
without reserve that they would fMI hack into the
west, and there maintain their own liberties. But
the rcopening of the civil war was a terrible prospect.
Coligny still had a powerful hold on the mind of the
king. The queen-mother when she attempted fo
oppose him round her influence shaking; and even
she herself, as late certainly as the 10th of August,
was hesitating on the course which she should adopt.
On that day she was still cling-ing to the hope that
Elizabeth mi-ht still take Alenç.on ; it was only when
she fOUlld distinctly that it would not be, that she fe]l
back upon her own cunning.
The French Court had broken up in June, to re-
ssemble in August for the man-iage of the princess.
The admiral went down to Chatillon, and while there
he received a warning not to trust himself again in

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 572 59

Paris. Buç he dared noç, by absenting hhnself, impair
his influence with the king. His intentions Wel'e
thoroughly loyal. He said that he would rather be
torn by horses than distm-b again the internal peaee
of France ; and he had been many rimes vihin hear-
ing of the bells of Notre Dame with fewer friends
about hiln than he would fiml assembled in the eapital.
The retinues of the King of Navarre and the Prinee of
Condé, his own follovers, the trains of Roehefoueault,
Montgomery and Montmorency, the noblemen and
gentlemen of Languedoe and Poitou--all hese vould
be there, and these wcre the men who for ten years
had hchl af bay the united strength of Catholie Franee,
and vere now gathering in arms fo eneounter Alva.
If evil was intended towards them some other oppor-
tunity would be ehosen, and personal danger, at least
for the present, he eould hot antieipate.
Thus af the appointed rime the admiral returned fo
the Court, and notwithstanding Elizabeth's trieks, he
round the king unehanged. The Duke of Guise shook
hands with him in Charles's presenee, and Charles
again spoke fo him with warmth and eonfi,lenee of
the Flanders expedition. On the 18th of August the
great event eame off whieh the Catholies had tried in
vain fo prevent, and whieh was regarded as the symbol
of the intended poliey of Franee. The dispensation
from Rome was still withheld, but the Cardinal of
Bourbon ventured in the faee of ifs absence fo offieiate
af the eeremony in the eathedral. The sister of the
king beeame the bride of a professed heretie, and
when the prineess afterwards attended mass, her
husband ostentatiously withdrew, and remained in
the eloister. A few more days and Coligny would
be on his way to the army. Though England had
failed him, and might perhaps be hostile, the king

6o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

still meant fo persevere. The queen-mother had
tried all ber arts--ters, threats, entrcaties--and ai
rimes hot without ettb.ct. Charles's instincts were
generous, but his purpose was flexible, and his
character was hall formed. His mother had ruled
him t¥om the time that he had left his cradle, and he
had no high convictions, no tcnacity of principle or
vigour of will, to contend ag'ainst her. But there
was a certain element of chivalry al)out him which
enabled him to recog'nise in Coligny t.he noblest of
his snbjects, and he had a soldier's ambition to emulate
his father an,l grandfather. The Duke of Anjou,
who related afterwards the seeret history of these
momentous days, said that whenever the king had
been alo,e with the admiral, the queen-mother round
him afterwards eold and reserved towards herself.
Anjou himself went one day into his brother's eabinet ;
the king did hot speak fo him, but walked up and
dowll the room fingering his dagger, and looking as
if he eould have stabbed him. If the war was fo be
prevented, something lnust be done, and that promptly.
Guise, notwithstanding his seelning eordiality with
Coligny, was supposed to be meditating misehief, and
the king, by Coligny's adviee, kept the Iloyal Guard
under arms in the streets. Catherine, who hated both
their houses, ealeulated that by judieious irritation she
might set t.he duke and the admiral ai each other's
throats, and rid herself at onee of both of the too
dangerously powerful subjeets. The adlniral's own
deelaration had failed to persuade the Guises that he
was innoeent of the murder of the duke's father--
Polrot was still generally believed to have been
privately instigated by him--and Catherine intimated
to the Duehesse de Nemours, the late Duke of Guise's
widow, that if she would, she might have ber revenge.

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, i572 i6i
Were Coligny'killed, the king vouhl be again manag'e-
able. The Hugueuot, s wouhl 1)rol)ably take gI'lllS to
avenge his death. After a fcw days of fury a lit.tle
water would wash the blood from the streets of Paris,
and t.he catastrophe wouhl he explfiucd fo the worhl
as the last act of the civil war.
In becoming acquainted with the women among
whom she was cducated, we cease fo wonder af the
Queen of Scots" «lepravit, y. To thc duchesse the
assassiuation of the admiral was the delightful grati-
fication of a ludable desire. The 1)uke of Guise and
his uucle the Duke of Aumale were taken into couusel ;
an instrument was round in a man named Maurevert.
who had tried his hand already in the same enterprise,
and having failed, was eager for a new opportunity.
He was placed in a house between the Louvre and the
Rue de Bethisi, where his inended victim loded ;
and after waiting for two days, on Lhe mornin of
the 22nd, as he admiral was slowly walking pas,
reading. Maurevert succeeded in shoof.ing him. The
work was hot done effectually; the gn was loaded
wif, h slugs, one of which shaered a finger, he oher
lodged in an arm. The admiral was assisted home--
le house from which he sho vas fired was reco'nised
as belonging Lo the Guise family, and the assassin was
seeu galloping ouL of St. Autoine on a horse known
fo be Lhe duke's. The kin, when Lhe news reached
him, was playing temfis with Guise himself and
Teligny le admiral's son-in-law. He dashed his
racket on Lhe pavement, and weuL angrily fo Lhe
palace. avarre and Condé came o him fo say thaL
their lives were in danger, and o a,k permission o
leave Paris. The king said i was he who had been
wounded, and he would make such an example of the
murderers as should be a lesson o all posf, eriy. Condd
II

62 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

and ail who were afraid might corne fo the Louvre
for protection. Charles placed a guard af Coligny's
house: he sent his own surgeon fo attend him, and
went himself fo his bedside.
The ¢lucen-lnother and Anjou, hOt daring fo trust
the king out of t, heir sig'ht, aCCOlnpanied hiln. The
admiral desired fo speak fo Charles MOlle, and he sent
theln out of the room. When he followed them,
they pressed him fo tell them what Coligny had said.
Charles, after a pause, answered : " Ho said that you
two had too mueh hand in the management of the
State ; and, by God's death, he spoke true"
So passêd the 22nd of August. The next morning
Guise and Aumale ealne fo the palaee fo say that if
their presenee in Paris eaused uneasiness, they were
ready fo leave the eity; and the king bade them go.
His words and lnanner were so eompletely reassuring
that the Huguenot leaders put away their misgivings.
The Vidame of Çhartres still urged flight, distrusting
Çharles's power to protect theln ; but Çond6, Teligny,
Roehefoueault, 3lontgomel'y, all opposed hiln. To
retire would be fo leave the admiral in danger. His
wound appeared only fo have inereased the king's
resolution to st.and by him: and being themselves
most anxious fo prevent disturbanee and give no
eause of offenee, they would hot even permit their
followers fo wateh in the st.reets. A few hundred of
them para«led in al'ms in the aft.ernoon undêr the
windows of the Hôtel Guise; but hot a single set of
violence was eomlnitted fo excuse a Catholic rising;
and when they broke up st night, they left the eity
ostentatiously to the ordinary poliee and the Royal
Guard.
So far the queen-lnother's plot had failed. The
tMmiral was hot dead. The Huguenots had hot broken

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEN, 1572 163

the peace. The Guises were disgraced; and, if they
were arrested, they were likely fo rcveal the naine of
their instigator. That saine afternoon Catherine sent
for the Count de Retz, 5[arshal Tavanncs and the Duc
de Nevers fo the 'ardens of the Tuileries: all thcse
were melnbers of Charles's council, ardent Catholics,
and passionately opposed to the Spanish war. After
some hours' consultation, they adjourned, still un-
decided what to do, fo the king's cahinct. For many
years--ever since his fathcr's death--to get possession
of the king's pel"son lmd bcen a favourite schcme of
the Prinee of Cndc uld t.he admiral. They had wishe«l
t.o Sel)avare him from his Italian mother, fo hring him
up a Protestant, or fo keep him, af all events, as a
seenrity for their own safcty. The eonspiraey of
Amboise had heen followed onee, if not tviee, by
similar projeets. The admiral espeeially, ever prompt
and deeisive, was known throug'hout fo have reeom-
mended sueh a method of ending" the eivil war. That
af this partieular erisis a fresh purpose of the saine
kind was forlned or thought of is in itself extremely
improbable, and the Court afterwards entirely failed
fo produee evidcnee of sueh a thing. If is likely how-
ever that ilnpatient expressions tending in that diree-
tion lnight have been used by the admiral's friends.
The telnptation lnay easily have been great fo divide
Charles from his Catholie advisers af a tilne vhcn he
was himself so willing" fo be rid of their eontrol, and,
af all events, past examples gave plausibility fo the
suggestion that if might be so. With some proofs,
forged or real, in ber hand that he was in personal
danger, the queen-mother presented herself fo her son.
She toht him that af the lnoment that she was speaking
t,]e Huguenots were arming. Sixteen thousand of
theln intended fo assemble in the lnorning, seize the

164 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

palace, destroy herself, the Duke of An.iou, and the
Catholie noblemen, and earry off Charles. The eon-
spiraey, she sttid, extended through France. The
ehiefs of the eongregations vere waiting" for a signal
from Coligny to rose in every province and town.
The Catholies had diseovered the plot, and did not
mean fo sit sti|l fo be murdered. If the king refused
fo aet vith thcn, they would ehoose another leader:
and whatever happened, he would 1)e himself ,lêstroyed.
Unable t.o say t.h«tt the story eould l,Ot be true,
Charles looked inquiringly at Tavamaes and de Nevers,
and t.hey bot.h confirlne,1 the queen-mother's wor, ls.
Shaking his ineredulity with reminders of Anboise
and Ieaux, Catherine wellt Oll to say that one man
was the cause of all t.he troubles in t.he realm. The
admiral aspired to fuie all France, and she--she
admitt.ed, with Anjou and the Guiseshad eonspired
fo kill him to save the king and the country. She
dropped all disg'uise. The king, she said, must now
assist thêm or all would be lost. The flrst blow had
failed, but. it must be repeated af once. The admiral,
with the test of the Huguenot leaders, must die.
A grown man, in possession of his senses, would
have suspeeted t.he story from the proposal with wlieh
if ended. Had there been truth in if, the hands whieh
eould murder eouhl arrest: the eonspirators eould be
taken in their beds, and. if round guilty, eould be
legally punished. It was easy fo say however that
the Huguenots were present in sueh force that the
only safety xvas in surprise. Charles was a weak,
passionate boy, alone in the dark eonelave of iniquity.
Ne stormed, raved, wept, implored, spoke of his honour,
his plighted word; swore at one moment that the
admiral should hot be touded, then prayed them
to try offset means. But elear, eold and venomous,

MASSACRE ()F ST. BAR'I'HOI,OMEW, 1572 65

Catherine told him if ",vas too laie. If there was a
judicial inquiry, the Guises would shiehl themselves by
telling ail that they kuew. They wouhl bctray her;
they wouhl betray his hrother ; and, faMy or unfairly,
they would hot spare himself. Ho, might protest his
innocence, but the world would not helieve him. o For
an hour and a half the king continucd fo struggle.
" You refuse, then," Catherine said af last. "If if
be so, your Inother and your brothcr must care for
themselves. Perluit us fo go." '['he king scow]cd at,
ber. "Is it that you are afraid, Sire ? " she hissed iu
his ear.
"By God's death," he cried, springing lo his feet,
" since you will kill the admiral, kill them ail. Kill
ail the Huguenots in France, that llOi|e may be left fo
reproach me. Mort Dieu': ]çill them ail."
He dashed out of the cabinet. A list of those who
were to die was instantly drawn up. Navarre and
Condd were first included; but Catherine prudcnçly
rellected that to kill the Bourbons would make the
Guises too strong. Five or six names wcre ad, lcd fo
the admiral's, and these Gathêl'ine afterwards asserted
were ail thaç it was int, en,le, l should suttr. Een she
herself perhaps was not prepared for the horrors çhaç
would follow when thê mob were let loose upon their
prey.
Night had now fallen. Guise and Aulnale were
still lurking in çle ciy, and calne wih the Duke of
Montpensier at Caçherine's summons. The persons
who were to be killed were in dittrent parts of the
town. Each took charge of a district. Montpcnsier
promised to see to thê palace ; Guise and his uncle
undertook çhe admiral; aud below these, the word
went out to the leaders of he already organised
seetions, who had been disappoiuted once, but whose

166 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

hour was now corne. The Catholics were to recognise
one another in the confusion by a white handkerehief
ou the left arm and a whit, e cross in their caps. The
Royal (Ual-d, Cttholies fo  man, were instruments
ady ruade for t.he wm'k. Guise ttssembled the officers :
he told them that the Huguenots were pre])aring to
fise, ami that the king had orderel their instant
punishment. The oflicers asked uo questious, aud
desired no bett.er service. The busiuess was fo begin
af dawn. The signal would be t]m tolling of çhe g'reat
bell af he Palace of ,Justice, and thê first death was
fo be Co]igny's.
The soldiêrs sto]e fo their pot,s. Twelve hundred
lay along the 8eiue, between the river and the H6tel
de Ville; other companies watched af the Louvre.
As the darkness waned, the queen-mother went down
fo the gare. The stillness of the dawn was broken
by an accidental pistol-shot. Her heart sank, and
she sent ofl'a messenger fo tell Guise fo pause. But
if was too late. A minute later the bell boomed out,
and the massacre of St. Bartholomew had COlnmenced.
The admiral was feverish wit]l his womds, and had
hot slept. The surgeou and a Huguenot minister,
named 3Ialin, had passed the night with him. At t.he
rst sounds he imagined that there was an «;iteltlp Of
the Catholics af t.he Court ; buç t.he crash of ]ris own
gare, and shots and shrieks lu the court below the
window, told him that, whatever was the cause, his
own lire was in danger. He sat up in his bed. "3I.
Malin," he said, " pray for me ; I bave long expected
this." 8ome of his abtendants rushed half-dressed
into the room. " Gent.lemen, save yourselves," he
id fo them ; " I commend my soul fo my Saviour."
Tkey scattered, escapiug or trying fo eseape by the
roofs and balconies : a Germau servant alone remaiued

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 1572 16 7

with him. The door ws burst open immediately
after, and the officer who was in charge of the house,
a Bohemian servant of Guise, and a renegade Huguenot
soldier, rushed in with dr&wn swords.
" Are you the admiral " the Bohemian eried.
" I ara," replied Coligny ; " and, yomg man, you
shouhl respee my age and my wounds : buç the terre
of my lire does noç resç in the pleasure of sueh as
thou."
The Bohemian. with a eurse, stal,bed him in the
breasf, and sruek him agaiu on he heml. The
wimlow was open. " Is it done ? " eried Guise from
çle eom'ç below, "is it done ? Fling him
we may see him." 8till bl'eahing, the admiral was
hurled upon the pavemeng. The Bastard of Angou-
lême wiped the blood from his face to be sure of his
identity, and then kieking him as he lay, shouted,
" No far well. Courage, my brave boys ': now for the
test." One of the Due de Nevers's people haeked off
the head. A tope was knoççed abouç the ankles, and
çhe eorpse was dragged ouç inço the
howling erowd. Teligny, who was in the adjoining
bouse, had sprung oug of bed aç the first disurbanee,
tan down inço çhe eourç, and elimbed by a ladder to
he roof. From behin,1 a parapet he saw his faher-
in-law murdered, and, serambling on the tiles, eon-
eealed hilnself in a garreç ; bu he was soon t.raeked,
torn from his hiding-plaee, and hrown upon
sones wigh a dagger in his side. Roehefoueaulç and
he res of the admind's friends who lodged in the
neighbourhood were disposed of in çhe saine way, and
so eomplete was t, he ,surprise haç here was no the
mosç fainç at.temp aç resisanee.
Monpensier had been no less sueeessful in he
Louvre. The sçaireases were all beset.. The reçinues

168 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

of the King of Navarl'e and the prince had been lodged
in t, he paltce at Ç;harles's particular «lesire. "['heir
names were ealled over, a.nd as t.hey deseended un-
arlned ino the quadrangle hey were hevn in pieees.
There, in heaps, t, hey fell helow t.he royM window
under the eyes of fle miserable king, who was forced
t'orwal'd heween his mot.her and his l,rother thag
he migh be seen as he aceompliee of the mssaere.
los of he viefilns were killed upon he spog. Some
fled wounded up he stairs, and were slaught.cred in
fle presenee of t.he princesses. One gentleman rushed
bleeding int, o t, he apart.lnen of the newly-marl-ied
largaret, chmg t.o ber ,lress, and xvas hrdly save, l
1,y ber intereession. By seven o'eloek the work
which Guise an, l his imlnediate fritq,ls ha,l under-
taken was finished, wit, h bu one failure. The Cunt
Mont.gomel'y and t, hc Vidame of Chartres lo, lg'e,l in
the Faubourg St. Germain, across the water, on the
ouçskirts or" the town. A parçy or" assassins had been
sen fo dispatch t.hem, but had loitered on the way fo
do some privat.e murdering on their own accourir.
When the ncws reachcd Montgolnery that Paris was
up, he supposed, like Coligny, t.hat the Caflolics had
risen ag'ainst the Court. He tan doxw the river's
bank wit, h a han,lful of men behind him, opposite the
Tuileries, intending o cross fo help his friends" but
the boats xvel'e ail secured on the ot.her side. The
sohliers shot af hiln from under the palace. Ig was
said--it rests only on the xvort.hless attthority of
Brantomet.hat, (?harles himself in his frenzy slmtclled
a gun from a servaug and fired a him also. Mont-
gOlner" did hot wait for further explanation. He,
the Vidame, and a few others, spran¢ on their horses,
rode for heir lires, and escaped fo England.
The lnob lnemwhile xvas in full elkjOymeltf.. Lol,g

MASSACRE ()F ST. BAR'FH()I,()MEXV, 1572 69

possessed with the accursed fOl'lnulas of the priests,
they bclieved that th«. enemics of Go, l were givtu into
their haff, ls. While dukes and lords were kiiling al
the Louvre, the ban, ls of the sections imitated them
with more than success; men, women, ami even
children. Stl'iving which shouhl be the fil'st in the
pious w,)rk of murder. All Catholic Paris was al the
business, and evel T Huguenot househohl had neig'h-
bours to know and denounce them. Through street
and lane and quay and causevay the air l'an" with
yells and curses, pistol-shots and crashin K wimlows;
the roadways were strcwcd with mangle[ ])oiics, the
doors were blocked by the dea[ and dying. From
garret, closet, roof or stable crouchig crcatures were
torn shrickin K out, an, i stabbed and hacked al; boys
practised their hands by strangling babies in their
cradlcs, and headless bodies were trailed alon K the
trottoirs. Carts struggled through the crowi carrying
the dead in piles to the Seine, which, by special
Providence, was that morning in flood, h) assist in
sweeping heresy away. Under the sanction of the
grêat cause, lust, avarice, fear, malice an[ revenge, all
had free indulgence, and glutted themselves fo nausea.
Even the distinctions of creed itself became al last con-
founded ; and every lllall OF VOlllall WhO had a ,luarrei
fo avenKe , a lawsuit to sertie, a wife or husband grown
inconvenient, or a prospective inheritance if obstacles
could be removed, round a ready road to the object of
their desires.
Towards lnidday some of the quieter people at-
tempted to restore order. A party of the town police
ruade their way to the palace. Charles caught eagerly
al their oflbrs of service, and bade thcm do their utmost
fo put the people down ; but il was all in vain. The
soldiers, maddened with phmder and 1)lood, could hot

7 o

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

be brought fo assist, and without them nothing eould
1)e done. Ail that aftel'nOOn and night, and the next day
and the day after, the horrible scenes contilmed, till the
flames burnt dowll af last for want of fuel. The numl)er
who perishcd in Paris was eomputed variously fronl two
fo ten thousand. In this, as in all sueh instanees, the
lowest estimate is probal)ly the nearest to the truth.
The massaere was eompleted--eompleted in Paris,
ouly, as if proved, fo be eontinued elsewhere. If was
aSSUlnilg a forln howcver eonsiderably lal'ger than
anything whieh the eontrivers of if had eontelnplated ;
aud if beeame a question what explanation of sueh a
business shouhl be given to the worhl. The age was
hot tender-hearted ; 1)ut a scene of this kind was as )'et
Unl)recedented, an,l transccnded far the worst atrocities
which had been witnessed in the Netherlands. The
opinion of Europe wouhl require SOlne account of if,
and the Court af first thought that hall the truth
might represent thê whole. On the 24th, while the
havoc was af ifs height, circulars went round fo Che
provinces hat a quarrel had broken out between the
Houses of Guise and Coligny; that the admiral and
lnany more had been unfortunately killed, and hat
the king hilnself had beeu in danger through his efforts
fo control the people. The governors of the differen
towns were commanded fo repress af once any sylnp-
toms of disordcr which lnight show themselves, and
particularly ¢o allow no injury fo be done fo the
Huguenots. AUlnale and Guise had gone in pursuit
of MoutgomeT, and af the molnent were hot in Paris.
The queen-mother used the opportunity to burden
them with the entire responsibility. But ber genius
had overshot its mark, and she was hot to eseape so
easily. Guise returned in the eveuing to find the
odiuln east upon himself. He af onee insisted that

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 157 a 1 7 I

the circulars shouhl be recalled. The Parliament of
Paris was assemlled, and the king was coInl)elled to
mb,fit publicly that the troops had received their orders
from himself. The stol T of the Hu'uenot conspiracy
wes revived, systematised and supported by pretended
confessions lnade af the moment of death by men who
eould now ottbr no contradiction. The Protestauts of
the provinces, finding themselves denouneed from the
throue, were likely instantly fo take arms fo defend
t.helnselves. Couriers were therefore despatched with
seeoud orders that they shouhl be dealt with as they
had been dealt, with af Paris ; and at Lyons, Or]eaus,
Rouen, Bourdeaux, Toulou, Meaux, in hall the towus
and villages of Frauee, the bloody drama was played
over agaiu. The king, thrown out into the hideous
torrent of blood, beeame drunk with frenzy, and let
slaughter have ifs way, till eveu Guise hilnself atfected
to be shoeked, and iuterposed to put an end fo if ; not
hovever till, aeeording to the belief of the tilneS, a
hundred thousaud Ulell, wOmeu and chihlrel had been
lniserably murdered.
The guilt of sueh euormous wiekedness inay be
distinguished from its cause. The guilt was the
queeu-mother's; the cause was Catholie fanat.icisln.
Catheriue de Mediei had designed the politieal lllurder
of a few ineonvenient persons, with a wieked expeeta-
tion that their frimds in return lnight kill Guise and
his ulmle, whose power was troublesome to ber. The
massacre was the spontaneous work of theologieal
frenzy heated to the boiling poiut. No imaginable
arlny of murderers eould bave been provided by the
lnost aeeomplished eonspirator who would have exe-
euted sueh a work in sueh a vay. "Plie aetors in it
vere the williug iustruments of teaehers of religion
as sineere in their maduess as themselves. 'Plie equity

SEI.ECTIONS FROM FROUDE

of history requires that men be tried by the standard
of their rimes. The citizens of Paris and Orleans may
be 10ardoled if they were liOt more enlio-htened thali t.he
Sovereign l'ont.iii'of Christendon and the Most Catholie
King" of Spain. Philip, when the news reaehed him,
is said to have laughed for the first and only rime in
his lire. He was happy in heing saved from a eoln-
lfinat, ion whieh had threatened him with the loss of
Iris Low Countries. But a deeper source of gratification
fo him was t.he puhlie evideme that, his brother-in-law
no longer intemled fo ramper wit, h heresy, that France
was in no further «ianger of following Englmad into
sehi,sm, and that the seamless robe of the 8aviour wa.
hOt fo be parted tmOlg His executioners.
At, Rome, in the eirele of t.he saints, the delight was
even more unl)ounded. Where the 1)lood was flowing
t,he voiee of humanity eouhl hot utterly be st.ifled, and
expressions of displeasure 1)egan early to be heal'd.
the Holy City there was a universal outpourinff of
thanksgiving fo the Father who had taken pity on
His ehihh'en. The cannoIl were fired at St. Angelo,
the street.s were illulninated, Pope (;regory with lais
eardinals walked in proeession from sanetuary fo
sanetuary t.o offer their saeritiee of adoring" gratitude.
As, for an aet, of hostility eommitted rive eenturies
before, a proi)het of Israel eommanded the extermina-
tion of an entire nation; as then the baby was not
spared at, the breast, the lnother with ehild, the aged
and the siek were slaughtered in their beds--all mur-
«lered ; as the hideous fury was extended t.o the eattle
in the field, and all living things were piled tog'ether
in a gory mass of carnage: so another slaug'hter of
searee inferior horror had again been perpetrated in
the naine of religion, and the Viear of Christ, like a
second Sanmel, l)estowed upon the deed the espeeial

MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, 1572 173

blessing of the Almighty. The scene of the massacre
was pdnted by thc Pope's ordcrs, with u, inscription
imlnortalising Iris own gratification and aplwoval. H,.
sçruck a commemol'çive me, ld, wit.h o the ont si,h,
his ovn img'e, on çhe oçhcr t.he dcstl'oying
ilumoltçing thc Huguenots. He despatched Crdiual
Orsini ço I'«u'is t.o congrat.ulatc the king; and
assassins of Lyons, on whose hands the blood of the
ilmocents was scarcely dry, knelç before the holy man
in the cat.hedral as ho l)asscd çhrough, nd veccived his
al)ostolic llessilg. Such ws the .iulglnenç upon
massacre il thc Catholic world, where no Wol'hlly
intcresçs ohscul'ed the clearness of the SaCl'ed vision.

I74

THE ARREST OF CAMPIAN, 1581.

DURING the session of Parliamen Campian was hid-
ing in London, printing his T,' R,'(tsons .fo'" bei(l o
C, tholic, which wcre to complete the conversion of
England. He had a frien,l livin Oll the Harrow
Road, wholn he offert visitcd. His walk led him
past the Tyburn gallows, and, instinct elling him
what might one day befall him thel'e, he touched
his bat fo the ugly thing whenever he went by. The
Test Ec(tsos came ou, throwing Oxford, among
other places, ino an ecstasy of enthusiasm; and
Campian and Parsons, who ha.d been in London also,
then went into the country to the house of Lady
Stonor, near Hcnley. The publication of the book
had increased the determination of the Governmen¢
fo disarm and punish its author: bu the persecution
had created much general pity for the hunted Jesuits.
NotwithsLanding the threatened penalties, some Pro-
testants were found, of the milder sort, who concealed
hem from their pursuers ; and the care of their friends
and the wilful 1)lindness of the country gentlcmen had
hitherto served fo sc-een them. But the search was
now gvowing hot, and greater precaution had become
necessary.
Ai Lyford, near Abingdon, weny mlles from Hen-
ley, there was an ancien "moaed grange," he abode
of a Mr. Yates, a Catholic who was in confincment in
London. His wife was ai home, and with her were

THE ARREST OF CAMPIAN, 1581 175

eight Brigittine nuns, who ha,l goue fo Belgium on
the death of Queen Mary, but had returned on finding
that they had no persecution to fear, and were now
lingering out their lires and their devotions in this
Berkshire manor house, with the knoxvledge and con-
sent of the queen. The ladies, hearing that Campian
was in the neighbourhood, were extremely anxious
to receive the communion from him. They had two
priests in constant atteudance. They were hot in
waut of the SaCl'lliit'.llt,% and the ho)use being notorious
and likely fo l)e vatclic,l, lais appearance thcre was
thought uuuecessary and iniprudellt.
Parsons had rcsolvcd fo return alolic to London.
His companion he proposed to seud to Norfolk, where
the Catholics werc numerous and concealnient would be
easy. The nuiis however were l)ressing, and Campian
was anxious to please them ; and Father Robert gave a
reluctant conselt, on condition that his stay should hot
be protracted beyoml one day and night.
To Lyford therefore he went, on Wednesday, the
12th of July. He was reccived with tender enthusiasm.
The long summer evening was passed iii conferences
and confessions, and absolutions and pious tears. Mass
was said at dawn, and the devotions were protracted
through the morning- an early dinner followed, and
the dangerous visit was safcly over. Canipian and
Emerson mounted and rode away across the country.
Their road lcd them near Oxford. If was liard for
them fo pass the place fo which so many memories
attached them without pausing to look at it. They
lingered, and put up their horses at an alehouse, where
they were soon surrounded by a crowd of students.
The saine afternoon some Catholic gentlemen happened
to call at Lyford, and hearing that thcy had so nearly
missed Campinn, one of them followed, and overtook

I76 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

him and begged him o regurn. The students added
t.heir engl'etties. If Campian would but rclnain ag
Lyford on Sunday, hall ()xford, they said, would ride
over fo hear him preaeh. The gemptagion was strong.
Knowing his weakness, Parsons had plaeed him under
Emerson's authority: bug Emerson wanged sgrength,
and elamour and entreaty prevailed. He gave the
required permission, and himself weng on upon his
way ; while Campian "gm'ned again by the road thag
he came," promising fo follow in the ensuing week.
The expeeged sermon beealne of eourse the talk of t.he
universigy. An ageng of Leieester, named Eliot, was
in Oxford ag the t.ime wigh a warrang in his poekeg for
Campian's apprehension. He gave notice go a magis-
trage, eolleeged a posse of eonstables, and on Sunday
morning early eoneealed them in the neighbourhood
of the grange; whilsg he himself weng boldly go ghe
gate, and pretendin,g go be a Catholie requesged go be
admigged go mass. The nuns and ghe Caflmlie visitors
had for gwo days enjoyed go the full the presenee of
their idolised geaeher. The Sunday only remained,
and then he was to leave them indeed. The students
had erowded over as ghey promised, and Eliot passed
in as olle of ghem. Mass was eelebrated. They all
eommunieaged: and flen followed the lasg sermon
whieh Campian was ever go preaeh.
The subjeeg was ghe tears of Jesus at the aspeeg of
Jerusalem, Jerusalem ghat murdered ghe 1)rophets and
stoned them tiret were seng to ber. England was that
Jerusalem, and he and his fellows were the prophegs.
The Protestangs on gheir side eould sing the saine song.
Campian, ghough nog past middle age, eouhl remember
ghe margyrs at Oxford, and ghe burning of those four
hundred meehanies ag whom ig pleased him go seott:
Who was to choose between the wituesses ? But ghe

THE ARREST OF CAMPIAN, 58 177

dreams of hysteri are fo the dl'eamers the inspiration
of the Ahnighty. He xvas never more brillimt, his
eloquence being subdued and softcned by the sense
thtt his end was near. Eliot--Judas Eliot as he wts
aftcrwards called--glided out bet'ore he had endcd. A
few milmtes tfter a servant rushed into the assembly
to say that the doors vere beset by armed men.
Those who are aC, lUainted with English lmmor
houses must htve seen often narrow stail'cases pierc-
ing the walls, and eells hollowe,l out in t.hc seeming
solid mason W. These plaees were the priests' ehaln!»ers
of the days of the perseeution, whcre in sud, lcn alarlns
they eould be eoneealed. I,to one of theln Campian
and the two ehaplains were insttmtly hurried. The
entranee, seareely to be deteeted by those who knew
where to look for it, was in Mrs. Yates's rooln behind
the bed eurtains. The eonstalles with Eliot at their
head were adlnitted, searehed evo 3" place, and eould
find nothing. The magistrate who was in attendanee
apologised to Mrs. Yttes, and was about to withdrtw
his lnen, when Eliot, who had seen Campian there
with his own eyes, and knew that no one luul left the
house, produeed the eouneil's varrant, and insisted on
a further seareh. It was eontinued till &rk, but still
without sueeess. The brave Mrs. Yttes showed no
anxiety, begged the eonstM)les fo remain for the night,
entertained them hospitably, and dosed them heavily
with ale. Sound slumber followed ; Campian and his
two eompanions were brought out of their hiding-plaee,
and at that moment might have easily eseaped, but
enthusiasm and prudence were ill eompanions. A
"parting of friends" was neeessary, and "last words,"
and t.ears and sobs, at Mrs. Yates's bedside. The mur-
mur of voiees was heard below-stairs, and disturbed
the sleepers in the hall. The three priests were again
I2

178 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

hurried into the wall, nd t dybreak the serch wa.
renewed. AgMn i was unsuccessful. The nmgistrate,
m unwilling instrument throughou, ws bout fo
deparg with a sarcstic remark fo Eliot on the accuracy
of his information ; they were descending the staircase
for Oae last rime, when Eliog, sgrikinff Oae wall, hear, l
something mmsual in the sound. A servan of the
bouse who was ab his side beoeme agitat.ed. Eliob
ealled for a lnabek, dashed in the plasber, and round
fle men that he was in seareh of lying side by side
upon a narrow bed. They ha, l eonfessed their sins fo
eada obher. They had said their Fiat volte»t(ts tt(«.
Three times they ha,1 invoked St. John as Campian's
pat.n sain. Bu S. John had left theln o their
fae. Campia.n was taken out wihou violence, and
was earried first to Aldermasn, the house of Humfrey
Forster, the Sheriff of Berkshire. Forster, who, like
most English gentlemen, was more than hall a Catholie,
reeeived him rnther as a guest than a prisoner, but
was obliged o eommunieate with the eouneil, and
reeeived orders to send him up ag onee. The sympathy
whieh proed hiln in the country di,1 hot extend o
London. He was brougt, into the eity in his lay
disg'uise, wearing cap and feather, bufl' jerkin and
velvet hose, Iris feet tied under his horse's belly, and
his arms pinioned behind his baek. A placard was
fastened on his head, with the words, " Campian, he
seditious Jesuit". He was led along through a yelling
erowd o the Tower gare, where Sir Owen Hopn
reoeived him, and his lo, lg'ing for the nighb was "Little
Ease "--a narrow eell at one end of the torture ehamber,
underground, entirely dark, where he eould neither
sgand nor lie af length.
The next day the eouneil direeted that some better
lodging should be provided for him. Neither the

THE ARREST OF CAMPIAN, 1581 179

queen nor Leicester had forgotten the brilliant youth
who had flattêred them at Oxford. The earl senL for
Campian ; and being introduced into a private 1"OOl11,
he fouml himsêlf in the presenee of Eizal,eth herself.
She wished fo give hiln a ehalme of saving hilnself.
She asked whether he regarded ber as his lawful
sovereign. The relaxation of t, he Bull allowed hiln to
say that he did. Shê asked whethêr he thought, that
the Bishop of Rome eouhl ltwfullv exeommunieate hêr.
A dist.inet deelaration of loyalt.y, a frak repudiation
of the temporal pretensions of the Pope, were all that
was required of him. Ho would hot lnake eithêr.
He said that he was no ulnpire betwêel parties so far
above him, he eouhl not deeide a question on whieh
the learued were divided. He would pay her Ma.jesty
what was hers, but hê lnust pay t.o God what was
God's. He was returnêd t.o the Tower with directions
that he shouhl be kindlv treated.

180

AN ATTEMI'T TO ASSASSINATE THE PRINCE
OF ORANGE, 1582.

ORANGE was wcll undcrstood tobe the soul of the
revolt. Couhl Orange be rcmove,l, Philip feared little
cither Alenç.on or any other person, and as ail eflbrts
fo gain him over had been tried in vain, his lire had
been sought for some years past by the indirect means
which are eithcr mm'dcr or lcgitimate cxecution aceord-
ing fo the charactcr of the victim. Bothwellhaugh,
who killed Murray, had been employed fo assassinate
him in 1573, and party after party of English Catholic
office had tried if afterwards. In 1579 a youth
introduced himself to Don Bernardino, in London,
with aletter of credit from a merchant of Bruges.
He said that he was in possession ot" a poison whid if
rubbed on the lining of a lllall'S hat would dry up his
brain and would kill hiln in ten days, and if the
aml)assador approved, he was ready fo try ifs eflhets
upon the Prince of Orange. Don Berlmrdino, hot
expeeting nmeh result, yet gave hiln his blessing, and
bade hiln do his best. Other expel'iments more prolnis-
ing were tried afterwards, but none had hitherto sue-
eeedcd. Finally Philip dcelared the prince outlawed,
and promised a publie reward fo any one who would
put him out of the way in the service of God and his
eount W. The king's pleasure being ruade known, Don
Pedro Arroyo, Nther of one of the royal seeretaries,
announeed that he knew a man who would make the

ATTEMPT TO IIURDER ORANGE, 1582

venure. Philip otthred eighçy thousand dollars, wiçh
the order of St. Iago; and the reward l)eing hehl
sucient, Don Pedro gave in lc naine of Gaspar de
Amstro, a Spanish merchant af Autwerp. A formal
contract was dvwu out and signed, and Amstro
watched an op1)Ol-unity fo srike the hlov.
Finding howcvcr that he could get he job lonc
cheaper, ami clcar a sure of money without peril fo
himself, the mcrchaut prctended that, "his courage
was weak," and aske, l if he might eml)loy a suh-
stiute. Philip had no ol!iect.ion ; pl'ovided the prince
xvas killed the means were of no coscquece, and ho
left Aastro to mamgc as he pleased. In lais bouse
was a lai eighteen years ol,l, tlm son of a sword
cut.ler af Bilhao, lmmed Juau ,laureguy. Ignorant,
superstitious, under-sizc, l and 1)altry-looking, Jaure-
guy was known t.o the cashicr, Dou Antonio Venero,
t.o be a boy of singular amlacity; and a present of
three thousaml dollars, and the persuasion of thc chap-
lain, a D,mildcan priest, vorked him into a proper
sate of min,.l. A Aflts Dei was hung about his
neck ; a wax al)er and a dried toad were stuflbd in
his pocket, and he was tohl that they wouhl reder
him invisible. A Jcsuit catcchism was given him for
his spiritual comfort,, ami Parma lwomised that if the
charms faile,1, and he was takcn, he wouhl compel his
release by the t.hreat of hanging cvery I)risomr in his
hauds. Thus equipped and encouraged, and commend-
ing hilnself and his enerprise fo le Virgin and the
angel Gabriel, he prepared for the deed. The quali-
ficat, ions for successful political assassins are singularly
rare. Jaureguy however possessed them all. Sumlay,
the lgth28th of Match was Alenç.on's birthday.
Anwerp was to be illumimted in the eveuing, and
the streets and squares were expected fo be crowded.

182 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Some little jars had been felt already between the
States and the French. Alenç'on was known fo be
impatient o[" the 1)rince's eontrol, aud the Spauiards
ealeulate,1 that if thc nmrder eouhl be aeeomplished
when the pcople wel-e eolleeted and exeited there
wouhl be an instant suspicion of treaehery, and that
an attack llpOll the Frcnch and a universal massacre
of the eitizens in retliation by their allies vould be
a hot improhable eonsequenee.
The plot was iugeniously lai,l, and had all but sue-
eeeded. The prinee had dined in lais own house.
He had risen t'l'Om the table, and had passed with
lais son, Count Maurice, and a few frieuds into an-
other room, where he was seated on a low chair.
Jaureguy had iltl'o, luced himself among the servants,
pretendinff that he wanted fo present a petition. He
approached Orange so close as fo be al)le fo touch
him, and then snatching a pistol froln undêr lais cloak
fired if full in the prince's face. Af the moment of
the shot the prince was rising from lais seat, an,l
happene,1 to be turning his head. The ball entered
undcr thc right ear, passed through the roof of his
mouth, and went out below the left eye. He stag-
ffered and fell. The assassin tried fo draw a dagger,
and finish his work, but lac had overloaded his pistol,
which ha,] broken lais thulnb in the recoil. An instant
later, and belote he could speak, hall a dozen swords
were through his body. All was immediately con-
fusiou. A cry of horror runff through the city.
Suspicion fell, but too naturally, where the Spaniards
expected. Shouts were heard of " Kill the Freuch,
kill the French," and ha,l Jaureguy waited till night
whcn the fète had commenced, Alenç.on and his suite
would have probahly been slaughtered on the spot.
Orange himself h,d swooned, and was at first sup-

ATTEMPT TO MURDER ORANGE, 1582 83

posed fo be dead. He recovered consciousness hoxv-
ever lu rime fo allay tbe woi'st alto'm. Believing
that he had but a few minutes go live, and anticipating
the direetion whieh popular fury might assume, he
sent for the burgomaster, and assurcd bim that fo
his certain knowledge if xvas the work hOt of France,
but of Spain. The assassin was identified by papers
round about his person. Anastro, wben the police
went for him, bad fled, but Antonio Veuero was
takcn, aud af once coufcssed, and bcl'or«' dark-
ness fell the truth was known throughout the
city.
Thc prince la 3- in extremc danger, and but for his
extrat,rdinary cah,mess, the wouud wouhl bave been
ccrt.ainly mortal. One of the large arterics of the
throat had becn divided, which the surgcons were
unable fo tic. Again aud again the blccdiug burst
out, and his death was every moment expectcd.
Daily bulletins were sent fo Englaud, aud the
dclighted Catholics watchcd eagcrly for the news
which was fo make their satisfaction complete.
" The Prince was gasping whcn the post lcft,"
wrote Mendoza on the -th--l-bth of April. "The
physicians gave no hope, aud the Queen hears that
all is over. We may assume his death as cci'tain,
and we can but give iufinite thanks to God that He
has thns chastised so abominable a heretic and rebel."
" We have news from Autwerp of the 9th--19th,"
he wrote a week after. " The Prince was still alive,
two surgcons holding the wound closed with their
fingers, and relieving one another every hour. On
thc 7th--17th, conceiving that in human reason it
was hot possible for him fo lire, they laid opeu his
right cheek in the hope of reaching the injured vein.
We may suppose it fo be the good providence of God

84 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
go inerease his agonies by prolonging lais lire. The
pin vhieh he sufl)l'e,l, they say, is terrible. In the
opinioil of those here, a few hours lnust Ilmv bring
ai1 elld."
Mtry StuarFs gratification was no less than that of
the Spanish ambassador. " I have heard," she said,
"that an artery is eut, and that t.hê Prince is in
dtner. I praise God for this His merey fo the
Chureh, and go the King my brother, the Chureh's
chier proteetor."
Equally great, was the eoilsternation in Protestant
England, and beyon,l all in the «lueen. Ill as if had
pleased her go use him, Ilone knev better than she the
value of Williun of Nasstm. Her own lire had been
threatened as ot'ten as lais, and his rate, when he was
thought go be dying, appeared but a foretaste of
her own. Ïhe fil'St news eiltirely overwhehned her.
The reahn had ifs own feal'S. The very thought of a
su,tdeu vaeaney of the throne was simply appalling;
and in the midst of her terrors, Burghley had go re-
mind her of the duty whieh she had so long refused
go perforln of naming a sueeessor. In ber rst ex-
citement, ber thoughts turned into the stereotyped
track. She swore .she would send for Alençoil and
marry him; and Wtlsingham, who knew what would
follow, and feared that a fresh affront to France lnight
be fatal, prevented her with difficulty t'rom sending a
gentlelnan of her household to recall the duke into
the realm.
Both hopes and fcars were this rime disappointed.
The prince's tine constitution and admirable courage
gave him a chance of recovery when a weaker person
111118{5 have died. Once more Philip had failed, but he
lmrse,l his purpose: and the Catholie faith, whieh bas
intlueneed hulnan eharaeter iii so lmtny curions ways,

ATTEMPT TO MURDER ORANGE, I58a 18 5

was singularly productive of men who would risk their
lives to deliver the Church froln an enemy.
On the 2nd--12t,h of 31ay, Orange returned thanks
for his recovery in the cathedral af Antwerp.

86

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA IN
]RELAND, 1588.

IT is rime fo l't'tlll'lq to the flying Arlna, la.
When Howar,1 bore up for the Forth the Spaniards
for the fit, rime breathcd f'eely, and began fo examine
iato their condition. An inquiry was held o, board
the ,S'an ]bt»'ti int.o the causes of their laisfortulms.
Occrs who had shown cowardice in act.ion were
degraded, and set to row in the galleasses ; and Don
Christobal de Avili, captain of the b'(et(e B«rb(,»'a,
was hnged. The stores hml probably been iqjured
by the salt watcr which ha«l ruade ifs way through
the shot-boles. In SOlnC ships t.he wine as well as
the water-oesks had been pierced, and it was found
lmcessary to reduce the allowauces throughout the
fleet. Eight ounces of bread, half  pint. of wine
and a pint of water was all that. could be aflbrded
for each man. Sidonia plmised t.wo thousand duts
fo a French pilot if he would bring the Armada into
a Spanish lrt. Calderon sketched a chart of thc
route which he sublnitted to the duke's council. The
wounded began to fMI rapidly, and each day lu every
galleon there was the sad cer,mony of flinging the
dead ito the sera Calderon's ship contaied the
medicines aml dclicacies for the sick, and, passing
dMly from gMleon to galleoi, he knew the condition
of them all.
O the huu,h'ed and fift,y sail which ha, l left Coruùa,

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, I588 I87

a hundred and twenty could still be counted vhen
Howard left them. For rive days they vere in the
gale which he met on his way back to the Thames,
and which he described as so pcculiarly violent. The
mmsual cohl brought with if fog ami mist, and amidst
S,.lualls ami driving showers, and a sea growing wilder
as they passed the shelter of the Scotch coast, they lost
sight of each other for nearly a week. On the 9th--
l!)th of August the sky lifted, and Cahleron round him-
self with the Alnir, t,te of Don Martinez de Recalde,
the galleon of Don Alonzo, the ,.;«  :Il,trous aml twelve
other vesscls. Sick signais wcrc flying ail rouml,
the sea was so high thaç iL vas scarcely possible fo
lower a boat. The large ships wcre rolling heavily.
Thcir wounded salis had been split by the gusts,
toasts and yal'ds eal'ried away. 'Fhat lfight it again
hlew hard. Tire t'og elosed in once m,l-e, and the
nexç lnOl'ning Cahleron xvas ahme in the open sea
without a sail in sighç, having passed between the
Orkneys and the Shetlands. Reealde and da Leyva
had disappeared with their eon,sorts, having" as Cal-
deron eonjeetured gone notoEh. He himself stood on
west and south-west. On the 12th--22nd he saw a
nmnl»er of salis on the horizon ; on the 18th--23rd he
round himself with Sidonia and the body of the fleet.,
and Sidonia signalled fo him fo eome on board. Obser-
vations showed that they vere then in 58 ° 30' north
latitude. Their longitude they did hOt know. They
were probably a hundred and fit'ty mlles west north-
west of Cape Wrath. Sidonia asked anxiously for
Reealde and da Leyva. Calderon eould but say
vhere he had last seen them. He supposed that they
had g'one to tire Faroe [,sles or o Ieeland, where
xvere.Gerlnan fishing stations which had a trade with
Spain.

188 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Again a eouneil was held. The siekness had beeome
frightful. 'Fhose xvho had escaped unwoundcd were
falling iii fron want and cold, and t, he wounded were
dying by hundreds, the ineessant5 storms making eare
and attention impossible. Calderon and the French
pilot insised t.hat a all eosts and hazards they mus
keep off the Irish eoast. Diego Florez, distressed for
tle lnisery of the men, to whose sufferinffs wan of
waer had beeolne a fearful aggravation, imagined
ha along he west shore there lnust be a harbour
solnewhere ; and t.hat they vouhl flnd test and shelter
among a hospiahle Catholie l)eople. The Bishop of
Killaloe, a young Fitzmauriee, and a number of Irish
friars were in the flee. Diego Florez had possibly
heard them speak of t.heir country and eountrymen,
and there were fishing connections beween Cadiz
and Valeneia and Galway, whieh he and nany other.
nmst have known of, though they had no been on
he eoas in person. But he Irish themselves were
with Alonzo l Leyva, and Sidonia happily ook the
opinion of the pilot.s. The day was fine and the siek
were divided; those whieh eould be moved were
ransferred wherever there was mos room for them,
and as Calderon passed to and fro among he galleons
wih his medieines and his arrowroot, he was 1-eeeiç-ed
everywhere with the eager question, where was Alonzo
da Leyva? q'here was seareely a man who did not
forge his own vretehedness in anxiey for t.he idol of
hem all.
The ealm had been but an interlude in the storln.
The saine night the wild west wind came down once
more, and for eleven eonseeuti,e days they wen on
in their misery, unahle fo eonmmnieate exeep by
signals, holding to he oeean as far as heir sailing
powers would let them, and seeing galleon after

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, 1588 189

galleon, O[lueudo's among them, falling away to lee-
ward amidst driving squalls and rain, on the vast
rollers of the Atlantic. An island, which he supposed
fo be ten leagucs from the coast, Calderon passed
dangerously near. Il was perhaps Achill, whose
tremendous clitt. rail sheer two thousand feet into
the sea, or pcrhals Im,isbofin or hmi.hark. On the
4th--14t]l of Septembcr, he with Sidonia and fifty
vessels, fifty-two ships only out of a hundred and
fifty, leaking tl,rough every seam, and thcir weary
crews l'eady to lie down and [lie from exhaustion,
crawled past t.hc Blaskcts, and wcre oui, of danger.
And whcrc wcrc ail thc rest? TlSrty, large and
Slnall, had been sunk or taken in the Chamml. There
relnaincd nearly seventy to be still accounted for.
Don Martinez and da Leyva, with rive and twenty
of them, had steered north M'ter passing the Orkncys.
They went on to latitude 62 °, meaning, as Cahleron
had rightly con.jectured, to make for the settlemcnt in
Icelaud. They had sufll'c[1 so severely in the action,
that tlley probably doubted their al)ility fo reach Spain
al all. The storms howevel', which grew worse as the
air becalne cohlcr, obliged thelu to abandon their
intention. One galleon was driven on tlle Faroe
Isles; the rest turned about, and, probably lnisled
by the Irish, ruade for the Shannon or Galway. As
they braced fo the wind, their torn l'i¢,'in,, , gave way;
spar aller spar, sail aller sail, was carried away.
Those which had suttred most dropped fil'st to lee-
ward. A second was lost on the Orkneys; a third
fell down the coast of Scotland, and drifted on thc
Isle of Mull. Il was one of the lalgest ships in the
whole fleet. Tlle commander (his llamc is unknown)
was a grandee of thc first rank, always "served in
silver" Ho had lnade his way into some kind of

9o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

hsrbour where he wss ssfe from t.he elements; but
the Irish Scots of tbe Western lsles were t.cmpted
the reports of the wealth which he ha,1 with him.
The fainting crev could hot defend thmselves, and
the ship was fired and burnt, with a]most every one
that if contained.
Their companions holding"  better, but only rather
better course, rolled along upon the back of Ireland,
groping for the hoped-for shelter. The coming of the
Spaniards had been long dreamt of by the Irish as the
era of their dcliverance from tyramy. If had been
feared as their moet serious danger by the scanty
English garrison. The result of the fight in the
Channel, if known at ail, was known only by vague
report; and the count ws thrown into a ferment
of excitement, when, in the first week of September,
Spmish sa]ls were reported in numbers as seen along
thc western cost, off Donegal, off Sligo, in Clew Bay,
af the mouth of the Shannon ; in fact everywhere.
At 'st there was a universal panic. Seven ships
were at Carrigafoy]e. The Mayor of Limerick, n
semling word of their appearance to the council,
converted them into seven score. Twenty-four men
were said to have landed af Trlee. Sir WiHiam
Fitzwilliam, who had returned fo be deputy, and was
more infirm and incapable than ever, described them
as twenty-four glleons. Rumour gradually took more
authcntic form. Beyond doubt, Spaniards were on
the coast, distressed, but likely notwithstanding fo be
extremely dngerous, if they were allowed to land in
safeçv, and to distribute arms and powder among the
Irish clana With one consent, but without communi-
cating with each other, the English officers seem to
have concluded that there was but one course for
them to pursue. The party af Tralee were Sidolfia's

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, 588 19I

househohl servants, who had been driven into the bay
in , small frigate, ha,l surrendered, a.ml had been
broughç on shore hall deml. They begged lmrd for
life; they had friends aç Waterford, they said, who
would pya handsolne ransom for them. But fear
and weakness could hot aflbrd fo be magnanimous.
Sir Edward Delmy, who commanded at Tralee Casçle,
gave orders for their execution, and they vere all
to the sword.
Two days before, two large galleons ha,t rounded
the point of Kerry, and had put into Dingle. They
helonged fo Recahle's squa, iron- one of them was thc
Almb'««te herself, with Don Martinez on board, who
was dying from toil and anxieçy. They wanted xvater
they had hot a drop on boar,l, but the Ch'egs of the
putrid pud,lle which they had broughç with them
from Spain; and they sent boats on shore fo beg
for a supply. If was the saine Dingle where Sandel's
and Fitzmauriee had lan,led eight years before, with
proeessions and ineense, and bhe Papal banner dis-
playedthe saered spot of Catholie Ireland. Now
the ships of the Most Catholie King, whieh had eome
fo fight the h'ish battle as well as their own, pleaded
in vain ço be allowed fo fill their water-oEsks. The
boats' erews gave so piteous an aeeount of Reealde's
condition, the Catholie cause was so elearly now the
losing one, t.hat iç was &eided they should lmve no
relief af Dingle. It was already a spoç of tragieal
memory to the Spaniards. The boats were seized, the
men who lmd landed imprisoned, and those on board
the galleons, hunted ah'eady within a lmir's-bvadth of
destruction, and with death making daily havoe among
them, hoisted their ragged sail8, and wenç again to
S&.
Anoçher galleon of a çhousand tons, named

9 2 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Lady of the Rosa'y, vhich Cahleron had vatched
sadly falling away before t.he waves, bad also nearly
wethered tbe headland of Ker T. 8he had ail but
escaped. Cler of the enormous clifl of the Blasket
Islands, she ]md no more to fear ff'oto the se.
Between the Blaskets and the mainland there is a
passage wlfich is sale in moderate weather, but the
gale, whicb had slightly moderated, hml riselt gain.
The waves s thcy roll iii from the Atlntic on the
slmllowing shores of h'elaml boil ttmong the rocks in
bad weather with a fury unsurpassed in any part of
the ocem. St.rong tidal currents add fo the danger,
nd when 0- Lady qf tlte Rosa,'y entered the sound,
it was a cauldron or boiling foa.m. There were
srcely hamls to work the sai]s. Out of seven
]madred, rive humh'ed were de,d, aml most of the
survivors were gcntlcmen, and belote she was lmlf
way through she struck mnong the breakers upon the
island. A maddened officer l'an the pilot ( Genoese)
througb the heart," saying lin bad done it by treason ".
Some of the g'enlemen tried fo laund  boat, but no
bot coul«l lire for a moment in sucb  sea. The
pilot's son lsbed himself to  pbmk, and was wshed
on shore lone of the wbole company, and all the rest
lay among cannon ml doubloon cbests amidst the
rocks in Blsket Sound.
The saine 10th of September wittessed another and
more tremendous cttastrophe in Thomoml. The seven
ships in the lnouth of the Shammn sent their cockboats
with white flags into Kilrush, asking permission for
the men fo corne on land. There were no English
there, but thêre were local authorities who knew that
the Englisb would hold them answerable, and the
reluest was refused. Here, as everywhere, the
Spaniards' passionate cry was for water. They

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, 588 i93

oflbred a butt of wine for every eask of water ; they
offered money in any quantity hat the people coull
ask. Finally, they oflred the Sheriffof Clare "a great
ship, with all ifs ordnanee and furniture," for lieense
fo take as mueh water as wouhl serve their wants.
All was in vain. The Sheriff was afraid of an English
gallows, and no one drop eould the miserable men
obtain for themselves by prayer or purehase. They
were too feeble t.o attenpt force. A galleass landed
a few men, but they were driven baek empt.y-handcd
so abandoning and hurnin one of the 'alleons whieh
was no longer seaworthy, the other six went despair-
ingly out into the oeean again. But if was only fo
eneounter their rate in a swifter rotin. They were
eaught in t.he same gale whieh had destroyed
Lady qf the Rosaq'y. They were dashed fo pieces on
the roeks of Clare, and out of all their erews a hundred
and fifty men strug'gled t.hrough the surf, fo he earried
as prisoners immediately fo Galway.
Two other galleons vere seen af the Isle of Arran.
The end of one was unknown, save that if never
returned fo Spain. The other, eommanded by Don
Le,vis of Cordova, who had his nephew and several
other Spanish nobles with him, threatened fo founder,
and Don Lewis, trusting to the Spanish connections
of Galway, earried ber up opposite fo the town, and
sent a strong party, or what vould have been a strong
party, had if been eomposed of healthy men and not
of tottering skeletons, fo the quay. They were mmte
prisoners on the spot, and Don Lewis, under whose
eyes they were taken, offered fo surrender, if he eould
have a promise of lire for himself and his eompanions.
The mayor said that they must give up their arms.
While they were hesitating, they saw the Irish snateh-
ing the ehains and tearing off the elothes of their
13

I94 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

comrades, and with feeble hands they attempted fo
weigh their anchor and go back into the bay. But
if could hOt be. They dropped at their work, and
could hOt rise again. The mayor took possession of
the ship, and sent the crew into the castle, so exhausted
that they could hot swallow the food which was given
them, " but cas if up again "
Other vessels went on shore af different points of
Connemara. Sir Richard Bingham, the governor of
Connaught, sent round orders that every one who
came fo land alive must be brought into Galway.
Armed searching parties were detached t.hrough Clare
and Comemara to see that the command was obeyed ;
and several hundred halfMead wretches were added
to those who had been already taken. Bingham was
a fine soldier and a humane man, and that he could
see but one way of dealing with so large and so
dangerous a body of prisoners, must be accepted as
some evidence that nothing else could have been easily
done with them. Rest and food would on]y give
them back their strength, and the feeble garrisons
were scarce in sutlàcient strength to restrain the Irish
alone. Directions were therefore given that they
should be all put to death, and every one of the un-
fortunate creatures was deliberately shot or hanged,
exeept Don Lewis and nine ohers, whose ransoms, if
was hoped, might be round valuable. George Bingham,
Sir Riehard's son, or brother, went up into Mayo o
see the saine work done there also ; and "çhus," wrote
Sir Richard himself, "having ruade a elean dispateh
of them, both in town and country, we rested Sunday
all day, giving praise and thanks to Ahnighty God
for her Majesty's most happy sueeess and deliveranee
from her dangerous enelnies" Don Lewis, with his
nephew, and the resç whose lires had been spared,

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, I588 I95

were ordered to Drogheda, to be carried thence to
England. Don Lewis only arrived : the others either
died on the road, or being unable fo march, were killed
by their escort fo save the trouble of carrying them.
Young Bingham's presence proved unnecessary in
Mayo. The native Irish themselves had spared him
all trouble in imluiring after prisoners. The fear
that they might show sympathy with the Spaniards
was well founded, so lon as there was a hope tiret
the Spaniards' side might be the wimfing one; lnt
as the tale of their defeat spread abroad, and the
knowledge with if that they were too enfeebled fo
det'end them,qelves, the ries of a common creed and a
common enmity to England were hot strong enough
fo overcome the temptation fo plunder. Tlm Castilian
gentlemen were richly dressed, and their velvet coats
and gold chains were an irresistible attraction. The
galleon of Don Pedro de Mendoza had nmde Clew
Bay in a sinking state, and was brought up behind
Clare Island. Don Pedro went a.qhore with a hundred
companmns, carrying his chests of treasures with him.
The galleon was overtaken by the gale of the 10th of
September, which had marie the havoc af the mouth
of t.he Shannon. She was dashed on the rocks, and
all who had been left on boa.rd were drowned. "Dow-
dany O'Malley, chier of the island," completed the
work, by setting upon Don Pedro and the rest. They
were killed fo the last man, and their treasure taken.
A consort of Don Pedro was driven past Clare
Island into the bay, and wrecked af Burrishoole. The
savages flocked like wolves fo the shore. The galleon
went fo pieces. The crew were flung on the sands,
some drowned, some struggling still for lire; but
whether they were dead or alive ruade no dittbrence
to the hungry rascals who were watching fo prey

9 6 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

upon them. A stroke of a club brought all fo a
common state, attd, sripped of the finery which had
been t, heir destruction, they were left fo the wash of
the ride.
More appalling" still, like the desolaion caused by
some enor,nous flood or earhquake, was he scene
between Sligo and Ballyshannon. A glance af the
map will explain why thcre was a concentration of
havoc on those fcw mlles of coast. The coas of Mayo
trends direcly west.ward from Sligo for venty toiles,
and crippled vessels, whid had fallen upon a lee shore,
were met hy a wall of clitt; stretching across their
course for a degree and a hall of longitude. Their
ottieers had possibly heard t.haç here was shelter
somewhere in the bay. Many ships were observed
for days hovering betxveen Rossan Poin and Killala;
buç wit.houç cxperieneed piloçs they eouhl noç have
round their way in the finesç weaher among the
shoals and islands. They çoo were overaken by çhe
saine greaç storm. The numbers t.hata perished are
unknown ; çhere are no means ço disçinguish betveen
çhose thaç foundered out in deep watmr and t.hose t.hat
wenç ço pieces on the beaeh. 'File aetual seene, how-
ever, as deseribed by wo English witnesses, ,,vas as
Dighful as human eye ever looked upon.
" When I was a Sligo," wrote Sir Geoffrey Fençon,
" I nmnbered on one srand of less çhan rive toiles in
lengçh eleven hundred dead bodies of men, whieh çhe
sea had driven upon çhe shore. The eounry people
çold me he like was in other places, though hot o the
like number."
Sir William Fiçzwilliam ruade a progress ço çhe wesç
eoasç from Dublin shortaly afçer. "as I passed from
Sligo," he said, "I held on towards Bundroys, x and so
 Bundroys Castle, ai the mouth of the Erne.

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, 588 i97

to Ballyshannon, the uttermost part of Connaught that
way. I went to sec the bay where some of those ships
were wrecked, and where, as I heard, lay hot long
before twelve or thirteen hundred of the dead bodies.
I rode along upon that strand near two mlles, but left
behind me a long mlle or more, and then turned off
from the shore, leaving before me a lnile and better ;
in both which places they said that had seen it there
lay as great store of the tituber of wrecked ships as
was in that place which myself had viewed ; being, in
my opinion, more than would have built tive of the
greatest ships that ever I saw, besides mighty great
boats, cablcs and other cordage answerable thereunto,
and some such toasts for bigness and leng'th as I never
saw any tvo could make the like."
The sea vas not answerable for all. The cruelty of
nature was imitated by the cruelty of ,mn, and those
lines of bodies shoved gashes on theln hot ruade by
rock or splintered spar. "The miseries they sustained
upon this coast," wrote Sir George Carcw, "are to be
pitied in any but Spaniards. Of those that came to
the land by svimming or enforced thereto by famine,
ver:}- near three thousand were slain." "They were so
miserably distressed colning to land," reported auother,
"that one man, named Melaghlin M'Cabbe, killed eighty
vith his gallmvglass axe." The nobler or viser O'Neil
vrung his hands over the disgrace of his country, but
could hot hinder it ; and the Engli.sh looked on vith a
not unnatural satisfaction at work which was dissolving
in murder ail alliance whieh they had so lnueh cause
to fear.
"The blood whieh the Irish bave drawn upou theln,"
said Sir George Carew, "doth assure ber Majesty of
better obedienee to corne, for, that friendship being
broken, they have no other st.rang'er t,,» trust to. This

I98 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

people was very doubbful before fle vicbory was kl]own
fo be ber Majest, y's, but when they saw the gl'ea dis-
l-ess and weakness tiret tire enemy was in, they did
hot only put as many as hey couhl to the sword, but
are l'eady with all tiroir forces fo atnd he deputy in
any service. The ancien love beween Ireland and
Spain is broken."
"God," concluded Fenton, " hath wrough for her-
Majesy against these idolatrous enemies, and suflbred
this nation o bh)od their hands upon them, whereby,
i may be hoped, is drawn perpetual diffidence beween
t,he Spaniards and theln as long" as this memory en-
durefl."
The harves was reaped by the Irish. Sir Richard
Bingham and his kindred were ai hand fo glean the
ears tha were left. Including the execution a Gal-
way, Binglmm claimed to have killed eleven hundred.
"Divers geutlemen of quality" had been spared for
their ransom, bu special orders came down froln
Dublin fo execute all, and the genflemen followed the
test. Of the whole number tha fell into the hands
of the English, Don Lcwis of Cordova was he only
survivor.
Such was the fate of the brilliant chivalry of Spain ;
the choicest ,presentatives of the mos illustrious
families in Europe. They had rushed into the oervice
wit.h an emotion pure and generous as ever sent
Templar o tire sepulchre of Christ. They believed
ha they were the soldiers of the Almig4y. Pope
and bishop had commended them fo fl,e charge of the
angels and he saints. The spell of he names of
apostles had been shared by English cannon. The
elements, which were deemed God's peculiar province
as if o disenchan Christendom, were disenchant-
ment possible, of so fond an illusionwhirled them

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, I588 I99

upon a shore wh|ch the waves of a hundred million
years had made the most dangerous in the worhl;
there as they crawled half drowned through the surf
to rail into the jaws of the h'ish wolves.
One more tragical story remains fo be told. Whcn
Calderon recovercd the main body of the fleet off Cape
Wrath, and the anxious luestion was asked him fron
every ship, Where was Alonzo de Leyva ?--it was hot
for de Leyva's sake alone, though no officer in the
Armada was more loved and honom'ed ; if was because
the freight of the vessel wh|ch bore him was more than
usua||y precious. The no|)|est youths in Casti|e, whose
familles had been hardly persuaded fo let/hem accom-
pany the expedition, had been p|aced spccially under
Don A|onzo's care. His ship had been in the thickest
of every fight. She had suffered severely and could
hot bear her sai|s. She had hot gone north with
Reca|de when Ca|deron left ber; but with another
galleon she had drifted away to |eeward. With ex-
freine difficulty she had c|earcd the extreme point of
Mayo, but unab|e to go further she had ruade her way
into Blacksod Bay, and anchored ours|de Ballycroy.
That she had reached so intricate a spot undestroyed
was perhaps explained by the preseuce on board of
young Maurice Fitzgerald, the son of Sir James "the
traitor," whose pirate habits may have taught him many
secrets of the western coast. Fitzgerald died wh|le
she lay there, and "' was cast into the sea in a cypress
chest with great solemuity ". If was the country of
the MacWilliams, the home and nest of the famous
Granny O'Malley. Fourteen Italians were set on shore
fo try the disposition of the people. They fell in with
one Richard Burke, called "the Devil's Hook" or
"Devil's Son," perhaps one of Granny's own brood, who
robbed them and took them prisouers. This was on the

200 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

9th of September. In the stOrln of the 10th the ship,
which had left her best anchors af CalMs, fell helplessly
on shore. The sea vas broken by a headland whieh
eovers t.he bay; de Leyva and his eompanions reaehed
the sands, and were able fo earry anns with them.
They round an old eastle af no great distanee froln the
wtter and attempted fo put if in a state of defenee.
Report said that Sidonia himself was in this pal'ty.
Bingham was making haste fo the spot when he heard
that they had re-emharked in mother gallcon, and
were beating out again fo sea. The south-west wind
was still so heavy that if wts thought impossible they
eould eseape, lIany shots were heard froln the offing
the night al'ter they sailed, and the ship with ail if eon-
tained was supposcd fo htve gone fo the bottom. The
galleon was left fo be plundered. Casks of wine and
oil were rolled on shore. Trunks and mails of the
young" hidMgos were dragged out and rifled by the
experieneed "Devil's Hook," and the sands of Ballyel'oy
were strewed with velvets and gold broeade. The
sheriff came fo the rescue in t.he tlueen's naine; but
the jaekals were too strong for him, or the eonstables
put on jaekals' skins and serambled with bhe rest fol"
the prey. Not a rag or a coin was reseued.
Meanwhile the shots were not de Leya's, but came
from another straggler vhieh was dashed in pieces
upon the roeks of Erris. De Leyva, finding the wind
heading him, had determined to run baek and try
for Scotland, trusting rather fo the humanity of the
heretic James than fo the orthodox cruelties of the
Irish. He fell in with a second galleon off the eoast,
and the last of the four galleasses, and together they
laboured hard fo draw off from the shore. But Rossan
Point stood out too far for them to elear, and they
ruade for Callibeg or Killibeg harbour. l'he gallcass

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, 1588 2OI

got in " sore broken," but still able to float. The
two galleons ran Oll the rocks af, the opening, and
de Leyva was wrecked a second rime.
Again, however, no lives were lost. Fourteen hun-
dred men froln the ships got sale on ]and. The
galleass contained six hundred lnore, and they were
ail wel] provided with arlns. Arlns, hmvever, were
hot food; and they were starving. The Bishop of
Killaloe and an Irish friar who ha,1 been with l)on
Alonzo, m,d ]lad been saved with the test, un,lertook
fllat they shouhl be hospitably trcated, and a few
hundreds of them marchcd inland witlt the bishop for
a guide. They fell in with a pal'ty of Anglo-lrish
sent by Fitzwilliam from the Pale, and led ly two
brothers named Ovington. I vas night" the Oving-
tons fell upon t.hem, killed twenty and wounded more.
In he morning they round they were dcaling with
men who were hall dead already. The Spaniards had
laid down their harquebuses and had hot strength fo
lift them again. " The best," it was observed, "seemed
fo earry some kind of majesty; the rest were men
of great ealling." Perhaps natural pityperhaps the
fear of O'Neil who was in the neighbourhoodperhaps
respect for the bishop, so far influeneed the Ovingtons
that they did hot kill them. They content.ed theln-
selves with stripping some of them naked and letting
them go.
In the extreme north of Ulsrwhere O'Neil and
O'Donnell were still virtual sovereigns, where the
MaeSweenies ruled under them with feudal authority
and appear in the Elizabethan maps as giants sitting
in mail upon their mountains, battleaxe in haudthe
fear of the Eglish was less felt than in o0mr parts
of Ireland. O'Neil, who was furious at the savagery
whieh had been perpetrated on the eoast, when he heard

o2 SELEC'FIONS FROM FROUDE

of these new colners sent order that the strangers should
be hospitably entertaine,l; aud, escaped out of the
hands of the Ovingtons, both the party that they had
fallen in with and those which relnained af Callibeg
were supplied with food, and allowed fo rest and
recover themselves. O'Neil was not af t, he rime in
rebellion. Fitzwilliam sent a command that every
Spaniard who had lmded should be taken or killed.
O'Neil sheltered, fed and clothed his guests till they
had recovered strength, and then pretended that they
were too power[ul for him fo meddle vith. If was
suspected that he meaut fo use their services in an
insurrection, and two thousand sohliers were shipped
in hot haste from England fo make head against
them.
But if the Irish chier had any such intention, de
Leyva did hot encourage if. His one thought was to
escape, if escape were possible, from a country which
had been the scene of such horrible calamities fo Spain,
and to carry back the precious treasures which had
been intrusted fo his care. Either for this reason, or
influenced privately by threats or promises from Fitz-
william, MacSweeny Banagh, on whom the Spaniards
depended for their meat, began after a fev weeks fo
shorten the supplies. The galleass aL Callibeg--she
was called the Geronawas not hopelessly unsea-
worthy. The October weather appeared to have
settled, and Don Alonzo had repaired ber so far that
he thought she could carry him safely fo the western
isles of Scotland. She would hoM but hall the party ;
but many of the Spauiards had round friends in Ulster
who undertook fo take care of them through the
winter mouths, and had no objection fo be left behind.
The rest, with Don Alonzo af their head, prepared fo
tempt onoe more the fortunes of the sea. He had

DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMADA, 588 203

been hurt in the leg by a capstan when the galleon
went on the rocks, and vas stil] unable fo walk. He
was carried on board; and in the middle of Octoher
the Ge'on(t sailed. She crept along the coast for
several days without misadventure. Rossan Point
was passed safely, and Tory Island, and Lough Swilly,
and Lough Foyle. The worst of the voyage vas
over; a few hours more and they would have been
saved. But the doom of the Armada was on them.
They struck upon a rock off Dunluce; the galleass
broke in pieces, and only rive out of the whole
number were saved. Thrice wrecked, Don Alonzo
and the young Castilian lords perished af last. Two
hundred and sixty of their bodies were washed ashore
and committed undistinguished fo the grave.
With this concluding catastrophe the tragedy of the
Armada in Ireland was ended. If was calculated that
in the month of September alone, before de Leyva and
his companions were added fo the list, eight thousand
Spaniards perished between the Giant's Causeway and
Blasket Sound : eleven hundred were put fo death by
Bingham ; three thousand were murdered by the Irish ;
the rest, more fortunate, were drowned.

IIIb'IOII(,AL i 01 [ hAI'Ib.

2o 7

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN.

BISHOP HUGOcame into the xvorld in the mountain-
ous country near Grcnoble, on the bordcrs of Savoy.
Abbot Adtm dxvells with a certain pride upon his
patron's parentage, fie relis us, indced, sententiously
that if is better fo be noble in morals than fo be noble
in blood--that fo be born undistinguished is a less
misfortune than fo live so--but he regards a noble
family only as an honourable setting for a nature
which was noble in itself. The bishop was one of
three children of a Lord of Avalon, and was born in
a castle near Pontcharra. His mother died when he
was eigh years old; and his father, having lost the
chier interes xvhich bound him fo lire, divided his
esbates between his two other sons, and xvithdrew with
the little one into an adjoining monastery. There was
a college attached fo if, where the children of many
of the neighbouring barons were educated. Hugo,
however, was from the firsb designed for a religious
lire, and mixed little xvith the other boys. " You, my
litfle fellow," his tutor said fo him, "I ara bring'ing
up for Christ: you mus no learn to play or trifle."
The old lord became a monk. Hugo grew up beside
him in the convenb, waiting on him as he became
infirm, and smoothing the downward road ; and mean-
while learning whatever of knowledge and practical
piety his preceptors were able fo provide. The life,
if is likely, was no wanting in austerity, but the

2o8 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

comparaively easy rule did not saisfy Hugo's aspira-
tsion8. The heory of "relig'ion," as the convenual
system in ail its forms was terlned, was the conquest
of self, {.he reduetion of the euçil-e naçul'e o the eont.rol
of the better part of it ; and as the seat of self lay in
the body, as temp{.ation o do wrong, thon, as always,
lay, direetly or indireetly, in the desire for solne hodily
indnlgenee, or the dread of sonne bodily pain, the
mcthod lmrsued was the inuring of the body fo the
hardest lai-e, raid the produeing indifferenee fo eold,
hunger, pain, or any o{her ealalniçy whieh the ehanees
of lire eouhl infliet upon it. l|cn so trained eould play
their pal-t in lire, whether high or low, with wonderfnl
tdvaldat.e. Wealth had no ttçraetiou for them. The
world eould give theln nothiug whieh they had learnt
fo desire, an,l take nothing from theln whieh t.hey eared
o lose. The orders, hovever, differed in severity ; and
at this rime the highest diseipline, moral and bodily,
was o be round only among the Cart.husians. An
ineideutal visit xvith the prior of his own eonvent o
the Grande Cartreuse determined Hugo fo seek ad-
lnission into this extraordinary soeiety.
It was no lig'ht thinz whieh he was undertaking.
The ma.iestie situation of the Grande Chartreuse itself,
t.he loneliness, the seelusion, t, he atmosphere of sanetity
whieh hung around iii, the nysterions beings who had
lnade their home there, faseinated his imaginat.ion. A
stern old monk, o whom he tlrst eommunieated his
intention, supposing that he was led away by a passing
faney, looked grimly at his pale faee and delieate limbs,
and roughly told him that he was a fool. "Young
man," the monk said o him, "t.he men who inhabit
these roeks are hard as the roeks themselves. They
have no merey on their own bodies and none on others.
The dress will serape the flesh from gour bones. The

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN 2o 9

discipline will tear the bones themselves out of such
frail limbs as yours."
The Carthusians combined in themselves the severi-
ries of the hermits and of the regular orders. Each
member of the fraternity lived in his solitary cell in
the rock, meeting his companions Olfly in the chapel,
or for instruction, or for the business of the house.
They are no meat. A loaf of bread vas given to every
brother on Sunday morning" at the refectory door,
which was to last hiln through thc week. An occa-
sional mess of gruel was ail that vas alloved in addition.
His bedding was a horse-cloth, a pillow and a skin.
His dress was a horse-hair shirt, coverêd odside with
linen, which was worn night and day, and the vhite
cloak of the order, generally a sheepskin, and unlined
--all else was bare. He was bound by vows of the
strictest obedience. The order had business in all
parts of the vorld. Içow solne captive was to be
rescued from the Moors; uow SOlne earl or king had
been treading on the Church's privilêges; a brothêr
was chosen fo interpose in the naine of the Chartreuse :
he received his credentials and had to de.part on the
instant, with no furlfiture but his stick, to walk, it
might be, to the furthest corner of Europe.
A singular instance of the kind occurs incidentlly
in the present narrative. A certain brother Einard,
who came ultimately to England, had been sent to
Spain, to Granada, to Africa itself. Returning through
Provence he fell in with solne of the Albigenses, who
spoke slightingly of the sacraments. The hard Car-
thusian saw but one course to follow with men he
deemed rebels to his Lord. He was the first to urge
the crusade which ended in their destruction. He
roused the nearest orthodox nobles to arlns, and Hugo's
biograplmr tells delightedly how the first invasions
14

-o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

were followed up by others on a larger scale, and "the
brute an,l pestilcnt race, unworthy ot" the naine of men,
were eut away l>y the toil of the faithful, and by God's
merey destroyed."
" Pitiless to themselves," as the old monk said, "they
had no pity on any other man," as Èinard afterwards
was himself to feel. Even Hugo t t.imes disapprove,l
of their extreme severity. " God," he said, allu,ling to
some cruel action of the soeiety, "God tempers his
anger with compassion. When he drove A,lun from
Para,lise, He at least gave hiln a eoat of skins: man
knows hot what merey means."
Èinard, after this Albigensian aftiir, was ordered
in the lnidst of a bitter winter to repair to Denmark.
H(,' was a Vel'y age,! man--a hundred years old, his
brother lnonks believed--broken at any rate with age
and toil. He shrank froln the journey, he begged to
be spared, and, when the emnmand was persisted in, he
refused obedienee. He was instantly expelled. Hall
elad, amidst the iee and snow, he wandered from one
religious bouse to another. In all he was refused
a,hnissi(m. Af last, one bitter frosty night he appeared
penitent at t]e gare of the Cartreuse, and pl'ayed to
be forgiven. The porter was forbidden to open to him
till lnorning, but left the old man to shiver in the show
through the darkness.
" By lny troth, brother," Einard said the next day
to him, "had you been a bean last night between my
teeth, they xvould bave dopped you in pieces in spire
of me."
Such were the monks of the Chartreuse, among
whom the son of the Avlon noble desired to be en-
rolled, as the highest favour which could be shown h]m
upon earth. His petition was entertained. He was
allowed to cnlist in the spiritual army, in which he

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN 2II

rapidly distinguished hilnsel f ; tnd af the en,! of twenty
years he had acquired a naine through France as t.he
ables melnber of the worhl-famed fraterniy.
Ig was aL flfis tilne, somewhere abouL 1174, tha
Henry II. eoueeived the notion of inrodueing le
ÇU'lusittnS inLo England. In the premature struggle
o whieh he had eommitçed himself wih he Chm'eh
he had been hopelessly worsed. The Const.iuions of
Clarendon had been tOl-n in pieces. He had himself,
of his own meol'd, lone penanee a t, he shl'ine of the
mm'dered Beeke. The ]mught.y sovereign of Englaml,
as a symbol of the sineeriy o[ his submission, hml
knel in he ehper-house of Canerbury, pl'eSening
volungarily there his bare shoulders o be flogged by
he monks. His hmniliaiol, so far ri'oin degrmling
hiln, had resored him fo the aflçegion of his subjees,
and his endeavour Oaeneeforward was o purify and
reinvigorae the proud institution agains whieh he
had oo rashly maehed his st«'ength.
In pursuanee of his poliey he had tpplied o tire
Chartreuse for assistance, and hall a dozen monks,
among hem brocher Einard, whose Denmark mission
was exehmaged for the English, had been sen over
and esablished af, Wiham, a village no far from
Frome in Somerseshire. Sueien pains had no
been taken o prepare for their reeeption. The Cr-
t, husians were a soligary order and required exclusive
possession of the esPaCes se apar for their use. The
Saxon population were sill in occupation of heir
holdings, and, being ÇrOWll elmngs, saw ghemselves
flweatened with evieion in f&vour of foreigners.
Quarrels had arisen and ill-feeling, and he Carghusians,
proud as fle proudesg of nobles, and eonsidering flmg
m eoming o England hey were raher eonferring
favoum han reeeiving flmm, resened he bein eom-

212 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

pelled to struggle for tenements which they had not
sought or desired. The first prior threw up his office
and returned to the Chartreuse. The second died
ilnlnediately after of chagrin and disgust; and the
king, who was thon in Normandy, heard to his
extreme mortification that the remaining brethren
were threatening fo take staff in hand and match back
fo their homes. The Count de Mmrienne, fo whom
he communicated his distress, mentioned Hug'o's naine
to hiln. It was determined to sen,1 for Hugo, and
Fitzjocelyn, Bishop of Bath, with other venerable
persons cm'ried the invitation to the Chartreuse.
To Hugo himself, meanwhile, as if in preparation for
the destiny which was bcfore him, a singular experience
was af that molnent occm'ring. He was nmv about
forty years old. If is needless to say that he had duly
pracised the usual austeritles prescribed by his rule.
Whatever discipline could do to kill the carnal nature
in him had been carried out toits utmost harshness.
Ne was a man, however, of great physical strength.
His flesh was hot entirely dead, and he was going
where superiority to vorldly temptation vouhl be
specially required. Just before Fitzjocelyn arrived
he vas assailed suddenly by emotions so extremely
violent that he said he vou]d rather face the pains of
Gehenna than eneounter them again. His mind was
unaffeeted, but the devil had him at advantage in his
sleep. He prayed, he flogged himself, he fasted, he
eonfessed ; still Satan was allowed to buflbt him, ànd,
though he had no fear for his soul, he thought his body
would die in the struggle. 0ne night in partieular the
agony reaehed its erisis. He lay tossing on his uneasy
pallet, the angel of darkness trying with all his allure-
ments to tempt his conscience into aequieseenee in evil.
An angel from above appeared to enter the eell as a

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN 2I 3

spectator of the conflict. Hugo imagined that he sprung
fo him, clutched him, and wrestled like Jacol) with him
fo extort a blessing but could hot succeed, and af last
he sank exhausted on the ground. In the sleep, or the
unconsciousness which followed, an aged prior of the
Chartreuse, who had admitted him as a boy fo the ordor,
had dicd and had since been canonised, seemcd fo lean
over him as he lay, and inquired the cause of his distress.
He said that he was affiicted fo agony by the law of
sin that was in his members, and unless some one aided
hin he would perish. The saint drew from his hrcast
what appeared fo be a knife, opcned his body, Irew a
fiery mass of something from the bowels, and flmig if
out of the door. He awoke and round that if was
morning and that he was perfectly curcd.
"Did you never feel a return of these motions of
the flesh ?" asked Adam, when Hugo related the
to him.
"Not never," Hugo answered, "but never fo a degree
that gave nie thc slightest trouble."
"I have been particular," wrote Adam afterwards,
"fo relate this exactly as if happened, a false account
of if having gone abroad that if was the Blessed Virgin
who appeared instead of the prior," and that Hugo
was relieved by an operation of a less honourable
kind.
Visionary nonsense the impatient reader may say;
and had Hugo beeome a dreamer of the eloister, a
perseeutor like St. Dominie, or a hysterieal fanatie
like Ignatius Loyola, we might pass by if as a morbid
illusion. But there never lived a man fo whom the
word morbid eould be applied with less propriety. In
the Hugo of Avalon with whom we are now fo beeome
aequainted, we shall see nothing but the sumfiest
cheerfulness, strong maseuline sense, inflexible purpose,

214 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

uprightness in vord and deed; with an ever-flowing
stream of genal and buoyant humour.
In the story of the temptation, therefore, we do but
see the final conque,st of the selfish nature in him,
which left his nol»]er qualities free to act, wherever he
might fin,1 hilnself.
FitiocelyL, aut.icipating difficulty, had brought with
him t.he Bishop ot" Grenoble fo support lais petition.
He was received af first with universal clamour. Hugo
was the brightest jewel of t.he or, lcr; Hugo couhl not
be parted with foL" any prince on earth. He himself,
entirely happy where lac was, anticipted othing but
trouble, but left his superiors to decide for hiln. Af
lengt, h sense of duty prevailed. The brethren t'elt that
lac was a shiniug light, of which the world must hot
be deprived. The Bishop of Grenoble relninled them
that Christ had left heaveu and corne fo earth for
sinners' souls, an,1 that His example ought fo be
imitated. If was arranged that Hugo was fo 'o, and
a few weeks later hc was af Witham.
He was velcomed there as an angel from heaven.
He round everything in confusion, the few monks
living in wattle,l huts iu the forest, the village still in
possession of its old occupants, and bad blood and
discontent on ail hands. The first difficulty was to
enter upon the ]ands without wrong fo the people,
and the history of a large evictioL in the twelfth
century will hot 1)e without ifs instructiveness even
af the present day. One thing Hugo was af ouce
decided upon, that the fouudation would hot flourish
if it was built upon injustice. He repaired fo Henry,
and as a first step in,luced lfim fo offer thc tenants
(Crown serfs or villcins) either chaire cnfranchise-
ment or farms of equal value, on any other of the
royal manors, to be selected by themselves. Some

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN

chose one, some the other. The next thing vas com-
pensation for ilnprovements, houses, farm-buildings
and fences erected by the people at their own expense.
The Crown, if it resumed possession, nmst pay for
these or wrong would be donc. "Unless your Majesty
satisfy these poor men to the last obol," said Hugo to
Henry, "we cmnot take possession."
The king consented, and the people, when the prior
carried back the news of the arrmgement, were
satisfied to go.
But this was hot all. Many of them vere removing
no great distance, and couhl carry with them the
materials of their bouses. Hugo resolved that they
shouhl keep these things, aml again marched off to the
court.
" My Lord," sid Hugo, " I m but  new corner in
your realm, and I have already enriehed your Majest,y
with a quantity of cottages au,l farm-steadings."
"Riches I could well have spared," said Henry,
laughing. "You hve almost mle a beg'g-ar of me.
What ara I to do vith old huts and rotten tituber ?"
" Pcrhaps your Majesty will give them fo me," sai,l
Hugo. "It is but a trifle," he added, when the king
hesitated. " Itis my first request, and only a snmll
Olle."
"This is a terril»le fellosv that we have brought
among us," laughed the king ; "if he is so power[ul
with his persuasions, what will he do if he tries force ?
Let it be as he says. We must hot drive him to
extremit.ies."
Thus, with the good will of all parties, and no
wrong done to any man, the first obstaeles were
ovcreome. Ïhe villagers vent asvay happy. The
monks entered upou their lands amidst prayers and
blessings, the king himself being as pleased as any

216 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

one af his first experience of the character of Prior
Hugo.
Henry had soon occasion fo see more of him. He
had promised fo buihl the monks a house and chapel,
but betveen Ireland, and Wales, and Scotland, and
lais dominions in France, and his three mutinous sons,
he had many troubles on his hands. Time passed and
the building was hot begun, and Hugo's flock grew
mutinous once more ; twice he sent Henry a reminder,
twice came back fifir words and nothing more. The
brethren began fo hint that the prior was afraid of
t, he powers of this world, and dared not speak plainly ;
and one of them, Brother Gerard, an oh| monk with
high blood in his veins, declared that he would himself
go and tcll Hem'y some unplea.sant ruths. Hugo had
discovered in his interviews with him that the king
wts no ordinary nlan, "Vit" s(tgacis ingenii, et
scïatabilisfere anim" He ruade no opposition, but
he proposed o go himself aloug with this passionate
gcntleman, and he, Gerard and the aged Einard, who
was mentioned above, went together as a deputation.
The king received them as "coelestes angelos "--
angels from heaven. He professed the deepest rever-
ence for their characters, and the greatest anxiey fo
please them, but he said nothing precise and deter-
mined, and he fiery Gerard burst out as he intended.
Carthusian monks, if seems, considered themselves
entitled fo speak fo kings on entirely equal terres.
" Finish your work, or leave if. my Lord King," the
proud Btu'gundian said. "If. shall no more be any
concern fo me. You have a pleasant realm here in
England, bu for myself I prefer fo take my leave of
you and go back fo my desert Chartreuse. You give
us bread, aud you think you are doing a grea thing
for us. We do hot need your bread. If is better for

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN v_ 17

us to return to our Alps. You count money lost
which you spend on your soul's health ; keep if then,
since you love if so dearly. Or rather, you oennot
keep if ; for you must die and let if go fo others who
will hot thank you."
Hugo tried fo check the stream of words, but
Gerard and Einard were both oMer than he, and
refused fo be restrained.
"egem videres philosoph«,tem :" the king was
apparently meditating. His fce di,1 hot alter, nor
did he speak a wor,1 till the Cart.husian had done.
"And what do you thiuk, my good fcllow," he said
af last, after a pause, looking up, and tm'ning fo
Hugo: " will you forsake me too ?"
" My Lord," said Hugo, " I ara less despcrate t.han
my brothers. You bave much work upon your hands,
and I can feel fOl" you. When God shall please, you
will bave lcisure fo attend fo us."
" By my soul," Henry answerêd, "you are one that
I will never part vith while I lire."
He sent workmen af once fo Witham. Cells and
chapel were duly built. The trouble tinally passed
away, and the Carthusian priory taking roof beoeme
the English nursery of the order, which rapidly
spread.
Hugo himself continued there for eleven years,
leaving it from rime to rime on business of the Church,
or summoued, as happened more and more frequently,
to Henry's presence. The kiug, who had seen his
value, who knew that he could depênd upon him to
speak the trutl, consulted him on the most serious
affairs of State, and, beginning wit, h respect, became
familiar!y and ardently attached fo him. Witham
however renained his home, and he returned fo if
always as to a retreat of perfect enjoyment. His cell

28 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

and his dole of weekly bread gave hin as entire
satisfaction as the most luxuriously furnished villa
could aflbrd fo one of ourselves ; and long after, when
he was callcd elscwhcre, and the cares of the great
world fell more heavily upon him, he looked fo an
annual month af Witham for rest of mind and body,
ami on coming there he vould l)itch away his grand
dress and jump into his sheepskin as we mo, lerns put
on ou," shooting" .jaekets.
While he remaine,l prior he lived in perfect sim-
plicity and unbroken health of mind and body. The
faine of his order spread fast, and with ifs light the
inseparable shadow of superst.ition. Wit.ham beeame a
plaee of pilgrimage : miracles vere sai, l to be vorked
by involuntary efltuenees from it, occupants. Then
and always Hugo t.hought little of miraeles, turned
his baek on them for the most par, and diseouraged
them if hot as illusions yet as matters of no eonse-
quenee. St.. Paul thought one intelligible sentenee
eontaining t.ruth in if was better than a hundred in
an unknown tongue. The prior of Witham considered
that the only miraele worth speaking of was holiness of
lit'e. "Little I," writes Adam (p:t,t'v tcltts ego), "observed
that he worked many miracles himself, but he paid
no atteîtion fo them." Thus he lived for eleven
years with as mueh rat.ional happiness as, in his
ol)inion , humtm nature was Cal)able of experiencing.
When he lay down upon his horse-rug he slep like a
ehild, undistm'bed, save tht af intervals, as if he vas
praying, he muttered a composed "Amen" When he
awoke he ,-ose and wen about his ordinary business :
eleaning u l) dir, washing dishes and sueh like, being"
his favourite early oeeupation.
The povers, however--who, aecording toghe Greeks,
are jealous of human felieiçy--thought proper, in due

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN 2i 9

time, to disturb the prior of Witham. Tovards the
end of 1183 Walter de Coutances was promoted from
the bishopric of Lincoln to the rchbishopric of Rouen.
The see lay vacant for two years and a hall, and a
successor hrd nov fo be provMed. A great council
was sitting af E,sham on business of the realm ; the
king riding over every lnorning from Woodstock. A
dcputation of canons froln Lincoln came fo learn his
pleasure for the filling up the vacancy. The canons
vere directed fo make a choice for thcmselves and
were unable fo agl'ee, for the hOt Ulmttçur[ rcaSOll
tht cach canon considered the fittest peOl to be
himslf. Some one (Adm does noç nmntion the
ntme) suggested, as a way out of the difficulty, the
election or" Hugo of Witham. The canons being rich,
well to do, and of the modern easy-going sort, .lugqed
at the suggestion of the poor Carthusian. They t'ound
to their surprise, hovever, that the king was eln-
phatica[ly or" the saine opinion, and that Hugo and
nobody else was the person tlmt he intcnded for
theln.
The king's pleasure was theirs. They gave their
votes, aml dcspatched a deputation over the downs fo
comlnand the prior's instant presence at Enshaln.
A difficulty rose vhere if ws least expected. Not
only ws the "V,)lo el»Scopa,'" in Hugo's case a
genuine feeling, hot only did he regard worh]ly
promotion as a thing not in the least attractive to
him; but, in spire of his regard for Henry, he did
hot believe tlmt the king vas  proper person fo
nominate the prelates of the Church. He tohl the
canons that the election was void. They must return
fo their own cthedral, call the chapter together,
iuvoke the Holy Spirit, put the King of England
out of thcir minds, and consider rather the King of

220 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

kings ; and so, and not otherwise, proceed with their
choice.
The canons, wide-eyed with so unexpected a recep-
tion, retired with their answer. Whether they complied
with the spirit of" Hugo's direction may perhaps be
doubted. They, however, assembled af Lincoln with
the proper forms, and repeated the election vit.h the
external conditions which he had prescribed. As a last
hope of escape he appealed fo the Chartreuse, declaring
himself unable fo accept any office without orders
from his superiors ; but the authorities there forbade
hin fo decline; and a fresh deputation of canons
having come for his escort, he mounted his mule with
a heavy heart and set out in their company for
Winchester, vhere the king vas then residing.
A glimpse of the party we are able fo catch upon
their jounaey. Though if was seven hundred years
since, the English September was probably much like
what if is af present, and the down country cannot
have materially altered. The canons lmd their palfreys
richly caparisoned with gilt saddle-cloths, and servants
and sumpter horses. The bishop elect strapped his
wardrobe, lais blanket and sheep-skin, af the back of
lais saddle. He rode in this way resisting remonstrance
till close fo Winchester, when the canons, afraid of
the ridicule of the court, slit the leathers without his
knowing if, and passed his baggage fo the servants.
Consecration and installation duly followed, and if
was supposed that Hugo, a humble monk, owing his
promotion fo the king, would be becomingly grateful,
that he would become just a bishop, like anybody
else, complying with established customs, lnoving in
the regular route, and keeping the waters smooth.
Ail parties were disagreeably, or rather, as if
turned out ultinmtely, agreeably surprised. The first

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN 221

intimation which he gave ha he had a will of his
own followed instanly upon his admission. Cor-
ruption or quasi-eorruption had gathered already
round eeelesiasieal appoinments. The Arehdeaeon
of Canerbury put in a elaim for eonseeration fees,
hings in themselves without meaning or justiee, but
implying thaç a bishoprie was a prize, he lueky
winner of whieh was expeeed o be generous.
The new prelate held no sueh estinaate of the nature
of his appointment--he said he would give as mueh for
his eathedral as he had given for his mitre, and left
the arehdeaeon fo his refleeions.
No sooner was he established and had looked about
him, than from he poor tenants of esates of the see
he heard eomplains of that most aneient of English
grievanees--the gaine laws. Hugo, who himself
touehed no meat, was not: likely fo have eared for
the ehase. He was informed that venison must be
provided for his insballafion feast. He t:old his people
fo take from his park what ,cas neeessal'y--three
hundred stags if they pleased, so little he ead for
preserving t:hem; but neither was he a man fo have
interfered needlessly with the reeognised anmsements
of other people. There must bave been a case of rem
oppression, or he would not bave meddled wih sueh
things. The offender was no less a person than the
head forester of the king himself. Hugo, failing fo
bring him fo reason with mild methods, exeom-
munieated him, and left him fo earry his eomplaints
fo Henry. If happened hat a rich stall was ab the
moment vaean af Lineoln. The king wanted if for
one of his eourtiers, and gave the bishop an opporunity
of redeeming his first offenee by asking for if as a
favour fo himself. Henry was af Woodstoek; the
bishop, af the moment, was af Dorehester, a plaee in

222 SELECTIONS FROM FR()UDE

his diocese thirtecn lniles off: t}n receiving Henry's
letter the hishop ba, le tho messenger crry back for
ansver thtt prebendfl stalls were not for courtiers
but for priests. The king must find other means of
rewarding temporal services. Henry, with some
experience of the pride of ecclesiastics, was unprepared
for so abrupt a message--Becket hin,sel[ had been less
insolent-and as he had been personally kind to Hugo,
he wts hurt s well as oflbnded. He sent ag',in to
desire him to corne to Woodstock, md prepared, when
he arrived, to shov him that he was seriously dis-
ple,sed. Then followed one of the most singular
scenes in English history--a thing veritably true,
which oaks still standing in Woodstock Park may
have witnessed. As soon as vord was brought that
the bishop was at the pttrk gare, Hc.nry mounted his
horse, rode vith his retiuue into a glade in the forest,
where he alighted, sat clown upon the ground with
his people, and in this pasition prepared to receive
the criminal. The bishop approached--uo one rose
or spoke. He saluted the king ; there was no answer.
Pausing for a moment, he approached, pushed aside
gently au earl who was sitting at Henry's side, and
himself took his place. Silence still continued. At
last Henry, looking up, called for a needle and thread ;
he had hurt a finger of his left hand. It was wrapped
with a strip of lineu rag, the end was loose, and he
began to sew. The bishop watched him through a
few stitches, and then, with the utmost composure,
said to him--" Qtta,n sivilis es nodo cog,atis tttis
de Falesiâ "--" your Highness now reminds me of
your cousins of Falaise ". The words sounded innocent
enough--indeed, entirely unmeaning. Alone of the
party, Henry understood the allusion; and, over-
whelmed by the astonishing impertinence, he clenched

ST. HUGH OF LINCOI.N 223

Iris hands, struggled hard to eontain himself, and then
rolled on the ground in convulsions of lughter.
" Did you heur," he said fo his people when at last,
he round words; "did you hear how this wret.ch
insulted us  The blood of my ancestor the Comlucror,
as you know, was none of the puresç. His mother
was of Falaise, which is famous for ifs leather work,
nd xvhen this mocking gentleman saw me stitching
my finger, he sid I was showing my parenge.
"My good sir," he continued, turning to Hugo,
"xvhat do you mean hy excommunica, ting lny hea, l
foreser, and whel I make a smMl request Of you,
why is it t, hat you hot only do hot eolne o see
me, bu do no send me so lnueh as a civil
all81ver  "
"I know myself," answered Hugo, gravely, " o be
indebted o your Highness for my lae prolnoion. I
eonsidered ha your HighlmsS'S soul would be in
danger if I vas round Wallill" in le diseharge of
my dufies; all,t heoefore it was that I used he
eensms of ghe Chureh when I hehl heln neeessary,
and lla I resist,ed ail improper aelnp on your pal'
upon a st.all in my eahedral. To wai on you on
sueh a suhjeet I hough superfluous, sinee your High-
ness approves, as a lnat.t.er of eourse, of whaever is
righfly ordered in your reahn."
Wha eould be done wih sueh a bishop ? No one
knew better han Henry he ruh of wha Hugo vas
saying, or the worh of sueh a man t,o himself. He
bade Hugo proeeed wifl he foreser as he pleased.
Hugo had him publiely whipd, then absolved him,
and gave him his blessing, and round in him ever
afer a fas and faihful friend. The courtiers asked
for no more salls, and all was well.
In Chureh matrs iu his own dioeese he equay

224

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

took his own way. Nothing could be more unlike
than Hugo fo the canons whom he round in possession ;
yet he somehow bent them all fo his will, or carried
their wills with his own. "Never since I came fo the
diocese," he said fo his chaplain, " have I had a quarrel
with my chapter. If is hOt that I ara easy-going--
sa.fa eni 'eve'd 1)pe'e mo.r«lacior (pepper is hOt
more biting than I can be). [ often fly out for small
causes; but they take lne as they find me. There is
hOt one who distrusts my love for him, nor one by
whom I do hOt believe myself fo be loved."
Af table this hal'dest of monks was the most agree-
able of companions. Though no one had practised
abstinence more severe, no one less valued if for ifs
own sake, or had less superstition or foolish senti-
ment about if. If was, and is, considered sacrilege
in the Church of Rome fo faste food before saying
mass. Hugo, if he sav a priest who was fo officiate
exhausted for want of support, and likely fo find a
diffieulty in getting through his work, would order
him fo eat as a point of duty, and ]eetured him for
want of faith if he affeeted fo be horrified.
Like ail genuine meu, the bishop was an objeet of
speeial attraction fo ehildren and animais. The little
ones in every house that he entered were always found
elinging about his legs. Of the attachment of other
ereatures fo him there was one very singular instance.
About the rime of his installation there appeared on
the mere af Stow Manor, eight toiles from Lineoln, a
swan of unusual size, whieh drove the other male
birds from off the water. Abbot Adam, who fre-
quently saw the bird, says that he was euriously
marked. The bill was saflon instead of black, with
a safl¥on tint on the plumage of the head and neek;
and the abbot adds he was as mueh larger than other

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN 225

swans as a swan is larger than a goose. This bird, on
the occasion of the bishop's first visiç ço the manor,
was brought to him fo be seen as a curiosity. He
was usually unmanageable and savage ; but the bishop
knew the way fo his hearç ; fed him, and taughç him
fo poke his head into çhe pockets of his frock ço look
for breadcrmnbs, which he did not rail fo find there.
Ever after he seemed fo know instincçively when the
bishop was expected, flew trumpeting up aud down
the lake, slapping the wat, er with his wings; when
he horses approached, he would march ouç upon the
grass fo meet, them : strutted aç the bishop's side, and
wouhl sometimes follow him upstairs.
If was a miracle of course t,o the general mind,
though explicable enough to those who have observed
t, he physical charm which men who take pains t,o
understand animals are able t,o exercise over t, hem.

We have seen him with King Henry ; we will now
follow him into çhe presence of Cœur de Lion.
Richard, iç will be remembered, on his return from
his captivity plunged inço war with Philip of France,
carrying out a quarrel which had commenced in t,he
Holy Land. The king, in distress for money, had
played tricks with Church pat.ronage which ttugo had
firmly resisted. ARerwards an ohl claire on Lincoln
diocese for some annual services was suddenly revived,
which had been pretermitted for sixçy years. The
arrears for ail thaç rime were called for and exacted,
and the clergy had fo raise among themselves 3,000
marks: hard measure of çhis kind perhaps induced
Hugo Go look closely into furher demands.
In 1197, when Richard was in Normandy, a pressing
message came home from him for supplies. A council
was held af, Oxford, when Archbishop Hubert, who was
t5

226 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

chancellor, required each prelage and greaç nobleman
in rhe king's naine fo provide rhree hundred knighrs
af his ovn eosr go serve in rhe war. The Bishop of
London supporged ghe primate. The Bisbop of Lineoln
followed. Being a sgranger, he said, and ignorang on
his arrival of English laws, he had ruade ig his business
go sgudy ghêm. The sec of Lineoln, he was aware,
was bound go lniligary service, bug iL was service in
England and nog ahroad. The demand of ghe king
was againsg t.he libergies whieh he had sworn go
defend, and he vould ragher die ghan begray ghem.
The Bishop of Salisbury, gagherin courage from
Hugo's resistanee, gook ghe saine side. The eouneil
broke up in eolffusion, and ghe arehbishop wroge go
Richard go say $htg he was unable go raise ghe required
foree, and gha ghe Bishop of Lineoln was ghe eause.
Richard, who, wigh mosg noble qualiçies, had ghe çemper
of a fiend, replied insgangly vigh ail order go seize and
eontïseage ghe propergy of ghe rebellious prelages. The
Bishop of Salisbury vas broughç upon his knees, bu
Hugo, fearless as ever, swore ghat he would exeom-
munieage any man who dared go exeeuge ghe king's
eommand; and as ig was know ghag he would keep
his word, ghe royal oflïeers hesigaged go aeg. The king
wroge a seeond gime lnore fiereely, ghreagening deagh if
ghey disobeyed, and ghe bishop, nog wishing go expose
ghem go grouble on his aeeoung, degermined go go over
and eneounger ghe gempesg in person.
Ag Rouen, on his way go Roche d'Andeli, where
Riehard was lying, he was eneoungered by ghe Earl
Marshal and Lord Albemarle, who implored him go
send SOlne eoneiliagory message by ghem, as ghe king
was so furious ghag ghey feared he mighg provoke ghe
auget of Clod by SOlne violeng aeg.
The bishop deelined gheir assisgance. He desired

ST. HUGH OF LINCOLN -7

them merely to tell the king that he was colning.
Ïhey hurried baek, and he followe,1 af his leisure.
The scene that ensued was even strantzer than the
interview already described with Henry in the park
at Woodstock.
Cçeur de Lion, when he arrived at Roche d'Andeli,
was hearing lnass in the church. He was sitting in
a great chair at the opcning into the choir, with the
bishops of 1)urbain and Ely on eithcr side. Church
ceremonials must have been conductcd with less stiff
propriety than af present. Hugo a,lvanced cahnly and
ruade the usual obeisance. Richard said nothing, but
frowned, looked sternly at him for a moment, and
turned away.
"Kiss me, my Lord King," said the bishop. It
was the ordinary greeting between the sovereign and
the spiritual peers. The king averted his face still
further.
"Kiss me, my Lord," said Hugo again, and he
caught Cœur de Lion by the vest and shook him,
Abbot Adam standing shiveriug behind.
"Non mertdstithou hast hOt deserved it," growled
Richard.
"I bave deserved it," replied Hugo, and shook him
harder.
Had he shown fear, Cœur de Lion would probahly
have trampled on him, but who could resist such
marvellous audacity? The Mss was given. The
bishop passed up to the altar and became absorbed
in the service, Cœur de Lion curiously watching him.
When mass was over there was a forlnal audience,
but the result of if was decided already. Hugo declared
his loyalty in everything, save what touched his duty
to God. The king yielded, and threw the blame of the
quarrel on the too complaisant primate.

aa8 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Even this was noç ail. The bishop afçerwards
requested a private interview. He tohl Richard
solemnly t.hat he was uneasy for his soul, and admon-
ished him, if he had anyçhing on his conscience, ço
confess lE.
The king said he was conscious of no sin, save of
a certain rage againsç his French enemies.
"Obey God !" the bishop said, "and God will humble
your enemics for you--and you for your part take
heed you offcnd hot Hùn or hurç your neighbour.
I speak in sadness, but rumour says you are unfaithfu]
ço your queen."
The lion waa tamed for the moment. The king
acknowledgcd nothing but rcstrained his passion, only
observing afterwards, "If ail bishops were like my
Lord of LincoIn, noç a prince among us could lifç his
head against them"

HENRY VIII.

IF Henry VIII. had died previous fo tbe first agitation
of thê divorce, bis Ioss would bave bccn deplored as
one of tbe heaviest lnisfortunes whieb bad ever befallen
tbe country; and be would bave left a naine whieh
would have taken ifs place in history by the side of
that of the Black Prince or of the eonqueror of Agin-
court. Left at the most trying age, with his character
unformed, with the means af his disposal of gratifying
every inclination, and married by his lninisters when
a boy fo au ulmttractive woman far his senior, be had
lived for thirt.y-six years ahnost without blame, and
bore through England the rêputation of an upright
and virtuous king. Nature had been prodigal to him
of her rarest gifts. In person he is said fo have re-
sembled his grandfather, Edward IV., who was the
handsomest man in Europe. His forln and bearing
were princely; and amidst the easy freedom of his
address, his malmer remained majestic. No kuight
in England could match him in the tourlmment except
the Duke of Suflblk; he drew with case as strong a
bow as vas borne by any yeoman of his guard; and
these powers were sustained in unfailing vigour by
a te|nperate habit and by constant exercise. Of his
intellectual ability we are hot left fo judge from the
suspicious panegyrics of his contemporaries. His
state papers and letters may be placed by tbe side of
those of Wolsey or of Crolnwell, and they iose nothing

230 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

in the comparison. Though they are broadly difigrent,
the perception is equally clear, the expression equally
powerful, and they breathe throughout an irresistible
vigour of purpose, hl addition to this he had a line
musical taste, carefully cultivated: he spoke and
wrote in four languages; and his knowledge of a
nlultitude of other subjects, with which his versatile
ability in,de him conversant, vould bave formed the
reputation of any ordinary nlan. He was among the
best physicians of his age: be was his own engineer,
inventing improvements iii al4illery, and new con-
structions in ship-building; and this hOt with the
condescending incapacity of a royal amateur, lmt
vith thorough worklnanlike understanding. His
reading was vast, especially in theology, which has
been ridiculously ascribed by Lord Herbert fo his
father's intention of educating hiln for the arch-
bishoprie of Canterbury ; as if the seientifie mastery
of sueh a subjeet eouhl bave been aetluired by a boy
of twelve years of age, for he was no more when
he beeame Prince of Wales. He lnust have studied
theology vith the full maturity of his intellect; and
he had a fixed and perhaps unfortunate interest in
the subjeet itself.
In all direetions of hmnan aetivity Henry displayed
natural powers of the highest order, at the highest
streteh of industrious eulture. He was " attentive,"
as if is ealled, " fo his religious duties," being present
af the services iii ehapel two or three rimes a day
with Ullfailing regularity, and sbowing to outward
appearanee a real sense of religious obligation in the
energy and purity of his lire. In private he was
good-hmnoured and good-natured. His letters fo his
seeretaries, though never undignitied, are simple, easy
and unrestrained ; and the letters written by thelll to

HENRY VIII.

hiln are similarly plain and businesslike, as if the
writers knew that the person vholn they xvere ad-
dressing disliked eomplilnents, and chose to be treated
as a ln&n. Again, froln their eorrespondenee with
one another, when they deseribe inçerviews with him,
ve gather the saine pleasan impression. He seems
to have been Mways kind, Mvays eonsiderate; in-
quiring into their private eoneerns with genuine
interest, and vinning, as a eonsequenee, their varm
and unafleted attaehnent.
As a ruler he had been elninenfly populaç Ail his
wars had been successful. Ho had gle splendid gasges
in which ghe English people lnOSg delighged, and he
had subsgangially acged oui his own flmory of his dugy
which was expressed in ghe following words :
" Scripgure gakegh princes o be, as ig were, fatlers
and nUl'Ses ço gheir subjecgs, and by Scripgure ig
appearetl ghag ig appergainefl ungo ghe once of
princes o see thag righ religion and grue docgrine be
lnMnained and taughg, and gha fleir su[eegs lnay
be well ruled and governed by good and just laws;
and o provide and care for heln tirer ail flfings
necessary for heln may be pleneous ; and tlat gle
people and comlnonweal lllay increase; and ço defend
them from oppression and invasion, as well within ghe
realm as wiflmug; and fo see ghag jusgice be adminis-
gered ungo ghem indirently; and o hear benignly
ail gheir complaings; and o show gowards flmm,
although they oflnd, fatherly pity. And, finally, so
to correct them that be evil, that they had yet rather
save them than lose theln if it were hot for respect of
justice, and maintenance of peace and good order in
the comlnonweal."
These principles do lally appear to have deter-
mined HemT's conduct in his earlier years. His

3  SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
social admilfistration we have already partially seen.
He had more than once been tried with insurrection,
which he ha,l soothed down without bloodshed, and
extinguished in forgiveness; and London long recol-
lccted the great scene which followed "evil Mayday,"
1517, when the apprentices were brought down fo
Westminster Hall fo receive their pardons. There
had been a dangerous riot in the streets, which might
have provoked a mild Government fo severity; but
the king conented himself with punishilg the rive
ringleaders, and four hundred other prisoners, after
beig" paraded down the streets in white shirts with
hMters round their neeks, were dismissed with an
admonition, Wolsey weeping as he pronouneed if.
If is certain that if, as I said, he had died belote the
divorce vas mooted, Henry VIII., like that Roman em-
peror said by Taeitus fo have been conse,sw omu.itm
digns i.mpeq'ii nisi nperasset, would have been
considered by posterity as formed by Providence for
the conduct of the Reformation, and his loss would
have been deplored as a perpetual calalnity. We must
allow him, therefore, the benefit of his past career, and
be careful fo remcmber if when interpreting his later
actions. Not many lnen would have borne themselves
through the saine trials with the saine integrity; but
the circumstances of those trials had hot tested the
truc defects in his moral constitution. Like ail princes
of the Plantagenet blood, he was a person of a lnost
intense and imperious will. His impulses, in general
nobly directed, had never known contradiction; and
late in life, when his character was formed, he was
forced into collision with difficulties with which the
experience of discipline had hOt fitted him fo contend.
Education had donc much for him, but his nature re-
quired more correction than his position had perlnitted,

HENRY VIII. 233

whilst unbroken prosperity and early independence
of control had been his most serious misfortune. He
had capacity, if his training had 1)een equal fo it, fo
be one of the greatest of men. With ail his faults
about him he was still pcrhaps the grcatest of his
contemporaries; and the man best able of all living
Englishmen t.o govern England, had been set fo do if
by the conditions of his birth.

34

HUGH LATIMER.

THE father of Latimer ws a solid English yeoman,
of Thurcaston, in Leicestershire. "He had no lands of
lais own," but he rented a farm "of four pounds by the
year," on which "he tilled so much as kept hall a
dozen men "; " he had w..lk for a hundred sheep, and
meadov ground for thirty cows " The world pros-
pered with him; he was able fo save money for his
sons' education and his daughters' portions; but he
was freehanded and hospitable ; he kept open bouse
for his poor neighbours; and he was a good citizen,
too, for "he did find the king a harness vith himself
and his horse," ready fo do battle for his country if
occasion called. His family were brought up " in
godliness and the fear of the Lord " ; and in all points
the old Latimer seems fo have been a worthy, sound,
upvight man, of the true English mettle.
There were several children. The reformer was
born about 1490, some rive years after the usurper
Richard had been killed at Bosvorth. Bosworth being
no great distance from Thurcaston, Latimer the father
is likeIy to have been present in the battle, on one
side or the other--the right side in those rimes it was
no easy marrer fo choose--but he became a good
servant of the nev Government--and the little Hugh,
when a boy of seven years old, helped fo buckle on
his armour for him, " vhen he went to Blackheath

HUGH LATIMER :235

field". Being a soldier hilnself, the old gentleman
was careful to give his sons, whatever else he gave
them, a sound soldier's training. " He was diligent,"
says Latimer, "fo teach me fo shoot with the bow:
he taught me how fo draw, how fo lay my body in
the bow--not fo draw with strength of arm, as other
nations do, but with the strength of the body. I had
my bows bought me according fo my age and strength ;
as I increased in these, my bows were ruade bigger and
bigger." Under this education, and in the wholesome
atmosphere of the farmhouse, the boy prospered well;
and by and by, showing signs of promise, he was sent
fo school. When he was fourteen, the promises so far
having been fultilled, his father transferred him fo
Cambridge.
He was soon known af the university as a sober,
hard-working studenk Af nineteen he was elêcted
fellow of Clare Hall; af twenty he took his degree,
and became a student in divinity, when he accepted
quietly, like a sensible man, the doctrines which he
had been brought up fo believe. Af the rime when
Henry VIII. was writing against Luther, Latimer
was fleshing his maiden sword in an attack upon
Melanchthon; and he remained, he said, till he was
thirty" in darkness and tlle shadow of death ". About
this rime he became acquainted with Bilney, whom
he calls " the instrument whereby God called him
fo knowledge ". In Bilney, doubtless, he round a
sound instructor ; but a careful reader of his sel-ruons
will see traces of a teaching for which he was indebted
fo no human master. His deepest knowledge was
that whieh stole upon him uneonseiously through the
experienee of life and the world. His words are like

 Where the Cornish rebels came to an end in 1497.--Bacon'-
History of Henry the S«venth.

236 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
the elear impression of a seal; Ghe aeeounG and the
result of observaGions, Gaken firsG hand, on he eon-
diGion of Ghe English men and women of his Gime, in
all ranks and elasses, from Ghe palaee Go Ghe prison.
He shows large aequainGanee wih books--wiGh he
Bible lnosG of all; wiGh paGrisGie diviniGy and sehool
diviniGy, and hisGory, snered and profane; buG if
Ghis lmd been all he would no have been Ghe LaGimer
of Ghe lîefOl'maGion, and Ghe Chm'eh of England would
noG, perhaps, have been here Go-day. Like the physi-
eian, Go whom a year of pl'aetieal experienee in a
hospiGal Geaehes more han a lire of eloseG study,
LaGimer learnG Ghe menGal disorders of his age in he
age iGself ; and he seereG of GhaG arG no oGher man, how-
ever good, however wise, eould have Gaug'hG him. He
,,vas no an eeho, buG a voiee ; and he drew his thoughGs
t'resh ri'oin Ghe founGain--fl'om Ghe faeGs of the era in
whieh God had plaeed him.
He beeame early famous as a preaeher aG Cambridge,
from Ghe firsg "a sediGious fellow," as a noble lord
ealled him in laGer lire, highly Groublesome Go unjust
persons in auGhoriGy. " None, exeepG Ghe sGiff-neeked
and uneireumeised, ever wen away from his preaehing,
i was said, wiGhou being affeeGed wiGh high deGesGn-
Gion of sin, and moved Go all godliness and virGue."
And, in his nudaeious silnplieigy, he addressed himself
always Go his individual hearel'S, giving his words a
personal applieaGion, and ofGen addressing men by
naine. fhis habi broughG him firsG inGo ditlïeulGy in
15:?,5. He was preaehing before Ghe universigy whel
Ghe Bishop of Ely came inGo Ghe ehureh, being eurious
Go hear him. He paused fill the bishop was seaGed;
and, when he reeommeneed, he ehanged his subjeeL
and drew an idem pieGure of a prelaGe as a prelaGe
oughG to he ; ghe feagm'es of whieh, t.hough he d{d hot

HUGH LATIMER 237

say so, were strikingly unlike those of his mlditor.
The bishop complailed to Wolsey, vho sent for
Latimer, and inquired what he hM said. Latimer
repeated the substance of his sermon; alld other con-
versation then followed, which showed Wolsey very
clearly the nature of the person with whom he was
speaking No eye saw more rapidly than the cardinal's
the difference betxveen a true man and an ilnpostor;
nd he replied to the Bishop of Ely's accusations 1,y
granting the oflbnder a license fo preach in any church
in England. "If the Bishop of Ely cannot, abide such
doctrine as you have here repeated," he said, "you
shall preach it o his beard, let him say what he will."
Thus fortified, Latimer pursued his way, careless
of the university authorities, and probably defiant of
them. He was still orthodox in points of theoretic
belief. His mind was practical rather than speculative,
and he was slow in arriving at conclusions which had
no imlnediate bearing upon actiou. No charge could
be fastened upon him definitely criminal : aud he vas
too strong to be crushed by that compendious tyralmy
which treated as an act of heresy the exposure of ira-
posture or delinquency.
On Wolsey's fall, however, he would have certainly
been silenced: if he had fallen ino the hands of Sir
Thonlas More he would bave perhaps been prelnaturely
sacrifieed. But, fortmlately, he foun,l a fresh proteetor
in the kin. Henry heard of him, sent for him, an,l,
with instinetive reeognition of his eharaeter, appointed
him one of the royal chaplains. He now left Cam-
bridge and removed fo Windsor, but only fo treat his
royal patron as freely as he had t.reated the Cambridge
doctorsnot with any absenee of respeet, for he was
most respeetful, but with that highest respeet whieh
dates fo speak unweleome truth where the truth seems

238

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

fo be forgotten. He was made chaplain in 1530--
during thc new persecution, for which Henry was re-
sponsible by a more than tacit aCluiescence. Latimer,
with no authority but his own conscience, and the
strong certainty tlmt he was on God's side, threw him-
self between the spoilers and their prey, and wrote fo
the king, protesting agfinst the injustice which
crushing the truest men in his dominions. The lettcr
is too long fo insert ; the close of if may show how
poor priest couhl dare fo mldrcss the imperious Henry
VIII. :--
"I pray fo God that your Grace may take heed of
the worhlly wisdom which is foolishness before God ;
that you may do that [which] God commamleth, and
hOt thab [which] seemeth good in your own sight, with-
out the word of God ; that your Grace may be found
acceptable in His sight, and one of the members of His
Church ; and according fo the office that He hath called
your Grace unto, you may be round a faithful minister
of His gifts, and not a defender of His faith: for He
will hOt lmve if defended by man or man's power, but
by His word only, by the which He hath evermore
defended if, and tlmt by a way far above man's
power or reason.
"Wherefore, gracious King, remember yourself;
have pity upon your soul: and think that the day is
even af hand when you shall give accourir for your
office, and of the blood that hath been shed by your
sword. In which day, that your Grace may stand
steadfastly, and hot be ashamed, but bc clear and
ready in your reckoning, and lmve (as they say) your
q¢ietts est sealed with the blood of our Saviour Christ,
which only serveth af tlmt day, is my daily prayer to
Him that sufired death for our sins, which also
prayeth fo His Father for grace for us continually;

HUGH LATIMER 239

fo whom be all honour and praise for ever. Amen.
The Spirir of God preserve your Grace."
These words, which conclu,le an a, ldress of almost
unexampled grandeur, are unfortunately of no interest
fo us, except as illustrating the character of the priest
who xvrote them, and the king fo whom they were
written. The hand of the persecutor was hOt stayed.
The rack and the lash and the stake coninued fo claire
their victims. So far if was labour in vain. But the
letter remains, fo speak for ever for t.he courage of
Latimer: and fo speak something, too, for a prince
that could respect the nobleness of the poor yeoman's
son, who dared in such a cause to write fo him as a
man fo a man. To have written af all in such a strain
was as brave a step as was ever deliberately ventured.
Like most brave acts, if did hot go unrewarded; for
Henry remained ever after, however widely divided
from him lu opinion, his unshaken friend.
In 1531 the king gave him the living of West
Kingston, in Wiltshire, where for a rime he noxv retire&
Yet if was but a partial rest. He had a special license
as a preacher from Cambridge, which contiuued fo him
(with the king's express sanction)the powers which
he had received from Wolsey. He might preach in
any diocese fo which he was iuvited: and the repose
of a country parish could hOt be long allowed in such
stormy rimes fo Latimer. He had bad health, being
troubled with headache, pleurisy, colic, stone; his
bodily constitution meeting feebly the demands which
he was forced fo make upon it. But he struggled on,
travelling up and down, fo London, fo Kent, fo Bristol,
wherever opportunity called him; marked for de-
struction by the bishops if he was betrayed into
an imprudent word, and himself living in constant
expectation of death.

24o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Af lenh the Bishop of London believed that Lati-
mer was in his power. He ha,l preached af St,. Abb's
in the ciy," af the re, luest of a company of merchauts,"
in the begimSng of the winter of 1531 ; and soon after
his return fo his living he was informed that he Was
fo be cited before Stokesley. His friends in the
neighbourhood wrote fo him, evidently in great alarm,
and more anxious that he might clear himself than
expecting that he would be able fo do so; he himself,
indeed, had ahnost ruade up his mind that the end was
coming
The citation was delayed for a few weeks. If was
issued at last, on the 10th of January, 1531-32, and was
served by Sir Walter Hungerford, of Farley. The
offences with which he was charged were certain "ex-
cesses and irregu]arities" hOt specially detïned; and
the practice of the bishops in such cases was hOt fo
confine the prosecution to the acts comlnitted ; but fo
draw up a series of articles, ou vhich if was presumed
that the orthodoxy of the accused person was open fo
suspicion, and fo question him separately upon each.
Latimer was tïrst examined by Stokesley; subsequently
af various rimes by the bishops collectively; and finally,
when certain formulas had been submitted fo him,
which he refused fo sign, his case was transferred fo
Convocation. The Convocation, as we know, were
then in difficulty with their premunire ; they had con-
soled themselves in their sorrov with burning the body
of Tracy ; and they would gladly have taken further
comfort by burning Latimer. He was submitted fo
the closest cross-questionings, in the hope that he
would commit himself. They felt that he was the
most dangerous person fo them in the kingdom, and
they laboured with unusual patience fo ensure his con-
viction. With a common person they would have

HUGH LATIMER 4

rapidly succeeded. But Latimer was in no
be a lnartyr; he vouhl be lnartyred pal,ielll,ly vhen
l,he l,ime was corne for marl,yrdom; but he fell, thal,
no one oughl, "fo consenl, l,o die" as long as he couhl
honesl,ly live; and he baflied the episcopal inquisil,ors
wil,h l,heir own weapons. He has lefl, a mosl, curious
accounl, of one of his inl,ervievs with them.
"I was once in exanlinal,ion," he says," before rive or
six bishops, where I had much turmoiling. Every week,
thrice, I came fo examination, and many snares and
l,raps were laid fo gel, something. Now, God knowel,h,
I was ignol'anl, of the law; but thal, Go,1 gave me
answer and wisdom whal, I should speal« Il, was (od
indeed, for else I had never escaped them. Af the
lasl, I was I)roughl, forth l,o be examined into a chaml)er
hanged vith arras, where I was before wont to be
examined, bul, now, at this rime, l,he chamber was
somewhal, all,ered : for whereas belote there was
ever l,o be a tire in the cllimney,  now the tire was
l,aken away, and an arras hanging hangcd over the
chinmey ; and l,he l,able stood near the chimney's end,
so l,hal, I stood bel,veen l,he l,able and l,he chinmey's
end. There was among these bishops thal, exalnined
me one with whom I had been very familiar, and took
him for my greal, friend, an aged man, and he
l,he l,able end. Then, among all ol,her quesl,ions, he
pul, forl,h one, a very subi,le and crafl,y one, and such
one indeed as I could not think so greal, danger in.
And when I would make answer, 'I pray you,
Lal,imer,' said he, 'speak oui,; I ana very thick of
hearing, and here be many l,hal, sil, far off'. I
marvelled al, l,his, l,hal, I was bidden l,o speak oui,, and
began to misdeem, and gave an ear fo the chimney;

 The process lsted through Jnury, Februry nd Mrch.
i6

242 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

and, sir, there I heard a pen walking in the chimney,
behind the cloth. They had appointed one there fo
write all mi,m ansvers ; for they ruade sure work that
I should hot start from them: there was no starting
fron, them: God vas my good Lord, and gave me
answer; I could never else have escaped it. The
question was this : ' Master Latimer, do you hot think,
on your conscience, that you have been suspected of
heresy ? '--a subtle question--a vcry subtle question.
There was no holding of peace would serve. To hold
my l)eace lmd been fo grant myself faulty. To answer
was every way fu]l of danger. But God, w]fich hat]
always given me answer, hclped me, or else I could
never have escal).ed it. O'tendite mi]ri numisma
censûs. Shew me, said he, a penny of the tribute
money. They laid snares fo destroy him, but he over-
tmamth them in their own traps."
The bishops, however, were hot lnen who were nice
in their adherence fo the laws ; and if wou]d bave gone
ill with Latilner, notwithstanding his dialectic ability.
He was excommunicated and imprisoned, and would
soon have fallen into worse extremities; but af the
last molnent he appealed fo the king, and the king,
who knew lais value, would hot allow him fo be sacri-
ficed. t[e had refused fo subscribe the articles proposed
fo him. Henry intimated fo the Convocation that if
was not his pleasure that the marrer should be pressed
further; they were fo content themselves with a general
submission, which should be ruade to the archbishop,
without exacting more special acknowledgments. This
was the reward to Latimer for his noble letter. He
was absolved, and returned to his parish, though
snatched as a bralld out of the tire. Soon after, the
ride turned, and tlle Reformation entered into a new
phase.

243

THOMAS CROMWELL.

A CLOUD rests over the youth and early manhood of
Thomas Cromwell, through which, only aS intervals,
we catch glimpses of authentic fact ; aml these fcw
fragments of reality secm rather to belong fo a
romance than fo the actual lire of a n|all.
Cromwell, the malleus mon(tcho'dm, "cas of good
English family, belonging fo the Cromwells of Lin-
colnshire. One of these, probably a younger brother,
moved up fo London and conducted an iron foundry,
or other business of that description, aS Putney. He
married a lady of respectable connections, of whom
we know only that she was sister of the wife of a
gentleman in Derbyshire, but whose naine does nos
appear. The old Cromwell dying early, the widow
was re-married fo a c[oth merchant ; and the child of
the first husband, who ruade himself so great a nanm
in English story, met with the reputed fortune of a
stepson, and became a vagabond in the vide world.
The chars of his coin-se wholly fails us. One day in
laser lire he shook by the hand an old bell-ringer aS
Sion House before a crowd of courtiers, and toht them
that "this man's father had given him many a dinner
in his necessities" And a strange random accourir is
given by Foxe of his having joined a party in an
expedition fo Rome fo obtain a renewal from the
Pope of certain immunities and indulgences for the
town of Boston ; a story which derives some kind of

244

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

eredibiliy from is connectfion wih Lincolnshire, bu
is full of ineoherenee and unlikelihood. Following
still the popular legend, ve find him in he auumn
of 1515 a l'agged sh'ipling a tire door of Freseobaldi's
banking-house in Florenee, begging for help. Freseo-
baldi had an establishment in London,  wih a large
oenneetion flmre; and seeing an English faee, and
seenfingly an honest one, he asked the boy who and
wha he was. "I ara, sir," quot.h he, "of England,
and my naine is Thomas Cromwell; my ftfler is a
poor man, raid by oeeupaLion a elot, h shearer; I ara
sLrayed from my eount.ry, and ara now eolne inLo It.aly
with he camp of Frenchmen ha were overhrown af
Gal'iliano, where I was pae Lo a footlnan, earl'ying
aller him his pike and burganeL" Something in Lle
boy's manner was said fo have aLLraeted Lhe banker's
interest ; he Look him into his house, and aller keeping
hiln flere as long as he desired o stay, he gave him a
horse and sixLeen dueats o help him home fo England.
Foxe is Llie firsL English auflmriLy for Lle story ; and
Foxe Look iL from Bandello, Lhe novelisL; buL if is
eonfirlned by, or harmouises vifl, a sketeh of Crom-
well's early lire in a leLLer of Clmppuys, Lle imperial
ambassador, fo Chaneellor Granvelle. "MasLer Crom-
well," wrote Chappuys in 1585, "is the son of a poor
blaeksmiLh who lived in a small village four mlles
from London, and is buried in a eolnmon grave in Lhe
parish ehurehyard. In his youfl, for some oflnee,
he was imprisoned, and had o leave the eountry.
He went fo Flandel, and thenee o Rome and oLher
plaees in Italy."
Returning fo England, he married the daughter of
a woollen dealer, and beeanm a partner in the business,
 Where he ws known mong the English of the day s Mster
iskybll.

THOMAS CROMWELL 45

where he amassed or inherited a considerable fortune.
Circumstances aftervards brought him, while still
young, in cont, act vith Wolsey, who discovered his
lnerit, took him into service, and, in 1525, employed
him in the most important work of visiting and
breaking up the small monasteries, whieh the Pope
had granted for the foumlation of the new eolleges.
He was engaged wit.h this husiness for two years,
and was so etficient that he obtained an unl)leasant
notoriety, and complaints of his conduct f(mnd their
way to the king. Nothing came of tl,ese COml)laints,
however, and Cromwcll rcmaincd with thc cardinal
till his rail.
If vas then that the truly noble nature which was
in him showcd itsclf. He accompanie, l his toaster
through his dreary confinement af Esher,  doing ail
that man couhl do fo soften the outward wrctchedness
of if; and af the meeting of Parliammt, in which ho
obtained a seat, he rendered him a still more gallant
service. The Lords had passed a bill of iml)eachment
against Wolsey, violcnt, vindictive an,1 malcvolcnt.
If was fo be submitted to the Commons, and Crolnwell
prepared fo attempt an opposition. Cavendish has
left a most characteristic description of his leaving
Esher ai this trying rime. A chcerless November
evening vas closing in with rain and storn:. Wolsey
was broken down vith sorrow and sickness ; and had
been Ulmsually tried by pal'ring vith his rctinue,
whom he had sent home, as unwilling fo keep them
attached any longer fo his fallen fortunes. When
they were all gone, "My lord," says Cavendish,
"returned fo his chamber, lalnenting the dcparture of

 A damp, unfurnished house belonging fo Wolsey, where ho wus
ordered to remuin till tho Government had determincd upon their
course towurds him.

246 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

his servants, making his moan unto Master Cromwell,
who comforted him the best he could, and desired
my lord te 'ive him leave te go te London, where
he would either make or mar be[ore he came again,
which vas ahvays his colnmon saying. Then after
long communication with my lord in secret, he de-
parted, and took his herse aud rode te London; af
whose departing I was by, whom he bade farewell,
and said, ye shall hear short.ly of me, and if I speed
well I will net fail te be here again within these two
days." He did speed well. "After two days he
came again with a much pleasanter countenance, and
meeting with me belote he came te my lord, said
unto me that he had adventured te put in his foot
where he trusted shortly te be better regarded or ail
were donc." He had stopped the progress of the
impeachment in the Lower House, and was answering"
the articles one by one. In the evening he rode down
te Esher for instructions. In the morning he was
again at his place in Parliament; and he conducted
the defence se skilfully, that finally he threw out
the bill, saved Wolsey, ami himself "grew into such
estimation in cvel T man's opinion, fol" his honest
bebaviour in his master's cause, that he was esteelned
the most faithfullest servant, [and] was of ail lnen
greatly commended"
Henry admired his chivah'y, and perhaps his talent.
The loss of Wolsey had left him without any very able
man, unless we may consider Sir Thomas More such,
upon his council, and he couhl net calculate on More
for support in his anti-Rolnan policy; he was glad,
therefore, te avail himself of the service of a man
who had given se rare a proof of fidelity, aud who
had been trained by the ablest statesman of the age.
Te Wolsey Cromwell could tender uo more service

THOMAS CROMWELL OE47

excep as a friend, and his warm friend he remained
to the last. He beemne the king's seeretary, repre-
senting lle Government in t.lle House of Commons,
and was a onee on Lhe hig-h road fo power, If we
please we may eall him ambitions; but an ambitious
man vould seareely have pursued so reflned a poliey,
or have oeleulaLed on he admirat.ion vhieh he gained
by adhering to a fallen minister. He did not seek
greaness--greatness rat.her soug'ht him as he man in
Èngland most fi fo bear if. His business was fo
prepare the lneasures which were to be suhmit.ted
fo Parliament hy t.he (lovernmcnt.. His influence,
therefore, grew neeessarily vih he rapidit.y wit.h
vhieh evenLs were ripening ; and whcn tlle eonelusive
scp was taken, and the king wts marrie(l, he virtual
eondue of Lhe geformaion passed ino his hands.
His l'rotestan tendencies were unknown as yc,
pcl-haps, even o his own eonseicnee ; nor o t.he las
eould he arrive a any eertain speeulat.ive eonvieLions.
He was drawn OWal'dS t.he l'rot.esant.s as he rose
inLo power by he inegriy of lis nature, whieh
eompclled him o rus onlyLhose on the sinecriLy
of whose eonvieions he eould depcnd.

Neanwhile (1540) he miniser who, in he con,lucL of
lle mighy cause whieh he was guiding', had stooped o
dabble in hese muddy watts of inçrigue, was reaping,
within and willouL, he harves of his crrors. The
eonseiousness of wrong brougllç wit.h i he eonseious-
ness of xveakness and moody alernations of emper.
The riumph of his enemies st.ared him in he faee,
and rash words dropped from him, xvhieh were no
allowed o fatl nl)on he ground, dcclaring wha he
would do if he king were çurned ri'oto t.he eourse
of he Reformaion. Carefull)- hi ant.agonisçs aç

248 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

the council board had watched him for years. They
had noted down his public errors; spies had reported
his most confidential language. Slowly, but surely,
the pile of accusations had gathered in height and
weight, till the rime should corne fo make them public.
Three years before, when the northern insurgents
had demanded Cromwell's punishment, the king had
answered that the laws were open, and were equal fo
high and low. Let an accuser eome forward openly
and prove that the Privy Seal had broken the laws,
and he should be punished as surely and as truly as
the meanest eriminal. The case against him was elear
af last; if brought forward in the midst of the king's
displeasure, the charges eould hOt rail of attentive hear-
ing, and the release from the detested matrimony might
be identified with the punishment of the author of it.
For struek down Crolnwell shouhl be, as his toaster
Wolsey had been, fo fise no lnore. Not only was he
hated on publie grounds, as the leader of a revolution,
but, in his multiplied offices, he had usurped the lune-
tions of the eeelesiastieal eourt,s ; he had mixed himself
in the private eoneerns of families; he had interfered
between wives and husbands, [athers and sons, brothers
and sistel. In his enormous eorrespondenee he appears
as the univer,sal referee--the resouree of all weak or
injured persons. The mad Duehess of Norfolk chose
him for her patron against the duke. Lady Burgh,
Lady Parr, Lady Hungerford, alike ruade him the
ehampion of their domestie wrongs. Justly and un-
justly he had dragged clown upon himself the animosity
of peers, bishops, elergy aud gentlemen, and their day
of revenge was eome.
On the 10th of Juue he attended as usual af the
morning sitting of the House of Lords. The privy
eouneil sat in the afternoon, and at three o'eloek the

THOMAS CROMWELL 249

Duke of Norfolk rose suddenly at the table : "My Lord
of Essex," he said, "I arrest you of high treason." There
were witnesses in readiness, who cune forward and
swore to have heard hiln say " that, if thc King and
ail lais reahn vouhl tUl-n and vtry froln his opinions,
he would fight in the ficld in his own person, with his
sword in his hand, against the King and all others;
adding that, if he lived a year or two, he trusted to bring
things to that frame that it shouhl hot lie in the King's
power to resist or let it". The words "werc justified
to his faee". It was enough. Letters were instantly
vritten to the ambassadors at foreign eourçs, desiring
them to mtke known the blow whieh had been struek
and the eauses whieh had led to it. Ïhe twilight of t.he
summer evening round Ïhomas Cromwell within the
walls of that grim prison whieh had few outlets exeept
the seaflbhl ; md far off; perhaps, he heard the pealing
of the ehureh bells and the songs of revelry in the
streets, with whieh the eitizens, short of sight, and
bestowing on him the usual guerdon of transeendcnt
merit, exulted in his rail. "The Lord Cromwell," says
Hall, "bei N in the eouneil ehalnber, was suddenly
apprehended and eommitted to the Tower of London ;
the whieh many lamented, buç more rejoieed, and
speeially sueh as either had been religious men or
favoured religious persons: for they bamlucted and
triumphed together that night, many vishing" that
that day had been seven years belote, and some, fear-
ing lest he shouht eseape, although he wcre imprisoned,
eould hot be merry; others, who knew nothing but
truth by him, both lamented him and heartily prayed
for him. But this is true, that of eertain of the elergy
he was detestably hated ; and speeially of sueh as had
borne swing, and by his lneans werc put from it ; for
indeed he was a man that, in ail lais doings, scemed

25o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

not fo favour any kind of Popery, nor eould hOt abide
the snufllng pride of some prelates."
The first intention was to bring him fo trial, but a
parliament.ary attainder was a swifter process, better
suited to the temper of the victorious reactionists.
Five Romanists but a few days previously had been
thus sentenced under Cromwell's direction. The re-
tribut.ion was only the more complete which rendered
back to him the saine mesure which ho had dealt to
others. The bill vas brought in a week after his arrest.

Only one person hul the courage or the wish to
speak for Cromwell. Cramne; the tir,st fo corne
forwml on behalf of Arme Boleyn, ventured, first and
Mone, fo throw a doubt on the treason of the Privy
Seal. "I heard yester, lay, in your Graee's eouneil,"
he wrote fo the king, "that the Earl of Essex is a
traitor; yet who eannot be sorrowful and amazed
that he shouhl be a traitor against your Majesty--he
whose surety was only by your 3[ajestyhe who loved
your Mje.sty, as Iever thought, no less than God--
he who studied always to set forwards whatsoever
xvas your 5h.iesty's will and pleasurehe that eared
for no man's displeasure fo serve your Majesty--he
that was sueh a servant, in my judgment, in visdom,
diligenee, faithfulness and experienee as no prinee in
this reahn ever had--he t, hat was so vigilant to pre-
serve your Majesty from ail t.reasons, that fexv eould
be so seeretly eoneeived but he deteeted the saine in
the begilming '..--I loved him as lny friend, for so I
took him fo be ; but I ehiefly loved him for the love
whieh I thought I saw him bear ever towards your
Graee, singularly above ail others. But now, if he be
a traitor, I ara sorry that ever I loved or trusted him;
and I ara very glad that his treason is diseovered in

THOMAS CROMWELL 25 1

tilne ; but yet, again, I ara very sorrowful ; for vho
shall your Grace trust hcreafter if you may hot trust
him ? Alas  lainent your Grace's chance herein. I
wot uot whom your Grace luay trust.."
The intercession was bravely venturcd ; but if was
fruitless. Thc illegal acts of a minister who had been
trusted vith extl'aordiuary powers were too patent
for denial; and Cranmer himself was force,l into
a passive aC, luiescence, vhile the encmies of the
Reformation worked their revenge. Hercsy and
truth, treason an,l patrioLislu ! thcse arc words which
in a war of l)arties changed their lncning with thc
alternations of success, till tiluc and rate have pro-
nomice,l the last interprctation, a, ll,l hulnan opinions
aud sympat.hies ben,l fo the deciding ju,lgmeltt. But
while the struggle is still in progresswhile t,le
partisans on either si,le exelaim t.hat truth is with
theln, an,1 error with their antagonists, and the minds
of this man and of that lUan are so far the ollly al'biters
--those, af sueh a rime, are ot the least fo be eom-
mended who obey for their guide the law as if in faet
exists. 5Iel there are who need no sueh dil-eetion,
who follow their ovn eourse--it lnay be fo a glorious
sueeess, if may be fo as glol-ious a death. To sueh
proud natures the issue fo thelnselves is of trifling
lnoment. They live for their work or die for it., as
their Almighty Father wills. But the law in a free
country eammt keep paee with gelfiUS. If refleets the
plain sentiments of the better order of average men;
and if if so happe), as in a perplexed world of change
if xvill happen and must, that a statesman, or a
prophet, is beyond his age, and in collision with a
law which his conscience fol-bids him fo obey, he
1)ravely breaks it, bravely defies if, and eit.her wins
the vietory in his living person, or, more often, wins

252 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

it in his death. In fairness, Cromwell should have
been tried; but it would have added nothing to his
ehanees of eseape. He eouhl hot disprove the aeeusa-
tions. He eould but have said that he had done right,
not wrong--a plea whieh would have been but a fresh
erime. But, in the deafening storm of denuneiation
whieh burst out, the hastiest vengeanee was held the
greatest justiee.

For eight years his influence had been supreme with
the king--supreme in Parliament--supreme in Con-
vocation; the nation, in the ferment of rcvolution,
was absolutely controlled by him ; and he has left the
print of lais individual genius stamped indelibly, while
the metal was at white heat, into the constitution of
the country. Wave after wave has rolled over his
work. Rolnanism flmved back over it under Mary.
Puritanism, under another even grander Cromwell,
overwhehned it. But Romanism ebbed again, and
Puritanism is dead, and the polity of the Church of
Eng|and remains as it was left by ifs creator.
And hot in the Church only, but in all departments
of the public service, Cromwell was the sovereign guide.
In the Foreign Office and the Home Office, in Star
Chamber and af comcil table, in dockyard and law
court, Crolnwell's intellect presided--Cromwell's hand
executed. His gigantic correspondence relnains to
witness for his varied energy. Whether it was an
anbassador or a commissioner of sewers, a warden
of a company or a tradesman who vas injured by the
guild, a bishop or a heretic, a justice of the peace, or
a serf crying for emancipation, Cromwell was the
miversal authority to whom all officials looked for
instruction, and all sul-lrers looked for redress.
Hated by all those who had grown old in an earlier

THOMAS CROMWELL 253

systeln--by the vealthy, whose interests were touched
by his reforms--by the superstitious, whose prejudices
he vounded--he vas the defendcr of the weak, the
defender of the poor, defender of the "fathcrless and
forsaken"; and for his work, the long maintenance
of it has borne vitness that it was good--that he did
the thing which England's true interests required to
be done.
Of the malmer in vhich that vork was done if is
less easy to speak. Fierce laws ficrccly executed--
ail unflinchilg resolution vhich neither dtmg'er couhl
daunt nor saintly virtue move to lnerey--a long list
of solenm tragedics--weig'h Ul)On his mcmory. He
had taken Ul)On hilnself a task beyoud the ordinary
strength of man. His diltieulties eouhl be overeome
only by inflexible persistenee in the course vhieh he
had lnarked out for hilnself and for the State; and
he supported his veakness by a deterlnination whieh
imitated the unbending fixity of a lav of nature. He
pursued an object, the exeellenee of vhieh, as his
mind sav it, transeended ail other eolsideratious--the
freedoln of England and the destruction of idolatry:
and those who from any motive, noble or base, pious
or ilnpious, erossed his path, he erushed, and passed
on over their bodies.
Whether the saine end eould have been attained by
gentler methods is a question whieh many persons
suppose they ean answer easily in the affirmative.
Some diflàdenee of judgment, however, ought to be
taught by the reeolleetion that the saine end was
purehased in every other country whieh had the
happiness to attain to it at ail, only by years of
bloodshed, a single day or veek of whieh eaused
larger human misery than the whole period of the
administration of Cromwell. Be this as it will, his

:54 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

aire was noble. For his actions he paid with his life;
and he followed his vietilns by the smne road whieh
they had trodden belote him, fo the high tl-ibulal,
where if lnay bet, hat great natures who Oll earth have
lived in lnortal emnity may learn af last fo understand
eaeh other.

55

SIR HUMFRE¥ GILBERT.

SOME tWO toiles above the port of Du'tmout.h, once
among thc most important harbours in Eng'lal,l, on a
projecting angle of land which runs out into tle river
ai the head of ont of it, s most hcautiful rcachés, thcre
has stood for some centuries the Manor House of
Greenaway. The water runs deep all the wry fo if
front the sea, and the largest vessels may ride with
safety within a stone's throw of the windows. In
the latter hall of the sixteenth century there must
bave met, in the hall of this lnalsion, a pal'ty as
remarkable rs could have been round rmywhere in
England. ttumfrey and Adrian Gilbert, with their
half-bl'other, Walter Raleigh, here, when little boys,
played ai sailors in the reaches of Long Stream ; in
the sumlner evenings doubtless rowing down with the
ride fo the port, and wondering ai the quaint figure-
heads and carved prows of the ships vhich thronged
if; or climbing on board, and listening, with hearts
beating, fo the mariners' trdes of the new earth beyond
the sunset. And here in lrter lire, mrtured men,
whose boyish dreams had become heroic rct, ion, they
used rgrSn fo meet in the iutervals of çluiet, and the
rock is shown undernerth the house where Rrdeigh
snoked the first tobrcco. Another relnarkable man,
of whom we shall presently speak more closely, could
hOt rail to have nmde a fourth ai these meetings. A
sailor boy of Sandwich, the adjoining parish, John

256 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Davis, showed early a genius which could llOt have
eseaped the eye of sueh neighbours, and in the atmo-
sphere of Greenaway he learned tobe as noble as the
Gilberts, and as tender and delieate as Raleigh. Of
this parby, for the present, we eonfine ourselves to the
host and owner, Hmnfrey Gilbert, knighted afterwards
by Elizabeth. Led by the seenes of his ehildhood to
the sea and to sea adventures, and afterwards, as his
mind unfolded, to sbudy his profession seientifieally,
we find hiln as soon as he was old enough fo think
for himself, or lnake others listen to hiln, " alnending
the greab errors of naval sea eards, whose eolmnon
fault is to lnake the degree of longibude in every
latitude of one COllllllOn bigness "; inventing instru-
lnents fol" taking olsel'wtt.ions, studying the fOl'ni of
the earth, an,1 eonvineing himself that there was a
nortsh-west passage, and studying the neeessities of his
eounbry, and diseovering t.he remedies for theln in
eolonisation and extended markets for home manu-
faetures. Gilbert was examined before the Queen's
Majesty and t.he Privy Couneil, and t.he reeord of his
examilation he has himself left to us in a paper vhieh
he afterwards drew up, and sbrange enough reading it
is. The lnost adlnirable conclusions st.and side by side
wibh the wildesb eonjeetures.
Homer and Aristotle are pressed into service to prove
that the oeean runs round the three old continents, and
that Ameriea therefore is neeessarily an island. The
Gulf Stremn, whieh he had earefully observed, eked
ou by a heory of the p'imm mobile, is lnade o
demonstrate a channel to the norbh, corresponding to
Magellan's Straits in the south, Gilbert believing, in
common with almost every one of his day, that these
straibs were the only opening into the Pacific, and the
land to the soubh was unbroken to the Pole. He

SIR HUMFREY GILBERT 257

prophesies a lnarket in the east for our malmfactured
linen and ealieoes :--

The Easterns greatly prizing the saine, as appeareth in Hester,
where the pomp is e,pressed of the great King of India, Ahasuerus,
who matched the coloured clothes wherewith his houses and tents
were apparelled, with gold and silver, as part of his greatest treasure.
These and other such aluments were the best
analysis which Sir Hulnfrey had te oflbr of the spirit
whieh he felt te bê workinff in hiln. We may think
what we please of theln; but we eau have but one
thought of the great grand words wit.h whieh the
melnorial eoneludcs, an,l they alone would explain the
love whieh Elizabeth bore him :
Never, therefore, mislike with me for taking in hand any laudable
and honest enterprise, for if through pleasure or idleness we pur-
chase shame, the pleasure vanisheth, but the shame abideth for
ever.
Give me leave, therefore, vithout offence, always te lire and die
in this mind: that he is net worthy te lire at ail that, for fear or
danger of death, shunneth his country's service and his own boueur,
seeing that death is inevitable and çhe faine of virtue immortal,
wherefore in this behalf mutare vel timcre
Two voyages which he under¢ook af his mvn
cost, which shattered his fortune, and failed, as they
naturally might, since ineiicient help or mutiny of
subordinates, or other disorders, are inevitablc con-
ditions under which more or less great men nmst be
content te see their great thoughts mutilated by the
feebleness of their instruments, did net dishearten
him, and in June, 1583, a last fleet of rive ships sailed
frein the port of Dartmouth with eommission frein
the queen te diseover and take possession from latitude
45 ° te 50 ° north--a voyage net a little noteworthy,
there being planted in the eourse of if the first English
eolony west of thê Atlantie. Elizabeth had a forêbod-
ing that she would never see hiln again. She sent
I7

258 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

him a jewel as a last token of her favour, and she
desired Raleigh to bave his picure taken before he
wen6.
The history of the voyage was writen by a Mr.
Edward H,yes, of Dartmouth, one of the principal
actors in it, and as a colnposition it is more remark-
able for fine writing than any very commendable
thought in the author. But Sir Hunlfrey's nature
shines through the infirmity of his chronicler ; and in
the end, in, leed, Mr. Hayes himself is subdued ino a
better mind. He had los money by the voyage, and
we will hope his higher nature was only under a
temporary eclipse. The flee consisted (it is well fo
observe the ships and the size of them) of the Delight,
120 tons; the barque Raleiglt, 200 ons (this ship
deserted off the Land's End) ; the Gohlen Hide and
the Swallow, 40 tons each ; and the Sq,tir.rel, which
was called the frigate, 10 tons. For the uninitiated
in such matters, we may add tha in a vessel the
size of the last, a member of the Yach Club would
consider that he had earned a club«'oom immortality
if he had ventured a run in the depth of summer from
Couves to the Channel Islands.

We were in all (says Mr. ttayes) 960 men, among whom we had
of every fculty good choice. Besides, for solace of our own people,
and allurement of the savages, we were provided of music in good
variety, hot omitting the least toys, as morris dncers, hobby horses,
and hluy-like conceits fo delight the savage people.

The expedition reached Newfoundland without
aeeident. St. John's was taken possession of, and a
eolony left there; and Sir Humfrey then set out
exploring along the Alneriean eoast to the south, he
himself doing all the work in his little lO-ton cutter,
the service being too dangerous for the larger vessels

SIR HUMFREY GILBERT 259

to venture on. One of these had remained at St.
John's. He vas now accompanied only 1)y the D,'light
and the Goldeo Hinde, and these two keeping as near
the shore as they dared, he spent what remained of t,he
summer examining every ereek and bay, marking the
soundings, taking the bearings of the possible harbours,
and risking his lire, as every hour he was obliged fo
risk it in sueh a service, in thus leading, as if. were,
t.he forlorn hope in the comluest of the New Worht.
How dangerous if was we shall 1)resent.ly see. If was
towards the end of August.

Tbe evening was fair and pleasant, yet hot without token of
storm fo ensue, and most part of this Wednesday night, like the
swan that singeth before ber death, they in the Dclight continued
in sounding of drums and trumpets and files, also xvinding the
cornets and hautboys, and in the end of their jollity left with the
battell and ringing of doleful knells.

Two days after came the storm: the Deli9ht
st.ruck upon a bank, and went (low in sig'ht of the
other vessels, whieh were unable t.o rentier ber any
help. Sir Humfrey's papers, amont other things,
xvere all lost in her ; af the t.ime eonsidered by him an
irreparable lnisfortune. But if was little marrer, he
was never fo need them. The Gohlen Hi,,de and the
Sq,eirrel were now left alone of the rive ships. The
provisions were rmming short, and t.he SUlnmer season
was elosing. Both erews were on short, allowanee;
and v«ith lnueh ,liftieulty Sir Humfrey was prevailed
upon fo be satisfied for t.he present with what he had
done, and fo lay off for England.

So upon Saturday, in the Mternoon, the 31st of August, we
changed our course, and returned back for England, at which very
instant, even in winding about, there passed alo.ng between us and
the land, which we now forsook, a verv lion to our seeming, in
shal0e , hair and colour ; not swimming Mter the manner of  beast

a6o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

by moving of his feet, but rather sliding upon the water with his
wholc body, except his legs, in sighç, neither yet diving under and
again rising as the manner is of vhMes, porpoises and other fish,
but confidently shoving himself without hiding, notwithstanding
tha we presented ourselves in open view and gesture to arnaze
him. Thus he passed along, turning his head to and fro, yawning
nd gaping vide, with ougly demonstration of long teeth and glaring
eyes; and to bidde us farevell, coming right against the Hi»zde,
he sent forth a horrible voice, roaring and belloving as doth a lion,
vhich spectacle ve all beheld so far as we were able to discern the
saine, as men prone to wouder at every strange thing. What
opinion others had thereof, and chiefly the GenerM himself, I for-
bear to dcliver. But he took if for Bonzm Omen, rejoicing that he
xvas fo war against such au enemy, if if were the devil.

We have no doubt tlmt he di,l think if, vas the
devil ; men in those days believing" really that evil was
m«re tlmn a prineiple or a neeessary accident, and that
in ail heir labom" for Goal and for l'iht they lnUSt
make their aeeount fo bave fo tïg-ht with the devil in
lais proper person. But if we are to eall lb superstition,
and if this vere no devil in the form of a roaring lion,
but a mere ffreat seal or sea-lion, it is a more innoeenb
superstibion fo impersonate so real a power, and if
requires a bohler hearb fo l'ise up against if and defy if
in ifs living terror, than fo sublimate if away into a
l»hilosophieal prineiplc, and fo forger fo battle with it
in speeulating on ifs oriin and nature. But to follow
the brave Sir Humfrey, whose work of fighting with
the devil was now over, and who was passin fo his
reward. The 2nd of September the ffeneral came on
board the Golden Hiémale "fo make merry with us".
He greatly deplored the loss of lais books and paper,s,
but he was full of eonfidenee from what he had seen,
and talked with eag'erness and varmth of the new ex-
pedition for the following spring. Apoe\rphal gohl-
mines still oeeupying," the minds of Mr. Hayes and
others,_they were persuaded that Sir Humfrey was

SIR HUMFREY GILBERT 26

keeping to himself some sueh discovery whieh he had
secretly lnade, and they tried hard fo extract it from
hiln. They could lnake nothilg, however, of his oqhl,
ironical ansvers, and their sorrow at the catastrophe
which followed is sadly 1)lendcd with disappointlncnt
that such a secret should have perished. Sir Humfrey
doubtless saw America with other eyes than theirs, and
gold lnincs ficher than California in its huge rivers
and savaunahs.

Leaving the issue of this good hope (about the gold) (continues
hIr. Hayes) to God, who only knowegh gle grugh ghereof, I will
h«sten to the end of this tragedy, which lnust be knit up in tire
person of our General, and as ig was God's ordiuance upon him,
even so the velelnent persuasion of his frieuds could uothing avail
fo divert him from his wilful resolution of going in his frigate ; and
when he was entreated by the captain, masger and others, his well-
wishers in the Hinde, hot to venture, this was his answer--"I
will hot forsake my little conlpany going homewards, with whom
I have passed so many storms and perils ".

Two-thirds of the way home they lnet foul veather
and terrible seas, "breaking short and pyramid«vise".
Men who had all their lires "occupic«l thc sea" had
never seen it lnore outrageous. " We had also upon
out mainyard an apparition of a little fier by night,
which seamen do call Castor and Pollux."

lIonday, the ninth of September, in the afternoon, the frigate
was near cast away oppressed by waves, but at that time recovered,
and giving forth signs of joy, the General, sitting abaft with a book
in his hand, cried unto us in the Hinde so often as we did
approach within hearing, " We are as near to heaven by sea as by
land," reiterating the saine speech, well beseeming a soldier re-
solute in Jesus Christ, and I can testify that he was. The saine
lIonday night, about twelve of the clock, or hot long after, the
frigate being allead of us in the Golden Hindc, suddenly her
lights were out, whereof as it were in a moment we lost the sight ;
and withal our watch cried, " The General was cast away," which
was too true.

262 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Thus faithfully (concludes Mr. ttayes, in some degree rising
above himself) I hve related this story, xvherein some spark of the
knight's virtues, though he be extinguished, may happily appear;
he remaining resolute to a purpose honest and godly as was tlfis, to
discover, possess and reduce unto the service of Goal and Christian
piety those remote and heathen countries of America. Such is the
infinite bounty of God, who from every evil deriveth good, that
fruit may grow in time of our travelling in these North-Western
lands (as has it hot grovn ?), and the crosses, turmoils and afflic-
tions, both in the preparation and execution of the voyage, did
correct the intemperate humours, vhich before ve noted to be in
this gentleman and marie unsavoury and less delightful his other
nmnifold virtues.
Thus as he was refined and ruade nerer unto the image of God,
so it pleased the Divine will to resume him unto Himself, whither
both his and every other high and noble mind bave always aspired.
SuclI was Sir HunIfrey Gilbert; still in the prime
of his yeaI'S when the Atlantic swallowed him. Like
the gleani of a landscape lit suddenlv for a moment
by tlie lightning, these few scenes fl'sli down fo us
across the centuries: but what a lire must that have
been of which this was the conclusion': We bave
glinipses of him a few years earlier, when he won his
spurs in Ireland--won thêm by deeds whieh fo us
seem terrible in their rut.lIlessness, but whieh won the
applause of Sir Henry ,Sidney as too high for pi-aise
or even reward. Chêquered like ail of us with lines
of light and darkness, he was, Imvertheless, one of a
race whieh has eeased fo be. We look round for
theIn, and we ean hardly believe that the saine blood
is flowing in oui" veins. Brave we may still be, and
strong perhaps as they, but the high moral grâce
whieh niade bravery raid st«'ength so beautiful is
departed froIn us for ever.

263

ELIZABETH.

WnuE the danger  lasted the lueen had not shovn to
advantage. Sir Francis W«dsingham, hot once only,
but af eve T trying crisis of ber lire, had to describe
hcr comluct as "dishonoural)lc and dang'erous"
dishonourable, because she never hcsitated to break
a promise wben to kcep if was inconvcnient; an,l
dangerous, from the universal distrust which she had
inspired in those who had once relied upon her. But
her disposition to compromise, her ext«'cme objection
fo severity or eoereion, were better suited fo eoneiliate
defeated enemies. Whcther it was poliey, or that,
like Hamlet, she "laeked gall," she nevcr rcmembered
an injury. She fought with treason by being blind
fo if, and ruade mon loyal in sl)ite of themselves by
pemistently trusting them.
Her lnammrs were emincnçly popular. She was
hard of feature and harsh of voiee: "ber hmnours,"
as Sir T. Heneage expressed it, "had hot grown weak
xvitll age"- but she was free of aeeess fo ber presenee,
quiek-witted and familiar of speeeh with lnen of ail
degrees. She rode, shot, jested and drank heer; spat
and swore upon occasions ; swore not likc " a eomfit-
maker's wife," but round, mouth-filling oat}lS whieh
would have satisfied Hotspurflm human eharaeter
showing always through the royal robes, yet with the

 Of the Ctholic conspiracy in 1572.--A.

264 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
queenly digliy never so impaired that libeies could
be ventured in return.
The public policy of the realm was in the main
directed by Burghley, but his lneasures were at
tilneS li,hle to be suspended or reverse& She bad
second ear always open to Catholic advisers--pen-
sioners, some of thcm, of Spin--in the household
the cabinet. Her ldies of the bedchamber were for
the most part the friend and corre.pondents of Mary
,Stuart. Her i'avourite courtiers, men like Lord Oxford
and Lord Henry Howard, vere the most poisonous
instl'uments ot' Sl_)tmi.h int«'igue. Her "nev minion,"
as he was spitefully called abroad, Leicester's rival, ir
Chl'istopher Hatton, wa.s a Catholic in ail but the
naine. The relations of Eliztbcth vith these persons,
however insolently renmrked upon by the refugees
and mligmmts, were never generally misunderstood,
and if regretted, were regretted only for public reasons
by her wiser stateslnen.
Leicester, no doubt, she vould bave liked well fo
nmrry. Leicester had been an object at one rime of
grve suspicion, and even Cecil's mind once misgave
him, on the ambiguous po.ition in which this nobleman
stood towards his sovereign. But the Spanish ambas-
sador de ilva imluired curiously into the scandais
which were flying, and satisfied himself that they
were without foundttion. And the absolute silence
afterwal'ds of [endoza, on a subject on which hatred
would bave ruade hiln eloquent, is a further and
conclusive mswer to the charges of Allen and Sanders.
Leicester continued till his death an object of excep-
tional regard. Hatton, a handsome, innocent, rather
absurd person, was attached to her on the footing of
a human lapdog, and he repaid ber caresses vith
genuine devotion, ridiculous only in the language in

ELIZABETH 265

whieh if was expressed. Elizabeth had nieknames for
every one who was about her person: Burghley was
lier "spirit"; Leieester lier "sweet Robin "; Oxford,
lier " boat "; Hatton, lier "Lidds," lier " sheep," lier
lnOlltOn, Anglieised into " Mutton ". The letters ad-
dressed to lier by statesmen are remarkable for the
absenee of formality, for language often of severe and
startling plailmess, unsca.soncd with a eOlnl»lilnent.
She kept her iutelligenee for Burghley and Walsing-
haro, and gave lier folly to the favourites. The hard
polit.ieian of the eabinet exaeted in tire palaee the most
profound adulat.ion; she chose fo be adored fol" ht'r
beauty, and eomplimented as a paragon of pel'feetiol|.
Her portraits are usually without shadow, as if
her features radiated light. ometilnes she was re-
presented in more than mortal eharaeter; as an
Artemis with bow and ereseent ; as the Hcathen Queen
of love and beauty; as the Christian Regina Cteli,
whose nativity I fell elose fo her own birthday, and
whose funetions as the virgin of Protestantism she
was supposed to supersede. When she appeared as a
mere woman, she was painted in robes, whieh if is fo
be presumed that she aetually wore, broidered with
eyes and ears as emblcmatie of omnipresenee--or
with lizal'ds, eroeodiles, serpents and other mOl|Sters,
emb|ematie, whatever they meant besi, les, of lier own
extraordinary taste.
Htton relis ber when he is writing fo lier, that "fo
see lier was heaven, and the laek of her was hell's
torment." " Passion overeomes him," as he thinks upon
her sweetness. Leieester "is but hall alive" when he
is absent from "lier most blessed presenee ". Een in
business of Ntate she was hot proof against flattery.

 Septelnber 8th. Elizabeth was born September 7th.

:Z66 8ELECTION8 FROM FROUDE

Mendoza could divert her af any rime from disagree-
al)le subjects by turning the conversation upon her
personal excellences. Sir John Slnith, when sent on
a visit fo the Court of France, found if prudent fo
dispraise the queen and ladies there fo her Majesty's
advantage.
And there were no attentions which more cmoEainly
brought substantial wages. The public service was
conducted most thriftily--ministers of State had their
reward in doing the business of the count«'y. Wal-
singhaln spent his privat.e fortune in his once, and
ruined himsell'. Sir Henry Sidney declined  peerage,
his vice-royalty in h'eland having left him crippled
with debt. Sir Jan,es Crofts excused his accepting a
pension from Spain on the ground /hat the ¢lueen
allowed him nothing as controller of her household.
Lord Burghley has left on record in his own hand-
writing that the grants which he had received from
his lnistress had hot covel'ed his expenses in attending
upon her: that he had sold lands of his own fo
maintain his state af Court, and that the fees of his
treasurership did hOt equal the cost of his stable. But
the largesses withhehl froln statesmen were given
lavishly fo the favourites and flattel'ers. Their once,
perhaps, being ignominious, re«.luil-ed a higher salary.
Leicester, who inherited nothing, his father's estates
having been confiscated, became the wealthiest noble-
man in England. Sinecures, grmts of land and high
places about the Court rewarded the attction of
Hatton. Nonopolies, which lnade their fortune "to
the utter undoing of thousands of her Majesty's
subjects," were heaped on them and others of their
kind--cheap presents which cost the ¢lueen nothing.
To Hatton was given also the Naboth's vineyard
of his neighbour, the Bishop of Ely--the prescrit

ELIZABETH 267

Hatton Garden, so named in memory of the transac-
tion. 
Without family ries, with no near relations, and
without friends save such as were loyal fo her for
their couutry's sake rat.her than her own, Elizabeth
concealed t.he dreariness of her lire from herself in the
society of these human plaything, who flattered her
faults and humoured her caprices. She was the more
thrown upon them because in ber views of govermnent
she stood equally alone, and among ablcr men scarcely
found one fo sympathise with her. She appcars in
history the champion of t.he Reformat.ion, the first
Protestant sovcregu in Europe, but if was a position
into which she was driven forward in spite of herself,
and when she found herself there, if brought ber neither
pride nor pleasure.
In her birth she was the symbol of the revolt from
the Papacy. She could hOt reconcile herself with
Rome vit.hout condêlnnilg the marriage from which
she sprung; but hcr interest in Protestantism was
lilnited fo political independence. She lnocked af Cecil
and "his brothers in Christ". She affected an interest
in the new doctrines, only when the Scots or the Dutch
were necessary to ber, or wheu religiou could serve as
an excuse fo escape an uuvelcome marriage. When
the Spalfish ambassador complained of the persecution
of the Catholics, she answered that no Ctholic had
suttbred auything vho acknowledged her as his lawful
sovereign, and that in spiritual matters she believed
as they did. Fanatics, Puritan or Papist, she despised
with Erasmian heal'tiless. Under her brother and

 The reluctance of the bishop fo part with his property called out
the celebrated letter in which "the Proud Prelate " was told that if
he did hOt instantly comply with the queen's wishes "by God she
would unfrock him '"

268 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

sister she had witnessed the alternate fl'uits of the
supremacy of the two theological factions. She was
determined fo hold them both under the law, which
to ber had more true religion in if than cartloads of
creeds and articles. Puritanism drew ifs strength from
the people. The Popish priests were a regiment of the
Bishop of Rome. he would perlnit no authority in
England which did not centre in herself. The Church
shouhl be a department of the tate, organised by
Prliament and ruled by the national tribunals. The
moderates of both parties could meet and worship
under ifs ambiguous formulas. There should be no
eonventieles and no ehapels, fo be nurseries of sedition.
Zealots who eould not be satistied might pay a fine for
their preeision, and have their serinons or their saera-
ments af holne.
She never eeased fo hope that foreign princes would
see things as she saw them. To the intelligent lati-
tudinarian his prineiples appear so obviously reasonable
that he eannot understand why they are hot universally
aeeepted. Elizabeth desired only a general peaee, out-
ward order and Ulfiforlnity, with liberty fo every one
fo think in private as he pleased. What eould any
man in his senses wish for more? So long as therê
was no Imluisition , she eould not see why the Calvinists
should refuse fo hear 3lass. So long as their subjeets
would eonform fo the established ritual, kings might
well be satisfied fo leave opinion alone. If was to
this eonsummation tht hêr [oreign poliey was alvays
directed. If was for this reason that she ahvays resisted
the adviee of Burghley and Walsingham to put herself
at the head of a Protestant League. Unwillingly and
af long intervals she had sent secret help to the Prince
of Orange and the Prince of Condé--not however fo
emaneipate the Low Countries, or change the dynasty

ELIZABETH 269

of France, buç only ço prevenç çhe çriumph of çhe spiriç
of çhe Council of Treuç, and fo bring Philip and
House of Valois fo exçend over Europe a govel'nmen
analogous ço her own.
Events vere çoo strong for hcr. Hcr theo T was
tvo cençuries before içs çilne ; and nations can only be
gOVel-ned on principles with which they sympathise
çhelnselves. Yet Elizabeth may be fairly crediçed
with a general recçiçude of purpose; and for the
imlnc,liate purpose of keeping England ,luieç aud
prevençing civil war, she was acçing pru, lcntly and
successfully. She could noç forgeç thaç she was a
sovereign of a ,livi,led people, and çhaç ail hcr sul_}iccts,
as hmg as t.hey were loyal, were entitled fo have
their pl'ejudices respecte& The Anglo-Caçholics and
Catholics were sçill hree-quarters of the population ;
united in sympathy, uniçed in the hope of seeing
ohl creed resçored in içs fulness, and as yet only
differing in a poinç of order. Ail alike were thriviug
undcr the peace and prospering in their worldly coln-
forçs, while France and Flanders were çorn in pieces by
civil war. If she had struck openly into the ,luarrel,
Gel-many would probably have follove,:l, and Roman-
isln mighç perhaps have been driven back behind the
Alps and Pyrenees; buç as, in doing so, she would
have creaçed the deepest resençment in England,
atçempç mighç also have cosç her her own throne,
an,1 she mighç have been herself more successful iu
provoking rebellion than Mary Stuart or the emissaries
of çhe Pope. Her firsç ,]uçy was to her own 1)eople,
aud both for herself and England there were pro-
çect.ing condiçions which war would forfeiç, but which
would hardly rail her as long as she relnained aç peace.

[n fighting out her long quarrel with Spain and

7 o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

building her Church system out of the broken masonry
of Popery, her concluding years passed away. The
great men who had upheld the throne in the days
of her peril droppel one by one into the grave.
Walsingham ,lied soon after the defeat of the Armada,
ruined in fortune, and weary of his ungrateful service.
Hunsdon, Knowles, Burghley, Drake, followed at brief
intervals, and their mistress was left by herself, stand-
ing as if seemed on the pinnacle of earthly glory, yet
in ail t.he loneliness of greatness, and unable fo enjoy
the honours which Burghley's policy had won for her.
The first place among the Protestant powers, which
had been so oft.en oflhred her and so often refused,
has heen forced upon her in spite of herself. "She
wa, s Head of the Naine," but if gave ber no pleasure.
She was the last of her race. No Tudor would sit
again on the English throne. Hcr own sad prophecy
was fulfilled, and she lived to see those whom she
most trusted turning their eyes to the rising sun.
Ohl age was coming upon her, bringing with if
perhaps a consciousness of failing faculties; and
solitary in the midst of splendour, and friendless
among çhe eirele of adorers who swore they lived
but in her presenee, she grew weary of a lire whieh
had eeased fo iureresr her. Siekening of a vague
disease, she sought no help from medieine, and finally
refuscd fo rake food. She eould nor resr in her bed,
buç saç silenç on eushions, staring into vaeaney wiçh
fixed and srony eyes, and so af lasr she died.
Her eharaerer I have left fo be gathered from her
actions, from her lerrers, from the eommunieations
berween herself and her minisSers, and from rhe
opinions expressed freely fo one anorher in privare
by rhose ministers hemselves. The many persons
wirh whom sle was broughr illtO confidential re-

ELIZABETH 27I

laGions during her long rein not, ed down what, she
said Go Ghem, and her words have been broughG up in
judglnenç a'ainsç her: and flere bave been exGremely
few men and women in this world whose lires wouhl
bear so close a scrut.iny, or who could look forward Go
being subjecGed Go iG withouG shame and dismay. The
mean GhoughGs which cross Ghe minds and aG one
Gilne or oGher escape from t, he lips of mosG of us, were
observed and remembered when proceeding from Ghe
mouGh of a soverein, and rise like accusing spirit, s
in auflenfic fri,'hffulness out. of the privat, e drawcrs
of staGesmen's cabinets. (3o,mon pcrsons are shclGcrcd
by obscuriy ; tle largesG porGion of Gheir faulGs fley
forgeG flemselves, and others do noG tare Go recollecG :
while kings and queeus are aG once refused the
ordinary allowances for human weakness, and pay for
their greaG place in lire by a Lrial before posGerity
more severe iL is Go be hoped han awaiGs us ail aG
Ghe final judgmenG bar.
This Goo oughG Go be borne in mind" GhaG sovereigus,
when circumst.ances become embarrassing, may noL
like unvalued persons, sand aside and leave oflers
Go deal wiGh flem. SubjecGs are allowed Go decline
responsibiliGy, o refuse Go underGake work vhich
Ghey dislike, or Go lay down aG any Gime a burden
which Ghey find Goo heavy for t.hem. Princes born Go
govern find fleir dufies cling Go Ghem as fleir shadows.
Abdication is offert pracGically impossible. Every day
Ghey musG do sonne acG or form some decision from
which consequences follow of iutiniGe momenG. They
would gladly do noflfing if Ghey mighG, buG iG is noG
permiGGed o t, hem. They are denied the alerlmGive
of inacGion, which is so ofGen fle besG safeguard
ag,-ainsG doin wrong.
ElizabeGh's siuaGion was from the very firsç ex-

a7a SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

tremely trying. She had few relations, none of any
weight in the State, and those wholn like Hunsdon and
Sir Franeis Knowles she took into her eabinet, derived
their ga'eatness from herself. Her unlueky, it lnay be
ahuost ealled eulpable, attaehment to Leieester ruade
lnarriage uneonquerably distasteful to lier, and lier dis-
appointment gave an additional twist to lier natural
eeeentrieities. Cireumstanees more than ehoiee threw
her originally on the side of the Reformation, and
when she tohl the Spanish ambassadors that she had
been foreed into separation from the Papaey against
her will, she probably spoke but the truth. She was
identified in lier birth with the eause of independenee.
The first battle had been fought over lier eradle, and
ber right to be on the throne turned lnorally, if not in
lady, on the legitimaey of Queen Catherine's divorce.
Her sister had perseeut.ed lier as the ehild of the woman
who had eaused her mother so nmeh misery, and her
fi-iends therefore had naturally been those who vere
lnOSt her sister's enemies. She eould not have sub-
mitted fo the Pope without eondemning her father, or
admittin" a taint upon her own birth, while in Mary
of Seotland she had a rival ready to take advantage
of any eoneession whieh she might be tempted to
lnake.
For t.hese reasons, and not from any sympathy with
the views either of Luther or Calvin, she ehose lier
party at ber aeeession. She round herself eompelled
against lier will to beeome the patron of hereties and
rebels, in whose objeets she had no interest, and in
whose theology she had no belief. She resented the
neeessity while she sublnitted to it, and her vaeillations
are explained by the reluet,nee with whieh eaeh sue-
eessive step was foreed upon her, on a road whieh she
detested. It would have been easy for a Protestant to

ELIZABETH .73

be decided. If would have been easy for a Cat.holic to
be decided. To Elizabeth the speculations of so-called
divines were but as ropes of sand and sea-slime leading
fo the moon, and the doctrines for which they were
rending each other fo pieces a drea,n of fools or en-
thusiasts. Un fortunately her keenness of insight was
hot combined with any profound concern for serious
things. She saw through the elnptiness of the forms
in which religion preseated itself fo the world. She
had none the more any largcr or decper conviction of
her own. She -cas without the intcllectual emot, ions
which give human ch,r&cer ifs consistency and power.
One moral quality site possessed in an eminent degree :
she ws supremely brave. For thirty yeurs she was
perpetually a mark ['or assassination, and her spirits
were never aftbcted, and she was never frightened
into cruelty. She had a proper contempt also for
idle }uxury and indulgence. She lived simply, worked
hard, and ruled her household with rigid economy.
But her vanity was as in,atiable as if was common-
place. No flatte3 was too tawdry fo find a weleome
with ber, and as she had no repugnanee fo false vords
in others, she was equally liberal of them herself.
Her entire nature was saturated with artifice. Exeept
when speaking some round ulltruth Elizabeth never
eould be simple. Her letters and her speeehes were
as fantastie as her dress, and her meaning as involved
us ber poliey. She was unnatural even in her prayers,
and she earried her affeetations into the presenee of
the Almighty. She might doubt legitimately whether
she ought fo assist an Earl of Murray or a Prince of
Orange when in arms against their sovereign : but ber
seruples extended only fo the fulfihnent of ber promises
of support, when she had herself tempted t, hem into
insurrection. Obligations of honour were hot only
8

-74 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

occasionttlly forgottcn by her, but she di,.l hot seeln
fo understand ",vh«t ]lOllOllr meant.
Vain as she was of her own sagaeity, she never
modified a course reeOlnlnended fo her by BmN'hley
without injury both fo the reahn and fo herself. She
never ehose an opposite course without plunging into
elnbtrrasslnents, froln whieh his skill and Wa]sing'ham's
were barely able fo extrieate hcr. The ga-eat results
of her reign were the fruits of a poliey whieh was hot
her own, and whieh she starved and mutilated when
energy and eompleteness were most needed.
ïhat she pushed no lucstion fo extrelnities, that,
for instmee, she refused fo allow the succession fo the
erown fo be determined, and permitted t.he Catholies
fo expeet the accession of the Queen of Seots, has been
intel'preted by thc result into wisdom. 8he gained
tilne by if, and her hardest problems were those
whieh rime alone eould rolve satisfaetorily. But
the fortune whieh stood her friend so often never
served her better than in lengthening her lire into old
age. Had the Queen of Seots survived her, her legaey
fo England would have been a desperate and dreadful
civil war. And ber reluetanee was no result of any
far-sighted or generous caleulation. 8he wished only
fo reign in quiet till ber death, and was eontented fo
leave the next generation fo settle ifs own diffieulties.
Her tendcrness towards eonspirators was as remarkable
as if was hitherto unexampled; but ber unwillingness
fo shed blood extendcd only fo hig-born traitol.
Unlike ber father, who ever struek the leaders and
spared the followers, Elizabeth eould rally bring
herself fo sign the death-walTant of a nobleman;
yet«without eompunetion she eould order Yorkshire
peasants to be hung" in scores by martial law. [erey
was the quality with which she was most eager to be

ELIZABETH 275

cre,lite,l. She delighted in popularity with the multi-
tude, and studied the conditions of if. ; lmt she uttercd
no vord of blame, she rather thanked the perpetrators
for good service done fo the COmlnonwealth, when
Essex sent in his report or" the women and children
who were stabbed in the caves of tlathlin. She was
remorseless when she ought fo have been most forbear-
ing, and lenient when she ought fo bave been stern ;
and she owed her safety and her success fo the
incapacity and the divisions of ber enemies, rather
than to wisdom and resolution of ber own. Tilne was
her friend, rime and the weakness of t'hilip: and the
fairest feature in her history, the one relation in whieh
from flrst fo last she showed sustained and generous
feeling, is that whieh the perversity of history has
seleeted as the blot on her êseuteheon. Beyond and
beside the politieal eauses whieh influeneed Elizabeth's
attitude towards the Queen of Seots, true human pity,
true kindness, a true desire fo save her from hêrself,
had a rem plaee. From the day-of Mary Stuart's
marriige with Franeis II. the English throne was the
dream of her imagination, and the means fo arrive af
if her uneeasing praetieal study. Any eontelnporary
European sovereign, any English sovereign in an
earlier age, would have deelned no means unjustifiable
fo remove so perilous a rival. How if wouhl have
fared vith her after she eame fo England, the rate of
Edward II., of Riehard, of Hem'y VI., of the Prinees
iii the Tover, and, later yet, of the unhappy son of the
unhappy Clarenee, might tell. Whatever might bave
been the indireet advantage of [al-y Stuart's prospee-
tire title, the danger from her presenee in the reahn
must have infinitely exeeeded if. ,She was" the bosom
serpent," "the thorn in the flesh," whieh eould hot be
plueked out ; and after the rebellion of the North, and

276 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

the discovery of the Ridolfi conspiracy, neither Philip
nor Alva expected that she vould be pcrmitted to sur-
vive. It seems as if Elizabeth: remembering her OWll
&rager in lier sister's lire-tiret, hml studied to show an
elabontte tenderness to a person who was in the saine
relation to herself. From the beginning fo the end no
trace can be round of personal animosity on the part of
Elizabeth ; on the part of Mary no trace of anything
save the fiercest hat«'ed.
But this, like ail other questions connected vith the
Virg'in Queen, shou]d be rather studied in ber actions
than in the opinion of the histol'iu who relates them.
Actions and words are earved upon eternity. Opinions
arc but forma of eloud ereated by the prevailing
eurrents of the moral air. Princes, who are eredited
on the wrond side with the evils whieh happen in
their reign.s, have a right in equity to the honour of
the good. Thê greatest aehievement in English history,
the "breaking the bonds of Rome," and the establish-
nient of spiritual independenee, "cas eompleted without
bloodshed under Eizabeth's auspices, and Eizabeth
may have the glory of the work.

277

ELIZABETH'S TIEATMENT OF HER SAILOIS
AFTER THE ARMADA.

THE greatest service ever doue by an English fleet
had 1)een thus successfully accomplished by mon whose
wages had not been paid from the rime of thcir
engagement, half-starved, with their clothes in rags
and falling off their backs, an.1 so ill-found iii the
necessaries of war that they had ekêd out thcir
ammunition by what ¢hey could take in action from
the euemy himself. "In the desire for victory they
had hOt stayed for ¢he spoil of any of the ships that
they lame&" There was no 1)rize-lnOley coming fo
them to reward their valour. Their own country was
the prize for which they had fought and conquered.
They had earned, if ever Englishmen had earned any-
where, the highest honour and the highest recompense
which the Governlnent could bestow.
The reward which in fact they received will be
very briefly told. Food had been provided, and was
sent down the river on the 9th--19th of August. The
one month's victuals taken in ai Plymouth on the
23rd of June had been stretched over seveu weeks.
The three days' rations with which the fleet had left
the Forth had been ruade fo serve for eight days.
Entire crews had thus been absolutely famishing.
The next point fo be determined was, if the ships
were fo be paid off, or were to remain in commission.

278

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

"Sure bind, sure find," was the opinion of Lord
Howard. If was still possible thaç the Armada mighç
return. '" A king,lom was a great wager, and security
was daugerous, as they would have found had noç
God bcen their friend." Drake "would hot advise
ber :Ma.jesty ço hazard a kingdom with saving a little
charge " "The Prince of Parma," he said, " was a
bear robbed of iris whelps ; and for his credWs sake,
beiug so ffood a soldier, would try fo do something."
The queeu, on the other hand, rhought of" nothing but
çhe expense, and was only eager fo sçop the drain on
the exehequer a.t the earlies$ possible moment. The
question was answered, and the uneert.ainty was
ended, by causes independent of the will either of
herself or lier advisers. The strain of the last few
mont.Ils was taken off, and with if the spur fo the
hearts and spirits of the exhausted seamen. E'en af
Plymouth short food and poisonous drink had brought
dysentery among them ; and in one vessel, "the Elizct-
beth Jon«ts, whieh had done as well as any ship in any
service had ever done," there had been "a dangerous
infection from the beginning". Want of food, want
of elothes, want, of the relief, whieh if they had been
pai,1 their wa'es they might bave provided for them-
selves, had aggTavated the tendeneies to disease, and
a frighffu] mortality now set in through the entire
fleet. Boatloads of poor fellows were earried on shore
af Mtrgate, and were laid down fo die in the streeçs,
" there beiug no place in the town fo reeeive them "
The offieers did what they eould. Howard's and
Drake's purses were freely opened--some sort of
shelter was provided af last iu barns and outhouses;
but the assistance whieh they eould provide out of
their personal resonrees was altogether inadequate.
" If would grieve any man's heart," wrote Lord

ELIZABETH AND HER SAILORS. a79

Howard, " fo see men who had served so valiantly
fo die so miserably."
The fear of Parlna's colning soon died avay. In a
few days news came that the camp af Dunkirk was
broken up, the stores taken out of the transports, and
the sailors paid off: the pinnaces sent in pursuit of
the Armada returned vith clear tidings that it had
passed westward round the Orkneys; but the havoc
among the brave lllell V|lO had driven if from the
shores of England became daily lnore and more terrible.
They sickened one day: they ,lied the next. In the
battle bcfol'e Gravelines hOt sixty in all had heen
killed: before a month was out there vas hardly a
ship which had enough men left fo weigh the anchors.
If was characteristic of the helplessness af headtluarters
produced by Elizabeth's hardness, that, notwithstanding
the disorder was traced definitely to the poisonous beer,
if continued to be served out. Nothing better was
allowed till if was consumed. The sick retluired fresh
mcat and vegetalles. Within a few hours as they
were of London, they continue«l fo be dieted with the
usual sait beef and fish. The men expected that, at
least, aftcr ,.such a service they would he pai,l their
wages in full. The ttueen was cavilling over the
accounts, and vould give no orders for lnoney till she
had demanded the lneaning of every pelmy that she
was charged. If was even necessary for Sir John
Hawkins fo remind the Governmelt that the pay of
those who died vas still due fo their relatives.
From the severe nature of the service, Lord Howard
had been obliged to add to t.he number of oflïcers. He
was challenged fol" the extra pay. and vas obliged fo
petition for some Slnall assistance from the «lueen in
defraying it himself. "The lnatter is not great," he
said. " Five hundre,l pounds, with the help of my own

280 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

purse, will do if. However if fall out, I must see them
paid."
There had been expenses in the fleet which could
hOt be avoide,l, and in the destitution in which he had
beel left,, Howard had used three t.housand pistoles out
of the treasure taken iii the ship of Pedro de Valdez.
So keen an account was exacted of him that the Lord
Adlniral of England, the conqueror of the Armada,
had fo defend himself against a charge of peculation.
"I did take thêln," he wrote fo Walsingham, "as I told
you I would: for, by Jesus, I had hOt three pounds
lcft iii the world, and have not anything could get
money lu LolldOn--lny plate was gone before. But I
will repay if withiu ten days after my coming home.
I pray you let hcr Majesty know so ; and, by the Lord
God of Heavcn, I had not one crown more, and had if
hot becn lnere necessity I would hOt have touched one ;
but if I had llOt some to have bestowed upou solne
poor miserable men, I should have wished myself out
of the world."
The worst lneanness was yet fo corne. A surcharge
appeared in the accounts of six hunth'ed and twenty
pounds foi" "extraordinary kinds of victual, wine,
cider, sugar, oil and fresh fish," distributed among
the ships while af Plymouth, by the order of Howard
and Drake. The Lord Admiral explained that a few
delicacies had been thought necessary for the relief of
men xvho, being sick or wounded, lnight be unable fo
digest salt neat. Ho adlnitted that he had done what
was unusual ; he said that he had made the allowances
"iii regard of the greatness of the service, for the
encouragelnent of those on whose forwardness and
courage success dcpended". He might have addcd
that their legitimate food had been ,qtolen from them
by the qucen's own neglect. Ho pctitioned hulnbly

ELIZABETH AND HER SAILORS. OES

that she would pass the charge. It is uncertain
whether she consented or hot. If is certain that a
further sure for the saine purpose Lord Howard felt
obliged fo take upon himself. He struck the entry
out of his account book. "I will myself make satisfac-
tion as well as I may," he said, "so that her Majesty
shall hot be charged withal."
Lord Howard perhaps, as a nobleman whose father
had received large benefactions from the Crown, and
to whom the (lueen afterwards was moderately liberal,
might be expected to contribute at a time of ditticulty
out o[" his private resources. Thc saine excuse will hot
cover the treatmcnt of Sir John Hawkins, who owed
nothing to any crowncd head, and was the architect of
his own fortunes. Hawkins had hot only been at the
head of the ,lockyards, but he ha,l been the person
employed in collecting the ships' companies, and after-
wards in settling the wages with them. No English
vessels ever sailed out of port in ber.ter condition. No
English sailors ever did their duty better. But Eliza-
beth had ehanged her mind so often in the spring,
engaging seamen and then dismissing them, and then
engaging others, that between charges and diseharges,
the aeeounts had naturally g'rown intrieate. Hawkins
worked hard to elear them, and spent his own fortune
freely to make the figures satisfaetory ; but she, who
had been herself the cause of the confusion, insisted on
an exaetness of statement whieh it was difl3eult if hot
impossible to give; and Hawkins, in a petition in
whieh he deseribed himself as a ruined man, sued for
a year's respire to disentangle the disorder.
The two statesmen fared no better who had furnished
the brain of England, while the fleet had been its rig'ht
arm. Burghley and Walsingham were the soul of the
poliey whieh had plaeed Elizabeth in triumph at last

a8a SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

af the head of Protestant Europe. For them, in the
hour of victory, there was only abuse, scattered
freely and in all presences. They who had never
wavered, who had stcadily advised a single course,
who had never ceased fo me the necessity of pro-
viding in rime for exigncies xvhich they knew tobe
approaching--they if was who were ruade responsible
for what had been wanting in the service, and for
the shifts of purpose whieh lmd been the cause of
the negleet. " Ail irresolutions and laeks," Ceeil
wrote to Walsingham, " are thrown upon us tvo in
all her speeehes to everybody. The wrong is intoler-
able."

HISTOR, ICAL SKET(_!HES AND
M ISCELLANEO US.

285 •

THE CHURCH OF ROME IN ITS VIGOUR.

NEVER in all their history, in aucient rimes or
modern, ncver that we know of, bave mankind
thrown out of themselves anythiug so grmd, so useful,
so beautiful, as the Catholic Chm'ch once was. In these
rimes of ours, well-regulated sclfislmess is the recog-
nised rule of action--every one of us is expected to
look out first for himself, and take care of his own
interests. Af the rime I speak of the Church ruled
the State with the authority of a conscience; and
self-iuterest, as a motive of action, was only named
tobe abhorred. The bishops and clergy were regarded
freely and simply as the immediate ministers of the
Almighty; and they seem fo me fo have really
deserved that high estimate of their character. It
was not for the doctrines which they taught only,
or chiefly, that they were held in honour. Brave
men do hot fall down before their fellow-mortals for
the words which they speak, or for the rites which
they perform. Wisdom, justice, self-denial, nobleness,
purity, high-mindedness--these are the qualities be-
fore which the freeborn races of Europe have been
contented fo bow; and in no order of men were such
qualities to be found as they were found six hundred
years ago in the clergy of the Catholic Church. They
called themselves the successors of the apostles. They
claimed in their Master's name universal spiritual
authority, but they ruade good their pretensions by

86 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

t, heoliness of their own livcs. They werc allowed
fo rule because they ,lesel'ved fo rule, and in the
fulness ot" reverence kings and nobles bent before a
power which was nêarer fo Goal than thcir own.
Over prince and subject, chieftain and serf, a body
of unarmed defenceless lnen l'eigncd supreme by the
magie of sanctity. They tamed the fiery northern
warriors who had broken in pieces the Roman empire.
They taught theln--they brought them really and
truly to believe--that they had immortal souls, and
that they xvould one day stand at the awful judglnent
bar and give account for their lires there. With the
brave, the honcst and the good--with those who had
hot oppressed thc poor nor removed their neighbour's
landmark--with those who had been just in all their
dealings--with those who had fought against evil, and
l,ad tried valiantly to do their Mastcr's will--at that
great day it wouhl be well. For cowards, for profli-
gates, for those who lived for luxury and pleasure
and self-indulgence, there was the blackness of eternal
death:
An awful conviction of this tremendous kind the
clergy ha,l eflbctually instilled into the mind of
Europe. If was nota PERIIAPS; it was a certainty.
It was hot a t'orm of words repeated once a week ai
church; it vas an assurance entertained on all days
and in ail places, without any particle of doubt. And
the ettbct of such a belief on lire and conscience was
simply immeasurable.
I do hOt pretend that the clergy were perfect.
They were very far from perfect ai the best of times,
and the European nations were never completely
submissive fo them. It would not have been well
if they had been. The business of human creatures
in this planet is not summed up in the most excellent

CHURCH OF ROME IN ITS VIGOUR 287

of priestly catechisms. The world and its conccrns
continued fo inreresr men, rhough priests insisted on
their nothingness. They could hot prevenr kings
from quarrelling wirh each other. They could nor
hinder dispured successions, and civil feuds, and
wars, and political conspiracies. Whar rhey did do
was ço shelçer the weak from çhe sçrong.
In the eyes of çhe elergy the serf and his lord
stood on çhe eommon level of sinful humalfiçy. Into
Omir ranks high birçh was no passport. They were
thenJselves for çhe lnosç part ehildren of the people;
and the son of çhe artisan or peasanç rose fo the mitre
and the triple erown, just as nowadays the rail-sl)liter
and çhe çailor beeome presidents of the Republie of the
West.
The Church was essentially democratic, while af the
saine rime if had the monopoly of learning; and ail
the seeular power fell fo if whieh learldlig, eom-
bined with sanetity and assisted by superstition, ean
bestow.
The privileges of the elergy were extraordinary.
They were not amcnable fo the COlnmon laws of the
land. While they governed the laity, the laity had no
power over them. From the throne downwards every
seeular ottiee was dependenç on çhe Chureh. No king
was a lawful sovereign rill the Chureh plaeed the
erown upon his head : and whaç çhe Chureh besçowed
çhe Chureh elaimed the righç ço take away. The
disposition of properçy was in çheir hands. No will
eould be proved exeept before çhe bishop or his ottieer ;
and no will was held valid if the tesçaçor died out of
comlnunion. There were lnagisçratcs and eours of
law for çhe offenees of çhe laiçy. If a priest eommiççed
a crime, he was a saered person. The civil power
eould not çoueh him ; he was reserved for his ordinary.

:Z88 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Bishops' commissaries sat in town and city, taking
eognisanee of the moral eonduet of every man and
voman. Offenees ag'ainst lire and property were tried
here in England, as now, by the COmlnon ]av ; but the
Chureh Courts dealt with sins--sius of word or aet. If
a man was a pl'ofligate or a drunkard ; if he lied or
swore; if he did hot eome fo eolnlnUlfion, or held
unlawful opinions; if he was idle or uuthrifty: if he
was unkind fo his wife or his servants; if a ehild was
disobedient fo his father, or a father cruel fo his ehild ;
if a tradesman sold adulterated wares, or used false
measures or dishonest weights--the eye of the parish
priest was everywhere, and the Chureh Court stood
always open fo examine and fo punish.
Ilnagine what a trcmendous power this lnust have
been! Yet if existed generally in Catholie Europe
down fo the eve of the Refol'mation. If eould never
have established itself af all unless af one time it had
worked benefieially--as the abuse of if was one of the
most fatal eauses of the Chureh's fall.
I know nothing in English history mueh lnore
striking than the answer given by Arehbishop Warham
fo the eomplaints of the English House of Commons
after the rail of Cardinal Wolsey. The House of
Commons eolnplained that the elergy ruade laws in
Convoeation whieh the laity were exeomnmnieated if
they disobeyed. Yet the laws ruade by the elergy,
the COmlnons said, were often at varianee with the
lavs of the reahn.
What did Warhaln reply ? He said he was sorry
for the alleged diserepaney ; but, inasnmeh as the lavs
ruade by the elergy were always in eonformity with
the will of God, the laws of the realm had only fo be
altered and then the diftleulty would vanish.
What must have been the position of the elergy in

CHURCH OF ROME IN ITS VIGOUR 2] 9

the fulness of their power when they could speak thus
on the eve of their prostration ? You lmve only to
look from a distance a anx- old-fashioned cathedral city,
and you will see in a lnoment the lnedioeval relations
between Church and State. The cathedral is the city.
The first oiect you catch sight of as you approach is
the spire taperiug into the sky, or the huge towers
holding possession of the centre of the landscape--
lnajestically beautiful--imposing by mere size amidst
the large forms of Nature hersclf. As you go nearer,
the vastness of t.he buihling impresses you more and
more. The puny dwelling-plces of the citizens creep
at its feet, the pimmcle. are glittering in the tints of
the sunset, when clown below among the streets and
lnes the twilight is drkening. And even now, when
the towns are thrice their ancient size, and the hou.es
bave stretched upwards from vo storeys fo rive ; when
the great chimneys are vonfiting their smoke among
the c]ouds, and the temples of modern industry--the
vorkshops and the fact.ories--spread thcir long fronts
before he eye, the cahedral is sill the goverlfing form
in the picture--the one object xvhich possesses the
ilnag'inaion and refuses tobe eclipsed.
As that cat.hedral was to the old town, so was the
Church of the middle ages to the secular institutions
of the world. Its very neighbourhood was sacred;
and its slmdov, like he shadow of the apostles, was
a sanctuary. When I look at the new Houses of
Parliament in London, I see in them a type of the
change which has passed over us. The House of
Commons of the Plantagenet.s sut in the chapter-house
of Westminster Abbey. The Parliament of the Reform
Bill, five-and-thirty years ago, debated in S. Stephen's
Chapel, the abbey's small dependency. Now, by the
side of the enormous pile which has risen out of tlmt
9

9 o SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
ehapel's ashes, the proud minser iself is dwarfed ino
insig'nifieanee.
Let us turn to another vast feature of the middle
ages--I lnean the monasteries.
Some person of especial and exceptional holiness
has lived or died af a particular spot. He has been
distinguished by his wisdom, by his piety, by his active
benevolence ; and in an age when conjurers and wiches
were supposed to be hell)ed by the dt, vil to do evil. he,
on his part, has bcen thought to bave possessed in
largcr measure than common men the favour and the
grace «)f Heaven. Blessed influences bang" about the
spot whieh he bas hallowed by his presence. His
relics--his houschohl possessions, his books, his clothes,
his bones, rctain the shadowy sanctity which they
received in having once belonged to him. We all set
a value, hot wholly unrcal, on anythilg which has
been the property of a rcmarkable man. At worst, it
is but an exaggeration of natural reverence.
Well, as nowadays we build monuments to g'reat
men. so in the middle ages they built shrines or
chapels on the spots which saints had ruade holy, and
comnmnities of pious people gathered together there
--begiming with the personal friends the saint had
left behind him--to try to live as he had lived, to do
good as he had done good, and to die as he had died.
Thus arose religious fraternities--compa.nies of men
who desired to devote themselves to goodness--to give
up pleasure, and amusement, and self-indulgence, and
fo spend their lires in prayer and works of charity.
These ]muses became centres of pious beneficence.
The monks, as the brotherhoods were called, were
organised in diflbrent orders, vith some variety of
rule, but the broa,l principle was the same in ail.
They were fo live for others, hot for themselves.

CHURCH OF ROME IN ITS VIGOUR 29I

They took vows of poverty, that they lnight hot be
entangled in the pursuit of moncy. 'l'hey took vows
of chastity, that the cre of  family migh no, distract
them from the work whieh they had undertaken.
Their eflbrts of eharity were hot limite, l to this world.
Their days were spent in hard bodily labour, in study,
or in visiting the 8ick. Af night they were on
stone-floor8 of their chapels, holding up their withered
hm,ls fo hesven, interceding for the poor souls who
were sufl[ring in lmrgatolT.
The worh_l, as if always will, paid honolu" fo exeep-
iomtl excellence. The sysçem spread fo çhe furt.hesç
limits of ÇhrisLen«lOln. The reliious bouses beeame
places of re[uge, where lllell o[ noble birfl, kings glld
queels and elnperol's, Wtl'riors ud sfateslnen, retired
fo lay down Lheir splendid eares, and end their days
in peaee. Those with wholn t.he world had deal
hardly, or çhose whom if had SUl'feiçed wifl ifs
unsafisfying pleasures, fhose who were disappoinged
with earth, glld f]lOe who were filled wit.h passionate
aspirations afer heaven, alike round a haven of resf
in f]e quief eloisfer. And, g-adually, lands came fo
fheln, and wealfh, and social dignifyall g'rafefully
extended fo lnen who deserved so well of tleir fellows ;
while no landlordu Wel'ç 1o1" popular than tley, for
fhe saneit.y of fhe monks shelered Oeir dependenfs
as well as themselves.
Travel now through Ireland, and you will see in the
wildest pars of i innumerable remains of religious
houses, which had grown up among" a people who
aeknowledged no rule among fhelnselves exeepf the
sword, and where every chier ruade var upon his
neighbour as the humour seized him. The monks
among fhe O's and fhe Mae's were as defeneeless as
sheep among he wolves; buf the wolves spared heln

a9a SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
for Lheir eharaeLer. In sueh a eounLry as Ireland
Lhen was, the lnonasLeries eould noL have survived for
a generaLion but. for t.he elmhanLed aLmosphere vhieh
surrounded Lhem.
Of auLhoriLy Lhe religious orders were praeLieally
independenk Fhey were amenable ouly Lo Lhe Pope
and Lo Lheir own superiors. Hel'e in England, t, he
king eould noL seud a eolnmissioner Lo inspeeL a
monasLery, llOr even send a polieelnan Lo arresL a
crilninal who had t.aken shelLer wiLhin ira walls.
Arehbishops and bish«»ps, powerful as they were, round
their aut.horiLy eease when t.hey entered the gares of
 BenedieLinc o" Dominiean abbey.
So uLLerly bave Limes ehanged, t.hat vith your
uLmosL exerLions you will har, lly be able Lo pieLure Lo
yourselves Lhe CaLholie Chureh in Lhe days of ils
greaLness. ()ur sehool-books Lell us how Lhe Emperor
of Germany held Lhe stirrup fol" Pope Gregory ghe
Seventh Lo mounL his nlule; how our own English
Henry PlantageneL walked barefoot Lhrough Lhe
sLreeLs of CanLerbury, and knelL in Lhe ehapt, er-
house fol" Lhe monks fo flog him. The firsL of Lhese
ineidenLs, I was l»roughL up to believe, proved Lhe
Pope to be Lhe man of Sin. Anyhov, Lhey are both
faeLs, and noL romanees; and you may form solne
noLion froln Lheln ho-high in the world's eyes t.he
Chureh musL have sood.
And be sure iL did noL aehieve LhtL proud posiLion
wiLhouL deserving iL. The ÏeuLonie and LaLin princes
were noL eredulous fools; and when Lhey submiLLed,
iL was Lo somet,hing sLronger than themselves--
sLronger in limb and lnu8ele, or SLl"onger in intellect
and eharaeLer.

293

THE DESTRUCTION OF RELICS AT THE
REFORMATI()N, 1532-38.

EVERY monastery, every parish church, ha,l in those
,lays its special relics, its specid images, its special
something, fo attract thc interest of the people. The
1-everence for the l'emains of nol)le and pious 111,'11, the
dresses which they had worn, or the bodies in which
thcir spil'its had lived, vas in itself a naf.ural and pious
emotion ; but if ha,l been petrified into a ,logma ; ami
like evcry of ber imaginative fee]iug which is submitted
fo Lhat ha,l process, if had become a falschoo,1, a mcr •
superstition, a sul)stitute for pietT, hot a stimulus fo
if, an, l a perpetual occasion of h-au,l. The people
brought oflrings fo the shrines where if was supposed
that the relics were of greatest potency. The clergy,
fo secure the oflrings, invented the relics, and invented
the stories of the vonders which had been worked by
them. The greatest exposul of these things took
place af the visitation of the religious bouses.
thc meantime, Bishop Shaxton's unsavoury inventory
of what passed under the naine of relics in the diocese
of Salisbury will furnish an adequate notion of these
objects of popular veneration. There "be set forth
and commended unto the ignorant people," he said,
"as I myself of certain which be already corne fo my
hands, have pel'fect knowledge, stinking boots, mucky
combes, ragged rochettes, rotten girdles, pyl'd purses,
great bullocks' horns, locks of hair, and filthy rags,

a94 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
gobbetts of woo,1, under the naine of parcels of the
holy eross, and sueh pelfry beyond estimation"
Besicles mat.rets of this kind, there were images of
the Virgin or of t, he saints : above all, roods or eruei-
ixes, of espeeial pot.eney, the virtues of whieh had
begun to grow uneertain, however, fo seeptieal Pro-
testant,s; and from doult, to deniM, and from dental
fo ptssionat, e hatred, there were lmt a few hrief steps.
'Che most t'amous of the roods was t.hat of Boxley in
Keut. whieh nse, l fo stalle and bow, or frown and
shake it.s lac, ad, as its worshippors were generous or
eh»se-hand.d. The fortunes and misfortunes of this
image I slnll hy-and-l»y bave fo relate. There was
anoth,,r, how«ver, st 1)overeourt, in Suffolk, of seareely
ini'eri»r faine. This image was of sueh power that
the door of the ehureh in whieh it stood was open af
all hours fo ail eolners, and no hmnan hand eould
close if,. Dovereourt therefore beeame a plaee of
g'reat and lucrative pilg'rimage, mueh resorted fo by
the neighbours on all oeeasions of diffieulty.
Now if happened that within the eireuit, of a few
mlles t.here live,1 four young men, fo whom the
virtues of the food had heeome R'reatly ,luestionable.
If if eould work miracles, if must be capable, so they
th,mg'ht, of l)roteeting ifs own substance; and they
agreed to apply a praetieal test. whieh would deter-
mine the extent of its abilities. Aeeordingy Robert
King of De,lham, [»1 ert Debenham of Easthergholt.,
Nieholas Marsh of Dedham. and Robert Gardiner of
Dedhtm, "their consciences being bm',lened to see
the honour of Almighty God so blasphemed by sueh
an idol," st.arted off " on a wondrous goodly night "
in February, with hard frost and a eletr full moon,
ten toiles aeross the wolds, fo the ehureh.
The door was open, as the legend dee]ared; but.

DESTRUCTION OF RELICS, x53a-38 a95
nothing daunted, they entered bravely, and, liftig
clown the "idol" from ifs shrinê, with its eoat and
shoes, and the store of tapers whieh were kept for
the services, they earried it on their shouhler.s for a
lUal'ter of a toile from the plate where it had stood,
"without anv resistaneo of the said idol". There,
setting it on the g'rouml, they struek a light, fastened
the tapers to the body, ami, with the help of them,
sacrilegiously lmrnt the image down to a heap of
ashes ; the ohl dry wood "blazing so brimly" that it
lighted them a full mlle of their way home.
Fol- this night's performance, which, if thc dcvil is
the father of lies, was a stroke of h,mest work against
him and his family, the world l'ewardt'd these lnen
aftcr the usual fashion. One of them, Pol)ert Gardiner,
escaped the search which was ruade, and disappeared
till better tilnes" the relnaining three were swinging"
in chains six months later on the scene of their exploit.
°l'heir rate was perhaps inevitable. Men who dare to
1)e the first in great movements are evcr self-immolated
victims. But I suppose that it was better for them
fo be bteaching on their gibbets than crawling" at the
feet of a wooden rood, and believing if fo be God.
These were the first Paladins of the Peformation;
the knights vho slew the dragons and the enchanters,
and ruade the earth habitable for eommon flesh and
blood. They were rarêly, as we have said, men of
great al-,ility, still more rarely lllell Of "wealth and
station"; but men rather of elear sensês and honest
hearts.
Six years had passed sinee four brave Suflblk
peasants had bm'nt the food a Dovereourt; and for
their reward had reeeived a gallows and a rope. The
high powcrs of St.ae were stepl,ing nmv along the

296

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

road which these men had pioneered, discovering,
after all, that the road was the right road, and that
the reward had been altogether an unjust one. The
"materials" of monastic religion were the rem or
COmlterfeit relics of real or counterfeit saints, and
images of Christ or the Virgin, supposed to xvork
lniraculous cllre8 llpon pilgrinls, and not supposed,
hut ascertained, fo bring in a pleasant and al)undant
revelme to their happy possessors. A special inves-
tigaiion into thc nat.ure of these objects of popular
devotion was now ordered, with results which
more flmn any othcr exl)osm'e disenchanted ihe
1)e,)l)le vith SUl)el'stition, and converted their
int.o an e, lually passionate ieolloelasm. At Hales in
Woreesiershire was a phiai of blood, as famous fol"
powers and properties as the |)lood of St. Januarius
at Naples. The phial was opened by t.he visitors in
t.he presenee of an awe-struek multitude. No mil'aele
punishe, l the ilnpiety. The lnysterious substallee was
handled hy profane fingers, and was round tobe
a lnere illnoeent gunl, and hOt blood al all, adequate
fo work no lniraele either to assist its worshippers or
avenge its violation. Allother rare treasure was pre-
scrve, lat Çardigan. The story of Our Lady's taper
thel'e bas a pietures, lue wildness, of whieh later ages
may admire the legendary beauty, being relieved by
three eenturies of ineredulity from the neeessity of
raising harsh alternat.ives of truth or falsehood. Ail
ilnage of the Virgin had been round, it was said,
stan,ling at the mouth of the Tivy river, with an
infant Christ in her lai», and the taper in her hand
burning. She was earried to Christ Ghureh in Cardi-
gan, but " would llOt tarry ihere ". She returned
again and again fo the Sl)Ot where she was fil'st round ;
and a ehapel ",vas at la,st built there to receive and

DESTRUCTION OF RELICS, 532-38 297

shelter her. In this chapel she remained for nine
years, the taper burning, yet hOt consuming, till some
rash Welshman swore an oath by her, and broke if;
and the taper af once went out, and never could be
kindled again. The visitors had no leisure for senti-
ment. The image was torn from ifs shrine. The
taper was found fo be a piece of painted wood, and
on experiment was proved suhlnissive fo a last
conflagration.
Kings are said to find the stop a short one t'rom
deposition fo the seattbhl. The m,Mfied images passed
1)y a swil't t.ralMtion fo thc I|alnCS. Thc La«ly of
Woreestcr ha, l becn lately dcspoilc«l of ber appal'el.
" I trust," wrote Latilncr t.o the vieegcrent., that "your
lordship will 1,cstow out grcat sihçll fo some goo«l
purpose--ut peveat mcmor-bt cam sonita--she hath
been the dcvil's ilstrulnelt ,o brill" lnany, I fcar, fo
eternal tire. She herself, with her ohl sister of
Walsingham, her younger sister of Ipsvich, with their
two other sisters of Doncaster and Penrice, wouhl
make a jolly muster in Smithfield. They wouhl
hot be ail day in burl]ng." The hard advice was
taken. The objects of the passionate devotion of
centuries were rolled in carts to London as huge dis-
honoured lumber; and the eyes of the citizens were
gratified vith a more ilmocent ilnlnolatiol than those
with whieh the Chureh authoritics had been in the
habit of indulging them.
The fate of the food of Boxley, ag'ain, was a famous
ineident of the rime. Af Boxley, in Kent, there stood
an image, the eyes of whieh on fit oeeasions "did stir
like a lively thing". The body bowed, the forchea, l
frowned. If dropped ifs lower lip, as if fo speak.
The people saw in this partieular rood, beyond ail
oflers, the living presence of Christ, and offerings in

298 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
snperabundant measure had poured in upon the monks.
If happened t.lmt a l'ationMistie commissioner, looking
elosely, diseovered symptoms of motion af the baek of
the figure. Suspieion eaused inquiry, and imluiry
exp()sure. The mystery had a natural explanation in
maehinery. '['he al)bot and t.he elder brethren took
refuge in surprise, and knew nothing. But the faet
ws patent; and the unveiled fl'aud ws of a kind
whieh mi.a'ht. I)e useful. "When I had seen this
St, l'autre obj«et," said the diseoverer, " and considering
t.hat the inlmbitants of the eountv of lçent ha, l in
t.ilncS 1)ast a g'l'eM dcvotion fo the saine ima«.e, and
di,1 kecp e«mt.inual pilg'l'imag'c thither, by the adviee
of ohel'S that were here with lne, I did eonvey the
said image unt.o 5lidstone on the market day; and
in the chier of the market rime did shov if openly unto
all the people then bein" present, to see the false,
erafty an,l subtle han,llin, thereof, fo the dishonour
of God and illusion of the said people; who, I date
say, if the late monastery were fo be defaeed again
(the KinK's Graee hOt offended), they would either
pluek if down fo the ground, or else burn if ; for they
bave the said matter in vondrous detestation and
hatred."
But the food was hot allowed fo be forgotten after
a single exhibition" the imposture was gross, and
would ful'nish a wholesome eolnmelt on the suppres-
sion, if if was shovn off in London. Froln 3Iaidstone,
therefore, if vas taken fo the palaee af Whitehall, and
performed belote the Court. From the palaee if vas
earried on fo ifs last judgment and exeeution af
Paul's Cross. If vas plaeed upon a stage opposite the
pulpit, and passed through ifs postures, while t.he
Bishop of R.oehester leetured upon if in a serlnon.
When the erowd was worked inlo adetluate indigna-

DESTRUCTION OF RELICS, i53)_-38

tion, the scaffold was ruade to give way, the image
fell, and in a few monlents was torn iii pieces.
Thus in all parts of England superstition was at-
taeked in ifs strong'holds, and dest.royed there. But
the indignation whi«h was the natural reeoil from
eredulity wouhl not be sat.isfied with the destruction
of images. The idol xvas nothing. The guilt, was hot
with the wood and st, one, but in t.he frau,1 and folly
whieh had praetise,1 xvith these brute instruments
ag'ainst, t, he souls of men. In Seot.lan,l an,I the Neth«--
lands the work of retribution was aeeomplished by a
rising of the people themselves in armed revolution.
In Eng'land the readiness of the Govermnent spare,t
the need of a popular explosion ; the monasteries were
hot saeke,1 by mohs, or the priests murdered ; but the
saine fierceness, the saine hot spirit of anger, was abroad,
though eonfined wit, hin the restnint.s of the law. The
law itselfgave eflet, in harsh and sanguinary penalties
fo the rage whieh had been kindled.

3oo

TUDOR ENGLAND.

B¥ these measures  the lnoney-making spMt was for
a rime driven baek, and the eountry resumed
natural course. I alll llOt eoneerned to defen,l the
eeonomie wisdom of sueh proeeedings ; but they prove,
I think, eonelusively, that the labouring elasses owed
tiroir advantages hot ço the eondition of the labour
markt,t,, but fo the care of the Stae; and that when
t.he Ntate l-elaxed ifs supervision, or failed fo enforee
igs regubtions, the labourel'S, bcing left to the lnarkeg
ehanees, sank instantly in the unequal struggle with
eapital.
The Governlnent, however, remained strong enough
to hold its ground (exeept during the disereditable
interlude of the reign of E,lward ri.) for the flrst
three-quarters of the eentury ; an,l until that rime the
working elasses of this eountry remained in a condition
more than prosperous. They elioyed an abundanee
far beyond what in general falls to the lot of that
order in long-settled eount.ries ; ineomparably beyond
what the saine elass were enjoying et flat very rime
in Gernmny or France. The laws seeured them ; and
that the laws were put in foree we have the direet
evidene of sueeessive Aets of the legislature justifying
the general poliey by its sueeess : and we have also the
indireeg evidenee of the eongen,l loyalty of the gl'eat
body of the people at a gime when, if they had been
 Interfering with the rights of property on behalf of the poor.--A.

TUDOR ENGLAND 3oi

discontented, they held in their own hands the means
of asserting what the law acknowledgcd fo be their
right. Thê Government had no power to compel sub-
mission fo injustice, as was prove, l by tllê rate of an
attempt fo levy a "benevolence" by force, in 1525.
The people resisted with a determination against which
the Crown commissioners were unable to contend, and
the scheme endêd with an acknowledgmeut of fault
by Henry, who retired with a good grace from an
impossible position. If the peasaut«'y had been sur-
fering under any real grievances we shouhl hot have
failed fo have heard of them when the religious rebel-
lions furnished so fait an opportunity fo press those
grievances forward. Complfint was loud enough when
complaint was j ust, un,ler the Somerset protêctorate.
The incomes of the great nobles cannot be deter-
mined, for they varied probably as nmch as they vary
now. Under Hem" IV..the average income of an
earl was estimated at £2,000 a year. Under Henry
VIII. the grêat Duke of Buckingham, the wealthiest
English peer, had £6,000. And the ineome of the
Arehbishop of Canterbury was ratêd af the saine
amount. But the establishments of sueh men vere
enorlnous; their ordinary retinues in rime of peaee
eonsisting of many hundred persons; and in war,
when the duties of a nobleman ealled him o the field,
although in theory his followers were paid by the
Crown, yet the grants of Parliament were on so small
a seale that the theory vas seldom eonverted into faet,
and a large share of the expenses vas paid often out
of private purses. The Duke of Norfolk, in the
Seoteh War of 1523, deelared (hOt eomplaining of if,
but merely as a reason vhy he should reeeive support)
that he had spent ail his private means upon the army ;
and in the sequel of this history we shall tind repeated

3o2 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
instances of knights and gentlemen vohmtarily ruining
themselves in the serviee of their eountry. The people,
hot universally, but generally, were animated by a
true spirit of saerilïiee ; by a true eonvietion that they
were bound to think first of England, and only next
of themselves: and unless we ean bring ourselves fo
understand this, we shall never understand what
England was under t.he reigns of the Plantagenets
and Tndors. The expenses of the Court under Henry
VII. were a little over £14,000 a year, out of whieh
were ,lefraye,l the whole eost of the king's establish-
ment, the expenses of entert.tining foreign ambassadors,
the wages and maintelanee of the yeomen of the guard,
the retinues of servants, and all necessary outlay not
ineurred for publie business. Under Henry VIII.,
of whose extravag'anee we bave heard so mueh, and
xvhose Com't vas the most lnagnifieent in the world,
these expenses were £19,894 16s. 8d., a small sure
when eompared with the present eost of the royal
establishment, even if we adopt the relative estinlate
of twelve to one, and suppose it equal fo £240,000 a
year of out money. But indeed if was hot etlual fo
£240,000 ; for, although the proportion held in articles
of eommon eonsulnption, artieles of luxury were very
dear indeed.
Passing down from the king and his nobles to the
body of the people, we find that the ineome qualifying
a eountry gentleman to be justiee of the peaee was £20
a year, and, if he did his duty, his oftlee was no sineeure.
We remember Justiee Shallow and his elerk Davy,
with his novel theory of magisterial law ; and Shallow's
broad features have so English a east about them that
we may believe there were many sueh, and that the
duty was not always very exeellently done. But the
Justiee Shallows were hot allowed fo repose upon their

"FUDOR ENGLAND 303

dignity. The justice of the peace was required not
only fo t, ake cognisance of open offences, but to keep
surveillance over all persons within his district, and
over himself in his own turn there vas a surveillance
no less sharp, and penalties for neg'lect prompt and
peremptory. Four times a year he was to make
proclamation of his duty, and exhort ail persons to
complain against him vho ha«l occasion.
Twenty pounds a year, and heavy duties to do for
it, rcpresented the condition of the S(luire of the parish.
By the 2nd of the 2nd of Henry V., " the wages" of a
parish priest were limited to £5 6s. ,d., except in
cases where there vas special license from the bishop,
when they might be raised as high as £6. Priests
were probably something better off' under Henry
VIII., but the statute remained in force, and marks
an approach at least to their ordinary salary. The
priest had enough, being umnan'ied, to supply him in
comfort with the necessaries of lire. The squire had
enough to provide lnoderate abundance for himself
and his falnily. Neither priest nor squire was able to
establish any steep difference in outward advantages
betveen himself aml the commons among vhom he
lived.
The habits of all classes were open, free and liberal.
There are two expressions corresponding one fo the
other which we frequently meet with in old writings,
and which are used as a kind of index, marking
whether the condition of things was or was not what
it ought to be. We read of "merry England --hen
England was not merry, things were hot going well
with if. We hear of " the glory of hospitality,"
England's pre-eminent boast, by the rules of vhich all
tables, from the table of the twenty-shilling freeholder
to the table in the baron's hall and abbey refectory,

304 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

were open af the dinner hour fo all comers, without
stint or reserve, or luestion asked: fo every man,
according fo his degree, who chose fo ask for if. there
was free rare and free lodging; bread, beef and beer
for his dilmer ; for his lodgin, perhaps only a mat of
rushes in a Spal-e corner of the hall, with a billet of
wood for a pillow, but fi-êely offered and freely taken,
the guest probably faring lnueh as his host fared,
neither worse nor better. There was little fear of an
abuse of sueh lieense, for suspieious eharaeters had no
leave fo wander af pleasure; and for any man found
af large, and unable fo give a suflïeiel,t aeeount of
himself, there were the ever-ready parish stocks or
tovn gaol. The "glory of hospitality" lasted far down
into Elizabeth's rime: and then, as Çamden says, "came
in great bravery of building, fo the marvellous beauti-
fyil,g of the realm, but fo the deeay" of what he
valued more.
In sueh frank style the people lived, hating three
thing's with all their hearts: idleness, *allt and
eowardiee; and for the test, earrying their hearts
high, and having their hands full. The hour of rising,
winter and smmner, was four o'eloek, with breakfast
af rive, after whieh the labourers went fo work and
the gentlelnen to business, of whieh they had no little.
In the country every unknown face was ehallenged
and examined--if the aeeount given was insuffieient,
he was brought before the justice ; if the village shop-
keeper sold bad wares, if the village eobbler ruade
"unhonest" shoes, if servants and masters quarrelled,
all was to be looked fo by the justice; there was no
fear lest rime should hang heavy with him. Af twelve
he dined ; after dinner he went hunting, or fo his farm,
or to what he pleased. If was a life unrefined, perhaps,
but eoloured with a broad, rosy English health.

TUDOR ENGLAND 305

Of t.he education of noblemèn and gentlemen we
have eontra,lietory aeeounts, as mig'ht be expeet.ed.
The universities vere well filled, hy the sons of yeomen
ehiefly. The eost of supporting them at the eolleges
was little, an,1 wealthy mel took a pridc in helping
forward any boys of promise. I seems elear also, as
the Reforlnation drew nearer, vhile he eleNy were
sinking lower and lover, a marked change or t.he
herser beeame pereepible in a portion a leas of he
lait.y. The more old-fMioned of hê higher ranks
were slow in moving; for as laie as the reig'n of
Elward VI. t.here were peers of parliamen unable o
rea,l : but, on the vhole, the invention of 1,rining, and
ghe general ferlnenç whieh was eommeneing all over
the worl,1, had produeed marked eflet.s in all classes.
Henry VIII. himself spoke four lang'uages, and was
well read in theology and hisow; and the hig'h
aeeomplishlnelats o[ More and Sir T. Elliot, of Wya
and Cromwell, were bn elle expression of a retaper
whieh was rapidly spreading, and whieh gave occasion,
alnong other things, o the following refleetion in
Erasmus. "Oh, srange vicissitudes of hulnan hings,"
exelaims he. " Heretofore he hear of learning was
among sueh as profêsed religion. Nov, while they
for the mos par give themselves up vctri h,rui
p,,c»,4,-«qe, he love of learning is gone from ghem
o seeular princes, he eour and the nobilit.y. lay
we hot just.ly be ashamed of ourselves ? Thê feass of
priess and divines are drowned in wine, are filled
wih seurrilous j ess, sound wih inemperae noise
and umul, flow wih spieful slanders and defamaion
of others ; while a princes' ables motl dispuaions
are held eoneerning hings whieh make for learning
and piey."
A legter o Thomas Cromwell from his son's utor
20

3o6 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
will not be without interest on this subjeet ; Cromwell
was likely o have heen unusually eareful in his
children's trainin,, and we need hot supl)ose that ail
boys were brought up as prudently. Sir Peter Carew,
for instance, being a boy tt ahout the saine rime, and
giving" trouble af the High Sehool af Exeter, was led
home fo his ft.her's house af ()ttery, eoupled between
two fox-homMs. Yet t.be edueat.ion of Gregory Crom-
well is probably hot far above what many young men
of the lniddle and higqmr ranks were begimaing fo
reeeive. Henl T Dowes was the tutor's naine, beyond
whieh faet I know lothing of him. His letter is as
follows :--
"After t.hat if. pleased your mastership to give me
in charge, hot only fo give diligent attendance upon
l\Iastêr Gregory, but alsb fo instruet hiln with g'ood
leçters, honest lnalmers, pastylne of instrulnents, and
sueh other qualities as should be for him meet and
eonvenienç, pleaseth if you fo understand that for the
aeeomplishlnent thereof I have endeavoured myself by
all ways possible fo exeogitate how I might most profit
him. In whieh bêhalf, through his diligence, the sue-
eess is sueh as I trust shall be fo your good eontentation
and pleasure, and fo lais no small profit. But for cause
t.he Sulmner svas spent il, the service of the wild gods,
[and] if is so mueh fo be regarded after what fashion
youth is broug'ht up, in whieh time that that is learned
for the most part will hOt be wholly forgotten in the
older years, I think it my duty fo aseertain your
lnastership how he spendeth his rime. And tirst aftêr
he hath heard mass he taketh a lecture of a dialogue
of Erasmus' Colloq,ties, ealled Piet«t,s l»tterilis, wherein
is deseribed a very pieture of one that should be virtu-
ously brought up ; and for cause if is so neeessary for
him, I do noç only cause him fo read i over, but also

TUDOR ENGLAND 3o7

fo practise the pl'ecepts of the saine. After this he
exerciseth his hand in writ.ing one or two hours, and
readeth upon Fabyan's Ch,ro i«l« as long. The residue
of the dy he doth spend upon t.he lute and virg-inals.
When he rideth, as he doth Vel'5" off, I tell him l»y the
way some histol3 of the Romans or the Grecks, whieh
I cause him fo rehearse again in a raie. For his
reeretion he useth to hawk and Iront and shoot in
his long bow, whieh frameth mM sueeecdeth so vell
with him that he seemeth fo be theroUldO givcn by
llat, tlre."
I have spoken of he ortmisat.ion of the eountry
population, I have now to speak of that of the towus,
of the trading elasses and manufaet.uring classes, the
regulatious l'espeeing whieh are no less remarkable
and no less illustraive of he uaional ehanef.er. If
he tendeney of rade fo assume a last a form of mere
self-inh, res l»e irresistible, if poliietl eeonolny repre-
sent he laws fo whieh in the end it is foroed fo submit
itself, he nation spared no eflbrt, s, eit, her of art or
poliey, o defer fo the las moment the unweleome
conclusion.
The llallles alld shadows lin'er abou London of
certain aneient societies, the members of vhieh
still oeeasionally be seen in quMnt gilt barges pursuing
their own dieul way among he swarming steamers
when on certain days, the raditions eoneernig" whieh
are fast dying out of lnemolT, the Fishmong'ers' Com-
pany, he Goldsmihs' Company, he Mereers' Company,
make proeession down the river for eivie feast, ings
Greenwieh or Blaekwall. The stately t.okens of aneient
honour still beloug- o hem, and t.he remnants of
aneient wealh ami patronage and power. Their
eharers may be read by eurious anti¢luaries , and the
bills of rare of their aneient entertainment.s. But for

3o8

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

,chat. purpose t.hey werê ealled ino bein', wha here
was in t.hese tssociations of common t.rades o surround
wit.h gil,le,l insignia, and how they eame to he possessed
of ln'oad lmds and Church l)referments, few people
now eare fo think or t.o inquire. Trade and traders
bave no ,lignit,y any more in the eyes of any one,
execpt what lUOnt, y len,ls fo th,,m ; an,l these outward
symbols sem'eely rouse even a l)assin feeling- of euri-
osit.y. And yet, these eompanies were once somet.hing
more han natures. 'ht,y al'o all whieh nv remain of
« vas organisatim whieh once penerat.ed the ent.ire
gradin lire of Enlandan organisation se on foo
t« realise tlug mosg neeessary, if mos diNeu]t, eondi-
t.ion of eolnmereiM excellence ululer whieh man should
,leal faith[ully with his brot.her, and all wares ofl?red
f,r sMe, of whatever kind, should honestly be wha
they pret.end fo be. I spoke of t.he military prineiple
whieh ,lireeel the distribution and the arl'anemens
of land. The analogy will besç explain a st.ae of
thins in whieh every occupation ,as t.l'eated as the
,livision of an army ;, reiments being quartered in
«,very own, eaeh with its own self-eleeed oNeers,
whose dut.y was o exel'eise aut, horit.y over all persons
professing" the business fo whieh hey belong'ed; who
were to see tha no person undert, ook fo supply art.ieles
whieh he ha,1 n« been edueaed o manufaeçure; who
were fo deermine the priees a whieh sueh articles
ought just.ly o be sold above all, who were fo t.ake
eare t,ha t.he eommon people really bough a shops
and salls wha they supposed t.hemselves fo be buy-
ing; çha eloh pu up for sale vas rue eloh, of rue
ext,ure and full weigh ; ha leather was sound and
well tanned ; wine pure, lneasures hones; flour un-
mixed wit,h devil's duswho were generally o look
o i thag in all eonraet, s beween man and man for

TUDOR ENGLAND 309

Lhe supply of mm's neces.içies, whaç we ell honesçy
of dealing shouhl be çruly md faiçhfully observed. 
Ail olanisat.ion for his purpose did olme reall 3 exis
in England, 2 really çling çO do t.he work whieh iç
was inçended fo do, as hall the pages of ouv early
sçaçut.es wit, ness. In London, as çhe metropolis, a
eençral eouneil saç for every braneh of t.ra, le, and this
eouneil was in eommunieagion with çhe ehaneellor and
the ÇrOWll. Iç was composed of the highesç anti mosç
respeeçable members of çhe profession, an, l its oee
was ço ,letcl'lninc priees, fix wages, arrange thc l'Ules
of al)prcnçieeship, and diseuss ail details eonlwete, l
wiçh the business on whieh legislat.ion mighç 1)e re-
tluired. Further, çhis eouneil reeeived the reporçs of

J Throughout the old legislation morality went along with
politics and economics, and formed the lire and spirit of t, hem.
The fruiterers in the streets were prohibited from selling plums and
apples, because the apprentices played dice with them for their
warcs, or because the temptation induced children and servants to
steal money to buy. When parliament came to be held regularly
in London, an Order of Council fixed the rates which the hotel-
keeper might charge for dinners. Messes were sered for four at
twopence per head ; the bill of fare providing bread, fish (salt and
fresh), two courses of meat, ale, with tire aud candles. And the
care of the Government did hot cease with their meals, and in an
anxiety tha neiher the burgesses nor their servants should be ied
into sin, sringent orders were issued against street-walkers coming
near their quargers.--Gtdldhall MS. Journals 12 and 15.
The sanitary regulations for he city are loeculiarly interesting.
The scavengers, constables and oflicers of the wards were ordered,
"on pain of death," to see all streets and ya'ds kept clear of duug
and rubbish and all other filthy and corrupt things. Carts went
round every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday to carry off the
lier from the bouses, and on each of those days twelve buckets of
water were drawn for "every person," and used in cleaning their
rooms and passages.
Particular pains were taken to keep the Thames clean, and at
the mouth of every sewer or watercourse there was a strong iron
graing two feet deep.--Guildhall MS. Journal 15.
" And hot in England aloue, but tlnoughout Euroloe.

SELEC'FIONS FROM FROUI)E

the searchers--high otficers taken from their own body,
whose lusincss was fo inspect, in company vith the
lord lnayor or some other eity dignitary, the shops of
t, he respeetive t.raders; to reeeive eomplaints, and to
examine into t, hcm. In ead provineial town local
eouneils sat in eommet.i(m with the munieipal authori-
ries, who fulfillcd in these plaees the saine ,lut.les ; and
their l'el))rt.s l)cin" fOl'wardcd fo thc eentral body, and
eonsidcre«l l»3" them, rcprcsentations on all nceessary
matt,l'S w«,re t.hcn ruade fo the privy eouncil; and
1)y the privy eouneil, if reluisite , wcre submitted to
l'arlianlent.. 11" thcse rcl)rcscntations WCl'e julged to
rcluire lcgislativc interferenee, the sttutes whid
werc passed in eonseluenee were rcul'ned through
the elumeellor o the mayors of the various towns
and eities, by whom they were proelaimed as law.
No person was allowed fo open a trade or fo eom-
menee a mmufaeture, either in London or the provinees,
unless he had fil'St served his apprentieeship ; unless
he eouhl prove fo the satisfaetion of the authorities
that he was eompetent in his el'aft; and unless he
Sublnittel as a matter of eourse fo their supervision.
The lcgislatul'e had undel'taken hot o let that indispens-
al)le task go wholly unattelnpted, of dist.ributing the
various funetions of soeiety by the rule of eapaeity;
of eolnpelling every man o do his duty in an honest
following of his proper ealling, seeuring o him that
he in his tlll'n shouhl hOt 1)e injured by his neighbour's
misdoings.
The Stat.e further promising for if.self that all
able-bodied men should be round in work, and no
allowing any man o work at a business for whieh
he was unfit, insisted as its natural rig'ht that ehildren
should hot be allowed o grow up in idleness, fo be
returlmd af lnatm'e age upon is halMS. Every ehild,

TUDOR ENGLAND 311

so far as possible, was fo be trained up in SOlne busi-
ness or ealling, "idleness bcing the mother of all
sin," and the essential duty of every man being to
provide honestly for himself and his family. The
edueative t, heory, fol" sueh it. was, was simple lmt
ett?etive: if was based on the single prineiple that,
next to the knowledge of a nlan's dut, y fo God, and
as a means toxvards doing that duty, t.he lirst eondit, iou
of a worthy lire was the ability fo maintain if in
independenee. Varieties of inapplieable knowledg'e
might be good, but they were hot essentia|; sueh
knowledge might be left fo the lcisure of after yeal-S,
or i might be dispensed vith without vitM injul-y.
Ability fo labour eouhl hot be dispensed with, and
t.his, therefore, the State felt if fo be igs own duty to
see provided; so reaehing, I eammt but think, the
hear of the xvhole marrer.. The ehildren of those
who eould aflbrd the small ent, ranee fees were ap-
prentieed fo t.rades, the test were apprentieed fo
agrieulture; and if ehildren were round growing up
idle, and t, heir fathers or their friends failed fo prove
t.hat they xvere able to seeure them an ult.imate main-
tenanee, t.he lnayors in towns and the magistrates in
he eountry had authority fo take possession of sueh
ehildren, and apprengiee them as they saw lit, that
when they grew up "they might hot be driven" by
want or ineapaeity " fo dishonest eourses "
Sueh is an outline of the organisation of English
soeiety under the Plantagenets and Tudors. A detail
of the working of the trade laws would be beyond
my present purpose. It is obvious that sueh laws
eould be enforeed only under eireumstanees when
production and population remained (as I said belote)
nearly stationary ; and if would be madness fo attemp
go apply them fo the ehang'ed eondition of the present.

'rHE REFOIMArrION IN SCOTLAND.

I" we look back on Scotland as it stood in the fil'st
luartcr of thc sixteenth century, we see a country in
which the oM feudal organisation contiuued, so far
as it gcncrally aflcted the people, more vigorous
than in any other part ot' civilisel Europe. Elsewhere
the growth of trmle and o" large towns had created
a mi,l, llc class, with an orgauisation of their own,
indcpcn,lcnt of the lords. In Scotlaud the towns
vere still scanty and 1)oor; such as they were, they
were for thc most part under the control of the great
nobleman who happened fo lire nearest fo them; and
a people, as in any sense in, lcpendent of lords, knights,
al)bots or prelates, under whose rule they were born,
had as yet no existence. The tillers of the soli (and
the soil was very misel'al)ly tilled) lived under the
shadow of the eastle or the lnonastel2v. They followed
their lord's fortunes, fought his battles, believed in
his polities, and suppol'ted him loyally in his sins or
his good deeds, as the case might be. There was
lnueh moral beauty in the life of those tines. The
loyal att.aehment of ln:tl to manof liege servant fo
liege lordof all forms under which human beings
ean live and work together, has lnOSt of graee and
humanity about if. It emmot go on without mutual
eonfidenee and afletionmutual benefits given and
reeeived. The length of time which the system
lasted proves that in the lnaill there lllHSt have been

THE REFORMATION 1N SCOTLAND 313

a fine fidelity in the people--tl'uth, justice, generosity
in their leaders. History l)rings dovn many bad
stories fo us out of those rimes; just as in these
islands nowadays you lllay find bad instances of
the abuses of rights of loroperty. You may final
stories--too many also--of husbands ill-using their
wives, and so on. Yet we do hot therei'ore lay the
blame on lnarriage, or suppose that the institution of
property on the whole does more harm than good. I
do hOt doubt that down in that feudal systcm somc-
where lie the roots of some of the finest qualifies in
the European peoples.
So much for the temporal side of the matter; and
the spiritual was hot very unlike it. As no one lived
iudependently, in our model'n scnse of the word, so
no one thought independently. The minds of men
were looked after by a Church which, for a long rime
also, did, I suppose, very largcly fulfil the purl)ose
for which if was intended, if kept alive and active
the belief that the world was created and governed
by a .iust Being, who hated sins and crimes, and
steadily punished such things. If taught men that
they had immortal souls, ami that this little bit of lire
was an entirely insignificant portion of their real
existence. If taught thcse truths, indeed, along with
a great deal which we now consider fo have been a
mistake--a great many theories of earthly things
which have since passed away, and special opinions
clothed in outward forms and ritual observances
which we here,  most of us af least, do hOt think
essential for our soul's safety. But lnistakes like
these are hurtful only when pel"sisted in in the face
of fuller truth, after truth has been discovered. Onty

1 Edinburgh, Noember, 1,65.--A.

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

a very foolish lnan wouhl now uphold 6he Prolemaie
astronomy. But the Ptolemaic astronolny, when first
invented, vas based on real if incomplete observptions,
and formed a groundwork without which further
progress in that science would have been probably
inpossible. The theories and ceremonials of e
Catholic Church suited well xvith an age in which
little ws known and lllllCh vgs imagined: when
superstition was active and seienee was no yet born.
When I in tohl here or anywhere that the Middle
Ages were çimes of mere spil-itual darkness and
priestly OplWession , vith the other usual formulas,
I say, as I said belote, if the Ctholie Cureh, for
those maly eenuries t.ha iç reigned supreme ovêr
all men's eonseienees, was no better than the thing
whieh we see in the generation whieh immediately
preeeded the RefOl'mation, iç eould 11o have existed
at all. You might as well argue that the old fading
tree eould never have been green and young. In-
stitutions do llog live on lies. They either live by the
truth and usefulness vhieh there is in them, or they
do not live at all.
So things went on for several hundred years. There
were seandals enough, and erim enough, and feuds,
and nurders, and eivil wars. Systems, however good,
nnot prevent evil. They ean but eompress it within
lnoderate and tolentble limits. I should eonelude, how-
ever, that, lneasuring hy the average happiness of the
masses of the people, the mediœeval institutions were
very well suited for the inhabitants of these eountries
as they then were. Adam Smith and Bentham them:
selves eouhl hardly bave mended them if they had
tried.
But rimes ehange, and good things as well as bad
grow old and bave to die. The heart of the mat.t.er

THE REFORMATION iN SCOTLAND 315

which the Catholic Church had taught was the fear of
God; but the language of it and the forlnulas of it
were marie up of hmnan ideas and notions about things
whieh the mere inerease of hullan kllowle, lge gradually
lnade ineredible. To tl'aee the l'eason of this wouhl
lead us a long way. Il is intelligible enough, but il
wouhl take us into subjeets better avoided here. Il
is enough to sa 3" that, while the essenee o[" religion
remains the saine, the mode in whieh it is expressed
changes and llas changed--chalges as living languages
change and bccome dcad, as institutions change, as
[Ol'lllS of governnlent change, as opinions on all things
iii heaven and cavth Chalge, as hall thc thcorics hchl
at this t.ime alnong ourselves will l)robal)ly change--
that is, the outvard and lnol'tal parts of them. Thus
the Catholic fornlulas, instead of living sylnbols, became
dead and powerless cabalistic signsi The religion lost
ils hohl on the conscience and the intellect, and thc
effect, singularly enough, appeared in the shepherds
belote il lnade itself felt among the flocks. Froln the
see of St. Peler to the far monasteries in the Hebrides
or the Isle of Arran, the laity were shocked and
scandalised al the outrageous doings of high cardinals,
prelates, priests and monks. Il was clear enough that
these great personages thelnselves did hot believe what
they taught; so why should the people believe il ?
And serious lnen, to whom the fear of God vas a living
reality, began to look into the malter for themselves.
The first steps everywhere wcre taken with extreme
reluctance ; and had the popes and cardinals been wise,
they wouhl have taken the lead in the inquiry, cleared
their teaching of its luml)er, and taken out a new lease
of lire both fol" il and for thelnselves. An infallible
pope and an ilffallible council might have done SOlUe-
thing in this way, if good sense had been among the

3 I6 SE LECTIONS FROM FROUDE
attributes of their omniscience. What they did do was
somcthing vcry diflrent. If was as if, whe, the new
astronomy 1)egan fo be taught, the professors of hat
seienee in ail the universities of Erope had met
toffet.her an,l deeided hat Ptolcmy's eyeles and epi-
eyeles were eternal verities; that he theory of the
rotation of he erth xvas and must be a damuablc
heresy; and hd invited the civil authol'iies o help
them in l)uting down by foree ail doetrines but their
own. This, or something" very like if, was the position
taken up in gheolog'y by the Couneil of Trent. The
bishol)S assemblcd there did hot reason. Ïhey deeided
by vote that eertain hings vere rue, aud were to be
believed; and the only arguments whieh they eon-
deseended to use were tire and faggot, and so on. How
if fared vith them, and vith this experiment of heirs,
we all know tolerably well.
The eflbet was very difl)reut in diflrent eountries.
Here, in Seotland, the failure was most marked and
complote, but the way in whieh if came about was
in many ways peeuliar. Iu Germany, Lut.her was
suppol'ged by princes and nobles. In Egland, the
leformaion rapidly mixed iself up with polities and
«lUeStions of rival jurisdietion. Boh in England and
(lermany the rcvoluion, wherever i established itself,
vas aeecpged early by çhe Crown or he Govermnen,
and by thcm legally reeognised. Here, i was far
othervisc: the Proest, anism of Seot.land was the
ereaion of the eommons, as in çurn the eommons may
be said o have been ereaed by Proestauism. There
were mmy young high-spiriged men, belongiug o ghe
nobles familles in he eoungry, who were among the
etu-lies o rally round he eforming preaehers; bu
auhoriy, both in Chureh and Sae, se he other way.
The eongregations who gahered in the fields around

THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND 3 1 7

Wishart and John Knox vere, for the most part,
farners, labonrers, artisans, tradesmen, or the slnaller
gentry ; and thus, for the fil-St rime in Seoland. there
was created an organisat.ion of nlen detaehed from the
lords and from the Chnrehbrave, noble, vesolute,
daring people, hound together by a saered eause, un-
reeognised hy the leaders whom they luul followed
hit.herto with undoul»ting" allegianee. That spirit whieh
grew in rime fo be the l-uling power of Neolan,lthat
whieh fovmed eventnally ifs laws and ifs ereed, and
determined ifs after fortunes as a nat.ionhad ifs first
germ in t.hese half-ontlawed wandering c, mgregat.ions.
In this if was tht the Reformtion in geotland ,liflbred
from the Reformation in any other part of Europe.
Elsewhere if round a mid,lle elass existingcretted
already by trade or by other eauses. If 1-aised and
elevated them, but if did hOt mtterially aet their
politieal eon,lition. In Seotland, t.he eommons, as
an orgtmised body, were simply created hy religion.
Belote the geformation t.hey ha,1 no politieal exist-
enee: and therefore if bas been that the print of their
origin bas gone so deeply into their soeial eonstitution.
On thmn, and them only, the burden of the work of
t.he Reformation was eventually throvn; and when
t.hey trimnphed af last, if was inevitble that both
they and if shouht reaet one npon the other.

THE NORMANS IN IRELAND.

WHEN the vave of the Norman invasion first rolled
across St. George's Channel, the success was as easy
and appeared as complete as William's conquest of
the Saxons. There was no uuity of purpose among
the Irish chieft.ains, no national spirit which could
support a sustained resistance. The country was open
and undfended, and after a few eel)le struggles the
contest ceased. Irelan(l is a basiu, the centre a fertile
uudulating plain, the edges a friuge of mountains that
form an ahnost unbroken coast line. Into these
highlands the Irish tribes were driven, where they
were allowed to ter.aih a partial independence, under
condition of paying t.ribute ; the Norman immigrants
dividing among thelnselves the inheritance of the
dispossessed iuhabit.ants. t,l'ongbow and his coin-
panions became the feudal sovereigns of the is]and,
holding their estates undcr the English Crown. The
common law of Englanl was introduced: the king's
writ passed CUl'l'cut from t.he Giant's Causeway to
Cape Clear; and if the lea«ling Norman families had
remained on the estates which they had conquered,
or if those vho did relnaiu had retaiued the character
which they brought with them, the entire couutry
would, in all likelihood, bave settled down obediently,
and at length willingly, under a rule which it would
bave been without power fo resist.
An expectation so natural was defeated by two

THE NORMANS IN IRELAND 39

causes, alike unforeseen and perplexing. The northern
uafions, when hey overran the Roman elnpire, were in
search of homes; and hey sul)dued only to colonise.
The feudal system bound the noble fo the lands
which he possessed; and a theory of ownership of
estates, as cousisting merely in the receipt of rents
from other occupants, was alike unheard of in fact,
and repu'nant fo the priuciples of feudal society.
To Irelnd belongs, mon" ifs ot.her misfortunes, the
credit of havig first given birth fo al)scntees. The
desoendants of the first invadcrs prefcrred fo regard
their inheritance, not as a t.heatre of duty on xvhich
they were fo reside, but as a possession whieh they
might farm for their individual advantage. They
managed their properties by agents, as sources of
revenue, leasing them even among the h-ish them-
selves; and the tenantry, deprived of tle supporting
presence of their lords, and governed only in a merely
merceuary spirit, transferred back their allegiance to
the exiled chiefs of the old race. This was one grave
cause of the English failure; but serious as it vas,
it would hot bave suNced alone fo explain the full
extent of the evil. Some most powerful familles
rooted theinselves in the soli, and never forsook it;
the Geraldiues, of Munster and Kildare ; the Butlers,
of Kilkenny ; the De Burghs, tle Birminghams, t.he De
Courcies, and many otlers. If these had been united
among themselves, or had retained their allegiance o
England, their influence could hOt have been long
opposed successfully. Their several principalities
would have formed separate centres of civilisation;
and the strong system of order would have absorbed
and superseded the most obstinate resistance which
could have been oflred by the sçatt.ered anarchy of
the Çelts.

32o

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Unfortunately, the materials of good were converted
into the xvorst inst.ruments of evil. If an objection had
been raise,l fo the colonisation of America, or fo the
eonquest of India, on the ground that the eharaeter of
Englishmen woul,l be too weak fo eontend sueeessfully
against that of the faces with whom they would be
brought into contact, and that they wouhl relapse into
barbarism, sueh an alarm wouhl have seemed too pre-
post.erous fo be entertained; yet, prior fo experienee,
if woul,l bave heen equally reasonable fo expeet that
the modern Enlishman would adopt the habits of the
Hin,loo or the Mohican, as that the fier 5, knights of
Norman,ly wouhl have stoope, l fo init.ate a race whom
they ,lespise,l as slaves; tlurt they would have flung
away their very knightly names fo assmne a barbarous
e, luivalent ; an,1 woul,l so utferly have east asi, le the
eonnnanding features of their northern extraction, that
their ehihlren's ehihlren eould be distinguished neither
in soul nor body, neithêr in look, in dress, in language,
nor in disposition, from the Celts whom they ha,t
suMued. Sueh, however, vas the extraordinary
faet. The Irish who had been eonquered in the field
revenge,l their defeat on the minds and hearts of their
eonquerors ; and in yielding, yielded only fo fling over
t.heir new masters the subtle spell of the Celtie dis-
position. In vain the Government attempted fo stem
the evil. Stature was passed af ter statut.e forbidding
the " Englishl-y" of h'eland fo use the Irish langage,
or intermarry with Irish familles, or eopy Irish habits.
Penalties were multiplied on penalties; fines, for-
feitures, and at last death itself, were threatened for
sueh offenees. But all in vain. The stealthy evil
erept on irresistibly. Fresh eolonists were sent over
fo restore the system, but only for themselves or their
ehildren to be swept into the stream: and from the

THE NORMANS IN IRELAND

century which succeedcd the comluest till the reign of
the eighth Henry, t, hc st.range phenom«,non l'cpeatcd
itself, generation aftel" generation, 1)affiing the wisdom
of staçesmen, aud paralysing every eflbrç aç a rcmcdy.
Here was a (liculçy which no skill couhl connd
againsç, and which was increased by çhe exerçions
which were made ço oppose iç. Thc healthy clemcnçs
which were introduced ço leaven the ohl became çhcm-
selves infecçed, and swelled çhe mass of evil; and the
clcaresç observcrs were çhose who were mosç disposed
ço despair. Popery bas been çhe scapegoat which, for
the last thrce centuries, has 1)orne the reproach of
Ireland ; but before Popcry had ceased fo be the faith
of the worhl, the problenl had long l>resented itsclt' in
all its hopelessness .... There was no true care for
the common veal--that vas the especial 1)eculiarity by
which the higher classes in h'cland were unfortunately
distinguished. In England, the last considcration of
a noble-lninded man was his personal advantage; Ire-
land was a theatre for a mfiversal SCl'am]fle of selfish-
ness, aud the iuvaders caug4t the national contagion,
and became, as the phrase vent, ipsis Hibe«»is
Hiberiores.
The explanation of this disastrous phenomenol lay
partly in the circumstances in which they were placed,
partly in the inherent tendencies of hHnlll nature
itself. The Norman nobles entered h-eland as inde-
pendent adventurers, who, each for himself, carved
out his fortune vith his sword; and, unsupported as
they were from home, or supported only af precarious
intervals, divided from one another by large tracts of
country, and sm'rounded by h-ish dependents, if vas
doubtless more convenient for them fo govern by
humouring the habits and traditions fo which their
vassals would lnOSt readily submit. The English
2I

322

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

Government, occupied with Scotland and France, had
no leisure fo maintain a powerful central authority;
and a central diseiplinarian rule enforeed bv the
sword vas eontrary fo the genius of the age. Under
t.he feudal system, the kings governed only by the
consent aud vith the support of the nobility ; and the
maintenance ai Duhlin of a standing military force
would have been regarded wit.h extreme suspicion in
England, as well as in Ireland. Hênee the aflitirs of
both eountries vere, for the most part, administered
under the saine forms, forms whieh were as ill suited
fo the waywar, lness of the Celt., as they met exaetly
the strong'er natm'e of the Saxon. At intervals, when
the Government was exasperated by unusual outrages,
some prince of the blood was sent aeross as vieeroy:
aud hall a eentury of aequieseenee in disorder vould
be followed by a spasmodie severity, which irritated
without subduing, and forfeited aftetion while if
failed fo terrify. Ai all other tilnes, Ireland was
governed by the Norman Irish, and these, as the
years went on, were tempted by their eonvenienee fo
strengthen themselves by Irish alliances, to identify
t.heir interests with those of the native ehiefs, in order
to eoneiliate their support; to prefer the position of
vild and independent sovereigns, resting on the attaeh-
ment of a people whose affections they had gained by
learning fo resemble them, to that of nlilit.ary lords
over a hostile population, the representatives of a
distant authority, on vhieh they eould hot rely.
This is a partial aeeount of the Irish diffieulty. We
must look deeper, however, for the full interpretation
of if; and outward eireulnstanees never alone suffiee
fo explain a moral transformation. The Roman
military eolonists remained Roman alike on the Ilhine
and on the Euphrates. The Turkish eonquerors eaught

THE NORMANS IN IRELAND

no infection fronl Greece, or froln the provinces on the
Dalmbe. The Celts in Englaml were al)sorl)ed by the
Saxon invaders ; and the Mogul and the AnKlo-Indian
alike have show 11o tendency fo assimilate with the
Hindoo. When a marked type of human eharaeter
yields before another, the change is owing fo some
element of power in that other, whieh, eoming in
contact with elements weaker than itself, subdues
aud absorbs them. The Irish spirit, whieh exereised
so fatal a fascination, was enahled to triumph over
the Norman in virtue of representing certain 1-,oremial
tendeneies of hulnanity, whieh are latent in all man-
kind, and whieh opportunity lnay af any lnonlent,
develop. If was hot a national spirit--the elans
were never united, exeept by some eommon hatred;
and the normal relation of the ehiefs towards eaeh
other was a relation of ehronie war and hostility. If
was rather an impatience of eontrol, a deliherate
preferenee for disorder, a determination in eaeh in-
dividual man fo go his own way, whether if was a
good way or a ba, l, and a reekless hatred of industry.
The result was the inevitable one--oppression, misery
and wrong. But in detail faults and graees were so
interwoven, that the ottnsiveness of the evil was
disg-uised by the eharm of the good" and even the
Irish vices were the eounterfeit of virtues, eontrived
so eunningly that if vas hard fo distinguish their truc
texture. The fidelity of the elansmen fo their ]eaders
was faultlessly beaut.iful; extravagance appeared
like generosity, and improvidenee like unselt-ishlleSS :
anarehy disguised itself under the naine of liberty;
and war and plunder were deeorated by poetry as the
honourable occupation of heroie natures. Sueh were
the Irish with whom the Normau eonquerors round
themselves in contact ; and over them all was thrown

3a4 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
a peeuliar imaginaçive graee, a eareless açmosphel'e of
huln()ur, somctilnes «,'a, r sonetiles lnelallChOlV, always
attractive, which aç once disarlned the hand which
was raiscd fo st.rike or punish çhcln. These spirits
wcre dangcl'OUS lmighbours. Mon who firsç ençered
çhe country aç lnaçure age mighç be fortified by ex-
pcricncc against their influence, 1)uç on çhe young thcy
musç bave exerted a charm of façal poçency. The
f«)stcr-nurse first, cirant.cal thc spell over the cradle in
wild l)assionate lneh)dics. [t was breathed in the ears
of the groving 1)oy by the lninstrels who haunted the
halls, and thc lawless at, tractions of disordcr proved
too Stl'Ong f«)r hc manhood which was trained among
so pcl-ih,us associations.
For such a country, (hcrefol'« ', but one form of
governlncnt could succecd--an ccient mili(ary des-
potism. The peoplc could be wholesomely controlled
only by an English deputy, sustained by an English
army, and armed wi.h arbitrary pover, (.ill t.he in-
veterate «rl)ulence of their tempers had died away
under repression, and they had learnt in their im-
provcd conditi«m (ho value of order and rule. This
was the opinion of all statesmen who possessed any
real knowledge of Ireland, froln Lord Talbot under
Henry V[. to the latcst viceroy who attelnpted a
mildcr method and round it rail. "If (he King were
as wise as Solomon the Sage," said the report of 1515,
" he shall never subduc the vihl Irish fo his obedieuce
vithout dread of the svord and of the lnight and
strength of his power. As long as they may resist
and save their lives, they will hot obey the King."
Unfortunately, although English statesmen were able
to see the course which ought fo be followed, it had
been too inconvenient fo pursue that course. They
had put off the evil day, prefel'ring fo close their eyes

THE NORMANS IN IRELAND 35

against the mischief instead of grappling wit,h if
resolutely; and thus, af the opening of the sixteenth
century, when t.he hitherto neglected barbarians were
about to become a sword in the Pope's hands to fight
the battle against the Reformation, the " King's Irish
enemies" hml recovered all but absolute possession
of the island, and nothing remained of Strongbow's
conquests save the shadow of a tit«dar sovereiqty,
and a country strengthened in hostility by the mcans
which had been used to subdue it.

326

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLAND.

TnElE was (1567) one plague-spot in the Spanish
empire--one damlfing exception fo the splendid ortho-
doxy of the subjects of the Castilian prince. Political
ingenuity has as yet contrived no scheme of govern-
ment which on the whole works botter than monarchy
by hereditary succession. To choose a ruler by the
accident of birth is scarcely less absurd in theory than
the mcthod so much ridiculed by Plato, of selection
by lot: yet the necessity of stability, and the difliculty,
hitherto unsurmounted, of iinding any principle of
election which will work long without confusion,
bave brought men fo ac(luiesce in an arrangement
for which reason has nothing fo urge; and fo provide
a remedy for the mischief othervise inevitable by
crccting a sovereignty of law, supreme alike over
molmrch and subject, and by restricting the priviieges
of the Cown within strict constitutional limits.
The evil of the hereditary principle appeal's in ifs
most aggravated form, when, through royal intermar-
riages, two nations have bcen tied together which
have no natural conlection either in language, habit
or tradition; espcciallv when they are situated af a
great distance from one another, and when a country
belote independent is governed by the deputy of an
alicn sovereign.
Such was the position of the densely peopled group
of provinces on the mouth of the Rhine, undêr the

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 3z7

Spanish prince. Their own dukes, long the equals
of the proudest of the European sovereigns, had
become extinct. The title and the authority had
lapsed fo a monarch vho was ignorant of their lan-
guage, indifferent to their customs, and with interests
of his own separate from, and perhaps opposite to,
theirs. It was the more necessary for them fo insist
on their established hereditary privileges, larger,
happily for theln, than those vhich bound the hands
of any other duke or king. So long as these rights
remained unviolated the Netherlauds had given little
cause to their new sovereign to COml)lain ol their
loyalty. The people had found thcir a«lvantage in
beiug attached to a powerful monarchy, which pro-
tected theln from their dangerous ncighbours. They
had paid for the conncction by contributing freely
with their wealth and blood to the greatness of the
empire of which they were a part.
They had endured without complaining occasional
excesses of the prerogative, but they had endured
them as permitted by thcmselves, hot as encroach-
ments which they were unable to resist. The ob-
servance of the coronation oath vas hOt left to the
authority of couscience, and the monarch was vithout
power to pe:iure himself hovever great might be his
desire. Every province had its own jurisdiction--its
separate governor, by whom ifs military strcngth
was administered ; every town had its charter and its
municipal constitution, and agaiust the will of the
citizens legally declared no foreign garrison might
be admitted vithin their walls; oppression vas xm-
possible until the civil liberties which the king had
sworn to respect were first invaded and crushed.
Thus the provinces were thriving beyond all other
parts of Europe. Their great cities vere the lnarts of

328 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

the world's commerce--their traders covered the seas,
and file produce of their looms was exposed for sale in
every market-place in Christendoln. Their merchants
vere succeeding to the wealth and the inlportance
which were fading from Genoa and Venice ; and their
sovereign,s had been long careful to conciliate the
loyalty of subjects so eminently useful. The burghers
of Bruges and Antwerp had done more for Charles
V. in his long grapple with France than the mines of
Mexico and Peru; and until the provinces felt the
first shock of the l'eligious convulsion, no question
had risen fo overcloud the pride of the Flemings in
the glories of their imperial toaster.
Where the minds of nlen were in such activity the
doctrines of t.he Reformation readily round entra.nce ;
yet lmtwithstallding, with skilful llandliug, the col-
lision nlight have been avoided between the people
and the Crovn, and the Netherlands might have
been held loyal, hot only to the Spanish Crown but
to the See of Rome. As in England, the movement
1,egau fil'st aulong the artisans and tlle smaller trades-
lnen. The possession of wealth inclines men every-
vhere to think well of the institutions under which
they have prospered, and the noblemen and opulent
citizel,S of Flan,lers and Brabant were little inclined
to trouble themselves vit.h new theories. They were
Catholics because they had been born Catholics, but
they held their religion with those unconscious linli-
rations which are necessitated by occupation in the
vorld. The modern Englishman confesses the theoretic
value of poverty, the danger of riches, and the para-
nlount clailns upon his attention of aworld beyond
the grave ; yet none the less he regards the accumula-
tion of wealth as a personal and national advantage.
Ho labours to incrcase llis own incomc ; he believes

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 3:29

that he does well if he leaves his family heyond the
necessity of ]abouring fOl" their livelihood; he reads
and respects t.he Sermon on t.he hmnt; he condemns
and will evell punish with model'ation tl,ose who
impugn ifs inspiration; yet in t, he practical opinions
which he professes and on whieh ho acts, he directly
contradicts ifs preeepts. The att, itude of the wealthy
Netherlander towar, ls the Catholie faith was Vel'y
mueh the saine. He did l,Ot wish to beeolne a Pro-
restant. Ho was rcady to rea the profession of
Protestantisln as a eonsidcl'able ofl)nee; but as the
Publiean was nearer the king'doln of hcaven thau the
Pharisee, so the mamffaeturel'S of Ghcnt were pro-
teeted froln fanatieism by their worhlliness. They
were willing fo eo,tilme Catholies thcmselves; and
to maintain the Cat.holie Chureh in all its dig'nity and
honour; but t, hey did hot desire to ruin themsclves
and their country by the death or exile of tlwir most
indust.rious xvorkmen.
Between this point of view and that of the 8panial-d
there was an irreeoneilable dibrenee. The Catholie
religion was of course gl'tle, paramountor whatever
else it wished fo be ealled ; but they believed in if as
established religions always are believed in by men
who have lnueh else of a useful kind tot, hink about.
To the 8paniard, on the other hand, his lvligion was
the all in all. If did hot change his naturebeeause
his miud was fastened on the theologieal aspect of it.
He was cruel, sensual, eovetons, unserupulous. In his
hunger for gold he had exterminated whole raees and
nat,ions in the New World. But his avarice was like
the avarice of t, he spendthrift. Of the eareful con-
centration of his faeulties in the pur.suit of wealth l»y
indust, l'ious methods, he was ineapM»le. The daily
occupation of the Fleming was with his ledgcl" or his

33o 8ELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

factory--the Spaniard passed from the mass and the
confessional fo the hunting-field, the tilt-yard or the
field of battle.
The most important of the national characteristics
were combined in fle person of Philip II. The energy,
the high«nettled spirit, the hunlour, the romance, the
dash and power of the Spanish character had no place
in him. lfe was slov, hesitating, and in common
matters uneertain. If hot defieient in personal courage,
he was without military faste or military ambition.
But he had feu" vices. During his marriage with
Mary Ïudor, he idulged, if is said, in some forbidden
pleasures ; but ho had no natural tendeneies fo exeess,
and if he did hot forsake his faults in this way, he
was forsaken by them. He was moderate in his
habits, eareful, businesslike, and usually kind and
eoneiliatory. He eould under no eireumst.anees have
been a great man; but with other opportunities he
might have passed muster among sovereigns as eon-
siderably better than the average of them" he might
have received credit for many negative virtues, and
a conscientious application fo the common duties of
his office. Ho was oue of those limited but hot ill-
nleaning men, to whom religion furlfishes usually
a healthy principle of action, and who are ready and
eager fo submit fo its authority. In the unfortunate
conjuncture af which he was set fo reign, what ought
fo have guided him into good became the source of
those actions which have made his naine infamous.
With no broad intelligence fo test or correct his
superstitions, he gave prolninence, like the rest of his
countrymen, fo those particular features of his creed
which could be of smallest practical value to him.
He saw in his position and in his convictions a cab
from Providence to restore through Europe the shak-

[gPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 331

ing fabric of the Church, and he lived to show that
the most cruel curse which can afdict the worhl is the
tyranny of ignoraut c.onscientiousness, and that there
is no crime too dark for a devotee to perpetrate under
the seelning sanction of his creed.
Charles V., in wholu Burgundian, German and
Spanish blood were mixed in equal proportions, was
as much broader in his sylnpathies than Philip as he
was superior to him in intellect. He too had hated
heresy, but as Eperor of Germany he had been
foreed to bear with it. His ediet for the suppl'ession
of the new opinions in the N etherland» was as cruel
as the most impassioned zealot eouhl desire, and af
rimes and plaees the perseeution had been as sanguin-
ary as in 8pain: but it was limited everywhere by
the unwillingness of the local magistrates fo support
the bishops; in some of the states it was never
enforeed af ail, and everywhere the emperor's diffi-
eulties with Franee soon eompelled him to let if drop.
The Wal" outlived him. The peaee of Calnbray round
Philip on the throlm ready to take advantage of the
leisure whieh at last had arrived. Charles, in his
dying instructions, eommended to his sou those duties
whieh he had himself negleeted. Hê direeted him to
put away the aeeursed thing, to rebuild the House of
the Lord, whieh, like tlliother David, he vas himself
unfit to raise. Philip reeeived the message as a
Divine eommand. When the emperor died he was
at Brussels. He had tell thousand Spanish troops
with hiln, a ready-made instrument for the work.
He set himself at onee to establish more bishops in
the provinees, with larg'er inquisitorial powers. It
was hot to be the fault of the sovereigu if the bill
of spiritual health was uot as elean lu his northern
dominions as in Arragon and Castile.

332 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

But each year of delay had ruade the problem more
diflàeult of solution. Protestaltisln, while if let't the
higher classes untouehed, had spread like a contagion
alnOng the commolm. The COlgregat.ions of artisans
in evel'y gl'eat town and seaport numbered their tens
of thousands. Thê melnbers of them were t, he ve D"
tlower ol e the provincial industl'y; and the ediets
eontelnplated their extermination by military force,
aeting as the uneontrolled instrulnent of improvised
illegal tribunals. The ordinary local courts were fo
be superse, led by mere martial law; and the Nether-
land no|,les did hot ehoose fo surrender thelnselves
boun,l Imn,l and foot fo Spanish despotism. Their
eonstitutional rights once suspended for their spiritual
purgation, might be lost for ever; and without pro-
t'cssinff any sylnpathy vith heresy, with the most
cagcv declaration that they desired as ardently as
Philip thc re-establishmelt of orthodoxy, they rêfuscd
fo allow the location of foveign garrison.s among them.
They claimed their right fo deal with their own
pêople ly their own laws; and Philip, after a burst
of passion, had been compelled fo vield. The Spanish
tl'OOl)S were sent home, and the king, leaving his
sistel-, the Duchess of Parma, fo do her best without
them, rêturned fo Madrid, fo bide his time. Seven
years 1)assed before an opportunity arrived fo reopen
tl,e question. The ltegent Margaret, assisted by her
faithful minister, the Bisho 1) of An'as, laboured
siduously go do her brother's pleasure. Notwith-
standiug tbe opposition, she round inst«'uments more
or less willing fo elfforee the ediets--some sharing
Philip's bigotry, son,e anxious go flnd favour in his
eyes. Mm eapable of great and prolong'ed ettbrts of
resistanee are usually slow fo commence struggles of
wldch they, better than any one, foresec the probable

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 333

conse, luences. Year after year some hundreds of poor
men were raeked, and hanged, and burnt, 1)uç no
blessing followed, and the evil did hot ahate. The
moderate Catholics, whose humadt.y had hOt heen
extinguished by their ereed, beeame Lutherans in
t.heir reeoil from eruelt.ies whieh they were unable to
prevent; and Lutheranism, faee fo face with its
feroeious euemy, developed ,luiekly into Calvinisln.
The hunted workmcn either passed into Franee fo
their Huguenot brot.hers, or took s,,rviee with thc
privateers, or migrated by thousanIs into Engbml
with their families, earrying with [hcm their arts al
industries. Faet.ories were elosed, rade was paralysed,
or was transferred from he Seheld o the Thamcs.
The spiri of disaffeeion went, deel)er and deeper into
the peol)le, and the hard-headed and indifl?ren man
of 1)usiness was eonvered by his losses into a patriot.
To the petiions for the moderat.ion of he edies the
])nehess of Parma eould answer only that she had no
power, or tha she mus eonsul her 1)roCher ;
noblemen, who had firs inerposed fo preven he
eont.inuanee of t.he Spaniards among hem, beg'an o
eonsult what fm'her steps migh he possible. Fore-
mos among these were the St.ad[holders of the
differen provinces; William of Nassau, Prince of
Orange; Coun Egmon, [he hero of Gravelines and
S. Quenin; Monigny, Horn, and the Marluis Berg-
heu. The Prince of Orange was s[ill under thiry
and capable of new impressions, his friends were
middle-aged men, unlikely o change their ereed, bu
unwilling o si by and see their fellow-eountrymen
murdered. Somet.hing they were able o effee for a
ime, by impeding he aeion of their own eourts ; bu
loeal remedies vere partial and dieul o earry ou.
The vague powers of fle bishops superseded ghe laws

334

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

of the states, and the laws themselves had been
formed in Catholic rimes when heresy was univer-
sally regarded as a serious offence: the Stadtholders
couhl hOt citer them without open revolt against the
sovereign, which ca yet they had hot coutemplated.
They could but solicit Philip therefore fo moderate
the violence of the administration, and suspend the
edicts till lnilder measures had been tried.
Such advice to the King of Spain was like the
carnal policy of the chiMren of Israel in lnaking
terres with the idolaters of Cancan. What fo him
were the lives and industries Of his subjects coin-
pared fo their immortal souls ? Better that the Low
Countries were restored fo the ocean from which
they had been recovered, better that every man,
woman and child shouhl perish from off the land,
than that he should acknovledge or endure as his
subjects the enemies of God. To him the man
who endeavoured fo protect a heretic was no less
infamous than the heretic himself. Compared with
the service of the Almighty, the rights of the
provinces were mere forms of man's devising; and,
with a purpose hard as the flinty pavement of his
own Madrid, he teluporised and gave doubtful
answers, and marked the naine of every man who
petitioned fo him for lnoderation, that he might
make ai1 example of hiln when the tilne for if
should corne.
Ai length, driven mad by heir own suflrings,
encouraged by the attitude of their leaders, and by the
apparent absence of any force which could control them,
the commons of the Netherlands rose in rebellion,
sacked churches and cathedrals, burnt monasteries,
killed lllollks when they came in their way, set up
their own services, and broke into the usual excesses

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 335

which the Calvinists on their side considered also
supremely meritorious.
The Stadtholders put them down everywhere, used
the gallows freely, and restored order ; but the thing
was done, the peace had been broken, and Philip had
the plea af last for which he had long waited--that
his subjects were in insurrection, and required the
presence of his ovn troops to bring them to obedience.
An army small in nuluber but perfect in equipment
and discipline, was raised from among the choicest
troops which Spain and Italy could provide. The
ablest living soldier was chosen to command them.
The Duchess of Parma xvas superseded, and the
lnilitary government of the Netherlands was en-
trusted to Ferdinand of Toledo, Duke of Alva.
The naine of Alva has descended through Protestant
tradition in colours black as if he had been dipped in
the pitch of Cocytus. Religious history is partial iu
its verdicts. The exterminators of the Canaanites are
enshrined among the saints, and had the Catholics
corne off victorious, the Duke of Alva would bave
been a second Joshua. He xvas now sixty years ohl.
His lire from his boyhood had been spent in the field,
and he possessed ail the qualities in perfection which
go t,o the making of a great commander and a great
military administrator. The one guide of his lire
was the lav of his country. Ho was ihe servant of
the law and not ifs master, and he was sent to his
new government to enforce obedience to a rule which
he himself obeyed, and which all subjects of the
Spanish Crown verc bound to obey. His intellect
was of that strong practical kind which apprehends
distinctly the thing to bc done, and uses without
flinching the appropriate means to do it. He was
proud, bu$with the pride of a Spaniard--a pride

336 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

in his race and in his count,ry. He was ambit, ious,
hut, it was hot an ambit,iou which t,ouched his loyalt¥
t,o ereed or king. In him the Spain of t, he sixteenth
cent,nry f[)und it.s Lruest and most, compl(,te rcpresen-
tat.ive. Careless of pleasure, eareless of his lire,
t,emperat,e in his persona[ habit,s, without passion,
wit.hout imaginat, ion, wit,h nerves of stecl, and wit,h
a supreme eouvietion t,hat the duty of subjeet,s was
t,o ol)ey t.hose who were set, over t, hem--such was
t.he falnoUs, or infamous, Duke of A[va, when in
June, 1567, in the saine month when 5[ary St,uart,
was shut, up lu Loehleven, he set out, from ItMy for
t.he Nethcrlands. He tok with him t,en thousand
sohliers, eolnplct, e in the essent, ials of an army, even
t.[) t,vo t.housand eourtesans, who were under military
discipline. H, passed over Mont, Cenis through Savoy,
Burg'un,]y and Lorraine. In t,he middle of August he
was af, Thionville; l)efore September he had entered
Brussels.
The Prince of Orange, who knew the meaning of
his eoming, had provi, lc, l for his safcty, and had re-
treat, od wit,h his four hrothers int.o Germany. Egmont,
eonseious of no crime exeept, of havinR" desired t,o serve
his eount,ry, remained vit.h Count Horn t,o reeeive
the new governor. In a few weeks they found
t,hemsclvcs arrested, and wit.h t.heln any noblelnan
()r gentleman t.hat, Alva's ann eouhl reaeh, who had
signed the petitions fo the kinR-. ProeeedinR-
business with eahn skill, the duke distributed his
t,roops in garrisons among the towns. Wit.h a sum-
mary eomlnand he suspended t,he local mag'istrat,es
and eh)sed t.he local court,s. The adninist.rat.ion of
t,he provinces was ruade over fo a eouneil of whieh
he was himself president,, and fmm whieh t,here was
o appeal. Tribunals eomnission¢d by t.his body

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 337

were erected ail over the country, and so swift and
steady were their operations, that in three months
eighteen hul(lred persons had perished af the stake
or on the scaffold.
Deprived of their leaders, and stupefled by these
prompt an,t dreadful measures, the people lnade little
resistance ; a few partial ettbrts were instantly crushed,
and their one hope was then in the Prince of Orange.
The prince, accepting Alva's measures as an open
violation of the constitution, without disclaiminff his
allegiance fo Philip, af once declared war ag'ainst his
representative, raising money on the cl-e, lit of his
own estates, and gathering contributions wherever
hatred of Catholic tyramy opened a purse fo hiln.
He raise,1 two arlnies in Germant', and while he
himself prepared fo cross the Meuse, his brother,
Count Louis, entered Friesland. Fortune was af
first favourable. D'Aremberg, who was sent by
Alva fo stop Louis, blundered into a position where
even Spanish troops could hot save him from disaster
and defeat. The para-lots won the first battle of the
war, and d'Aremberg was killed.  But the brief
flood-tide soon ebbed. Alva waited only fo send
Horn and Egmont fo the scattbld, and took the field
in person. Count Louis' military chest was badly
furnished, and soon empty. The Germans would hot
fight without pay, and Louis had no money fo pay
them with. As Alva advanced upon them they fell
back without ortier or purpose, till they entrapped
themselves in a peninsula on the Ems, and there, in
three miserable hours, Count Louis saw his entire
force mowed down by his own cannon, which the
Spaniards took af the first rush, or drowned and

 Battle of Heiliger Lee, I[ay 23, 1568.
22

338 SEI.ECTIONS FROM FROUDE

smothered lu the tideway or the mud. The duke's
loss, if his own report of the engagemeut was Lrue,
was but seven men. 1 The account most favourable
fo thc patriots does hot raise it above eighty. Count
Louis, with a fcw strag-g'lers, swam the river and
ruade his way fo his brother, for whose fortune so
tl'emend)us a catastrophe was no favourable omen.
Thc Gcrman states, already lukewarln, becalne freez-
ing in their imliflbrence. Maxilnilian forbadc Orange
to levy t, roops within the empire. ()range however
had a 1)osition of his own in Nassau, froln which he
cou}d aet af his own risk upon his own resources.
He 1)ublished a justification of himself to Europe.
By loan an, l lnortgage, by the sale of every acre
which he couhl dispose of, he again raised lnoney
enough to more; and on the fifth of October he led
thirty thousand lnen over the Mcuse and entered
Brabant.

 ]3attle of Jemmingen, July 9.1.

339

THE PROBLEM OF LIFE.

THEE seems, in the fil.St place, fo lie iu ail mon, in
proportion to the strength of their un,lcrstan,ling, a
conviction that there is in ail human t.hiugs a real
ortier and purpose, notwithstandinE the chaos in
which ai timcs they seem fo he involve,1. Suttbring
scattere,1 bliudly without remedial purpose or ret«-i-
butive propriety--good and cvil distributed with
the most absolute disregar, l of moral merit or demerit
--enormous crimes pcrpet«'ated with impunity, or
vengeance when it cornes fallin hot on the g'uilty,
but the innocent--
Desert a beggar born,
And needy nothing trimmed in jollity--
these phenomena present, generation after o'eneration,
the saine perplexing and even maddening features;
and without an illogical but none the less a positive
certainty that things are hot as they seem--that, in
spire of appearance, there is justice af the heart of
them, and that, in the working out of the vast drama,
justice will assert somehov and somevhere its sovereign
right and power, the better sort of persons would find
existence altogether unendurable. This is what the
Greeks meant by the "AvdT¢ or destiny, which at the
bottom is no other than moral Providence. Prometheus
chained on the rock is the couuterpart of Job on his
dunghill. Toru with unrelaxing agony, file vulture
with beak and talons rending af his heart, the Titan

34o

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

still deties the tyrant at whose comlnand he suflgrs,
and, strong in conscious innocence, appeals to the
eternal Moîpa which will do him right in fle end.
The Olympiau gods were cruel, jealous, capricious,
mtlignant; but beyond and above the Olympian gods
lay the silent, brooding, everlasting fate of which
victim an,l tyrant were alike the instruments, and
which at last, far off, after ages of mise T it might
be, but still before all was over, would vindicate the
sovereiguty of justice. Full as it.may be of contra-
dictions an,l perplexities, this obscure belief lies at
the very core of our spiritual nature, and it is called
fate or it is called predestiuation according as if is
regarded panthei.stically as a necessary condition of
the universe, or as the decree of a self-conscious
being.
Intilnately colmected wit.h this bélier, and perhaps
the fact of which it is the inadequate expression, is
the existence in nature of onmipresent organic laws,
penetrating the material world, penetrating the moral
world of hulnan life and society, which insist on being
obeyed in all that we do and handle--which we cannot
alter, calmot lnodify--which will go with us, and
assist and befriend us, if we recognise and comply
with them--which inexorably lnake themselves felt
in failure and disaster if we neglect or attempt to
thwart them. Search where we will among created
things, far as the microscope will allow the eye to
pierce, we find organisation everywhere. Large forms
resolve themselves into parts, but these parts are but
orgalfised out of other parts, down so far as we can
see into infinity. When the plant meets with the
conditions which agree with it, it thrives; under
unhealthy conditions it is poisoned and disintegrates.
If is the saine precisely with each one of ourselves,

THE PROBLEM OF LIFE 34I

vhether as individuals or as aggregated into associa-
tions, into families, into nations, into institutions.
The remotest fibre of human action, from the policy
of enpires to the most insignificant, trifle over which
we waste an idle hour or moment, either moves in
harmony with the truc law of our beinff, or is else af
discord with if. A king o1" a parliament enacts a law,
and we inmgine we are creating some new regulation,
fo encounter unprecedented circumst.ance.. The law
itself which applied to these circumstances was enacted
from eternity. It has its existence indel)e,dcnt of
us, and will enforce itself either fo reward or punish,
as the attitude which we assume towards it is wise or
unwise. Our human laws are but. the copies, more or
less impert'ect, of the eternal laws so far as we can
read them, and either succeed and promote our welfare,
or rail and bring confusion and disaster, according as
the legislator's insight has detected the truc principle,
or bas been distorted by ignorance or selfishness.
And these laws are absolute, inflexible, irreversible,
the steady friends of the wise and good, the eternal
enemies of the blockhead and the knave. No Pope
can dispense with a stature enrolled in the Chancery
of Heaven, or popular vote repeal it. The discipline
is a stern one, and many a wih! endeavour lnen have
ruade fo obtain less hard conditions, or imagine them
other than they are. They have conceived the rule
of t.he Almighty to be like the rule of one o" them-
selves. They have fancied that they could bribe o1"
appease Him--tempt Hin by penance or pious offering
to suspend or turn aside His displeasure. They are
asking that His own eternal nature shall become
other than it is. One thing only they can do. They
for themselves, by changing their own courses, can
make the law which they have broken thenceforward

34a SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
their friend. Their dispositions and nature will revive
and becolne healthy again when they are no longer in
opposition to the will of their Maker. This is the
natural action of what we call repentance. But the
penalties of the wrong:s of the past remain unrepealed.
As lnen have sown they must still reap. The pro-
fligate who has ruined his health or fortune may leal'n
belote he dies that he has lived as a fool, and may
reeover something of his peaee of lnind as he reeovers
his understanding: but no miraele takes away his
paralysis, or gives baek to his ehildrel the bread of
xvhieh he has robbed them. He may himself be
pardoued, but the eonsequenees of his aets remain.
Onee more: and it is the most awful feature of out
condition. The laws of nature are general, and are no
respeeters of peons. There has been and there still
is a elinging ilnpression that the sufferings of men are
the result.s of their own partieular misdeeds, and that
no one is or eau be punished for the faults of others.
I shall hot dispute about the xvord "punishlnent"
"The fathers have eaten sour grapes," said the Jewish
proverb, "an,1 the ehildren's teeth are set on edge." No
said Jewish experienee, and Ezekiel answered that
these words should no longer be used among them.
"The soul that sinneth, it shall die." Yes, there is a
promise that the soul shall be saved, there is no sueh
promise for the body. Every man is the arehiteet of
his own eharaeter, and if to the extcnt of his oppor-
tunities he has lived purely, nobly and uprightly, the
misfortunes whieh may ïall on him through the erimes
or errors of other men eannot injure the immortal
part of him. But it is no less true that we are ruade
depcndent one upon another to a degree whieh ean
hardly be exaggerated. The winds and waves are
on the side of the best navigatorthe seaman who

THE PROBLEM OF LIFE 343

best undel-stands theln. Place a fool af the helm, and
crew and 1)assengers will perish, be they ever se
ilmoeent. The Tower of ,qiloam %11 net for any sins
of the eighteen who were erushed by it, but through
ba, l lnortar probably, the rot.ring of a beam, or the
uneven set.tling of t.he foundations. The persons
who should have suflred, aeeording o out notion of
distribut.ive .justice, were ,he ignorant arehiteets or
lnaSOllS who had donc t.heir work amiss. But the
guilty had perhaps long been t,m'ned te dust. And
the law of g'ravity |)l'Oll']l the tower dmw at its
own time, ilMifl'el'ent o the 1)ersons who lnight be
under it.
New the feature whieh disting'uishes lnan frein
oher animais is hat he is able te observe and diseover
t.hese laws whieh are of sueh mighty moment te him,
and direct his eonduet in eonformity with them. The
more subtle lnay be revealed only 1)y eomplieated
experienee. The plainer and lnore obvious--among
hose espeeially whieh are ealled moral--have been
apprehended among the higher faces easily and readily.
I shall net ask how he knowledge of them bas been
obtained, whether by extcrnal revelation, or by natural
insight, or by 8onle other influence working through,
hulnan faeulties. The faet is ail that we are eoneerned
with, that frein the earliest times of whieh we have
historieal knowledge there have always been lnen who
have reeognised t, he distineçion between the nobler and
baser part.s of t, heir bêing. They have pereeived that
if they would be lnen an,l net beasts, they lnust cent.tel
their anilnal passions, prefer t.ruth o falsehood, courage
o eowardiee, justice o violence, and eoml)assion o
eruelty. These are the elelnentary prineiples of
moralit.y, on t.he reeognition of whieh the welfare and
improvelnent of mankind depend, and human history

344

SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

has been little more than a record of the struggle
which began ai the beginning and vill continue to
the end betveen the fcw who have had ability fo sec
into the truth and loyalty fo obey if, and the multi-
tude who 1)y evasion or rebellion have hoped fo thrive
in spire of if. .
Thus we sec that in the 1)errer sort of men there
are two elementary convictions: that there is over
all things an unsleeping, inflexible, all-ordering, just
power, and that this power governs the vorld 1)y laws
which can be seen in their effects, and on the obedience
fo which, and on nothing else, human welfare depends.
And now I will suppose some one whose tendencies
are naturally healthy, though as yet no special occasion
shall have roused him to serious thought, growing up
in a civilised comlnunity, where, as usually happens, a
comprolnise has bceu struck between vice and virtue,
where a certain difference between right and wrong
is recognised decently on the surface, whil below if
one hall of the people are rushing steadily after the
thing called pleasure, and the other hall labouring in
drudgery fo provide the lneans of if for the idle.
Of practical justice in such a community there will
be exceedingly little, but as society cannot go along
ai all without paying morality some outward homage,
there will of course be an established religion--an
Olympus, a Valhalla, or some system of theogony or
theology, with temples, priests, liturgies, public con-
fessions in one fovm or another of the dependence of
the t.hings ve sec upon what is hOt seen, with certain
ideas of duty and penalties imposed for neglect of if.
These there will be, and also, as obedience is disagree-
al)le and requires abstinence froln various indulgences,
there will be contrivances by which the indulgences
can be secured, and no harm corne of if. By the side

THE PROBLEM OF LIFE 345

of the moral lav there grows up a lav of ceremonial
observance, fo which is attached a notion of superior
sanctity and especial obligation. Morality, though
hOt al first disowned, is slighted as comparatively
trivial. Duty in the high sense colnes to lnean re-
ligions duty: that is fo say, the attentive observance
of certain forms and cerelnonies, and these forms
and ceremonies COnle into collision little or not al all
with ordinary lire, and ultimately have a tendency
fo resolve themselves into paylnents of lnoney.
Thus rises what is called idolatry. [ do hot mean
by idolatry the merc worship of manufactm'ed images.
I mean the separation between practical obligation,
and new moons and sabbaths, outward acts of devotion,
or fornmlas of particular opinions. Il is a statc of
things perpetually recurring; for there is nothing, if
il wouhl only act, more agreeablc fo all parties con-
cerned. Priests find their office lnagnified and their
consequence increased. Laylnen can be in favour
with God and nmn, so l)l'iests tcll them, while their
enjoyments or occupations are in no way interfered
with. The mischief is that the laws of nature remaill
meanwhile unsuspended; and all the functions of
society become poisoned through neglect of them.
Religion, which ought fo have been a restraint, be-
cornes a fresh instrument of evil--to the ilnagilative
and the weak a COlltemptible superstition,-to the
educated a mockery, fo knaves and hypocrites a cloak
of initluity , to all alike--to those who suttr and those
who seem fo profit by it--a lie so palpable as fo be
worse than atheism itself.
There cornes a lime when all this has fo end. The
over-indulgence of the few is the over-penury of the
many. Injustice begets misery, and misery resent-
ment, SOlnething happens perhaps--some unusual

346 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

oppression, or some act of religious mendacity espe-
cially glaring. Such a person as I ara supposing asks
himself, "What is the meaning of these things?"
His eyes are opened. Gradually he discovers that he
is living surrounded with falsehood, drinking lies like
water, his conscience polluted, lais intellect degraded
})y the al)ominations which envelop lais existence.
At first pcrhaps he will feel mo.t kecnly f«»r himself.
tte vill hot Sul»pose that he can set fo rights a vorld
that is out of joint, 1)ut lac will himself relin«luish his
share in what. he detests and dvspises. He withdraxvs
into himself. If what others are doing and saying is
obviously wrong, then he has fo ask himself what is
right, and what is the true purpose of his existenee.
Light 1)reaks more eleariy on him. He beeomes
eonseious of impulses tov«ards something purer and
big'ber than he bas 3"et. expvrieneed or even imagined.
Whenee these impulses eome he eannot tell. He is
too keenly aware of the selfish and cowardly floug'hts
whieh riso up to mat and thwart lais nobler aspirations,
to believe that they ean possibly be lais own. If he
eonquers his baser natm'e he feels that he is eonquer-
ing himself. The eonqueror and t.he eonquered eannot
be the saine ; and he therefore eoneludes, hot in vanity,
but. in profound lmmiliation and self-abasement, that
the infinite graee of God and nothing else is reseuing
him from destruetion. He is eonverted, as the theo-
logians say. He sers lais face upon another road from
t.hat whieh he bas hit.lwrto travelled, and to whieh he
ean never return. It has been no lnerit of his own.
His disposition xvill rather be to exag'gerate his own
worthlessness, that he may exalt the more what has
hcen done for him, and he rcsolves theneeforward to
enlist himself as a soldier on the side of truth and
right, ttnd fo have no wishes, no desires, no opinions

THE PROBLEM OF LIFE 347

but what the service of his lXla.ster imposes. Like a
soldier he abu«lols his freedom, desiring only like a
soldier fo filet5 an.1 speak no longer as of himst,lf, 1-ut
as eommissioned frOlll 801111) Sul)reme authol'ity.
such a con(lition t man bccomes mtgnetic. There are
epidemies of lobleness as well as epidemies of disease ;
and he infeets otlwl'S with his own enthusiasm. Even
in the mosç eorl'lll)t, ages therè rc always lnore persons
ghan we suppose who in their heart.s l'ebel agaist the
prevailing fahions" one t, akes courage from amt]lt'l',
Olle supports ano(her; eommunities fol'ni I]lt.lnst'lvt.s
with higher pl'ineiples of aetiotl and lnlrer ilteileetual
helieN. As t.heir llUlnbers nmltiply they catch tire
with a eolnmOl idea and a eomlnOn indig'nation, and
ult.imately burst out into open war with the lies and
iniquities that surround them.
I have been desel'ibing a natural proeess whieh bas
1-epeated itself maty rimes iii human history, and,
unless the old opinion that we are more than ani-
lnat.ed elay, and that oui" nature has nobler ail-inities,
dies away into a dl'eani, will l'epeat itself aL reeurl'ilg
int.ervals, so long as our rtee survives npon the planet.

348

SELF-SACRIFICE.

THERE remains anothcr feature in the Gl'eek creed, a
forln of superstition hot apparently growing faint,
but incl'easmg in distinct«aess of recognition and
gathcring increasing hold on the imagination; whidx
posscssed for Euripides a terrible interest, and seelned
o fascinate him with it.s horror.  was a superstition
marvellous in itself, and lnore marvellous for thc in-
fluence which if was destined o exert on the religious
history of mankind. Ou the one hand, it is a mani-
fcst.ation of Satan under the lnost hideous of aspects ;
on the other, it is an expression and symbol of the
lnOSt profound of spiritual truths.
Throughout hulnan lire, from the first relation of
parent and child o the organisation of a nation or a
church, in the daily intercourse of common lire, in out
loves and in our friendships, in out toils and in our
amuselnents, in trades and in handicrafts, in sickness
and in health, in pleasure and in pain, in war and in
peace, at eveç, point where one human soul cornes
in contact with another, there is o be round every-
where, as the condition of right conduct, the obligation
o sacrifice self. Eve('y act of man which can be called
good is an act of sacrifice, an act which the doer of it
would have left undond had he hot preferred some
othcr person's benefit o his own, or the excellence of
the work on which he was engaged o his personal
pleasure or convenience. In common things the law

SELF-SACRIFICE

349

of sacrifice takes the form of positive duty. A soldier
is bound fo stand by his colours. Everyone of us is
bound fo speak the truth, vhatever the cost. But
beyond the limits of positive enactment, the saine
road, and the saine road only, leads up fo the higher

zones of character. The good
elnployer fo himsclf. The good
the welfare of his servant more
The artisan or the labourer, vho

servant prefers his
employer considers
than his own profit.
has the sense in him

of preferring right fo wrong, will hOt be content vith
the perfunctory execution of the task allotted fo him,
but will do if as excellently as ho can. Frotn the
sweeping of a floor to the governing of a country, from
the baking of a loaf to the watching by the sick-bed of
a friend, there is the saine rule everyvhere. It attends
the man of business in the crowdcd worhl ; if follows
the artist and the poet into his solitary studio. Let
fhe thought of self intrude, let the painter lmt pause
fo consider how much reward his work will bring fo
him, let him but warm himself with the prospects of
the faine and the praise which is to corne fo him, and
the cunning will forsake his hand, and the power of
his genius will be gone from hiln. The upward sweep
of excellence is proportioned, with strictest accuracy,
to oblivion of the self which is ascending.
From the rime when men began first to reflect,
this peculiar feature of their nature was observed.
The law of animal lire appears to be merely self-pre-
servation; the law of man's life is self-annihilation;
and only at tilnes when nlen have allowed themselves
to doubt whether they are really more than developed
animals has self-interest ever been put forward as a
guiding principle. Honesty may be the best policy,
said Coleridge, but no honest man will act on that
hypothesis. Sacrifice is the first element of religion,

350 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

and resolves itself in theological language into the
love of God.
()nly those, however, who are themselves nohlc-
mindcd can consciously apprehend a noble cmotion.
Truths arc pcrceived and acknowledged, perhaps for
a tilne are appropriatcly acted on. They pass on into
common hands ; likc gold bcfol'e it can l»e ruade avail-
able f(,r a currêncy, they become alloyed with baser
mctl. The lnost b«,autiful feature in hmnanity, thc
distinct r«,cognition of which ``vas the gl'catest stop
«'ver taken in the course of truc progrcss, bccamc,
when ruade over to 1,1"iests and theologians, the most
hidcous an«l lnOSt aeeursed of earieatures.
By the side of the law of sael'ifiee it. ``vas observed
also ['1"o111 obviotls expcrienee ttmt tbe fortunes of lllall
were eompassed with uneertaint.ies over wbieh he had
no eontrol. The owner o](enorlnous wealth was brought
fo the dunghill, the pl'ilme fo a dungeon. The best
and the worst were alike the prey of aeeidents. Those
who had risen highest in eartbly distinetion were those
who seemed speeially lnarked for the buttbts of destiny.
Those who eould have endured with equanimity the
loss of riehes and power, eould be reaehed througb loss
of honour, through the suflbrings of family and friends,
througb the misgi``'inR's of their own hearts on the real
nature of the spiritual powers by whieh the earth and
universe are governed.
The arbitrary eapriee displayed iii these visitations
of ealamity naturally perplexed even the wisest.
Conseious that they were in the hands of forees whieh
if ",vas impossible fo resist, of being's whose wrath the
most perfeet virtue failed fo avert, meu inferred that
the benevolenee of the gods ````-as erossed by a sportive
malignity. They saw that all that was most exeellent
in human soeiety was bought by the saeriflee of the

SELF-SACRIFICE 35 

few good Lo the lnany worthless. The self-devotion
of those who xvere willing" Lo forgeL thelnselves was
exaeted as the purehase-mOlley of the welfare of t.he
resL. The eonelusion was that the gods envied man-
killd too eompleLe el.iOylnent. They delnallded of
them froln tilne to tilne t.he lnost preeious t.hing whieh
they possessed, and the lnOSL preeious possession of any
falnily or nation was the purest and most inuoeent
member of if.
It was unong the 8emitie nations that the propitia-
Lory innnolation of a hlnllall heing fil'st heeame ail
insLitution. Holner knew nothing" of it.. 'file Trqian
youths who were slaug'htered aL t,he pyre of Patroelus
were the vieLilns lnerely of Lhe wrath of Aellilles, and
the lnassaere of theln was the savag'e ecompmimellt
of the funeral rites of his dead fl'iend. By the Semitie
nations of PalesLine, the eldest borll of man and
beast was supposed to belong to the gods, and af ally
lnoment might be elaimed by them. The intended
saeriflee of Isaae is an e'ident allusion to the custolns
froln whieh the son of Abrahaln was miraeulously
redeemed. The deaths of the tàrst-born in every house
iii Eg'ypL on the night of the Passover, the story
of Jephthah, the brief but expressive mention of the
King of ioab, who, in distress, impalcd his son on the
wall of his eity, the near eseape of Jonathan, wholn
the lot had deteeted, as marked by t.he eurse of his
father, the Phcenieian legend of the exposure of
Andromeda to t.he sea monster, point all in the saine
direetion. The Carthaginians, a eolony from Tyre, at
the erisis of their st.ruggle with Rome, devoted t.o the
anger of the gods four hundred of the sons of their
principal nobles.
AL some Lime in Lhe interval between Homer and
the Persian wars, this singular superstition was earried

359_ SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

into Greece, and was ai once incorporated in the
received lnythology. The great mttional story of the
Trojan war was probably the first which if interpene-
trated ; and there sprung up in the midst of if the as
yet unknown incident vhich has impressed so power-
fully the imagination of mankind, the sacrifice of
Iphigenia ai Aulis.
The naine Iphigenia is probably Jephthagenia, a
Grecised version of "Jephthah's daughtcr," and reveals
the origin of the story. The "idea" once accepted
passed into other heroic traditions. Human sacrifice,
symbolic or actual, vas adopted into the religious
ceremonials of Athens. It was a growing belief which
spread through successive generations, and prepared
the way in the end for the reccption of the doctrine of
the Christian Atonement.

353

NATIONAL [NI)EPENDENCE.

WHEN t'*VO countries, or sectious of couttrics,
geographicnlly so relte, l fo oue uothcr il,aL l.h,.ir
l,liOll 1111«1('1"
thc advantagc of thc st.rogcr pcoplc, such
will cotiuue set)al'are as long o,,ly as thc cou,dry
which ,lesires to 1)resel've
 power of resistauce so vigovous that the eflbrt to
overcome if is too exhausting fo be permanently mai,,-
tained.
A l,atul'al right to liberty, irrcspective of the al)ility
to dcfen, l if, exists i, mttio,s as much as and no l,mrc
thau if exists in imlivi«luals. Ha«l nature mca,t us
fo live uncontrollcd by any wi]l but out own, we shouhl
have beeu so constructcd t.lmt the plctsures of oue
wouhl not i,tererc with the 1)leasures of anothcr,
or that each of us woul, l ,lischarge by instinct those
duties which the wclfare of the COl,,mu,ity rc, luires
from ail. In a vorhl in which we are lna«le to «lepend
so la'cly for out well-bciug ou the coduct of our
eighboul's, and yet arc created infinitely unequal
ability and worthiness of character, the superior part
bas a atural l'ight fo gover ; thc inferior part bas
a uatural right fo be governcd ; and a rude but adequate
test of superiority aud inferiority is provide, l in the
relative strength of thc diflrcnt orders of hulnan
beiugs.
Among wiId beasts and savages might constitutes
u3

354 SELECTIONS FR()M FR()UI)E
rig'hk tlllOllg reasonable heing's l'ight is for ever
ending o el'eaçe mig'h. Inferiol'iy of mmbers is
COlnpensaed Iy superior eohesiveness, intelliKence and
darinK The beter sort of men submi villingly 
lin governed by.ghose who are nohler and wiser ghan
thelnselves ; orKanisation ereates superiority of force ;
and the ignol'an and t.he selfish lnay be and arejusly
eompelled for their own a«lvmage to ol)ey a rule whieh
rcscues them ri'oto their natural weakness. There
ncithcr is nor ean l»e an inh(,rent privilcge in any
person or sc of persons te» lire unworthily at their
own wilis, when thcy ean be led or drivcn into more
honom'M)l' eourscs; and t.he right, s of man--if sueh
rights t.hcre be--al'e hot t.o libert.y, but o wise direction
and eontrol.
Individuals eammL ho indcpelulcnt, or soeiey ean-
hot exisk With in«lividuals thc eontention is hot for
freedom M»solnt.ely, but for an extension of the limits
within wbieh t.heir freedom must be rest, rained. The
independenee of ntions is spoken of Solneimes as if
it resed on anot.her fomMationas if eaeh sepae
raee or eommunity had a divine titledecd to dispose of
its own forunes, and devclop its tendeneies in sueh
direetion as seems goo, l to it.self. But the assnlnption
breaks down hefore bhe en«luitçv , What eonsbitubes a
nat, ion ? And the right of a people to self-govern-
lllellt eonsists and ean eonsist in nothing bu their
power to defend themselves. No other definition is
possible. Are gographieal boundaries, is a distinct
frontier, ruade the essential ? Mountain ehains, rivers,
or seas form, no doubt, the normal dividing lines
bebween nation and nation, beeause t.hey are elements
of strengh, and material obsbaeles to invasion. Bu
as the absenee of a define«l fronbier eannof, take away
a right to liberty where there is strength o naintain

NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE

355

if, a mountain harrier conveys no prerogtive affainst
a power whieh is powerful enoug'h fo overleap that
barrier, nor the ocean against t.hose whose larger skill
and courage ean eonvert the oeean into a highway.
As little eana elaim fo freedom he lnade eoineidcnt
with »ee or language. When thc t.ies of kindr«,l and
of speeeh lmve foree enoug'h o biml ogeher a power-
fui eommuniy, sueh a eommm6çy may be able o defeml
is independenee ; bu if it ean no, t,he pret.ension in
iself bas no elMm on eonsideral.ion, l)ist.ineions of
sueh a kind are merely raneiru} «uM e«tiwieious. Ail
soeieies of men l'e, in he mtm'e or thinffs, I'ree,l
ino relaions wih or, ber soeiet.ies of men. They
exehange ohligagions, eont',r bencfits, or intlie injuries
on eaeh oflmr. Thev are nam'M h'iends r naural
rivais; and maige, or olse nd themselves in collision,
when Oe weaker is emqe}h,d o g'ive way. The
individual bas o saerifiee his in,lependenee  his
family, tire fmnily o tire rile ; he trihe merg''s iself
in some l&rffer eommuniçy; and fle ime a whieh
ghese sueeessive SUl'remlers of lilergy are demanded
depends praet.ieally on noflfing" else than ghe inal»iliy
o persisg in separaçion. Wbere population is seany
and habits are pemel'u}, he head of eaeh household
may be soverein over his ehil,h'en and servants,
owin no allegiauee t.o any hiher ehiel" r law. As
among tire Cyelops
0 "
a[$wv " àXdXWV o" ,iXX}Xwv àXéTOVeV.
Necessity and common danffcr drive families into
Mlince for self-defence; thc smaller circlcs of inde-
pendence lose themselves in alnpler areas ; 1,l those
who refuse fo conform fo the nev uthority are either
required fo tke thcmselves clsewhere, o15 if they

356 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE
remin md persis in ,li.qot)e,lience, my be t.reted as
eriminals.
A çYihe, i local eireumst.anees ro hvouralfle, may
,lel'end ia freedom aR'ains a m,»r p,»werful neihl)our,
s,» long" as the in«lependenee o[ sueh a çribe is a lessvr
evil t,h«n the eosç of is sujuR'ation ; hu an independ-
enee so prot.raeted is rarely obhvr thon a
{}n the whole, tmd as a rule, superior strenR'th is the
eluivalent of superior meYib: and when a weaker
people are indneed or [oreed to parb wiçh their
separM, existence, nd are lȍ trea, ted as suljeet.s,
buf are ,hnitbed FYeelv o share the privilees oF the
,ti, in whieh t.hey ve hs,»rhed, they ForFeit not.hing
whieh t, hev need cave fo lose, and tacher ain t.han
suflbr l»v the exelange. I is possible haç a nol»ler
people may, flwoug'h F«ree «»F eireumst, anees, or
numerieal in[eri{rit,y, he oppressed [or a time by the
brnt, e çoree of haler adversaries; jusb a, within the
limis of a nation, part.ienlar classes may be çyrannised
over, or opinions whieh prove in the end truc may
he put clown by violence, and the professors of sueh
opinions perseeuted. Bub the eflbrb of nature is eon-
stantlv fo re,lreas tle l,alanee. Where freedom is so
preeious thaç without i lire is unendurable, men with
floe eonvieçions fiR'ht oo fiereely ço be permanenly
subdued. Trut.h R'rows by it.s own virtue, and falae-
hoods sinks nd fa, les. An oppresaed cause, when if
is jnsç, açta'aeçs [riends, and eommands moral support,
whieh eonverba ibaelf soouer or later into maberial
stren'bh. As a broad prineiple, lb may be said çhat.
as naçure has so eonstituted us çlaç we musb be ruled
in some way, and as af. any 'iven rime the rule inevit-
ably will be in çle hands of bhose who are then t.he
srong'es, ao nature also has allotted superiorit.y of
strength o superiorit.y of intellee and eharaeter ; and

NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE 357

in decidiag that the weaker shall obcy the more
powerful, she is in reality savinff thcm from thcm-
selves, al,«l tlhel, nlOSt COl,fers truc lilerty wlwn she
seems lnost, t,o be taking it, tway. There is n«
possilh, to man exe,,pt iu obedienee t.o law; and those
wh, e«mnot pl'eserile a law to t.hemselves, if t.hey
ch,sire to be free must Ie c«mt.ent to aeeept direet.ion
frm,, thel'S. The riffht t.o resist ciel»ends on the pwcr
of resistanee. A nation whieh ean maint.aih ifs imle-
pemlcnee l>OSsesses alrca,ly, unh,ss assiste«l ly extra-
ordimn'y advan(ages «»f situation, t.h«, «lualitlies whieh
eOn, lU,,st ean «mly.iusify it.self by emferring. I m D"
nation whieh is endeavouring o overeomo i; and
human soeiey bas rat.ler lost 0utn gained when a
people loses it.s freedom whieh knows how t.o make a
wholesome usê of fi'êe«lm, t-h when ]-esisanee has
bemi i'ied and ftih.d--wlu,n the ine«luality has leen
proved beyon, l dispute Iy long and painful exp,rieuee
--0m wisdom, and ult.imately the ,lugy, of the weakm"
part,y is go eeep 0e benefigs whieh are oflbl'e,l in
exehange for sulmfission : and a lmgion whieh ag once
will nog defelul its lilel'ti,s in the field, nor yet allow
igself o le governe«l, bu st.ruggles o pro.serve the
indepel,lelme whieh it wangs the spirig fo uphohl in
arms, by insubordination and marchy and secret crime,
may bew8il its wrongs in wild and weeping eloquence
in the ears of mankindmay ag lenffth, in a rime
when Oto met.hods by whid sgerner aFes repressed
girls kind of eondueg are unpermigged, make igself so
iut.olerable as (o be casg off and bidden go upon ifs
own lad way : bug if will hot go for ifs own henefig ;
i will have esablished no principle, and vindieaed
no nagurl righg" liberty profits only those who ean
govern 0mmselves beter t,hm ot.hers ean govern t, hem,

358 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

and those who are al)le to govern t.hemselves wisely
have no ncc, l fo petition for a l>rivilegc which they
can keep or take for themselvcs.
In the scene belote Harfleur, in the play of Henry
the Fifth, thcre are introdueed rcpresentatives of
the three nations which rcmained unsubdued after
En'lan,I was con, lucred 1)y the Normans, and the
co-ordination of which, umler a c(>mmon sovereignty,
was a pr,)blcm still waiting t,) bc aecoml)lishcd. Care-
less always of anfi,luarian l)edantry, Shakespeare drew
men and women as he saw t.hcm round him, in the
lomh)n of his own day; and Flucllcn, Cptain Jamie,
an, l Captain Macm,)rris wcrc the typieal Welshman,
Scot, ami h'ishman, as flcy were fo ho met with in
Elizaheth's trainhan,ls.
Flucllcn, hot-ldooded, volulde, arg'umcntafive, is
yct most 1)rave, most loyal, and most honourable.
Ara,m/his thousand chaetcrs there is hot one whieh
Shakcspeare has sketchcd rot)re t.endcrly, or with a
more h)viug and afletionate irony. Captain Jamie
la "a lnarvellous falcrous gcnt.leman," well read in
thc ancicnt wars, learncd "iu ]e disciplines of the
Romans," and able to hohl discourse on them with
any man, but shrewd and silcnt, more prone to listen
than fo spcak, more given .o 1)lows than to words, and
dctermincd only "fo do good service, or ligg'e in the
ground for if". Macmorris, thou'h no less brave than
his companions, rea,ly to stand in th breach while
"there wcre flu'oats to be eut, or work to be done," yct roas, rants, boass, swcars by his father's soul,
an,1 threatcns to eut off any man's head who dares to
say that he is as good as himself.
Çaptain Jamie nevcr mentions Seotlan,l: we learn
his countç" h'om his dialect, and from what others
say of him. Fluellcn, a Wclshman to thc last fibre,

NATIONAl. INDEPENDENCE 359

yet traces lais Welsh lcek te the goo,1 service which
Welshmen ,lid, "in a garden where leeks clic! grov,"
at Crecy, uuder the Euglish E, lward. He ,lelight.s in
thinking that ail the waters et" the Wye CallnOt wash
his Majesty's Welsh blood out o|" lais body. Mac-
morris, at the lncntion of lais nation, as if on the
watch for insults frein ,axon or Briton, blazes into
purposeless fury. " My nation ! What ish m b- natiola ?
Is a villain, aud a bastar,1, and a knave, an,1 a rascal .
What ish my nation ? Who t.alks of my natio ."
Had William fallen at Hastings instead of Har<,hl,
and had the Norman invasion failcd, itis likcly t.hat
the Lowland Scots wouhl bave followed thc exalnple
of Northulnberland, and bave ,lrifted gra, lually into
combination with the rest of the island. The Con-
quest lna, le the ,lifficulty greater; but if the Norman
kings ha«l been content te wait for the natural action
of rime, increasing intercourse and an ol)vious com-
lnunity of interest svouhl bave probal)ly antedated the
Union by several centurics. The premature violeucc
of Edwar,1 the First hardencd Scotlaud irrecoverably
into a separate nationality. The ,letermiuation te
defend their iudepen,lelce create,1 the patriotic vir-
tues which enabled the Northern Britons te hold at
bay their larger rival. The Union, when it came
about af last, was ettbcte«! on e«lual terlns. Two
separate self-governcd peoples entered slowly and
dcliberately into voluntary partnership on terres of
mutual respect. The material wealth which Scotland
contributed te the empire -,vas comparativcly insignifi-
cant; but she introduced into ita race of men who
had been hammered te a retaper which marie them
more valuable than moultains of gohl; ad among
the elemcnts of greatness in the country known te
later history as Great Britain, the rugged Scotch

36c SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

resoluGiou o resis conquesG Go he deaGh, Gried in a
hundred batles, holds a place second Go none.
The Lowland ScoGs were Teuons; Ghe language
of Ghe LoGhians was llOG disGinguishable from the
language of NorGhumberlami; and Ghe Union wih
Scolaud mighG have seemed so far an easier feaG
Ghan Ghe Union wiGh Wales. On t.he oGher hand, t,he
Welsh were fewer in number, less protected by situa-
tiou, less al)le to ohGain help fvom oGher luarters.
They were neither slaves nor covard.s. They loved
their freedoln, Ghey foughG for iG long and desperaely,
rising again and again wheu civil wars in England
ott[,re(l Ghem a gleam of hope. When vesistance
I»ecamc obviously hopeless, they loyally and wisely
accel)te(l Gheir fae. They hal noG o suflr from
1)rolonged severity, for severiGy was unnecessary.
There was no general confiscaGion, no violent inter-
fcrence vith local habiGs o1" usages. They pvesevved
their language wih singular success, and their cusGoms
so far as Ghcir cusGoms were COlnpaGible with English
law; vhile in exchange for iudepen,lence they were
a, hnitGed o the privileges of English ciGizenship in as
full measure as Ghe English themselves. They con-
tinued proud of their naGionality, vain wiGh true Celtic
vanity of l)edigrees which lose Ghemselves in infinity.
YeG, being wisely handled, resGrained only in essenGials,
and left to their own way in the ordinary curreut
of their lives, Ghey vere couGenGel Go forg'eG their
animosities; Ghey ceased to pine after poliGical liberGy
which Ghey were consciously uuable Go preserve; and
finding Ghemselves accepGed ou e«lual terres as joinG
iuheritors of a magificenG eml)ire, the iron chain
became a golden ornamenG. Their sensibilities were
humoured il Ghe title of Ghe heir of Ghe crown.
besGowing a dynasGy upon England Ghey round a

NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE 36I

gratification for their honourable pri,le. If thev have
contributed less of positive stren'th flmn the cots fo
the British empire, they have never been its shame
or ifs weakness: au, l the retention of a few harmless
peculiarities has hot prevented them from being whole-
some and worthy melnbers of the United Common-
wealth.
Ireland, the ]ast of the three countries of which
England's interest deman,led the annexation, was by
nature better furnished than either of them with
means fo resist ber ap1)roaehes. In.tead of a narrow
river for a frontier, shc had seventy mlles of daerous
sea. She had a territory more difl]eult fo penetrate,
and a population greatly more numerous. The courage
of the Irish was uldisputed. From the first mention
of the Irishman in history, faction fight and foray
have been the oeeupatio and the delight of his exist-
ence. The hardihood of the Irish kern was proverbial
throughout Europe. The Irish soidiers, in the regular
service of France aml Spain, eovered themselves with
distinction, were ever hououred with the most danger-
ous poses, have borne their share in every vietory. In
our own ranks they bave formed hall the strength of
our armies, and detraetion has never ehalleuged their
right fo an equal share in the honour which those
armies have xvou. Yet, in their own country, in their
eflbrts fo shake off English supremaey, their patriotism
has evaporated in words. No advantage of numbers
has availed them : no saered sense of hearth and home
has stirred their nobler nature. An unappeasab]e
diseonteut bas been attended with the paralysis of
manliness; and, with a few aeeidental exceptions,
eontinually reeurring insurrections bave only issued
in absolute and ever disgraeeful defeat..
Could Ireland have bue foug-ht as Seotland fought

36z SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

she vould have been mistress of her own destinies.
In a successful struggle for freedom, she wouhl bave
developed qualifies which would bave ruade her
worthy of possessing if. She vould have been one
more independent country added to the commonwealth
of nations: and ber history would have been another
honourable and inspiriting chapter among the brighter
records of maukind. She might bave stood alone;
she might have united herself, had she so pleased,
with England on fait and equal conditions; or she
might have prefcrred alliances with the Continental
powers. There is no disputing against strength, nor
hal)l)ily is thcre need fo dispute, for the stren'fl
which gives a right to freedom, implies the presence
of those qualities which ensure that it will be rightly
used. No country can win and keep ifs freedom
in the presence of a dangerous rival, unless it be on
the whole a well and justly governed country ; and
where there is just government the moral ground
is absent on which conquest can be defended or
desired.
Again, could Ireland, on discovering like the Welsh
that she was too weak or too divided fo encounter
England in the field, have acquiesced, as the Welsh
acquiesced, in the alternative of submission, there
was not originally any one advantage which England
possessed which she was hot willing and eager to
share with her. If England was to become a great
pover, the annexation of Ireland was essential fo
ber, if only fo prevent the presence there of an enemy ;
but she had everything fo lose by treating ber as a
conquered province, seizing her lands and governing
her by force; everything fo gain by conciliating the
Irish people, extending fo them the protection of ber
own laws, the privi]eges of ber own higher civilisation,

NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE 363

and assimilating them on every side, so far as their
temperament allowed, to ber subjeets af home.
Yet Ireland would neither resist eourageously, nor
would she honourably submit. Her chien and leaders
had no real patriotism. In eotland, though the nobles
might quarrel among themselves, they buried their
feuds and stood side by side when there was danger
from the hereditary foe. There was never a rime
when there was hot an abundanee of Irish who would
make eomlnon eau.se vith the English, when there
was a chance of revenge upon a domestie enemy, or
a chance merely of spoil fo be distributed. AIl alike,
though they would make no stand foi" liherty, as little
eould endure order or settled government. Their
insurreetions, whieh might have deserved sympathy
had they been honourable ettbrts fo shake off an Mien
yoke, vere disfigured with crimes whieh, on one
memorable occasion at least, brought shame on their
cause and naine. When insurrection finally failed.
they betook themselves fo assassination and secret
tribunals; and ail this, while they were holding up
themselves and their wrongs as if they were the
vietims of the most abominable tyranny, and inviting
the world to judge between them and their oppressors.
Nations are hot permitted fo aehieve independenee
on these terres. Unhappily, though unable to shake
off the authority of England, t.hey were able fo irritate
her into severities whieh gave their accusations some
show of eolour. Everything whieh she most valued
for herself--her laws and liberties, her orderly and
settled government, the most ample security for
person and prope%y--England's first desire was to
give to Ireland in fullest measure. The retaper in
which she was met exasperated-her into harshness
and af rimes to cruelty; and so followed in succes-

364 SELECTIONS FROM FROUDE

sion alternations of revolt and punishment, severity
provoked by rebellion, and breeding in turn fresh
cause for mutiny, till it seenaed at last as if no
solution of the problem was possible save the ex-
pulsion or destruction of a race which appeared
incurable.

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bliscellaneous Theological Works--continued.

Campbell.--RELIGION IN GREEK
LITEItATURE. By the Rev. Lswts
CAPBELL, M.A.. LL.D., Emeritus.
Professor of Greek, University of St.
Andrews. 8vo, 15s.

)avidson.--THEISM, as Orounded in
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LL.D. 8vo, 15s.

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I_ang.--MODERN MVTHOLOGY : a
ltep[y to Profcssor Max Muller. By
ANDREW LAI;G. 8vo,

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Max Mtiller (F.).
TIIE SIX SYSTEMS OF INDIAN
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,oom,t./oL

]Hax Miiller (F.)--continv.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SC[ ENCE
OF MYTHOLOG¥. 2 vols. 8vo.
32,.

TIIE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF
RELIGION, as illustrated by the
Religions of India. The Hib;,rt
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NATURAL RELIGION. The Gifford
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ANTHROPOLOGICAL RELIGION.
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THEOSOPHY ; or, PSYCHOLOG1CAL
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THREE LECT UR ES ON THE
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RAMAKR/SHNA: His Life and Say-
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