FRUIT MANUAL
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UNIVERSITY OP CALIF*- -»NIA LIBRARY
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" Fruit of all kinds, in coat,
Bough or smooth rind, or bearded husk or ahelL"— MiLTOW.
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THE
FRUIT MANUAL:
THE FEUITS AND FEUIT TEEES OF
GEEAT BEITAIN.
Br EGBERT HOGG, LL.D., F.L.S.,
Viee-Prttident, and latt Secretary, of The Royal Horticultural Society ; Editor of the
*' Journal of horticulture," dtc, ±c., dte.
FIFTH
EDITION.
JOURNAL OF HORTICULTUEE OFFICE,
171, FLEET STREET.
1884.
ipfl
i p tfs i»^ (^ fl
Co t^t pernor; of i^t htt
MR. THOMAS RIVERS,
OF BAWBKIDOEWORTH,
THIS FIFTH EDITION OF
THE FRUIT MANUAL;
NOT THAT HE REQUIRES A MEMORIAL OTHER THAN THAT WHICH HE
HIMSELF HAS RAISED; BUT FOR FORTY YEARS WE WERE KNIT TOGETHER
BY THE CLOSEST FRIENDSHIP, WORKING TOGETHER AND STIMULATING ONE
ANOTHER IN THE STUDY OF POMOLOGY: AND NOW THAT HE HAS PASSED AWAY
I THUS CHERISH IN MY MEMORY A SINCERE FRIEND AND A GOOD MAN.
HE 3DIEID OOTOBER. IVth, ia7"7.
Aged 80 Years.
y/j
PREFACE.
It is twenty-four years since this work was first published, and
during the first fifteen of that period it passed through three
large editions. The fourth appeared nine years ago, and that
has long since been out of print. I have now finished the Fifth
Edition, in which will be found a great deal of new matter,
enlarging the work to upwards of 150 pages more than there
were in the last.
The increase in size is mainly due to the introduction of
additional descriptions of Fruits which are actually existing in
our Gardens and Orchards, as I have been desirous of putting on
record a description of all the fruits generally cultivated in the
United Kingdom so far as it was in my power to do so. I could
easily have increased the size of this volume if I had been so
disposed by introducing fruits cultivated abroad or which are
described in foreign works; but this would have answered no
useful purpose, for until these have been grown in this country
w^e can form no idea of what their merits or demerits might be.
Much harm has already been done and much disappointment has
been caused by the indiscriminate introduction and recommend-
ation of foreign fruits with the merits they are reputed to possess
in other soils and other climates. Fruits are so easily influenced
by these two agencies that even in this country, in localities not
far distant from each other, we meet with the most conflicting
results. In the fertile valley of the Thames about Teddington
and Twickenham every kind of hardy fruit might be expected to
Vlll PREFACE.
be produced in its greatest perfection ; but the reports furnished
by that experienced cultivator and acute observer, Mr. R. D.
Blackmore, which will be found in the descriptions of Peaches
and Pears, are quite staggering, and destroy the long-cherished
opinion which some of us have held respecting our favourite
fruits.
The new Classification of the Apple upon which I have for
some years been engaged is another additional feature in this
volume, and I trust that, when its principles have been mastered,
it will be found of service in the identification of the different
varieties.
The same success that has attended my Classification of the
Apple has been denied me in my attempt to do the same for the
Pear. I have merely given a sketch of a system which I hope
to be able some day more fully to elaborate. If one could every
year, or even at short intervals of years, ensure a crop of fruit the
work might soon be accomplished ; but in this uncertain climate
we must be content to proceed by slow marches and wait with
patience till our opportunities arise.
I have consented to a request which has been frequently made
to introduce descriptions of the leading kinds of Pine-apples.
Since the large importations of this fruit from the West Indies
and the Azores, where it is extensively grown for the supply
of the European markets, the cultivation of the Pine-apple has
fallen off in British gardens. Nevertheless, it is all the more
needful that some convenient record should be accessible for
the identification of those varieties which have been grown in
the pine-stoves of our large establishments.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Almonds 1
Classification of 1
Apples 4
Classification of xi
Lists of Select 253
The Best Dessert 257
The Best Kitchen 258
The Best Cideb 259
Apricots 260
Synopsis of 260
Lists of Select 273
Berberries 273
Cherries 274
Synopsis of 274
Lists op Select 316
Chestnuts 317
Cranberries 317
Currants 318
Lists of Select 322
Figs 322
Synopsis of 322
Lists of Select 337
Gooseberries 337
Synopsis of 337
Lists of Select 365
Table for Weights of 366
Grapes 366
Synopsis op 366
Lists of Select 413
Medlars 414
Mulberries 414
Nectarines 415
Synopsis of 415
List of Select 426
Nuts and Filberts 426
Synopsis of 426
List of Select 433
X CONTENTS.
PAGE
Peaches .----*- 43H
Synopsis op 43B
List of Select 464
Pears 465
Classification of 465
Lists of Select 670
The Best ... - 673
Pine-apples 675
Synopsis of 675
Plums 680
Synopsis of 680
Lists of Select 733
The Best Desseet 733
Quinces 734
Raspbeeries 734
Synopsis of 734
List of Select 739
Strawbeeeies -- 739
List of Select 758
Walnuts 758
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES.
Many attempts have been made to devise a classification for the Apple.
Diel, Sickler, Dochnahl, Lucas, and others have each produced one,
but they are all modifications or altered forms the one of the other,
and the characters upon which they are constructed are too inconstant
and indefinite to render their work of much practical utility. As the
ultimate design of classification is mainly to facilitate the identification
of the numerous objects that are the subject of inquiry, if it fails in
this, much of its usefulness is impaired. The systems to which I
have alluded have all proved failures, and, with the exception of
Diel's and Doehnahl's, I am not aware that under either of them the
numerous varieties of Apples have ever been classified.
In British Pomolof/y, which was published many years ago, I
suggested a classification for the Apple that was intended to lead to
the discovery of the names of the difl'erent varieties described in that
work, but its scope was too limited, and it consequently failed in its
purpose. Previous to this I had attempted to make use of Diel's
arrangement, but without success, and then I resolved to search out for
myself characters upon which to base a system that would accomphsh
what I had in view.
In 1876 my earliest views of a new system were published in The
Journal of Horticulture. It appeared while I was absent from home,
and was set up in so confused a manner that it called forth some well-
merited criticism. I reconstructed it in what I conceived to be a better
shape, and it was printed in a tUstinct form as A New Classiji cation of
Ajjples. This is the basis upon which my new and amended system is
founded. I find, however, that in this as in every other classification
of natural objects there are the usual difiiculties to contend with.
Kature refuses to be bound, and will not submit to be confined, within
the narrow limits that man would assign to her. There is still the
debatable ground to deal with, where there arc no definite boundaries
XU THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and we are met on every hand by the difficulties experienced by M.
Milne-Edwards, who says, " We sometimes see the transition of one
plan of structure to an entirely different scheme of organisation take
place by degrees so completely shaded one into the other that it
becomes very difficult to trace the line of demarcation between the
groups thus connected ; " and it must always be so. No classification
of natural objects has yet been constructed on perfectly fixed principles,
and if we were to wait, expecting to arrive at that state of scientific
accuracy, we should continue waiting. Every system now in use has
been crude in its beginning. The natural system of botany, for
instance, which is now almost universally in use, was evolved, and is
still being evolved, out of one which "abounded in errors and imper-
fections." I am not discouraged, therefore, when I meet with difficulties
in applying my system. I feel assured that after it has been put into
operation, and some of its imperfections have been discovered and
have disappeared, it will eventually be found to answer the purpose for
which it is intended ; for I am convinced that the principles upon
which it is founded are sound.
The structural characters on which this classification is based are —
1. The Stamens; 2. The Tube; 3. The Carpels; and 4. The Sepals.
When we make a longitudinal section of an Apple through the
centre of the eye to the stalk we see these various organs. At the top
of the section are the calycine segments, or what is technically called
the eye, and immediately below them there is a cavity called by
botanists the flower-tube. Inserted in this tube is a ring of small
bristle-like organs, which are the remains of the stamens, and these
occupy three difi'erent positions. In some fruits they are very near
the top of the tube ; in others they are lower down, and occupy a
position about the middle ; whilst in others they are very near the
base. The tube itself is of two forms — the conical and the funnel-
shaped. Just below the tube is the core, composed generally of five
cells or carpels, and these assume four difi'erent forms — round, ovate,
obovate, and elliptical ; and each of these varies in its relation to the
axis of the fruit, some extending close to it and forming symmetrical
cells, while others are distant from it and are unsymmetrical.
These being the principal characters with which we have to deal, I
shall now proceed to treat of them individually.
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES. XIU
1. The Stamens. — I have already stated that these occupy three
different positions in the tube, and 1 have adopted them as the primary
divisions of this system, having found by experience that they are on
the whole the most reliable characters where all are more or less
changeable. The marjinal position is shown in Fim. 1, 2 a, 3, and
4 a ; the median in Fif/s. 5 a, G a, and 7 ; and the basal in Figs. 8 a
and 9 n.
2. The Tube. — The tube is of two distinct forms — the conical and
\he funnel-shaped — and these are more or less modified in shape, as will
be seen on reference to the various diagrams. The outlines of the
conical tube, as shown in F'^s. 1, 2, 6, and 9, proceed from the base
of the sepals in a curved line downwards towards the core, forming an
inverted cone. These curves are generally inwards, but occasionally
they are outwards, as in Fuj. 1, which has suggested to me the forma-
tion of another division under the name of urn-shaped ; but it occurs
so seldom that no importance need be attached to it. The lines of
the funnel-shaped tube proceed, like those of the conical, from the
base of the sepals, curving outwards in the same downward direction,
and then, curving inwards, form a hump or shoulder which is higher or
lower than the middle of the tube ; and this has the appearance of a
funnel shape, as is shown in Figs. 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8.
3. The Cay-pels. — These constitute what is popularly called the core
of the apple. They are generally five, occasionally they are four,
and I have seen only three, but this is very rarely met with. These
carpels or seed-cells vary in shape. If one is spht down the middle
its walls or membranous lining will be either rounds as represented in
Fig. 2 b ; ovate, as in Fig. 6 b ; obovate, as in Fig. 9 6; or elliptical,
as in Fig. 4 b. Then in relation to the axis of the fruit, they are
either axile or abaxile. When the walls extend to the axis, and these
characters will be best seen by making a transverse section of the fruit,
the cells are symmetrical, as shown in Figs. 10 and 11, and then they
are said to be axile, whether they are open, as in Fig. 11, or closed, as
in Fig. 10. When they are distant from the axis, and the cells are
unsymmetrical, as shown in Fig. 12, they are called abaxile.
4. The Sepals or Eye. — These are a portion of the remains of the
flower, which in their original form, when accompanied by the corolla,
were uniformly expanded and spreading. After the petals drop, and
as the fruit develops, they gradually assume various directions, and
when it is perfectly matured we find them in four distinct forms.
The first of these is shown in Fig. 13, where the segments are quite
reflexed, frequently so much as to fall back flat on the fruit in tha
XIV
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
\m
y
Fig. 1.
F g. 3.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 9.
6-
Fig. 6.
Fix. 8.
CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 12.
Fi?. 14.
Fig. 11.
Fig. i;
?v"-r -"-W-
Fig. 16.
Fig. 18.
XYl THE FBUIT MANUAL.
form of a star; they are then said to be divergent. In Fig. 14 we
have another form, in which the segments are never reflexed, but are
erect with their margins merely touching and their points divergent ;
and these are erect convergent. Then there is the flat convergent
position [Figs. 15 and 16), in which the segments are flat, closing the
eye, but with their margins merely touching and not overlapping each
other. And lastly we have the connivent form (Figs. 17 and 18), in
which the segments are all close together, overlapping each other and
forming a compact cone.
The minor divisions require no great explanation. They classify
the fruit according to form as they are round or oblate, conical or
ovate, and these again are further divided according to their surface
colouring. This latter character requires a little explanation. When
fruit is said to be pale it signifies that it is of an uniform colour of
yellow or green, notwithstanding that it may be faintly tinged on the
Bun side with orange or pale red. It is said to be striped when the
only additional colour to that of the ground colour consists of distinct
red stripes without any ground colour of red. It is said to be coloured
when the skin is wholly or partially a decided red, and this may be
accompanied with stripes or with some russet. The 7'usset skin is that
in which a russet coat prevails. When a russet coat has a brown or
red cheek the fruit is not on that account to be classed in the coloured
section. In every case I have indicated the time of year during which
the fruit is in use as a further help to the identification of it.
SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION.
ANALYTICAL KEY.
In all Apples the stamens are inserted either near the margin, in the
middle, or at the base of the tube ; and these characteristics constitute
the three primary divisions of this classification.
Stamens marpnal A.
Stamens median B.
Stamens basal C.
A. STAMENS MARGINAL.
Tube conical I.
Tube funnel-shaped . . . .II.
I. Tube Conical.
Cells round, axile. Group
Calyx divergent 1
Calyx erect convergent 2
Calyx flat convergent 3
Calyx connivent 4
Cells round, abaxile.
*■ Calyx divergent 5
Calyx erect convergent 6
Calyx flat convergent 7
Calyx connivent 8
Cells ovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 9
Calyx erect convergent 10
Calyx flat convergent 11
Calyx connivent 12
Cells ovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 13
Calyx erect convergent 14
Calyx flat convergent 15
Calyx connivent 16
Cells obovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 17
Calyx erect convergent 18
Calyx flat convergent 19
Calyx connivent 20
Cells obovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 21
Calyx erect convergent 22
Calyx flat convergent 23
Calyx connivent .24
b
.'Ill THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Cells elliptical, axile. Group
Calyx divergent 25
Calyx erect convergent 26
Calyx flat convergent 27
Calyx connivent 28
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 29
Calyx erect convergent 30
Calyx flat convergent 31
Calyx connivent 32
II. Tube Funnel-shaped.
Cells round, axile.
Calyx divergent 3$
Calyx erect convergent 34
Calyx flat convergent 35
Calyx connivent 36
Cells round, at) axile.
Calyx divergent 37
Calyx erect convergent 38
Calyx flat convergent 39
Calyx connivent 40
Cells ovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 41
Calyx erect convergent 42
Calyx flat convergent 43
Calyx connivent 44
Cells ovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 45
Calyx erect convergent 46
Calyx flat convergent. iT
Calyx connivent 48
Cells obovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 49
Calyx erect convergent 50
Calyx flat convergent 51
Calyx connivent 52
Cells obovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 53
Calyx erect convergent 54
Calyx flat convergent 55
Calyx connivent 56
Cells elliptical, axile.
Calyx divergent 57
Calyx erect convergent 58
Calyx flat convergent 59
Calyx connivent 60
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 61
Calyx erect convergent 62
Calyx flat convergent 63
Calyx connivent 64
SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION. XIX
B. STAMENS MEDIAN.
Tube conical I.
Tube funnel-shaped . . . .II.
I. Tube Conical.
Cells round, axile. Group
Calvx divergent 65
Calyx erect convergent 66
Calyx flat convergent 67
Calyx connivent 68
Cells round, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 69
Calyx erect convergent 70
Calyx flat convergent 71
Calyx connivent 72
Cells ovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 73
Calyx erect convergent 74
Calyx flat convergent 75
Calyx connivent 76
Cells ovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 77
Calyx erect convergent 78
Calyx flat convergent 79
Calyx connivent 80
Cells obovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 81
Calyx erect convergent 82
Calyx flat convergent 83
Calyx connivent 84
Cells obovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 85
Calyx erect convergent 86
Calyx flat convergent 87
Calyx connivent 88
Cells elliptical, axile.
Calyx divergent 89
Calyx erect convergent 90
Calyx flat convergent 91
Calyx connivent 92
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 93
Calyx erect convergent 94
Calyx flat convergent 95
Calyx connivent 96
II. Tube Funnel-shaped.
Cells round, axile.
Calyx divergent 97
Calyx erect convergent 98
Calyx flat convergent 99
Calyx connivent 100
XX THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Cells round, abaxile. Group
Calyx divergent 101
Calyx erect convergent 102
Calyx flat convergent 103
Calyx connivent 104
Cells ovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 105
Calyx erect convergent 106
Calyx flat convergent 107
Calyx connivent 108
Cells ovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 109
Calyx erect convergent 110
Calyx flat convergent Ill
Calyx connivent 112
Cells ob ovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 113
Calyx erect convergent 114
Calyx flat convergent 115
Calyx connivent 116
Cells obovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 117
Calyx erect convergent 118
Calyx flat convergent 119
Calyx connivent 120
Cells elliptical, axile.
Calyx divergent 121
Calyx erect convergent 122
Calyx flat convergent 123
Calyx connivent 124
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 125
Calyx erect convergent 126
Calyx flat convergent 127
Calyx connivent 128
C. STAMENS BASAL.
Tube conical I.
Tube funnel-shaped . . . .II.
I. Tube Conical.
Cells round, axile.
Calyx divergent 129
Calyx erect convergent 130
Calyx flat convergent 131
Calyx connivent 132
Cells round, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 133
Calyx erect convergent 134
Calyx flat convergent 135
Calyx connivent .136
SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION. XX
Cells ovate, axile. Group
Calyx divergent 137
Calyx erect convergent 138
Calyx flat convergent 139
Calyx connivent 140
Cells ovate, abaxlle.
Calyx divergent 141
Calyx erect convergent 142
Calyx flat convergent 143
Calyx connivent 144
Cells obovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 145
Calyx erect convergent 146
Calyx flat convergent 147
Calyx connivent 148
Cells obovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 149
Calyx erect convergent 150
Calyx flat convergent 151
Calyx connivent 152
Cells elliptical, axile.
Calyx divergent 153
Calyx erect convergent 154
Calyx flat convergent 155
Calyx connivent 156
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 157
Calyx erect convergent 158
Calyx flat convergent 159
Calyx connivent 160
II. Tube Funnel-shaped.
Cells round, axile.
Calyx divergent 161
Calyx erect convergent 162
Calyx flat convergent 163
Calyx connivent 164
Cells round, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 165
Calyx erect convergent 166
Calyx flat convergent 167
Calyx connivent 168
Cellsovate, axile.
Calyx divergent 169
Calyx erect convergent 170
Calyx flat convergent 171
Calyx connivent 172
Cells ovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 173
Calyx erect convergent 174
Calyx flat convergent 175
Calyx connivent 176
xxu
THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Cells obovate, axile. Group
Calyx divergent 177
Calyx erect convergent 178
Calyx flat convergent 179
Calyx connivent 180
Cells obovate, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 181
Calyx erect convergent 182
Calyx flat convergent 183
Calyx connivent 184
Cells elliptical, axile.
Calyx divergent 185
Calyx erect convergent 186
Calyx flat convergent 187
Calyx connivent " . 188
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
Calyx divergent 189
Calyx erect convergent 190
Calyx flat convergent 191
Calyx connivent 192
A. STAMENS MARGINAL.
I. Tube Conical.
Cells round, axile.
(1) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Grosse Casseler Eeinette, Nov.
— ^Jan.
Striped.
Haffner's Gold Eeinette, Nov. —
Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Beachamwell, Dec. — Mar.
(2) Calyx erect convergent,
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Leyden Pippin, Aug.
Coloured.
Lord Burghley, Dec. — May.
Melon, Dec.
Sops in Wine, Oct.
Surrey Flatcap, Oct. — Jan.
(3) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(4) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Coloured.
Bastard Foxwlielp, Oct. — Dec.
Cornish Mother, Oct. — Nov.
Kerry Pippin, Sep. — Oct.
Striped.
Slack my Girdle, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Vale Mascal Pearmain, Dec-
Feb.
Cells round, abaxile.
(5) Calyx divergent.
None.
(6) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Corn Apple, Oct. — Dec.
(7) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Hawthornden, Oct. — Dec.
STAMENS MARGINAL.
XXlll
(8) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
New Hawthomden, Sep. — Oct.
Russian Transparent, Nov. —
Jan.
Striped.
Frogmore Prolific, Sep. — Dec.
Cells ovate, axile.
(9) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Flat Nonpareil, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured,
Nanny, Oct.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Royal Somerset, Nov. — Mar.
(10) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Keddleston Pippin, Nov. — May.
Striped.
Nonesuch, Sep. — Oct.
Jiusset.
Martin Nonpareil, Dec. — Mar.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Tom Putt, Nov.
(11) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round, roundish or oblate.
jRusset.
St, Edmund's Pippin, Oct.
Acklam Russet, Nov. — Mar.
(12) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Green Norman, Oct. — Dec.
Ringer, Nov. — Feb.
Striped.
Ringer, Nov. — Feb.
Coloured.
Devonshire Quarrenden, Aug. —
Sept.
Busset.
Royal Russet, Nov. — May.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Colimred.
Handsome Norman, Oct. — Jan.
Red Foxwhelp, Oct. — Nov.
Cells ovate, abaxile.
(13) Calyx divergent.
None.
(14) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(15) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(16) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Maiden's Blush, Sep. — Oct.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Dutch Codlin, Aug. — Sep.
Lord Grrosvenor, Sep. — Nov.
Coloured.
Sheep's Nose, Oct. — Nov.
Cells obovate, axile.
(17) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Burr-Knot, Oct. — Nov.
Cambusnethan Pippin, Oct. —
Nov.
Christie's Pippin, Dec. — Feb.
Bringewood Pippin, Jan. — Mar.
Reinette Blanche d'Espagne,
Dec. — Apr.
Ronalds's Grooseberry Pippin,
Nov.— Feb.
Small's Golden Pippin, Dec. —
Jan.
Waltham Abbey Seedling, Sep.
—Dec.
Coloured.
Allen's Everlasting, Nov. —
May.
Cherry Apple, Oct. — Nov.
Uellners Gold Reinette, Jan. —
May.
Russet.
Caraway Russet, Nov. — Feb.
Pitmaston Nonpareil, Dec. —
Jan.
Sam Young, Nov. — Feb.
Screveton Golden Pippin, Dec.
— Apr.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Rosemary Russet, Dec. — Feb.
Tulip, Nov. — Apr.
XXIV
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
(18) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Whiting Pippin, Oct. — Jan.
Gralloway Pippin, Nov. — Jan.
Keddleston Pippin, Nov. — Mar.
Coloured.
De Neige, Nov. — Jan.
Lord Burghley, Dec. — May.
Marriage-maker, Oct. — Dec.
Team's Pippin, Nov. — ^Feb.
Russet.
Ashmead's Kernel, Dec. — May.
Sweeny Nonpareil, Jan. — ^Apr.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Lewis's Incomparable.
(19) Caljrx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin,
Dec. — Mar.
North End Pippin, Apr. — May.
Coloured.
Kadford Beauty, Oct. — Dec.
Kymer, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Mark Marshall. .
(20) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Ringer, Nov. — Feb.
Early Nonpareil, Oct. — Dec.
Striped.
Dutch Mignonne, Dec. — May.
Pomeroy of Hereford, Sep. —
Oct.
Winter Strawberry, Dec. — Mar.
Coloured.
Early Harvest, Aug.
Hawkridge, Aug.
Mr. Gladstone, Aug.
Irish Peach, Aug.
Kerry Pippin, Sep. — Oct.
Joeby Crab, Oct. — Dec.
Philip Maundy, Oct.— Dec.
Api, Oct. — Apr.
Cherry Norman, Oct. — Dec.
Musset.
Pomeroy of Hereford, Sep. —
Oct.
Greenwood Eusset, Nov. — Feb.
New Rock Pippin, Jan. — May.
** Fruit;conical, oblong or obovate.
Pale.
Edmund Jupp, Sep. — Dec.
Coloured.
Goose Apple, Oct. — Jan.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May.
Ord's, Jan.
Cells obovate, abaxile.
(21) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
No Core, Sep.
(22) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round, roundish or oblate.
Pale.
Shoreditch White, Sep. — Nov.
(23) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or ovate.
Pale.
Hawthomden, Oct. — Dec.
(24) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Jolly Beggar, Aug. — Oct.
Huntingdon Codlin, Aug. — Sep.
Grenadier, Sept. — Oct.
Potts's Seedling, Sept. — Oct.
Curl Tail, Oct.— Jan.
Calville Blanche d'Hiver, Jan.
— Apr.
Coloured.
Malakovna, Oct. — Dec.
Annie Elizabeth, Dec. — Mar.
Kentish Fillbasket, Nov. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Springrove Codlin, Sep. — Oct.
Coloured.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May.
Cells elliptical, axile.
(25) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Lady's Finger of Hereford.
Oct. — Jan.
Brabant Bellefleur, Nov. — Apr.
(26) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(27) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Hunthouse, Dec. — Mar.
STAMENS MARGINAL.
XXV
Coloured.
Bennet, Oct. — Dec.
(28) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or ovate.
Pale.
Croft Peannain, Oct. — Dec.
White Norman, Oct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Handsome Norman, Oct. — Dec.
Royal Wildinf^, Oct. — Dec.
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
(29) Calyx divergent.
None.
(30) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(31) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Melrose, Oct. — Jan.
(32) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
New Hawthornden, Sep. — Oct.
Grenadier, Sep. — Oct.
II. Tube Funnel-shaped.
Cells round, axile.
(33) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round, roundish or oblate.
Pale.
Frogmore Nonpareil, Oct. —
Nov.
Colo^ired.
Lucombe's Seedling, Oct. — Feb.
Iiui(i<et.
Queen of the Pippins, Oct. —
Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Isleworth Crab, Oct.
Coloured.
Barchard's Seedling, Oct.
(34) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Leyden Pippin, Aug.
CoUmred.
Baumann's Reinette, Nov.
Nonpareil, Jan. — May.
(35) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Oslin, Aug. — Sep.
Lord Clyde, Dec. — Mar.
Coloured.
St. Alban's Pippin, Oct.
Vineyard Pippin, Oct. — Dec.
(36) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Gennet Moyle, Oct. — Dec.
Penhallow Pippin, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured.
Annat Scarlet. Aug.
Isle of Wight Pippin, Sep. — Jan.
Siegende Reinette, Dec. — Mar.
London Pippin, Nov. — Apr.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Lucombe's Pine, Oct. — Dec.
Cells round, abajcile.
(37) Cal3rx divergent.
None.
(38) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Ruxset.
Buffcoat, Nov. — May.
•• Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Com Apple, Dec.
(39) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(40) Calyx connivent.
None.
Cells ovate, axile.
(41) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Frogmore Nonpareil, Oct. —
Nov.
Golden Pippin, Nov. — Apr,
Golden Nonpareil, Jan. — Feb.
Royal Somerset, Nov. — Mar.
Coloured.
Scarlet Nonpareil, Jan. — Mar.
Russet.
Nonpareil.
XXVI
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Queen of Sauce, Nov. — Jan.
(42) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Keddleston Pippin, Nov. — Mar.
Hughes's Grolden Pippin, Dec. —
Feb.
Coloured.
Morning Pippin, Dec. — Mar.
Russet.
Byson Wood, Dec. — Feb.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Pigeonnet.
(43) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(44) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Striped.
Hoary Morning, Oct. — Dec.
Nonesuch, Sep. — Oct.
Coloured.
Ked Astrachan, Aug.
Devonshire Quarrenden, Aug,
Ten Commandments, Nov.
Russet.
Knight's Lemon Pippin.
Royal Russet, Nov. — May.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Red Norman, Oct. — Nov.
White Astrachan, Aug. — Sep.
Coloured.
Hutton Square, Nov. — Mar.
Cells ovate, alDaxile.
(45) Calyx divergent.
None.
(46) Calyx erect connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Golden Noble, Sep. — Dec.
(47) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Woodley's Favourite, Oct. —
Dec.
(48) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Russet.
Burntisland Pippin, Oct.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Keswick Codlin, Aug. — Sep.
Coloured.
Devonshire Queen, Oct.
Amassia, Oct. — Jan.
Northern Spy, Dec. — May.
Cells obovate, axile.
(49) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Evargil, Sep.
Morris's Court of Wick, Oct.—
Feb.
Downton Pippin, Nov.— Jan.
Squire's Pippin, Dec. — May.
Coloured.
Early Red Calville, Oct.— Nov.
Orange Goff, Oct. — Jan.
Golden Reinette, Nov. — Apr.
Brickley Seedling, Jan. — Apr.
Russet.
Redding's Nonpareil, Oct. — Dec.
Screveton Golden Pippin, Dec.
—Apr.
Sitchampton Russet, Nov. —
Feb.
Caraway Russet, Nov. — Feb.
Powell's Russet, Nov. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
King Harry, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured.
Barchard's Seedling, Oct.
Frogmore Golden Pippin, Nov.
— Jan.
Crimson Quoining, Dec. — Mar.
(50) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Oakley Grove Pippin, Oct. —
Dec.
Dredge's Fame, Dec. — Mar.
Coloured.
Algarkirk Beauty, Sep. — Oct.
Cowarne Red, Oct. — Dec.
Cox's Orange Pippin, Oct. —
Feb.
Lane's Prolific, Oct. — Jan.
Fearn's Pippin, Nov. — Feb.
STAMENS MARGINAL.
XXVll
•• Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Coe's Golden Drop, Nov. — May.
Hubbard's Pearmain, Nov. —
Apr.
Striped.
College Apple, Oct.— Dec.
Coloured.
Summer Pearmain, Sep. — Oct.
New German, Oct. — Dec.
Rosemary Russet, Dec— Feb.
Busset.
Hunt's Duke of Gloucester,
Dec. — Feb.
(61) Calyx flat convergent.
♦ Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Green Balsam, Oct. — Feb.
Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin,
Dec. — Mar.
Striped.
Orange Pippin, Nov. — Dec.
Coloured.
Redstreak, Oct. — Nov.
Peasg<XKi'sNonesuch,Oct. — Dec.
Haggerston Pippin, Dec. — Apr.
•• Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Pearmain, Oct. — Dec.
Rugset.
King Charles, Nov.— Mar.
(52) Calyx connivent.
♦ Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Joaneting, July.
Early Harvest, July— Aug.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Early Nonpareil, Oct. — Dec.
Gennet Moyle, Oct.— Dec.
Schoolmaster, Oct. — Dec.
Striped.
Hoary Morning, Oct, — Dec.
Winter Strawberry, Dec— Mar.
Coloured.
Izard's Kernel, Oct. — Dec.
Mabbot's Pearmain, Oct. — Jan.
Northern Greening, Nov. — Apr.
Forge, Oct. — Jan.
Brown's Seedling, Oct. — Feb.
Sturmer Pippin, Feb. — June.
Russet.
Redleaf Russet, Dec— Feb.
•♦ Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Lincoln Codlin, Oct. — Jan.
Ncthcrton Late Blower, Oct. —
Dec.
Doctor Harvey, Oct.— Jan.
Cockpit, Nov. — Dec.
Winter Majetin, Jan. — May.
Coloured.
Worcester Pearmain, Aug. —
Sep.
Upright French, Oct. — Dec.
John Gidley Pearmain, Nov. —
Mar.
Hard Bearer, Oct.— Dec.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May.
Russet.
Leathercoat, Nov. — Feb.
Cells o"bovate, abaxile.
(63) Calyx divergent.
• Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Gravenstein, Oct. — Dec.
♦♦ Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
White Paradise, Oct.
(64) Calyx erect convergent.
• Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Golden Noble, Sep. — Dec.
Striped.
New Cockpit, Oct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Northern Sweet, Oct. — Nov.
•* Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Smart's Prince Arthur, Dec. —
Mar.
Coloured.
Cowan's Seedling, Oct.
(65) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(68) Calyx connivent.
• Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Oaken Pin, Oct. — Jan.
•* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Manks Codlin, Aug. — Nov.
Springrove Codlin, Oct,
Morgan's Sweet, Nov. — Dec.
Coloured.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May.
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Cells elliptical, axile.
(v7) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Court of Wick, Oct.— Mar.
Coloured.
Court of Wick, Oct. — Mar.
Scarlet Nonpareil, Jan. — Mar.
(68) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Greenup's Pippin, Sep. — Jan.
Fox -whelp, Oct.— Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Russet.
Cockle's Pippin, Jan. — Apr.
(59) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Hunthouse, Dec. — Mar.
(60) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Newland Sack, Oct. — Feb.
Styre, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Borden Pippin, Dec. — Jan.
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
(61) Calyx divergent.
None.
(62) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Alfriston, Nov. — Apr.
(63) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Melrose, Oct. — Jan.
(64) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
French Codlin, Aug.
Coloured.
Granges, Oct. — Jan.
B. STAMENS MEDIAN.
I. Tube Conical.
Cells round, axile.
(65) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Striped.
Embroidered Pippin, Dec. — Jan.
Coloured.
Cellini, Oct.— Nov.
Amphlett's Favourite, Oct. —
Dec.
Russet.
Busty Coat, Oct. — Nov.
(66) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Leyden Pippin, Aug.
Coloured.
Winter Colman, Nov. — ^Apr.
Melon, Dec.
Lord Burghley, Dec. — May.
(67) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Russet.
Old Middlemas, Jan.
(68) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale. *
Walsgrove Wonder, Oct. — Dec.
Bascombe Mystery, Nov. — Dec.
Coloured.
Kerry Pippin, Sep. — Oct.
Eldon Pippin, Dec. — Apr.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Winter Marigold, Oct. — Dec.
Cells round, abaxile.
(69) Calyx divergent.
None.
STAMENS MEDIAN.
XXIX
(70) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit conical.
Pale.
Pine-apple, Oct.
(71) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(72) Calyx connivent.
None.
Cells ovate, axile.
(78) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Golden Pearmain, Nov. — Mar.
StHped.
Prince of Wales, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured.
Braddick's Nonpareil, Nov. —
Apr.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Wormsley Pippin, Sep. — Oct.
StHped.
Royal Somerset, Nov. — Mar.
Coloured.
Fox Kernel, Oct. — Jan.
First and Last, Sep. — May.
Winter Pearmain, Dec. — Apr.
Russet.
Morris's Nonpareil Russet, May
— June.
(74) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Paradise, Aug.
Coloured.
Queen, Oct. — Nov.
Calville Rouge d'Automne, Oct.
— Nov.
Russet.
St. Edmund's Pippin, Oct.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Emperor Alexander, Sep. — Dec.
Kentish Pippin, Oct. — Jan.
(75) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(76) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Striped.
Sack and Sugar, July — Sep.
Coloured.
Black Crab, Oct.— Jan.
Black Norman, Oct. — Jan.
Ten Shillings, Nov.
Russet.
Brownlees's Russet, Jan. — May.
Royal Russet, Nov. — Mar.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Green Wilding, Oct. — Dec.
Striped.
Flower of Herts, Nov. — Dec.
Longville's Kernel, Aug. — Sep.
Coloured.
Esopus Spitzenberg, Nov. — Feb.
Margil, Nov. — Feb.
Cells ovate, abaxile.
(77) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Cat«head, Oct. — Jan.
(78) Calyx erect convergept.
None.
(79) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Murfitt's Seedling, Oct.— Jan.
(80) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Ecklinville, Oct.— Dec.
Lord Derby, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Lord SuflSeld, Aug. — Sep.
Keswick Codlin, Aug. — Sep.
St. Sauveur, Oct.
Royal Codlin, Oct.
Coloured.
Warner's King.
Cells obovate, axile.
(81) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
White Whorle, Oct.— Dec.
Wyken Pippin, Dec. — Apr.
Winter Peach, Nov. — Apr.
Striped.
Coole's Seedling.
XXX
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Coloured.
Cellini, Oct.— Nov.
Lamb Abbey Pearmain, Jan. —
Apr.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Golden Pearmain, Nov. — Dec.
Waltham Abbey Seedling, Sep.
—Dec.
Coloured.
Loan's Pearmain, Nov. — Feb.
Kosemary Russet, Dec. — Feb.
(82) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Cox's Pomona, Oct.
Norfolk Bearer, Dec. — Jan.
Norfolk Beefing, Jan. — June.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Sussex Mother, Aug.
Striped.
Margaret, Aug.
Russet.
Grolden Russet, Dec. — Mar.
(83) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Rymer, Oct. — Dec.
Miller's Glory, Oct.— Feb.
Norfolk Beefing, Jan. — June.
Russet.
Golden Knob, Dec— Mar.
♦* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Mark Marshall, Oct.— Dec.
Striped.
Grange's Pearmain, Nov. — Feb.
(8i) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Early Harvest, July— Aug.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Rhode Island Greening, Nov.—
Apr.
Newtown Pippin, Dec— Apr.
Striped.
Pomeroy, Sep. — Oct.
Coloured,
Irish Peach, Aug.
Philip Maundy, Oct.— Dec.
Winter Pippin, Oct.— Dec
Cornish Aromatic, Oct. — Jan.
Ribston Pippin, Nov. — Mar.
Fairy, Dec. — Apr.
Russet.
Pomeroy, Sep. — Oct.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Sussex Mother, Aug.
Striped.
Winter Marigold, Oct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Comey Norman, Oct. — Jan.
Styre Wilding, Oct.— Dec.
Black Fox-whelp, Oct. — Jan.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May.
Watson's Dumpling, Oct. — Feb.
Cells obovate, abaxile.
(85) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Gloria Mundi, Oct. — Jan.
Lady Henniker, Oct. — Feb.
Coloured.
Newtown Spitzenberg, Nov. —
Feb.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Gilliflower, Oct.
Adams's Pearmain, Dec. — Feb.
(86) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Stirling Castle, Aug. — Sep.
Pomme Poire, Oct. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Castle Major, Oct. — Jan.
Tower of Glammis, Nov. — Feb.
Doctor Hogg, Nov. — Feb.
Coloured.
South Queening, Oct. — Nov.
Beauty of Kent, Oct.— Feb.
(87) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Hawthornden, Oct. — Dec.
Striped.
Yorkshire Greening, Oct. — Jan.
(88) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Curl Tail, Oct.— Feb.
STAMENS MEDIAN.
XXXI
striped.
Flanders Pippin, Oct. — Nov.
Coloured.
Malakovna, Oct. — Dec.
Graham, Oct. — Feb.
Hambledon Deux Ans, Jan. —
May.
♦♦ Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Wilding BittersweetjOct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Winter Quoining, Nov. — May.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May.
Cells elliptioal, azile.
(89) Calyx divergent.
♦ Fruit conical or ovate.
Colo^ired.
Hunthouse, Dec. — Mar.
(90) Calyx erect convergent.
♦ Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Baron Ward, Jan. — May.
(91) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(92) Calyx conn i vent.
♦ Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Loddington, Oct. — Nov.
Striped.
Summer Strawberry, Sep.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Golden Bittersweet, Oct. — Jan.
Cells elliptical, abazile.
(93) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance,
Oct. — Jan.
Stoup Leadington, Nov. — Jan.
(94) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Winter Hawthomden, Nov. —
Dec.
Coloured.
American Mother, Oct.
(95) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(96) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Sugar-loaf Pippin, Aug.
Domino, Sep. — Oct.
Royal Codlin, Oct.
St. Sauveur, Oct.
Natural Pocket, Oct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Summer Gilliflower, Sep. — Oct.
Ru^get.
Grey Leadington, Nov. — Jan.
II. Tube Funnel-shaped.
(97)
Cells ronnd, axile.
Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Eggleton Styre, Oct. — Jan.
Betsey, Nov. — Jan.
Striped.
Formosa Nonpareil.
Coloured.
Cellini, Oct.— Nov.
Russet.
Guernsey Pippin, Dec. — Feb.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Challenge Pippin, Oct. — Jan.
Rosemary Russet, Oct. — Dec.
Herefordshire Pearmain, Nov.
—Mar.
(98) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Leyden Pippin, Aug.
CoUmred.
Bramley's Seedling, Oct. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Barcelona Pearmain, Nov. —
Mar,
Herefordshire Pearmain, Nov.
— Mar.
(99) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Oslin, Aug.
Lodgemore Nonpareil, Feb. —
June.
XXXll
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Coloured.
Ked Splash, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Eostocker, Nov. — May.
(100) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Calville Blanche d'Et^, Aug.—
Sep.
Walsgrove Wonder, Oct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Hunt's Early, Aug.
Kerry Pippin, Sep. — Oct.
Cherry Pearmain, Oct. — Jan.
Koyal Shepherd, Nov. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Lucombe's Seedling, Oct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec. — May.
Cells round, abaxile.
(101) Calyx divergent.
None.
(102) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Striped.
Shepherd's Newington.
(103) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(104) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Cornish G-illiflower.
Cells ovate, axile.
(105) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Golden Pippin, Nov. — Apr.
Duke of Gloucester, Dec.
Marble Pippin, Nov. — Jan.
Royal Somerset, Nov. — Mar.
Coloured.
Kingston Black, Oct. — Dec.
Bull's Golden Reinette, Dec. —
Jan.
Russet.
Pitmaston Golden Pippin, Dec.
—Feb.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Headcroft's Seedling, Oct. —
Dec.
Coloured.
Holbert's Victoria, Dec-
First and Last, Sep. — May.
Winter Pearmain, Dec. — Apr.
Russet.
Forman's Crew, Nov. — Apr.
(106) Calyx erect convergent,
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Black Taunton, Oct. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Bartod's Incomparable, Oct. —
Feb.
Coloured.
Margaret, Aug.
Emperor Alexander, Sep. — Dec.
Herefordshii-e Costard, Nov. —
Jan.
Bess Pool, Nov. — Mar.
(107) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
White Nonpareil, Dec. — Feb.
Strqjed.
Winter Whorle, Nov. — Mar.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Belle et Bonne, Oct. — Jan.
(108) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or ovate.
Pale.
Yellow Ingestrie, Sep. — Oct.
White Star, Oct.— Dec.
Striped.
Duchess of Oldenburg, Aug.
Coloured.
Red Astrachan, Aug.
Russet.
London Royal Russet, Oct. —
Dec.
Dundee, Dec. — Jan.
Wheeler's Russet, Nov. — Apr.
Royal Russet, Nov. — May.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Granny Giffard, Nov. — Apr.
Sam's Crab, Oct. — Nov.
Hangdown, Nov. — Feb.
STAMENS MEDIAN.
XXXIU
Coloured.
Haymaker, Aug.
Cells ovate, abaxile.
(109) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Catshead, Oct. — Jan.
(110) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Cohmred.
Bess Pool, Nov. — Mar.
(111) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(112) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Lord Derby, Oct. — Dec.
Coloured.
Birdstowe Wasp, Sep. — Oct.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Warner's King, Nov. — Mar.
Cells obovate, axile.
(113) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Downton Pippin, Nov. — Jan.
Birmingham Pippin, Jan. —
June.
Gooseberry, Nov. — July.
Striped.
Formosa Nonpareil, Nov. — Jan.
Coloured.
Broad-eyed Pippin, Sep. — Jan.
Borsdorfer, Nov. — Jan.
Blenheim Pippin, Nov, — Feb.
Court of Wick, Oct. — Mar.
Duchess's Favourite, Nov. —
Jan.
Maggie, Oct. — Dec.
Pearson's Plate, Dec. — Mar.
Lamb Abbey Pearmain, Jan. —
Apr.
Scarlet Golden Pippin, Nov. —
Apr.
Cellini, Oct.— Nov.
Gipsy King, Oct. — Dec.
Hermann's Pippin, Oct. — Jan.
Betty Geeson, Apr. — May.
Bustet.
Burchardt's Reinette,Oct. — Dec.
Cluster Golden Pippin, Nov. —
Mar.
Pine Golden Pippin, Oct. — Nov.
Robinson's Pippin, Dec. — Feb.
Morris's Russet, Oct. — Feb.
Golden Harvey, Dec. — May.
Ross Nonpareil, Nov. — Feb.
•♦ Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Betsey, Nov. — Jan.
Striped.
Goodyear Pippin, Sep.
Coloured.
Herefordshire Pearmain, Nov.
— Mar.
Pignose Pippin, Oct. — Dec.
Rosemary Russet, Dec. — Feb.
(114) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Small's Admirable, Nov. — Dec.
Striped.
Cook's Kernel, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured.
Cox's Orange Pippin, Oct. —
Feb.
Moss's Incomparable, Jan. —
Apr.
Norfolk Bearer, Dec. — Jan.
Premier, Oct. — Dec.
Wareham Russet, Oct. — Dec.
Sweet Lading, Oct. — Dec.
Wanstall, May — June.
Norfolk Beefing, Jan. — June.
Red Splash, Oct.— Dec.
Russet.
Corras Pippin, Oct. — Jan.
Reinette Grise, Nov. — May.
Sykehouse Russet, Oct. — Feb.
*• Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Lemon Pippin, Oct. — Apr.
Hubbard's Pearmain, Nov. —
Apr.
Striped.
Claygate Pearmain, Nov. — Mar.
Margaret, Aug.
Coloured.
Pomeroy of Somerset, Oct. —
Dec.
Herefordshire Pearmain, Nov.
—Mar.
C
XXXIV
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
(115) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Forester, Oct.— Jan.
Hormead Pearmain, Oct.— Mar.
Coloured.
Benoni, Sep.
Ked Royal, Oct.— Nov.
Lord Lennox, Oct. — Jan.
Brockhead, Nov. — Jan.
Norfolk Beefing, Jan.— June.
Busset.
Golden Knob, Dec— Mar.
(116) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Early Harvest, July— Aug.
Early Julyan, Aug.
Edinburgh Cluster, Nov.— Jan.
Winter Greening, Nov.— June.
Nonesuch Park, Nov.— Feb.
Coloured.
Irish Peach, Aug.
Royal Redstreak, Oct.— Nov.
Chaxhill Red, Oct.— June.
Dredge's Queen Charlotte, Dec.
— Mar.
Red Styre, Oct.— Dec.
Cornish Aromatic, Oct.— Jan.
Ribston Pippin, Nov.— Mar.
Maltster, Oct.— Dec.
Mannington's Pearmain, Nov.
— Mar,
Forge, Oct. — Jan.
Busset.
Princess Royal, Oct. — Jan.
Redleaf Russet, Dec— Feb.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Pine-apple Russet, Sep.— Oct.
Coloured.
Margaret, Aug.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec— May.
Herefordshire Spice, Oct.— Nov.
Jonathan, Dec— Apr,
Skyrme's Kernel, Oct.— Dec.
Spreading Norman, Oct,— Dec.
Plum, Oct,— Dec.
King of the Pippins, Oct.— Dec.
Busset.
Fitmaston Pine-apple, Dec-
Jan.
Cells olDOvate, a"baxile.
(117) Calyx divergent,
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Golden Ducat, Oct.— Nov.
Lady Henniker, Oct.— Feb.
Fall Pippin, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Colour-ed.
Adams's Pearmain,
(118) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Longstart, Oct, — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Nelson Codlin, Sep.— Jan.
Doctor Hogg, Nov.— Feb.
(119) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Ribston Pearmain, Nov. — Jan.
(120) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Striped.
Round Winter Nonesuch, Nov.
— Mar.
King of Tompkins County, Dec.
—Mar.
Coloured.
New Bess Pool, Oct.— Feb.
Malakovna, Oct. — Dec,
** Fruit conical or ovate,
Str'qjed.
Smart's Prince Arthur, Dec. —
Mar.
Coloured.
Cornish Gilliflower, Dec— May.
Winter Quoining, Nov.— Mar.
Cells elliptical, axile.
(121) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Court of Wick, Oct,— Mar.
Strijycd.
Fish's Pippin, Nov, — Jan.
** Fruit conical or oblate.
Pale.
Claygate Pearmain, Nov. — Mar.
STAMENS BASAL.
XXXV
(122) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Greenup's Pippin, Sep. — Jan.
Winter Pomeroy, Dec. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Russet.
Rough Pippin, Oct. — Jan.
Cockle's Pippin, Jan. — Apr.
(123) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Russet.
Brenchley Pippin, Nov. — May.
(124) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Charlemagne, Aug.
Striped.
Yellow Styre, Oct. — Dec.
Russet.
Boston Russet.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Haymaker, Aug.
Sack, Oct.— Nov.
London Pearmain, Oct. — Jan.
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
(125) Calyx divergent.
None.
(126) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Winter Hawthomden, Nov.-
Dec.
(127) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Kitchen Door, Oct. — Jan.
(128) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Munn's Red, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Domino, Sep. — Oct.
Deans' Codlin, Nov. — Feb.
Iron Pin, Jan. — Feb.
Striped.
Hodges's Seedling, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured.
July Pippin, Aug.
Grey Leadington, Nov. — Jan.
Russet.
Grey Leadington, Nov. — Jan.
Royale, Oct. — Dec.
C. STAMENS BASAL.
I. Tube Conical.
Cells round, axile.
(129) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Shepherd's Fame, Oct. — Mar.
(130) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Devonshire Buckland, Oct.-
Feb.
Coloured.
Winter Colman, Nov. — Apr.
Melon, Dec.
Russet.
Melcombe Russet, Oct. — Jan.
(131) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(132) Calyx connivent.
None.
Cells round, abaxile.
(183) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Gravenstein, Oct. — Dec.
(184) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(135) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Mere de Manage, Oct. — Jan.
(136) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Sugar-loaf Pippin, Nov. — Dec.
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Cells ovate, axile.
(137) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate,
ColouTed.
Braddick's Nonpareil, Nov. —
Apr.
(138) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Franklin's Grolden Pippin, Oct.
—Dec.
Coloured.
Calville Eouge d'Automne, Oct.
— Nov.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Emperor Alexander, Sep. —
Dec.
(139) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(140) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Sack and Sugar, July — Sep.
Coloured.
Ten Shillings, Nov.
Woodcock, Oct. — Dec.
Cells ovate, abaxile.
(141) Calyx divergent.
None.
(142) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(143) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(144) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Warner's King, Nov. — Jan.
Coloured.
Hollandbury, Oct. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Transparent Codlin, Sep. —
Nov.
Cells obovate, axile.
(145) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
White Musk, Oct.— Dec.
Queen Caroline, Oct. — Nov.
MinchuU Crab, Nov. — Mar.
Dumelow's Seedling, Nov. —
Mar.
Bringewood Pippin, Jan. — Mar.
Striped.
Green Woodcock, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured.
Cellini, Oct.— Nov.
(146) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Franklin's Golden Pippin, Oct.
—Dec.
Coloured.
Duke of Bedford, Dec— Feb.
Striped Beefing, Oct. — May.
D'Arcy Spice, Nov. — May.
Pusset.
Ostrogotha, Oct. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Sussex Mother, Sep.
Coloured.
Cowarne Quoining, Oct. — Jan.
(147) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Fair Maid of Taunton, Nov. —
Feb.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Striped.
Roundway Magnum Bonum,
Nov. — Apr.
Coloured.
Tyler's Kernel, Oct. — Jan.
D'Arcy Spice, Nov. — May.
(148) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Clarke's Pippin, Oct. — Dec.
Rhode Island Greening, Nov. —
Apr.
Eeinette de Canada, Nov. —
Apr.
Striped.
Sack and Sugar, July — Sep.
STAMENS BASAL.
XXXVll
Colmbred.
Dr. Hare's, Nov. — May.
Gloucestershire Quoining, Oct.
— Jan.
Ribston Pippin, Nov. — Mar.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Hanwell Souring, Dec. — Mar.
Coloured.
Cullen, Oct.— Dec.
Rivers's Nonesuch, Nov. — Jan.
Cells obovate, abaxile.
(149) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Breitling, Sep. — Jan.
Gloria Mundi, Oct. — Dec.
Dumelow's Seedling, Nov. —
Mar.
Coloured.
M6re de Manage, Oct. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Bedfordshire Foundling, Nov.
— Mar.
(160) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Striped Beefing, Oct. — May.
(151) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
M^re de Manage, Oct. — Jan.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Tyler's Kernel, Oct. — Jan.
(152) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Severn Bank, Oct.
Coloured.
Flower of Kent, Oct.— Jan.
Hambledon Deux Ans, Jan. —
May.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
English Codlin, Aug. — Sep.
Coloured.
Cullen, Oct.— Dec.
Harvey's Reinette, Oct. — Dec.
Cells elliptioal, axile.
(153) Calyx divergent.
None.
(154) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(155) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(156) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Hanwell Souring, Dec. — Mar.
Colo^ired.
Gloucestershire Costard, Oct. —
Jan.
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
(157) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Gravenstein, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Golden Spire, Oct. — Jan.
(158) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Castle Major, Oct. — Jan.
Coloured.
Tibbett's Pearmain, Oct. — Dec.
(159) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(160) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Sugar-loaf, Nov. — Dec.
II. Tube Funnel-shaped.
Cells round, axile.
(161) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Russet.
Federal Pearmain, Dec-
Mar.
(162) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(163) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Prince Bismark, Oct. — Jan.
XXXVIU
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured,
Rockley's, Oct.
(164) Calyx connivent.
None.
Cells round, abaxile.
(165) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Gravenstein, Oct. — Dec.
(166) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(167) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(168) Calyx connivent.
None.
Cells ovate, axile,
(169) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Dymock Eed.
(170) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Emperor Alexander, Sep. —
Dec.
(171) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(172) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Striped.
Duchess of Oldenburg, Aug. —
Sep.
Coloured.
Wadhurst Pippin, Oct.— Feb.
Russet.
Eeinette Van Mons, Dec. — May.
Cells ovate, abaxile.
(173) Calyx divergent.
None.
(174) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(175) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(176) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Warner's King, Nov. — Jan.
Striped.
Puffin, Oct.
Cells ob ovate, axile.
(177) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Fall Pippin, Oct.— Feb.
Dumelow's Seedling, |iNov. —
Mar.
Coloured.
Cellini, Oct.— Nov.
Strawberry Norman, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Golden Winter Pearmain, Oct.
— Jan.
Scarlet Pearmain, Oct. — ^Jan.
Baxter's Pearmain, Nov. — Mar.
(178) Calyx erect convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Herefordshire Beefing,''_Oct. —
Jan.
Penlee Pippin, Nov. — Apr.
(179) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Trumpington, Sep. — Dec.
Prince Bismark, Oct. — Jan.
Captain Kernel, Oct. — Jan.
Bromley, Oct.— Feb.
(180) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale,
Withington Fillbasket, Sep. —
Oct.
Coloured.
Gloucester Quoining, Oct. — Jan.
Kibston Pippin, Nov. — Mar.
Russet.
Eeinette Van Mons, Dec. — May.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Hanwell Souring, Dec— Mar.
Cells obovate, abaxile.
(181) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Dumelow's Seedling, Nov.—
Mar.
STAMENS BASAL.
XXXIX
(182) Calvx erect convergent.
None.
(183) Calyx flat convergent.
None.
(184) Calyx connivent.
None.
Cells elliptical, axile.
(185) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Red Ingestrie, Oct. — Nov.
(186) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(187) Calyx'.flat convergent.
None.
(188) Calyx^connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Mannington's Pearmain, Oct.-
Mar.
** Fruit^conical or ovate.
' Pale.
Hanwell Souring, Dec. — Mar.
CoUmred.
Washington, Oct. — Dec.
Cells elliptical, abaxile.
(189) Calyx divergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Gravenstein, Oct. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Pale.
Winter Codlin, Sept.— Feb.
(190) Calyx erect convergent.
None.
(191) Calyx flat convergent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Coloured.
Mead's Broading.
(192) Calyx connivent.
* Fruit round or oblate.
Pale.
Sugar-loaf Pippin, Nov. — Dec.
** Fruit conical or ovate.
Coloured.
Lane's Prince Albert, Oct. —
Mar.
THE FRUIT MANUAL
ALMONDS.
CLASSIFICATION OF ALMONDS.
1.— FRUIT, A THIN SPONGY HUSK.
A. KERNELS SWEET.
Shell Hard anrfj Woody,
Common Sweet.
Lar^j^e Fruited Sweet.
Shell Tender,
Tender-Shelled Sweet
Sultane.
Pistache.
Shell Hard and Woody,
Common Bitter.
Large Fraited| Bitter.
B. KERNELS BITTER.
Shell Tender.
Am^re a Noyau Tendre.
2.— FRUIT, A THICK SUCCULENT FLESH.
Peach Almond. »'
Abellan. See Tender-Shelled,
A Coque Tendre. See Tender- Shelled,
A Coque Tendre et a Fruit Douce. See Tender- Shelled, >
A Gros Fruit. See Large Fruited Sweet.
A Noyau Tendre. See Tender -Shelled,
A Petit Fruit. See Common Sweet,
A Petit Fruit Douce. See Common Sweet.
A Petit Fruit et Noyau Tendre. See Sultana.
Common. See Common Sweet.
COMMON SWEET (Common ; A Petit Fruit ; Commune ; A Petit
Fruit Douce ; Douce ; Gemeine HartschaWje : Siisse Mandel ; Kleine Siisse
Steinmandel). — Fruit, one inch and a quarter to one inch and three-
quarteru long, one inch and a half wide, and one inch and a quarter thick.
1
2 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Skin, pale green, and covered with a thick down. Stone, very hard and
thick, furrowed Hke that of a peach. Kernel, sweet, and terminated by
a sharp point. It ripens in the end of August. The flowers are always
produced before the leaves, and are very pale, nearly white.
Commune. See Common Sweet.
Damen. See Tender- Shelled.
Des Dames. See Tender' Shelled.
Douce. See Common Sweet.
Douce a Coque Dur. See Lair/e Fruited Sweet.
Douce a la Peau Molle. See Tender- Shelled.
Doux a Coque Tendre. See Tende?-- Shelled.
Gemeine Hartschalige. See Common Sweet.
Grosse Siisse. See Large Fruited Siveet,
Jordan. See Tender- Shelled.
Kleine Siisse. See Common Siveet.
Kleine Siisse Krachmandel. See Sultana.
Ladies' Thin-shell. See Tender- Shelled.
LAKGE FRUITED SWEET {Sweet ; Long Hard-shell ; A Gros
Fruit; Douce d, Coque Dur ; Grosse Siisse). — Fruit, large, about two
inches long, and an inch and a quarter broad, terminated at the point
by a nipple, and marked on one side with a deep suture, and covered
with a pretty thick down. Stalk, thick and short, placed on one side
of the base, and inserted in a deep and furrowed cavity. Stone, thick
and hard. Kernel, large, about an inch and a half long, sweet, and of
an excellent flavour. It ripens in the beginning of October.
Long Hard-shell. See Large Fruited Sweet.
PEACH (Peche). — This, which is of no real value, is singular from
being a hybrid between the almond and the peach, and possessing a
great deal of the character of both parents. It is covered with a very
thick and fleshy rind, which is charged with a bitter acid ; but in some
parts of France it acquires in warm seasons considerable succulence
and fla.vour ; even in the neighbourhood of Paris it attains as great
perfection as the Peches de vigne. The shell is very hard and thick,
as much so as that of the peach. Kernel, large, long, and pointed,
yellowish-white, and with a half-sweet, half-bitter flavour. It ripens in
the end of October.
This is a very old variety, beinf; mentioned by Camerarius, Gesner, Matthiolas,
end John and Caspar Bauhin, under the names of Amygdalo-Persicus, Persica
Amygdaloides, &c., Ac.
PISTACHE (Pistachia Sweet; Pistazien Mandel). — Fruit, small, less
so than the Sultana, about an inch and a quarter long, terminating in
ALMONDS. ' 3
a blunt point, and covered with fine down. The stone terminates in a
sharp point, and is about the size and shape of a Pistachia, hence the
name ; it is tender, but not so easily broken between the fingers as the
Tender-Shelled. The kernel is sweet and well-flavoured. It ripens in
the end of August.
This, of all others, is most esteemed in Provence and the southern departments
of France, particularly when it is green, as being then more relishing.
Pistachia Sweet. See Pistache.
Pistazien Mandel. See Pistache.
Princesse. See Tender- Shelled.
Prinzessia See Tender- Shelled.
Soft-Shelled Sweet. See Tender- Shelled,
Sultan. See Sultana.
SULTANA {A Petit Fruit et Noyau Tendre ; Sultane ; Sultana Sweet ;
Sultan ; Kleine Susse Krachmandel). — This is larger than the Pistache,
but much smaller than the Tender- Shelled Almond, of which it is a
variety, and possesses the same delicate shell. The kernel is sweet
and well-flavoured. It ripens in the beginning of September.
Sultana Sweet. See Sultana,
Sultane. See Sultana.
Sultane a Coque Tendre. See Tender- Shelled.
Siisse Elrachmandel. See Tender-Shelled.
Siisse Mandel. See Common Sweet.
Sweet. See Large Fruited Sweet.
TENDER-SHELLED (A Coque Tendre; A Noyau Tendre; Doux d
Coque Tendre ; Sultan a Coque Tendre ; Des Dames ; A Coque Tendre
et h Fruit Douce ; Douce d la Peau Molle ; Soft- Shell Sweet ; Ladie^
Thin-Shell ; Jordan ; Damen ; Prinzessin ; Siisse Krachmandel ; Abel-
Ian : Princesse). — Fruit, above one inch and a half long, and one inch
wide ; rather oval, at least more so than any of the other varieties,
convex on one side, and almost straight on the other, terminated with
a small point, and marked with a suture, which is higher on one side
than the other. Stalk, inserted in a plain cavity. Shell, very tender,
consisting of a network of large fibres, which are easily removed,
because the exterior layer is more tender than the interior, so much so
that it may be broken between the finger and thumb, and so porous as
to be easily rubbed to dust. Kernel, large, white, sweet, and relishing.
It ripens in the end of August and beginning of September.
The tree attains a good size, is vigorous, and bears well ; the flowers
are very small, and of a pale red colour, and are produced at the same
time as the leaves.
This is the Sweet or Jordan Almond of the fruit shops. It very frequently has
a double kernel.
4 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
BITTER ALMONDS. — Besides the common, there are several
varieties of Bitter Almond, such as the Large Fruited, the Tender-
Shelled, and the Amandier d'ltalie, but as they cannot be regarded as
esculent fruit, and as they are not likely ever to be cultivated in British
fruit gardens, even as objects of curiosity, it is foreign to the design of
this work to introduce them here.
APPLES.
ACKLAM RUSSET {Aclemy Russet).— Fvmi, below the medium
size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; round and
somewhat flattened, and bluntly angular. Skin, pale yellow tinged
with green, and covered with thin grey russet, particularly on the side
exposed to the sun, and sometimes it is quite covered with russet, so
much so that only small spots of the ground is visible. Eye, small
and closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a smooth, round, and
shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short,
inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, white with a greenish
tinge, firm, crisp, juicy, and highly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; ripe in November, and will
keep under favourable circumstances till March. The tree is very
hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds best in a dry soil, and is
well adapted for espalier training.
This variety originated at the village of Acklam, in Yorkshire.
Ackland Vale. See Orange Gof.
Aclemy Russet. See Acklam Russet.
ADAMS'S PEARMAIN (Hanging Pearmain; Norfolk Pippin).—
Fruit, large, varying from two inches and a half to three inches high,
and about the same in breadth at the widest part ; pearmain-shaped,
very even, and regularly formed. Skin, pale yellow, tinged with green,
and covered with delicate russet on the shaded side ; but deep yellow
tinged with red, and delicately streaked with livelier red, on the side
next the sun. Eye, small and open, with acute erect divergent seg-
ments, set in a narrow, round, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped, sometimes conical. Stalk, varying from half
an inch to an inch long, obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity,
and generally with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it. Flesh,
yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sugary, with an agreeable and plea-
santly perfumed flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to
February. It is a very handsome variety, and worthy of general
APPLES. 5'
cultivation. The tree is a free and healthy grower, i)roducing long
slender shoots, by which, and its spoon-shaped ovate leaves, it is easily
distinguished. It is an excellent bearer, even in a young state,
particularly on the paradise or doucin stock, and succeeds well as
an espalier.
I have endeavoured unsuccessfully to discover the origin of this valuable apple.
The name of Adams is that of a gentleman who, about the year 1826, gave
scions of it to the Horticultural Society of London under the name of Norfolk
Pippin, because he had received them from Norfolk. No evidence can be found
of its having at any time been considered a Norfolk apple ; and it was not till I
attended the first Pomological Meeting of the Woolhope Club at Hereford that I
obtained a clue as to its history. I there found it exhibited in almost every
collection as the Hanging Pearmain, and so widely is it grown in the county,
there cannot be any doubt that it is originally a Ilerefordshire apple. It is also
called Lady's Finger in the county, but as there is also a cider Lady's Finger, the
synonyme should be suppressed.
-^sopus Spitzenberg. See Esopus Spitzenberg.
Alexander. See Emperor Alexander,
ALEXANDRA {Bumjard's Seedliruj). — ^Fruit, small, roundish, of
the shape of Golden Harvey, even and regular in its outline. Skin,
yellowish, and covered with a thin coat of pale russet, with a blush
of orange on one side. Eye, small and half open, set in a wide basin.
Stalk, nearly an inch long, slender. Flesh, tender, very juicy, and very
richly flavoured, with a fine aroma.
This is a delicious little early apple ; ripe in the first week of
September.
It was raised by Messrs. Bunyard & Son, nurserymen, Maidstone, and first
fruited in 1868.
ALFRISTON {Lord Gwydijr's Newtoum Pippin ; Oldaker's New ;
Shepherd's Pipjnn ; Shepherd's Seedling). — Fruit of the largest size,
generally about three inches and a half wide, and from two and three-
quarters to three inches high ; roundish and angular on the sides.
Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and tinged with orange next
the sun, covered all over with veins, or reticulations of russet. Eye,
open, with erect convergent segments, set in a deep and uneven basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a
deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, sugary, and briskly
flavoured. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
This is one of the largest and best culinary apples. It comes into
use in the beginning of November and continues till April.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, very hardy, and an abun
dant bearer, but on strong soils that are not well drained it is apt to
canker.
This variety was raised by a person of the name of Shepherd, at Uckfield, in
Sussex, and has for many years been extensively cultivated in that county, under
the names of Shepherd's Seedling and Shepherd's Pippin. Some years ago a Mr.,
Brooker, of Alfriston, near Hailsham, sent specimens of the fruit to the London
Horticultural Society, and being unknown, it was called the Alfriston, a name by
which it is now generally known. By some it is erroneously called the Baltimore
and Newtown Pippin.
6 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ALGARKIRK BEAUTY (Algarkirk Seedling).— Fxuii, small, two
inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high;
roundish oblate, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, entirely
covered with brilliant crimson, which is streaked with darker crimson
except a small patch on the shaded side, which is orange. Eye, small,
half open, with erect convergent segments set in a shallow wide basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped, deep. Stalk, from half an
inch to an inch long, slender, set in a round russety cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, very tender, sweet, juicy, of good flavour, and with a
pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit or closed.
A very beautiful apple for the dessert. It is not of the first quality,
but is well worth growing for the fine appearance it has on the table.
It would be a very attractive market apple. Ripe in September.
ALLEN'S EVERLASTING.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two
inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches high ; oblate, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, becoming clearer yellow
as it ripens, and with a few faint streaks of red or a red cheek showing
through the russet coat ; sometimes it has a bright deep crimson
cheek next the sun, which extends almost all over the shaded side,
where it is paler, and also marked with a good deal of rough brown
russet. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Eye, large and open, set
in a wide and pretty deep round basin. Stalk, half an inch long,
slender, set in a wide deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet,
crisp, juicy, and richly flavoured, with a fine bouquet. Cells, obovate ;
axile.
A very useful apple either for the dessert or kitchen use. It keeps
well till May.
Althorp Pippin. See Marmalade Pippin.
AMASSIA. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and the
same high ; conical, like a small Codlin, narrowing abruptly to the
eye, where it forms a sort of snout. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow
on the shaded side, and washed with red, which is streaked with
bright crimson next the sun. Eye, very small and closed, set in a
narrow puckered basin surrounded with small knobs or ridges.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep wide funnel-shaped. Stalk, from a
half to three-quarters of an inch long, set in a pretty deep cavity.
Flesh, white, crisp, tender, very juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
Cells, wide open, ovate oblong ; abaxile.
A fine apple for kitchen use. It is excellent in a tart, and requires
no sugar. It does not cook to a pulp, the pieces retain the shape into
which they are cut.
This is a very beautiful and ornamental apple. On some soils, when
the fruit is much exposed to the sun, it is bright crimson all over,
marked with broken streaks on a bright yellow ground. It is the
apple most generally grown in Asia Minor, on the shores of the
Mediterranean.
APPLES. 7
American Fall Pippin. See Fall Pippin,
AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET.— Fruit, about the size of Golden
Harvey. In form it is roundish ovate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, yellow when ripe, and covered with patches of pale brown, or
rather ashen grey russet. Eye, closed, set in a narrow and shallow
basin. Stalk, an inch long and slender. Flesh, yellowish, very tender
and fine grained, juicy, rich, and with an aromatic flavour.
This is a very valuable dessert apple, and is in use from October to
January.
The origin of this variety is unknown, but it has long existed in America, being
mentioned by Coxe in 1817.
AMERICAN MOTHER {Mother Ajiple ; Queen Anne ; Gardener's
Aj)ple). — Fniit, medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and
the same in height ; conical, even, and slightly undulating on its sur-
face, and generally longer on one side of the axis than the other.
Skin, golden yellow, covered with mottles and streaks of crimson on
the side next the sun, and strewed with russet dots. Eye, small,
closed and tapering, set in a narrow basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch long, very
slender, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, remark-
ably tender, crisp, and breaking, very juicy, sweet, and with a balsamic
aroma. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile, wide and Codlin-like.
One of the finest dessert apples in October. In shape it resembles
Adams's Pearmain.
This is an American apple, and one of the few that ripen well in this country.
I may here state that the indiscriminate introduction and recommendation of
American fruits have led to grievous disappointment, and growers cannot exercise
too much caution in the reception of advice on this subject. I have distinguished
this as the " American " Mother Apple, as there are other varieties in this country
known as the Mother Apple. It originated at Bolton, Massachusetts.
American Newtown Pippin. See Newtown Pippin,
American Plate. See Golden Pipjnn,
AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN {Early Summer Pearmain).
— ^Fruit, medium sized, obloug, regularly and handsomely shaped.
Skin, yellow, covered with patches and streaks of hght red, on the
shaded side, and streaked with fine bright red, interspersed with
markings of yellow, on the side next the sun. Eye, set in a wide and
deep basin. Stalk, slender, inserted in a round and deep cavity.
Flesh, yellow, very tender, rich, and pleasantly flavoured.
An excellent early apple, either for dessert or kitchen use. It is
ripe in the end of August, and will keep till the end of September.
The tree is a healthy grower, a prolific bearer, and succeeds well
on hght soils.
AMPHLETT'S FAVOURITE.— Fniit, two inches and a half wide,
8 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and two inches high ; roundish oblate, prominently ribbed on the
sides, and with five prominent ridges round the crown. Skin, bright
red on the side next the sun, and striped with darker red, but where
shaded it is yellow with a greenish tinge ; over the base it is covered
with thin pale grey russet. Eye, with long, pointed, somewhat
divergent segments, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, conical. Stalk, short, and very slender, inserted its whole length
in the cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, juicy, and of good flavour.
Cells, round; axile, open.
A culinary apple of Herefordshire in use during the autumn and up
to Christmas.
Anglesea Pippin. See Red Astrachan.
ANNAT SCAKLET. — Fruit, two inches wide, and an inch and a.
half high ; roundish oblate, even and regular in its outline, and bear-
ing a close resemblance to Devonshire Quarrendon, both in shape and
colour. The flesh is also stained with red, but it is inferior in flavour
to Devonshire Quarrendon. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Cells, closed, round. It was raised by Mr. A. Gorrie, at Annat,
Perthshire.
ANNIE ELIZABETH.— Fruit, large, round, widest at the base,
prominently ribbed or angular. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side,,
streaked and spotted on the side next the sun with bright crimson.
Eye, with connivent segments, deeply set in an irregular angular
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, short, deeply
set, frequently with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, white, and
of firm, yet crisp and tender texture, with a fine, brisk, sprightly
flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
An excellent late kitchen or dessert apple.
A seedling raised by Messrs. Harrison & Sons, of Leicester. Keceived a First
Class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society, 1868.
API (Lady Apple ; Api Rouge ; Pomme d'Api ; Petit Api Rouge ;
Api Petit). — Fruit, small, oblate. Skin, thick, smooth, and shining,
yellowish green in the shade, changing to pale yellow as it attains
maturity, and deep glossy red, approaching to crimson, on the side
next the sun. Eye, small, set in a rather deep and plaited basin.
Stalk, short, and deeply inserted. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical-
Flesh, white, crisp, tender, sweet, very juicy, and slightly perfumed.
Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A beautiful little dessert apple in use from October to April. It
should be eaten with the skin on, as it is there that the perfume is.
contained. The skin is very sensitive of shade, and any device may be
formed upon it, by causing pieces of papers, in the form of the design
required, to adhere on the side exposed to the sun, before it has-
attained its deep red colour.
The tree is of a pyramidal habit of growth, healthy, and an abundant
APPLES. 9
bearer. It succeeds well in almost any situation, provided the soil is
rich, loamy, and not too light or dry ; and may be grown with equal
success either on the doucin or crab stock. When worked on the
French paradise it is well adapted for pot culture. The fruit is firmly
attached to the spurs and forcibly resists the effects of high winds.
It has been asserted that this apple was brought from Peloponessus to Rome by
Appius Claudius. Whether this be true or not, there can be no doubt it is of great
antiquity, as all the oldest authors regard it as the production of an age prior to
their own. Dalechamp and Harduin are of opinion that it is the Tetisia of
Pliny ; but J. Baptista Porta considers it to be the Appiana of that author, who
thus describes it, "Odor est his cotoneorum magnitudo quee Claudianis, color
rubens."* From this description it is evident that two varieties are referred to,
the Appiana and Claudiana. Such being the case, J. Baptista Porta says, *' duo
sunt apud nos mala, magnitudine, et colore paria, et preciosa, quorum unum
odorem servat cotoneorum, alterum minimd. Quod odore caret, vulgo dictum
Melo rosa. Id roseo colore perfusum est, mira teneritudine et sapore, rainime
fugax, pomum magnitudine media, ut facile cum ceteris de principatu certet, nee
indignum Claudii nomine. Hoc Claudianum dicerem."t This Melo Rosa may
possibly be the Pomme Rose or Gros Api ; and if so, we may infer that the Api
is the Appiana, and the Gros Api the Claudiana of Pliny, This, however, may
be mere conjecture, but as the authority referred to was a native of Naples, and
may be supposed to know something of the traditionary associations of the Roman
fruits, I have deemed it advisable to record his opinion on the subject.
According to Merlet, the Api was first discovertd as a wilding m the Forest of
Api, in Brittany.
Although mentioned by most of the early continental writers, the Api does not
appear to have been known in this country till towards the end of the 17th
century. It is first mentioned by Worlidge, who calls it "Pomme Appease, a
curious apple, lately propagated ; the fruit is small and pleasant, which the
Madams of France carry in their pockets, by reason they yield no unpleasant
scent." Lister, in his ''Journey to Paris, 1698," speaking of this as being one of
the apples served up in the dessert, says, " Al.»o the Pome d'Apis, which is served
here more for show than for use ; being a small flat apple, very beautiful, and
very red on one side, and pale or white on the other, and may serve the ladies at
their toilets as a pattern to paint by." De Quintinye calls it '* Une Pomme des
Damoiselles et de bonne compagnie."
Under the name of Lady Apple, large quantities of the Api are annually
imported to this country from the United States, where it is grown extensively
and profitably, as it always commands the highest price of any other fancy apple
in the market. In the winter months they may be seen encircled with various
coloured tissue papers, adorning the windows of the fruiterers in Covent Garden
Market.
There are other varieties mentioned by J. Baptista Porta as belonging to the Api
family ; one which ripened in August, in size like the Claudiana already men-
tioned, and commonly called Melo Appio Bosso, because it retained the scent of
the Api ; this is probably the Rother Sommer-api of Diel. There is another, of
which he says, " Assererem tuto esse Melapium Plinii," and which was held in
such estimation as to give rise to the proverb —
" Omme malum malum praeter appium malum.**
API ETOILLE {Pomme EtoilUe ; Sternapfel). — This is a variety of
the Api, from which it is distinguished by being very much flattened,
and furnished with five very prominent angles on the sides, which give
it the appearance of a star, hence its name. Skin, of a deep yellow on
• Plinii Hist. Nat. Lib. xt., cap. 14. t Villa, p. 278.
10 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
the shaded side, and reddish orange next the sun. It is a well-flavoured
apple, but only of second-rate quality ; and ripens about the middle or
end of September.
The variety received under this name by the London Horticultural Society must
have been incorrect, as in the last edition of their catalogue it is made synonymous
with Api Petit.
API GROS {Pomme Rose; Fomme d'Api Gros ; Fasse-rose). —
Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and
two inches high ; oblate. Skin, pale green, changing as it ripens to
pale 3^ellow on the shaded side, and pale red, mottled with green,
where exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow
and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide, rather deep, and
russety cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, very juicy, and briskly
flavoured.
Suitable either for the dessert, or for culinary purposes ; it is inferior
to the Api and not a first-rate apple. In use from December to March.
The tree has much similarity to the Api in its growth, and is a good
bearer.
This is a variety of Api, and closely resembles it in all its parts, except
that it is much larger. "La Pomme Kose resemble extremement partout son
exterieur a la Pomme d*Apis, mais a mon godt elle ne la vaut pas quoy que
puissent dire les curieux du Rhone, qui la veulent autant elever aussi au dessus
des autres, qu'ils elevent la Poire Chat au dessus des autres Poires." — De
Quintinye.
API NOIR. — Fruit, small, but a little larger and somewhat flatter
than the Api, to which it bears a close resemblance. Skin, tender,
smooth, and shining as if varnished, and almost entirely covered, where
exposed to the sun, with very dark crimson, almost approaching to
black, like the Pomme Violette, but becoming paler towards the shaded
side, where there is generally a patch of light j^ellow ; it is strewed
with fawn-coloured dots, and some markings of russet. Eye, very
small, set in a pretty deep and plaited basin. Stalk, slender, about
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep, wide, and
funnel-shaped cavity, which is slightly marked with russet. Flesh,
pure white, firm and juicy, tinged with red under the skin, and with
a pleasant, vinous, and slightly perfumed flavour.
A dessert apple, inferior to the Api, and cultivated merely for
curiosity. It is in use from November to April, but is very apt to
become mealy. The habit of the tree is similar to that of the Api,
but it is rather a larger grower.
Api Petit. See Api.
Api Rouge. See Api.
Aporta. See Emperor Alexander.
Arbroath Pippin. See Oslin.
Arley. See Wyken Pij>pin.
APPIJ2S. 11
AROMATIC RUSSET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
half wide, and about two inches and a quarter high ; roundish ovate,
and flattened at both ends. Skin, greenish yellow, almost entirely
covered with brownish grey russet, strewed with brownish scales on
the shaded side, and slightly tinged with brownish red, strewed with
silvery scales on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and open,
with broad recurved segments, and set in a rather shallow basin.
Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and round cavity. Flesh, greenish
yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary, and richly aromatic.
A very richly flavoured dessert apple of the first quality, in use from
December to February.
The tree is very hardy, and an abundant bearer.
The Golden Russet is often confounded with this, but the former is covered with
cinnainun-coloored russet and has often a bright red cheek next the sun as if
varnished.
ASHMEAD'S KERNEL.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a half to two and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter to
two and a half high, round and flattened, but sometimes considerably
elongated. Skin, light greenish yellow, covered with yellowish brown
russet, and a tinge of brownish orange next the sun. Eye, small and
partially open, placed in a moderately deep round and plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a round
and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, rich,
and highly aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of the very first quality, possessing all the richness
of the Nonpareil, but with a more sugary juice. It comes into use in
November, and is in greatest perfection from Christmas till May.
The tree is very hardy, an excellent bearer, and will succeed in
situations unfavourable to the Nonpareil, to which its leaves and shoots
bear such a similarity as to justify Mr. Lindley in believing it to be a
seedling from that variety.
I have seen an apple called Improved Ashmead's Kernel^ which is no
improvement at all. It is much like the old one, and has more orange
next the sun.
This delightful apple was raised at Gloucester, about the beginning of last
century, by Dr. Ashmead, an eminent physician of that city. The original tree
existed within the first quarter of the present century, in what had originally
been Dr. Ashmead's garden, but was destroyed in consequence of the ground
being required for building. It stood on the spot now occupied by Clarence Street.
It is difficult to ascertain the exact period when it was raised ; but the late Mr.
Hignell, an orchardist at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, informed me in 1840
that the first time he ever saw the fruit of Ashmead's Kernel was from a tree in
the nursery of Mr. Wheeler, of Gloucester, in the year 1796, and that the tree in
question had been worked from the original, and was at that time upwards of
thirty years old. From this it may be inferred that the original tree had attained
some celebrity by the middle of last century. Ashmead's Kernel has long been a
favourite apple in all the gardens of West Gloucestershire, but it does not seem to
have been known in other parts of the country. Like the Ribston Pippin it appears
to have remained long in obscurity, before its value was generally appreciated ; it
12 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
is not even mentioned in the catalogue of the extensive collection which was cul-
tivated by Miller and Sweet, of Bristol, in 1790. I find it was cultivated in the
Brompton Park Nursery in 1780, at which time it was received from Mr. Wheeler,
nurseryman, of Gloucester, who was author of " The Botanist's and Gardener's
Dictionary," published in 1763, and great-grandfather of the present proprietor of
the nursery.
Astrachan. See White Astrachan.
AUGUSTUS PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size ; pearmain-
shaped, regular and handsome. Skin, thick and membranous, yellow
in the shade, and marked with a few broken stripes of red ; but red,
streaked all over with deeper red, on the side next the sun ; it is
dotted with grey dots, and sometimes marked with patches of grey-
coloured russet, which is strewed with scales of a darker colour. Eye,
small and closed, with long segments, set in a narrow and even basin.
Stalk, very short, not protruding beyond the base, and having the
appearance of a knob obliquely attached. Flesh, tender, juicy, brisk,
and vinous, with a pleasant aromatic flavour.
A dessert apple, generally of only second-rate quality ; but in some
seasons it is of a rich flavour and of first-rate quality.
It is in use from November to Christmas.
Aurore. See Golden Reinette.
Autumn Calville. See Calville Rouge d'Automne.
Autumn Bed Calville. See Calville Rouge d' Automne,
Autumn Pearmain. See Summer Pearmain,
BACHELOR'S GLORY. — Fruit large, three inches wide, and two
and three-quarters high ; roundish and irregularly ribbed, generally
higher on one side of the eye than on the other. Skin, smooth and
shining, striped with deep golden yellow, and crimson stripes. Eye,
closed, with broad flat segments, and set in a plaited, irregular, and
angular basin. Stalk, about half an inch long, deeply inserted in a
funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with rough scaly russet. Flesh,
yellow, tender, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
A second-rate fruit, suitable either for the dessert or culinary pur-
poses ; in use from October to November.
This is a variety grown in the neighbourhood of Lancaster, where it is much
esteemed, but in the southern districts, where the more choice varieties can be
brought to perfection, it can only rank as a second -rate Iruit.
Bache's Kernel. See Best Bache.
Baddow Pippin. See D'Arcy Spice.
BALCHIN'S PEARMAIN. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and the same high. Roundish in shape, but
narrowing a little towards the apex, one side of which is higher than
the other. Skin, smooth and lemon yellow, with a few scattered
broken streaks of pale crimson on the shaded side, and a light crimson
APPLES. IB
cheek marked with broken stripes of darker crimson on the side
exposed to the sun ; the whole surface is strewed very thinly with
small brown dots. Eye, small and open, with erect pointed segments,
and set in a deep and wide basin. Stalk, short and slender, the cavity
of which is very shallow and straight, not unlike that of Kerry Pippin.
Flesh, white, firm, crisp, very juicy, sugary, and well-flavoured.
An excellent apple, either for the dessert or kitchen purposes, the
great recommendation of which is that it keeps in sound condition till
May. So highly was it appreciated by the Fruit Committee of the
Hoyal Horticultural Society that it was awarded a first-class certificate
in 1867.
This was raised by Mr. Balchin, Master of the Union, Dorking.
BALDWIN (Red Baldwin; Butters; Woodpecker). — Fruit, large,
three inches and a half wide, and about three inches high ; ovato-
conical. Skin, smooth, yellow on the shaded side, and on the side
next the sun deep orange, covered with stripes of bright red, which
sometimes extend over the whole surface to the shaded side, and
marked with large russety dots. Eye, closed, set in a deep, narrow,
and plaited basin. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, and inserted in
a deep cavity, from which issue ramifying patches of russet. Flesh,
yellowish, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly acid, with a rich and agreeable
flavour.
A culinary apple, in season from November to March. The tree is
vigorous, and an abundant bearer ; but, like the generality of the
American sorts, it does not attain the size or flavour in this country
which it does in its native soil.
This is considered one of the finest apples in the Northern States of America,
and is extensively grown in Massachusetts, for the supply of the Boston market.
Balgone Pippin. See Golden Pippin.
Baltimore. See Gloria Mundi.
BANK APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quar-
ters wide, and about two inches and a half high ; roundish-ovate,
regularly and handsomely formed. Skin, greenish yellow, with a
blush and faint streaks of red next the sun, dotted all over with
minute dots, and marked with several large spots of rough russet ; the
base is covered with a coating of russet, strewed with silvery scales.
Eye, large and open, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, half
an inch long, obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy prominence.
Flesh, firm, crisp, brisk, juicy, and pleasantly acid, resembUng the
Winter Greening in flavour.
It is an excellent culinary apple, in use from November to
February ; but as it has nothing to recommend it, in preference to
other varieties already in cultivation, it need only be grown in large
colietitions.
The original tree was produced from a pip, accidentally sown in the home
14 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
nursery of Messrs. Konalds, of Brentford, and from growing on a bank by the side
of a ditch, it was called the Bank Apple.
BARCELONA PEARMAIN (.Speckled Golden Beinette ; Speckled
Pearmain ; Polinla Pearmam). — Fruit, below medium size, two
inches and a half wide, and the same high ; ovate. Skin, clear pale
yellow, mottled with red in the shade, but dark red next the sun, the
whole covered with numerous star-like russety specks, those on the
shaded side being brownish, and those next the sun yellow. Eye,
small and open, with erect acuminate segments, and set in a round,
even, and pretty deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow cavity,
which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, very
juicy, and with a rich, vinous, and highly aromatic flavour. Cells,
roundish oblate ; axile,
One of the best dessert apples, and equally valuable for culinary
purposes. It comes to perfection about the end of November, and
continues in use till March.
The tree is a free grower, but does not attain the largest size. It is
very hardy, an abundant bearer, and succeeds well either as a standard
or an espalier.
In the third edition of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, this is said to be
the same as Reinette Rouge. I do not think that it is the Reinette Rouge of the
French, which Duhamel describes as being white, or clear yellow in the shade,
having often prominent ribs round the eye, which extend down the sides, so as to
render the shape angular ; a character at variance with that of the Barcelona
Pearmain. But I have no doubt of its being the Reinette Rousse of the same author,
which is described at page 302, vol. i., as a variety of Reinette Franche, and which
he says is of an elongated shape, skin marked with a great number of russety spots,
the most part of which are of a longish figure, so much so, when it is ripe, it
appears as if variegated with yellow and red ; a character in every way applicable
to the Barcelona Pearmain.
BARCHARD'S SEEDLING. —Fruit, below medium size ; roundish
ovate, with broad obtuse angles on the sides, terminating in knobs
round the crown. Skin, clear greenish yellow on the shaded side, and
lemon yellow, striped and suffused with bright crimson, on the side
next the sun and all the exposed parts. Eye, wide open, set in a
rather deep plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, half an inch to an inch long, slender, deeply set. Flesh,
yellowish white, firm, crisp, sweet, and with a fine brisk sub-acid
flavour, like that of Manks Codlin. Cells, round or obovate ; axile,
sht.
An excellent culinary or dessert apple ; ripe in October. The tree is
a constant bearer.
It is now much grown in some of the market gardens about London,
its fine colour making it attractive in the markets. In shape and in
colour it has a resemblance to the Nonesuch.
This was raised by Mr. Higgs, gardener to R. Barchard, Esq., Putney Heath,
Surrey, and was brought into notice by being exhibited by Mr. Alexander Dancer,
of Fulham, at a meeting of the British Pomological Society, in 1856.
APPLES. 15
BARON "WARD. — Fruit, small, two and a quarter inches wide, and
two inches high ; roundish ovate. Skin, smooth and shining, of a fine
uniform deep yellow colour, marked with broken streaks of pale red
Dext the sun. Eye, slightly open, and not much depressed, set in a
shallow plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very
short. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, and agreeably acid. Cells, elliptical ;
axile.
This is an excellent apple for culinary purposes, but its small size is
a great objection to it. It is in use from January till May.
This was raised, from Dumelow's Seedling, in 1850, by Mr. Samuel Bradley,
at Elton Manor, Nottingham, and first exhibited at the British Pomological Society,
May 5th, 1859.
BARTON'S INCOMPARABLE.— Fruit, below medium size; in
shape somewhat like a Golden Pippin, ovate or conical, with obtuse
ribs on the sides, which terminate in ridges round the eye. Skin,
yellowish green, covered with patches of pale brown russet, thickly
strewed with large russety freckles, like the Barcelona Pearmain, and
tinged with orange next the sun. Eye, small, open, with erect seg-
ments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a narrow and angular basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, nearly three-quarters
of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and round cavity. Flesh, yel-
lowish white, tender, crisp, brittle, very juicy, and when eaten is quite
a mouthful of lively, vinous juice. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of the highest excellence ; in use from October to
February.
The tree is a good and healthy grower, attains a considerable size,
and is an excellent bearer.
This variety seems to be but little known, and, considering its excellence, too
rarely cultivated. I am not aware that it exists in any of the nurseries, or that it
was at any period extensively propagated. The only place where I ever met with
it was in the private garden of the late Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith, whence I pro-
cured grafts from a tree in the last stage of decay.
BASCOMBE MYSTERY.— Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches high ; roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed on the sides, and
with ridges round the eye. Skin, of an uniform grass green colour,
changing to greenish yellow as it ripens. Eye, closed, with erect
segments, which are pointed and reflexed at the tips, and set in a
narrow, shallow, and ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short,
conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a wide and deep
cavity. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a delicate perfume.
Cells, round ; axile, closed.
An excellent dessert apple, with tender flesh ; ripe in November and
December.
BASTARD FOXWHELP.— Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters
wide, and an inch and a half high ; oblate, sometimes inclining to
roimdish, even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth, and shining as
16
THE FEUIT MANUAL.
if varnished, entirely covered with bright crimson, and striped with
darker crimson on the side exposed to the sun ; but on the shaded
side it is greenish yellow striped with crimson ; the stalk cavity only
is lined with russet. Eye, very small, and closed with short connivent
segments. Stamens, marginal; tube, conical. Stalk, very long and
slender at its insertion and throughout its length, except at the end ;
inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, stained with red ; firm,
and unusually acid. Cells, round ; axile, slit.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
BAUMANN'S REINETTE.— Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide,
and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, with blunt angles on the
sides, which extend to the crown, and form ridges round the eye. Skin,
smooth, bright yellow, tinged with bright red on the shaded side, and a
briUiant red cheek on the side next the sun, with a large stellate patch
of russet over the base, the whole surface strewed with imbedded pearly
specks. Eye, small and closed, with erect pointed segments, and set
in a narrow, rather deep, and ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep
narrow cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy, and with a pleasant aroma.
Cells, oblate ; axile, open.
A good but not high-class dessert apple. It is, however, very
beautiful, and in the eye and round the crown resembles Pomme de
Neige. It is ripe in the end of November, and keeps till March.
It was raised by MM, Baumann, of Bolwyller, in Alsace.
BAXTER'S PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
half wide, and the same high ; roundish ovate or conical, ^nd slightly
angular. Skin, pale green, but tinged with red, and marked with a
few indistinct streaks of darker red on the side exposed to the sun.
Eye, open, with long spreading segments, and placed in a moderately
deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and
thick, not deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, firm, brisk, and sugary,
and with an abundance of pleasantly acid juice. Cells, obovate ; axile.
An excellent apple, suitable either for culinary purposes or the des-
sert ; in use from November to March.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, a most abundant bearer, and even in
seasons when other varieties fail this is almost safe to ensure a plen-
tiful crop. It is extensively cultivated in Norfolk, and deserves to be
more generally known in other districts of the country.
Bay. See Brap (TOr.
Bayfordbury Pippin. See Golden Pippin.
BEACHAMWELL {Motteux's Seedling). — Fruit, small, about two
inches wide, and the same in height ; ovate or conical, handsomely and
regularly formed. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with patches and
dots of russet, particularly round the eye. Eye, small and open, set
APPLES. 17
in a sliallow, narrow, and even basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
conical. Stalk, about half an inch to three-quarters long, almost
imbedded in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp,
and very juicy, with a rich, brisk, and sugary flavour. Cells, oblate ;
axile.
A rich and deUciously flavoured dessert apple, of the highest excel-
lence ; in use from December to March.
The tree is perfectly hardy, a healthy and vigorous grower, but does
not attain a large size ; it is an excellent bearer.
This variety was raised by John Motteux, Esq., of Beachamwell, in Norfolk,
where, according to Mr. George Lindley, the original tree still existed in 1831.
It is not very generally cultivated, but ought to form one even in the smallest
collection.
BEAUTY OF KENT.— Fruit, large ; roundish ovate, broad and
flattened at the base, and narrowing towards the apex, where it is
terminated by several prominent ridges. Skin, deep yellow slightly
tinged with green, and marked with faint patches of red on the shaded
eide ; but entirely covered with deep red, except where there are a few
patches of deep yellow, on the side next the sun. Eye, small and
closed, with short erect segments, and set in a narrow and angular
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, short, inserted
in a wide and deep cavity, which, with the base, is entirel}'' covered
with brown russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and juicy, with a plea-
sant sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile.
A valuable and now well-known culinary apple ; in use from October
to February. When well-grown, the Beauty of Kent is perhaps the
most magnificent apple in cultivation. Its great size, the beauty of its
colouring, the tenderness of the flesh, and a profusion of sub-acid juice,
constitute it one of our most popular winter apples for culinary purposes,
nnd one of the most desirable and useful, either for a small garden, or
for more extended cultivation.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, attains a large size, and
is a good bearer ; but I have always found it subject to canker
when grown on the paradise stock, and in soils which are moist and
heavy.
I have not been able to ascertain the time when, or the place where, this variety
originated. It is first noticed by Forsvth in his Treatise on Fruit Trees, but is not
mentioned in any of the nurserymen's catalogues, either of the last or the early
part of the present century. It was introduced to the Brompton I'ark Nursery
about the year 1820, and is now as extensively cultivated as most other leading
varieties. In America, Downing says, " the fruit in this climate is one of the
most magnificent of all a])ples, frequently measuring sixteen or eighteen inches in
circumfert-nce." Tliis has a good deal of resemblance to the liambour Franc of
the French pomologisis.
BEAUTY OF WALTHAM.— Fruit, medium sized, of a slight
Pearmain shape, flattened at both ends ; large, being somewhat
angular. Skin, greenish yellow, streaked and flushed with crimson
on the side next the sun. Eye, large, open, deeply set. Stalk,
2
18 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
very long and slender, deeply set in a very regularly formed cavity.
Flesh, soft, yellowish, sweet, and pleasant, but somewhat wanting
in juiciness. A very pretty apple for dessert use in September and
October.
This was raised by Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross, and exhibited by him.
at the Royal Horticultural Society in 1868.
BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING {Cambridge Pippin).— Frmir
large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches and a half
high ; roundish ovate, inclining to oblong, with irregular and pro-
minent angles on the side, which extend to the apex, and form ridges
round the eye. Skin, dark green at first, and changing as it attain*
maturity to pale greenish yellow on the shaded side ; but tinged with
orange on the side next the sun, and strewed with a few fawn-coloured
dots. Eye, open, set in a deep, narrow, and angular basin. Stamens^
basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh,,
yellowish, tender, pleasantly sub-acid, and with a somewhat sugary
flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
An excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from Novem-
ber to March.
BEDFORDSHIRE TWIN.— This is a true twin fruit, being twa
apples on one stalk, and so closely united at the base and on one sid&
as to form one apple with two perfectly distinct eyes. The section is
three inches and a quarter long, by two inches and an eighth deep..
Skin, yellow, strewed with russet dots, and streaked with red. Eye^
with erect half open segments set in a deep depression. Stamens, mar-
ginal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, very short, and quite imbedded in
the cavity. Flesh, firm, pleasantly sub-acid, and with a good though
not a rich flavour. Cells, axile, closed.
A very firm, solid, long-keeping apple, continuing in use till
April.
This curious apple was sent me in 1877 by Mr. G. B. Clarke, a chemist and
druggist, of Woburn, Bedfordshire. It is totally distinct from the Cluster Golden
Pippin, which frequently produces the fruit in pairs, for almost invariably the Bed-
fordshire Twin is in this condition. Mr. Clarke informed me that he found this ir*
the garden of Mr. Bowler, a butcher at Husboriie Crawley, near Woburn, who'
about twenty years previously obtained the grafts from the orchard of a Mr. George,,
who lived at Bythorne, near Huntingdon.
The twin fruits vary considerably in the degree of the twin development. Ii>
some there is the mere suspicion of a swelling surmounted with a small " eye" ;
others have a small twin the size of a hazel nut attached to one four times its size^
while the perfect apple is in pairs of equal size.
BELLE BONNE (Winte?- Belle Bonne; Bellijhand ; Uolland). —
Fruit, above medium size, from two and a half to three inches wide,,
and two and three-quarters to three and a quarter high ; conical,
even and regular in its outline ; narrow at the crown. Skin, thick,
smooth, with only a few traces and thin patches of russet network
here and there, pale greenish yellow, and marked with a few reddish,
streaks on the side next the sun, and sometimes it has a brownish
APPLES. 19
tingo on the exposed side near the stalk, which, when the fruit is ripe,
becomes lively red. Eye, small and closed, with flat segments set in
a narrow, plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and sometimes obliquely inserted
under a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, firm, juicy, crisp, and well flavoured.
Cells, roundish ovate ; axile.
A valuable culinary apple ; in use from October to January. The
tree is very hardy, a strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, and a good
bearer.
This is a very old English variety. It was known to Parkinson so early as 1629,
and also to Worlidge and Bay. Bat it is not noticed by any subsequent author,
nor in any of the nursery catalogues of the last century, until discovered by
George Lindlcy, growing in a garden at Gatton, near Norwich, and published
by him in the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society, vol. iv., p. 58.
He seems to be uncertain whether it is the Summer or Winter Belle Bonne of these
early authors, but Worlidge's description leaves no doubt as to its identity. He
says, " The Summer Belle et Bonne is a good bearer, but the fruit is not long
lasting. The Winter Belle and Bon is much to be preferred to the Summer in
every respect." I have no doubt, therefore, that the latter is the Belle Bonue of
Lindley. Parkinson says " they are both fair fruit to look on, being yellow, and
of a meane (medium) bignesse."
BELLEDGE PIPPIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish, narrowing a little towards
the apex, regularly and handsomely formed. Skin, pale green, changing
to yellow as it ripens, with a tinge of brown where exposed to the sun,
and strewed with grey russety dots. Eye, small, partially closed with
short segments, and placed in a round, narrow, and rather shallow
basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round and deep cavity.
Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, soft, brisk, sugary, and aromatic.
An excellent, but not first-rate, apple ; suitable either for the dessert
or culinary purposes. It is in use from November to March.
Belle Dubois. See Gloria Mundi.
BELLE GRIDELINE. — Fruit, medium sized ; round and regularly
formed. Skin, clear yellow, marbled and washed with clear red, and
intermixed with thin grey russet next the sun. Eye, set in a deep,
round basin. Stalk, slender, deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh,
white, firm, crisp, and briskly flavoured.
An excellent dessert apple ; in season from December to March. The
tree is healthy and vigorous, of the middle size, and an excellent bearer.
This beautiful variety was first brought into notice by Mr. George Lindley, who
found it growing in a small garden near Surrey Street Gates, Norwich, where it
had originated about the year 1770. Mr. Lindley first propagated it in 1793, and
the original tree died about seven years afterwards.
Bell's Scarlet. See Scarlet Pearmain,
BENNET APPLE. — Fruit, rather small, conical, irregularly shaped,
broad at the base, and narrow at the apex, but sometimes broader at
the middle than either of the extremities, with distinctly five angles.
20 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
which terminate at the eye. Skin, yellow, dingy-coloured russety grey
in the shade, and on the sunny side deep clear red, with numerous
streaks and patches of orange colour and muddy red. Eye, small and
nearly closed, with very short, flat segments. Stamen's, marginal ;
tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, and very slender, sometimes
obliquely inserted by the side of a prominent protuberance. Flesh,
yellowish, with a greenish tinge under the skin, tender, juicy, sweet,
and without much acidity. Cells, elliptical ; axile.
The specific gravity of the juice is 1073.
This is a good cider apple, and produces liquor of great excellence when mixed
with other varieties. It is chiefly grown in the deep strong soils of the south-west
part of Herefordshire, and is common in the district known as the Golden Vale.
Knight says it was a very old variety, and was known previous to the 17th century,
but I have not been able to find any record of it in the early works on Pomology.
BENONI. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide,
by two and a quarter high ; roundish oblate, even and regular in its
outline except at the crown, where it is somewhat undulating, and
generally higher on one side than the other. Skin, when fully ripe,
rich yellow, with a crimson cheek where exposed to the sun, with
short, broken streaks of darker crimson ; here and there, especially
towards the crown, there are patches of russet. Eye, closed, with
flat segments, set in a rather deep and irregular basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch
long, very slender, and deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh,
yellow, very tender and delicate, sweet, brisk, with a remarkably high
perfume, Hke that of pine apple. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A delicious dessert apple, ripe in September.
This is an American apple, and originated at Dedham, in Massachusetts. It
■was introduced to this country by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, to whom I am
indebted for the specimens from which this description is taken.
BENWELL'S PE ARM AIN. — Fruit, medium sized; Pearmain-
shaped. Skin, dull green, with broken stripes of dull red on the side
next the sun. Eye, small, set in a shallow and slightly plaited basin.
Stalk, deeply inserted in a round cavity, scarcely protruding beyond
the base. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, and aromatic.
A dessert apple ; in use from December to January.
It received its name from a gentleman of the name of Benwell, of Henley-on-
Thames, from whom it was received and brought into cultivation by Kirke, a
nurseryman at Brompton.
BERE COURT PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized ; round, and slightly
flattened. Skin, pale green, and changing to yellow as it ripens, with
stripes of red next the sun. Eye, open, placed in a wide and shallow
basin. Stalk, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, crisp, juicy, and
briskly acid.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use during September and October.
This variety was raised by the Rev, S. Breedon, D.D., of Bere Court, near
Pangbourne, in Berkshire.
APPLES. 21
BESS POOL. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and nearly three inches high ; roundish ovate, inclining
to conical, and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow with a few markings
of red on the shaded side ; but where exposed to the sun it is almost
entirely washed and striped with fine clear red. Eye, small and par-
tially open, with erect convergent segments, set in a rather deep and
plaited basin, which is surrounded with five prominent knobbed plaits.
Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and thick,
inserted in a rather shallow cavity, with generally a fleshy protuberance
on one side of it, and a knobbed end, and surrounded with yellowish
brown russet, which extends over a considerable portion of the base.
Flesh, white, sometimes stained with red tinder the skin, tender, and
juicy, with a sweet vinous flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, open, or abaxile.
A very handsome and excellent apple, either for culinary or dessert
use. It is in season from November to March.
The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, but an indifi'erent bearer till it
is old. The flowers are very late in expanding, and are, therefore, not
liable to be injured by spring frosts ; but they are so crowded in
clusters, and the stalks are so slender and weak, they sufl'er much if
attacked by honeydew or aphis.
This is a Nottinghamshire apple. In a communication I received from the late
Mr. J. R. Pearson, of Chilwell, he says, " My father became so in love with the
Bess Pool that he planted it largely. lie used to tell how a girl named Bess Pool
found in a wood the seedling tree full of ripe fruit ; how, showing the apples in her
father's house — he kept a village inn — the tree became known, and my grandfather
procured grafts. lie would then show the teven first-planted trees of the kind in
one of our nurseries ; tell how Loudon had been to see them and given an account
of them in his Gardeners^ Magazine ; make his visitors try to clasp round their
boles, and measure the space covered by their branches. He would then boast how,
one season, when apples were very scarce, the fruit of these trees was sold at 7s. 6d.
a peck, and made £70, or an average of £10 a tree.
" So far from thinking the Bess Pool a regular bearer, I believe it to be a very
uncertain one, and anything but a profitable one to plant."
BEST BACHE {Bache's Kernel).— Fruit, medium sized ; oblong,
with obtuse angles on the sides, which extend to the apex. Skin,
yellow, shaded with pale red, and streaked with darker red, interspersed
with a few black specks. Eye, small, segments short and flat. Stalk,
short and stout.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1073.
A cider apple, grown in the south-east part of Herefordshire.
BETSEY. — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and an inch and
three-quarters high ; roundish, inclining to conical and flattened.
Skin, dark green at first, and considerably covered with ashy grey
russet, but changing to pale yellow, and with a brownish tinge on the
side next the sun. Eye, open, with short reflexed segments, and set in
a very shallow depression. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, short, about a quarter of an inch long, with a fleshy protuberance
on one side of it, and inserted in a shallow and narrow cavity. Fleshy
22 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary. Cells, open, pointed,
oblato-obovate.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, in use from November to
January.
BETTY GEESON.— Fruit, two inches and three-quarters wide,
and two inches high, quite flat and with obtuse ribs on the sides.
Skin, smooth and shining, of a fine bright yellow colour, and a deep
blush on the side next the sun. Eye, large, open, with divergent
segments, and set in a deep, wide, and irregular basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, slender,
deeply set in a wide cavity. Flesh, white, tender, sweet, and with a
brisk acidity. Cells, obovate, open.
A valuable late-keeping kitchen apple, which continues in use till
April or May. The tree is a great bearer, and from its small growth
is well adapted for bush culture.
In the last edition of this work I described Betty Geeson as a Yorkshire apple.
It is really a "Worcestershire variety, and was sent to a meeting of the British
Pomological Society, in 1854, by Dr. Davies, of Pershore, by whom grafts were
distributed among the members of the Society.
Bide's Walking-stick. See Burr-knot,
BIGGS'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, medium sized ; round, and broadest
at the base. Skin, yellow, striped with bright crimson next the sun.
Eye, open, with long reflexed segments, set in a wide and deep basin.
Stalk, short and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and
jiiicy.
An excellent culinary apple, in use from October to December. It
is fit for use immediately it is gathered ofi" the tree, and has a strong
resemblance to the old Nonesuch, but keeps much longer.
The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer ; attains to the medium
size, and is less liable to the attacks of the woolly aphis than the old
Nonesuch.
This variety was raised by Mr. Arthur Biggs, gardener to Isaac Swainson,
Esq., of Twickenham, Middlesex.
BIRDSTOW WASP {Wasp Apple).— Yxmi, large, three inches and
a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish oblate,
irregular in its outline, having several prominent ribs which extend to
the crown, but sometimes the shape is more regular. Skin, smooth,
deep lemon yellow where shaded, and with a red cheek where exposed
to the sun, and which is splashed with broken streaks of crimson.
Eye, large, with broad convergent segments set in a pretty deep
angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very
short, set in a shallow, narrow cavity. Flesh, soft and tender, mild,
and with little or no flavour. Cells, ovate, large, abaxile, and Codlin-
like.
I^An early cooking apple, ripe in September and October.
APPLES. 28
This derives its name from the parish of Birdstow, near Ross, Herefordshire,
and is called " the Wasp Apple," because these insects are so fond of it. The
skin is greasy when handled, and leaves the apple scent on the hands.
BIRMINGHAM PIPPIN (Grumass Pippin,; Brummage Pippin;
Grumvuuje Pippin ; Stone Pippin). — Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; round, and slightly
flattened. Skin, pale dingy yellow, mottled and veined with very thin
grey russet, and russety round the base. Eye, small, quite open,
frequently without any segments, and placed in a very slight depres-
sion. Stalk, short, scarcely at all depressed. Flesh, greenish, very
firm, crisp, and juicy, briskly and pleasantly flavoured.
A very good dessert apple : in use from January to June.
It is remarkable for the firmness and density of its flesh, and Mr.
Lindley says its specific gravity is greater than that of any other apple
with which he was acquainted.
The tree is of diminutive size, with short but very stout shoots. It
is a good bearer.
This variety is supposed to be a native of Warwickshire. It is what is generally
icnown in the nurseries under the name of Stone Pippin.
Black Blenheim. See Hambledon Peux Ans.
BLACK CRAB. — Fruit, small, roundish, regular in its outline. Skin,
of a dark mahogany colour, sometimes approaching black next the
«un ; and greenish fawn where shaded. Eye, small and closed, with
abort erect segments. Stamens, median ; tube, long, conical. Stalk,
Tery short and stout. Flesh, greenish yellow ; sub -acid. Cells, ovate ;
axile, closed.
An apple of inferior quality which keeps till Christmas.
BLACK FOXWHELP. — Fruit, small, roundish ovate, inclining to
short conical ; even in its outline, slightly angular towards the crown,
where it is prominently plaited round the eye. Skin, smooth and
rather shining, of a dark mahogany colour on the side next the sun ;
"but on the shaded side greenish yellow, covered with broad broken
streaks of bright crimson. Eye, small and rather open, with some-
what connivent segments prominently set. Stamens, median ; tube,
very short, conical. Stalk, short and slender, set in a shallow cavity.
Flesh, yellow, sometimes with a greenish tinge, and briskly acid.
■Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
Black Jack. See Winter Colman,
BLACK NORMAN. — Fruit, roundish, nearly oblate ; obscurely
ribbed, especially round the eye. Skin, smooth and shining, unctuous
to feel after the fruit has been gathered ; dull mahogany red on the
side next the sun, and gradually becoming paler towards the shaded
«ide, which is green and slightly mottled with red. Eye, closed, with
24 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
long leafy convergent segments set in a rather deep irregular basin.
Stamens, median; tube, short, conical. Stalk, nearly an inch long,
slender, set in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender,
juicy, and crisp, with a faint sweetness. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
BLACK TAUNTON {Taunton Black),— Froii, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular,
but undulating round the apex. Skin, very prettily coloured with
crimson, and streaked with darker crimson, which streaks extend to
the shaded side and mingle with the rich yellow ground colour ; the
surface prettily speckled with large fawn-coloured dots. Eye, open or
closed, the segments being sometimes erect and sometimes connivent,
set in a pretty deep depression, which is angular. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and inserted
in a deep, wide, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with cinnamon-
coloured russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, with a mild acidity. Cells,
open, ovate; axile.
A popular Somersetshire cider apple.
Blanche de Leipsic. See Borsdorfer.
BLAND'S JUBILEE {Jubilee Pippi7i).— Fruit, large, three inches
and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high; round,
narrowing a little towards the eye, and obscurely ribbed. Skin, dull
yellow tinged with green, but changing to clear yellow as it ripens ;
marked with russet in the basin of the eye, and strewed over its
surface with large russety dots. Eye, small and closed, with long
acuminate segments, set in a narrow, deep, and even basin. Stalk,
short, inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
crisp, juicy, sugary, and perfumed.
An excellent apple, either for culinary purposes or the dessert. It
is in use from October to January.
This was raised by Michael Bland, Esq., of Norwich. The seed was sown on
the day of the jubilee which celebrated the 50th year of the reign of George III.,
in 1809, and the tree first produced fruit in 1818. It is not a variety which is met
within general cultivation, but deserves to be more widely known.
Blenheim Orange. See Blenheim Pippin,
BLENHEIM PIPPIN {Blenheim Orange; Woodstock Pippin;
Northwick Pippin; Kempster's Pippin). — Fruit, large, being generally
three inches wide, and two and a half high ; globular, and some-
what flattened, broader at the base than the apex, regularly and
handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow, with a tinge of dull red next the
sun, and streaked with deeper red. Eye, large and open, with short
stunted segments, placed in a round and rather deep basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and stout, rather deeply
inserted, and scarcely extending beyond the base. Flesh, yellow,
crisp, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly acid. Cells, open, obovate ; axile.
APPLES. 25
A very valuable and highly esteemed apple, either for the dessert or
culinary purposes, but, strictly speaking, more suitable for the latter.
It is in use from November to February.
The common complaint against the Blenheim Pippin is that the tree
is a bad bearer. This is undoubtedly the case when it is young, being
of a strong and vigorous habit of growth, and forming a large and
very beautiful standard ; but when it becomes a little aged, it bears
regular and abundant crops. It may be made to produce much earlier,
if grafted on the paradise stock, and grown either as an open dwarf or
an espalier.
This valuable apple was first discovered at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, and
received its name from Blenheim, the seat of the Duke of Marlborough, which is
in the immediate neigbbourhood. It is not noticed in any of the nursery cata-
logues of the last century, nor was it cultivated in the London nurseries till about
the year 1818.
The following interesting account of this favourite variety appeared some years
ago in the Gardeners^ Chronicle : — '* In a somewhat dilapidated corner of the
decaying borough of ancient Woodstock, within ten yards of the wall of Blenheim
Park, stands all that remains of the original stump of that beautiful and justly
celebrated apple, the Blenheim Orange. It is now entirely dead, and rapidly
falling to decay, being a mere shell about ten feet high, loose in the ground, and
having a large hole in the centre ; till within the last three years, it occasionally
sent up long, thin, wiry twigs, but this last sign of vitality has ceased, and what
remains will soon be the portion of the woodlouse and the worm. Old Grimmett,
the basket-maker, against the comer of whose garden-wall the venerable relict is
supported, has sat looking on it from his workshop window, and while he wove the
pliant osier, has meditated, for more than fifty successive summers, on the muta-
bility of all sublunary substances, on juice, and core, and vegetable, as well as
animal, and tlesh, and blood. He can remember the time when, fifty years ago, he
was a boy, and the tree a fine, full-bearing stem, full of bud, and blossom, and fruit,
and thousands thronged from all parts to gaze on its ruddy, ripening, orange burden ;
then gardeners came in the spring-tide to select the much-coveted scions, and to
hear the tale of his horticultural child and sapling, from the lips of the son of the
white-haired Kempster. But nearly a century has elai>sed since Kempster fell, like
a ripened fruit, and was gathered to his fathers. He lived in a narrow cottage
garden in Old Woodstock, a plain, practical, labouring man ; and in the midst of
his bees and flowers around him, and in his * glorioua pride,' in the midst of his
little garden, he realised Virgil's dream of the old Corycian : * Et regum equabat
opes animis.'
" The provincial name for this apple is still * Kempster^s Pippin,'' a lasting monu-
mental tribute and inscription to him who first planted the kernel from whence it
sprang."
Bonnet Carre. See Calville Blanche d'Hiver,
Borowitsky. See Duchess of Oldenburg.
BORDEN PIPPIN. — Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches and a half high ; conical, even, and regular in its outline,
and frequently larger and longer on one side of the axis than the
other. Skin, quite covered with dark bright crimson, thickly sprinkled
with large fawn-coloured russet dots, and patches of russet of the same
colour on the side next the sun, and yellow streaked with red on the
shaded side. Eye, small and closed, with convergent segments set
almost level with the surface. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-
26 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
fihaped. Stalk, very short, generally with a swelling of the flesh on
one side of it. Flesh, firm, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured.
Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile, open.
It is a good market apple in use at Christmas.
I received it from Mr. Killick, of Langley, near Maidstone, and I believe it
takes its name from the village of Borden, near Sittingboume.
Borsdorf. See Borsdorfer.
Borsdorf Hative. See Borsdorfer,
BORSDOKFER {Borsdorf Hative; Queen's Apple; Bed Bors-
dorfer; Borsdorf; Postophe d'Hiver; Pomme de prochain; Beinette
d'Allemagne; Blanche de Leipsic ; Beinette de Misnie ; Grand Bohe-
mian Borsdorfer ; Garret Pippin; King; Ki7ig George; King George
the Third). — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish oblate, rather nar-
rower at the apex than the base, handsomely and regularly formed,
without ribs or other inequalities. Skin, shining, pale waxen yellow
in the shade, and bright deep red next the sun ; it is strewed with dots,
which are yellowish on the sunny side, and brownish in the shade, and
marked with veins and slight traces of delicate, yellowish-grey russet.
Eye, large and open, with long reflexed segments, placed in a rather
deep, round, and pretty even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a narrow, even, and
shallow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white with a
yellowish tinge, crisp and delicate, brisk, juicy, and sugary, and with
a rich, vinous, and aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed or slit.
A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from November to
January.
The tree is a free grower, and very hardy, not subject to canker, and
attains the largest size. It is very prolific when it has acquired its full
growth, which, in good soil, it will do in fifteen or twenty years ; and
even in a young state it is a good bearer. If grafted on the paradise
stock it may be grown as an open dwarf or an espalier. The bloom is
very hardy, and withstands the night frosts of spring better than most
other varieties.
This, above all other apples, is the most highly esteemed in Germany. Diel
calls it the Pride of the Germans. It is believed to ha-ve originated either at a
village of Misnia, called Borsdorf, or at a place of the same name near Leipsic.
According to Forsyth it was such a favourite with Queen Charlotte that she had a
considerable quantity of them annually imported from Germany for her own
private use. It is one of the earliest recorded varieties of the continental authors,
but does not seem to have been known in this country before the close of the last
century. It was first grown in the Brompton Park Mursery in 1785. It is men-
tioned by Cordus, in 1561, as being cultivated in Misnia, which circumstance has
no doubt given rise to the synonyme *' Beinette de Misnie " ; he also informs us it
is highly esteemed for its sweet and generous flavour, and the pleasant perfume
which it exhales. Wittichius, in his '' Methodus Simplicium," attributes to it the
power of dispelling epidemic fevers and madness !
There is a proverb in Germany which says, " Ihre wangen sind so roth wie ein
Borsdorfer apfel " (Her cheeks are as red as a Borsdorfer apple).
APPLES. 27
BOSSOM. — Fruit, large and conical ; handsomely and regularly
formed. Skin, pale greenish yellow, considerably covered with russet,
and occasionally marked with bright red next the sun. Eye, set in a
shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a rather
deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary,
and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour.
An excellent culinary apple, though not of the first quaUty ; in use
during December and January. The flesh is said to assume a fine
colour when baked.
BOSTON nXJ a^ET (RoA'bury Russet: Shippen's Russet; PutmarCs
Russet). — Fruit, medium sized, three inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches and a half high ; roundish, somewhat flattened, narrowing
towards the apex, and slightly angular. Skin, covered entirely with
brownish yellow russet intermixed with green, and sometimes with a
faint tinge of reddish brown next the sun. Eye, closed, set in a round
and rather shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, long, slender, and inserted in a moderately deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish white, juicy, sugary, briskly, and richly flavoured. Cells,
elUptical ; axile.
A very valuable dessert apple, of the first quality, in season from
January to April, and will even keep till June. It partakes much of
the flavour of the Ribston Pippin, and, as a late winter dessert apple,
is not to be surpassed.
The tree is not large, but healthy, very hardy, and an immense
bearer, and, when grafted on the paradise stock, is well suited for being
grown either as a dwarf or an espalier.
This is an old American variety, and one of the few introduced to this country
which attains perfection in our climate. It is extensively grown in the neighbour-
hood of Boston, U.S., both for home consumption and exportation, and realises a
considerable and profitable return to the growers.
Bough. See Large Yellow Boiujh,
BOWES'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish and angular, particu-
larly towards the crown, which is ridged and knobbed. Skin, smooth
and shining, and, when quite ripe, of a pale waxen yellow colour on
the shaded side, and marked with a few broken streaks of crimson ;
but where exposed to the sun it is washed almost all over with pale
red, which is covered with broken streaks of dark crimson. Eye,
slightly closed, with broad leaf-like segments, and considerably sunk.
Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a deep round
russety cavity. Flesh, pale yellowish white, very tender and melting,
mildly and agreeably acid, with a very delicate flavour.
A pretty little culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas.
This was introduced to me by Mr. M*Ewen, gardener to the Duke of Norfolk, at
Arundel Castle.
Bowyer's Golden Pippin. See Bowyei-'s Russet,
28 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
BOWYER'S RUSSET (Boinjer's Golden Pippin).- -Fvuit, small,
two inches bigh, and about two and a half broad at the base ; roundish
ovate. Skin, entirety covered with fine yellow-coloured russet. Eye,
small and closed, set in a small and slightly plaited basin. Stalk,
short, inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, greenish white tinged with
yellow, crisp, brisk, and aromatic.
A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use during September and
October.
The tree attains a good size, is an abundant bearer, very healthy,
and not subject to canker.
BRABANT BELLEFLEUR {Glory of Flanders; Iron Apple).—
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter
high ; roundish ovate, inclining to oblong or conical, ribbed on the
sides, and narrowing towards the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, changing
to lemon yellow as it attains maturity, and striped with red next the
sun. Eye, large and open, with long broad segments, set in a wide
and angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk,
short, inserted in a deep and wide cavity, which is lined with brown
russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a sugary,
aromatic, and pleasantly sub-acid flavour. Cells, closed, elliptical.
An excellent culinary apple of the finest quality ; in use from Novem-
ber to April.
The tree is hardy, and though not strong, is a healthy grower,
attaining the middle size, and an excellent bearer.
This variety was forwarded to the gardens of the London Horticultural Society
by Messrs. Booth, of Hamburgh.
BRADDICK'S NONPAREIL {Ditton Nonpareil).— Fmit, medium
sized ; roundish and flattened, inclining to oblate. Skin, smooth,
greenish yellow in the shade, and brownish red next the sun, russety
round the eye, and partially covered, on the other portions of the
surface, with patches of brown russet. Eye, open, with short broad
segments, set in a narrow, deep, round, saucer-like basin, which is
slightly plaited. Stamens, median, or basal ; tube, very short ;
conical. Stalk, very short, not half an inch long, inserted in a round
and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, rich, sugary, and aroma-
tic. Cells, ovate ; axile.
One of the best winter dessert apples ; in use from November to
April, and by many considered more sweet and tender than the old
Nonpareil.
The tree is quite hardy, a slender grower, and never attains to a
large size, but is a very excellent bearer. It succeeds well on the
paradise stock, and is well adapted for dwarfs, or for being grown as
an espalier.
This excellent variety was raised by John Braddick, Esq., of Thames Ditton, an
ardent horticulturist, who died at Boughton Mount, near Maidstone, April 14th,
1828, aged 63.
APPLES. 29
BRAMLEY'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half
wide, and two inches and a half high ; handsome, and at first sight
resembling a Blenheim Pippin. It is oblate, even in its outline, and
with five rather distinct knobs at the crown. Skin, very much covered
with a tinge of pale red, which is much striped with darker red, and
where shaded the ground colour is yellow. Eye, rather open, with
erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips and set in a wide, round,
saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very
short, sometimes a mere knob. Flesh, with a yellowish tinge, tender,
and with a fine brisk acidity. Cells, round ; aiile, open.
A very valuable cooking apple ; in use up till January.
It is a iVottinghamshire apple, and was sent me by Messrs. Merry weather k Son,
of Southwell.
Brandy Apple. See Golden Harvey.
BREEDON PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, and somewhat oblate, broader
at the base than the apex, where it assumes somewhat of a four-sided
shape. Skin, deep dull yellow tinged with reddish orange ; inclining
to red on the side exposed to the sun, and marked with a few traces of
delicate brown russet. Eye, open, with short ovate reflexed segments,
which are frequently four in number, set in a broad, shallow, and
plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, inserted in a
round and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, and with a rich,
vinous, and brisk flavour, resembling that of a pine-apple.
This is one of the best dessert apples ; and is in use during October
and November. It bears some resemblance to the Court of Wick,
but is considerably richer in flavour than that variety. The tree is
hardy, a slender grower, and does not attain a large size ; it is, how-
ever, an excellent bearer. It is well adapted for dwarf training, and
succeeds well on the paradise stock.
This esteemed variety was raised by the Rev. Dr. Symonds Breedon, at Bero
Court, near Pangbourne, Berkshire.
BREITLING (Lnthrinrjcr Rmnhour ; Weisser Somer Bambour ;
Eambour Blanc iVJ^te). — Fruit, three inches and a half wide, and
three inches and a quarter high ; sometimes much larger ; round, with
obtuse ribs on the sides extending to the apex, round which they form
prominent ridges. Skin, smooth and shining, of a clear greenish
lemon yellow when ripe, except on the side exposed to the sun, which
has a faint blush of thin red. Eye, sometimes open, with erect,
slightly divergent segments, but generally closed, with long segments
which overlap each other. Stamens, basal ; tube, large, conical.
Stalk, very short, quite imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, very tender,
juicy, and pleasantly acid. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A large handsome kitchen apple of the first quality ; in use in the
end of September and beginning of October.
80 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
This is a very popular apple in Germany, whence it was introduced
by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, to whom I am indebted for speci-
mens of it. It ought to be grown in every garden. The name Breit-
ling is equivalent to the English word Broading.
BRENCHLEY PIPPIN.— Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to a cylindrical shape ;
even and regular in its outline. Skin, greenish on the shaded side,
and covered on that next the sun with brownish orange strewed with
russet dots, and with a thin russet coat on the shaded side. Eye,
closed, with flat convergent segments, which are set in a pretty deep
plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
short and slender, inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh, tender,
yellowish, with a greenish tinge, tender, juicy, sweet, and well
flavoured. Cells, elliptical ; axile, slit.
An excellent dessert apple, which keeps well till May.
It was first brought to my notice by Mr. Harrison Weir, the artist, who informed
me that it was raised at Brenchley, in Kent, and is there grown to a considerable
extent.
BRICKLEY SEEDLING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half
broad, and two inches high ; roundish, even and regular in the outline.
Skin, greenish yellow in the shade, and red marked with broken streaks
of dark crimson where exposed to the sun, with a few streaks of red
where the two colours blend, strewed with large russet dots. Eye,
small and open, set in a smooth and rather shallow basin, with diver-
gent segments. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very
short, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, rich, sugary,
and highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A very desirable winter dessert apple, of first-rate quality ; it is in use
from January to April. The tree is hardy and an abundant bearer,
and the fruit has some resemblance to Court-pendu-plat.
BRIDGEWATER PIPPIN.— Fruit, large, roundish, and somewhat
flattened, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extends to the basin
of the eye. Skin, deep yellow, strewed with russety dots, and with a
blush of red which sometimes assumes a lilac hue near the stalk. Eye,
large and open, set in a deep and angular basin. Stalk, rather short,
inserted in a deep, wide, irregular, and angular cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, briskly and pleasantly flavoured.
A good culinary apple of second-rate quality ; in use from October
to December.
This is a very old English variety, being mentioned by Rea, in 1665^ and of
which he says, " It is beautiful to the eye, and pleasant to the palat.'*
BRINGEWOOD PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an
inch and three-quarters high ; almost round or oblate, a good deal like
a flattened Golden Pippin, and occasionally conical. Skin, of a fine
rich yellow colour, covered with greyish dots, russety round the eye.
APPLE3. 31
and marked with a few russety dots on the side next the sun. Eye,
small and open, with reflexed segments, and placed in a shallow basin.
Stamens, basal, occasionally somewhat marginal ; tube, conical.
Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a moderately deep cavity, which
is lined with greenish grey russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and
sugary, with a rich and perfumed flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile,
closed.
An excellent dessert apple, yery much like Yellow Ingestrie, but is
in use from January to March.
The tree is hardy, but a weak and slender grower, and never attains
a great size. It succeeds well on the paradise stock.
This is one of the varieties raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., ofDownton
Castle, Herefordshire, and which he. obtained by impregnating the Golden Pippin
with the pollen of the Golden Harvey. He considered it a good cider apple.
BRISTOL PEARMAIN.— Fruit, small, about two inches and a
quarter wide, and the same in height ; oblong, slightly angular on tho
side, and ridged round the eye. Skin, dull yellowish green, with a
few palo stripes of crimson, and considerably covered with patches and
dots of thin grey russet on the shaded side ; but marked with thin dull
red, striped with deeper and brighter red, on the side exposed to the
sun, and covered with numerous dark russety dots. Eye, small and
closed, with erect, acute segments, set in a deep, round, and plaited
basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, which is lined with
thin brown russet, strewed with silvery scales. Flesh, yellow, firm,
not very juicy, but briskly flavoured.
An apple of little merit ; in use from October to February.
The onl J place where I ever met with this variety ia in the neighbourhood of
Odihani, in Hampshire.
BROAD-END {Winter Broading ; Kentish Broading\ Brooding). —
Frait, large, three inches and three-quarters broad, and three inches
high ; roundish, broadest at the base, and considerably flattened at the
ends, somewhat oblate. Skin, yellowish green in the shade, but
tinged with red next the sun, interspersed with a few streaks of red,
and covered in some places with patches of fine russet. Eye, large
and open, set in a rather deep and angular basin. Stalk, short,
inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, rich,
juicy, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour.
An excellent culinary apple of the first quality ; in use from November
to Christmas.
The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, and an excellent
bearer.
Broading. See Broad-end,
BROAD-EYED PIPPIN.— Fruit, large and oblate. Skin, greenish
yellow in the shade, with faint streaks of red, and with a bright red
blush, streaked with darker red, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
32
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
large and open, like that of Blenheim Pippin, set in a wide and shallow
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch
long, slender, set in a rather wide and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, firm, crisp, brisk, and juicy. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
An excellent culinary apple, of the first size and quality; in use
from September to January, but said by Forsyth to keep till May.
This is a very old English variety; it is mentioned by Ray, who makes it
synonymous with Kirton or Holland Pippin.
BROCKHEAD (Ihockhead Seedling). — Fruit, below medium size,
two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; round, and
slightly angular in outline. Skin, smooth, rich golden yellow, streaked
with pale broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, strewed
all over with russet dots, and here and there a few traces of russet.
Eye, closed, with flat, convergent segments, set in a narrow and plaited
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about
half an inch long, inserted in a pretty deep russety cavity. Flesh,
yellow, tender, very juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells, obovate ;
axile.
A pretty cooking or dessert apple ; in use from November till
Christmas. A Somersetshire apple.
BROMLEY. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches high ; roundish and flattened, very uneven and
angular on the sides, and knobbed both at the crown and the base.
Skin, of a bright lemon yellow very much covered with crimson, and
streaked with darker crimson, extending almost over the whole surface,
but paler on the shaded side, very russety over the base. Eye, closed,
with broad, flat, convergent segments, set in a deep, angular, and
narrow basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
long and slender, set in a round deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
firm, crisp, very juicy, and with a grateful acidity. Cells, obovate ;
axile.
This is one of the best cider apples, and as a sauce apple it is un-
surpassed. It keeps till February, when it is as hard and firm in the
flesh as it was in October.
This is grown in the Gloucestershire and Herefordshire orchards, where it is
greatly esteemed.
BROOKE S'S. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in
height; conical. Skin, yellow in the shade, but oraDge, thinly
mottled with red, next the sun, and considerably covered with thin
brown russet. Eye, open and prominent, with reflexed segments, and
placed in a very shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a small,
round, and shallow cavity, which is lined with rough russet. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, not very juicy, but with a rich, sweet, and highly
aromatic flavour.
A dessert apple of the first quality; in use from September to
APPLES. 33
February. Tho tree is a slender grower, and never attains a great
size, but is a good bearer.
BROUGHTOX.— Fruit, small, conical, and regularly formed. Skin,
pale greenish yellow in the shade, but covered with fine, delicate, lively
red, which is marked with a few streaks of deeper red on the side next
the sun, and strewed with minute russety dots. Eye, small and closed,
set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted
in a round and shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, delicate,
brisk, sugary, and richly fitivoured.
A valuable dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from October to
December.
BROWN RENTING. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, and
slightly ribbed on the sides. Skin, greenish yellow, marked with
distinct and well-defined figures, and reticulations of russet, like the
Fenouillet Jaune, on the bhaded side, and over the base ; but green,
which is almost entirely covered with a coating of smooth, thin, pale
brown russet, on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in
a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender and woody,
inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity, which is of a green colour, and
very slightly marked with russet. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, and tender,
with a brisk, somewhat sugary, and pleasant aromatic flavour.
An excellent dessert apple, of first-rate quaUty ; in use from October
to Christmas, after which it becomes mealy.
BROWN'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, two inches and three-quarters
wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish oblate, very much of the
shape of Golden Reinette, even and regular in its outline, except in
the basin of the eye, where it is slightly ribbed. Skin, lemon yellow
where shaded, but almost entirely covered with light crimson over
three-fourths of the surface, and this again is covered with broken
streaks and blotches of deeper and brighter crimson. Eye, closed,
with flat and irregular segments, set in a pretty deep, angular, and
plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half
an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a round, even, russety cavity.
Flesh, yellowish white, fine grained, tender, very juicy, having a plea-
sant acidity, without much flavour or aroma. Cells, roundish obovate ;
axile, closed.
A very handsome apple, excellent for culinary purposes, but of little
use in the dessert except for appearance. In use during winter.
It was raised by Messrs. Brown, nurserymen, of Stamford, from whom I received
it in 1874.
BROWNLEES'S RUSSET.— Large, roundish ovate, and rather
flattened. Skin, green and russety, with brownish red next the sun.
Eye, closed, in a narrow, shallow, plaited basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, short conical. Stalk, short, deeply inserted, with a swelling on
3
84 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
one side of it. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, briskly
flavoured, and aromatic. Cells, pointed ovate ; axile, open.
An excellent late apple, suitable either for cooking or the dessert.
In use from January to May.
This was introduced by Mr. William Brownlees, a nurseryman at Hemel Hemp-
sted, Herts, about the year 1848.
Brown Spice. See Burntisland Spice.
Brummage Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin.
BUFF-COAT. — Fruit, medium size, but sometimes large, being
three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ;
oblate or roundish, uneven in its outline from having prominent
blunt angles on the sides, and unevenly ridged round the crown. Skin,
greenish yellow, becoming quite yellow when ripe, but so overspread
with light brown russet as to expose the ground colour in large blotches.
Eye, half open, with erect flat segments, somewhat recurved at the
points, set in a rather deep, regular, and plaited basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, more than half an inch long,
rather slender, and inserted in a deep, round cavity. Flesh, greenish,
fine grained, crisp, juicy, and sweet, with a good flavour. Cells,
round ; abaxile.
An excellent culinary or dessert apple, which keeps till May, but
is very liable to shrivel.
BULL'S GOLDEN EEINETTE.— Fruit, exactly similar in shape
to a medium-sized Blenheim Pippin. Skin, more highly coloured
than that variety, the side next the sun being covered with a streak
of deep, brilliant crimson ; on the shaded side it is yellow^, with a
few broken streaks of pale crimson, the whole surface sparingly dotted
with rather large grey dots. Eye, quite open, set in a plaited saucer-
like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an
inch long ; inserted in a round, even, and deep cavity ; russety over
the base. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, juicy, sweet, and with a fine
aroma. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
A very handsome apple of the first quaUty, suitable for the dessert ;
and in use in December and January.
Bunyard's SeedHng. See Alexandra.
BURCHARDT'S REINETTE.— Fruit, from two and a quarter
inches to three inches wide, and from one and a half to two inches
and a quarter high ; roundish oblate, evenly and regularly formed.
Skin, greenish yellow, much covered with dark brown russet net-
work, and large patches of the same. Eye, quite open, with short
reflexed segments, set in a rather deep saucer-like basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, inserted the whole of its length
APPLES. 85
in the cavity. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, and when highly ripened of
a rich and sweet flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of excellent quality when grown in a warm soil and
favourable situation.
This was raised by Herr von Hartwiss, director of the roval garden at Nikita,
and was named in honour of the celebrated pomologist, Herr von Burchardt, of
Landsberg, on the Warta,
BURNTISLAND SPICE {Burntisland Pippin: Broivn Spice:
Book's Nest). — Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and
a quarter hi}:jh ; roundish ovate, ribbed on the sides, and puckered at
the eye. Skin, green, much mottled with dingy brown russet in lines
and patches. Eye, small and closed, set in a puckered basin ; seg-
ments, short. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
long and slender, deeply inserted in an uneven cavity. Flesh, very
tender and loose grained, mealy, and without flavour. Cells, ovate,
wide open.
A worthless apple, ripe in October.
Burntisland Pippin. See Burntisland Spice.
BURN'S SEEDLING. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, flattened
at the base, and narrowing towards the apex, sometimes inclining to
conical. Skin, yellow, but with a blush and a few streaks of red next
the sun, marked with a few patches of russet, and sprinkled with
russety dots, which are thickest round the eye. Eye, large and open,
set in a shallow and irregular basin. Stalk, short, thick, and fleshy,
generally obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling, and
surrounded with a patch of rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
juicy, and sub-acid.
An excellent cuUnary apple, of the first quaUty ; in use from October
to Christmas.
This variety was raised by Mr. Ilcnry Burn, gardener to the Marquis of Ayles-
bury, at Savernake Forest, near Marlborough.
Bur-Knot. See Oslin.
BURR-KNOT {Bide's WaUcinrj - stick). —Fmii, large, three inches
wide, and two inches and a half high ; in shape not unlike Cox's Orange
Pippin, but sometimes with prominent angles on the sides, which extend
to the crown, round, and even in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining,
of a clear lemon yellow colour, and with a blush of red on the side next
the sun, and thickly strewed with a few russet dots. Eye, open, with
reflexed segments set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, mar-
ginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, and of an agreeable acid
flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open.
A good kitchen apple ; in use during October and November.
36 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
The tree is a close and compact grower, and a profusion of burrs are produced
on the branches which emit incipient roots. If a branch furnished with these burrs
is inserted in the ground it will take root and become a tree. The name of " Bide's
Walking-stick" originated from a person of that name having cut a branch for
a walking-stick in Cheshire and brought it to his place near Hertford, when having
inserted it in the ground, it took root and became a tree.
Butters. See Baldwin.
BYSON WOOD RUSSET.— Fruit, below medium size; oblato-
ovate, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, green, entirely covered
with ashy grey russet, and strewed with greyish white freckles. Eye,
small, and slightly closed, set in a round and even basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted
in a rather shallow and angular cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp,
and juicy, with a brisk, sugary, and aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate ;
axile, slit.
A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from December to
February.
Caldwell. See Eymer,
Calville Blanche. See Calville Blanche d'Hiver.
CALVILLE BLANCHE D'ETE {White Summer Calville). —Fmit,
medium sized, about three inches broad, and two inches high ; roundish
and flattened at the ends, with prominent ribs on the sides, which
extend to the eye and form ridges round the apex — the true character
of the Calvilles. Skin, tender and dehcate ; when ripe, of a very pale
straw colour, and without the least tinge of red on the side exposed to
the sun, but sometimes marked with a few traces of delicate russet, but
no dots. Eye, large, and closed with long, broad segments, and set in
a pretty deep and very angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, inserted in a wide
and rather shallow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh,
white, tender, and delicate, with a sweet and pleasant flavour. Cells,
roundish; axile.
A very good early culinary apple, but not of the finest quality, being
too soft and tender ; it is ripe during August, and lasts till the middle
of September.
The tree is a very strong and vigorous grower, with a large round
head, and is an excellent bearer. It is distinguished by its very large
foliage, the leaves being four and a half inches long by three and a
quarter broad.
This is an old continental variety, but has been very little noticed by writers on
Pomology. It is mentioned in the Jardinier Frangais of 1653, and by De La
Quintinye ; but the first work in which it is either figured or described is Knoop's
"Pomologie." Duhamel does not notice it, although it is enumerated in the
catalogue of the Chartreuse, from whose garden he received the materials for
producing his work on fruits.
CALYILLE BLANCHE D'HIVER (Bonriet Carre; Calville
APPLES. 37
Blanche; White Calville ; White Winter Calville). — Fruit, largo, three
iuches and a half wide, and three inches and a quarter hifjh ; roundish
and flattened, with l>road uneven and unecjual ribs, extending the whole
length of the fruit, and terminating at the apex in prominent unequal
ridges. Skin, delicate, pale yellow tinged with green, becoming bright
golden yellow at maturity, washed with deep red on the side next the
sun, and strewed with brown dots, and a few markings of greyish white
russet. Eye, small and closed, with stout and pointed segments, set in
a deep, irregular, five-ribbed basin, which is surrounded with knobs.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, slender, and inserted the whole of its length in a deep and angular
cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, and
juicy, with a rich, hvely, and agreeable aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ;
abaxile.
A valuable winter apple, admirably adapted for all culinary pur-
poses, and excellent also for the dessert. It is in use from January
to April.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and a good bearer, but
does not attain more than the middle size. It is rather liable to canker
in damp situations, and is better suited for a dwarf than a standard ; if
grown on the paradise stock the appearance of the fruit is very much
improved.
Tliis variety is sometimes called Pumme Glace, which is, however, a distinct
variety, known by the names of Rouge des Chnrtreux and Pomme de Concombre ;
it is a form of Calville Blanche d'Hiver, the fruit is about the size of an egg, but
twice as long.
CALVILLE MALINGRE (Malimjre d'Anifleten-e). — Fruit, very
large, elongated, ribbed like the Calville Blanche d'Hiver, but not so
much flattened as that variety. Skin, a httle yellow on the shaded side,
and of a beautiful deep red next the sun, which is marked with stripes
of darker red, strewed all over with minute dots. Eye, small, set in a
broad, deep, and angular basin, which is surrounded with prominent
knobs. Stalk, slender, deeply inserted in an angular cavity. Flesh,
white, delicate, very juicy, and charged with an agreeable acid.
A culinary apple of the first quality ; in use from January to April,
and keeps well.
The tree is a very vigorous grower, much more so than the gene-
rahty of the Calvilles ; it is very hardy and an abundant bearer, and
is better adapted for being cultivated as a dwarf than an espalier ; but
it does not succeed well on the paradise stock.
According to the French pomologists, this variety seems to have some connec-
tion with this country, but there is no evidence that it was at any period grown to
any extent in England, or thixt it was ever known to any of our early pomologists.
It is said by some that the name malingre is applied to this variety from the fruit
becoming mealy or unsound, but from the observation in the Chartreux Catalogue,
" est bonne cuite pour les malades," it is more probable that it is so called from
being useful to invalids.
CALVILLE ROUGE D'AUTOMNE {Autumn Calville; Autumn
38 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Bed Calville). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three
and a quarter high ; not so much flattened as the other Calvilles. Skin,
pale red, with a trace of yellow on the shaded side, but of a beautiful
deep crimson next the sun, and marked with yellowish dots on the
shaded side. Eye, half open, set in a rather shallow and ribbed basin,
which is lined with fine down. Stamens, median or basal ; tube,
conical. Stalk, rather short, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which
is lined with russet. Flesh, white, tinged with red under the skin, and
very much so on the side which is exposed to the sun ; it is tender,
delicate, and juicy, with a pleasant, vinous, and violet scented flavour.
Cells, ovate ; axile, open.
A culinary apple of inferior quality in this country, but highly
esteemed on the Continent, both as a culinary and a dessert fruit. It
is in season during October and November.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and attains the largest
size. It is also an abundant bearer. To have the fruit in perfection
it ought to be grown on the paradise stock as an open dwarf, in a fine
sandy loam, and not too closely pruned.
CALVILLE EOUGE D'ETE [Bed Calville).— Fruit, medium sized,
two inches and a half wide, and about the same high ; roundish, nar-
rowing towards the apex, and with prominent ribs on the sides like the
other Calvilles. Skin, yellowish white, streaked and veined with red
on the shaded side, but covered with beautiful deep shining crimson
on the side next the sun, and strewed with numerous white dots. Eye,
small and prominent, set in a narrow and wrinkled basin. Stalk, from
an inch to an inch and a half long, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity,
which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, white tinged with red, crisp,
and tender, agreeably and pleasantly flavoured.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality, ripe during July and August.
The flesh is stained with red, particularly on the side next the sun, and
partakes somewhat of the flavour of the strawberry. It is valued only
for its earliness. The tree is of small habit of growth, but an excellent
bearer.
There is great confusion subsisting between this variety and the Passe-pomme
Rouge, which Duhamel has described under the name of Cahille d'Ete.
CALYILLE ROUGE D'HIA\ER.— Fruit, large, about three inches
high, and the same in width ; oblong, but not nearly so much ribbed
on the sides as the other Calvilles already described. Skin, covered
with a bluish bloom, deep shinirg crimson on the side next the sun,
but paler red on the shaded side, and strewed with numerous yellowish
dots. Eye, large and closed, with long segments set in a deep warted
and wrinkled basin. Stalk, slender, three-quarters of an inch long,
inserted in a deep cavity, which is lined with thin brown russet. Flesh,
greenish white stained with red, not very juicy, tender, vinous, and
with a pleasant perfumed flavour.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality, ripe during November and
APPLES. 89
December. The tree attains about the middle size, is vigorous and
healthy in its young state, and is a good bearer. It is well adapted for
growing as dwarfs on the paradise btock, and requires a rich and warm
soil.
CALVILLE ROUGE DE MICOUD.— Fruit, below medium size;
oblate, and ribbed on the sides. Skin, tough, and bitter tasted, red
all over ; but of a deeper and darker colour on the side next the sun,
and streaked and spotted with paler red on the shaded side. Eye,
open, placed in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, long, inserted in a round
cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, and delicate, crisp, sweet, and
perfumed.
This cui-ious apple has the extraordinary property of producing
three crops of fruit in one season. The tirst flowers appear at the
usual time in April, the second in June, and then for a time it ceases
to produce any more till the month of August, when it again blooms
during the whole of that month, September, October, and November,
until it is checked by the severity of the frosts. The first fruit is
generally ripe during August ; the second in October, which are about
the size of a pigeon's egg, and quite as good as the tirst. And so on it
continues until retarded by the frosts ; but those last produced are rarely
tit for use.
This variety was first brought into notice by M. Thoain, of Paris, who says the
tree oripinaicd on the farm ot the Baroness de Micoud, near La Charitc sur Loire,
in the deparimeut of Nievre.
Calville Rouge Precoce. See Early Red Calville.
Cambridge Pippin. See Bedfordshire Foundling.
CAMBUSNETHAN VlFFm {]Vatch Apple ; Winter Red-streak).^
Fruit, two inches and a quarter to two inches and a half wide, and two
inches and a half high ; oblate or roundish oblate, even in its out-
line, and slightly ribbed round the eye. Skin, pale lemon- yellow, with
a few broken streaks of pale crimson on the side next the sun, and
roughly russety over the base and round the stalk. Eye, wide open,
with short divergent segments, which are reflexed, set in a shallow
saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, nearly
half an inch long, inserted in a narrow shallow cavity. Flesh, tender
and juicy, with a mild acidity. Cells, roundish obovate or obovate, open.
A good second-rate dessert apple in the south, but highly esteemed
in Scotland, where it is called *'Cam'nethan Pippin," from an ancient
monastery in Stirlingshire, where it is supposed to have originated. It
is in use from October to January.
Camuesar. See Rcinette Blanche d'Espagne.
Canada Reinette. See Reinette de Canada.
Canadian Reinette. See Reinette de Canada.
40 THE FRUIT MANUA.L.
CAPTAIN KERNEL.— Fruit, two inches and a half wide, and two
inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to oblate, even in its
outline. Skin, smooth and shining, yellow where shaded, and very
much streaked and coloured with bright red where exposed to the sun,,
and here and there marked with a patch of thin russet. Eye, closed^
with flat convergent segments, set in a round and rather shallow basin.
Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, slender, from a
quarter to half an inch long, inserted in a narrow greenish cavity.
Flesh, tender, juicy, mildly acid. Cells, obovate, open.
This is one of the best Gloucestershire cider apples.
CARAWAY RUSSET. — Fruit, below medium size ; two inches and
a half wide, and about two inches high ; oblate, even and regular in
its outline. Skin, covered with a very thin coat of pale brown russet,,
which is dotted with darker russet ; and on the sun side the colour is
inclining to orange. Eye, wide open, with long broad reflexed segments,
set in a pretty deep, wide, and saucer- like basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, and rather slender, inserted,
in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, rich, juicy, and sweet,,
with a very fine aroma. Cells, very small, obovate ; axile, closed.
A dessert apple of great excellence, which keeps till February.
Carel's Seedling. See Pinner Seedling.
CARLISLE CODLIN. — Fruit, above medium size ; ovate, flat at-
the base, irregular and angular on the sides. Skin, smooth and
unctuous, pale yellow, and strewed with a few russety specks. Eye,,
closed, set in a narrow, rather deep, and plaited basin. Stalk, very
short, imbedded in the cavity, which is lined with russet, a few lines.
of which extend over the base. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy,
with a fine, brisk, and sugary flavour.
A culinary apple of the first quality ; in use from August to-
December.
The tree is very hardy, a free grower, and an abundant bearer. As
it does not attain a great size, it may be grown more closely together
than most other sorts. It is a dwarf variety of the old English.
Codlin.
It is one of the most useful as well as one of the best culinary apples we have, beinj^
fit for use when no larger than a walnut, and after attaining their growth continuing
in perfection as late as Christmas. If blanched in warm water, wlien used smalJ,
the outer rind slips off, and they may be baked whole ; their colour id then a trans-
parent green ; and their flavour is exquisite, resembling that of a green apricot.
When it is about the size of a large nutmeg, it may be made into apple marmalade^
or a dried sweetmeat, which rivals the finest Portugal plum.
CAROLINE. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish. Skin, fine rich deep
yellow, streaked with broad patches of red. Eye, small, set in a narrow
and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, which is-
lined with russet. Flesh, firm, brisk, juicy, and highly flavoured.
APPLES. 41
A culinary apple of fi rst-rate quality ; in use from November to
February.
This variety was named in honour of Caroline, Lady Suffield, the wife of the
second Lord Suffield, of Blickling and Gunton Hall, Norfolk. She was Lady
Caroline Ilobart, daughter of the second Earl of Buckinghamshire.
CASTLE MAJOR. — Fruit, lari,'e, three inches to three and a quarter
wide, and the same in height ; conical, and prominently ribbed, the
ribs extending from the base to the apex, where they terminate in the
form of small knobs in the basin of the eye. Skin, deep yellow over
the whole surface, except on the side next the sun. where there is a
blush of reddish orange. Eye, closed, or nearly so, with erect con-
vergent segments, which are slightly divergent, sot in a narrow knobbed
ca\ity. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, quite imbedded
in the deep angular cavity, which is slightly russety. Flesh, white,
tender, juicy, and with a mild acidity. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
An excellent cooking apple ; in use during October and November.
It is a favourite among the Kentish orcbardists, and is frequently met
with in the London markets.
CATSHEAD. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and
the same in height ; oblong, nearly as broad at the apex as at the base,
with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend into the basin of the eye,
and terminate in several knobs round the crown. Skin, smooth and unc-
tuous, pale green, but with a brownish tinge next the sun, and strewed
with minute russety dots. Eye, large and open, set in a large, angular,
and rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical, inclining to
funnel-shape. Stalk, short and slender for the size of the fruit, inserted
in a shallow and angular cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a
pleasant, acid, and slightly perfumed flavour. Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
One of our oldest and best culinary apples ; it is in use from
October to January. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and
attains the largest size, and though not an abimdant bearer during the
early period of its growth, it is much more productive as it becomes aged.
In the Horticultural Society's Catalogue of Fruits, and also in Lindley's Guide
to the Orchard, this is made synonymous with the Costard of Hay, which is
undoubtedly an error, the Costard being distinct.
The Catshcad is one of our oldest varieties, and was always highly esteemed for
its great size. Phillips, in his poem on Cyder, says —
" Why should we sing the Thrift,
Codling or I'omroy, or of pimpled ooat
The Russet, or the Cafs neaa'a weighty orb.
Enormous in its growth, for various use
Tho' these are meet, tho' after full repast,
Are oft requir'd, and crown the rich dessert."
In Ellis's "Modem Husbandman," he says the Catshead is "a very useful apple
to the farmer, because one of them pared and wrapped up in dough serves with
little trouble for making an apple dumpling, so much in request with the Kentish
farmer, for l)eing part of a ready meal, that in the cheapest manner satiates the
keen appetite of the hungry ploughman, both at home and in the field, and, there-
fore, has now got into such reputation in Hertfordshire, and some other counties,
that it is hecome the most common food with a piece of bacon or pickle-pork for
families."
42
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
0t
C>. Jfe?*^^ CELLINI. — Fruit, rather above medium size ; roundish, and flat-
""^tened at both ends. Skin, rich deep yellow, with spots and patches of
lively red on the shaded side ; and bright red streaked and mottled
with dark crimson next the sun, with here and there a tinge of yellow
breaking through. Eye, large and open, with short, acute, and re-
flexed segments, and set in a shallow and slightly plaited basin. Stalk,
very short, inserted in a funnel-shaped cavity. Stamens, median, or
basal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Flesh, white, tender, very juicy,
brisk, and pleasantly flavoured, with a somewhat balsamic aroma. Cells,
roundish or obovate ; axile, open.
A culinary apple of the first quality ; in use during October and
November. It is a fine, showy, and handsome apple, bearing a strong
resemblance to the Nonesuch, from which in all probabihty it was
raised. It originated with Mr. Leonard Phillips, of Vauxhall.
Chalmers' Large. See Butch Codlin.
CHALLENGE PIPPIN.— Fruit, from two and a quarter to two and
a half inches wide, and two to two and a quarter inches high ; either
cylindrical or ovate in shape ; even and regular in its outline. Skin,
smooth and shining, of a bright grass-green ground colour, and entirely
covered with bright dark crimson streaks on the side next the sun, and
paler on the shaded side. Eye, open, with divergent segments, set in
a pretty deep plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a round russety cavity.
Flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, and pleasantly acid, with a brisk flavour.
Cells, roundish ; axile, open.
An excellent culinary apple, grown in Cornwall, and sent to me by
J. Vivian, Esq., of Hayle. It keeps well till Christmas.
Charlamowiski. See Duchess of Oldenhimj.
CHARLEMAGNE. — Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide, and
under two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular in its out-
line, flattened on the top, and with five prominent round knobs round
the eye. Skin, of an uniform pale yellow, with a faint blush of rose,
dotted with deeper red on the side next the sun. Eye, large and
closed, with broad segments, which are reflexed at the tips, three of
which are broader, and cover the other two. Stamens, median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, woody, slender,
and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, very soft and tender, rather
sweet, and without much flavour. Cells, elliptical ; axile.
An early apple ; ripe in the second or third week in August, and
soon becomes mealy.
CHAXHILL RED. — Fruit, two inches and three-quarters wide, and
a little over two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regularly
formed. Skin, completely covered with deep crimson, streaked with
APPLES. 48
deeper and brighter colour, except where it is shaded, and there it is
greenish yellow, thinly washed and streaked with red ; green and
russety round the stalk. Eye, small, with connivent segments, set
in a round, even, and shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and stout, quite imbedded in the narrow
cavity. Flesh, tender, with a mild sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish
obovate ; axile, open.
A Gloucestershire apple, which was awarded a first-class certificate at Gloucester
about the year IS 73 fur its excellence for cider.
CHERRY APPLE {Scarlet Siberian Crab),— Fmii, very small,
about three-quarters of an inch broad, and the same in height ;
oblato -oblong. Skin, thin and shining, of a beautiful lemon colour on
the shaded side, but entirely covered with dark blood-red on the side
exposed to the sun, and which extends towards the shaded side of a
fine crimson. Stalk, very slender, an inch and a half long, inserted
in a small round cavity. Eye, small, with divergent deciduous seg-
ments, placed in a shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical.
Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a very pleasant and hvely
sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A beautiful little apple, more resembling a cherry in its general
appearance than an apple. It is ripe in October.
The tree, when full grown, is from fifteen to twenty feet high, and
produces an abundance of its beautiful fruit. It is perfectly hardy,
and may be grown on almost any description of soil. It forms a
beautiful object when grown as an ornamental tree on a lawn or
shrubbery.
CHERRY NORMAN. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch
and a half high ; roundish oblate, narrowing a little towards the crown,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, golden yellow, and
with a bright rose cheek on the side next the sun, which is also some-
times marked with patches of pale brown russet. Eye, closed, with
erect convergent segments which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a
narrow, shallow, plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short
conical. Stalk, from a quarter to half an inch long, set in a small and
shallow cavity, generally with a fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh,
quite white, tender and soft, juicy, and with an astringent as well as a
sweet taste. Cells, very regular, obovate ; axile, open.
This pretty little apple, which is so brilliant in colour as to be a
rival to the Lady Apple, is a Herefordshire cider variety.
CHERRY PEARMAIN. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and the same in height ; roundish, but occasionally somewhat
conical, even in its outline, but sometimes bluntly angular. Skin,
entirely covered with brilliant crimson and broken streaks of darker
colour, except on the shaded side, where it is rich yellow, flushed and
streaked with crimson ; the whole of the surface is strewed with
distinct russet dots. Eye, small, and closed, with connivent segments
44 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
set in a pretty even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, short, inserted all its length in a russet-Hued cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, stained with red at the eye, and with a red line extending all
round the core, tender, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish or
roundish obovate ; axile, open.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
CHRISTIE^S PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and two inches high ; oblate and roundish, without angles,
and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellow, tinged with green on the
shaded side ; occasionally streaked and mottled with red next the sun,
and speckled all over with large russety dots. Eye, open, with short
erect segments, set in a round, even, and rather shallow basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, short and slender,
not protruding beyond the margin, inserted in a deep cavity, which is
lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, brisk, juic}', sugary,
and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from December to
February. The tree is an abundant bearer, but constitutionally weak,
a delicate grower, and subject to canker and mildew. On the paradise
stock it forms a beautiful, compact, and handsome little pyramid.
It was raised by a Mr. Christie, at Kingston-on-Thames.
Christ's Golden Reinette, See Dutch Migjionne.
Chucket Egg. See Teuchat's Egg.
Claremont. See Winter Greening.
CLARKE'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate or roundish, even and
symmetrical in its outline. Skin, with a bright green ground, which
becomes paler and yellowish as it ripens, especially on the shaded
side, and the whole surface is covered with veins and mottles of rough
brown russet, interspersed with grey russet dots. Eye, set in a round
even saucer-like basin with broad convergent segments whice close the
eye. Stamens, quite basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender,
inserted the whole of its length in a round deep cavity. Flesh,
greenish, firm, crisp, very juicy, and brisk, with a fine flavour. Cells,
obovate, very full of seeds ; axile, closed.
A Herefordshire dessert apple. It keeps till Christmas.
CLAYGATE PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized; Pearmain-shaped.
Skin, dull yellow mixed with green, and a thin coating of russet and
numerous dots on the shaded side, but marked with broken stripes of
dark red on the side exposed to the sun. After being kept the ground
colour becomes golden yellow, and the streaks bright crimson. Eye,
large and open, with long segments set in a deep basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in
APPLES. 45
a smooth and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich,
and sugary, partaking of the flavour of the Ribstou Pippin. Cells,
obovate or elliptical ; axile.
A valuable and highly esteemed dessert apple of the first quality ; it
comes into use in November, and will continue till March.
The tree, though not a strong or vigorous grower, is hardy and
healthy, attains the middle size, and is an abundant bearer. It suc-
ceeds well grafted on the paradise stock, and grown as an espalier or
an open dwarf. Its shoots are slender and drooping.
This excellent variety was discovered by John Draddick, E«q., growing in a
hedge near his residence at Claygate, a hamlei in the parish of Thames Ditton, in
Surrey. See Braddich's Nonpareil.
Clifton Nonesuch. See Fearn*s Pippin.
Clissold's Seedling. See Lodgemore Nonpareil.
CLUSTER GOLDEN PIPPIN (Cluster Pippin; Twin-cluster
Pipjnn : lliickset). — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and two inches high ; round, and slightly flattened at the top, very
frequently two united, forming one fruit with two distinct eyes. Skin,
smooth, greenish yellow, with a tinge of orange on the exposed side
when ripe, and covered with markings and network of thin grey russet,
with large patches round the stalk and the eye. Eye, large and open,
nearly level with the surface. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, short. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, brisk, and sweet.
Cells, obovate ; axile.
A good second-rate apple, remarkable more for its peculiarity of
being occasionally produced in united pairs than for its excellence. It
is in use from November till March.
Cluster Pippin. See Cluster Golden Pippin.
CLYDE TRANSPARENT.— Fruit, rather below medium size ;
roundish and irregularly angular in its outline. Skin, with a clear
bright red which completely covers the side next the sun, mixed here
and there with a short broken streak of darker crimson ; on the shaded
side it is clear straw yellow. Eye, closed, inserted in a shallow and
plaited basin. Stalk, very short, included in a deep smooth funnel-
shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, sweet, and juicy.
Coates's. See Yorkshire Greening.
Coeur de Pigeon. See Pigeon.
Cobbett's Fall Pippin. See Fall Pippin.
COBHAM (Popes). — Fruit, large ; ovate, handsomely and regularly
formed. Skin, clear yellow, tinged with greenish patches, and strewed
with dark dots ; on the side next the sun it is marked with a few faint
streaks of crimson. Eye, large and open, like that of the Blenheim
Pippin, and set in a wide and plaited basin. Stalk, short, deeply
46 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with rough russet. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, crisp, sugary, and juicy, with a rich and excellent
flavour.
A very valuable apple, either for the dessert or culinary purposes ;
it is in use from November to March. This variety has all the
properties of the Blenheim Pippin, and is much superior to it, keeps
longer, and has the great advantage of being an early and abundantbearer.
I met with this excellent apple in the neighbourhood of Sittingbonrne, in Kent,
about the year 1842. The account I received of it was, that the original tree grew
in the garden of a cottager of the name of Pope, at Cellar Hill, in the parish of
Linstead, near Sittingbourne. It was highly prized by its owner, to whom the
crop afforded a little income, and many were the unsuccessful applications of his
neighbours for grafts of what became generally known as Pope's Apple. The
proprietor of Pope's cottage built a row of other dwellings adjoining, in the gardens
of which there were no fruit trees, and, for the sake of uniformity, he cut down
Pope's apple-tree, notwithstanding the offer of twenty shillings a year more rent to
spare it. The tree, being condemned, was cut down in 1846, at which period it
was between fifty and sixty years old. The name of Cobham was given to it by
Kirke, the nurseryman at Brompton.
COCCAGEE. — Fruit, medium sized ; ovate. Skin, fine yellow,
smooth, and marked with green specks. Eye, small and closed.
Stalk, short. Flesh, yellowish white, soft, sharply acid, and austere.
One of the oldest and best cider apples ; in use from October to
December. Although it is perhaps the most harsh and austere apple
known, and generally considered only fit for cider, still it is one of the
best for all culinary purposes, especially for baking, as it possesses a
particularly rich flavour when cooked.
COCKLE'S PIPPIN (Nutmeg Pippin).— Fruit, medium sized ;
conical or ovate, and slightly angular on the sides. Skin, gi*eenish
yellow, changing as it ripens to deeper yellow, dotted with small grey
dots, and covered all over the base with delicate pale brown russet.
Eye, small, and slightly closed, set in an irregular and somewhat
angular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, an inch long, rather slender, obliquely inserted in a round and
deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, tender,
crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a pleasant aromatic flavour. Cells,
elliptical ; axile, open.
An excellent dessert apple, of the finest quality ; in use from
January to April.
This was raised in Sussex by a person of the name of Cockle, and it is extensively
grown in this as well as the adjoining county of Surrey. It is mentioned by Forsyth,
in a MS. memorandum book in my possession, as a Sussex apple.
COCKPIT. — Fruit, about medium size ; obtuse ovate, and some-
what angular on the sides. Skin, green, changing as it ripens to
greenish yellow, with a faint orange tinge next the sun ; covered all
over with small russety dots and some lines of russet. Eye, closed,
with converging segments, placed in a rather shallow puckered basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an
APPLES. 47
inch long, inscrtcvl in an abrupt cavity, which is lined with russet.
Flesh, yellowish white, bonder, juicy, and with a pleasant, brisk acidity,
Cells, obovate ; axile, sht.
A culinary apple of good quality ; ripe during November and De-
cember.
In Yorkshire this is a favourite apple.
CODLIN. — The variety to which the generic name of Codlin was
given is the English Codlin. See English Codlin.
COE'S GOLDEN DROP.— Fruit, small and conical ; even and
regular. Skin, yellow, with a blush of crimson, and a few crimson
spots next the sun, and marked with small patches of thin, deHcate
russet. Eye, small and open, even with the surface, and surrounded
with a few shallow plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small and
shallow depression, which, together with the base, is entirely covered
with russet. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and very juicy, brisk,
sugary, and viuous. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A delicious little dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from
November to May. The tree is hardy, a free, upright grower, and a
good bearer. It does well on the paradise stock for dwarf and espaliers.
This excellent variety was introduced to notice by Gervase Coe. of Bury St.
Edmunds, who raised the Golden Drop Plum. It has been said that it is a very
old variety, which has existed for many years in some Essex orchards, but was
propagated by Coe, and represented by him to be a seedling of his own.
COLE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter broad, and two
and a half high ; roundish, considerably flattened, almost oblate, and
angular on the sides. Skin, yellowish, almost entirely covered with
deep crimson, and slightly marked with russet. Eye, large and closed,
set in a wide and open basin. Stalk, long, covered with down, and
inserted in a close, narrow cavity, with a fleshy prominence on one
side of it. Flesh, white, firm, juicy, and sweet, with a rich, brisk, and
pleasant flavour.
A first-rate early kitchen apple, and second-rate for the dessert. It
is in use during August and September, and will even keep as long as
Christmas if well preserved.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer ; and on account
of the size of the fruit should be grown rather as a dwarf than a
standard.
Colonel Yaughan's. See Kentish Pippin,
COLLEGE APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches high,
and two and a half inches wide at the base ; conical or Pearmain-
shaped, even and regular in its outline, and not unlike Adams's Pear-
main. Skin, smooth and shining, streaked all over with crimson
stripes on a yellow ground, and with patches of brown russet on the
base. Eye, small, set in a narrow shallow basin, which is surrounded
48 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
with ridges ; segments, erect convergent, with divergent tips. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a fleshy knob, about a
quarter of an inch long, inserted in a very narrow and shallow cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, soft, and briskly acid. Cells, four in the form of a
cross, roundish obovate ; axile.
A culinary apple ; in use till December.
This is a Herefordshire apple, and takes its name from being grown on the estate
belonging to the College of Vicars in that city. The fruit of this variety always
fetches as high a price in Manchester market as that of Blenheim Pippin.
Combermere Apple. See Mere de Menage.
COMEY NORMAN {Murdy).—Fvmi, small, two inches high, and the
same in width at the base ; conical, even and regular in its outline, though
it has sometimes one or two prominent angles on the side ; it is wide at
the base, and very narrow at the apex. Skin, greenish yellow on the
shaded side, but on the side next the sun it has a thin red cheek, which
is speckled with deep crimson ; russety round the stalk, and sprinkled
over the surface with minute dots. Eye, prominent, closed, and set in
a narrow plaited basin ; segments, broad and leaf-like, erect conver-
gent, and with divergent tips. Stamens, median, but when the tube is
very long they are marginal ; tube, conical, sometimes very wide for
the depth, and sometimes very deep. Stalk, from a quarter of an inch
to an inch long, slender, and inserted in a close, deep, irregular cavity.
Flesh, very tender, juicy, and rather of a bitter-sweet flavour. Cells,
roundish obovate ; axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple. It is very largely grown in South Wales, and its
name is derived from the Welsh wordCwym, a valley.
Concombre Ancien. See Reinette Blanche d'Espagne.
Concombre des Chartreuses. See St. Julien.
COOK'S KERNEL — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and
two and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to obtuse ovate, even in
its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, streaked all over with bright
crimson, on a golden yellow ground, and dotted with large russet dots,
which are thickly sprinkled over the whole surface. Eye, set in a
shallow, smooth, saucer-like basin, with convergent segments, the tips
of which are divergent. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, sometimes a mere knob, or half an inch long, and slender, set
in a wide, round, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, rather dry,
soft, and with a brisk, rough acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A Herefordshire cider apple, which is a favourite in the midland districts of the
county.
COOLE'S SEEDLING". — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and two inches high ; roundish, inclining to ovate, even and regular in
outline. Skin, lemon yellow, with a few streaks and mottles of crimson
on the side exposed to the sun, and here and there some traces of
APPLES. 49
rosset. Eve, open, with broad divergent segments, set in a wide,
plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, and
sometimes a fleshy swelling on one side of it, inserted in a shallow
cavity. Flesh, firm and crisp, juicy and sweet Cells, obovate ; axile,
closed.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from October to December.
This was raised at Cheltenham by a lady named Miss Coolc. and it was awarded
a Firbt-class Certificate by the lioyal llort'icultural Society in 1868.
Copmanthorpe Crab. See Dutch Mignonne.
CORN APPLE. — Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide,
and two inches and five-eighths high ; conical, with prominent ribs on
the sides, terminating at the crown in sharp ridges, and in broad
undulations at the base. Skin, almost entirely covered with blood
crimson, streaked with darker crimson, and intermingled with yellow
streaks of the ground colour ; on the shaded side it is paler, and on
the sun side it is sometimes shining as if varnished. Eye, with erect
convergent segments, divergent at the points, set in a deep, narrow,
furrowed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical, sometimes ap-
proaching to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long,
deeply inserted in an undulating-shaped cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy,
and sweet, with a rough flavour. Cells, roundish ; abaxile.
This is a Herefordshire cider apple, extensively grown in the northern part of the
county, and yields cider which is considered equal ia quality to that of the Fox.
whelp.
CORNISH AROMATIC— Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, distinctly
libbed on the sides, and narrowing towards the eye, where it terminates,
in more or less prominent ridges. Skin, yellow on the shaded side,
and covered with large patches of pale brown russet, which extend all
over the base, and sprinkled with green and russety dots ; but of a
beautiful bright red, which is streaked with deeper red, and strewed
with patches and dots of russet, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
small and closed, with long flat segments, which are reflexed at the
tips and set in an irregular ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep
and narrow cavity, which is Hned N\ith russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm,
crisp, juicy, rich, and highly aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A valuable dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to
Christmas. The tree is a free grower and an excellent bearer.
CORNISH GILLIFLOWER.— Fruit, large ; ovate, angular on the
sides, and ribbed round the eye, somewhat like a Quoining. Skin,
dull green on the shaded side, and brownish red streaked with brighter
red on the side next the sun ; some parts of the surface marked with
thin russet. Eye, large and closed, set in a narrow and angular basin.
Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk,
4
60 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
three quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather shallow cavity.
Flesh, 3^ellowish, firm, rich, and aromatic. Cells, roundish obovate ;
axile or abaxile.
This is one of our best dessert apples, remarkable for its rich and
aromatic flavour ; it is in use from December to May. The tree ia
hardy and a free grower, attaining the middle size, but not an abun-
dant bearer ; it produces its fruit at the extremities of the last year's
wood, and great care should, therefore, be taken to preserve the bearing
shoots. It succeeds well grafted on the paradise stock, and grown as
an espalier or an open dwarf.
This valuable apple was brought into notice by Sir Christopher Hawkins, who-
sent it to the London Horticultural Society in 1813. It was discovered about the
beginning of the present century, growing in a cottager's garden near Truro.
The name July-flower is very often applied to this and some other
varieties of apples, and also to flowers ; but it is only a corruption of
the more correct name, Gilliflower, which is derived from the French
Girojie, signifying a clove, and hence the flower, which has the scent of
that spice, is called Girojiier, which has been transformed to Gilli'
flower. In Chaucer's " Romaunt of the Rose " he writes it Gylofre:
" There was eke wexyng many a ppice,
As Clowe Gylofre and liquorice."
Turner writes it Gelower and Gehjfloure. The proper name, therefore^
is Gilliflower, and not July-flower.
CORNISH MOTHER {Mother Apple in Cornwall).— Fruit, below
medium size, nearly two inches wide, and two and a quarter high ;
roundish, inclining to cylindrical, distinctly angular. Skin, smooth^,
almost entirely covered with crimson, which has broad broken streaks
of a darker colour dotted all over with russet dots ; on the shaded side
it is of a paler colour, and is streaked with crimson and yellow. Eye,,
closed, with erect convergent segments, set in a pretty deep and close
basin, which is angular and plaited. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical,,
sometimes so deep as to extend to the core. Stalk, long and slender,
inserted in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, very tender
and juicy, sweet, with a pleasant flavour and agreeable aroma. Cells,.
roundish ; axile.
A very good tender-fleshed dessert apple ; in use up to November.
This was sent me from Cornwall by Mr. Vivian, of Hayle, under the name of
Mother Apple, but as there are so many apples which are known by this name iti*
necessary to give them some specific distinction, and this I have named theCoruibh.
Mother.
CORRAS APPLE. — Fruit small, two inches in diameter, round
or oblato-cylindrical, sometimes roundish, even and regular in its out-
line. Skin, entirely covered with yellowish brown russet, except on the
sunny side, where it has a bright deep red cheek, glossy as if it were
varnished. Eye, with convergent segments, closed or half open, set in
a shallow depression. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped.
APPLES. 61
Stalk, short, generally not extending beyond the base, slender. Flesh,
yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells, sometimes
only four, obovate ; axile.
A richly-flavoured dessert apple, the great value of which consists in
its late keeping.
I received this, as well as most of the Herefordshire apples, from my friend
Dr. Henry Bull, of Hereford.
CORSE HILL {Corset Hill; Cosset Hill).— Fruit, below medium
size, two inches and a quarter wide, and over two inches high ; short
Pearmain- shaped, smooth and even in its outline, narrowing abruptly
from the middle to the crown, which gives the upper part of the fruit
a snouted figure. Skin, thick and membranous, shining, pale lemon on
the shaded side, but with a fine bright red cheek on the side next the
sun, which frequently extends over two-thirds of the surface of the
fruit, and the whole is thickly strewed with minute russety points.
Eye, rather large, and closed, with long and broad leaf- like segments,
placed in a round, even, and saucer-like, shghtly plaited basin. Stalk,
a mere fleshy knob, but occasionally, and very rarely, a quarter of an
inch long and woody, inserted in a very shallow cavity, lined with pale
brown russet. Flesh, white, tender, not very juicy, brisk, and shghtly
sweet.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality, which takes well, and is in
use during December and January.
It is much grown in the Gloucestershire orchards, and received its name from
having been raised at Corse Hill, near Gloucester, where the seedling tree is still
existing. I received it from T. Wintle, Esq., of Gloucester.
Corset Hill. See Corse Hill.
Cosset HilL See Corse Hill.
COSTARD (Coulthard ; Prussian Pippin). — The large oblong five-
ribbed and five-sided apple, with a green skin and sometimes a brownish
tinge on the side next the sun, an open eye and short stalk, is no
doubt synonymous with the Catshead ; and this accounts for George
Lindley saying they are the same variety. But there are two other
varieties of Costard which are undoubtedly distinct, and these are the
Herefordshire or Dadnor Costard and the Gloucestershire Costard,
which will be found described under these names.
The Costard is one of our oldest Enghsh apples. It is mentioned
under the name of "Poma Costard " in the fruiterers' bills of Edward
the First, in 1292, at which time it was sold for a shilling a hundred.
The true Costard is now rarely to be met with, but at an early period it
must have been very extensively grown, for the retailers of it were
called Costardmongers, an appellation now transformed into Coster-
mongers. It is mentioned by William Lawson, in 1597, who, in his
quaint style, says, " Of your apple-trees you shall flnde diflurence in
growth. A good pipping will grow large, and a Costard-tree : stead
them on the north side of your other apples, thus being placed, the
52 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
least will give sunne to the rest, and the greatest will shroud their
fellowes."
Modern authors make the Costard synonymous with the Catshead,
chiefly, I think, on the authority of Mr. George Lindley, who has it so
in the " Guide to the Orchard " ; but this is evidently an error. All
the early authors who mention both varieties regard them as distinct.
Parkinson describes two varieties of Costard — the *' Gray " and the
*' Greene." Of the former he says, "It is a good great apple, somewhat
whitish on the outside, and abideth the winter. The Green Costard is
like the other, but greener on the outside continually." Kay describes
.both the Catshead and Costard as distinct, and Leonard Meager
-enumerates three varieties of Costard in his list — the white, grey,
.and red.
Some etymologists, and Dr. Johnson among the number, consider
ibis name to be derived from Cost, a head ; but what similarity there is
beween this apple and a head, more than in any other variety, must
puzzle any one to discover. Is it not more probable that it is derived
from Costatus [Anglice, costate, or ribbed), on account of the promi-
nent ribs or angles on its sides ? I think this a much more likely
derivation.
COUL BLUSH. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, and angular on
the sides. A good deal resembling the Hawthornden. Skin, pale
yellow, marked with dull red next the sun, and streaked and dotted
with deeper red. Stalk, slender. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk,
and well-flavoured.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to February. It
is said to be of finer flavour than the Hawthornden, and to be even
a good dessert apple.
The tree is hardy, a strong, vigorous, and upright grower, and
an abundant bearer. It is well suited for all northern and exposed
situations.
This is one of the vaxietics raised by Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart, of Coul,
llosshire.
Coulthard. See Costard.
Counsellor. See Greenup's Pippin.
COUET OF WICK {Frys Pippin; Golden Drop; Knightwick
Pippin ; Phillips's lieinette ; Wood's Huntingdon ; Weeks s Pippin ;
Yellow Pippin). — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish ovate, regular
and handsome. Skin, when fully ripe, of a fine clear yellow, with
bright orange, which sometimes breaks out in a faint red next the sun,
and covered all over with russety freckles. Eye, large and open, with
long, acuminate, and reflexed segments, set in a wide, shallow, and
even basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
short and slender, inserted in a smooth and even cavity, which is lined
with thin russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, crisp, very juicy, rich, and
Jhighly flavoured. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile.
APPLES. 58
One of the best and most valuable dessert apples, both as regards
the hardiness of the tree and the rich and delicious flavour of the fruit,
which is not inferior to that of the Golden Pippin. It is in use from
October to March.
The tree attains the middle size, is healthy, hardy, and an abundant
bearer. There is scarcely any description of soil or exposure where it
does not succeed, nor is it subject to the attacks of blight and canker.
It grows well on the paradise stock, producing fruit much larger than
on the crab, but not of so long duration. There are some soils, such
as the Hastings Sand, which produce the fruit of Court of Wick of a
fine clear orange with a somewhat crimson cheek on the side next
the sun.
This variety is said to have oripnatetl at Court of Wick, near Yatton, in Somer-
setshire, and to have been raised from seed of the Golden Pippin. In his Survey
of Somersetshire^ Billingsly says, " The favourite ai)ple, both as a table and cider
fruit, is the Court of Wick Pippin, taking its name from the spot where it was first
produced. It originated from the pip or seed of the Golden Pippin, and mny be
considered as a beautiful variety of that fruit. In shape, colour, and flavour it has
not its superior.*' It was called Wood's Huntingdon from being propagated by Mr.
Wood, nurseryman, of Huntingdon, and sent out by him under that name aboai
the year 1790.
Court-pendu-doree. See Golden Beinette,
COURT-PENDU-PLAT (Courtpendu; Court-pendu plat roiigedtre ;
Court -pendu rond gros ; Court-pendu rond tres gros ; Court-pendU
rond roiigedtre; Court-pendu rosat ; Court-pendu musque ; Court-
pendii-rouge musque ; Court-pnuiu rouge ; Courpendu vermeil ; Go-
rianda rose; Kurtzstiel ; Court-pendu rouge; Court-pendu rosaar ;
lieinette Court-pendu rouge; Princesse Noble Zoete ; Garnons ;
Wollaton Pippin ; Wise Apple). — Fruit, medium sized ; oblate, regu-
larly and handsomely shaped. Skin, bright green at first on the
shaded side, but changing as it ripens to clear yellow, marked with
traces of russet, and russety dots ; but entirely covered with rich deep
red next the sun. Eye, large and open, with short segments, which are
reflexed at the tips, set in a wide, rather deep basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow,
firm, crisp, very juicy, richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile. slit.
A valuable dessert apple of the first quahty ; in use from December
to May. The tree is of small growth, very hardy, and an abundant
bearer. Grafted on the paradise stock it makes excellent bushes and
espaliers. The blossom of this variety expands later than that of any
other variety, and on that account is less liable to be injured by spring
frosts ; and hence it has been called the Wise Apple.
This is not the Capendu of Duharael, as quoted by Lindley and Downing ;.
neither is it the Court-Pendu of Forsyth and De La Quintinye, that variety being the
Fenouillet Rouge of Duhamel. The Courpendu of Miller is also a different apple
from any of those just mentioned, and is distinguished by having a long and
slender stalk, " so that the fruit is always hanging downwards." The name of this
variety is derived from Corps pendu, translated by some Hanging Body, whereas.
54 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
that of the variety above described is from Court pendu, signifying suspended
short, the stalk being so short that the fruit sits, as it were, upon the branch. The
name Capendu, or Capendua, is mentioned by the earliest authors, but applied to
ditferent varieties of apples. It is met with in Ruellius, Tragus, Curtius, and
Dalechamp, the latter considering it the Cestiana of Pliny. Curtius applies the
name to a yellow apple, and so also does Ruellius ; but Tragus considers it one of
the varieties of Passe-pomme. He says, " Capendua magna sunt alba et dulcia, in
quorum utero seniina per maturitatem sonant, Ruellio Passipoma apellantur."
They are also mentioned by J. Bauhin, " Celeberrimum hoc pomi genus est totius
Europaj, sic dicta, quod ex curto admodum pendeant pediculo."
It is called Garnons from the residence of the Cotterell family, near Hereford,
where it had been grown without a name, and bence became known as the Garnons
apple. For the same reason it is called Wollaton Pippin from the residence of
Lord Middleton in Nottinghamshire.
COWAN'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and two and a quarter high ; round, and sometimes oval, when it has a
large fleshy swelling at the base ; somewhat angular, and terminating
in prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, rich yellow, almost covered
with broken streaks of crimson, and with a crimson cheek where exposed
to the sun ; there is a little thin russet about the crown. Eye, small,
and closed, with erect convergent segments set in a pretty deep angular
and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
very short, with a large swelling on one side. Flesh, tender, juicy,
sweet, aud with a pleasant flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A very pretty dessert apple ; in use in October.
COWAENE QUOINING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and two inches and a quarter high ; ovate or conical, with obtuse ribs on
the sides, which extend to the eye and there form distinct ridges. Skin,
smooth, shining, and almost entirely covered with deep bright crimson,
which is darker on the side next the sun, but paler and streaked in the
shade, where the yellow ground colour is exposed ; the whole surface
is sprinkled with rather large russet dots. 'Eye, small, set in a narrow
basin, which is surrounded with ridges, the segments convergent and
nearly erect. Stamens, basal; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short and
slender, inserted in a rather deep, round, and narrow cavity. Flesh,
tender, juicy, sw^eet, and of good flavour, pervaded with veins and stains
of red. Cells, large and symmetrical, obovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of Herefordshire ; in use from January to March.
COWARNE RED. — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and one and
a half high ; oblate, even and regular in outline. Skin, streaked with
yellow and red on the shaded side and round the base, but of a bright
red over a great part, and where fully exposed to the sun of an intense,
deep, purplish crimson ; there are numerous short streaks, which mark
the shady part of the fruit. Eye, small, with very short converging
segments, the tips of which are divergent. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, very stifl" and straight.
Flesh, dry, woolly, and acid. Cells, open, obovate; axile.
APPLES. 65
Specific gravity of its juice, 1071.
A cider apple, which takes its name from the parish of Cowarne, near Broom-
jard, in Herefordshire, where it was raised about the beginning of the last century.
COX'S ORANGE PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish ovate,
•even and regular in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, and streaked
with red in the shade, but dark red where exposed to the sun, and
this extends over three-fourths of the whole surface. Over the coloured
part are patches and traces of ash grey russet forming a smooth and
firm crust. Eye, small and open, or closed, filled with stamens and
with short erect segments, set in a somewhat shallow saucer-like basin,
which is plaited and entii'ely lined with russet. Stamens, median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, somewhat fleshy, set in a
moderately deep cavity, which has a slight swelling on one side, and is
covered with russet extending over the base. Flesh, yellowish, very
tender in the grain, crisp, juicy, and sweet, with a fine perfume and
rich flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
One of the best dessert apples ; in use from October to February.
The tree is admirably adapted for dwarfs or pyramids, succeeds well
on the paradise stock, and is a free bearer.
This excellent variety was raised at Colnbrook Lawn, near Slough, Bucks, by a
Mr. Cox, who was formerly a brewer at Berniondsey, and who retired to Colnbrook
Lawn, where he devoted the remaining: years of his life to gardening pursuits. The
apple originated in 1 830, and is said to have been from a pip of Ribston Pippin.
COX'S POMONA. — Fruit, above the medium size, three inches wide,
«nd two and a half high, sometimes large ; roundish, somewhat flattened,
angular on the sides, and with ridges round the eye. Skin, yellow, and
very much streaked with bright crimson, and where fully exposed to tho
«un entirely crimson, marked with stripes and patches of dark crim-
son ; russety in the cavity of the stalk and over the base. Eye,
slightly open, with erect segments, set in a deep and angular basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, an inch long, slender,
deeply mserted. Flesh, white, tender, very juicy, and pleasantly acid.
•Cells, obovate ; axile.
A first-rate and very handsome culinary apple ; ripe in October.
This was raised by Mr. Cox, of Colnbrook Lawn, who also raised Cox's Orange
Pippin,
CRAY PIPPIN. — Fruit, below medium size ; conical, and angular
on the sides. Skin, pale yellow, with a tinge of red next the sun.
Eye, small and closed, set in an even basin. Stalk, short, and deeply
inserted. Flesh, yellow, crisp, sweet, and highly flavoured.
An excellent dessert apple ; ripe in October.
CRIMSON QUOINING {Scarlet Queening; Summer Queening;
Red Queening; Herefordshire Queening). — Fruit, medium sized, two
inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ;
conical and angular, sometimes distinctly five-sided, widest in the
66 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
middle, and narrowing to the base and the apex. Skin, dull red,
streaked with darker red where exposed to the sun, and greenish
yellow, with a few faint streaks of pale red, on the shaded side. Eye,
open, with long, reflexed, divergent segments, set in a narrow and
prominently ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, over half an mch long, inserted in a deep and angular
cavity. Flesh, white, with a greenish tinge, tender, juicy, and with a
pleasant, brisk flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile.
A second-rate apple, suitable either for the dessert or kitchen use ;
in season from December till March.
Croft en Eeich. See Galloway Pippin.
CROFT PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and the same in height ; round, with blunt angles on the
sides, and rather irregular in its outline. Skin, lemon yellow, closely
freckled all over with specks of cinnamon-coloured russet, and large
russet dots. Eye, large, and prominently set on the surface, with a
small knob at the base of each segment ; segments connivent, over-
lapping each other, broad and leaf-hke. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
wide and conical, rather irregular. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply
inserted. Flesh, white, very tender and translucent, juicy, and with a
brisk flavour. Cells, elliptical ; axile, closed.
A good kitchen apple ; in use up till Christmas.
This is much grown in the neighbourhood of Kingto:i, Herefordshire.
CROFTON SCARLET.— Fruit, medium sized; oblate, slightly
angular on the sides. Skin, covered with yellowish russet, except on
the side next the sun, where it is bright red, with a mixture of russet.
Eye, set in a wide and shallow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a
moderately deep cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, and richly
flavoured.
A most delicious dessert apple, of first-rate quality ; in use from
October to December, and does not become mealy.
The Scarlet Crofton is of Irish origin.
CULLEN. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three
inches high ; ovate, obtusely angular, terminating in ridges round the
eye and small furrows into the basin of it. Skin, with a dull yellowish
green tinge, striped with broken streaks of red on the shaded side, a
dull brownish blush on the side next the sun, which is also marked
with short, broken streaks of crimson. Eye, closed, with convergent
segments, set in a deep and furrowed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube,
conical. Stalk, over half an inch long, stout, deeply set in a greenish
russet-lined cavity ; sometimes it is about an inch long, slender, and
obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy prominence. Flesh, tender,
very juicy, mildly acid. Cells, obovate ; axile or abaxile.
A very excellent culinary apple ; in use up till Christmas, and a
great favourite among the Kentish orchardists about Maidstone.
APPLES. 57
Camberland Favonrite. See Greenup's Pippin.
CURL TAIL. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and the
same in height, indusive of the prominent swelling at the stalk; round
and flattened, somewhat obtusely angular, and with furrows at the
crown. It has an extraordinary enlargement at the stalk, which curls
round like a parrot's beak, which is russety. Skin, straw-coloured,
without any traces of red or russet. Eye, closed, with convergent
segments, set in a rather deep and furrowed basin. Stamens, marginal
or median ; tube, deep and wide, conical. Stalk, nearly obsolete, being
the point of the fleshy swelling. Flesh, white, very tender, sweet, and
agreeably flavoured. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
An extraordinary-looking apple, which possesses little merit, and is
only fit for cooking. It is in use up till Christmas.
D'ARCY SPICE (B addon- Pippin ; Essex Sjnce ; Sprimj Pdbston).—
Fruit, medium sized ; roundish or rather oblate, with prominent ribs
on the sides, which terminate in four, and sometimes five, considerable
ridges at the crown, very much in the character of the London Pippin.
It is sometimes of an ovate shape, caused by the stalk being prominent
instead of depressed, in which case the ribs on the sides, and ridges
round the eye, are less apparent. Skin, deep lively green, changing as
it ripens to yellowish green, on the shaded side ; but covered on the side
next the sun with dull red, which changes to orange where it blends with
the yellow ground ; the whole considerably marked with thin brown
russet, and russety dots. Eye, rather large and half open, with short,
broad convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set
in a deep angular and plaited basin. Stamens, basal; tube, wide
conical. Stalk, very short, not more than a quarter of an inch long,
and inserted the whole of its length in a shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish
white, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, and with a particularly rich and vinous
flavour, partaking somewhat of the Nonpareil and Ribston, but par-
ticularly the latter. Cells, open, roundish obovate ; axile.
This is a first-rate dessert apple ; in use in November, and possessing
the desirable property of keeping till April or May.
This vahial)le apple was discovered in the garden of The Hall, Tolesbnnt
3^'Arcy, near Colchester, and many Qid Irees are still existing in that neighbour-
iiood. It was always known by the name of D'Arcy Spice, or simply Spice Apple,
till 1848, when Mr. John Harris, a nurseryman at Broomfield, near Chelmsford,
propagated it from grafts taken from one of these old trees, and sold it under the
name of Baddow Pippin. A few years later Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, put
it in his catalogue as Spring Ribston.
DARLING PIPPIN.— Fruit, of medium size ; oblato-conical. Skin,
bright lemon yellow, thickly set with small embedded pearly specks.
Eye, small, and placed in a shallow basin, surrounded with prominent
plaits. Stalk, short and slender, not deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow-
ish, firm, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour.
A dessert apple of good quality ; in use from November to January.
This is one of our old English varieties. It is mentioned by Rea in 1665, who
58 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
calls it " a larjie gold yellow apple, of an excellent, quick, something sharp taste,
and bears well." It is also noticed by Ray as " Pomum dclicatulum Cestrise."
David T. Fish. See Warner's King.
DEANS' CODLIN. — Fruit, very large, three inches and a quarter
wide, and three inches and three-quarters high ; conical or oblong,
with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend to the apex, and form
corresponding ridges round the eye. Skin, clear, deep yellow, dotted
with large russet dots. Eye, closed, with somewhat erect segments,
set in a deep and furrowed basin. Stamens, median, inclining to
marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, rather slender for the size of the fruit, inserted in a deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells,
wide open, Codlin-like, elliptical ; abaxile.
A first-rate kitchen apple ; in use from November till February.
This was introduced by Mr. "VV. Deans, a nurser3'man at Jedburgh,
N.B.
Delaware. See Trumjymjton.
DE NEIGE (Fameiise ; La Fameuse). — Fruit, about the medium
size, two inches and a half broad, and two inches high ; roundish,
sometimes oblate. Skin, tender, smooth, and shining, of a beautiful
pale waxen yellow colour, tinged with pale red, on the shaded side, but
covered with deeper red on the side next the sun. Eye, small, half-
open, with short segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a narrow,
shallow, and puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, conical.
Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a round and pretty deep cavity.
Flesh, pure white, remarkably tender and delicate, sweet, and pleasantly
flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A very beautiful and handsome apple, but not of great merit. It is
suitable for dessert use, and is in perfection from November to
January.
The tree is of a small habit of growth, hardy, and bears well ; but
in some soils it is liable to canker.
This variety is supposed to be of Canadian origin, and was introduced to this
country by a Mr. Barclay, of Brompton, near London. It is grown very extensively
in Canada, and is very higbly appreciated. The name of Pomme de Neige has
been applied to several very distinct varieties, and it can be traced back as far as
the beginning of the seventeenth century; but the variety to which it was then
applied, and which appears to have been a sort of early White Codlin, has long
since disappeared, and any attempt to identify it must be mere conjecture.
Deux Ans of Kent. See Graham.
DEVONSHIRE BUCKLAND {Dredge's WJdte Lily; Pile's Vic-
toria ; White Lily ; Lily Bucldand). — Fruit, above medium size ;
roundish, and flattened, angular on the sides. Skin, waxen yellow,
strewed with minute russet dots. Eye, open, with erect segments,
reflexed at the tips. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, deeply
APPLES. 59
inserted. Flesh, yellow, crisp, very juicy, brisk, sweet, and perfumed.
Cells, round ; axile.
A very good and useful apple, either for culinary or dessert use ;
in season from October to February.
DEVONSHIRE QUARRENDEX {Quarnwjton ; Fed Quarriwfdim ;
Sack A]tjjle). — Fruit, rather below medium size ; oblate, and sometimes
a little angular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shioing, entirely
covered with deep purplish red, except where it is shaded by a leaf or
twig, and then it is of a delicate pale green, presenting a clear and
well-defined outline of the object which shades it. Eye, quite closed,
with very long tomentose segments, and placed in an undulating and
shallow basin, which is sometimes knobbed, and generally lined with
thick wool. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
about three-quarters of an inch long, fleshy at the insertion, deeply
set in a round and funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, white, frequently
stained with red, crisp, brisk, and very juicy, with a rich vinous and
refreshing flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
A ver}' valuable and first-rate dessert apple. It ripens on the tree
the first week in August, and lasts till the end of September. It is
one of the earliest summer dessert apples, and at that season is parti-
cularly rchshed for its fine, cooling, and refreshing vinous juice.
The tree attains a considerable size ; it is particularly hardy, and a
most prolific bearer. It succeeds well in almost every soil and situa-
tion, and is admirably adapted for orchard planting. In almost every
latitude of Great Britain, from Devonshire to the Moray Frith, I have
observed it in perfect health and luxuriance, producing an abundance
of well-ripened fruit, which, though not so large, nor so early in the
northern parts, still possessing the same richness of flavour as in the
south.
This is supposed to be a very old variety. The earliest record I can find of
Devonshire Qiiarrenden is in *' The Compleat Planter and Cyderist," published in
1690. In 1693 it is mentioned by Ray ; and except by Mortimer, it is not noticed
by any subsecjuent writer till within a very recent period. It seems to have been
unknown to Switzer, Langley, and Miller ; nor do 1 find thai it was grown in any
of the London nurseries before the beginning of the present century. The only
early catalogue in which I find it is that of Miller & Sweet, of Bristol, in 1790.
DEVONSHIRE QUEEN.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish ovate,
with prominent angles on the sides, which extend to the eye, where
they form prominent ridges. Skin, entirely covered with deep, rich
crimson, which is marked and streaked with a deeper shade of the
same colour ; but where shaded there is a sUght patch of yellow. The
whole surface is shining as if varnished. Eye, closed and deeply sunk.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch
long, slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, white in the centre ;
but under the skin it is deeply tinged with red, and this extends some-
times to the core ; soft and tender, with a strong aromatic and
pleasantly acid flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; abaxile.
60 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A very beautiful apple of good quality, ripe in the beginning of
October, and which must be eaten as soon as ripe.
Ditton Nonpareil. See Braddick's Nonpareil.
DOCTOR HARE'S. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters in diameter ; roundish, inclining to ovate, even in its outline.
Skin, deep bright grass green where shaded, but where exposed to the
sun it is brownish red, which is marked with broken streaks of bright
red, and here and there over the surface are patches of rough scaly
russet. Eye, set in a narrow, round, and plaited basin, with connivent
segments. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical, rather wide. Flesh, with a
greenish tinge, firm, crisp, with a brisk acidity and agreeable flavour.
Cells, closed, obovate ; axile, closed.
An excellent cooking apple, which is a long keeper, even up till May.
This is a Herefordshire apple.
DOCTOR HARVEY {Harvey Apple).— Frmi, large, three inches
wide, and about the same in height ; ovate and somewhat angular.
Skin, greenish yellow, dotted with green and white specks, but becoming
quite yellow at maturity ; round the crown it is marked with lines of
russet. Eye, small, with short connivent segments, very slightly
depressed, and surrounded with several prominent knobbed plaits.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and
slender, inserted in a deep, uneven cavity. Flesh, firm, white, crisp,
juicy, pleasantly acid, and perfumed. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality, well known in Norfolk. It is
in use from October till January. The tree is a large grower, hardy,
and a great bearer.
Lindley says, *' When baked in an oven which is not too hot, these
apples are most excellent ; they become sugary, and will keep a week
or ten days, furnishing for the dessert a highly flavoured sweetmeat."
This is one of the oldest English apples. It is first mentioned by Parkinson as
"a faire greate goodly apple ; and very well rellished." llalph Austen calls it "a
very choice fruit, and the trees beare well." According to liay it is named in
honour of Dr. Gabriel Harvey, of Cambridge : " Pomum Harveianum ab inventore
Gabriele Harveio Doctore nomen sortitum Cantabrigise suas delicioc."
1 learn from Houghton's Husbandry and Trade Improved that Dr. Harvey was
master of Trinity Hall, and that about the year 1630 he left, by will, an estate to
mend the road from Cambridge towards London, six miles to Fulmer (Foulmire).
DOCTOR HOGG. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide,
and two inches and a half high ; ovate or conical, prominently ribbed,
and with bold ridges round the eye. Skin, when ripe, rich golden
yellow with a pale red cheek, which is faintly striped with crimson on
the side next the sun, here and there are small patches of russet.
Eye, large and slightly open, with long erect connivent segments, set
in a deep, ribbed, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical
or funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch or more long, deeply inserted in a
wide, irregular cavity. Flesh, white, very tender and juicy, sweet and
briskly flavoured. CeUs, obovate ; abaxile.
APPLES. 61
An excellent culinary apple, and also good for dessert use ; it is in
season from November till February.
This was raised by Mr. Sidney Ford, gardener to \V. E. Hubbard, Esq., of
Leonard's Lee, near Horsham, and was awarded a First-class Certificate by the
Royal Horticultural Society, December 17th, 1878, on the recommendation of Sir
C. W. Strickland, Bart., to' whom it was referred to test its cookinp: properties.
His report was — " Doctor Hogg is very like the White Calville, probably a seed-
ling from it. It melts j)erfectly, does not fall at all, is juicy, slightly acid, very rich
and sugary, with a delicate aroma. It is a first-rate baking apple."
DOG'S SNOUT. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters long, and the same broad ; oblong, narrowing towards the
crown, with prominent angles on the sides, which terminate at the
apex in bold ridges ; the base of the fruit is flattened, and the crown
narrow. Skin, smooth and greasy to the feel, of a pale yellowish
green, except on the side next the sun, where there is a faint blush of
pale crimson marked with several broken stripes of dark bright crimson,
the whole surface strewed with distinct russety dots. Eye, small and
closed, placed in a shallow, puckered, and angular basin. Stalk, over
an inch long, very slender, inserted in a deep and narrow basin, with a
swelling of the flesh on one side of it, and from which issue ramifications
of russet which extend over the base of the fruit. Flesh, greenish
white, tender, and marrow-like, agreeably acid, and pleasantly flavoured.
A culinary apple ; in use during December and January, but only of
second-rate quahty.
I received this some years ago from Mr. W. Barratt, of Wakefield, It is some-
what Hke the Keswick Codlin, but with a much longer stalk.
DOMINO. — Fruit, large, nearly three inches and a quarter wide,
and about three and a half high ; somewhat cylindrical or blunt coni-
cal in shape, with five prominent ribs, one larger tban the others,
which makes the fruit larger on one side of the axis, and consequently
if measured through that diameter it is as wide as it is high. Skin, of
an uniform gi'eenish yellow when ripe, and pale grass green before it
ripens, covered with distinct russet dots, and no colour. Eye, closed,
set in a deep angular and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
long, conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted by the side of a fleshy protuberance, which is generally well
developed. Flesh, yellowish white, soft, and juicy, with a mild acidity.
Cells, elliptical, abaxile, Codlin-like.
This is a very useful apple, grown in the orchards of Nottinghamshire, about
Southwell. It belongs to the same class as Lord Suflfield, Golden Spire, and such
early bearing and prolific culinary apples. It ripens in September, and, like Lord
Sufiield, is soon pa^t. It generally decays about the beginning of October.
DOWNTON NONPAREIL.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, even and regular in
its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with patches of russet,
espcciall}' over the crown and in the basin of the eye. Eye, small,
with erect convergent segments, set in a wide and shallow depression.
62 THE PRUIT MANUAL.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender,
set in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and
briskly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from December to
April.
This is one of the seedlings raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, President of the Horti-
cultural Society of London.
DOWNTON PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, somewhat cylindrical, and
flattened at the ends, bearing a resemblance to the Golden Pippin.
Skin, smooth, of a fine lemon yellow colour, and with a slight tinge of
red next the sun, marked with a few traces of delicate russet, and
strewed with numerous pale brown dots. Eye, large, and quite open,
with long, flat, pointed segments, set in a wide, flat, and shallow
basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, slender, half an inch long, and inserted in a shallow cavity,
which is lined with a delicate russet. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate,
firm, crisp, and juicy, with a rich, brisk, vinous, and somewhat aro-
matic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, resembling the Golden Pippin
both in size, shape, and colour, as well as flavour. It is in use from.
November to January.
The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, a most abundant
bearer, and attains about the middle size. It may be grown as an
open dwarf, and is well suited for espaliers. The fruit is also valuable
for the cider it produces, the specific gravity of the juice being 1080.
This excellent variety was raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., of Downton
Castle, from the seed of the Isle of Wight Orange Pippin, impregnated with the
pollen of the Golden Pippin, and the original tree is still in existence at Wormsley
Grange, Herefordshire. My friend the Hev. C. H. Bulmer, Rector of Credenhill,
near Hereford, informs me that mice have a great fondness for this apple, and will
eat it with avidity.
DRAP D'OR (Bay Apple; Early Summer Pippin). — Fruit, rather
large ; roundish, narrowing towards the eye, where it is ribbed. Skin>
smooth and shining, of a fine pale yellow colour intermixed with a,
greenish tinge, which is disposed in faint stripes, extending from the
base to the apex on the shaded side, but of a clearer and deeper yellow
on the side next the sun, the whole marked with patches of delicate,,
dark brown russet, and strewed with numerous russety dots ; some-
times there is a faint tinge of red on the side next the sun. Eye,
small and closed, with acuminate segments, which are covered with
white tomentum, and set in a wide, deep, irregular, and plaited basin.
Stalk, very short, and somewhat fleshy, inserted in a wide, rather
shallow, and smooth cavity. Flesh, yellowish, white, tender, crisp,
and juicy, with a brisk, vinous, and sugary flavour.
A pretty good apple of second-rate quality, more suitable for culinary-
purposes than the dessert. It is in use from October to Christmas.
The tree is a healthy and free grower, attaining about the middle
APPLES. 63
size, and is a free and early bearer, being generally well set with fruit
buds. It requires a rich soil and warm situation.
There is another apple totally different from this to which the name
of Drap d'Or is applied. See Fenouillet Jaune.
Dredge's Beauty of Wilts. See Harvey's Pippin.
DREDGE'S FA^IE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, inclining to
ovate, obtusely angular. Skin, smooth, dark green all over, but with
a few broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun ; as it
ripens it assumes a yellowish tinge. Eye, partially open, with erect
convergent segments, which incline to divergent, set in a narrow and
shallow saucer-like basiu. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a
pretty deep cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet,
and with a fine aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
This is a valuable and very excellent apple, suitable either for dessert
use or culinary purposes. It is in use from December to March. In
a letter to Mr. Forsyth, Mr. Dredge says, " This is the best apple yet
known ; in eating from Easter till Midsummer — most excellent."
The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, an early and abundant bearer,
but according to Rogers, hable to be attacked by the woolly aphis;
still, I have never found it more susceptible of that disease than most
other varieties.
DREDGE'S QUEEN CHARLOTTE.— Fruit, medium sized, twa
inches and three-quarters wide, and about the same in height ; roundish,
inclining to ovate, with prominent ribs, which terminate in knobs round
the eye ; it is generally higher on one side of the eye than the other.
Skin, when quite ripe, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but on tho
side next the sun it is entirely covered with brilliant crimson ; the
surface has patches of russet and large russet dots, like freckles. Eye,
closed, with broad convergent segments, deeply set in an uneven basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long, stout, and
curved, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and of
good flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile.
A showy, long-keeping, handsome apple, which lasts \VelI till March.
I am indehted to Mr George Bunyard, nurseryman, of Maidstone, for a know-
ledge of this old and useful apple.
There are several other varieties mentioned by Forsyth as seedlings of Dred<»e's,
which I hnvc not met with, as Dredge's Russet and Dredge's Seedling. I had ia
my collection Dredge's Emperor and Lord Nelson, both of which are grown in the
"West of England, but I have not had an opportunity of seeing the fruit. It is
however, a question whether these are really bcedlings of Dredge's or not ; there
are several varii-ties to which he affixed his name which have been ascertained to
be identical with others that existed before his time, such as Dredge's White Lily
which is synonymous with Devonshire Buckland, and Dredge's Beauty of Wilts*
which is the same as Harvey's Pippin. '
64 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Dredge's White Lily. See DevonsJdre Buckland.
Due d'Arsell. See NonpareU.
DUCHESS'S FAVOURITE {Duchess of Gloucester; Scarlet In-
comparable).— Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a
half wide, and two inches and an eighth high ; roundish, bluntly
angular, and undulating round the crown. Skin, covered with brilliant
red, which extends over the whole surface except where shaded, and
there it is yellow ; the base is covered with ramifications of russet.
Eye, open, with short erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips,
and set in a wide plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a moderately
deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and highly,
flavoured ; it is frequently stained with red, like the flesh of Sops-in-
wine. Cells, open, roundish obovate ; axile.
A beautiful and very excellent dessert apple ; in use from November
to Christmas. It is now much grown in the Kentish orchards for the
London markets.
This was raised by Mr. Cree, a nurseryman at Addlestone, who named it in
reference to the favour with which it was received by the Duchess of York.
Duchess of Gloucester. See Duchess's Favourite,
DUCHESS OF OLDENBUPiG {Borowitsky ; Charlamouiski).—
Fruit, large, about three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and
a half high ; round, and sometimes prominently ribbed on the sides
and round the eye. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow on the shaded side,
and streaked with broken patches of fine bright red on the side next
the sun, sometimes assuming a beautiful dark crimson cheek; it is
covered all over with numerous russetj^ dots, particularly round the
eye, where thej^ are large, dark, and rough. Eye, large and closed,
with long broad connivent segments, placed in a deep and angular
basin. Stamens, basal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long and slender,
deeply inserted in a narrow and angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a pleasant, brisk, and refreshing
flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
An excellent early culinary or dessert apple of the first quality ;
ripe in the middle of August, and continues in use till the end of
September. The tree is hardy, a free grower, and an excellent bearer.
This variety is of Kussian origin.
Duck's Bill. See Winter Pearmain.
DUKE OF BEDFORD.— Fruit, large ; three inches and a quarter
wide, and the same high ; roundish, with prominent obtuse angles ;
quite uneven in shape, and with distinct ridges round the crown.
Skin, bright dark green, with grey russet dots on the shaded side, and
with a dull red check on the side which is next the sun, and which is
marked with broken streaks. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent
segments, set in a wide, deep, and uneven basin. Stamens, basal ;
APPLES. 65
tube, conical. Stalk, very short, with a large fleshy swelling on one
side. Flesh, greenish, very firm and tender, very juicy, and with an
agreeable acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A first-rate kitchen apple ; in fine condition at Christmas, and will
keep till February.
DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE.— Fruit, medium sized, roundish ovate.
Skin, of uniform lemon yellow colour, with a dull red cheek ; the surface
veined with russet. Eye, large and open, set in a wide and deep basin.
Stalk, very short. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, and sweet, with
a fine aroma.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from February till May.
DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.— Fruit, medium size; three inches
wide, and two and a half high ; round, with obtuse angles, which extend
to the crown, forming blunt ridges. Skin, of an uniform yellowish
green, strewed with russet dots. Eye, open or half open, with erect
segments, which are roflexed at the tips and set in a round even basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted
in a deep wide cavity. Flesh, tender, crisp, juicy, briskly-acid. Cells,
ovate ; axile.
A culinary apple ; in use in December.
DUMELOW'S SEEDLING (Dumelow's Crab; Normanton Wmder;
Wellhiffton). — Fruit, large, roundish, and flattened. Skin, pale yellow,
strewed with large russet points, with a tinge of pale red on the side
next the sun, which is sometimes almost entirely covered with a bright
red cheek. Eye, large and open, with broad, reflexed segments, set
in an irregular, uneven, and pretty deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube,
conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted
in a narrow and funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with russet.
Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and very juicy, with a slight
aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile or abaxile.
One of the most valuable culinary apples ; it is in use from
November to March. The tree is one of the strongest and most
vigorous growers, very hardy, and an excellent bearer. The young
shoots, which are long and stout, are thickly covered with large greyish
white dots, which readily distinguish this variety from almost every
other.
This excellent apple was raised by a person of the name of Dumeller (pro-
nouiioeil Dumelo'r). a farmer at Shakerstone, a village in Leicestershire, six miles
from Ashhy-de-la-Zouch, and is extensively cultivated in that and the adjoining
counties under the name of Dumelow's Crab. It was first introduced to the
neighbourhood of London by Mr. Richard Williams, of the Turnhara Green
Nursery, who received it from Gopsal Hall, the seat of Earl Howe, and presented
specimens of the fruit to the Horticultural Society in 1820. It was with him that
the name of Wellington Apple originated, and by which it is now generally known
in the London markets.
DUNDEE. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, by two
5
6Q
THE FLUIT MANUAL.
inches high; oblate, very much like a Scarlet Nonpareil in shape.
Skin, entirely covered with russet. Eye, closed, with broad erect
segments, which are spreading at the tips, and set in a shallow plaited
basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped. Flesh, gi-eenish,
firm, crisp, very juicy, with a pleasant, but not a high flavour. Cells,
obovate ; axile, closed.
A second-rate dessert apple ; in use during December and January,
but, like all russets, very liable to shrivel.
Dundee. See Golden Reinette,
DUNGAY. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters
wide by two and a half high ; roundish ovate, even and symmetrical
in its outline. Skin, bright deep crimson where exposed to the sun,
extending over two-thirds of the surface, but lemon-yellow marked with
broken pale streaks of red where shaded. Eye, closed, with broad, flat,
convergent segments, set in a wide plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender, generally obliquely
inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling in a greenish russet-lined
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and of good flavour. Cells,
roundish obovate ; axile.
An excellent cooking apple, in use up till Christmas.
I received this from Mr. L. Killick, of Langley, near Maidstone.
DUTCH CODLIN {Chalmers' Large; Glory of the West).— Fmit,
very large, irregularly conical or oblong, with a contraction or waist
near the eye, and prominent ribs extending from the base to the eye.
Skin, pale greenish yellow, slightly tinged with orange, or pale red
next the sun. Stalk, an inch long, set in an angular cavity, and thick.
Eye, small, and closed, with erect segments, set in a deep angular
basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, conical. Flesh, white, firm,
pleasantly sub-acid.
A good bearer, and one of the best kitchen apples. August to
September.
DUTCH MIGNONNE {Christ's Golden lieinette ; Copmanthorpe
Crab; Reinette de Canx ; Stettin Pippin), — Fruit, rather large;
roundish, and handsome, narrowing a little towards the eye, where it
is sometimes slightly ribbed. Skin, dull greenish yellow, marked all
over with broken streaks of pale red and crimson, with traces of russet,
and numerous russety dots, which are thickest round the eye. Eye,
small and closed, with short and pointed segments, placed in a deep
and narrow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch
long, inserted in a round and deep cavity, which, with a portion of the
base, is lined with rough russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy,
rich, sweet, and aromatic. Cells, open, obovate ; axile.
A very valuable and dehcious dessert apple ; in use from December
to April.
The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, and a very abundant bearer.
APPLES. 67
It attains about the middle size when fully grown. The shoots are
thickly set with fruit spurs. It is well adapted for dwarf or espalier
training, and for these purposes succeeds well on the paradise stock.
DYMOCK RED. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half
wide, by two inches high ; roundish or oblate, even. Skin, entirely
covered with dark mahogany red, with streaks of bright pale crimson
on the side next the sun, and somewhat paler, though of the same
colour, on the shaded side ; the whole surface is strewed witli distinct
russet dots and mottled with patches and ramifications of cinnamon-
coloured russet. Eye, set in a shallow, roughly plaited basin, with
segments that are either divergent or connivent ; when the former, they
reflex like those of Court-pendu-plat, and when the latter, they touch
each other by their edges and close the eye. Stamens, basal ; tube,
funnel- shaped. Stalk, very short, often a mere knob, placed in a very
narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, soft, and tender, slightly
sweet, and with a pleasant acidity ; occasionally it is tinged with red.
Cells, ovate ; axile, closed.
Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. See Oxnead Fearmain.
EARLY ALMOND (White CVZ/iVt).— Fruit, very large, three inches
and a half in diameter, and three inches high ; conical, with very
prominent angles on the sides, which extend to the apex, where
they form bold and acute ridges, terminating in the basin of the
eye. Skin, of an uniform greenish yellow, which changes to a fine
lemon yellow when fully ripe, and here and there a large patch of green
between the ribs near the stalk. Eye, half open, with long acuminate
bright green and woolly segments, set in a rather deep and angular
basin. Stalk, short and slender, imbedded in a very deep, round, and
funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, quite white, exceedingly tender and
marrow-like, with a mild and agreeable acidity.
A remarkably fine culinary apple ; in use from the beginning of
August, and lasting throughout the month. It is one of the largest
and best culinary apples I know.
The Early Almond is cultivated in the Essex and Berkshire orchards.
Early Bough. See Large Yellow Bough,
Early Crofton. See hish Peach,
EARLY HARVEST (Early French Beinette ; July Pippin ; Prince's
Harvest; Piinces Early Harvest ; Large Early; July Early Pippin;
Yellow Harvest; Large White Juneating ; Tart Bough ; Prince's
Yellow Harvest ; July Early Pijipin ; Pomine d'Ete, of Canada). —
Fruit of medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two
inches and a quarter high ; round. Skin, smooth and shining, pale
yellowish green at first, but changing to clear pale waxen yellow as it
ripens, with a faint blush of red next the sun, and set with imbedded
white specks, particularly round the eye. Eye, small and sHghtly
68 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
closed, set in a round and shallow basin. Stamens, marginal or
median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a rather shallow, somewhat russety cavity. Flesh, white,
tender, crisp, and juicy, with a quick and pleasant sub-acid flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
An estimable and refreshing early dessert apple, of the first quality ;
ripe in the end of July and the beginning of August.
The tree is a healthy and free, though not a vigorous grower, and
an abundant bearer. It is well adapted for dwarf or espalier training
when grown on the paradise stock, and ought to find a place in every
collection, however small.
Though of American origin, this variety succeeds to perfection in
this country, a qualification which few of the American apples possess.
EAKLY JOE. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter
wide, and nearly an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, or some-
times quite oblate, slightly angular, particularly round the crown.
Skin, smooth and shining, almost entirely covered with thin bright
red, with darker clouds of the same colour next the sun ; on the shaded
side it is a rich clear waxen yellow, tinged with red. Eye, quite closed,
with leaf-like segments, set in a flat puckered basin. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a delicate and pleasant flavour.
A pretty dessert apple ; ripe in the end of August and begmning
of September. In shape and size, as well as colour, it considerably
resembles the Devonshire Quarrenden, but the colour is much paler
and brighter than in that variety.
An American apple said to have been raised in Ontario County, New York ; but
some think it is a native of Connecticut.
EAKLY JULYAN {Early Jidien; Fair Lady in Kent).— Fruit, of
medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a
quarter high ; roundish, slightly flattened, and prominently ribbed from
the eye downwards to the base. Skin, smooth, pale yellow, with an
orange tinge next the sun, strewed all over with minute dots and a few
whitish specks. Eye, closed, with broad segments, and set in a deep,
irregular, and angular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube,
conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, not extending beyond the
base, and inserted in a deep and angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, crisp, very juicy, and with a brisk, pleasant, and balsamic
flavour. Cells, open or closed, ovate, round or oblate.
An excellent early dessert or culinary apple, of first-rate quality ;
ripe in the second week of August. It might with propriety be called
the Summer Hawthornden, as it equals that esteemed old variety in all
its properties.
. The tree is healthy and hardy, but not a large grower. It is, how-
ever, a good bearer, though not so much so as the Hawthornden, and
is well adapted for growing as a dwarf.
APPLES. 69
Early Julien, or more properly Early Julyan, is so named from the fruit ripening
in July before the chanjj^e of the Calendar. It now ripens very early in August,
and in 1877, in the Weald of Sussex, I gathered it on the 2nd of August. It is said
to be of Scottish origin, but I cannot ascertain where or when it was first dis-
covered. It is not mentioned by Gibson, nor is it in the catalogue of Leslie and
Anderson, of Edinburgh, or any of the Scotch nurserymen of the last century. It
was first introduced to the South by the late Mr. Hugh Ronalds, of Brentford.
Early Margaret. See Margaret.
EARLY NONPAREIL {Hicks' Fancy; New Nonpareil; Stagg's
Nonpareil). — Fruit, small, roundish, narrowing towards the eye, where
it is ribbed. Skin, gi-eenish yellow, changing to deep yellow as it
attains maturity, russety, and spotted with grey russet dots. Eye,
closed or half open, set in a narrow and ribbed basin. Stamens, mar-
ginal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three-
quarters long, set in a narrow round cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
crisp, juicy, brisk, and aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile.
This is a very nice tender-fleshed dessert apple, and very juicy ; in
use from October to December.
This was called Hicks' Fancy by Kirke, the nurseryman at Brompton, who altered
the name of an old variety for no other reason than that a friend of his, wiio waa
keeper of the Guildhall, of London, preferred it to any other apple. This Kirke
told me himself.
EARLY RED CALYILLE (Cahille Eouge Prccoce). —Frnit, below
medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter
high ; roundish, smooth, and even in outline. Skin, very highly
coloured, being of a brilliant crimson all over, and sprinkled \vith large
fawn-coloured russet dots. Eye, half open, with somewhat divergent
segments, set in a shallow, narrow, and neat saucer-like basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, straight,
inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, tender, pleasantly acid, but not
highly flavoured. Cells, obovate; axile, closed.
A very ornamental apple, whose greatest recommendation is the
brilliancy of its colour. It is in use in October and November.
Early Red Juneating. See Margaret,
Eai'ly Red Margaret. See Margaret.
EARLY SPICE. — Fruit, of medium size, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, and
somewhat angular. Skin, smooth, of an uniform pale yellow or straw
colour, and thinly strewed with greenish dots. Eye, small and open,
with long reflexed segments, and set in a small basin. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, deeply inserted in a rather angular cavity,
which is thickly lined with russet. Flesh, white, tender, and very
juicy, with a pleasant, refreshing, and sub-acid flavour.
An excellent early culinary apple, which is well suited for baking,
70 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and is also good as an eating apple. It is ripe in the first week of
August, but soon becomes woolly after being gathered.
Early Striped Juneating. See Margaret.
Early Summer Pippin. See Drap d'Or,
EARLY WAX. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches wide, and
two inches and a half high ; oblong, and somewhat ribbed, particularly
at the base. Skin, thick and membranous, of an uniform waxen yellow
colour. Eye, partially open, with long reflexed segments, and set in a
moderately deep basin. Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a deep and
angular cavity, from which issue prominent ribs. Flesh, yellowish
white, tender and soft, with a sweet and abundant juice.
A dessert apple of ordinary merit, valuable only for its earliness, as
it ripens in the first week of August, but does not keep any time.
Easter Pippin. See Winter Greening.
ECKLINVILLE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two
inches and a half high ; roundish and flattened, even in its outhne, and
slightly angular round the eye. Skin, bright, rather deep lemon colour,
with a tinge of green, strewed, but not thickly, with large russet dots,
and with a crimson blush on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, large,
with closed segments, deeply set in an angular basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, not protrud-
ing beyond the flat base of the fruit. Flesh, white, tender, and fine
grained, with a brisk acidulous flavour. Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
This is a handsome and excellent culinary apple ; in use from October
to Christmas. The tree is a great bearer.
The tree was raised at Ecklinville, four miles from Portaferry, and eighteen from
Belfast, by a Scotch gardener of the name of Logan, about the beginning of this
century, and it is now extensively grown in Ireland and the south of Scotland.
EDINBURGH CLUSTER {Sir Walter Blacketfs).—Fm[t, below
medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ;
roundish or roundish ovate, obtusely angular, and rather ribbed round
the eye. Skin, pale lemon yellow, very much dotted with pale brown
russet and patches of the same, particularly round the base, and with
a faint orange tinge next the sun. Eye, closed, with broad, erect seg-
ments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a wide and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, set
in a narrow cavity, from which branch out lines of rough russet.
Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and sub-acid, with a peculiar aroma. Cells,
obovate ; axile, slit.
A second-rate dessert apple in the southern parts of the country,
but of better quality in the north, and especially in the Border
counties. November to January.
Edmonton Aromatic. See Kerry Pippin.
APPLES. 71
EDMUND JUPP. — Fiuit, rather below medium size, roundish
ovate, even and regular. Skin, smooth, yellow, sometimes with an
orange tinge next the sun, strewed with a few russet spots. Eye,
closed, with segments reflexed at the tips, open, set in a narrow plaited
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, very short.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and with a brisk flavour. Cells, ob-
ovate ; axile.
An excellent culinary apple ; from September till December. The
tree is a great bearer.
A Sussex apple, grown about Horsham.
EGGLETON STYRE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches high ; roundish, and obtusely ribbed. Skin, rich
yellow, orange next the sun, and covered with patches and tracings
of russet. Eye, open, with reflexed segments, set in an even basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch
long, slender, deeply inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with
russet, which branches out over the base. Flesh, yellowish^ tender,
juicy, sweet, and slightly acid. Cells, round ; axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple, which was raised by Mr, William Hill, of Lower
Eggleton, near Ledbury, and the tree first bore fruit in the year 1847.
ELDON PIPPIN. —Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches high ; round, and somewhat oblate and angular, prominently
ribbed round the eye. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but almost
entirely covered with thin crimson, which is streaked with darker
crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, and deeply set in a
ribbed and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical or
rather cup-shaped. Stalk, very short, set in a deep cavity, lined with
russet, which extends over the base of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish or
greenish yellow, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured, with a fine
aroma. Cells, round ; axile, slit.
A very excellent dessert apple ; in use from December till April.
Elizabeth. See Golden Reinette.
EMBROIDERED PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, with obtuse ribs,
which extend from the base to the apex, where they terminate in promi-
nent ridges. Skin, green on the shaded side, with a few broken streaks
of pale red, but on the side next the sun it is much streaked with rather
bright crimson, sprinkled with large russet dots. Eye, open, with
reflexed acute segments, set in a deep and plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and stout, deeply inserted in an
angular ribbed cavity. Flesh, greenish, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk
acidity. Cells, round ; axile.
This is the Embroidered Pippin of the Horticultural Society, but is
difierent from Fenouillet Jaune. It is a second-rate dessert apple ; in
use from December till January.
72
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
EMPEROR ALEXANDER (Aporta; Russian Emperor),— Frmt,
sometimes very large ; ovate, even and regular in its outline. Skin,
smooth, greenish yellow with a few streaks of red on the shaded side,
and orange streaked with bright red next the sun, the whole strewed
with numerous russety dots. Eye, open or half open, with broad, erect
segments, set in a deep, even, and slightly ribbed basin. Stamens,
median or basal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch or
more in length, inserted in a deep, round, and even cavity, which is lined
with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary,
with a pleasant and slightly aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A beautiful I and valuable apple, both as regards its size and quality.
It is more adapted for culinary than dessert use, but is also desirable
for the latter were it only on account of its noble appearance at the
table. It is in use from September to December.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, producing long stout
shoots ; is perfectly hardy and a good bearer.
This apple was introduced to England by Mr. Lee, nurseryman, of Hammersmkh,
in 1817, and was exhibited by him at the London Horticultural Society, the speci-
men produced being five inches and a half in diameter, four inches deep, sixteen
inches in circumference, and weighing nineteen ounces.
ENGLISH CODLIN (Common Codlin; Quo dim rj). —'Fruit, large,
three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches high ; ovate or short
conical, wide at the base, generally taller on one side of the eye than the
other, and frequently with a snouted apex terminated in ridges round
the eye. Skin, lemon yellow, marked with patches and broad veins of
russet, especially about the apex and in the cavity of the stalk ; some-
times it has a thin red cheek on the side next the sun. Eye, closed,
with long, pointed segments, set on one side of the axis in a deep,
angular, and furrowed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk,
short, quite within the deep, uneven cavity. Flesh, firm, brisk, and
with a pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A fine old English cooking apple ; in use from August to October.
The trees are excellent bearers, but in most orchards they are gene-
rally found unhealthy, being cankered and full of woolly aphis, which
Mr. Lindley attributes to their being grown from suckers and trun-
cheons stuck into the ground. He says — ''Healthy, robust, and sub-
stantial trees are only to be obtained by grafting on stocks of the real
Sour Hedge Crab ; they then grow freely, erect, and form very hand-
some heads, yielding fruit as superior to those of our old orchards as
the old and at present deteriorated Codlin is to the Crab itself." This
circumstance was noticed by Worlidge two hundred years ago — ** You
may graft them on stocks as you do other fruit, which will accelerate
and augment their bearing ; but you may save that labour and trouble,
if you plant the Cions, Slips, or Cuttings of them in the spring-time, a
little before their budding ; by which means they will prosper very
well, and soon become trees ; but these are more subject to the canker
than those that are grafted. '^
APPLES. 73
This is one of our oldest English apples, and still deserving of wider cultivation
than it at present has. Formerly it was an ingredient in one of the national dishes
of English cookery in the form of "Codlins and cream." Ray says, " Crudum
vix editur ob duritiem et aciditatem, sed coctum vel cum cremoro lactis, vel cum
aqua rosacea et saccharo comestum inter laudatissima t'ercula habetur.'* The name
is derived from coddle, to parboil.
Englischer Quittenapfel. See Lemon Pippin.
English Golden Pearmain. See Golden Pearmain.
English Nonpareil. See Nonpareil,
English Pippin. See Golden Reinette,
ESOPUS SPITZENBURGH (uEsopus Spitzenherg ; Tnie Spitzm-
burgh). — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches
high ; ovate, and regularly formed. Skin, almost entirely covered with
clear bright red, and marked with fawn-coloured russety dots, except on
a portion of the shaded side, where it is yellow tinged and streaked with
red. Eye, small and closed, set in a moderately deep and undulating
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, about an inch
long, inserted in a wide, round, and deep cavity. Flesh, j-ellow, crisp,
juicy, richly and briskly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
A most excellent dessert apple ; in use from November to February.
A native of the United States, and there considered one of the best dessert
apples. Along with the Newtown Pippin, it ranks as one of the most productive
and profitable orchard fruits, but, like many, and indeed almost all the best American
varieties, it does not attain to that perfection in this country that it does in its
native soil. The tree is tender and subject to canker, and the fruit lacks that high
flavour and peculiar richness which characterises the imported specimens. It was
raised at Esopus, on the Hudson, where it is still grown to a large extent.
ESSEX PIPPIN.— Fruit, small ; round and flattened, somewhat
oblate. Skin, smooth, green at first, but becoming of a yellowish
green as it ripens, and with a faint tinge of thin red where exposed
to the sun. Eye, open, with long, reflexed, acuminate segments, placed
in a shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender,
inserted in a round and even cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, and crisp,
with a brisk, sugary, and rich flavour.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, nearly allied to the Golden
Pippin ; it is in use from October to February.
Essex Spice. See UArcy Spice,
Eve Apple. See Manks Codlin.
Eve Apple. See Margaret,
Eve's Apple. See Trumpington.
Fair Lady. See Early Juhjan.
EVARGIL. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide,
74 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and two inches high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin,
uniform deep lemon yellow, strewed with a few russet dots. Eye, open,
with spreading reflexed segments, set in a rather deep, round, and even
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch
long, slender. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, but not with much flavour.
Cells, obovate; axile, open.
An early autumn apple, of little value either for the dessert or
culinary use.
FAIR MAID OF TAUNTON.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; ovato-oblate, and rather
irregularly formed. Skin, smooth and shining, thick and membranous, of
a pale straw colour, and with a faint tinge of red on the side exposed to
the sun; thickly strewed all over with small russety dots. Eye, somewhat
closed, with broad, flat segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and
set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk,
very short, inserted in a wide cavity, which is lined with rough brown
russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, very juicy, sweet, and, though
not richly, yet pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple, but not of the first quality ; in use from November
to February.
FAIRY. — Fruit produced in clusters of from three to five, much in
the same way as clusters of cherries ; small, rather flattened at both
ends, very even and regular in the outline. Skin, smooth and shining,
covered with bright lively crimson, shaded with streaks of a deeper
tinge, and on the unexposed side it is lemon yellow. Eye, closed, set
prominently, almost level with the surface, and surrounded with plaits.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, sometimes less than a quarter
of an inch long, and frequently straight, slender, and as much as an
inch or more inserted in a small shallow cavity, which is russety.
Flesh of a fine deep yellow, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a rich, brisk
flavour, and fine delicate aroma when eaten with the skin on. Cells,
obovate ; axile.
A pretty little apple, Tvhich comes into use in December and lasts
till April.
Raised by Mr. Jennings in his nursery at Shipston-on-Stour, from seed of the
Scarlet Siberian Crab or Cherry Apple. The seed was sown with no intention of
raising new varieties of fruit, but for stocks on which to graft the ordinary varieties
of apples. One of these showing signs of fruit, Mr. Jennings grafted it upon a
free apple stock, and the result was this variety.
FALL PIPPIN {Cobbetfs Fall Pippin). — Fruit, large, three inches
and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high; roundish,
generally a little flattened, pretty regular, sometimes with obscure ribs
at the eye. Skin, smooth, yellowish green, becoming a fine yellow, with
often a tinge of brownish blush on one side, and with a few scattered
dots. Eye, open, not very large, rather deeply sunk in a narrow round
basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, extending considerably
APPLES. 75
beyond the fruit, set in a rather small, shallow, round cavity. Flesh,
white, very tender and mellow, with a rich aromatic flavour.
An excellent American cooking apple ; in use from October to December.
In former editions of this work I made tlie Fall Pippin synonymous with
Reinette Blanche d'Espagne, and my attention was called to this error by Mr.
Charles Downing, of Newburgh, U.S.A., to whom 1 am obliged for the correction.
It Avas introduced to this country from America by William Cobbeit, the political
writer.
Fameuse. See De Nehje.
FARLEIGH PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized; oblong-ovate, and
with prominent ribs on the sides, which terminate at the crown in bold
ridges. Skin, j-ellowish green on the shaded side, and brownish red
where exposed to the sun. Eye, deeply set in an angular basin.
Flesh, greenish, firm, rich, and sugary.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from January to April.
The tree is a strong, vigorous, and upright grower, very hardy, and
an abundant bearer.
This variety originated at Farleigh, in Kent.
FEARN'S PIPPIN {Ferris' Pippin; Clifton Nonesuch ; Thomason).—
Fruit, medium size, two inches and a half wide, and about two inches
high ; roundish, and flattened at both ends. Skin, pale greenish yel-
low, streaked with dull red, on the shaded side, and bright dark crimson,
strewed with grey dots and small patches of russet, on the side next
the sun, and extending almost over the whole surface. Eye, large,
partially open, with broad connivent segments, which are reflexed at
the tips, and set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long,
inserted in a wide and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm,
crisp, brisk, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
An excellent apple, either for the dessert or culinary purposes ; it is
in use from November to February.
The tree is very hardy and a great bearer. It is grown very extensively
by the London market gardeners for the supply of Covent Garden Market.
FEDERAL PEARMAIN. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high, roundish
and somewhat flattened, with obtuse angles on the sides, extending to
the apex, where they form undulating ridges. Skin, russety, yellowish,
with a little red, and a few dark red streaks on the side next the
sun. Eye, open, with spreading or reflexed segments, deeply set in
a ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an
inch long. Flesh, fine, delicate, very juicy, and with a rich vinous
flavour. Cells, oblate ; axile.
A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from December to March.
To call this a Pearmaiu is a misnomer, its shape being nearly oblate, and
ribbed.
76
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
FENOUILLET JAUNE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
broad, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, flattened, and
broadest at the base ; even and regularly formed. Skin, fine bright yellow,
marked with traces of pale brown russet. Eye, small and closed, set
in a wide and pretty deep basin. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a
deep funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, white, firm, sweet, and richly per-
fumed.
A delicious little dessert apple; in use from December till April. The
tree is a free grower, quite hardy, and an excellent bearer, but requires
a light and warm soil.
This is sometimes called Drap d'Or and Embroidered Pippin, but erroneously.
Ferris' Pippin. See Fearn^s Pij^piii.
FILLBASKET. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide,
and the same in height ; conical, round at the base, flattened at the
apex, and distinctly angular on the sides. Skin, pale dull greenish
yellow on the shaded side, and streaked with broken patches and pen-
cillings of pale red where exposed to the sun, the whole covered with
russety dots. Eye, closed, as if drawn together or puckered, placed
level with the flat crown, and with a small knob or wart at the base
of each segment. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, thickest at
the insertion, and placed in a small, round, and shallow cavity, which
is surrounded with dark brown russet. Flesh, greenish white, tender,
juicy, and acid, with a brisk and pleasant flavour.
An excellent culinary apple, extensively grown in the neighbourhood
of Lancaster, where it is highly esteemed ; it is in use from October to
January.
FIRST AND LAST. — Fruit, medium sized ; conical or ovate, even
and regular in its outline, being of a true Pearmain shape. Skin, deep
crimson on the side next the sun, mottled with the yellow ground colour
which shines through it, and with here and there a smooth crust of pale
brown russet, particularly round the crown and over the base ; the
shaded side is yellow, with here and there tinges of red and streaks of
the same colour. Eye, very large and open, beautifully star-like, with
long reflexed segments, set in a deep and narrow basin. Stamens,
median; tube, short, conical, or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very slender,
deeply inserted in a narrow cavity, which is lined with russet, or with a
fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet, and
brisk, w^ith a peculiar spicy aroma. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
An excellent culinary apple, and useful also in the dessert ; in use
from September till May.
A Sussex apple, much grown in the northern part of the county, about Horsham,
and sent to Brighton market.
FISH'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide,
and under two inches high ; round, even, and regular, without any ribs
or undulations. Skin, greenish yellow, dotted with large russet freckles,
APPLES. 77
and here and there sprinkled with small russet patches ; on the side
next the sun it is coloured with broken stripes of dull crimson, a few of
which are to be found on the shaded side, but of a paler colour. Eye,
open, small, with quite reflexed, spreading segments, set in a shallow,
saucer-like, and very even basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, very short, obliquely inserted, and with a large fleshy swelling on
one side, which pushes it to a right angle of the axis. Flesh, greenish,
firm, briskly flavoured, but with little character or flavour. Cells,
roundish elliptical ; axile.
A second-rate apple ; in use from November till January.
Five-crowned Pippin. See London Pippin,
FLANDERS PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide,
and two and a quarter high ; oblate, and marked on the sides with ten
distinct angles, five of which are more prominent than the others. Skin,
pale green, changing to pale greenish 3'ellow as it ripens, and occa-
sionally tinged with a cloud of thin dull red on the side exposed to the
sun, and thinly strewed with a few dots. Sometimes in favourable soils
the whole of the side exposed to the sun is red. Eye, closed, with long
and downy segments, short and stout, set in a narrow and ribbed basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, inserted in a deep ribbed
cavity, which is sometimes lined with russet. Flesh, white, tender, and
juicy, and briskly flavoured, with a pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ;
abaxile.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality ; in use during October and
November.
It is much grown in the Berkshire orchards.
Flanders Pippin. See Mire de Mcnaf/e.
FLAT NONPAREIL. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch
and a half high ; round, even, and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth,
greenish yellow, dotted with large russet dots. Eye, small, and open,
with broad, short, recurved segments, set in a shallow flat basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in a shallow cavity.
Flesh, with a greenish tinge, very tender, crisp, and juicy, but not
highly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed.
A second-rate dessert apple, which keeps till after Christmas.
FLOWER OF HERTS.— Fruit, medium size, three inches wide,
and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, even in its
outline. Skin, light pea-green, thinly covered with short broken streaks
of pale crimson. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, erect segments, set in a
shallow plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short
and slender, half an inch long, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh,
greenish white, very tender and soft, not very juicy, and with a
delicate subacid flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile.
A second-rate kitchen apple ; in use during November and December.
73
THE FBUIT MANUAL.
FLOWER OF KENT.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide,
and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, being broad
at the base and narrowing towards the crown ; it is obtusely angular,
and has broad ridges round the crown. Skin, bright green, which
changes to yellow on the shaded side, but wherever exposed to the sun
it is striped with crimson, forming a beautiful variation with the ground
colour, and it is russety only over the base. Eye, small, with con-
nivent segments, set in a pretty deep narrow and angular basin. Stamens,
basal ; tube, cup-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, set in a rather
shallow cavity, which sometimes has a slight swelling on one side, and
surrounded wdth rough brown russet. Flesh, crisp, very juicy, and
with a brisk acidity Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A first-rate kitchen apple, from October to January. The tree is a
pretty good bearer, one of the strongest and most vigorous growers,
and more suitable for the orchard than the fruit garden.
A very old variety, being mentioned by Parkinson, who was contemporaneous
with Shakespeare.
FLUSHING SPITZENBURGH.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish,
narrowing towards the eye. Skin, entirely covered with deep red,
which is streaked with deeper red, except on any small portion where
it has been shaded, and there it is green, marked with broken streaks
and mottles of red, the whole surface strewed with light grey russety
dots. Eye, small and closed, very slightly depressed, and surrounded
with plaits. Stalk, nearly an inch long, inserted in a deep and russety
cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, sw^eet, juicy, and without any pre-
dominance of acid.
An American dessert apple which is of no merit in this climate.
It is in use from October to January.
FORESTER. — Fruit, medium size, two inches and three-quarters
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, evenly shaped.
Skin, with a deep reddish orange cheek, mottled with thin grey russet
on the side next the sun, and greenish yellow where shaded. Eye,
closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments, set in a moderately deep
basin, which is plaited and somewhat angular. Stamens, median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, set in a deep cavit3\
Flesh, yellowish, tender, and agreeably subacid. Cells, roundish
obovate ; axile.
A culinary apple, in use up till Christmas. It is much grown in the
south of Shropshire and north of Worcestershire.
FOREST STYRE (Stive).— Fruit, below medium size ; roundish,
inclining to oblate, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, pale
yellow, with a blush of red on the side which is exposed to the sun.
Eye, small and closed, with short obtuse segments, set in a shallow
and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a shallow cavity.
Flesh, firm.
Specific gravity of the juice from 1076 to 108L
APPLES. 79
This is a fine old Gloucestershire cider apple, which is extensively
cultivated on the thin limestone soils of the Forest of Dean. The
cider that it produces is strong bodied, rich, and highly flavoured.
The tree produces numerous straight, luxuriant, upwai'd shoots,
like a pollard willow ; it runs much to wood, and in deep soils attains
a considerable size before it becomes fruitful.
FORGE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two
and a quarter high ; roundish, and obtusely ribbed. Skin, of a golden
yellow colour, mottled with crimson on the shaded side, and dark red
covered with dark crimson streaks on the side next the sun. Eye,
small and closed, set in a rather deep angular and plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very
short, set in a shallow, close cavity, and generally with a fleshy swelling
on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and
finely perfumed. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A useful kitchen apple. The tree a great and constant bearer.
October to January.
This is the cottager's apple par excellence in that part of Sussex which is con-
terminous to Surrey and Kent. It originated at Forge Farm, near one of the old
forges in the iron districts of Sussex, near Crawley.
FORMAN'S CREW. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch
and three-quarters high ; ovate, even and symmetrical in outline. Skin,
yellow and russety, with a tinge of reddish brown on the side next the
sun. Eye, small and open, with short divergent segments, set in a
ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an
inch long, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow,
juicy, rich, and highly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile.
One of the best dessert apples, with the flavour of Nonpareil and
Golden Pippin. November to April. The tree is a great bearer, but
is tender and subject to canker. It is well adapted for dwarf bushes,
and cspahers when grafted on the paradise stock.
This variety was raised by Thomas Scton Forman, Esq., Penny darron Place,
near Merthyr Tydvil.
FORMOSA PIPPIN. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, and rather
irregular in its outline, being somewhat ribbed, sometimes inclining to
oblate. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but almost entirely
covered with crimson, and streaked with the same colour on the side
next the sun. Eye, closed, set in an even basin. Stalk, half an inch long,
rather deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, with a greenish tinge, firm,
crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary, and with a rather rich flavour.
A useful apple, either for cooking or for the dessert ; frequently
confounded with the Ribston Pippin, to which it is somewhat similar,
but to which it is inferior in flavour.
FORMOSA NONPAREIL.— Fruit, below medium size, two mches
80 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and a half wide, and two inches and an eighth high ; roundish, narrow-
ing a Uttle towards the crown, even and regular in its outline, and
with a curved axis. Skin, dark green, becoming paler as it ripens,
strewed with tracings of russet and russet dots, especially over the
crown and round the stalk, and occasionally with some broken streaks
of crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, rather large and wide,
open, with spreading, sharp-pointed segments, set in a narrow, shallow
basin, as in the old Nonpareil. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, rather stout, and
inserted in a wide and moderately deep cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm,
and crisp, juicy, and with a fine Nonpareil flavour. Cells, round or
roundish obovate ; axile, closed.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from November till Christmas.
It has some resemblance in shape to the old Nonpareil.
FOULDEN PEARMAIN {Horrex's Fear main). —Frnii, below
medium size, two inches and a half high, and about the same broad ;
ovate. Skin, yellow in the shade, and clear thin red on the side
exposed to the sun, strewed all over with small russety dots. Eye,
small and open, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a round and moderately deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, and briskly acid.
An excellent culinary apple, and suitable also for the dessert ; in
use from November to March.
This originated in the garden of Mrs. Horrex, of Foulden, in Norfolk, and was
first brought into notice by Mr. George Lindley, who communicated it to the
Horticultural Society, March 7, 1820.
FOX KERNEL. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and the same in height ; ovate or ovato-conical, with
five distinct angles, and sometimes smaller intermediate ones, all of
which extend to the crown, where they form prominent ridges. From
the middle it narrows both towards the stalk and towards the crown.
Skin, almost entirely covered with crimson stripes on a deep yellow
ground, and especially on the side exposed to the sun, becoming paler
as they extend to the shaded side, where the colour is yellow. Eye,
rather large, set in a narrow ribbed basin ; segments, convergent, with
divergent points. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch
or more long, curved obliquely, inserted in a very deep and angular
cavity, with an undulating margin. Flesh, very soft, tender, dry, and
sweet. Cells, ovate; axile, closed.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
FOXLEY. — Fruit, growing in clusters of two or three together,
very small, not much larger than a good-sized cherry ; roundish,
and sometimes a little flattened, and narrowing towards the crown.
Skin, deep rich golden yellow on the shaded side, and bright reddish
orange on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, not
APPLES. 81
depressed, and surrounded witL a few knobs. Stalk, about an inch
long, inserted in a shallow russety cavity. Flesh, yellow.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1080.
A valuable cider apple.
liaised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., from the Cherry Apjile, impregnated
with the pollen of the Golden Tippin. It was named Foxley alter the seat of the
late Uvedale Piice, Esq., in whose garden, where it had been grafted, it first
attained maturity. Mr. Knight says, "There is no situation where the common
Wild Crab will produce fruit, in which the Foxley will not produce a fine cider."
FOX- WHELP. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide,
by the same high ; roundish, inclining to ovate, uneven in outline,
caused by several obtuse ribs, which terminate in ridges round the eye ;
in good specimens one side is convex and the other is flattened.
Skin, beautifully striped with deep bright crimson and yellow ; on
the side next the sun it is darker crimson than it is on the shaded
side, where the yellow stripes are more apparent ; the surface is
marked with several dark patches like scabs, which are a never-
faihng character. Eye, very small, set in a narrow, shallow, and plaited
basin ; segments, short, somewhat erect, and slightly divergent.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling, which
pushes it on one side and gives it a curving direction. Flesh, yellow
tinged with red, tender, and with a rough acid flavour. Cells, open,
elliptical, pointed.
This is one of the most valuable of the cider apples of Here-
fordshii'e.
The earliest record we have of the Fox-whelp is by Evelyn in his " Pomona,"
which is an appendix to the Sylva " concerning fruit trees in relation to cider "
Tills was first published in 16G4, and at that time and long alter the great apple
of Herefordshire was the Red-sireak. The Fox-whelp is disposed of in a lew
words — "Some commend the Fox-whelp." Ralph Austen, who wrote in* 1653,
makes no mention of it when he says, " l>et the greatest number of fruit trees not
onely in the orchards but also in the fcilds be Tear-maines, Pippins, Gennet-
Moyles, Ked-streaks, and such kinds as are knowne by much experience to be
cspeciall good for cider." Neither is any notice taken of it by Dr. Beale in his
" Herefordshire Orchards, written in an epistolary addre>8 to Samuel Hartlib,
Esq.," in 1656. The first notice of it after Evelyn is by Worledge in 1676, who
merely says, " The Fox-whelp is esteemed among the choice cider fruits.'* In
Evelyn's litne it appears to have been regarded as a native of Gloucestershire, for
Dr. Smith in the " Pomona," when writing of" the best fruit (with us in Glouces-
tershire)," says, " The cider of the Bromsbury Crab and Fox-whelp is not fit for
drinking till the second year, but then very good ; " and in the quotation at the
head of this paper " a person of great experience " calls it " the Fox- whelp of the
Forest of Deane."
Although all who have noticed the Fox-whelp up to this period have spoken of
its merits as a cider apple, its cultivation must not have been on an extensive
scale, otherwise it would have been better known than it appears to have been.
Even Philips, in his celebrated poem on "Cyder," seems as ignorant of its exist-
ence as many of the writers on orchards were at that period. The first apprecia-
tive notice of it with which we are acquainted is found m a letter to a friend
written by Hugh Stafford of Pynes in Devonshire, Esq., bearing date 1727. He
says, " This is an apple long known, and of late years has acquired a much greater
6
82 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
reputation than it had formerly. The fruit is rather small than middle-sized, in
shape long, and all over of a dark red colour. I have been told by a person of
credit that a hogshead of cider from this fruit has been sold in London for £8 or
eight guineas, and that often a hogshead of French wine has been given in ex-
change for the same quantity of Fox-whelp. It is said to contain a richer and
more cordial juice than even the Red-streak itself, though something rougher if
not softened by racking. The tree seems to want the same helps as the Eed-streak
to make it grow large. It is of Herefordshire extraction."
FRANKLIN'S GOLDEN PIPPIN (Sudlow's Fall Pippi7i).— Fruit,
medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; oblato-
ovate, even and regularly formed. Skin, of an uniform deep yellow,
covered all over with dark spots interspersed with fine russet, par-
ticularly round the apex. Eye, with long narrow segments, erect or
reflexed at the tips, partially open, and set in a wide and deep basin.
Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, about half
an inch long, inserted in a round, narrow, and smooth cavity. Flesh,
yellow, tender, and crisp, very juicy, vinous, and aromatic. Cells,
obovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to December.
The tree does not attain a large size, but is vigorous, healthy, and
hardy, and an excellent bearer. It is well suited for a dwarf or espalier,
and succeeds well on the paradise stock.
The statement in the Transactions of the Horticultural Society that this is of
American origin, and was introduced to this country by John Sudlow, Esq., of
Thames Ditton, and first exhibited at the London Horticultural Society in 1819,
must be a mistake. I have recently discovered among the Forsyth MSS. a list of
the fruits he received when he was writing his Treatise on Fruit Trees, and there,
under date of 1801, 1 lind that he received the Franklin's Golden Pippin from
Kirke of Brompton. I doubt if it is an American apple.
FRENCH CODLIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and an
eighth wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, uneven in its
outline, narrowing from the middle both towards the stalk and the
crown, and obscurely ribbed on the sides ; it has a waist near the
crown. Skin, quite smooth, pale straw colour, and sometimes with a
faint tinge of blush next the sun. Eye, closed, with erect segments
set on the surface of the narrow apex in a plaited, slight depression.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped, deep, and very narrow. Stalk,
small and short, set in a narrow and very shallow cavity. Flesh, white,
tender, juicy, and brisk, without much or any flavour. Cells, open,
elliptical.
An early cooking apple, of pretty appearance ; ripe in the middle of
August. It is common in the districts round Derby, where it is grown
under the name of Leicestei' -Burton Pippin.
French Crab. See Winter Greening.
French Paradise. See Paradise.
FRIAR. — Fruit, of good size ; somewhat conical, being broad at the
APPLES. 88
base, and narrow at the crown. Skin, dark grass-green on the shaded
side, and dark muddy livid red where exposed to the sun. Eye, sunk,
and surrounded by four or five obtuse but prominent ridges. Stalk,
short and stiff, notwithstanding which the fruit is generally pendant.
Specific gravity of its juice, 1073.
This is a cider apple cultivated in the north-west parts of Hereford-
shire, where the climate is cold and the soil unfavourable, and where
proper attention is never paid by the farmer to the management of his
cider, which in consequence is generally fit only for the ordinary pur-
poses of a farm-house (Knight).
The trees are vigorous and productive.
Mr. Knij,'ht says, " The Friar probably derived its name from some imagined
resemblance between its colour and that of the countenance of a well-fed
ecclesiastic."
Frith Pitcher. See Mariks Codlin.
FROGMORE GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide,
and an inch and three-quarters high, but occasionally the large fleshy
swelling at the stalk in the way of the Lemon Pippin would make the
height two inches, and on that account the fruit is more oval than
round. Skin, yellow, with a pale red cheek, which is streaked with
crimson. Eye, open, with short divergent segments, set almost even
with the surface, and surrounded with a few plaits. Stamens, mar-
ginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, set on the end of a
fleshy mass. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, briskly flavoured. Cells,
roundish obovate ; axile, closed.
A good dessert apple ; in use from November till January. It was
raised by Mr. Ingram at the Royal Gardens, Windsor.
FROGMORE NONPAREIL.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half
wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, higher on one side
of the axis than the other, even and symmetrical in its outline. Skin,
of an uniform straw colour, with a greenish tinge, dotted all over
sparingly with russet dots, and with some russet in the basin of the
eye. Eye, wide open, with divergent segments, set in a round, even,
saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity.
Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and with a fine aroma. Cells, ovate or
roundish ; axile.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use during October and Novelnber.
This was raised in the Royal Garden at Frogmore, near Windsor.
FROGMORE PROLIFIC— Fruit, large, three inches and a half
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, very regular
in outline. Skin, smooth, of a pale greenish yellow, slightly streaked
and shaded with crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, rather
small, closed, and set in a shallow, regular basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, conical. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, very deeply
84 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
inserted. Flesh, white,very tender, juicy, and sweet. Cells, roundish ;
abaxile.
In use from September to Christmas. Its great merit rests in its
cooking qualities, being esteemed one of the finest which is sent into
the Royal household at Windsor.
Raised in the gardens at Frograore by the late Mr. Ingram, the royal gardener.
Fry's Pippin. See Court of Wick,
GALLOWAY PIPPIN ((7ro/i-m-Jaac/i).— Fruit, large, three inches
and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish,
and obscurely angular round the basin of the eye. Skin, smooth,
of a greenish yellow colour on the shaded side, and of a pale thin red,
gradually blending into the yellow, on that exposed to the sun, strewed
with russet dots like Dumelow's Seedling, and here and there traces of
russet ; as it ripens it becomes a clear bright straw colour. Eye,
with erect convergent segments, set in a pretty deep basin, which is
uneven, with knobbed plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, conical.
Stalk, about half an inch long, imbedded in the deep cavity, which is
smooth. Flesh, yellowish with a greenish tinge, and somewhat
perfumed, tender, briskly flavoured. Cells, small, obovate ; axile,
closed.
A first-rate kitchen apple ; in use till the end of January.
This has been cultivated near Wigtoun, in Galloway, from time immemorial.
GANGES. — Fruit, rather large and cylindrical, with angles on the
sides, extending from the base to the apex. Skin, pale grass-green,
assuming a yellowish tinge by keeping, and with a blush of red on the
side next the sun, marked with short broken streaks of crimson. Eye,
closed, with long, broad, flat woolly segments, set in a pretty deep
basin, marked with ten prominent ribs, and lined with down. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch loug, slender,
sometimes a little downy. Flesh, yellowish green, tender, and fine-
grained, crisp and juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells,
elliptical ; abaxile.
A kitchen apple ; in use from October to January.
Gardener's Apple. See Americcni Mother.
Garnon's. See Court-Pendit-Plat,
Garret Pippin. See Borsddrfer,
GENNET-MOYLE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
wide, and two inches and an eighth high ; roundish, and somewhat
flattened, prominently and obtusely ribbed, and with ridges round the
crown. Skin, clear lemon yellow with a more or less russety cheek,
and with russet lines all over the side next the sun. Eye, closed,
with connivent leafy segments, set in a puckered basin. Stamens,
APPLES. 85
marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long,
inserted all its length in the cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh,
with a yellowish tinge, tender, not very juicy, but rather dry, and with
a sweet, slightly acid flavour. Cells, round or roundish obovate ;
axile, open.
An old cider apple mentioned by Evelyn and Worlidfje. The latter says,
" The Gennet-Moyle is a pleasant and necessary fruit in the kitchen, and one of
the best cider apples. The fruit is well marked, and the trees great bearers." It
was used as a stock for grafting other apple trees u[)on from its being propagated
easily from cuttings. The name is derived from two obsolete words, Gennet sig-
nifying a mule, and Moyle a scion or graft, the name therefore meaning a mule or
hybrid produced by grafting.
Mortimer says, "The Gennet-Moyle is commonly propagated by cutting off the
branch a little below a bur-knot, and setting of it without any more ceremony."
Nourse, in " Campania Felix," says, " It makes an incomparable pleasant liquor,
but a little weakish, and fit only to be drunk by ladies in the summer, and will
not keep so lone: as the more masculine cyders, to which it bears the same resem-
blance as the Verdea does to the stronger wines of Florence." Philips sings its
praises as —
" the Moile
Of sweetest hony'd taste."
GILLIFLOAVER. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide at
the base, and three inches high ; conical or Codlin-shaped, very uneven
in its outline, having prominent ribs, which terminate at the apex in
corresponding ridges. Skin, smooth and unctuous, shining, pale
yellowish green on the shaded side, and a red cheek on the side next
the sun. Eye, large, open, set in a deep angular and uneven basin ;
segments, erect, divergent. Stamens, median ; tube, deep conical.
Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted. Flesh, white, tender, juicy,
sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use in October.
GIPSY KING. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and an
inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, even and symmetrical. Skin,
dull brownish red on the side next the sun, greenish yellow, with a
few pale red streaks, on the shaded side, the surface covered with
patches and freckles of ashy grey russet. E^-e, like that of the
Blenheim Pippin, open, with divergent segments, set in a round,
pretty deep, saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, half an inch long, straight, inserted in a round, wide, and rather
shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a
pleasant acidity and aroma. Colls, obovate ; axile, slit.
A handsome dessert apple ; in use from October to December. It
soon shrivels.
Girkin Pippin. See Wyken Pippin,
Glammis Castle. See Tower of Glammis.
GLORIA MUNDI {Baltimore; Belle Dubois; Glazenwood Gloria
bo THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Mundi; Mammoth; Monstrous Pippin; Ox Apple). — Fruit, immensely
large, sometimes measuring four inches and a half in diameter ; of a
roundish shape, prominently angular on the sides, ribbed round the
eye, and flattened both at the base and the apex. Skin, smooth, pale
yellowish green, interspersed with white dots and patches of thin
delicate russet, and tinged with a faint blush of red next the sun.
Eye, large, open, and deeply set in a wide and slightly furrowed basin.
Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and stout,
inserted in a deep and open cavity, which is lined wdth russet. Flesh,
white, tender, juicy, and, though not highly flavoured, is an excellent
culinary apple. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
It is in use from October to Christmas.
Supposed to be of American origin, but some doubts exist as to where it was
first raised, that honour being claimed by several different localities. The general
opinion, however, is that it originated in the garden of a Mr. Smith, in the neigh-
bourhood of Baltimore, and was brought over to this country by Captain George
Hudson, of the ship Belvedere, of Baltimore, in 1817. It was introduced from
America into France by Comte Lelieur in 1804. But from the account given in
the Allgemeines Teutsches Gartenmagazin, it is doubtful whether it is a native of
America, for in the volume of that work for 1805 it is said to have been raised by
Herr Kiinstgartner Maszman, of Hanover. If that account is correct, its existence
in America is, in all probability, owing to its having been taken thither by some
Hanoverian emigrants. At page 41, vol. iii., Dittrich has confounded the
synonymes of the Gloria Mundi with Golden Mundi, which he has described under
the name of Monstow^s Pepping. It was called Belle Dubois by a nurseryman of
the name of Dubois at Sceaux, near Paris, who sent it out under his own name.
GLORY OF ENGLAND.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half
wide, and over two inches and three-quarters high ; ovate, somewhat
of the shape of Emperor Alexander, ribbed on the sides, and terminated
round the eye by a number of puckered-like knobs. Skin, dull
greenish yellow, with numerous imbedded whitish specks, particularly
round the eye, and covered with large dark russety dots, and linear
marks of russet ; but on the side exposed to the sun it is of a deeper
yellow, with a few broken streaks and dots of crimson. Eye, small
and slightly closed, set in a shallow and puckered basin. Stalk, short
and fleshy, inserted in a wide, deep, and russety cavity. Flesh,
greenish yellow, tender, soft, juicy, sprightly, and slightly perfumed.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to January.
Glory of Flanders. See Brabant Bellefleur,
GLORY OF THE WEST.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
broad, and two inches and three-quarters high ; oblate, ridged and
angular about the eye, and ribbed on the sides. Skin, smooth and
shining, yellow, mixed in some parts with a tinge of green, and washed
with thin clear red on the side next the sun ; the whole surface is
strewed with minute russety dots, and several large dark spots, such
as are often met with on the Hawthornden. Eye, large, with long
segments, and set in an angular basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, inserted in a deep cavity, which is surrounded with a large
APPLES. 87
patch of rough grey rnsset. Flesh, yellowish white, firm but tender,
very juicy, with a pleasant, brisk, and slightly perfumed flavour.
A culinary apple of first quality ; it is in use the end of October and
continues till Christmas. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower,
attaining a great size, and is an excellent bearer.
I had this from the late Mr. James Lake, of Bridgewater. It is evidently
identical with the Glory of the West of Diel, a name which, according to Lindley,
is sometimes applied to the Dutch Codlin. The variety here described bears a
considerable lesemblance to that known by the name of Turk's Cap.
Glory of the West. See DiUch Codlin,
Glory of York. See Ribston Pippin,
GLOUCESTER QUOINING.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
two inches and a half high ; round, bluntly angular, undulating at the
apex. Skin, dull bro^s-nish red next the sun, and streaked with short
broken streaks of dark crimson and green, or yellowish green, on the
shaded side ; the surface covered with patches of thin grey russet.
Eye, closed, with connivent segments, set in a rather deep and angular
basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical, sometimes inclining to funnel-
shaped. Stalk, slender, inserted all its length in the narrow, deep
cavity, which is green and lined with russet. Flesh, white, tender,
juicy, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open.
A handsome kitchen apple from Glou^'estershire, which I met with at
the Pomological Meeting at Hereford. It keeps till January.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE COSTARD.— Fruit, very large, three inches
wide, and three inches and a half high ; conical or somewhat cylindrical,
prominently ribbed, and with ridges round the eye ; it is longer conical
than the Herefordshire Costard. Skin, almost entirely covered with
crimson streaks, mottled with the yellow ground colour which shows
between the streaks ; on the side which is shaded there is less crimson,
but more of the rich deep yellow ; the surface is strewed with minute
dots. Eye, closed, with long segments, set in a narrow, pretty deep,
and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch
long, stout, and deeply set in an irregular furrowed basin. Flesh,
yellow, tender, sweet, and of good flavour. Cells, large, open, but not
wide open like the Codlins, as might be expected from the appearance
of the fruit ; elliptical ; axile.
This is a very handsome apple, of good flavour ; but more adapted
for cooking than the dessert. It keeps well till January.
It came to me from Mr, Vyner Ellis, of Minsterworth, near Gloucester, through
Dr. Henry Bull, of Hereford.
Goff. See Orange Gof.
GOGAR PIPPIN (Stone Pippin). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish,
obscurely angled, and slightly flattened. Skin, thick and membranous,
pale green, strewed all over with small russety dots, and faintly mottled,
88 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
with a tinge of brownish red, next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set
in a narrow, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a
very shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sugary, and
brisk.
A dessert apple of second-rate quahty ; in use from January to March.
This is of Scotch origin, and is said to have originated at Gogar, near
Edinburgh.
Golden Apple. See OsUn.
GOLDEN BITTER-SWEET.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
a little more in height ; conical, bluntly ribbed, narrowing from the
middle to the stalk and to the eye. Skin, yellow on the shaded side,
thin dull red on the side next the sun, marked with traces of russet
and sprinkled with russet dots. Eye, small, closed, with erect
segments meeting in a point, set in a deep, narrow, and puckered
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short, im-
bedded in a narrow cavity. Flesh, dry and woolly, sweetish. Cells,
long, narrow, obovate, elliptical ; axile, more closed than open.
A good Devonshire cider apple, which bears well and keeps without
wasting.
This was sent me by Mr. Kendall, of Netherton Manor, Devon.
Golden Drop. See Coitrt of Wick.
GOLDEN DUCAT {Golden Voucat ; Golden Ducket).— Fruit, above
medium size, three inches wide, and two inches and a half high ;
round, and obtusely angular. Skin, rich yellow, having some pale
broken streaks of crimson on the side exposed to the sun, and the whole
surface strewed with large russet dots. Eye, open, with divergent
segments like Blenheim Pippin, set in a pretty deep and even basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about an inch long,
slender, inserted in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile.
A dessert or cooking apple ; in use during October and November.
A very old apple, mentioned by Worledge.
GOLDEN HARVEY (Brandy Apple; Round Russet Harveij).—
Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ;
oblato- cylindrical, even, and free from angles. Skin, entirely covered
with rough scaly russet, with sometimes a patch of the yellow ground
colour exposed on the shaded side, and covered with brownish red on
the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with very short, reflexed
segments, set in a wide, shallow, and slightly plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted
in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, with an
exceedingly rich and powerful aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile,
closed.
This is one of the richest and most excellent dessert apples ; it is in
APPLES. 89
use from December to May, but is very apt to slu'ivel if exposed to
light and air, as most russety apples are.
The tree is a free grower, and perfectly hardy. It attains about
the middle size, and is an excellent bearer. When grown on the
paradise stock it is well adapted for dwarf training, and forms a good
espalier.
Independently of being one of the best dessert apples, it is also one of the best for
cider; and from the great strength of its juice, the specitic gravity of which is
1085, it has been called the Brandy Apple,
GOLDEN KNOB. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and a
half high ; round, incUniiig to ovate, even and regular in outline. Skin,
almost entirely covered with rough russet ; on the shaded fide it is
greenish yellow, and on that exposed to the sun it has an orange thage
when fully ripe. Eye, partially open, with flat, convergent, short seg-
ments, set in a narrow, shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, fiumel-
shaped or conical. Stalk, short, imbedded in the shiUlow cavity.
Flesh, yellow, with a greenish tinge, crisp, juicy, and of good flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A small late-keeping dessert apple ; in use from December till
March.
The tree is a strong grower, hardy, and a great bearer.
GOLDEN MONDAY.— Fruit, small, roundish, and flattened. Skin,
clear, golden yellow, with markings of russet. Eye, small, and rather
open. Stalk, very short. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sugary,
briskly flavoured, and with a nice aroma.
A kitchen apple ; in use from October to Christmas.
GOLDEN NOBLE. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two and
three-quarters high ; roimd, and narrowing towards the eye ; handsome
and symmetrical, without ribs. Skin, smooth, clear bright golden-
yellow, without any blush of red, but a few small reddish spots and
small patches of russet. Eye, small, rather closed, with slightly erect
segments, which are spreading at the tips, set in a smooth and shaUow
basin, surrounded with plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, short, often with a fleshy growth on one side of it,
which connects it with the fruit, surroimded with rough russet. Flesh,
yellow, tender, with a pleasant acid juice, and baking of a clear amber
colour, perfectly melting, with a rich acidity. Cells, roundish obovate
or ovate ; abaxile.
A valuable culinary apple ; in use from September to December.
Much confusion exists as to the identification of Golden Noble,
Waltham Abbey Seedling, and Dr. Harvey, the general resemblance
being so much alike. In Golden Noble the eye is small, somewhat
closed, with flat, convergent segments, set in a smooth shallow basin, and
the tube is funnel-shaped ; the stalk is short, generally obliquely in-
serted by the side of a swollen knob or surrounded by a swelling ; the
90 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
cells are round or oblate, and abaxile ; the fruit is heavy, and is in use
from September till December.
In Waltham Abbey Seedling the eye is larger and open, with erect,
somewhat divergent segments, and set in an even basin ; the tube is
conical ; the stalk slender and straight ; the cells obovate, axile ; and
the fruit is light, and in use from October till January.
In Dr. Harvey the eye is small and scarcely sunk, and is surrounded
with knobbed plaits ; the tube is funnel-shaped ; the stalk is straight
and slender ; the cells obovate, axile ; and the fruit is light, and in use
from October till January.
Golden Noble was first brought into notice by Sir Thomas Harr, of Stowe Hall,
Norfolk, whose gardener procured it from a tree supposed to be the original, in
an old orchard at Downham, and communicated it to the Horticultural Society of
Loudon in 1820.
GOLDEN NONPAREIL. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches high ; round and somewhat flattened, even
and regular in its outline, and having a resemblance in shape to the old
Nonpareil. Skin, greenish yellow, with an orange or brownish tinge
next the sun, sprinkled over with russet dots and thin patches of russet.
Eye, half open, with erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set
in a shallow plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, stout, and inserted in a saucer-
like cavity. Flesh, greenish, very juicy and tender, with an agreeable,
though not a rich jflavour. Cells, ovate or roundish ovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple, which keeps till January or February.
GOLDEN PEARMAIN (English Golden Fearmain; Buchnan's
Pearmain). — Fruit, small, about two inches and a half in diameter, and
the same in height ; abrupt Pearmain- shaped, obscurely ribbed, and
narrow at the apex. Skin, pale yellow, strewed with patches of russet,
and covered with minute russety dots on the shady side, but deep red-
dish orange, streaked with deeper colour, and strewed with minute
russety dots, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, large and open, with
reflexed segments, and set in a wide, deep, and angular basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, three-quarters of an inch long,
and obliquely inserted, with frequently a fleshy protuberance on one
side of it, in a rather shallow cavity, which is lined with green russet.
Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and lacking acidity,
which gives it a sickly flavour. Cells, obovate or ovate ; axile.
An apple of second-rate quality, suitable either for culinary purposes
or the dessert ; in use from November to March.
The tree is an upright grower and a free bearer, but requires to be
grown in good soil.
This is distinguished from the Golden Winter Pearmain by being
more conical in shape, narrow at the apex, having a fleshy protuberance
at the base of the stalk, and in having the tube conical instead of funnel-
shaped, and the stamens always median.
APPLES. 91
GOLDEN PIPPIN [Amei-ican Plate ; Balgone Pippin ; Bayfordhury
Pippin ; Herefordsliire Golden Pippin ; London Golden Pippin :
Milton Golden Pippin ; Pusset Golden Pippin ; Warier s Golden
Pippin). — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and about the same in height;
roundish, inclining to oblong, regularly and handsomely shaped, without
inequalities or angles on the sides. Skin, rich yellow, assuming a deep
golden tinge when perfectly ripe, with a deeper tinge where it has been
exposed to the sun ; the whole surface is strewed with russety dots,
which are largest on the sunny side, and intermixed with these arc
numerous imbedded pearly specks. Eye, small and open, with long
segments, placed in a shallow, smooth, and even basin. Stamens,
median or marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from half an inch to
an inch in length, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm,
crisp, very juicy, and sweet, with a brisk vinous and particularly fine
flavour. Cells, ovate, pointed ; axife, closed.
This is one of the oldest and one of the most highly esteemed of
our dessert apples. It is in season from November till April. The
tree is a healthy grower, attaining about the middle size, and it is an
excellent bearer, Wlien grown on the dwarfing stocks it makes hand-
some bushes and espaliers.
It is uncertain where the Golden Pippin originated, but all writers are agreed in
calling it an English varieiy, and some state that it was raised at Parbam Park,
near Arundel, in Sussex.
Although it is not recorded at so early a period as some others, there is no doubt
it is very old. It is not, however, the " Golden Pippin " of Parkinson, for he says
** it is the greatest and best of all sorts of Pippins." It was perhaps this circum-
stance that led Mr. Knight to remark, that from the description Parkinson has
given of the apples cultivated in his time, it is evident that those now known by
the same names are different, and probably new varieties. But this is not evidence
of such being the case, for I find there were two sorts of Golden Pippin, the " Great
Golding," and the " Small Golding, or Bayford," both of which are mentioned by
Leonard Meager, and there is no doubt that the *' Golden Pippin " of Parkinson
was the "Great Golding." llalph Austin calls it " a very speciall apple and great
bearer." Evelyn states that Lord Clarendon cultivated it, but it was only as a
cider apple; for he says, " at Lord Clarendon's seat at Swallowfield, Berks, there
is an orchard of 1,000 Golden and other cider Pippins." In his Treatise on Cider
he frequently notices it as a cider apple; but never in any place that I can recollect
of as a dessert fruit. In the Pomona, he says, ''About London and the southern
tracts, the Pippin, and especially the Golden, is esteemed for making the most
delicious cider, most wholesome, and most restorative." Switzer calls it " the most
antient, as well as most excellent apple that is."
Towards the end of last century Mr. Thomas Andrew Knight entertained a
theory that the Golden Pippin, and all the old varieties of English apples, were in
the last stage of decay, and that a few years would witness their total extinction.
This belief he founded upon the degenerate state of these varieties in the Here-
fordshire orchards, and the opinion that no variety of apple will continue to exist
longer than 200 years, after which period the original tree and all its progeny will
fall to decay. It would be needless to enter into any further discussion upon a
subject concerning which so much has already been said and written, as there is
sufficient evidence to confute that theory. The Pearmain, which is the oldest
English apple on record, shows no symptom of decay, neither do the Catshead,
London Pippin, or Winter Quoining, those only of the old varieties having dis-
appeared from our orchards which were not worth perpetuating, their places being
supplied by others infinitely superior.
92 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
It was towards the end of the last century that this doctrine was first announced,
and though many of the old diseased trees of the Herefordshire orchards, of which
Mr, Knight spoke, have passed away, we have the Golden Pippin still, in all the
luxuriance of early youth, where attention has been paid to irs cultivation and it
is grrown in a soil congenial to it, and it exhibits as little indication of decay as any
of the varieties which Mr. Knight raised to supply the vacancy he expected it to
create.
With the best intention for their improvement Mr. Knight did unconsciously a
vast amount of injury to the Herefordshire orchards by promulgating this error.
Those who were influenced by his opinion naturally ceased to propagate and to
plant those grand old varieties which made the reputation and created the wealth
of these orchards. The existing trees were allowed to fall into decay and neglect,
and the varieties which Mr. Knight raised with the expectation that they would
take their places failed to realise the hopes of the planters, and so between two
stools the Herefordshire orchards suffered. Instead of persistently adhering to the
Fox- whelp, the Red-streak, Skyrme's Kernel, and such other varieties as the orchardist
had formerly relied upon, he simply began to plant any strong-growing tree lie
found in his seed-beds, and which prooii^ed to fill a blank in his orchards.
But this alarm of Mr. Knight for the safety of the Golden Pippin, and his fear
of its extinction, were based upon no new doctrine, for we find Mortimer a
hundred years before equally lamenting the Kentish Pippin. After speaking of
manures, &c., for the regeneration of fruit trees, he says, *' I shall be glad if this
account may put any upon the trial of raising that excellent fruit the Kentish
Pippin, which else, I fear, will be lost. For I find in several orchards, both in
Kent, Essex, and Hertfordshire, old trees of that sort, but I can find no young
ones to prosper. A friend of mine tried a great many experiments in Hertford-
shire about raising them, and could never get them to thrive, though he had old
trees in the same orchard that grew and bore very well. 1 likewise tried several
experiments myself, and have had young trees thrive so well as to make mat>y
shoots of a yard long in a year, but these y«'ung shoots Avere always blasted the
next year, or cankered ; which makes me think that the ancients had some
particular way of raiding them, that we have lost the knowledge of." Although
this was written in the beginning of last century, we have the Kentish Pipjiin still,
as vigorous and healthy as ever it was.
GOLDEN REINETTE {Aurore ; Dundee; Megginch Favourite;
JPrincesse Noble ; Reinette d'Aix ; Reinette Gielen ; Yellow German
Beinette ; Elizabeth ; Englise Pippin ; Wygers ; Court-pendii doree ;
Kirke's Golden Beinette; Golden Benet ; Golden Bennet ; Fomme
Madayne; Wyker Fippin). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, and
flattened. Skin, a fine deep yellow, which towards the sun is tinged
with red, streaked with deeper and livelier red, and dotted all over with
russety dots. Eye, large and open, wdth short dry segments, and set in
a wide and even basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
half an inch long, deeply inserted in a round and even cavity. Flesh,
yellow, crisp, brisk, juicy, rich, and sweet. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A fine old dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from
November to April. The tree is healthy, vigorous, and an abundant
bearer. It requires a light and warm soil, and is well adapted for
dwarf training when worked on the paradise stock.
Large quantities of this fruit are grown in the counties round London
for the supply of the difierent markets, where they always command
a high price.
APPLES. 93
This hai alwas's lieen regarded as a Hertfordshire apple, and some of the
old antfiors speak of ii as being in its greatest perfection when grown in that
county. It has been esteemed as one o^' the finest apples, Worlidge, in 1676,
says, '" It is to be preferred in our plantations for all occasions." KUis, in his
" Modern Husbandman," in 1744, says, "The Golden Rennet, when of the largest
sort, may be truly said to be the farmer's greatest favourite apple, because when
all others miss bearing, this generally stands his friend, and bears him large
quantities on one tiee."
GOLDEN RUSSET {St. Leonard's Nonpareil).— Fruit, medium
sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter
high ; ovate. Skin, thick, covered with dingy yellow russet, which is
rough, thick, and scaly on the shaded side and round the base, and
sometimes with a bright flame of varnished red on the side next the sun.
Eye, small and closed, or half open, with erect convergent segments, set
in a prominently plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk,
very short, inserted in an uneven cavity, and not protruding beyond the
base. Flesh, pale yellow, firm, crisp, sugary, and aromatic, but not
abounding in juice. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from Decem-
ber to March.
The tree is healthy and an excellent bearer, but requires a warm
situation to bring the fruit to perfection.
This is another of our old English apples. Worlidge calls it the Aromatic, or
Golden Russeting, '• it hath no compear, it being of a gold-colour coat, under a
russet hair, with some warts on it. It lies over the winter, and is, without dispute,
the most pleasant apple that grows, having a most pleasant aromatic hautgust,
and melting in the mouth." It is called St. Leonard's Nonpareil about Horsham
Irom being grown under that name at Leonard's-lee, near that town.
Golden Russet Nonpareil. See Nonpareil.
GOLDEN SPIRE [Tom Matthem).—FrmU large, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; conical, even
in outline, with a slight waist towards the apex, and ribbed round the
eye. Skin, smooth and shining, pale straw-coloured where it is shaded,
but of a thin golden colour, tinged with pale orange, where exposed to
the sun. E3e, rather deeply sunk in a deep and angular basin, with
divergent segments, which are sometimes quite reflexed. Stamens, basal ;
tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a deep and some-
what uneven cavity. Flesh, tender, with an agreeable acidity. Cells,
elliptical ; abaxile.
A fine solid-fleshed apple ; in use up to December. It is an excellent
cooking apple, and I am told it is used in Gloucestershire for cider under
the name of Tom Matthews.
Golden Vining. See Hubbard's Pearrnain,
GOLDEN WINTER PEARIMilN {King of the Fippim ; Hamp-
shire Yellow; Jones's Southampton Pippin). — Fruit, medium sized,
two inches and a half wide, and two and a quarter high ; abrupt Pear-
94
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
main- shaped, broadest at the base. Skin, smooth, of a deep, rich, golden
yellow, which is paler on the shaded side than on that exposed to the
sun, where it is of a deep orange, marked with streaks and mottles of
crimson, and strewed with russety dots. Eye, large and open, with
long and reflexed segments, and placed in a round, even, and rather
deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a rather shallow cavity,
which is lined with thin pale brown russet mixed with a tinge of green.
Flesh, yellowish white, firm, breaking, juicy, and sweet, with a plea-
sant and somewhat aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A beautiful and very handsome apple of first-rate quality, and suit-
able either for the dessert or for culinary purposes ; it is in use from
the end of October to January.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, a most abundant bearer, and
attains a considerable size. It is perfectly hardy, and will grow in
almost any situation.
GOODYEAR PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and about the same in height ; somewhat conical, irregu-
larly ribbed both at the eye and the stalk. Skin, smooth, of a deep
lemon-yellow colour, mixed with shaded patches of lively green on the
shaded side, and with an orange cheek, marked with broken stripes of
crimson, on the side next the sun. Eye, rather large and open, with
short, ragged, and imperfect segments, set in a moderately deep and
plaited depression. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
very short, inserted in a rather deep irregular cavity. Flesh, white,
tender, and juicy, rather too sweet. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A summer apple, ripe in the beginning of September ; not good
enough for the dessert, and not sufficiently acid for culinary purposes.
GOOSE APPLE. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, even in its outline,
and obtusely angular, terminating in a narrow ribbed apex. Skin,
smooth, grass-green, except where the fruit is quite exposed, and then
it has a thin brownish red cheek, which is mottled with darker red. Eye,
small and closed, with erect segments, which form a cone, set in a rather
deep, narrow, and ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk,
short and slender, rather deeply inserted in a close, narrow cavity. Flesh,
greenish, tender, and rather soft, with a mild acidity and sweetish flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A Herefordshire cooking apple ; in use till Christmas.
GOOSEBERRY APPLE.— Fruit, above medium size; roundish,
with obtuse ribs on the sides, which extend to the crown, where they
form ridges. Skin, deep lively green, with a tinge of brownish red
next the sun. Eye, open, not deeply sunk. Stamens, median ; funnel-
shaped. Stalk, short. Flesh, greenish white, very tender, juicy, and
with a fine agreeable and subdued acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
APPLES. 95
A very valuable late-keeping culinary apple, which comes into use
in November and continues *' till apples come again."
An excellent apple, and a very valuable one to the orchardist, on account of its
long-keeping property. It is extensively cultivated in Kent and Sussex, and
especially about Faversham and Sittiugbourne, for the supply of the London
markets.
Gooseberry Pippin. See Ronalds' Goosebetry Pippin.
Gowrie. See Tower of Glammis,
GRAHAM {Kentish Deux-Ans). — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
two inches and a half high ; roundish and flattened, even in its outline,
and flat at the base. Skin, green on the shaded side, but with a blush
on the side next the sun, which is much mottled and streaked with
crimson, the mottles extending to the shaded side, where. they become
fainter ; the base is covered entirely with thin greenish grey russet,
which ramifies up the sides, and frequently almost quite overspreads
the fruit. Eye, closed, with convergent segments. Stamens, median ;
tube, short, conical. Stalk, very short, inserted the whole of its
length in a narrow cavity, and frequently with a fleshy swelling on
one side of it. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a
fine brisk flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A valuable late kitchen apple ; in use up till February. It is much
grown in the Kentish orchards about Maidstone.
Grand Bohemian Borsdurfer. See Borsdorfer.
GRAND DUI^ CONSTANTINE.— This is of the largest size, of
a roundish shape, somewhat flattened, and obtusely angular on the
sides, the angles extending to the apex, where they become more pro-
minent, and form five prominent ridges round the basin of the eye.
Skin, clear bright yellow, almost entirely covered with streaks of dark
rich crimson on the side exposed to the sun, and on the shaded side
much more of the rich yellow ground colour is exposed b}' reason of
the fewer and less bright markings of crimson. Eye, half open, and
placed in a deep, irregular, and angular basin, which is surrounded by
the five knobs or prominences above alluded to. The stalk is short,
stout, and deeply inserted in the uneven and angular cavity, caused
by the ribs extending there. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, slightly
sub-acid, and with the fine balsamic aroma which is met with in the
flesh of Cellini.
This admirable early apple is of Russian origin, but I met with it in
the collection of my friend, Rev. W. Kingsley, of South Kilvington,
who is, I believe, the first person who fruited it in this country. In
the latitude of Thirsk the fruit ripens in the beginning of November ; but
in the south it is probable that it will come earlier — in all probability in
the end of September. It does not keep long, as it soon becomes mealy.
GRANGE'S PEARMAIN {Grange's Pippin),— YivXi, large, three
96 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
inches wide, and the same in height ; Pearmain-shaped, as large and
very much the shape of the Ro3'al Pearmain. Skin, yellow, with a
tinge of green, and studded with imbedded pearly specks, on some of
which are minute russety points, on the shaded side, but marked with
broken stripes and spots of crimson, interspersed with large russety
dots, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, partially closed, with broad,
flat segments, set in a round, deep, and plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and rather
fleshy, inserted in a deep and russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
crisp, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk and pleastmt flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A fine large apple of first-rate quality as a culinary fruit, and also
very good for dessert. It bakes well, and has a fine pleasant acidity.
In use from November to February. The tree is hardy and an excellent
bearer.
Raised by Mr. James Grange, a market gardener, at Kingsland, Middlesex. His
garden extended over sixty acres. He was also a fruiterer in Covent Garden and
Piccadilly; the former establishment still exists in the name of Webber, and the
latter retains the name of the founder. Mr. Grange died 15ih February, 1829,
aged 70.
Grange's Pippin. See Gramje's Pearmain.
GRANNY GIFFARD.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
wide, and the same high ; conical, even in outline, except towards the
crown, where it is ribbed and knobbed. Skin, pale greenish yellow,
with broken streaks of pale crimson, except where much shaded. Eye,
quite closed, with erect segments, which are spreading at the tips, set in
a ribbed and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender, and inserted in a rather
deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juic}^ sweet, and with an
excellent flavour. Cells, symmetrical, ovate ; axile, open.
An excellent dessert or kitchen apple ; in use from November till
February.
The first time I saw this was at a meeting of the Biidsh Pomological Society,
October 15th, 1858, when it was exhibited by Mr. Swiucrd, gardener to John
ISwinford, Esq., of Minster, near Margate.
GRAYENSTEIN. — Fruit, above the medium size, three inches wide,
and two and three-quarters high ; roundish, irregular, and angular on
the sides, the ribs of which extend from the base, even to the eye.
Skin, smooth, clear pale waxen yellow, streaked and dotted with lively
crimson, intermixed with orange, on the side next the sun. Eye, large
and open, with long segments, which are a little rfeflexed, and set in an
irregular, angular, and knobbed basin, which is sometimes lined with
fine delicate russet, aiid dotted round the margin with minute russety
dots. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very
short, but sometimes three-quarters of an inch long, set in a deep
and angular cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, very juicy, with a rich.
APPLES. 97
vinous, and powerful aromatic flavour ; and if held up between the
eye and the lij,dit, with the hand placed on the margin of the basin of
the eye, it exhibits a transparency like porcelain. Cells, elliptical or
round ; abaxile.
This is a very valuable apple of the first quality, and is equally
desirable either for the dessert or culinary purposes ; it is in use from
October to December. The tree is hardy, a vigorous and healthy
grower, and generally a good bearer. It has somewhat of a pjTamidal
habit of growth, and attains a considerable size.
Thouf^h not of recent introduction, this beautiful and excellent apple is com-
paratively but little known, otherwise it would be more generally cultivated. It
is one of the favourite apples of Germany, particularly about Hamburgh, and in
Holstein, where it is said to have originated in the garden of the Duke of
Augustcnbcrg, at the Castle of Grafenstein. The original tree is said to have been
in existence about the middle of the last centurj'.
GREEN BALSAM. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and flattened, obtusely
angular on the side, and ribbed at the crown. Skin, of an uniform
bright green. Eye, with flat, convergent segments, somewhat erect.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender,
inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity. Flesh, crisp, not very juicy, and
with a pleasant acidity. Cells, round or roundish obovate ; axile, slit.
A cooking apple peculiar to the northern parts of Yorkshire, where
it is grown in almost every garden and orchard. •* It is the farmer's
wife's apple."
Green Blenheim. See Hambledon Deux-Am.
Green Cossings. See Rymer.
Green Kitchen. See Hambledon Deux-Ans,
Green Newtown Pippin. See Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin and
Newtown Pippin.
Green Nonpareil. See Petworth Nonpareil.
GREEN NORMAN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
three-eighths wide, and two inches and one-eighth high ; roundish oblate,
and obtusely ribbed. Skin, shining, bright grass-green, generally with
a dull red cheek, which extends occasionally over nearly the whole
surface, and marked with small patches of pale brown russet, and
especially on the base round the stalk ; the whole surface is strewed
with russet dots. Eye, closed, set in a narrow, slightly angular basin,
with connivent segments. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, conical.
Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted in a rather wide cavity. Flesh,
greenish, not very juicy, firm, and sweetish. Cells, ovate ; axile,
closed.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
7
98 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Green Street. See Wanstall.
GREEN TIFFING (Mage's Johnjiij).— Fruit, medium sized, two
inches and a half high, and about the same in width ; conical, rounded
at the base, and somewhat angular and ribbed on the sides and round
the eye. Skin, smooth, green at first, but changing as it ripens to
yellowish green ; next the sun it is quite yellow, strewed with minute
russety dots, and a few dots of red. Eye, small and closed, set in a
shallow basin, and surrounded with prominent plaits. Stalk, short,
inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, tender, very
juicy, and pleasantly acid.
A most excellent culinary apple ; in use from September to December.
The tree is a free grower, and an excellent bearer.
This is an esteemed variety in Lancashire, where it is extensively cultivated.
GREEN "WILDING. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and about the same high ; short, conical ; obscurely
ribbed, narrowing to the eye, where it is somewhat puckered. Skin,
yellowish green, strewed with numerous large russety dots, and a few
lines of russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow, puckered basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, completely im-
bedded in a deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, sweet, and mawkish.
Cells, ovate ; axile, open.
A useful Herefordshire cider apple.
Green Winter Pippin. See Newtown Pippin.
GREENWOOD RUSSET.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half
wide, and two inches high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, deep yellow on the shaded side, and covered with a coat of ash-
grey russet on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with erect conver-
gent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a shallow, plaited
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, not
exceeding a quarter of an inch, and set in a wide, flat cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A second-rate dessert apple, which keeps in good condition to
February without shrivelling.
GREEN WOODCOCK (TFooc^coc/i:).— Fruit, medium sized; round
and somewhat flattened. Skin, green, changing to yellow with a blush
of red, which is striped with broad broken streaks of dark red on the
side next the sun. Eye, open, with long pointed segments, deeply set
in an angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short,
inserted in a shallow cavity, lined with rough russet, which extends
over the base. Flesh, white, tinged with green, tender, juicy, and
briskly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A good culinary apple ; in use from October till Christmas.
This is very much grown about Heathfield and Hailsham, in Sussex.
APPLES. 99
GREENUP'S PIPPIN (Yorkshire Beauty ; Cumberland Favourite ;
Counsellor; Red Hauthomclen). — Fruit, above medium size, three
inches wide, and two and a half high ; roundish ovate, broadest at the
base, and with a prominent rib on one side, extending from the base
to the crown. Skin, smooth, pale straw-coloured, tinged with green
on the shaded side, but covered with beautiful bright red on the side
next the sun, and marked with several patches of thin delicate russet.
Eye, with long, flat, erect segments, placed in a round, rather deep,
and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, pale
yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells,
elliptical ; axile, slit.
An excellent apple, either for culinary or dessert use.
In the northern counties it is a popular and highly -esteemed variety,
and ranks as a first-rate fruit ; it is in use from October to December.
The tree is hardy and healthy ; it does not attain a large size, but is
an abundant bearer. When grown against a wall, as it sometimes is
in the North of England and border counties, the fruit attains a large
size, and is particularly handsome and beautiful. Grown on the
Hastings Sand formation, it is a very handsome apple, attaining a
large size, with a smooth glossy skin ; the usual red cheek becomes a
delicate rose tint, blending into the lemon yellow, and forming a fruit
of great beauty. On that formation the tree succeeds admirably, and it
is one I would strongly recommend for such light soils.
This was discovered in the garden of a shoemaker, at Keswick, named Greenup,
and was first cultivated hy Clarke and Atkinson, nurserymen at that place, in the
end of last century. It is now much grown throughout the Border counties, and is
a valuable apple where the choicer varieties do not attain perfection.
GRENADIER. — Fruit, large, four inches wide, and three inches
high ; roundish ovate, prominently and obtusely ribbed, the ribs
terminating at the crown in bold ridges. Skin, uniform yellowish
green colour, without any trace of red or russet, but with a deeper
tinge of yellow on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with connivent
segments, set in a deep, ribbed, and strongly plaited basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, deeply set in an uneven cavity,
surmounted with an irregular patch of coarse, rough russet. Flesh,
firm, crisp, very juicy, and pleasantly acid, and a fine perfume, which
is peculiar. Cells, elliptical ; abaxilc ; wide open.
A large and handsome kitchen apple ; in use during September and
October.
GREY LEADINGTON.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; conical, angu-
lar, and terminating at the apex in several unequal ridges, distinctly
ribbed. Skin, greenish j-ellow, covered with patches of dark brown
russet on the shaded side, and pale red when exposed to the sun ; the
whole covered with whitish grey dots. Eye, closed, with long erect
100 THE FRUIT MANUAIi.
segments, and set in a rather deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, angular and
plaited, short and stout, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, tender, very juicy, and of a rich, vinous, sweet, and
aromatic flavour. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
An excellent apple of first-rate quality, desirable either for the dessert
or for culinary purposes ; it is in use from November to January.
The tree is a strong grower, vigorous, hardy, and an excellent bearer.
It succeeds well as a dwarf on the paradise stock.
A favourite apple in Scotland, where it ranks as one of the best dessert fruits.
It derives its name from Lethington (now called Lennoxlove), pronounced Leading-
ton, the ancient seat of the Maitlands of Lauderdale, in East Lothian. The Grey
Leadington of Lindley ( Guide to the Orchard) is quite another fruit, and is pro-
bably the Stoup Leadington.
GROSSE CASSELER REINETTE.— Fruit, small, two inches
wide, and the same high ; roundish and flattened, even in its outline.
Skin, greenish yellow, with a few broken streaks of pale crimson on
the exposed side. Eye, open, with erect convergent segments, which
are spreading at the tips, and set in a shallow, narrow, plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch and a half or more
in length, inserted in a narrow shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white,
tender, sweet, and agreeably sub-acid, but not richly flavoured. Cells,
roundish oblate, pointed ; axile, slit.
A second-rate dessert apple ; in use from November till January.
This is a German apple.
Grumas's Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin.
Grummage Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin.
Griine Reinette. See Nonpareil.
GUERNSEY PIPPIN (Hammond's Guernsey Pippin).— Fruit,
small, two inches and an eighth wide, and an inch and three-quarters
high ; roundish, even, and regularly formed. Skin, entirely covered
with cinnamon-coloured russet, so that the greenish yellow ground is
rarely seen even on the shaded side ; on the side next the sun it has a
brownish red tinge. Eye, open, with reflexed segments, set in a
shallow, even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh,
greenish yellow, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and with a fine aromatic
flavour. Cells, roundish ; axile, closed.
A fine dessert apple ; in use during February and March. This is
highly deserving of an extensive cultivation.
HAFFNER'S GOLDEN REINETTE.— Fruit, small, two inches
and an eighth wide, and two inches high ; round or somewhat oblate,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, deep yellow, and with
broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, strewed all over
APPLES. 101
with large russet dots. Eye, wide open, with short, recurved segments,
set in a flat, saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical, like
a wedge. Stalk, very short, inserted in a naiTOw cavity. Flesh, very
tender and juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured, but without the high
aroma that the English Golden Reinette has. Cells, roundish or oblate ;
axile, open.
An excellent apple ; in use during November and December.
HAGGERSTON PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
round, and two inches high ; round, even and symmetrical in its outline.
Skin, deep red, with here and there patches of russet, except on the
shaded side, where it is green, and much covered with a russety crust.
Eye, small, with flat, convergent segments, set in a narrow and shallow
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter
of an inch long, slender, and inserted in a shallow cavit}', and some-
times a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, firm, crisp, sweet, and
richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of first quality ; in use from December till April.
HAGLOE CRAB. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in
height ; ovate, flattened, and irregularly shaped. Skin, pale yellow,
streaked with red next the sun, and covered with a few patches of grey
russet. Eye, open, with flat, reflexed segments. Stalk, short. Flesh,
soft and woolly, but not dry.
Specific gravity of its juice, 1081.
This is a most excellent cider apple, the liquor it produces being
remarkable for its strength, richness, and high flavour. It requires,
however, to be grown in certain situations ; a dry soil with a cal-
careous subsoil being considered the best adapted for producing its
cider in perfection.
Marshall says, " It was raised from seed by Mr. Bellamy, of Hagloe, in Glouces-
tershire, grandfatlier of the present Mr. Bellamy, near Ross, in Herefordshire, who
draws from it (that is, from trees grafted with scions from this parent stock) a
liquor, which for richness, flavour, and pure nn the spot, exceeds perhaps every
other fniit liquor which nature and art have produced. He has been oflfered sixty-
guineas for a hogshead (about 110 gallons) of this liquor. He has likewise been
offered bottle for bottle of wine, or spirituous liquors, the best to be produced ; and
this without freight, duty, or even a mile of carriage to enhance its original price."
HALL DOOR. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two
inches and three-quarters high ; oblate, puckered round the eye. Skin,
pale green at first, but changing to dull yellow, streaked with red. Eye,
set in a wide and irregular basin. Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a
moderately deep cavity. Flesh, white, firm, but coarse, juicy, and
pleasantly flavoured.
A dessert apple of ordinary merit ; in use from December to March.
Hallingbury. See Hollandhury .
HAMBLEDON DEUX ANS [Green Blenheim; Green Kitchen;
102 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Stone Blenheim ; Black Blenheim). — Fruit, large, three inches wide,
and two inches and a half high ; roundish, rather broadest at the base.
Skin, greenish yellow in the shade, and dull red, streaked with broad
stripes of deeper and brighter red, on the side next the sun, and here
and there a thin crust of grey russet. Eye, small and closed, set
in a rather shallow plaited basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube,
conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish
white, firm, crisp, not very juicy, but richly and briskly flavoured.
Cells, wide open, obovate ; abaxile.
One of the most valuable culinary apples, and not unworthy of the
dessert ; it is in use from January to May, and is an excellent keeper.
Originated at Hambledon, a village in Hampshire, where there are several trees
of a great age now in existence.
Hammon's. See HnbbarcVs Pearmain.
Hammond's Guernsey Pippin. See Guernsey Pipjmi.
Hamper's American. See Red Astrachan.
HANDSOME NORMAN. — Fruit, medium size, two inches and five-
eighths wide, and two and a half high ; bluntly conical, with a waist
towards the apex, very uneven and irregular in its outline, being angu-
lar, and having one very prominent rib, which makes the fruit one-
sided ; the base is rounded, and prominently swollen, so that the stalk
is placed nearly on a level with the surface. Skin, smooth and shining,
lemon-coloured in the shade, and entirely covered with a bright red
cheek on the side next the sun ; the whole surface is strewed with large
russet specks, and the base surrounding the stalk has a patch of grey
russet all over it. Eye, closed, with erect pointed segments, set in a
deep, irregularly ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, conical.
Stalk, very short, sometimes a mere knob, and sometimes half an inch
long, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
spongy, and sweetish. Cells, open or closed, symmetrical, ellip-
tical, or roundish ovate ; axile, closed.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
HANGDOWN. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and five-eighths
wide, and two inches and a half high, nearly oval, even and regular in
shape, narrow at the apex, where there are several small ridges. Skin,
yellow, covered with broken streaks of pale crimson. Eye, small and
closed, or sometimes rather open, set in a narrow and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very long and slender,
as much as an inch and a quarter, straight, and inserted in a wide and
not deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, sweet, and
with a pleasant flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, open.
A good apple ; in use from November till February. It is grown
about Horsham, in Sussex.
Hanging Pearmain. See Adams' Pearmain.
APPLES. 103
HANWELL SOURING. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, angular,
or somewhat five-sided, and narrow towards the eye. Skin, greenish
yellow, sprinkled with large russety dots, which are largest about the
base, and with a foint blush of red next the sun. Eye, closed, set in
a deep, narrow, and angular basin, which is lined with russet. Stamens,
basal ; tube, funnel-shaped or conical. Stalk, very short, inserted in
an even funnel-shaped cavity, from which issue ramifications of russet.
Flesh, white, firm, crisp, with a brisk and poignant acid flavour. Cells,
elliptical or obovate ; axile, slit.
An excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use in December,
and keeps till March, when it possesses more acidity than any other
variety which keeps to so late a period.
It is said to have been raised at Hanwell, a place near Banbury, in Oxfordshire.
HARD BEARER. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches high ; roundish ovate, even in its outline. Skin, deep
bright red on the side exposed to the sun, and yellow covered with
broken streaks of pale red on the shaded side. Eye, small and closed,
set in a narrow angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, quite short, and well within the cavity. Flesh, yellowish,
with a pink tinge at the eye, juicy, with a bitter-sweet and somewhat
astringent flavour. Cells, quite closed, obovate.
A Herefordshire cider apple, introduced within the last few years.
HARGREAVE'S GREEN-SWEET.— Fruit, medium sized, two
inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblato-
cylindrical, angular on the sides, with prominent ridges round the eye.
Skin, yellow, tinged with green on the shaded side, but deeper yellow
tinged with green, and marked with a few faint streaks of red, next the
sun, and strewed all over with small russety dots. Eye, half open,
with linear segments, placed in a deep and angular basin, which is
surrounded with ridges. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender,
and inserted in a deep, round cavity, which is lined with rough russet.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and perfumed.
A good dessert apple, but lacks acidity ; it is in use during September
and October.
About Lancaster this is a well-known apple. The original tree, which was of
great age, was, in 1846, when I last saw it, still standing in the nursery of Messrs.
Hargreave, hence it is called Hargreave's Green-Sweet.
Hardingham's Russet. See Pine Apple Russet.
Harvey Apple. See Doctor Harvey.
HARVEY'S PIPPIN [Dredge's Beauty of iriZte).— Fruit, medium
sized ; roundish. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but washed with
104 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
fine red on the side next the sun, and marked with crimson dots.
Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, and richly flavoured.
An excellent and useful apple, either for culinary purposes or dessert
use ; it is in season from December to February.
The tree is a free grower, and an excellent bearer ; it attains above
the middle size, and may be grown either as an open dwarf, or an
espalier, when grafted on the paradise stock.
HARVEY'S REINETTE.— Fruit, very large, four inches wide, and
three inches and a quarter high ; roundish ovate, with obtuse angles
towards the apex, which are sometimes developed into prominent ridges
round the eye. Skin, considerably covered with a thick crust of brown
russet, but not entirely obscuring the crimson cheek, which is striped
with broad broken streaks of crimson, and a little of the dull yellow
ground. Eye, closed, with convergent segments, set in a pretty deep
basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, stout and woody, set in
a wide, deep cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, and juicy, with
a sweet, brisk, and rather rich flavour. Cells, open, obovate ; abaxile.
A large, handsome, and very excellent apple, either for culinary
purposes or the dessert.
This was sent me from Cornwall by John Vivian, Esq., of Hayle, a gentleman to
whom I am indebted for various other excellent apples of that part of the country.
HARVEY'S WILTSHIRE DEFIANCE.— Fruit, of the largest
size, three inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter high ; coni-
cal, and very handsomely shaped, distinctly five-sided, having five
prominent and acute angles descending from the apex, till they are lost
in the base. Skin, fine deep sulphur yellow ; of a deeper shade on the
side which is exposed to the sun, and covered all over with minute
russety dots, with here and there ramifying patches of russet. Eye,
pretty large and open, with short ragged segments, and set in a rather
shallow and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk,
very short, about half an inch long, and not extending beyond the base,
inserted in a round and deep cavity, lined with rough scaly russet, which
branches out over a portion of the base. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp,
and juicy, sweet, vinous, and richly flavoured. Core, very small for
the size of the apple. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A very handsome and most desirable apple, being of first-rate quality,
either as a dessert or culinary fruit ; it is in use from the end of
October to the beginning of January.
This seems to be comparatively little known, but it is well deserving
the notice either of the fruit gardener or the orchardist ; to the latter
particularly, as its size, fine appearance, and handsome shape make it
attractive at market, and its solid and weighty flesh gives it an advantage
over many apples of its size.
HAUTE BONTE. — Fruit, medium sized; roundish, somewhat
ribbed on the sides, and flattened at both ends ; broadest at the base,
APPLES. 105
and naxrowing towards the apex, which is terminated by prominent
ridges. Skin, smootli and shining, green at first, but changing to
yellow as it ripens, and with a faint tinge of red on the side exposed to
the sun. Eye, half open, with long acuminate segments, set in a deep
and angular basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep and
irregular cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich,
brisk, and aromatic.
An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality when grown to perfec-
tion ; it is in use from January to May.
This is a variety of the Reinette Grise, and a very old French apple.
Hawberry Pippin. See Hollandbury,
HAWKRIDGE. — Fruit, very fragrant, small ; roundish oblate, very
uneven in the outline from havmg prominent angles on the side,
which extend to the cro^vn, and form prominent unequal ridges, much
like those on the London Pippin. Skin, green at first, but soon
becoming golden yellow after being gathered ; where exposed to the
sun it is quite covered with dark bright crimson, which is streaked
with darker stripes of the same colour ; but where shaded, the yellow
ground-colour is merely marked with pale broken stripes of red. Eye,
closed, about medium size, with long leafy segments, set in a puckered
depression. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to
three-quarters long, slender, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish white, not very juicy, but sweet, and with a brisk acidity.
Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A pretty little apple for cooking or dessert use, but preferably for
the former ; ripe in the middle of August. The fruit has a fine bal-
samic fragrance, like the Irish peach.
A very popular apple in East Sussex, especially about Hailsham, Heathfield, and
those parts, where it is met with in almost every orchard and garden. It originated
at a farm called Hawkridge, in Hellingly, near Hailsham.
HAWTHORNDEN {Hawthorndean ; White Hawthormlean ; Old
Hawthorndcan). — Fruit, varying very much in size, according to the
situation and condition of the tree ; sometimes it is very large, and
again scarcely attaining the middle size ; generally, however, it is
above the medium size ; roundish and depressed, with occasionally a
prominent rib on one side, which gives it an irregularity in its appear-
ance. Skin, smooth, covered with a delicate bloom ; greenish yellow,
with a blush of red on one side, which varies in extent and depth of
colour according as it has been more or less exposed to the sun. Eye,
small and closed, with broad and flat segments, placed in a pretty deep
and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short,
stout, and sometimes fleshy, inserted in a deep and irregular cavity.
Flesh, white, crisp, and tender, very juicy, with an agreeable and
pleasant flavour. Cells, oblate or obovate ; abaxile.
One of the most valuable and popular apples in cultivation. It
106 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
is suitable only for kitchen use, and is in season from October to
December.
The tree is very healthy and vigorous, and is an early and abundant
bearer. It succeeds well in almost every description of soil and situa-
tion ; but in some it cankers and is subject to attacks of the woolly
aphis.
It takes its name from Ilawthornden, a romantic spot near Edinburgh, celebrated
as the birthphice and residence of Druramond, the poet, who was born there in
1585. I have never learnt at what period the Ilawthornden was first discovered.
The earliest mention of it is in the catalogue of Leslie & Anderson, of Edinburgh,
but I do not think it was known about London till 1790, when it was introduced to
the Bromptou Park Nursery.
Hawthornden, New. See Winter Hawthornden.
HAYMAKER. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in height ;
bluntly conical, even and regularly formed, knobbed and puckered
round the eye. Skin, thin red almost over the whole surface, being
yellow tinged with pale red where shaded ; on the side next the sun it
is bright shining red, streaked with dark crimson and mottled with
pearl-Uke specks. Eye, closed, with erect segments, reflexed at the
tips, set level with the surface and surrounded with prominent plaits.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Flesh, yellowish, soft,
tender, not very juicy, and sometimes tinged with red. Cells, ovate,
elliptical ; axile, closed.
A very early apple, much grown in Derbyshire and the surrounding
districts for the supply of the markets. It is quite ripe in the second
week of August.
HEADCROFT'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and the same high ; ovate, even in its outline, and
regularly formed ; it narrows abruptly towards the crown, where it is
puckered with numerous small ridges. Skin, smooth, clear pale
yellow, and very few minute dots. Eye, small and open, set in
a narrow puckered basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, very short, imbedded in the narrow cavity. Flesh, yellow, very
tender, and brisk. Cells, ovate ; axile, open.
An excellent cooking apple ; in use from October till December.
A Sussex apple, much grown about Horsbain.
HEREFORDSHIRE BEEFING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, and even in its out-
line. Skin, almost entirely of a dark chestnut colour, veined and dotted
all over with cinnamon-coloured russet, but especially round the
crown and surrounding the stalk, whence it branches out over the
base ; on the shaded side it is orange with a greenish tinge. Eye,
rather large, set in a moderately deep basin, closed, with convergent
segments, which are sometimes also erect connivent. Stamens, basal ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, stout and straight, set in a round cavity.
APPLES. 107
surrounded with russot. Flesh, yellowish, very firm and solid, crisp,
very juicy, and with a brisk, sharp, but not harsh acidity. Cells,
obovate ; axile, closed.
This is a very fine and very heavy apple for its size ; excellent for
kitchen use, juid lasting till January.
I first met with this nt Hereford, at one of the pomolot;ioal meetings of the
Wuulljope Club, where it was cxhiliited without a iianie. Struck with its reinark-
ublc rcbcmbhiiice to the Norfolk Heotiu;;, and having tested its excellence for
cooking, I recomniended the clul) to designate it llerefordHhire Beefing. When
8uhsc<iuently turning over some papers and inemoratida of \V. Forsyth, author of a
Treatise on Fruit Trees, I found that, in 1799, lie mentions a II«!refordshire Beefing
which was sent liiin by " Mr. Stroud, from Dorsetshire," and of which he says, " It
is about the size of a Nonpareil. It is a Hat-shaped apple, of a brownish red, with
some yellow on the side from the sun." 1 had therefore be«!n anticipated in the name
I proposed to the club, as the two apples are no doubt identical.
HEREFOllDSHIllE COSTARD.— Fruit, large, three inches and a
half wide at the base, and four inches high ; conical, larger on one
side of the axis thsin the other ; towards the apex there is a waist,
from which it narrows abruptly to the eye, where it is much ridged ;
it has prominent ribs and an undulating outline, tikin, fine deep
yellow on the shaded side, and bright red on the side exposed to the
sun, where it is streaked with red and orange. Eye, small, set in a
deep narrow basin, with erect convergent segments, half opan. Stamens,
median ; tube, long, funnel- shaped Stalk, about half an inch long,
stout, inserted in a very deep and prominently ribbed cavity, some-
times with a swelling on ooe side of it, which presses it in an oblique
direction. Flesh, white, very tender, with a mild sub-acid flavour.
Cells, long and narrow, pointed, ovate ; axile, open.
A very handsome apple, nuich esteemed for roasting, and especially
for baking ; in use from November till January.
. The fruit of this fine apple was sent to me by Dr. Bull, of Hereford, who received
it from Mr. Arthur Annitage. of Dadnor, near Koss, who, in a letter to Dr. Bull,
says, *• I believe the orchard In-re, in which the tree grows, was planted by the late
l)r, Evans, of Koss, who held this farm in his own hands for many years; and if
so, the tree would be about 50 }ears old. It is not a large one, and has generally
been a shy bearer.
Herefordshire Golden Pippin. See Golden Pippin.
HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN {Hertfordshire Pearniain ; Eoyal
Peaimain). — Fruit, largo, three inches wide, and the same high;
short conical, slightly angular, having a prominent rib on one side.
Skin, smooth, dark dull green on the shaded side, but changing
during winter to clear greenish yellow, and marked with traces of
russet ; on the side next the sun it is covered with brownish red and
streaks of deeper red, all of which change during winter to clear
crimson ; the surface is strewed with many russety specks. Eye,
open, with broiul segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a
wide, pretty deep, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short.
108
THE FEU IT MANUAL.
funnel-shaped. Stalk, from half an inch to three-quarters long,
inserted in a deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish,
tinged with green, tender, crisp, juicy, sweet, and perfumed, with a
brisk and pleasant flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, closed.
A fine old English apple, suitable chiefly for culinary purposes, and
useful also in the dessert. It comes into use in November and
December, and continues till March.
The tree attains the middle size, is a free and vigorous grower, very
hardy, and an excellent bearer.
Herefordshire Queening. See Crimson Quoinmg.
Herefordshire Redstreak. See Eedstreak.
HEREFORDSHIRE SPICE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and about the same in height ; conical, uneven
in its outline, being angular on the sides, in the way of Margil, and
ridged round the eye. Skin, smooth and shining as if varnished,
almost entirely covered with deep bright crimson, which is streaked
and mottled with darker crimson on the side next the sun, but where
shaded it is yellowish and mottled with crimson. Eye, small, and
closed, with erect connivent segments, set in a deep and plaited
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped ; style, very stout and
thick at the base, nearly filling the base of the tube. Stalk, very short,
stout and fleshy, set in a very shallow basin. Flesh, tender, crisp,
fine grained, sweet, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells,
obovate ; axile, open.
In use during October and November.
HERMANN'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches
broad, and the same in height ; roundish, and irregularly formed.
Skin, yellow, tinged with green on the shaded side, but striped and
mottled with dark crimson on the side next the sun, and thickly strewed
with russety dots round the eye. Eye, open, with long green acumin-
ate segments, which are recurved at the tips, and set in a deep and
slightly plaited basin. Stamens; median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a round, deep, and even cavity,
which is lined with rough grey russet, extending over almost the whole
of the base. Flesh, yellowish white, very tender and juicy, but with
little flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
An apple of very ordinary quality, which seems only suitable for
culinary purposes ; it is in use from October to January.
This is a Somersetshire apple, which I received from the late Mr. James Lake,
of Bridgewaler.
Hicks' s Fancy. See Early Nonpareil.
HOARY MORNING {Dainty Apple; Downy; Sam Rawlinys ; New
Margil). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches
and three-quarters high ; roundish, somewhat flattened and angular.
APPLES. 109
Skin, yellowish, marked with broad pale red stripes on the shaded
side, and broad broken stripes of bright crimson on the side next the
sun ; the whole surface entirely covered with a thick bloom, like thin
hoar frost. Eye, very small, closed, and set in a shallow and plaited
basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide and round cavity. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Flesh, yellowish white, tinged with
red at the surface under the skin, brisk, juicy, rich, and slightly acid.
Colls, closed, obovate or ovate ; axile, slit or closed.
A beautiful and very good culinary apple, of second-rate quality ; it
is in use from October to December.
HODGE'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large, about three inches wide,
and three inches and a half high ; conical or Codlin-shaped, with
obtuse ribs, and terminating at the crown in several prominent unequal
ridges ; some specimens have a waist near the crown. Skin, smooth
and shining, with a fine deep yellow ground and a blush of bright red,
marked with broad broken streaks of darker red on the side next the
sun ; the whole thinly strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, with
convergent segments, set in a deep and uneven angular basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a
close deep cavity, with a slight swelling on one side of it. Flesh, firm,
crisp, and juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, open,
elliptical.
A handsome and very good culinary apple ; in use up till Christmas.
It is quite a Codlin in appearance.
This was sent me from Cornwall, in 1876, by J. Vivian, Esq., of Hayle.
HOLBERT'S VICTORIA.— Fruit, small and ovate. Skin, covered
with pale grey russet, the greenish yellow ground shining through it
in places. Eye, open, with long, sharp-pointed, reflexed segments, set
in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a wide
shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, very juicy, vinous, and
aromatic. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed.
An excellent dessert apple of the first quality. December to May.
This was raised by a Mr. Ilolbcrt, at Gloucester, in the early part of Her
Majesty's reign.
HOLLANDBURY {HaUiwihimj ; Horsley Pippin; Kirk's Scarlet
Admirable; Haivbernj Pippin). — Fruit, very large, three inches
and three-quarters wide, and three inches high ; roundish and
flattened, with irregular and prominent angles or ribs extending
from the base to the apex. Skin, deep yellow, tinged with green
on the shaded side, but bright deep scarlet where exposed to
the sun, generally extending over the whole surface. Eye, closed,
with erect convergent segments, and set in a wide and deep
basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and slender, in-
serted in a deep funnel-shaped cavity, which is generally lined with
110
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
russet. Flesh, white, with a slight tinge of green, delicate, tender,
and juicy, with a brisk and pleasant flavour. Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
A beautiful and showy apple for culinary purposes ; it is in use from
October to Christmas.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, but not a very abundant
bearer. It succeeds well on the paradise stock.
I have not been able to trace the history of this hanr^some arple beyond the
close of last century. It is not mentioned in the copious list of Miller & Sweet, of
Bristol, in 1790, nor in any of the nursery workings of the Bromjiton Park
Nursery, lists of which are in my possession as far back as 1750. The first record
of it I find is in the Forsyth MSS., where, under the name of Kirk's Scarlet
Admirable, he seems to have received it in 1799, and again in 1801, from Ronalds,
of Brentford, as Hallingbury, but in his Tieatise on Fruit Trees it is called
Rolling bury.
HOLLAND PIPPIN.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two
inches and a half high ; roundish and flattened, with ribs on the sides.
Skin, greenish yellow, with a slight tinge of pale brown where exposed
to the sun, and strewed with large green dots. Eye, small and closed,
set in a round, narrow, and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded
in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, tender, juicy,
sweet, and briskly acid.
A valuable apple, of first-rate quality for culinary purposes ; it is in
use from November to March. The tree is a strong grower, vigorous,
healthy, and a good bearer.
This is the Holland Pippin of Langley and Miller, but not of Ray or Ralph
Austen, who make it synonymous with the Kirton Pippin, which Ray describes
as being small and oblate, and the same as is called Broad-Eye in Sussex, The
Holland Pippin is a native of the Holland district of Lincolnshire, hence its
name.
HOLLOW COPiE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
wide, and three inches high ; conical, irregular in its outline, ribbed,
and distinctly four-sided ; at about four-fifths of its length towards the
crown it is very much contracted and swells out again towards the eye,
altogether very much resembling a Codlin in shape. Skin, smooth and
shining, pale grass-green on the shaded side, and covered with a cloud
of pale red next the sun, thinly strewed with dots, which are red on
the exposed, and dark green on the shaded side. Eye, small and
closed, set in a narrow, contracted, and plaited basin, which is sur-
rounded with several small knobs. Stalk, green and downy, half an
inch long, inserted in a narrow, close, and deep basin, which is quite
smooth. Flesh, white, very tender and delicate, with a brisk, mild,
and pleasant flavour. Core, very large, with open cells.
An excellent culinary apple, with a fine perfume ; ripe in September.
It is extensively grown in Berkshire, particularly about Newbury and Reading,
whence large quantities are sent to London for the supply of Covent Garden
Market,
HOLLOW-CROWNED PIPPIN {Hollow-eyed Pippin). — Fruit,
APPLES. Ill
medium sized ; oblato-oblong, the same width at the apex as the base,
and slightly angular on the sides. Skin, pale green, becoming yellow
at maturity, with a faint blush of red where it is exposed to the sun.
Eye, large, set in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, short, thick, and
curved, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, firm, juicy, sugary,
and briskly acid.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use from November to February'.
Hollow-eyed Pippin. See Hollow -crowned Pippin.
Hood's Seedling. See Scarlet Pearmain.
HORMEAD PEARMAIN (Arundel Pearmain ; Hormead Pippin),^
Fruit, medium sized, two and a half to three inches wide, and two
inches and three-quai'ters high ; even in outline, and roundish. Skin,
greenish yellow, becoming quite yellow when fully ripe, and an orange
tinge where exposed to the sun ; there are here and there traces of thin
russet. Eye, partially open, with flat convergent segments, set in a
wide basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
short and stout, with sometimes a fleshy swelling on one side, sur-
rounded with a patch of nisset. Flesh, firm, crisp, very juicy, and
pleasantly acid. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile.
An excellent cooking apple ; in use from October till March.
Horrex's Pearmain. See Foulden Pearmain.
HORSHAM RUSSET.— Fruit, about the size of the Nonpareil, but
not so regular in its outline, generally about two inches and a quarter
in diameter, and two inches deep. Eye, small and closed, in a small
depression without angles. Stalk, short, rather thick, rather deeply
inserted in a wide, uneven cavity. Skin, pale green, covered with a
thin yellowish grey russet round its upper part, with a pale salmon-
coloured tinge on the sunny side. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp.
Juice, plentiful, of a high aromatic Nonpareil flavour.
A dessert apple ; in season from November till March.
Raised from the seed of a Nonpareil about 1P2', by Mrs. Goose, of Horsham
St. Faith's, near Norwich. It is a very hardy tree, and a good bearer.
Horsley Pippin. See Hollandbury.
HOSKREIGER. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish and considerably
flattened, almost oblate. Skin, of a fine grass-green, which changes as
it ripens to yellowish green, and marked with broad streaks of pale red
on the side next the sun, which is strewed with rather large russety
freckles. Eye, small and open, with erect, acute segments, and placed
in a rather deep, narrow, and undulating basin. Stalk, short, inserted
in a round, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with pale brown
112 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
russet. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk and pleasant
flavour.
A first-rata culinary apple ; in use from November till March.
The tree is a vigorous and healthy grower, and an abundant bearer.
Hubbard's. See Huhhard's Pearmain.
HUBBAED'S PEARMAIN (Hubbard's; Russet Pearmain ; Golden
Vining ; Hammond's Pearmain). — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and
the same high ; ovate, or conical, even and regularly formed, broadest
at the base, and diminishing to a narrow apex. Skin, covered with
pale brown russet, and where any portion of the ground colour is
exposed, it is yellowish green on the shaded side, and brownish red
next the sun ; but sometimes it is almost free from russet, particularly
in hot seasons, being then of an uniform yellowish green, mottled with
orange or pale red next the sun. Eye, small, open or closed, with
short erect segments, which are recurved at the tips, and set in a shal-
low basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
short, about half an inch long, inserted in a round and even cavity.
Flesh, yellow, firm, not juicy, but very rich, sweet, and highly
aromatic. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
This is one of the richest flavoured dessert apples ; it is in use from
November to April.
The tree is a small grower, but healthy, hardy, and an abundant bearer.
Hubbard's Pearmain was first introduced to public notice by Mr. Georj^e Lindley,
at a meeting of the London Horticultural Society in 1820. " This," says Mr.
Lindley, "is a real Norfolk apple, well known in the Norwich market; and
although it may be found elsewhere, its great excellence may have caused its
removal hence. The merits of Hubbard's Pearmain as a table apple are un-
rivalled, and its superior, from the commencement of the season to the end, does
not, I am of opinion, exist in this country."
HUGHES'S GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two
inches and a half wide, and two inches high; round, and flattened at
both extremities. Skin, rich yellow, covered with large green and
russety dots, which are thickest round the eye. Eye, open, with short,
flat, acuminate segments, which are generally reflexed at the tips, and
set in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, and not at all depressed, being some-
times like a small knob on the flattened base. Flesh, yellowish white,
firm, rich, brisk, juicy, sugary, and aromatic. Cells, ovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to
February.
The tree is hardy and healthy, though not a strong grower, the shoots
being long and slender. It is also an excellent bearer.
HUNT'S DEUX ANS. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, by two inches and a half high ; somewhat conical,
irregularly formed, and angular. Skin, greenish, and covered with
grey russet on the shaded side, but reddish brown covered with grey
APPLES. 113
russet, and large riissety dots, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
large and open, with long, spreading segments, placed in a deep, angu-
lar, and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half
an inch long, inserted in a deep, oblique cavity, and not extending
bej'ond the base. Flesh, yellowish white, tinged with green, firm and
leathery, juicy and sugary, with a rich and highly aromatic flavour,
very similar to, and little inferior to, the Ribston Pippin. Cells,
roundish obovate; axile, closed.
A dessert apple of the first quality, whether as regards its long dura-
tion or the peculiar richness of its flavour ; it is in use from December
to March.
HUNT'S DUKE OF GLOUCESTER— Fruit, below medium size ;
roimdish ovate. Skin, almost entirely covered with thin russet, except
a spot on the shaded side, where it is green ; and where exposed to the
sun it is of a reddish brown. Eye, small, half open, with short, erect,
convergent segments, set in a roimd, shallow, plaited basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Flesh, white, tinged with green,
crisp, juicy, and highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to
February.
Raised from a seed of the old Nonpareil, to which it bears a strong resemblance,
by Dr. Frj-, of Gloucester, and received the name it now bears from beinp sent to
the Horticultural Society of London by Thomas Hunt, Esq., of Stratford-on-
Avon, in 1820.
HUNT'S EARLY.— Fruit, fragrant, like the Irish Peach ; small,
two inches and a quarter wide, and about two inches high ; roundish or
oblate, angular on the sides, and ribbed round the eye. Skin, with a
bright crimson cheek, marked with a few darker streaks on the side
next the sun, and greenish yellow on the shaded side. Eye, closed,
with long, convergent, erect segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a
ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
short, or about half an inch long, slender, set in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, greenish, tender, juicy, and perfumed. Cells, roundish, inclining
to ovate ; axile, open.
An early dessert apple, ripe in the first week of August, but inferior
to Irish Peach.
HUNT'S GREEN NEWTOWN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches
and a half wide, by two inches high ; round, and somewhat flattened,
obscurely ribbed, and with ridges round the crown. Skin, dark green,
with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, strewed all over with
russet dots, and with a patch of russet surrounding the stalk. Eye,
small and closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a narrow, shal-
low, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, either funnel-shaped
or conical. Stalk, very short, not a quarter of an inch long, inserted in
a wide shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp, very juicy, but not
with a high flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
8
114 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A kitchen apple ; in use from Christmas to March. It has a good
deal of resemblance to Winter Majetin and Winter Greening, being the
same colour, and having the five ridges round the crown.
HUNTHOUSE [Large Hunthouse). — Fruit, of medium size, two
inches and three-quarters wide, by two inches and a half high ; conical,
ribbed on the sides, and terminated at the apex with rather prominent
knobs. Skin, at first grass-green, but changing as it ripens to greenish
yellow ; where exposed to the sun it is tinged with red, and marked
with small crimson dots and a few short broken streaks of the same
colour ; but where shaded it is veined with thin brown russet, particu-
larly about the eye, and very thinly strewed with russety dots. Eye,
large, half open, with broad segments, set in a narrow and deeply fur-
rowed basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch long,
straight, inserted in a very shallow cavity, sometimes between two
fleshy lips, but generally with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it.
Flesh, greenish white, firm, tender, and with a brisk but rather coarse
and rough acid flavour. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile, open.
A useful culinary apple ; in use from December to March.
Its chief recommendation is the immense productiveness of the tree,
which is rather small, with pendulous shoots, and extremely hardy ;
it succeeds in exposed situations where many other varieties could not
grow.
Discovered at Whitby, in Yorkshire, where it is extensively cultivated,
HUNTINGDON CODLIN.— Fruit, odorous, large, three inches
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; round, prominently
ribbed on the sides, and terminating in ridges round the eye. Skin,
greasy to handle, deep yellow. Eye, closed, with connivent segments,
set in a ribbed and coarsely puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, slender, set in a
narrow shallow cavity, sometimes oblique, by the side of a swelling.
Flesh, tender, mildly acid, with a pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ;
abaxile.
An early cooking apple ; ripe in August and September. The tree is
a great bearer, and is well suited for orcharding for market.
It was sent cut by Messrs. Wood & Ingram, of Huntingdon.
Hunt's Nonpareil. See Nonpareil.
Hutching's Seedling. See Sugar-loaf Pippin.
BUTTON SQUARE.— Fruit, large ; roundish ovate, and irregular
in its outline, being much bossed on the sides, and knobbed about the
eye and the stalk. Skin, smooth, dull greenish yellow where shaded,
and strewed with minute russety dots, but washed with dull red next the
sun, and dotted with black dots. Eye, small and closed, placed in an
angular and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-
APPLES. 115
shaped. Stalk, short, deeply imbedded in an angular cavity. Flesh,
white, firm, crisp, sweet, briskly and pleasantly flavoured. Cells,
ovate ; axile, slit.
A valuable culinary apple of first-rate quality, and not unsuitable for
the dessert, where a brisk and poignant-flavoured apple is preferred ; it
is in use from November to March. The tree is an excellent bearer.
This is extensively grown about Lancaster ; and is said to have originated at
the village of Hutton, in that vicinity.
Ingestrie Red. See Bed Ingestrie.
Ingestrie Yellow. See Yellow Ingestrie.
Irish Codlin. See Manks Codlin.
IRISH PEACH {Early Crofton). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches
and three-quarters wide, by two inches and a quarter high ; roundish,
somewhat flattened, and slightly angular. Skin, smooth, pale yellowish
green, tinged with dull reddish brown, and thickly dotted with green
dots on the shaded side, but fine lively red, mottled and speckled with
yellow spots, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed,
set in a rather deep and knobbed basin. Stamens, marginal or median ;
tube, conical or funnel-shaped Stalk, short, thick, and fleshy, inserted
in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, and crisp,
abounding in a rich, brisk, vinous, and aromatic juice, which, at this
season, is particularly refreshing. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
An early dessert apple of the finest quality. It is ripe during the
first week in August, and lasts all through that month. It is a most
beautiful, and certainly one of the most excellent summer apples,
possessing all the rich flavour of some of the winter varieties, with the
abundant and refreshing juice of the summer fruits. Like most of the
summer apples it is in greatest perfection when eaten from the tree,
which is hai-dy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer.
Irish Pitcher. See Manks Codlin.
IRISH REINETTE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, by two inches and a half high ; oblong, somewhat five-
sided, with five ribs which extend from the base to the apex, where
\hey run into the eye, forming five prominent ridges. Skin, yellowish
green, strewed with minute russety dots on the shaded side ; but dull
brownish red, almost entirely covered with large patches of dull leaden
coloured russet, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and
closed, placed in a ribbed and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in
a round, deep, and even cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp,
and very juicy, with a brisk and poignant acid juice.
A valuable culinary apple ; in use from November to February.
It is much cultivated about Lancaster, and in the county of Westmoreland,
where it is highly esteemed.
116
THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Irish Russet. See Sam Young.
Iron Apple. See Brabant Bellefleur.
IRON PIN. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two
inches and three-quarters high ; conical, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, quite smooth, shining, bright grass-green, with a brownish tinge
next the sun, and thinly strewed with minute russet dots. Eye, closed,
set on the apex of the fruit, surrounded with several plaits. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, slender, half an inch long, inserted
in a very shallow cavity. Flesh, white, greenish under the skin, tender,
and agreeably flavoured. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A cooking apple, which keeps in good condition to January and Feb-
ruary. It appears to be a Dorsetshire apple, and was sent me by Mr.
C. T. Hall, Osmington Lodge, Weymouth.
L'onstone. See Winter Greening.
ISLE OF WIGHT PIPPIN [Me of Wight Orange ; Orange Pippin ;
Pontine d' Orange; Englese Oranje Appel). — Fruit, small, two inches
wide, by an inch and a half deep ; globular or roundish oblate. Eye,
closed, with broad acute segments, set in a shallow and plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in
a shallow cavity. Skin, yellowish grey, sprinkled with russet, highly
coloured with orange and red next the sun. Flesh, firm and juicy, with
a rich and aromatic flavour. Cells, closed, oblate.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, and also valuable as a cider
fruit ; it is in use from September to January.
The specific gravity of its juice is 1074.
The tree does not attain a large size, but is hardy, healthy, and an
excellent bearer. It succeeds well when grafted on the paradise stock,
and grown as an open dwarf, or an espalier.
This is a very old variety, and is, no doubt, the " Orange Apple " of Ray and
Worlidge. According to Mr. Knight, it is by some supposed to have been intro-
duced from Normandy to the Isle of Wight, where it was first planted in the
garden at Wrexall Cottage, near the Undercliff, where it was growing in 1817.
There are several other varieties of apples known by the name of " Orange " and
*' Orange Pippin," but they are all very inferior to this.
ISLEWORTH CRAB [Brentford Craft).— Fruit, medium sized, two
inches and three-quarters wide, by the same in height ; conical. Skin,
smooth, of a pale yellow colour, with a deeper tinge where exposed to
the sun, and covered with small reddish brown dots. Eye, small and
open, with reflexed segments, set in a round and narrow basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, slender, inserted in a deep,
round and even cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sweet, juicy, and
pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish ; axile, open.
A pretty good culinary apple of second-rate quality ; in use during
October ; but scarcely worth cultivation.
This was raised at the Isleworth nursery of Messrs. Ronalds, of Brentford.
APPLES. 117
IZARD'S I{:ERNEL {Er/r/leton Bed : Pijm Square).— Frmi, below
medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; round,
and somewhat flattened, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth
and shining, entirely covered with bright crimson, which is rather paler
on the shaded side, and shghtly mottled with the yellow ground colour.
Eye, small and closed, with broad segments, and surrounded with small
bosses or knobs round the margin of the basin. Stamens, marginal;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, sometimes a mere knob on the rounded
base, at others half an inch long, in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, tinged with red under the surface of the skin, very tender and
juicy, briskly and well flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, open ; the
points of the carpels are stained with red.
A cider apple, sent me by Dr. Bull, of Hereford. It was raised at
Eastnor Farm, near Eastnor Castle, by Mr. Henry Izard, about the
year 1839.
Jack-in-the-Wood. See Wanstall.
Jerusalem. See Pigeon.
JOANETING (Ginetting ; Junetiruj ; Early Jenneting ; White
Juneating ; Juneating ; Owen's Golden Beauty: Pr uniting). — Fruit,
small, an inch and three-quarters wide, and about an inch and a half
high ; round, and a little flattened. Skin, smooth and shining, pale
yellowish green in the shade, but clear yellow, with sometimes a faint
tinge of red or orange, next the sun. Eye, small and closed, surrounded
with a few small plaits, and set in a very shallow basin. Stamens,
marginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender,
and inserted in a shallow cavity, which is lined with delicate russet.
Flesh, white, crisp, brisk, and juicy, with a vinous and slightly perfumed
flavour, but becoming mealy and tasteless if kept only a few days after
being gathered. Cells, obovate or roundish obovate ; axile, closed.
This is the earliest apple of the year ; it is in greatest perfection
in July and August, when gathered oif the tree, or immediately after-
wards, as it very soon becomes dry and mealy.
The tree does not attain a large size, but is hardy and healthy. It
is not a great bearer, which may, in a great measure, account for its not
being so generally cultivated as its earliness would recommend it to be.
K worked on the paradise stock it may be grown in pots, when the
fruit will not only be produced earlier, but in greater abundance than
on the crab, or free stock.
One of our oldest apples, and although generally known and popular, seems to
have escaped the notice of Miller, who does not even mention it in any of the
editions of his Dictionary. As I have doubts of this being the Geneting of Parkin-
son— his tigure being evidently intended for the Margaret, which in some districts
is called Joaneting — the first mention we have of this variety is by Rea, in
1665, who describes it as *' a small, yellow, red-sided apple, upon a wall, ripe in the
end of June."
" Juneating," as applied to this apple, is quite a misnomer. Abercrombie was
118 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
the first who wrote it June-eating, as if in allusion to the period of its maturity,
which is, however, not till the end of July. J)r. Johnson, in his Dictionary,
writes it Gineting, and says it is a corruption of Janeton (Fr.), signifying Jane or
Janet, having been so called from a person of that name. Hay* says, "Pomum
Ginettinum, quod unde dictum sit me latet." Indeed, there does not seem ever to
have been a correct definition given of it.
My definition of the name is this. In the Middle Ages, it was customary to
make the festivals of the Church periods on which occurrences were to take place or
from which events were to be named. Even in the present day we hear the country
people talking of some crop to be sown, or some other to be planted, at Michaelmas,
St. Martin's, or St. Andrew's tide. It was also the practice for parents to dedicate
their children to some particular saint, as Jean Baptiste, on the recurrence of whose
festival all who are so named keep it as a holiday. So it was also in regard to fruits,
which were named after the day about which they came to maturity. Thus, we
have the Margaret Apple, so called from being ripe about St. Margaret's Day, the
20th of July ; the Magdalene, or Maudlin, from St, Magdalene's Day, the 22nd of
July. And in Curtiusf we find the Joannina, so called, " Quod circa divi Joannis
Baptistae nativitatem esui sint." These are also noticed by J. Baptista Porta ; he
says, "Est genus alterum quod quia circa festum Divi Joannis maturiscit, vulgus
Meto de San Giovanni dioXtuY." And according to Tragus,| " Quas apud nos prima
maturantur, Sanct Johans Opff^ell, Latine, Proecocia mala dicuntur."
We see, thex-efore, that apples were called Joannina because they ripened about
St. John's Day, and we have among the old French pears Amire Joannet — the
"Wonderful Little John," which Merlet informs us was so called because it
ripened about St. John's Day. If, then, we add to Joannet the termination ing^
so general among our names of apples, we have Joannetmg, There can be no
doubt that this is the correct derivation of the name of this apple.
JOEBY CRAB. — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and an inch
and three-quarters high ; round, somewhat flattened, and evenly
shaped. Skin, almost entirely covered with deep bright crimson,
except where shaded, and then it is deep yellow, with a few stains of
pale crimson and broken streaks of the same colour towards the exposed
side. Eye, very small and closed, set in a shallow plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, sometimes a mere knob,
and sometimes a quarter of an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Flesh,
white, firm, and intensely acid. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
An old-fashioned cider apple, much in repute with old-fashioned
Herefordshire cider-makers. This was sent to me by Dr. Bull, of
Hereford.
John Apple. See Winter Greening.
John Apple. See Northern Greening.
JOHN GIDLEY PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; conical or Pear-
main shaped, even and regular in outline, with a few ridges round the
narrow crown. Skin, deep golden yellow, with a pale red cheek on the
sun side, which is marked with broken stripes of dark bright crimson ;
the whole surface is sparingly sprinkled with russet dots. Eye, small
and closed, with erect segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, and almost
* Hist. Plant., ii. 1447. f Hortorum, p. 522. J Hist., p. 1043.
APPLES. 119
quite imbecMed in the deep round cavity, sometimes with a swelling on
one side of it. Flesh, 3-ellow, tender, juicy, sweet, with a rich flavour
and high aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A delicious dessert apple, which will keep till March.
This was raised from Cornish Gilliflower by Mr. John GiHley, town clerk of
Exeter, and was sent to me by Messrs. Lucombe, Pince & Co., nurserymen of that
city, in 1876.
JOLLY BEGGAR. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a
half wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, with connivent
segments. Bkin, pale yellow, with an orange tinge next the sun, and
strewed with russet dots. Eye, with connivent segments, set in a
plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch
long, set in a deep, very wide cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy,
sweet, briskly and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A first-rate early cooking apple from August till October. The
great merit of this variety is its great fertility, the small bush trees
producing an abundance of fine yellow fruit. The tree bears very early,
and is one of the most useful for garden culture.
JONATHAN. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a quarter
to two and a half wide, and the same high ; conical, even and regular
in its outline. Skin, very much covered with bright red, splashed
and streaked with darker red and deep yellow, stained with red on
the shaded side, the whole strewed with large russet dots. Eye,
closed, with short convergent segments, set in a narrow basin, which is
ribbed and plaited. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
three-quarters to an inch long, slender, inserted in a round, even cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells^
obovate ; axile, slit.
A very fine dessert apple ; in use from December to April. It was
brought to my notice by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth ; and a few
fruit which he gave me I wrapped in tissue paper, and they kept well
till the end of June.
This is an American variety, and originated on the farm of Mr. Philip Rick, of
Kingston, New York.
Jones's Southampton Pippin. See Golden Winter Pearmain.
Josephine. See Reinette BlaiKhe d'Espagne.
Jubilee Pippin. See Bland's Jubilee.
JULY PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and two and
a quarter high ; conical, larger on one side of the axis than the other.
Skin, when ripe, deep yellow, streaked or mottled with pale crimson on
the shaded side, and entirely covered with red, which is streaked with
deep crimson, on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with long erect
segments, set on the surface, and surrounded by several knobs.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Flesh, juicy, briskly and
agreeably flavoured. Cells, Codlin-like, elliptical ; abaxile, open.
120 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
An early apple of inferior quality. It is much grown about Heath-
field, in Sussex, where it is esteemed for its earliness, and where it ripens
in the first week of August.
KEDDLESTON PI PPIX.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
wide, and not quite so much high ; roundish ovate, and regularly
formed. Skin, of a uniform golden yellow colour, with veinings and
specks of russet. Eye, half open, set in a shallow plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, thick and fleshy.
Flesh, yellowish, crisp, very juicy, sugary, and aromatic. Cells,
obovate ; axile, closed or slit.
A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from November to March.
KEEPING KED-STllEAK. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish,
flattened, angular on the sides. Skin, green at first, changing to
greenish yellow, and striped with red on the shaded side, but entirely
covered with dark red on the side next the sun ; marked with russet,
and numerous grey dots. Eye, open, set in a shallow and undulating
basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a narrow and shallow cavity.
Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured.
A culinary apple ; in use from December to April.
KEEPING KUSSET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and five-
eighths wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roimdish. Skin,
entirely covered with thin, pale yellowish brown russet, like the Golden
Russet, and occasionally with a bright, varnished, fiery-red cheek on
the side next the sun, which is sometimes more distinct than at others.
Eye, open, set in a round and plaited basin. Stalk, very short,
imbedded in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, and
sugary, with a particula'ly rich, mellow flavour, equal to, and even
surpassing that of the Ribston Pippin.
A delicious dessert apple, of first-rate quality ; in use from October
to January, and, under favourable circumstances, will even keep till
March.
This is an apple which is very little known, and does not seem at all
to be in general cultivation. I obtained it from the private garden of
the late Mr. James Lee, at Hammersmith. It certainly deserves greater
publicity.
Kempster's Pippin. See Blenhnm Pippin.
Kentish Broading. See Broad-eivl.
KENTISH CODLIN.-This is so exactly like the English Codlin,
which I have already described, that, after examining a great number of
specimens, I cannot observe any great difi'erence between them.
Kentish Deux-Ans. See Graham.
KENTISH FILL-BASKET [Lady de Greys; Potters Lanje).—
APPLES. 121
Fruit, very large, three and a half inches wide, and three inches hi^'h ;
roundish, irregular, and slightly ribbed, with ridges at the eye. Skin,
smooth, yellowish green in the shade, and pale yellow, with a reddish
brown blush, which is streaked with broken stripes of deeper red, on
the side next the sun. Eye, large, closed, set in a wide and irregular
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Flesh, tender and juicy,
with a brisk and pleasant flavour. Cells, wide open, obovate ; abaxile.
This is an excellent culinary apple, of first-rate quality ; in use from
November to January.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, attaining a large size, and
is an abundant bearer.
This is not the Kentish Fill-basket of Miller and Forsyth, nor yet of Rojrers ;
the variety described under this name hy these writers beinj^ evidently the Kentish
Codlin.
KENTISH PIPPIN [Colojiel Vaiuihan's; Bed Kentish Pippin:
V aim's Pipinn). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three quarters
broad, and two inches and a half high ; conical and slightly angular.
Skin, pale yellow, with brownish red next the sun, studded with
specks, which are greenish on the shaded side, but yellowish next the
sun. Eye, small, and partially open, set in a wide, shallow, and
plaited ba^in. Stamens, mediau ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short
and fleshy, almost imbedded in a deep and wide cavity, which is
smooth or rarely marked with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate,
very juicy, with a sweet and briskly acid flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile,
slit.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to
January.
The tree attains a pretty good size, is hardy, vigorous, and a good
bearer.
A very old and favourite apple, first mentioned by Ray, and enumerated in the
list of Leonard Mea<;er as one of the varieties then cultivated in the London
nurseries in 1670. Mortimer made gnat lamentation on the supposed degeneration
of the Kentish Pipjuu, which I have quoted in treatmgof the Golden Pippin.
KERRY PIPPIN {Edmonton; Aromatic Pippin).— FruiU below
medium size, two inches wide, and nearly two inches and a quarter
high ; oval, sometimes roundish oval. Skin, smooth and shining,
greenish yellow at first, but changing as it ripens to a fine clear pale
yellow colour, tinged and streaked with red, on the side next the sim ;
but sometimes, when fully exposed, one-half of the surface is covered
with bright shining crimson, streaked with deeper crimson ; it is
marked on the shaded side with some traces of delicate russet. Eye,
small and closed, with broad, erect, convergent or connivent segments,
set in a shallow basin, which is generally surrounded with five prominent
plaits. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, th-ee-
quarters of an inch long, obliquely inserted in a small cavity, by the
side of a fleshy protuberance. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, and
122 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
very juicy, with a rich, sugary, brisk, and aromatic flavour. Cells,
roundish obovate ; axile, closed or slit.
An early dessert apple of the highest excellence ; it is in use during
September and October. The tree is a free grower, hardy, and a
good bearer, attaining about the middle size. It is well adapted for
grafting on the paradise stock, and being grown either as a dwarf or
espalier.
This was introduced chiefly through the instrumentality of Mr. Robertson, the
nurseryman of Kilkenny, lu Ireland, who died there August 27, 1839, much
respected.
KESWICK CODLIN.— Fruit, above medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; conical, angular in its
outline, the angles on its sides running to the crown, where they form
rather acute ridges round the eye. Skin, rather pale yellow on the
shaded side, but deeper yellow with an orange or blush tinge on the
side next the sun. Eye, closed, with long, narrow, connivent segments,
and set in a pretty deep and rather puckered basin. Stamens, median;
tube, conical. Stalk, about a quarter of an inch long, downy, inserted
in a deep cavity, which is marked with russet. Flesh, pale yellowish
white, very juicy, tender, and soft, with a brisk and pleasant flavour,
but becomes mealy after being kept for a month. Cells, ovate lanceolate ;
ab axile.
One of the earliest and most valuable of our culinary apples. It may
be used for tarts so early as the end of June ; but it is in perfection
during August and September.
The tree is healthy, vigorous, and an immense bearer, attaining to
the middle size. It succeeds well in almost every soil and situation,
and, when grown on the paradise stock, is well suited for espalier
training.
This excellent apple was first discovered growing among a quantity of rubbish
behind a wall at Gleaston Castle, near Ulverstone, and was first brought into
notice by one John Sander, a nurseryman at Keswick, who, having propagated it,
sent it out under the name of Keswick Codlin.
In the Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, 1813, Sir John Sinclair
says : "The Keswick Codlin tree has never failed to bear a crop since it was planted
in the episcopal garden at Rose Castle, Carlisle, twenty years ago. It is an
apple of fine tartness and flavour, and may be used early in autumn. The tree is
a very copious bearer, and the fruit is of good size, considerably larger than the
Carlisle Codlin. It flourishes best in a strong soil."
KILKENNY PEARMAIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and the same in height ; roundish, inclining to conical.
Skin, yellow, sprinkled with russety dots, and sometimes covered with
slight reticulations of russet ; tinged with orange and a few streaks of
red on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small, and rather open, set
in a narrow basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, and
APPLES. 123
surrounded with a large patch of russet. Flesh, 3'ellowish, crisp,
tender, juicy, and sweet, but of dry texture, and lacking acidity.
A dessert apple of no great merit; in use from October to
Christmas.
King. See Borsddrfer.
King Apple. See Wariur's King.
KING CHAELES' PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches high ; bluntly conical, even and regular
in its outline. Skin, entirely covered with thin pale browTi russet, which
does not entirely obscure the deep yellow ground colour ; on the side
next the sun it has a tinge of rather bright red. Eye, open, with flat
convergent segments, set in a pretty deep imdulating basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, deeply imbedded in
the cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a rich flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of good quality ; in use from November till March.
This was sent me by Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., Nurserymen, Worcester, in
March, 1876.
King George, See Borsddrfer.
KING HARRY. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches high ; roundish ovate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, lemon-yellow all over, and rather thickly strewed with large
russet dots. Ej-e, small and open, with divergent segments, set in a
shallow, saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep round
cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sweet,
and of fine flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of high quality ; in use from October till the end of
November.
KING OF THE PIPPINS.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
a quarter wide, and the same high ; ovate or conical, regularly and
handsomely shaped. Skin, greenish yellow, with a blush of red next
the sun, and marked with a little rough brown russet. Eye, large and
partially open, with long and broad segments, which are connivent, but
reflexed at the tips, set in a shallow and undulating basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, just
extending beyond the base. Flesh, white, with a yellowish tinge, firm,
crisp, very juicy and sugary, with a rich vinous flavour. Cells,
obovate ; axile.
This is one of the richest flavoured early dessert apples, and un-
equalled by any other variety of the same season ; it is ripe in the end
of August and beginning of September.
This is the original and true King of the Pippins, and a very different apple
from that generally known by the same name. See Golden Winter Pearmain. I
suspect this is the King Apple of Bea.
124 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
King of the Pippins. See Golden Winter Fearmain.
KING OF TOMPKINS COUNTY {Tom's Bed; Tommy Red).—
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-
quarters high ; round, somewhat oblate, and obtusely angular, the angles
forming ridges at the crown and the base. Skin, deep rich yellow, very
much streaked on the side exposed to the sun, and with a few fainter
streaks on the shaded side. Eye, closed, with long connivent segments,
set in a rather deep angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, very stout, inserted in a deep,
irregular cavity. Flesh, very tender, not very juicy, but sweet, and
pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
An American dessert apple, introduced by Mr. Eivers, of Sawbridge-
worth, to whom I am indebted for the specimen from which this
description is taken. It is a large, handsome, and beautiful fruit, and
is in season from December till March.
KINGSTON BLACK.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and two inches high ; roundish ovate, or short conical, bluntly angular.
Skin, pale yellow, striped with red on the shaded side, and very dark
red, striped with dark purple, or almost black stripes, on the side next
the sun ; thickly strewed all over with light grey russety dots, and
with a large patch of russet over the base. Eye, open, with broad
reflexed segments, and set in a deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a rather deep cavity.
Flesh, white, stained with red under the skin on the side next the sun,
tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, ovate, open ;
axile.
This is a beautiful little apple, extensively grown in Somersetshire,
where in the present day it is considered the most valuable cider apple.
It keeps till Christmas.
It takes its name from Kingston, near Taunton.
Kirke's Admirable. See Hollandhary.
Kirke's Fame. See Pomeroij of Herefordshire.
Kirke's Golden Reinette. See (irolden Reinette.
Kirke's Lemon Pippin. See Lemon Pippin.
KIRKE'S LORD NELSON.— Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, and
narrowing a little towards the apex. Skin, smooth, pale yellow,
streaked all over with red. Eye, open, with short reflexed segments,
and set in a plaited basin. Stalk, short and slender. Flesh, yellowish
white, firm, juicy, and aromatic, but wants acidity.
An inferior variety, neither a good dessert apple, nor at all suitable
or culinary purposes ; it is in use from November to February.
APPLES. 125
KITCHEN DOOR. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide, and
three and a quarter high ; conical, distinctly angular, so much so as to
be five-sided ; it is widest in the middle and tapers towards the base
and the crown, near which it is contracted so as to form a waist, and
round which the ribs terminate in prominent ridges. Skin, dull
greenish yellow, entirely covered with broken streaks of crimson, which
are brighter on the side next the sun than on the shaded side. Eye,
closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a deep, contracted, irregular
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, firm,
crisp, juicy, and with a brisk acidity. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A handsome cooking apple ; in use from October to Christmas. It is
grown about Maidstone and Sevenoaks.
I^ight's Codjin. See Wormsley Pippin.
KNIGHT'S LEMON PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish. Skin, greenish yellow,
sprinkled all over with a thin coat of grey russet. Eye, closed, with
erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips and placed in a shallow
plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an
inch long, obliquely inserted in a small shallow cavity, with a fleshy lip
on one side of it, like the Kerry Pippin. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy,
and sweet, with a pleasant flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile,
closed.
A good dessert apple, raised by T. A. Knight ; it shrivels before
Christmas.
Knight wick. See Court of Wick.
KNOBBED RUSSET {Kiwbby Bmset ; Old Maid's ; Winter
Apple). — Fruit, medium sized; roundish-oval, and very uneven on its
surface, being covered with numerous knobs, or large warts, some of
which are the size of peas. Skin, greenish yellow, and covered with
thick scaly russet. Eye, set in a deep basin. Stalk, inserted in a
deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, sweet, and highly flavoured, but
not very juicy.
A singular-looking dessert apple, of first-rate quality ; it is in use
from December to March.
This was introduced to the notice of the Tendon Horticultural Society in 1619
by Mr. Huslar Capron, uf Midhurst, ia Sussex.
KNOTT'S KERNEL.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish and flattened,
or obtusely ovate, the sides having five prominent angles, which are most
acute from the middle to the crown. Skin, with a citron-coloured
gi'oimd, considerably covered with numerous broken stripes of dark
purplish red which extend more or less over the whole surface, but are
fewer and paler on the shaded side. Eye, of moderate size, with
reflexed segments, set in a narrow plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long.
126 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
thickened at the insertion, set in a wide, deep, and funnel-shaped
cavity, which has but slight traces of russet. Flesh, white, tender,
crisp, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk acidity.
A useful early culinary apple ; in use September and October. The
tree is a free bearer.
This is much grown in the orchards of Worcestershire.
Lady Apple. See Api.
Lady de Grey's. See Kentish Fill-basket.
Lady Derby. See Whorle Pippin.
LADY HENNIKIER,. — Fruit, very large, three inches and a half
wide, and three inches high ; roundish, narrowing a little towards the
apex, and with blunt angles on the sides, which terminate in prominent
ridges round the eye. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, with a faint
blush of red, which is covered with broken streaks of crimson, on the
side next the sun. Eye, large and open, with short segments, and set
in a very deep and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical or
funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, set in a very deep, wide, russety
cavity. Flesh, very tender in the grain, well flavoured, and with a
pleasant perfume. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A first-rate apple, chiefly valuable as a cooking variety, but useful
also in the dessert. October to February.
This apple was raised at Thornham Hall, near Eye, in Suffolk, and the account
of it, furnished in 1873 by Mr. John Perkins, the gardener there, is the following: —
"Between the years 1840 and 1850 the late Lord Henniker had great quantities
of cider made to give away in the summer months. Several bushels of apple pips
were sown in beds, from which the most promising seedlings were selected and
planted ; these were reduced every few years. The last thinning was about seven
years ago, when thirty-three trees were cut out. The tree in question was always
the favourite, and it has been carefully preserved. It is largely used here when
large and handsome dishes of mixed fruit are required for the dinner-table. Its
appearance by lamplight is most telling. The tree is very healthy, and a great
bearer."
LADY'S DELIGHT. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide,
and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, and ribbed on the sides.
Skin, smooth and shining, greenish yellow, marked with a number of
imbedded dark green specks ; washed with red on the side next the
sun, and with a circle of red rays round the base. Eye, partially
closed, with broad and flat segments, set in an angular and plaited
basin. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a round and rather deep
cavity. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, brisk, and
pleasantly aromatic.
An excellent culinary or dessert apple, highly esteemed about
Lancaster, where it is much grown ; it is in use from October to
Christmas. The habit of the tree is drooping, like that of the Weeping
Willow.
127
Lady's Finger. See White Paradise.
LADY'S FINGER OF HEREFORD.— Fruit, small, two inches
and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, larger on
one side of the axis than the other, angular and sometimes distinctly
five-sided, very round on the base and sometimes without any stalk
cavity. Skin, deep red, streaked with deeper red where exposed to the
sun, but where shaded it is yellowish, but still covered with red streaks
of a paler tint. Eye, open, with divergent reflexed segments, set in a
narrow and shallow plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical,
occasionally tending to funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender,
inserted in a shallow cavity, or merely in a slight depression, sur-
rounded with a patch of russet. Flesh, j^ellowish, soft, not very juicy,
and with a mawkish sweet taste. Cells, elliptical ; axile, open.
A Herefordshire cider apple, sent to me by Dr. Bull. I have been
obliged to distinguish this Lady's Finger as that of Hereford, to prevent
confusion between it and the Lady's Fingers of Lancaster and of
Kent, and also the White Paradise, which has been long known by that
name.
Lady's Finger of Kent. See Smart* s Prince Arthur.
LADY'S FINGER OF LANCASTER.— Fruit, below medium size,
two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ;
conical, rounded at the base, distinctly five-sided, flattened at the apex,
where it is terminated in five prominent knobs, with a smaller one
between each. Skin, smooth, dull greenish yellow, strewed with minute
grey russety dots ; tinged on the side next the sun with a dull blush,
which is interspersed with spots of deep lively red. Eye, small and
partially closed, set in a small and regularly notched basin. Stalk,
slender, short, and obliquely inserted under a fleshy protuberance.
Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, and pleasantly acid.
A culinary apple, much grown about Lancaster ; it is in use from
November to March or April.
This is a very different apple from the White Paradise^ which is
sometimes called the '* Lady's Finger."
La Fameuse. See De Xeige.
LAMB ABBEY PEARIVIAIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches high ; roimdish or oblato-oblong, regularly
and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth greenish yellow on the shaded
side, but becoming clear yellow when at maturity ; on the side next the
sun it is dull orange, streaked and striped with red, which becomes
more faint as it extends to the shaded side, and dotted all over with
minute, punctured, russety dots. Eye, rather large and open, with
long, broad, divergent segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a wide,
deep, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical or funnel-
shaped. Stalk, from a quarter to half an inch long, slender, deeply
128
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
inserted in a russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, crisp, very
juicy and sugary, with a brisk and rich vinous flavour. Cells, obovate ;
axile, open.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality, and very valuable, both as regards
the richness of its flavour, and the long period to which it remains in
perfection ; it is in use from January till April. The tree is healthy,
a fi-ee grower, and good bearer.
Raised in the year 1804, by the wife of Neil Malcolm, Esq., of Lamb Abbey
near Dartford, m Kent, from the pip of an imported fruit of the Newtown Pippin.
Lammas. See Margaret.
Lancashire Crab. See Minchull Crab.
LANDSBERGER REINETTE.— Fruit, above medium size, some-
what conical, slightly ribbed near the eye. Skin, pale yellow, very
clear and shining, having a tinge of crimson on the side next the sun.
Eye, open ; segments of the calyx long, reflexed, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, long, slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, delicate, melting,
sweet.
An excellent apple, fit for either kitchen or dessert use, from October
to Christmas. The tree is a great bearer.
LANE'S PRINCE ALBERT.— Fruit, large and handsome, three
inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter high ; short, conical or
ovate, even and regular in its outline, with broad obtuse ribs round the
crown. Skin, smooth and shining, fine grass-gi^een at first, but changing
to clear pale yellow as it ripens ; where exposed to the sun it is pale
red marked with broken streaks of bright crimson. Eye, rather small,
closed, with erect pointed segments, which are reflexed at the points [
set in a deep, saucer-like, plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Flesh, tender, juicy, briskly and agreeably flavoured. Cells,
elliptical, abaxile, Codlin-like.
A very excellent culinary apple, from October to March. It w^as
raised by Messrs. H. Lane & Son, of Berkhampstead, and exhibited by
them at a meeting of the British Pomological Society, October 26th,
1857. The tree is a marvellous bearer, and rarely fails to produce a
crop.
LANE'S PROLIFIC— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; round, even and
symmetrical in its outline. Skin, green, with sometimes a dull red
blush on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and open, with short
erect segments, set in a very deep, even, round basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and
woody. Flesh, firm, crisp, and with a greenish tinge ; brisk and acid
at first, but later in the season mild and pleasantly flavoured. Cells,
obovate ; axile, closed.
APPLES. 129
A first-rate kitchen apple. The tree is a marvellous bearer, rarely
failing to produce a crop.
This was raised by Messrs. Lane & Son, of Bcrkham])stead.
Langton Nonesuch, ^ee yonesuch.
Large Early Bough. See Laiye Yclloic Boufjh.
Large Himthouse. See HimtJwiise.
LARGE YELLOW BOUGH {Larrje Earhj Yellow Bough; Sweet
BoiKjh : Early Bntu/h ; Bouijh ; Sweet Harvest). — Fruit, above medium
size ; oblong oval, handsomely and regularly formed. Skin, smooth,
pale greenish yellow. Eye, set in a narrow and deep basin. Stalk,
rather long. Flesh, white, very tender, crisp, and very juicy, with a
rich, sweet, sprightly flavour.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality. Ripe in the beginning of
August. The tree is a vigorous and luxuriant grower, and a good
bearer.
Large Yellow Newtown Pippin. See Newtown Pippin,
Leathercoat. See Fioyal Russet.
LEATHERCOAT. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches high ; conical or ovate, and angular, with ribs round the
crown. Skin, almost entirely covered with dark brown russet, and here
and there patches of the yellowish green ground exposed. Eye, small
and closed, with connivent segments, set in a narrow, uneven basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long,
deeply inserted. Flesh, greenish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and briskly
flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A dessert apple of good flavour ; in use from November till
February.
This is the old Leathercoat, which has been in cultivation for centuries, and is
totally distinct from the Royal Russet which is sometimes called by that name.
It was sent from the Vale of Berkeley by Mr. Viner Ellis, of Minsterworth, to
Dr. Bull, of Hereford, to whom I am indebted for specimens of this interesting
apple. This is no doubt the apple which Shakespeare mentions in Henry IV.,
when Davy says to Bardolph —
'* There is a dish of Leather-coats for you,"
and the scene is laid in Gloucestershire.
Leicester Burton Pippin. See French Codlin,
LEMON PIPPIN (Kirkes Lemon Pippin ; Quince ; Englischer
Winterquitienapfel). — Fruit, medium sized, three inches and a quarter
long, by two and a half broad ; oval, with a large fleshy elongation
covering the stalk, which gives it the form of a lemon. Skin, pale
yellow, tinged with green, changing to a lemon yellow as it attains
maturity, strewed with russety freckles, and patches of thin delicate
russet. Eye, small, and partially open, with short segments, and set
9
130
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
in an irregular basin, which is frequently higher on one side than the
other. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, entirely
covered with the fleshy elongation of the fruit. Flesh, firm, crisp, and
briskly flavoured. Core, very small, and occupying very little space in
the fruit. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A very good apple, either for culinary or dessert use ; it is in season
from October to April, and is perhaps the most characteristic apple we
have, being sometimes so much like a lemon as at first sight to be
taken for that fruit. Forsyth says it is excellent for di'ying. The
tree does not attain a large size, but is healthy, hardy, and a good
bearer.
It is uncertain at what period the Lemon Pippin was first brought into notice.
Rogers calls it the " Quince Apple," and, if it is what has always been known
under that name, it must be of considerable antiquit}^ being mentioned by Rea,
Worlidge, Ray, and almost all the early writers ; but the first instance wherein we
find it called Lemon Pippin is in Ellis's " Modern Husbandman," 17^44, where he
says it is "esteemed so good an apple for all uses, that many plant this tree prefer-
able to all others."
LEWIS'S INCOMPAKABLE.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; conical, broad at the base and
narrow at the apex, which is generally higher on one side than the
other. Skin, deep lively red, streaked with crimson on the side next
the sun, but yellow, faintly streaked with light red, on the shaded side,
and strewed with numerous minute russety dots. Eye, small and open,
with broad and slightly connivent segments, set in a rather narrow and
somewhat ^angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, conical.
Stalk, very short, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is lined
with thin grey russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a
brisk and slightly perfumed flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A useful apple, either for culinary purposes or the dessert, but only
of second-rate quality ; it is in use from December to February. The
tree attains the largest size, is strong, vigorous, and an abundant bearer.
LEYDEN PIPPIN. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and
two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to oblate, broad at
the base and narrowing towards the crown, obtusely ribbed, and ridged
around the eye. Skin, uniform bright green, becoming yellowish as it
ripens, and ultimately quite yellow. Eye, half open, with broad erect
segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal or
median ; tube, conical, or somewhat funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch
long, stout, inserted in a wide and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish,
very tender and soft, juicy, and briskly flavoured. Cells, roundish ;
axile.
A handsome early dessert apple, of good quality ; ripe in the end of
August.
Lily Buckland. See Devonshire Buddand.
LINCOLN CODLIN. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and over
three inches high ; conical, with prominent angles, which extend to the
APPLES. 131
cro^\-n, forming corresponding ridges round the eye. Skin, deep lemon
colom*, strewed all over with large russet specks. Eye, closed, with
erect connivent segments, set in a deep and angular basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, long, fimnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in
a deep, narrow cavity. Flesh, white, tender, very juicy, with a pleasant
flavour and mild acidity. Cells, obovate ; axile.
An excellent culinary apple, which keeps well till January.
LINCOLNSHIRE HOLLAND PIPPIN {Striped Holland Pippin).—
Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a half wide, and three
inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to ovate, and somewhat
angular on the sides. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but orange,
streaked with crimson, on the side next the sun, and studded all over
with numerous imbedded green specks. Eye, small, set in a pretty
deep basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh,
white, and pleasantly sub-acid.
A very showy, but very useless apple, fit only for kitchen use, and then
only of second-rate quality ; it is in season from Novtjmber to February.
LITTLE HERBERT.— A small, roimd apple, covered with brown
russet. Much esteemed in Gloucestershu*e as a first-rate dessert fruit ;
but is, in fact, only second-rate.
Tree, a shy bearer. December to March.
LOAN'S PEARMAIN. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches ahd a half
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish ovate or abrupt
Pearmain-shaped. Skin, greenish yellow, changing to bright yellow,
dotted with russet, with a few faint streaks of red, and stre^^ed with
numerous large russety dots on the shaded side, but deep orange
mottled and streaked with crimson, and covered with patches of thin
grey russet, on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with reflexed seg-
ments, set in a wide, even, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch or more long, inserted in a rather
shallow cavity, with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it. Flesh,
greenish white, tender, crisp, and very juicy, with a sugary and
pleasant flavom*. Cells, obovate ; axile.
An excellent old dessert apple ; in use from November to February.
This very old variety is first mentioned by Ray, but is not in Meagcr's list It
very much resembles Cox's Orange Pippin in shape and colour, but is not nearly
so rich in flavour.
LODDINGTON (Stone's Apple; Loddington Seedli7iff). — FrmU
large, three inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches high ;
roimd, somewhat flattened, and narrowing abruptly towards the eye ;
it has obtuse ribs, which terminate in ridges round the eye. Skin,
smooth and shining, gi'ass-green at first, with a tinge of brown on the
side next the sun, but changing when the fruit is gathered to lemon
yellow with a tinge of pale crimson, with broken streaks and specks of
deep crimson on the side next the sun, the whole surface strewed with
132 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
many minute russet dots. Eye, closed, with convergent, leafy seg-
ments, deeply set and surrounded with prominent plaits. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long,
slender for the size of the fruit, set in a deep, wide cavity, which is
lined with ash-grey russet extending over the base. Flesh, tender,
fine-grained, and with a mild acidity. Cells, roundish elliptical ;
axile, open.
A large and handsome kitchen apple, which comes into use in
September and continues during October and November.
The tree is an early and immense bearer, medium sized and compact
in growth. It does not produce long rampant shoots, but on the
contrary when it comes into bearing it makes little wood, and keeps
on forming an abundance of spurs.
The Loddington is best known in Kent by the name of Stone's Apple, from the
origical tree being found on the farm of Mr. Stone, at Loddington, about five
miles from Maidstone, and its great merit as an orchard fruit caused it to be pro-
pagated in the immediate neighbourhood, to which it was for a long time confined.
Its cultivation has gradually extended to the adjoining parishes.
LODGEMORE NONPAREIL {CUssoMs Seedling).— Fiuii, about
medium size, two inches and a half wide, and nearly two inches high ;
roundish ovate, regular in its outline. Skin, rich golden yellow when
fully ripe, dotted with minute grey dots, and with a blush of red on the
side exposed to the sun. Eye slightly closed, with broad, flat, leafy
segments, and set in a narrow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a fine aroma.
Cells, round ; axile, open.
This is a dessert apple of great excellence ; in use from February
till the beginning of June ; and is one of the best late sorts I know.
The tree is hardy, and a good bearer.
The Lodgemore Nonpareil was raised about the year 1808 by Mr. Cook, of
Lodgemore, near Stroud, in Gloucestershire, and was long known as Lodgemore
Seedling ; but the garden being afterwards rented by Mr. Clissold, a nurseryman
at Stroud, he propagated and sold it under the name of Clissold's Seedling.
London Golden Pippin. See Golden Pippin.
London Major. See Lord Derby.
LONDON PEARMAIN. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; Pearmain-shaped,
uneven and angular in its outline, and much ribbed round the eye.
Skin smooth and shining, lemon yellow on the shaded side, and with
a bright red cheek, streaked with dark crimson, on the side next the
sun ; the whole sprinkled with russet dots, and here and there traces of
russet round the stalk. Eye, large and closed, with convergent seg-
ments, divergent at the tips, broad and leaf-like. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted in a
APPLES. 133
narrow cavity. Flesh, crisp, tender, juicy, and richly flavoured, with a
brisk acidity. Cells, elliptical ; axile.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use till January. In shape it is not
unlike Herefordshire Pearmain.
LONDON PIPPIN {Five- Crowned Pippin ; yeiv London Pippin).—
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters broad, and two
inches and a quarter high ; roundish, and flattened, with a few ribs on
the sides, which increase in size towards the crown, where they termi-
nate in tivo prominent and equal ridges, from which circumstance it
has been called the Five-CrowTied Pippin. Skin, at first pale yellowish
green, changing to pale yellow or lemon colour, with brownish red on
the side next the sim. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Eye, small and closed, set in a rather shallow basin. Stalk, half an
inch long, slender, and deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish white,
firm, crisp, tender, and juicy, with a brisk and pleasant flavour. Cells,
round ; axile, closed.
An excellent culinary apple, and serviceable also for the dessert ; it
is in use from November to April, when it is perfectly sound, and shows
no symptoms of shrivelling.
The tree attains about the middle size, is not a strong grower, but
quite hai'dy, and an excellent bearer.
Although there is no record of this variety in the writings of any poraological
author before Mr. Lindley, it is nevertheless a very old English apple. In an
ancient note-book of an ancestor of the Trevelyans, of Nettlecorabe, in Somerset-
shire, so early as 1580, the " Lounden Peppen" is mentioned among the " names
of Appelles which I had their graffes from Brentmarch, out of Essex, from one
Mr. Pace." From this we may learn that we are not to take for granted the non-
existence of any variety, simply because there is no notice of it, previous to the
period when it may have been first recorded, in works on pomology. This has
been erroneously called lioyal Somerset, which see.
LONDON ROYAL RUSSET.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
two inches and three-quai'ters high ; roimdish, inclining to ovate, un-
even in its outline, with ribs which extend to the apex, where they
form corresponding ridges round the eye. Skin, coloured like a
Ribston Pippin, the greenish yellow ground being streaked with dark
crimson, mottled with pale brown russet, with a sprinkling of the russet
in thin patches all over the surface, and especially over the base. Eye,
closed, with connivent segments, which are divergent at the tips, set in
a deep angulai' basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
half an inch long, stout, deeply inserted in a wide, even cavity, lined
with smooth olive-coloured russet. Flesh, greenish yellow, very tender
and juicy, with a brisk and pleasant flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile,
open.
A very excellent and tender-fleshed kitchen apple ; sent me from
Cornwall by Mr. Vivian, of Hayle. It is in use up till Christmas.
LONG NOSE. — Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a
half high, and about the same in width at the base ; conical, with
134 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
prominent angles on the sides. Skin, smooth and shining, grass-green,
changing to greenish yellow, with a cloud of bright red on the side
exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, a
quarter of an inch long, fleshy at the insertion, sometimes with a fleshy
protuberance on one side of it, and inserted in a narrow, shallow, and
russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, and tender, with a
slightly sweet, but rather indiflerent flavour.
An apple of little merit either for culinary purposes or the dessert ; it is in
season I'rom October to December, and is met with in the Berkshire orchards,
especially about Wantage.
LONGSTAKT {Westmo7'eIand Longstart). — Fruit, medium sized ;
roundish, narrowing towards the eye, somewhat like the old Nonpareil
in shape. Skin, almost entirely covered with red, which is streaked
with deeper red, except on the shaded side, where there is a patch of
greenish yellow, tinged with thin red. Eye, partially open, with broad
flat segments, and set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about an inch long, inserted in a
wide cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, white, crisp, tender,
juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A very excellent culinary apple ; comes in use during October, and
lasts till Christmas.
This is much grown about Lancaster, and some parts of Westmoreland, where
it is a great favourite among the cottagers.
LONGVILLE'S KERNEL.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; ovate, slightly
angular, with ridges round the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, tinged with
red, and streaked with dark red on the side next the sun. Eye, small
and closed on the shaded side, with short erect segments, set in a deep
and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch
long, slender, and deeply inserted in a russety cavity. Flesh, yellow,
firm, sweet, slightly acid, and with a perfumed flavour. Cells, ovate,
axile open.
A dessert apple, of good, but only second-rate quality ; in use during
August and September.
According to Mr. Lindley, " It is said that this apple originated in Here-
fordshire, where it is at present but little known ; it is very handsome, and of
considerable merit,"
LORD BURGHLEY. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, and slightly
flattened, ribbed at the apex, and angular on the sides ; at the base it
resembles the Nonpareil. Skin, green at first, changing to deej) golden
yellow on the shaded side, and dark red changing to deep clear shining
crimson on the side next the sun, and dotted all over with russet specks
and dots. Eye, rather closed, set in an angular plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to
three-quarters long, frequently a mere knob, set in a wide cavity.
APPLES. 185
Flesh, yellowish, very tender and juicy, sweet, and with a fine pine
flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from Christmas till May.
Raised in the garden of the Marquis of Exeter, at Burghley, near Stamford, and
was first distributed in 1865 by Mr, House, tlie nurseryman at Peterborough.
LORD CLYDE. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and five-
eighths wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; not unlike a small
specimen of Golden Noble. It is regular and even in its outline.
Skin, of an uniform lemon colour, without any trace of red, and with
very little thin grey russet in the cavity of the stalk. Eye, closed,
with flat convergent segments, set in a narrow and rather shallow basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a wide and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavom-ed. Cells, open, roundish.
An excellent cooking apple, which keeps well till March. It was
raised by Mr. B. W. Witham, nurseryman, lleddish, near Stockport.
LORD DERBY {Londmi Major], — Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter high, and three inches wide ; roimdish, narrowing from the
middle to the eye ; it has prominent ribs, which extend in ridges round
the crown. Skin, smooth and shining, quite dark grass-green, strewed
with a few russet dots, and some lines of russet. Eye, closed, with
connivent leafy segments, set in a deep angular or puckered basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped or conical. Stalk, very short
and stout, imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, greenish, soft, and tender,
with a mild acidity. Cells, roundish ovate ; abaxile.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use up till Christmas. It is a good
deal like Gloria Mundi, and sometimes gi-ows to an enormous size. I
have them this year (1883) four inches in diameter, and the same in
height.
LORD GROSYENOR.— Fruit, large, varying from three inches and
ii quarter wide, and three inches high, to four inches wide, and three
inches and three-quarters high ; ovate or conical, very prominently
and irregularly ribbed, with ridges and bold puckers round the eye.
Skin, of an uniform straw colour, covered with a few dots, and here
and there traces of thin pale bro'VNTi russet. Eye, closed, with con-
nivent segments, and set in a deep, irregular, and ribbed basin.
Stamens, mai'ginal ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, half an inch long,
slender, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and
agi'eeably sub-acid. Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
A large and handsome culinary apple ; in use from September till
November. It is one of those early yellow apples, of which there are
now so many in the style of Stirling Castle, Lord Suffield, Hawthorn-
den, Keswick Codlin, &c., &c.
Lord Gwydyr's Newto^wTi Pippin. See Alfriston.
LORD LENNOX. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
136 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and an inch and three-quarters high ; round or oblate, even and regu-
lar in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and
covered with bright red, streaked with dark crimson, on the side next the
sun ; the surface marked here and there, and especiall}^ round the eye,
with patches of pale brown russet. Eye, small and closed, with flat
convergent segments, set in a shallow, rather flat, and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long,
rather stout, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp,
juicy, sweet, and with a fine flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
An excellent and very pretty dessert apple ; in use up to January,
It is much grown about Lincoln for market purposes.
Lord Nelson. See Kirke's Lord Nelson.
LORD RAGLAN. — Fruit, round and even in outline. Skin, yellow
on the shaded side, and with a delicate red cheek, speckled with deeper
red, on the side next the sun. Eye, rather small, and closed, deeply
sunk in a plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a very narrow shallow
cavity, the base of the fruit being nearly flat. Flesh, tender, pleasantly
sub-acid.
An excellent cooking apple ; in use during March and April.
LORD SUFFIELD. — Fruit, large, two inches and three quarters
wide and three inches high ; conical or ovate, even in its outline, with
several obtuse angles on its sides. Skin, smooth, pale greenish yellow,
with sometimes a tinge of red next the sun. Eye, small, and quite
closed, the segments being connivent and placed in a plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, over half an inch
long, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, and firm, very
juicy, and briskly flavoured. Cells, open, ovate ; abaxile.
One of the best early cooking apples ; it is in use during August and
September.
The tree is an early and very prolific bearer, and one of those
varieties which, on account of these properties, is not long lived.
This was raised by a hand-loom weaver named Thomas Thorpe, of Boardman
Lane, Middleton, near Manchester, and was first let out in 1836 or 1837. It was
called Lord Suffield on account of that nobleman being at the time Lord of the
Manor of Middleton.
Lovedon's Pippin. See Xonjjareil.
LUCOMBE'S PINE APPLE (Pine AjipJe ; Pine Apple Pippin).—
Fruit, rather below medium size ; ovate or conical, slightly and
obscurely ribbed about the eye. Skin, of an uniform clear pale yellow,
but with an orange tinge on the side next the sun, the whole surface
thinly strewed with pale brown russety dots. Eye, small and closed, with
broad ovate segments, reflexed at the tips, set in a narrow, shallow, and
plaited basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, stout, about a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and
APPLES. 137
shallow cavity, generally with a swelling on one side. Flesh, yellowish
white, tender and delicate, juicy and sugary, with a rich aromatic
flavour, resembling that of a pine apple. Cells, roundish ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from the beginning
of October till Christmas.
This desirable apple orif^inated in the nursery of Messrs. Lucombe, Pince&Co.,
of Exeter, and is well worthy of general cultivation.
LUCOMBE'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large, three mches and a half
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish and angular.
Skin, pale greenish yellow, strewed with dark dots, and imbedded
green specks on the shaded side, but bright red, which is streaked with
crimson, on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, set in an
angular and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a rather deep cavity.
Flesh, white, firm, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured. Celhi, roundish ;
axile, open.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to Feb-
ruary. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, attains a large size,
and is an excellent and early bearer.
This, as well as the preceding, was raised in the Exeter nursery.
MABBOTT'S PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
quarter wide, and about the same high ; round, and bluntly angular.
Skin, bright yellow tinged with thin red on the shaded side, and bright
red on the side exposed to the sun ; the whole surface thickly strewed
with grey russet dots like freckles. Eye, closed, with broad convergent
segments, set in a shallow plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, very slender, inserted in a deep russety cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and highly flavoured. Cells,
obovate ; axile, slit.
A valuable dessert apple ; in use up till Christmas.
This is a favourite among the great orchard ists about Maidstone, and was first
brought to my notice by Mr. Lewis Killick, of Langley, near Maidstone.
MACLEAN'S FAVOURITE.— Fruit, medium sized, roundish.
Skin, yellow. Flesh, crisp, and richly flavoured, resembling the New-
town Pippin.
A very excellent dessert apple. The tree is an abundant bearer, but
a delicate grower, and apt to canker unless in warm and light soils.
October to January.
Eaised by Dr. Maclean, of Colchester.
MADELEINE (Margaret; Summer Pippin). — Fruit, rather below
medium size ; roundish. Skin, yellowish white, with numerous im-
bedded pearly specks, with an orange tinge next the sun, and sometimes
marked with faint streaks of red. Eye, small and closed, set in a
narrow basin, and surrounded with several unequal plaits. Stalk,
short and slender, not extending beyond the base, and inserted in a
138 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, white, very crisp and tender, juicy,
sweet, and highly flavoured.
An early dessert apple, of good, but only second-rate quality ; ripe in
the middle and end of August. The tree is a free grower, and is readily
distinguished by the excessive pubescence of its leaves and shoots.
Mr. Lindlcy, in the " Guide to the Orchard," considers this variety as identical
with the Margaret of Ray, which is a mistake. It is, no doubt, the Margaret of
Miller, but certainly not of any English author either preceding or subsequent to
him. It is to be observed that the lists of fruits given by Miller in his Dictionary
are chiefly taken from the works of the French pomologists, while the fruits of his
own country are almost wholly neglected ; and the only reason I can assign for his
describing this variety for the Margaret is, because our own Margaret being by
some authors called the Magdalene, he might have thought the two synonymous. —
See Margaret.
Magdalene. See Margaret.
Mage's Johnny. See Green Tiffing.
MAGGIE. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-quarters
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, uneven in its out-
line, and somewhat flattened. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, and red
next the sun, strewed with small russet dots. Eye, open, with erect and
slightly divergent segments, set in an irregular basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a narrow and
rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, extremely acid and austere.
Cells, open, roundish obovate.
A Gloucestershire cider apple.
MAIDEN'S BLUSH. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide,
and two inches and a half high ; roundish and flattened. Skin, of a
fine rich pale yellow colour, tinged with a blush of beautiful red on the
side exposed to the sun. Eye, pretty large and closed, set in a round,
even, and rather deep basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, conical.
Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and round cavity. Flesh, white, tender,
brisk, and pleasantly acid. Cells, ovate.
A very beautiful culinary apple, but not of first-rate quality ; it is in
use during September and October.
The tree is a vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer.
An American apple. It is highly esteemed in the neighbourhood of Phila-
delphia, and considered one of the best culinary apples in America ; it is also
much used for drying, for which purpose it is considered the best. It is not,
however, held in great repute in this country, its size and colour being its chief
recommendation.
MALAKOVNA. — Fruit, small ; roundish oblate, very regular in its
outline. Skin, deep bright crimson over the entire surface, and wonder-
fully beautiful when growing on the tree. Eye, with long, pointed,
somewhat connivent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a
shallow depression. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped or conical.
APPLES. 189
Stalk, long, slender. Flesh, whitish, tinged with pink, firm, and rather
dry, but sweet and pleasant. Cells, open, obovato ; abaxile.
In use from October till December. The tree has a line habit of
growth, and is very productive, seeming one mass of scarlet when full
of fruit. Highly worthy of cultivation as an ornamental variety.
This was received from liussia by the Koyal Horticultural Society.
Male Carle. See Mela Carla.
Malingre d'Angleterre. See Calville Malingre,
MALTSTER. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish and
flattened, with prominent angles, which terminate in bold ridges round
the eye. Skin, smooth, deep yellow when ripe, and with a few faint
broken streaks of red on the shaded side, but bright red, streaked with
deeper red, on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with connivent
segments, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Flesh, yellow, tender, sweet, and agreeably flavoured. Cells,
obovate ; axile, closed, sometimes slightly open.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October till December.
The tree is a free grower, and great bearer. It is much grown in
Nottinghamshire.
Mammoth. See Gloriu Mundi.
MANKS CODLIN (Irish Pitcher; Irish Cocllin; Eve; Frith Pippin).
— Fruit, medium sized ; conical, and slightly angular. Skin, smooth,
greenish yellow at first, but changing as it ripens to clear pale yellow,
tinged with rich orange red on the side next the sun, but sometimes,
when fully exposed, assuming a clear bright red cheek. Eye, small and
closed, set in a small, plaited, and pretty deep basin. Stamens, margi-
nal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, more
or less fleshy, sometimes straight, but generally obliquely inserted, and
occasionally united to the fruit by a fleshy protuberance on one side of
it. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, brisk, juicy, and slightly perfumed.
Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A very valuable early culinary apple, of first-rate quality ; it is ripe
in the beginning of August, and continues in use till November.
The tree is very hardy and healthy, but not a large grower. It is a
very early and abundant bearer, young trees in the nursery quarters
generally producing a considerable quantity of fruit when only two years
old from the gi*afts. It is well suited for planting in exposed situations,
and succeeds well in shallow soils. It forms a beautiful little tree when
grafted on the paradise stock, and is well adapted for espalier training.
MANNINGTON'S PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two
and a half inches wide, and the same high ; abrupt Pearmain-shaped,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, of a rich golden yellow colour.
140 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
covered with thin brown russet on the shaded side, but covered with
dall brownish red on the side next the sun, strewed with large russet
dots. Eye, partially closed, with broad flat segments, set in a shallow
and plaited basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch to an inch long, obliquely inserted in a
moderately deep cavity, with generally a fleshy protuberance on one
side of it. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, and very sugary, with a
brisk and particularly rich flavour. Cells, open, obovate ; axile.
This is one of the best and richest flavoured of our dessert apples ;
it comes into use in October and November, and continues in good
condition till March.
A communication of some importance was sent me by Mr. Cameron,
of Uckfield, by whom this variety was first propagated. He says the
fruit should be allowed to hang late on the tree before it is gathered, so
as to secure its peculiar richness of flavour, and long period of duration ;
for if gathered too soon, it loses much of its fine richness, and is very
apt to shrivel.
The tree does not attain a large size, but is perfectly hardy, and
an early and excellent bearer ; young trees, only two or three years
from the graft, producing a considerable crop of handsome, well-grown
fruit.
This esteemed variety originated about the year 1770, in a garden lately in pos-
session of Mr. John Mannington, at Uckfield, in Sussex, At the time it was raised
the garden belonged to Mr. Turley, a blacksmith, and grandfather of Mr. Man-
nington. The original tree grew up at the root of a hedge, where the refuse from
a cider press had been thrown ; it never attained any great size, but continued to
preserve a stunted and diminutive habit of giowth, till it died about the year 1820.
Previous to this, however, grafts had been freely distributed to persons in the
neighbourhood ; but it does not seem to have been known beyond its own locality
till the autumn of 1847, when Mr. Mannington caused specimens of the fruit to
be forwarded to the London Horticultural Society, by whom it was pronounced to
be a dessert fruit of the highest excellence, and was designated by Mr. Thompson
" Mannington's Pearmain."
Mr. Mannington, whose acquaintance I made in 1846, was a man of singular
intelligence on many subjects, and was an enthusiastic pomologist. He raised
many varieties of fruits, especially pears, some of which are of great excellence.
He was an unwearying correspondent, and up to within a few months of his death
I was favoured wnth his views in respect to pomological matters. He died at Uck-
field on the 19th September, 1880, aged 93 years, and one of his last letters to me
finished thus — " Written without spectacles."
MARBLE PIPPIN. — Fruit, medium sized, nearly three inches in
diameter, and two inches and a quarter high ; round and flattened ; in
shape and colour bearing much resemblance to Blenheim Pippin. Skin,
pale yellow, strewed with russet dots, and with a red blush next the sun
side. Eye, open, with reflexed, sharp-pointed segments, set in a round,
smooth basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an
inch long, set in a deep wide cavity. Flesh, very tender, sweet, juicy,
and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, open, roundish ovate.
An excellent dessert or culinary apple; in use from November till
January.
APPLES. 141
MARGARET {Early Bed Margaret; Early Red Jiineatim/ ; Red
Juneatiwj ; Striped Juneating ; Early Striped Jiineating ; Striped
Quarrenden ; Summer Traveller ; Eve Apjile, iyi Ireland; Early Mar-
garet; Marget Apple; Maudlin; Magdalene; Marguerite; Lammas),
— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the same in height ; roundish
ovate, and narrowing towards the eye, where it is angular. Skin,
greenish 3'ellow on the shaded side, but bright red next the sun, striped
all over with darker red, and strewed with grey russety dots. Eye, half
open, and prominent, with long, broad, erect segments, surroimded
with a number of puckered knobs. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, short and thick, about half an inch long, inserted in a
small and shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, brisk, juicy, and
vinous, with a pleasant and very refreshing flavour. Cells, roundish
ovate or obovate ; axile, closed.
A first-rate early dessert apple ; it is ripe in the beginning of August,
but does not keep long, being very liable to become mealy. To have
it in perfection, it is well to gather it a few days before it ripens on the
tree, and thereby secure its juicy and vinous flavour.
The tree does not attain a large size, being rather a small grower.
It is a good bearer, more so than the Joaneting, and is quite hardy,
except in light soils, when it is liable to canker. It is well adapted
for growing as dwarfs, either for potting or being trained as an espalier,
when grafted on the doucin and pomme paradis stock.
This is a very old English apple. It is without doubt the Margaret of Rea,
Worlidge, Kay, and all our early pomologists except Miller ; Mr. Liridley, how-
ever, is of a different opinion, for he believes the Margaret of Miller to be identical
with that of Ray. That this variety is the Margaret of Rea, his description is
sufficient evidence. " The Margaret or Magdelen Apple is a fair and beautiful
fruit, yellow, and thick striped with red, early ripe, of a delicate taste, sweet flavour,
and best eaten off the tree." Ray gives no description of it, but it is only reason-
able to suppose that it is this variety he refers to, seeing it is the Margaret of all
authors both immediately preceding and subscqueut to him. And indeed in no
instance is that of Miller noticed by any English author but himself anterior to
Mr. Lindley.
Margaret. See Madeleine,
Marget. See Margaret,
MARGIL (Margin ; Never Fail; Munches Pippin ; Small Ribston).
— Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide, and the same in
height ; conical, distinctly five-sided, with acute angles on the side,
which terminate at the crowTi in five prominent ridges. Skin, orange,
streaked with deep red, and covered on one side with patches of russet.
Eye, small and closed, compressed as it were between the angles of
the basin. Stamens, median ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, half an inch
long, slender, and rather deeply inserted in a round and russety cavity.
Flesh, yellow, fu-m, juicy, rich, and sugary, with a powerful and
delicious aromatic flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile.
One of the finest dessert apples, a rival of the Ribston Pippin,
142 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
excelling it in juiciness, and being of a better size for the dessert ; it
is in use from November to February.
The tree is quite hardy, and generally an abundant bearer, except
in seasons when the bloom is injured by frosts, to which it is liable.
It is of a small and slender habit of growth, and is well adapted for
growing as dwarfs or espaliers when grafted on the paradise stock.
There seems to be no record of this variety before the publication of the Pomona
Londinen.sis, although it was known for many years previously. Eogers says he
saw a tree of it growing as an espalier in the garden at k>heen, which was planted
by Sir William Temple. I find it was cultivated to a considerable extent in the
Brompton Park Nursery so early as 1750 ; it must therefore have been well known
at that period, but I cannot discover any trace of its origin. It may have been
introdui ed from the Continent by George London, who was for some years in the
gardens at Versailles under De La Quintinye, and afterwards in partnership with
Henry Wise as proprietor of the Brompton Park Nursery, as the name seems to
indicate more of French than English origin.
Marguerite. See Margaret.
MARK MARSHALL. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and two inches high ; conical or roundish ovate, frequently with one
very prominent rib, but always angular. Skin, with an orange red
cheek where exposed to the sun, yellow in the shade, strewed with
russet dots. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a
somewhat angular and plaited basin. Stamens, median or marginal ;
tube, conical, inclining to funnel-shape, wide and deep, out of all
proportion to the size of the fruit. Stalk, very short, imbedded in
the cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells,
obovate ; axile.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from October to December.
MARMALADE PIPPIN {AWwrp Pippin ; Welsh Pi ppi7i).—FYmt,
medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-
quarters high ; oblong, with a prominent rib on one side, and flattened
at the apex, where it terminates in several prominences. Skin, very
thick, hard, and membranous ; deep yellow, with a brownish tinge next
the sun, and strewed with numerous imbedded pearly specks. Eye,
small and open, with long acuminate and reflexed segments, set in a
deep and angular basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep
and smooth cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and tender, sweet,
juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
A culinary apple, but only of second-rate quality ; it is in use from
October to January.
The tree is hardy and an abundant bearer.
This was introduced in 1818 — the year in which the original tree first produced
fruit — by a Mr. Stevens, of Stanton Grange, in Derbyshire, by whom it was raised
from a seed of the Keswick Codlin. The Marmalade Pippin of Diel, which is
described in vol. 22, and which he says is an English apple, is not the same as the
above, for he describes it as " a true streaked apple, and ripe in August."
MARRIAGE -MAKER. — Fruit, small, about two inches and a
APPLES. 148
quarter wide, aucl two inches high ; roundish, and somewhat depressed,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, entirely crimson, even
on the shaded side. Eye, small, with erect convergent segments, set
in a basin, which is slightly plaited. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical.
Stalk, short and slender, placed in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish,
slightly tinged with red at the eye and under the skin, pleasantly
flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A very showy dessert apple, resembling Scarlet Pearmain ; in use
from October till Christmas. It was sent me by Messrs. Hai'rison, of
Leicester.
Marrow-bone. See Tom Putt.
MARTIN NON^PAREIL.— Fruit, below medium size ; ovate, and
angular on the sides. Skin, pale yellow, sprinkled with yellowish
brown russet, which is rather rough. Eye, small, half open, with
segments which are convergent and reflexed at the tips, set in a plaited
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, short and
thick, sometimes a mere knob, with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh,
yellow, firm, rich, juicy, and sugary. Cells, ovate ; axile.
An excellent dessert apple, but not equal to the old Nonpareil ;
consequently can only be regarded as a second-rate variety ; it is in
use from December to March.
The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and a good bearer.
This apple was received from a nursery, as a crab stock, by the Eev. George
"Williams, of Martin- Hussingtree, near Worcester, and after producing fruit, was
communicated by him to the London Horticultural Society.
MARTIN'S CUSTARD.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, ribbed
on the sides, and with ridges round the crown which extend into the
basin of the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, mottled with red on the
shaded side, and considerably streaked with dark crimson and with a
violet bloom on the side next the sun. Eye, small, quite closed, set
in a narrow puckered basin. Stalk, very short, sometimes a mere
fleshy knob, and sometimes woody, with a fleshy swelling on one side.
Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and briskly acid.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas.
This apple is much grown in the orchards conterminous with Northamptonshire
and Leicestershire, and I am indebted for a knowledge of it to my friend the Kev.
M. J. Berkeley, of Sibbertoft, near Market Harborough.
MARVELLOUS. — Fruit, small and oblate. Skin, entirely covered
with brilliant crimson, and which has a fine bloom upon it, like a
plum. Eye, closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, short. Flesh,
yellow, not very juicy, with a pleasant, but not rich flavour.
The great merit of this apple is its appearance, and not its flavour.
As an ornament in the dessert it will be valuable, but its season being
in August, at that time its use in this respect is not much in request.
144 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Maudlin. See Margaret.
MEAD'S BKOADING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide,
and three inches high ; round, obtusely angular, and somewhat flattened.
Skin, with a pale red cheek, marked with a few broken streaks of
crimson, on the side next the sun, and greenish on the shaded side ; the
surface strewed with large russet dots. Eye, closed, with flat con-
vergent segments, set in a deep, wide, and plaited basin. Stamens,
basal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted all^its length in the
rather shallow cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, tender,
juicy, and mildly acid. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A large and handsome cooking apple, sent me by Messrs. J. R.
Pearson & Son, nurserymen, Chilwell, near Nottingham ; it is in use
during October and November.
Megginch Favourite. See Golden Eeinette.
MELA CARL A {Male Carle). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; roundish, inclining
to ovate, narrowing a little towards the eye, but generally of an ovate
shape. Skin, thin and tender, pale green at first, changing as it ripens
to fine delicate waxen yellow on the shaded side, but covered with fine
dark crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, w^ith
long acuminate segments, and set in a pretty wide and deep basin,
which is sometimes a little ribbed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, inserted in a small and smooth cavity. Flesh, white, with a
greenish tinge, very delicate, juicy, and tender, with a sweet and vinous
flavour, and a perfume like that of roses.
A dessert apple which, when in perfection, is of the most exquisite
flavour ; but, being indigenous to a warmer climate, it does not attain
its full maturity in this country. When grown in an orchard house,
as I have received it from Mr. Rivers, it is equal to any specimens I
have ever met with in Italy. By the aid of a south wall, in a warm and
sheltered situation, it may, however, be brought to some degree of
excellence. At Elvaston Castle, Mr. Barron successfully cultivated it
upon earthen mounds, with an inclination to the sun of 45°. When
in perfection, its flesh is as tender as a highly ripened Newtown Pippin ;
it is in use from December to March.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer.
This is of Italian origin, and is extensively cultivated about Turin. Its name is
by some supj o<ed to have been given in honour of Charlemagne, who is said to
have held this fruit in high estimation.
MELCOMBE RUSSET.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and one
inch high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline, except round the eye,
where it is undulating. Skin, entirely covered with bright cinnamon-
coloured russet, which has a warm orange tinge next the sun, and no
trace of any ground colour is visible. Eye, half open, with erect, leafy,
convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a wide
APPLES. 145
saucer-like and undulating basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, very shallow,
conical. Stalk, very short, not extending beyond the base ; stout, and
inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesli, yellowish, firm, not very juicy,
agreeably flavoured. Cells, round ; axile, closed or slit.
A second-rate dessert apple, which keeps well till January. It is a
Dorsetshire apple.
MELON APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roimdish, but narrowing
a little towards the crown, and somewhat bluntly angular on the sides.
Skin, smooth, lemon yellow tinged with green, veined with very delicate
pale brown russet, on the shaded side ; on the side next the sun it is
pale bright crimson, with broken streaks of diirker crimson and patches
and veins of very thin smooth pale brown russet. Eye, small and half
open, placed in a narrow, sometimes slightly angular basin. Stamens,
marginal, median or basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long,
very slender, straight, and woody, inserted in an even, funnel-shaped, and
rather deep cavity, which is lined with brown russet. Flesh, yellowish
white, very tender and crisp, juicy, sweet, and vinous, with a delicate
and very agreeable perfume. Cells, round ; axile, slit.
A first-rate dessert apple ; in use in December.
An American apple of great excellence. It was raised in the State of New
York at a place called East Bloomfield,
MELROSE (White Melrose). — Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter wide, and three inches high ; roundish ovate, inclining to
conical, and broad at the base ; it has an irregularity in its outline,
caused by prominent ribs, which extend from about the middle to the
basin of the eye, where they form large and unequal ridges ; and also by
several flattened pai'ts on the sides, giving it the appearance as if
indented by a blow. Skin, smooth and shining, pale 3'ellow tinged
with green on the shaded side ; but yellow tinged with orange, and
marked with crimson spots and dots, on the side exposed to the sun.
Eye, large and closed, with broad flat segments, and deeply set in a
plaited and prominently ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, very short, not more than a quarter of an inch long,
inserted in a deep, irregular cavity, in which are a few streaks and
patches of rough russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, but tender and
juicy, with a sweet and pleasantly sub-acid flavour. Cells, elliptical ;
abaxile.
A very valuable and fine-looking apple, of first-rate quality, suitable
either for culinary purposes or the dessert ; it is in use from October
to January. The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, and
forms a large round head. It is also an abundant and free bearer.
This is an oM Scotch apple, the cultivation of which is confined exclusively to
the Border counties, where it was probably first introduced by the monks of Melrose
Abbey. Though it is one of the most popular apples of the Twecdside orchards,
it does not seem to have been ever known beyond its own district. It is without
doubt the largest, and one of the most useful of Scotch apples, and requires onlr
10
146 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
to be more generally known, to be cultivated throughout the length and breadth of
that country. Even in the south it is worthy of cultivation as being both in size
and quality one of the most attractive market apples. I have known them sold at
two shillings a dozen.
MERE DE MENAGE [Comhermere Apple; Flanders Pippin).—
Fruit, very large ; roundish ovate or conical, prominently ribbed, and
with ridges round the eye. Skin, red, streaked with darker red all over,
except a little on the shaded side, where it is yellow. Eye, closed, with
flat convergent segments, or open, with short, narrow segments, which
are reflexed or spreading at the tips, set in an angular basin. Stamens,
basal ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, very short and stout, inserted in a
deep cavity, so much so as to be scarcely visible. Flesh, firm, crisp,
brisk, and juicy. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile.
A valuable and very beautiful culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in
use from October to January.
Mere de Menage sometimes attains an enormous size. It is not
unusual to meet with specimens four inches and a half wide and three
inches and a half high.
MICKLEHAM PEARMAIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches
wide, and about the same high ; roundish, inclining to ovate. Skin,
yellow on the shaded side, with orange red next the sun, marked with
traces of russet, and specked with large russet dots on its surface. Eye,
large and open, set in a wide, shallow basin. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy,
sugary, and of good flavour.
A good dessert apple, which keeps well till the end of February.
This was raised at Mickleham, near Dorking, in Surrey.
MILLER'S GLORY. — Fruit, about medium size, nearly three inches
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish and depressed, nar-
rowing towards the crown, obtusely angular, and sometimes oblate. Skin,
smooth, very much covered with dull livid red, of the same colour as
Norfolk Beefing, except where shaded, and then it is yellowish green,
covered with broken streaks of deep red. Eye, closed, with broad, flat,
convergent segments, set in a shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a pretty deep cavity, but
sometimes short with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, greenish, very
firm, solid, crisp, and very juicy, with a pleasant though brisk acidity.
Cells, obovate ; axile.
A soHd and very heavy kitchen apple of the first quality, which keeps
till February without shrivelling.
Milton Golden Pippin. See Golden Pippin,
MINCHULL CRAB [Minshul Crab ; Mincham's Crab ; Lancashire
Crab ; Lancaster Crab). — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide,
and two inches and a half high ; roundish, and considerably flattened,
almost oblate. Skin, green at first, changing to yellow, covered with
APPLES. 147
dark dots and a few veins of russet ; russety over the base, and
marked with a few broken stripes and mottles of crimson on the side
next the sun. Eye, hirge and open, like Blenheim Pippin, with short
and ragged convergent segments, set in a wide, shallow, and plaited
basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, and juicy,
with a rough and sharp acid flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile,
slit.
A culinary apple, of excellent quality ; it is in use from November
to March.
The tree is very hardy, and is not subject to canker or the attacks of
insects. It is an abundant bearer.
This apple is extensively grown in the southern parts of Lancashire, and is a
great favourite in the Manchester market, and all the other manufacturing towns
of that district. It receives its name from the village of Minchull, in Ciieshire,
where, according to Rogers, the original tree existed in 1777.
MINIER'S DUMPLING.— Fruit, large, from three to three inches
and a half wide, and nearly the same in height ; roundish, somewhat
flattened, and angular on the sides. Skin, dark green, striped with
darker green on the shaded side, but covered with dark red where
exposed to the sim. Stalk, an inch long, rather thick, inserted in a
rather deep cavity. Flesh, firm, juicy, sub-acid, and pleasantly
flavoured.
An excellent culinary apple, of first-rate quality ; in use from No-
vember to May.
The tree is a strong grower, hardy, and an excellent bearer. It is
one of the varieties grown in Dr. Swainson's garden at Twickenham in
1807.
MITCHELSON'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, above the medium size ;
somewhat ovate. Skin, of a fine deep yellow, thinly strewed with
minute brown dots, interspersed with slight patches of very delicate;
russet ; but faintly mottled with clear red on the side exposed to the
sun. Eye, large and open, with short, stunted segments, and set in a
rather deep and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a round
and even cavity, which is tinged with green, and lined with fine, deli-
cate grey russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, brisk, very juicy, and
vinous, abounding in a rich and agreeable perfume.
A very excellent apple, suitable either for culinary purposes or the
dessert ; it is in use from December to February.
This beautiful apple was raised by Mr. Mitchclson, a market gardener, at
Kingston-on-Thames.
MONKLAND PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and the
same in height ; oval, even, and regularly formed, with five obscure
ribs round the eye. Skin, gi*een, becoming yellow as it attains maturity,
mai'ked with imbedded green specks and numerous very minute dots.
Eye, half open, set in a round and plaited basin. Stalk, three-quarters
148 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
of an inch long, slender, and inserted in a round, narrow cavity, which
is lined with rough russet. Flesh, greenish white, soft and juicy, but
with little or no flavour.
An apple of which it is difficult to say to what use it is applicable,
having nothing whatever to recommend it ; it is ripe in November.
MONKTON. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches high ; oblate, slightly ribbed on the
sides, and ridged round the eye. Skin, entirely covered with beautiful
red, which is marked with spots, and broken stripes of deep crimson ;
the colour on the shaded side is paler than on the side exposed to the
sun ; it is strewed all over with russety dots, and round the stalk and
in the basin of the eye it is of a clear waxen yellow. Eye, small
and open, with broad, erect segments, set in a moderately deep basin.
Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a rather shallow cavity, which is
lined with thick grey russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and brisk.
A beautiful cider apple, raised at Monkton, near Taunton, in Sumersetshirc.
Monstrous Pippin. See Gloria Mundi.
MOORE'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
wide, and three inches high ; conical and angular, flattened at the
base. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and marked with
broken streaks of red where exposed to the sun, interspersed with
numerous large dark spots. Eye, small and open, set in a plaited
basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a small, narrow cavity, and
surrounded with a patch of russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, rather
sweet and pleasantly flavoured.
A good culinary apple ; ripe in October, and keeps till December.
MORGAN'S SWEET.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
a half high, and the same in width ; conical, distinctly five-sided at the
crown, and having a near resemblance to a small fruit of Keswick
Codlin. Skin, pale lemon yellow, with a flush of pale red on the side
next the sun, and the whole surface covered with large dots. Eye,
closed, with long leafy segments, set in a narrow basin, which is angular.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch
long, inserted in a deep cavity, which is lined with rough russet.
Flesh, yellowish white, tender and marrow-like, juicy, sweet, and
briskly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A cider apple much used in Somersetshire, and very good as a
culinary variety ; in use in November and December. The tree is a
very strong grower.
MORNING PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish and depressed, even
and pretty regularly formed, except towards the crown, where it is a
little angular. Skin, smooth and shining, except where it is marked
with patches and ramifications of pale brown russet, which is rather
APPLES. 149
rough ; wherever it is exposed to the sun it is covered with dark
shining crimson, but on the shaded side it is deep yellow, washed
with thin pale red, and marked with broken stripes of crimson. Eye,
half open, with erect segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and
which are frequently broken, leaving the eye open with stunted seg-
ments, and placed in a rather shallow, somewhat angular basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about a quarter of an
inch long, sometimes woody, sometimes a fleshy knob, inserted in a
very shallow and narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, very firm and
crisp, pretty juicy, with a brisk and agreeably perfumed flavour. Cells,
ovate ; axile.
A good culinary apple, which bakes well, and has a pleasant acidity ;
in use from December to March. The tree is an excellent bearer.
This, one of the hcst keeping apples of the Gloucestershire orchards, was sent
me, with many others of that district, by G. S. Wintle, Esq., of Gloucester.
MORRIS'S COURT OF WICK.— Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter broad, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish oblate,
regularly and handsomely shaped, v^ery closely resembling its parent,
the old Court of Wick. Skin, pale green on the shaded side, but
washed with light red next the sun, which is covered with darker red
spots, and marked with thin grey russet, round the eye. Eye, open,
with reflexed segments, equally as characteristic as that of the old
Court of Wick, and placed in a wide, shallow basin. Stamens, mar-
ginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a
round cavity. Flesh, firm but tender, with a profusion of rich, vinous,
tmd highly flavoured juice. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A delicious dessert apple, exceeding even the old Court of Wick ; it
is in use from October to February.
Raised some years ago by Mr. Morris, a market gardener, at Brentford, near
London.
MORRIS'S NONPAREIL RUSSET {Nonpareil I{'US8et).—Fxmi,
small ; conical and irregularly formed, being generally larger on one
side than the other, and having the eye placed laterally. Skin, green,
covered with large patches of thin grey russet, strewed with silvery
scales, and marked with green dots. Eye, small and open, with seg-
ments reflexed at the tips, and set in a plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, and deeply inserted in an oblique
cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, briskly flavoured,
and charged with a pleasant aroma. Cells, quite closed, ovate ; axile.
An excellent dessert apple, of the first quality ; in use from October
to March, and will keep even as long as May and June.
The Morris's Nonpareil Russet, of the Lcndon Horticultural Society's catalogue .
which is said to be oblate, cannot be true. I know that the variety described above
is the true one, the friend from whom I received it having procured it from Mr.
Morris, of Brentford, by whom it was raised.
MORRIS'S RUSSET. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches
150 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
jind a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; round, regu-
larly and handsomely shaped. Skin, covered with a coat of smooth,
thin, brown russet, with occasionally a bright, fiery crimson flame
breaking out on the side next the sun, sometimes so large as to form
a fine, smooth, and varnished crimson cheek. Eye, large and open,
set in a small and shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a rather small cavity. Flesh,
firm, but tender, juicy, brisk, and sugary, charged with a very rich and
powerful aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
This is a dessert apple of the highest excellence, and ought certainly
to form one in every collection, however small ; it is in season from
October to February.
This, like the two preceding varieties, was raised by Mr. Morris, of Brentford.
MOSS'S INCOMPARABLE.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, in-
clining to oblate, angular, knobbed round the crown, where the angles
terminate. Skin, entirely covered with streaks of bright deep crimson
on a deep yellow ground. Eye, small and closed, with erect short seg-
ments, not quite connivent, set in a deep angular and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in
a deep, russet-lined cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and
of good flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A useful apple of first-rate quality, either for cooking or for the
dessert ; it is a late keeper, being in use from January till April.
Mother Apple. See American Mother, Cornish Mother, Oslin, and
Sussex Mother.
Motteux's Seedling. See Beachamwell.
MR. GLADSTONE. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, even and regular in
outline. Skin, very much covered with dull red, which is thickly
striped with dark crimson, except only where it is shaded, and there
it is yellowish. Eye, closed, with connivent segments, set in a rather
wide basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch long,
and slender, not deeply inserted. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and well
flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
An early dessert apple ; ripe in August. This originated in the
neighbourhood of Kidderminst€r. It received a first-class certificate
from the Royal Horticultural Society, August, 1883.
MRS. WARD. — This in its outward appearance and form somewhat
resembles the Court of Wick, with the beautiful scarlet flush of its parent,
the Scarlet Nonpareil. Fruit, below medium size ; roundish ovate, com-
pressed at both ends ; outline very even and regular. Skin, smooth,
of a warm yellow or orange colour on the shaded side, flushed wdth
deep scarlet on the side next the sun, with here and there slight patches
APPLES. 151
of russet, especially near to the eye and stalk. Eye, open, set in a
shallow, evenly -formed cavity. Stalk, long, slender, and deeply set.
Flesh, pale yellow, firm, juicy, with a fine, brisk, sprightly acid flavour.
One of the pleasantest little dessert apples, and beautiful in appear-
ance ; in use from November to March.
Raised by Mr. N. Lawrence, nurseryman, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.
Munches Pippin. See Margil.
MUNN'S RED. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches high ; round, inclining to ovate, even and regular
in its outline. Skin, bright red, approaching scarlet, mottled and
somewhat streaked with crimson over its whole surface. Eye, closed,
with connivent segments, set in a pretty deep basin, which is either
even and saucer-like or a little angular. Stamens, median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, long, curved, and rather stout and woody,
inserted in a very deep round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, with a stain of
red running from the base of the eye round the carpels. Cells, roundish
elliptical ; abaxile.
A Herefordshire cider apple, raised at Canon Pyon by a person of
the name of Munn.
Murdy. See Comey Norman.
MURFITT'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches and three-quai'ters high ; round and depressed,
rather angular in its outline. Skin, very greasy to handle, green,
becoming yellowish towards ripening ; on the sun side it has a dull
brown blush, and the surfiice is strewed with large russet dots. Eye,
rather small, with flat convergent segments, set in a small plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, about an inch long, slender,
inserted in a deep round cavity, which is lined with russet extending
over the base, and sometimes with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh,
tender, crisp, and very juicj- , with a fine brisk flavour. Cells, ovate ;
abaxile.
A fine large apple for culinary use ; in use from October till Christ-
mas. I received it from Messrs. Wood & Ingram, of Huntingdon.
NANCY JACKSON. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide,
find two inches and a half high ; round, rather uneven and angular,
and sometimes with prominent obtuse ribs towards the eye. Skin,
bright crimson over one-half of its surface, where exposed to the sun,
and yellow where shaded. Eye, open, with short and sometimes
withered segments, and sometimes it is closed, set in a rather shallow
basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a close and narrow cavity. Flesh,
firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a fine brisk acidity.
A cooking apple of great excellence, which keeps in perfect condition
till May.
This is very much cultivated in the North Biding of Yorkshire, where it is
greatly appreciated.
152 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
NANNY. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three- quarters
wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, narrowing towards
the apex, and somewhat angular on the sides. Skin, smooth, green-
ish yellow, with broken streaks of red, on the shaded side, but bright
red, streaked with dark crimson, on the side next the sun ; the whole
strewed with russety dots. Eye, open, with divergent segments, placed
in an angular basin, which is marked with linear marks of russet.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a
rather deep, round cavity, thickly lined with rough russet, which extends
in ramifications over the base. Flesh, yellow, rather soft and tender,,
juicy, sugary, and highly flavoured. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of excellent quality, and when in perfection a first-
rate fruit ; it is in use during October, but soon becomes mealy.
The tree attains the middle size and is a good bearer, much more so
than the Ribston Pippin, to which the fruit bears some resemblance
in flavour.
This is met with about Havant and other districts in West Sussex, and on the
borders of Hampshire.
NATURAL POCKET APPLE.— Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; short, ovate, uneven
in its outline, prominently ribbed, and with ridges round the eye.
Skin, greenish yellow when ripe, with a tinge of red next the sun, which
is also mottled with darker red, russety over the base. Eye^ closed,
deeply set in an uneven puckered basin. Stamens, median, inclining
to basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, deeply set in an uneven
russety cavity. Flesh, white, tender, sweet, and with a slight astrin-
gency. Cells, Codlin-like, elliptical ; abaxile.
A large and handsome cooking apple ; in use from October till
December.
This is a Devonshire apple, and was received from Mr. Rendell,
Netherton Manor.
Neige. See JDe Neige.
NELSON CODLIN {Nelsons Codlin; BacJcJiouse's Nchon ; Nelson).
— Fruit, large and handsome, three inches wide, and three and a quarter
high ; conical or oblong. Skin, greenish yellow strewed with russety
specks on the shaded side, but where exposed to the sun of a fine deep
yellow, covered with rather large dark spots, which are encircled with a
dark crimson ring. Eye, open, with short segments, set in a deep,
plaited, and irregular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, about a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a very deep and
angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, tender, juicy, and
sugary. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile.
A very excellent apple, of first-rate quality as a culinary fruit, and
also valuable for the dessert ; it is in use from September to January.
The tree is a strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, and a most abun-
dant bearer.
APPLES. 153
This was first brought into notice by John Nelson, a noted "Wesleyan preacher
in the early days of Wesleyanism, who during his journeys, while engaged in the
work of evangelisation in Yorkshire, used to distribute grafts amonjx his friends ;
from this circumstance it became known as the Nelson Apple. Mr. Hugh Ronalds,
who received the sort from Mr. Backhouse, of York, published it in the Pyrus
Mains Brentfordiensis as Backhouse's Lord Nelson, a name which the late Mr.
James Backh(juse disclaimed, and, as he informed me, he preferred so excellent an
apple should be a memorial of an equally excellent man.
Nelson's Glory. See Warner's King.
NETHERTON LATE BLOWER.— Fruit, large, <shree inches wide,
«and three inches and a quarter high ; conical, frequently with a curved
axis, which makes it larger on one side than the other ; even in its out-
line. Skin, yellow where shaded, and with a pale red cheek where
exposed to the sun, marked with a few short crimson streaks ; russety
over the base. Eye, small and closed, with convergent segments, set
in a narrow and puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, imbedded in the russety cavity.
Flesh, firm, woolly in texture, sweet, and with a pleasant acidit3\ Cells,
open ; obovate.
A Devonshire cider apple, which bears well, keeps late, and being
thick in the skin the birds do not eat the fruit as they do many other
late sweet sorts. It is in good condition up till December.
Neverfail. See Margil.
Newbold's Duke of York. See Uymer.
NEW BESS POOL. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and
two inches and a half high ;• roundish, depressed, and angular. Skin,
yellow on the shaded side, where it is also streaked with short broken
stripes of pale red, but on the side next the sun it is entirely covered
with very dai'k red, almost approaching the colour of dark mahogany,
and strewed with russet dots. Eye, large and closed, with connivent
segments, set in a deep and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, stout and straight, half an inch long, deeply in-
serted in a russety cavity. Flesh, greenish white, crisp, juicy, sweet,
and of good flavour. Cells, wide open, obovate.
An excellent long-keeping apple, being in good condition up till
February.
This is supposed to be a seedling from Bess Pool, originating in Yorkshire. Dr-
Bull informs me that it is widely grown in Herefordshire. The tree attains a large
size, with a spreading habit of growth. It blooms late, after all the other sorts
are almost over, and bears well.
NEW BRO^ILEY. — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish, with a
very narrow puckered crown. Skin, of a glossy bright crimson colour
next the sun, and dappled with yellow and crimson on the shaded side.
Stalk, very short, imbedded the whole of its length in a round, even,
smooth cavity. Flesh, yellow, tinged with crimson, like the apple called
Sops-in-wine. Juicy, and with an astringency peculiar to cider apples.
An excellent cider apple, much esteemed in Gloucestershire.
154 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
NEW COCKPIT. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; prominently angular, roundish and
flattened, the angles forming bold ridges round the eye. Skin, deep
rich yellow, streaked with bright crimson on the side next the sun, and
only partially so on the shaded side. Eye, small, closed, with flat con-
vergent segments, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, or sometimes three-quarters of
an inch long, set in a deep angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
juicy, and with a fine perfume. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A fine culinary apple ; in use from October till Christmas.
I do not know why this should be called the New Cockpit, as it has no relation
whatever to the Cockpit, either in size, shape, colour, or quality ; and though
called new, it is really a very old variety, which I can trace as far back as 1780.
The fruit, when cut, has a fine perfume like Gravenstein.
NEW GERMAN. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and five-eighths
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; conical, with somewhat
of a waist near the crown, distinctly five-ribbed, with smaller interme-
diate ribs, and on one or two of the most prominent the line of the
suture is distinctly seen ; the apex is puckered. Skin, smooth and
shining, dark mahogany next the sun, but striped with red and yellow
on the shaded side. Eye, set in a narrow puckered basin, with erect
convergent segments. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, long, inserted in a deep, wide, angular cavity. Flesh, very
tender, with a greenish tinge, sweet, and with an agreeable perfume.
Cells, open, obovate; axile.
A good useful Herefordshire apple up till Christmas.
NEW HAWTHORNDEN.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half
wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblate, obtusely ribbed, and with
several rather prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, pale green, be-
coming straw or lemon yellow as it ripens, and sparingly strewed with
russet dots. Eye, partially closed, with somewhat erect, connivent
segments, set in a wide and finely plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to an inch long, inserted nearly all
its length in the wide open cavity. Flesh, tender, crisp, very juicy,
and pleasantly acid. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A handsome early cooking apple, which has a close resemblance in
form and colour to the old Hawthornden, but is very much larger. It is
in use from the beginning of September till the middle or end of
October, and then it becomes marked with fungoid specks, which indi-
cate the condition of the flesh under the surface. When used early it
is a fine fruit, but in the matter of lasting it does not equal the Winter
Hawthornden, with which it is very frequently confounded, an error
which I regret I helped to propagate by making them synonymous in
the last edition of this work.
It was introduced l)y Mr. Rivers in 1847 by the name of New Hawthornden only,
and I am not aware how it became associated with the Winter Hawthornden.
APPLES. 155
NEWLAND SACK. —Fruit, medurn sized, three inches wide, and
nearly the same high ; roundish oval, narrowing from the middle towards
the stalk and the eye, obtusely ribbed and uneven both at the stalk and
the eye. Skin, when ripe, gi'eenish j'ellow in the shade, slightly marked
with russet, and with a more or less deep blush of red on the side next
the sun ; the whole surface very russety and strewed with dark russet
dots. Eye, closed, set in an irregular basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, deeply
inserted in an uneven cavity. Flesh, tender, sweet, and of good flavour.
Cells, oblong, obovate, or elliptical ; axile, open.
This is a Worcestershire orchard fruit, highly appreciated and exten-
sively grown at Newland, near Malvern, and the surrounding villages.
It keeps well even up till February, does not bruise in travelling, or if
bruised will not decay. It is a great favourite with Mr. Baron Webster,
at the fruit farm of Newland Court, who says ho wishes all his orchards
were Newland Sacks and Blenheim Pippins.
New London Pippin. See London Pippin.
New Nonpareil. See Early Nonpareil.
NEW ROCK PIPPIN. — Fruit, of medium size; round, even, and
sometimes obscurely ribbed. Skin, dull green on the shaded side, and
brownish red where exposed to the sun, very much covered with brown
russet. Eye, closed, set in a round and plaited basin. Stamens, mar-
ginal ; tube, deep, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep, round
cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, rich, and perfumed with the flavour
of anise. Cells, closed, obovate.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from January to Ma}'.
Raised by Mr. William Plcasance, a nurseryman at Barnwell, near Cambridge,
and was communicated by him to the London Horticultural Society in 1821. It
belongs to the Nonpareil family, and is valuable as a late winter apple.
NEWTOWN PIPPIN {Large Yellow Newton Pippin; American
Newtown Pippin ; Green Newtown Pippin; Petersburgh Pippin; Green
Winter Pippin). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, broadest at the
base, with broad obscure ribs extending to the apex, which give it an
irregularity in its outline. Skin, at first dull green, but changing as it
ripens to a fine olive green, or greenish yellow, with a reddish brown
tinge next the sun, and dotted all over with small grey russety dots.
Eye, small and closed, set in a small and rather shallow basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and inserted
all its length in a deep round cavity lined with delicate russet, which
extends over a portion of the base. Flesh, j^ellowish white tinged with
green, firm, crisp, very juicy, with a rich and highly aromatic flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple, which, when in perfection, is not to be surpassed ;
it is in use from December to April. This description being taken
from an imported specimen, it must not be expected that fruit grown
156 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
in this country will attain the same perfection ; for, like most of the
best American apples, it does not succeed in this climate. Even with
the protection of a wall, and in the most favourable situation, it does
not possess that peculiarly rich aroma which characterises the imported
fruit.
The tree is a slender and slow grower, and is always distinguished,
even in its young state, by the roughness of its bark. It prefers a
strong, rich, and genial soil, and, according to Coxe, does not arrive at
maturity till twenty or twenty-five years old.
This is an old American apple. It originated at Newtown, on Long Island, U.S.,
and was introduced to this country about the middle of the last century. I find it
was cultivated in the Brompton Park Nursery so early as 1768, under the name of
" Newtown Pippin from New York." Forsyth remarks that it is said to have been
originally from Devonshire, but if it were so, there would still have been some
trace of it left in that county. It is extensively cultivated in New York, and all
the middle states, and particularly on the Hudson, where the finest American
orchards are. There are immense quantities produced, which are packed in barrels
and exported to Britain and other parts. The month of January is generally the
season they arrive in this country, and then they are the most attractive of all
dessert apples in Covent Garden Market ; the name serving, in many instances, as
a decoy for the sale of many other and inferior varieties. The Alfriston, in many
collections, is erroneously cultivated under the name of Newtown Pippin.
NEWTOWN SPITZENBEEG {Matchless ; Burlington Spitzenherg ;
English Spitzenherg). — Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches and a quarter deep ; roundish, regularly
and handsomely formed, a little flattened, somewhat resembling a
Nonesuch. Skin, smooth, at first pale yellow tinged with green, but
changing to a beautiful clear yellow on the shaded side, but of a
beautiful clear red, streaked with crimson, on the side next the sun,
and strewed with numerous russety dots. Eye, open, set in a wide
and even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short and
stout, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, rich, and
pleasantly flavoured. Cells, wide open, obovate.
An American dessert apple, very pretty and handsome ; of good
quality, but only second-rate ; it is in use from November to February.
This originated at Newtown, on Long Island, U.S. It received the name of
Matchless from the late William Cobbett, who sold it under that name.
New York Gloria Mundi. See Gloria Mimdi.
NEW YORK PIPPIN.— Fruit, rather large, of an oblong figure,
somewhat pyramidal, rather irregular in its outline, and with five
angles on its sides, three of which are generally much shorter than
the other, forming a kind of lip at the crown ; from two inches and
a half to three inches deep, and the same in diameter at the base.
Eye, closed, rather deeply sunk in a very uneven, irregular basin.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender, rather deeply inserted in a wide,
uneven cavity. Skin, dull greenish yellow, with a few green specks,
intermixed with a little thin grey russet, and tinged with brown on the
APPLES. 157
sunny side. Flesh, firm, crisp, tender. Juice, plentiful, sweet, with
a slight aromatic flavour.
A dessert apple ; in use from November to April.
An American variety of excellence. The tree grows large, and bears
well. It sometimes happens with this, as it does with Hubbard's Pear-
main, that smooth fruit grow upon one branch, and russety ones upon
another ; and in cold seasons the fruit are for the most part russety.
It was named the New York Pippin by Mr. Mackie, and first propagated in his
nursery at Norwicli about 1831.
Never having seen this apple, I have here given Mr. Lindley's description
verbatim, for the benefit of those who may meet with it, as it is no doubt still
in existence in the county of Norfolk.
NO CORE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and
three inches high ; roundish, narrowing towards the crown, imeven in
its outline, with prominent blunt ribs on the sides. Skin, yellow
where shaded, tinged with red where exposed to the sun, and strewed
with numerous pearl specks and dots of russet. Eye, large, wide
open, with reflexed segments, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, quite imbedded in the
shallow narrow cavity, surroimded with a patch of rough brown russet.
Flesh, yellowish white, tender, and soft, with a mild acidity, and soon
becomes mealy. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
An early kitchen apple ; ripe in September. The core is small, but
not more so than in many apples, and I sec no reason why it should
have acquired the name of No Core.
NONESUCH (Nonsuch; Langton Nonsuch). — Fruit, medium sized,
two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ;
roundish oblate, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth,
pale yellow, mottled with thin pale red on the shaded side, and
striped with broad broken stripes of red next the sun. Eye, small
and closed, set in a wide, shallow, and even basin. Stalk, short and
slender, inserted in a shallow cavity. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, and shghtly perfumed.
Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
An excellent culinary apple, of first-rate quality, and, according to
Mr. Thompson, excellent for apple jelly ; it is ripe in September, and
continues during October. The tree is a free grower, attaining about
the middle size, and is an abundant and early bearer ; young trees three
years old from the graft producing an abundance of beautiful fruit.
Altliough an old variety, I do not think this is the Nonesuch of Rea, Worlidge,
or Hay, as all these authors mention it as being a long keeper, for which circum-
stance it might otherwise have been considered the same. Rea says, " It is a middle
sized, round, and red striped apple, of a delicate taste, and long lasting." Wor-
lidge's variety is probal)ly the same as Rea's. He says, " The Nonsuch is a long
lasting fruit, good at the table, and well marked for cider." And Ray also includes
his " Non-such " among the winter apples.
NONESUCH PARK. — Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters
158 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
wide, and an inch and a half high ; round, regularly formed, and de-
pressed. Skin, green, even after having been kept, but eventually
it becomes yellow, thinly covered with patches of russet, particularly
on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, with broad erect seg-
ments, which are spreading at the tips, set in a shallow slightly plaited
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, im-
bedded in a deep narrow cavity, sometimes it is half an inch long.
Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp, juicy, and of good flavour. Cells, obovate ;
axile, closed.
A neat little dessert apple, resembling a Golden Pippin ; it is in
use from November till February.
NONPAREIL (Old Nonpareil; English Nonpareil; Hunt's Non-
pareil ; Lovedon^s Pippin ; Reinette Nonpareil ; Nonpareil d'Angle-
terre ; Due d'Arsel ; Grime Reinette). — Fruit, below medium size,
two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish, broad at
the base and narrowing towards the apex. Skin, yellowish green,
covered with large patches of thin grey russet, and dotted with small
brown russety dots, with occasionally a tinge of dull red on the side
next the sun. Eye, rather prominent, very slightly if at all depressed,
half open, with broad segments, which are reflexed at the tips. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, set in
a round and pretty deep cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh,
greenish, delicate, crisp, rich, and juicy, abounding in a particularly
rich, vinous, and aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate or roundish ; axile.
One of the most highly esteemed and popular of all our dessert apples ;
it is in use from January to May. The tree is a free grower, and
healthy, scarcely attaining the middle size, and an excellent bearer.
It prefers a light and warm soil, succeeds well on the paradise stock,
and is well adapted for growing in pots, when grafted on the pomme
paradis of the French. Bradley in one of his tracts records an
instance of its being so cultivated. ** Mr. Fairchild (of Hoxton) has
now (February) one of the Nonpareile apples upon a small tree, in a
pot, which seems capable of holding good till the blossoms of this year
have ripened their fruit." In the northern counties and in Scotland
it does not succeed as a standard, and even when grown against a
wall, there is a marked contrast in the flavour when compared with
the standard grown fruit of the south.
It is generally allowed that the Nonpareil is originally from France. Switzer
says, "It is no stranger in England; though it might have its origin from France,
yet there are trees of them about the Ashtons in Oxfordshire, of about a hundred
years old, which (as ihey have it by tradition) was first brought out of France and
planted by a Jesuit in Queen Mary or Queen Elizabeth's time." It is strange,
however, that an apple of such excellence, and held in such estimation as the
Nonpareil has always been, should have received so little notice fri)m almost all
the early continental pomologists. It is not mentioned in the long list of the
Jardinier Fran9ois of 1653, nor even by De la Quintinye, or the Jardinier
Solitaire. Schabol enumerates it, but it is not noticed by Bretonnerie. It is first
described by Duhamel, and subsequeatly by Knoop. In the Chartreux catalogue
APPLES. 159
it is said " elleest forte estim^e en Angleterre," but, among the writers of our own
country, Switzer is the first to notice it. It is not mentioned by Rea, Worlidge, or
Ray, neither is it enumerated in the list of Leonard Meager. In America it is
little esteemed.
Nonpareil d'Angleterre. See Nonpareil,
Nonpareil Russet. See Morris's Nonpareil Russet,
NORFOLK BEARER. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish and
obtusely angular from the middle towards the crown, where it is rather
narrow. Skin, smooth and shining, very much covered with lively
crimson, which is marked with broken stripes and spots of darker
crimson extending over one-half of the surface or wherever exposed to
the sun ; on the shaded side it is green, with a yellowish tinge as it
ripens, and with some dots and broken streaks of light crimson where
it blends with the sunny side ; it is covered all over the surface with
rather large russet dots, and altogether is much the same colour as
Norfolk Beefing. Eye, half open, segments, erect convergent, placed in
a shallow, narrow, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical.
Stalk, very short, sometimes a mere knob, or over half an inch long,
slender, inserted in a narrow and not very deep cavity. Flesh, green-
ish, tender, crisp, with a brisk and agreeable flavour. Cells, obovate ;
axile, slit.
A culinary apple of very good quality ; in use during December and
January. Its great recommendation is the productiveness of the tree.
I find it an excellent variety for growing in the northern districts, such
as the south of Scotland, where it succeeds remarkably well.
NORFOLK BEEFING {Norfolk Beaujing ; Norfolk Beau-fin ; Nor-
folk Beejin ; Reed's Baker; Catshead Beaufin; Taliesin). — Fruit,
medium sized, three inches wide, and two inches and three-quarters
high ; oblate, irregular in its outline, caused by several obtuse angles
or ribs, which extend from the base to the basin of the eye, where
they form prominent knobs or ridges. Skin, smooth, green at first,
but changing to yellow, and almost entirely covered with dull brownish
red, which is thickest and darkest next the sun ; sometimes it is
marked with a few broken stripes of dark crimson, and in specimens
where the colour extends over the whole surface, the shaded side is
mottled with yellow spots. Eye, open, with flat or erect convergent
segments, set in a rather deep and angular basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and
russety cavity. Flesh, firm and crisp, with a brisk and pleasant flavour.
Cells, roundish obovate ; axile.
A well-known and first-rate culinary apple ; it is in use from January
to June. The tree is vigorous in its young state, but unless grown in
a rich soil and favourable nation, it is apt to canker, particularly if it
is too moist.
160 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
It is extensively cultivated in Norfolk, where, besides being applied
to general culinary purposes, the apples are baked in ovens, and form
the dried fruits met with among confectioners and fruiterers, called
*' Norfolk Biffins."
The name of this apple is sometimes written Beaufin, as if of Frencli origin ; but
it is more correctly Beefing, with a good English ring, from the similarity the
baked fruit presents to beef.
Norfolk Colman. See Winter Caiman.
NORFOLK PARADISE.— Fruit, medium sized ; oblong, irregularly
formed. Eye, very large, deeply sunk in an uneven, oblique hollow.
Stalk, rather short, not deeply inserted. Skin, greenish yellow ; on
the sunny side of a brownish red, streaked with a darker colour.
Flesh, white, very firm. Juice, abundant, and of a very excellent
flavour.
A dessert apple ; in use from October till March.
Its name seems to indicate a Norfolk origin, but I never could find it
in any part of the county.
Norfolk Pippin. See Adams's Pearmain.
NORFOLK STONE PIPPIN (Stone Pippin ; White Stone Pippin ;
White Pippin). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches broad, and the
same in height ; oblong, slightly angular on the sides, and narrowing
a little towards the apex. Skin, smooth and very thin, pale green at
first, but changing by keeping to pale yellow with a mixture of green ;
sometimes it has a slight tinge of red next the sun. Eye, small, half
open, with pointed segments,- set in a rather shallow and wide basin.
Stalk, slender, half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity, with a
fleshy protuberance on one side of it. Flesh, white, firm, and breaking,
brisk, sweet, and perfumed.
An excellent long-keeping culinary apple, and useful also in the
dessert ; it is in use from November to July. In the " Guide to the
Orchard," Mr. Lindley says, " This is a valuable Norfolk apple, Imown
in the Norwich market by the name of White Pippin. The fruit, when
peeled, sliced, and boiled in sugar, becomes transparent, afi'ording for
many months a most delicious sweetmeat for tarts."
The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and attains the middle size.
It is a regular and abundant bearer.
Norfolk Storing. See Winter Colman.
Normanton Wonder. See Dumelow's Seedling.
NORTH END PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; round, with obtuse
angles on the sides, which extend to the crown, where they form corre-
sponding ridges round the eye, as in London Pippin. Skin, smooth and
shining, uniform dark gi'een all over, with imbedded pearly specks.
APPLES. 101
Eye, closed, with broad, flat, erect segments, reflexed at the tips.
Stamens, mai'ginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch long, slender, in-
serted in a deep narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish, very firm and crisp,
remai'kably juicy, and intensely acid. Cells, obovate ; axile.
This is a fine sauce apple, and indeed good for any cooking purposes,
because of its briskness. It will keep till April or even May.
NORTHERN GREENING (Walmer Court; Cowame Queening;
John Apple). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters
broad, and about three inches high ; roundish, inclining to ovate, being
narrowed towards the eye. Skin, smooth and tender, of a beautiful
grassy green in the shade, and dull browTiish red, marked with a few
broken stripes of a dai'ker colour, on the side exposed to the sun.
Eye, small and closed, with long segments, set in a narrow, round,
deep, and even basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and deep cavity,
and generally with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, greenish
white, tender, crisp, and very juicy, with a brisk and somewhat vinous
flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
An excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from Novem-
ber to April.
The tree is a very strong and vigorous grower, attaining the largest
size, and is an abundant bearer.
This is gometimes erroneously called Cowame Queening^ that being a very
different variety.
NORTHERN SPY.— Fruit, fragrant when ripe, large, ovate, inclin-
ing sometimes to conical. Skin, thin, at first of a greenish yellow on
the shaded side, and on the side next the Bun covered entirely with a
thin, pale crimson cheek, which is covered with broken streaks of a
darker crimson ; but as the fruit acquires maturity after being kept,
the shaded side changes to a rich golden yellow, and the crimson
becomes brilliant. The whole is covered with a thin bloom like a grape.
Eye, small and closed, set in a very deep, narrow, and furrowed cavity.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a wide hollow. Flesh,
white, very tender, fine-grained, crisp, and very juicy. Juice, sprightly,
sweet, and with a fine delicate aroma. Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
A valuable dessert apple ; in use from December till May. The tree
is a fast and vigorous grower, and has an upright habit. When it
acquires a little age it is an abundant bearer ; but it is apt to become
bushy-headed, and therefore requires frequent attention to keep the head
open and free of spray.
This excellent apple originated about the year 1840 in the State of New York,
on the farm of Oliver Chapin, of Bloomfieltl, near Rochester. It belongs to the
Spitzenburgh race, and bears some resemblance to the Esopus Spitzenburgh.
Gradually it became a favourite among American orchardists, and in 1843 we find
it one of the sons which were recommended " for trial " at one of the pomological
conventions. In 1847 the fruit was sold in New York at twelve and a half cents each.
11
162 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
NORTHEEN SWEET.— Fruit, large, over three inches wide, and
two inches and a half high ; roundish and depressed, prominently
ribbed, and the ribs extending to the apex, where they form ridges
round the eye. Skin, smooth, clear lemon yellow, w^th a red cheek
next the sun. Eye, small and open, with short, erect segments, set in
a deep and angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, long, and obliquely inserted in a wide and rather
shallow cavity. Flesh, white, very tender, juicy, sweet, and with very
little flavour. Cells, open ; obovate.
An American dessert apple, with very vapid flavour ; in use during
October and November.
Northwick Pippin. See Blenheim Pippin.
NOTTINGHAM PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters broad, and two inches and a half high ; ovate. Skin,
smooth, pale yellow at first, but changing by keeping to lemon yellow,
without any trace of red, but with slight markings of russet. Eye,
closed, with long green segments, set in a wide and rather deeply
plaited basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep,
funnel-shaped, and russety cavity. Flesh, white, fine, and tender,
juicy, sugary, and vinous.
A second-rate dessert apple ; in use from November till February.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer.
Nutmeg Pippin. See CochUs Pippin.
OAKEN PIN. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and
three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, bluntly angular, puckered at the
apex, where it is narrow. Skin, dark mahogany colour, except on the
parts that are shaded, and there it is yehowish, streaked with dark red,
strewed all over with large russet freckles, and russety over the base.
Eye, closed, with erect connivent segments, set in a narrow, puckered
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Flesh, yellowish,
tinged with red in places under the skin, tender, soft, juicy, and
remarkably sweet, with a distinct aroma. Cells, wide open, obovate.
A useful apple, which keeps well till Christmas. It sells well in the
Devonshire markets, and is mostly used for cooking, as it is not a rich
cider apple. The tree is a good bearer.
The Oaken Pin is a very old apple, but I do not think this the Oaken Pin of
Evelyn and the other early writers.
OAKLEY GROYE PIPPIN.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish or roundish ovate, even
and somewhat ribbed, particularly round the crown. Skin, smooth and
shining, of an uniform lemon yellow, with a tinge of orange next the
sun, the surface being strewed with dark specks. Eye, half open, with
erect convergent segments, reflexed at the tips, set in a deep and
ribbed basin. Stamens, marginal; tube, funnel-shaped, deep and
APPLES. 103
slender. Stalk, stout and woody, inserted in a deep and uneven cavity,
with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, white, very tender and deh-
cate, juicy, and with a fine ether-like perfume. Cells, closed, obovate.
A fine tender-fleshed kitchen apple ; in use up till Christmas. It is
common in some of the orchards about Hereford, where it is grown for
the Midland markets.
OLD MIDDLEMAS. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and two inches high ; roundish ovate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, completely encrusted with grey russet on the shaded side and
over the base, with only here and there patches of the yellow ground
visible ; on the side next the sun it is dull red, with a few scattered
freckles of russet. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, which
are reflexed at the tips, and set in a narrow, plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a round,
wide, and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, and juicy, sweet,
richly flavoured, and with a fine perfume. Colls, open, roundish.
A very fine dessert apple ; ripe in January, and keeps well.
This I received from Mr. Tliomas Moore, of the Botanic Garden, Chelsea, who
obtained it from Chertsey, where it is much grown. It was raised in Sussex be-
tween Scarlet Nonpareil and the Old Nonpareil by a gardener named Middlemas,
who brought it thence to Chertsey, and it bears his name. The tree is a late
bloomer and bears well.
Oldaker's New. See Alfriston,
Old English Pearmain. See Pearmain.
Old Hawthomden. See Haicthomden.
Old Maids. See Knobbed Russet,
Old Nonpareil. See Nonpareil,
Old Pearman. See Pearmain.
OMAR PASHA. — Fruit, above medium size ; round, and sometimes
inclining to oblate, even in its outline, but with angles near the eye,
which terminate in ridges at the apex. Skin, smooth, of a clear bright
and rather deep yellow, thickly dotted with russet, occasionally with a
tinge of red next the sun. Eye, large and open, with long reflexed
segments like Dumelow's Seedling, and set in a considerable depression.
Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow and very contracted cavity. Flesh,
pure white, firm, and crisp, tender, and very juicy ; the juice brisk and
pleasantly acid, and not unlike that of Dumelow's Seedling.
A valuable culinary apple ; in use till April.
This fruit has all the appearance of having been raised from Dumelow's
Seedling.
ORANGE GOFF {Pork Apple).— This at first sight has a strong
resemblance to Dumelow's Seedling. It is of medium size, three
inches wide, and two and a half high ; round, and slightly flattened,
164 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
pretty even in its outline. Skin, considerably covered with red, striped
with broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, but rich
yellow, tinged with green, where shaded ; it has some patches and
traces of russet over the surface. Eye, wide open, with short, diver-
gent segments, set in a wide, shallow, plaited basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted in a
narrow cavity, which is often quite closed by prominent swellings, so
tbat the base of the fruit is quite or nearly flat. Flesh, firm, crisp, and
briskly acid, but not so much so as in Dumelow's Seedling. Cells,
obovate ; axile, and slit open.
A fine culmary apple ; much grown in the Kentish orchards,
especially about Maidstone.
OEANGE PIPPIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a
half wide, and two inches and an eighth high ; round, inclining to oblate,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, yellow, with a few broken stripes
of pale crimson on the side exposed to the sun, and sparingly strewed
with small russet dots. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent
segments, set in a narrow and shallow basin, which is slightly plaited.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, slender, about half
an inch or a little more in length, inserted in a round, moderately deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, and with an agreeable
but not high flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A second-rate dessert apple ; in use during November and December.
Orange Pippin. See Isle of Wight Pippin.
ORD'S APPLE {Simpson's Pippin). — Fruit, medium sized, two
inches and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; conical or
oblong, very irregular in its outline, caused by prominent and unequal
ribs on the sides, which extend to and terminate in ridges round the
eye. Skin, smooth and shining, deep grassy green, strewed with
imbedded grey specks, and dotted with brown russety dots on the
shaded side, but washed with thin brownish red, which is marked with
spots or patches of darker and livelier red, and strewed with star-like
freckles of russet, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and
closed, placed in a rather deep and angular basin, which is lined with
linear marks of rough russet. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical.
Stalk, about half an inch long, somewhat obliquely inserted by the side
•of a fleshy swelling, which is more or less prominent. Flesh, greenish
white, tender, crisp, and brittle, abounding in a profusion of rich, brisk,
sugary, and vinous juice, with a finely perfumed and refreshing flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile.
An excellent apple, of first-rate quality, and well deserving of more
general cultivation ; it is in use from January to May, and keeps well.
This excellent variety originated at Purser's Cross, near Fulham, Middlesex. It
was raised in the garden of John Ord, Esq., Master in Chancery, by his sister-in-
law, Mrs. Anne Simpson, from seed of a Newtown Pippin imported in 1777.
APPLES. 1G5
Orgeline. See Oslin.
Orglon. See Oslin.
Original Pippin. See Oslin,
Ortley. See Woolman's Long.
OSLIN {Orglon; Orgeline; Arbroath Pippin; Onginal Pippin;
Mother Apple ; Gulden Apple ; Bur-Knot ; Summer Oslin). — Friiit,
medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches high ;
roundish oblate, evenly and regularly formed. Skin, thick and mem-
branous, of a fine pale yellow colour, and thickly strewed with brown
dots ; very frequently cracked, forming large and deep clefts on the
fruit. Eye, scarcely at all depressed, closed, with broad, leafy, con-
vergent segments, some of which are reflexed. Stamens, marginal or
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a
very shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, rich and
sweet, with a highly aromatic flavour, which is pecuhar to this apple
only. Cells, round ; axile.
A dessert apple of the highest excellence ; ripe in the end of August,
and continues during September, but does not last long. Nicol says,
*'This is an excellent apple ; as to flavour it is outdone by none but the
Nonpareil, over which it has this advantage, that it will ripen in a
worse chmate and a worse aspect." The tree is a free grower, of an
upright habit, and an excellent bearer, but it is subject to canker as it
grows old. The branches are generally covered with a number of knobs
or burrs ; and when planted in the ground these burrs thi'ow out
numerous fibres which take root and produce a perfect tree.
This is a very old Scotch apple, supposed to have originated at Arbroath ; or to
have been introduced from France by the monks of the abbey which formerly
existed at that j)lace. The latter opinion is, in all probability, the correct one,
although the name, or any of the synonymes quoted above, are not now to be met
with in any modern French lists. But in the " Jardinier Fran9ois," which was
published in 1651, I find an apple mentioned under the name of Urgeran, which is
so similar in pronunciation to Orgeline, I think it not unlikely it may be the same
name with a change of orthography, especially as our ancestors were not over-
particular in preserving unaltered the names of foreign introductions.
OSTERLEY PIPPIN.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, flattened
at the base and apex. Skin, yellowish green, strewed with thin russet
and russety dots on the shaded side, but washed with thin red, and
strewed with russety specks on the side next the sun. Eye, large and
open, with short stunted segments, set in a wide and shallow basin.
Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a wide and rather shallow cavity,
which is lined with thin russet. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp,
rich, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk and aromatic flavour, somewhat
resembling, and little inferior to the Ribston Pippin.
A handsome and very excellent dessert apple ; it is in use from
166 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
October to February, and is not subject to be attacked with the grub as
the Kibston Pippin is.
Raised from the seeti of the Ribston Pippin at Osterley Park, the seat of the
Earl of Jersey, near Isleworth, Middlesex, where the original tree is still in exist-
ence.
OSTROGOTHA. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches high ; oblato- cylindrical, even and regular
in its outline, resembling Franklin's Golden Pippin in shape. Skin,
almost entirely covered with thin pale brown russet, and with patches
of the greenish ground colour. Eye, large and closed, with broad, flat,
convergent segments, set in a wide, shallow, saucer-like basin. Stamens,
basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deej)
round cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly
flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of fine quality, which keeps till January, but shrivels
before Christmas.
Owen's Golden Beauty. See Joanetiiig.
Ox Apple. See Gloria Mundi.
Oxford Peach. See Scarlet Pearmain.
OXNEAD PEARMAIN {Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain),— Frmt,
small and conical. Skin, entirely grass-green, always covered with a
thin russet ; sometimes when highly ripened it is tinged with very
pale brown on the sunny side. Eye, very small, surrounded with a
few obscure plaits. Stalk, very slender, three-quarters of an inch
long. Flesh, pale green, very firm and crisp, not juicy, but very rich
and highly flavoured.
A dessert apple ; in use from November to April.
I liave never seen this apple. It was first noticed by Mr. George Lindley, whose
descripdon of it I have given above. He says, " It is supposed to have originated
at Oxnead, near Norwich, the seat of the Earl of Yarmouth. It has been known
many years in Norfolk, no doubt prior to the extinction of that peerage in 1733,
and I have never seen it out of the county. The tree is a very small grower ; its
branches are small and wiry, and of a grass-green colour ; it is very hardy and an
excellent bearer."
PACKHORSE. — Fruit, small in shape, exactly resembling the old
Nonpareil. Skin, yellow, covered with a coat of thin pale brown
russet, which, however, exposes here and there patches of the clear
ground colour, and with a brownish red tinge next the sun. Eye,
closed, with large leafy segments, placed in a small angular and plaited
basin. Stalk, long and slender, set in a deep, narrow cavity. Flesh,
yellow, crisp, juicy, and briskly acid.
A good dessert apple ; in use from November till March.
This was raised in the garden of the Packhorse Inn at Turnham Green, Middle-
sex, when it was held by a person of the name of Kobinson, who also raised
Robinson's Pippin.
PADLEY'S PIPPIN (Padlei/s Pioyal George Pippin). —Fxmi, small,
APPLES. 167
two inches wide, and an inch and a half high ; roundish oblate. Skin,
pale greenish yellow, rather thickly covered with thin grey russet, and
faintly tinged with orange next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set
in a shallow and rather angular basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, slender, and inserted in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh,
yellow, juicy, sweet, brisk, and richly aromatic.
A desseit apple of first-rate quality ; in use during December and
January.
The tree is of small dimensions, but healthy, and a prolific bearer.
It is well adapted for dwarf training when grown on the paradise or
doucLQ stock.
It was raised by Mr. Padley, gardener to his Majesty George III. at Hampton
Court. According to Kogers, Mr. Padley was a native of Yorkshire, and after
coming to London, and filling a situation of respectability, he was appointed fore-
man in the kitchen parden at Kew. " On the death of the celebrated • Capability
Brown,' Mr. G. Ilaverfield was removed from Kew to Hampton Court, and took
Mr. Padley with him as foreman. On the death of Haverfield, Padley's interest
with his sovereign outweighed all the interests of other candidates, though urged
by the most influential persons about Court. ' No, no, no,' said his Majesty, 'it is
Padley's birthright.' "
Paradise Pippin. See White Paradise,
PARADISE (French Paradise; Pomme Paradis). — ^Fruit, below
medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter
high ; roundish oblate. Skin, pale yellow, becoming bright when quite
ripe, and occasionally with a blush of pale rose on the side next the sun.
Eye, large, with long, erect, leafy, convergent segments, set in a wide
plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, inserted in a deep wide cavity. Flesh, pale, firm, fine-
grained, and juicy, of a pleasant brisk acid flavour. Cells, ovate, open.
This is suitable either for dessert or cooking purposes. It is ripe
and falls from the tree in the middle of August, and it does not keep
beyond October.
The tree is of a dwarf, miniatm-e growth, and has the peculiar pro-
perty of rooting very near the surface of the soil, which has no doubt
been the cause of its being adopted by the French nurserymen as a
dwarfing stock for the apple. It comes very early into bearing.
PARRY'S PEARMAIN.— Fruit, small ; oval, and regular in its
shape. Skin, almost entirely covered with dark dull red, and striped
with brighter red, except a portion on the shaded side, which is green ;
the whole surface is thickly strewed with small russety dots, which give
it a speckled appearance. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, sometimes short and fleshy, as represented in 'the accompanying
figure ; and at other times about half an inch long, and woody, but still
retaining the swollen boss at its union with the fruit. Flesh, firm in
texture, crisp, very juicy, and pleasantly acid, with a sweet, brisk, and
poignant flavour.
A nice sharp-flavoured dessert apple, but considered only of second-
rate quality ; it is in use from December to March.
1G8 THE rnuiT manual.
Passe Rose. See Api Gros.
PASSE POMME D'AUTOMNE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches^
and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; round and
slightly flattened, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend into
the basin of the eye. Skin, pale straw-coloured, almost white, with
a few stripes of red on the shaded side, but entirely covered with
beautiful crimson, w^hich is striped with darker crimson, and strewed
with small grey dots where exposed to the sun. Eye, large and closed,
set in a rather shallow and ribbed basin. Stalk, fleshy, set in a wide
and deep cavity. Flesh, very white, tinged with red, more so than
the Passe Pomme Rouge, tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous.
An excellent autumn culinary apple ; ripe in September. The tree
is vigorous and healthy, but does not attain a large size. It is a very
abundant bearer, and well suited for dwarf training when grown on
the paradise or doucin stock.
PASSE POMME ROUGE.— Fruit, small ; roundish oblate, even
and regularly formed. Skin, thick, red all over, pale on the shaded
side, but of a deep and bright colour next the sun, and so sensitive of
shade, if any portion of it is covered with a leaf or twig, a correspond-
ing yellow mark will be found on the fruit. Eye, small, set in a
narrow, even, and rather deep basin. Stalk, half an inch long,
slender, set in a wide, deep, and even cavity. Flesh, white, tinged
with red under the skin on the side exposed to the sun, crisp, juicy,
and richly flavoured when first gathered, but soon becomes dry and
woolly.
An excellent early apple, suitable either for culinary purposes or
dessert use ; it is ripe in the beginning of August, but may be used in
pies before then. Bretonnerie says it may be used "en compote" in
the beginning of July, and is preferable to the Calville Rouge d'Ete.
The tree is rather a delicate grower, never attaining a large size,
but healthy and hardy, and an excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a
dwarf on the paradise or doucin stock.
PATCH'S RUSSET.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; oval, and slightly
angular on its sides. Skin, greenish yellow, entirely covered with thin
grey russet. Eye, small, with long acuminate segments, set in a
narrow and irregular basin. Stalk, an inch long, very slender, inserted
in a round, even, and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp,
brisk, and aromatic.
A good dessert apple of second-rate quality ; in use during November
and December.
PAWSAN. — Fruit, above the middle size, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; pretty round, with-
out angles, but sometimes it is oval. Crown, but little hollow. Eye,
small, with short reflexed segments of the calyx. Skin, dull muddy
APPLES. 169
olive green, a good deal reticulated with fine network. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, slender, causing the fruit to be pendant.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1076.
Many trees of the Pawsan are found in the south-east or Ryland district of
Herefordshire, which have apparently stood more than a century. Its pulp is
exceedingly rich and yellow, and in some seasons it affords cider of the finest
quality. Its name cannot be traced to any probable source.
Peach. See Fomeroy.
PEARMAIN {Old Pearmain; Old English Pearmain). — Fruit, below
medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and five-
eighths high ; abrupt conical or cylindrical, bluntly angular, slightly
undulating at the crowTi ; sometimes it is only two inches and a quarter
high, tmd consequently the shape is roundish. Skin, entirely covered
with diirk crimson, except where shaded, and there it is yellow, tinged
with red, and marked with broken streaks of pale crimson ; the surface
is strewed with large fawn-coloured russet dots, like freckles. Eye,
closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a wide, plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, not over
a quarter of an inch, imbedded in a rather shallow cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and highly flavoured. Cells, roundish
or roundish obovate ; axile.
A very excellent dessert apple ; in use till Christmas.
This is the true Old Pearmain, for which I am indebted to the
indefatigable research of my esteemed friend. Dr. Bull, of Hereford.
The locality in which this is now grown is about Dymock, where some
old trees exist, and the trees from which the fruit was gathered that
enabled me to make this description were grafted thirty-five years ago
from scions taken from old trees on the Grainge estates, a noted apple
district on the borders of Herefordshire.
The Pearmain is the oldest English apple on record. Its cultivation in Norfolk
can be traced back to the year 1200, Biomefield, in his history of that county,
giving an instance of a tenure by petty serjeantry and the payment of two
hundred Pearmains and four hogsheads of cider of Pearmains into the Exchequer
at the Feast of St. Michael yearly.
The term Pearmain, which is now applied to so many varieties of apples,
signifies the Great Pear Apple. In olden times it was variously written Pearemaine
or Peare-maine, being the Anglicised equivalent of Pyrus Magnus, just as Charle-
magne is of Carolus Magnus, A Pearmain, therefore, ought to be a long or
pear-shaped apple.
PEARSON'S PLATE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
broad, and the same in height ; roundish ovate, or inclining to oblate,
generally higher on one side of the apex than the other, regularly and
handsomely formed. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow in the shade, but
washed and mottled with red, and streaked with deeper red, on the side
next the sun ; the whole surface much covered with very fine, thin,
and smooth pale brown russet, and dotted with dark dots. Eye, open,
with short segments, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a
170 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
round and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp,
and juicy, with a rich and brisk sugary flavour, somewhat resembling
the old Nonpareil. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A most delicious little dessert apple of the first quality ; it is in use
from December to March.
In some specimens of the fruit there is no red colour, but altogether
green, and covered with thin brown russet.
PEASGOOD'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, large, three inches and a
half wide, and three inches high ; roundish, somewhat oblate, and very
handsome. Skin, yellow, overspread on the sunny side with red and
copiously streaked with bright darker crimson streaks. Eye, with flat
convergent segments, set in a deep, round, and even basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, deeply inserted.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, with an agreeable acid flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile.
A fine culinary or dessert apple. It is like a very large and highly
coloured Nonesuch, and keeps till Christmas.
This handsome apple was presented before the Fruit Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society on September 18th, 1872, and received a first-class certificate.
It was raised by Mr. Peasgood, of Stamford, and is one of the most handsome
autumn apples in cultivation.
PENHALLOW PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two inches high ; oblate, even and regular
in its outline, with sometimes undulations round the crown. Skin,
yellowish green, becoming more yellow at maturity, and covered with
mottles and veins of thin ash-grey russet, and strewed with rather large
russet dots. Eye, closed, with connivent segments, set in a shallow
saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, short, inserted the whole of its length in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, greenish, crisp, tender, very juicy, with a brisk flavour and
pleasant aroma. Cells, closed, roundish.
An excellent apple, either for dessert or cooking; sent me from
Cornwall by Mr. Vivian, of Hayle. It keeps till Christmas.
PENLEE PIPPIN. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, and bluntly angular.
Skin, brilliant shining crimson extending over nearly the whole surface,
and streaked with darker crimson except where it is shaded, and there
it is clear lemon yellow with a few stains and streaks of pale crimson.
Eye, rather large and open, with erect, somewhat divergent segments,
set in a deep, round, and prominently plaited basin, which is sometimes
angular. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch or
more long, inserted in a close, deep cavity, and rarely extending beyond
the base. Flesh, white, sometimes deeply stained with red, tender,
juicy, sweet, and finely flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, quite closed.
A very handsome apple, suitable either for the dessert or cooking ;
it is in use from November till April.
APPLES. 171
1 received this from my friend the Hon. and Rev. J. Townsend Boscawcn, of
Lamorran, in Cornwall, who obtained it from Mr. Tyerman of Penlee.
PENNINGTON'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches
wide, and two inches and three-quarters deep ; oblato-ovate. Skin,
green at first, changinj^ to yellowish gi-een, and covered with largo
russety spots on the shaded side, but with rough brown russet and a
tinge of brown on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with long and
narrow pointed segments, or half open, with divergent segments, which
are spreading at the tips, and set in a round, shallow, and undulating
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long,
stout and straight, inserted in a wide tmd shallow cavity. Flesh, yel-
lowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet, and brisk, with an excellent aromatic
flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of the highest excellence, either as a dessert or a
culinary fruit ; it is in use from November to March.
PENNOCK (Pmnock's Bed irmf^r).— Fruit, oblate, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, golden yellow on the shaded side, marked
with a few broken streaks of pale red ; on the sunny side it is covered
with streaks of bright crimson. Eye, large and open, with distant
segments, the centre filled with stamens set in a wide, shallow basin,
which is sometimes russety. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long,
slender, inserted in a deep round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, very tender,
with a fine flavour and agreeable perfume.
A first-rate dessert apple, which keeps well till May.
This is one of the few American apples which succeed well in this country. It
was raised in the State of Fennsylvania.
PENNY-LOAF. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, larger on one side of the
axis, very uneven and irregular in outline, being prominently ribbed,
and with bold ridges round the apex. Skin, greenish yellow where
shaded, but on the side next the sun it has a dull red cheek mottled
with deeper red. Eye, quite closed, with connivent erect segments, set
in a deep, very irregular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical.
Stalk, half an inch long, deeply inserted in a very irregular cavity.
Flesh, tender, mildly acid, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish
ovate or elliptical ; abaxile.
An early cooking apple, which is in use during September.
Petersburg Pippin. See Neutown Pippin,
Petit Api Rouge. See Api.
PETIT JEAN.— Fruit, small ; oval, and flattened at the ends.
Skin, almost entirely covered with brilliant red, but where shaded it
is pale yellow mai'ked with a few stripes of red. Eye, small, set in a
narrow basin. Stalk, very short, and inserted in a deep cavity.
Flesh, very white and tender, with a mild and agreeable flavour.
172 THE FKXJIT MANUAL.
By some considered as a dessert apple, but of inferior quality. Mr.
Thompson thinks it may, perhaps, do for cider ; it is in use from
November to March.
The tree is a very abundant bearer.
A Jersey apple, which has for a long period been cultivated in the orchards of
that island. It was transmitted to the gardens of the London Horticultural Society
by Major-General Le Couteur, of Jersey, in the year 1822.
PETWORTH NONPAREIL (Green Nonpareil).— Frnit, small, two
inches and a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish ovate, even in
its outline. Skin, quite green, covered in places with thin brown russet.
Eye, small and closed, with flat convergent segments, sometimes erect.
Stamens, marginal; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long,
slender, not deeply inserted. Flesh, greenish, firm, crisp, and juicy,
with a good flavour, but not equal to that of the old Nonpareil. Cells,
obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of second-rate quality ; in use from January till
April.
This was raised in the garden of the Earl of Egremont, at Pctworth, Sussex.
Phillips' Reinette. See Cou7't of Wick.
PHEASANT'S EYE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and the same in height ; conical and angular, widest in
the middle and terminating at the apex in several prominent ridges.
Skin, entirely covered with bright crimson stripes on a rich yellow
ground, the colour being somewhat paler on the shaded side. Eye,
small, with erect convergent segments, which are divergent at the
points, set in a small, narrow, and somewhat puckered basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a
wide, rather angular cavity. Flesh, yellowish, stained with red in
some parts, especially from the eye downwards ; firm and crisp, juicy,
sweet, and briskly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A cooking apple ; in use from November till January. This is a
very beautiful fruit, and was sent me by Messrs. John Jefiries & Son,
nurserymen, Oxford.
PHILIP MAUNDY. — Fruit, about medium size, three inches wide,
and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish oblate, sometimes inclining
to ovate, ribbed on the sides and undulating round the eye. Skin,
smooth and shining, lemon yellow in the shade, and with a bright red
cheek on the side next the sun, the whole strewed with large russet dots.
Eye, closed, with convergent segments, set in a deep angular basin.
Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, not
more than a quarter of an inch, set in a wide cavity. Flesh, very soft,
not very juicy, and with a very rough astringent flavour. Cells, open ;
obovate ; axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
APPLES. 173
PICKERING'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, conical, rather uneven and
angular, with several ribs causing a pucker round the eye, where it has
a contracted appearance. Skin, smooth, pale greenish yellow, be-
coming sometimes lemon yellow, streaked on the side next the sun
with numerous broken lines and mottles of crimson. Eye, closed, set
in a puckered basin. Stalk, half an inch long, rather slender, and
deeply inserted in an uneven cavity. Flesh, yellowish, ver}- tender
and delicate, with a pleasant perfume.
This is an excellent apple, having flesh of the delicate texture of our
imported Newtor.-n Pippin.
This variety was brought to my notice by Mr. W. H. Caparn, of Newark, in
1869. Its appearance is not unlike a small beauty of Kent
PIGEON (Jerusalem ; Occur de Pitjeon ; Pigeon Eotige). — Fruit,
medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-
quarters high ; conical and angular. Skin, membranous, shining, pale
yellow with a greenish tinge, which it loses as it attains maturity ; but
covered with fine clear red on the side next the sun, and strewed all
over with minute russety dots and imbedded white specks ; the whole
surface is covered with a bluish bloom, from which circumstance it
receives the name of Pigeon, being considered similar to the plumage of
a dove. Eye, open, with erect segments, prominently set in a narrow
and plaited basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a deep and russety
cavity. Flesh, white, tender, soft, and juicy, pleasantly flavoured, but
not at all rich.
A dessert apple of second-rate quality, but excellent for all culinary
purposes ; it is in use from November to January. It is necessary in
storing this apple that care should be taken to prevent fermentation,
by which its pleasant acidity is destroyed. The tree, though vigorous
in its young state, never attains a great size. Its shoots are long,
slender, and downy. It is an abundant and regular bearer.
This apple is called Pomme de Jerusalem, from, as some fancy, the core having
four cells, which are disposed in the form of a cross, but this is not a permanent
character, as they vary from three to five.
PIGEONNET.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter
wide, and the same in height ; oblato-ovate. Skin, pale greenish
yellow on the shaded side, but entirely covered with red on the side
next the sun, and striped and rayed with darker red, some of the
stripes extending to the shaded side. Eye, small and open, with erect
segments, set in a slightly depressed basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a rather shallow
cavity. Flesh, white and delicate, of an agreeable acid and perfumed
flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A dessert fruit of second-rate quality ; in use during August and
September.
PIG'S NOSE PIPPIN.— Fruit, quite small, an inch and three-eighths
wide, and an inch and a half high ; conical, even and regular in its
11 i: THE FRUIT MANUAL.
outline. Skin, smooth, lemon yellow on the shaded side, and with a
bright red cheek on the side next the sun, strewed all over with
numerous russet dots and various patches of thin cinnamon-coloured
russet. Eye, open, set in a very shallow and plaited depression, with
divergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips. Stamens, median ;
tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, slender, a quarter of an inch long,
inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, very juicy, sweet, and
with an agreeable delicate acidity. Cells, closed, obovate.
A pretty little dessert apple, grown about Hereford, which keeps in
use till Christmas.
PIGEON'S HEART. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and
three-quarters high, and three inches wide ; roundish, inclining to
ovate, with obtuse ribs on the sides. Skin, green, becoming yellowish
green when ripe, with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, which
is covered with broken streaks of dull red, the whole streaked with large
russet dots. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a shallow,
round, and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical, wide and
deep. Stalk, short, inserted in a round, narrow, and shallow cavity.
Flesh, tinged with gi'een, crisp, very juicy, and pleasantly sub-acid.
Cells, open ; obovate.
An excellent kitchen apple, which keeps well till May.
I received this from Messrs. R. Smith & Co., Worcester.
PILE'S RUSSET. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish oblate and
obscurely ribbed on the sides. Skin, dull green, thickly covered with
pale brown russet, which is strewed with greyish white dots, and pale
green star-like freckles on the shaded side, but dull olive mixed with
orange, with a tinge of brown, and strewed with scales of silvery russet,
intermixed with rough dots of dark russet, on the side next the sun.
Eye, closed, with long broad segments, set in a deep and plaited basin.
Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and oblique cavity, which is lined with
scales of rough russet. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, breaking, very
juicy and sugary, with a brisk and very poignant juice.
A very superior old Enghsh apple, particularly for culinary purposes ;
it is in use from October to March.
The tree is very healthy and vigorous, and attains the largest size.
It is also an excellent bearer.
Pile's Victoria. See Devonshire BiicUand.
Pine Apple. See Liicombe's Pine-apple.
Pine Apple Pippin. See Lucombe's Pine-apple.
PINE APPLE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and seven-
eighths wide, and two and a half high ; ovate, inclining to conical,
obtusely angular, pointed, and ribbed at the apex. Skin, lemon
APPLES. 175
yellow, "with an orange tinge next the sun, and strewed with large russet
dots. Eye, open, with erect convergent segments, set in a rather deep
and ribbed basin, which is sometimes liigher on one side than the other.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, deeply inserted in
a wide, deep, and roughly russet cavity, from which lines of russet
extend over the base. Flesh, yellowish, tender, with an agi'eeable sub-
acid flavour. Cells, roundish or roundish elliptical ; abaxile.
A Gloucestershire cider apple.
PINE APPLE RUSSET {Hardimfhmns nusset).— Fruit, medium
sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half
high ; roundish ovate, with broad obtuse angles on its sides. Skin,
pale greenish yellow, almost covered with white specks on one part,
and rough thick yellow russet on the other, which extends round the
stalk. Eye, small, with short connivent segments, placed in a shallow,
plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
an inch long, inserted half its length in an uneven cavity. Flesh, very
pale yellow, tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, brisk, and richly aromatic.
Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A very valuable dessert apple ; in use during September and
October. Mr. Lindley says the juice of this apple is more abundant
than in any he had ever met with. The oldest tree remembered in
Norwich was growing in 1780, in a garden belongiog to a Mr. Hard-
ingham.
PINE GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an
inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and somewhat flattened, with
blunt ribs which make it rather uneven and irregular in its outline.
Skin, entirely covered with a smooth coat of brown russet and marked
with large light grey specks. Eye, small and open, with long and re-
curved segments, set in a deep, narrow, and plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three-
quarters long, deeply inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, very tender and juicy, with a fine, sprightly, and distinct pine-
apple flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
One of the best dessert apples ; in use during October and November.
I have been unable to trace the orifrin of this fine apple. The earliest record of
it is at the Chiswick Garden of the Royal Horticultural Society, where it is stated
to have been sent by Messrs. Dickson & Son, of Hassendean Bam, near Hawick,
N.B.
PINNER SEEDLING (CareVs Seedling).— Fimt, medium sized,
roundish ovate, and shghtly angular on the sides. Skin, greenish
yellow, nearly covered with clear yellowish brown rnsset, so much so
that only spots of the ground colour are visible ; it has also a varnished
reddish brown cheek next the sun, which is more or less visible accord-
ing to the quantity of russet which covers it. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a narrow and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tinged with
green, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, and briiakly flavoured.
176 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from December to
April.
This excellent apple was raised by James Carel, a nurseryman at Pinner,
Middlesex, in 1810. The tree first produced fruit in 1818, and was introduced to
the notice of the London Horticultural Society in 1820.
PIPPIN. — The word Pippin is derived from the French Pepin, the
seed of an apple, and in its earliest signification meant an apple tree
raised from seed in contradistinction to one raised by grafting or from
cuttings. Thus Leonard Mascal, writing in 1572, says, " Then shall
you cover your seedes or pepins with fine erth so sifting al over them " ;
and " when the winter is past and gone, and that ye see your Pepins
rise and growe"; and again, "When so euer ye doe replante or
change your Pepin trees from place to place, in so remouing often the
stocke the frute there of shall also change ; but the frute which doth
come of Grafiing doth always kepe the forme and nature of the tree
whereof he is taken."
It is evident from this last quotation that Pippin is synonymous with
seedling, and is used to distinguish a tree raised directly from seed
from one that has been raised from grafts or cuttings. The Golden
Pippin, which, by the way, was raised in Sussex, where Mascal also was
born, means simply Golden Seedling.
But there was another meaning attached to the word. In "Henry
IV.," Shallow says to Falstaff, "Nay, you shall see mine orchard;
where in an arbour we will eat a last year's pippin of my own grafting."
And this is interpreted by what Sir Paul Neile says in his Discourse
of Cider, written in the time of the Commonwealth, wherein speaking
of "pippin cider," he says, "For by that name I shall generally call
all sorts of cider that is made of apples good to eat raw," and that is
evidently the signification in the above quotation from Shakspeare.
Coming to more modern times, we have the word kernel, which is the
English equivalent of Pepin, also used to signify a seedling apple tree ;
as, for example, Ashmead's Kernel, the seedling raised by Dr. Ashmead,
of Gloucester ; Cook's Kernel, Knott's Kernel, and many others.
PITMASTON GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, an inch and three-
quarters wide, and an inch and a half high ; roundish oblate or Keinette-
shaped, even and regular. Skin, rough to the feel, being entirely
covered with a coat of rough pale brown russet, and here and there
the smooth yellow ground colour of the skin shining through. Eye,
small and wide open, with the short remains of a deciduous calyx, set
in a wide saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, deep
yellow or safi'ron-coloured, crisp and tender, very juicy and sweet, and
with a rich flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A very fine dessert apple of the first quality ; in use in December and
February.
This was raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, near Worcester.
APPLES. 177
PITMASTON GOLDEN WREATH.— Fruit, very small, half an
inch wide, by half an inch high ; conical and imdulating round the eye.
Skin, of a fine deep rich yellow, strewed with russety dots. Eye, large
and open, with long, spreading, pointed segments, set in a shallow
and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, very slender, inserted in a narrow
and shallow cavity. Flesh, rich yellow, crisp, juicy, and sweet.
A pretty little apple ; in use from September to Christmas.
This beautiful variety originated with J. Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston, from the
Golden Pippin, impregnated with the pollen of the Cherry apple, or what is usually
called the Siberian Crab.
PITMASTON NONPAREIL (St. John's Nonpareil; Pitmaston
Russet ; Russet Coat Nonpareil). — Fruit, about medium size, two
inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ;
roundish and flattened. Skin, pale green, almost entirely covered with
russet, and with a liiint tinge of red on the side next the sun. Eye,
open, set in a broad, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
greenish yellow, firm, rich, and highly aromatic. Cells, roundish
obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of the greatest excellence ; it is in use from
December to February.
Raised by John Williams, Esq., of Pitmaston, near Worcester, and was first
communicated to the London Horticultural Society in 1820.
PITMASTON PINE APPLE.— Fruit, small and conical, regularly
formed, but sometimes more enlarged on one side than the other.
Skin, rough to the feel, being almost entirely covered with a coat of
pale yellowish brown russet, but here and there a smooth patch of the
ground colour, which is yellowish. Eye, small and closed, set in a
shallow, saucer-hke, plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, slender, inserted in
a wide and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy,
rich, and with a distinct pine-apple flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of the greatest excellence ; in use during December
to January.
This was raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, near Worcester.
Pitmaston Russet. See Pitmaston Nonpareil,
PIUS NINTH. — Fruit, below medium size ; round and somewhat
oblate, very much resembliug in form and colour the Birmingham
Stone Pippin. Skin, of an uniform lemon yellow colour, thickly dotted
all over with large russet dots. Eye, small and open, with short
pointed segments, set in a shallow narrow basin. Stalk, short and
stout, inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, crisp, and without any
particular flavour.
An apple of very ordinary merit, whose chief recommendation is that
it will keep in good condition till May.
12
178 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
PLUM APPLE. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches long, and
two and a half wide ; long oval, like a large egg plum ; even and
symmetrical in its outline. Skin, dull brownish red on the side next
the sun, and reddish orange on the shaded side, both sides being also
streaked with dark crimson. Eye, small and closed, with erect con-
vergent segments, set in a deep, narrow, plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, fleshy, obliquely inserted at right
angles with the axis of the fruit. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy,
sweet, and agreeably, though not richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ;
axile, slit.
A remarkable apple from its shape and colour, which are like the
Pond's Seedling Plum ; it is in use up till Christmas.
This I received from Messrs. Cranston, of Hereford.
Polinia Pearmain. See Barcelona Pearmain.
POMEKOY. — There are two or three very distinct varieties, which,
in difi'erent parts of the country, are known by the name of Pomeroy.
One is that which is cultivated in Somersetshire and the West of
England, another is peculiar to Herefordshire and Worcestershire, and
the third to Lancashire and the Northern counties.
Pomeroy of Somerset, or The Old Pomeroy, is medium sized, two
inches and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; conical, and
obtusely angular. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with thin grey russet,
on the shaded side, but orange, striped with deep red, and marked with
patches of russet, on the side exposed to the sun, and strewed all over
with numerous large dark russety dots. Eye, half open, set in a
plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short,
not extending beyond the base, inserted in a round, even, and russety
cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet, and highly flavoured.
Cells, obovate ; axile.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from October till December.
Pomeroy of Herefordsliire [Kirke's Fame; Peach; Sussex Peach;
Busset Pine). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-eighths
wide, and two inches high ; roundish and depressed, angular, especially
about the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, with traces of russet where
shaded ; on the side next the sun it is covered with a large patch of
dense cinnamon -coloured russet, and between this and the shaded side
are a few broken streaks of bright crimson ; the whole surface is covered
with large russet dots. Eye, closed, with convergent segments, which
are reflexed at the tips, set in a pretty deep and angular basin.
Stamens, median, inclining to marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short,
or half an inch long, rather deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
juicy, sweet, and of a delicious flavour. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile,
open.
A very richly flavoured dessert apple ; in use during September and
the early part of October.
APPLES. * 179
PoMEROY of Lancaslure, is medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, slightly
ribbed at the apex. Skin, smooth, pale yellow on the shaded side,
but clear pale red next the sun, which blends with the yellow towards
the shaded side, so as to form orange ; the whole covered with russety
dots. Eye, small and closed, placed in a small and shallow basin.
Stalk, short, imbedded in an angular cavity, with a swelling on one
side of it, and from which issue a few ramifications of russet. Flesh,
whitish, tender, crisp, juicy, and with a brisk flavour, a good deal like
that of the Manks Codlin.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use during September and October.
The tree is healthy, hardy, and an excellent bearer, well adapted for
orchard planting, and succeeds well in almost all situations.
The name is a corruption of Pomme du Roi (the King's Apple).
Pomme d'Api. See Api.
Pomme d'Api Gros. See Apt Gros.
Pomme de Neige. See De Nei/je.
Pomme de Paradis. See Paradise,
Pomme de Prochain. See Borsdorfer.
Pomme Etoillee. See Api Etoille.
POMME GRISE. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and
three-quarters high ; roundish and inclining to ovate. Skin, rough,
with thick scaly russet, green in the shade, and deep orange on the side
next the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a narrow and shallow basin.
Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted in a shallow and small cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, crisp, very juicy and sugary, with a brisk and highly
aromatic flavour.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to February.
The tree is rather a weak grower, but an abundant bearer.
This apple, according: to Forsyth, was first introduced to this country from
Canada, by Alexander Barclay, Esq., of Brompton, near London.
POM]\IE POIRE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quai'ter wide,
and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish and depressed,
obtusely angular, and with a very contracted and shallow stalk cavity.
Skin, uniform pale gi-eenish yellow, strewed with russet dots. Eye,
half open, with broad, erect, convergent segments, which are divergent
at the tips, and set in a wide uneven basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
conical. Stalk, quite an inch long, slender, inserted in a very narrow
and shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, rather sweet, and
with a mild acidity. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A cooking apple of no great merit ; in use till January. It is in the
garden of the Royal Horticultural Society, at Chiswick.
Pomme Rose. See Api Gros.
180 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Poor Man's Friend. See Warner's King.
Pope's Apple. See Cohham.
Pork Apple. See Orange Goff.
Portugal. See Iielnette de Canada.
Postoplie d'Hiver. See Borsdorfer.
Potter's Large. See Kentish Fillhasket.
POTTS'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
wide, and three inches high ; roundish, depressed, angular, and very
irregular in its outline, puckered and ribbed round the e^^e. Skin,
smooth, shining, and unctuous, when ripe ; of an uniform greenish
straw colour sprinkled with russet dots. Eye, large and closed, with
connivent segments, set in an angular and ribbed basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, wide conical. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted
the whole of its length in a deep, irregular, and uneven cavity. Flesh,
very tender, and pleasantly sub-acid, with all the character of the flesh
of Codlins. Cells, obovate, pointed ; abaxile.
An excellent early kitchen apple of the Domino and Lord Suffield
class ; ripe during September and the early part of October. It was
raised by Mr. Samuel Potts, of Eobinson Lane, Ashton-under-Lyne,
about the year 1849.
POWELL'S EUSSET.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch
and three-quarters high ; roundish, and regularly formed, broad and
flattened at the base, and narrowing a little towards the eye. Skin,
almost entirely covered with pale brown russet, but where any portion
of the ground colour is visible, it is greenish yellow on the shaded
side, and tinged with brown where exposed to the sun. Eye, open,
placed in a round, eveu, and shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted in a rather
wide and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, very juicy and sweet,
with a rich and highly aromatic flavour. Cells, closed, obovate ;
axile.
A dessert apple of the very first quality ; it is in use from November
to February.
This is a pretty little russet, like the old Nonpareil in shape, but with
a very short stalk.
PREMIER. — Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide, and an
inch and three-quarters high ; round and depressed, ribbed, though not
prominently, and rather knobbed at the apex. Skin, almost entirely
covered with crimson except where shaded, and there it is yellow.
Eye, rather large for the size of the fruit, with convergent leaf-like
segments, set in a wide round depression. Stamens, median ; tube,
APPLES. 181
funnel-shaped, unusually largo and wide. Stalk, from a quarter to
half an inch long, inserted in a rather shallow cavity, which is lined
with russet. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured.
Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of good quality, which keeps till Christmas. It was
sent to me by Mr. T. Francis Rivers, of Sawbridge worth.
Pride of the Ditches. See Sielei/s Mir/nonne,
Prince Albert. See Lane's Prince Albert.
Prince Albert. See Smart's Prince Arthur.
PRINCE BISMARK.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide,
by two inches and three-quarters high ; oblate, and rather prominently
ribbed towards the crown, and flat at the base. Skin, rich yellow,
speckled all over with short broken streaks of crimson, especially on
the side exposed to the sun. Eye, rather closed, with flat convergent
segments, which are slightly divergent at the points, set in a deep
but not wide angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tjibe, short, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, nearly an inch long, slender, and inserted in a deep
wide cavity, which is thickly lined with russet, and tinged with green.
Flesh, white, tender, juicy, with a mild acidity and a fine perfume.
Cells, roundish or roundish obovate ; axile.
A handsome apple, very much resembling The Queen, sent out by
Messrs. Saltmarsh, of Chelmsford, but not identical. It is of excellent
quality as a cooking apple, and is in use from October till Christmas.
This was raised in the province of Canterbury, New Zealand, and was sent home
to ;Mr. Mclndoe, gardener to Sir Joseph Pease, Bart., Hutton Hall, Guilsboro', and
the above description was taken from fruit obtained from Mr. Mclndoe, and which
was tiiere grown in an orchard house.
PRINCE OF WALES. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two and an eighth high ; roundish and
oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, bright lemon
yellow tinged with orange on the side next the sun, where it is also
marked with broken streaks of crimson. Eye, large and open, with
long, broad, pointed, and spreading segments, set in a wide, shallow,
and perfectly even basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical.
Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, slender, inserted in a rather
deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and agi'eeably, though not
highly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
A second-rate tender-fleshed apple which I met with in the garden of
the Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick.
Princess Noble. See Golden Eeinettc.
Princess Noble Zoete. See Court Penclu Plat.
PRINCESS ROYAL.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide*
and an inch and seven-eighths high ; round, and somewhat oblate, even
182 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and regularly formed. Skin, green, covered with rough brown russet
over the whole surface. Eye, open, with short, erect, convergent
segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a very shallow, even
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch
long, stout, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish, crisp, juicy,
briskly acid, and without any aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A second-rate, very acid apple, which keeps till January.
PROLIFEROUS REINETTE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; oval, with ten
obscure ribs, extending from the base to the apex, where they form
five small crowns. Skin, of a dull yellow ground colour, marked with
small broken stripes or streaks of crimson, and thickly covered with
small russety specks. Eye, closed, placed in a shallow, plaited, and
knobbed basin. Stalk, from half an inch to three-quarters long, deeply
inserted the whole of its length in a round and smooth cavity. Flesh,
yellowish white, very juicy and sugary, with a rich and brisk flavour.
A very fine, briskly flavoured dessert apple ; in use from October to
December.
I received this variety from the garden at Hammersmith, formerly in the pos-
session of the late Mr. James Lee.
PUFFIN (Bear and Tear; Sweet Orcome). — Fruit, large, three
inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ;
round and depressed, angular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining,
with a greasy feel when ripe ; on the side next the sun it is deep
orange covered with broken streaks of crimson, and on the shaded side,
deep yellow with a few faint streaks of pale crimson. Eye, closed, with
connivent segments, set in a deep angular basin. Stamens, basal;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, long, deeply inserted in a russety cavity.
Flesh, soft, tender, and sweetish, having rather a mawkish flavour.
Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
This is one of the soft-fleshed cooking apples, in use in October, and
of but little merit. I received it from Mr. Poynter, nurseryman, of
Taunton.
Putman's Russet. See Boston Busset.
QUEEN. — Fruit, medium size to large, varying from three inches
to three and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter to two and
three-quarters high ; oblate, even and regular in its outline, ribbed
and five-knobbed round the eye. Skin, clear lemon-yellow, almost
entirely covered with bright crimson, which is again marked with
broken streaks and patches of darker crimson, and with a hning of
russet in the stalk cavity. Eye, slightly open, with erect convergent
and somewhat divergent segments, set in a deep and ribbed basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, short, conical. Stalk, nearly three-quarters
of an inch long, deeply inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is
APPLES. 183
lined with russet. Flesh, white, tender, very juicy, with a mild acidity.
Cells, ovate ; axile.
A very handsome culinary apple in October and November. It has
a strong resemblance to Cox's Pomona, but is larger.
This was introduced in 1880 by Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, of Chelmsford, and
it received a First-class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society, Nov. 10,
1880.
Queen Anne. See American Mother.
QUEEN CAROLINE. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide,
and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, regular and symmetrical
in its outline. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, strewed with large russet
dots, russety over the base. Eye, wide open, with short divergent
segments, set in a wide, round, even, and pretty deep basin. Stamens,
basal ; tabe, conical. Stalk, short, inserted all its length in the
russety cavity. Flesh, tender, with a mild acidity. Cells, obovate ;
axile, sHt.
A cooking apple of no great merit ; in use during October and
November.
QUEENING, or more correctly QUOINING, is a class of apples
which are prominently angular. The name has been in use for cen-
turies, and is derived from the word coin or quoin, which signifies a
corner or angle. Rea, in his Pomona, when speaking of the Winter
Quoining, says, *' it succeeds incomparably on the Paradise Apple as
the Colviele (Calville) and all other sorts of Queenings do." He
evidently regarded the Calville as a Quoining on account of the angu-
larity of its shape.
QUEEN OF SAUCE.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
broad, and two inches and a half high ; obtuse ovate, broad and flat
at the base, narrowing towards the crown, and angular on the sides.
Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but on the side exposed to
the sun it is flushed with red, which is marked with broken streaks of
deeper red ; it is strewed all over with patches of thin delicate russet,
and large russety specks, those round the eye being linear. Eye,
open, set in a deep and angular basin, which is russety at the base.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about a quarter of an
inch long, deeply inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with coarse
russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a brisk
and pleasant flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality, and suitable also for the
dessert ; it is in use from November till January. It is extensively
grown in Herefordshire.
QUEEN OF THE PIPPINS.— Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches high ; round, inclining to oblate, even
and regular in its outline. Skin, sprinkled all over with a thin coat of
184 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
grey russet on a green ground, which becomes yellowish at maturity.
Eye, with divergent segments, open, set in a shallow basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, yellow, with a greenish tinge, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly though
not highly flavoured. Cells, oblate ; axile, closed.
A second-rate dessert apple, which shrinks before Christmas.
Queen's Apple. See Borsdurfer,
Quince. See Lemon Pippin.
RABINE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two
inches and a quarter high ; roundish and much flattened, ribbed on
the sides, and undulated round the margin and basin of the eye. Skin,
greenish yellow, marked with a few faint broken streaks and freckles
of red, and strewed with grey russety dots on the shaded side, but.
dark dull red, marked and mottled with stripes of deeper red, on the
side next the sun. Eye, partially open, with broad flat segments, and
placed in an angular basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and
uneven cavity, from which issue a few linear markings of russet.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, very juicy and sugary, with a brisk and
pleasant flavour.
An excellent apple, suitable either for culinary purposes or for the
dessert, but more properly for the former ; it is in use from October
to Christmas.
RADFOED BEAUTY. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, flattened,
and obtusely angular. Skin, dark red, streaked with bright crimson,
on the side next the sun, and greenish yellow, washed with thin red,
on the shaded side. Eye, small and closed, with flat, slightly divergent
segments, placed in a shallow, plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, conical. Stalk, very short, deeply set in a round funnel-shaped
cavity. Flesh, crisp, juicy, sweet, and of good flavour. Cells,
roundish obovate ; axile, closed.
A Nottinghamshire apple, sent me by Messrs. J. R. Pearson & Sons,
of Chilwell, near Nottingham.
RAMBO. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two
inches and a quarter high ; roundish oblate. Skin, smooth, pale
yellow on the shaded side, but yellow, streaked with red, on the side
next the sun, and strewed with large russety dots. Eye, closed, set
in a wide, rather shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, and
slender, inserted more than half its length in a deep, round, and even
cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender and delicate, with a brisk and
pleasant flavour.
An American apple, suitable either for the dessert or for culinary
purposes, and esteemed in its native country as a variety of first-rate
excellence, but with us of inferior quality, even as a kitchen apple ; it
is in use from December to January.
APPLES. 185
Rambour Blanc d'Ete. See BrcitUng.
RAMBOUR FRANC. — Fruit, very large, four inches broad, and
three inches high ; roundish and flattened, with five ribs on the sides,
which extend to the eye, forming prominent ridges round the apex.
Skin, yellow, marked with thin pale russet on the shaded side, but
streaked and mottled with red on the side next the sun. Eye, closed,
and deeply set in an angular basin. Stalk, short, deeply inserted in
a round, even, and regular cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh,
yellow, firm, and of a leathery texture, brisk and sugary, with a high
flavour.
A good culinary apple ; in use during September and October. The
tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer.
This is an old French apple which must have been lone; cultivated in this country,
as it is mentioned by Ilea so early as 1665. It is supposed to take its name from
the village of Rerabures, in Picardy, where it is said to have been first discovered.
De Rateau. See Rdnette Blanche iVEspagne.
RAVELSTON PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, irregular
in its shape, caused by several obtuse ribs which extend into the basin
of the eye, round which they form prominent ridges. Skin, greenish
yellow, nearly covered with red streaks, and strewed with russety dots.
Eye, closed, and set in an angular basin. Stalk, short and thick,
inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, sweet, and pleasantly
flavoured.
A dessert apple of such merit in Scotland as to be generally grown
against a wall ; but in the south, where it has to compete with the
productions of a warmer chmate, it is found to bo only of second-rate
quaUty. Ripe in August.
Read's Baker. See Norfolk Beefing,
RED ASTRACHAN {Anglesea Pippin; Waterloo; Hampei^s
American). — Fruit, above the medium size, three inches and a quarter
wide, and three inches high ; roundish, and obscurely angular on its
sides. Skin, greenish yellow where shaded, and almost entirely covered
with deep crimson on the side exposed to the sun ; the whole surface
covered with a fine delicate bloom. Eye, closed, set in a moderately
deep and somewhat irregular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, deeply inserted in a russety cavity.
Flesh, white, crisp, very juicy, sugary, briskly and pleasantly flavoured.
Cells, open, obovate.
An early dessert apple, but only of second-rate quality. It is ripe
in August, and requires to be eaten when gathered from the tree, as it
soon becomes mealy.
The tree does not attain a large size, but is healthy and vigorous,
and an abundant bearer.
186 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
This was imported from Sweden by William Atkinson, Esq., of Grove End,
Paddington, in 1816, and was sent out some years ago by Messrs. Sutton & Son,
of Reading, under the name of Anglesea Pippin.
Red Baldwin. See Baldwin.
Red Borsdorfer. See Borsddrfer.
Red Calville. See Calville Rouge d'Ete.
Red Hawthornden. See Greenup's Pippin.
REDDING'S NONPAREIL.— Fruit, small, an inch and seven-
eighths wide, and an inch and a half high ; roundish or oblate, even
and regular in its outline. Skin, quite covered with thin pale brown
russet. Eye, wide open, hke that of Court of Wick, with broad,
reflexed, pointed segments, set in a wide and deep cup-shaped basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, greenish, crisp,
and juicy, agreeably but not highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile,
very full of seeds, closed.
A dessert apple of only second-rate quality, which is much shrivelled
before Christmas.
REDLEAF RUSSET.— Fruit, small, very much like the Golden
Knob, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish,
even and regular in shape. Skin, entirely covered with bright cinna-
mon-coloured russet, which is thinner on the shaded side, where a little
of the yellow ground colour is exposed. Eye, partially open, with
erect, flat, convergent segments, reflexed at the tips, set in a pretty
wide and deep saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, pretty stout, set
in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, very juicy and
sweet, with a rich flavour and a fine aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile,
closed.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from December till February.
This was raised by Mr. John Cox, gardener at Redleaf, Penshurst, Kent.
RED FOXWHELP. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, by
two inches and seven-eighths high ; roundish ovate, even in its outline.
Skin, very dark crimson over the whole surface, almost a mahogany or
chestnut colour, except a small portion on the shaded side, which is a
little, and very little, paler. Eye, small, somewhat open, with short,
erect, convergent segments, set in a very shallow plaited basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, short conical. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, very slender, inserted in a wide, rather shallow cavity. Flesh,
yellow, deeply stained with crimson both under the surface of the skin
and at the core, very tender, pleasantly flavoured, with a slight acidity.
Cells, ovale ; axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
APPLES. 187
RED IXGESTRIE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches and a quarter high ; round, regularly and handsomely
shaped, or short cylindrical, undulating at the apex. Skin, rich
golden yellow, with an orange blush on the side next the sun, and
strewed with russet specks. Eye, wide open, with reflexed segments,
set in a shallow, plaited, saucer-like basin. Stamens, basal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a close and not
deep cavity, which is lined with greenish grey russet. Flesh, tender,
yellow, juicy, and with a brisk, agreeable flavour. Cells, elliptical;
axile.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use during October and
November. It is very apt to be taken for Golden Winter Pearmain,
the shape, colour, eye, and rather knobbed crown favouring the re-
semblance ; but it is more oblate, and the stamens are always basal.
This excellent little apple was raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., from
the seed of the Orange Pippin impregnated with the Golden Pippin, about the year
1800. It, and the Yellow Ingestrie, were the produce of two pips taken from the
same cell ot an apple. The original trees are said to be still in existence at
Wormsley Grange, in Herefordshire.
Red Kentish Pippin. See Kentish Pippin.
RED MUST. — Fruit, nearly, if not quite, the largest cider apple
cultivated in Herefordshire. It is rather broad and flattened, a little
irregular at its base, which is hollow. Stalk, slender. Crown, sunk.
Eye, deep, with a stout erect calyx. Skin, greenish yellow on the
shaded side, with a deep rosy colour where exposed to the sun, and
shaded with a darker red (Lindley).
The Red Must has at all periods been esteemed a good cider apple,
though the ciders lately made with it, unmixed with other apples, have
been light and thin, and I have never found the specific gravity of its
expressed juice to exceed 1064 (Knight).
RED NORMAN. — Fruit, small, two inches and an eighth wide, and
the same in height ; conical, sometimes long conical, with a waist near
the apex, whore it is puckered. Skin, smooth, lemon yellow, with a
faint blush of red on the side exposed to the sun, the surface sparingly
strewed with minute russet points. Eye, small, closed, with connivent
segments, set in a shallow puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
very deep, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, obliquely
inserted, and curved, frequently with a swelling on one side of it.
Flesh, greenish yellow, not very juicy, woolly, and sweet. Cells, very
large, ovate, pointed ; axile, closed.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
Red Quarrenden. See Devonshire Quarrenden.
Red Queening. See Crimson Queening.
RED ROYAL. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two
188
THE FEUIT MANUAL.
inches high ; roundish, inclining to oblate, and sometimes to ovate,
angular. Skin, almost entirely covered with dark crimson, except on
the shaded side, where it is yellow, the surface sprinkled with russet
dots. Eye, quite closed, with convergent segments. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a rather
deep cavitj'-. Flesh, v/hite, tender, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells,
open, obovate, small ; axile.
A favourite cider apple of Gloucestershire.
EED SPLASH [New Broynley). — Fruit, small, two inches and an
eighth wide, and one inch and five-eighths high ; roundish oblate, and
regularly formed. Skin, golden yellow, with a few streaks of crimson
on the shaded side, and completely covered with crimson on the ex-
posed side, where it is also splashed with broken streaks of dark
mahogany colour. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments,
reflexed at the tips, set in a wide, saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long,
slender, set in a pretty wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish, juicy, sweet,
and agreeably flavoured. Cells, roundish, inclining to obovate ; axile.
This is grown very largely at Newland, near Slalvern, and all the
surrounding parishes, and is sold to the pickle-makers to make chutney
and apple jelly.
EED-STREAK {Herefordshire Bed-streak : Scudamore's Crab). —
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and two
inches and a quarter high ; roundish, or inclining to oblate, narrowing
towards the apex, even and regular in outline. Skin, deep clear yellow,
streaked with red, on the shaded side, but deep red, streaked with still
deeper red, approaching dark mahogany colour, on the side next the
sun ; the surface is strewed with specks and small patches of cinna-
mon-coloured russet, and especially round the stalk there is a patch
tinged with green. Eye, small and closed, with short convergent
segments, set in a rather shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, sometimes a mere knob.
Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and rather dry, briskly acid, and with a
rough flavour. Cells, slightly obovate, small ; axile.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1079.
A cider apple, which at one period was unsurpassed, but now com-
paratively but little cultivated.
Perhaps there was no apple which at any period was in such great favour,
and of which so much was said and written during the 17th century, as of the
Red-streak, Prose and verse were both enUsted in its praises. It was chiefly
by the writings of Evelyn it attained its greatest celebrity. Philips, in his pjem,
Cyder, says —
** Let every tree in every garden own
The Red Streak as supreme, whose pulpous fruit,
"With gold irradiate, and vermilion, shines
Tempting, not fatal, as the birth of that
Primaeval, interdicted plant, that won
Fond Eve, in hapless hour to taste, and die.
APPLES. 18D
This, of more bounteous influence, inspires
Poetic raptures, and the lowly muse
Kindles to loftier strains ; even I, perceive
Hf r sacred virtue. See ! the numbers flow
Easy, whilst, cheer'd with her nectareous juice,
Hers, and my country's praises, I exalt."
But its reputation began to decline about the beginning of the last century, for we
Hnd Nourse saying, ** As for the liquor which it yields, it is highly esteemed for its
noble colour and smell ; 'tis likewise fat and oily in the taste, but withal \cry
windy, luscious, and fulsome, and will sooner clog the stomach than any other cider
whatsoever, leaving a waterish, raw humour upon it ; so that with meals it is no
way helpful, and they who drink it, if I may judge of them by my own palate, will
tind their stomachs i>aird sooner by it, than warm'd and enliven'd."
The Ked-streak seems to have originated about the beginning of the 17th century,
for Evelyn says " it was within the memory of some now living surnamed the
Scudamore's Crab, and then not much known save in the neighbourhood." It was
called Scudamore's Crab from bemg extensively planted by the first Lord Scuda-
more, who was son of Sir James Scudamore, from whom Spenser is said to have
taken the character of Sir Scudamore in his " Faerie Queen." He was born in
1600, and created by Charles I. Baron Dromore and Viscount Scudamore. He
was attending the Duke of Buckingham when he was stabbdl at Portsmouth, and
was so affected at the event that he retired into ])rivate life, and devoted his
attention to planting orchards, of which the Red-streak formed the principal
variety. In 1634 he was sent as ambassador to France, in which capacity he con-
tinued for four years. He was a zenlous Royalist during the civil wars, and was
taken prisoner by the Parliament party, while his property was destroyed, and his
estate sequestered. He died in 1671.
RED STREAKED RAWLING.— Fruit, large, three inches wide,
by two and a quarter high ; roundish, and slightly angular. Skin,
yellow, streaked with red on the shaded side, but entirely covered
with clear dark red, and striped with still darker red, on the side
exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow and
plaited basin. Stalk, long and slender, inserted in a wide and deep
cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet,
juicy, and well flavoured, abounding in a sweet and pleasant juice.
A culinary apple, well adapted for sauce ; it is iu use from October
to Christmas.
This is an old Devonshire apple, and no doubt the Sweet Bawling referred to
in a communication to one of Bradley's " Monthly Treatises," from which the
following is an extract : " "We have an apple in this country called a Rawling,
of which there is a sweet and a sour ; the sour when ripe (which is very early) is
a very fair large fruit, and of a pleasant taste, inclined to a golden colour, full of
narrow red streaks ; the Sweet Bawling has the same coloturs but not quite so
large, and if boiled grows hard, whereas the sour becomes soft. Now wliat I have
to inform you of is, viz.: I have a tree which bears both sorts in one apple ; one
side of the api)le is altogether sweet, the other side sour ; one side bigger than the
other ; and when boiled the one side is soft, the other hard, as all sweet and sour
apples are."
RED STYRE. — Fruit, small, two inches to two and a half wide,
and two inches high ; roundish ovate, inclining to oblate, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, entirely covered with
very dark crimson, almost approaching mahogany, but paler on the
shaded side, the whole mottled with broken bright yellow streaks ; round
190 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
the stalk it is greenish and russety. Eye, set in a pretty deep and
somewhat angular basin ; segments, broad and convergent, erect.
Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender,
set the whole of its length in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellow-
ish, very tender and juicy, with a pleasant flavour, which makes it
acceptable as a dessert fruit, the texture being equal in delicacy to that
of an imported Newtown Pippin. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile.
A celebrated Herefordshire cider apple.
Red Winter Calville. See Calville Rouge cVHiver.
REINETTE. — There are various opinions respecting the derivation
of this word. At first sight it appears to have a French origin, and
supposing it to be so, some have translated it Little Queen, though there
is no such definition in any French dictionary I have consulted. Others
say it is derived from Rainette, a kind of frog, because Reinettes are
always, or ought to be, spotted with russet freckles, like the belly of the
Thomas Fuller, the eminent historian and divine, says, *' When a
pepin is planted {i.e., grafted) on a pepin stock, the fruit growing thence
is called a Renate." This, I think, is the origin of the word, Reinette
being derived from Renatus — renewed or reproduced. A Reinette is
therefore a grafted apple, and a Pippin is a seedling. See Pippin.
Reinette Baumann. See Baumann's Reinette.
REINETTE BLANCHE D'ESPAGNE {Josephine; Belle Jose-
pli'me ; Reinette d'Espagne ; Be Rateau ; Concomhre Ancien ; American
Fall Pippin; Camuesar ; White Spanish Reinette). — Fruit, very large,
three inches and a half wide, and three inches and three-quarters high ;
oblato-oblong, angular on the sides, and uneven at the crown, where it
is nearly as broad as at the base. Skin, smooth and unctuous to the
feel, yellowish green in the shade, but orange tinged with brownish
red next the sun, and strewed with dark dots. Eye, large and open,
set in a deep, angular, and irregular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
conical. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a narrow and even
cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, and sweet. Cells, open,
obovate.
An apple of first-rate quality, suitable for the dessert, but particularly
so for all culinary purposes ; it is in use from December to April.
The tree is healthy and vigorous, and an excellent bearer. It
requires a dry, warm, and loamy soil.
REINETTE CARPENTIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches high ; roundish, or rather oblato-oblong. Skin,
yellowish green on the shaded side, but striped, and washed with
dark glossy red, on the side next the sun, and so much covered with
a thick cinnamon-coloured russet that the ground colours are some-
times only partially visible. Eye, set in a wide, saucer-like basin,
APPLES. 191
which is considerably depressed. Stalk, an inch long, thin, and
inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate,
tender, and juicy, with a brisk, vinous, and peculiar aromatic flavour,
shghtly resembling anise.
A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from December to April.
The tree is a free grower, with long slender shoots, and when a little
aged is a very abundant bearer.
Reinette d'Allemagne. See Borsdorfer.
REINETTE DE BREDA.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish and com-
pressed. Skin, at first pale yellow, but changing as it ripens to fine
deep golden yellow, and covered with numerous russety streaks and
dots, and with a tinge of red and fine crimson dots on the side exposed
to the sun. Eye, set in a wide and plaited basin. Stalk, half an
inch long, inserted in a russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm,
and crisp, but tender and juicy, with a rich vinous and aromatic
flavour.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to
March.
This is the Reinette d'Aizerna of the Horticultural Society's Cata-
logue, and may be the Nelguin of Knoop ; but it is certainly not the
Reinette d'Aizema of Knoop.
REINETTE DE CANADA {Fortwjal; St. Helena Russet; Canada
Fieinette). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and three inches
deep ; oblato-conical, with prominent ribs originating at the eye, and
diminishing as they extend downwards towards the stalk. Skin,
greenish yellow, with a tinge of brown on the side next the sun,
covered with numerous brown russety dots, and reticulations of russet.
Eye, large, open or closed, with short segments, and set in a rather
deep and plaited basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, about
an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep, wide, and generally smooth
cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, brisk, and highly flavoured.
Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
An apple of first-rate quality, either for culinary or dessert use ; it
is in season from November to April.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and attains a large size ;
it is also an excellent bearer. The finest fruit are produced from
dwarf trees.
Reinette de Canada Grise. See Royal Russet.
Reinette de Canada Plat. See Royal Russet.
Reinette de Caux. See Dutch Mignonne.
Reinette d'Espagne. See Reinette Blanche d'Espagne.
Reinette de Misnie. See Borsdorfer,
192 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
EEINETTE DIEL. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches wide,
and two and a quarter high ; oblate, even and handsomely shaped.
Skin, at first yellowish white, but changing by keeping to a fine yellow
colour ; on the side next the sun it is marked with several crimson
spots and dots, strewed all over with russety dots, which are large and
brownish on the shaded side, but small and greyish on the other.
Eye, open, with short segments, set in a wide and rather shallow basin.
Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep and russety cavity, with
sometimes a fleshy boss at its base. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, delicate,
and juicy, with a rich sweet and spicy flavour.
A beautiful and excellent dessert apple of the first quality ; it is in
use from December to March.
The tree is a strong, healthy, and vigorous grower, and an abundant
bearer.
This was raised by Dr. Van Mons, and named in honour of his friend Dr. Aug.
Friedr. Adr. Diel.
EEINETTE FBANCHE.— Fruit, above medium size, three inches
and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish oblate,
slightly angular on its sides, and uneven round the eye. Skin, smooth,
thickly covered with brown russety spots ; greenish yellow, changing
as it ripens to pale yellow, and sometimes tinged with red when fully
exposed to the sun. Eye, partially open, with long green segments,
set in a wide, rather deep, and prominently plaited basin. Stalk, short
and thick, deeply inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with greenish
grey russet. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, delicate, crisp, and juicy,
with a rich, sugary, and musky flavour.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality; in use from November to April.
Roger Schabol says it has been kept two years in a cupboard excluded
from the air.
The tree is a free grower and an abundant bearer, but subject to
canker, unless grown in light soil and a dry and warm situation.
This is a very old French apple, varying very much in quality according to the
soil in which it is grown; but so highly esteemed in France as to take as much
precedence of all other varieties as the liibston and Golden Pippin do in this
country.
EEINETTE GRISE.— Fruit, medium sized, two and a half inches
broad, and two and a half high ; roundish ovate, broadest at the base,
and generally with five obscure angles on the sides, forming more or
less prominent ridges round the crown. Skin, dull yellowish green in
the shade, and with a patch of thin, dull, brownish red on the side next
the sun, which is so entirely covered with brown russet that little colour
is visible ; the shaded side is marked with large linear patches of rough
brown russet. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, sharp-pointed segments,
which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a deep and round basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, set
in a deep and angular cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, rich,
and sweet, with a brisk and excellent flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
APPLES. 193
A very fine dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use fi*om November
to May.
The tree is a healthy and vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer.
One of the finest old French apples; but considered inferior to the Reinette
Franthe.
REINETTE JAUNE SUCREE. — Fruit, rather above medium
size, three inches broad, and two and a half high ; roundish, and very
much flattened at the base* Skin, thin and tender, pale green at first,
but changing as it attains maturity to a fine deep yellow, with a deeper
and somewhat of an orange tinge on the side exposed to the sun, and
covered all over with numerous large russety dots and a few traces of
delicate russet. Eye, open, with long, acuminate, green segments,
set in a wide, rather deep, and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long,
inserted in a deep round cavity, which is lined with thin russet. Flesh,
yellowish, delicate, tender, and very juicy, with a rich sugary flavour,
and without much acidity.
Either as a dessert or culinary apple this variety is of first-rate
excellence ; it is in use from November to February.
The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer ; but it is
very subject to canker, unless grown in a light and warm soil.
Reinette Nonpareil. See Nonpareil.
REINETTE VAN MONS {Van Mons' Reinette), — Fruit, rather
below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a
quarter high ; flattened, and almost oblate, having five rather obscure
ribs, which terminate in distinct ridges round the eye. Skin, greenish
yellow in the shade, but with a dull and brownish orange tinge next
the sun ; the whole surface has a thin coating of brown russet. Eye,
closed, set in a rather deep depression. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, half an inch long. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp,
juicy, sweet, and aromatic. Cells, roundish ovate or obovate; axile,
slit.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to May.
REINETTE VERTE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, considerably
flattened at the base, and slightly ribbed at the eye, handsome, and
regularly shaped. Skin, thin, smooth, and shining, pale green at first,
but becoming yellowish green as it attains maturity, with sometimes a
reddish tinge, and marked with large grey russety dots and lines of
russet. Eye, partially closed, with long pointed segments, set in a
pretty deep and plaited basin. Stalk, about an inch long, inserted in
a deep and round cavity, lined with russet, which extends in ramifica-
tions over the whole of the base. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, and
juicy, with a sweet, vinous, and highly aromatic flavour, ** partaking of
the flavours of the Golden Pippin and Nonpareil."
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to May.
13
194 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
The tree is vigorous and healtli}^ and a good bearer ; but does not
become of a large size.
RHODE ISLAND GREENING (Green Newtown Pipjnn; Jersey
Greening; Burlington Greening). — Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, and slightly
depressed, with obscure ribs on the sides, terminating at the eye in
ridges, like London Pippin. Skin, smooth and unctuous to the touch,
dark green at first, becoming pale as it ripens, and sometimes with a
faint blush near the stalk. Eye, small and closed, with long, pointed,
spreading segments, set in a slightly depressed basin. Stamens, median
or basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender,
curved, thickest at the insertion, and placed in a narrow and deep cavity.
Flesh, yellowish tinged with green, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, with a
rich, brisk, and aromatic flavour. Cells, open, obovate ; axile.
An apple of first-rate quality for all culinary purposes, and excellent
also for the dessert ; it is in use from November to April.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, hardy, and an excellent
bearer ; succeeds well in almost any situation.
This is of American origin, and was introduced to this country hy the London
Horticultural Society, who received, it from David Hosack, Esq., M.D., of New
York. It is extensively grown in the middle states of America, where the Newtown
Pippin does not attain perfection, and. for which it forms a good substitute.
RIBSTON PEARMAIN. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three
quarters wide, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular
in its outline, in shape resembling Blenheim Pippin ; sometimes it is a
little angular. Skin, with a brownish orange blush and a few pale
streaks of crimson where exposed to the sun, but where shaded it is
greenish yellow ; it is strewed with russet dots, and here and there are
patches of thin grey russet, especially over the crown and in the basin
of the eye. Eye, partially open, with flat, convergent segments, set in
a narrow, neat, saucer-like basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather
shallow cavity. Flesh, crisp, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells,
roundish obovate ; abaxile.
A dessert apple of great excellence ; in use from November till
January.
RIBSTON PIPPIN (Glory of York; Travers' Pippin).— Fmit,
medium sized ; roundish, and irregular in its outline, caused by several
obtuse and unequal angles on its sides. Skin, greenish yellow, changing
as it ripens to dull yellow, and marked with broken streaks of pale red
on the shaded side, but dull red changing to clear faint crimson,
marked with streaks of deeper crimson, on the side next the sun, and
generally russety over the base. Eye, small aud open or closed,
set in an irregular basin, which is generally netted with russet.
Stamens, median or basal; tube, deep conical or funnel-shaped.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and generally inserted its whole
APPLES. ] 95
length in a round cavity, which is surrounded with russet. Flesh,
yellow, firm, crisp, rich, and sugary, charged with a powerful aromatic
flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
An apple so well known as to require neither description nor
encomium. It is in greatest perfection during November and Decem-
ber, but with good management will keep till March.
The tree is in general hardy, a vigorous grower, and a good bearer,
provided it is grown in a dry soil ; but if otherwise it is almost sure to
canker. In all the southern and middle counties of England it succeeds
well as an open standard ; but in the north, and in Scotland, it requires
the protection of a wall to bring it to perfection. Nicol calls it *' a
universal apple for these kingdoms ; it will thrive at John O'Groat's,
while it deserves a place at Exeter or at Cork."
The Bibston Pippin did not become generally known till the end of the last
century, and it is not mentioned in any of the editions of Miller's Dictionary, or
by any other author of that period ; neither was it grown in the Brorapton Park
Nursery in 1770. In 1785 I find it was in that collection, when it was grown to the
exteiit of a quarter of a row, or about twenty-five plants ; and as this supply seems
to have suflaced for three years' demand, its merits must have been but little known.
In 1788 it extended to one row, or about one hundi-ed plants, and three years later
to two rows ; from 1791 it increased one row annually, till 1794, when it reached
five rows. From these facts we may pretty well learn the rise and progress of its
popularity. In 1847, in the same nursery, it was cultivated to the extent of about
twenty-live rows, or 2,500 plants annually.
The original tree was first discovered growing in the garden at Kibston Hall,
near Knaresborough, but how, when, or by what means it came there, has not been
satisfactorily ascertained. One account states that about the year 1688 some apple
pips were brought from Rouen and sown at Ribston Hall ; the trees produced from
them were planted in the park, and one turned out to be the variety in question.
The original tree stood till 1810, when it was blown down by a violent gale of
wind. It was afterwards supported by stakes in a horizontal position, and continued
to produce fruit till it lingered and died in 1835. Since then, a young shoot has
been produced about four inches below the surface of the ground, which, with
proper care, may become a tree, and thereby preserve the original of this favourite
old dessert apple. The gardener at Ribston Hall, by whom this apple was raised,
was the father of Lowe, who during the last century- was the fruit-tree nurseryman
at Hampton Wick.
RINGER. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and a
half high ; roundish and depressed, obtusely angular, ribbed round the
eye. Skin, yellow, with tinges and broken stripes of pale crimson
here and there, and sometimes without colour ; the surface sprinkled
with thin patches of pale brown russet. Eye, with erect connivent
segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a pretty deep and angular
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, yellowish green,
three-quarters of an inch to an inch long, straight, deeply inserted in
a round cavity. Flesh, yellow, very tender and juicy, with an agree-
able acidity and good flavour. Cells, open, roundish obovate or
roundish ovate ; axile, and with a fine perfume.
A second-rate dessert apple, but excellent for kitchen use from
November till February.
It is a very fragrant apple, and with a very delicate flesh.
196 , THE FRUIT MANUAL.
EIVERS'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, two inches and a quarter wide,
and not quite so much high ; ovate, inclining to conical, even in its
outline, and with ridges round the apex. Skin, yellow on the shaded
side, and almost entirely covered with red, which has broken dark crimson
streaks on the side next the sun, the whole strewed with russet dots.
Eye, closed, with convergent segments, which are reflexed at the tips,
set in a narrow and furrowed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, deep
conical, and narrow. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, deeply inserted
in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with
a rich, brisk, perfumed flavour. Cells, closed, roundish obovate ; axile.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from November till January.
This was selected by the late Mr, Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from a quarter of
seedling apple stocks. Along with one or two others it attracted his attention by
the dwarf and peculiar habit of growth, and their tendency to throw out a mass of
roots near the surface of the soil. He tried them all as dwarfing stocks for apple
trees, and this, which he called the Nonesuch, proved the best of the three for the
purpose. It is now produced every year by thousands, from stools and cuttings ;
but it was not till I discovered the quality of the fruit, in 1875, that it was known
to possess any merit. It is really a fine dessert apple.
Robin. See Winter Greening.
ROBIN HOOD. — Fruit, large, three inches and an eighth wide, and
three and a half high ; oblong-conical, and so much resembling the
Gloucestershire Costard that I am inclined to think it is the same
sort. I met with this in a private garden at Great Malvern in 1871.
ROBINSON'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, small ; roundish, narrowing towards
the apex, where it is quite flat, and rather undulating. Skin, very
much covered with brown russet, except on the shaded side, where it
is greenish yellow, but sometimes tinged with brownish red where ex-
posed to the sun, and strewed all over with minute russety dots. Eye,
open, with flat pointed segments, set in a wide shallow basin. Stamens,
median; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and
inserted in a slight depression. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, sweet,
and very juicy, with a fine, brisk, and slightly perfumed flavour, much
resembling that of the Golden Pippin and Nonpareil. Cells, closed,
obovate ; axile.
A very excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from
December to February. The fruit is produced in clusters of sometimes
eight and ten, at the ends of the branches.
The tree is of small size and slender growth, and not a free bearer.
It is well adapted for dwarf and espalier training when grafted on the
doucin or paradise stock, in which case it also bears better than on the
crab stock.
According to Mr. Lindley, this variety was grown for many years in the old
kitchen garden at Kew ; and Rogers thinks it first originated in the Turnham
Green Nursery, which was during a portion of the last century occupied by a
person of the name of Robinson. The truth is, it was raised by a publican of the
name of Robinson, who kept the Packhorse Inn at Turnham Green, and who also
raised the Packhorse Pippin.
APPLES. 197
ROCKLEY'S. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and two
inches and three-quarters high; ovate, angular and uneven in its
outHne. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but covered with
dark red, streaked with darker red, on the side exposed to the sun, and
speckled with broken streaks of red where the red and yellow blend.
Eye, large and closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a deep
and ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, very wide, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep fur-
rowed cavity. Flesh, remarkably tender, not very juicy, but sweet.
Cells, round ; axile.
A cooking apple, which I met with at the Hereford meeting of the
Pomological Committee of the VVoolhope Naturalists Field Club. It is
the softest and most tender-fleshed apple I have ever met with.
Rolhmd. See Belle Bonne.
RONALDS'S GOOSEBERRY mVl?m (Gooseberry Pippin).— Fruit,
small, two inches and a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters
high ; roundish and inclining to oblate, somewhat obscurely ribbed.
Skin, smooth, of a fine uniform lemon -yellow colour, but of a deeper
colour next the sun, thinly strewed with large russet dots, marked with
russet flakes and frequently with a red blush next the sun. Eye,
small and open, with small, erect, acute segments, placed in a wide,
shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, small, conical,
or rather cup-shaped. Stalk, very short, imbedded the whole of its
length in a deep cavity, which is lined with pale brown russet and
which extends in ramifications over the base. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
and fine-grained, very juicy, sweet, brisk, and vinous, with a pleasant
perfume. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A very excellent dessert apple ; ripe in November, and continues in
use till February, when it is quite plump and juicy. The tree is a very
handsome grower of the smallest size, and an abundant bearer.
The name Gooseberry Pippin, by which this is described in Ronalds' Pyrus
MaluH breni/ordiensis, is not sufficient to distinguish it from the Gooseberry Apple,
with which it is apt to be confounded ; and I have therefore adopted the specific
name of Ronalds to avoid so great an inconvenience, for this admirable dessert
apple ought not to be mistaken for the culinary one. This is now a very rare frait,
and I doubt much if it is to be had true in an ordinary way, I am indebted to
F. J. Graliam, Esq., of Cranford, Middlesex, for grafts and fruit, it havmg been
grown extensively for many jears in his orchards at Cranford, for Covent Garden
Market,
Ronalds's Seedling. See Trumpinyton.
Rook's Nest. See Bimitisland Spice.
ROSE DE CHINE.— Fruit, medium sized, or rather below medium
size ; roundish and flattened, almost oblate, regularly formed, aiid
without angles. Skin, smooth and delicate, pale gi-eenish yellow, with
a few broken streaks of pale red, intermixed with crimson, on the side
exposed to the sun, and strewed with minute dark-coloured dots. Eye,
198
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
partially closed, set in a shallow and slightly plaited basin. Stalk, an
inch long, very slender, inserted in a round, deep, smooth, and funnel-
shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tinged with green, firm, crisp,
and juicy, with a sweet and pleasant flavour.
A very good, but not first-rate, dessert apple ; it is in use from
November to February. This does not appear to be the " Rose Apple
of China" of Coxe, which he imported from England, and which he
says is a large oblong fruit with a short thick stalk.
ROSEMARY RUSSET.— Fruit, below medium size ; ovate, broadest
at the base, and narrowing obtusely towards the apex, a good deal of
the shape of a Scarlet Nonpareil. Skin, yellow, tinged with green on
the shaded side, but flushed with faint red on the side exposed to the
sun, and covered with thin pale brown russet, particularly round the
eye and the stalk. Eye, small and closed, or half open, with erect
segments, set in a narrow, round, and even basin. Stamens, marginal
or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very long, inserted
in a round and wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, very
juicy, brisk, and sugary, and charged with a peculiarly rich and highly
aromatic flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A most delicious and valuable dessert apple of the very first quality ;
it is in use from December till February.
ROSS NONPAREIL. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches high, and
two inches and a half broad ; roundish, even, and regularly formed,
narrowing a little towards the eye. Skin, entirely covered with thin
russet, and faintly tinged with red on the side next the sun. Eye,
small and open, with divergent segments, set in a shallow and even
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch
long, slender, inserted half its length in a round and even cavity.
Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and sugary, charged with a
rich and aromatic flavour, which partakes very much of that of the
varieties known by the name of Fenouillet, or Fennel-flavoured apples.
Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
This is one of the best dessert apples ; it is in use from November
to February.
The tree is an excellent bearer, hardy, and a free grower, and
succeeds well on almost any description of soil.
This variety is of Irish origin, and was first brought into notice by Mr, Robert-
son, a nurseryman at Kilkenny, who sent it to the Horticultural Society of
London.
ROSTOCKER. — Fruit, medium size, three inches wide, and two
inches and a half high ; roundish ovate, angular, and with prominent
ridges round the crown. Skin, almost entirely covered with bright
crimson, which is streaked with darker crimson on the side next the sun,
and bright yellow where shaded. Eye, closed, with erect, broad, con-
vergent segments, and set in a rather deep, plaited, and angular basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, inserted all
APPLES. 199
its length in the cavity, and with a swelling on one side of it. Flesh,
greenish white, crisp, tender, and with a fine brisk sub-acid flavour,
CeUs, oblate ; axile.
A very handsome cooking apple, very solid and heavv, which keeps
till May.
ROUGH PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and over two
inches high ; conical, even and regular in its outline, longer on one
side of the axis than on the other. Skin, yellow on the shaded side,
and pale red on the side next the sun, the whole surface being more or
less covered with patches of thin cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye,
small, with erect convergent segments, set on a level with the surface.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, stout, inserted ob-
liquely in a very shallow cavity by the side of a fleshy swelling.
Flesh, firm, rather dry, and without much flavour. Cells, roundish
elliptical ; axile, slit.
A Somersetshire apple, which has a close resemblance to Adams's
Pearmain, but very inferior to it ; in use up till January.
Round Russet Harvey. See Golden Harvey.
ROUNDWAY MAGNUM BONUM.— Fruit, large ; ovate, angular
on the sides, having five prominent ribs, which extend into the basin
of the eye and form ridges round the crown. Skin, lemon yellow, with
a few broad broken streaks of pale crimson on one side ; it is here and
there marked with several russet patches. Eye, half open, with flat
convergent segments that are reflexed at the tips, and set in a narrow
basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, about half an inch long,
very stout, and inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, tender, crisp, very juicy, and with a fine aroma. Cells, obovate ;
axile.
A first-rate culinary or dessert apple, very solid and heavy for its
size ; in use till April without shrivelling.
This was raised at Roundway Park, near Devizes, and was first exhibited at the
Royal Horticultural Society in 1864, when it received a first-class certificate.
ROUND WINTER NONESUCH.— Fruit, large, over three inches
wide, and two and a half high ; roundish, and very considerably
flattened, or somewhat oblate ; uneven in its outline, caused by several
obtuse and unequal, though not prominent ribs on the sides. Skin,
thick and membranous, smooth, pale yellow, slightly tinged with green
on the shaded side, but on the side exposed to the sun it is marked
with broken stripes and spots of beautiful deep crimson, thinly
sprinkled all over with a few russety dots. Eye, large and closed,
nearly level with the surface, and sometimes -so prominently set and
raised above the surface as to appear pufi'ed up, and set on bosses.
Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short,
inserted in a shallow cavity, and not protruding beyond the base.
200 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Flesh, greenish white, tender, sweet, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from November to
March.
The tree is an excellent bearer, and the fruit being large and
beautiful, this variety is worthy the notice of the market gardener and
orchardist.
KOYAL CODLIN. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and three
inches and a quarter high ; uneven in its outline, angular, and undu-
lating, distinctly five-sided, especially towards the crown. Skin, pale
yellowish green, or greenish yellow when it ripens, and with a pale
thin red cheek on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, set in a narrow
angular basin, with short, erect, connivent segments. Stamens,
median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, thick and fleshy, obliquely
inserted, with a fleshy knob on one side of it. Flesh, soft, tender, and
mildly acid. Cells, elliptical or ovate ; abaxile.
An excellent kitchen apple ; ripe in October.
EOYALE [French Roy ale). — Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, bluntly
angular. Skin, very much covered with ashy grey russet, with an
orange cheek streaked with crimson on the side next the sun, and
yellow on the shaded side. Eye, closed, with erect convergent seg-
ments, set in a pretty deep and ribbed basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, over half an inch long, stout, inserted in a deep
cavity, which is greenish. Flesh, yellowish, juicy, brisk, sweet, and
wuth a good flavour. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A good cooking apple, grown in the orchards about Maidstone, and
sent me by Mr. Killick, of Langley ; it keeps till Christmas.
Eoyal Pearmain. See Summer Pearmain and Herefordsldre Pear-
main.
EOYAL KED-STREAK.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches and a half high ; oblate, prominently ribbed, and
uneven. Skin, almost entirely overspread with bright red, covered
with dark crimson stripes, and wherever the ground colour appears it is
yellow, and the base is quite covered with russet. Eye, rather large,
closed, with convergent segments, deeply set in an uneven angular
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short,
rather deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, sometimes tinged with red,
tender, juicy, and with a pleasant acidity. Cells, small, obovate ;
axile.
A fine handsome cooking apple, sent from Devonshire by Mr.
Rendell, of Netherton Manor ; it is in use in November.
ROYAL REINETTE.— Fruit, large ; conical. Skin, yellow, smooth
and glossy, strewed all over with russety spots, stained and striped
with brilliant red on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, set
APPLES. 201
iu an even and shallow basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a very
narrow and shallow cavit}'. Flesh, pale yellow, firm and tender, juicy
and sugary, with a brisk and pleasant flavour.
A very good apple for culinary purposes, and second-rate for the
dessert ; it is in use from December to April.
The tree is an abundant bearer, and is extensively grown in the
western parts of Sussex, where it is esteemed a first-rate fruit.
ROYAL RUSSET {Reinette de Canada Grise ; Bdnette de Canada
Platte; Leather Coat). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish, somewhat flattened and
angular. Skin, covered with rough brown russet, which has a brownish
tinge on the side next the sun ; some portions only of the ground
colour are visible, which is yellowish green. Eye, small and closed, set
in a narrow and rather shallow basin. Stamens, marginal or median ;
tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a
wide and deep cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, crisp, brisk,
juicy, and sugary. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile, slit.
A most excellent culinary apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from
November to May, but is very apt to shrink and become dry, unless,
as Mr. Thompson recommends, it is kept in dry sand.
The tree is of a very vigorous habit, and attains the largest size. It
is perfectly hardy and an excellent bearer.
This has always been a favourite old English variety. It is mentioned by
Lawson so early as 1597, and is much commended by almost every subsequent
writer. It is not the true Leathercoat. See Leathercoat.
ROYAL SHEPHERD. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide, and two and three-quarters high ; roundish, inclining to ovate,
shghtly ribbed, and narrowing towards the eye. Skin, greenish-yellow
in the shade, but covered with dull red next the sun, and strewed all
over with minute russety dots. Eye, partially closed, with erect con-
vergent segments, set in a round and rather deep basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep funnel-
shaped cavity, which is lined with ramifications of russet. Flesh,
greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells,
round ; axile, slit.
A very good culinary apple, grown in the neighbourhood of Lancaster ;
it is in use during November and December, and will keep till March
or April.
ROYAL SOMERSET.— Fruit, rather above medium size, three
inches wide, and rather more than two inches and a quarter high;
roundish ovate, generally higher on one side than the other, handsome
and regularly shaped. Skin, smooth, pale yellow, with a tinge of green
on the shaded side, but brighter yellow, marked with faint broken
streaks and mottles of crimson, on the side next the sun ; the whole
strewed with russety dots, which are most numerous in the basin of the
eye. Eye, large and open, with very short, stunted, erect, divergent
202 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
segments, placed in a round, even, and pretty deep basin. Stamens,
marginal or median ; tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, upwards
of half an inch long, slender, and inserted almost the whole of its
length in a deep, round, smooth, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellow-
ish, very tender and juicy, with a pleasant, delicate, sub-acid, but not
brisk flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
A very excellent culinary apple ; in use from November till March.
Like the Dumelow's Seedling, this apple is translucent round the eye.
The Royal Somerset of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue is London Pippin ;
but the variety described above is a very distinct fruit, and has more the resem-
blance of a medium-sized Blenheim Pippin, both in shape, colour, and the
formation of the eye. I obtained this in 1847 from the late Mr. James Lake,
nurseryman, of Bridgewater.
ROYAL WILDING. — Fruit, small, two inches and three-eighths
wide, and the same high ; conical, with obtuse ribs, which extend to the
crown and form ridges round the eye. Skin, greenish yellow on the
shaded side, and brownish red on the side next the sun ; sometimes the
skin is entirely greenish yellow, with an orange tinge next the sun.
Eye, small and closed, with erect convergent segments. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, deep conical. Stalk, very short, or a mere fleshy
knob, deeply inserted in the shallow cavity. Flesh, woolly, not very
juicy, sweet, and harshly flavoured. Cells, long, elliptical, pointed ;
axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
Roxbury Russet. See Boston Russet.
Ruckman's Pearmain. See Golden Pearmain.
RUSHOCK PEARMAIN.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two
inches and a half wide, and the same in height ; conical, even and
handsomely formed. Skin, of a fine deep yellow colour, almost entirely
covered with cinnamon-coloured russet, with a brownish tinge on the
side next the sun. Eye, large and open, with broad flat segments,
which generally fall ofl" as the fruit ripens. Stalk, a quarter of an inch
long, stout, and inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish,
firm, crisp, and juicy, with a brisk, sub-acid, and sugary flavour.
An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality; it is in use from
Christmas to April.
This is frequently met with in the Birmingham markets. It was raised, accord-
ing to Mr. Maund, by a blacksmith of the name of Charles Taylor, at Rushock,
in Worcestershire, about the year 1821, and is sometimes known by the name of
Charles's Pearmain.
Russet-coat Nonpareil. See Pitmaston Nonpareil.
Russet Golden Pippin. See Golden Pippin.
Russet Pine. See Pomeroy.
APPLES. 208
RUSSET TABLE PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size; oblong-
ovate. Skin, very much covered with brown russet, except on the
shaded side, where there is a little yellowish green visible, and on the
side next the sun, where it is orange, with a flame of deep bright
crimson breaking through the russet. Eye, open, with erect, rigid
segments, and set in a wide, shallow, saucer-like, and plaited basin.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and extending beyond the base.
Flesh, yellow, firm, very rich, juicy, and sugary, with a fine aromatic
and perfumed flavour.
A beautiful and handsome little apple of first-rate excellence ; it is
in use from November to February.
Russian Apple. See Court Pendu Plat,
Russian Emperor. See Emperor Alexander.
RUSSIAN TRANSPARENT.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half
wide, and three inches high ; roundish ovate, obtusely and prominently
ribbed, with bold ridges round the eye. Skin,' bright grass green, with
here and there a few traces of thin grey russet, and dotted with bold
russet dots, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Eye, rather small, deeply
set in a close ribbed basin, with connivent segments. Stamens, mar-
ginal ; tube, conical, square at the base. Stalk, very short, inserted in
a deep, irregular, and angular cavity, which is lined with coarse russet.
Flesh, crisp, very juicy, and with a fine brisk flavour. Cells, round ;
abaxile.
A very fine culinary apple ; in use from November till January.
It was introduced from Russia by General Boucherette, the representative of an
old Lincolnshire family still existing in the county. During the occupation of
Moscow by the invading army of the First Napoleon, General Boucherette noticed
this apple growing freely, and, being attracted by its fine appearance, he brought
with him a number of scions to Lincolnshire, and by this means the Kussian
Transparent got a position in the county.
RUSTY COAT. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches high ; somewhat oblate, even and regular
in outline. Skin, yellow, with an orange cheek, thickly covered with
large, coarse, russet dots and patches of rough russet. Eye, open, with
erect convergent segments, reflexed at the tips, set in a deep, round,
smooth basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short,
inserted in a deep, round, and russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm,
juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured. Cells, round ; axile.
A Gloucestershire cider apple, and considered one of the best ; ripe
during October and November.
Rutlandshire Foundling. See Golden Xoble.
RYMER (Caldwell; Green Cossings ; Ncwbold's Duke of York). —
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-
quarters high ; roundish and flattened, with five obscure ribs on the
204 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
sides, extending into the basin of the eye. Skin, smooth, thinly
strewed with reddish brown dots, and a few faint streaks of pale red on
the shaded side, and of a beautiful deep red, covered with yellowish
grey dots, on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with broad convergent
segments, set in a round and moderately deep basin. Stamens, median
or marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted ia a round and deep
cavity, lined with rough russet, which extends in ramifications over the
base. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, round-
ish obovate ; axile.
A good culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas.
This was raised at Thirsk, in Yorkshire, by a person named Eymer.
SACK [Spice Apjile). — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
five-eighths wide, and two inches and a half high ; conical, uneven in
its outline, being ribbed on the sides somewhat in the way of Margil,
and ridged round the eye. Skin, smooth and shining, as if varnished,
almost entirely covered^ with deep bright crimson, which is streaked
and mottled with darker crimson on the side next the sun, but where
shaded it is yellowish, mottled with crimson. Eye, small and closed,
with erect, pointed, connivent segments, set in a deep and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, thick, and
fleshy, set in a shallow depression. Flesh, tender, crisp, fine-grained,
sweet, and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, elliptical, pointed ;
axile, open.
A Herefordshire apple ; in use during October.
SACK AND SUGAR. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, inclin-
ing to oval, with prominent ridges round the eye. Skin, pale yellow,
marked with a few broken stripes and streaks of bright crimson on the
side next the sun. Eye, closed, with pointed segments, overlapping
each other, and rather deeply set in a round, angular, and plaited basin.
Stamens, median or basal ; tube, conical. Flesh, white, very soft and
tender, very juicy, sugary, and with a pleasant, brisk, balsamic flavour.
Cells, open, ovate or obovate.
An excellent apple either for culinary or dessert use ; ripe in the end
of July and beginning of August, and contuiuing during September.
The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and an immense bearer.
This apple was raised in the beginning of this century by Mr. Morris, a market
gardener at Brentford, and is sometimes met with under the name of Morris s
Sack and Sugar.
Sack Apple. See Devonshire Quarrenden,
SAINT JULIEN (Seigneur d'Orsay; Cnncombre des Chartreux). —
Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and three-
quarters high ; roundish, narrowing towards the eye, and angular on
its sides. Skin, yellowish green, covered with large patches of ashy-
coloured russet, and in dry warm seasons sometimes tinged with red.
APPLES. 206
Eye, open, set in a rather shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch
long, slender, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
firm, juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured,
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from December to
March.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer.
SAM'S CRAB. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and two
inches high ; conical or roundish ovate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, beautifully streaked with crimson and yellow on the side next
the sun, and less bo on the shaded side, where it is yellow. Eye,
closed, with connivent segments, set in a pretty deep, round, and some-
what plaited basin. Stamens, median; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
about an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity, which is tinged
with green. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and of good flavour.
It is tinged with rose at the base of the eye, round the core, and at the
base of the stalk. Cells, ovate, pointed ; axile, open.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
Sam's Crab. See Loru/ville's Kernel.
SAM YOUNG (Irish Russet). — Fruit, small, an inch and three-
quarters high, and about two inches and a half wide ; roundish oblate.
Skin, light greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with grey russet,
and strewed with minute russety dots on the yellow part, but tinged
with brownish red on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, with
divergent segments, set in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, not deeply inserted. Flesh,
yellow, tinged with green, firm, crisp, tender, juic}', sugary, and highly
flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
A delicious little dessert apple of the first quality ; in use from
November to February.
This variety is of Irish origin, and was first introduced to public notice by Mr.
Robertson, the nurseryman of Kilkenny.
Scarlet Crofton. See Crofton Scarlet.
SCARLET GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and
an inch and three-quarters high ; of the same size and form as the old
Golden Pippin, which is roundish oblate, sometimes incliniug to oblong,
even and symmetrical. Skin, bright crimson, extending over the whole of
that part exposed to the sun, and where shaded a deep rich yellow ; it
is strewed with some minute russet dots and pearl specks. Eye, open,
with segments which are erect and convergent, set in a shallow, even
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from a
quarter of an inch to three-quarters long, inserted in a rather shallow
cavity, with frequently a slight swelling on one side of it. Flesh, deep
yellow, crisp, very juicy, sweet, with a brisk and particularly fine
flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A delicious dessert apple ; in use from November to April.
206 THE FRUIT MANUAL,.
This appeared as a bud sport on an old tree of the Golden Pippin in an orchard
at Gourdie Hill, in the Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire, the property of Robert
Mathew, Esq., who pointed it out to me when I was on a visit to him in 1846.
At that time it was merely a small branch thickly set with fruit-bearing spurs.
Scarlet Incomparable. See Duchess's Favourite.
SCAKLET LEADINGTON.— Fruit, medium sized ; conical, even in
its outline, broadest at the base, and narrowing towards the eye, where
it is distinctly four-sided. Skin, smooth and shining, yellow on the
shaded side, and the whole of the exposed side covered with brilliant
dark crimson, shining as if varnished, and which shades oif in streaks
of bright crimson. Eye, large and open, with long, broad, and ragged
segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in
a wide and shallow cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish,
tender, crisp, juicy, and sugary, with a brisk and pleasant flavour,
slightly perfumed.
An apple much esteemed in Scotland as a first-rate variety, both for
the dessert and culinary purposes ; but it does not rank so high in the
south ; it is in use from November to February.
SCAKLET NONPAKEIL.— Fruit, medium sized; round, narrowing
towards the apex, regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellowish
on the shaded side, streaked with pale red, but covered with red, which
is streaked with deeper red, on the side next the sun, and covered with
patches of russet and large russety specks. Eye, open, with flat erect
segments, reflexed at the tips, and set in a shallow and even basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch or more in
length, straight, inserted in a small round cavity, which is lined with
scales of silvery grey russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich,
and sugary. Cells, elliptical or ovate ; axile, slit.
A very excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from
January to March,
The tree is hardy, a good grower, though slender in its habit, and
an excellent bearer.
The Scarlet Nonpareil, according to one account, was discovered growing in the
garden of a publican at Esher, in Surrey, and was iirst cultivated by Grimwood,
of the Kensington Nursery, but according to Salisbury it was raised from seed at
Kempton Park, near Sunbury, in the beginning of this century (1816).
SCAELET PEARMAIN (BelVs Scarlet Pearmain ; BelVs Scarlet;
Hood's Seedling ; Oscford Peach). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; conical, regularly
and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth, tender, and shining, of a rich,
deep, bright crimson, with stripes of darker crimson on the side next
the sun, and extending almost over the whole surface of the fruit,
except where it is much shaded, and there it is yellow, washed and
striped with crimson, but of a paler colour, intermixed with a tinge of
yellow, on the shaded side, and the whole surface sprinkled with
numerous grey russety dots. Eye, open, with long reflexed segments.
APPLES. 207
set in a round, even, and rather deep basin, wliicli is marked with lines
of russet. Stamens, basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from
three-quarters to an inch long, deeph' inserted in a round, even, and
funnel-shaped cavity, which is generally russety at the insertion of the
stalk. Flesh, yellowish, with a tinge of rod under the skin, tender,
juicy, sugary, and vinous. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open.
A beautiful and handsome dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use
from October to January. The tree is a free and vigorous grower,
attaining about the middle size, and is an excellent bearer. It succeeds
well on the paradise stock, on which it forms a good dwarf or espalier
tree.
This was called Bell's Scarlet Pcirmain from havinji^ been brouijht into notice
by a Mr. Bell, land steward to the Duke of Northuiuberland, ut Sion Uouse,
Middlesex, about the year 1800.
Scarlet Queening. See Crimson Queening.
SCARLET TIFFING.— Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, inclining to oblate,
and irregularly angular. Skin, pale yellow, tinged with green on the
shaded side and round the eye, but deep scarlet where exposed to the
sun, extending in general over the greater portion of the fruit. Eye,
small and closed, set in an irregular, ribbed, and warted basin. Stalk,
flesh}', about half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
pure white, very tender, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly acid.
A valuable and excellent culinary apple, much grown in the orchard
districts of Lancaster ; it is in use during November and December.
SCHOOLMASTER. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches
and three-quarters high ; obtusely ribbed, and terminating at the eye in
broad ridges, as well as at the base. Skin, bright green, changing as
it ripens to greenish yellow, covered all over with large russet
freckles, and with a pale red tinge where it is exposed to the sun ;
russety round the stalk. Eye, closed, with erect convergent segments,
the tips of which are reflexed, set in a pretty deep basin. Stamens,
marginal ; tube, long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short and slender,
deeply inserted in a close cavity, with a swelling on one side of it.
Flesh, white, crisp, tender, and mildly acid. Cells, obovate ; axile,
open.
A fine cooking apple, which received a first-class certificate from the
Royal Horticultural Society.
SCOTCH BRIDGET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish, broadest
at the base, and narrowing towards the apex, where it is rather
knobbed, caused by the terminations of the angles on the sides. Skin,
smooth, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and almost entirely covered
with bright deep red on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, set in
an angular and warted basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long.
208 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
straight, lliick, and stout, inserted in a very narrow and shallow cavity.
Flesh, white, tender, soft, juicy, and briskly flavoured.
An excellent culinary apple, much grown in the neighbourhood of
Lancaster ; in use from October to January.
Scotch Virgin. See White Virgin.
SCREVETON GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, the size and shape of
the old Golden Pippin, and little, if at all, inferior to it in flavour.
Skin, green at first, changing to greenish yellow when it ripens, and
considerably marked with russet patches and dots, sometimes entirely
covered with russet. Eye, open, with long, pointed, reflexed segments,
set level on the surface without depression. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, set in a shallow
cavity. Flesh, yellow, tender, and with a pleasant flavour. Cells,
obovate ; axile, open.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from December to
April.
Kaised in the garden of Sir John Thoroton, Bart., at Screveton, in Nottingham-
shire, about the year 1808.
Scudamore's Crab. See Red-streak.
SEEK-NO-FARTHER.— Fruit, medium sized; conical, or Pear-
main-shaped. Skin, yellowish green, streaked with broken patches of
crimson, on the shaded side, and strewed with grey russety dots, but
covered with light red, which is marked with crimson streaks, and
covered with patches of fine delicate russet, and numerous large,
square, and star-like russety specks like scales, on the side exposed to
the sun. Eye, small and closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments,
the edges of which fit neatly to each other, set in a rather deep and
plaited basin. Stalk, about half an inch long, stout, and inserted in a
deep, round, and regular cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, crisp, juicy,
rich, sugary, and vinous, charged with a pleasant aromatic flavour.
An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; it is in use from
November to January.
This is the true old Seek-no-farther.
Seigneur d'Orsay. See St. Julien.
SELWOOD'S REINETTE.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
about two inches and a half high ; round and flattened, angular on the
sides, and with five prominent plaits round the eye, which is small,
open, and not at all depressed, but rather elevated on the surfacQ.
Skin, pale green, almost entirely covered with red, which is marked
with broken stripes of darker red, those on the shaded side being paler,
and not so numerous as on the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, about
half an inch long, very stout, and inserted the whole of its length in a
russety cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, brisk, and pleasantly
flavoured.
APPLES. 209
A culinary apple of good, but not first-rate quality ; it is in use
from December to March.
The tree is a strong and healthy grower, and an abundant bearer.
This is certainly a different variety from the Selwood's Reinette of the Horti-
cultural Society's Catalogue, which is described as being small, Pearmain-shaped,
greenish yellow, and a dessert apple. It is, however, identical with the Selwood's
Keinette of Rogers, who, as we are informed in his ** Fruit Cultivator," received it
upwards of ninety years ago from Messrs. Hewitt & Co., of Brompton. The
tree now in my possession I procured as a graft from the private garden of the
late Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith ; and as it has proved to be the same as Rogers's
variety, I am induced to think that it is correct, while that of the Horticultural
Society is wrong. It received its name from a person of the name of Selwood,
who was a nurseiyman at the Queen's Elm, Little Chelsea, in the last century,
where Selwood's Terrace now is.
SEVERN BANK. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and
two inches and a half high ; roundish, slightly depressed, and obtusely
ribbed. Skin, smooth, deep yellow when ripe, and with a blush of
thin crimson where exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, with convergent
segments, which are sometimes reflexed at the tips, and set in an
angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch
long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, tender, briskly acid.
Cells, wide open, Codlin-like, obovate.
An early cooking apple, in use in October. It is grown in large
quantities in the Valley of the Severn for the supply of the markets in
the manufacturing districts, and being thick-skinned, it travels well
without bruising.
SHAKE SPE RE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, narrowing
a little towards the eye. Skin, dark green on the shaded side, and
brownish red on the side next the sun, which is marked with a few
broken stripes of darker red, the whole strewed with russety dots.
Eye, small, and partially open, set in a narrow and irregular basin,
which is ridged round the margin. Stalk, short and slender, inserted
in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and juicy,
with a brisk vinous flavour.
An excellent dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from Christ-
mas to April.
This variety was raised by Thomas Hunt, Esq., of Stratford -on -Avon, from the
seed of Hunt's Duke of Gloucester, and named in honour of the poet Sbakeepere.
SHEEP'S NOSE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and the same high ; distinctly angular, broad at the
base and tapering to two-thirds of its height, where it forms a con-
tracted waist, and thence it narrows to the crown, where it terminates
in five prominent knobs. Skin, bright crimson, striped with broken
stripes of rich yellow, except where it is shaded, and there it is either
yellow or marked with faint streaks. Eye, closed, with long erect
segments, set in a very angular and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ;
14
210 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
tube, long conical. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a wide
and furrowed cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and with a mild
acidity. Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
A Somersetshire cider apple, and also good for cooking ; in use
during October and November. It is a very handsome-looking apple,
?,nd of remarkable shape.
SHEPHERD'S FAME.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches and a half high ; obtuse-ovate, broad and flat-
tened at the base, narrowing towards the eye, with five prominent ribs
on the sides, and in every respect very much resembling a small speci-
men of Emperor Alexander. Skin, smooth, pale straw-yellow, marked
with faint broken patches of crimson, on the shaded side, but streaked
with yellow and bright crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, open,
with short, stunted segments, placed in a deep, angular, and plaited
basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, imbedded in a
round funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, soft, and tender, trans-
parent, sweet, and briskly flavoured, but rather dry. Cells, roundish ;
axile.
An apple of very ordinary quality ; in use from October to March.
SHEPHERD'S NEWINGTON.— Fruit, rather large, three inches
wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, inclining to oblate,
obtusely ribbed and correspondingly ridged on the crown. Skin,
yellow, with broken streaks of crimson on the side next the sun. Eye,
closed, or half open, with broad, erect, convergent segments, which are
reflexed at the tips. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
half an inch or more long, set in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh,
tender and mellow, with a mild acidity and no flavour. Cells, round ;
abaxile.
A cooking apple, in use in October and November, which soon
becomes mealy and insipid.
Shepherd's Seedling. See Alfdston.
Shippen's Russet. See Boston Russet.
SHOREDITCH WHITE.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide,
and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, even and symmetrical in
its outline. Skin, pale straw-coloured with a slight orange tinge,
with red freckles on the side next the sun, and in the basin of the eye.
Eye, small and open, with short, erect, convergent segments, set in a
round, smooth, and rather deep basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
conical, or rather cup-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted all its length in
the deep russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and pleasantly
sub-acid. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile.
A handsome early kitchen apple ; in use from September till
November.
This is a Somer set apple, and was received from Mr. Poynter, nurseryman at
Taunton.
APPLES. 211
SIBERIAN BITTER SWEET.— Fruit, small, and nearly globular.
Eve, small, with short connivent segments of the calyx. Stalk, short.
Skin, of a bright gold colour, tinged with faint and deeper red on the
sunny side. The fruit grows a good deal in clusters, on slender wing
branches.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1091.
This remarkable apple was raised by Mr. Knight from the seed of the Yellow
Siberian Crab, fertilised with the pollen of the Golden Harvey. I cannot do
better than transcribe from the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society
Mr. Knight's own account of this apple. " The fruit contains much saccharine
matter, with scarcely any perceptible acid, and it in consequence affords a cider
which is perfectly free from the harshness which in that liquor offends the palate
of many and the constitution of more; and I believe that there is not any county
in England in which it might not be made to afford, at a moderate price, a very
wholesome and very palatable cider. This fruit differs from all others of its
species with which I am acquainted in being always sweet and without acidity
even when it is more than half igrown."
When the juice is pressed from ripe and somewhat mellow fruit it contains a
very large portion of saccharine matter; and if a part of the water it contains be
made to evaporate in a moderately low temperature, it affords a large quantity of
a jelly of intense sweetness, which, to my palate, is extremely agreeable, and which
may be employed for purposes similar to those to which the inspissated juice of
the grape is applied in France. The jelly of the apple, prepared in the manner
above described, is, I believe, capable of being kept unchanged during a very long
period in any climate; the mucilage being preserved by the antiseptic powers of
the saccharine matter, and that being incapable of acquiring, as sugar does, a
state of crystallisation. If the juice be properly filtered, the jelly will be perfectly
transparent.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, a most abundant bearer, and a perfect
dreadnought to the woolly aphis.
Siberian Crab. See Cherry Apple,
SIBERIAN HARVEY.— Fruit, produced in clusters, smaU ; nearly
globular. Eye, small, with short connivent segments of the calyx.
Stalk, short. Skin, of a bright gold colour, tinged with faint and
deeper red on the sunny side. Juice, Tery sweet. Ripe in October.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1091.
A cider apple raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., and, along with the Foxley, con-
sidered by him superior to any other varieties in cultivation. It was produced
from a seed of the Yellow Siberian Crab, fertilised with the pollen of the Golden
Harvey. The juice of this variety is most intensely sweet, and is probably very
nearly what that of the Golden Harvey would be in a southern climate. The
original tree produced its blossoms in the year 1807, when it first obtained the
annual premium of the Herefordshire Agricultural Society.
SIEGENDE REINETTE.— Fruit, about' medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two and a half high ; roundish and
depressed, inclining to roundish ovate, even in outline, but slightly
ribbed at the crown. Skin, rich yellow, tinged and streaked with red
next the sun, and with a patch of russet round the stalk ; sometimes
the colour is very faint or wanting. Eye, closed, with erect convergent
segments, which are reflexed at the tips, and set in a shallow, some-
what irregular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
212 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
from a quarter to half an inch long; slender, pretty deeply inserted.
Flesh, yellowish ; firm, juicy, and sweet. Cells, roundish, inclining to
oblate ; axile, open.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from December to March.
This is a German apple, and was received from Rev. Superintendent Oberdieck,
of Jeinsen, in Hanover.
SIELY'S MIGNONNE (Pride of the Ditches).— Fvuii, rather small,
about one inch and three-quarters deep, and the same in diameter ;
almost globular, but occasionally flattened on one side. Eye, small,
with a closed calyx, placed somewhat deeply in a rather irregularly
formed narrow basin, surrounded by a few small plaits. Stalk, half an
inch long, slender, about one-half within the base, in a narrow cavity,
and occasionally presssd towards one side by a protuberance on the
opposite one. Skin, when clear, of a bright yellow, but mostly
covered with a grey netted russet, rendering the skin scabrous. Flesh,
greenish yellow, firm, crisp, and tender. Juice, saccharine, highly
aromatic, and of a most excellent flavour.
A dessert apple ; in use from November to February. The tree is a
weak grower, and somewhat tender. It is therefore advisable to graft
it on the doucin stock, and train it either as a dwarf or as an espalier
in a garden.
This neat and very valuable little apple was introduced to notice about the
beginning of the present century by the late Mr. Andrew Siely, of Norwich, who
had it growing in his garden on the Castle Ditches ; and, being a favourite with
him, he always called it the " Pride of the Ditches."
Simpson's Pippin. See Ord's Apple.
Sir Walter Blackett's. See Edinburgh Cluster.
SIR WILLIAM GIBBON'S.— Fruit, very large, three inches and
three-quarters wide, and three inches high; Calville-shaped, being
roundish oblate, with several prominent angles, which extend from the
base to the apex, where they terminate in five or six large unequal
knobs. Skin, deep yellow, tinged with green, and strewed with minute
russety dots, on the shaded side, but deep crimson, streaked with dark
red, on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with short ragged
segments, set in a deep, wide, and irregular basin. Stalk, very short,
imbedded in a deep and angular cavity, which is lined with russet.
Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, juicy, and slightly acid, with a pleasant
vinous flavour.
A very showy and excellent culinary apple ; in use from November
to January.
Sitchampton Pearmain. See Sitchampton Russet.
SITCHAMPTON RUSSET {Sitchampton Pearmain).— Fmit, small,
two inches and three-eighths wide, and two inches high ; roundish
oblate, flattened both at the base and the crown. Skin, covered with a
APPLES. 213
coat of smooth grey russet, which has a brownish tinge on the side
next the sun. Eye, large, and wide open, with reflexed segments Uke
Wyken Pippin, set in a wide, saucer-hke basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, slender, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and stout, set in a deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a somewhat
aromatic flavour. Cells, small, obovate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of good quality, which keeps well till February.
I received this from Messrs. R. Smith & Co., of Worcester, in 1876, under the
name of Sitchamptoii Pearmain, but as it is not of a Pearmain shape I have
thought it better to give it its proper designation.
SKYPtME'S KERNEL. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches to two inches and an eighth high ; conical, even
and regular in its outline, and with somewhat of a waist towards the
apex. Skin, smooth and shining, almost entirely covered with broken
streaks of brilliant crimson on a thin, pale crimson cheek on the side
next the sun, and lemon-yellow tinged with crimson, and marked with
pale crimson stripes, on the shaded side ; the whole surface is strewed
with distinct russet dots. Eye, small and closed, with erect convergent
segments, set a narrow, roimd, and even basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, a fleshy knob set in a deep wide
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and not very juicy, acid, and with
a rather harsh flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, quite closed.
A favourite cider apple in Herefordshire ; quite in the first rank.
SLACK MY GIRDLE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; round and
somewhat flattened, obscurely angular. Skin, beautifully streaked with
crimson on a yellow ground on the side next the sun, and where shaded
it is greenish yellow when ripe. Eye, small and closed, with connivent
segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, set in a shallow basin, some-
what russety. Flesh, tender, sweet, and mawkish. Cells, small,
round ; axile.
A Devonshire cider apple ; in use from October to Christmas.
SLEEPING BEAUTY.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish and some-
what flattened, slightly angular on the sides, and undulating roimd the
eye ; in some specimens there is an inclination to an ovate or conical
shape, in which case the apex is narrow and even. Skin, pale straw-
coloured, smooth and shining, occasionally washed on one side with
delicate lively red, very thinly sprinkled with minute russety dots.
Eye, large, somewhat resembling that of Trumpington, with broad,
flat, and incurved segments, which dove-tail, as it were, to each other,
and set in a shallow, uneven, and plaited basin. Stalk, from a quarter
to half an inch long, slightly fleshy, inserted in a narrow, round, and
rather shallow cavity, which is tinged with green, and lined with delicate
pale brown russet. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, and juicy,
with a fine poignant and agreeably acid flavour.
214 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
A most excellent and very valuable apple for all culinary purposes,
and particularly for sauce ; it is in use from November till the end of
February.
The tree is a most excellent bearer, and succeeds well in almost
every situation.
This excellent apple bears such a close resemblance to Dumelow's
Seedling, that at first sight it may be taken for that variety ; from
which, however, it is perfectly distinct, and may be distinguished by
the want of the characteristic russet dots on the fruit, and the spots on
the young wood of the tree. It is extensively cultivated in Lincoln-
shire for the supply of the Boston markets.
Small Eibston. See Margil.
SMALL STALK. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide,
andtwo inches high; roundish, slightly angular on the sides, and knobbed
at the apex. Skin, dull greenish yellow, with a tinge of orange on the
side next the sun, and thickly covered with reddish brown dots. Eye,
small and closed, with long flat segments, and placed in an angular
basin. Stalk, about an inch long, slender, inserted in a wide and
rather shallow cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and well-flavoured.
A good apple for ordinary purposes, much grown about Lancaster ;
it is in use during September and October.
SMALL'S ADMIRABLE. — Fruit, above medium size ; roundish
ovate and flattened, obtusely angular on the sides. Skin, of an uniform
lemon-yellow colour. Eye, small, partially open, with segments re-
flexed at the tips, and set in a rather deep basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long, slender. Flesh, yellowish,
firm, crisp, sweet, and agreeably acid, with a delicate perfume. Cells,
open, obovate ; axile.
An excellent kitchen and dessert apple ; in use during November
and December. The tree is an immense bearer, and is well adapted
for dwarf culture.
This apple was raised by Mr. F. Small, nurseryman, of Colnbrook, near
Slough,
SMALL'S GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and
an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and flattened, even and
symmetrical in shape. Skin, clear lemon-yellow, covered with numerous
speckles and traces of russet in thin patches. Eye, open, with short
segments, set even with the surface. Stamens, marginal ; tube, long
conical, very slender. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a shallow
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and briskly flavoured. Cells,
obovate ; axile, closed.
A dessert apple ; in use from December till January.
Raised by Mr. Small, a nurseryman, at Colnbrook, near Slough.
SMART'S PRINCE ARTHUR {Lady's Finger in Kent).— Fruit,
APPLES. 215
large, two inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches and a
quarter high ; conical, with a sHght waist towards the crown, obtusely
ribbed, and with ridges round the eye, quite of a Codlin shape. Skin,
orange-yellow, with a gi-eenish tinge in some parts, with broken streaks
of crimson. Eye, somewhat open, with erect convergent segments,
deeply set in an angular basin. Stamens, mai'ginal or median ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted all its length in a deep cavity.
Flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavour. Cells,
obovate ; abaxile.
An excellent late-keeping kitchen apple, which lasts in good condition
till March. It is grown in the Kentish orchards about Maidstone.
SOMERSET LASTING.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
wnde, and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, irregular on the
sides, and with undulating ridges round the eye. Skin, pale yellow,
streaked and dotted with a little bright crimson next the sun. Eye,
large and open, with short stunted segments, placed in a wide and
deep basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is
lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, very juicy, with a
poignant and somewhat harsh flavour.
A culinary apple ; in use from October to February.
SOPS IN WINE {So]js of Wtju).— Fruit, rather above medium
size, two inches and three-quarters broad, and the same in height;
roundish, but narrowing a little towards the eye, and slightly ribbed on
the sides. Skin, covered with a delicate white bloom, which when
rubbed off exhibits a smooth, shining, and varnished rich deep chestnut,
almost approaching to black, on the side exposed to the sun, but on the
shaded side it is of a light orange-red, and where very much shaded
quite yellow, the whole strewed with minute dots. Eye, small, half
open, with long, broad, and reflexed segments, placed in a round and
slightly angular basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical.
Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh,
red, as if sopped in wine, tender, sweet, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
Cells, round ; axile, slit.
A very ancient English culinary and cider apple, but perhaps more
singular than useful ; it is in use from October to February.
The tree is vigorous and spreading, very hardy, an excellent bearer,
and not subject to canker.
SOUTH QUOINING. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and two and a half high ; conical, distinctly ribbed, the ridges ter-
minating prominently round the eye. Skin, deep yellow, covered with
broken crimson streaks, and overspread with crimson next the sun.
Eye, small, and deeply set in a furrowed basin, with erect convergent
segments. Stamens, median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, slender,
from half an inch to an inch long, inserted in a close and shallow cavity.
Flesh, white, pleasantly acid. Cells, open, obovate ; abaxile.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
216 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Speckled Golden Reinette. See Barcelona Pearmain.
Speckled Pearmain. See Barcelona Pearmain.
Spice. See Herefordshire Spice.
Spice Apple. See Aromatic Russet.
Spice Apple. See B'Arcy Spice.
Spice Apple. See Sack.
SPICE APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half broad,
and two and a quarter high ; roundish, but narrowing towards the eye.
Skin, deep yellow, marked with broad streaks of crimson on the side
next the sun. Eye, open, with long, broad, reflexed, downy segments^
set in a narrow, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk, short, inserted in
a round cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp,
brisk, and perfumed.
A good second-rate dessert apple ; in use from November to February.
It is not the Spice Apple of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, but one which
was cultivated by Kirke, of Brompton, under that name, and so described by Diel.
— See Aromatic Russet.
SPITZEMBERa.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
broad, and two inches high ; roundish, flattened at the base, and
narrowing a little towards the eye. Skin, deep yellow, with an orange
tinge on the side exposed to the sun, and strewed with large stelloid
russety specks. Eye, partially open, with long, broad, and erect
segments, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, short and stout,,
inserted in a small narrow cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet, and
pleasantly flavoured.
An apple of second-rate quality ; in use from November to Christmas.
This is the Spitzemberg of the German nurseries.
SPREADING NORMAN.— Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters
wide, and two inches high ; conical, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, smooth and shining, of a clear lemon-yellow on the shaded side,
and with a bright red cheek on the side next the sun ; the surface
strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, with erect convergent segments,
set in a narrow round basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, short, inserted in a shallow cavity, surrounded with brown
russet, and with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, soft, not
very juicy, and with a bitter-sweet flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile,
quite closed.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
Spring Ribston. See B'Arcy Spice.
SPRINGROVE CODLIN.— Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide at the base, and two inches and three-quarters high ; conical, and
slightly angular on the sides. Skin, pale greenish yellow, tinged with
orange on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, closed, with broad con-
APPLES. 217
nivent segments, and set in a narrow plaited basin . Stamens, marginal ;
tube, conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, short, inserted in a rather deep
cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, brisk, and
slightly perfumed. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxile.
A first-rate culinary apple. It may be used for tarts as soon as the
fruit are the size of a walnut, and continues in use up to the beginning
of October.
It was raised by T. A. Knight, and named after Springrove, the seat of Sir
Joseph Banks, near Hounslow, Middlese;e.
SQUIRE'S PIPPIN. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
a half wide, and two inches high ; roundish and flattened, irregular in
its outline, having sometimes very prominent, unequal, and obtuse
angles on the sides, which terminate in undulations round the eye.
Skin, of a fine clear grass-green colour, covered with dull brownish red
where exposed to the sun, thinly strewed all over with minute dots.
Eye, quite open, like that of Blenheim Pippin, placed in a saucer-like
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and
slender, inserted in a round, narrow, and deep cavity, which is lined
with rough scaly russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm and crisp, with
a brisk, somewhat sugary flavour, and when kept till spring becomes
rich and balsamic. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A good culinary apple, and useful also for the dessert ; it is in use
from Christmas till April or May.
Raised on the property of Mrs. Squires, of Wigtoft, near Sleaford, and has mnch
the appearance of a small Blenheim Pippin,
Stagg's Nonpareil. See Early Nonpareil.
ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, depressed,
and inclining to oblate, even and handsome in its outline, smooth and
Reinette-shaped. Skin, almost entirely covered with red, and broken
streaks of darker red ; on the shaded side it is yellow, tinged with green.
Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments, set in a wide, shallow, and
saucer-like basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very
slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, tender and fine-grained, yellowish,
juicy, and with a pleasant flavour. Cells, very small, round ; axile, slit.
A very fine dessert apple ; ripe in the end of October.
This is grown about Brenchley, in Kent, and was brought to my notice by my
friend Mr. Harrison Weir, the artist.
ST. EDMUND'S PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half
wide, and two inches high ; roundish, even and symmetrical in its out-
line, narrowing slightly towards the eye. Skin, entirely covered with
pale greenish brown russet, with here and there small patches of
greenish yellow ; on the side next the sun it has a pale thin brownish
red tinge, with a few streaks of dark crimson. Eye, small and closed,
with flat convergent segments, set in a pretty deep, narrow, and plaited
218 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, conical. Stalk, from a
quarter of an inch to three-quarters long, slender, and set in a deep,
round, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very juicy, with
a rich aromatic flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
An excellent early dessert apple ; ripe in October. It was raised by
Mr. R. Harvey, of Bury St. Edmunds, and received a first-class certi-
ficate from the Royal Horticultural Society, October 6, 1875. It has
a strong resemblance to Golden Russet, but is quite distinct from that
variety. It is the earliest russet apple with which I am acquainted,
and it soon shrivels.
St. Helena Russet. See Beiyiette de Canada.
St. John's Nonpareil. See Fitmaston Nonpareil.
ST. SAUVEUR. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and
the same high ; conical, prominently ribbed, and with prominent
ridges round the crown. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, with a dull
red cheek on the side next the sun, the surface sprinkled with russet
dots. Eye, closed, with erect, pointed, connivent segments, which are
spreading at the tips, and set in a deep, angular, and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, about half an inch
long, inserted in a deep angular cavity. Flesh, white, very tender and
juicy, sweet, and with an agreeable mild acidity. Cells, elliptical or
ovate, pointed ; abaxile.
An excellent cooking apple, in use in October, the flesh of which
is not inferior to that of White Calville.
STAMFORD PIPPIN.— Fruit, above medium size ; roundish, in-
clining to ovate. Skin, bright yellow, with a slight tinge of orange
on one side, and strewed with russet dots. Eye, half open, with
long, broad, pointed segments, which are convergent, and rather flat.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long,
deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish, firm, but quite tender, crisp, and
very juicy, with a sweet, brisk flavour, and pleasant aroma. Cells,
axile, open.
A first-rate dessert and kitchen apple; in use from December to
March.
STEAD'S KERNEL.— Fruit, a little turbinate, or top-shaped,
somewhat resembling a quince. Eye, small, flat, with a short truncate
or covered calyx. Stalk, short. Skin, yellow, a little reticulated with
a slight greyish russet, and a few small specks intermixed.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1074.
As a cider apple, this appears to possess great merit, combining a
slight degree of astringency with much sweetness ; it ripens in October,
and is also a good culinary apple during its season.
It was raised from seed by Daniel Stead, Esq., Brierly, near Leominster, Here-
fordshire (Knight and Lindley).
APPLES. 219
Stem Apfel. See Api Etoille.
Stettin Pippin. See Dutch Mlgnonne.
Stibbert. See Summer Stibbert.
STIRZAKER'S EARLY SQUARE.— Fruit, below medium size ;
roundish, with prominent ribs which run into the eye, forming sharp
ridges at the crown. Skin, of an uniform pale yellow, freckled and
mottled with very thiu dingy brown russet on the shaded side, and
completely covered with the same on the side next the sun. Eye,
small, half open, set in an irregular and angular basin. Stalk, very
short, imbedded in a deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and
pleasantly flavoured.
An early apple, gi'own in the neighbourhood of Lancaster ; it is ripe
in August, and continues in use during September.
STIRLING CASTLE.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; round and oblate,
even and regularly shaped. Skin, clear pea-green, which becomes
pale yellow or straw-coloured when it ripens, with a blush and
broken stripes of pale crimson on the side next the sun, and
several large dots sprinkled over the surface. Eye, half closed, with
erect convergent segments, set in a pretty deep, wide, and saucer-like
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, from half an inch to
an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep and wide cavity, from which
are branches of russet. Flesh, white, very tender, juicy, and of the
character of that of Hawthornden. Cells, wide open, obovate ; abaxile.
An excellent eai'ly culinary apple ; in use in August and September.
The tree is an immense bearer, and is well adapted for bush culture.
It was raised at Stirling by John Christie, a small nurseryman at Causeyhead,
on the road to Bridge of Allan, about the year 1830.
STOKE EDITH PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches wide at the
base, and two inches high ; tapering Pearmain-shaped, and even in its
outline. Skin, yellow when ripe, with a tinge of orange on the side
next the sun, marked all over the surface with traces of grey russet.
Eye, large and closed, set in a round, saucer-like, plaited basin. Stalk,
short, imbedded the whole of its length in a deep round cavity.
Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, and juicy, sweet, and with a nicely
perfumed flavour.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from November till February.
Stone Pippin. See Gogar Pippin.
Stone Pippin. See Noifolk Stone Pippin.
Stone Pippin. See Birmingham Pippin.
Stone's Apple. See Loddington.
220 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Stone's Blenheim. See Hambledon Deux Ans.
STOUP LEADINGTON.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
half wide, and three inches high ; tall and angular like the Catshead
and Dutch Codlin. It is distinctly five-sided, with five corresponding
angles. Skin, quite green, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Eye,
with divergent segments, set in a deep, angular, and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical, very wide and deep. Stalk, short,
inserted by the side of a large and prominent growth, which projects
from the fruit in the form of the spout of a jug. Flesh, greenish,
juicy, very acid. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A kitchen apple of singular appearance, peculiar to Scotland. It
receives its name from the likeness of the fruit to a stoup, or pitcher
for holding liquids, which it certainly resembles when stood upon the
eye, the stalk being upwards ; it is in use from November till January.
See Grey Leadington.
This is much grown in the orchards on the borders of Scotland, and it has a
good deal of resemblance to Winter Codlin, but is smaller.
STRAWBERRY NORMAN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter wide, and an inch and three-quarters high ; round and de-
pressed, uneven in its outline, being angular and considerably ribbed
about the eye, which is deeply sunk. Skin, with a lemon-yellow
ground, covered with light crimson, which is thickly marked with
broken streaks and mottles of a bright and darker crimson on the side
next the sun, and these extend for a considerable space to the shaded
side, but much paler ; the base and cavity of the stalk are covered
with cinnamon russet. Eye, open, with somewhat divergent seg-
ments, set in a very deep and ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube,
short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, imbedded in a very deep
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, close-grained and spongy, with a sweet,
mawkish juice, stained with red at the base of the tube, and nowhere
else. Cells, small and obovate ; axile, quite closed.
A valuable Herefordshire cider apple.
STRIPED BEEFING (Striped Beau/in).— Fruit, of the largest
size ; beautiful and handsome, roundish, and somewhat depressed,
obscurely ribbed. Skin, bright lively green, almost entirely covered
with broken streaks and patches of fine deep red, and thickly strewed
with russety dots ; in some specimens the colour extends almost
entirely round the fruit. Eye, closed, with short, erect, convergent
segments, which are reflexed at the tips, set in a deep, irregular, and
angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, halt an inch
long, imbedded its whole length in the cavity, sometimes very short,
or a mere knob with a fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh, yellowish,
firm, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly acid. Cells, obovate ; axile or
abaxile.
One of the handsomest and best culinary apples in cultivation ; for
baking it is unrivalled ; it is in use from October till May.
APPLES. 221
The tree is very hardy, and an excellent bearer.
This noble apple was introduced by Mr. George Lindley, who found it growing
in 1794 in the garden of William Crowe, Esq., ut Lakenham, near Norwich. He
measured a specimen of the fruit, and found it twelve inches and a half in circum-
ference, and weighing twelve ounces and a half avoirdupois. Through the kind-
ness of George Jefferies, Esq., of Marlborough Terrace, Kensington, who procured
it from his residence in Norfolk, I had the good fortune, in 1847, to obtain grafts,
which, when propagated, I distributed through several of the principal nurseries of
the country. Till then it does not seem ever to have been in general cultivation,
as it was not mentioned in any of the nursery catalogues, nor in that of the London
Horticultural Society. I am glad to see that it is now not unfrequently met with
in good gardens.
Striped Holland Pippin. See Lincolnshire Holland Pippin.
Striped Joaneting. See Margaret.
STRIPED MONSTROUS REINETTE.— Fruit, large, three inches
and a half broad, and three inches high ; roundish, and a little flat-
tened, irregular in its outline, having prominent angles on the sides,
which extend from the base to the apex. Skin, smooth, of a deep
yellow ground colour, which is almost entirely covered with pale red,
and streaked with broad stripes of dark crimson. Eye, closed, with
long acuminate segments, set in a narrow, angular basin. Stalk, an
inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a round and russety cavity.
Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
A culinary apple of second-rate quality ; it is in use during Novem-
ber and December.
Striped Quarrenden. See Margaret.
Stubbard. See Summer Stibbert.
STURMER PIPPIN. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a
quarter broad, by one inch and three-quarters high ; roundish, and
somewhat flattened, and narrowing towards the apex, a good deal
resembling the old Nonpareil. Skin, of a lively green colour, changing
to yellowish green as it attains maturity, and almost entirely covered
with brown russet, with a tinge of dull red on the side next the sun.
Eye, small and closed, with segments reflexed at the tips, set in a
shallow, irregular, and angular basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, straight, in-
serted in a round, even, and russety cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm,
crisp, very juicy, with a brisk and rich sugary flavour. Cells, obovate ;
axile, closed.
This is one of the most valuable dessert apples of its season ; it is
of first-rate excellence, and exceedingly desirable both on account of
its delicious flavour, and arriving at perfection at a period when the
other favourite varieties are past. It is not fit for use till the Ribston
Pippin is nearly gone, and continues long after the Nonpareil. The
period of its perfection may be fixed from February to June.
222 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
The tree is hardy, and an excellent bearer, and attains about the
middle size.
The Sturmer Pippin was raised by Mr. Dillistone, a nurseryman at Sturmer,
near Haverhill, in Suffolk; and was obtained by impregnating the Ribston Pippin
with the pollen of NonpareiL
STYRE {Forest Styre). — Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters
wide, and an inch and a half high ; roundish ovate, narrowing a little
towards the crown, even and regular in its outline. Skin, rich yellow
on the shaded side, with a few pale broken streaks of red, and on the
side next the sun it is completely covered with red, striped with dark
crimson. Eye, closed ; segments, erect convergent, which are recurved
at the tips, set in a shallow, narrow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
very short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long,
inserted in a narrow russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, very
juicy. Cells, roundish elliptical ; axile, slightly open.
One of the oldest Herefordshire cider apples.
STYRE WILDING. — Fruit, small, a little over two inches wide, and
two inches and a quarter high ; conical, bluntly angular, and irregular
in its outline. Skin, smooth and shining, lemon-yellow on the shaded
side, and with a red cheek on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
closed, with erect convergent segments, which reflex at the tips, set in
a pretty deep, narrow, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
conical. Stalk, very short, deeply imbedded in the cavity, which is
russety, and generally with a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh,
soft and woolly, sweetish. Cells, open, obovate ; axile.
A favourite Herefordshire cider apple.
Sudlow's Fall Pippin. See Franldin's Golden Pippin.
SUGAR AND BRANDY. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters broad at the bulge, and the same in height ; conical, and
angular, with a very prominent rib on one side, forming a high ridge
at the apex, and also a number of knobs round the eye, which are the
continuations of the side angles. Skin, deep dull yellow, freckled with
pale red on the shaded side, the remaining portion entirely covered
with bright orange-red. Eye, small and closed, set in a deep and
furrowed basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a round and shallow
cavity, which is lined with rough russet. Flesh, deep yellow, spongy,
juicy, very sweet, so much so as to be sickly.
A Lancashire apple ; in use in the end of August and September.
SUGAR-LOAF. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and
three inches and a quarter high ; roundish, ribbed on its sides, and
undulating round the eye, where it is higher on one side than the other.
Skin, uniform deep straw-colour, without any trace of russet or colour
of any kind, but thinly sprinkled with small russet dots. Eye, large
and closed, with erect, narrow, convergent segments, set in a deep
APPLES. 223
angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, deeply inserted.
Flesh, soft, not very juicy. Cells, open, roundish elliptical or oval ;
abaxile.
A fine Devonshire cider apple. The tree is an abundant bearer, and
the fruit suflfers much from the attacks of birds, who are very fond of it.
This was sent me by Mr. Rendell, of Nethcrton Manor, near Newton Abbot.
SUGAR-LOAF PIPPIN (Hutchings' Seedling). — Fruit, above
medium size, two inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches
high ; conical or oblong. Skin, clear pale yellow, becoming nearly
white when fully ripe. Eye, set in a rather deep and plaited basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a
deep and regular cavity. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, and
pleasantly flavoured. Cells, wide open, elliptical.
An excellent early culinary apple of first-rate quality ; ripe in the
beginning of August, but in a few days becomes mealy.
This is called Hatchings' Seedhng, from being grown by a market gardener of
that name at Kensington.
SUMMER BROAD-END (Summer Cohnan).— Fruit, above the
middle size, above two inches and three-quarters in diameter, and two
inches and a quarter deep ; slightly angular on the sides. Eye, small,
with a closed calyx, in a rather narrow basin, surrounded by some
angular plaits. Stalk, short, slender, deeply inserted, not protruding
beyond the base. Skin, dull yellowish green, tinged on the sunny
side with pale dull brown. Flesh, greenish white, not crisp. Juice,
sub-acid, with a pretty good flavour.
A culinary apple; in use in October and November. This is a
useful Norfolk apple, and known in the markets by the above name.
The trees are rather small growers, but great bearers (Lindley).
I have never seen the Summer Broad-End, and have therefore here
introduced the description of Mr. Lindley, for the benefit of those under
whose observation it may fall.
Summer Colman. See Summer Broad-End.
SUMMER GILLIFLOWER.— Fruit, large, rather over three inches
wide, and three inches high ; conical, or Codlin-shaped, with acute and
irregular angles, which extend to the crown, and form prominent unequal
ridges. Skin, pea-green, mottled and streaked with dull red on the
side next the sun, which extends to the shaded side of a paler colour,
where it is mottled ; round the crown and in the stalk cavity it is
covered with pale brown russet. Eye, quite closed, with erect connivent
segments, set in a deep and very angular basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, long conical. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, slender,
and with a fleshy swelling on one side. Flesh, with a greenish yellow
tinge, very tender and juicy, and a fine delicate aromatic flavour. Cells,
elliptical, abaxile, Codhn-like.
224 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A large, handsome, and very fine dessert apple, sent to me from
Cornwall by Mr. J. Vivian, of Hayle.
PtSUMMER GOLDEN PIPPIN (Summer Pippin; White Summer
Pippin). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter broad
at the base, and two inches and a quarter high ; ovate, flattened at the
ends. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellow on the shaded side, but
tinged with orange and brownish red on the side next the sun, and
strewed over with minute russety dots. Eye, open, with divergent
segments, set in a wide, shallow, and slightly plaited basin. Stamens,
basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, thick, a quarter of an inch
long, completely imbedded in a moderately deep cavity, which is lined
with russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, very juicy, with a rich, vinous,
and sugary flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed.
This is one of the most delicious summer apples, and ought to form
one of every collection, however small ; it is ripe in the end of August,
and keeps about a fortnight.
The tree is a small grower, and attains about the third size. It is
an early and abundant bearer, and succeeds well when grafted on the
doucin or paradise stock. When grown on the pomme paradis of the
FrcDch, it forms a beautiful little tree, which can be successfully culti-
vated in pots.
Summer Oslin, See Oslin,
SUMMER PEARMAIN {Autumn Pearmain).—FTmt, medium
sized, two inches and three-quarters wide at the base, and the same
high ; conical, or abrupt Pearmain-shaped, round at the base, and
tapering towards the apex. Skin, yellow, streaked all over with large
patches and broken streaks of red, mixed with silvery russet, strewed
with numerous russety dots, and covered with large patches of rough
russet on the base. Eye, closed, half open, with long erect segments,
placed in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, obliquely inserted under
a fleshy protuberance on one side of it, which is a permanent and
distinguishing character of this apple. Flesh, deep yellow, firm, crisp,
juicy, richly and highly perfumed. Cells, obovate ; axile.
An excellent apple, long cultivated, and generally regarded as one of
the popular varieties of this country ; it is suitable either for culinary
purposes or the dessert, and is in use during September and October.
The tree is a good grower, and healthy, of an upright habit of growth,
and forms a fine standard tree of the largest size ; it siicceeds well
grafted on the paradise stock, when it forms handsome espaliers and
open dwarfs.
This is what in many nurseries is cnltivated as the Rot/al Pearmain, but erro-
neously. It is one of the oldest English varieties, being mentioned by Parkinson
in 1629. It is the Autumn Pearmain of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue.
Summer Pippin. See Madeleine.
APPLES. 225
Summer Pippin. See Summer Golden Pippin,
Summer Queening. See Crimson Queening.
SUMMER STIBBERT {Stuhbard).—Frmt, small, conical, and
Codlin-likc, distinctly five-ribbed, one of the ribs occasionally very
prominent. Skin, clear lemon-yellow in the shade, but covered on
the side next the sun with bright crimson. Eye, small and closed, set
in a puckered basin. Stalk, slender, rather deeply inserted. Flesh,
very tender, with an agreeable mild acidity.
An early kitchen apple, which comes into use in the middle and end
of August.
This is a very popular apple in the West of England, especially in Cornwall,
Devon, and Somerset.
SUMMER STRAWBERRY.— Fruit, rather below medium size,
two and a half inches broad, and an inch and three-quarters high ;
oblate, even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth and shining, striped
all over with yellow and blood-red stripes, except on any portion that
is shaded, and there it is greenish yellow, mingled with faint red
streaks. Eye, not much depressed, closed, with long, flat, connivent
segments, and surrounded with plaits, set in a wide and very shallow
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an inch to
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a round, narrow cavity,
which is lined with russet. Flesh, white, tinged with yellow, soft,
tender, juicy, brisk, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, roundish elliptical ;
axile, open.
A dessert apple, ripe in September, but when kept long becomes dry
and mealy ; it is much cultivated in all the Lancashire and northern
orchards of England.
Summer Thorle. See WJiorle Pippin.
Summer Traveller. See Margaret.
SURREY FLAT-CAP. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; oblate, even and regularly
formed. Skin, of a pale bluish green, or verdigris colour, changing as
it ripens to a yellowish tinge, and marked with dots and flakes of
rough veiny russet on the shaded side, but deep red, which is almost
obscured with rough veiny russet, on the side next the sun. Eye,,
open, with broad segments, reflexed at the tips, set in a wide, shallow,
and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical. Stalk, half an
inch long, inserted in a round and deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm,
not very juicy, but rich and sugary. Cells, roundish ; axile.
A very excellent dessert apple, remarkable for its singular colour, but
is rather void of acidity ; it is in use from October to January.
SUSSEX MOTHER. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a
half wide, and the same in height ; conical, angular on the sides, and
15
226
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ribbed round the eye. Skin, bright grass-green, with russet dots and
pearly specks over the surface. Eye, half open, with erect convergent
segments, which are divergent at the points, set in an irregular ribbed
basin. Stamens, quite basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, slender, about
half an inch long, inserted in a small russety cavity. Flesh, very soft
and tender, sweet and agreeably acid. Cells, obovate ; axile.
An early dessert apple of no great merit ; ripe in September. It is
much grown in East Sussex, about Heathfield.
Sussex Peach. See Pomeroy.
Sussex Scarlet Pearmain. See Winter Pearmain.
SWEENY NONPAREIL. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and
three-quarters broad, and two inches high ; very similar in form to the
old Nonpareil. Skin, of a fine lively green colour, which is glossy and
shining, but almost entirely covered with patches and reticulations of
thick greyish brown russet, which in some parts is rough and cracked ;
sometimes tinged wdth brown where exposed to the sun. Eye, very
small, half open, with short, flat, ovate segments, and set in a small,
narrow, and rather shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, conical.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather shallow and
russety cavity. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, sugary, and with a
very powerful yet pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile,
open.
An excellent culinary apple, admirably adapted for sauce, but too
acid for the dessert ; it is in use from January to April.
The tree is a vigorous grower and an excellent bearer.
This was raised in 1807 by Thomas Netherton Parker, Esq., of Sweeny, in
Shropshire, and twenty specimens of the fruit were exhibited at the London
Horticultural Society in 1820, the aggregate weight of which was seven pounds
thirteen ounces.
Sweet Bough. See Large Yellow Bough.
Sweet Harvest. See Large Yellow Bough.
SWEET LADING. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a
half wide, and about the same high ; roundish, pretty even in its out-
line, and slightly ribbed tow^ards the crown. Skin, greenish yellow on
the shaded side, but becoming bright yellow when ripe, and with
streaks and mottles of bright crimson next the sun. It is marked here
and there with traces of thin cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, half
open, with erect segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short and fleshy, sometimes
a mere knob, and sometimes with a fleshy swelling connecting it with
the fruit. Flesh, whitish, firm, not very juicy, but sweet and without
any briskness ; the flavour is rather sickly. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A culinary and cider apple ; in use from October to December.
APPLES. 227
In the orchards of East Sussex and West Kent this is a very common variety.
I should imagine it would make a sweet cider, and it seems more adapted for that
purpose than any other.
SYKE HOUSE RUSSET.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a quarter broad, by one inch and three-quarters high ; roundish
oblate. Skin, yellowish green, but entirely covered with brown russet,
strewed with silvery grey scales ; sometimes it has a brownish tinge on
the side which is exposed to the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a
shallow basin. Stamens, marginal or median ; tube, short, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a rich, sugary, and very high
flavour. Cells, small, obovate ; axile.
One of the most excellent dessert apples ; it is in use from October
to February.
The tree is a free grower, hardy, and an excellent bearer ; it attains
about the middle size, and is well adapted for growing as an espalier,
when grafted on the paradise stock.
This variety originated at the village of Syke House, in Yorkshire, whence its
name.
Diel's nomenclature of the Syke House Russet affords a good example of the
change the names of fruits are subject to when translated from one language to
another. He writes it Englische Spitalsreinette, which he translates Sik-House
Apple, because, as he supposed, it received this appellation either from the brisk-
ness of its flavour being agreeable to invalids, or from its having originated in the
garden of an hospital. He says he finds it only in Kirke's Fruit Tree Catalogue,
where it is erroneously printed Syke House ! He calls it English Hospital Eeinette.
Taliesin. See Xorfolk Beefiivj.
TARVEY CODLIN.— Fruit, large and conical. Skin, dull olive
green, with an imperfect mixture of yellow on the shaded side, and
yellowish red, much spotted, with broken rows of large blood-red dots
next the sun. Flesh, white and juicy, somewhat resembling the
English Codlin.
A good culinary apple for a northern climate ; in use during Novem-
ber and December.
This was raised from seed of the Manks Codlin, impregnated with the Nonpareil,
by Sir G. S. Mackenzie, Bart., of Coul, in Rosshire.
Taunton Black. See Black Taunton.
TAUNTON GOLDEN PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two
inches and a quarter wide, and the same in height ; oblato-cylindrical,
regularly and handsomely shaped. Skin, deep rich yellow, strewed
with markings and freckles of russet on the shaded side, but covered
with a cloud of red, which is marked with deeper red streaks on the
side next the sun. Eye, open, set in a wide, rather deep, and plaited
basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a narrow and rather shallow cavity.
Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and delicate, with a brisk, sugary, and par-
ticularly rich vinous flavour.
228 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to
March.
The tree is hardy, healthy, and an abundant bearer, attaining about
the middle size ; it is well adapted for growing on the paradise
stock.
TEN COMMANDMENTS. — Fruit, small, about two inches and a
half wide, and two inches high ; roundish and angula-r. Skin, dark
mahogany red, streaked with dark red, except on the shaded side,
where it is yellowish streaked with pale red. Eye, closed, with con-
nivent segments, set in a puckered basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a close shallow
cavity. Flesh, tender, sweet, and agreeably acid. It is very much
stained with red, and when cut latitudinally the ten carpel threads will
be found also red, and this gives rise to the name Ten Commandments.
Cells, ovate ; axile.
A Herefordshire apple of no great merit ; in use in November.
TEN SHILLINGS. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
broad, and two inches high ; roundish oblate, with obtuse angles on
the sides. Skin, greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with pale
brown russet, but bright red streaked with darker rod on the side next
the sun. Eye, large, with long narrow segments, which are convergent,
set in an angular basin. Stamens, median or basal ; tube, short conical,
inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a
moderately deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, sweet, and
slightly acid. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed or slit.
A second-rate dessert apple ; ripe in November.
TENTEEDEN PARK. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
a half broad, by two inches high ; roundish, inclining to ovate. Skin,
smooth and glossy, as if varnished, yellowish green where shaded, and
entirely covered with deep red, which is marked with streaks of still
deeper red, where exposed to the sun. Eye, large, half open, with
broad, flat segments, set in a rather shallow, round, and saucer-like
basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a round and shallow cavity,
which is slightly marked with russet. Flesh, greenish white, tender,
crisp, brisk, and juicy, but with no particular richness of flavour.
A second-rate dessert apple, of neat and handsome appearance ; in
use from October to February.
TEUCHAT'S EGG {Chucket Egg). — Fruit, below medium size,
varying in shape from ovate to conical, and irregularly ribbed on the
sides. Skin, pale yellow, washed with pale red, and streaked with
deep and lively red. Eye, partially closed, with long, broad segment^,
placed in a narrow and angular basin. Stalk, very short, imbedded in
a close, shallow cavity, with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it,
and surrounded with rough russet. Flesh, tender, juicy, and pleasantly
flavoured.
APPLES. 229
A second-rate dessert apple, peculiar to the Scotch orchards of
Clydesdale and Ayrshire ; ripe in September.
Teuchat signifies the Pee-wit or Lapwing.
Thickset. See Cluster Golden Pippin,
Thorle Pippin. See Whorle Pippin.
TIBBETT'S PEARMAIN.— Fruit large, three inches and a half
wide, and over three inches high ; coukal and angular, so as to appear
somewhat five-sided towards the crown, where it is narrow and ribbed.
Skin, smooth and shining, bright grass-green where shaded, and which
becomes yellowish at maturity, and reddish brown streaked with dark
crimson on the side next the sim, and which eventually becomes bright
red with bright crimson streaks. Eye, small, with erect convergent
segments, set in a narrow ribbed basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical.
Stalk, very short and slender, imbedded all its length in a wide deep
cavity. Flesh, tender, very juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavour.
Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A very handsome culinary apple ; in use from October till Christmas,
and well worth growing.
This was sent me by Mr. George Bunyard, of Maidstone.
TOREK'S INCOMPARABLE.— Fruit, very large, three inches and
three-quarters broad, and two inches and three-quarters high ; in shape
very much resembling the Gooseberry Apple ; ovate, broad and
flattened at the base, and with five prominent ribs on the sides, which
render it distinctly five-sided. Skin, smooth and shining, of a beautiful
dark green, which assumes a yellowish tinge as it ripens, and with a
slight trace of red, marked with a few crimson streaks, where exposed
to the sun. Eye, large, and nearly closed, with broad flat segments,
set in a saucer-like basin, which is surrounded with knobs, formed by
the termination of the ribs. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, a
quarter of an inch long, inserted in a wide cavity, which is lined with a
little rough russet. Flesh, j-ellowish, firm, crisp, tender, juicy, and
with a brisk and pleasant acid.
A first-rate culinary apple, grown in the Kentish orchards about
Sittingbourne and Faversham ; in use from November to Christmas.
TOM PUTT [Coalbrook; iVarrou'-ion^).— Fruit, large, three inches
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, ob-
scurely ribbed. Skin, deep brilliant crimson, variegated with streaks
of brighter crimson and clear yellow over the whole surface. Eye,
open, with short, erect, convergent segments set in a pretty deep and
plaited basin. Stamens, mai'ginal ; tube, short, wide conical. Stalk, very
short, or a mere knob set on a level with the base of the fruit, or accom-
panied with a fleshy mass on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, stained
with red for some depth under the skin, tender, not very juicy, and with
a brisk, sweet flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, open.
A very handsome cooking apple ; in use in November.
230 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
It is a native of Devonshire, where it is very popular, and where it
is said to have been raised by a clergyman whose name was " Tom
Putt."
TOWER OF GLAMMIS [Glammis Castle; Carse of Gowrie ;
Oowrie). — Fruit, large ; conical, and distinctly four-sided, with four
prominent angles, extending from the base to the apex, where they
terminate in four corresponding ridges. Skin, deep sulphur yellow,
tinged in some spots with green, and thinly strewed with brown russety
dots. Eye, closed or open, with broad, erect^ spreading segments, set
in a deep and angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk,
an inch long, inserted in a deep, funnel-shaped cavity, and only just
protruding beyond the base. Flesh, greenish white, very juicy, crisp,
brisk, and perfumed. Cells, roundish obovate ; abaxilc.
A first-rate culinary apple, peculiar to the orchards of Clydesdale
and the Carse of Gowrie ; it is in use from November to February.
The tree is an excellent bearer.
Transparent Apple. See White Astrachan.
TOWERS' S GLORY.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and two and a quarter high ; roundish, with obtuse
angles on the sides. Skin, smooth, bright grass-green, with a
brownish tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open,
deeply set. Stalk, very short, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish,
tender, juicy, and crisp.
A cooking apple of good quality ; in use from November till
January.
TRANSPARENT CODLIN.— Fruit, large and ovate. Skin, smooth,
clear yellow, tinged with pale crimson on the side exposed to the sun.
Eye, small and closed, with short connivent segments, placed in a
deep and angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical. Stalk, very
short, inserted in a deep, round, and wide canity. Flesh, firm and solid,
tender, almost transparent, juicy, sugary, and well-flavoured. Cells,
ovate ; abaxile.
A fine culinary apple ; in use from September to November.
Transparent Pippin. See Court of Wick.
Travers' Pippin. See Bibston Fippin.
Treadle -hole. See Trumpeter.
True Spitzenburg. See Esopus Spitzenhurgh.
TRUMPETER [Treadle-hole). — Fruit, large, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and three inches high ; oblong, irregularly shaped,
angular on the sides, and prominently ribbed round the eye. Skin,
pale green, with a tinge of yellow on the side exposed to the sun.
Eye, small, closed, and set in a deep and angular basin, surrounded
APPLES. 231
with four or five prominent knobs. Stalls, about five-eighths of an inch
long, slender for the size of the fruit, and inserted in a deep irregular
cavity, which is lined with rough cracked russet. Flesh, greenish
white, crisp, very juicy, and sweet, with a brisk and pleasant sub-acid
flavour.
A very excellent apple either for the dessert or culinary purposes,
much esteemed in the orchards about Lancaster ; it is in use from
October to January.
TRUMPINGTON {Dekiware; Bonalds' Seedlimj ; Eve's Apple].—
Fruit, small, two inches and three-eighths wide, and one inch and five-
eighths high ; oblate, even and handsomely shaped. Skin, of a fine
deep golden yellow, tinged and mottled with pale red, on the shaded
side, but of a fine bright red, which extends over the greater part, where
exposed to the sun. Eye, large and closed, with broad, flat, convergent
segments, set in a wide and somewhat undulating basin. Stamens,
basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long,
inserted in a wide and deep cavity, which is tinged with green, and
lined with russet. Flesh, white, firm, and pleasantly flavoured. Cells,
obovate ; axile, slit.
A pretty dessert apple of second-rate quality ; in use from Septem-
ber to Christmas.
Tudball Russet. See Warelmm Russet.
TULIP. — Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches and a half at
the widest part, and two inches and a half high ; ovato-conical, regularly
and handsomely shaped, ridged round the eye. Skin, fine deep purple,
extending over the whole surface of the fruit, except on any part which
may be shaded, and then it is yellow. Eye, open, with short, ovate
segments, set in a furrowed and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal;
tube, very short conical, or cup-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch
long, straight and slender, inserted in a deep and rather angular cavity.
Flesh, greenish yellow, crisp, juicy, sweet, and slightly sub-acid. Cells,
obovate ; axile.
A beautiful and handsome dessert apple, but only of second-rate
quality ; in use from November to April.
TURK'S CAP. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, by two
inches and a half high ; roundish, and very much flattened, or oblate ;
irregularly and prominently ribbed. Skin, smooth, fine deep golden
yellow, covered with grey dots, and a few ramifications of russet, and
with a brownish red tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, large and
open, placed in a deep, wide, and angular basin. Stalk, an inch long,
deeply inserted in an angular cavity, which is lined with thick scaly
russet, extending over the margin. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, and
juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid but slightly astringent flavour.
An excellent apple for culinary purposes, and also for the manufac-
ture of cider ; it is in use from November to Christmas.
232 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Twin Cluster Pippin. See Cluster Golden Pippin.
TWINING'S PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, roundish, and somewhat
oblate. Skin, greenish yellow, with a considerable coating of thin
brown russet. Eye, open. Stalk, short. Flesh, tender, juicy, firm,
crisp, and richly flavoured.
A late dessert apple of excellent quality ; in use during March and
April.
TYLER'S KERNEL. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide,
and three inches high ; conical, prominently angular. Skin, brilliant
red, streaked with darker red, but on the shaded side it is paler and less
striped, and with a greenish tinge. Eye, half open, with flat convergent
segments, which are divergent at the tips, set in a deep, irregular,
angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, conical or cup-shaped. Stalk,
very short, or half an inch long, deeply inserted in a round and russetj^
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant acidity.
Cells, obovate ; axile, open, or abaxile.
A handsome large cooking apple ; in use from October till January.
It was exhibited before the Royal Horticultural Society, October, 1883,
and received a first-class certificate.
UELLNER'S GOLD REINETTE.— Fruit, below medium size,
two inches and a quarter broad, and two inches and an eighth high ;
round or Reinette-shaped. Skin, of a fine clear lemon-yellow, sprinkled
with a little russet on the shaded side, but entirely covered on the side
next the sun with beautiful vermilion, which is strewed with cinnamon-
coloured russet. Eye, open, with short segments, set in a rather wide,
round, even, and moderately deep basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
deep conical. Stalk, slender, half an inch long, inserted in a deep
cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, very
juicy, rich, and sugary, and with a fine aromatic flavour. Cells,
obovate ; axile.
A most delicious dessert apple of the very first qualit}^ ; " small, but
handsome and rich." It is in use from January till May.
The tree is a free and excellent grower, and a great bearer.
UPRIGHT FRENCH. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and two inches
high ; roundish oval or short conical. Skin, yellow on the shaded
side, occasionally covered with a network of russet ; on the side next
the sun it is pale dull red, mottled with brighter red, and also marked
with russet. Eye, very small, set quite on the surface. Segments,
erect, connivent. Stamens, marginal ; tube, narrow, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, stout, deeply inserted. Flesh, with a greenish tinge, and a bitter-
sweet flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, quite closed.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
VALE MASCAL PEARMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two
inches broad, by two inches high ; round or ovate, regularly and hand-
APPLES. 233
somely shaped. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, but bright
red next the sun, and covered with spots of russet. Eye, closed, with
broad flat segments, and set in a round, shallow, and plaited basin.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, short conical. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, crisp, sugary,
and richly flavoured. Cells, oblate ; axile, slit.
A dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use from December to
February.
This was raised at Vale Mascal, near Bexley, Kent.
Van Dyne. See Woolman's Long.
Van Mons' Reinette. See lieinette Van Mons.
Vaughan's Pippin. See Kmtish Pippin.
Vaun's Pippin. See Kentish Pippin.
VEINY PIPPIN. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter broad, and
an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish oblate. Skin, greenish
yellow, covered with veins and reticulations of russet. Eye, open,
set in a round and deep basin. Stalk, short, inserted in a round and
slightly russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, but
wanting both sugar and acidity.
An indiflerent and worthless apple ; in use from December to
February.
The tree is a great bearer.
Victoria. See HolherVs Victoria.
VINEYARD PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and one and three-quarters high ; round, and somewhat depressed, even
and regular in its outline. Skin, deep yellow on the shaded side, and
bright red on the side next the sun, marked with lines and patches of
thin russet, and strewed with russet dots. Eye, closed, with flat con-
vergent segments, set in a shallow, angular basin. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted
in a deep, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet, juicy,
briskly and highly flavoured. Cells, round ; axile.
A good dessert apple, which is in use till Christmas.
VIOLETTE. — Fruit, above medium size ; roundish ovate or conical,
even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth and shining, covered with a
fine violet-coloured bloom, and yellow striped with red on the shaded
side, but of a dark red, approaching to black, on the side exposed to
the sun. Eye, closed, set in a rather deep and plaited basin. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a deep cavity.
Flesh, yellowish white, tinged with red under the skin, which is filled
with red juice, leaving a stain on the knife with which it is cut ; firm,
juicy, and sugary, with a vinous and pleasant flavour.
231 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A culinary apple of good, but not first-rate quality ; in use from
October to March.
Duhamel, and, following him, almost all the French, pomologists, attribute the
name of this apple to the perfume of violets being found in the flavour of the
fruit, a peculiarity I could never detect. It is more probable that it originated
from the fruit being covered with a beautiful blue-violet bloom, a characteristic
which was observed by Rivinius and Moulin, who wrote in the 17th century.
WADHURST PIPPIN. — Fruit, above medium size, sometimes very
large, but generally averaging three inches wide, and two inches and
three-quarters high ; ovate or short Pearmain-shaped, and angular on
the sides. Skin, yellow tinged wdth green on the shaded side, and
brownish red streaked with crimson on the side next the sun, and
strewed with minute grey dots. Eye, closed, set in a wide, deep, and
angular basin. Stamens, basal ; -tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an
inch long, stout, placed in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp,
juicy, and briskly flavoured. Cells, ovate ; axile, slit.
A culinary apple of excellent quality ; in use from October to
February.
It originated at Wadhurst, in Sussex.
WALSGROVE WONDER.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half
wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate, being
wide at the base and narrowing abruptly towards the crown, obtusely
angular, and bluntly ribbed about the eye. Skin, deep rich yellow on
the shaded side, and with an orange -red cheek on the side next the sun,
and a thin crust of cinnamon-coloured russet spread here and there
over the surface. Eye, small, set in an angular and plaited basin, with
connivent segments. Stamens, median ; tube, conical, inclining to
funnel-shape. Stalk, very short and slender, imbedded in the deep
funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and with a
pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish or oblate ; axile, wide open.
A very handsome culinary apple ; in use from October to Christmas.
It bears a strong resemblance to Greenup's Pippin externally, but the
internal characters are so marked as to constitute them distinct varieties.
This was sent to the National Apple Congress at Chiswick in 1883 by Mr.
Twinberrow, of Walsgrove, Stourport.
WALTHAM ABBEY SEEDLING.— Fruit, large ; roundish, inclin-
ing to ovate, in which respect it difi'ers from Golden Noble, which is
quite round. Skin, pale yellow, assuming a deeper tinge as it attains
maturity, with a faint blush of red where exposed to the sun, and
strewed all over with minute russety dots, and occasionally a few
patches of thin russet. Eye, large and open, with erect, somewhat
divergent segments, set in a shallow and even basin. Stamens, mar-
ginal or median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, short, deeply inserted,
and surrounded with rough russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy,
sweet, and pleasantly flavoured, and when cooked assuming a clear pale
amber. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
APPLES. 235
A culinary apple of first-rate quality, requiring scarcely any sugar
■when cooked ; in use from September to Christmas. The tree is
remarkable for its very small foliage, notwithstanding which the fruit is
of good size, and the tree a good bearer. I know of no apple tree
which bears fruit so large and has foliage so small.
This apple was raised about the year 1810, from seed of Golden Noble, by Mr.
John Barnard, of Waltham Abbey, in Essex, and was introduced by him at a
meeting of the London Horticultural Society in 1821. It is quite distinct,
though somewhat resembling Golden Noble, with which it is sometimes made
synonymous.
WANSTALL (Wa7istall Jack; Jack-in-the-Wood). — Fruit, medium
sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ;
roundish, but narro's\'ing a little towards the eye, with five prominent
angles on the sides, which terminate in ridges round the apex, render-
ing the shape distinctly five-sided. Skin, deep golden yellow on the
shaded side, but red, which is striped and mottled with darker red, on
the side next the sun ; marked with patches and veins of thin grey
russet, and strewed all over with russety dots. Eye, half open, with
broad, flat segments, set in an angular and plaited basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, deeply
inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, rich,
sugary, and highly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple of the very first quality, equal in flavour to the
Ribston Pippin, and will keep till May and June.
Originated at Green Street, near Sittingbourne, in Kent, with a tailor of the
name of Wanstall, about the beginning of the present century.
WAREHAM RUSSET (Tudball FiHsset).—FimU medium sized, two
inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ;
roundish, obtusely angular, and terminating at the crown in four or five
more or less prominent ridges. Skin, greenish yellow, becoming more
yellow at maturity, with a brownish red cheek where exposed to the
sun ; on the shaded side it is more or less marked with dull grey russet.
Eye, rather closed, with erect convergent segments, which are diver-
gent at the points, set in a rather deep basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, deeply imbedded
in the cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a pleasant
sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, closed or slit.
A dessert apple, in use from October till Christmas, much grown
in Cheshire, and which derives its name from the village of Waverham
(pronounced Wareham) in that county.
WARNER'S KING (Kimj Apple; David T. Fish; KilUck's Apple;
Nelson's Glory ; Weaverimj Apjde ; Poor Man's Friend). — Fruit, very
large, four inches wide, and three inches and a half high ; roundish and
depressed or ovate, obtusely angular, broad at the base. Skin, grass-
green, changing to uniform clear deep yellow as it ripens, strewed with
russety dots and patches of pale brown russet. Eye, small and closed,
286 THE FRUIT MANUAJL.
with long convergent segments, and set in a narrow, deep, and slightly
angular basin. Stamens, median, or basal inclining to median ; tube,
conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, about half an inch long, deeply
inserted in a round, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined with thin
yellowish brown russet. Flesh, white, tender, crisp, and juicy, with a
fine, brisk, and sub-acid flavour. Cells, roundish ovate ; abaxile.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from November to
March.
The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer; very
hardy, and not subject to disease.
The original name of this was simply Kinrr Apple, by which it was known to
Forsyth and others at the end of last century. The name Warner's King was
given to it by the late Mr. Rivers, of SaAvbridgevvorth, who some years ago received
it from Mr. Warner, a small nurseryman, of Gosforth, near Leeds, as the King
Apple, and by way of distinguishing it he called it Warner's King. It is a noble
apple, and it is not surprising that it .should have acquired so many synonymes.
It was found at Weavering, in Kent, under the name of VVeavering, and being grown
by Mr. Killick, an orchardist at Langley, it obtained his name ; while a nursery-
man at Chester called it David T. Fish.
Warter's Golden Pippin. See Golden Fippi7i.
Warwickshire Pippin. See Wyken Pippin.
WASHINGTON. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and the same
high ; conical, even, regular, and handsome. Skin, rich yellow, very
much covered with broken stripes, and mottled with crimson. Eye,
small, closed, with erect connivent segments, set in a plaited and rather
deep basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, varying
from half an inch to an inch long, slender, deeply inserted in a funnel-
shaped cavity, which is lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
very juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and with a fine perfume. Cells,
elliptical ; axile.
A very fine dessert apple, introduced by Mr. Kivers from America ;
it is in use from October till Christmas. When ripened under glass it
is a delicious fruit.
Watch Apple. See Cambusnethan Pippin.
Waterloo. See Red Astra chan.
WATSON'S DUMPLING.— Fruit, large; roundish ovate and
bluntly angular, especially on the side next the sun. Skin, smooth,
yellowish green, and striped with dull red. Eye, large, not deeply sunk.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a round
and rather deep cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sugary, with a
pleasant sub-acid flavour. Cells, obovate ; axile, open.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from October to
February.
Watson's New Nonesuch. See Whorle Pippin.
APPLES. 237
Week Pearmain. See Wickhanis Pearmain.
Weeks' Pippin. See Court of Wick.
Wellington. See Dumelow's Seedling.
WELFORD PARK NONESUCH.— Fruit, large and handsome,
three inches and a quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ;
roundish and oblate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, fine lemon-
yellow on the shaded side, and on the side next the sun it is quite
overspread with bright crimson, which is mottled and streaked with
darker crimson, the colour gradually becoming paler as it extends to
the shaded side. Eye, open, with short rudimentary segments, set in
a saucer-like basin. Stalk, an inch or more long, slender, and deeply
inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, white, very tender, as much so as
that of an American Newtown Pippin, with an excellent flavour and
tine aroma.
A fine showy apple for culinary or dessert use, during October and
November.
This was raised by Mr. Charles Ross, gardener, at Welford Park, near Newbury,
from Golden Harvey, fertilised, it is supposed, by Lamb Abbey Pearmain, as the
fruit from which the seed was taken grew en a tree half Golden Harvey and half
Lamb Abbey Pearmain. The seed was sown in 1864, and in 1865 grafts were put
on a Blenheim Pippin tree, which fruited for the first time in 1871.
Weisser Somer Rambour. See BreitUng,
Welsh Pippin. See Marmalade Pippin.
WEST GRINSTEAD PIPPIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches
and three-quarters broad, by two inches and a half high ; roundish,
and slightly ribbed about the eye. Skin, light green, striped and
mottled with light red on the side next the sun, and strewed all over
with greyish white dots on the exposed, and brown dots on the shaded
side. Eye, open, set in a plaited basin. Stalk, a quarter of an inch
long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, soft, tender,
juicy, and briskly acid.
A good second-rate apple for the dessert ; in use from November to
April, and keeps well without shrivelling.
A Sussex apple, raised at West Grinstead, in the western division of that county.
Westmoreland Longstart. See Lovgstart.
WHEELER'S EXTREME.— Fruit, small, nearly two inches wide,
and one inch and a quarter high ; oblate, much resembling the Api in
shape. Skin, pale greenish yellow, considerably marked with russet,
particularly round the e3^e, and covered with fine clear red, which is
mottled with deeper red, on the side next the sun. Eye, small, and
closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, very short, inserted in a small
shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, tender, sweet, and
delicately perfumed.
238 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
A pretty little dessert apple, but not of first-rate quality ; it is in use
from November to February.
This was raised by James Wheeler, nurseryman, of Gloucester. The original
tree is still existing in the nursery of his great-grandson. The late Mr. J. Cheslin
Wheeler informed me that the name of " Extreme " is supposed to have been
applied to this variety, from the circumstance of producing its fruit on the
extremities of the last year's shoots.
WHEELER'S RUSSET.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters broad, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish
ovate, and somewhat irregular in its outline. Skin, entirely covered
with pale yellowish grey russet, with reddish brown where exposed to
the sun, strewed with russety freckles. Eye, small and closed, with
short segments, set in a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, median ;
tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from half an inch to an inch long, slender,
inserted in a round, narrow, and deep cavity. Flesh, greenish white,
firm, juicy, brisk, and sugary, with a rich, vinous, and aromatic
flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile, closed.
A valuable and highly flavoured dessert apple of the first quality ; it
is in use from November to April ; and as Mr. Lindley says, when
ripened and begins to shrivel, it is one of the best russets of its season.
The tree is a free grower, healthy, and hardy, but does not attain
above the middle size. It is generally a good bearer, and succeeds well
in almost any soil, provided it be not too moist.
This was long supposed to have been raised by James Wheeler, the founder of
the Gloucester Nursery, now in the occupation of his great-grandson. He pub-
lished, in 17G3, "The Botanist's and Gardener's New Dictionary," and died
about the beginning of the present century, having attained over ninety years of
age. I am doubtful, however, if this apple was raised by him, for I have dis-
covered in an old day-book dated 1717, which belonged to Smith and Carpenter,
of the Brompton Park Nursery, that it was cultivated there at that period, when
James Wheeler must have been a mere child.
WHITE ASTRACHAN {Transparent J^j;?/^).— Fruit, medium sized,
two inches and a half wide, and nearly the same in height ; roundish
ovate, or rather conical, flattened at the base, with obtuse angles on the
sides, which extend and become more prominent and rib-like round the
eye. Skin, smooth, pale yellow, with a few faint streaks of red next
the sun, and covered with a delicate white bloom. E3^e, closed, set in
a narrow and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, thick and short, inserted in a small and very shallow cavity.
Flesh, pure white, semi-transparent, with somewhat gelatinous-like
blotches, tender, juicy, with a pleasant and refreshing flavour. Cells,
ovate ; axile.
A dessert apple, but not of first-rate quality ; ripe in August and the
early part of September. The tree is a strong and vigorous grower,
and an excellent bearer.
The Transparent Apple of Rogers, and the Muscovy Apple of Mortimer, can-
not be identical with this, for they are described by both as winter apples ; may
they not be the Russischer Glasapfel or Astracanischer Winterapfel of Diel?
APPLES. 239
Respecting this apple, a correspondent in the Gardener's Chronicle for 1845
has the following remark: "When at Revel many years ago, I made particular
inquiries as to the mode of cultivation of the Transparent Apple; I learned that
the soil of the apple orchards there is almost a pure sand, but that it is customary
to add to it so much stable manure, that half the bulk of ground may be said to
consist of manure. The friend with whom I was staying had some of these apples
at dessert; they were transparent, not in blotches, but throughout, so that held to
the light the pips may be seen from every part; these apples were juicy as a peach,
about the size of a large one, and of a very agreeable flavour and texture."
"White Calville. See Calville Blanche d'Hiver.
White Codlin. See Earli/ Almond.
White Codlin. See Keswick Codlin.
White Lily. See Devonshire Buckland.
White Melrose. See Melrose.
WHITE MUSK.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, by two
inches high ; roundish oblate, even and regular. Skin, smooth and
shining, pale straw-colour, which is a little deeper when it is more
exposed. Eye, small, set in a narrow, rather deep basin, open, with
divergent segments. Stamens, basal ; tube, short conical. Stalk,
short, in a deep cavity, which is lined with rough russet, and which
extends over the base. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, juicy, and
pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, closed, roundish obovate ; axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple. After being gathered, its skin becomes
quite imctuous, and the fruit gives off a powerful odour of ether.
WHITE NONPAREIL.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and the same high ; roundish, and flattened, much resembling the
old Nonpareil. Skin, greenish or yellowish green on the shaded side,
and with a brownish red tinge on the side next the sun, the whole
sprinkled with russet dots, and a thin coat of grey russet, especially
round the eye. Eye, closed, with broad, flat, convergent segments,
which are a little recurved at the tip, set in a rather deep basin, which
is plaited and angular. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk,
half an inch to three-quarters long, slender, straight, and inserted in a
deep wide cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet,
and with a rich flavour, but not so much so as in the old Nonpareil.
Cells, ovate ; axile, closed.
A dessert apple ; in use from December till February.
WHITE NORMAN. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch
and a half high ; round, with obtuse angles, which are sometimes
rather prominent. Skin, perfectly white, or rather a very pale straw-
colour, with only a few large russet dots distantly sprinkled over the
surface ; the hollow of the stalk is lined with russet, which extends a
little way over the base. Eye, very small, with neat little convergent
segments, set in a deep basin, which is plaited, or slightly ribbed.
240 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Stamens, marginal ; tube, deep conical or cylindrical. Stalk, long,
very slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, snow-white, soft and spongy,
with an astringent and sweet flavour. Cells, elliptical ; axile.
A pretty little Herefordshire cider apple.
WHITE PARADISE [Lady's Finger; Egg; Paradise Pippin),—
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and three inches high ;
oblong, broader at the base than the apex. Skin, smooth, thick, and
tough, of a fine rich yellow, thinly and faintly freckled with red on the
shaded side, but covered with broken streaks and dots of darker red,
interspersed with dark brown russety dots, on the side exposed to the
sun. Eye, open, with long, pointed, reflexed segments, set in a shallow
basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, an inch long,
fleshy at the insertion, and inserted in an even, round cavity, with a
swelling on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy,
sugary, and pleasantly flavoured.
A second-rate, but beautiful and handsome dessert apple ; in per-
fection the beginning of October, but towards the end of the month
becomes dry and mealy. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
It is, I believe, a Scotch apple, and much grown in some districts, particularly
in Clydesdale, where it is known by the name of Egg Apple, and where the fruit
lasts longer than when grown in the warmer climate of the south.
The Lady's Finger of Dittrich, vol. i. p. 505, is a flat apple of a Calville shape,
and must be incorrect.
White Pippin. See Norfolk Stone Pippin.
WHITE ROSING.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and an inch and three-quarters high ; roundish and somewhat flattened,
angular on the side, and ribbed on the crown. Skin, smooth and
unctuous, of a clear lemon-yellow colour, and with a flush of red next
the sun. Eye, small, and quite closed, in a shallow and puckered
basin. Stalk, very short, quite imbedded in the shallow cavity. Flesh,
quite white, tender, soft, not very juicy, and slightly acid.
An early culinary apple ; ripe in September. The tree is a great
bearer.
A Sussex apple, much grown in the eastern division of the county, but it is not
of any great merit, and is not worthy of much cultivation. In apjearance it
resembles Manks Codlin, but is much inferior to that excellent variety. The name
has evidently arisen from the rosy cheek which it has on one side of the fruit.
White Spanish Reinette. See Peinette Blanche d'Espagne.
White Stone Pippin. See Norfolk Stone Pippin.
WHITE STYRE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and
two and a quarter high ; round, obscurely ribbed. Skin, uniform lemon-
colour, with patches and lines of russet over the surface, especially on
the side next the sun and in the stalk cavity, the surface strewed with
small russet dots. Eye, closed, with erect connivent segments, set in a
APPLES. 241
pretty deep depression. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set in a deep russety cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, soft and tender, sweet, and with a brisk flavour. Cells,
open, ovate ; axile.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
"White Summer Calville. Sec CalvUle Blanche iVEte,
White Summer Pippin. See Summer Golden Pippin.
WHITE VIRGIN (Scotch Virgin),— 'Frmi, medium sized, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two inches high ; oblate. Skin, smooth
and shining, pale yellow on the shaded side, but thin orange-red
streaked with deep red on the side next the sun, and strewed with
dark dots and a few veins of russet. Eye, large and closed, with
broad ovate segments, set in a wide, shallow, and plaited basin. Stalk,
a quarter of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and shallow cavity.
Flesh, white, soft, tender, juicy, and briskly acid.
An excellent culinary apple ; in use from October to February.
WHITE WE STLING.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two
inches and a half broad at the middle, and two inches and a half high ;
roundish, inclining to oval towards the eye; angular on the sides,
and ribbed round the apex. Skin, yellow, tinged with green, and
strewed with reddish brown dots, on the shaded side, but deep yellow,
with large dark crimson spots, on the side next the sun, and covered
with russet over the base. Eye, small and closed, set in a narrow
and angulai' basin. Stalk, half an inch long, very slender, inserted in
a deep, narrow, and russety cavity. Flesh, white, tender, sweet, and
briskly flavoured.
An apple of hardly second-rate quality, grown about the north-eastern
parts of Sussex ; it is in use from October to Christmas.
WHITE WHORLE.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch
and three-quarters high ; round, even in outline. Skin, quite yellow,
with a greenish tinge on the shaded side. Eye, open, with divergent
segments, set in a very shallow basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical.
Stalk, short and slender, inserted in a shallow, narrow cavity. Flesh,
tender, juicy, sweet, and agreeably flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple, in use from October to Christmas, but not of high
merit. It has a great resemblance to Do^\'nton Pippin.
WHITE WINE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a
half broad in the middle, and two inches and a half high, narrowing
towards the apex; conical, slightly angular on the sides, and ribbed
round the eye. Skin, greenish yellow, strewed with russety dots, on
the shaded side, but deep yellow, reticulated with iine russet, and
dotted with small russety specks, on the side exposed to the sun, and
with a ray of fine lilac-purple on the base encircling the stalk. Eye,
16
242 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
open, with long acute segments, set in a deep and ribbed basin. Stalk,
five-eigbths of an inch long, down}', thick, and fleshy, inserted in a
round cavity, which is lined with delicate russet. Flesh, white, firm,
crisp, and pleasantly acid.
A culinary apple much grown in the Tweedside orchards, where it is
known by the name of the Wine Apple ; it is in use from October to
Christmas.
White Winter Calville. See Cahille Blanche iVHiver.
WHITING PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches high ; roundish oblate, obtusely angular. Skin, yellow,
with an orange tinge on the side exposed to the sun, and the whole
surface strewed with rather bold russet dots. Eye, small, with erect,
convergent segments, set in a pretty deep basin, which is sometimes
angular, and sometimes quite round and smooth. Stamens, marginal ;
tube, short conical. Stalk, short and stout, quite within the cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and juicy, with an agreeable flavour.
Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A Worcestershire apple, much grown in the districts of South
Shropshire and Worcestershire ; it is in use up till January.
WHITMORE PIPPIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a quarter wide at the base, and the same in height, but narrowing
towards the apex ; conical, and obtusely angled on the sides. Skin,
pale greenish yellow in the shade, but with a beautiful red cheek next
the sun, and very sparingly strewed with a few minute dots. Eye,
closed, set in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, about half an inch
long, inserted in a wide, round, and even cavity. Flesh, white, tinged
with green, tender, juicy, sub-acid, and slightly sweet.
A dessert apple of second-rate quality ; in use from November to
April.
WHORLE PIPPIN (Summer Thorle ; Watsn^i's New Nonesuch;
Thorle Pippin; Lady Derby). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches
and a quarter wide at the middle, and an inch and three-quarters high ;
oblate, handsome, and regularly formed. Skin, smooth, shining, and
glossy, almost entirely covered with fine bright crimson, which is
marked with broken streaks of darker crimson, but on any portion
which is shaded it is of a fine clear yellow, a little streaked with pale
crimson. Eye, scarcely at all depressed, large, half open, with broad,
flat segments, which frequently appear as if rent from each other by an
over-swelling of the fruit, and set in a very shallow basin, which is
often very russety, and deeply and coarsely cracked. Stalk, a quarter
of an inch long, inserted in a wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a brisk, refreshing, and pleasant
flavour.
A beautiful little summer dessert apple of first-rate quality ; ripe in
APPLES. 243
August. In the south it is but little known, but in Scotland it is to be
met with in almost every garden and orchard.
In all probability the word Thorle, which is its common appellation in Scotland,
is a corruption of Whorle, which is no doubt the correct name of this apple. The
name is supposed to be derived from its resemblance to the whorle^ which was the
propelling power, or rather impetus, of the spindle, when the distaflf and spindle
were so much in use.
WICKHAM'S PEARMAIN {Week Pertmam).— Fruit, small, two
inches wide, and about two inches high ; Peamiain-shaped, and quite
flat at the base. Skin, yellow, tinged and dotted with red, on the
shaded side, but bright red on the side next the sun, and marked with
patches and specks of russet round the eye. Eye, large and open,
with long acuminate segments, reflexed, and set in a round, even, and
plaited basin. Stalk, half an inch long, fleshy, inserted without any
depression. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, and
highly flavoured.
An excellent dessert apple ; in use from October to December. It wan raised by
a Mr. Wickham. of Week, near Winchester, In the catalogue of the London
Horiicultund Society it is called '• Wick Pearmain." but as the name I have adopted
is that by which it is best known in Hampshire, I prefer retaining it.
WILDING BITTER-SWEET.— Fruit, small, two inches and a
quarter wide, and the same high ; ovate, ribbed, and with prominent
ridges round the eye. Skin, pale yellow, tinged with green and strewed
■with russet dots, which have sometimes a greenish tinge. Eye, small
and closed, with connivent segments, set in a nan-ow ribbed basin.
Stamens, median ; tube, short conical. Stalk, short and slender,
obliquely inserted by the side of a prominent lip in a narrow shallow
cavity. Flesh, white, tender, with the flavour which is known as
bitter-sweet. Cells, long, obovate ; abaxile.
An esteemed cider apple, used for mixing with others in Hereford-
shire. It has a strong resemblance to a small specimen of Keswick
Codlin.
Williams' Early. See Williams' Favourite.
WILLIAMS' FAVOURITE {Willianu' Early; Williams' Red).—
Fruit medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and two inches and a
quarter high ; conical. Skin, entirely covered with crimson, marked
with broken bands of greenish yellow. Eye, small and closed, set in a
wide shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, curved, and obliquely
inserted in a wide shallow depression. Flesh, white with a greenish
tinge, remarkably tender, not very juicy, and with a fine balsamic
aroma.
A very handsome early cooking apple of American origin ; ripe in
the beginning of August. This would be an excellent market apple.
Williams' Red. See Williams' Favourite.
Winter Belle Bonne. See Belle Bonne.
244 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Winter Broading. See Broad-end.
WINTER COD LIN. — Fruit, very large, three inches and an eighth
wide at the middle, and three inches and a half high ; conical, gene-
rally five -sided, with prominent ribs on the sides, which extend to the
apex, forming considerable ridges round the eye. Skin, smooth, yel-
lowish green, and marked with dark dots. Eye, large and open, set in
a deep and very angular basin. Stamens, basal ; tube, large, wide,
funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a deep, smooth,
and angular cavity. Flesh, greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and
sub-acid. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A fine old culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from September
to February. It has a good deal of resemblance to Catshead.
The tree is a strong, vigorous, and healthy grower, and an excellent
bearer.
WINTER COLMAN [Black Jack ; Norfolk Colman ; Norfolk
Storing). — Fruit, above medium size, three inches wide, and two inches
and a quarter high ; roundish and flattened, obtusely angular on the
side, and ribbed at the crown. Skin, yellowish green, with a tinge of
dull red, on the shaded side, but deep dull mahogany brown on the side
next the sun, which becomes clearer and more red as it attains maturity.
Eye, with broad, erect, convergent segments, set in a rather shallow
and plaited basin. Stamens, median, inclining to basal ; tube, conical.
Stalk, short, thick, and deeply inserted. Flesh, firm, crisp, and briskly
acid. Cells, round ; axile, closed.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality ; in use from November to
April.
The tree is a very strong and vigorous grower, so much so, that in
its youug state it is not a great bearer, but when grafted on the para-
dise stock it produces abundantly.
WINTER GREENING {Claremont Pippin ; French Crab ; Easter
Pippin ; Ironstone Pipjnn ; John Apple ; Young's Long Keeping ;
Robin ; Yorkshire Eobin). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish,
widest at the middle, and narrowing towards the crown, round which
are a few small ridges. Skin, smooth and shining, of a dark lively
green, strewed with minute russety dots, and with a blush of dull red
where exposed to the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow and
plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, half
an inch long, inserted in a round cavity, which is lined with russet.
Flesh, greenish, very close in texture, brittle and juicy, with a very
sharp and pleasant acid. Cells, obovate ; axile, slit.
A culinary apple of first-rate quality, which comes into use in
November, and has been known to last under favourable circumstances
for two years. Dry sand is a good article to preserve it in.
The ^^tree is very hardy, a free and good grower, and an abundant
bearer.
APPLES. 245
I have not adopted here the nomenclature of the Horticultaral Society's Cata-
logue, for two reasons. First, because Winter Greening is the previous name, and,
so far as I can find, the original one. It is also very applicable, and not subject to
the same objection which Mr. Lindley has to French Crab. Second, because there
is already in the Horticultural Society's Catalogue the "White Easter" — the
"Paasch Appel" of Knoop — and the two names being so similar may tend to
confusion, a result of already too frequent occurrence, and most desirable to be
avoided. The name Winter Greening is also more descriptive.
WINTER HA WTHORNDEN.— Fruit, largo, from three inches and
a half to four inches wide, and two and three-quarters to three mches
high ; roundish ovate, flattened, and bluntly angular. Skin, deep
yellow with a greenish tinge, but when quite ripe rich yellow on the
shaded side, and with a thin bright red cheek, which is somewhat
streaked with crimson, on the side next the sun, thinly strewed with
large russet dots. Eye, small and half open, with short, slightly
divergent segments, set in a rather deep basin, with rather knolDbed
plaits. Stamens, median ; tube, varying between deep funnel-shape and
deep conical. Stalk, very short, deeply inserted in the wide irregular
cavity. Flesh, with a yellowish tinge, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a
pleasant mild acidity. Cells, elliptical ; abaxile.
A large and very handsome cooking apple ; in use from November
till after Christmas.
This is a very distinct apple from the New Hawthomden introduced
by Mr. Rivers in 1847, and is much superior to it, being of greater
weight and of much firmer texture. I received it fi'om Mr. George
Paul, of the Nurseries, Cheshunt. See New Hawthoi'den.
WINTER LADING. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide at the middle, and two inches and a half high ; roundish,
and narrowing towards the crown, irregularly formed, sometimes with
one prominent angle on one side. Skin, bright green, marked with
patches and dots of thin russet. Eye, closed, set in an angular basin.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, curved, inserted in a deep, round
cavity. Flesh, greenish white, juicy, sweet, very tender and delicate,
with a pleasant acid.
An excellent sauce apple ; in use from October to Christmas.
It is grown in the north-eastern parts of Sussex, about Heathfield.
WINTER MAJETIN.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish ovate, with
ribs round the crown. Skin, smooth, dark green, covered with thin
dull brownish red on the side next the sun. Eye, closed, with broad
erect segments, set in a narrow basin, which is much furrowed and
plaited. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity,
which is lined with russet. Flesh, greenish white, firm, crisp, brisk,
and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A first-rate culinary apple, bearing a considerable resemblance to
the London Pippin, but does not change to yellow colour by keeping
246 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
as that variety does ; it is in use from January to May. The tree is
an abundant bearer.
This variety is, strictly speaking, a Norfolk apple, where it is much grown for
the local markets. It was first made public by Mr. George Lindley, Avho intro-
duced it to the notice of the London Horticultural Society. In the " Guide to the
Orchard," it is stated that the Aphis lanigera, or " Mealy Bug," so destructive to
most of our old or.^hard trees, seems to be set at defiance by the Majetin " An
old tree now growing in a garden belonging to Mr. William Youngman, of Norwich,
which had been grafted about three feet high in the stem, has been for many years
attacked by this insect below the grafted part, but never above it, the limbs and
branches being to this day perfectly free, althougli all the other trees in the same
garden have been infested more or less with it."
WINTER MARIGOLD.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches high ; roundish ovate, bluntly angular. Skia,
lemon-yellow, with broken streaks of bright crimson all over the sur-
face. : Eye, small and closed, with connivent segments, set in a shallow
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, a quarter of an inch
long, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sweet,
and pleasantly flavoured. Cells, open, oblate or obovate ; axile.
A dessert apple ; in use up till Christmas, when it shrivels. It is
not of high merit.
WINTER PEACH. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide, and
two inches and a half high ; oblate, with very prominent ribs, like the
White Calville, and these extend to the crown, where they form promi-
nent ridges. Skin, smooth and shining, rich cream-colour. Eye,
open, with broad segments, which are divergent, set in a deep angular
basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk, very short, deeply
imbedded in the cavity. Flesh, very tender and juicy, with a fine
acidity, as tender as that of the White Calville. Cells, closed,
obovate ; axile.
A valuable cooking apple, which keeps till April. I received it from
Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., of Worcester.
WINTER PEARMAIN {Sussex Scarlet Pearmain ; Duck's Bill).—
Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide at the base,
and the same high ; conical, somewhat five-sided towards the crown,
where it is considerably ribbed. Skin, smooth and shining, at first
greenish yellow, with faint streaks of dull red on the shaded side,
and entirely covered with deep red on the side next san ; but it
changes by keeping to deep yellow, streaked with flesh-colour on the
shaded side, and a beautiful clear deep red or crimson on the side next
the' sun ; strewed all over with small russet dots. Eye, large, gene-
rally open, but sometimes closed, with short convergent segments, set
in a pretty deep and prominently plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
coni(3al or funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short, not exceeding a quarter of
an inch long, inserted in a deep, funnel-shaped cavity, which is lined
with russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, and sweet, with a
brisk and very pleasant flavour. Cells, ovate ; axile.
APPLES. 247
A very valuable and beautiful apple, suitable either for dessert or
culinary use from December to the end of April. The tree attains
about the middle size, is very hardy, and an excellent bearer.
This is a well-known Sussex variety, under the name of Duck's Bill, and is
much (irown upon the Weald. It is the Wviter Pearmain and Winter Quoining
of the London markets, and it is also grown in the Kentish orchards under these
names.
WINTER PIPPIN.— Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and two inches high ; roundish, depressed at the crown, obtusely
ribbed, with ridges round the eye. Skin, bright red on the side
exposed to the sun, and yellow, with a few pale broken streaks of red,
on the shaded side ; the surface dotted with russet. Eye, small and
quite closed, set in an angular basin. Stamens, median ; tube, small
conical. Stalk, slender, about half an inch long, nearly imbedded in
the russety cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and agreeably
liavoured. Cells, roundish obovate ; axile, open.
This is at the present time considered one of the best six Gloucester-
shire cider apples.
WINTER POMEROY.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide,
and two inches and a half high ; roundish or roundish ovate ; distinctly
five-sided, especially towards the apex, forming ridges, and rather flat
at the base. Skin, smooth, deep yellow on the shs^ded side, strewed
with bold russet dots, and with a bright red cheek on the side next the sun.
Eye, open, with erect, convergent, and somewhat divergent segments,
set in a moderately deep basin. Stamens, median ; tube, short, funnel-
shaped. Stalk, long and very slender, inserted in a deep narrow cavity,
surrounded with a patch of pale brown russet. Flesh, yellowish, firm,
crisp, and pleasantly sub-acid. Cells, elliptical ; axile, open.
A useful cooking apple ; in season from December till January.
WINTER QUOINING {Winter Qii£ening).—YnuU medium sized,
two inches and quarter wide, and rather more than two inches and a
half high ; conical, distinctly five-sided, with five acute angles, extend-
ing the whole length of the fruit, and terminatiDg at the crown in five
equal and prominent crowns. Skin, pale green, almost entirely covered
with red, which is striped and mottled with deeper red, and marked on
the shaded side with a thin coat of russet. Eye, small and closed,
with loDg pointed segments, set in a narrow and angular cavity.
Stamens, median ; tube, conical, inclining to funnel-shape. Stalk,
short, or about half an inch long, and slender, deeply inserted in a
narrow and angular cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender, soft,
not very juicy, sugary, rich, and perfumed. Cells, obovate ; abaxile.
A good old English apple, suitable either for the dessert or culinary
purposes ; it is in use from November to May.
The Winter Quoining is a very old English apple. See Queening.
Winter Queening. See Winter Pearmain and Winter Quoining,
Winter Red-streak. See Camhusnethan Pippin.
248 THE FRUIT MANUAL.'
WINTER RUSSET. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches high ; roundish and flattened ; the sides
are angular, and the crown is ribbed. Skin, entirely covered with
brown russet, which is thick but not rough, and in some specimens
there is a tinge of orange ground colour, and in others there is a patch
of smooth, shining, dark crimson. Eye, closed, with broad green leaf-
like segments, set in a moderately deep and rather angular basin.
Stalk, from a quarter to half an inch long, woody and slender, inserted
in an open and moderately deep cavity. Flesh, greenish white, very
firm and crisp, but not juicy, with a brisk, somewhat sweet, and agree-
ably perfumed flavour.
An excellent kitchen apple, which bakes well, and makes good sauce ;
in use from Christmas till the end of February, and does not shrivel
like most of the russets.
I received this from Mr. G. S. Wintle, of Gloucester, and it is generally met
with in the orchards of that neighbourhood.
WINTER STRAWBERRY.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish, in-
clining to conical, with obtuse angles ; knobbed round the crown.
Skin, yellow, striped with broken streaks of red. Eye, closed, sur-
rounded with plaits in a shallow basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
conical or funnel-shaped. Stalk, half an inch to an inch long,
inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, briskly
acid, and with a pleasant aroma. Cells, obovate ; axile.
A culinary apple ; in use from December to March.
WINTER WHORLE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half wide,
and an inch and three-quarters high ; oblate, undulating round the
crown. Skin, yellowish green in the shade, and orange striped with
broken streaks of crimson next the sun ; russety all over the base and
in the basin of the eye. Eye, closed, with flat convergent segments,
set in a round plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, over half an inch long, straight, inserted in a rather shallow,
wide cavity. Flesh, j^ellowish, tender, juicy, sweet, and of good
flavour. Cells, open, ovate, pointed ; axile.
An excellent late -keeping dessert apple, adapted for the North of
Scotland ; it keeps in good condition till March.
It was sent to me by my excellent friend Dr. J. Mackenzie, of Eileanach,
Inverness.
WITHINGTON FILLBASKET.— Fruit, very large, four inches
wide, by three and a quarter high ; roundish and depressed, promi-
nently and obtusely angular on the side and ribbed at the crown.
Skin, uniformly green or yellowish green, and occasionally with the
faintest tinge of dull red where fully exposed to the sun, and thickly
strewed with minute russet dots. Eye, quite closed, with convergent
segments, and set in a deep angular and plaited basin. Stamens,
basal ; tube, short, funnel-shaped. Stalk, very short and stout, im-
APPLES. 249
bedded in the cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, and pleasantly acid. Cells,
obovate ; axile. Core, very small for the size of the fruit.
A large and very handsome culinary apple ; in use during September
and October.
WoUaton Pippin. See Court Penda Plat.
WOODCOCK. —Fruit, medium sized ; of an oval shape, tapering a
little towards the crown, which is narrow. Skin, entirely covered with
bright red, which is very dark on the side next the sun, but on the
shaded side it is thin red and yellow streaked with red. Eye,
closed, with rather long segments, set in a moderately deep basin,
and sun-ounded with fine knobs. Stamens, rather basal ; tube, short,
conical. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long, inserted obliquely,
with a large sweUing at its base on one side, which is said by its
appearance to give the name to the fruit. Flesh, yellowish, some-
times stained with red under the skin, tender, juicy, and acid. Cells,
obovate ; axile, slit.
A Herefordshire cider apple.
Specific gravity of the juice, 1073.
This is one of the oldest cider apples, and is highly commended by
the writers of the seventeenth century ; but according to Mr. Knight
it has long ceased to deserve the attention of the planter. It is said
that the name of this apple is derived from an imagined resemblance
in the form of the fruit and fruit-stalk, in some instances, to the head
and beak of a woodcock ; but Mr. Knight thinks it probable that it
was raised by a person of that name.
Woodcock. See Green Woodcock,
WOODLEY'S FAVOURITE.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches
wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish and rather flat-
tened at the crown, bluntly angular. Skin, rather greasy when
handled, deep yellow, and with a faint blush of crimson where
exposed to the sun. Eye, rather large, with broad, flat segments, set
in a wide and plaited basin. Stamens, marginal ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, set in a wide and rather
deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, juicy, and with a pleasant mild
acidity. Cells, ovate ; abaxile.
An excellent cooking apple ; in use from October to Christmas. It
is a fine heavy apple. Sent me by Messrs. Wood & Ingram, of
Huntingdon.
Woodpecker. See Baldwin.
Wood's Huntingdon. See Cowt of Wick.
Woodstock Pippin. See Blenheim Pippin.
WOOLIMAN'S LONG (Ortley ; Fan Dj/?i^).— Fruit, medium sized ;
250 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
oblong. Skin, clear deep yellow on the shaded side, but bright scarlet
on the side next the sun, sprinkled with imbedded pearly specks and
russety dots. Eye, large, set in a moderately deep and plaited basin.
Stalk, slender, inserted in a rather deep and even cavity. Fleshy
yellowish, crisp, brittle, juicy, with a rich, brisk, and perfumed flavour.
An excellent apple of first-rate quality, suitable either for culinary
or dessert use ; it is in season from December to April.
This is an American apple, and originated in the State of New Jersey, U.S.
WORCESTEK PEARMAIN.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches ancl
three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; conical, even and very
slightly angular towards the crown, where it is narrow. Skin, very
smooth, and completely covered with a brilliant red, dotted with fawn-
coloured freckles ; here and there in some of the specimens the yellow
ground shows faintly through the red ; from the stalk cavity issue
branches of russet, which extend over the base. Eye, small, closed,,
with long, connivent segments forming a cone set on the apex of the
fruit, with a few prominent plaits round it. Stamens, marginal ; tube,
long, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from a quarter to three-quarters of an
inch long, deeply inserted in an even cavity. Flesh, very tender,,
crisp, very juicy, sweet, and sprightly, with a pleasant flavour. Cells,
obovate ; axile, slit.
A handsome early kitchen or dessert apple, ripe in August and
September. The tree is a free bearer, and from the great beauty of
the fruit is a favourite in the markets.
Messrs. Richard Smith & Co., of Worcester, sent me this in 1873. It is a
seedling from Devonshire Quarrenden.
WORMSLEY PIPPIN (Knight's CodUn).— Fruit, large, three inches
and a half broad in the middle, and three inches high ; ovate, widest
at the middle, and narrowing both towards the base and the apex, with
obtuse angles on the sides, which terminate at the crown in several
prominent ridges. Skin, smooth, deep clear yellow, with a rich golden
or orange tinge on the side next the sun, and covered with numerous
dark spots. Eye, large and open, with long acuminate segments,
placed in a deep, furrowed, and angular basin. Stamens, median ;.
tube, conical. Stalk, short, inserted in a deep and round cavity,,
which is thickly lined with russet. Flesh, yellow, tender, crisp, rich,
sugar}^ brisk, and aromatic. Cells, roundish ovate ; axile.
A most valuable apple, either for the dessert or culinary purposes ;
it is in season during September and October.
This admirable apple was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., and first brought into
notice in 1811. It is named from Wormsley Grange, in Herefordshire, where
Mr. Knight was born, August 12th, 1759. As a culinary apple it is not to be
surpassed -, and even in the dessert, when well ripened, Mr. Knight considered it
closely resembled the Newtown Pippin. The iree is hardy, healthy, a free and
abundant bearer. It has been found to succeed in every latitude of these kingdoms.
Even in Kosshire, the late Sir G. S. McKenzie found it to succeed well as an
espalier. It ought to be cultivated in every garden, however small.
APPLES. 251
Wygers. See Golden Beinette.
WYIlEN PIPPIN (WarwkksJiire Pippin; Arleij ; Girkin Pippin).—
Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half broad, and two inches
high; oblate, even and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth, pale
greenish yellow in the shade, but with a dull orange blush next the
sun, and sprinkled all over with russety dots and patches of delicate
russet, particularly on the base. Eye, large and open, set in a wide,
shallow, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube, conical. Stalk,
very short, imbedded in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, tinged with
green, tender, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. Cells, obovate ;
axile, closed.
A valuable and delicious dessert apple of first-rate quality ; in use
from December to April. The tree is a healthy and good grower, and
an excellent bearer.
This variety is said to have originated from seed saved from an apple which
Ijord Craven had eaten while on his travels from France to Holland, and which was
planted at Wykcn, about t.vo miles from Coventry. According to Mr. Lindley,
the originiil tree, then very old, was in existence in 1827, and presented the appear-
ance of an old trunk, with a strong sucker growing from its roots.
Wyker Pippin. See Golden Reinette.
YELLOW ELIOT.— Fruit, of a good size, rather more flat than
long, having a few obtuse angles terminating in the crown. Eye, small,
with short diverging segment of the calyx. Stalk, short. Skin, pale
yellow, slightly shaded with orange on the sunny side.
Specific gravity of the juice, 107G.
The cider of this apple in a new state is harsh and astringent, but
grows soft and mellow with age, and was much esteemed by the writers
of the seventeenth century.
Yellow Harvest. See Early Harvest,
YELLOW INGE STRIE.— Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters
wide, and an inch and five-eighths high ; of a handsome cylindrical
shape, flattened at both ends. Skin, smooth, of a fine clear yellow,
tinged with a deeper yellow on the side next the sun, and marked with
small pinky spots. Eye, small, and partially closed, set almost even
with the surface, but sometimes in a wide and shallow basin. Stamens,
median ; tube, funnel-shaped. Stalk, from half an inch to three-
quarters long, set in a rather shallow and smooth cavity. Flesh,
yellow, firm, crisp, and delicate, with a profusion of brisk and highly
flavoured vinous juice. Cells, closed, ovate ; axile.
A beautiful and delightful little dessert apple of first-rate quality,
bearing a conbiderable resemblance to the Golden Pippin ; it is in use
during September and October.
The tree is large, spreading, and an excellent bearer.
This, and the Red Ingestrie, were raised by T. A. Knight, Esq. See Red
Jngestrie.
252 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
YELLOW NEWTOWN PIPPIN (Large Yellow Newtown Pippin),—
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and three-
quarters high ; roundish, irregular in its outline, and prominently
angled on the sides. Skin, of a uniform deep straw colour, which is
rather deeper and richer on the side next the sun than on the other,
and thinly covered with delicate net work of fine grey russet, inter-
spersed with several large dark spots. . Eye, large and closed, with long
linear segments, set in a wide and irregular basin, from which issue
several deep russety furrows. Stalk, short, deeply inserted in an
uneven and angular cavity, which is partially lined with russet. Flesh,
yellowish, crisp, juicy, and slightly sub-acid, but with an agreeable
flavour.
A first-rate dessert apple ; in use from December to March, and
ripens better in this climate than the Newtown Pippin.
YELLOW STYRE. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and the same high ; roundish ovate, and sometimes round, regular in
its outline. Skin, lemon-yellow, very much striped with broken
streaks of crimson on the side next the sun, but only a few paler on
the shaded side. Eye, set in a rather wide and plaited basin, with
erect, connivent segments. Stamens, median ; tube, funnel-shaped.
Stalk, curved, a quarter to half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep,
narrow cavity. Flesh, yellow, soft, and tender, with a sweet and brisk
juice. Cells, elliptical ; axile, open.
A very old and now very scarce Herefordshire cider apple, of great
merit.
YORKSHIRE GREENING (Coates's ; Yorkshire Goose Sauce).—
Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and two inches and a half
high ; oblate; and slightly angular on the sides. Skin, very dark green,
but where exposed to the sun tinged with dull red, which is striped
with broken stripes of deeper red, very much speckled all over with
rather bold grey russet specks, and over the base with traces of greyish
brown russet. Eye, closed, with incurved convergent segments, set in
a shallow, irregular, and plaited basin. Stamens, median ; tube,
conical. Stalk,' short, stout, and fleshy, covered with grey down,
inserted in a wide and rather shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white,
firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a brisk but pleasant acidity. Cells,
obovate ; abaxile.
A first-rate culinary apple ; in use from October to January.
Yorkshire Robin. See Winter Greening.
Young's Long Keeping. See Winter Greening.
APPLES.
253
LISTS OF SELECT APPLES,
ADAPTED TO VARIOUS LATITUDES OF GREAT BEITAIN.
I.— SOUTHERN DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND,
AND NOT EXTENDING FURTHER NORTH THAN THE BIYEB TBENT.
Dessert.
Benoni
Devonshire Quarrenden
Early Harvest
Early Julyan
Irish Peach
Joaneting
Kerry Pippin
1. Summer Apples.
Marparet
Mr. Gladstone
Sack and Sugar
Summer Golden Pippin
Kitchen.
Carlisle Codlin
Duchess of Oldenburg
Keswick Codlin
Lord Suffield
Manks Codlin
Stirling Castle
Springrove Codlin
Dessert.
Adams's Pearmain
American Mother Apple
Borsdorfer
Blenheim Pippin
Coe's Golden Drop
Cornish Aromatic
Court of Wick
Cox's Orange Pippin
Downton- Pippin
Early Nonpareil
Fearn's Pippin
Franklin's Golden Pippin
Golden Pippin
Golden Reinette
Golden Winter Pearmain
Lucombe's Pine
Margil
Melon Apple
Nanny
2. Autumn Apples.
Pine Apple Russet
Pine Golden Pippin
Pitmaston Golden Pippin
Pitmaston Pine Apple
Pomeroy
Ribston Pippin
Sykehouse Russet
Red Ingestrie
Reinette Van Mons
Yellow Ingestrie
Kitchen.
Bedfordshire Foundling
Breitling
Cellini
Cox's Pomona
Ecklinville
Emperor Alexander
Flower of Kent
Forge
Gloria Mundi
Golden Noble
Greenup's Pippin
Harvey Apple
Hawthornden
Hoary Morning
Kentish Fill Basket
Lemon Pippin
Loddington
Lord Derby
Mere de Menage
Nelson Codlin
Nonesuch
Stirling Castle
Tower of Glammis
Wadhurst Pippin
Waltham Abbey Seedling
Winter Quoining
Wormsley Pippin
Yorkshire Greening
Dessert.
Ashmead's Kernel
Barcelona Pearmain
Boston Russet
Braddick's Nonpareil
Claygate Pearmain
Cockle's Pippin
Cornish Gilliflower
3. Winter Apples.
Court Pendu Plat
D'Arcy Spice
Downton Nonpareil
Dredge's Fame
Duke of Devonshire
Dutch Mignonne
Golden Harvey
Golden Russet
Hughes's Golden Pippin
Hubbard's Pearmain
Keddleston Pippin
Lamb Abbey Pearmain
Lodgemore Nonpareil
Maclean's Favourite
Mannington's Pearmain
Mela Carla
254
THE FI^UIT MANUAL.
Nonpareil
Northern Spy
Ord's Apple
Pearson's Plnte
Pinner Seedling
Piimaston Golden Pippin
Pitmaston Nonpareil
Pitmaston Pine Apple
Ross Nonpareil
Russet Table Pearmain
Sam Younf?
Sturm er Pippin
Wyken Pippin
Kitchen.
Alfriston
Beauty of Kent
Brabant Bellefleur
Brownlees's Russet
Dumelow's Seedling
French Crab
Gooseberry Apple
Hanibledon Deux Ans
Hanwell Souring
Lane's Prince Albert
Lord Derby
MinthuU Crab
Norfolk Beefing
Norfolk Colman
Norfolk Stone Pippin
Northern Greening
Reinette Blanche
d'Espagne
Rhode Island Greening
Round Winter Nonesuch
Royal Pearmain
Royal Russet
Striped Beeting
Winter Majeting
Winter Pearmain
IL NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND,
EXTENDING FROM THE RIVER TRENT TO THE RIVER TTNE.
1. Summer Apples.
Dessert.
Margaret
Keswick Codlin
Devonshire Quarrenden
Oslin
Lord Suffield
Early Harvest
Whorle
Manks Codlin
Irish Peach
Nonesuch
Joaneting
Kitchen.
Springrove Codlin
Kerry Pippin
Carlisle Codlin
2. Autumn Apples.
Dessert.
Ribston Pippin
Gloria Mundi
Borsdorfer
Stamford Pippin
Greenup's Pippin
Downton Pippin
Summer Pearmain
Hawthornden
Early Nonpareil
Wormsley Pippin
Lemon Pippin
Franklin's Golden Pippin
Yellow Ingestrie
Mere de Menage
Golden Monday
Kitchen.
Nelson Codlin
Golden Winter Pearmain
Cellini
Nonesuch
Red Ingestrie
Emperor Alexander
3. "Winter Apples.
Tower of Glammis
Dessert.
Keddleston Pippin
Bedfordshire Foundling
Adams's Pearmain
Margil
Blenheim Pippin
Barcelona Pearmain
Nonpareil
Dumelow's Seedling
Brad dick's Nonpareil
Pitmaston Nonpareil
French Crab
Clay gate Pearmain
Royal Pearmain
Mere de Menage
Cockle's Pippin
Scarlet Nonpareil
Nelson Codlin
Court of Wick
Sturmer Pippin
Northern Greening
Court Pendu Plat
Sykchouse Russet
Round Winter Nonesuch
Golden Pippin
KlTCIIEX.
Yorkshi. e Greening
Golden Reinette
Alfriston
APPLES. 255
III. BORDER COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND,
AND TUB WARM AND SHELTERED SITUATIONS IN OTHER I'AUTS OF SCOTLAND.
1. Summer and Autumn Apples.
Dessert.
Cellini
Devonshire Quarrenden
Edinburtjh Cluster
Karly Jul van
Federal Pearmaiii
Golden Monday
Greenup's Pippin
Grey Leadington
Irish Peach
Kerry Pippin
Margaret
Melrose
Nonesuch
Oslin
Ravelston Pippin
Red Astrachaa
lied Ingotrie
Sammor Pearmain
Sutnmer Strawberry
White Paradise
Whorle
Wormsley Pippin
Yellowr Ingestrie
Kitchen.
Carlisle Codlin
])utch Codlin
Hawthornden
Keswick Codlin
Manks Codlin
Nelson Codlin
Springrove Codlin
Dessert.
^Adams's Pearmain
•Barcelona Pearmain
^Braddick's Nonpareil
Court of Wick
*Downton Pippin
*Golden Pippin
^Golden Russet
*Margil
►Nonpareil
2. Winter Apples.
Those marked • require a wall.
•Pearson's Plate
•Pennington's Seedling
•Ribs'on Pippin
•Scarlet Nonpareil
•Sturmer Pippin
Sykehouse Russet
Wykeu Pippin
KlTCHEV.
Bedfordshire Foundling
Brabant Bellcfleur
Dumelow's Seedling
Royal Russet
Rymer
Tower of Glammis
Winter Greening
Winter Pearmain
Winter Strawberry
Yorkshire Greening
IV. NORTHERN PARTS OF SCOTLAND,
and othek exposed situations in engi and a^d scotland.
1. Summer and Autumn Apples.
Those marked * require a trail.
Dessert.
Devonshire Quarrenden
Early July an
Irish Peach
Kerry Pippin
Nonesuch
•Ravelsron Pippin
bummer Strawberry
Kitchen.
Carlisle Codlin
Hawthornden
Keswick Codlin
Manks Codlin
Melrose
Dessert.
•Golden Russet
Grey Leadington
•Margil
2. Winter Apples.
Winter Strawberry
Kitchen.
Tower of Glammis
Warner's King
Winter Greening
Yoikshire Greening
256
THE FEUIT MANUAL.
V. FOR ESPALIERS OR DWARF BUSHES.
These succeed well when grafted on the Paradise or Doucin stock ; and from
their small habit of growth, are well adapted for that mode of culture.
Adams's Pearmain
American Mother Apple
Ashmead's Kernel
Borovitsky
Boston Russet
Braddick's Nonpareil
Cellini
Christie's Pippin
Claygate Pearmain
Cockle's Pippin
Coe's Golden Drop
Cornish Gilliflower
Court of Wick
Court Pendu Plat
Cox's Orange Pippin
Downton Pippin
Dutch Mignonne
Early Harvest
Early Julyan
Early Nonpareil
Franklin's Golden Pippin
Golden Harvey
Golden Pippin
Golden Reinette
Golden Russet
Hawthornden
Holbert's Victoria
Hubbard's Pearmain
Hughes's Golden Pippin
Irish Peach
Isle of Wight Pippin
Joaneting
Keddleston Pippin
Kerry Pippin
Keswick Codlin
Lamb Abbey Pearmain
Lucombe's Pine
Maclean's Favourite
Hanks Codlin
Mannington's Pearmain
Margaret
Margil
Melon Apple
Nanny
Nonesuch
Nonpareil
Oslin
Pearson's Plate
Pennington's Seedling
Pine Apple Russet
Pine Golden Pippin
Pinner Seedling
Pitmaston Golden Pippin
Pitraaston Nonpareil
Pitmaston Pine Apple
Red ingestrie
Reinette Van Mons
Ronalds' Gooseberry
Pippin
Ross Nonpareil
Russet Table Pearmain
Sam Young
Scarlet Nonpareil
Scarlet Pearmain
Sturmer Pippin
Summer Golden Pippin
Summer Pearmain
Sykehouse Russet
Yellow Ingestrie
VL FOR ORCHARD PLANTING AS STANDARDS.
These are generally strong growing or productive varieties, the fruit of which
being mostly of a large size or showy appearance, they are on that account well
adapted for orchard planting, to supply the markets.
Alfriston
Barcelona Pearmain
Beauty of Kent
Bedfordshire Foundling
Blenheim Pippin
Brabant Bellefleur
Brownlees's Russet
Cellini
Cox's Pomona
Devonshire Quarrenden
Duchess of Oldenburg
Dumelow's Seedling
Dutch Codlin
Emperor Alexander
English Codlin
Fearn's Pippin
Flower of Kent
Forge
French Crab
Gloria Mundi
Golden Noble
Golden Winter Pearmain
Gooseberry Apple
Hambledon Deux Ans
Hanwell Souring
Harvey Apple
Hoary Morning
Hollandbury
Kentish Fill Basket
Kerry Pippin
Keswick Codlin
Lane's Prince Albert
Lemon Pijopin
Lewis's Incomparable
Loddington
London Pippin
Longville's Kernel
Lord Derby
Lord Grosvenor
Manks Codlin
Margaret
Mere de Menage
Minchull Crab
Minier's Dumpling
Nelson Codlin
Norfolk Bearer
Norfolk Beefing
Northern Greening
Reinette Blanche d'Es-
pagne
Reinette du Canada
Rhode Island Greening
Ringer
Round Winter Nonesuch
Royal Pearmain
Royal Russet
Bymer
APPLES.
257
Small's Admirable
Stirlini; Castle
Striped Beefing
Toker's Incomparable
Tower of Glammis
Waltham Abbey Seedling
Winter Oodlin
Winter Colman
Winter Majeting
Winter Pearmaia
Winter Quoining
Wormsley Pippin
Wyken Pippin
Yorkshire Greening
THE BEST DESSERT APPLES,
AKRANGED IN THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING.
July.
Joaneting
Margaret
July and August.
Early Harvest
Sack and Sugar
A ugust.
Irish Peach
Devonshire Quarrenden
Large Yellow Bough
Whorle Pippin
A ugust and September.
Old King of the Pippins
Oslin
Summer Golden Pippin
September.
Alexandra
September and October.
Bowyer's Russet
Kerry Pippin
Pineapple Russet
Pomeroy of Hereford
Wormsley Pippin
Yellow Ingestrie
October.
American Mother
Nanny
October and November.
Breedon Pippin
Pine Golden Pippin
Red Ingestrie
October to December.
Broughton
Crofton Scarlet
Early Nonpareil
Franklin's Golden Pippin
Gravenstein
October to January.
American Golden Russet
Cornish Aromatic
Golden Winter Pearmain
Harvey's Wiltshire
Defiance
Isle of Wight Pippin
Keeping Russet
Lucombe's Pine Apple
Maclean's Favourite
Scarlet Pearmain
Washington
October to February.
Barton's Incomparable
Brookes's
Cox's Orange Pippin
Essex Pippin
Micklehara Pearmain
Morris's Court of Wick
Morris's Russet
Osterley Pippin
Pomme Grise
Sykehouse Russet
October to March.
Court of Wick
Hormead Pearmain
Mannington's Pearmain
October to April.
Api
October to June.
Morris's Nonpareil Russet
November to January.
Borsdorfer
Downton Pippin
Ribston Pearmain
November to February,
Esopus Spitzenburgh
Loan's Pearmain
Margil
Powell's Russet
Reinette Jaune Sucree
Ronald's Gooseberry Pip-
pin
Ross Nonpareil
Russet Table Pearmain
Sam Young
Siely's Mignonne
Stoke Edith Pippin
November to March.
Barcelona Pearmain
Claygate Pearmain
Cobham
Keddlcston Pippin
Mrs. Ward
Pack horse
Pennington's Seedling
November to April.
Braddick's Nonpareil
Forman's Crow
Golden Pippin
Golden Reinette
Hubbard's Pearmain
Reinette Franche
Scarlet Golden Pippin
Wheeler's Russet
November to May.
Ashmead's Kernel
Coe's Golden Drop
D'Arcy Spice
Reinette Grise
December and January.
Padley's Pippin
Pitmaston Pine Apple
December to February.
Adams's Pearmain
Aromatic Russet
Byson Wood Russet
Caraway Russet
Christie's Pippin
Golden Nonpareil
Hughes's Golden Pippin
Huut'sDuke of Gloucester
17
258
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Melon
Pitmaston Golden Pippin
Pitmaston Nonpareil
Robinson's Pippin
Kosemary Russet
December to March.
Beachamweli
Federal Pearraain
Golden Knob
Golden Russet
Hunt's Deux Ans
Mela Oarla
Pearson's Plate
Reinette de Breda
Reinette Diel
Ribston Pippin
Siegende Reinette
Taunton Golden Pippin
Yellow Newtown Pippin
December to April.
Eldon Pip])in
Jonathan
Newtown Pippin
Pinner Seedling
Reinette Carpentin
liusiiock Pearmain
Screveton Golden Pippin
Shakespere
Wyken Pippin
December 1o May.
Cornish Gilliflower
Court Pendu Plat
Golden Harvey
Holbert's Victoria
Lord Burghley
Northern Spy
Reinette Van Mons
Reinette Verte
January to April
Boston Russet
Brickley Seedling
Calville Blanche d'Hiver
Cockle's Pippin
Farleigh Pip})in
Lamb Abbey Pearmain
Scarlet Nonpareil
Twiiiing's Pippin
January to May.
New Rock Pippin
Nonpareil
Ord's
Uellner's Gold Reinette
February to May.
Duke of Devonshire
February to June.
Lodgemore Nonpareil
Sturmer Pippin
Wan stall
THE BEST KITCHEN APPLES.
ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING.
August.
Early Julyan
Sugarloaf Pippin
Summer Stibbert
William!>'s Favourite
August and September.
Carlisle Codlin
€ole
Duchess of Oldenburgh
English Codlin
Keswick Codlin
Lord Suffield
Red Hawthornden
August to October.
Jolly Beggar
Springrove Codlin
Stirling Castle
September and Octoher.
Grand Duke Constantine
Nonesuch
bummer Pearmain
September to December.
Emperor Alexander
Golden Noble
Lord Grosvenor
Waltham Abbey Seedling
September to January.
Broad-eyed Pippin
Nelson Codlin
Winter Codlin
October,
Cellini
Cox's Pomona
October to December.
Fall Pippin
Greenup's Pippin
Hawthornden
Hoary Morning
Lord Derby
Moore's Seedling
October to January.
Brown Kenting
Castle Major
Catshead
Ecklinville
Flower of Kent
Galloway Pippin
Glory of the West
Gloucestershire Costard
Harvey Apple
Herefordshire Costard
Hollandbury
Kenti&h Pippin
Loddington
Melrose
Mere de Menage
Rabine
Kvmer
Tom Putt
Yorkshire Greening
October to February.
Beauty of Kent
Lady Henniker
Lane's Prince Albert
Lueombe's Seedling
Pile's Kusset
Wadhuis'o Pippin
Waaler's King
Watson's Dumpling
November to January,
Kentish Fill-Basket
Queen of Sauce
Email's Admirable
Toker's Incomparable
Winter Hawthornden
November to February.
Blenheim Pippin
Caroline
Fearn's Pippin
Grange's Pearmain
APPLES.
259
Tower of Glammis
November to March.
Baxter's Pear main
Bedfordshire Foundling
Dnmelow's Seedling
Holland Pippin
Hoiskreiger
Minchull Crab
Round Winter Nonesuch
Royal Pearmain
Royal Kusset
Royal Somerset
November to April.
Alfriston
Brabant Bellefleur
London Pippin
Northern Greening
Omar Pasha
Reinette du Canada
Rhode Island Greening
Winter Colman
November to May.
Betty Geeson
Minier's Dumpling
Striped Beefing
Winter Greening
Winter Quoining
November to July.
Norfolk Stone Pippin
December to February.
Harvey's Pippin
Mitchelson's Seedling
December to March.
Dredge's Fame
Hanwell Souring
Stamford Pippin
December to April.
Dutch Codlin
Reinette Blanche d'Es-
pagne
Sweeny Nonpareil
Winter Pearmain
January to May.
Brown lees's Russet
Hambledon Deux Ana
Winter Majetin
January to June,
Norfolk Beefing
THE BEST CIDER APPLES.
HEREFORDSHIRE.
Furnished by Dr. Henry Bull, op Hereford.
Bran Rose
Cherry Norman
Cherry Pearmain
Coccagee
Cowarne Red
Cwmray
Dymock Red
Eggleton Styre
Forest Styre
Foxwhelp
Garter
Oennet Moyle
Green Wilding
Hagloe Crab
Handsome Norman
Kiniiston Black
Munn's Red
Old Bromley
Pym Square
Red Norman
Red Royal
Red Splash
Red-streak
Royal Wilding
Skyrme's Kernel
South Quoining
Strawberry Norman
Tanner's Red
Wilding Bitter-sweet
White Norman
White Must
White Styre
DEVONSHIRE.
Fdrkished by Mr. R. T. Veitch, Nurseryman, Exbtsb.
Han gd own
Tremleit's Bitter
Kingston Black
Pound Apple
Sweet Elford or Alfred
Tom Putt
Greasy
Ponsford
Red Cluster
Slack my Girdle
Soldier
Northwood
260
THE FKUIT MANUAL.
SOMERSETSHIRE.
Furnished by Mr. R. H. Poynton, Nurseryman, Taunton, from the most
NOTED Cider Makers.
Black Hereford — A large white apple,
" good for extra prime tipple "
Chibble's Wilding — A sweet yellow
apple with a long stalk, which gives
much briskness to cider
Granville — A small red apple, giving a
high colour
Hangdown — A. small yellow apple
Kingston Black — This of itself makes a
thin cider ; but a few only communi-
cate a high colour to other ciders
Large Jersey — Good, but not a great
cropper
Morris's Apple — " Never blights," of
medium size, high colour, and a very
fair eating apple in January
Streaked or Royal Jersey — Small red
Darbin Red-streak
Lurley Bitter-sweet
Red Cluster
Sweet Reinette
Pound — Very large
Cadbury — The cider quickly turns black
after drawing
APEICOTS.
SYNOPSIS OF APEICOTS.
A. KERNELS BITTER.
* Back
of the stone impervious.
A. Freestones.
Royal
Alberge
St. Ambroisc
Brussels
Shipley's
Large Early
White Masculine
Liabaud
Luizet
B. Clingstones.
Pine Apple
Black
Red Masculine
Montgamet
Roman
Portugal
*''fi
Bacli
of the stone pervious.1[
Alsace
Large Red
Beauge
Moorpark
Desfargcs
Oullins Early Peach
Early Moorpark
Peach
Frogmore Early
Sardinian
Hemskerk
Viard
B.
KERNELS SWEET.
A. Freestones.
Turkey •
D'Ampuy^
Provence
Angoumois
Breda
B. Clingstones.
Kaisha
Orange
Musch Musch
t The bony substance at the back of the store is ptrvious by a passage through
which a pin may be passed from one end to the other.
APRICOTS. ^1
Abricotin. See Red Masculine,
ALBERGE. — Fruit, small and flattened, narrower at the apex than
at the base, and marked on one side with a very shallow suture. Skin,
often thick and rough to the feel ; greenish on the shaded side, but
deep yellow where exposed to the sun, and marked with reddish spots.
Stalk, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity. Flesh, deep orange,
adhering somewhat to the stone, firm, vinous, and perfumed with an
admixture of brisk acidity. Stone, large and flat. Kernel, bitter.
This is generally used for drying and preserving. It is ripe in the
end of August. The tree of this variety • is the largest and most
vigorous grower of all the apricots, and bears abundantly. It is raised
from seed, and is used in France as a stock on which to bud other
kinds ; and hence there are many varieties of the Alberge, one of
which has a sweet kernel, and is called Alberge Aveline.
Alberge de Montgamet. See Montganiet,
D'Alexandrie. See Musch Musch,
ALGIER. — The Algier Apricot is one of the earliest recorded varieties
in this country. It is mentioned by Parkinson, Ray, Miller, and For-
syth, but there is no mention made of it by any other Enghsh authors
except Meager, who has it in the list of varieties cultivated in the
Brompton Park Nursery in 1G90. What this variety was it is difficult
now to determine. Mr. Thompson referred it to the Portugal, and as
the meagi'e description we have of it by Miller and Forsyth accords
very much with that variety, there is every reason to conclude that Mr.
Thompson was correct. Parkinson's account of it is : '' The Algier
Apricocke is a smaller fruit than any of the other, and yellow, but as
sweete and delicate as any of them, having a blackish stone within it
little bigger than a Lacuro [Black Heart] cherry-stone. This, with
many other sorts, John Tradescante brought with him returning from
the Algier voyage, whither he went voluntary with the Fleete that went
against the Pyrates in the yeare 1620."
ALSACE. — This is a variety of the Moorpark, and is of a very large
size, with a rich and juicy flavour. The tree, unlike the others of the
race, is vigorous and hardy, and does not die ofi" in branches as the
Moorpark does.
Amande Aveline. See Breda.
D'AMPUY. — This is a form of the Breda, and, like it, has a sweet
kernel. It also resembles the Alberge, from which it difl'ers in the
latter having a bitter kernel. This variety is much grown in the
department of the Rhone, where it is chiefly used for compotes.
ANGOUMOIS (Anr/oumois Hatif ; Anjou; Bouge; Violet). — Small,
oval, flattened at the apex, marked on one side with a shallow suture.
262 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Skin, clear, deep yellow on the shaded side, but dark rusty brown on
the side next the sun. Stalk, inserted in a deep and narrow cavity.
Flesh, deep orange or reddish yellow, juicy and melting, separating
from the stone ; rich, sugary, and briskly flavoured, but, when highly
ripened, charged with a fine aroma. Stone, broad and ovate, imper-
vious. Kernel, sweet.
Eipe in the end of July. The tree is of very slender growth, with
strong brown shining shoots.
There seems some confusion among pomologists regarding this. Diel makes it
synonymous with Abricot Gros Orange, and I have met with it in some London
nurseries under the name of Orange, where it caused great embarrassment by the
diflSculty of its propagation, for the true Orange Apricot takes freely on the stocks
usually employed for apricots ; this, however, as Bretonnerie says, requires to be
budded on the almond. I quite agree with the author of the Luxemberg Cata-
logue in making Angoumcis synonymous with Violet, the Violet of Duhamel
being a very similar variety, if not identical. It is evident that it is not the
Prunus dasycarpa he refers to when describing the Violet, for, at page 142, t. 1,
he mentions Abricot Noir as being grown at Trianon, the description of which is
clearly that of Prunus dasycarpa.
Ananas. See Breda.
Ananas. See Pine Apple.
Angoumois Hatif. See Angoumois.
Anjou. See Angoumois.
Anson's. See Moorpark.
A TROCHETS. — An excellent variety of the Peach Apricot, which
blooms much later than that variety, and consequently is a better
bearer, as its blossoms escape the early spring frosts. It was raised
at Angers by M. Mille't, in 1840, and he named it A Trochets from the
circumstance of its producing the fruit in clusters.
Aveline. See Breda.
BEAUGE. — A large variety of the Peach Apricot, ripening later
than it in the middle of September.
BELLE BE TOULOUSE.— A very excellent late variety of the
Peach Apricot ; the latest of all.
BLACK {Noir ; Du Pape ; Purple). — Fruit, small, about the size
and shape of a small Orleans plum, to which it bears some resemblance.
Skin, of a purple colour on the side exposed to the sun, but reddish
yellow on the shaded side, and covered with a delicate down. Flesh,
reddish yellow, adhering a little to the stone, juicy but tasteless,
insipid, and quite worthless to eat. Stone, small, impervious on the
back. Kernel, bitter.
Ripe in the beginning of August. The tree grows from ten to
fifteen feet high, and is more fitted for an ornamental than a fruit-tree.
APRICOTS. . 268
Blanc. See White Masculine,
Blenheim. See Shipleifs.
BREDA (Amande Aveline ; Aveline : Ananas: De Hollande ; Has-
.sehui^ssmandel ; Xoisette). — Fruit, below medium size or small, roundish,
compressed on the sides, in some cases so much as to be of a four-
sided shape ; divided on one side by a deep suture, which extends from
the base to the apex, where it terminates in a depression. Skin, deep
orange on the shaded side, but deep dull reddish orange, dotted with
brown and red dots, on the side next the sun. Stalk, deeply inserted
in a narrow cavit}'. Flesh, deep orange, tender, juicy, rich, and highly
flavoured, separating freely from the stone. Stone, small, smooth,
and more round than that of any other variety, and without any pervi-
ous channel on the back. Kernel, sweet, like that of a hazel nut.
An excellent early apricot, ripe on walls from the beginning to the
middle of August ; but on standards, which bear well in sheltered
situations, it does not ripen till September. The tree is a good grower,
with pretty strong shoots.
There is a diversity of opinion among pomologists as to what is the true Breda
Apricot. It is evident that the variety here described is not the Breda of Miller
and other authors of the last century; nor is it that which is still grown in nur-
series at the present lime, for both Roman and Brussels are to be found under the
name of Bieda. Knoop says the Breda Apricot is large, and sometimes larger than
the Bois-le-Duc, which is the largest of all apricots. It cannot, therefore, be the
same as this. In the Horticultural Tour of ihe Ck)mmittee of the Caledonian
Honicultural Society it is stated, when treating of the horticulture of Breda, " The
Breda Apricot is well known and highly esteemed in Scotland, both on account of
its large size and fine flavour, &c." The only conclusion I can come to there-
fore is, that the large apricot described by Miller, and which was cultivated in the
gardens of this country for Breda, was either the Brussels or Orange. The
Abricot de Hollande which I now describe has long been cultivated as the true
Breda.
Brown Masculine. See Red Masculine.
BRUSSELS. — Fruit, medium sized, rather oval, flattened on the
sides, marked with a suture, which is deep at the base, but diminishes
at the apex. Skin, pale yellow, dotted with white on the shaded side,
but red, interspersed with dark spots, next the sun. Flesh, j-ellow,
firm, brisk flavoured, and separating freely from the stone. Stone,
small, impervious on the back. Kernel, bitter.
A good hardy variety, ripe in the middle of August, but the fruit
must not be allowed to become too ripe, as it is then pasty.
The tree is a free grower and an excellent bearer. It is the best to-
cultivate as a standard, and in favourable situations it produces fruit
of finer flavour than when grown against a wall ; but then it is a
fortnight later.
CANINO GROSSO. — A fine large apricot, ripening at the same
time as Royal. The tree is very robust.
264 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Common. See Roman.
Crotte. See Montgamet,
De HoUande. See Breda.
De Nancy. See Peach.
DESFARGES. — Fruit, large, somewhat oval, widest towards the
apex, and narrowing a little towards the stalk, marked with a narrow
and rather deep suture. Skin, covered with very fine down, sometimes
almost smooth, of a deep golden yellow when ripe, mottled with reddish
orange, and strewed with dark red dots. Flesh, tender, juicy, per-
fumed, and with a slight musky flavour, separating from the pervious
stone. Kernel, bitter.
A very early apricot ; ripe in the middle of July.
This was raised by M. Desfarges of St. Cyr, near Lyons, and M. Mas says it is
invaluable for market.
DE SALUCE. — A large variety of the Peach Apricot.
De Syrie. See Kaisha.
Du Clos. See Luizet.
Dunmore. See Moorpark.
DUVAL. — A large variety, raised from the Peach Apricot, a fort-
night later in ripening than its parent.
EARLY MOORPARK. — Fruit, roundish, inclining to oval, with a
very deep suture on one side extending from the base to the apex.
Skin, yellow, mottled and dotted with crimson on the exposed side.
Flesh, in all respects resembling that of the Moorpark. Stone, oblong,
with a covered channel along the back, which is pervious. Kernel,
bitter.
This ripens three weeks before the Moorpark, and is a first-rate
variety.
Early Orange. See Orange.
Early Red Masculine. See Red Masculine.
FROGMORE EARLY.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch
and three-quarters high ; roundish, and very frequently oblate, much
depressed at the crown, from which issues a deep suture, extending
the whole length of the fruit into the stalk cavity. Skin, pale yellow
on the shaded side, and deep yellow where exposed to the sun, fre-
quently with a blotched dark crimson cheek, which is mottled with
darker crimson. Flesh, deep orange, tender, melting, very juicy, and
richly flavoured. Stone, with a perforated channel. Kernel, bitter.
APRICOTS. 265
This excellent early apricot ripens on a wall from the 9th of July
successionally till the 20th. It is three weeks earlier than Moorpark.
It was raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, between the Royal and the Large
Early apricots; and Mr. Jones, the Royal Gardener, sent it to me quite ripe on
the 20th July, 1875.
Friihe Muscateller. See Red Mascxdine,
GLOIRE DE POURTALES.— This is very similar to Canino
Grosso ; is a bad bearer, and not worth cultivating.
GOLDEN DROP.— Fruit, small, about the size of the Orange
Apricot. Skin, bright orange, with streaks of red on the exposed side.
Flesh, melting and juicy, with a rich flavour somewhat resembling a
pine-apple.
An excellent early apricot, ripe in the middle of July. The tree is
very tender.
This was raised by Mr. Rivers of Sawbridgeworth, from Musch-Musch.
Gros d'Alexandrie. See Large Early.
Gros Commun. See Roman.
Gros Peche. See Peach.
Gros Precoce. See Large Early,
Gros Rouge. See Large Red.
Grosse Friihe. See Large Early.
Hasselnussmandel. See Breda.
HEMSKERK. — Fruit, rather large, round, flattened on the sides ;
the suture distinct, higher on one side than the other. Skin, yellow
on the shaded side, and reddish next the sun. Flesh, bright orange,
tender, rich, and juicy, separating from the stem. Stone, small, per-
vious on the back. Kernel, bitter.
This very much resembles, and, according to some, equals, the
Moorpark. It ripens in the end of July and beginning of August.
The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer, closely resembling in its
wood and foliage the Moorpark, of which it is a variety. It is much
more hardy than that variety, and not liable to gum and die off" in the
same manner.
Hunt's Moorpark. See Moorpark.
KAISHA {De Syrie). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, marked with
a suture, which is deep towards the stalk, and gradually diminishes
towards the apex, which is pitted. Skin, pale lemon-coloured on the
shaded side, and tinged and mottled with red next the sun. Flesh,
THE FKUIT MANUAL.
transparent, separating freely from the stone, clear pale yellow, tender,
and very juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured. Stone, small, roundish.
Kernel, sweet.
An excellent early variety ; ripe in the middle of August.
It was introduced from Svria by Mr. Barker, Consul at Aleppo, from Avhom I
received grafts in 1842, and it was first brought into notice by Messrs. James
Veitch & Son, of Exeter.
LAKGE EARLY {Gros Precoce ; Gros cV Alcxandrie ; Grosse
Fruhe ; De St. Jean ; Precoce cVEsperen ; Precoce cf Hon grie). — Fruit,
above the medium size, rather oblong, and flattened on the sides, con-
siderably swollen on one side of the suture, which is deep and extends
across to the opposite side of the apex, which terminates in a sharp
point. Skin, pale orange on the shaded side, bright orange and
spotted with red next the sun ; slightly downy. Flesh, deep orange,
rich, juicy, separating from the stone, which is very flat, oval, sharp
at the point, and deeply channelled, but not pervious on the back.
Kernel, bitter.
One of the most valuable apricots, not only on account of its excel-
lent flavour, but for its great earliness, being ripe in the end of July
and beginning of August.
LARGE RED {Gros J?o«//^).— This is a variety of the Peach
Apricot, and of a deeper colour than that variety. It is large, and of
a deep orange-red colour. The flesh is rich and juicy, and separates
freely from the stone. Stone, pervious along the back. Kernel, bitter.
The tree is hardier than the Moorpark.
LIABAUD. — Fruit, large, oval, and inclining to oblate, being some-
what flattened ; marked with a narrow, pretty deep suture. Skin, pale
yellow, with a tinge of orange next the sun. Flesh, pale orange,
tender, juicy, transparent, melting, richly flavoured and perfumed,
separating freely from the stone, which is impervious. Kernel, bitter.
An early apricot of excellent quality ; ripe nearly a month before
Moorpark.
The tree is hardy and a good bearer,
Eaised by M. Liabaud at Croix-Rousse, near Lyons.
LUIZET {Bu Clos). — Fruit, large, oval, marked on one side by a.
distinct suture, which is higher on one side than the other. Skin,
orange, covered next the sun with a crimson cheek, which is dotted
with darker crimson. Flesh, deep yellow, firm, rich flavoured, and
perfumed, separating freely from the stone, which is impervious.
Kernel, bitter.
A fine early apricot ; ripe in July.
Eaised by M. Luizet, of Ecully, near Lyons.
Male. See Portugal,
APBICOTS. 267
MONTGAMET {CrottS ; Alhenje de Montijamet). — Fruit, of small
size, oval, somewhat compressed on the sides, and marked with a shal-
low suture. Skin, pale yellowy with a slight tinge of red on the side
next the sun. Flesh, yellowish, firm, adhering to the stone, juicy,
and agreeably acid, but when well ripened it is highly perfumed. Stone,
impervious, roundish. Kernel, bitter.
Ripe in the end of July, and generally used for preserving.
MOORPAKK [Anson's ; Dunmore*s ; Hunt's Moorpark ; Oldaker^s
Moorpark ; Sudlow' a Moorpark ; Temples; Walton Moorpark). — Fruit,
large, roundish, and compressed on the sides, marked with a shallow
suture, which is considerably swollen on one side, giving the fruit an
irregular form. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and deep orange
clouded with brownish red, interspersed with brown and red specks, on
the side next the sun. Stalk, inserted in a wide and open cavity,
deeply furrowed on one side. Flesh, deep reddish orange, very juicy,
particularly rich and vinous, and separating freely from the stone,
which is large, rough, and rugged, and the back of which is not
channelled but covered, preserving a cavity which is filled with fibre,
and through which a pin may be passed from one end to the other.
Kernel, bitter.
A well-known apricot of great excellence ; ripe on walls in the end
of August and beginning of September.
The tree is a free grower in its early stages, producing long and
strong shoots, and acquiring a luxuriance which is not conducive to
the production of fruit. To counteract this should be the chief aim of
the cultivator. The way to do this is to root-prune the tree about the
beginning of August, by removing a portion of the soil and cutting
away some of the strongest of the roots. This will check the too
abundant supply of sap, diminish the excessive production of wood,
regulate the development of the tree, and consequently tend to a pro-
duction of fruit. A south-east aspect is the best on which to grow the
Moorpark. If grown on a south wall it ripens unequally, the side next
the sun being quite ripe when the other is hard.
There is a disease to which the Moorpark is liable, and which is
sometimes attended with very serious consequences. It shows itself
first in the leaves, which all of a sudden flag and wither away, and the
branch which bears them dies. Frequently a whole limb, or the whole
of one side of a tree, will exhibit this appearance in the space of a few
hours. This effect arises, not as some say from the stock on which it
is worked, or the soil on which it is planted, for it is met with on
every description of stock and in all kinds of soil. It is not the
result of a languid circulation, for trees in the full vigour of
growth are as subject to it as those which are aged and going
to decay ; but it is because of the naturally delicate constitution
of this variety, which cannot withstand uninjured this variable
climate of ours. It is caused from injuries received by frost either in
spring or early summer, or in winter after a wet autumn when the
268 THB FRUIT MANUAL.
wood has not been properly ripened. The frost lacerates the sap
vessels of the external layers of the wood, and the circulation is limited
to the inner layers. When vegetation commences, and after the leaves
are fully developed on the injured branch, the demand on the powers
of the branch for a supply of sap to the leaves fails, ar.d when the sun
becomes powerful and evaporation increases the supply becomes pro-
portionately less, and for want of nourishment the leaves flag and the
branch withers and dies.
I doubt very much if there is any material difference between the
Moorpark and the Peach Apricot. As the Peach Apricot reproduces
itself from the stone many seedlings have been raised from it, to which
the raiders have given names ; but these so closely resemble the
original in every particular, that they are not worthy of being looked
upon as distinct. I believe the Moorpark is one of these ; it resembles
the Peach Apricot so closely as not to be distinguishable from it ; and
the only character to show that they are not identical is, that the
Moorpark will grow on the common plum and mussel stock, while the
Peach will not, and the Moorpark does not grow on the Damas Noir,
while the Peach Apricot does.
The Moorpark Apricct is said by some to have been introduced by Lord Anson
from the Continent, and planted at Moorpark, near Watford, in Hertfordshire. By
others its introduction is ascribed to Sir Thomas More, who, in the beginning of
last century, is also said to have planted it at Moorpark ; and a third account is
that Sir William Temple introduced it. But by whomsoever it was raised or
introduced, or at what period, it is quite certain it was very little known till late
in the century. Neither Hitt nor Miller notices it in any of the editions of their
works. I do not find it mentioned in any of the Brompton Park catalogues before
1784, when it is called Temple Apricot. In 1788 it is first called Moorpark. I:ii
1784 it was cultivated to the extent of three rows, or 300 plants ; but in 1797 the
quantity was increased to thirty- five rows, or 3,500 plants.
MUSCH MUSCH (cV Alexandrie).—Frmt, small, almost round, and
slightly compressed, marked with a deep suture on one side. Skin,
deep orange, tinged with red on the side exposed to the sun, and pale
yellow where shaded. Flesh, orange, very tender and dehcate, juicy,
rich, sweet, and perfumed, and so translucent as to show the appearance
of the stone through it, and from which it separates freely. Stone,
roundish and flattened, with a sharp ridge on the side. Kernel, sweet.
This is a very sweet apricot ; ripe in the end of July. The tree is
a free grower, but delicate on account of its early vegetation, which ex-
poses it to the eff'ects of spring frosts. It is distinguished from every
other variety by its greenish fawn-coloured shoots and its small pointed
leaves. It requires a warm, sheltered situation.
This variety is said by some to take its name from Musch, a town on the
frontiers of Turkey ; but Regnier, in the Magazin Eneyclopediqtie for November,
1815, says when he was in Egypt he saw small dried apricots, which were brought
by the inhabitants from the Oasis, which were called Mich-mich. These were in
all probability the variety now called Musch Musch. It was known to Duhamel,
but it is not described by him, as its cultivation was unsuccessful in the neighbour-
hood of Paris, on account of its early blooming and sufieriug from the spring frosts.
APRICOTS. 269
Musque Hatif. See Red Masculine,
NEW LARGE EARLY.— Fruit, larger than Breda, about the size
of Royal Apricot, oval. Skin, white, like Sardinian. Flesh, very rich,
and with a sweet, honied juice.
This is the earliest of all apricots, and ripens in an orchard house
about the 20th of June.
It was raised from Augoumois by ^fr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, and first
fruited in 1873.
Noir. See Black,
Noisette. See Breda,
Oldaker's Moorpark. See Moorpark.
ORANGE (Early Orange ; Persian ; Boyal Persian ; Royal George ;
Royal Orange). — Fruit, above medium size, roundish, one side sweUing
more than the other. Skin, pale orange in the shade ; deep orange,
tinged with red, next the sun. Suture, well defined, deep towards the
stalk. Flesh, deep orange, firm, and adhering to the stone, which is
small, smooth, thick, and impervious. Kernel, sweet.
Ripe in the middle of August.
OULLINS EARLY PEACH (Peche Hatif d'Oullins).— This is an
early form of the Peach Apricot, of large size, most delicious flavour,
and ripens three weeks earher. The tree is a great bearer.
This was raised at Oullins, near Lyons.
Du Pape. See Black.
PEACH (Peche; Gros Peche; Be Nancy ; De Wirtemherg ; Royal
Peach). — Fruit, large, oval, and flattened, marked with a deep suture
at the base, which gradually diminishes towards the apex. Skin, pale
yellow on the shaded side, and with a slight tinge of red next the sun.
Flesh, reddish yellow, very delicate, juicy, and sugary, with a rich
and somewhat musky flavour. Stone, large, flat, rugged, and pervious
along the back. Kernel, bitter.
Ripe in the end of August and beginning of September.
This is not the Abricot Peche of Duhamel, that being our White Masculine ; but
the Abricot Peche of Bretonnerie and Schabol.
I regard the Peach Apricot and the Moorpark as distinct varieties, but they are
so similar in all essential points that they may for all practical purposes be
considered identical. There is no doubt, as nurserymen know, that while the
Moorpark may be budded freely on the common plum, the Peach Apricot requires
the Brussels, iirompton, and Damas Noir stocks.
Forsyth says the Peach Apricot was brought to this country by the Duke of
Northumberland in 1767 ; but Switzer, writing in 1724, speaks of "a very large
kind of apricock that is cultivated at Woolhampton, Berkshire, as big as a large
peach, and is there called the French Apricock."
The Peach Apricot is supposed to have originated at Nancy, but at what period
270 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
is unknown. It is not mentioned in the Jardln'er Frangais of 1653, nor in any
of the editions of De la Quintinye. Tlie earliest record of it among continental
writers is by Roger Schabol.
PECHE TARDIF is a late form of Peach Apricot, to which it is
quite similar, and ripens a fortnight later.
Peche. See Peach.
Peche Hatif d'Oallins. See Oiillins Early Peach.
Persian. See Orange.
PINE-APPLE (Ananas). — Fruit, large, roundish and flattened, and
marked with a rather shallow suture. Skin, thin and deHcate, of a
deep golden yellow on the shaded side, but with a highly coloured red
cheek where exposed to the sun, and speckled with large and small red
specks. The flesh is reddish yellow, tender, but somewhat firm ; never
becomes mealy, but is juicy, and with a rich pine-apple flavour. Stone,
oval, three-ribbed, and impervious along the back. Kernel, bitter.
Ripens in the middle of August.
PORTUGAL (Male). — Fruit, very small, resembling in shape and
size the Red Masculine. It is round, and divided on one side by a
deep suture. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and deep yellow,
tinged with red, and marked with brown and red russet spots on the
side next the sun. Flesh, deep j^ellow, tender, melting, with a rich
sugary and musky flavour ; adhering somewhat to the stone. Stone,
almost round, impervious along the back. Kernel, bitter.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of August.
Precoce. See Pied Masculine.
Prccoce d'Esperen. See Large Early.
Precoce d'Hongrie. See Large Early.
PRECOCE D'ORLEANS. — Fruit, round ; ripening at the same time
as Precoce d'Oullins, to which it is much inferior.
PRECOCE D'OULLINS.— A good early apricot, quite distinct from
Oullins Early Peach, to which it is much inferior. The tree is a very
delicate grower.
PROVENCE. — Fruit, small ; compressed on the sides, marked with
a deep suture, which extends from the base to the apex, and is higher
on one side than the other. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but red
where exposed to the sun. Flesh, yellow and melting, with a rich
flavour and pleasant aroma, but rather dry. Stone, rugged. Kernel,
sweet.
Ripe in the end of July. The tree is a free grower, with pretty long
shoots, which are thickly set with triple and sometimes quadruple buds.
JLPBICOTS. 271
Purple. See Black,
RED MASCULINE (Ahricotin ; Brown Masculitie ; Early Red Mas-
culine; Frilhe Muscateller ; Mmque Hdtif ; Precoce). — Fruit, small, a
little over an inch in diameter ; roundish, inclining to oblate, marked
with a suture, which is rather deep at the stalk, and becomes more
shallow towards the apex. Skin, bright yellow on the shaded side,
and deep orange spotted with dark red next the sun. Flesh, deep
orange, tender, and juicy, with a sweet and somewhat musky flavour,
separating freely from the stone. Stone, thick, obtuse at the ends,
and impervious along the back. Kernel, bitter.
A very early apricot ; ripe on a wall in the middle and end of July.
This is a very old variety, beinfj mentioned by Parkinson as early as 1629, and
appears to have been so well known that every subsequent writer takes notice of it.
ROMAN [Common ; Transparent). — Above medium size, oblong,
sides compressed. Skin, pale yellow, with rarely a few red spots next
the sun. Suture, scarcely perceptible. Flesh, dull yellow, soft, and
dry, separating from the stone, and possessing a sweet and agreeable
acid juice, that makes it desirable for preserving. Stone, oblong, im-
pervious. Kernel, bitter.
Ripe in the middle of August.
Rouge. See Angoumois.
ROYAL. — Large, oval, and slightly compressed. Skin, dull yellow,
tinged with red where exposed. Suture, shallow. Flesh, pale orange,
firm, juicy, rich, and vinous, separating from the stone. Stone, large
and oval, impervious. Kernel, bitter.
An excellent apricot, and little inferior to the Moorpark. Ripe in
the beginning of August.
Royal George. See Orange.
Royal Orange. See Orange.
Royal Peach. See Peach.
Royal Persian. See Orange.
SARDINIAN (De Sardaigne). — This is a small early apricot, not
much larger than the Red Masculine, but equally as early, and much
superior in flavour to it. The skin is white, but where exposed to the
sun it is spotted with a few crimson spots, and sometimes has a flush
of red. The fruit has a deep suture on one side. The flesh is very
juicy, with a sprightly sweet flavour, which is very agreeable. The
stone is very small, not more than half an inch long, with a covered
channel, which is pervious. Kernel, bitter.
The tree is a great bearer, and ripens its fruit as early as the Red
Masculine.
272 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ST. AMBROISE. — This is a large, early apricot, almost the size of,
and earUer than the Moorpark. It is compressed, of a deep yellow
colour, reddish next the sun. Flesh, juicy, rich, and sugary.
Ripe in the middle of August, and the most prolific apricot in culti-
vation.
De St. Jean. See Large Early.
^BlVliWl'^ [Blenheim). — Large, oval. Skin, deep yellow. Flesh, yel-
low, tolerably rich and juicy. Stone, roundish and impervious. Kernel,
bitter. Very productive and early, but not so rich as the Moorpark.
Eipe in the end of July and beginning of August.
It was raised by Miss Shipley, the daughter of a former gardener to the Duke of
Marlborough, at Blenheim.
Sudlow's Moorpark. See Moorpark.
TARDIVE D'ORLEANS.— This is a late variety, ripening a fort-
night after the Moorpark, but the tree is a bad bearer.
Temple's. See Moorpark.
Transparent. See Roman.
TRIOMPHE DE BUSSIER.— A variety of Peach Apricot which is
rather later than its parent.
TURKEY. — Medium size, nearly round, not coihpressed. Skin,
deep yellow ; brownish orange next the sun, and spotted. Flesh, pale
yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly sub-acid, separating from the
stone. Stone, large, rugged, and impervious. Kernel, sweet.
Ripe in the middle of August.
VIARD. — This is an early variety of the Peach Apricot, with rich,
juicy flesh. The tree is hardy.
Violet. See Angoumois.
Walton Moorpark. See Moorpark.
WHITE MASCULINE [Ahricot Blanc; AbricotPeehe of Duhamel).
— Fruit, small, round, and somewhat compressed at both ends. Skin,
covered with a fine white down ; pale yellow, tinged with brownish red
next the sun, and dull white in the shade. Flesh, pale yellow, adhering
in some degree to the stone ; fine and delicate, juicy, sugary, and
excellent. Kernel, bitter.
Ripe in the end of July.
The tree is of small growth, and very tender ; very similar in all its
parts to the Red Masculine. It is rarely cultivated, except for its earli-
ness ; and as there are other varieties of superior excellence possessing
the same recommendation, the White Masculine is now seldom met with.
De Wirtemberg. See Peach,
BERBERRIES. 278
LIST OF SELECT APRICOTS.
L— FOR THE SOUTHERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND,
EXTENDING AS FAR NORTH AS TUB RIVER TRENT.
Those marked with an asterisk * are suitable for small gardens.
For Walls.
* Early Moorpark Kaisha *New Large Early
Frogmore Early Large Early *Oiillins Early Peach
Golden Drop Moorpark * Peach
For Standards.
Breda Brussels Moorpark Turkey
XL— FOR THE NORTHERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND,
EXTENDING FROM THE TRENT TO THE TTNB.
Breda Hemskerk Roman
•Early Moorpark ♦Large Early Shipley's
Frogmore Early *Moorpark
m.— BORDER COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND,
AND OTHER FAVOURABLE SITUATIONS IN SCOTLAND.
Breda Frogmore Early 'Moorpark
Brussels Hemskerk Uoman
♦Early Moorpark
IV.— VARIETIES BEST ADAPTED FOR PRESERVING.
Alberge Moorpark Roman
Kaisha Musch Mosch Turkey
BEEBERRIES.
THE COMMON BERBERRY is found wild in hedgerows, and is
also sometimes grown in shrubberies, both as an ornamental plant, and
for its fruit, which is preserved in sugar, for use in the dessert. The
best variety to cultivate for that purpose is the following, but it is
difficult to be obtained true.
STONELESS BERBERRY.— A variety of the Common Berberry,
18
274 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
without seeds. This character is not assumed till the shrub has become
aged. Young suckers, taken from an old plant of the true variety, very
frequently, and indeed generally, produce fertile fruit during the early
years of their growth ; it is, therefore, necessary that the plants be
taken from an aged stock, in which the stoneless character has been
manifested, to be certain that the variety is correct.
CHEEEIES.
SYNOPSIS OF CHERRIES.
All the varieties of cultivated cherries will be found to consist of
eight races, into which I have arranged them : —
I. The sweet, heart-shaped cherries, with tender and dark-coloured
flesh, I have called Black Geans.
II. The pale-coloured, sweet cherries, with tender and translucent
flesh and skin, I have distinguished by the name of Red Geans.
III. Dark-coloured, sweet cherries, with somewhat of the Bigarreau
character. Their flesh is not so firm and crackling as that of the
Bigarreaus, but considerably harder than in the Black Geans, and these
I propose to call Black Hearts.
IV. Includes the White Hearts or Bigarreaus, properly so called,
with red or light-coloured mottled skin, and hard crackling flesh.
V. Those having a dark skin and flesh, and deeply-coloured juice,
are called Black Dukes.
VI. Embraces all those nearly allied to the Black Dukes, but with
pale red, translucent skin and flesh, and uncoloured juice ; they are,
therefore, distinguished as Red Dukes.
VII. Includes all those the trees of which have long, slender, and
pendent shoots, and dark-coloured fruit, with acid, coloured juice, and
are termed Black Morellos.
VIII. I have called Red Morellos ; they include all those pale red,
acid varieties, of which the Kentish cherry is the type.
I. geans.
Branches, rigid and spreading, forming round-headed trees. Leaves,
long, waved on the margin, thin and flaccid, and feebly supported on
the footstalks. Flowers, large, and opening loosely, with thin, flimsy,
obovate, or roundish ovate petals. Fruit, heart-shaped, or nearly so.
Juice, sweet.
OHEBRIES.
27(;
§ Fruit obtuse, heart-shaped. Flesh tender and melting,
* Flesh dark ; juice coloured. — Black Geans.
Baumann's May
Black Eagle
Early Lyons
Early Purple Gean
Early Rivers
Guigne Tr^s Precoce
Hogg's Black Gean
Joc-o-sot
Knight's Early Black
Late Purple Gean
Luke Ward's
Osceola
Waterloo
Werder's Early Black
•• Flesh pale ; juice uncobured. — Red Gbans.
Amber Ge.in
American Doctor
Belle d'Orleans
Delicate
Downer's Late
Early Amber
Early Jaboulay
Frogmore Early
Hogg's Red Gean
Manning's Mottled
Ohio Beauty
Sparhawk's Honey
Transparent Geau
§§ Fruit heart-shaped. Flesh half-tender, firm, or crackling.
* Flesh dark ; juice coloured, — Black Hearts.
Bedford Prolific
Bigarreau de Mezel
Bigarreau Noir Hatif
Bigarreau Noir de Schmidt
Black Hawk
Black Heart
Black Tartarian
Bohemiim Black Bigarreau
Brant
Biittner's Black Heart
Corona
Early Black Bigarreau
Logan
Monstrous Heart
Ox- Heart
Pontiac
Powhattan
Rival
Tecumseh
Tradescant's Heart
** Flesh pale ; juice uncoloured. — Red Heabts or Bioabbbaus.
Adams's Crown
American Heart
Belle Agathe
Belle de Kocmont
Bigarreau
Bigarreau Esperen
Bigarreau de Hildesheim
Bigarreau de HoUande
Bigarreau Jaboulay
Bigarreau Legrey
Bigarreau Napoleon
Bigarreau Keverchon
Bowyer's Early Heart
Biittner's Yellow
Champagne
Cleveland Bigarreau
Downton
Drogan's White Bigarreau
Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau
Early Red Bigarreau
Gascoigne
Harrison's Heart
Early Prolific
Elton
Florence
Governor Wood
Kennicott
Lady Southampton's
Late Bigarreau
Lud wig's Bigarreau
Mammoth
Mary
Red Jacket
Rockport B'garreau
Tardive de Mans
Tobacco-Leaved
White Heart
White Tartarian
*276 THE FBUIT MANUAL.
II. GRIOTTES.
Branches, either upright, spreading, or more or less long, slender,
and drooping. Leaves, flat, dark green, glabrous underneath, and
borne stiffly on the leaf stalks ; largo and broad in § , and small and
narrow in §§. Flowers in pedunculate umbels, cup-shaped, with firm,
stiff, and crumpled orbicular petals. Fruit, round or oblate, some-
times, as in the Morello, inclining to heart-shaped. Juice, sub-acid
or acid.
§ Branches upright, occasionally spreading^ Leaves large and broad.
* Flesh dark; juice coloured. — Black Dukes.
May Duke
Nouvelle Koyale
Archduke
Buttnefs October
Duchesse de Palluau
Empress Eugenie
Jeffrey's Duke
Royal Duke
De Soissons
Abesse d'Oignies
Belle de Choisy
Belle Magnifique
Carnation
Coe's Late Carnation
Dechenaut
** Flesh pale; juice uncoloured. — Red Dukes.
Great Cornelian
Late Duke
Planch oury
Reine Hortense
Tomato
Transparent
§§ Branches long, slender, and drooping. Leaves small and narrow.
• Flesh dark ; juice coloured. — Black Morellos.
Double Natte
Early May
Griotte de Chaux
Griotte Imperiale
Grioite de Kleparow
Morello
Morello de Charmeux
Ostheim
Rataiia
Shannon Morello
♦* Flesh pale ; juice uncoloured.— RjiD Morellos or Kentish.
All Saints
Cluster
Flemish
Gros Gobet
Kentish
Paramdam
A Bouquet. See Cluster.
ABESSE D'OIGNIES. — Fruit, large and round, like a large Late
Duke, and somewhat inclined to oblate. Skin, bright cornelian red,
with sometimes a russety patch or amber- coloured mottle about the
apex. Stalk, green, short, and very stout, little more than an inch
long. Flesh, half tender, with a briskly acid flavour. Stone, large
and coarse.
CHERRIES. 277
A second-rate cherry of the Red Duke class. It is a large and
showy fruit, but not superior or equal to Belle Magnifique, which
belongs to the same class.
ADAMS'S CROWN {Adams s Crown Heart). — ^Fruit, medium-sized,
obtuse heart-shaped, and slightly compressed on the side, marked
with a shallow suture. Skin, pale red, mottled with yellow. Stalk,
two inches long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, white,
tender, juicy, and richly flavoured.
An excellent early cherry, allied to the White Heart. It is ripe the
first week in July. The tree is an excellent bearer, and well suited
for orchard planting.
It is extensively grown in the orchards about Rainham, Sittingbourne, and
Faversham, for the supply of the London markets. It is not a very old variety,
as I have met with old people about Sittingbourne who recollect when it was first
introduced. It is said to have been raised by a person of the name of Adams
in that neighbourhood.
Adams's Crown Heart. See Adame*s Crown,
Allendorfer Kirsche. See Carnation.
Allerheiligen. See All Saints.
ALL SAINTS (Cerisier de la Toussaint: De St. Martin; Allerheili-
gen ; Statshluhenderkirsche ; Immerhluhende ; Octoberkirsche ; St. Mav
tins-weichsel ; ZwUlingskirsche ; Monats Weichsel ; Griinekirsche ;
Cerisier ])leureur ; St. Martins Amarelle ; Monats marelle Cerise
tardive; Tardive a Bouquet; Autumn-hearing Cluster; Marhceuf ;
Guignier a rameaux pendants ; Tardif a grappes ; Weeping Cherry). —
Fruit, small, oblate, slightly compressed on the side, which is marked
with a shallow suture. Skin, bright red, becoming dark red as it
hangs. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, white, reddish near the stone,
juicy, and acid.
A rariety of cherry which is grown more for curiosity and ornament than for
its fruit. It is Cerasus semperjlorens of Decandolle.
Amarelle du Nord, See Eatajia.
AMBER GEAN. — Fruit, below medium size, generally borne in
clusters of three together, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, thin and trans-
parent, so as to exhibit the grain of the flesh through it, of a pale
yellow or amber colour, tinged with delicate red. Stalk, slender,
about one and a half inch long. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and
melting, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavour.
An excellent cherry, but small, which is an objection to it. It
ripens in the beginning of August. The tree is an abundant bearer,
succeeds well as a standard, and is well suited for orchard planting.
The lateness of its maturity is a recommendation to it.
278 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Amber Heart. See White Heart,
Ambree. See Belle de Choisy.
Ambree a Gros Fruit. See Belle de Choisy,
Ambree a Petits Fruits. See White Tartarian,
AMERICAN AMBER (Bloodyood's Amher; Bloodgood's Honey ;
Bloodgood's Netv Honey). — Fruit, medium-sized, produced in clusters
of three and four together, roundish, inclining to cordate, and indented
at the apex. Skin, very thin, smooth, and shining, of a clear pale
yellow at first, but afterwards mottled and clouded with bright red.
Stalk, an inch and a half to nearly two inches long, inserted in a
narrow and shallow depression. Flesh, amber-coloured, tender, and
very juicy, with a brisk but not a rich flavour.
An American cherry of only second-rate quality ; ripe the middle
of July.
The tree is an abundant bearer ; a very strong and vigorous grower.
It was raised by Mr. Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island, U.S.A., and
I received it first from Mr. Warren, of Boston, in 1847.
AMERICAN DOCTOR (The Doctor).— Fruit, medium-sized, obtuse
heart-shaped, marked on one side with a shallow suture. Skin, clear
yellow, washed with red. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh,
yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured. End of
June.
I have named this " American Doctor " to distinguish it from the
German "Doktorkirsche."
AMERICAN HEART.— Fruit, above medium size, produced in
clusters ; heart-shaped, and irregular in its outline, somewhat of a
square figure, being in some instances almost as broad at the apex as
the base. Skin, pale yellow, but changing to bright red, mixed with a
little amber. Stalk, slender, nearly two inches long, inserted in a
narrow and shallow cavity. Flesh, half tender, crackling, juicy, and
well-flavoured.
An American cherry of second-rate quality, requiring a very favour-
able season to have it of good flavour.
Anglaise Tardive. See Late Duke.
Angleterre Hative. See May Duke,
Ansell's Fine Black. See Black Heart.
ARCHDUKE [Griotte de Portuyal).— Fruit, larger than that of
May Duke, nine-tenths of an inch wide, and eight-tenths deep, obtuse
heart-shaped, and with a deeply-marked suture at the apex, which
diminishes towards the stalk, and very slightly pitted at the apex, in
CHERRIES. 279
which the yellow style -point is placed. Skin, thin, pale red at first,
but becoming dark red, and when allowed to hang till fully ripe it is
almost black. Peduncle, long. Stalk, very slender and green, an inch
and a half to two inches long, deeply inserted. Flesh, deep red, very
tender and juicy, sweet, and briskly flavoured ; but sugary when highly
ripened.
Ripe in the middle and end of July. The tree is somewhat pendu-
lous when old.
The true Archduke Cherry was for many years very scarce, Anglaise Tardive
being propagated under that name, chiefly, I believe, through its being made
synonymous with that variety by some authors. I met with the true sort in the
nurseries at Sawbridgeworth in 1 847 ; and Mr. Rivers then informed me that it had
been grown there by his ancestors for upwards of a century. The same variety is
still propagated there. Even in Parkinson's time it was difficult to obtain it true,
for he says, " Scarce one in twentie of our Nurseriemen doe sell the right, but give
one for another : for it is an inherent qualitie almost hereditarie with most of
them to sell any man an ordinary fruit for whatsoeuer rare fruit he shall aske for :
so little they are to be trusted."
Armstrong's Bigarreau. See Blgmvreau de Hollande.
s.
A Trochet. See Cluster.
Autumn Bigarreau. See Belle Agathe.
Baramdam. See Paramdam.
BAUMANN'S IMAY {Bu/arreau de Mai).— Frmt, generally produced
in pairs, rather below medium size ; ovate-cordate, and irregular in its
outline. Skin, of a fine dark clear red, assuming a deeper colour
when at maturity. Stalk, an inch and a half to an inch and three-
quarters long, stout at the insertion, and placed in a narrow and irre-
gular cavity. Flesh, purple, tender, juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured.
As an early cherry this is a fruit of first-rate excellence, far sur-
passing the Early May, which has hitherto been cultivated more on
account of its earliness than any intrinsic merit it possesses ; and
on this account Baumann's May, as it becomes more generally known,
must ultimately supersede it. This excellent variety ripens in the
third or last week in May.
The tree is a most abundant and early bearer, with strong and
vigorous shoots, and large dark-coloured leaves, but not like those of
a Bigarreau ; neither is the character of the fruit in accordance with
that class : hence Mr. Downing dropped the name of Bigarreau, and
substituted that which I have adopted,
I received it in 1846 from Messrs. Baumann, of Bolwyller, near Mulhausen, in
Alsace.
BEDFORD PROLIFIC {Sheppard's Bedford Prolific).— Yery much
resembles Black Tartarian, with which I made it synonymous in the
last edition of this work ; but it is inferior in quality to it. The tree
is a free grower, a better bearer, and more hardy than Black Tartarian.
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Belcher's Black. See Corone.
BELLE AGATHE [Autumn Bigarreau). — Fruit, small, prodaced
in clusters ; heart-shaped, with a shallow but well-defined suture on
one side of it. Skin, dark crimson, with minute yellow mottles over
it. Stalk, an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long.
Flesh, yellowish, firm, sweet, and very nicely flavoured. Juice, pale.
This is a small Bigarreau, which hangs on the tree as late as the
first week in October ; and neither birds nor wasps touch it.
Belle Audigeoise. See Heine Hortense.
Belle de Bavay. See Reine Hortense.
Belle de Chatenay. See Belle Magnijique.
BELLE DE CEOISY {Griottier de Choisy; Griottler de Palemhre;
Cerise Doucette; Dauplmie ; DaupJiine de Palemhre; Schone von
Choisy; Ambree ; Amhree de Choisy; Anihree a Gros fruit). — Fruit,
generally produced in pairs ; large, round, slightly flattened at the
base and the apex, as well as on the side, which is marked with
an incipient suture. Skin, transparent, so much so as to show the
texture of the flesh, of a beautiful amber colour, mottled with red,
particularly where it is exposed to the sun, and becoming more so the
longer it hangs. Stalk, from an inch and a half to two inches long,
stout, and placed in a flat depression. Flesh, amber-coloured, tender,
and very juicy, sweet, and without any admixture of acid. Stone,
small for the size of the fruit, roundish.
A most delicious cherry ; ripe the beginning of July. The tree is
vigorous and spreading in its growth, perfectly hardy, and succeeds
well as a standard or on a wall. It is not, however, a very abundant
bearer. The leaves are very broad, of a dark green colour, and deeply
dentated.
According to the "Bon Jardinier," this variety was raised at Choisy, near
Paris, about the year 1760, by M. Gonduin, gardener to the king, Louis XV.
Belle de Laecken. See Beine Hortense,
BELLE MAGNIFIQUE [Belle de Chatenay; Belle de Sceaux ;
Belle de Spa; De Spa). — Fruit, very large, roundish oblate, incHning
to heart-shaped. Skin, at first pale, gradually becoming sufl'used with
red, and ultimately acquiring a uniform clear bright red. Stalk, an
inch to an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish, tender, and sub- acid.
Kipe from the middle and end of August.
The tree is an immense bearer, and forms a handsome pyramid.
Eaised by Chatenay of Sceaux, who was called " Magnifique " facetiously by his
friends.
BELLE D'OBLEANS. — Fruit, medium-sized, roundish, inclining
to heart-shaped. Skin, pale yellowish white in the shade, but of a
CHERRIES. 281
thin bright red next the sun. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, juicy, and
rich.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of June. One of the earliest and
richest flavoured cherries.
Belle de Petit Brie. See Reine Hortense.
Belle de Prapeau. See Eeine Hortense.
BELLE DE ROCMONT {Bigarreau Couleur de Chair ; Biijarreau
Gros Cceiiret ; Bujarreau lioK/je ; Cfcuret ; Cceur de P'ujeon ; Schone von
llocmont ; Buntes Tauhenhcrz ; Marcelin : Bigarreau a gros fruit blanc ;
Rothe Spanische). — Fruit, of medium size, not so large as the Bigar-
reau ; obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on one side, which is marked
with a broad and deep suture. Skin, thin and shining, of a pale yel-
lowish white, with a few red dots on the shaded side, but marbled with
pale and dark red on the side next the sun. Stalk, pretty stout, two
inches or more in length. Flesh, white, rather tender and juicy for a
Bigarreau, and of a sweet and excellent flavour.
It is ripe in the end of July. The tree is hardy, pendulous in its
growth, and an excellent bearer. The fruit is not of so rich a flavour
as the Bigarreau ; it is earlier, and the tree being an abundant bearer
it may be profitably grown as a market fruit.
Belle de Sceaux. See Belle Magnifique.
Belle de Spa. See Belle Magnijique.
Belle Polonaise. See Griotte de Kleparow,
Belle Supreme. See Reine Hortense.
BIGARREAU [Graffion-, Turkey Heart; Italian Heart; West's
White Heart; Bigarreau tardif; Bigarreau gros; Bigarreau Royal;
Yellow Spanish). — Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-shaped, considerably
flattened at the stalk, on the side marked with a shallow suture,
and slightly depressed at the apex, less heart-shaped than most of the
other Bigarreaux. Skin, finely marked with a bright red cheek, which
is speckled with amber where exposed to the sun, and shading ofi" to a
paler colour interspersed with crimson dots to the shaded side, which
is of a pale amber, changing to brownish yellow when fully ripe. Stalk,
from an inch and a half to two inches long, stout, and inserted in a
flat and considerable depression. Flesh, of a very pale yellow, very
firm, crackling and juicy, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavour.
A cherry of first-rate excellence, ripe in the middle and end of
July. The tree is exceedingly vigorous, very hardy, an abundant bearer
even when young, and admirably adapted for orchard planting.
Among the French there are many varieties of the Bigaireau, several of which
are mentioned by Duhamel, but there is none of them which can be identified with
this unless it is the Bigarreau a gros fruit rouge. Forsyth gives the Cerisier
282
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Ambre of Duhamel as a synonym of this, which is decidedly an error. I have
doubts whether the Ambre is a Bigarreau at all. In the Horticultural Society's
Catalogue Harrison's Heart is made synonymous with this, but it is evidently
different. The variety described above is the true Bigarreau, and is easily distin-
guished from the Harrison's Heart by its broader foliage and its more round and
even fruit.
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc. See Belle de Bocmont.
Bigarreau Belle de Bocmont. See Belle de Bocmont.
Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan. See Drogan's White Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim. See Bigarreau de Ililde-
sheim.
Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. See Belle de Bocmont.
BIGARREAU DE HILDESHEIM (Hildesheimer ganz spate
Knorpelkirsche ; Hildesheimer spate Herzkirsche ; Bigarreau Blanc tardif
de Hildesheim; Bigarreau marhre de Hildesheim). — Fruit, medium-
Bized, heart-shaped, flattened on one side, which is marked with a
shallow suture, but convex on the other. Skin, shining, pale yellow,
marbled with red on the shaded side, but of a fine dark red on the
side exposed to the sun. Stalk, two inches long, somewhat curved,
and set in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, very firm, but not par-
ticularly juicy, and when well ripened of an excellent sweet flavour.
The stone is large, long, and compressed, but scarcely marked with a
furrow.
This is a valuable cherry on account of its late ripening, which
under ordinary circumstances is the end of August and beginning of
September, but if grown in a shaded situation it is not ready till
October, and will hang on the tree till November. The tree is a strong
and vigorous grower, producing long, straight, and thick shoots, and
very large oblong leaves. It is a regular and generally an abundant
bearer.
This is of German origin, and is supposed to have originated in the neighbour-
hood of Hildesheim, where it was first brought into notice by Superintendent
Claudens, who communicated it to the Rev. J. C. Christ, and by whom it was first
brought into notice.
BIGARREAU DE HOLLANDE {Dutch Bigarreau; Spotted Bigar-
reau ; Armstrong's Bigarreau ; Holldndische Grosse ; Princesse de Hol-
lande ; Groote Princesse). — Fruit, produced in clusters, of the largest
size, regularly and handsomely heart-shaped, slightly compressed on
one side and marked with a very shallow suture on the other. Skin,
adhering closely to the pulp, pale yellow on the shaded side, but of a
beautiful light red, marbled with fine bright carmine, on the side
exposed to the sun. Stalk, an inch and a half long, stout, inserted
in a shallow cavity a little on one side of the fruit. Flesh, pale yel-
lowish white, juicy, sweet, and when well ripened of an exquisite
piquant flavour. Stone, small for the size of the fruit, heart- shaped.
CHERRIES. 283
An excellent cherry when well ripened ; ripe the beginning of July.
The tree is an early and very abundant bearer, producing very heavy
crops, a strong and vigorous grower, growing with spreading or rather
drooping branches.
Bigarreau de Ludwig. See Ludwig's Bigarreau,
Bigarreau de Lyons. See FAirhj Jahoulay,
Bigarreau de Mai, See Baumann's May.
BIGARREAU DE MEZEL {Biyarreau Monstriieux de Mezel;
Motistrose Marmorkirsche). — Fruit, very large, three-quarters to over
an inch high and the same in width ; obtuse, heart-shaped, and flat-
tened on both sides, one of which is marked with a slight suture,
extending over the apex, where there is a slight nipple. Skin, very
shiny, thick, and adhering to the flesh, of a pale rose striped with red
at first, but changing to dark brown streaked with dark purple when
fully ripe. Stalk, two inches and a half long, slender, set in a wide
round cavity. Flesh, red, veined with pale rose, firm, juicy, and
richly flavoured.
A very large and handsome cherry, of excellent quality ; ripe in July.
It was fonnd at Mezcl, near Clermont Ferrand, in the department of Puy de
Dome, by M. Ligier de la Frade, prior to 1846, when it was first brought into
notice, but it had existed in a vineyard at that place for thirty years before, and
might have remained till this day without becoming known beyond the district
had not a Horticultural Society been instituted which published an account of it
in their bulletin, and distributed grafts. It is stated by the committee who first
investigated it that 110 fruits weighed over two pounds.
Some confusion exists between this and Bigarreau Gros Coeuret, which is a
synonym of Belle de Rocmont, and in a third edition of this work I assisted in
adding to it by making them synonymous.
Bigarreau des Yignes. See Bigarreau Esperen.
BIGARREAU ESPEREN {Bigarreau des Vignes).'—FTmU large,
heart-shaped, and marked with a broad shallow suture. Skin, pale
yellow, shaded with crimson, with deeper colour where fully exposed.
Stalk, an inch and three-quarters long, stout, and inserted in a pretty
deep cavity. Flesh, white, rose-tinted, firm, and crackling, richly
flavoured.
A very fine cherry, ripe in the middle of July.
Though this bears his name, it was not raised by Major Esperen,
but has for many years been cultivated in the provinces of Liege and
Namur under the name of Bigarreau des Vignes.
Bigarreau Gaboulais. See Early Jaboulay.
Bigarreau Gros. See Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Gros Coeuret. See Belle de Bocmont.
Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux. See Bigarreau de Mezel.
284 THE FBUIT MANUAL.
. Bigarreau Gros Noir. See Tradescant's Heart.
Bigarreau Jaboulay. See Early Jahoulay.
Bigarreau Jaune de Drogan. See Drogans Yellow Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Lauermann. See Bigarreau Napoleon.
BIGARREAU LEGREY is a small Bigarreau of a cordate shape,
the size of Belle Agathe, and is frequently produced in clusters of two,
three, and four on the same stalk, like the Cluster cherry. It ripens
at the same time as the Bigarreau, and is more curious than useful.
Bigarreau Marbre de Hildesheim. See Bigarreau de Hildesheim.
Bigarreau Monstrueux. See Bigarreau de Mezel.
Bigarreau Monstrueux de Mezel. See Bigarreau de Mezel.
BIGARREAU NAPOLEON. — {Bigarreau Lauermann; Lauermann's-
Idrsche ; Late Mottled Bizarreau ; Lauermann'' s HerzJdrsche ; Napoleon's
Herzkirsche). — Fruit, very large, heart-shaped, obtuse towards the
stalk, considerably flattened on one side, and marked with a shallow
suture, which extends from the stalk to the apex. Skin, pale yellow
dotted with red, but as it becomes perfectly ripe these dots are lost in
a beautiful deep red cheek, which overspreads the side exposed to the
sun, leaving only a few yellow spots. Stalk, an inch and a half long,
slender, and set in a moderately deep and even cavity. Flesh, very
firm, white, and reddish at the stone, abounding in a very rich, sweet,
and aromatic juice.
A most delicious cherry, one of the best of all the Bigarreaus,
whether regarding its great size, beautiful appearance, or particular
richness of flavour. It is ripe the end of July and beginning of August.
The tree is a very vigorous grower, very hardy, and not subject to
gum. It maj^ be grown either against a wall or as a standard, and
particularly the latter, as it soon forms a fine, large, and handsome
tree. It is also a prolific bearer.
The origin of this excellent cherry is unknown. Its present name is not that
by which it was first known, for Truchsess received it from Herr Baars, of
Herenhausen in 1791 under that of Grosse Lauermann's Kirsche, which is, in
all probability, the original and correct one. That of Napoleon is of more recent
origin, having first been given by Messrs. Baumann, of Bolwyller.
BIGARREAU NOIR DE SCHMIDT.— Fruit, large, heart-shaped,
terminating at the apex in a sharp point, and with a slight suture on
one side. Skin, shining deep black. Stalk, an inch and a quarter to
an inch and three-quarters long, set in a wide depression. Flesh,
dark red, firm, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A very fine large black Bigarreau ; ripe in July.
It was introduced to this country by Mr. Rivers, and Avas awarded a first-class
certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1872.
CHERRIES. 286
BIGARREAU NOIR HATIF.— Fruit, about medium size, small
for a Bigarreau ; obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on both sides, and
flattened at the stalk, and slightly marked with a suture on one side.
Skin, black, smooth, and shining. Flesh, firm, very dark red, with
deep- coloured juice, sweet, with a somewhat bitter flavour.
Ripe the middle of July, before the other Bigarreaus. The tree is
an excellent bearer.
Bigarreau Noir Monstrueux Pleureur. See Weeping Black Bigarreau,
Bigarreau Papal. See Bigarreau Beverchon.
Bigarreau Pleureur. See Weeping Black Bigarreau,
Bigarreau Radowesnitzer. See Bohemian Black Bigarreau,
BIGARREAU REVERCHON (Bigarreau Papal).— Fruit, large,
obtuse heart-shaped, often uneven in its outline, marked with a dis-
tinct suture on one side. Skin, smooth, shining, tough, and mem-
branous, at first of a yellowish white, striped and stained with red,
but when perfectly ripened deep purplish red. Stalk, stout, green,
an inch and a half long, inserted in a deep and irregular cavity.
Flesh, with a rosy tint, firm and breaking, richly flavoured, but not
very juicy.
A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the end of July and August.
It is an Italian variety, introduced to Lyons by M. Paul Reverchon, brother of
the excellent treasurer of the Congr^s Poraologique.
Bigarreau Ribaucourt. See Bigaireau.
Bigarreau Rouge. See Belle de Rocmont,
Bigarreau Royal. See Bigarreau.
Bigarreau Tardif. See Bigarreau,
Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. Se Bigarreau de Hildesheim,
Black Bud of Buckinghamshire. See Corone,
Black Caroon. See Corone.
Black Circassian. See Black Tartarian.
BLACK EAGLE. — Fruit, large, growing in clusters of two and
three, produced in large bunches on the spurs ; roundish heart-shaped,
considerably depressed, so much so as to be almost roundish oblate.
Skin, of a very deep purple, becoming almost quite black when highly
ripened. Stalk, an inch and a half long, rather slender. Flesh,
tender, deep purple, with a very rich, sweet, and most dehcious flavour.
Stone, small and veined.
A very richly flavoured and excellent cherry ; ripe the beginning of
286 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
July, and succeeding the May Duke. The tree is a very free grower,
with much the habit of the May Duke, is quite hardy, aud an excellent
bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, and is also well adapted for
training against a wall.
This excellent cherry was raised at Downton Castle, about the year 1810, by
Miss Elizabeth Knight, daughter of T. A. Knight, Esq., from the seed of the
Graffion or Bigarreau, fertilised by the pollen of the May Duke.
BLACK HAWK. — ^Large, obtuse heart-shaped, uneven in its out-
line, and compressed on the sides. Skin, deep, shining, blackish
purple. Stalk, about an inch and a half long. Flesh, dark purple,
tolerably firm, rich, and sweet.
An American cherry. Ripe in the middle and end of July.
BLACK HEART (AnselVs Fine Black; Early Black; Lacure ;
Spanish Black Heart; Guigne Noire; Guigne Grosse Noire; Grosse
Schivarze Herzkirsche). — Fruit, pretty large, distinctly and truly heart-
shaped, undulating and uneven on its surface, sometimes quite mis-
shapen with undulations, considerably flattened next the stalk, on the
side which is marked with the suture. Skin, at first dark red, but
changing as it ripens to dark blackish purple, and with a small russety
dot at the apex, which is sometimes elongated to a sharp point. Stalk,
from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long, slender.
Flesh, dark red, firm, but tender, adhering a little to the stone, and of
a sweet, rather rich, and agreeable flavour. Stone, large and thick.
A very old and well-known cherry, which still retains its popularity.
Ripe the beginning and middle of Julj'.
As an orchard variety it is still grown to a large extent, the tree
being a strong grower and an abundant bearer, but there are many
others which are much preferable.
Black Morello. See Morello.
Black Orleans. See Corone.
Black Russian. See Black Tartarian.
BLACK TARTARIAN [Tartarian ; Eraser's Black ; Eraser's Black
Tartarian ; Eraser's Black Heart ; Ronalds* Black ; Ronalds'' Large
Black Heart ; Circassian ; Black Circassian ; Black Russian ; Eraser's
Tartarische Schwarze Herzkirsche). — Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-
shaped. Skin, shining, of a dark blackish brown, becoming quite
black when ripe. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long,
inserted in a flattened cavity. Flesh, purpHsh, rather tender than
firm, juicy, and very richly flavoured. The stone is small for the size
of the fruit, and obtuse heart-shaped.
This most delicious cherry is ripe the end of June and beginning of
July, and is in greatest perfection when grown against a wall. The
tree is quite hardy, a free and vigorous grower, at first having an
CHERRIES. 287
upright habit, but more spreading as it becomes aged. The leaves are
large, and well sustained on stout footstalks. It is an abundant
bearer, and well adapted for forcing.
Tlie merit of having introduced this excellent cherry is due to the late Mr.
Hugh Ronalds, of Brentford, who, in 1794, issued a circular, a copy of which is
in my possession, in which he signifies his intention of distributing it at five
shillings each plant. It was subsequently brought from Russia by the late Mr.
John Fraser, who distinguished himself first by his botanical discoveries in North
America, and afterwards by his travels in Russia. He purchased it from a
German, by whom it was cultivated in St. Petersburg, and introduced it to this
country in 1796.
Bleeding Heart. See Gascoigne.
Bloodgood's Amber. See American Amher,
Bloodgood's Honey. See American Amber.
Bloodgood's New Honey. See American Amber,
BOHEMIAN BLACK BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Radowemitzer).-^
Fruit, of a roundish heart-shape, even and regular in its outline, and
flattened a little on one side, where it is marked with a faint suture.
Skin, jet black and shining. Stalk, dark green, remarkably short,
being not more than one inch and a quarter long, stout, and rather
deeply depressed. Flesh, quite black, firm, but not crackling, juicy,
richly flavoured, and delicious.
This is a fine large cherry, and ten days earlier than the common
Bigarreau.
Bouquet Amarelle. See Cluster,
Bouquet Kirsche. See Cluster,
BOWYER'S EARLY HEART.— Fruit, of medium size, obtuse
heart-shaped. Skin, of a clear waxen yellow, marbled and tinged with
red. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, with a sweet
and particularly rich flavour.
A delicious cherry of the first quality. Ripe the end of June. The
tree is hardy, a free grower, and a very abundant bearer, and succeeds
well as a standard. Whether as regards its fertility, or the excellence
of the fruit, this variety deserves to be universally cultivated.
BRANT. — Large, roundish heart-shaped, and uneven. Skin, deep
dark red. Stalk, an inch and a half long, set in an angular cavity.
Flesh, dark purplish red, half tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
Beginning of July.
Brune de Bruxelles. See Ratafia,
Brusselsche Rothe oder Orangen Princessenkirsche. See Carnation.
Bullock's Heart. See Ox-Heart*
288 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Buntes Taubenherz. See Belle de Rocrnont.
Biittner's Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Buttner's Black Heart,
Buschweichsel. See Clicster,
Buscherkirsche. See Cluster.
BUTTNER'S BLACK HEART (Biittner's Herzkirsche; Guigne
Noire de Biittner). — Fruit, large, more so than the Black Heart, obtuse
heart-shaped, flattened on one side, and marked with a suture, which
extends over both sides of the fruit, but most deeply marked on that
which is flattened. Skin, glossy, deep black on one side, but purplish
black on the other. Stalk, an inch and a half long, set in a pretty
deep cavity. Flesh, half tender, juicy, dark red, and very pleasantly
flavoured.
This is an excellent cherry, and bears a close resemblance to the old
Black Heart, but is much superior, both in size and flavour, to that
variety. It ripens in the middle of July.
The tree is a strong, vigorous, and upright grower, very hardy, and
an excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, and might be
cultivated to more advantage as an orchard variety than the old Black
Heart.
Biittner's Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. See Biittner's Yellow,
Biittner's Herzkirsche. See Biittner's Black Heart.
BUTTNER'S OCTOBER (Biittner s Spate Weichsel ; Biittner's Sep-
tember and Octoberweichsel ; Buttners October Sukerweichsel ; Biittner's
October Morello). — Fruit, large, round and flattened, somewhat oblate,
with no suture, and indented at the apex, in which is the small
russety dot. Skin, thin, separating freely from the flesh, and of a
reddish brown colour. Stalk, slender, two inches long, set in a shallow
depression. Flesh, light red, reticulated with whitish veins, juicy,
and with a pleasant sub-acid flavour.
This is a very excellent acid cherry, and useful for all culinary pur-
poses. It ripens in October, and is the latest of all cherries. The
tree is a good bearer, and succeeds well as a standard. It was raised
by Biittner, of Halle.
Biittner's October Morello. See Biittner's October.
Biittner's October Sukerweichsel. See Biittner's October.
Biittner's Octoberweichsel. See Biittner's October.
Biittner's Spate Weichsel. See Biittner's October.
Biittner's Wacksknorpelkirsche. See Biittner's Yellow.
BUTTNER'S YELLOW {Biittner's Gelbe Knorpelkirsche; Biittner's
CHERRIES. 289
Wachsknorpelkirsche ; Jaime de Biittner ; Wachsknorpelkirsche) . —
Fruit, medium sized, roundish heart-shaped, flattened at the stalk and
on one side, and a little indented at the apex. Skin, clear pale yellow,
and without any tinge of red, hut if it hangs long on the tree it
becomes browTiish spotted. Stalk, stout, from an inch and a half to
two inches long, inserted almost even with the fruit. Flesh, pale,
very firm, but juicy, and of a sweet and particularly rich flavour.
Stone, rather small, roundish ovate, and separates freely.
It is the best of all the yellow cherries, and well deserving of culti-
vation. It ripens in the middle and end of July. The tree is very
healthy, vigorous, and hardy, succeeds well as a standard, and is a
regular and abundant bearer. It was raised by Biittner, of Halle, and
introduced in 1803.
CARNATION (Crown ; English Bearer of some ; Grosse Cerise
Rouge Pale ; de Villenne ; de Villennes Ambre ; Griottier Rouge Pale ;
Nouvelle d'Angleterre ; Rouge d' Orange ; de Portugal ; Roihe Oranien-
kirsche ; Oranienkirsche ; Hollandischekirsche ; Fleischfarhigenkirsche ;
Allendorfen Kirsche ; Biiisselsche Roihe oder Orangen ; Prinzenkirsche ;
d^ Orange ; Rouge de Bruxelles ; Weisse Malta sierkirsche). — Fruit,
large, round, and flattened, inclining to oblate. Skin, thin, separating
freely from the flesh, glossy, light red at first, but becoming of a
deeper colour as it hangs, and of a pale yellow or amber colour where
shaded. Stalk, from an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long,
stout, and inserted in a shallow depression. Flesh, white, yellowish,
tender, juicy, with a sweet and richly flavoured juice. The stone is
of medium size, almost round, and sepnrates freely from the flesh.
This is a most excellent and richly flavoured cheiTy. It is ripe in
the end of July. The tree is hardy and healthy, and moderately
vigorous, but not a good bearer. This may account for a variety of
such excellence being so little cultivated. This is an old complaint
against it, for Switzer says: "It is no extraordinary bearer. How-
ever, one or two ought to be planted for its charming variety."
This is one of the oldest cherries now found in our collections. It is first
mentioned by Rea in 1665. and is subsequently enumerated in Meager's List.
With all our pomological authors it has been a commended variety, but it is not
noticed by Miller.
Cerise a Bouquet. See Cluster.
Cerise Doucette. See Belle de Choisy,
Cerise Tardive. See All Saints.
Cerisier de la Toussaint. See All Saints.
Cerisier Pleureur. See All Saints.
Cherry Duke of Duhamel. Sse Jeffreys'' Duke,
Chevreuse Male. See Cluster.
19
290 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
CHAMPAGNE. — A small or medium-sized Red Heart Cherry, of a
pale red colour, somewhat mottled. Stalk, about two inches long, green,
and slender. Flesh, very tender, and with a brisk flavour.
This was raised by Mr. Charles Downing, of Newburg, U.S.A.
CHURCHILL'S HEART. — Fruit, large, heart-shaped. Skin,
shining, of a clear waxen pale yellow on the shaded side, but where
exposed to the sun, of a bright red, mottled with dark red and orange.
Stalk, two inches long, inserted in a shallow depression. Flesh, pale
yellow, firm, sweet, and richly flavoured, but not very juicy.
An excellent cherry, but now little cultivated. It ripens in the
middle and end of July. The tree is hardy, and a good bearer,
succeeds well as a standard, and in the estimation of Rogers is well
adapted for orchard planting.
Circassian. See Black Tartarian.
CLEVELAND BIGARREAU [Cleveland].— Lw!ge, obtuse heart-
shaped, sometimes with a swelling on one side near the stalk. Skin,
pale yellow, with bright red next the sun, and mottled with crimson.
Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, yellowish white, half-tender, juicy,
sweet, and richly flavoured.
A very excellent cherry. Ripe the third or last week in June and
early in July.
CLUSTER (a Bouquet; a Trochet of Noisette, but not of Duhamel
Trauben Amarelle; Kluftchenskirsche ; Traubenkirsche ; Bouquetkirsche
Troschkirsche ; Buscherkirsche ; Busch Weichsel ; Flandrische Weichsel
Chevreuse Male ; Troskerskirsche ; Flanders Cluster). — Fruit, produced
in clusters at the extremity of one common stalk, round, flattened at
the stalk. Skin, thin, of a pale red at first, but changing the longer
it hangs to dark red. Flesh, white, tender, and juicy, at first very
acid, but becoming milder as it hangs on the tree. Stone, small,
round, and a little compressed. It ripens in the end of July.
This is cultivated more as an object of curiosity than for any real value it pos-
sesses. If of use at all the only purpose it is fit for is baking or preserving. It is
in all respects very similar to the Kentisli, except in the singular position of the
fruit on the stalk. This is caused by the flowers containing several distinct styles ;
more or less of these are fertilised and produce a corresponding number of fruit.
In some cases the fruit is single, but varies to six in a cluster. This is a very old
variety, being known to Parkinson in 1629, by whom it was called the Flanders
Cluster Cherry,
Some confusion has arisen between this variety and the Cerisier a Trochet of
Duhamel, by Noisette adopting the nomenclature of the latter in his description of
this, and hence the synonyms of the Cerisier a Trochet have been applied to the
Cluster Cherry. The Cerisier a Trochet of Duhamel is a distinct variety, known
also by the name of Ties Fertile, and it is the Straussweichsel of Truchsess.
COE'S LATE CARNATION.— Medium sized, roundish. Skin,
reddish yellow, clouded and mottled with bright red. Stalk, two
CHERRIES. 291
inches long. Flesh, tender, juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavour, be-
coming mellowed the longer it hangs.
Ripe from the middle to the end of August; and continues to hang
till September.
Coeor de Pigeon. See Belle de Eocmont.
Common Red. See Kentish.
CORONE (Black Coroon ; Black Orleans ; Belcher's Black ; Hert-
fordshire Black ; Large Wild Black ; Englische Schwarze Kronherz-
kirsche ; Couronne ; Kerroon ; Crown). — Fruit, rather below the medium
size, roundish, heart-shaped, marked on one side with a suture. Skin,
deep shining black. Stalk, slender, two inches long, inserted in a deep,
round, and narrow cavity. Flesh, dark purple, very firm, sweet, and
well-flavoured.
Ripe in the end of July and beginning of August.
A very good small cherry for orchard planting, being produced in great qnan-
titles, and on accoiu t of the firmness of its flesh capable of being transmitted to a
distance without injury, but as a desirable variety for general purposes it cannot
bear comparison with many others in cultivation. About the end of July it is
found in enormous quantities in almost all the market towns of this country under
the various names of Corone, Mazzard, and Merri«s, although these two latter
names are also applicable to other varieties. In Ellis's "Agriculture Improved,"
for July, 1745, there is a long account of the Corone Cherry, part of which is as
follows : — "At Gaddcsdeii we* were in a great measure strangers to this cherry
thirty years ago ; for I believe I may be positive of it that I was the first who
introduced this cherry into our parish about the year 1725, not but that it was
growing in a few other places in Hertfordshire before then, as at Northchurch, a
village situate in the extremest wes-tern }»art of that couny, where this fruit grew
on standard trees in orchards, and brought great profit to their planters and
owners, because in that time the Kerroon cherry was scarce and rare." It ift
much grown in the counties of Buckingham and Hertford.
Crown. See Carnation,
Crown. See Corone.
Curan. See Gascoigne.
D'Aremberg. See Reine Hortense,
D'Orange. See Carnation.
Dauphine. See Belle de Choisy.
DECHENAUT. — Fruit, large, roundish heart-shaped, broad at the
stalk, rather flattened, and marked with a faint suture on one side.
Skin, bright cornelian red, and shining, becoming darker red when
quite ripe. The stalk is one inch and a half to one inch and three-
quarters long, inserted in a wide and deep depression. Flesh, tender
and succulent, with the May Duke flavour.
This is a fine large cherry, ripening about the same time as the
May Duke, and well worth cultivating.
292 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
DELICATE. — Large, roundish, and flattened. Skin, thin and
translucent fine rich amber-coloured, quite covered with mottling of
crimson. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, pale yello^v, translucent,
tender, juicy, sweet, and with a rich, delicious flavour.
A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the middle of July.
De Portugal. See Carnation.
DE SOISSONS. — Fruit, medium sized, obtuse heart-shaped, a little
flattened, and pitted at the apex, somewhat uneven on one side and
marked with a slight suture on the other. Skin, dark red. Stalk,
short, about an inch or a little more in length, and inserted in a deep
cavity. Flesh, reddish, tender, and juicy, with a brisk and pleasant
sub-acid flavour.
A good cherry for culinary purposes, ripe in the middle and end of
July. The tree is a free and erect grower, but an indifierent bearer.
De St. Martin. See All Saints.
De Villenne. See Carnation.
De Villenne Ambre. See Carnation.
Doctor. See American Doctor.
Donna Maria. Sse Eoyal Duke.
Doppelte Natte. See Double Nattc.
Double Glass. See Great Cornelian.
DOUBLE NATTE {Doppelte Natte ; Kirsche Von der Natte ; Braune
Friihkirsche). — Fruit, large for its class, roundish, but a little com-
pressed on both sides, somewhat ovate towards the apex, and marked
with a fine line on one side. Skin, dark brown or brownish black.
Stalk, slender, slightly curved, pale green, and inserted in a flat de-
pression. Sometimes the stalk is as much as three inches long, beset
with leaves, and frequently with two fruit. Flesh, very red and juicy;
juice also red, and when well ripened of a rather rich and somewhat
aromatic flavour. Stone, oval.
A very good cherry ; ripe in the beginning and middle of July.
The tree is a good bearer, of rather small size, and handsome habit
of growth. It is a more compact grower, and the shoots are longer,
thinner, and more pendulous than the Morellos.
Double Volger. See Gros Gohet.
Doucette. See Belle de Choisy.
DOWNER'S LATE (Dovner's Late Bed ; Downer's).— Fxmi, pro-
duced in large bunches, medium sized, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, of
a delicate clear red on the exposed side, but paler and mottled with
CHERRIES. 298
pale yellow where shaded. Stalk, an inch and a half long, inserted in
a shallow depression. Flesh, pale, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly
flavoured.
This is a very excellent late cherry, which succeeds well in this
climate and is worthy of extensive cultivation.
The tree is healthy, a good grower, and an excellent bearer. Ripe
in the middle and end of August.
It was raised at Dorchester, near Boston, U.S.A., by Mr. Samuel Downer, and I
first received it from America in 1847.
DOWNTON. — Fruit, above medium size, very obtusely heart-
shaped, almost round, and slightly compressed on one side, which is
marked with a delicate suture. Skin, tender, tinged on the side next
the sun with delicate red, and mottled and dotted with deep red, but
pale yellow where shaded. Flesh, pale amber, transparent, tender,
and juicy, with a very rich and high flavour.
A most delicious cherry of the first quality. It ripens in the middle
and end of July, but is earlier when grown against a wall, for which
purpose it is well adapted.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, healthy and hardy, and
an excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a standard.
It was raised by T. A, Knight, Esq., of Downton Castle, and was first intro-
duced to the notice of the Horticultural Society in 1822.
Dredge's Early White. See White Heart.
Drogan's Gelbe Knorpelkirsche. See DrogarCs Yellow Bigarreau,
Drogan's Weisse Knorpelkirsche. See Drogan's White Bigarreau,
DROGAN'S WHITE BIGARREAU (Bigarreau Blanc de Brogan).
— This is a very early form of the Bigarreau, being quite shrivelled
when that variety is only just ripe. It is perfectly heart-shaped,
rather pointed at the apex, and flattened on one side. Skin, yellow,
mottled and flushed with red on the side that is much exposed. Stalk,
an inch and a half long, stout. Flesh, firm, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A very desirable variety ; ripe in the middle and end of June.
DROGAN'S YELLOW BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Jaune de Dro-
gan; DrogarCs Gelhe Knorpelkirsche ; Golden Bigarreau). — Fruit, large
and round, more the shape of a May Duke than a Bigarreau. Skin, a
fine clear pale yellow all over, and without the least tinge of red.
Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, very juicy, sweet, and very
nicely flavoured, but not rich.
A very ornamental and beautiful cherry ; ripe in the end of July
and beginniug of August.
DUCHESSE DE PALLUAU.— Fruit, large, one inch wide, eight-
tenths of an inch long, oblate, without any suture on the side except
what is indicated by a hair line, flattened and pitted at the apex, where
294 THE FBUIT MANUAL.
it is marked with a yellow point. Skin, thin, of a brilliant red colour,
which becomes of a dark red as it attains maturity. The common
peduncle is about half an inch long, and the stalk an inch and a half.
The fruit generally grows singly and rarely in pairs. Flesh, yellowish,
very tender and juicy, with a brisk and agreeable acidulous flavour.
Juice, pale red. Stone, roundish oval and thick.
A very fine cherry of the May Duke class.
It ripens in the end of July, about a fortnight after the May Duke.
The tree is exactly similar to the May Duke in the growth and in the
leaves.
Duke. See May Duke.
Dutch Bigarreau. See Bigarreau de Hollande.
Dutch Morello. See Morello.
EARLY AMBER (Earhj Amber Heart).— Yxwii, above medium
size, heart-shaped. Skin, pale amber, with a flush of red next the
sun. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, pale yellow, juicy, sweet, and
richly flavoured.
It ripens in the beginning of July.
Early Black. See Black Heart.
EARLY BLACK BIGARREAU.— Fruit, large, as largo as the
Bohemian Black Bigarreau, distinctly heart-shaped, and very uneven
in its outline. Skin, jet black. Stalk, an inch and a half to an inch
and three-quarters long. Flesh, dark purple, very tender, richly
flavoured, sweet, and excellent.
This is a fine early Bigarreau ; ripe in the beginning of July.
Early Duke. See May Duke.
EARLY JABOULAY [Bigarreau Jahoulay ; Bigarreau GahouJais ;
Bigarreau de Lyons). — Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shnped, uneven in its
outline, rounded at the apex, and marked with a distinct, though not a
deep suture. Skin, thin, deep amber, thickly mottled with blotches
and dots of blood red of a bright colour ; sometimes it is quite pale
and amber-coloured, with a little red on it in dots and spots ; when
fully exposed and allowed to hang it is more overspread with red and
becomes nearly black. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long,
rather deeply inserted. Flesh, quite pale and opaline, very tender
and very juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavour. Juice, pale.
A first-rate early cherry ; ripe out of doors in the end of June, but
in an orchard-house in the end of May and beginning of June.
It is not a Bigarreau, but a Gean.
EARLY LYONS (Guigne Hdtive de Lyons ; Base de Lyons). —
Fruit, of the largest size, obtuse heart-shaped, rather bossed on its
surface, and flattened on one side, which is marked with the suture.
CHERRIES.
Skin, of a mahogany colour, deeply mottled with bloqd red. Stalk,
about an inch and a half long, stout, and not deeply inserted. Flesh,
tender,' deeply stained with red, and of excellent flavour. Juice, red.
An excellent and very handsome early cherry, ripening at the same
time as Early Jaboulay, but much larger and of darker colour.
EARLY MAY {Small May; Small Early May; May; Nain a
Fruit Rond Precoce ; Nain Precoce ; Indulle ; Petit Cerise Ronde
Precoce; Petit Cerise Rouye Precoce; Friihe Zwergweichsel ;
Weisse Saner Kirsche ; Friihe Kleine Runde Zweryiveichsel). — Fruit,
small, round, and a little flattened about the stalk and the apex. Skin,
bright red at first, but the longer it hangs it becomes of a dark red.
Stalk, about an inch long, slender, set in a shallow depression. Flesh,
red, tender, juicy, and briskly acid. Stone, very small and round.
The earliest of all cherries, ripe in the middle of June, but now not
worth cultivation, since there arc so many other varieties which are
almost equally as early and very superior to it as dessert fruits. It
has for centuries been cultivated in this country, but more on account
of its earliness than for any other merit it possesses.
The tree is of dwarf habit of growth, with slender and pendent
shoots. It is tender, and requires the protection of a wall, but is
unworthy of such a situation.
Early May Duke. See May Duke.
EARLY PROLIFIC. — Fruit, above medium size, obtuse heart-
shaped. Skin, pale amber, mottled with crimson. Stalk, two inches
long. Flesh, tolerably firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and delicious.
Ripe in the end of June.
EARLY PURPLE GEAN [Early Purple Griotte ; Friihe
Schwarze Herzkirsche ; German May Duke; Hdtive de Boutamand.
— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, a little flattened on one side.
Skin, of a uniform shining dark purple, almost black. Stalk, slender,
from two to two and a half inches long, inserted in a pretty wide but
shallow depression. Flesh, dark purple, tender, and very juicy, with a
particularly rich, sweet flavour.
A most delicious cherry ; ripe on a wall the last week of May or
first of June. It is as early as the Early May, and about a fortnight
earlier than the May Duke, to both of which it is far superior in rich-
ness of flavour.
The tree is vigorous and healthy, succeeds well as a standard, and is
an excellent bearer, but it requires to be grown on the Mahaleb stock.
To orchardists this would prove a valuable acquisition, both as regards
the earliness and the rich flavour of the fruit.
This variety was received by the London Horticultural Society from Decandolle,
of Geneva, in 1822 ; and by M. Decandolle it was procured from M. Baumaun, of
Bolwyller.
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Early Purple Griotte. See Early Purple Gean.
EARLY BED BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Rouge de Gouhen).—
The fruit is large, about the size of the ordinary Bigarreau, but of a
decided heart-shape. The skin is bright red and transparent, like
that of Belle de Choisy. The stalk is from an inch and a half to an
inch and three-quarters long. Flesh, firm, rich, sweet, and excellent.
This is a very excellent early cherry, ripening from the middle to
the end of June, and quite ripe before the old Bigarreau begins to
colour.
The tree is like a Duke in its habit of growth, but the fruit is so
delicately heart-shaped, and the flesh so firm, that it must be classed
among the Bigarreaus.
Early Richmond. See Kentish.
EARLY RIVERS. — Fruit, produced in clusters of ten or twelve,
two to four being on one peduncle ; large, nearly an inch in diameter,
roundish heart-shaped, somewhat uneven and indented on the surface,
marked with a faint suture, and slightly pitted on the apex, where
there is a deep style-point. Skin, shining deep black. Stalk, an
inch and three-quarters long, rather slender, green, and with a small,
rather deeply-imbedded disk. Flesh, very tender, sweet, and agree-
ably flavoured. Stone, extremely small.
A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the end of June. The tree is an
abundant bearer.
This is a seedling, raised by Mr. Rivers from Early Purple Gean. The tree
first produced fruit in 1869, and it receiyed a First Class Certificate from the Royal
Horticultural Society in 1872.
Elkhorn. See Tradescanfs Heart.
ELTON. — Fruit, large, handsomely heart-shaped. Skin, pale
waxen yellow on the shaded side, but beautifully mottled and dotted
with bright red on the exposed side. Stalk, pretty stout, from two to
two and a quarter inches long, set in a shallow depression. Flesh,
pale, more tender than firm, juicy, sweet, and of a very rich flavour.
Stone, medium sized, ovate.
A very valuable and deliciously flavoured cherry ; ripe in the begin-
ning and middle of July.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, hardy, healthy, and an
excellent bearer. It succeeds well either as a standard or against a
wall. The leaves are very long, more so than those of the Bigarreau,
and hang down. The flowers are also of large size.
This variety was raised in 1806, by T. A. Knight, Esq., from the Bigarreau or
Graffion, impregnated with the White Heart.
EMPRESS EUGENIE {Imperatrice Eugenie).— Yxmi, large, round-
ish, inclining to oblate, marked on one side by a deep suture, which
terminates at the apex in a long grey style-point. Skin, thin, bright
CHERRIES. 297
red, changing to dark purplish red. Flesh, pretty firm, very juicy,
sweet, sugary, and with a fine refreshing acidity.
A very fine form of May Duke, ripening a week earlier than that
variety.
It originated in a vineyard at Belleville, near Paris, where it was
discovered by M. Varenne, and it was first propagated by M. A.
Gonthier in 1855.
English Bearer. See Carnation.
Englische Schwarze. See Corone.
Flanders Cluster. See Chester.
Flandrische Weichsel. See Cluster,
Fleischfarbigen Kirsche. See Carnation.
FLEMISH. — Some pomologists have fallen into the mistake of
regarding this cherry as synonymous with Gros Gobet ; others think it
the same as the Kentish. The latter is nearer the truth ; but the
Kentish and Flemish are decidedly difierent. The fruit of the two is
somewhat similai* ; but the trees of the Flemish are less drooping than
those of the Kentish, and the fruit is smaller, and about eight or ten
days later. Any one who examines the two varieties as they are
grown in the Kentish orchards will see at once that the varieties are
difi'erent.
FLORENCE {Knerett's Late Bigarreau). — Fruit, large, heart-
shaped, flattened at the stalk, rather blunt towards the apex, and
compressed on one side, which is marked with a shallow suture or
fine line. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellow mottled with red on
the shaded side, but of a clear bright red dotted with deeper red on
the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, about two inches long, slender,
and inserted in a rather deep and wide cavity. Flesh, white, firm,
and very juicy, of a rich, sweet, and delicious flavour.
A cherry of first-rate quality, having some resemblance to a Bigar-
reau, but with a more tender and juicy flesh. It ripens about the
beginning and middle of August, being some time later than the
Bigarreau and Elton.
The tree is of moderate size, and of a spreading habit of growth ; it
is an excellent bearer after being planted a few years, and requires to
be planted against a wall.
This variety was importe<1 from Fiorpnce towards the latter part of the last cen
turj, and was planted at Hailingbury Place, in Essex.
Four-to-the-Pound. See Tobacco -leaved.
Eraser's Black. See Blaci Tartarian.
Fraser's Black Heart. See Black Tartarian.
298 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Eraser's Black Tartarian. See Black Tartarian.
Eraser's Tartarische Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Black Tartarian,
Eraser's White Tartarian. See White Tartarian.
Eraser's White Transparent. See WJiite Tartarian.
EROGMORE EARLY [Frogmore Early Bigarreau).—Frmt, large,
obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on the side, and with a faint suture.
Skin, pale waxen yellow in the shade, suffused with deep red next the
sun. Stalk, two inches long, with a very small receptacle. Flesh,
remarkably tender and melting, as much so as in a Gean, very juicy,
and with an excellent flavour.
A very delicious cherry, as early as the May Duke. The tree is an
abundant bearer.
Frogmore Early B,igarreau. See Frogmore Early.
EROGMORE MORELLO.— This is a large form of the old Morello.
Friihe Kleine Runde Zwergweichsel. See Early May.
Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Early Furple Gean.
Fnihe Zwergweichsel. See Early May.
GASCOIGNE (Quran ; Bleeding Heart ; Gascoigne Heart ; Here-
fordshire Heart : Bed Heart of some collections ; Guigne Bouge
Hdtive). — Fruit, above medium size, heart-shaped, broad at the
stalk, and terminating at the apex in an acute swollen point ; on one
side it is marked with a rather- deep suture, which extends from the
stalk across the apex and continues like a fine line on the other side. Skin,
entii'ely covered with bright red, particularly on one side and round the
apex, but on the other parts it is paler and mottled. Stalk, two inches
long, slender, and very slightly depressed. Flesh, yellowish white,
half-tender, juicy, and sweet. Stone, rather large and ovate.
A very old variety of cherry, now rarely cultivated, being much in-
ferior to the sorts which are generally grown. It ripens about the
beginning or middle of July.
The tree is rather a strong grower, but an indifferent bearer.
This is one of the oldest varieties of cherries of which we have any record. It
is mentioned by Parkinson, who says " it is known but to a lew."
GASKINS, a corruption of Gascoignes, refers to those cherries
originally obtained from Gascony. About Rye, in Sussex, the name
is still in general use ; and these cherries are said to have been brought
from France by Joan of Kent when her husband, the Black Prince,
was commanding in Guienne and Gascony. See Guigne.
German May Duke. See Early Purple Gean.
CHERRIES. 299
Glimmer t. See Gh-os Gobet,
Gobet a Courte Queue. See Gros Gobet.
Golden Bigarreau. See Drogan^s Yellow Bigarreau.
GOVERNOR WOOD.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin,
pale yellow, washed and mottled with bright red. Stalk, an inch and
a half long. Flesh, half-tender, juicy, sweet, and very richly fla-
voured.
A very excellent cherry ; ripe in the begmning of July.
GraflSon. See Bigarreau.
Grand Glimmert. See Gros Gobet.
Grande Zeelandoise. See Gros Gobet.
GREAT CORNELIAN {Double Glass).— Yeryhrge, oblate, marked
on one side with a very deep suture, which quite divides the fruit.
Skin, thin and translucent, at first of a hght red, but becoming darker
as it ripens. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
very juicy, with a fine sub-acid, vinous, and rich flavour.
Ripe in the beginning of July.
GRIOTTE DE CHAUX.— Large, roundish oblate. Skin, dark red
and shining. Stalk, two inches long, and slender. Flesh, dark,
tender, melting, and very juicy, with a brisk sub-acid flavour.
This is a mild-flavoured Morello ; ripe about the end of July.
GRIOTTE IMPERLALE.— A fine large obtuse heart-shaped cherry,
of a dark mahogany colour. Stalk, not more than an inch long, very
stout. Flesh, deep dark red, briskly acid, but not austere.
A handsome black Morello cherry, which hangs till the end of August.
GRIOTTE DE KLEPAROW (Belle Polonaise).— Medium sized,
roundish oblate. Skin, dark red. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh,
dark, tender, aud juicy, with a rich, sweet, and sub-acid flavour.
A mild-flavoured Morello ; ripe in the end of July.
Griotte de Portugal. See Archduke.
Griotte Ordinaire du Morel. See Morello.
Griottier de Choisy. See Belle de Choisy.
Griottier de Palembre. See Belle de Choisy.
Griottier Rouge Pale. See Carnation.
Groote Princess. See Bigarreau de Hollande.
Gros Coeuret. See Bdle ds Eocmont.
GROS GOBET (Montmorency ; Montmorency a Courte Queue ; Gobet
a Courte Queue; Montmorency d Gros Fruit; Cerise a Courte Queue:
800
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Cerise a Courts Queue de Provence ; Grosser Gohet ; Weichsel mit Kur-
zen Stiel ; Grosse Montmorency mit Kurzen Stiel ; Volg^rs- Volger, or
Double Volger ; Glimmert ; Grand Glimmcrt ; Guldemonds-kers ; Gul-
dewagens-kers ; Eosenoble ; Schimmelpennings-kers ; Zeelandoise; Grande
Zeelandoise ; Yellow Ramonde). — Fruit, above medium size, oblate,
very much flattened at both ends, and marked on one side wiih a deep
suture. Skin, smooth and shining, of a fine clear red at first, but
becoming of a dark red the longer it haogs. Stalk, very short and
thick, from half an inch to an inch in length, and set in a deep cavity,
which has a deep groove on one side of it, formed by the suture.
Flesh, white, tender, very juicy, and briskly acid ; but when allowed
to hang and become perfectly ripe, it is more agreeably and pleasantly
flavoured. Stone, medium sized, roundish, and adhering pretty closely
to the flesh.
This variety is only fit for preserving ; it ripens about the middle
and end of July.
The tree is an indifi'erent bearer, and on that account is almost out
of cultivation.
This cherry is by many called the Flemish, and by others the Kentish, but both
of these are quite distinct varieties. Forsyth has evidently called it the Kentish
on the authority of Duliamel, for the description he has giv^n of that variety
is the same as that of Duhatnel for Gros Gobet, and not of the tru« Kentish.
Lindley very properly describes it separately from the Kentish, under the name of
Montmorency, accompanied with Duhamel's synonyms.
Grosse Cerise Rouge Pale. See Carnation.
Grosse de Wagnelee. See Heine Horiense.
Grosse Montmorency mit Kurzen Stiel. See Gros Gobet.
Grosse Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Black Heart.
Grosser Gobet. See Gros Gobet.
Griine Kirsche. See All Saints.
GUIGNE, GEAN, or GEEN.— This word is derived from Guienne,
whence these cherries were first obtained. See Gaskins.
Guigne Grosse Noire. See Black Heart.
Guigne Hative de Boutamand. See Early Purple Gean.
Guigne Noire. See Black Heart.
Guigne Noire de Biittner. See Biittner's Black Heart.
Guigne Noire de Strass. See Reine Hortense.
Guigne Noire Tardive. See TradescanVs Heart.
Guigne Precoce de Werder. See Werder's Early Heart.
Guigne Rouge Hative. See Gascoigne.
CHERRIES. 301
GUIGNE TRES PRECOCE.— Fruit, rather small, and not quite
medium sized, obtuse heart-shaped, and rather uneven in its outline.
Skin, quite black. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender, deeply-
inserted in a rather wide cavity. Flesh, very tender, juicy, and of
good flavour. Juice, coloured.
A very early black Gean ; a week earlier than Early Parple Gean,
and ripe in the middle and end of June. In an orchard-house it is
ripe in the end of May and beginning of June.
Guignier a Feuilles do Tabac. See Tobacco-leaved.
Guignier a Rameaux Pendants. See All Saints.
Guldemonds-kers. See Gros Gobet.
Guldewagens-kers. See Gros Gobet.
HARRISON'S HEART (White Bigarreau; Harrison's Duke).—
Fruit, medium sized, heart-shaped, flattened near the stalk, on the
side which is marked with a shallow suture, which is not indented, but
terminated by a small point or nipple, as in some of the peaches, where
the style -point is. Skin, at first of a pale yellowish colour, thickly
speckled and covered with red, but as it ripens it is completely over-
spread, and thickly mottled and spotted with blood red, except at the
apex, where the red is not so thick. Flesh, firm, but less so than the
Bigarreau; yellowish white, rayed with white, juicy and well- flavoured,
but not so rich as the Bigarreau.
This has for some years been confounded with the Bigarreau. The true Har-
rison's Heart is now very seldom met with, and the opinion has gone abroad that
it is synonyujous with the Bigarreau. The chHracters, however, are very distinct ;
the Bigarreau is of a roundi>h heart-shape, while the other is of a true heart-shape ;
the apex of the Bigarreau is pitted, that of this is nippled ; the colour of the
Bigarreau is pale, and only dark red next the sun ; this is almost entirely over-
spread with red, and spotted with blood red. The stalk of Harrison'^ Heart is
more slender than that of the Bigarreau ; the latter ripens in the second week in
July, the former in the second ot August.
Forsyth gives an apocryphal account of this being brought from India by
General Harrison, who went out as Governor of St. George in 1710, and returned
home in 1719, bringing this cherry with him.
Hative de Lyon. See Early Lyons.
Herefordshire Heart. See Gascoigne,
Hertfordshire Black. See Corone.
Hildesheimer Ganz Spate Knorpelkirsche. See Bigarreau de Hil-
desheim.
Hildesheimer Spate Herzkirsche. See Bigarreau de Hildesheim.
HOGG'S BLACK GEAN.— Fruit, medium sized, obtuse heart-
shaped. Skin, black and shining. Stalk, an inch and a half long.
Flesh, dark, very lender, ricn'y flavoured, and very sweet.
Ripe in the beginning of July.
302
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
HOGG'S RED GEAN. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, inclining
to heart-shaped. Skin, red, freckled with amber yellow. Stalk, an
inch and a half long. Flesh, yellowish, very tender and juicy, sweet,
and richly flavoured.
Ripe in the beginning of July.
Hollandische Grosse. See Bigarreau de Hollande.
Hollandischekirsche. See Carnation.
HUNGARIAN GEAN. — Fruit, rather below the medium size, obtuse
heart-shaped. Skin, amber-coloured, mottled with red on the side
exposed to the sun. Flesh, half-tender, whitish, tolerably sweet and
tender. Stone, large and ovate.
A variety of second-rate quality ; ripe in July. The tree succeeds
well as a standard, and is an abundant bearer.
Hybrid de Laeken. See Reine Hortense,
Imperatrice Eugenie. See Empress Eugenie.
Indulle. See Early May.
Italian Heart. See Bigarreau.
Jaune de Biittner. See Biittner's Yellow.
JEFFREYS' DUKE [Cherry Duke of Duhamel ; Jeffreys* Royal;
Jeffreys* Royal Caroon; Royale ; Konigliche Weichselbaum der Chery
Duke ; Konigliche Sussweichsel). — Fruit, about medium size, smaller
than the May Duke, round, and flattened at both ends. Skin, of a fine
deep red, which changes to very dark red the longer it hangs. Stalk,
about an inch and a half long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
pale red, tender, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
An excellent cherry of first-rate quality. It is in season at the same
time as the May Duke, but instead of being acid it is quite sweet
before attaining its dark colour. Ripe the beginning and middle of July.
The tree is peculiar in its growth, being of a very compact and
upright habit, and never makes much wood in a season ; the shoots
are very short, and thickly set with bloom buds. It succeeds well
either as a standard or against a wall, and is an abundant bearer.
It is said by Mr. Lindley that this variety was introduced by Jeffreys, of the
Brompton Park Nursery, who died in 1785. The first notice I find of it, in the
catalogues of that nursery, is in 1785, from which time it is called Royal and New
Koyal, except in one instance in 1790, when it is entered as Jeffreys' Seedling.
In Miller & Sweet's catalogue for 1790 it is called Jeffreys' tine new seedling.
Jeflreys' Royal Caroon. See Jeffreys' Duke.
JOC-0-SOT. — Fruit, large and handsome, somewhat obtusely heart-
shaped, compressed on the sides, and deeply indented at the apex.
Skin, shining, of a deep brownish black colour. Stalk, two inches
long. Flesh, dark brownish red, tender, juicy, rich, and sweet.
Ripe in the middle of July.
CHERRIES. 803
KENNICOTT. — Fruit, large, roundish heart-shaped, and compressed
on the sides. Skin, of a fiae amber yellow, considerably mottled with
deep glossy red. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, and sweet.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of August.
KE^TISB. (Common Red : Earh/ Richmond ; Pie Cherry; Sussex;
Virginian May). — Fruit, medium sized, round, and inclining to oblate
in shape, marked on one side with a very faint suture, which in some
specimens is not distinguishable, pitted at the apex, in which is a small
style-point. Skin, at first pale flesh-coloured, but changing to clear
deep red, and when allowed to hang it assumes a very dark and almost
black colour. Stalk, varying from an inch to an inch and a half long,
pretty stout, and inserted in a considerable depression. Flesh, yel-
lowish, tender, juicy, and briskly flavoured. Stone, medium-sized,
ovate, and flattened, adhering firmly to the stalk, so much so that it
may be drawn out, leaving the fruit entire.
This is larger than the Flemish, and a superior variety. It is the
best cooking cherry, and is ripe in the middle and end of July.
Kentish Heart. See White Heart.
Kirsche von der Natte. See Double Natle.
Kirtland's Mammoth. See Mammoth.
Kirtland's Mary. See Mary.
Kliiftchenkirsche. See Cluster.
Knevett's Late Bigarreau. See Florence.
KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped,
irregular and uneven on its surface. Skin, dark dull red, becoming
almost black when fully ripe. Stalk, two inches long, inserted in a
deep and rather wide cavity. Flesh, dark purple, tender, juicy, and
sweet, richly and highly flavoured. Stone, small and roundish.
A delicious early cherry, ripe on standards in the end of June and
beginning of July, about a week or ten days earlier than the May
Duke. The tree is a free grower, strong, and vigorous, and a very
abundant bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, but is well deserving
of a wall, when the fruit will be much improved and produce much
earlier than on standards.
This valuable cherry was raised by T. A. Knip^ht, Esq., about the year 1810,
from the seed of the Bigarreau impregnated with the pollen of the May Dake.
Konigliche Sussweichsel. See Jeffreys' Duke.
Konigliche Weichselbaum der Chary Doke. See Jeffreys' Duke.
Kronherzkirsche. See Corone.
Lacure. See Black Heart.
304 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
LADY SOUTHAMPTON'S.— This is a medium sized, yellow, heai't-
shaped cherry, of the Bigarreau class, with firm, but not juicy, flesh.
It is now very little cultivated, and is but a worthless variety.
Ripe in the end of July and beginning of August.
Large Black Bigarreau. See Tradescanfs Heart.
Large May Duke. See May Duke.
Large Wild Black. See Corone.
LATE BIGARREAU.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, and
uneven in its outline, broadly and deeply indented at the apex. Skin,
of a fine rich yellow, with a bright red cheek, which sometimes extends
over the whole surface. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh,
yellowish, considerably firm, sweet, and agreeably flavoured.
A large and handsome late Bigarreau ; ripe in the middle of
August. The tree is very productive.
LATE DUKE {Anglaise Tardive). — Fruit, large, obtusely heart-
shaped, and somewhat compressed. Skin, shining, of a fine bright red,
which becomes darker as it ripens. Stalk, an inch and a half to two
inches long. Flesh, pale yellow, tender, juicy, and richly flavoured.
Ripe in the middle and end of August.
Late Morello. See Morello.
Late Mottled Bigarreau. See Bigarreau Napoleon.
LATE PURPLE GEAN.— This is a fine late Black Gean, ripening
in the latter end of July.
Lauermann's Herzkirsche. See Bigarreau Napoleon.
Lauermann's Kirsche. See Bigarreau Napoleon.
LEMERCIER. See Heine Hortense. There is a Lemercier grown
by Mr. Rivers which is later than Reine Hortense, and, before it is
quite ripe, considerably more acid than that variety. The tree has
also a more rigid and upright growth, like the Dukes ; but it is
evidently a seminal variety of Reine Hortense, and, being a better
bearer, is perhaps the preferable kind to grow of that admirable
cherry.
Lion's Heart. See Ox Heart.
LOGAN. — Fruit, above medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin,
deep blackish purple. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh, brownish
red, almost firm, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
Ripe in the middle and end of July. The tree blooms late.
Louis XVIII. See Reine Hortense.
LUD WIG'S BIGARREAU {Bigarreau de Uidivig). -~Frmi, large
GHEBBIES. 805
and perfectly heart-shaped, terminating at the apes in a sharp point,
with a slightly marked suture on one side. Skin, shiuing, of a fine
bright red colour, which is evenly distributed over the whole surface,
except that it is a little paler on the shaded side. Flesh, pale yellow,
very tender and melting, much more so than Bigarreaus general y are.
A delicious early Bigarreau, ripening just after the Early Red Bigarreau.
In the " Dictionnaire de Pomologie " Mr. Leroy states that this is an
English variety raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth.
LUKE WARD'S [Lnheuards). — Fruit, medium sized, obtuse heart-
• shaped. Skin, dark brownish red, becoming almost black as it ripens.
Stalk, about two inches long. Flesh, half-tender, dark purple, juicy,
sweet, and richly flavoured.
An excellent cherry, superior in quality to either the Black Heart or
Corone. It is ripe in the end of July and beginning of August. The
tree is a free grower, hardy, healthy, but a bad bearer, and on that
account its cultivation has to a great extent been discontinued.
This is one of the oldest cherries known in this country, and seems to have
been held in great estimation by all cultivators of fruit and fruit trees from Par-
kinson to Miller, as there is scarcely any of the horticultural writers who have not
mentioned it. It is first mentioned by Parkinson in 1629.
MAMMOTH {Kirtland's Mammoth). — Fruit, very large, often an
inch and an eighth in diameter ; obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, clear
yellow, flushed and marbled with red. Stalk, an inch and a quarter
long. Flesh, half-tender, juicy, sweet, and very richly flavoured.
This is a magnificent cherry ; ripe in the middle and end of July.
MANNING'S MOTTLED.— Fruit, above medium size, obtusely
heart-shaped, and flattened on one side. Skin, amber-coloured,
finely mottled, and flushed with red, somewhat translucent and shining.
Stalk, slender, two inches long. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, sweet,
and richly flavoured.
Ripe in the middle of July.
Marboeuf. See All Saints.
Marcelin. See Belle de Roanont.
MARY (Kirtland's Mary). — Large, roundish heart-shaped, and
handsome. Skin, very much mottled with deep rich red on a yellow
ground, and, when much exposed to the sun, almost entirely of a rich
glossy red. Stalk, from one inch and a half to two inches long.
Flesh, pale yellow, fii'm, rich, and juicy, with a sweet and high
flavour.
This is a very beautiful and very fine cherry ; ripe in the middle
and end of July.
May. See Early May.
MAY DUKE (Duke ; Early Duke ; Early May Dvke ; Large May
20
806 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Duke; Morris's Duke; Morris's Early Duke; Benham's Fine Early
Duke; Thompson's Duke ; Portugal Duke ; Buchanan's Early Duke ;
Milieu's Early Heart Duke; Arujleterre Hdtive; Roy ale Hdtive). —
Fruit, large, roundish, flattened at both ends, indented at the apex, in
the centre of which there is a small dot of russet. A very shallow but
distinct suture extends all round the fruit. Skin, at first of a red
cornelian colour, but becoming of a dark red when fully ripened.
Stalk, about an inch and a half long, supported on a common peduncle,
which bears several others. Flesh, red, tender, juicy, and richly
flavoured. Juice, dark-coloured, and it stains red. Stone, small,
nearly round, and slightly flattened.
The tree is a free grower, with a characteristic upright habit, hardy,
an excellent bearer, and the variety is one of the best for forcing.
This is a very old variety.
The name May Duke is supposed to be a corruption of Medoc, whence
this kind of cherry was first brought.
De Meruer. See Reine Hortense.
Merveille de HoUande. See Reine Hortense.
Merveille de Septembre. See Tardive de Mans.
Milan. See Morello.
Millett's Early Heart Duke. Bee May Duke.
Monats-amarelle. See All Saints.
Monats-weichsel. See All Saints.
Monstrose Marmorkirsche. See Bigarreau de Mezel.
Monstrueuse de Bavay. See Reine Hortense.
Monstrueuse de Jodoigne. See Reine Hortense.
Montmorency. See Gros Gobet.
Montmorency a Courte Queue. See Gros Gobet.
Montmorency a Gros Fruit. See Gros Gobet.
Morelle. See Morello.
MORELLO [Agnate or Murillo ; Milan; Black Morello; Dutch
Morello; Late Morello; Ronalds* Large Morello; Cerise du Morel;
Griotte Ordinaire du Morel; Morelle; Crown Morello). — Fruit, large,
roundish, inclining to heart-shaped ; compressed a little on one side,
which is marked with a slight suture, and somewhat depressed at the
apex. Skin, dark red, but fchanging to a deeper colour, and becoming
almost black the longer it hangs on the tree. Stalk, from an inch and
a half to two inches long, inserted in a slight depression. Flesh, deep
purplish red, tender, juicy, and briskly acid, but when allowed to hang
till it attains its darkest colour it is rich and agreeably flavoured.
CHERRIES. 807
This is the best of all the cherries for culinary purposes, either for
preserving or to be used in confectionery ; it ripens in July and
August, and will continue on the tree as late as September.
The tree is of a spreading habit of growth, with pendulous shoots ;
it is very hardy, and an abundant bearer. It succeeds well as a
standard, but is generally grown against a wall exposed to the north,
where it produces its fruit of greater size and much later, and attains
greater perfection than any other kind of fruit would do in a similar
situation.
This is a very old variety, being mentioned by Parkinson in 1629, and it appears
to me that '*The great bearing cherry of Master Millen " of the same author is the
same as the Morello, and hence Switzer calU it the " Milan " : " is a reasonable great
red cherry bearing plentifully although it bee planted against a north wall, yet it
will bee late ripe, but of an inditferent, sweet, and good relish."
Morello de Charmeux. See Belle Magnijique.
Morestein. See Heine Hortense.
Morris's Duke. See May Duke.
Morris's Early Duke. See May Duke.
Nain a Fruit Rond Precoce. See Early May.
Nain Precoce. See Early May.
NAPOLEON NOIR is a medium sized very early Black Heart,
with an uneven surface. The stone is very small. It is a most delicious
cherry.
Napoleon's Herzkirsche. See Biyarreau NapoUon.
Noir de Tartaric. See Black Tartarian.
Nouvelle d'Angleterre. See Carnation.
NOUVELLE ROYALE.— Fruit, large, much more so than the May
Duke, but similar to it in shape, and somewhat uneven in its outline.
Skin, red at first, but becoming quite black the longer it hangs. Stalk,
an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long. Flesh, tender, juicy,
and with the flavour of the May Duke.
This is a late Duke cherry, well worthy of a place in every collection ;
it ripens in the end of July, and the tree has a fine compact pyramidal
habit.
r
Ochsenherzkirsche. See Ox Heart.
Octoberkirsche. See All Saints. ,
OHIO BEAUTY.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin, pale
yellow, overspread with red. Flesh, pale, tender, brisk, and juicy.
Ripe in the beginning of July.
Oranienkirsche. See Carnation.
"m
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
OSCEOLA. — Fruit, above medium size, heart- shaped, and with a
deep suture on one side. Skin, dark purplish red, almost black. Stalk,
about two inches long. Flesh, liver-coloured, tender, very juicy, rich,
and sweet.
Ripe in the middle and end of July.
OSTHEIM (Ostheimer Kirsche ; Ostheimer Weichsel). — Fruit, large,
round, flattened at both ends, and very slightly compressed on the side.
Skin, dark red, changing as it ripens to dark purplish red. Stalk,
from an inch and a half to two inches long, placed in a wide and
shallow depression. Flesh, dark red, tender, juicy, with a pleasant,
sweet, and sub-acid flavour. Stone, small, roundish oval.
An excellent preserving cherry, not so acid as the Morello ; it is
ripe the end of July. The tree forms a thick, bushy head, with long,
slender, and pendulous shoots ; it is an abundant bearer, and better
suited for a dwarf than a standard.
Ostheimer Kirsche. See Ostheim.
Ostheimer Weichsel. See Ostheim.
Ounce Cherry. See Tobacco-leaved.
OX HEART {Lion's Heart ; Bullock's Heart ; Ochsenherzkirsche). —
Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, flattened on one side, wbicLi is
-inarked with a suture. Skin, shining, dark purplish red. Stalk, two
inches long, placed in a shallow depression. Flesh, somewhat firm,
dark red, with a brisk and pleasant flavour, which is considerably richer
when the fruit is highly ripened. Stone, roundish oval.
A large, handsome, and very excellent cherry ; it ripens in the end
of July.
PARAMDAM (Baramdam). — Small and round, not quite half an
inch in diameter. Skin, pale red. Stalk, an inch long. Flesh, pale,
tender, with an agreeable and lively acidity.
It ripens in the end of July. The tree is of very diminutive
growth ; one in my possession, not less than 100 years old, being
little more than seven feet high, and the stem not so thick as a man's
arm.
This is a variety of the native Cerasus vvlgnris. It was first brought to my
notice hy a reference to Hitt's "Treatise of Fruit Trees." and on application to
my friend, the late Kev. Henry Manton, of Sleafoid, he was so go'id as to procure
me trees from the very holt to which Hitt refers in the followinj^ Hccount of it : —
" I have near Sleaford in Lincolnshire met with a ditlereni kind of cherry to
any of the former ; it is calkd the Baramdam. which is the name of the place
where it grows, in a perfect wild manner, so that not any one can give account of
thejr being planted. Mr. Pattison, the proprietor of the land, and present in-
habitant, is now (1755) about sixty years of age, who told me their number was
greatly increased in his time ; and he further added that, the same land had been
the property of his father and grandfather, both of whom he knew veiy well, but
neither of them was ever able to give him any account of its heing planted. And
I am by just reasons prompt to say there is no marks of art in any part of the
CHERRIES. ^09
Holt, but they increase by suckers like black thorns, and bear upon as sfnall
bushes. I have more than once curiously examined them ; for, soon after the
time that I first saw them, 1 entered into a confract with the right honourable Lord
Robert Manners, which entra^ed me to reside the greatest part of my time at
Bloxhohne, which is no more than five miles from Baramdam. I have got some
plants of the kind under my care, which thrive well and bear plentifully ; though
before I saw the original Holt, I had hem told they would not thrive in any other
place ; but I find them quite to the contrary, for they will grow and bear upon
moist spungy land, where other cherries will not live long. This I have seen near
Ancaster, where I bought some young plants, and there was a larger tree in that
ground than any one at Baramdam ; it was quite healthy and free from moss,
not^vithslanding its roots were in water the greatest part of the year.
" They will root well the first year of laying, and I think that the best way to
propagate them ; for the common kinds made use of for stocks are not so. good,
being subject to make strong downright roots, whereas these are very fibrous, and
grow very near the surface.
" I have propagated the Duke Cherry upon them, and it is not so subject to
blights as it is up(m the wild black or red, though it does not make so strong
shoors ; but I think it is the better for that, for dwarfs or espaliers.
"The trees upon their own roots never grow to be large ones, and the leaves
are small and smooth, and are of a bright colour ; the young shoots are small,
much like tho3e of the Morclla, and bear their fruit like them, the greatest part of
which ripens in August, and but few in July.
** It is a middle- sized round cherry, of a red colour, and its taste is not quite so
sweet as some others ; though it is not a sour cherry, yet it has some little,
flavour of bitter in it, like the wild black."
Petit Cerise Rond Precoce. See Early May.
Petit Cerise Rouge Precoce. See Early May.
De Palembre. See Belle de Choisy.
Pie Cherry. See Kentish,
Planchoury. See Belle Maynijigice.
PONTIAC. — Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped, compressed on the-
sides. Skin, dai*k purplish red, nearly black. Stalk, an inch and a
half to two inches long. Flesh, purplish red, half- tender, juicy, sweety
and agi'eeable.
It ripens in the latter end of July.
Portugal Duke. See 2Jay Duke.
POWHATTAN. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish heart-shaped, com-
pressed on the sides, uneven in its outline. Skin, brownish red and
glossy. Stalk, two inches long. Flesh, rich purplish red, half-tender,
juicy, sweet, but not highly flavoured.
It ripens in the end of July.
Princesse de HoUande. See Biyarreau de Uollande.
Quatre a la Livre. See Tobacco -leaved.
' 'RATK'FXA{Bru7iede Bricxelles ; Batafia Weichsel ; Brusseler Bratme ;
Brusselsche Bruyn). —Fiuit, medium sized, round, and a little flattened
310 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
on both sides, marked with a very faint suture on one side. Skin,
dark brown, nearly black, and very shining. Stalk, an inch and a half
to two inches long, placed in a shallow depression. Flesh, dark red,
tender and juicy, with a briskly acid flavour, but which it loses and
becomes richer the longer the fruit hangs on the tree. Stone, medium
sized, ovate, and adhering closely to the flesh.
This variety ripens in August. It has a close resemblance to the
Morello, but is much smaller, and is used for the same purposes.
The tree forms a close round head with slender, pendulous shoots, and
is an excellent bearer.
Eatafia Weichsel. See Batafia,
Red Heart. See Gascoigne.
RED JACKET. — Fruit, large, heart-shaped. Skin, amber, covered
with pale red, but when fully exposed entirely covered with bright red.
Stalk, two inches long, slender. Flesh, half-tender, juicy, and of good,
but not high, flavour.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of August. It is valuable for its
lateness.
REINE HORTENSE {D'Aremberg ; Belle Audigeoise; Belle de
Bavay ; Belle de Laeken; Belle de Prapeau; Belle de Petit Brie; Belle
Supreme; Grosse de Wagnelee ; Guigne Noire de Strass ; Hybrid de
Laeken; Louis XVIIL; Lemercier ; De Meruer ; Merveille de Hol-
lande ; Monsti'ueuse de Bavay ; Monstru^use de Jodoigne ; Morestein ;
Reifie Hortense Larose; Eouvroy ; Seize a la Livre). — Fruit, very
large, one inch and one-twelfth long and an inch wide, oblong, and
compressed on the sides. Skin, very thin and translucent, at first
pale red, but assuming a bright cornelian red, and changing to dark
brilliant red the longer it hangs. Stalk, very slender, about two inches
long. Flesh, yellow, netted, very tender, and very juicy, with a sweet
and agreeably acidulous juice.
A very excellent cherry of first-rate quality ; it ripens in the middle
and end of July.
The tree is a free and vigorous grower and an excellent bearer. It
was raised in 1832 by M. Larose, a nurseryman at Neuilly, near
Paris, and first produced fruit in 1838.
RIVAL. — Fruit, below medium size, obtuse heart-shaped, uneven in
its outline, flattened on one side, and marked with a distinct suture.
Skin, black. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender. Flesh, firm
and crackling, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A very late small black Bigarreau, in use till the end of August
and beginniug of September. It hangs as late as Belle Agathe. The
tree is a profuse bearer.
ROCKPORT BIGARREAU.— Fruit, large, obtuse heart-shaped,
uneven in its outline, and with a swelling on one side. Skin, pale
CHERRIES. 311
amber, covered with brilliant deep red, mottled and dotted with
carmine. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a half long. Flesh,
yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of July.
Ronalds' Black. See Black Tartarian,
Ronalds' Large Black Heart. See Black Tartarian.
Ronalds' Large Morello. See Morello.
Rose do Lyon. See Early Lyons.
Rosenoble. See Gros Gohet.
Rothe Oranienkirsche. See Carnation.
Rothe Spanische. See BelU de Rocmont.
Rouge Pale. See Carnation.
Rouge d' Orange. See Carnation.
Rouge de Bruxelles. See Carnation.
Rouvroy. See Reine Hortense.
ROYAL DUKE {Donna Maria). — Fruit, large, oblate, and hand-
somely shaped. Skin, deep shining red, but never becoming black
like the May Duke. Stalk, an inch and a half loug, united to a
common peduncle, which is about half an inch long. Flesh, reddish,
tender, juicy, and very rich. Stone, medium sized, roundish oval.
A dehcious cherry of first-rate quality ; ripe about the middle of
July.
The tree is a free and upright grower like the May Duke, succeeds
well as a standard, and is an excellent bearer.
Royale. See Jeffreys' Duke.
Royal Hative. See May Duke.
St. Margaret's. See TradescanCs Heart.
St. Martin's Amarelle. See All Saints.
St. Martin's Weichsel. See All Saints.
Schimmelpenning's-kers. See Gros Gohet.
Schone von Choisy. See Belle de Choisy.
Schone von Rocmont. See Belle de Rocmont.
Schwarze Tartarische. See Black Tartarian.
Seize a la Livre. See Rdne Hortense.
SHANNON MORELLO. — Fruit, above medium size, round, and
312 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
flattened at the stalk. Skin, dark purplish red. Stalk, long and
slender. Flesh, tender, reddish purple, jaicy, and acid.
Kipe in August.
Sheppard's Bedford Prolific. See Bedford Prolific.
Small Early May. See Early May,
Small May. See Early May.
Spanish Heart. See Black Heart.
SPARHAWK'S HONEY {Sparrowhaivk's HoneTj). —Fruit, of
medium size, roundish heart-shaped, and very regular in form. Skin,
thin, of a beautiful glossy pale amber red, becoming a lively red when
fully ripe, partially transparent. Stalk, of moderate length, rather
slender, set in a round, even depression. Flesh, melting, juicy, with a
very sweet and delicate flavour.
An American melting, sweet cherry ; ripe the end of June and be-
ginning of July.
Spotted Bigarreau. See Bigarreau de Hollande.
Staatsbluhenderkirsche. See All Saints.
Superb Circassian. See Black Tartarian.
Sussex. See Kentish.
Tardive a Bouquets. See All Saints.
Tardive a Grappes. See All Saints.
TARDIVE DE MANS (Merveille de Septemhre).— Fruit, small,
ovate, flattened at the stalk. Skin, smooth and shining, clear red
in the shade, and mottled with purplish red where exposed. Flesh,
firm, sweet, juicy, and nicely flavoured.
This, like Belle Agathe, hangs very late, but it is not so large or so
good as that variety.
TECUMSEH. — Fruit, above medium size, obtuse heart-shaped,
flattened on one side. Skin, reddish purple, or dark brownish red,
mottled with red. Flesh, reddish purple, half-tender, very juicy and
sweet, but not highly flavoured.
Ripe in the middle and end of August, and is valuable as a late
variety.
Thompson's Duke. See May Duke.
TOBACCO-LEAVED (Ounce Cherry; Four-to-the-Pound ; Quatre
a la Livre ; Bigarreautier Tardif a Feuilles de Tahac ; Bigarreautier a
Grandes FeuiUes ; Bigarreau Tardif; Guignier a Feuilles de Tahac ; Vier
auf ein Pfund). — Fruit, rather below medium size, heart-shaped,
somewhat flattened on one side, which is marked with a fine line ex-
CHERTiTES. 313
tending to the apex, and terminating in a curved point, such as is met
with in some varieties of Peaches. Skin, tender, shining pale amber-
coloured on the shaded side, but mottled and spotted with dark red on
the side next the sun. Stalk, slender, two inches long, placed in a
shallow cavity. Flesh, firm, pale amber-coloured, transparent, juicy,
and with a sweet rich flavour. Stone, medium sized, ovate.
It ripens in the beginning of August.
There is nothing for which this cherry is remarkable, except its large leaves and
high-sounding name ; however it came to be called " Four-to-the-Pound" would
puzzle any one to imagine, but such is the name by which it was at one time
known, and under whi< h it was found in all nurserymen's catalogues. It is a very
old cherry, and is evidently of English or gin, being mentioned by Parkinson as
early as 1629, under the more modest designation of " Ounce Cherrie." He says,
"The Ounce Cherrie hath the greatest and broadest leafe of any other Cherrie, but
beareih ihe smallest store of Cherries everie yeare that any doth, and yet blossometh
well ; the fruit also is nothing answerable to the name, Ijeing not great, of a pale
yellowish red, neere the colour of amber, and therefore some have called it the
Amber Cherrie." There is no doubt it is this variety also which is described by
Meaner under the name of " Cilie:;eberrylin," which he says is "as big as an
indifferent Jipjle." The Germans ascribe its introduction on the Continent to
the Karl of Murray, who had a seat at Menin, in Flanders, whence it was taken
into Germany by M. Seebach, colonel of an Austrian regiment of cavalry, and
who received it from Lord Murray's gardener under the name of Quatre a la Livre.
The leaves are a foot and sometimes 18 inches long.
TOMATO. — Fruit, very large, about an inch in diameter, roundish,
and somewhat oblate, with shallow furrows on its sides like a tomato.
Skin, clear red. Stalk, about an inch and a quarter long. Flesh,
pale, tender, juicy, and agreeably flavoured.
A handsome cherry of the Red Duke class.
TRADESCANT'S HEART (E'/AAor7i ; St. Margaret's ; Large Black
Blgarreau ; Bigarreau Gros Noir ; Guigne Noire Tardive). — Fruit, of
the largest size, obtuse heart-shaped, indented and uneven on its sur-
face, and considerably flattened next the stalk on the side marked
with the suture. Skin, at first dark red, but changing when fully ripe
to dark blackish purple. Stalk, slender, an inch and a half to an inch
and three-quarters long. Flesh, dark purple, adhering firmly to the
stone, firm, sweet, and briskly sub-acid.
It ripens in the end of July and beginning of August.
TRANSPARENT {De Jonghes Transparent). — Fruit, above medium
size and oblate, with a bold style mark on the apex, and with a very
faint suture on the side. The skin is thin and transparent, showing
through it the netted texture of the flesh, and of a uniform pale red
colour all over. Flesh, melting, tender, sweet, and delicious.
This comes among the Red Dukes, and is allied to Belle de Choisy.
It was raised by De Jonghe of Brussels from the Montmorency.
TRANSPARENT GEAN.— Fruit, small, regularly heart-shaped,
and marked with a suture which extends in a line over the whole.
Skin, delicate, transparent, and shining, pale yellow, and finely mottled
B14 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
with clear red. Stalk, about two inches long, slender, and placed in a
shallow depression. Flesh, tender and juicy, with a sweet and agreeable
sub -acid flavour.
An excellent little cherry ; ripe the middle and end of July.
Trauben Amai-elle. See Clmter.
Trauben Kirsche, See Clmter.
Trempee Precoce. See Baumanns May.
Troschkirsche. See Cluster.
Troskerskirsche. See Cluster.
Turkey Heart. See Bigarreau.
Vier auf ein Pfund. See Tobacco-leaved.
De Villenne. See Carnation.
Virginian May. See Kentish.
Volgers-Volger. See Gros Gobet.
Wachsknorpelkirsche. See Buttner's Yellow.
Ward's Bigarreau. See Momtrous Heart.
WATERLOO. — Fruit, large, obtuse heai-t-shaped, flattened at the
stalk, and compressed on the sides. Skin, thin, dark purple mixed with
brownish red, covered with minute pale dots, and becoming almost
black when fully ripe. Stalk, slender, an inch and a half to two inches
long, set in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, clear red, but darker red
next the stone, tender, juicy, and with a rich and delicious flavour.
Stone, roundish ovate.
An excellent cherry ; ripe in the end of June and beginning of July.
The tree is a free grower and a pretty good bearer, and succeeds well
as a standard or against a wall.
This variety was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., in ISl.*), and was named from
having produced fruit a few weeks after the occurrence of the Battle of Waterloo.
It was raised from the Bigarreau impregnated with the pollen of the May Duke.
Wax Cherry. See Carnation.
WEEPING BLACK BIGARREAU {Bigarreau Fleureur ; Bigar-
reau Noir Monstrueux Fleureur). — This is a large Black Bigarreau,
about a fortnight earlier in ripening than the common Bigarreau, and
it is distinguished from every other by the weeping habit of the tree,
which makes it very ornamental.
Weeping Cherry. See All Saints.
Weichsel mit Kurzen Stiel. See Gi'os Gobet.
Weisse Malvasierkirsche. See Carnation.
CHEBBIES. 315
Weisse Sauer Kirsche. See Early May.
WERDER'S EARLY BLACK (Guigne Precocc de Werder ; Wer-
dersche Fruhe Schwarze Herzkirscht). — Fruit, very large, obtuse heart-
shaped, with a deep suture on one side. Skin, membranous, deep
shining black. Stalk, short and stout, about an inch and a half
long, set in a deep cavity. Flesh, purplish red, tender, very juicy,
and with a very sweet and rich flavour.
This is one of the most valuable early cherries, of very high flavour
and richness, much earlier than the May Duke, being generally fit for
use by the middle of June.
The tree is a strong and vigorous grower, an abundant and regular
bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
This variety is of German origin, and has been for some years in cultivation.
It was sent by Sello, gardener to the King of Prussia, at Sans Souci, to Christ, in
1794, and by him it was described in the first edition of his '* Handbuch."
Werdersche Friihe Schwarze Herzkirsche. See Werder' s Early
Black.
West's White Heart. See Biyarreau.
White Bigarreau. See Harrison's Heart.
WHITE HEART (Amber Heart; Dredge's Early White; Kentish
Heart; White Transparent). — Fruit, medium sized, heart-shaped.
Skin, pale yellowish white on the shaded side, but mottled with dull
red on the side exposed to the sun. Stalk, two inches long, very
slender, and set in a shallow depression. Flesh, white, juicy, tender,
sweet, and well-flavoured.
A very good cherry, but only of second-rate quality, and now rarely
cultivated ; it is ripe in the end of July.
The tree is an excellent grower and very healthy, but is not a good
bearer. At one time this variety was in high estimation, but now that
there are so many others that are far superior to it it is hardly worth
cultivating.
WHITE TARTARIAN (Eraser's White Tartarian ; Erasers White
Transparent Amhree a Petit Emit). — Fruit, small, roundish, inclining
to obtuse heart-shaped, flattened at the apex, and marked on one side
with a well-defined suture. Skin, transparent, pale yellow. Stalk,
slender, two inches long, placed in a slight depression. Flesh, pale
yellow, tender, juicy, and sweet. Stone, large and oval.
A good cherry, but only of second-rate quality ; it is ripe in the
middle and end of July. The tree is a free grower and a good bearer.
White Transparent. See White Heart.
Yellow Ramonde. See Gros Gobet.
Yellow Spanish. See Bigarreau.
Zeelandoise. See Gros Gobet.
Zwillingskirsche. See All Saints.
316
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
LIST OF SELECT CHERRIES,
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING.
Those marked with an asterisk are adapted for small collections.
I. FOR GARDENS.
These all succeed well in the open ground, or as espaliers ; and those for dessert
use are worthy of being grown against a wall, when they arc much improved
both in quality and earliness.
For Dessert Use.
June.
Transparent
Mammoth
Belle d'Orleans
Frogmore Early
*Mary
*£arly Purple Gean
Bigarreau de Mezel
Bigarreau
•Early Jaboulay
*^ay DuUe
August.
Early Lyons
Jeffreys' Duke
TTI nrPTi f*#»
Early Ked Bigarreau
Cleveland Bigarreau
ICennicott
Early Rivers
Rockport Bigarreau
Red Jacket
Werder's Early Black
Black Eagle
TppnmspTi
Bowyer's Early Heart
BohemianBIackBigarreau
*Elton
Late Duke
July.
Oceola
September.
Knight's Early Black
Royal Duke
Coe's Late Carnation
*Black Tartarian
Delicate
Biittner's Yellow
Waterloo
Duchesse de Palluau
Bigarreau deHildesheim
Governor Wood
Monstrous Heart
Rival
Belle de Choisy
Joc-o-sot
For Kitchen Use.
Belle Agathe
*Kentish
* Belle Magnifique
Griotte de Chaux
*Morello
II. FOR ORCHARDS.
These being vigorous-growing and hardy varieties, and all, in various degrees,
abundant bearers, are well adapted for orchard planting.
Early Prolific
Knight's Early Black
Black Tartarian
Adams's Crown
May Duke
Elton
Black Hawk
Biittner's Black Heart
Kentish
Mammoth
Mary
Bigarreau
Amber Gean
Late Duke
Kennicott
Red Jacket
Rival
Tecumseh
Belle Agathe
CHESTNUTS CBANBKEEIES. 317
CHESTNUTS.
We can hardly call the chestnut a British fruit. It is true that in some
situations in the southern counties it ripens fruit, but that is generally
so very inferior to what is imported from Spain and the south of France,
that no one would think of planting the chestnut for its fruit alone. It
is as a timber tree that it is so highly valued in this country.
The following are the varieties that succeed best ; but it is only in
hot summers that they attain much excellence : —
DEVONSHIRE PROLIFIC (.Y^m; Prolijic).— This is by far the
most abundant bearer, and ripens more thoroughly a general crop than
any other.
DOWNTON (Knight's Prolific). — This is distinguished by the very
short spines on the husks, and is not so prolific as the preceding.
CRANBERRIES.
Though these are not grown so generally as the other kinds of
fruits, there are some who have given their attention to the subject,
and succeeded in forming artificial swamps where cranberries have
been cultivated with success. Wherever there is a plentiful supply of
running water, with abundance of peat soil, no difficulty need be ex-
perienced in growing cranberries. The two species most worth
cultivating are the English and the American.
ENGLISH (f)xy coccus palustris). — This grows abundantly in bogs or
swamps, in many parts of England. The fruit is the size of a pea, and
the skin pale red ; they have a somewhat acid flavour, and a strong
acidity.
AMERICAN (Oxycoccus macrocarpus). — Of this there are three
varieties : —
1. Cherry Cranberry, is large, round, and of a dark red colour,
resembling a small cherry.
2. Bugle Cranberry, so called from the shape being like a bugle head,
long, and approaching an oval. Skin, pale, and not so deep a crimson
as the other varieties.
3. Bell Cranberry, is bell-shaped, or turbinate, and of a dark coral
red. This is a very large variety, and is a great favourite with American
growers.
818 THB FBUIT MANUAL.
CUERANTS.
Belle de St. Gilles. See Red Dutch.
BLACK CHAMPION. — Bunches, large, produced in clusters.
Berries, very large, some being nearly three-quarters of an inch in
diameter ; round, and jet black, and richly flavoured.
The bush is a free grower, and remarkably prolific. This is the
largest and finest Black Currant I have seen. The description is taken
from branches of it exhibited by Messrs. James Carter & Co., at the
Royal Horticultural Society, August 9, 1881, when it was awarded a
first-class certificate.
Black Grape. See Oijden's Black.
BLACK NAPLES (yew 5?«cA:).— Bunches, short, but produced in
great abundance. Berries, large, with a mild and sweet flavour.
Blanche d'Angleterre. See Wilmofs Large White.
Cerise. See Cherry.
CHAMPAGNE (Pheasant's Eye; Couleur de Chair). — Bunches, of
medium length. Berries, medium sized, pale pink or flesh-coloured,
with darker red veins.
The habit of the plant is similar to that of Red Dutch, but more
robust in growth.
Chenonceaux. See Bed Dutch.
CHERRY (Cerise ; La Versaillaise ; Bed Cherry). — Bunches, short,
with few berries. Berries, very large, of a deep red colour, and acid
flavour, more so than the Red Dutch. It is the largest Red Currant.
The bush is of a dwarf habit, with strong, short, and stout stunted-
looking shoots ; and it has the objectiocable practice of sending up a
gross shoot from the bottom, which almost invariably breaks ofl" with
the wind. The foliage is large, of thick substance, and dark green.
The fruit ripens rather early.
COMMON BLACK. — This isvery much inferior to the other Blacks,
and not worth cultivating, the bunches and berries being inlerior
in size.
Couleur de Chair. See Champagne.
CUT-LEAYED. — A worthless Red variety for fruit ; but the bush is
ornamental on account of its cut leaves, which are like those of the
Eagle's Claw Maple.
CURRANTS. 819
Dancer's Red. See Kni/jht's Large Bed.
Fertile. See Red Dutch.
Fertile d'Angleterre. See Red Dutch.
Fertile de Bertin. See Red Dutch.
Fertile de Palluau. See Red Dutch.
Fielder's Red. See Knight's Large Red.
GLOIRE DE SABLONS. — A very inferior, strong-growing variety
of the Old Red, and a very bad bearer.
Goliath. See Knight's Large Red.
Gondouin. See Raby Castle,
Grosse Rouge de Boulogne. See lied Dutch.
Hative de Bertin. See lied Dutch,
HOUGHTON CASTLE {Houghton Bed Seedling; OrangefieW).—
Bunches, long, in dense clusters. Berries, of medium size, dark red.
Bush, of moderate height, with stout brown shoots, and compact
habit. The leaves are dark green, like those of Raby Castle, but are
small and cockled. The great merit of this variety is that the shoots
are tough and not liable to be blown off by wind like those of Cherry
and Red Dutch.
This is a valuable late currant, and an abundant bearer.
Houghton Red Seedling. See Houghton Castle.
Imperiale Rouge de Hollande a Grappes Longues. See Bahy Castle.
Jackson's Mammoth. See Knight's Large Red.
Jeeves's White. See White Dutch.
KNIGHT'S LARGE RED {Dancer's Bed ; Fielder's Bed ; Goliath;
Jackson's Mammoth; Knight's Sweet Bed; Palmer's Bed; Pitmaston
Prolific ; Pitmaston Bed). — Bunches, large and long, produced in large
clusters. Berries, large, bright red, but not so large as those of Red
Dutch.
The bush is a vigorous grower, with an erect habit in the shoots,
which are quite a foot longer than those of Red Dutch, to which it
otherwise bears a close resemblance in the foliage and abundant
bearing. Leaves, small, pale green, rather deeply sinuated and some-
what cockled.
Knight's Sweet Red. See Knight's Large Bed.
LACE-LEAVED (Ictr^e Bed; Large Sweet i?e</). —Bunches, long,
produced in clusters ; but the berries are not so large as those of Red
Dutch.
320 THEFEUIT MANUAL.
Bush, of dwarf habit, with shoots like those of Red Dutch, having
the same vigorous growth, but the plant is more bushy. The leaves
dark green, glaucous, and frequently with a delicate white-laced margin.
A valuable currant.
La Fertile. See Bed Dutch.
La Hative. See Fied Dutch.
Large Red. See Lace-leaved.
Large Sweet Red. See Lace-leaved.
La Versaillaise. See Cherry.
LEE'S PROLIFIC BLACK. — Bunches, produced in immense num-
bers, about three inches long. Berries, as large or larger than those
of Black Naples, and nearly uniform in size throughout Skin, quite
black. Flesh, tender, sweet, and very richly flavoured.
This is by far the best of all the Black Currants. It is a great bearer,
and the fruit does not drop so readily as that of the other varieties.
It was rai?ed by Mr. George Lee, a market gardener, of Clevedon, in Somerset,
and it received a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society in
1869.
LONG-BUNCHED RED {Wilmors Long-hmched /?6;c^).— Bunches,
very long, sometimes measuring six inches and a half. Berries, large,
and of a deep red colour. A decided improvement on Red Dutch, and
differs also in being somewhat later. It is not unlike Raby Castle.
MALLOW-LEA\TiD {Islew Sweet Bed).—B\md\es, long. Berries,
small, pale red.
Bush, of vigorous growth, with tall, slender, very pale shoots.
Leaves, shaped like those of the Mallow, large, very pale, soft .and
downy.
This is a very distinct, strong-growing, late variety.
May's Victoria. See Rahy Castle.
Morgan's White. See White Dutch.
New Black. See Black Naples.
New White Dutch. See White Dutch.
OGDEN'S BLACK [Black Grape).— This is not so large as Black
Naples, but considerably better in every respect than the Common
Black.
The bush is hardier than that of Black Naples.
Qrangefield. See Houghton Castle.
Palmer's Red. See Knight's Large Bed.
Pitmaston Prolific. See Enighfs Large Bed.
CURRANTS. 321
Pitmaston Red. See Knight's Large Bed.
Pheasant's Eye. See Champagne.
Queen Victoria. See Red Dutch.
RABY CASTLE (Gondouin ; Imperiale Rouge de Hollande a Grappes
Longues ; Mays Victoria). — Bunches, very long, more so than those of
Red Dutch. Berries, larger, brighter red, and rather more acid.
The bush has a rapid and unusually tall habit of growth. Shoots,
reddish brown. Leaves, shining above, dark bluish green, very rugose,
and darker than those of any other variety. Flowers tinged with red.
This is a valuable currant ; the fruit ripens later, and hangs longer
than that of any other variety ; but it is not an abundant bearer, and
on account of its strong, vigorous growth, Mr. Barron recommends it
as very suitable for growing as standards or large bushes.
RED DUTCH (Belle de St. GiUes; Chenonceaux; Fertile; Fertile
d'Angleterre; Fertile de Bertin ; Fertile de Palluau ; Grosse Rouge de
Boulogne ; H alive de Bertin ; La Hdtive ; Queen Victoria ; Red
Grape). — Bunches from two to three inches long. Berries, large, deep
red, with a subdued acidity.
Bush, dwarf, moderately robust. Shoots, pale ashy grey, tinged with
brown ; brittle at the joints, and in consequence frequently blown oflf
by the wind. Leaves, glaucous when young.
A remarkably fine currant, of dwarf, vigorous habit, and an excellent
bearer.
Red Cherry. See Cherry.
Red Grape. See Red Dutch.
VARIEGATED RED.— This is the common Red Currant, with
variegated leaves.
VERRIERS ROUGE.— A dwarf form of Raby Castle, and an
equally bad bearer.
Victoria. See Gondouin.
White Crystal. See White Dutch,
WHITE DUTCH {New White Dutch; Jeeves' s White; Morgan's
White ; White Crystal ; White Leghorn ; White Grape). — The bunches
and berries are of the same size as the Red Dutch ; but the berries
are yellowish white, and the skin somewhat transparent. The fruit is
very much sweeter, and more agreeable to eat, than the Red variety.
It is, therefore, preferred in the dessert and for wine-making.
White Grape. See White Dutch.
White Leghorn. See White Dutch,
21
822
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
WILMOT'S LARGE WHITE {Blanche d'Angleterre).— Bunches,
medium sized. Berries, large, white. Bush, upright in growth.
Leaves, large and flat. A good bearer.
Wilmot's Long-bunched Red. See Long-hunched Red.
LIST OF SELECT CURRANTS.
Those maried with an asterisk * are for small gardens.
BLACK.
•Black Champion
Black Naples
•Lee's Prolific Black
KED.
Houghton Castle
Knight's Large Red
•^Raby Castle
aied Dutch
WHITE.
•White Dutch.
FIGS.
SYNOPSIS OF FIGS.
I. FRUIT, ROUND, ROUNDISH, OR TURBINATE.
§ Skiny decidedly dark.
* Flesh, red.
Betada
Black Bourjassotte
Black Ischia
Courcourelle Gavotte
Early Violet
Jerusalem
Martinique
Mouissoune
Nigrette
Noire d'Espagne
Pregussata
Recousse Noire
Vernissenque
** Flesh , white or opaline.
Osborn's Prolific.
$ $ Skin, pale, or tinged with brown,
* Flesh, red.
D'Agen
Bellona
Bifere de la Malmaison
Boutana
Bourdissotte Blanche
Brown Ischia
Courcourelle Brune
D'Eyrague
De Grasse
De Lipari
Grizzly Bourjassotte
Grosse Montrueuse de Lipari
FIGS.
823
Malta
Marseillaise
Monaco Bianco
Nebian
CEil de Perdrix
Panachee
Poulette
Angelique
Early White
Rose Peyronne
Rougette
Savantine
Verdal
White Bourjassotte
White Ischia
Yellow Ischia
*• Fleshy white or opaline.
White Marseilles
n. FRUIT, LONG, PYRIFORM, OR OBOVATE.
$ Skin, decidedly dark.
* Flesh, red.
Bee de Perdrix
Black Genoa
Black Provence
Bordeaux
Brown Turkey
Col di Signora Nero
Dr. Hofrg's Black
Gouraud Noir
■Negro Largo
Royal Vineyard
Violette Grosse
Violette Perruquine
*• Flesh, white or opaline.
Pied de Boeuf
5 § Skin, pale, or tinged with brown.
* Flesh, red.
Celestine
Col di Signora Bianca
Datte
Peau Dure
Versailles
** Flesh, white or opaline.
Brunswick
Castle Kennedy
De rArchipel
d'Or de Baume
d'Or de Laura
St. Ursule d'Ayignon
AGEN (Gros de Draguignan). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish tur-
binate. Skin, green, with a brownish tinge, but round the crown,
which is very flat, it is quite deep brown or chocolate, coloured with
a mixture of green ; and when fully ripe it cracks in white reticula-
tions. It is covered with a pretty blue bloom. The eye is open, and
has a dark brown, or rather reddish brown, iris round the opening.
Flesh, of a very dark blood-colour, almost as much so as in the. Col
de Signora, thick and syrupy ; most dehcious. One of the finest figs
I know. It ripens late.
824 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ANGELIQUE [Melitte ; Madeleine ; Petaluse; C our courelle Blanche).
— Below medium size, about two inches long, and an inch and three-
quarters broad ; roundish turbinate, and flattened like an onion.
Skin, yellow, dotted with long greenish white specks. Flesh, white
under the skin, but with a faint tinge of rose towards the centre.
When well ripened, the fruit is of good quality, and perfumed. It
forces well, and may be grown against a wall in the open air.
Ashridge Forcing. See Brown Turkey,
D'Athenes. See White Marseilles.
Aubique Violette. See Bordeaux,
Aubiquon. See Bordeaux.
Aulique. See Violette Grosse.
Barnissotte. See Black Bourjassotte.
Bayswater. See Brunswick.
BEC DE PERDRIX. — Fruit, below medium size, pyriform, with
longitudinal ribs extending the whole length. Neck, rather long.
Stalk, short, about one-eighth of an inch long. Skin, dark purple,
dark round the crown, and shades off paler to the stalk, and on the
shaded side covered with blue bloom. Flesh, dark rose-coloured,
firm, stiff, and syrupy, with a rich sugary flavour.
Dries well. A Spanish variety. Excellent.
BELLONA. — Fruit, medium sized, round, and inclining a little to
ovate, marked with very prominent and close -set longitudinal ribs,
which extend the whole length of the fruit to the apex. Stalk, very
short. Skin, of a deep blue-green, and in some instances with a little
brown tint upon it, that gives it the appearance of green bronze. Eye,
small and partially open. Flesh, deep dark blood-colour, very thick
and syrupy, with a most delicious flavour.
This is the true Bellona ; there is a false one, which is black.
BETADA — Fruit, small, roundish, and inclining to oblate. Skin,
black, and shading off to a paler colour towards the stalk, where it is
greenish, and covered with a thick grey bloom. Stalk, short. Eye,
closed and flat. Flesh, pale rose-coloured, thick and syrupy ; very
rich and excellent.
BIFERE DE LA MALMAISON.— Fruit, round, sometimes oblong,
and with one side of the apex hanging longer than the other ; not
ribbed. Skin, of a pale hazel brown, covered with a thin grey bloom.
Stalk, stout. Eye, closed. Flesh, pale rose-coloured, tender, juicy,
and agreeably flavoured, but not rich.
FIGS. 825
BLACK BOURJASSOTTE (Bamissotte; De Bellegarde ; Prkoce
Noire). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish oblate, with a short neck, and
marked with obscure ribs. Skin, quite black, entirely covered with a
fine thick blue bloom, and cracking in lines when highly ripened.
Stalk, short. Eye, open like an eyelet-hole. Flesh, deep red, thick,
stiflf, and syrupy ; most delicious.
BLACK GENOA {Nigra; Negro (TEspagne). — Large, oblong, broad
towards the apex, and very slender towards the stalk. Skin, dark
purple, almost black, and covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh,
yellowish under the skin, but red towards the interior, juicy, with a
very sweet and rich flavour.
Ripe in the end of August, Tree very hardy, and a good bearer.
This is the large black fig so extensively gro^vn in Languedoc and
Provence.
BLACK ISCHIA (Bhie Ischia; Early Forcing; Nero; Ronde
Noire). — Medium sized, turbinate, flat at the top. Skin, deep purple,
almost black when ripe. Flesh, deep red, sweet, and luscious. Tree
hardy, and an excellent bearer ; succeeds well in pots.
Ripe in August.
Black Marseilles. See Black Provence.
Black Naples. See Brunswick.
BLACK PROVENCE {Black Marseilles ; Beculver ; Noir de Pro-
vence).— Small or below medium size, oblong. Skin, dark brown.
Flesh, red, tender, very juicy, and richly flavoured. Tree bears
abundantly, and is well adapted for forcing.
Blanche. See White Marseilles.
Blue. See Brown Turkey.
Blue Burgundy. See Brown Turkey.
Blue Ischia. See Black Ischia.
BORDEAUX {Aubiquon ; Auhique Noire ; Aubique Violette ; Figue-
Poire ; Petite Auhique ; Violette ; Violette Longue ; Violette de Bordeaux ;
Nagronne). — Fruit, large, long, pyriform, marked with ribs ; very much
flattened laterally, and one side of the apex hanging down more than
the other. Skin, quite black, covered with a fine blue bloom, and
when dead ripe cracks in white longitudinal Hues. Stalk, very short.
Eye, open. Flesh, pale coppery-coloured, very tender and juicy,
sugary and sweet. Excellent.
BOURDISSOTTE BLANCHE.— Fruit, small, round, inclining to
turbinate, and furnished with longitudinal ribs. Skin, green, becoming
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
yellow at maturity, and covered with a very delicate white bloom. Eye,
open like an eyelet-hole. Stalk, very short. Flesh, pale rose-coloured,
very sugary, rich, and syrupy when fully ripe.
It shrivels well, and the skin, when perfectly ripe, cracks into large
white furrows. This is quite distinct from White Bourjassotte.
BOUKDISSOTTE NOIRE.— Fruit, medium sized, roundish tur-
binate, and distinctly marked with prominent longitudinal ribs, even
and regularly formed. Skin, purple, covered with a thick grey bloom.
Neck, short. Stalk, very short. Eye, a small round hole, the scales
very flat. Flesh, deep flesh-coloured, with the thick white rim of the
skin surrounding it ; rather sharp and brisk, but not with a rich
flavour.
A Spanish variety, distinct from Black Bourjassotte.
Bourjassotte Blanche. See White Bourjassotte.
Bourjassotte Grise. See Grizzly Bourjassotte.
Bourjassotte Noire. See Black Bourjassotte.
BOUTANA. — Fruit, above medium size, oblate, with an oblique
axis, and marked with distinct longitudinal ribs on the sides that
extend to the apex. Skin, quite green, without any bloom, and
downy. Stalk, very short, about one-eighth of an inch long. Flesh,
deep rose-coloured, but not dark ; pretty juicy, and with a flat flavour.
Brocket Hall. See White Ischia.
Brown Hamburgh. See Brunswick,
BROWN ISCHIA {Chestnut-coloured Ischia). — Medium sized,
roundish turbinate. Skin, light brown, or chestnut-coloured. Eye,
very large. Flesh, purple, sweet, and high-flavoured. Fruit, apt to
burst by too much wet. This is one of the best of figs, ripening in the
beginning and middle of August.
Tree an excellent bearer, pretty hardy, and bears as a standard in
favourable situations. It forces well.
Brown Italian. See Brown Turkey.
Brown Naples. See Brow7i Turkey.
BROWN TURKEY [Ashhridge Forcing; Blue; Common Blue;
Blue Burgundy; Brown Italian; Brown Naples; Long Naples;
Early; Howick; Italian -^ Large Blue; Lee's Perpetual; Murrey;
Purple; Small Blue ; Fleur Rouge; Walton). — Fruit, large and pyri-
form. Skin, brownish red, covered with blue bloom. Flesh, red and
very luscious.
Tree very prolific, hardy, and one of the best for outdoor culture
either against a wall or as a standard. Ripe in August and September.
FIGS. 327
BRUNSWICK (Bayswater; Black Naples; Brown Hamburgh;
Clementine; Drap d'Ur; De St. Jean; Hanover; Madonna; Larye
White Turkey ; lied). — Very large and pyriform, oblique at the apex,
which is very much depressed. Skin, greenish yellow in the shade,
tinged with pale brown on the other side. Flesh, opaline, tinged with
very pale flesh-colour towards the centre.
A very rich and excellent fig. Ripe in the middle of August. The
tree is very hardy, but not so good a bearer as the Brown Turkey. It
is, however, one of the best for outdoor cultivation against walls.
CASTLE KENNEDY.— Fruit, very large, obovate. Skin, thin,
very tender, greenish yellow on the neck and towards the stalk, but
pale dingy brown mottled with dull ashy grey on the widest part and
towards the eye. Flesh, pale opaline, with slight stains of red round
some of the seeds nearest the eye ; very tender, but not richly
flavoured.
A large and handsome fig, remarkable for its earliness, which is
nearly three weeks earlier than White Marseilles. The fruit greatly
resembles the Brunswick ; but it is entirely distinct in the habit and
growth of the plant. The tree is an abundant bearer.
This variety has existed for upwards of a century at Castle Kennedy, N.B., and
has not yet been identified with any other sort.
CELESTINE. — ^Fruit, large, long, pyriform. Skin, of a pale
reddish brown or grizzly colour. Flesh, deep red, and of a rich and
very delicious flavour.
Chestnut-coloured Ischia. See Brovm Ischia.
Clementine. See Brunswick,
COL DI SIGNORA BIANCA (Lucrezia).— Fruit, medium-sized,
pyriform, with a rather long neck, and marked with very distinct
longitudinal ribs. Skin, thick, green, but changiDg to yellowish white,
and covered with fine grey bloom. Stalk, short and stout. Eye,
closed. Flesh, of the darkest blood-red ; very thick, syrupy, and most
delicious. It shrivels and dries well. One of the finest figs in culti-
vation.
COL DI SIGNORA NERO. — Fruit, above medium size, long
pyriform, with longitudinal ribs running from the stalk towards the
apex. Skin, entirely dark chocolate, covered with a thin grey bloom,
and when at perfect maturity cracking into irregular markings. Eye,
small and open. Flesh, very dark red throughout, like Col di Signora
Bianca and Gros de Draguignan ; exceedingly rich and sugary, in fact
a perfect conserve. Ripens late.
Col di Signora Bianca Panachee. See Panachee.
Common Purple. See Brown Turkey.
328
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
COURCOURELLE BRUNE.— Fruit, small, roundish. Skin, of a
deep brown, covered with thick blue bloom ; some are stalked, and
others very little so. Flesh, deep red or rose-coloured, tender, but
very indifferently flavoured.
COURCOURELLE GAVOTTE.— Fruit, about medium size, round,
marked longitudinally, not so much with ribs as with dark lines indi-
cating them. No neck. Skin, deep purplish black over the apex, and
where fully exposed to the sun, but shading off to a paler and even to a
greenish bronze in the shade, covered with a pretty blue bloom. Eye,
open. Flesh, dark blood-colour throughout, thick, syrupy, and richly
flavoured.
A very first-rate fig. The skin cracks as it ripens.
Cyprus. See Yellow Ischia.
DATTE. — Fruit, pyriform, with a short thick neck, and marked
longitudinally with obscure ribs. Skin, of a dingy brown, or rather a
dirty, muddy colour all round the apex, and gradually becoming paler
towards the stalk, where it is green. Eye, small and closed. Stalk,
extremely short, scarcely perceptible. Flesh, dark rose-coloured, thick
and syrupy, with a rich flavour. Excellent.
DE L'ARCHIPEL. — Fruit, large, obovate ; scarcely any neck ;
marked with longitudinal ridges from the stalk to the apex. Sometimes
they are indicated more by a dark-coloured line than by an elevation.
Skin, of a warm pale reddish brown, or pale chestnut ; bright green
on the shaded side and near the stalk, dotted with grey. Eye, closed.
Flesh, opaline, with only here and there a fibre of rose-colour ; tender,
juicy, but not rich, being rather flat.
De Bellegarde. See Black Bourjassotte.
D'EYRAGUE. — Fruit, below medium size, and oblate. Skin, pale
yellow, tinged with green. Flesh, pale rose-coloured, tender and juicy,
but not particularly rich in flavour.
DE GRASSE. — Fruit, medium sized, round, and with a short neck,
and distinct longitudinal ribs. Skin, yellowish white, covered with
blue bloom. Stalk, very short, scarcely perceptible. Eye, like an
eyelet-hole. Flesh, very dark red, thick, stiff, and syrupy, with a
most delicious flavour.
DE LIPARI {Verte Petite). — Fruit, very small, oblate, marked
with longitudinal ridges. Skin, green, becoming yellowish as it attains
perfect maturity, and covered with a very thin bloom. Eye, open like
an eyelet-hole. Stalk, one-eighth of an inch long. Flesh, pale rose-
coloured, somewhat opaline, or a pale coppery colour ; dry, coarse, and
not at all well-flavoured.
FIGS. 329
De Naples. See White Marseilles.
De St. Jean. See Brunswick,
DOCTOR HOGG'S BLACK— Fruit, about medium size, oblong
obovate. Neck, very short or wanting. Skin, slightly hairy, of a dark
mulberry colour, covered with a thick bloom, and numerous little white
specks on the surface, which is slightly furrowed in longitudinal lines,
and the skin cracks lengthwise when the fruit is fully ripe. Stalk, very
short and thick. Eye, small and closed. Flesh, dull red, with a thick
syrupy juice, very richly flavoured.
I introduced this variety in 1864, having met with it in a vineyard near Tou-
louse. It was sent to the garden of the Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick,
and as no name accompanied it, it became distinguished as " Dr. Hogg's Black."
I have not yet been able to identify it with any other variety ; but there is no
doubt that as we become better acquainted with the figs grown in the south of
France and in Spain the correct name will some day be discovered.
D'OR DE BAUME. — Fruit, about medium size, oblong, distinctly
marked with ribs. Skin, pale hazel brown, and covered with a thin
bloom. On the shaded side, and next the stalk, it is green, becoming
yellowish at maturity. Stalk, short, very stout. Eye, open, like an
eyelet-hole. Flesh, pale rose-coloured towards the eye, and opaline
next towards the stalk ; juicy and richly flavoured. An excellent fig.
D'OR DE LAURA. — Fruit, below medium size, oblong, marked
with obscure ribs. Skin, green, becoming yellowish or dirty white
when fully ripe. Eye, closed. Flesh, opaline, very tender and melt-
ing, rich, sugary, and delicious. Dries and shrivels well.
Drap d'Or. See Brunswick.
Early. See Brown Turkey,
Early Purple. See Black Ischia,
EARLY VIOLET. — Small, roundish. Skin, brownish red, covered
with blue bloom. Flesh, red, and well-flavoured.
Tree hardy, and an abundant bearer ; well adapted for pots and for
forcing, when it bears three crops in one season. Though small, and
in the estimation of some an insignificant variety, this is among figs
what the Red Masculine is among apricots, and the Red Nutmeg among
peaches — nicely flavoured, very early, and remarkably prolific.
EARLY WHITE (Small Early W1iite).—Frmi, roundish turbinate,
somewhat flattened at the apex. Skin, thin, pale yellowish white.
Flesh, white, sweet, but not highly flavoured.
Figue-Poire. See Bordeaux.
Fleur Rouge. See Brown Turkey.
Ford's Seedling. See White Marseilles.
830 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
GOURAUD NOIR. — Fruit, about medium size, oblong. Skin,
quite black. Flesh, deep red, and deliciously flavoured.
A very excellent fig, which is much grown in Languedoc, and where
I have eaten it from the tree in great perfection.
GRIZZLY BOURJASSOTTE [Bourjassotte Grise ; Napolitaine).—
Fruit, about medium size, round, and so much flattened as to be
somewhat oblate. Skin, of a chocolate colour, covered with a very
thin bloom. Neck, very short. Eye, open. Flesh, of a deep dark
blood-red colour, with a thick syrupy juice, and very richly flavoured.
A delicious fig ; ripe in the end of September.
Gros de Draguignan. See Agen.
GROSSE MONSTRUEUSE DE LIPARI.— Fruit, very large ;
three inches wide and nearly as much high ; turbinate and broad and
flattened at the apex. Skin, pale chestnut brown, darker on the side
exposed to the sun, and marked with darker longitudinal ribs down the
sides, and with occasional dark spots, the whole surface covered with a
thick bloom. Stalk, short and thick. Eye, large and closed. Flesh,
dull red, thick, juicy, and well-flavoured.
A large and handsome fig of great merit, which I found in an orchard in the
department of Bouches de Khone, and introduced to the Royal Horticultural
Society. The tree is a good grower and bears abundantly.
Grosse Verte. See Nehian.
Hanover. See Brunswick.
Howick. See Broun Turkey.
Italian. See Brown Turkey.
JERUSALEM.— Fruit, roundish. Skin, quite black, with a reddish
mahogany colour towards the stalk, covered with a fine blue bloom.
Eye, quite closed. Stalk, stout and short. Flesh, very dark blood-
colour ; rich, sugary, and finely flavoured. It has a fine briskness in
its flavour.
The tree is a very bad bearer.
Large Blue. See Broun Turkey.
Large White Genoa. See White Marseilles.
Large White Turkey. See Brunswick.
Lee's Perpetual. See Brown Turkey.
Long Naples. See Brown Turkey.
Lucrezia. See Col di Signora Bianca.
Madeleine. See Angelique.
Madonna. See Brunswick.
FIGS. 831
MALTA {Small Brown). — Small, roundish turbinate, compressed at
the apex. Skin, pale brown when fully ripe. Flesh, the same colour
as the skin ; very sweet and well-flavoured. End of August. If
allowed to hang till it shrivels, it becomes quite a sweetmeat.
MARSEILLAISE. — Fruit, small, roundish or turbinate, with in-
<listinct ribs at the stalk. Skin, yellow or greenish yellow, without
any bloom, and cracks in lines when quite ripe. Flesh, distinctly
rose-coloured in the centre, opaline towards the stalk ; tender, juicy,
and sweet, but not richly flavoured.
This is quite distinct from our White Marseilles, which is called
Figue de Naples by the French.
MARTINIQUE. — Fruit, below medium size, round, and with a
short neck, distinctly and prominently ribbed. Skin, quite a deep
black-purple, pretty thick, and covered with blue bloom. Eye, like
an eyelet-hole. Stalk, very short. Flesh, very dark, thick, stifi", and
syrupy.
A delicious fig.
MONACO BIANCO. — Fruit, above medium size, round, and flat-
tened, with somewhat of a neck, but very little, and with obscure ribs.
Skin, green, becoming yellowish green when ripe, and with a very thin
bloom. Eye, large. Stalk, very short. Flesh, dark red, juicy, brisk,
and well-flavoured, but not richly so.
Rather a coarse fig. It cracks and opens much at the eye. The
skin also cracks much. It is not a first-rate variety in comparison
with some of the others.
MOUISSOUNE. — Fruit, below medium size, round, and inclining
to oblate, marked with distinct ribs, running from the stalk to the
apex. Skin, quite black-purple, covered with blue bloom. Stalk, very
short. Eye, open, showing the red inside. Flesh, bright rose-colour
throughout, very juicy and tender, rich, syrupy, and delicious.
Murrey. See Brown Turkey.
Nagronne. See Bordeaux.
NEBIAN [Grosse Vei'te). — Fruit, above medium size, roundish
ovate, sometimes long pear-shaped, and marked with obscure longi-
tudinal ribs. Skin, quite green, a bright pea-green, becoming a little
yellow at maturity, and not covered with any bloom. Stalk, a quarter
of an inch long. Eye, large, open, red within. Flesh, very dark red
throughout, and firm, with a rich and sugary flavour.
It is a delicious fig, and ripens rather late.
Negro d'Espagne. See Black Genoa.
882 THE PRUIT MANUAL.
NEGRO LARGO (Noire de Languedoc). — Fruit, of the largest size,
nearly four inches long by two and three-quarters wide ; long pyriform.
Skin, jet black, marked with longitudinal ribs, extending the whole
length of the fruit. Eye, open, and generally with a globule of syrup
dropping from it when quite ripe. Stalk, short. Flesh, pale red, very
tender and juicy, with a rich, thick, and highly-flavoured juice, and
when highly ripened the flesh and skin together become quite melting
and form a delicious sweetmeat.
This is one of the best figs in cultivation.
The late Mr. Fleming, of Cliveden, says : " The habit of the plant is good, and
for growing in pots it is unequalled by any other fig I know. The plant from
which the fruit was taken, which I exhibited to the Royal Horticultural Society,
was grown in an 8^-inch pot, and brought to perfection three dozen fruit, weigh-
ing from three to four ounces each."
NERII. See WJiite Ischia. The variety Mr. Knight introduced
under this name was the White Ischia. By the name ** Nerii " is
intended the " Nero," or Black Fig, of the Italians, and the variety
Mr. Knight received was evidently incorrect ; the true Fico Nero being
the Black Ischia, and not the White Ischia.
Nero. See Black Ischia.
NIGRETTE. — Fruit, very small, oblate, and with a short neck.
Skin, dark black-purple all over the apex, and half-way towards the
stalk, where it shades ofi" to a reddish purple. Stalk, one-eighth of
an inch long. Eye, open like an eyelet-hole. Flesh, pale rose-
coloured, juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured.
NOIRE D'ESPAGNE.— Fruit, small, round, and regularly formed,
without ribs. Skin, thick, quite black, covered with a thick blue
bloom, which gives it a very handsome appearance, and cracking in
white lines when ripe. Eye, closed. Stalk, short. Flesh, deep rose-
coloured ; tender, juicy, and very sweet, but not so rich and sugary.
This is like Black Bourjassotte, but is extremely early, it being quite
past when the others are ripening.
Noire de Languedoc. See Negro Largo,
OSB'ORN'S PROLIFIC— Fruit, roundish turbinate, tapering into a
very long neck, some specimens measuring as much as three inches
and three-quarters long from the eye to the end of the stalk. Skin, dark
mahogany, gradually shading off to pale brown towards the neck, which
is bright pea-green ; the surface is thickly dotted and speckled with
grey or white. Flesh, quite opaline, without any trace of red, with a
rich syrupy juice and excellent flavour.
An excellent fig, introduced by Messrs. Osborn, of the Fulham
Nursery, in 1879. The tree is an abundant bearer, and is well adapted
for pot culture.
FIGS. 888
CEIL DE PERDRIX. — Fruit, small and oblate, with an oblique
axis. Skin, very dark chestnut or mahogany, covered with a thin
bloom, but where shaded and round the stalk it is green. Stalk, very
short. Flesh, a sort of coppery colour, with a tinge of rose or salmon
in it ; juicy, tender, and sweet
A good little fig.
PANACHEE {Col di Signora Panachee ; Col di Si{fnora Bianca
Panachee), — Fruit, above medium size, roundish turbinate, even,
regularly formed, and handsome in appearance. Neck, short. Skin,
straw yellow, beautifully striped with longitudinal bands of bright,
lively green, some of which are broad and some narrow. Eye, closed,
and with a narrow iris round it. Stalk, about a quarter of an inch
long. Flesh, bright rose-colour throughout, with a thick rim of white
skin as a margin to it.
Similar in every respect to Col di Signora Bianca, except in the
variegation of the skin and the shorter neck. It is equally as richly
flavoured.
PEAU DURE (Peldure; Verte Brune).— Fruit, medium sized,
pyriform, with a short neck, and generally with one side of the crown
hanging lower than the other ; and marked with numerous longitudinal
ribs, running from the stalk to the apex. Skin, green, with a brownish
tinge, becoming gradually a dingy white as it dries. Flesh, bright
rose-coloured throughout, becoming darker. Very rich and excellent.
An admirable variety for drying.
Peldure. See Peau Dure.
Petaluse. See Angelique.
Petite Aubique. See Bordeaux,
PIED DE BCEUF.— Fruit, large, obtuse pyriform, or long obovate,
marked with numerous distinct ribs on its side. Skin, of a clear
mahogany brown or reddish purple where fully exposed to the sun, and
greenish where shaded. Flesh, pale and opaline, with the faintest
stain of flesh-colour round some of the seeds ; not at all richly
flavoured.
A large but rather coarse fig.
Pocock's. See White Marseilles,
POULETTE.— Fruit, above medium size, and handsome ; obscurely
ribbed, and with somewhat of a neck. Skin, green, and mixed with a
sort of dirty brown, and covered with a grey bloom. It cracks in lines
when fully ripe. Eye, closed. Stalk, very short. Flesh, dark red,
very tender and juicy, charged with a thick syrup.
A very excellent and handsome fig.
884 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
PRECOCE D'ESPAGNE.— Fruit, small, quite round, with obscure
longitudinal lines. Skin, dark green, tinged with brown over the crown,
and becoming generally paler towards the stalk. Stalk, about a quarter
of an inch long. Flesh, opaline under the skin, and rose-coloured at
the centre ; very richly flavoured, and the juice quite a syrup.
This is a very early variety, and in Spain is called Tres fer, or thrice-
bearing.
Precoce Noire. See Black Bourjassotte.
PREGUSSATA. — Fruit, small, round, compressed at the ends.
Skin, purplish brown in the shade, dark brown, covered with pale
spots, next the sun. Flesh, deep red, rich and luscious. August to
October. Well adapted for forcing.
Purple. See Brown Turkey.
Kaby Castle. See White Marseilles.
RECOUSSE NOIRE.— Fruit, large, roundish oblate, with a long
neck, very much more swollen on one side than the other, and marked
with obscure ribs. Skin, dark mahogany or chestnut-colour, becoming
paler towards the neck, and generally greenish at the stalk, which is
very short. Eye, closed. Flesh, dark opaline, with a tinge of very
delicate rose at the centre ; very tender and juicy, but not very highly
flavoured, being rather flat and herbaceous than otherwise.
Reculver. See Black Provence.
Red. See Brunswick.
Ronde Noire. See Black Ischia.
ROSE PEYRONNE. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish oval, marked
with longitudinal lines. Skin, pale brown, covered with a fine grey
bloom ; cracks in netted lines when it ripens. Stalk, about a quarter
of an inch long. Flesh, very pale salmon, tender, and very juicy, rich,
sugary, and delicious.
This is quite distinct from Brunswick, with which it is made synony-
mous in the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, and in the first edition
of this work.
ROUGETTE. — Fruit, below medium size, or small obovate, without
ribs. Skin, of a red copper-colour, yellow in the shade, and shading
off" to yellow towards the stalk. Eye, quite closed. Stalk, short. Flesh,
copper-red throughout ; tender and juicy, but not sugary or rich, being
rather flat than otherwise.
ROYAL VINEYARD. — Fruit, medium sized, long pyriform, with a
long slender neck, and prominently marked with longitudinal lines.
Skin, very thin, hairy, of a fine reddish brown or purple colour,
FIGS. 335
covered with thick bluish bloom. Stalk, long and slender. Eye, large
and open. Flesh, bright reddish, very juicy and milting; hollow in
the centre.
A richly- flavoured fig. The tree bears abundantly.
It was introduced by Messrs. J. & C. Lee, of the Hammersmith Nurseries, and
the name Having been lost it was named provisionally Royal Vineyard, but I have
not been able to identify it with any other variety which has come under my
notice.
SAVANTINE (Cordilliere). — Fruit, round, marked along its length
with prominent nerves. Skin, pale yellow. Flesh, pale red.
Singleton. See White Ischia.
Small Blue. See Brown Turkey,
Small Brown. See Malta.
Small Early White. See Early White,
Small White. See Early White,
ST. URSULE D'AVIGNON.— Fruit, below medium size, rather
oblong, without a neck, and with slight indications of longitudinal ribs.
Skin, of a very pale brown, or copper-coloured, paler at the stalk,
where it is tinged with green. Stalk, short. Eye, quite open. Flesh,
of a very pale rose-colour at the centre, and opaline at the circumference
under the skin ; very tender, rich, and syrupy. Excellent.
VERBAL. — Fruit, about medium size, quite round, and marked
with very distinct ribs. Skin, of a dark green colour even when ripe,
and without any bloom upon it. Stalk, very short. Eye, open. Flesh,
of a dark blood-colour, and firm consistency ; thick and syrupy, and
with a fine rich flavour. A delicious fig.
VERNISSENQUE. — Fruit, long, turbinate, very handsome, and
regular in shape ; marked with longitudinal ribs, which are most
distinct at the neck, and diminish towards the apex. Eye, a little open.
Neck, long and distinct. Stalk, short. Skin, perfectly black all over,
without a trace of pale colour even in the shade, and covered with a
fine bloom ; it is just like a dark plum in this respect. Flesh, very
dark blood-red, with a briskish flavour, but flat, and only second-rate.
VERSAILLES. — Fruit, above medium size, long pyriform. Skin,
pale greenish white. Flesh, rose-coloured, but not highly flavoured.
Verte Brune. See Peau Dure.
Verte Petite. See De Lipari,
Violette. See Bordeaux.
Violette de Bordeaux. See Bordeaux,
886 THE FBUIT MANUAL.
VIOLETTE GROSSE (Aidique).— Fruit, large, oblong, and perhaps
the longest- shaped of any of the figs except Brunswick, its length being
three times its diameter. Skin, deep violet. Flesh, red.
Violette Longue. See Bordeaux.
VIOLETTE-PERRUQUINE.— Fruit, about medium size, oblong,
marked with obscure ribs. Skin, quite black, covered with a thick
blue bloom. Stalk, very short. Eye, like an eyelet-hole. Flesh,
deep red, thick and stiff, rather brisk, good, but not richly flavoured.
This dries well.
Walton. See Brown Turkey.
WHITE BOURJASSOTTE (Bourjassotte Blanche).— Fmit, below
medium size, round, and somewhat flattened, with distinct longitudinal
ribs on the sides. Skin, green, becoming yellowish at maturity, and
covered with a thin grey bloom. Eye, quite closed. Stalk, very
short. Flesh, dark blood-red, thick and stiff, but not particularly rich
in flavour, though, at the same time, a good fig.
White Genoa. See White Marseilles.
WHITE ISCHIA {Green Ischia; Nerii ; Singleton; Brocket Hall).
— Fruit, small and turbinate. Skin, pale greenish yellow, very thin, so
much so that when fully ripe the flesh, which is purple, shines through
and gives the fruit a brownish tinge ; rich, highly flavoured, and
luscious. End of August.
The tree is of small habit of growth, a great bearer, well adapted for
pot culture, and forces well.
WHITE MARSEILLES {Blanche; D'Athenes; Ford's Seedling;
Large White Genoa; Marseillaise; Be Naples; Pocock's; Baby Castle;
White Naples; White Standard; White Genoa). — Fruit, above medium
size, quite round, with a short neck, and well-marked longitudinal
ridges running from the stalk to the apex. Skin, green, becoming a
pale green when it ripens. Eye, open. Flesh, opaline, exceedingly
rich, juicy, and sugary.
One of the most delicious figs in cultivation. It dries remarkably
well and easily. The tree forces well; and the fruit ripens freely
against a wall in the open air.
White Naples. See White Marseilles.
White Standard. See White Marseilles.
YELLOW ISCHIA {Cyprm).— Fruit, large, turbinate. Skin, yellow.
Flesh, dark red, tender, and very juicy, with a rich and sugary flavour.
September.
GOOSEBERRIES.
LIST OF SELECT FIGS.
337
Black Ischia
Those marked * are tuitablefor small collections.
I.— FOR STANDARDS.
Brown Ischia •Brown Turkey
Black Genoa
Black Ischia
Brown Ischia
*Ang61ique
•Black Ischia
Brown Ischia
II.— FOR WALLS.
•Brown Turkey
•Brunswick
Castle Kennedy
'White Marseilles
III.-FOR FORCING, OR POT-CULTURE.
Brown Turkey
Early Violet
••Negro Largo
Pregussata
* White Ischia
•White Marseilles
IV.— FOR GENERAL CULTURE.
•Angelique
*Agen
Bellona
Black Bourjassotte
Bnmswiek
*Col di Signora Bianca
Ctlestine
•Col di Signora Nero
Datte
De Grasse
•Grizzly Bourjassotte
Negro Largo
•Poulette
St. Ursule d' Avignon
Verdal
•White Marseilles
GOOSEBERRIES.
SYNOPSIS OP GOOSEBERRIES.
I. SKIN RED.
§ Bound or roundish.
A. Skin smooth.
Prince Regent (Boardman)
Small Red Globe
B. Skin downy.
Miss Bold
S<*otch Nutmeg
C. Skin rough, hairy.
Forester (Etchells)
Hairy Red (Barton)
Highlander (Banks)
Irish Plum
Ironmonger
Lancashire Lad (Hartshorn)
Napoleon le Grand (Rogers)
Raspberry
Rifleman (Leigh)
Rough Red
Scotch Nutmeg
Shakespere (Denny)
Small Rough Red
Top Sawyer (Capper)
Victory (Lomas)
22
338
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
§§ Oblong,
• A. Skin smooth.
Beauty (Badrock)
Conquering Hero (Fish)
Clayton (Walker)
Dr. Hogg (Leicester)
Duke of Sutherland (Biddulph)
Emperor Napoleon (Rival)
Foreman (Bratherton)
John Anderson (Crompton)
London (Banks)
Major Hibbert (Etch ells)
Marlborough (Lavington)
Old England (Rider)
Plough Boy (Walton)
Red Turkey
Ringleader (Johnson)
Roaring Lion (Farrow)
Sportsman (Chadwick)
Talfourd (Penson)
"Wilmot's Early Red
Wonderful (Saunders)
B. Skin downy.
Farmer's Glory (Berry)
Magistrate (Diggles)
Red Walnut
c. Skin rough, hairy.
Atlas (Brundrett)
oval, or oboavte.
I Beauty of England (Hamlet)
Bollin Hall (Bradley)
Companion (Hopley)
i Crown Bob (Melling)
Dan's Mistake (Spencer)
Early Black
i Early Rough Red
j Eskender Bey (Pickavance)
I Flixtonia (Barlow)
I Hasten well (Challinor)
I Henson's Seedling
I Keens' Seedling
j Lion's Provider (Fish)
j Magnet (Bratherton)
; Monarch (Bratherton)
i Mr. Chambers (Hewitt)
Overall (Bratherton)
Pastime (Bratherton)
Red Champagne
Red Mogul
Red Oval
Red Robin (Jacques)
Red Warrington
Registrar (Wilkinson)
Rob Roy
Slaughterman (Pigott)
Speedwell (Poulson)
Yaxley Hero (Speechley)
A. Skin smooth.
Amber
Gem (Pennington)
Railway (Livesey)
Yellow Ball
B. Skin downy.
Golden Drop
Rumbullion
C. Skin rough, hairy.
Broom Girl
§§ Oblong, oval
A. Skin smooth,
Australia (Bay ley)
Candidate (Crompton)
Drill (Cranshaw)
Duckswing (Buerdsill)
Early Orleans
Leader (Pigott)
Leveller ((jireenhalgh)
Lord Combermere (Forester)
Oldham (Rhodes)
Oyster Girl (Wilkinson)
Smiling Beauty (Beaumont)
ir. SKIN YELLOW.
§ Bound or roundish.
California (Henshaw)
Cramp (Bradrock)
Fanny (Williams)
Great Western (Colcleugh)
Gunner (Hardcastle)
High Sheriff (Chapman)
LordRancliffe (P:ilis)
Pretty Boy (Orchard)
Rockwood (Prophet)
Sulphur
Yellow Champagne
Yellow Warrington
or obovate,
Stella (Leicester)
Tiger (Rhodes)
Trumpeter (Partington)
Tinker (Park)
Victory (Mather)
Viper (Gorton)
B. Skin downy.
Husbandman (Foster)
Invincible (Hey wood)
Prince of Orange (Bell)
GOOSEBERRIES.
c. Skin roughf hairy,
Cathcrina (Travis)
Conquerinej Hero (Catlow)
Criterion (Livcsey)
Early Sulphur
Garibaldi (Walton)
Golden Fleece (Part)
Golden Gourd (Hill)
Gold finder (Bell)
Hue-and-Cry (Leicester)
Mount Pleasant (Heape)
Mr. Whittaker (Etchells)
Pilot (Wood)
Peru (Cook)
Yellowsmith
A. Skin smooth.
Fearless (Addis)
Glory of Kingston
Green Gage (Horsefield)
Green London (Oliver)
Green Overall (Foster)
Jerry (Stanier)
Queen Victoria (Swift)
Shiner (Oliver)
Thumper (Riley)
X. Skin smooth,
Advance (Chippendale)
Arthur
Beeston Castle
Clifton (Ryder)
Favourite (Bates)
General (Thewless)
Glory of Ratcliff (Allen)
Green River (Cranshaw)
Green Walnut
Heart of Oak (Massey)
Hospool (Whittaker)
Independent (Briggs)
Jolly Tar (Edwards)
Keepsake (Banks)
London City (Bratherton)
Matchless (Turner)
III. SKIM GREEN.
§ Round or roundish.
B. Skin downy.
Green Willow
Perfection (Gregory)
c. Skin rough, hairy.
Green Gascoigne
Green Rumbullion
Hebbum Prolific
King John (Smith)
Norcliffe (Walton)
Rough Green (Button)
Thunder (Fairclough)
§§ Oblong, oval, or obovate.
Pitmaston Green Gage
Plunder (Wood)
Stockwell (Duke)
Souter Johnny (C^Jranshaw)
Surprise (Moscroft)
Telegraph (Poulson)
B. Skin downy.
Jolly Angler (Collier)
Laurel (Parkinson)
Profit (Prophet)
c. Skin rough, hairy.
Bravo (Beckett)
Glenton Green
Gretna Green (Horrocks)
Sir George Brown (Raker)
Wistaston Hero (Bratherton)
A. Skin smooth.
Alma (Rowson)
Crystal
Hero of the Nile (Moore)
King of Trumps (Lee)
Lady Stanley (Webster)
Miss Nightingale (Walton)
White Rasp
Early White
Skin downy.
IV. SKIN WHITE.
Round or roundish.
c. Skin rough, hairy.
Hedgehog
Lady Leicester (Bell)
Mitre (Skellum)
Overseer (Wilkinson)
Postman (Boardman)
Royal White
Snowball (Adams)
Snowball (Etchells)
Snowdrop (Bratherton)
Weasel (Waldon)
340
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
§§ Oblong, oval, or obovate.
A. Skin smooth.
Careless (Crompton)
Citizen (Scerratt)
Eagle (Cook)
Elizabeth (Hollins)
Flora (Chapman)
Freedom (Moore)
Lady Delamere (Wild)
Lioness (Fennyhaugh)
Progress (Lockett)
Queen Caroline (Lovart)
Queen of Trumps (Horrocks)
White Fig
B. Skin downy.
Cheshire Lass (Saunders)
Sheba Queen (Crompton)
Wellington's Glory
White Lily
White Lion (Cle worth)
Whitesmith (Woodward)
C. Skin hairy.
Abraham Newland (Jackson)
Antagonist (Oldfield)
Blackley Hero (Boardman)
Bonny Lass (Capper)
Bright Venus (Taylor)
Duchess of Sutherland (Biddulph)
Eva (Walton)
Governess (Bratherton)
Jenny Lind (Lockett)
Lady of the Manor (Hopley)
Monster ( Baker)
Peto (Hilton)
Princess Royal
Queen of the West (Bayley)
Snowdrift (Hardman)
Tally-Ho (Riley)
White Champagne
ABRAHAM NEWLAND (Jackson).— Large and oblong. Skin,
white and hairy. Highly flavoured and excellent. Bush, erect.
two-veined a little
Skin, smooth, light
ADVANCE (Chippindale).— Fruit, long; the
tapered, the three-veined long and well formed,
green. Bush, spreading ; bears freely.
A new variety, which in 1864 weighed 23 dwt. 14 gr.
ALMA (Rowson). — Fruit, plump, and square shaped, of medium
length, with seed-veins deeply sunk towards the stalk. Skin, smooth,
greenish white. Flavour, good. In 1863 weighed 25 dwt.
Bush, spreading, and an excellent bearer.
AMBER {Yellow Amber ; Smooth Amber). — Medium sized, roundish.
Skin, smooth, greenish yellow. Of good flavour, but not first-rate.
Bush, a good bearer ; spreading.
ANTAGONIST (Oldfield).— Fruit, long, with large plump nose and
broad raised shoulders ; the seed-veins broad and a little sunk. Will
grow from one and three-quarters to two and a quarter inches in
length, and from five to five and a quarter inches in circumference.
Skin, hairy, creamy white, veins a little green. Flavour, good. In
1864 weighed 34 dwt. 4 gr. ; in 1863 weighed 34 dwt. 21 gr.
This is the largest white gooseberry in cultivation, having several
times been the heaviest berry grown of any colour for the season, and
the heaviest white berry ever since 1857. One of the very best either
for exhibition or market purposes.
Bush, large and spreading; a vigorous grower and an excellent
bearer.
GOOSEBERRIES. 841
Aston. See Red Warriiigton.
Aston Seedling. See Red Warrington,
ARTHUR (Scerratt). — Fruit, long oval, tapering from the centre
towards the snuft and stalk, from 13 to 15 eighths long, and 4 J to 4|
in circumference. Skin, smooth and thin, light green. Flesh, tender,
and of good flavour.
This variety is but little grown. It bears freely, and makes a fine
bush.
ATLAS (Bruudrett). — Large, oblong. Skin, red, hairy. Of good
flavour, but not first-rate. Bush, erect.
AUSTRALIA (Bay ley). — Fruit, plump, well formed, and of medium
length. Skin, smooth, pale yellow, with a dull shade of green inter-
mixed. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 25 dwt. 18 gr.
Bush, large and spreading ; a free bearer ; makes pendulous wood.
BEAUTY (Badrock). — Fruit, large, from one and three-quarters to
two inches long. Skin, smooth, deep red, shaded with pink, and when
ripe covered with a white bloom. A beautiful late variety, well
flavoured, but not first-rate. Weight in 1864, 81 dwt. 6 gr.
A good bearer, and makes a large spreading bush.
BEAUTY OF ENGLAND (Hamlet).— Large and oblong. Skin,
red, hairy. Of good flavour. Bush, spreading.
Belmont's Green. Seen Green Wabiut.
BEESTON CASTLE (Nicholls).— Fruit, well formed. Berry, rather
oblong, and a little taper towards the stalk ; from 12 to 14 eighths in
length, and 4^ to 5 inches in circumference. Skin, smooth, bright
dark green. In 1852 the raiser weighed it 26 dwt. 12 gr.
Bush, large, with strong, erect prickly wood, and an imcertain
cropper.
BLACKLEY HERO (Boardman).— Fruit, long, ovaL Skin, hairy,
yellowish white, a little mottled. Flavour, good. In 1860 weighed
26 dwt. 1 gr. A late variety.
Bush, pendulous, large, and spreadiug.
BOLLIN HALL (Bradley).— Fruit, of medium length. Skin, a
little hairy, deep red. Flavour, tolerable. Weight in 1863, 27 dwt.
2 gr. Makes a good spreading bush.
BONNY LASS (Capper). — Large, oblong. Skin, white and hairy.
Of second-rate quality. Bush, spreading.
BRAVO (Beckett). — Fruit, long. Skin, hairy, dark green. Flavour,
good. Bush, a medium size ; bears freely. A new variety, which in
1864 weighed 23 dwt. 18 gr.
842 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
BRIGHT VENUS (Taylor).— Medium sized, obovate. Skin, slightly
hairy, white, and covered with a bloom when it hangs long. Sugary,
rich, and excellent, and hangs till it shrivels. Bush, rather erect, and
a good bearer.
British Prince. See Prince Regent (Boardman's).
BROOM GIRL (Hampson). — Fruit, plump, square, and shouldered,
from 12 to 15 eighths long, and 5 inches to 5| in circumference, with
a very long stalk. Skin, thin and hairy, dark yellow, of an olive shade.
Flavour, first-rate. Ripens early. In 1852 it weighed 28 dwt. 12 gr.
Bush, large, makes strong upright wood, and bears freely. An
excellent old variety.
CALIFORNIA (Hendshaw). — Fruit, round, of medium length. Skin,
hairy, dull pale yellow, showing a green under shade. Flavour, good.
In 1863 it weighed 24 dwt. 16 gr.
Bush, large, bears freely, aud makes long, pendulous wood. A late
variety.
CANDIDATE (Crompton). — Fruit, very long ; the two- veined ones
tapering towards the stalk, the three-veined ones rounded and better
formed. Skin, smooth, dark, muddy green, shaded with yellow.
Flavour, good, but not first-class. In 1864 weighed 25 dwt.
Makes pendulous wood, and forms a large spreading bush.
CARELESS (Crompton). — Fruit, long and plump. Skin, smooth
and even, creamy white. One of the handsomest gooseberries grown.
Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 31 dwt. 19 gr.
Bush, spreading ; makes slender, prickly wood, and is an excellent
bearer.
CATHERINA (Travis). — Fruit, long and evenly formed, without
ridge or indentation, and beautifully rounded to the stalk, with broad
seed-veins. Skin, a little hairy, bright orauge yellow. Flavour, first-
rate. In 1852 it weighed 32 dwt. 8 gr.
Bush, medium sized, spreading ; makes slender wood.
CHESHIRE LASS (Saunders).— Large and oblong. Skin, very
thin, downy, and white. Flavour, rich and sweet. Bush, erect, and
a good bearer. Excellent for tarts, on account of its early attaining a
size for that purpose.
CITIZEN (Scerratt). — Fruit, long, tapering towards the stalk.
Skin, smooth, greenish white. Flavour, good. In 1860 weighed 23
dwt. 12 gr.
Bush, spreading ; bears freely.
CLAYTON (Walker). — The two- veined berries are very long formed
and flat- sided, with broad, square formed shoulders, the berry in-
creasing in thickness to the nose ; the three -veined ones rounder and
GOOSEBERRIES. 343
finely formed. Skin, smooth, dark purplish red, with broad, light,
conspicuous veins. Flesh, of tolerable flavour. In ISG-t weighed 32
dwt. 8 gr.
Shoots, strong and a little pendulous ; makes a fine large bush, and
bears freely.
CLIFTON (Rider).— Fruit, well formed, of medium length. Skin,
smooth, deep green, of a dull shade. Flavour, good. In 1864
weighed 22 dwt. 7 gr.
Bush, large and spreading ; bears freely.
COMPANION (Hopley).— Fruit, of medium length, chiefly two-
veined, a little flat-sided towards the stalk, with plump shoulders, and
nicely rounded towards the nose. Skin, thin and very hairy, bright
light red. Flavour, first-rate. Weight in 1852, 31 dwt. 11 gr. An
early variety.
A very handsome early variety, suitable either for cropping or ex-
hibition purposes. Makes a fine spreading bush, and bears freel}'.
CONQUERING HERO (Fish).— Fruit, very long and well-pro-
portioned, terminating at the snuft with a sharp, pointed, prominent
nose. Skin, occasionally a little hairy, of a dark red colour, dotted
and shaded, with a greenish grey showing through the deep red.
Flavour, moderate. Weight in 1852, 31 dwt. 11 gr.
Bush, a free grower, making long, slender shoots ; large and spread-
ing, and a moderate cropper.
CRAIVIP (Badrock). — Fruit, plump and round. Skin, very hairy,
dark dull green, shaded with yellow and brown. Flavoui", good. In
1864 weighed 24 dwt. 21 gr.
The bush is large, with strong, erect wood. Early.
CRITERION (Livesey).— Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
a little hairy, dark greenish yellow. Flavour, good. In 1864 it
weighed 25 dwt. 17 gr.
The bush bears freely ; makes vigorous wood, a little pendulous,
and is large and spreading.
CROWN BOB (Melling).— Very large and oblong. Skin, thin,
hairy, bright red, with a greenish tinge towards the stalk. Of good
flavour, and a first-rate variety. Bush, pendulous, and an abundant
bearer.
CRYSTAL. — Small and roundish. Skin, thick, smooth, or very
slightly downy, and white. Of good flavour, and chiefly valuable for
coming in late. Bush, spreading, and rather pendulous ; leaves not
hairy above.
DAN'S MISTAKE (Spencer).— Fruit, of medium length, very
handsome. Skin, hairy, bright light red shaded with pink ; the seed-
344 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
veins broad and green, level with the surface. Flavour, good, but not
first-rate. A useful variety, either for market or exhibition purposes.
It weighed in 1865 31 dwt.
Makes strong erect shoots, and forms a large bush ; bears freely.
Dr. Davies' Upright. See lied Chamjmgne.
DR. HOGG (Leicester). — Fruit, long, flat-sided, with broad shoulders
and large plump nose ; the seed- veins broad and deeply sunk. Stalk,
long, with a purple wing at the joint. Skin, occasionally hairy, and
covered with a greyish down, deep purplish red, with veins of a deeper
shade. Flavour, good. A new variety ; in 1864 weighed 29 dwt. 4 gr.
Makes a fine bush, with strong upright wood, which is short jointed,
the thorns very stifi", and leaves large.
Double Bearing. See Fiecl Walnut.
DRILL (Cranshaw). — Fruit, long ; the two-veined ones tapering
towards the stalk, the three-veined ones long, and rounder than the
others, also better shouldered. Skin, smooth, deep dull green, shaded
over with yellow. Flavour, good. In 1864 it weighed 30 dwt. ; in
1865 weighed 32 dwt.
The bush bears freely, makes long vigorous wood, and is large and
spreading. A late sound variety.
DUCHESS OF SUTHERLAND (Biddulph).— Fruit, long, oval.
Skin, smooth, or occasionally a little hairy, creamy white. Flavour,
good. In 1860 weighed 23 dwt. 9 gr. Bush, medium sized, spread-
ing, and a free bearer.
DUCKWING (Buerdsill). — Large and obovate. Skin, yellow, and
smooth. A late variety, and only of second-rate quality. Bush,
erect.
DUKE OF SUTHERLAND (Biddulph).— Fruit, very long, taper-
ing a little towards the stalk. Skin, smooth, light red blended with
pink and grey. Flavour, tolerable. In 1864 it weighed 29 dwt.
A very late variety ; makes long slender wood, a little pendulous,
and forms a large spreading bush ; bears freely.
EAGLE (Cooke). — Fruit, long, tapering slightly towards the stalk,
which is long and fine. Skin, smooth, greenish white. Flavour, good.
In 1830 it weighed 37 dwt. 12 gr.
Bush, large and spreading ; makes long slender wood, and bears
well. A good old variety, now surpassed by newer kinds for exhibi-
tion.
EARLY BLACK. — Medium sized, oblong. Skin, dark red, and
hairy. A second-rate variety. Bush, pendulous.
GOOSEBERRIES. 845
EARLY ORLEANS. — Fruit, medium sized; oval; skin, pale green,
hairy, and with a yellowish tinge. Flavour, very good and rich.
This is a fine gooseberry and the earliest of all, coming in before
Green Gascoigne and Pitmaston Green Gage.
EARLY ROUGH RED.— SmaU, roundish oblong. Skin, red, and
hairy. A well-flavoured variety, but not first-rate. Bush, spreading.
EARLY STJLVmjR (Golden Ball; Golden Bull; Moss's Seedliyuj).
— Medium sized, roundish oblong. Skin, yellow and hairy. Of
second-rate quality. Bush, erect, very early, and a great bearer ;
leaves, downy.
EARLY WHITE.— Medium sized, roundish oblong. Skin, thin,
transparent, yellowish white, and slightly downy. Very sweet, good,
and early. A first-rate variety. Bush, spreading and erect ; an ex-
cellent bearer.
ELIZABETH (Hollins).— Fruit, long. Skin, smooth, greenish
white. Flavour, good. In 1863 weighed 26 dwt. 2 gr.
Bush, makes strong pendulous wood, and bears freely.
EMPEROR NAPOLEON (Rival).— Large and obovate. Skin, red,
and smooth. A second-rate variety. Bush, pendulous, and a good
bearer.
ESKENDER BEY (Pickavance).— The two-veined berries are long,
and a little tapering towards the stalk, the three-veined ones of medium
length, and better formed. Skin, hairy, very dark red, almost maroon ;
one of the darkest gooseberries grown. Flavour, not good. In 1864
weighed 30 dwt. 6 gr.
Makes long slender wood, and forms a large bush. A good cropper.
EVA (Walton). — Fruit, long, plump, and evenly formed. Skin,
hairy, dull yellowish white. Flavour, good. In 1862 weighed 22 dwt.
Bush, spreading ; makes vigorous wood, a little pendulous, and
bears freely.
FANNY (Williams). — Fruit, round. Skin, hairy, pale dull yellow.
Flavour, rich and excellent.
Bush, an excellent bearer, and makes slender, erect wood.
FARMER'S GLORY (Berry).— Very large, and obovate. Skin,
thick, downy, and dark red, with a mixture of green. A first-rate
variety, and of excellent flavour. Bush, pendulous, and an abundant
bearer.
FAVOURITE (Bates).— Medium sized, oblong. Skin, smooth, and
green. Flavour, second-rate. Bush, pendulous.
346 THE FRUIT MANUAL,
FEARLESS (Addis). — A plump-formed fruit of medium length.
Skin, smooth, light green of a mealy shade. Flavour, good. In 1852
weighed 27 dwt. 10 gr. Bush, spreading.
FLIXTONIA (Barlow).— Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
a little hairy, bright light red blended with grev. Flavour, good. In
1852 it weighed 27 dwt. 15 gr.
Makes long, slender, erect wood, and forms a large handsome bush.
FLORA (Chapman). — Fruit, long, tapering a little towards the stalk,
except the three-veined ones, which are long and oval. Skin, smooth,
bears freely, greenish white. In 1860 weighed 25 dwt. 3 gr.
Bush, large, makes strong pendulous wood. A very late variety.
FOREMAN (Bratherton). — Fruit, very long, from 2 to 2^ inches in
length, and of uniform thickness the whole length of the berry. Skin,
smooth ; colour, very dark red. Flavour, good. It was grown by the
raiser as a seedling, 30 dwt. 11 gr. ; sent out in 1868 at 21,s. per lot;
and in 1864, the first year after being sent out, was 28 dwt. 20 gr.
Bush, with long pendulous shoots, large and spreading.
FORESTER (Etchells). — Fruit, plump and short, very even in size.
Skin, hairy, bright red. Flavour, rich and sweet, quite first-rate.
An excellent bearer. Makes long, slender, erect shoots, and forms
a large bush. An early variety.
FREEDOM (Moore). — Fruit, very long ; the two-veined ones flat-
sided, and a little tapered, the three-veined ones long, and rounder
than the two. Skin, smooth, creamy white. Flavour, good. In 1852
weighed 28 dwt. 15 gr.
Bush, large, spreading, and vigorous, and an excellent bearer.
GARIBALDI (Walton).— Fruit, long, well-formed berry. Skin,
hairy, bright light orange yellow. Flavour, good.
Bush, large and spreading, an excellent bearer, and makes long
pendulous wood. A new variety ; in 1862 was shown as a seedling
by the raiser, and was the heaviest yellow gooseberry gi'own in
England that season, the weight being 27 dwt. 14 gr.
GEM (Pennington). — Fruit, round, of medium length. Skin, smooth,
bright golden yellow. Flavour, first-rate ; bears freely. The bush is
medium sized, and makes slender wood. A new early variety.
GENERAL (Thewless). — Fruit, long, round. Skin, deep gi'een,
with at times a shade of white intermixed. Flavour, tolerable. In
1852 it weighed 27 dwt. 14 gr.
Bush, bears freely, and makes short, stifi", erect wood. A late variety.
GENERAL MARKHAM (Dennis). — A good sized handsome berry,
from 13 to 15 eighths of an inch long, and from 4^ to 4| inches in
GOOSEBERRIES. 347
circumference. Skin, smooth, dark bright green, with light-coloured
veins ; a very handsome berry, of good flavour. In 1854 it weighed
23 dwt. 6 gr.
A large bush, which bears freely, and makes vigorous wood, with
large leaves, which have a woolly appearance.
GIPSY QUEEN (Leicester).— Fruit, from 12 to 14 eighths in length,
and 4^ to 5 inches in circumference. Skin, smooth and thin, pale
yellow, blended with white. Flesh, delicate, and richly flavoured. In
1862 it weighed 22 dwt. 11 gr.
Bush, medium sized, bears freel}', and makes long, slender wood.
It is an early variety.
GLENTON GREEN (York Seedling; Hedyehou of some). —
Medium sized, oblong, narrowest at the base. Skin, rather thick,
very hairy, green, and with whitish veins. Of a sweet and excellent
flavour. Bush, pendulous, and an excellent bearer. Young shoots
downy, and sprinkled near the base with small prickles. Leaves,
downy above.
GLORY OF KINGSTON.— Medium sized, roundish. Skin, smooth,
and green. Not highly flavoured. Bush, spreading, and a bad bearer.
GLORY OF RATCLIFF (Allen).— Medium sized, oblong. Skin,
thick, quite smooth, and light green. Of excellent flavour, and sweet.
Bush, spreading, and somewhat pendulous, and a good bearer.
Golden Ball. See Early Sulphur.
Golden Bull. See Early Sulphur.
GOLDEN DROP {Golden L^wion).— Medium sized, roundish. Skin,
downy, and yellow. Of second-rate quality. Bush, erect.
GOLDEN FLEECE (Part).— Very large, oval. Skin, yellow, and
hairy. Of first-rate quality.
GOLDEN GOURD (Hill).— Very large and oblong. Skin, greenish
j-ellow, and hairy. Of second-rate quality. Bush, pendulous.
Golden Lemon. See Golden Drop.
GOLDFINDER (Bell).— Fruit, very long. Skin, hairy, light yellow.
Flavour, very rich.
It is an excellent bearer ; makes long, slender wood, and forms a
large spreading bush.
GOVERNESS (Bratherton). — Large, roundish oblong. Skin,
greenish white, and hairy. Of second-rate quality. Bush, spreading.
GREAT WESTERN (Coleclough).— Fruit, round, of medium length.
348 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Skin, hairy, dull greenish yellow. Flavour, good. In 1864 it weighed
26 dwt. 3 gr.
The bush is large and spreading, and makes strong pendulous shoots.
GKEEN GAGE (Horsefield). — Large and roundish. Skin, green,
and smooth. Flavour, only third rate. Bush, spreading.
GREEN GASCOIGNE (E-rtr??/ Green; Early Green Hainj).—Smsill
and round. Skin, thin, dark green, and hairy. Very early, and sweet.
Bush, very erect, and an excellent bearer.
Green Laurel. See Laurel.
GREEN LONDON (Oliver).— Fruit, plump, evenly formed, of
medium length. Skin, smooth, dark bright green. Flavour, good. In
1863 it weighed 27 dwt.
Makes short-jointed wood, with few thorns, and forms a medium
sized bush.
GREEN OVERALL (Forster).— Fruit, very handsome, round,
evenly formed, of medium length. Skin, thin, smooth, deep green,
covered with a grey down or bloom, similar to that on the peach.
Flavour, delicious — first-rate. In 1852 it weighed 27 dwt. 6 gr.
Bush, spreading ; bears freely. An early variety,
GREEN PRINCE. — Fruit, plump and square shouldered ; from 12
to 14 eighths long, and from 4| to 5 inches in circumference. Skin,
thick, a little hairy, pale light green. Flesh, coarse, but of good
flavour. In 1852 it weighed 25 dwt. 4 gr.
Bush, large and spreading, an excellent bearer, and makes strong,
vigorous wood.
GREEN RIVER (Cranshaw).— Fruit, oval, of medium length.
Skin, smooth, deep green with light veins. Flavour, good. In 1852 it
weighed 25 dwt. 22 gr. Bears freely, and makes a fine spreading bush.
Green Rumbullion. See Rumbullion Green.
GREEN WALNUT {Belmo7it Green; Smooth Green; Nonpareil),
— Fruit, medium sized, obovate. Skin, very thin, dark green, and
smooth. An early variety, of excellent flavour. Bush, with long
spreading shoots ; leaves, close to the branches, and a great bearer.
Green Willow. See Laurel.
GRETNA GREEN (Horrocks). — Fruit, round and plump, of
medium length. Skin, hairy, dark bright green. Flavour, good.
It bears freely, and makes strong, stifl', erect wood, and forms a good
upright bush.
Grundy's Lady Lilford. See Whitesmith (Woodward).
GOOSEBERRIES. 849
GUNNER (Hardcastle). — Fruit, round. Skin, very hairy, dark
olive shaded over with yellow. Flavour, first-rate. In 1830 it
weighed 28 dwt. 18 gr. Bush, large ; a good bearer, and makes
strong, erect wood.
Hairy Amber. See Yellow Champagne,
Hairy Black. See Ironmonger.
HAIRY RED (Barton).— Small and roundish. Skin, thick, red,
and slightly hairy. Briskly and well-flavoured. Bush, erect, and an
excellent bearer.
Hall's Seedling. See Whitesmith (Woodward).
HASTENWELL (Challinor).— Fruit, plump, of medium length.
Skin, thin and hairv, dark red, of a brown shade. Flavour, very good.
In 1864 weighed 23 dwt. 19 gr.
Bush, with strong, short-jointed shoots, and of medium size ; a free
bearer, and an early variety.
HEART OF OAK (Massey). — Large and oblong, tapering to the
stalk. Skin, thin, green, with yellowish veins. Rich and excellent.
Bush, pendulous, and an abundant bearer.
HEBBURN PROLIFIC— Medium sized, roundish. Skin, rather
thick, dull green, and hairy. Very rich and sweet. Bush, erect, with
broad, thick leaves, and an abundant bearer.
HEDGEHOG. — Medium sized, roundish. Skin, thin, white, and
hairy. A richly -flavoured variety. Bush, erect, the shoots thickly
set with small bristly spines. This name is also applied to Glenton
Green, in Scotland.
HENSON'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, above the medium size, ovate.
Skin, hairy, deep red. Flavour, rich, resembling Red Champagne,
but quite distinct. In character it is between Red Champagne and
Red Warrington. Bush, of erect growth, and very free bearer.
It was raised by Mr. Henson, of Peterborough, and received a First
Class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1873.
HERO OF THE NILE (Moore).— -Fruit, plump, of medium length.
Skin, smooth, greenish white. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed
28 dwt.
Makes a medium sized spreading bush, and bears freely.
HIGHLANDER (Banks). — Fruit, short and round. Skin, hairy,
and very thin, deep red mottled with a darker shade. Flavour, first-
rate. In 1852 weighed 26 dwt. 23 gr.
Bush, with long slender shoots, and of medium size ; an excellent
bearer. An early variety.
850 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
HIGH SHERIFF (Chapman).— Fruit, plump and round. Skin,
very hairy, deep orange yellow. Flavour, first-rate. In 1864 it
weighed 28 dwt. 2 gr.
Bush, large and spreading ; an excellent bearer, and makes slender,
pendulous wood.
HOSPOOL (Whittaker).— Fruit, long and well formed. Skin, smooth.
Flavour, good. A promising new variety, which in 1864 weighed
26 dwt. 17 gr. Bears freely.
Makes long pendulous wood, and forms a spreading bush.
HUE-AND-CRY (Leicester). —Fruit, long. Skin, hairy, deep green-
ish yellow. Flavour, not good. In 1864 it weighed 27 dwt. 16 gr.
The bush is medium sized, bears freely, and makes stiff, short-jointed,
erect wood.
HUSBANDMAN (Foster). — Large and obovate. Skin, yellow, and
downy. Of second-rate quality. Bush, erect.
INDEPENDENT (Brigg).— Large and obovate. Skin, green, and
smooth. Of second-rate quality. Bush, erect, and a good bearer.
INVINCIBLE (Hey wood). — Large, and roundish oblong. Skin,
yellow, and downy. Of second-rate quality. Bush, erect.
IRISH PLUM. — Medium sized, roundish. Skin, dark red, and
hairy. A first-rate dessert sort. Bush, erect.
IRONMONGER (Hairy Black).— SmBll and roundish. Skin, red,
and hairy. A first-rate variety, of excellent flavour, but inferior to
Red Champagne, which is also known under this name chiefly in
Scotland, and from which it is distinguished in having rounder and
darker red fruit, and a spreading bush — that of the Red Champagne
being erect ; leaves, downy.
JENNY JONES (Leicester).— Fruit, long, berry from 13 to 15
eighths in lengths, and 4;^ to 4| inches in circumference. Skin, smooth,
thin, greenish white. Flesh, tender, and of excellent flavour. In
1860 weighed 22 dwt. 1 gr.
Bush, spreading, and a moderate bearer.
JENNY LIND (Lockett).— Fruit, long, well formed. Skin, hairy,
creamy white. Flavour, good. Weighed, in 1852, 26 dwt. 18 gr. An
early variety. Bush, an excellent bearer. Makes stiff, erect wood.
JERRY (Stainer). — Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin, smooth,
deep bright green. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 27 dwt. 8 gr.
Bush, medium sized, spreading, and bears freely.
JOHN ANDERSON (Crompton). — Fruit, very long, tapering towards
the stalk. Skin, smooth, bright red. In 1864 it weighed 25 dwt.
10 gr. Bush, large, and spreading. A late variety.
GOOSEBERRIES. 851
JOLLY ANGLERS (Collier) (Lay's Jolly Angler).— Large, and ob-
long. Skin, green, and downy. Of first-rate quality, and a good late
sort. Bush, erect.
JOLLY TAR (Edwards). — Large, and obovate. Skin, green, and
smooth. Of first-rate quality. Bush, pendulous, and a good bearer.
KEENS' SEEDLING (Keens' SeedUny War migton). — Medium
sized, oblong. Skin, brownish red, hairy. Of first-rate quality. Bush,
pendulous ; a great bearer, and earlier than Red Warrington.
KEEPSAKE (Banks). — Fruit, of medium length, a little tapered
towards the stalk ; nose plump, and shoulders square. Skin, occa-
sionally a little hairy. Flavour, delicious. In 1841 it weighed 23 dwt.
4gr.
The bush is very large, and an excellent bearer. The fruit soon gets
large, and ripens early.
KING JOHN (Smith).— Fruit, of medium length, a little flat-sided,
with broad raised shoulders, and plump nose. Skin, hairy, dark dull
green. Flavour, gootl In 186-4 it weighed 25 dwt. 5 gr.
Makes strong, erect, short-jointed wood, and forms a medium sized
bush.
KING OF TRUMPS (Lees).— Fruit, plump and well formed ; of
medium length. Rather flat-sided towards the stalk, and with broad
shoulders. Skin, a little hairy, dull greenish white. Flavour, good.
In 1862 weighed 20 dwt. 15 gr.
Bush, makes long slender wood, and is a free bearer.
LADY LEICESTER (Bell).— Fruit, plump, of medium length; the
seed-veins a little sunk ; shoulders broad, and a little raised. Skin,
hairy, greyish white, with a light shade of green from its green veins.
In 1852 weighed 30 dwt. 4 gr.
The bush makes wood of a medium strength, which turns a little from
each bud, and bears freely. An early variety.
LADY STANLEY (Webster).— Fruit, round, of medium length.
Skin, smooth, greenish white. Flavour, good. In 1852 weighed
25 dwt. 18 gr.
Bush, bears freely, makes slender wood.
LANCASHIRE LAD (Hartshorn).— Large and roundish. Skin,
dark red, and hairy. Of second-rate quality. Bush, erect, and a good
bearer.
Lancashire Lass. See Whitesmith (Woodward).
LAUREL (Parkinson) (Green Laurel; Green Willow). — Large and
obovate. Skin, pale preen, and downy. A first-rate variety, somewhat
resembling Woodward's Whitesmith. Bush, erect, and a good bearer.
352 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Lay's Jolly Angler. See Jolly Anglers (Collier).
LEADER (Pigott). — Fruit, of medium length, square shoulders ; the
seed-veins a little sunk towards the stalk. Skin, thin, smooth, dull
greenish yellow, covered with a greyish down. Ripens early, and has
a very soft appearance. Flavour, very rich, and first-rate. A good
old standard variety. In 1843 weighed 28 dwt. 14 gr., and has many
times been the heaviest yellow of the season.
Bush, luxuriant, and an excellent bearer.
LEGERDEMAIN (Webster).— Fruit, large and long, rather flat-
sided, tapering towards the stalk; from 14 eighths to 2 inches in length,
and from 4 to 4^ inches in circumference. Skin, smooth and thin,
dull light yellow rather. Flesh, tender, and of good flavour. In 1853
weighed 23 dwt. 20 gr.
A moderate bearer, and makes a large spreading bush. A late
variety.
LEVELLER (Greenhalgh). — Fruit, long, and well formed, taperin
a little towards the stalk, with a rather sharp nose. Skin, smooth, dul
greenish yellow. Flavour, good. One of the best yellows. In 1864
weighed 30 dwt. 11 gr.
Bush, large, spreading, and luxuriant. An excellent bearer.
LION'S PROVIDER (Fish).— Fruit, long. Skin, a little hairy ;
bright light red, shaded with pink. Flavour, good. A beautiful variety.
In 1863 it weighed 30 dwt. 21 gr.
Bush, with long, slender, erect shoots ; bears freely.
LOFTY (Oldfield).— Fruit, long, from 11 to 14 eighths long, and 4|
to 5 J inches in circumference. Skin, smooth, or occasionally a little
hairy, very thin, dark green. Flesh, tender, very rich and delicious.
In 1855 it weighed 23 dwt. 15 gr.
Bush, medium sized, and bears freely.
LONDON (Banks). — This variety grows in various forms, in con-
sequence of its being tender when in bloom, often sufi'ering from the
early spring frosts, which cause it to be deficient of seed, consequently
the berries will be short and deformed ; but when perfect it is a fine,
long-formed berry. The two-veined ones are rather flat-sided, with
broad raised shoulders, the seed-veins a little sunk towards the stalk,
with plump, nicely rounded nose ; the three-veined ones are very long,
and rounder than the two-veined, and are generally pretty near the
same diameter throughout. Skin, smooth, deep purplish red. Flavour,
good, but not first-rate. In 1852 it weighed 37 dwt. 7 gr. ; in 1864,
36 dwt. 4 gr. ; in 1865, 33 dwt. 12 gr.
It ripens quickly, and does not hang long, it being an especial
favourite with wasps and birds ; nor does it succeed well until the
plants are strong, it will then grow and bear freely, making long
GOOSEBERRIES. 353
vigorous shoots (a little pendulous), with but few thorns, and forms a
large spreading bush. This is the largest gooseberry at present proved,
having held its own for nearly a quarter of a century against all former
varieties, and hundreds of others sent out since its introduction.
LONDON CITY (Bratherton).— Fruit, long, similar in form to
London. Skin, smooth, pale light green. Flavour, good. In 1864
it weighed 30 dwt. 5 gr.
Makes strong stiff wood, and forms a good bush.
LORD COMBER^IERE (Forester).— Large and obovate. Skin,
yellow, and smooth. Of second-rate quality. Bush, spreading.
LORD ELDON (Leicester).— Fruit, round, from 12 to 14 eighths
in length, and 4J to 5 inches in circumference. Skin, thin and smooth,
dark green. Flesh, tender, sweet, and very rich. Ripens early. In
1858 it weighed 22 dwt. 20 gr.
The bush is medium sized, bears freely, and makes slender, straight
wood.
LORD RANCLIFFE (Ellis).— Fruit, round, of medium size. Skin,
hairy, light yellow. Flavour, good. In 18G4 it weighed 28 dwt.
8gr.
Bush, large and spreading ; an excellent bearer, and makes long
straight wood.
MAGISTRATE (Diggles).— Large and obovate. Skin, red, and
downy. A first-rate variety. Bush, spreading.
MAGNET (Bratherton). — Fruit, very long, from two to two and a
quarter inches in length, and well proportioned. Skin, hairy, light red.
In 1854 it weighed 28 dwt. 20 gr.
An excellent bearer, ripens early, and hangs well ; makes long slender
wood, and forms a large spreading bush.
MAJOR HIBBERT (Etchells).— Fruit, long, tapering towards the
stalk. Skin, smooth, light red. Weighed 25 dwt. 15 gr. in 18G4.
A very late variety ; makes long, slender, trailing wood, and forms a
large spreading bush.
MARLBOROUGH (Lavington).— Fruit, very long. Skin, a little
hairy, light red shaded with grey. Flavour, good.
Bush, an excellent bearer, large and spreading. A new late variety.
Grown as a seedling, 27 dwt. 18 gr.
MATCHLESS (Turner).— Fruit, long oval. Skin, smooth, deep
green. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 27 dwt. 18 gr.
Bush, spreading, bears freely. Makes long slender wood.
MAYOR OF OLDHAM.— Fruit, round, from 12 to 13 eighths in
23
354 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
length, and 4J to 4^ inches in circumference. Skin, smooth, very
thin, dull greenish white. Flesh, tender, and of exquisite flavour.
Bears freely, and makes a fine bush, but the fruit is not now large
enough for exhibition.
MISS BOLD (Pigeon's Egg). — Medium sized, roundish. Skin, red,
and downy. Of first-rate quality, and early ; it somewhat resembles
Bed Walnut, but is better. Bush, spreading.
MISS NIGHTINGALE (Walton).— Fruit, round, of medium length.
Skin, smooth, greenish white. In 1864 weighed 24 dwt. 19 gr.
Bush, spreading ; makes strong, pendulous wood, and bears freely.
MITRE (Skellum). — Fruit, thick and round. Skin, hairy, bears
freely, greyish white. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 26 dwt. 12 gr.
Makes strong erect wood, and forms a large bush, which bears
freely.
MODEL (Oldfield).— Fruit, tapering slightly, from 12 to 14 eighths
in length, and from 4| to 5 inches in circumference, with long slender
stalk, which is winged at the joint. Skin, hairy, dull pale green.
Flavour, excellent. A large variety, but very tender in spring, and
generally a shy cropper.
Bush, spreading and large ; makes long, vigorous wood.
MONARCH (Bratherton). — Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
hairy, bright deep red. In 1852 weighed 27 dwt. 18 gr.
A good bearer ; makes strong erect wood, and forms a large bush.
MONSTER (Baker). — Fruit, long. Skin, hairy, dull greenish white.
Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 23 dwt. 21 gr.
Makes slender, prickly wood, and forms a medium sized bush.
MORETON HERO (Pigott).— Fruit, oval, from 12 to 15 eighths
in length, and 4|- to 5 inches in circumference. Skin, smooth or
downy, thin, pale yellow. Flesh, very richly flavoured. In 1852 it
weighed 26 dwt. 6 gr.
Bears freely, and makes a fine bush.
MORETON LASS (Pigott).— Fruit, round, well formed, from 12 to
14 eighths long, and from 4^ to 6 inches in circumference. Skin,
smooth, thin, creamy white. Flesh, tender, of first-rate flavour. In
1843 it weighed 23 dwt. 14 gr.
Bears freely, and makes a medium sized bush.
Moss's Seedling. See Bed Warrington.
MOUNT PLEASANT (Heape).— Fruit, long, finely formed, with
broad seed-veins. Skin, hairy, deep orange yellow. Flavour, good.
In 1864 it weighed 31 dwt. 4 gr.
The bush is large, bears freely, and makes strong vigorous wood,
GOOSEBERRIES. 365
and forms a largo bush. One of the best yellows and a sound late
variety.
MR. CHA3IBEIIS ( He wett).— Fruit, long, and very handsome,
Skin, hairy, bright red; very strong. In 1863 it weighed 26 dwt.
6gr.
Makes strong pendulous wood, and forms a large spreading bush.
MR. WHITTAKER (Etchells).— Fruit, plump, of medium length.
Skin, hairy, dull greenish yellow. Flavour, good. In 1864 it weighed
24 dwt. 4 "gr.
Bush, large, bears freely ; makes slender, straight wood.
Murrey. See Bed Walnut.
NAPOLEON LE GRAND (Rogers).— Fruit, round, of medium
size. Skin, very hairy, bright scarlet red. Flavour, good. In 1800
it weighed 26 dwt. 22 gr.
The bush makes strong pendulous wood, and is large and spreading,
but does not always bear freely.
Nonpareil. See Green Walnut.
NORCLIFFE (Walton).— Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
very hairy, deep bright green. In 1864 weighed 26 dwt. 4 gr.
Bush, erect ; makes very strong erect wood. A new variety.
Nutmeg. See Raspberry.
OLD ENGLAND (Rider). — Large and roundish oblong. Skin, dark
red, and smooth. Of second-rate quality, resembling Wilmot's Early
Red. Bush, pendulous.
OLDHAM (Rhodes). — Fruit, of medium length, square -shouldered
and plump. Skin, smooth, dull greenish yellow. Flavour, good. In
1858 weighed 27 dwt. 8 gr.
Bush, bears freely, and makes a medium quantity of strong, erect
wood.
Old Preserver. See Raspberry.
OVER- ALL (Bratherton). — Large and oblong. Skin,' red, and hairy.
Of second-rate quality. Bush, pendulous.
OVERSEER (Wilkinson).— Fruit, roimd, of medium length. ''■' Skin,
hairy, creamy white. Flavour, good. In 1865 weighed 29 dwt. 12 gr.
Makes vigorous wood, and forms a large spreading bush, which^bears
freely.
OYSTER GIRL (Wilkinson).— Fruit, very long. Skin, smooth,
bright pale yellow. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 25^dwt. 9 gr.
356 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
The bush is large and spreading, bears freely, and makes long slender
■wood, a little pendulous. A new variety.
PASTIME (Bratherton). — Large and roundish. Skin, dark red, and
hairy. Of second-rate quality. The fruit is often furnished with extra
bracts attached to its sides. Bush, pendulous.
PATIENCE (Brown).— Fruit, long, from 13 to 15 eighths in length,
and 4^ to 4^ inches in circumference. Skin, smooth, thin, greenish,
speckled white. Flesh, tender, and very fine flavour. In 1852 it
weighed 23 dwt. 17 gr.
Bears freely, and makes a fine bush.
PERFECTION (Gregory). — Large and roundish. Skin, green, and
downy. A first-rate variety, and late. Bush, pendulous.
PERFECTION (Spencer).— Fruit, round, from 12 to 14 eighths in
length, and A^ to 5 inches in circumference. Skin, a little hairy, thin,
light yellow. Flesh, tender, and with a fine melon flavour. In 1864
it weighed 25 dwt. 26 gr.
A medium sized bush, and a moderate bearer, makes slender wood.
PERU (Cook). — Fruit, long ; the two-veined ones plump at the nose,
tapering slightly to the stalk, the three-veined ones shorter and better
formed. Skin, a little hairy, pale yellow of a white shade. Flavour,
good. In 1832 it weighed 30 dwt.
The bush is large and spreading, does not bear freely, and makes
vigorous wood, a little pendulous.
PETO (Hilton). — Fruit, long, tapering towards the stalk. Skin,
hairy, greenish white. Flavour, good. lu 1862 weighed 26 dwt. 4 gr.
Makes stiff wood, and forms a medium sized bush, which bears
.freely.
Pigeon's Egg. See Miss Bold.
PILOT (Wood). — ^Fruit, long ; the two- veined ones tapering a little
-towards the stalk, with sharp-pointed nose, the three-veined ones finely
formed. Skin, hairy, bright light yellow. Flavour, good. In 1852
weighed 29 dwt. 6 gr.
The bush is spreading, and makes long pendulous wood.
PITMASTON GREEN GAGE.— Small and obovate. Skin, gi-een,
and smooth. A first-rate variety, very sugary, and will hang on the
bush till it becomes shrivelled. Bush, erect.
PLOUGH BOY (Walton). — Fruit, very long and well formed, the
whole length of the berry free from ridges or indentations. Skin,
smooth, very bright light red, shaded with yellow. Flavour, first-rate,
■and one of the handsomest gooseberries in cultivation. In 1864 it
weighed 30 dwt. 21 gr., and in 1865, 29 dwt. 22 gr.
GOOSEBERBIES. 357
The bush is spreading, and makes long slender wood. This is a
late variety.
PLUNDER (Woods).— Fruit, long, a little taper towards the stalk.
Skin, smooth, light green shaded with white. Flavour, good. In 18G4:
weighed 29 dwt. 21 gr.
Bush, large and spreading, and a free bearer.
PRETTY BOY (Orchard).— Fruit, plump, handsomely formed, and
of medium length. Skin, hairy, bright orange yellow, mottled with a
deeper shade. Flavour, good. A beautiful new variety.
The bush is medium sized, and bears freely.
PRINCE OF ORANGE (Bell).— Large and oblong. Skm, yellow,
and downy. Of second-rate quality. Bush, pendulous.
PRINCE REGENT (Boardman).— Large and roundish. Skin, dark
red, and smooth. A second-rate variety. Bush, spreading.
PRINCESS ROYAL.— Large and obovate. Skin, greenish white,
and hairy. Of first-rate quality. Bush, pendulous, and a good bearer.
PROFIT (Prophet). — Large and oblong. Skin, green and downy.
Of second-rate quality. Bush, spreading.
PROGRESS (Lockett).— Fruit, long, a little flat-sided, and tapering
slightly. Skin, a little hairy occasionally, greenish white. Flavour,
good. In 1864 weighed 24 dwt. 13 gr.
Makes strong pendulous wood, and forms a large spreading bush,
which bears freely. A late variety.
POSTMAN (Boardman). — Fruit, roimd, of medium length, free from
ridges, and beautifully roimded to the stalk. Skin, hairy, pure white,
with broad green veins. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 27 dwt.
Makes vigorous wood, and forms a large spreading bush, which bears
freely.
QUEEN CAROLINE (Lovart).— Mediiun sized, obovate. Skin,
white and smooth. Of second-rate quality. Bush, erect.
QUEEN OF TRUMPS (Horrocks).— Fruit, long, a little flat-sided,
and tapers a little from the centre. Skin, smooth, dull greenish white.
Flavour, first-rate. In 1864 weighed 31 dwt.
Makes vigorous wood, and forms a large spreading bush. A first-
class early variety either for market or exhibition.
QUEEN MCTORIA (Swift).— Fruit, round, of medium length, well
shouldered, and a little ridged at the top. Skin, smooth, light green,
with a greyish shade intermixed. Flavour, moderate. In 1852 weighed
26 dwt. 6 gr.
Bush, with slender wood, medium sized. An early variety.
358 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
QUEEN OF THE WEST (Bagley).— Fruit, long. Skin, hairy,
creamy white. Flavour, good. In 1854 weighed 24 dwt. 18 gr.
Makes slender pendulous wood, and forms a large spreading bush,
and bears freely.
EAILWAY (Livesey). — Fruit, round, of medium length. Skm,
smooth, or a little hairy, dull greenish yellow. In 1864 weighed
30 dwt. 7 gr.
The bush is large and spreading, and bears freely. A late variety.
RANDOM GREEN (Boots).— Fruit, plump, and well formed, from
12 to 14 eighths long, and 4^ to 5i inches in circumference. Skin,
smooth and thin, dark bright green, with light-coloured veins. Flesh,
tender, and of excellent flavour. In 1852 it weighed 25 dwt. 15 gr.
A great bearer.
RASPBERRY (Old Preserver; Nutmeg).— Frmt, small, roundish,
oblong. Skin, thick, dark red, and hairy. Richly flavom-ed, and
sweet. Ripens early. Bush, spreading, and a good bearer.
RED CHAMPAGNE {Dr. Davies' Upn<fht ; Countess of Errol;
Ironmonger in Scotland). — Small and roundish oblong, sometimes
tapering toward the stalk. Skin, rather thick, light red, and hairy.
Flavour, very rich, vinous, and sweet. Bush, very erect, and a good
bearer. This is known in Scotland by the name of " Ironmonger."
RED MOGUL.— Small and roundish oblong. Skin, thin, red, with
a mixture of green, and hairy. Of first-rate quality. Bush, spreading,
and a good bearer ; leaves, smooth, by which it is distinguished from
Ironmonger.
RED OVAL. — Large and oval. Skin, red, and hairy. Of first-rate
quality. Bush, spreading.
RED ROBIN (Jacques). — Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
hairy, dark brownish red. Flavour, good. In 1852 it weighed 28 dwt.
10 gr.
Bush, an excellent bearer, makes erect wood, and is a free gi'ower.
An early variety.
RED WALNUT [Murrey; Eckersleys Double-bearing). — Medium
sized, obovate. Skin, red, and downy. An early variety. Of second-
rate quality. Bush, spreading.
RED WARRINGTON (^stow ; Aston Seedling ; Volunteer).— Above
medium size, roundish oblong. Skin, red, and hairy. A first-rate late
variety, and highly esteemed for preserving. Bush, pendulous.
REGISTRAR (Wilkinson).— Fruit, long. Skin, hairy, dark purplish
red. Flavour, good.
The bush bears freely, and is spreading. A new early variety.
GOOSEBERRIES. 859
RICARDS (Poulson).— Fruit, round and well formed, from 12 to 14
eighths in length, and 4| to 5^ inches in circumference. Skin, a little
hairy, bright deep red. Is rather late. Flesh, rather coarse, but of
good flavour. In 1852 it weighed 27 dwt. 10 gr.
Bush, large and spreading, bears freeh', makes long, slender, pendu-
lous wood. This is a rather late variety.
RIFLEMAN (Leigh) (Alcock's Duke of York ; Yates's Iloyal Anne ;
Grange's Admirable). — Large, roundish. Skin, red, and hairy. A first-
rate late variety. Bush, erect, and a good bearer.
RINGLEADER (Johnson). — Large and oblong. Skin, red, and
smooth. A second-rate variety. Bush, pendulous.
ROARING LION (Farrow) {Great Chance).— Very large, oblong.
Skin, red, and smooth. A second-rate variety as to flavour, but one of
the largest in size. Bush, pendulous.
ROB ROY. — Medium sized, obovate. Skin, red, and hairy. A first-
rate variety, and very early. Bush, erect.
ROCKWOOD (Prophet). — Large and roundish. Skin, yellow, and
hairy. Flavour, second-rate. Bush, erect.
ROUGH GREEN (Button).— Fruit, plump, of medium length.
Skin, hairy, pale green. Flavour, good. In 1852 weighed 27 dwt.
19 gr.
Bush, bears freely ; makes stifi", short-jointed prickly wood, and is of
a small erect habit. A useful early variety, but does not make bush
sufiicient for general purposes.
ROUGH RED (Little md Hairy ; Old Scotch Bed ; Thick-skinned
Red). — Small and round. Skin, red, and hairy. A first-rate variety,
of excellent flavour, and highly esteemed for preserving. Bush,
spreading.
Rough Yellow. See Sulphur.
Round Yellow. See JRumhulUon.
ROYAL WHITE.— Small and round. Skin, white, and hairy. A
first-rate dessert variety. Bush, erect.
RUMBULLION (Yellow Globe; Round Yellow).— HmsiW and
roundish. Skin, pale yellow, and downy. Flavour, of second-rate
quality. Bush, erect, and a great bearer ; and the fruit much grown
for bottling.
RUMBULLION, GREEN.— SmaU and round. Skm, green, and
hairy. Flavour, second-rate. Bush, erect.
SAFETY (Rhodes).— Fruit, long and tapering, from 13 to 15 eighths
360 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
long, and 4J to 4^ inches in circumference. Skin, smooth and thin,
very pale green. Flesh, tender and well flavoured.
A large spreading bush, an abundant bearer, and makes long wood.
SCOTCH NUTMEG.— Medium sized, roundish. Skin, red, hairy,
or downy. Flavour, second-rate. Bush, erect.
SHAKESPERE (Denny).— Large and roundish. Skin, red, and
hairy. Of first-rate flavour. Bush, erect.
SHEBA QUEEN (Crompton). — Large and obovate. Skin, white,
and downy. Flavour, of the first quality. Bush, erect. Very similar
to Wrhitesmith.
SHINER (Oliver). — Fruit, round, of medium length, the two-veined
ones rather flat-sided, but well shouldered. Skin, smooth, hght green,
shaded with white. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 29 dwt. 10 gr.,
and in 1865, 31 dwt. 19 gr. This is the heaviest green gooseberry
ever exhibited.
Bush, large and spreading, makes long slender wood, bears freely.
SIR CHARLES NAPIER (Bayley).— Fruit, round, from 12 to 14
eighths in length, and from 4^ to 5 inches in circumference. Skin,
thin, smooth, deep green, with light- coloured veins. Flesh, tender,
and of good flavour, but it is a variety little grown.
Bush, handsome, bears freely.
SIR GEORGE BROWN (Baker).— Fruit, long, well formed. Skin,
hairy, pale dull green, speckled with a deeper shade. Flavour, good.
In 1864 weighed 29 dwt. 7 gr.
Makes long vigorous wood, and forms a large spreading bush.
Sir Sidney Smith. See Whitesmith (Woodward's).
SLAVE (Sharpies). — Fruit, long, tapering towards the stalk, from
13 to 15 eighths in length, and from 43- to 4| inches in circumference.
Skin, thin, smooth, dark green. Flesh, very tender, of good flavour.
Rather late. A new variety, which in 1863 weighed 24 dwt. 17 gr.
Bush, large, bears freely, and makes long wood of a medium strength.
SLAUGHTERMAN (Pigott).— Fruit, long. Skin, thin, and a little
hairy, very dark mottled red. Flavour, good. In 1852 it weighed
30 dwt.
The bush is an excellent bearer, makes slender wood, a little
pendulous. Early.
Small Dark Rough Red. See Small Rough Red.
SMALL RED GLOBE {Smooth Scotch).— ^mall and roundish.
Skin, smooth, and red. Of first-rate quality, and with a sharp, rich
flavour. Bush, erect.
GOOSEBERRIES. 361
SMALL ROUGH RED {Small Dark Rouph /?^rf).— Small and
round. Skin, red and hairy. Of first-rate quality, and early. Bush,
spreading, and the leaves pubescent.
SMILING BEAUTY (Beaumont).— Large and oblong. Skin, thin,
yellow, and smooth. Of first-rate flavour. Bush, pendulous, and a
good bearer.
Smooth Amber. See Amber.
Smooth Green. See Green Walnut.
Smooth Red. See Turkey Eed.
Smooth Scotch. See Small Red Globe.
SNOWBALL (Adams). — Medium sized, roundish. Skin, white, and
hairy. Of first-rate flavour. Bush, pendulous.
SNOWBALL (Etchells).— Fruit, round, of medium length. Skin,
hairy, creamy white. Flavour, good. In 1854 weighed 26 dwt.
22 gr.
Makes strong pendulous wood, and forms a large spreading bush,
which bears freely.
SNOWDRIFT (Hardman).— Fruit, long, tapering towards the stalk.
Skin, thick and hairy, greenish white, a little speckled. Flavour,
moderate. In 1857 weighed 27 dwt. 3 gr.
Makes strong wood, and forms a large bush, which bears freely.
SNOWDROP (Bratherton).— Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
thin and hairy, pure white, with broad conspicuous green veins.
Flavour, first-rate ; not to be surpassed. One of the most beautiful
gooseberries grown. In 1852 weighed 34 dwt. 5 gr.
Makes slender prickly wood, and forms a large spreading bush,
which bears freely.
SOUTER JOHNNY (Cranshaw).— Fruit, very long, tapering a little
towards the stalk. Skin, smooth, bright hght gi'een. In 1865
weighed 25 dwt. 15 gr.
Bush, spreading, makes long, vigorous wood, and bears freely. A
late kind.
SPEEDWELL (Poulson).— Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
very hairy, bright light red. Flavour, fii'st-rate. In 1864 it weighed
29 dwt. 4 gr. This is an early variety. The bush is large, and makes
vigorous, erect wood. An excellent bearer.
SPORTSMAN (Chadwick).— Large, and obovate. Skin, dark red,
and smooth. Flavour, second-rate. Bush, spreading.
362
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
STELLA (Leicester). — Fruit, long, oval. Skin, smooth, dull light
yellow. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 35 dwt.
Bears freely, makes vigorous wood, and forms a large bush.
STOCKWELL (Duke).— Fruit, long, oval. Skin, smooth, bright
green. Flavour, good. In 1864 weighed 30 dwt. 18 gr.
Bush, makes slender wood, and is of medium size, and spreading.
SULPHUR (Rough Yellow). — Small and roundish. Skin, yellow,
and hairy. Flavour, of first-rate quality. Bush, erect, and the leaves
not pubescent, by which it is distinguished from Early Sulphur.
SURPRISE (Moscroft).— Fruit, very long and well-formed. Skin,
smooth, pale light green. Flavour, good. In 1863 weighed 27 dwt.
2 gr. Bush, spreading, and bears freely.
TALFOURD (Penson). — Fruit, plump and handsome, of medium
length. Skin, smooth, dark red, with light pink-coloured veins.
Flavour, good. Weighed in 1864, 29 dwt. 8 gr.
Bush, large and spreading, an excellent bearer, makes vigorous wood,
a little pendulous. Late.
TALLY HO (Riley). — Fruit, long, oval. Skin, hairy, greenish white,
Flavour, moderate. In 1852 weighed 26 dwt. 18 gr.
Makes strong prickly wood. A good bearer, and forms a large
bush.
TANTIVY (Leicester). — Fruit, long, tapering towards the stalk,
from 13 to 15 eighths in length, and 4;^ to 4| inches in circumference.
Skin, thick, smooth, light green. Flesh, coarse, but of excellent
flavour.
A variety but little grown ; makes slender wood, and forms a medium
sized bush.
TELEGRAPH (Poulson).— Fruit, long, and flat-sided, with broad,
square shoulders. Skin, smooth, deep bright green, with light veins.
Flavour, good. Bears freely.
Bush, makes stiff", short-jointed Wood. A late variety.
Thick-skinned Red. See Bough Bed.
THUMPER (Riley). — Fruit, plump, of medium length, the two-veined
ones flat-sided, with broad shoulders. Skin, smooth, green. Flavour,
first-rate. In 1848 weighed 30 dwt. 9 gr.
Bush, pendulous, and bears freely. A late variety.
THUNDER (Fairclough).— Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
hairy, green. Flavour, first-rate. In 1854 weighed 27 dwt. 14 gr.
Bush, medium sized, bears freely, and makes short-jointed wood, a
little erect. A good early variety.
GOOSEBERRIES. 363
TIGER (Rhodes). — Fruit, long, and well-formed. Skin, smooth,
orange yellow, with veins of a lighter shade. Flavour, good.
The bush is large and spreading.
TINKER (Parks). — Fruit, long, and well-formed. Skin, smooth;
colour, deep greenish yellow. In 1864 weighed 25 dwt. 13 gr.
A new variety, which bears freely, and makes a fine bush.
TOP SAWYER (Capper).— Large and roundish. Skin, pale red,
and hairy. Flavour, of second-rate quality. Bush, pendulous.
TRUMPETER (Partington) .—Fruit, long, and well-formed. Skin,
smooth, dull orange yellow. Flavour, good. A new variety, which in
1864 weighed 27 dwt. 6 gr.
Bears freely, and makes a fine spreading bush.
TURKEY RED {Smooth i^^J).— Small and obovate. Skin, smooth,
and red. Of first-rate flavour. Bush, spreading.
TWO-TO-ONE (Whittaker). — Fruit, strong veined and square
shouldered, from 13 to 15 eightlis in length, and 4J to 5J inches in
ch'cumference. Skin, hairy, thin, bright golden yellow. Flesh, tender,
and flavour, good. In 1852 it weighed 28 dwt. 8 gr.
It forms a large spreading bush, which bears freely, and makes
strong wood.
VICTORY (Lomas). — Large and roundish. Skin, red, and hairy.
Of second-rate flavour, but much esteemed for cooking. Bush,
pendulous.
VICTORY (Mather). — Large and obovate. Skin, yellow, and smooth.
Flavour, only second-rate. Bush, spreading.
VIPER (Gorton). — Large and obovate. Skin, greenish yellow, and
smooth. Flavour, second-rate. Bush, pendulous.
Volunteer. See Red Warrimjton.
WEASEL (Walden). — Fruit, plump, of medium length. Skin,
hairy, creamy white, with light gi'een veins. Flavour, good. In 1864
weighed 24 dwt. 8 gr.
Makes slender prickly wood, and forms a medium sized bush.
AVELLINGTON'S GLORY.— Large and roundish oblong. Skin,
thin, white, and downy. Flavour, of first-rate quality. Bush, erect.
WHITE CHAMPAGNE.— Small and roundish oblong. Skin, white,
and hairy. Flavour, of first-rate quality. Bush, erect; leaves,
pubescent.
WHITE FIG. — Small and obovate. Skin, white, and smooth.
Flavour, of first-rate quality, and rich. Bush, spreading, but tender.
364 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
WHITE LILY. — Medium sized, obovate. Skin, white, and downy.
Flavour, of second-rate quality. Bush, erect.
WHITE LION (Cleworth).— Large and obovate. Skin, white, and
downy. Of first-rate quality, and a good late sort. Bush, pendulous.
WHITE RASP.— Small and round. Skin, white, and smooth.
Flavour, of second-rate quality. Bush, spreading.
WHITESMITH (Woodward) [Whitesmith; Sir Sidney Smith ; Hall's
Seedling ; Lancashire Lass ; Grundy's Lady Lilford). — Large, roundish
oblong. Skin, white and downy. Flavour, of first-rate excellence.
Bush, erect, and a good bearer.
WILMOT'S EARLY RED.— Large and roundish oblong. Skin,
dark red, and smooth. Of second-rate quality. Bush, pendulous.
WIST ASTON HERO (Bratherton).— Large and oblong. Skin,
green and hairy. Flavour, second-rate. Bush, erect.
WONDERFUL (Saunders). — Fruit, plump, well formed, of medium
length. Skin, smooth, dark purplish red. Flavour, good, but not first-
rate. In 1845 it weighed 33 dwt.
The bush is medium sized, makes short jointed, stiff wood, with
bright shining leaves ; breaks early in spring, and is very tender.
Yates's Royal Anne. See Rifleman.
YAXLEY HERO (Speechley). — Large and obovate. Skin, red, and
hairy. Flavour, of first-rate quality. Bush, erect.
Yellow Amber. See Amber.
Yellow Aston. See Yellow Warrington.
YELLOW BALL. — Medium sized, roundish. Skin, yellow, and
smooth. Flavour, of first-rate quality. Bush, erect.
YELLOW CHAMPAGNE (Hairy Amber).— ^m^W and roundish.
Skin, yellow, and hairy. Of first-rate excellence. Bush, erect.
Yellow Globe. See Rumbullion.
YELLOW^SMITH.— Small and roundish oblong. Skin, yellow, and
hairy. Of first-rate quality, resembling Yellow Champagne. Bush,
erect.
YELLOW WARRINGTON [Yellow Aston) .—Middle sized, roimdish
oblong. Skin, yellow, and hairy. Of first-rate quality. Bush,
pendulous.
York Seedling. See Glenton Green.
GOOSEBERRIES.
365
SELECT GOOSEBERRIES.
Those marked * are adapted for small collections.
FOR FLAVOUR.
Red.
Companion
♦Ironmonger
•Keens' Seedling
Miss Bold
Raspberry
•Red Champagne
Red Globe
•Red Warrington
•Rough Red
iScotch Nutmeg
YeUow,
Small Rough Red
Speedwell
•Turkey Red
•Wilmot's Early E«d
Broom Girl
Candidate
•Early Sulphur
Gipsy Queen
Glory of Rat el iff
•Leader
Moreton Hero
Perfection
Green.
Rockwood
Rumbullion
Yellow Ball
*Yellow Champagne
Beeston Castle
General Markham
^Glenton Green
Green Gascoigne
•Green Overall
Green Prolific
•Green >Valnut
•Heart of Oak
Hebburn Prolific
Keepsake
While.
Lofty
Lord Eldon
Model
•Pitmaston Green Gage
Random Green
•Bright Venus
•Crystal
Eagle
•Early White
Hedgehog
Jenny Jones
King of Trumps
Lady Leicester
•Mayor of Oldham
Patience
•Snowdrop
Tally Ilo
White Champagne
•Whiteimiih
FOR SIZE.
Bed.
Clayton
Conquering Hero
Dan's Mistake
Duke of Sutherland
Yellow.
London
Wonderful
Catherina
Criterion
Drill
Leveller
Green.
Mount Pleasant
Pera
General
Green London
Shiner
Stock\^ell
White.
Telegraph
Thumper
Antagonist
Careless
Freedom
Heioof the Kile
King of Trumps
snowdrift
866
THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Table by which the approximate weights of Gooseberries may be ascertained
by measurement with the callipers : —
Diameter of
Diameter of
Width.
Length.
Weignt.
Eighths.
Eighths.
Dwt.
Grs.
12
16
27
0
12
15
25
0
12
14
-23
0
12
13
21
0
12
11
18
13
11
16
22
16
11
15
21
6
11
14
19
20
11
13
18
10
11
12
17
0
11
U
15
14
11
10
14
4
10
16
18
18
10
15
17
13
10
14
16
9
10
13
15
5
10
12
14
1
10
11
13
22
10
10
U
17
10
9
• 10
13
GEAPES.
SYNOPSIS OF GBAPES.
BERRIES ROUND, OR NEARLY SO.
A. Muscats,
Angers Frontignan
August Frontignan
Black Frontignan
Caillaba
Early Black Frontignan
July Frontignan
Lierval's Frontignan
Meurthe Frontignan
Muscat Champion
Neapolitan Frontignan
Purple Constantia
Sarbeile Frontignan
B. Not Muscats.
Aramon
Black or Purple.
Bidwill's Seedling
Black Corinth
Black Damascus
Black July
Black Muscadine
Black Sweetwater
Dutch Hamburgh
Early Black Bordeaux
Espiran
Fintindo
Frankenthal
Gros Guillaume
Grosse Kolner
Miller's Burgundy
Mill Hill Hamburgh
GRAPES.
307
Red, Tawny, or Striped,
A. Muscats.
Red Frontignan
Madeira Frontignan
Ahbee
Aleppo
B. Not Muscats.
Catawba
Chasselas de Falloux
Fend ant Rose
Gromier du Cantal
Lombardy
Red Chasselas
White, Yellow, or Green.
A. Muscats.
Ascot Citronelle
Chasselas Musque
Citron Frontignan
Doctor Hogg
Duchess of Buccleuch
Early Ascot Frontignan
Early Auvergne Frontignan
Early Saumur Frontignan
Early Silver Frontignan
Early Smyrna Frontignan
Early White Frontignan
Ottonel Frontignan
Salamon's Frontignan
Troveren Frontignan
"White Frontignan
B, Not Muscats.
Buckland Sweetwater
Calabrian Raisin
Chaptal
Chasselas Duhamcl
Chasselas de Florence
Chasselas Mart's
Chasselas Royal
Chasselas Vibert
Ciotat
Due de Malakoff
Duke of Buccleuch
Dutch Sweetwater
Early Chasselas
Pearly Malingre
Ferdinand do Lcsscps
General Delia Marmora
Gros Romain
Pitmaston White Cluster
Prolific Sweetwater
Royal Muscadine
Stillward's Sweetwater
White Corinth
White Frankenthal
White Lady Downe's
White Nice
White Rissling
White Sweetwater
II. BERRIES OVAL, OR NEARI.r SO.
Black or Purple.
A. Muscats.
Black Muscat of Alexandria
Ingram's Hardy Prolific Muscat
Jura Frontignan
Madresfield Court
Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat
Venn's Black Muscat
B. Not Muscats.
Alicante
Alnwick Seedling
Black Champion
Black Cluster
Black Hamburgh
Black Monukka
Black Prince
Blussard Noir
Cambridge Botanic Garden
Catalanesca Nera
Chilwell Alicante
Ferral
Gros Maroc
Isabella
Ischia
Lady Downe's
Morocco
Morocco Prince
CEillade
Royal Ascot
Strawbcny
Trentham Black
West's St. Peter's
368
THE FKUIT MANUAL.
A. Muscats.
None
A. Muscats.
Canon Hall Muscat
Muscat of Alexandria
St. Laurent Muscat
B. Not Muscats.
Alexandrian Ciotat
Bicane
Cabral
Chaouch
Cornichon Blanc
Early Green Madeira
Early White Malvas'a
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Foster's White Seedling
Golden Champion
Golden Queen
Golden Hamburgh
* * Red, Tawny, or Striped.
B. Not Muscats,
Barbarossa
Purple Fontainbleau
Schiras
White, Yellow, or Green.
Grosse Perle Blanche
Luglienga Bianca
Marchioness of Hastings
Mrs. Pearson
Pause Jaune
Pedro Ximenes
Reeves's Muscadine
Royal Vineyard
St. John's
Scotch White Cluster
Sultana
Syrian
Trebbiano
Verde I ho
Waltham Cross
White Lisbon
White Romain
White Tokay
Abercairney.
Aegyptische.
See West's St. Peter's.
See Black Hamburgh,
AHBEE. — Bunches, large and thickly set. Berries, large and
round. Skin, thin, of a pale greenish yellow colour, which becomes of
a clear pale yellow, tinged with -very thin dull red as it ripens. Flesh,
firm, sweet, and without much flavour.
A showy but not highly flavoured grape ; a native of India.
Aiga Passera. See Black Corinth.
ALEPPO (Chasselas Panache; Morillon Panache; Raisin d'Alep;
Raisin Suisse). — Bunches, medium sized, loose, and not shouldered.
Berries, medium sized, round, of various colours, some being black,
others white or red, while some are striped with black, or red and
white ; sometimes a bunch will be half white ,and half black ; and
others are wholly white or wholly black. The flesh is inferior in
flavour.
The vine succeeds in a warm vinery, but requires the hothouse
to bring it to perfection. The leaves are striped with green, red, and
yellow.
ALEXANDRIAN CIOTAT.— Bunches, large, long, and loose, with
narrow shoulders. Berries, oval. Skin, thin, pale yellow, but becoming
GBAPES. 369
of an amber colour as the fruit are highly ripened, and covered with
numerous russety dots. Flesh, firm and breaking, juicy, and well
flavoured.
Ripens with the hcat]"of a vinery. A good bearer, but the bunches
set badly.
This is in all respects similar to the Muscat of Alexandria in the
fruit, but has no Muscat flavour.
Alexandrian Frontignan. See Muscat of Aled'andria.
ALICANTE {Black Lisbon; Black Portitgal; Black Palestine;
Black Spanish; Black St. Peter's; Black Tokay; Black Valentia;
Meredith'' s Alicante; St. Peters; Espagnin Noir ; Alicantenwein ;
Blauer von Alicante ; Sanct Peter s Trauhe; Schwarzer Spanischer). —
Bunches, lai'ge, and sometimes shouldered, frequently cylindrical and
long, occasionally broadly ovate, and always well set. Berries, large,
perfectly oval or olive-shaped, jet black, and covered with a thin blue
bloom. Skin, tough and membranous, but not too thick. Berry- stalks
less than half an inch long, very slightly and thinly war ted, and with
a small receptacle. Flesh, very tender, adhering a little to the skin,
juicy, and with a flavour similar to that of Black Hamburgh. Seeds,
rather large, varying from one to three in each berry, and attached to
a seed-string tinged with red.
A fine large showy grape, both in bunch and berry, which hangs
remarkably well, and is an excellent late variety. Taking all its qualities
into consideration — the size of its bunches and berries, its flavour when
highly ripened in heat, and the fertility and vigour of the vine, this is
one of the most valuable late grapes in cultivation ; but it must be re-
membered that to have it in perfection it requires the same temperature
as Muscat of Alexandria, though it succeeds very well in an ordinary
vinery. Mr. Barron says, that after ripening it requires to be kept cool,
otherwise the berries are apt to decay.
I have been thus minute in the description of this grape because of the great
confusion that exists as to the varieties bearing this name. It is the Alicante of
Speechly ; it is also the true Black St. Peter's (not West's St. Peter's), and in
my investigations of the vineyards of the south of France I have found it under
the name of Espagnin Noir.
The name of Alicante is given to several varieties of grapes in the south of
France and in the Peninsula, but is not applicable to any variety in particular. In
the department of Gard, it is applied to Gromierdu Cantal ; in Andalusia to the
Tintilla and Tinto ; in Provence to MourvMe ; and in the Eastern Pyrenees to
Matara. Then the Alicante of Bouches-des- Rhone vineyards is the Granaxa of
Arragon, and Granache of Eastern Pyrenees ; while, in the neighbourhood of
Alicante, the name is given to two or three different sorts. In Great Britain
Black Prince is sometimes, but erroneously, called Alicante ; and the variety which
in the second edition of this work was called Kempsey Alicante, I have discovered
to be nothing else than the Morocco.
Alicantwein. See Alicante.
ALNWICK SEEDLING (Clive House Seedling).— Bunches, large,
24
370 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
heavily shouldered, short conical, with long stout stalks. Berry-stalks,
short and stout. Berries, large, roundish oval marked with sutural
furrows which extend over the apex of the fruit. Skin, stout mem-
branous, quite black, covered with a fine bloom. Flesh, firm, tender,
very juicy and sweet, with a sprightly flavour like that of Black Morocco.
A very fine late grape, surpassing in flavour the Black Alicante,
which is of the same class and season. It may be distinguished from
Alicante by the smooth glossy upper surface of the leaves, that of
Alicante being woolly. The only disadvantage this vine possesses is
the sterile disposition of its flowers, which require to be artificially im-
pregnated to secure a good crop of fruit, and this is not a difficulty with
experienced gardeners. The easiest mode of doing this is to get a
small bunch of feather grass {t<tipa 2)ennata), and with it collect pollen
from the flowers of a vine which has it more abundantly, and then gently
pass the grass over the flowers of the vine which it is intended to
fertilise.
Alnwick Seedling was raised about the year 1857 in the garden at Alnwick
Castle, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland, and, according to an account which
I have every reason to believe to be authentic, the raiser was William Caseley,
who was then employed in the forcing-houses there. The female parent was
Black Morocco, fertilised with Syrian for the purpose of making it set its fruit better,
as it is one of those varieties inclined naturally to sterility. By the time the
grapes were ripe some of the berries were observed to be of unusual size. From
these Mr. Caseley saved seeds, which were sown by him, and produced several plants,
the fruit of some being black and others white. Only two were lound to be worth
cultivating, and one of these is that which is known as Alnwick Seedling. It is
called Clive House Seedling from having been first brought into notice by Mr. D.
P. Bell, of Clive House, Alnwick, who exhibited it before the Fruit Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society, Dec. 6th, 1876, when it was awarded a lirst-class
certificate under that name.
Amber Muscadine. See Royal Muscadine.
ANGERS FRONTIGNAN (Muscat Noir d'Afigers). — Bunches,
medium sized, compact, and shouldered. Berries, about medium size,
round. Skin, dark purple, covered with thick blue bloom. Flesh,
tender, juicy, richly flavoured, and with a powerful Muscat aroma.
This is a first-rate grape, ripening earlier than Black Hamburgh,
and requiring the same treatment. The vine is a strong grower and a
free bearer.
It was raised at Angers by M. Vibert.
Ansley's Large Oval. See Morocco.
Arkansas. See Catawba.
ARAMON [Burchardt's Prince; Plant Pdche ; Ugni Noir). —
Bunches, with a long, herbaceous, brittle stalk ; large, long, and taper-
ing, and well set. Berries, large, round, with a few that are occasion-
ally inclining to oval. Skin, thick, of a deep black colour, and covered
with a dense bloom. Flesh, tender, juicy, melting, rich, and vinous.
A first-rate late grape, which requires artificial heat to bring it to
GRAPES. 371
perfection. It hangs very late, and in the months of February and
March it is one of the most sprightly flavoured sorts in cultivation. The
leaves die pale yellow.
This is extensively cultivated in Lanjiuedoe and Provence, on account of its
great fertility and the larjre quantity of wine it yields ; but the wine is not of a high
character, being principally the vin ordinaire of that i)art of the country. The stalks
of the bunches are so brittle that the vintagers do not use a knife when gathering
them, but simply break them off with the hand. It delights in a deep alluvial soil.
ASCOT CITRONELLE.— Bunches, a foot long, not shouldered, or
very slightly so. Stalks, stout. Berries, medium sized, round, with
stout, warted berry-stalks. Skin, white, covered with a thin bloom, and
marked with a distinct style-point at the apex. Flesh, tender, very
rich, and finely flavoured, with an admixture of citron and muscat.
A very fine grape, raised by Mr. Standish, of Ascot, from a small
early grape called Blanc de Saumur, crossed with Citron Frontignan. It
resembles White Frontignan in the bunch. The vine is well suited for
pot culture or for a cool house. I have had the fruit ripen out of doors
and of good flavour.
Ascot Frontignan. See Early Ascot Frontiynan,
Aspirant. See Espiran.
AUGUST FRONTIGNAN {Muscat d'Aout).— Berries, medium sized^, .
round, inclining to oval. Skin, deep purple. Flesh, very rich and
juicy, with a slight muscat aroma.
An early grape, ripening about the end of August. The vine forms
a dwarf bush, and on that account is well adapted for pot culture, but
it is a delicate grower. It ripens against a wall in the open air.
Raised by M. Vibert, of Angers. It has a small indifferent little bunch, and its
earliness is its only recommendation.
August Traube. See Black July.
Auvergne Frontignan. See Early Auveryne Frontignan.
Bammerer. See Black Hamburgh.
BARBAROSSA (Brizzola ; Bossea ; Uva Barbarossa). —Bunches
mednim sized, shouldered. Berries, slightly oval, or obround. Skin'
thm and delicate, of a grizzly colour, or pale red, covered with a thin
grey bloom. Flesh, dehcate, juicy, sweet, and with somewhat of a
Royal Muscadme flavour, but very much richer. Gallesio says it is
** the king of dessert grapes."
This is a very fine dessert grape.
The grape which has been grown in this country for some years under the'name
ot liarbarossa is a totally diflerent variety. Its correct name is Gros Guillaume,
and It 13 hlack, while the Barbarossa is, as its name implies, a rose-coloured or
grizzly grape.
Barbaroux. See Gromier du Cantal.
372 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Bar-sur-Aube. See Early Chasselas.
Bee d'Oiseau. See Cornichon Blanc.
BICANE (Vicnne). — The bunches are medium sized, well set, and of
an ovate shape. The berries are large and roundish oval. Skin, white,
very thin and tender, so as to show the texture of the flesh through,
and covered with very thin white bloom. Flesh, tender, very juicy,
and melting, with a fine Black Hamburgh flavour.
A very fine white grape of great merit, both for flavour and its
earliness. It ripens about the same time as the Sweetwater, and before
the Royal Muscadine. The Pause Jaune is frequently and erroneously
called Bicane on the Continent.
BIDWILL'S SEEDLING. — Bunches, large, long, loose, and
shouldered. Berries, large and round. Skin, thin, quite black, and
covered with a thin blue bloom. Flesh, tender, melting, and juicy,
but with a most disagreeable earthy flavour, which seems peculiar to
it, as I have never met with this variety without it.
It ripens very well against a wall, in the West of England, by the
end of October. The leaves die yellow.
It was raised by Mr. J. C. Bidwill, of Exeter, and was first exhibited by
^Messrs. James Veitch & Son, at a meeting of the British Pomological Society in
October, 1858.
Bilsenroth. See Black Hamburgh.
Black Alicante. See Alicante.
Black Bordeaux. See Early Black Bordeaux.
Black Burgundy. See Black Cluster.
BLACK CHAMPION.— Bunches, with short, thick stalks, not
shouldered, thickly set. Berries, large, roundish oval. Skin, thin,
black, or dark purple, covered with fine thin bloom. Flesh, tender,
but somewhat firm, very juicy, rich, and sweet ; having rarely any
seeds, or more than one.
This is about a fortnight earlier than Black Hamburgh in the same
house, and always colours better and more freely than that variety ;
the berry is also more oval, and the wood shorter jointed. Ripens in
a cool vinery.
In his excellent monograph, Vines and Vine Culture, Mr. Barron has, no doubt,
inadvertently made Black Champion synonymous with Mill Hill Hamburgh. This
and Mill Hill Hamburgh are sometimes called Champion Hamburgh, and hence the
one is often mistaken for the other. They are, however, very distinct kinds, and can
easily be distinguished, for the berries of Black Champion are oval, while those
of Mill Hill Hamburgh are round and sometimes oblate. The foliage of the latter
is also paler, and appears flaccid when hanging on the vine.
It was introduced about the year 1840 by Sir John Mordaunt, of Walton Hall,
near Stratford -on -Avon, and was first propagated for sale by Mr. John Butcher,
of Stratford-on-Avon. I strongly suspect that this is identical with San Antonio,
a very fine grape.
GRAPES. 378
Black Chasselas. See Black Muscadine.
BLACK CLUSTER {Black Bim/umli/ ; Black Morillon : Bur-
fftirub/; Blmier Clavncr ; FAirhj Black ; Mo7illon Noir ; Pineau ;
Schivarzer BiessUriff). — Bunches, small, very compact, cylindrical, and
occasionally shouldered. Berries, generally oval, inclining to roundish.
Skin, thin, blue-black, covered with blue bloom. Flesh, juicy, sweet,
and richly flavoured.
Ripens well against a wall in the open air, and is one of the best
for this purpose. The bunches are larger than those of Miller's
Burgundy.
This is one of the varieties most extensively cultivated for wine on the Rhine
and the Moselle, and it also furnishes the greater part of the Champagne and Bur-
gundy wines.
Black Constantia. See Purple Constantia.
BLACK CORINTH {Currant; Corinthe Noir; Passolina Xera ;
Auja Passcra; Zantc). — Bunches, compact, small, and short. Berries,
small and round, not larger than a pea, with some larger ones inter-
spersed. Skin, thin, black, and covered with blue bloom. Flesh,
juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and without seeds.
It produces small, insignificant bunches and berries, and though the
fruit is of good flavour, it is a variety which is grown more for curiosity
than for any merit it possesses. It requires the heat of a vinery.
It is from the Black Corinth that the " currants " of the procers are produced,
and " currant " is merely a corruption of corinth. It is extensively grown in
Zante and Cephalonia, and the fruit when gatliered is simply dried on the
ground in the sun, and this accounts for the presence of small stones and eaith
found in grocers' currants, necessitating their being washed before they are used.
BLACK DAMASCUS {Damascus; Worksop Manor). — Bunches,
large and loose. Berries, large and round, interspersed with others of
small size. Skin, thin, but tough, of a deep black colour. Flesh,
juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A first-rate late grape, requiring the heat of a hothouse to bring it
to perfection.
I have not been able to ascertain the original name of this grape, but it was
called Black Damascus by Speechly, who was the first to describe it, from having
been introduced to this country from Damascus by Edward, ninth Duke of Norfolk,
and cultivate^ at Welbeck many years prior to his decease in 1777.
BLACK FRONTIGNAN {Muscat Xoir ; Muscat Xnir Ordinaire ;
Sir William Rmvlci/'s Black). — Bunches, pretty large, cylindrical, some-
what loose, and occasionally shouldered. Berries, small, round, and
unequal in size. Skin, thin, blue-black, and covered with blue bloom.
Flesh, firm, red, and juicy, with a rich vinous and musky flavour.
Ripens against a wall in favourable situations and in warm seasons,
but is generally grown in a vinery.
374 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
BLACK HAMBURGH {Garnston Black Hamburgh; Hampton
Court; Knevett's Black Hamburgh ; Bed Hamburgh ; Bichmond Villa;
Warner s Hamburgh ; Muscatellier Xoir ; Blauer Trollinger ; Flench-
trauben; Bocksaugen ; Bihenroth ; Hammelshoden ; Hudler ; Straihu-
traube ; Mohrentutten ; Bother Maltheser ; Schwarzwdlscher ; Pomnrerer;
Bammerer ; Weissholziger ; Trollinger; Blauer Wingertshdu^er ; Welke
Burgundske ; Welko Modre ; Aegyptische ; Grosser Burgunder; Bock-
shod en ; Schliege ; Huttler; Frankenthaler). — Bunches, large, broadly
shouldered, conical, and well set. Berries, roundish oval. Skin, thin,
but membranous, deep blue-black, covered with blue bloom. Flesh,
rather firm, but tender, very juicy, rich, sugary, and highly flavoured.
This highly popular grape succeeds under every form of vine culture.
It ripens against a wall, in favourable situations, in the open air ; it
succeeds well in a cool vinery ; and it is equally well adapted for
forcing. The vine is a free bearer ; and the fruit will hang, under
good management, until January and February. The leaves die yellow.
The Frankenthal, or, as it is sometimes called, Victoria Hamburgh, is now very
frequently met with in gardens under the name of Black Hamburgh, from which
it is distinguished by its much larger bunches, round hammered berries, which
have a thicker skin, and the more robust growth of the vine.
I have been considerably puzzled by an examination of the di,»tinguishing
K^haracteiistics of the two grajjes called Bhick Hamburgh and Frankenthal. At
one time I have thought I detected distinctions which Avere at once well defined
and fixed, and at another these seemed to disappear ; and the two were so similar
as to suggest a suspicion that they were identical ; and this has arisen with the
same vines after a succession of several years' fruiting. The Black Hamburgh,
and indeed all grapes, are very easily afi'ected, both in form and flavour, by the
soil in which they are grown and the treatment to Avhich they are subjected ; and I
think those slight distinctions which we often see are not permanent. I have
watched this subject with some care, and I have remarked that the same vine will
in one year produce berries which are perfectly round, and in another they will be
distinctly oval. This is also frequently observed in the White Muscat of Alexan-
dria. In one year the berries are roundish oval, and in another they are long oval,
and frequently with a contraction at the stalk end, giving it a pear shape.
But 1 do not think the varieties of form in the Black Hamburgh are altogether
due to soil and cultivation. It is one of those fruits which, like the Peach Apricot
and Gieen Gage Plum, reproduce themselves occasionally from the seed with slight
variations, and some of the different forms may arise in that way. There is no
"doubt that the Victoria Hamburgh, which has of late years been identified with
.Frankenthal, is one of these, and a very superior one.
The Black Hamburgh was imported from Hamburgh by John Warner, a
Xiondon merchant who lived at Rotherhithe, and cultivated a large garden, in
which was a vineyard, in the early part of last century. It is from this circum-
stance that it takes its name of Hamburgh and Warner's Hamburgh. A fanciful
story has been published about its having been brought direct from the Alhambra
in Spain, and that the name now adopted is a corruption of that. I doubt very
much if it is a Spanish grape. I am rather inclined to think that it has come
from the East, as I can trace it by its synonyms through Hungary and the whole
of Germany ; and my esteemed friend, the late Comte Odart, remarks that it is
met with from Strasburg to Vienna and Pesth, and that it may be called the
national grape of the Germans, the Belgians, and the Dutch. He might have
included the English also. On looking at the synonyms one is struck with the
prevalence of German and Hungarian names over the very few of French, Sfianish,
or Portuguese, and this tends to show that it is more known in the East than in
GRAPES. 375
the West. In foct, it is hardly known at all in France except under its English
and German names of Black Hamburgh and Frankenthal. It is very difficult lo
ascertain of what country it is a native.
The largest bunch of Black Hamburgh ever grown was that shown at Belfast,
in 1874, by Mr. Hunter, gardener to the Earl of Durham at Lambton Castle,
which weighed 21 lbs. l5 oz. ; and he again exhibited a bunch at Manchester, iu
1875, which weighed 13 lbs. 2 oz.
BLACK JULY {Earhj Black Juhj ; July ; De la Madeleine ; Made-
leine Xoire ; MorilUm Hntif; Raisin de Juillet ; Ilaisin Precoce : De St.
Jean; Aiu/ust Traidje ; Jacob's Trauhe). — Bunches, small and cylin-
drical. Berries, small and round. Skin, thick, deep purple, covered
with blue bloom. Flesh, sweet and juicy, but not highly flavom-ed.
The great recommendation of this variety is its earliness, and the
facility with which it ripens against a wall in the open air. The
flowers ai-e tender, and consequently, unless grown in a cool vinery,
the bunches are loose, and the berries thin ; but when protected the
plant produces close, compact bunches, and is an excellent bearer.
Although this is the earliest grape, it is not so highly flavoured as
Black Cluster and Miller's Burgundy.
Black Lisbon. See Alicante.
Black Lombardy. See West's St. Peter's.
BLACK MONUKKA. — Bunches, very large, shouldered, and thickly
set. Berries, singularly shaped, being like monster barberries, obovate-
oblong. Skin, of a deep dull chestnut colour, very thin, adhering
closely to the flesh, which is firm, crisp, and very juicy, with a sweet
and very rich flavour, more so than Black Hamburgh.
This is a remarkable-looking grape, and may be eaten with pleasure,
being entirely without seeds. The vine is a vigorous grower and a
great bearer, and is highly deserving of cultivation. The leaves die
dull reddish brown.
This is supposed to be an Indian grape ; and was first brought into notice by
Mr. Johnson, gardener at Hampton Court, who sent it to the garden of the Royal
Horticultural Society, at Chiswick, where it is now to be seen growing in the large
vinery in great perfection.
Black Morillon. See Black Cluster.
Black Morocco. See Morocco.
Black Muscadel. See Morocco.
BLACK MUSCADINE {Black Chasselas ; Chasselas Noir).—
Bunches, medium sized, compact. Berries, about medium sized,
round, inclining to oval. Skin, thick, deep purplish black, covered
with blue bloom. Flesh, juicy, sweet, sugary, and richly flavoured.
When well ripened this is an excellent grape, and has a trace of
musky aroma in its flavour ; but to obtain it thus it requires to be
grown in a warm vinery.
BLACK MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA (Muscat Hamburgh ; Bed
376 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Muscat of Alexandria; Snow's Muscat HamburrjJi). — Bunches, large
and shouldered. Berries, large and oval, or roundish oval. Skin,
tough, but not thick, dark reddish purple, covered with thin blue
bloom. Flesh, rather melting, very juicy, rich, and sugary, and with
an exquisite Muscat flavour.
A delicious grape. The berries are rather smaller than those of the
White Muscat of Alexandria, but are equally rich in flavour, and ripen
more easily. It may be grown either in a warm vinery or a hothouse ;
but the latter is not indispensable.
It does not do well on its own roots, and is frequently grafted on
Black Hamburgh, by which it is improved, but the best stock for it is
Muscat of Alexandria.
This grape had become very scarce until it re-appeared under the name of
Snow's Muscat Hamburgh. It was re -introduced by Mr. S. Snow, gardener to
Lady Cowper, Wrest Park, Bedfordshire.
Black Palestine. See Alicante.
Black Portugal. See Alicante.
BLACK PRINCE (Boston ; Focock's Damascus ; LangfonVs In-
comjmrahle ; Sir A. Pytches' Black ; Steward's Black Prince). — Bunches,
long, and generally without shoulders, but occasionally shouldered.
Berries, above medium size, oval. Skin, thick, deep purplish black,
covered with thick blue bloom. Flesh, white or greenish, tender,
very juicy, with a rich, sugary, and sprightly flavour.
A grape of first-rate quality, ripens well in a cool vinery, or against
a wall, in favourable situations, and always colours well. The vine is
a good bearer ; the leaves in autumn die off" purple.
This is, I believe, a Spanish grape, but I have not been able to find out its proper
name. It was first met with in the garden of Sir Abraham Py tches, at Streatham,
where it attracted the notice of Mr. Malcolm, the nurseryman at Stockwell, and
who propagated it for sale under the name of Malcolm's Black Prince.
Black St. Peter's. See Alicante.
Blacksmith's White Cluster. See Scotch White Cluster.
Black Spanish. See Alicante.
BLACK SWEETWATER (Waterzoet A^oir).— Bunches, small, short,
and compact. Berries, round. Skin, very thin and black. Flesh,
tender, juicy, and very sweet, but has little aroma or richness.
This succeeds well against a wall, where it ripens early, or in a cool
vinery ; but it is impatient of forcing, and the berries are liable to
crack when subjected to too much heat.
Black Tokay. See Alicante.
Black Tripoli. See Frankenthal.
Black Valentia. See Alicante.
GRAPES. 377
Blanc Prt'coce de Kienzheim. See Early White Malcasla.
Blanche. See St. John's.
Blaiier von Alicant. See Alicante.
Blauer Clavner. Se9 Black Cluster.
Blauer Kollner. See Grosse Kdlner.
Blauer Miillerrebe. See Miller's Burr/undt/.
Blauer TroUinger. See Black Hatnhurgh.
Blauer Wingertshiiuser. Sea Black Hamburgh,
BLUSSARD NOIR. — Bunches, about medium size, not so large as
those of Black Hamburgh, and not shouldered. Berries, medium
sized, roundish oval. Skin, tender, dark brownish red, almost black,
covered with thin bloom. Flesh, tender, juic}^ and agreeably but not
richly flavoured.
The vine is a very strong grower, bears freely, and has a fine,
robust, and healthy constitution, and might prove useful as a stock on
which to graft other varieties. The leaves die off" yellow.
Bocksaugen. See BUick Hamburgh.
Bockshoden. See Black Hamburgh.
Boston. See Black Pnnce.
Boudales. See CEillade.
Bowood Muscat. See Muscat of Alexandria.
Brizzola. See Barbarossa.
BUCKLAND SWEETWATER.— Bunches, large, shouldered, and
well set ; heart-shaped. Berries, large, round, inclining to oval. Skin,
thin, transparent, pale green, becoming pale amber when ripe. Flesh,
tender, melting, and very juicy, sweet, and well flavoured. Seeds,
rarely more than one in each berry.
This is a very excellent and valuable* early white grape, producing
large bunches. It ripens well in an ordinary vinery, and is of a very
hardy constitution.
The first that was heard of this grape was at a meetinj^ of the British Pomo-
logical Society on September 4th, 1856, when Mr. I very, a nurseryman at Dorking,
exhibited a bunch of the fruit. On the 2nd of October it was again exhibited,
under the name of Ivery's White Seedling. It was highly commended and pro-
nounced worthy of general cultivation. Eventually it transpired that it was raised
at Buckland, near Dorking, and it then acquired the name of Buckland Sweet-
water.
Burchardt's Amber Cluster. See Earhj White Malvasia.
Burchardt's Prince. See Aramo:i.
Burgundy. See Black Cluster.
Busby's Golden Hamburgh. See Golden Hamburgh.
378 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
CABKAL. — Bunches, medium sized, not shouldered, well set.
Berries, very large, roundish oval. Skin, yellowish white, tough, and
membranous, covered with thin white bloom. Berry-stalks very short,
thick, and warted, having a very large warted receptacle. Flesh, firm,
very juicy, rather sweet, and inclining to be rich when highly ripened,
but generally with a watery juice and a poor Sweetwater flavour.
A beautiful and showy Spanish grape, requiring a high temperature
to have it in perfection. The leaves die off yellow.
CAILLABA (Caillaba Noir Miisque). — Bunches, small, cylindrical,
and with a short shoulder. Berries, rather below medium size, round.
Skin, thin, but membranous, black. Flesh, rather firm, juicy, and
sweet, with a fine Muscat flavour.
This is a good and early form of Black Frontignan, and ripens in a
cool vinery about the beginning or middle of September. The vine is
delicate, and requires high cultivation.
It is cultivated principally in the department of the Haute Pyrenees, and it was
brought into notice by M. Bose, the celebrated French writer on agriculture. It
ripens very well in the open air about Tours, where I ate it in the vineyard of
Count Odart in the latter end of September, 1864. Mr. Barron gives this as a
synonym of Angers Frontignan, which cannot be right, as this was in existence
long before that variety was raised by M. Vibert.
CALABRIAN RAISIN {Ilaisin de C«?«ir^). — Bunches, large,
slightly shouldered, long, and tapering, sometimes upwards of a foot
in length. Berries, large, quite round. Skin, thick, but so transpa-
rent that the texture of the flesh and the stones are distinctly visible ;
white. Flesh, moderately firm, with a sugary juice and good flavour.
This is a late and long-hanging grape, forming an excellent white
companion to West's St. Peter's. It is not of first-rate quality as to
flavour, but is, nevertheless, a valuable grape to grow on account of its
late-keeping properties. The vine is a strong grower and a good
bearer ; succeeds in a cool vinery, and will also stand a good deal of
heat. The leaves die off yellow.
CAMBRIDGE BOTANIC • GARDEN.— Bunches, rarely shouldered.
Berries, large and oval. Skin, brownish black. Flesh, firm, juicy,
sweet, and highly flavoured ; with from two to three seeds in each
berry, while in Black Prince they vary from three to five.
An excellent out-door grape, ripening well against a wall, and well
adapted for a cold vinery. Mr. Rivers found it well suited for pot
culture. It has been said to be identical with Black Prince, with which
it is in many instances confounded ; but it differs from that variety in
having shorter and much more compact bunches.
Campanella Bianca. See Boyal Muscadine.
CANON HALL MUSCAT.— Bunches, large, long, tapering, and
well shouldered. Berries, large, round. Skin, greenish yellow, be-
coming pale yellow when well ripened. Flesh, firm, juicy, richly
flavoured with a powerful Muscat aroma.
GEAPES. 379
This differs from its parent, the Muscat of Alexandria, in having
better set and more tapering bunches, and rather hxrger and rounder
berries. The vine is of more robust growth, and the flowers have six,
and sometimes seven, stamens ; but the fruit is not so highly flavoured
as that of Muscat of Alexandria.
Raised at Canon Hall, near Barnslej.
CATALANESCA NERA. — Bunches, large, long, tapering, and
shouldered. Berries, olivoid ; beny-stalks, dark purple. Skin, thick,
jet black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh, very firm, and, when
allowed to hang till the spring, very rich and vinous.
A first-rate, late-hanging grape, the rich flavour of which is not
apparent till the fruit has hung till about January and February. It
does very well in an ordinary vinery, but is better in a Muscat house.
The vine is a very robust grower, and the leaves, which are very
handsome, die ofi" pale yellow.
CATAWBA {Arkansas; Catawba Tokay; Lebanon Seedling ; Bed
Murrey; Singleton). — Bunches, medium sized, shouldered. Berries,
medium sized, round. Skin, thick, pale red, becoming a deeper colour
as it ripens, and covered with a lilac bloom. Flesh, somewhat glutin-
ous, juicy, sweet, and musky.
A popular American dessert grape, and used also for wine. It is
very productive, and very hardy. It is one of the *' Fox Grapes," and
was found in Maryland by Major Adlum, of Georgetown, D.C., by
whom it was introduced to notice.
Cevana Dinka. See Grizzly Frontignan.
Champion Hamburgh. See Black Champion and Mill Hill Ham-
burgh.
Champion Hamburgh Muscat. See Muscat Champion.
CHAOUCH {Chavoush). — Bunches, about nine inches long, very
loose, tapering, and shouldered. Berries, large and oval. Skin, of a
pale amber colour when quite ripe, thin, and adhering closely to the
flesh. Flesh, firm, juicy, and agreeably flavoured.
A second-rate grape, introduced from the Levant. It sets its fruit
very badly, both when forced in this country, and also on the shores
of the Mediterranean, where I have seen it in a very miserable con-
dition, even when under the most advantageous conditions.
CHAPTAL. — Bunches, large. Berries, large and round, inclining
to oval. Skin, white. Flesh, juicy and sweet.
A French grape of excellent quality, well adapted for a cool vinery,
where it ripens about the middle of September. The vine is a great
bearer, and, according to Mr. Rivers, is well adapted for pot culture.
Charlesworth Tokay. See Muscat of Alexandria.
380 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Chasselas. . See Royal Muscadine.
Chasselas de Bar-sur-Aiibe. See Earhj Chasselas.
Chasselas Blanc. See rioyal Muscadine.
Chasselas Dore. See Royal Muscadine.
Chasselas Due de Malakoff. See Due de Malakoff.
CHASSELAS DUHAMEL.— This is, in all respects, very much
like Chasselas Vibert, and was raised in the same batch of seedlings.
CHASSELAS DE FALLOUX (Chasselas Rose; Chasselas Rose de
Falloux ; Chasselas Rose Jalahert ; Chasselas Rouge Royal ; Chasselas
de Net/repont). — Bunches, long and compact. -Berries, large, round,
and somewhat flattened. Skin, tough, of a pale yellow colour at first,
but gradually changing to a pale red. Flesh, firm, juicy, sweet, and
refreshing, with a distinct trace of Muscat flavour.
The vine is a great bearer, and well suited for pot culture. The
fruit ripens in September in an ordinary vinery.
Chasselas Hatif de Tenerifi'e. See Royal Muscadine.
CHASSELAS DE FLORENCE.— Bunch, small, cylindrical, and
loose. Berries, small, partly white, and partly of a pale grizzly colour.
Skin, thin, and transparent, showing the veins and the seeds through
it. Flesh, very tender and sweet, with a thin Sweetwater flavour.
This is a form of the Royal Muscadine, which ripens under the same
treatment as that variety, but it is really not worth cultivation.
Chasselas de Fontainbleau. See Royal Muscadine.
Chasselas Hatif de Tonneins. See Early White Malvasia.
Chasselas Imperial Precoce. See Prolific Sweetwater.
Chasselas de Jerusalem. See Frankenthal.
Chasselas de Montauban. See ProUfi,c Sweetwater.
CHASSELAS MARES.— A superior kind of Royal Muscadine, with
much larger berries, and very earlj^
CHASSELAS MUSQUE {Josling's St. Alhans ; Cranford Muscat ;
Graham's Muscat Muscadine; Muscat Muscadine; Muscat Fleur
d' Granger ; Muscat de Jesus; Tokai Musque). — Bunches, long, tapering,
rather loose, and shouldered. Berries, above medium size, round.
Skin, greenish white, changing to pale amber when highly ripened, and
covered with a delicate white bloom. Flesh, firm, rich, sugary, and
with a high Muscat flavour.
A most delicious grape of first-rate quality. It may be grown either
in a cool or warm vinery ; but the berries are very liable to crack,
unless the vine is growing in a shallow border, and the roots and
atmosphere of the house are kept moderately dry when the fruit is
GRAPES. 381
ripening. It is rather an early variety, and ripens in a vinery in the
beginning of September.
Chasselas Musque reproduces itself very freely from seed, hence the
number of its synonyms. In 1845 Mr. Josling, a nurseryman at St.
Albans, introduced it under the name of Josling's St. Albans, and in
1862 it was sent out by Mr. F. J. Graham, of Cranford, Middlesex,
under the name of Graham's Muscat Muscadine, and there is no doubt
but that both of these gentlemen acted in perfect good faith in stating
that they had raised their plants from seed.
Chasselas Mu8qi;e de Nantes. See SalamorCs Frontignan.
Chasselas Musque de Portugal. See Salamoris Fronti(jnan.
Chasselas Musque de Sillery. See Salamoris Frontiijnan.
Chasselas de Negrepont. See Chasselas de Fallnux.
Chasselas Noir. See Black Muscadine.
Chasselas Panache. See Aleppo.
Chasselas Rose. See Chasselas de Falloux.
Chasselas Rose de Falloux. See CJiasselas de Falloux.
CHASSELAS ROYAL. — Mr. Rivers has a variety under this name
which he describes as "Berries, round, large, of a pale amber when
ripe. Bunches, short and thick, with shoulders. A gi-eat bearer. A
new and excellent grape."
Chasselas Rose Jalabert. See Chasselas de Falloux.
Chasselas Rouge. See Red Chasselas.
Chasselas Rouge Fonce. See Bed Chasselas.
Chasselas Rouge Royal. Chasselas de Falloux.
CHASSELAS YIBERT.— Bunches, long, cylindrical, and well set.
Berries, large and round. Skin, thin and transparent, yellowish white,
but when highly ripened, of a fine pale amber colour, and sometimes
wath a rosy tint. Flesh, firm, juicy, sweet, and sprightly, but not
rich.
This, in the form and size of the bunches and berries, resembles the
Prolific Sweetwater ; but it is readily distinguished from all the Sweet-
waters, to which section it belongs, by the bristly pubescence of its
leaves, both above and beneath. I have found it about eight days
earlier than Royal Muscadine. The vine is hardy and prolific, and
well adapted for pot culture. It may be gi'own in a cool vinery.
The leaves die yellow.
Chasselas Violet. See Bed Chasselas.
Chavoush. See Chaouch.
382 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
CHILWELL ALICANTE.— Bunches, large, nine inches to a foot
long, broad shouldered, and with very stout stalks. Berry-stalks, long,
slender, and slightly warted. Berries, large, an inch or more in length,
oblong or oval. Skin, thick and membranous, quite black, covered
with thin bloom. Flesh, tender and very juicy, sweet, and richly
flavoured. Seeds, rarely more than two, and generally only one.
A very excellent grape, superior to the Alicante, from which it was
raised, and with long oval berries like Morocco.
A seedhng raised from Alicante by Mr. Pearson, of Chilwell, near Nottingham,
and which first fruited in 1871.
CIOTAT (Malmsey Muscadine; Parsley -leaved ; Raisin d'Autriche
PetersiUen Gutedel). — Bunches, medium sized, not quite so large as
those of Eoyal Muscadine, shouldered and loose. Berries, medium
sized, round, uneven, with short, thin stalks. Skin, thin, greenish
yellow or white, covered with bloom. Flesh, tender, sweet, and with
the flavour of Eoyal Muscadine, of which this variety is a mere form,
difi'ering in having the leaves very much cut. It ripens in a cool
vinery.
CITRON FRONTIGNAN {Muscat CitroneUe).—BmiQhe^, small and
cylindrical. Berries, medium sized, quite round. Skin, tender, white,
covered with a thin bloom. Flesh, firm and crackling, very juicy, with
a fine brisk citron flavour, and a distinct Frontignan aroma.
A very excellent little grape, well adapted for pot culture. It ripens
freely in an ordinary vinery.
Clive House Seedling. See Alnwick Seedling.
Cooper's Late Black. See Gros Maroc.
Corinthe Blanc. See White Corinth.
Corinthe Noir. See Black Corinth.
CORNICHON BLANC (Finger Grape; White Cucumber; Bee
d'Oiseau; Teta de Vaca). — Bunches, rather small, round, and loose.
Berries, very long, sometimes an inch and a half, and narrow, tapering
to both ends, and just like very large barberries. Skin, thick, green,
and covered with white bloom. Flesh, firm and sweet.
A late-ripening and late-hanging grape of little value, and requires
stove heat to ripen it.
Cranford Muscat. See ChasselasMicsque.
Cranford Muscat Muscadine. See Chasselas Musqus.
Cumberland Lodge. See Frankenthal.
Currant. See Black Corinth.
Damascus. See Black Damascus.
f GRAPES. 383
D'Arboyce. See Royal Muscadine.
De Candolle. See Gromier dii Cantal.
Diamant. See Scotch White Cluster.
Diamant Traube. See Scotch White Cluster.
Diamond Drop. See Dutch Sweetwater.
DOCTOR HOGG. — Bimches, tapering, a foot to eighteen inches
long, and well shouldered. Berries, above medium size, round, three-
quarters to seven-eighths of an inch lq diameter, on stout stalks.
Skin, thin and membranous, not at all astringent, but sweet ;
yellowish green when ripe, becoming of a rich amber colour when highly
ripened. Flesh, firm, sweet, and sprightly, and with a fine Frontignan
flavour.
The finest of the White Frontignan grapes, equalling Chasselas
Musque in flavour, but much superior to it in size of the bunches and
the berries, the latter of which never crack their skin as that variety
invariably does.
It was raised by Mr. John Pearson, of Chilwell, Nottingham, from Duchess of
Buccleuch, and received a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society
in 1872.
DUCHESS OF BUCCLEUCH.— Bunches, long and tapering,
sometimes more than a foot in length, well set and shouldered.
Berries, rather small and round. Skin, white or rather greenish,
assuming a yellowish tinge as the fruit attains maturity, covered with a
thin grey bloom. Flesh, tender, and very juicy, with a rich, Muscat
flavour.
This excellent grape will ripen in a cool house.
It was raised by Mr. William Thomson, when gardener to his Grace the Dake
of Buccleuch, at Dalkeith Park.
DUG DE MALAKOFF (Chasselas Due de Malakof}.— This is a
form of the Sweetwater, but somewhat earlier. In all respects it so
nearly resembles this variety that it is not worth growing as distinct.
From what I have seen of it, it sets as badly as the Sweetwater, and
produces a bunch with a few large and a great many small berries.
DUIvE OF BUCCLEUCH.— Bunch, large, ovate, from eight to ten
inches long, with large broad shoulders. Stalk, thick, rather gross and
fleshy. Berries, enormously large, roundish in form, inclining to
oblate, with a large style-point. Skin, thin, pale greenish amber,
becoming of a rich amber when fully ripened. Flesh, tender, very
juicy, with a rich sprightly Hamburgh flavour, exceedingly pleasant.
The berries rarely possess more than two seeds, so that the volume
of pulp in a single berry is very great.
This is the largest-berried white grape in cultivation ; succeeds under
38-1 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
the same treatment as Black Hamburgh, and ripens some weeks earlier
than that variety. Plant of strong and robust growth, like that of the
Canon Hall Muscat, and a very free and fruitful bearer.
Raised at Dalkeith Park, Midlothian, by Mr. Wm. Thomson, now of Cloven-
fords, N.B. It received a first-class certificate from the Koyal Horticultural
Society in 1872. Many growers have failed to cultivate this fine grape success-
fully, and have consequently tended to depreciate its merits. Mr. William
Thomson has grown it on a very large scale for some years, and produced the
fruit in the greatest perfection. His brother, Mr. David Thomson, at Drumlanrig
Castle, also finds no difficulty whatever with it.
DUTCH HAMBURGH {Wilmofs Hamburgh).— Bunches, medium
sized, compact, and rarely shouldered. Berries, very large, roundish,
oblate, uneven, and hammered. Skin, thick, very black, and covered
with a thin bloom. Flesh, pretty firm, coarse, and not so highly
flavoured as the Black Hamburgh.
It ripens in an ordinary vinery. The berries are much larger and
more flattened than those of the Black Hamburgh, and are generally
hollow in the centre. Though a very showy fruit it is much inferior in
quality to the Black Hamburgh.
It is called Wilmot's Hamburgh from having been grown very successfully by
Mr. Wilmot, an extensive market gardener of Isle worth,
DUTCH SWEETWATER (Perle Blanche).— BunGhes, rather above
medium size, shouldered, and very loose, containing many badly-deve-
loped berries. Berries, large and round. Skin, thin and transparent,
exhibiting the veins of the flesh ; white, and covered with a thin bloom,
and, when highly ripened, streaked with traces of russet. Flesh,
tender, very juicy, sweet, and with a fine delicate flavour.
A well-known and excellent early grape, whose greatest fault is the
irregularity with which its bunches are set.
EARLY ASCOT FRONTIGNAN (Ascot Frontig^ian).— Bunches, of
medium size, slightly shouldered. Berries, round, of medium size ;
clear amber colour. Flesh, tender, extremely sweet and luscious,
with a fine Frontignan flavour.
A remarkably early grape, which ripens well against a wall in the
open air. Grown under the same circumstances as Black Hamburgh,
it ripens fully a month earlier than that variety.
It was raised by Mr, John Standish, of Ascot, from Muscat de Saumur fertilised
by Chasselas Musque.
EARLY AUVERGNE FRONTIGNAN (Ei(genien Frontignan;
Muscat (lit Pug de Dome ; Muscat Frecoce dii Pug de Dome ; Muscat
Eugenien). — This is an early form of the White Frontignan, with a
short cylindrical bunch, and round berries, which are not so thickly
set as in the White Frontignan. The flesh is tender and juicy, and
with a pleasant Muscat flavour.
EARLY BLACK BORDEAUX (Black Bordeaux). — Bunches,
GRAPES. 385
medium sized. Berries, about medium size, round. Skin, quite
black, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh, tender and juicy, and
sweeter than the Hamburgh, to which it has some resemblance in
flavour.
This ripens fully a month before the Black Hamburgh in the same
house and position, and is an excellent early black grape.
Early Black. See Black Cluster,
EARLY BLACK FIlONTIGNAN(3/?65cai Precoce ^'Jom^.— Berries,
below medium size, and round. Skin, black. Flesh, rich and juicy,
with a rich Frontignan flavour.
A small and insignificant grape, the only merit of which is its
earliness.
The vine is more robust in its habit than the August Muscat, and
the fruit ripens against a wall.
This is oue of the seedlings of the late M. Vibert, of Angers.
EARLY CHASSELAS {Chasselas Hdtif ; Chassdas de Bar-sur-
Aube : Krach Gutedel). — This is very similar to the Royal Muscadine
in general appearance, and has, therefore, been frequently confounded
with it ; but it is a very distinct variety when obtained true, and
is readily known by its very firm crackling flesh, which is richly
flavoured.
The vine may be distinguished by its small quantity of foUage, which
is somewhat hairy, and by the leaf-stalk being frequently warted.
EARLY GREEN MADEIRA {Vert Precoce de Ma^r^).— Bunches,
of good size, cylindrical, slightly compact. Berries, medium sized,
oval. Skin, of a green colour, which it retains till its perfect maturity,
when it becomes a little clearer, but still preserving the green tinge.
Flesh, with a rich and sugary flavour.
This is one of the earliest grapes, and ripens in a cool vinery from
the beginning to the middle of August. It will also succeed against a
wall in the open air ; but, of course, is not then so early. It bears
considerable resemblance to the Verdelho, but is said to be earlier than
that variety. I have not been able to examine the two growing under
the same circumstances.
Early Kienzheim. See Early White Malvasia,
Early Leipzic. See Early White Malvasia,
EARLY MALINGRE {Madeleine Blanche de Malimjre ; Malingre ;
Precoce de Malingre ; Precoce Blanc). — Bunches, of pretty good size,
but loose and badly set. Berries, very small, round, inclining to oval.
Skin, white. Flesh, rather richly flavoured, juicy, and sugary.
One of the earliest grapes, ripening in a cool vinery in the beginning
of August ; and in the open air, against a wall, it is the earliest white
grape. The vine forms a handsome bush, and is well suited for pot
25
886 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
culture ; but the bunches are so ill set and the berries so small, that
the sort is not worth growing, notwithstanding its rich and sweet
flavour.
EAKLY SAUMUR FRONTIGNAN (Muscat de Saumur ; Muscat
Hdtif de Saumur; Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller ; Frecoce Musque).
— Bunches, small, shouldered, and very compact. Berries, medium
sized, round, frequently very much flattened. Skin, thin, beautifully
transparent, white, assuming an amber tinge towards maturity, and
marked with tracings of russet like the Royal Muscadine. Flesh,
firm, rich, sugary, and juicy, with the distinct Muscat aroma.
A first-rate and very early grape, ripening with the Black July.
The vine is an abundant bearer, and may be grown either in a cool
vinery or against a wall in the open air, and it is valuable for pot
culture.
It was raised in 1842 by M. Courtiller, of Saumur, from seed of Iscliia.
EARLY SILVER FRONTIGNAN (Muscat Bif ere). —Bunches, of
good size, cylindrical. Berries, large and round. Skin, thin, pale
green, covered with a thin white silvery bloom. Flesh, very tender
and juicy, not very richly flavoured, and with an agreeable Muscat
flavour, which is not so powerful as in Chasselas Musque or White
Frontignan.
In the south of Europe it produces a second crop from the young
shoots, which is frequently more abundant than the first.
EARLY SMYRNA FRONTIGNAN (Muscat de Smyrne; Isaker
Daisiko). — The bunch and berries are not so large as those of the old
White Frontignan. Bunches, well set, about six or seven inches long,
not shouldered, cylindrical. Berries, about the size of those of Royal
Muscadine, of a tine rich amber colour when fully ripe, and sometimes
dotted over with minute rose-coloured dots. The flesh is melting, very
juicy, and with a fine brisk Muscat flavour, in which is a distinct
orange-flower aroma.
This is a sort well worth cultivating, and it may possibly succeed out
of doors, as it ripens as early as the Royal Muscadine. It belongs to
the White Frontignan, and not to the Chasselas Musque class, and
shows no trace of cracking in the berries.
EARLY WHITE FRONTIGNAN (Muscat Primavis).— -This has
very generally been regarded as synonymous with Chasselas Musque,
in consequence of that variety having been received under the same
name from the Continent. The true one, however, is a form of White
Frontignan ; earlier than it is, and about eight or ten days later than
Early Saumur Frontignan. It may be distinguished from the White
Frontignan by the much shorter joints of the wood, and consequent
crowding of the leaves, which in the young state are much more red
GRAPES. 387
than those of the White Frontignan. The bunches and berries are not
larger ; the latter are covered with a thick white bloom, and the flavour,
which is rich, is not so much of the Muscat.
EARLY WHITE MALVASIA {Grove-End Siceetivater ; Early
Leipslc ; Mornas Ckasselas ; White Metier ; Burchardt's Amber Cluster ;
Early Kienzhcim ; Blanc Precoce de Kienzheim ; Precoce de Kienzheim ;
Metier Blanc Hdtif; Chasselas Hdtif de Tonneins ; Friiher Leipziger ;
Weisse Cibebe). — Bunches, about medium size, six to eight inches long,
loose, tapering, and occasionally shouldered. Berries, medium sized,
roundish oval. Skin, thin, and transparent, greenish white, but be-
coming yellow at maturity, and covered with white bloom. Flesh,
abundant, very juicy, sweet, and rich.
One of the earliest grapes known. It ripens in a cool vinery about
the beginning or middle of August, and also against a wall in the open
air. The vine is an excellent bearer, and succeeds well when grown in
pots. The leaves die pale bright yellow.
It is called Grove End Sweetwater from having been introduced by Mr. William
Atkinson, of Grove End, PadtUngton, the site of which is now represented by
Grove End Road, St. John's Wood. He was an architect, and design^^d and built
all the walls and houses in the original Horticultural Society's girden a: Chiswic&.
Epirant. See Espiran,
Erbalus. See TrebUano,
Espagnin Noir. See Alicante.
Esperione. See Espiran.
ESPIRAN (Tumei-'s Black; Aspirant; Aspirant Noir; Epirant;
Esperione; Spirant). — Bunches, large and loose. Berries, large and
quite round, marked on the sides with the sutures of the carpels, and
with a distinct style-point on the apex. Skin, dark, blackish purple,
covered with blue bloom. Flesh, rather firm than tender, juicy, sweet,
and briskly flavoured.
This is a very distinct grape from either the Black Hamburgh or
Frankenthal, with both of which of late years it has by some been
confounded. The berries are as round and smooth as bullets, and
loosely set on the bunch, and the leaves die ofl" a rich purple colour.
Eugenien Frontignan. See Early Auvergne Frontignan.
FENDANT ROSE {Fendant Eoux; Tokay cles Jar dins). —Bunch,
long and cylindrical, occasionally shouldered. Berries, medium sized,
of a pale red or grizzly colour. Flesh, tender, sweet, and with the
flavour of the Royal Muscadine. A variety of Red Chasselas, re-
sembling Chasselas de Falloux and Red Chasselas. It produces a large
bunch, and is very fertile.
FERDINAND DE LESSEPS.— Bunches, about the size of those
388 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
of Koyal Muscadine, shouldered and tapering. Berries, about the size
of those of that variety, oval. Skin, of a fine deep amber colour,
membranous. Flesh, tender, juicy, and melting, with a very rich and
peculiar flavour, composed of a mixture of Muscat and strawberry.
This is a fine grape, and ripens well in a house without fire heat.
It was raised by Mr. John Pearson, of Chilwell, from Royal Muscadine, crossed
by the Strawberry Grape, and was awarded a first-class certificate by the Royal
Horticultural Society in 1870.
FERRAL (Large Black Ferral; Baisindes Balkans; Sabahkanskoi).
— Bunches, very large, long, and loose. Berries, very large, long oval,
or rather oblong. Skin, thick and tough, adhering to the flesh, of a
dark mahogany red, and almost black at the point. Flesh, firm,
coarse, and with a very indifi'erent flavour.
A large showy grape, but very coarse, and worthless as a dessert
fruit.
FINTINDO. — A variety very much resembling Frankenthal.
Finger Grape. See Coniichon Blanc.
Flame-coloured Tokay. See Lomhardy.
Fleischtrauben. See Black Hamburgh.
FOSTER'S WHITE SEEDLING.— Bunches, large, shouldered,
and well set. Berries, rather large, roundish oval. Skin, greenish
yellow, becoming a clear amber when ripe. Flesh, tender, melting,
very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A fine showy grape of first-rate quality. It ripens at the same time
as Royal Muscadine, and is superior to it. The leaves die bright
yellow.
Raised about the year 1835 by Mr. Foster, gardener to Lord Downe, Bening-
borough Hall, York. This and Lady DoMne's Seedling were both obtained
at the same time from the same pot of seedlings, which were the result of a cross
between Black Morocco and White Sweetwater.
FRANKENTHAL [Black Tripoli ; Merrick's Victoria ; Pope Ham-
htirgh ; Victoria Hamburgh ; Gros Bleu ; Chasselas de Jerusalem). —
Bunches, large, and heavily shouldered. Berries, roundish, frequently
oblate, and rarely roundish oval, sometimes hammered and scarred, as
in the Dutch Hamburgh. Skin, thick, adhering to the flesh, deep
black purple, covered with bloom. Flesh, firm, and often forming a
hollow cell round the seeds, juicy, sugary, sprightly, and richly
flavoured.
This is very frequently met with in gardens under the name of Black
Hamburgh, from which it is distinguished by its round, frequently
oblate, and hammered berries.
I am often in great doubt as to whether this is really distinct from
Black Hamburgh. I remember goiug to Buscot Park in 1839, when
GRAPES, 389
Merrick was gardener there, and seeing the vine which was named
Victoria Hamburgh, and which was said to have been a seedling raised
there. The impression on my mind was that it was certainly distinct
from the Black Hamburgh.
Frankenthal Blanc. See White Frankenthal,
Frankenthaler. See Black Hamburgh,
Free de la Boulaye. See Prolific Sweetwater,
Friiher Leipziger. See Early White Malvada,
Garnston Black Hamburgh. See Black Hamburgh.
GENERAL BELLA MARMORA.— A variety much res- moling
Buckland Sweetwater, with which some consider it synonymous, while
others think it differs in being a better bearer.
Golden Frontignan. See SalamorCs Frontignan,
GOLDEN CHAMPION.— Bunches, large, eight to nine inches long ;
ovate in shape, well shouldered, and with a very thick fleshy stalk.
Berries, very large, an inch and three-eighths long, and from an inch
and an eighth to an inch and a quarter broad, oval or ovate, with very
stout waned stalks. Skin, thin, pale yellow, and becoming amber
when fully ripe. Flesh, firm, very juicy, and with the flavour of
Black Hamburgh.
A large and very handsome early grape, which as a rule does not
hang long ; but along with its relative Duke of Buccleuch is one of the
largest grapes in cultivation.
It was raised by Mr. William Thomson, at Dalkeith Palace Gardens, in 1863,
and was the result of a cross between Mill Hill Hamburgh and Bowood Muscat.
It received a tirst-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural {Society in July,
1868.
GOLDEN HAMBURGH (Luglienga Bianca ; Busby's Golden Ham-
burgh ; Stockwood Park Golden Hamburgh). — Bunches, large, loose,
branching, and shouldered. Berries, large and oval. Skin, thin, of a
pale yellow colour, but when highly ripened, pale amber. Flesh,
tender and melting, very juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous. ' ^- >
An excellent grape, but requires careful cultivation, as it very soon
decays after ripening, particularly at the point of union with the stalk,
when it becomes discoloured. Ripens in a cool vinery, and^forces
well. The leaves die yellow.
In August, 1855, Busby, the gardener at Stockwood Park, near Luton, exhi-
bited a grape at the meeting of the British Pomological Society, which was reported
to have been raised from the Black Hamburgh, crossed by Dutch Sweetwater, and
it was pronounced by the Society to be the best of all the White Grapes except the
Muscats. Busby sold the vine for a large sum to Mr. Veitch, of Chelsea, who sent
it out in 1857. Suspicion was aroused that the vine had not been raised by Busby
990 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
as lie represented, but was brought from the south of Europe by his master, Mr.
Crawley ; and it eventually turned out that this reputed seedling was none other
than Luglienga Bianca, an Italian grape, which was growing in the Horticultural
Society's Garden.
GOLDEN QUEEN. — Bunches, nine inches long, with a stout
stalk, long, tapering, and well shouldered, like Muscat of Alexandria.
Berry-stalks, rather long, but stout and warted. Berries, upwards of
an inch, and sometimes an inch and a quarter long; oblong or oval.
Skin, membranous, of a clear amber colour. Flesh, firm and crackling,
very juicy, and richly flavoured.
This is a fine grape, and the constitution of the vine is very good.
It requires a high temperature to ripen it properly.
It was raised by Mr. John Pearson, of Chilwell, Nottingham, from Alicante,
crossed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, and was awarded a first-class certificate by the
Royal Horticultural Society in 1873.
Graham's Muscat Muscadine. See Chasselas Musqne.
Grauer Muskateller. See Bed Frontignan,
Grec Rouge. See Gromier du Cantal.
Grizzly Frontignan. See Bed Frontignan.
GROMIER DU CANTAL {Barbaroux ; De Candolle ; Grec Bouge ;
Gros Gromier du Cantal ; Malaga ; Baisin du Pauvre ; Baisin de
Servie). — Bunches, large, a foot long, broad, and shouldered. Berries,
large and round. Skin, very thin, amber-coloured, mottled with light
purplish brown. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk vinous
flavour.
Requires a warm vinery to ripen it, and it does not keep long after
being ripe. In some of the vineyards of France, and particularly in
those of Tarn-et-Garonne, it is called Alicante.
Gros Bleu. See Frankenthal.
Gros Colman. See Grosse Kdlner,
Gros Colmar. See Grosse Kdlner,
Gros Coulard. See Prolific Sweetwater,
Gros Gromier du Cantal. See Gromier du Cantal,
GROS GUILLAUME [Pennington Hall Hamburgh ; Seacliffe
Black). — Bunches, twelve to eighteen inches long, shouldered,
taperiug, and compact. Berries, round, inclining to oval. Skin,
tough, but not thick, of a deep black colour, covered with thin bloom.
Flesh, tecder, juicy, and of good flavour, though not rich.
This is a valuable large grape, hanging all the winter, and keeping
well till the middle of March, when it is particularly rich, and has a
fine sprightly flavour. It is only after hanging that it acquires its best
•condition. The vine is a bad bearer, except in poor soils, and it
GR-iPES. 891
requires tlie aid of artificial heat to ripen the fruit properly. The.
leaves die dark purple mottled.
Gros Guillaume requires abundance of space and free exposure to
light ; and by the long rod system of pruning it, larger bunches are
produced than by the spurring system. With these advantages and a
high temperature this tine grape can be grown to great perfection. A
bunch was grown by Mr. Roberts, gardener at TuUamore, Ireland,
which weighed 23 lb. 5 oz.
It was introduced by Sir John Mordaunt, of "Walton Hall, near Stratford-on-
Avon, alonfj with several other varieties, ineludinj^ Black Champion, somewhere
about the year 1840, under the name of Barharossa, and it was sold out on a small
scale by Mr. J. Butcher, nurseryman, of Stratford-on-Avon. It was not till about
IH50 that it bc;?an to appear in the cataloyues of a few of the large nurseries.
During my investigations among the vineyards of the south of Europe from ISfiO
to 1866 I discovered it under its proper name of Gros Guillaume, which I restored.
GROS MAROC (Coopefs Late Black). — Bunches, large, long, and
shouldered, and with a stout stalk. Berries, large and oval. Skin,
thick, of a deep reddish purple, becoming quite black when thoroughly
ripened and well grown, and covered with an abundant blue bloom.
Flesh, tender, sweet, and richly flavoured.
This is an excellent grape, and ripens along with the Black Ham-
burgh. It is frequently confounded with the Gros Damas, from which
it is distinguished by its smoother and more deeply-cut leaves, shorter
jointed wood, and earlier ripeniog. It requires rather more heat than
the Black Hamburgh, and when well grown is one of the handsomest
grapes in cultivation.
Grosse Blauc. See Grosse Kdlner,
Grosse Pause. See Pause Jaime.
GROSSE PERLE BLANCHE.— Bunches, large, loose, and taper-
ing. Berries, of large size, oval, and in shape resembling those of
Muscat of Alexandria. Skin, thick and tough, of a pale amber colour
when quite ripe. Flesh, firm and cracklings but without any flavour.
This is very like Pause Jaune, but sets its fruit very much better.
GROS ROMAIX, — This is a large, round-berried grape, of a deep
amber colour, which Mr. Rivers says is of a nice flavour ; but the fruit
sets badly. It is quite distinct from White Romain.
Grosser Burgunder. See Black Hamburgh.
GROSSE KOLNER {Qros Colman ; Gros Colmar : Blauer Kdlner;
Grosse BJaue ; Kriechentraube ; Velka Modrina ; Yelki Urbainshak ;
Yolovna : Zherna Morshina ; Pomcranzentraube). — Bunches, large,
short, thick, and shouldered. Berry-stalks, short and finely warted.
Berries, very large, round, sometimes inclining to oblate ; the style-
point depressed. Skin, thick and tough, adhering closely to the flesh ;
dark purple or black, covered with a pretty thick bloom. Flesh,
892 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
coarse, juicy, sweet, and unless the fruit is highly ripened in heat it is
harshly and not agreeably flavoured.
This is a very handsome grape, but it requires a considerable amount
of heat to ripen it, and it hangs late. It is aptly called the Orange
Grape by the Germans.
A native of the East, Grosse Kolner colours very slowly and
gradually, and requires a temperature equal to that necessary to ripen
Muscat of Alexandria, and then it is delicious, especially if allowed to
hang till it begins to shrivel.
Tt was first introduced to this country by the late Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth,
from M. Vibert, of Angers ; but, finding it did not ripen with the same treatment
as Black Hamburgh, he discarded it. It was introduced a second time by the late
Mr. Standish, of Ascot, from M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and through him its
popularity was established ; but it is mainly through the successful cultivation of
it by Mr. W. Thomson, of the Tweed Vineries, that its reputation is so widely
extended.
The first trace I find of it in Western Europe is in De Bavay's Catalogue of 18.52,
where it is called Gros Colman ; then I find it in that of Jacquemet-Bonnefont
of Annonay, for 1855, under the name of Gros Colmar, and both of these are
corruptions of Grosse Kolner.
Grove-End Sweetwater. See Early White Malvasia.
Gutedel. See Royal Muscadine.
Hammelshoden. See Black HamhurgJt.
Hampton Court. See Black Hamburgh.
Horsforth Seedling. See Morocco.
Hudler. See Black Hamburgh,
Huttler. See Black Hamburgh,
INGRAM'S HARDY PROLIFIC MUSCAT.— Bunchef^, long and
tapering, not shouldered, from nine inches to a foot in length. Berries,,
medium sized, perfectly oval, and well set. Skin, quite black, covered
with blue bloom. Flesh, moderately firm, juicy, sugary, with a^
sprightly and rich flavour, having a faint trace of Muscat aroma.
This is an excellent grape, and remarkably prolific. The wood is
very short-jointed, and the vine, which succeeds well in a cool green-
house, is very subject to mildew.
It was raised by the late Mr. Thomas Ingram, garderer to Her Majesty at Frog-
more, and received a first-class certificate Irom the Iloyal Horticultural Society in
1861.
ISABELLA. — Bunches, large. Berries, large and oval. Skin, thin,
of a dark purple colour, almost black, and covered with bloom. Flesh,
tender, juicy, sweet, and vinous, with a musky flavour.
This IS a variety of Vitis Labrusca, a native American grape, culti-
vated in the open air in the United States, both for the dessert and for
wine ; but it is not of much account in England.
GRAPES, 393
ISCHIA (Noir Precoce de Genes ; Uva di tri volte). — The bunches
and berries of this variety very much resemble those of Black Cluster ;
but the fruit ripens as early as that of Black July, and is very much
superior in flavour to that variety. Berries, medium sized, black,
very juicy, sweet, and vinous.
The vine is very vigorous and luxuriant in its growth, and bears
abundantly, if not pruned too closely. In Italy it produces three crops
in a year by stopping the shoot two or three joints beyond the last
bunch, just as the flower has fallen and the berries set ; new shoots are
started from the joints that are left, and also bear fruit, and these
being again stopped, a third crop is obtained. This variety succeeds
admirably against a wall in the open air.
Jacob's Traube. See Black July,
Jew's. See Syrian.
Joannec. See St. John*s.
Joannenc. See St. John's.
Josling's St. Albans. See Chasselas Mmqu',
July. See Black July,
JULY FRONTIGNAN (Muscat de J idUet).— This is a very early
variety, having a distinct Muscat flavour. It was introduced by
Mr. Rivers, who describes it as follows : — Berries, round, purple, of
medium size, rich, juicy, and excellent.
This grape will ripen on a wall, as it is one of the earliest of its race,
and is well adapted for pot culture in the orchard-house.
JURA FRONTIGNAN (Muscat Noir de Ji^ra).— Bunches, long
and tapering, very slightly shouldered, and larger than those of Black
Frontignan. Berries, above medium size, round, and well set. Skin,
deep purplish black, covered with thin blue bloom. Flesh, tender,
very juicy, richly flavom'ed, and with a fine, but not powerful Muscat
aroma.
This is a valuable grape. The vine is a prolific bearer. The leaves
die purple mottled.
Kempsey Alicante. See Morocco,
Knevett's Black Hamburgh. See Black Hamburgh,
Krach Gutedel. See Early Chasselas.
Kriechentraube. See Grosse Kdlner.
Laan Hatif. See Scotch White Cluster,
LADY DOWNE'S. — Bunches, shouldered, from eight to ten inches
long, and rather loose. Berries, above medium size, roundish oval.
Skin, rather thick, tough, and membranous, reddish purple at first, but
394 THE FRriT MANUAL.
becoming quite black when fully coloured, and covered with a delicate
bloom. Flesh, dull opaline white, very firm, sweet, and richly flavoured,
with a faint trace of Muscat flavour, but not so, much as to include it
among Muscats. Seeds, generally in pairs.
This is a very valuable grape, and may be ripened with the heat of
an ordinary vinery. It forces well, and will hang till the month of
March without shrivelling or discolouration of either berries or stalks.
The vine is a vigorous grower and an abundant bearer, seldom pro-
ducing less than three bunches on each shoot. I have seen bunches
of this grape ripened in August, hang till March, and preserve all their
freshness, even at that late season, when the berries were plump and
delicious.
Grafted on the Black Hamburgh the berries are much increased in
size, but the flavour is not improved. On Gros Guillaume it does not
succeed so well, but the flavour is improved, and the fruit does not
hang so long as when on its own roots. The leaves die bright yellow.
Raised by Mr. Foster, gardener to Lord Downc, at Beningborough Hall, York,
from Black Morocco, crossed with Sweetwater, about tlie year 1835. It was from
the same pot of seedlings as Foster's White Seedling was obtained.
Large Black Ferral. See Ferral.
Lashmar's Seedling. See ^S^ John's.
Lebanon Seedling. See Catawba.
Le Coeur. See Morocco.
LIERYAL'S FRONTIGNAN {Muscat L?Vrr«/).— Bunches, quite
small, cylindrical, and well set. Berries, small, round, covered with a
thick bloom. Skin, tender, quite black. Flesh, tender and sweet, with
a slight Muscat flavour. Seeds, very large for the size of the berry.
A very early grape, but much too small for general cultivation.
LOMBABDY {Flame-coloured Tokay; BeilBhenish; Bed TauriJa ;
Wantage). — Bunches, very large, shouldered, closely set, and hand-
gome ; sometimes weighing from six to seven pounds. Berries, large
and round, inclining to oval. Skin, pale red or flame-coloured. Flesh,
firm, sweet, and well-flavoured, but only second-rate.
This requires a high temperature to ripen it. The vine is a verj*
strong grower, and requires a great deal of room, but it is a good
bearer. Tlie only recommendation to this variety is the great size of
the bunches and beauty of the fruit.
Longford's Incomparable. See Black Prince.
Long Noir d'Espagne. See Trentham Black.
Luglienga Bianca. See Golden Hamburgh.
Macready's Early White. See St. John's.
MADEIRA FRONTIGNAN {Muscat Noir de Madere; Muscat Bouge
de Madere). — Bunches, of medium size, rather compact. Berries, above
GRAPES. 895
medium size, round. Skin, reddish purple. 'Flesh, very juicy and
rich, with a high Muscat flavour.
This is an excellent grape, and ripens well in a cool vinery at the
same season as the Black Hamburgh.
De la Madeleine. Sec Black July,
Madeleine Blanche de Malingre. See Early Malingre.
Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller. See Early Saumur Frontignan,
Madeleine Noir. See Black July.
:iADRESFIELD COURT.— Bunches, large, long, and tapering,
well shouldered, and with a short, stout stalk. Berry-stalks, short,
stout, and warted. Berries, large, oval, or oblong, even in size. Skin,
tough and membranous, but not thick and coarse, quite black, and
covered with a fine bloom. Flesh, greenish or opaline, tender, juicy,
rich, and with an appreciable Frontignan flavour, though not so marked
as in the Frontignans and Muscats.
A very excellent grape, of the greatest merit. It ripens in an ordinary
vinery without fire heat, if necessary, but like all grapes is improved
by the use of it. Some have failed in growing it properly by subjecting
it to too high a temperature. In seasons when the autumn is cold and
wet, the house in which Madrcsfield Court is grown should be slightly
heated, otherwise the berries are very apt to mould and rot.
It was rmised by Mr. William Cox, gardener to Earl Beancbamp, at Madresfield
Court, Worccsteri«birc, by hybridisinj; Muscat of Alexandria with Morocco. It
was awarded a first-class certiticate by the Royal Horticultural Society in 1868.
Malaga. See Gromier du Cantal,
IMalaga. See Muscat of Alexandria,
Malingre. See Early Malingre,
Malmsey Muscadine. See Ciotat.
Major Murray's. See West's St. Peters,
MARCHIONESS OF HASTINGS.— Bunches, large, loose, and
broadly shouldered. Berries, upwards of an inch long, and about an
inch wide ; oval. Skin, thin, greenish white, covered with thin grey
bloom. Flesh, thin and watery, without any flavour.
This is an early gi'apo, and ripens in an ordinary vinery. Its only
recommendation is the size of the bunches, which may be grown to
weigh four pounds.
Melier Blanc Hatif. See Early White Malvasia.
Meredith's Alicante. See Alicante.
Merrick's Victoria. Soo Frankenthal,
Meunier. See Millers Burgundy.
MEURTHE FRONTIGNAN {Muscat Noir de Meurthe ; Muscat
396 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Violet de Seine et Marne). — Bunches, medium sized, cylindrical, occa-
sionally with a small shoulder, and very compact. Berries, large and
perfectly round, on short, stout, slightly warted green berry-stalks.
Skin, quite black, covered with a thin blue bloom, and marked with a
distinct style-point. Flesh, very firm and crackling, juicy, brisk, sugary,
and rich, with a fine Muscat flavour.
This is one of the finest of all the Black Frontignans, and it succeeds
well in an ordinary vinery.
MILL HILL HAMBURGH (Champion Hamburgh).— Bunches,
very large and shouldered ; thickly set. Berries, very large, round,
inclining to oblate, and hammered. Skin, thin and tender, deep
black, covered with blue bloom. Flesh, very solid, tender, and melt-
ing ; very juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and vinous.
A noble grape of first-rate quality, having the appearance of the
Dutch Hamburgh with the quality of the Black Hamburgh. The plant
is easily distinguished by the pale yellowish green and sickly appear-
ance of its foliage, which has the flaccid look as if the plant were
flagging. See Black Chamjnon.
Miller Grape. See Miller's Burgundy.
MILLER'S BURGUNDY [Miller Grape; Meunier ; Blauer
Mullerrebe). — Bunches, short, cylindrical, and compact, with a long
stalk. Berries, small, round, inclining to oval, uniform in size, with
short, warted stalks. Skin, thin, black, and covered with blue bloom.
Flesh, red, sweet, juicy, and highly flavoured, and contains two seeds.
An excellent grape for out- door cultivation, as it ripens well against
a wall. It is easily distinguished from all other grapes by its ver}'-
downy leaves, which, when they are first expanded, are almost white,
and this they in some degree maintain during the greater part of the
season. On this account it is called " The Miller."
MRS. PEARSON. — Bunches, large, nine inches to a foot long,
tapering, and well shouldered. Stalks, very thick and stout. Berry-
stalks, short, stout, and warted, with a large receptacle. Berries, an
inch long and seven-eighths of an inch wide ; roundish oval. Skin,
membranous, amber-coloured, or with a pinkish tinge when highly
ripened. Flesh, firm, very juicy, exceedingly rich and sugary, inter-
mixed with a fine sprightly flavour.
A delicious grape. The vine has a very robust constitution, as is
evidenced by the very stout bunch and berry-stalks, and the thick
leathery foliage.
It was raised by Mr. John Pearson, of Chilwell, near Nottingham, from the
Alicante crossed by Ferdinand de Lesseps, and is therefore of the same origin
as Golden Queen. It was awarded a iirst-elass certificate by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society in 1874.
MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT.— Bunches, large, well set,
tapering, and shouldered, with a stout stalk. Berries, medium sized,
perfectly oval, set on stout, short, rigid berry-stalks, which are coarsely
GRAPES. 397
warteJ, and furnished with very large bold receptacles, which are also
very coarsely warted. Skin, thick, tough, and membranous, purplish
black, with a thin bloom. Flesh, rather firm, sweet and vinous, with
a fine Muscat flavour.
This is a very valuable grape, as, nothwithstanding its great excellence,
it ripens in a house without artifical heat, and, unlike the other Muscats,
does not require artificial heat to set it. Besides the vine has a re-
markably strong and hardy constitution, sets freely, and the fruit hangs
as late as any other grape. The great fault of this grape is its tardi-
ness, and sometimes its failing to colour well. This, I believe, is due in
a great measure to its being grown in too low a temperature, for it really
requires more heat than Black Hamburgh, both to colour and to flavour
it perfectly. The vine should be allowed to retain as much foliage as
possible, and then the defect of want of colour will be obviated.
This grape was raised from seed by Mrs. Pince, wife of Mr. R. T. Pince, of the
Exeter Nursery, shortly before her death, an(l the vine tirst fruited in 1863, when
it was awaracd a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society.
Mogul. See Morocco.
Mohrentutten. See Black Hamhurf/h,
Money's West's St. Peters. See West's St. Peters.
Morillon Hatif. See Black July,
Morillon Noir. See Black Cluster,
Morillon Panache. See Aleppo,
Mornas Chasselas. See Early White Malvasia.
MOROCCO {Ansley's Large Oval; Black Morocco; Black Muscadel ;
Le Cceur; Horsforth Seedlimf ; Kempsey Alicante; Mogul; lied
Muscadel). — Bunches, large, loose, and shouldered. Berries, of un-
equal size ; some are large and oval. Skin, thick, reddish brown,
becoming black when fully ripe ; beginning to colour at the apex, and
proceeding gradually towards the stalk, where it is generally paler.
Flesh, firm, sweet, but not highly flavoured until it has hung late in the
season, when it is very rich, sprightly, and vinous ;. the small berries are
generally without seeds, and the large ones have rarely more than one.
This is a late-keeping grape of the first quality. It is very late, and
requires stove heat to ripen it thoroughly. It is perhaps one of the
worst to set its fruit ; and to secure anything like a crop, it is necessary
to impregnate the ovaries when the vine is in bloom, by passing the
hand occasionally down the bunch. The efiect of this is explained
under Muscat of Alexandria. The leaves die bright yellow.
It is called Horsforth Seedling from having been well grown by Appleby, the
gardener at Horsforth Hall, near Leeds, and therefore being looked upon as a new
varietv. The same thing occurred some years later, when it was well grown by
Cox, the gardener at Kempsey House, Worcester, and it was shown as a new
variety under the name of Kempsey Alicante.
398 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
MOROCCO PRINCE. — Bunches, medium size or large, of an ovate
shape, well set, and shouldered. Berries, oval, well set. Skin, tough
and membranous, quite black, and covered with thin bloom. Flesh,
rather firm and crackling, adhering to the skin, with a fine, brisk,
vinous flavour.
This is an excellent late grape, and hangs till March, but the vine is
not a good bearer. The leaves die purple.
This was received by the Royal Horticultural Society some years ago, as a cross
between Morocco and Black Prince, and hence it was called Morocco Prince.
Moscatel Commun. See White Frontignan.
Moscatel Gordo Blanco. See Muscat of Alexandria.
Moscatel Menudo. See Red Frontignan.
MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA {Alexandrian Frontignan; Boivood
Muscat; Charlesworth Tokay; Malaga; Muscat Escholata; Muscat
Grec; Muscat of Jerusalem; Muscat of Lunel; Muscat Romain;
Moscatel Gordo Blanco; Pause Musquee ; Passe Musque ; Tottenham
Park Muscat; Tynninqhame Muscat; Uva Salamana). — Bunches, large,
long, loose, and shouldered ; stalk, long. Berries, large, oval, unequal
in size, and with long, slender, warted stalks. Skin, thick, generally
greenish yellow, but when highly ripened a fine pale amber colour, and
covered with thin white bloom. Flesh, firm and breaking, not very
juicy, but exceedingly sweet and rich, with a fine Muscat flavour.
A well-known and most delicious grape, requiring a high temperature
to ripen it thoroughly ; but it may be sufiiciently ripened in a warm
vinery, provided it has a high temperature at the time of flowering and
while the fruit is setting. The vine is an abundant bearer, but the
bunches set badly. To remedy this defect, a very good plan is to draw
the hand down the bunches when they are in bloom, so as to distribute
the pollen, and thereby aid fertilisation. The cause of this defective
fertilisation is the tendency of the stigma to exude a globule of liquid,
which so efiectually protects the stigmatic tissue from the influence of
the pollen that the ovary is not fertilised. Passing the hand over the
bunch, or otherwise agitating it so as to remove moisture, permits the
pollen to come in contact with the stigma. The leaves die pale sulphur
mottled with brown.
It is this grape which furnishes the Muscatel raisins, imported in boxes from
Spain. It was called Muscat Escholata by Daniel Money, a nurseryman and vine
grower at Haverstock Hill, on the road to Hampstead, irom his having named his
}'lace "Eschol Place," in allusion to the brook Eschol, where the Israelite spies got
the large bunch ol' grapes. The names Bowood Muscat, Tottenham Park Muscat,
and Tynninghame Muscat arose from seedhngs having been raised at these places,
which have eventually proved to be merely seminal reproductions of the old
variety.
Muscat d'Aout. See Augmt Frontignan,
Muscat Bifere. See Early Silver Frontignan.
GEAPES. 399
Muscat Blanc. Soe White Frontignan,
MUSCAT CHAMPION {Champion Hamburgh 3i«scat).— Bunches,
very large, resembling those of the Mill Hill Hamburgh ; well shouldered.
Berries, large, roundish, and inclining to oblate, generally much
hammered. Skin, grizzly, inclining to black, and covered with a
delicate bloom. Flesh, tender, juicy, and rich, with a distinct Fron-
tignan flavour.
This is a splendid grape, and one of the best in cultivation. The
bunches and berries are as large as those of Mill Hill Hamburgh, and
the flavour is the same as of that variety, with the fine aroma of the
Frontignans superadded. It succeeds with the same treatment as the
Black Hamburgh ; and ripens well in a house without artificial heat.
It was raised by Mr. William Melville, gardener to the Earl of Rosebery, at
Dalmcny Park, near Edinburgh, by fertilisjing Mill Hill Hamburgh with Canon Hall
Muscat, and it possesses the merits of both parents.
Muscat Citronelle. See Citron Frontignan.
Muscat Escholata. See Muscat of Alexandria.
Muscat Eugenien. See Early Auvergne Frontignan,
Muscat Fleur d' Granger. See Chasselas Masque,
Muscat Grec. See Muscat of Alexandria,
Muscat Gris. See Red Frontignan,
Muscat Hamburgh. See Black Muscat of Alexandria.
Muscat of Jerusalem. See Muscat of Alexandria.
Muscat de Jesus. See Chasselas Masque.
Muscat de Juillet. See July Frontignan.
MUSCAT ST. LAURENT.— Bunches, similar to those of Royal
Muscadine. Berries, small, roundish oval. Skin, thin, greenish yellow,
becoming pale amber when thoroughly ripened. Flesh, very tender,
melting, and juicy, with a refreshing, juicy, and a distinct Muscat
aroma.
This variety, introduced by Mr. Rivers, that gentleman says, is very
early, and will ripen on a wall with the Sweetwater. It is well adapted
for pot culture in the orchard-house and in cool vineries.
Muscat Lierval. See LiervaVs Frontignan.
Muscat of Lunel. See Muscat of Alexandria,
Muscat Muscadine. See Chasselas Musqae.
Muscat Noir de Naples. See Neapolitan Frontignan,
Muscat Noir. See Black Frontignan.
400 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Muscat Noir d' Angers. See Angers Frontlgnan.
Muscat Noir de Jura. See Jura Frontignan,
Muscat Noir de Madere. See Madeira Frontignan.
Muscat Noir de Meurthe. See Meurthe Frontignan.
Muscat Noir Ordinaire. See Black Frontignan.
Muscat Ottonel. See Ottonel Frontignan.
Muscat Precoce d'Aout. See Earhj Black Muscat.
Muscat Precoce du Puy de Dome. See Early Auvergne Fron-
tignan.
Muscat Primavis. See Early White Frontignan.
Muscat du Puy de Dome. See Early Auvergne Frontignan.
Muscat Eegnier. See Salamon's Frontignan.
Muscat Romain. See Muscat of Alexandria.
Muscat Rouge. See Bed Frontignan.
Muscat Rouge de Madere. See Madeira Frontignan,
Muscat de Sarbelle. See Sarbelle Frontignan.
Muscat de Saumur. See Early Saumur Frontignan.
Muscat de Smyrne. See Early Smyrna Frontignan.
Muscat Troveren. See Troveren Frontignan.
Muscat Violet de Seine et Marne. See Meurthe Frontignan.
Muscatellier Noir. See Black Hamburgh.
NEAPOLITAN FRONTIGNAN {Muscat Noir de Naples).—
Bunches, small and well set. Berries, small and round. Skin, very
thick, adhering closely to the flesh, black, and covered with thin bloom.
Flesh, firm, richly and briskly flavoured.
A very nice little Black Frontignan, but too small for general culti-
vation.
Negropont Chasselas. See Chasselas de Falloux,
Nepean's Constantia* See White Frontignan,
Noir Precoce de Genes. See Ischia,
(EILLADE {Boudales; Prunelas; Ulliade; Ulliade Noir Musque;
Ulliade Noir Precoce). — Bunches, medium sized, and with long stalks.
Berries, large, oval, unifoim in size, and dangling from long stalks.
GRAPES. 401
Skin, thin, of a dark purplish black colour, and covered with bloom.
Flesh, firm and crackling, juicy, sweet, and of a rich vinous flavour.
The vine is a very abundant bearer, and ripens its fruit in a cool
vinery, but to have it in perfection it requires the same treatment as
the Frontignans. It is a delicious grape.
Oldaker's West's St. Peter's. See West's St. Peter's,
OTTONEL FRONTIGNAN {Muscat 0«wwZ).— Bunches, small and
well set. Berries, small. Skin, very thick, greenish yellow, becoming
yellow as it ripens. Flesh, tender, rather dry, and not very plentiful
nor very juicy, and with a powerful Muscat flavour.
A very early Frontignan grape, ripening a fortnight before Royal
Muscadine, but not a desirable variety to grow,
Palestine. See Syrian,
Pause Musquee. See Muscat of Alexandria,
PAXSE JAUNE {Grosse Pa?{se).— When the bunches are well
set they are large and handsome, long, tapering, and shouldered.
Berries, very large, oblong, and like those of Muscat of Alexandria in
appearance. Skin, tough and membranous, adhering to the flesh, of
an amber colour, and covered with a thin grey bloom. Flesh, firm,
sweet, but not richly flavoured.
It is very rarely that this grape sets its bunches perfectly. The
condition in which it is usually met with is very few bunches on the
vine, and these so badly set that there arc only a few fully developed
berries on each bunch. The leaves die pale brown.
Parsley-leaved. See Ciotat.
Passe Musquee. See Muscat of Alexandria,
Passolina Nera. See Black Corinth,
PEDRO XIMENES. — Bunches, long, conical or somewhat
cylindrical ; shouldered. Stalk, long, slender, and brittle. Berries,
oblong. Skin, thin, rather transparent ; pale yellow or amber. Flesh,
rather firm and fleshy, very sweet, and richly flavoured.
A noted Spanish grape, extensively grown in Andalusia, and which
furnishes the rich liqueur wine called Pedro Ximenes.
Perle Blanche. See Dutch Sweetwater.
Petersilien Gutedol. See Ciotat.
Pineau. See Black Cluster.
PITMASTON WHITE CLUSTER.— Bunches, medium sized, com-
pact, and shouldered. Berries, medium sized, round, inclining to
26
402 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
oblate. Skin, thin, amber- coloured, and frequently russety. Flesh,
tender and juicy, sweet, and well flavoured.
An excellent early grape ; succeeds well in a cool vinery, and ripens
against a wall in the open air.
Plant Eiche. See Ararnon.
Pocock's Damascus. See Black Prince.
Pomeranzentraube. See Grosse Kdlner.
Pommerer. See Black Hamburgh.
Poonah. See West's St. Peters.
Pope Hamburgh. See Frankenthal.
Precoce Blanc. See Eai'ly Malingre.
Precoce de Kienzheim. See Early White Malva ia.
Precoce de Malingre. See Early Malingre.
Precoce Musquee. See Early Saumur Frontignan.
PROLIFIC SWEETWATER {Chasselas Imperial Precoce ; Chasselas
de Montauban; Froc de la Boulaye ; Gros Coulard). — Bunches,
medium sized, cylindrical, loose, and not shouldered. Berries, large
and round, uniform in size. Skin, thin, greenish yellow, but pale
amber when fully ripe. Flesh, tender, juicy, and sweet, with an
excellent flavour.
This is an excellent early white grape, and sets its fruit much better
than the old Sweetwater. It ripens well in a cool vinery, and is
well adapted for pot culture.
Prunellas. See (Eillade.
PURPLE CONSTANTIA {Black Constantia ; Purple Frontignan;
Violet Frontignan ; Violette Muskateller). — Bunches, long and tapering,
very much more so than those of Black Frontignan, and with small
shoulders. Berries, large and round. Skin, dark purple, covered with
thick blue bloom. Flesh, juicy, very richly flavoured, and with a Mus-
cat aroma, which is less powerful than in Black Frontignan.
This is a most delicious grape, and requires to be grown in a warm
vinery. The leaves die purple.
It is the Black or Purple Frontignac of Speechly ; but is very dif-
ferent from what is generally cultivated for Black Frontignan, that
variety being the Blue or Violet Frontignac of Speechly.
PURPLE FONTAINBLEAU.— I have never seen this grape ; but
Mr. Rivers speaks of it as a very hardy variety, ripening against a wall
in the open air ; well adapted for pot culture, and a prodigious bearer.
The berries are oval, light purple, sweet, and juicy.
GRAPES. 403
Purple Frontignan. See Purple Constantia.
Queen Victoria. See Royal Muscadine,
Raisin d'Alep. See Aleppo,
Raisin d'Autriche. See Ciotat,
Raisin des Balkans. See Ferral.
Raisin de Calabre. See Calabnan Raisin,
Raisin des Carmes. See West's St. Peter's,
Raisin de Cuba. See West's St. Peter's,
Raisin Framboisier. See Strawbeiry.
Raisin de Frontignan. See White Frontignan,
Raisin de Jericho. See Syrian,
Raisin de Juillet. See Black July.
Raisin du Pauvre. See Gromier du Cantal,
Raisin Precoce. See Black July,
Raisin de St. Jean. See St. John's.
Raisin de Servie. See Gromier du Cantal.
Raisin Suisse. See Aleppo.
RED CHASSELAS [Red Muscadine; Chasselas Ro^iye ; Chasselas
Rouge Fonce; Cerese; Septemhro). — Bunches, medium sized, loose,
rarely compact, shouldered ; with long, thin, and somewhat reddish
stalks. Berries, medium sized, round. Skin, thin, red, covered with
a violet bloom. Flesh, juicy and sweet.
The vine is a great bearer, and will ripen its fruit in a cool vinery.
The most remarkable character of this variety is, that from the time
the ovary is visible, it changes to red, and it becomes gradually paler as
the fruit ripens.
RED FRONTIGNAN [Gnzzly Frontignan; Muscat Gris; Muscat
Rouge; Moscatel Menudo ; CevanaDinka; Rother Muskateller ; Gramr
Muskateller). — Bunches, large, long, and generally cylindrical,-, but
occasionally with very small shoulders. Berries, above medium size,
round. Skin, rather thick, yellow on the shaded side, clouded with
pale red on the side next the sun, and covered with grey bloom. Flesh,
rather firm, juicy, but not very melting, with a rich, sugary, and musky
flavour.
Ripens about the end of September when not forced, and requires
the heat of a warm vinery.
Red Hamburgh. See Black Hamburgh.
404 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Red Muncy. See Catawba.
Red Muscadel. See Morocco,
Red Muscadine. See Bed Chassela!',
Red Muscat of Alexandria. See Black Muscat of Alexandria,
Red Rhenish. See Lomhardy,
Red Taurida. See Lomhardy,
REEVES'S MUSCADINE.— Bunches, large, conical, loose, and
shouldered. Berries, on long slender stalks, medium sized, roundish
oval. Skin, tough and membranous, of a fine amber colour when ripe.
Flesh, tender, juicy, and vinous.
An excellent white grape, which ripens in an ordinary vinery. The
leaves die yellow.
Rheingauer. See White Biissling.
Richmond Villa. See Black Hamburgh.
Riessling. See White BdssUng.
Rosslinger. See White BissUng.
Rossea. See Barbarossa.
Rother Maltheser. See Black Hamburgh.
Rother Muskateller. See Bed Frontignan.
ROYAL ASCOT. — Bunches, medium sized, ovate, shouldered, and
compact. Berries, medium sized, round oval or oval. Skin, quite black,
■covered with a fine thick bloom. Berry-stalks, stout and waited.
Flesh, firm, juicy, and with a fine sprightly Black Hamburgh flavour.
An excellent early grape, remarkable for its fine colour, which it
assumes long before it is ripe. The vine is a great bearer.
It was raised by Mr. Stand sh, of Ascot, Berkshire, from Bowood Muscat crossed
by Troveren, and is remarkable as being the black offspring of two white parent?,
both having a Muscat flavour, and that it should be black without any Muscat
character.
ROYAL MUSCADINE [Amber Muscadine; Muscadine; Queen
Victoria; White Chasselas; D'Arboyce; Chasselas; Chasselas Dore;
■Chasselas de Fontainbleau ; Chasselas Hdtif de Tenerife ; Campanella
Bianca; Weisser Gutedel). — Bunches, long, loose, and shouldered ;
sometimes compact and cylindrical. Berries, large, round, and, in the
compact bunches, inclining to oval. Skin, thin and transparent,
greenish yellow, becoming pale amber when quite ripe, and sometimes
marked with tracings and dots of russet ; covered with thin white
bloom. Flesh, tender and juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
This excellent and well-known grape ripens well in a cool vinery,
and against walls in the open air. The many names it has received
GRAPES. 405
have arisen from the various forms it frequently assumes, and which
are occasioned entirely by the nature of the soil and the different
modes of treatment to which it is subjected. There is no real
difference between this, the Common Chasselas, and Chasselas de
Fontainbleau. The White Muscadine of some authors is the Early
Chasselas.
ROYAL VINEYARD. — Bunches, large ; sometimes long and taper-
ing, and sometimes short ovate. Berries, large and roundish ovate.
Skin, white, and somewhat transparent, showing the texture of the
flesh through it, remarkably thin, and adhering closely to the flesh.
Flesh, firm and crackling, with an agreeable Sweetwater flavour, and
with sometimes the faintest trace of Muscat, as Lady Downe's occa-
sionally has.
A late-hanging grape, which requires the heat of a Muscat house.
Unless it is assisted in fertilising, as the Morocco and some others
require to be, the bunches do not set well.
Riidesheimer. See White Rissling,
Sabalskanskoi. See Ferral,
St. Jean, See Black July,
ST. JOHN'S {Raisin de St, Jean; Joannec ; Joannenc Blanche;
Lashmars Seedling ; Macready's Early White). — Bunches, about five
inches long, with a very long stalk, loose, and with many undeveloped
berries. 13erries, medium sized, roundish oval. Skin, thin and green.
Flesh, very thin and watery, and, though without much flavour, is
agreeable and refreshing.
It ripens against a wall in the open air, and is well adapted for this
mode of cultivation.
St. Peter's. See Alicante,
Sanct Peter's Traube. See Alicante.
SALAMON'S FRONTIGNAN {Golden Frontignan; Chasselas
Musque de Nantes ; Chasselas Musque de Portugal ; Chasselas Musquc de
Sillery ; Muscat liegnier; Muscat Salamon). — Bunches, from eight to
nine inches long, tapering, very symmetrical, and not shouldered.
Berries, medium sized, round, and regular in size. Skin, yellowish
green, becoming quite amber-coloured when fully ripe. Flesh, firm and
crackling, very rich, and with a fine sprightly Muscat flavour.
This is an improved form of White Frontignan, and ripens a fort-
night later than Early Smyrna Frontignan. It is much superior to
Chasselas Musque, and does not crack its berries as that variety does.
SARBELLE FRONTIGNAN {Muscat de Sarhelle).— Bunch, below
medium size, about six inches long, loose, and generally with a short
shoulder. Berries, small, round, and irregular in size, caused by a
406 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
tendency to produce small undeveloped berries. Skin, black or dark
purple. Flesh, firm, sweet, sugary, and with a delicate Frontignan
flavour.
A small, very early Black Frontignan, suitable for pots, and which
may possibly ripen its fruit against a wall in the open air, but hardly
worth planting out in a vinery.
SCHIRAS (Ciras; Scijras ; Sirrah; Sirac). — Bunches, long, loose,
and shouldered. Berries, large, oval. Skin, thick, reddish purple,
covered with blue bloom. Flesh, rather firm and juicy. Juice, pale
red, sugary, and with a delicious aroma. Ripens in a cool vinery, and
is as early as the Royal Muscadine.
This fine large oval black grape is that which is grown almost
exclusively in the vineyards of the Hermitage, and furnishes the
celebrated Hermitage wine. It is said to have been originally intro-
duced from Schiraz, in Persia, by one of the hermits who formerly
resided there.
Schiliege. See Black Hamburgh.
Schwarzer Riessling. See Black Cluster.
Schwarzer Spanischer. See Alicante.
Schwarzwalscher. See Black Hamburgh.
SCOTCH WHITE CLUSTER {Blacksmith's White Cluster; Laan
Hdtif; Van cler Laan Precoce ; Diamant ; Diamant Traube). — Bunch,
long and cylindrical, compact, and occasionally with a short shoulder.
Berries, large and oval, about the size of those of Muscat of Alexandria,
and marked with a distinct style-point. Skin, very thin and trans-
lucent, showing the veins and seeds, and covered with a very delicate
bloom. Berry-stalks, short, stout, with a bold receptacle, and very
slightly warted. Flesh, very delicate, and with a fine Sweetwater
flavour.
This is a very early grape, ripening in August in a cool house, and
it hangs in fine condition till February, a property that few early white
grapes possess. Babo considers Diamant Traube distinct from Van
der Laan Precoce, but I suspect they are synonymous.
Seaclifi'e Black. See Gros Guillaume.
Singleton. See Catawba.
Sir A. Pytches' Black. See Black Prince.
Sir W. Rowley's Black. See Black Frontignan.
Snow's Muscat Hamburgh. See Black Muscat of Alexandria.
Spirant. See Espiran.
Steward's Black Prince. See Black Prince.
GR^^PES. 407
STILLWAKD'S SWEETWATER.— The bunches and berries of
this variety are similar to those of the Dutch Sweetwater and Prolific
Sweetwater, but they set much better than either of these ; and this
is certainly the most preferable of the three. It ripens well out of
doors against a wall
It was raiacd from the Sweetwater by Stillwartl, who kept the Barley Mow-
Tavern, at Turnham Green, a favourite haunt of the florists in the days of the
flower shows at Chiswick Garden.
Stockwood Park Hamburgh. See Golden Hamburgh,
Stoneless Kound-berried. See White Corinth,
Straihutraube. See Black Hamburgh.
SULTANA. — Bunches, from nine inches to a foot long, and five to
six inches wide at the shoulders, tapering, and closely set, having one
tind sometimes two shoulders. Berries, long and conical, the largest being
an inch long and half an inch wide at the base. Berry-stalks, long
and slender. Skin, green, thin, and semi-transparent, becoming pale
yellowish as it ripens. Flesh, tender, of the consistency and flavour
of the Sweetwater, and contains no seeds.
This is a very excellent white grape, with a Sweetwater flavour, and
will be a good white companion to the Black Monukka, which is also a
very fine seedless grape.
STRAWBERRY {Raisin Framboisier). — Bunches, small and well
set. Berries, small, roundish oval. Skin, thick, dark purple,
covered with thick bloom. Flesh, dark, with the slimy consistency of
the American grapes, sweet, and with a high perfume which some con-
sider resembles that of the Strawberry.
Although no such name is known in America, there can be no
doubt that this is a variety of Vitis Labrusca, and whether it is one of
the numerous American varieties under a new name, or whether it has
been i aised in Europe from American seeds does not much signify, it
must be reckoned among American grapes.
Mr. Barron states that Lady Cave found it in the market at Gray, in
Burgundy, and through her it was introduced into this country. This
fact does not remove the probability that it is an American variety, for
in my travels for several years through the vine-growing departments
of France, I have fi-equently met wdth American grapes which had been
introduced with the view to trying their merits for mixing with the
fruit of the European vine in wine-making.
SYRIAN {Palestine; Jew's; Raisin de Jericho; Terrede la Promise),
Bunches, immensely large, broad-shouldered, and conical. Berries,
large, oval. Skin, thick, greenish white, changing to pale yellow when
quite ripe. Flesh, fii'm and crackling, sweet, and, when well ripened,
of good flavour.
This 's a very good late grape, and generally produces bunches
408 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
■weighing from 7 lbs. to 10 lbs. ; but to obtain the fruit in its greatest
excellence the vine requires to be grown in a hothouse, and planted in
very shallow, dry sandy soil. Speechly states that he grew a bunch at
Welbeck weighing 20 lbs., and measuring 21| inches long and 19^
inches across the shoulders. Mr. Dickson, gardener to J. Jardine, Esq.,
of Arkleton, Langholm, N.B., grew a bunch of S3Tian which weighed
25 lbs. 15 oz., audit was exhibited at Edinburgh 15th September, 1875.
It is a strong grower and an abundant bearer.
Terre de la Promise. See Syrian.
Teta de Vaca. See Cornichon Blanc.
Tokai Musque. See Chasselas Musque.
TOIvAY. — The Hungarian wine called Tokay is not produced from
any particular kind of grape, nor grown in any particular vineyard ;
the name is applied to all wine grown on the hills of Zemplen, of which
Tokay is the chief ; and the ground so cultivated extends over seven
or eight square leagues of surface. The name Tokay is, therefore,
applicable to many varieties of grapes, and it has thus been applied to
several varieties in this country. There are two that are known by this
name — the Charlesworth Tokay and the White Tokay. The former
is identical with Muscat of Alexandria, and the latter is an entirely
different variety, and will be found described under the name of White
Tokay.
Tottenham Park Muscat. See Muscat of Alexandria.
TREBBIANO {Trehhiano Bianca; Trehhiano Vero; Erhalus ; XJgni
Blanc). — Bunches, very large, broad shouldered, and well set. Berries,
medium sized, roundish oval, sometimes oval and sometimes almost
round. Skin, thick, tough, and membranous, somewhat adhering to
the flesh; greenish white, covered with a very delicate bloom.
Flesh, firm and crackling, sweet, and richly flavoured w^hen well
ripened.
This is a late grape, requiring the same heat and treatment as the
Muscats, and will hang as late as the end of March. It requires fire
heat in September and October, to ripen it thoroughly before winter
sets in. I have seen bunches of this fourteen inches long and ten
inches across.
A bunch of Trebbiano, under the name of Calabrian Raisin, and weighing
26 lbs. 4 oz., was grown by Mr. Curror, gardener to Mr. J. Douglas, Eskbank,
Dalkeith, N.B., and was exhibited in Edinburgh at a meeting of the Caledonian
Horticultural Society, September 16th, 1875. Trebbiano is an Italian grape grown
in Tuscany, and produces the celebrated wine of that name. It was first introduced
to public notice by Mr. Tillery, of Welbeck.
TRENTHAM BLACK [Long Noir d'Espagne).— Bunches, large,
tapering, and shouldered. Berries, above medium size, oval. Skin,
though not thick, is tough and membranous, separating freely from the
GRAPES. 409
flesh, of a jet black colour, and covered with thm bloom. Flesh, very
melting, abundantly juicy, very rich, sugary, and vinous.
A very excellent grape, ripening with Black Hamburgh, but keeping
plump long after the Black Hamburgh shrivels. The vine is a free
grower and a good bearer.
TROTOREN FRONTIGNAN {Troveren; Muscat TrovSren).—
Bunches, large and well set, with very large round berries. Skin,
greenish white at first, changing as it ripens to pale amber. Flesh,
firm and crackling, juicy, sweet, rich, and with a mild Frontignan
flavour.
This is a beautiful grape, and appears to be an exaggerated form of
White Frontignan. It requires a hot vinery.
Turner's Black. See Espiran,
Tynningham Muscat. See Muscat of Alexandria,
Ugui Blanc. See Trehbiano,
Ugni Noir. See Aramon,
Ulliade. See (Eillade.
Ulliade Noir Musque. See (Eillade,
Ulliade Noir Precoce. See (Eillade,
Uva di tri Volte. See Ischia,
Uva Salamana. See Muscat of Alexandria.
Van der Laan Precoce. See Scotch White Cluster,
Velka Modrina. See Grosse Kolner.
Yelki Urbainshak. See Orosse Kolner,
VENN'S BLACK MUSCAT.— Bunches, large, long, tapering, and
well shouldered, with rather slender stalks. Berries, medium sized,
ovdl. Skin, brownish black or quite black when well grown, and
covered with a fine bloom ; thin and membranous. Flesh, firm, rich,
and juicy, with a distinct Muscat flavour.
A very excellent black Muscat grape, which ripens in a cool vinery
und^r the same treatment as Black Hamburgh.
It was raised by Mr. Sweeting, gardener to Mr. T. G. Venn, Sneyd Park, near
Bristol, and was awarded a tirst -class certificate by the Koyal Horticultural Society
in 1874.
VERDELHO. — Bunches, rather small, conical, and loose. Berries,
small, unequal in size, and oval. Skin, thin and transparent, yellowish
green, but becoming a fine amber colour when highly ripened, with
sometimes markings of russet. Flesh, tender, sugary, and richly
flavoured.
It is from this grape that the Madeira wine is principally made.
The stalk is very brittle and herbaceous.
410 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Vert Precoee de Madere. See Early Green Madeira.
Victoria Hamburgh. See Frankenthal.
Violet Frontignan. See Purple Constantia.
Violette Muskateller. See Purple Constantia,
Volovna. See Grosse KOlner.
WALTHAM CROSS. — Bunches, very large, long, and tapering,
with strong stout stalks well set and well shouldered. Berry-stalk,
thick, stout, and warted. Berries, very large, from an inch and a
quarter to an inch and three-quarters long ; oblong oval. Skin, mem-
branous, pale amber. Flesh, firm and solid, with a sweet, brisk, and
very pleasant flavour.
One of the largest, if not the largest, grape in cultivation. It is an
exaggerated Muscat of Alexandria, but has not the Muscat flavour.
It was introduced by Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross, and received a first-
class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society ia 1871.
Wantage. See LGmhardy,
Warner's Hamburgh. See Black Hamburgh.
Waterzoet Noir. See Black Sweetwater.
Weissholziger TroUinger. See Black Hamburgh.
Weisse Cibebe. See Early White Malvasia.
Weisser Muskateller. See White Frontignan.
Weisser Riessling. See White Rissling.
Welke Burgundske. See Black Hamburgh.
Welko Modre. See Black Hamburgh.
WEST'S ST. PETER'S {Abercainiey ; Black Lombardy ; Major
Murray's; Money's West's St. Peter's; Oldaker's West's St. Peter's;
Poonah; Raisin des Cannes; Raisin de Cuba). — Bunches, large,
tapering, and well shouldered. Berries, large, roundish oval, and
varying in size. Skin, thin, very black, covered with a blue bloom.
Flesh, tender, very juicy, sweet, and with a fine sprightly flavour.
This is a very fine late grape, and requires to be grown in a house
with stove heat. It hangs well till February and March. The leaves
die purple.
White Chasselas. See Royal Muscadine,
White Constantia. See White Frontignan.
WHITE CORINTH {White Kishmish ; Stoneless Round-berried;
Corinthe Blanc). — Bunches, small, shouldered, and loose. Berries,
GRAPES. 411
very small. Skin, yellowish white, changing to amber, covered with
white bloom. Flesh, very juicy, sub-acid, and with a refreshing
flavour. The seeds are entirely wanting. Of no value.
"White Cucumber. See Cornichon Blanc.
WHITE FRANKENTHAL {Frankenthal Blanc). — Bunches,
medium sized, heart-shaped, and distinctly shouldered. Berries,
medium sized, obround, or inclining to oval. Skin, white, trans-
parent, and vemed, covered with thia white bloom. Flesh, tender,
sweet, and pleasantly but not richly flavoured.
A good second-rate grape, which ripens in an ordinary vinery.
WHITE FRONTIGNAN {White Constantia; Nepeans Cunstantia;
Muscat Blanc; Moscatel Commun; Raisin de Frontiynan; Weisser
Muskateller). — Bunches, large, long, cylindrical, and compact, without
shoulders. Berries, medium sized, round. Skin, dull greenish white,
or yellow, covered with thin grey bloom. Flesh, rather firm, juicy,
sugary, and very rich, with a fine Muscat flavour.
This will ripen either in a cool or warm vinery, but is worthy of the
most favourable situation in which it can be grown. The vine is an
abundant bearer, and forces well. The leaves die yellow.
White Hamburgh. See White Lisbon.
White Kishmish. See White Corinth,
WHITE LADY DOWNE'S.— The bunches and berries are similar
to those of Lady Downe's, except that the latter are of yellowish white
colour.
It was raised by Mr. William Thomson, at Dalkeith Gardens, from Lady
Downe's, fertiUsed by the pollen of Bowood Muscat.
WHITE LISBON {White Hamhurgh ; White Portugal; White
Raisiji). — Bunches, large and loose. ]3erries, oval. Skin, greenish
white. Flesh, firm and crackling, not very juicy, but with a sweet
and refreshing flavour.
It is this grape which is so largely imported from Portugal during
the autumn and winter months, and sold in the fruiterers' and grocers'
shops under the name of Portugal grapes.
White Melier. See Earli/ White Malvasia,
White Muscadine. See Royal Muscadine,
WHITE NICE. — Bunches, very large and loose, with several
shoulders. Berries, medium sized, round, and hanging loosely on the
bunches. Skin, thin, but tough and membranous ; greenish white,
becoming pale amber-coloured as it ripens. Flesh, firm and sweet.
Bunches of this variety have been grown to weigh 18 lbs. The leaves
are very downy underneath.
412 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
White Portugal. See White Lisbon.
White Raisin. See White Lisbon.
WHITE RISSLING {Weisser BiessUnfi).— Bunches, small, short,
and compact, scarcely, if at all, shouldered. Berries, round, or some-
what oblate. Skin, thin, greenish white, and, when highly ripened,
sometimes with a reddish tinge. Flesh, tender, fleshy, and juicy, with
a sweet and agreeably aromatic flavour.
This may be grown either in a cool vinery or against a wall in the
open air. The vine is a great bearer, and is very extensively grown in
the vineyards of the Rhine and Moselle.
WHITE ROMAIN. — Bunches, below medium size, and rather
closely set. Berries, medium sized, oval. Skin, thin, and so trans-
parent that the seeds can be seen through it ; yellowish white, and
with a thin bloom. Flesh, tender, very juicy, and sweet ; an excellent
early grape. The wood is very short-jointed, and the vine forms a
small bush ; it is well suited for pot culture.
This variety was received by Mr. Rivers from France, under the
name of Muscat Remain, which proved to be a misnomer when the
vine fruited. It has, therefore, been distinguished by its present
name.
WHITE SWEETWATER [Water Zoet).— "This difi'ers from the
Dutch Sweetwater in producing smaller bunches and berries, and in
having a thin watery juice. It is not now often met with, and is
perhaps quite out of cultivation. The White Sweetwater of Speechly
is Dutch Sweetwater.
WHITE TOKAY. — Bunches, rather large and compact, from nine
inches to a foot long, and broad shouldered. Berries, large and ovate.
Skin, thin, pale coloured, but assuming an amber colour at maturity.
Flesh, tender and juicy, with a rich flavour.
This, in the size of the bunch, resembles Muscat of Alexandria, but
it is much more compact, and the fruit has not the shghtest trace of
the Muscat flavour. This is one of the best late-hanging white grapes
in cultivation, and far surpasses the Calabrian Raisin and the Treb-
biano. Mr. Hill, of Keele Hall, grew it very successfully. In the
north of England the Muscat of Alexandria is sometimes called Tokay,
or Charlesworth Tokay.
Wilmot's Hamburgh. See Dutch Hamburgh.
Worksop Manor. See Black Damascus.
Zante. See Black Corinth.
Zherna Morshina. See Orosse Kolner.
GRAPE?. 413
LIST OF SELECT GRAPES.
For small establishments any of those maiked * may be chosen.
I.— FOR WALLS IN THE OPEN AIR.
Muscats. Not Muscats. Pitmaston White Cluster
•Early Ascot Front ignan Black July Purple Fontainbleau
Early Black Frontignan • Early White Malvasia •Royal Muscadine
•Early Saumur Frontignan*Miller's Burgundy Stillward's Sweetwater
July Frontignan
n.— FOR COOL VINERIES.
Muscat^. Not Muscats. •Madrcsfield Court
Black Frontignan *Black Champion Pitmaston White Cluster
Chasselas Musque •Black Hamburgh •Royal Muscadine
•Early Saumur Frontignan Black Prince ^ Scotch White Cluster
Madeira Frontignan *Ear!y White Malvasia
♦Meurihe Frontignan
III.— FOR POTS IN ORCHARD HOUSES.
Muscats. Not Muscats. Red Chasselas
Citron Frontignan •Cambridge Botanic Gar- 'Royal Muscadine
•Eaily Saumur Frontignan den Scotch White Cluster
Early Smyrna Frontignan *rhasselas Vibert Stillward's Sweetwater
Early White Frontignan •Early White Malvasia White Romain
IV.— FOR FORCING FOR EARLY CROPS.
Muscats. *Salamon's Frcni ignan Buckland Sweetwater
•Black Muscat of Alex-* White Frontignan *Duke of Buccleuch
andria *Golden Queen
♦Doctor Hogp: Nut Muscats. *Madresfield Court
Duchess of Buccleuch *Black Champion * Royal Muscadine
Red Frontignan * Black Hamburgh *Trentham Black
V.~FOR FORCING FOR LATE CROPS.
Muscats. Not Muscats. Crosse Kolner
♦Bowcod Muscat ♦Alicante *Lady Downe's
Canon Hall Muscat Alnwick Seedling ♦Mrs. Pearson
•Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Black Damascus •Trebbiano
•Muscat of Alexandria Gros Guillaume •West's St. Peter's
414 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
MEDLAES.
Broad- leaved Dutch. See Dutch,
DUTCH {Broad-leaved Dutch; Gros Fruit; Gros Fruit Mon-
strueux ; Large Dutch). — This is by far the largest and most generally
grown of the cultivated medlars. The fruit is frequently two inches
and a half in diameter, and very much flattened. The eye is very
open, wide, and unequally rent, extending in some instances even to
the margin of the outline of the fruit. It is of good flavour, but, in
that respect, inferior to the Nottingham. The young shoots are
smooth.
Gros Fruit. See Dutch.
Gros Fruit Monstrueux. See Dutch,
Large Dutch. See Dutch.
Narrow-leaved Dutch. See Nottingham,
NOTTINGHAM {Narroic -leaved Dutch; Small Fruited).— This is
by far the best medlar in cultivation. It is considerably smaller than
the Dutch, rarely exceeding an inch and a half in diameter ; but it is
much more highly flavoured. The young shoots are downy.
Sans Noyau. See Stoneless.
Sans Pepins. See Stoneless.
Small Fruited. See Nottingham.
STONELESS [Sans Noyau; Sans Pepins). — In shape this resembles
the Nottingham, but it rarely exceeds three-quarters of an inch in
diameter. The eye is smaller and less rent than in the other varieties.
It is quite destitute of seeds and woody core ; but the flavour, though
good, is inferior to that of the others, being less brisk.
MULBERRIES.
The only variety cultivated in this country for its fruit is the Black
Mulberry (Morus Nigra), and it is only in the southern counties where
it attains perfection. lu the midlands it ripens its fruit when trained
against a wall ; but it is doubtful whether the crop so obtained is
sufficient remuneration for the space the tree occupies. Since the
introduction of orchard-houses, the mulberry has been cultivated very
successfully in pots, where the roots are kept under subjection, and the
tree is confined to the form of a small bush or close pyramid. In such
condition it bears fruit abundantly, and forms an object of interest as
well as of utility.
NECTARINES.
415
l^ECTARINES.
SYNOPSIS OP NECTARINES.
I. FLOWERS LARGE.
* Leaves without glands.
Jl. Freestone. — Hakdwicks.
Advance
Bowden
Hardwicke
Hunt's Large Tawny
A. Freestone. — Pitmastoks.
Humboldt
Pitmaston Orange
Pineapple
B. Clingstone. — Newinotons.
Early Newington
Old Newington
Leaves with round glands,
Spencer
B. Clingstone,
None
Leaves with kidney'shaved glands.
A. Freestone. — Stanwicks.
Albert
Byron
Darwin
Fairchiid's Early
Lord Napier
Kivers's Elruge
Rivers's Orange
Kivers's White
Stanwick
White
B. Clingstone. — Romans.
h Oman
n. FLOWERS SMALL.
* Leaves without glands.
A. Freestone. — Tawkts.
Hunt's Tawny
A. Freestone. — Bostons.
Albert Victor
Boston
Prince of Wales
B. Clingstone.
None
* * Leaves with round glands.
Stanwick Elruge
B. Clingstone.
None
Lenves with kidney-shaped glands.
A. Freestone. — Yiolettes.
Balgowan
Dante
Downton
Due du Telliers
Elruge
Imperatrice
Late Melting
Murrey
Newton
Peterborough
Victoria
Violette Grosse
Violette Hative
Clingstone.— G oldens.
Golden
416 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ADVANCE. — Fruit, medium size, or large, round, and depressed
at the top. Skin, green on the shaded parts, but red, blotched with
ruddy brown, where exposed to the sun. Flesh, greenish white, rich,
and sugary, with the rich flavour of the Stanwick, and separating freely
from the stone. Flowers, large and brilliant. Leaves, without glands.
A very fine early nectarine, raised by Mr. Rivers from Pitmaston
Orange. Mr. T. F. Rivers remarks in a communication to me : " This
is an aberration which would puzzle biologists as to heredity. Except
the flower, there is not the least resemblance between this and its
parent. The leaves are glandless, the fruit is green-fleshed, and as
unlike the parent as possible." It ripens fourteen days before Lord
Napier,
ALBERT. — Fruit, of the largest size ; roundish ovate. Skin,
greenish white, with a pale red cheek, but frequently without colour,
and russeted. Flesh, pale red next the stone, from which it separates,
juicy and melting, with a sweet, brisk, and vinous flavour. Flowers,
large. Glands, kidney-shaped.
A very fine nectarine ; ripe in the first and second weeks of Sep-
tember. It requires a warm soil and situation, and is remarkably
adapted for forcing, when its flavour is well brought out.
This was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, and is a seedling from the
White Nectarine.
ALBERT VICTOR.— Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and
two inches high ; roundish, flattened at the crown, from which a deep
suture issues, which becomes more faint towards the stalk. Skin,
green where shaded, and mottled with dull red on the side next the
sun. Flesh, greenish yellow, rather firm, very juicy, with a brisk and
sprightly flavour, very red next the stone, from which it separates,
except seme fibres which adhere. Stone, large and rugged. Flowers,
small. Glands, round.
A very large and handsome nectarine ; ripe in an orchard-house in
the end of August, and the middle and end of September against a
wall. The fruit often drops before it is ripe.
Tt was raised by Mr. Eivers, of Sa\N bridge worth, from Prince of "Wales Nec-
tarine.
Anderdon's. See Old Ncuiiigton.
Aromatic. See Violette Hdtive.
BALGOWAN (Balgone). — Fruit, very large,- roundish, inclining to
ovate. Skin, pale green, mottled with red on the shaded side, but
entirely covered with deep bright red on the side next the sun.
Flesh, with a greenish tinge, veined with red at the stone, melting,
very rich, and highly flavoured. Flcwers, small. Glands, kidney-
shaped.
NECTARINES. 417
A very large and excellent variety, nearly allied to Yiolette Hative,
but much hardier and a more vigorous grower. It ripens in the end
of August and beginning of September.
It is of Scottish origin, and was received by the Horticultural Society from Mr
Hosie, gardener at Lyndoch, in Perthshire, in 1825.
Black. See Early Xemngton,
Black Murrey. See Murrey,
BOSTON {Lewis's ; Perkins's Seedling). — Fruit, very large, roundish
oval. Skm, bright yellow on the shaded side, and deep red on the
side next the sun. Flesh, yellow, without any red at the stone, with
an agreeable but not rich flavour. Flowers, small. Glands, round.
Remarkable only for the size and beauty of the fruit, which ripens in
the middle of September, and requires a warm season to bring it to
maturity.
The Boston Nectarine is an American variety, and was raised from seed of a
peacli by Mr. T. Lewis, of Boston, U.S.A. It was introduced to this country by
Mr. Ferliins, of Brooklyn, who sent it to the Horticultural Society in 1824.
BOWDEN. — This is a very large variety, of a round shape. Skin,
greenish on the shaded side, dark red next the sun, and with a dispo-
sition to be russety. The flesh is melting, rich, and sugary, with a
slightly astringent flavour. Flowers, large. Glands, none.
Ripe in August. The tree is a very dwarf and compact grower.
It was sent to the Horticultural Society, in 1827, by Mr. Dymond, of Exeter.
Brinion. See Violette Hative.
Brugnon Musque. See Roman.
Brugnon Red-at-Stone. See Violette Hative.
BYRON. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and a quarter wide
and about the same in height ; roundish, sometimes inclining to oval,
marked with quite a faint suture, terminated by a sharp point at the
apex. Skin, rich orange yellow, mottled with deep crimson. Flesh,
deep orange, tender, and melting, very slightly stained with red round
the stone, from which it separates freely, and is very richly flavoured.
Glands, kidney- shaped. Flowers, very large and handsome, being
quite ornamental.
A very excellent fruit ; ripe in the beginning of September in an
orchard-house, and about a fortnight later against a wall. It has a
considerable resemblance to Pineapple, but the tree is a better grower,
and the fruit of a finer flavour.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of Bowden Nectarine,
Claremont. See Elruge.
DOWNTON. — Fruit, rather larger than Violette Hative, roundish
27
418 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
oval. Skin, pale green in the shade, but deep red next the sun.
Flesh, pale green, reddish at the stone, melting, juicy, and richly
flavoured. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped.
A first-rate variety ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of
September. The tree is a vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer.
It was raised by Mr, T. A. Knight from the Elnige and Violette Hative, and
was named after Downton Castle, his property in Herefordshire,
There is an Improved Downton raised by Mr. Elvers, of Sawbridge-
worth, which possesses all the distinguishing characteristics of the old
variety, but which is a better bearer and a more richly flavoured fruit.
Due de Telliers. See Dutilly\
Due de Tello. See Dutilly's.
DUTILLY'S {Due de Telliers; Due de Tello).— Fiuit, rather large
and oval, somewhat flattened on the side marked with the suture.
Skin, pale green on the shaded side, but covered with dark red on the
side next the sun. Flesh, greenish white, with a slight tinge of red
next the stone, from which it separates freely. Flowers, small. Glands
of the leaves, kidney-shaped.
A well-flavoured fruit ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of
September.
Mr. Lindley wrote the name of this Due du Telliers ; but Eogers says it " was
introduced into England by M. Dutilly Gerrardet, a Dutch merchant who settled
at Putney, in Surrey. From that gentleman it got into the possession of the senior
Mr. Hunt, who first established the nursery there, and who. with Grey of Fulham,
were both great assistants to Miller in bringing out his Dictionary."
DANTE. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and the same
high ; ovate ; marked with a faint suture and terminating in a slight
point. Skin, quite green, mottled with veins and patches of russet,
especially about the base, and with sometimes a faint tinge of crimson.
Flesh, greenish yellow, stained with red at the stone, from which it
separates freely, very juicy, and with a rich, brisk flavour like that of
Stanwick. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped.
Ripe in the middle of September.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth.
DARWIN. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and two inches
and a quarter high ; roundish ovate. Skin, deep orange. Flesh,
bright orange, very juicy, with the rich flavour of Stanwick, separating
freely from the stone. Flowers, large and brilliant. Glands, kidney-
shaped.
A very fine nectarine, raised by Mr. Rivers by crossing Rivers's Orange with
Stanwick.
Early Black. See Early Newington,
NECTARINES. 419
EARLY NEWINGTON (Black; Early Black; Lucomhe's Black;
Lucomhe's Seedli7Uf ; New Dark Newinyton). — Fruit, large, roundish
ovate, enlarged on one side of the suture ; apex ending in a swollen
point. Skin, pale green in the shade, but bright red marbled with
deeper red next the sun, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh, greenish
white, very red next the stone, to which it adheres ; rich, sugary,
vinous, and very excellent. Flowers, large. Glands, none.
It is earher and much richer than the old Newington, and ripens
early in September.
Early Violet. See Violette Hdtive,
ELRUGE [Claremont ; Oatlands ; Oldenburg; Springrove ; Tern^
pie). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish oval. Skin, pale greenish in the
shade, deep red in the sun, interspersed with dark brownish russet
specks. Flesh, pale towards the stone, melting, juicy, and richly
flavoured. Stone, oval and rough. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-
shaped.
This is one of the best nectarines. It ripens in the end of August
and beginning of September. The tree is an excellent bearer, and
forces well.
The name Elruge is derived from an anagram of Gurle or Gourle, who was a
nurseryman at Hoxton, or Hogsden, as it was then called, near London. Mr.
Lindley says he was a nurseryman at Hoddesden, in Hertfordshire, but that is a
mistake. It is he of whom Leonard Meager speaks when, writing in 1670, he says,
" Here follows a catalogue of divers sorts of fruit which I had of my very loving
friend Captain Garrle, dwelling at the great nursery between Spittlefields and
Whitechappel, a very eminent and ingenious nurseryman, who can furnish any
that desireth with any of the sorts hereafter mentioned ; as also with divers other
rare and choice plants." Switzer says : " The Elrouge Nectarine is also a native
of our own, the name being the reverse of Gourle, a famous nurseryman at
Hogsden in Charles the Second's time, by whom it was raised."
Emmerton's White. See White.
FAIRCHILD'S.— Fruit, small, round, slightly flattened at the top.
Skin, yellowish green, bright red next the sun. Flesh, yellow to the
stone, dry, and sweet. Stone, nearly smooth. Flowers, large. Glands,
kidney- shaped.
Ripens in the beginning and middle of August ; but it is of little
merit, its only recommendation being its earliness.
This was raised by Thomas Fairchild, a nurseryman at Hoxton, who died in
1729. He was the author of " The City Gardener," and some papers in the
"Philosophical Transactions." By his will he left £25, which was subsequently
increased to £100, to the trustees of the charity school and the churchwardens of
Shoreditch, for a sermon to be preached on Whit Tuesday in the afternoon in the
parish church for ever, " On the wonderful works of God in the creation," or " On
the certainty of the resurrection of the dead, proved by the certain changes of the
animal and vegetable parts of the creation."
Flanders. See White,
420 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
French Newington. See Old Newington.
Genoa. See Peterborough.
GOLDEN (Orange). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish ovate. Skin,
fine waxen yellow in the shade, and bright scarlet, streaked with red,
where exposed. Flesh, yellow, adhering to the stone, juicy, and sweet.
Flowers, small. Glands, kidney- shaped. Ripens early in September.
Grosse Violette Hative. See Violette Grosse.
Hampton Court. See Violette Hative.
HARDWICKE. — Fruit, of very large size, almost round, and some-
times inclining to oval. Skin, pale green on the shaded side, entirely
covered with dark purplish red next the sun. Flesh, greenish, with a
tinge of red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich, and highly flavoured.
Flowers, large. Glands, none. A most delicious fruit.
Ripens in the middle and end of August.
This was raised from the Elruge at Hardwicke House, near Bury St. Edmunds,
and is one of the hardiest and most prolific of nectarines.
HUMBOLDT. — Fruit, large, about two inches and three-quarters
wide, and the same high, terminating in a point at the apex, from
which issues a faint suture, which appears like a hair-line, towards the
stalk. Skin, bright orange yellow, stained, streaked, and mottled
with very dark crimson next the sun, and sometimes even on the
shaded side. Flesh, orange, very tender and juicy, with the shghtest
stain of red next the stone, from which it separates freely ; gelatinous
in appearance, and very richly flavoured. Flowers, large. Glands,
round.
A delicious nectarine of the Orange class ; ripe in the middle of
August, and hangs well till it shrivels. On a wall it is about a fortnight
later. The tree bears abundantly, even small plants being studded
with blossom buds.
It was raised by Mr. Bivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from the seed of Pineapple
Nectarine.
HUNT'S LARGE TAWNY.— Fruit, small, a little larger than Fair-
child's, somewhat ovate, and prominent at the apex. Skin, pale
orange, shaded with deep red next the sun. Flesh, deep orange,
melting, of excellent flavour, and separating from the stone. Flowers,
large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripe in the middle and end of August.
This originated as a bud sport from Hunt's Small Tawny, found by Mr. George
Lindley in his nursery at Catton, near Norwich, in 1824. He paw a few of the
maiden trees in the nursery quarters, producing very large flowers which
corresponded with flowers of no other variety, and, having marked them, tlicnce-
forth propagated them as a distinct variety. In his account of this in the " Guide
to the Orchard," at page 282, he has made a mistake in saying " it originated from
the preceding" instead of from the following variety.
NECTARINES. 421
HUNT'S TAWNY (Hunt's Early Trtu-n?/).— Fruit, medium sized,
roundish ovate, narrow towards the top, compressed on the sides, en-
larged on one side of the suture. Skin, pale orange, deep red next the
sun, spotted with russety specks. Flesh, deep orange, deeply stained
with red at the stone, from which it separates ; rich and juicy. Flowers,
small. Glands, none.
It ripens in the middle and end of August. Tree, hardy and prolific.
DIPERATRICE. — In size and appearance this has a considerable
resemblance to Yiolette Hative ; but the flesh is not so red at the stone
as in that variety. It is very richly flavoured, and when allowed to
hang till it shrivels — a property which few of the Freestone Nectarines
possess — it becomes quite a sweetmeat. Flowers, small. Glands,
kidney-shaped.
Ripens in the beginning of September. The tree is hardy, and an
excellent bearer.
Large Elruge. See Rivers' s Elruqe.
Large Scarlet. See Violette Hative.
Large AVhite. See White.
Late Green. See Peterborough,
LATE MELTING.— This appears to be a variety of Peterborough,
of large size. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped. It is a very
late variety, and is well worth growing in large collections when it is
desired to extend the season of this kind of fruit.
Lewis's. See Boston.
LORD NAPIER. — Fruit, of large size, two inches and a half high and
the same in width ; ovate, marked with a wide shallow suture, depressed
at the apex, and a sharp pointed nipple in the centre of the depression.
Skin, pale cream-coloured, but greenish yellow previously on the
shaded side ; mottled and streaked with deep blood red on the side
next the sun, and when fully exposed it is completely covered with a
very dark crimson cheek. Flesh, very white, melting, tender, juicy,
and with a rich Stanwick flavour, and quite pale, even to the stone,
from which it separates freely. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped.
This is the earliest of all nectarines, and also one of the largest. It
ripens in the first week of August, and is eight or ten days earlier than
Hunt's Tawny.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of Early Albert
Peach.
Lord Selsey's Elruge. See Violette Hative.
Lucombe's Black. See Early Newington.
Lucombe's Seedling. See Early Newington.
422 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
MURREY {Black Murrey). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish ovate,
enlarged on one side of the suture. Skin, pale green on the shaded
side, and dark red next the sun. Flesh, greenish white, melting, and
richly flavoured. Stone, nearly smooth. Flowers, small. Glands,
kidney-shaped.
An excellent variety ; ripe in the end of August, Tree, hardy, and a
good bearer.
It is called Murrey from its dark red colour, and this is derived from the French
word mure, signifying the mulberry.
Neat's White. See White.
New Dark Newington. See Early Neivington.
New Scarlet. See Violette Hdtive.
NEWTON. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide, and the same
in height, roundish, with a shallow suture on the side, and depressed
at the apex. Skin, greenish lemon yellow, mottled with red, and on
the side next the sun, deep bright red. Flesh, greenish white, tinged
with red under the skin and round the stone, from which it separates
freely, very richly flavoured, and with a transparency like jelly. Flowers,
small. Glands, kidney-shaped.
A large handsome nectarine, ripe in the second week of September.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth.
North's Large. See Old Newington.
Oatlands. See Elruge.
Oldenburg. See Elruge.
OLD NEWINGTON [AnderdorCs; French Newington; North's
Large ; Hough Roman ; Scarlet Newington ; Smith's Neivington ; Sion
Hill). — Fruit, rather large, roundish. Skin, pale next the wall, bright
red next the sun. Flesh, pale yellow, red at the stone, to which it
adheres, juicy, sweet, rich, and vinous. Stone, small and rough.
Flowers, large. Glands, none.
It ripens in the middle of September.
Old Roman. See Roman.
Orange. See Golden.
Perkins's Seedling. See Boston.
PETERBOROUGH {Genoa; Late Green; Vermash). —Frmt,
medium sized, round. Skin, green, with a very faint dull red next the
sun. Flesh, greenish white to the stone, juicy, but nothing very re-
markable except as being the latest nectarine known. Flowers, small.
Glands, kidney -shaped.
It ripens in October.
NECTAEINES. 423
This is said to have been introduced by Lord Peterborough, the distinguished
general in the time of James II., "William and Mary, and Queen Anne, and to have
been cultivated in his garden at Fulham. It is supposed to be a Dutch variety, the
name Vermash being that by which it is known in Holland.
PINEAPPLE. — This is a variety raised by Mr. Rivers from the
Pitmaston Orange, upon which it is an improvement. It has the same
yellow flesh as its parent, and is much richer in flavour, in that respect
partaking somewhat of the sprightliness of the pineapple.
It ripens in the begining of September.
PITMASTON ORANGE {Williams's Orange ; Williams's Seedling).—
Fruit, large, roundish ovate, narrow towards the top, which ends in an
acute swollen point. Skin, rich orange, brownish red next the sun,
streaked where the two colours blend. Flesh, deep yellow, red at the
stone, juicy, rich, and excellent. Stone, small, sharp-pointed, and very
rough. Flowers, large. Glands, round.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. Tree, an
excellent bearer.
Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, near Worcester, from seed of the Elruge.
The tree first produced fruit in 1815.
PRINCE OF WALES.— Fruit, very large, slightly oval. Skin,
greenish yellow, with a deep dull red cheek next the sun. Flesh, deep
red next the stone, from which it separates, with a very rich vinous
flavour when thoroughly ripe. Flowers, small. Glands, round.
An excellent nectarine, which ripens on a south wall in the middle of
September, and will hang till the end of the month. The tree requires
a warm soil and situation.
This was raised in 1868 by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of a fine
large oval-shaped seedling peach.
Red Roman. See Roman.
RIYERS'S ELRUGE {Large Elruge) .— Fruit, large, two inches and
a half wide, and two inches high ; round and flattened, marked with a
deep suture, which extends across the crown, and diminishes towards
the stalk. Skin, greenish yellow, mottled with deep red next the sun.
Flesh, greenish, stained with red next the stone, but not deeply, and
not extending far into the flesh ; it separates freely from the stone, and
is of rich and brisk flavour. Flowers, large. Glands, very small, and
kidney-shaped.
An excellent nectarine ; ripe in the middle and end of August in an
orchard-house, and about a fortnight or three weeks later against a wall.
The seedluag tree was very much cankered, and the first year it bore
one immensely large fruit and died. Those propagated from it do not
grow freely, and are apt to have blind buds.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers from the Old Elruge.
RTOERS'S ORANGE.— The fruit is similar to that of its parent.
424 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Pitmaston Orange, and very richly flavoured ; and the tree, in Mr.
Rivers's estimation, is more robust in its habit, bears perhaps more
profusely, and is hardier than that variety. Flowers, large. Glands,
kidney-shaped.
RIVERS'S WHITE.— This was raised in 1857 by Mr. Rivers from
the White Nectarine, to which it bears a close resemblance, except that
its colour is paler, and it is covered with a delicate white bloom. The
flavour is very delicious. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped.
It ripens a week or eight days before the White Nectarine.
ROMAN (Brugnon Musque ; Brugno7i Violet Musque ; Old Roman ;
Red Roman). — Fruit, large, roundish, flattened at the top. Skin,
greenish yellow, brown muddy red, and rough, with russety specks next
the sun. Flesh, greenish yellow, deep red at the stone, to which it
adheres, rich, juicy, and highly vinous, particularly when allowed to
hang till it shrivels. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped.
It ripens in the beginning of September.
This is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, nectarine in cultivation. It is men-
tioned by Parkinson in 1629, and by all subsequent writers. He says, '* It has a
large or great purplish blossom like unto a peach."
Rough Roman. See Old Newington.
Scarlet. See Old Newington.
Sion Hill. See Old Newington.
Smith's Newington. See Old Newington.
SPENCER. — Fruit, large, two inches and a half wide and two and a
quarter high ; roundish and flattened, marked with a distinct suture.
Skin, entirely covered with dark crimson, and on the side next the sun
it is of a dark mahogany colour, the shaded side being bright crimson.
Flesh, with a gelatinous appearance, very deeply stained with red next
the stone, the stain pervading almost the whole of the flesh, and even
under the skin ; the flesh is exquisitely flavoured and separates freely
from the stone. Flowers, large. Glands, round.
A very handsome fruit, ripe in the second week of September. It
was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth.
Springrove. See Elruge.
STANWICK. — Fruit, large, roundish oval. Skin, pale lively green
where shaded, and purplish red where exposed to the sun. Flesh,
white, melting, rich, sugary, and most delicious. Kernel, sweet, like
that of the sweet almond. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped.
Ripe in the middle and end of September.
The fruit is very apt to crack, and requires to be grown under glass.
It generally fails to ripen thoroughly against walls in the open air,
except when grown in a light sandy soil and a good exposure.
NECTAKDIES. 425
This nectarine was raised at Stanwick Park, one of the seats of the Duke of
Northumberland, from stones given to Lord Prudhoeby Mr. Barker, Her Majesty's
Vice-Consul at Aleppo, and who afterwards resided at Suaedia in Syria. The seed
was sown in March, 1843, and the buds were inserted the following autumn on a
Bellegarde Peach, and the first fruit was produced in 1846, Lord Prudhoe, who
had become Duke of Northumberland, placed the Stanwick Nectarine in the hands
of Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, for propagation, and on the 15th of May, 1850,
the stock, consisting of twenty-four plants, was sold by auction, and realised
£164 17s., which his Grace presented to the funds of the Gardeners' Benevolent
Institution, such an amount never having been realised before for the same number
of small nectarine trees in pots.
STANWICK ELRUGE.— This is a large richly flavoured nectarine,
exactly like Stanwick, a few days earlier than Elruge. It was raised
from Elruge crossed with Stanwick, and is one of the seedlings of
Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth. Flowers, small. Glands, round.
It is deliciously flavoured.
Temple. See Elruge.
Vermash. See Peterborough.
VICTORIA. — The fruit is exactly similar to the Stanwick, and pos-
sesses all its richness of flavour ; but it is a month earlier, and does not
crack as that variety does. It was raised by Mr. Rivers from the Violette
Hative, fertihsed by Stanwick, and while it has the bitter kernel, small
flowers, and kidney-shaped glands of Violette Hative, it is in all other
respects similar to the Stanwick.
This is a very valuable acquisition. The tree succeeds best on the
Black Damask Stock. It ripens in an orchard-house in the end of
September.
Violet. See Violette Hative.
Violette de Courson. See Violette Grosse,
VIOLETTE GROSSE (Grosse VicUtte Hative; Violette de Courson).
— Fruit, larger than Violette Hative. Skin, pale green, marbled with
violet red. Flesh, less vinous than Violette Hative, but an excellent
fruit. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney- shaped.
Ripens early in September.
VIOLETTE HATIVE [Aromatic; Early Bruguon; Early Violet;
Hampton Court ; Large Scarlet ; Lord Selsey's Elruge; New Scarlet;
Violet; Violette Musquee). — Fruit, large, roundish ovate. Skin, yel-
lowish green in the shade, dark purplish red, mottled with brown,
next the sun. Flesh, yellowish green, deep red next the stone, rich,
sweet, and vinous. Stone, roundish, deep reddish brown, and deeply
furrowed. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney-shaped.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September.
Violette Musquee. See Violette Hative.
426
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
WHITE {Emmerton's White; Flanders; Large White; Neat's
JVhite ; New White; White Coivdray). — Fruit, large, nearly round.
Skin, white, with a slight tinge of red next the sun. Flesh, separating
freely from the stone, white throughout, very juicy, with a rich vinous
flavour. Stone, small. Flowers, large. Glands, kidney-shaped.
Kipens in the end of August and beginning of September.
White Cowdray. See White.
Williams's Orange. See Pitmaston Orange.
Williams's Seedling. See Pitmaston Orange.
LIST OF SELECT NECTARINES.
Those marked * are suitable for small collections.
*Albcrt Victor
*Balgowan
♦Byron
Elruge
Hardwicke
*Humboldt
*Lord Napier
Newton
Prince of Wales
Spencer
Stanwick
* Victoria
*Violette Hative
*Rivers's White
NUTS AND FILBERTS.
SYNOPSIS OF NUTS.
I. FILBERTS. — Husk tubular, much longer than the nut. Nut oblong.
Lambert Filbert | Red Filbert
Purple-leaved Filbert | White Filbert
II. SPANISH. — Husk as long or a little longer than the nut. Nut ovate.
Bizane
Frizzled Filbert
Bond
Hartington Prolific
Burn's
Large Black Fruited
Cluster
Lichten stein's
Cosford
Liegel's
Daviana
Primley
Duke of Edinburgh
Striped Fruited
Eugenie
The Shah
co^s.— Husk as long or a little Ion
rcr than the nut. Nut roundish, angular.
Atlas
Loddiges' Barcelona
Aveline de Provence
Merveille de BoUwyller
Barr's Spanish
Norwich Prolific
Burchardt's
Pearson's Prolific
Cannon Ball
St Grisier
NUTS AND FILBERTS 427
IV. HAZEL-NUTS. — Husk much shorter than the nut. Nut small, roundish, thick
shelled.
Frizzled Hazel | Wild Hazel
A monograph of the Filberts and Nuts, by Mr. Barron, has been published in
the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, which includes several varieties,
chiefly of foreign origin, that I have not had an opportunity of seeing. I have
therefore availed myself of this, and such of their descriptions as I have adopted
are distinguished by Hort.
ATLAS [Corylus alfjeriemis ; Downton ; Doximton Large Square). —
Husk, finely downy ; as long, and even longer than the nut, which it
embraces over the apex, deeply cut, forming a rather coarse fringe.
Nut, large, roundish ovate, and somewhat angular ; shell, thick, dark
brown, striated with streaks of a paler colour ; kernel, full, and of
excellent flavour.
The plant is a vigorous grower and an abundant bearer.
This was introduced by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from whom I received
it, and he informed me that it is grown in Kybalia. The synonymes of Downton
and Downton Square I give on Mr. Barron's authority. I believe this to be the
Spanish Cob, which is widely diffused over the whole of Southern Europe and on
the African coast.
Aveline Blanche. See White Filbert.
AVELINE DE PROVENCE.— Husk, hairy, a little longer than
the nut, hght coloured ; sharply but not deeply toothed. Nut, short
pointed, with a rather broad base, of a light grey colour, and parting
treely from the husk when ripe ; shell, very thick and hard ; kernel,
full. Plant of moderate growth ; a great cropper, but late in ripening.
This appears to be the same as the light coloured variety of
Barcelona nuts of commerce. — Hort.
Aveline Rouge. See Red Filbert.
Barcelone Blanc. See White Filbert.
Barcelone de Loddiges. See Loddiges' Barcelona.
BARR'S SPANISH.— Husk, downy, short, about two-thirds the
length of the nut, which it presses closely ; deeply and irregularly
toothed, of a dull grey colour. Nut, much exposed, short, having a
broad base, and tapering very nearly to the apex ; shell, downy, ^ cry
hard, of a dull grey colour. Grows in clusters of from four to six.
Plant of medium growth ; moderate cropper ; ripens late. — Hort.
BIZANE. — A pretty little nut the size of a hazel-nut, with the husk,
which is considerably longer than the nut, cut into linear segments to
its very base. A pretty ornamental variety.
428 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
BOND. — Husk, downy, about one-third longer than the nut ; very
deepl}' toothed, the segments being very long and narrow. Nut, exposed,
medium sized, ovate, light coloured, downy ; shell, soft, and may be
pierced with the thumb-nail ; kernel, small. Grows in clusters of four
to six ; does not keep well. Plant of slender growth ; mid-season ;
prolific. — jf/o/t.
BURCHARDT'S.— Husk, downy, a little longer than the nut,
deeply toothed, dark coloured. Nut, medium sized, very broad, the
breadth exceeding the height, angular, or nearly square, with a broad
flat base, light coloured ; shell, thick ; kernel, very large, full, of excel-
lent flavour. Plant of moderate growth ; late growing ; fruit ripens
early. — Hort.
BURN'S (A Grap'pes Precoce). — Husk, large, very downy, about the
same length as the nut ; very deeply toothed and partly reflexed. Nut,
small, long, narrow, and gradually flattened towards the apex like a
wedge ; shell, downy, pale grey, thin. Grows in clusters of from six
to eight. Plant of slender growth ; prolific ; early. — Hort.
Cape Nut. See Frizzled Nut.
CANNON BALL — Husk, finely downy, only about half the length
of the nut, from which it soon parts, after being gathered ; fringed. Nut,
medium sized, nine-tenths of an inch v/ide, and eight-tenths high,
round and depressed ; shell, pale brown, not much striated, thin, and
easily broken ; kernel, plump and full, with an excellent flavour.
Raised by the late Mr. Richard Webb, of Calcot, Reading.
CLUSTER [A Grappes). — Husk, hairy, about the same length as the
nut, in two parts, which spread out from the nut as it approaches ripe-
ness ; finely and deeply cut. Nut, quite exposed, small, long, flattened,
spoon-shaped, light coloured ; shell, thick and hard ; kernel, full.
Grows in clusters of from five to eight ; strong flavour ; ripens late. —
Hort.
Corylus algeriensis. See Atlas.
Corylus laciniatus. See Frizzled Hazel.
COSFORD [Improved Cosford ; Miss Youmi's ; Thin- shelled). —
Husk, hairy, as long as the nut and deeply cut. Nut, large, ovate,
inclining to oblong ; shell, light brown, finely striated with darker brown,
very thin, so much so as to be easily broken between the thumb and
finger ; kernel, large and well- flavoured.
An excellent nut, and the tree is a great bearer.
DAVIANA {Duchess of Edinburgh). — Husk, nearly smooth or
slightly downy, as long or a little longer than the nut and deeply cut.
NUTS AND FILBERTS. 429
Nut, large, roundish ovate ; shell, pale brown, striated with dark
brown lines, thin, very nearly as much so as the Cosford ; kernel,
full and of excellent flavour.
This is a fine nut, and worthy of universal cultivation.
It was raised by Mr. Ricliard We1)b, of Calcot, near Reading, and named as a
compliment to Sir Humphrey Davy.
Downton. See Atlas.
Downton Large Square. See Atlas.
Duchess of Edinburgh. See Davmna.
DUKE OF EDINBURGH (Princess i?0J/aZ).— Husk, as long and
generally longer than the nut ; finely downy, coarsely and not deeply
fringed ; seven-eighths of an inch wide, and an inch and a half high.
Nut, large, ovate-oblong ; shell, dark brown, and faintly striated with
darker brown, not so thin as that of Daviana ; kernel, plump and
full, with an excellent flavour.
It was awarded a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society,
October 9th, 1883.
Dwarf Prolific. See Pearson's Prolific.
EUGENIE. — Husk, finely downy, the length of the nut, and rather
deeply cut. Nut, large, an inch and two-tenths long and eight-tenths
wide, oblong ; shell, bright brown, finely striated with darker brown
lines, thin and easily broken ; kernel, full and plump, of excellent
flavour, and when kept has a rich flavour.
Raised by Mr. Richard Webb, of Calcot, near Reading. It has a good deal of
resemblance to the Lambert Filbert ; but the husk is shorter and the shell
thinner.
Filbert Cob. See Lambert Filbert.
Franche Rouge. See Bed Filbert.
FRIZZLED HAZEL [Corylus laciniatm). — Husk, very small, cut
to the very base, and much reflexed. Nut, quite exposed, small, short,
somewhat flattened, but of even regular form, of a pale grey colour;
shell, very thick and hard. Grows in clusters of from three to five.
Plant of slender growth ; leaves deeply cut or laciniated ; fruits freely.
This appears to be merely a cut-leaved variety of the ordinary Hazel.
— Hart.
FRIZZLED FILBERT (Crtjo^.Y?<f; Frizzled .Vwi).— Husk, hairy,
as long again as the nut ; spreading at the mouth ; deeply cut, so
much so as to give rise to its name of Frizzled. Nut, oblong, an
inch to an inch and a half long, flattened ; shell, thick ; kernel, full and
well-flavoured.
This is rather a late variety. The tree is an excellent bearer, and
the nuts are produced in clusters.
430 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Frizzled Nut. See Frizzled Filbert.
A Fruits Stries. See Striped Fruited,
A Grappas. See Cluster.
A Grappas Precoce. See Burn's,
Grosse Precoce de Frauendorf. See Red Filbert,
A Gros Fruits Noir. See Large Black.
HARTINGTON PROLIFIC— Husk, hairy, one-third longer than the
nut; the extending portion deeply laciniated and reflexed. Nut, small,
long, narrow, and pointed at both ends, irregular, light coloured ; shell,
thin ; kernel, full, fine flavour. Grows in clusters of six or seven.
Plant of moderate growth ; very prolific and very early. The earliest
nut to ripen, but too small. — Hort.
Improved Cosford. See Cosford,
Jeeves's Seedling. See LiegeVs.
Kentish Cob. See Lambert Filbert.
Knight's Small. See White Filbert.
LAMBERT FILBERT {Filbert Cob ; Kentish Cob ; Webb's Prize
Cob Filbert). — Husk, nearly smooth, very much longer than the nut,
very slightly cut round the margin. Nut, large, an inch and a quarter
long, and three-quarters wide, oblong and somewhat compressed ;
shell, pretty thick, of a brown colour ; kernel, full, and very richly
flavoured, especially after being kept.
This is perhaps the best of all the nuts, some of them being an
inch in length. If carefully kept they will last for four years, and
retain all their richness of flavour. The tree is an abundant bearer.
I am not aware whether this was raised or only introduced by Mr. Aylmer
Bourke Lambert, of Boynton, Wiltshire ; but it is through him that it first was
brought to the notice of the Horticultural Society about the year 1812. It is
improperly called Kentish Cob, for the true cobs are roundish, thick-shelled nuts,
and it is not many years since it was first grown in the orchards of that county,
the only varieties previously cultivated being the Red and White Filberts. As
evidence that it is of comparatively recent introduction, it is not mentioned by
Forsyth or Kogers, nor had a description of it ever been made before it appeared in
this work.
LARGE BLACK FRUITED {A Gros Fruits Noir).— Rush, very
dark, hairy, nearly as long as the nut, in two divisions, fitting very
close to the nut, thereby giving it a bare appearance. Nut, of medium
size, long ; the base narrow, widening to the apex, dark or dull coloured ;
shell, very thick ; kernel, small. A moderate grower ; prolific ; does not
ripen well. — Hort.
LICHTENSTEIN'S.— Husk, downy, large, a little larger than the
nut; bluntly toothed, the segments slightly reflexed. Nut, medium
NUTS AND FELBERTS. -131
sized, long, pointed at both ends, of irregular angular shape, of a dull
grey colour ; shell, very hard. Grows in small clusters. Plant of
strong, late growth ; ripens late. — Ilort.
LIEGEL'S [Sicklers Zellemuss ; Jeeves's Seedling). — Husk, downy,
short, three-quarters of the length of the nut ; very deeply toothed
and reflexed, the nut thereby being almost entirely exposed. Nut,
large, oblong, with a broad rounded base, becoming flattened towards
the apex, light coloured ; shell, thin ; kernel, large, full. Grows in
small clusters ; moderate grower ; ripe mid-season. — Hort.
Mr. Barron has made a mistake in describing this under the name of Sicgel's.
It was raised by Dr. Liegel, of Braunau, a distinguished pomologist.
LODDIGES'S BARCELONA {Barcelone de Loddvjes).—B.\isk, very
large, full, covered with short hairs, twice the length of the nut, which
in some cases it completely covers ; sharply serrated, Hght coloured.
Nut, of medium size, being almost hidden in the large husk, angular,
bluntly pointed at both ends, dark coloured ; shell, very thick, hard ;
kernel, full. Grows in clusters of five or six. Plant of very robust
growth, with large dark green leaves ; a moderate cropper ; fruit
ripens early.
Very distinct, but too small. — Hort.
Miss Young's. See Cos/ord.
MERVEILLE DE BOLLWYLLER {Weissmanii's Zellemuss).—
Husk, downy ; about one-third longer than the nut, in two divisions ;
deeply and irregularly toothed, and pressing closely to the nut. Nut,
large, rounded at the base, very broad, the breadth nearly equal to
the height, tapering to a broad point, very regular and uniform, light
coloured ; shell, thick ; kernel, large, fine flavour. Plant of strong
growth ; grows late ; prolific ; fruit ripens mid-season. A very hand-
some and excellent nut. — Hort.
NORWICH PROLIFIC— Husk, finely downy, rather deeply cut,
and fringed as long and no longer than just to meet over the nut.
Nut, large, roundish, or rather of a square shape, and blunt pointed ;
shell, pale with brown streaks, almost as thin a$ the Cosford ; kernel,
very plump and full, with a fine flavour of fresh almonds when just ripe.
An excellent nut, raised by Messrs. Ewing and Co., of Norwich.
The tree is a good bearer.
Nottingham Prolific. See Pearson's Prolific,
PEARSON'S PROLIFIC {Bwarf Prolific; Nottingham Prolific).—
Husk, hairy, shorter than the nut. Nut, medium sized, obtusely ovate
or roundish ; shell, rather thick ; kernel, full.
A very excellent variety. The trees are abundant and early bearers.
I have seen them not more than two feet and a half high laden with
fruit.
432 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
PRIMLEY. — Husk, shorter than the nut, downy, coarsely fringed.
Nut, about medium size, oblong, pale, and prettily striated ; kernel, full
and of good flavour.
Mr. Barron describes this under the name of Brindley.
Princess Royal. See Buke of Edinburgh.
PROLIFIC FILBERT.— This is very much like the Frizzled
Filbert, the husk being long, but not quite so much cut as in that
variety, and the fruit is large and decidedly more preferable.
PURPLE FILBERT (Purjyle-leaved).—!!]^^ difi'ers from the Red
Filbert in having the leaves of a blood red colour, like those of the
Purple Beech. The fruit is similar and quite as good as that of the
Red Filbert. The husk is of a deep purple colour, and the skin of
the kernel is flesh-coloured and not of so dark a colour as in the Red
Filbert. It is therefore not only valuable as an ornamental shrub, but
also as a fruit tree.
RED FILBERT [Aveline Rouge ; Franche Rouge ; Grosse Precoce
de Frauendorf ; Rouge d' Alger; Red-skinned Filbert). — Husk, hairy,
nearly as long again as the nut, round the apex of which it is
conti acted, as in the case of the White Filbert, but it is more open at
the mouth than that is ; deeply cut and of brown-red colour even to
the base. Nut, medium size, oblong; shell, thin reddish brown ; kernel,
full, covered with a red pellicle.
An excellent nut, and the plant is an abundant bearer.
Red-skinned Filbert. See Red Filbert,
Rouge d'Alger. See Red Filbert.
STRIPED FRUITED (i Fruits Stries).— Busk, downy, longer than
nut ; deeply cut and spreading, thus exposing the nut when ripening.
Nut, small, long, and narrow, with a flat point ; irregular base, pointed,
lightly coloured ; shell, thin, hard. Grows in clusters of three to six.
Plant moderately robust ; grows late ; free fruit ; ripens early. A
very pretty nut, but too small. — Hort.
ST. GRISIER. — Husk, downy, or having only short hairs ; a little
longer than the nut, which it presses closely ; sharply toothed. Nut,
medium size, short, roundish, with a broad base ; of a dark brown or
reddish colour ; shell, thick, but easily broken ; kernel, large, full, of
excellent flavour. Grows in clusters of three to six. Plant of slender
growth ; very prolific ; ripens early.
This appears to be the same as the reddish-coloured Barcelona nuts
of commerce ; perhaps the finest flavoured of all nuts. — Hort.
THE SHAH.— Husk, very much like that of the Frizzled Filbert,
longer than the nut, downy, deeply and coarsely cut, resembling mace.
Nut, large, roundish ovate ; shell, bright brown, striated with darker
brown, rather thick ; kernel, full and of good flavour.
PEACHES. 488
An excellent nut, raised by Mr. Richard Webb, of Calcot; very
distinct.
Siekler's Zellemuss. See LiegeVs.
Webb's Prize Cob Filbert. See Lambert Filbert.
Weissmann's Zellemuss. See Merveille de Bolwyller.
WHITE FILBERT (Aveline Blanche; Barcelone Blanc; Close
Filbert ; Knight's Small ; Remy). — Husk, hairy, very much longer than
the nut, round the apex of which it is contracted. Nut, medium sized,
oblong-ovate ; shell, thin pale bro\N-n, striated with dark brown lines ;
kernel, full, covered with a pale pellicle, and of excellent flavour.
The tree is an abundant bearer, and one of the best for an extended
cultivation.
LIST OF SELECT NUTS.
Cosford Lambert
Daviana White Filbert
Duke of Edinburgh
PEACHES.
SYNOPSIS OF PEACHES.
I. FLOWERS LAEGK.
Leaves without glands.
Freestone. — Noblesse.
Albatross
Dymond
Early Anne
Early Savoy
Early Victoria
Early York
Gladstone
Hemskerk
Malta
Montauban
Noblesse
Princesse Marie
Pucelle de Malincs
Eaymaekers
Bed Magdalene
Sea Eagle
Sulhamstead
Vanguard
White Magdalene
White Nutmeg
Clingstone. — Nbwingtons.
Early Newington
Old Newington
Pavie Bonneuil
28
484
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Leaves with round glands.
A.^Freestone, — Mignonnes.
A Bee
Acton Seot
Alexander
Alexandra
Barrington
Belle Bauce
Early Admirable
Early Alfred
Early Grosse Mignonne
Grosse Mignonne
Hale's Early
Large Early Mignonne
Leopold the First
Mignonne Dubarle
Mountaineer
Princess of Wales
Rivers's Early York
Royal Ascot
Springrove
B. Clingstone.
None
*jf* Leaves with kidney-shaped glands.
A. Freestone.— Tjjb.ti.'es.
Amsden
Belle Imperiale
Dr. Hogg
Early Beatrice
Early Kivers
Early Purple
Early Silver
Flat China
Honey
Lord Palmerston
Nectarine Peach
Prince Eugene
Red Nutmeg
Bangui nole
Shanghai
Waterloo
Yellow Admirable
B , Clingstone. — PoMPONES.
Pavie de Pompone
II. FLOWERS SMALL.
* Leaves without glands.
A. Freestone.— Geohq'ES.
Early Tillotson
Royal Charlotte
Royal George
B Clingstone.
None
Leaves with round glands.
A. Freestone. — G aland es.
American Newington
Belle de Doue
Bellegarde
Boudiu
Canary
Cooled ge's Favourite
Crawford's Early
Crimson Galande
Dagmar
Desse Tardive
Early Albert
Exquisite
George the Fourth
Golden Rath-r pe
Gregory's Late
Incomparable en Beautc
Late Admirable
Morrisania
Nivette
Osprey
Stump-the -World
Teton de Venus
Van Zandt's Superb
Violette Hative
Walburton Admirable
Washington Rath-ripe
Yellow Albcrge
E. Clingstone,
None
PEACHES. 485
Leave* with Jcidney -shaped glands.
A. Freestone. — Chancellobs.
J3elle Chevreuse
Belle de la Croix
Chancellor
Comet
Early Louise
Golden Eagle
Lady Palmerston
Magdala
Prince of Wales
Reine des Vergers
Rosanna
Salwey
Sieulle
Small Mignonne
Clingstone. — CATHEBmES.
Catherine
Incomparable
Mr. R. D. Blackmore, the accomplished author of " Loma Doone," " Alice
Lorraine," and other charming works of a similar nature, has for many years cul-
tivated Peaches in his well-walled garden at Teddington, and his experience of
the behaviour of many of the varieties in the open air of the fertile valley of the
Thames is therefore of great value. Mr. Blackmore has very kindly favoured me
with some notes, which I have added to my descriptions.
A BEC {Mignonne a Bee ; PourprSe a Bee). — Fruit, large, roundish,
uneven in its outline, terminating at the apex in a bold, blunt nipple,
and marked with a shallow suture, which is higher on one side. Skin,
remarkably thin and tender, of a lemon-3'ellow colour, with crimson
dots on the shaded side, but covered with a crimson cheek and darker
dots of the same colour on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh, white,
with a very slight tinge of red next the stone, from which it separates
very freely ; remarkably tender and melting, sweet, and with some-
what of a strawberry flavour. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round
glands.
This is a very fine and early peach. It ripens in the third week of
August.
This originated at Ecully, near Lyons.
Abricotee. See Yellow Admirable.
ACTON SCOT. — Fruit, small, narrow, and depressed at the top.
Skin, pale yellowish white, marbled with bright red next the sun.
Suture, well marked. Flesh, pale throughout, melting, rich, and
sugary. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
A delicious little peach. Ripe in the end of August.
Admirable. See Early Admirable.
ALBATROSS. — Fruit, very large, three inches and a quarter wide
and two inches and three-quarters high ; round and symmetrical,
depressed at the crown, and terminating in a small nipple, which is in
the centre of the depression. Suture, shallow, distinct at the apex
and gradually becoming less so towards the base. Skin, greenish
48& THE FRUIT MANUAL.
yellow, becoming pale yellow covered with crimson, streaked and
mottled with darker crimson, in the way of Barrington. Flesh, white,
mottled with jelly-like patches, slightly stained with red at the stone,
from which it separates, leaving a few strings ; very juicy, tender, and
melting, with a rich, delicious flavour. Flowers, large. Leaves,
without glands.
A fine late peach, ripening in the end of September ; but earlier
than Lord Palmerston and Princess of Wales, to both of which it is
superior.
Kaised by Mr. Kivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from whom I received it in 1875.
Alberge Jaune. See Yelloiu Alberge.
ALEXANDER. — Fruit, about medium size ; round, with a well-
marked suture, which terminates at the apex in a deep depression, in
which there is a small point. Skin, completely covered with bright
red approaching to scarlet where it is exposed to the sun, and this is
coloured with broken streaks and patches of dark crimson ; on the
shaded side it is yellow slightly stained with crimson. Stalk, inserted
in a deep and wide cavity. Flesh, pale yellowish white, without any
stain of red even round the stone, to which it adheres firmly ; remark-
ably delicate and very juicy, with a fine briskly vinous flavour.
Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands, which have sometimes a
tendency to be kidney-shaped.
A very early peach, which ripens in an unheated orchard-house from
the 12th to the 20th of July. Its only fault is being a clingstone, for
its flesh is so tender it quite melts before it can be separated from the
stone.
It was introduced from America by Mr. Kivers, from whom I received it in
1878.
ALEXANDRA {Alexandra Noblesse ; Seedling Noblesse). — Fruit, of
the largest size, round, and marked with a rather deep suture. Skin,
covered with rough down, perfectly pale, without any trace of colour
upon it except a few clusters of red dots on the side exposed to the
sun. Flesh, white, quite pale at the stone, from which it separates
freely ; very tender and melting, juicy, richly flavoured and vinous.
Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
It ripens in the middle of August and forces well. Mr. Blackmore
says *' it is of no value here."
This noble peach was raised by Mr. Rivers from tlie Old Noblesse, from which
it is readily known by its round glands on the leaves. Unlike the old variety, the
tree is not subject to mildew, while the fruit has all the richness of the Old
Noblesse.
The peach figured and described by M. Burvenich, in the Bulletin d' Arboriculture,
second series, vol. iii., under the name of Alexandra Noblesse, and which has no
glands on the leaves, is an error, for the distinguishing character of Alexandra is
its round glands.
PEACHES. 487
AlVIERICAN NEWINGTON (Early Newington Freestone),— Yraii,
large, round, and marked with a suture, which is higher on one side.
Skin, yellowish white, dotted with red in the shade, and bright red
next the sun. Flesh, white, red at the stone, to which some strings
adhere ; juicy, rich, and vinous. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round
glands.
Ripe in the end of August.
AMSDEN. — Fruit, medium size ; roundish and somewhat flattened,
with a shallow suture issuing from the depressed apex. Skin, greenish
white in the shade, and bright red on the side next the sun. Flesh,
white, pale even to the stone, from which it separates freely ; very
tender and juicy and with a rich flavour. Flowers, large, very pale.
Leaves, with kidiiey- shaped glands.
An American peach remarkable for its earliness, being a week earlier
than Early Beatrice and a fortnight before Hale's Early.
Anne. See Early Anne.
Avant. See Grosse Mignonne.
Avant Blanche. See White Nutmeg. .
Avant Peche de Troyes. See Bed Nutmeg.
Avant Rouge. See Bed Nutmeg.
BARRINGTON (Buckingham Mignonne; Colonel Ansley's). — Fruit,
large, roundish ovate, and terminated by a prominent nipple at the
apex. Skin, downy, yellowish green, marbled and streaked, with
broken streaks of red next the sun. Suture, well defined. Flesh, yel-
lowish, slightly tinged with red at the stone, rich, vinous, and of first-
rate quality. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripens in the middle of September.
The tree is very hardy, vigorous, and generally a good bearer. Mr.
Blackmore says it is a shy bearer and seldom ripens thoroughly at
Teddington.
This is oDe of the best mid-season peaches, and bears carriage well. It was
raised by a Mr. Barrington, of Burwood, in Surrey, early in tlie present century,
and I do not find it mentioned in any nursery catalogue prior to 1826.
BELLE BAUCE (Belle Bamse ; Pourpree Hdtive Vineu^e ; Pour-
pree Vineuse ; Vineuse de Fromentin; Vineuse Hdtive). — Fruit, large
and somewhat flattened at the extremities, marked with a distinct
suture, which is considerably higher on one side than the other. Skin,
thin and delicate, covered with fine down, very highly coloured almost
over the entire surface with deep red. Flesh, white with a rosy tint
round the stone, tender, melting, and vinous. Flowers, large. Leaves,
with round glands.
A delicious peach ; a variety of Grosse Mignonne, but considerably
larger, and ripens from ten to fourteen days later, in the middle of
488 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
September. Mr. Blackmore says it is apt to crack, and is not to be
compared to Grosse Mignonne.
Although this is an old French peach, and is mentioned in the Chartreux Cata-
logue of 1775, it was not till long after the beginning of this century that it was
introduced to this country. It was raised by M. Joseph Bauce, a peach-grower at
Montreuil, and was chiefly brought into notice by M. Christophe Hervy, who
cultivated it with special care in the garden of the Chartreux at Paris. It is also
mentioned by Roger Schabol in 1774.
Belle Bausse. See Belle Bauce,
BELLE CHEVREUSE.— Fruit, elongated, with a bold nipple on
the summit. Skin, unusually downy, yellowish, except next the sun,
where it is flesh-coloured and marbled with dark red. Suture, distinct.
Flesh, whitish yellow, tinged with red under the skin next the sun, and
marbled with rose-colour at the stone, sweet, and juicy. Flowers, small.
Leaves, with kidney- shaped glands.
Ripens in the beginning of September.
This is so called from having been raised in the village of Chevreuse in the
Seine et Marne. It is a very old variety, and lias been cultivated for nearly two
centuries.
BELLE DE LA CROIX. — This was raised at Bordeaux, and intro-
duced to this country by Mr. Rivers. It is large and round. The
flesh is very sweet and richly flavoured, equal to the Early York.
Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. The tree
is hardy and a robust grower.
BELLE DE DOUE {Belle de Douai}.—Yrmt, large, roundish,
inclining to oblate. Skin, covered with deep dark red. Flesh, sepa-
rating freely from the stone, with a vinous and rich flavour. Flowers,
small. Glands, round.
A handsome melting peach ; an early variety of Bellegarde, which
ripens in the last week of August and beginning of September. Mr.
Blackmore says it does not do well with him.
It was raised at Doue, in the department of Maine et Loire, by a INI. Dimas-
Chatenay.
Belle de Paris. See Malta.
BELLEGARDE (Galande; French Galande ; Belle de Tillemont ;
Noir de Montreuil; Ronalds' s Brentford Mignonne). — Fruit, round,
slightly compressed and hollow at the summit, with a small projecting
nipple. Skin, deep red all over, striped with dark purple, so much so
as to be almost black. Suture, shallow. Flesh, pale yellow, sHghtly
red at the stone, rich, vinous, and juicy ; healthy, and a prolific bearer.
Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripens in the begmning and middle of September.
PEACHES. 489
This is a very excellent peach, and the tree is a good bearer. It
requires to be propagated on the Pear Plum or Damas Noir. Mr.
Blackmore says it is " of grand quality."
Belle de Tillemont. See Bellegarde.
BELLE IMPERIALE. — Fruit, large, two inches and three-quarters
to three inches in diameter ; roundish, narrowing and depressed at the
crown, from which issues a shallow suture. Skin, greenish yellow on
the shaded side, and mottled with bright crimson on the side next the
sun. Flesh, very juicy, tender, with a rich sprightly flavour, deeply
stained with red at the stone, from which it parts freely. Flowers,
large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
An excellent late peach, ripening about the end of September and
the early part of October.
Blanche. See Boudin,
BOUDIN [Blanche; Bourde; Bourdin ; Bourdine; Narbonne ; Pavu
Admirable; Royale). — Fruit, large, nearly round, sometimes terminated
by a very slight nipple. Skin, greenish white, reddish next the sun,
covered with very tine down. Suture, deep. Flesh, whitish yellow,
deep red round the stone, very rich, sugary, and vinous. Stone, small
and turgid. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripens in the beginning of September.
This variety frequently reproduces itself from seed. It will not
grow on the Mussel Stock, and requires to be propagated on the Pear
Plum or Damas Noir.
Bourde. See Boudin,
Bourdin. See Boudin.
Bourdine. See Boudin.
Brentford Mignonne. See Bellegarde.
Brown Nutmeg. See Bed Nutmeg.
Buckingham Mignonne. See Barrington.
De Burai. See Yellow Admirable.
CANARY PEACH. — Fruit, large, two and a half inches in diameter,
and terminated at the apex with a sharp-pointed nipple. Skin, uni-
formly of a very pale warm yellow or orange, and without any trace of
red. Flesh, separating from the stone ; pale orange, very tender and
melting. Juice, very abundant, sweet and rich, with a delicious, fine,
and racy flavour. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
A large, handsome, and most delicious peach, of American origin ;
ripe in the end of August, and forces well.
440 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
CATHERINE. — Fruit, large, roundish, elongated, swollen on one
side of the suture, and terminated by a small nipple. Skin, yellowish
green, dotted with bright red in the shade, bright red striated with
darker red next the sun. Flesh, adhering to the stone, firm, yellowish
white, dark red at the stone, juicy, rich, and excellent. Flowers,
small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
Ripens in the end of September and beginning of October. Requires
heat to bring it to full perfection.
This is a very old peach, and has been cultivated in this country for two cen-
turies. It is esteemed for its lateness ; and Switzer says of it in 1724, '*it finishes
the glory of the peach season, and makes the greedy as well as the curious give
over the thoughts of eating any more peaches till the succeeding year."
CHANCELLOR (Edgar's Late Melting ; Late Chancellor; Noisette;
Steward's Late Galande). — Fruit, large, oval, pale yellow, dark crimson
next the sun. Suture, well defined. Flesh, free, pale yellow, very
deep red at the stone, sugary, rich, and vinous. Stone, oblong.
Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
Ripens in the middle of September.
China Peach. See Flat China,
Colonel Ansley's. See Barrington.
COMET. — Fruit, very large and round. Skin, pale yellow, with a
crimson cheek. Flesh, pale yellow, separating from the stone ; very
juicy, melting, and good. Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-
shaped glands.
This was raised by Mr. Rivers from the Salwey. It is very much
like its parent, and ripens about the same time ; but the tree is of a
hardier constitution. It is called the Comet, from having fruited in
1857, when the great comet of that year was at its zenith.
COOLEDGE'S FAVOURITE.— Fruit, medium sized, roundish,
with a well-defined suture, which is most marked towards the apex,
and rather higher on one side than the other. Skin, white, covered
with crimson dots, and with a crimson cheek on the side next the sun.
Flesh, very tender and melting, separating freely from the stone, juicy
and sweet, and with a fine delicate flavour. Flowers, small. Leaves,
with round glands.
This is a very fine peach, and ripens in the last week in August.
The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer. It is an American variety,
raised in Massachusetts.
CRAWFORD'S EARLY {Crauford's EarUj Malecoton).—Fxmi, very
large, of a roundish and slightly oblate shape, depressed at the crown,
from which issues a rather shallow suture, much higher on one side
than the other. Skin, thin, of a deep lemon colour, but on the side
next the sun it has a reddish orange blush, strewed with numerous
distinct, dark crimson dots. Flesh, yellow, reddish at the stone, from
PEACHES. 441
"which it separates freely ; very tender and melting, remarkably succu-
lent, with a delicious saccharine and vinous juice. Flowers, small.
Leaves, with round glands.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September.
This is a very large peach, with yellow flesh like an apricot, and, like
most of the yellow peaches, is of inferior quality. ^
CRIMSON GALANDE (Crimson Mignonne). — Fruit, large, roundish,
and rather uneven in its outline, marked with a very faint suture, and
pitted at the apex. Skin, almost entirely covered with very dark
crimson, nearly black. The little on the shaded side that is not
coloured is a pale yellow. Flesh, very tender and melting, very much
and deeply stained with blood red at the stone, from which it separates
freely. Juice, very abundant, rich, sprightly, and deliciously flavoured.
Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
This is a very distinct and very excellent peach, and ripens from the
middle to the end of August. Mr. Blackmore finds this a very good
peach, resembling a Grosse Mignonne more than a Galande.
The tree is a remarkably free grower, and an abundant bearer.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from Belle Bauce ; but it is
a much better grower than that variety.
DAGMAR. — Fruit, round, and marked with a shallow suture, which
is deepest at the apex. Skin, very tender, more than usually downy,
of a pale straw-colour, almost entirely covered with minute crimson
dots, so dense that they nearly form a solid mass of colour ; but here
and there small patches of the yellow ground-colour show through and
give the appearance as if the fruit were mottled with yellow. Flesh,
white, with a gelatinous appearance ; it is so tender as to melt entirely
away in the mouth, and the flavour is very rich and vinous. Flowers,
small. Leaves, with generally kidney-shaped glands, but occasionally
they ai*e round on the small leaves. This is one of the varieties which
exhibit various-formed glands on the same plant.
This ripens about the 10th of August. It does not force well.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, and is the second generation from Early Albert,
which he also raised, and was named in honour of Princess Dagmar of Denmark,
sister of the Princess of Wales.
DESSE TARDIVE.— Fruit, large, round, flat at the top, and
marked with a deep suture at the stalk. Skin, of a very pale colour,
covered on the shaded side with minute red dots, and a light tinge of
red next the sun. Flesh, pale greenish white, with a faint rosy tinge
next the stone, melting, very juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and vinous.
Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
This is one of the best ripe late peaches. Ripe in the end of Sep-
tember and beginning of October.
There is a Desse Hdtive quite distinct from this, which ripens in the
middle of August, having kidney-shaped glands and large flowers.
442 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
DOCTOR HOGG. — Fruit, large and round, with a very distinct
suture, which is deeply cleft at the apex. Skin, thin, but tough, lemon-
coloured, dotted with crimson on the shaded side, and with a faint
crimson cheek next the sun. Flesh, yellowish white, somewhat firm,
but melting, with a rich, full, sugary flavour, which adheres to the
palate, notwithstanding its fine briskness ; it is very deeply stained with
red at the stone, from which it separates freel}^ Flowers, large.
Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
This ripens about the 10th of August, and is a very large early peach.
As an exhibition variety, it will be in high repute on account of its size
and remarkably full flavour ; and for market purposes, its earliness,
size, and the ease with which it bears carriage will render it one of
the most valuable peaches in cultivation. The tree is a very strong
grower, remarkably vigorous and healthy, and bears immensely, but it
does not force well.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, from a French peach he received from Brittanj-,
under the name of Peche Deniaux, and first fruited in 1865.
Dorsetshire. See Nivette.
Double Montague. See Montauhan.
Double Swalsh. See Royal George.
Dubbele Zwolsche. See Royal George.
DYMOND. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and
three-quarters high ; roundish, flattened at the crown, from the centre
of which issues a rather deep suture, which diminishes towards the
base. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and a dull red cheek
on the side exposed to the sun, which is mottled with brighter red.
Flesh, white, rich, melting, very juicy and highly flavoured, slightly
stained with red at the stone, from which it freely separates. Flowers,
large. Leaves, without glands.
A large, handsome, and very excellent peach, ripe in the middle of
September. It was raised by a small nurseryman or market gardener
at Exeter.
EARLY ADMIRABLE [Admirable).— Fiuit, large, roundish. Skin,
fine clear light yellow in the shade, and bright red next the sun.
Suture, distinct. Flesh, white, pale red at the stone, rich, sweet, and
sugary. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripens in the beginning of September.
EARLY ALBERT. — ^Fruit, above medium size, roundish, frequently
with one side of the suture higher than the other, and pitted at the
apex. Skin, greenish yellow, and covered with small points on the
shaded side, but deep crimson, becoming sometimes almost black,
when grown against the wall and fully exposed. Flesh, white, very
tender and melting, with a faint brick-red tinge next the stone, from
PEACHES. 443
which it separates freely, with an abundant sugary and vinous juice,
which is very rich. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
A first-rate early peach. Ripe in the beginning of August. Mr.
Blackmore considers this a very good, though not a large peach.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of Grosse Montagne,
and named in honour of the Prince Consort of Queen Victoria.
EARLY ALFRED. — Fruit, rather large, and marked with a deep
suture that is rather higher on one side than the other. Skin, re-
markably tender, pale straw-coloured on the shaded side, and somewhat
mottled with bright crimson on the side next the sun. Flesh, white,
with the jelly-like transparency of that of a piue-apple, perfectly
melting, richly flavoured and vinous, having an exquisite briskness
that excites the salivary glands, and cleaning instead of cloying the
palate. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
This dehcious peach ripens early in August and forces well.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers from the seed of Hunt's Tawny Nectarine, and was
named in honour of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh.
EARLY ANNE (Anne). — Fruit, medium sized, round. Skin, white,
with very little colour, being merely tinged and dotted with red next
the sun. Suture, shallow. Flesh, white, even to the stone, pleasant,
but rather inclined to be pasty, its earliness being its chief merit.
Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripens early in August.
For many years the Early Anne was the earliest of all peaches, and that on
which the old gardeners relied for their earliest forcing. It is now iar excelled by
Early Beatrice, Early Louise, Early Rivers, and others of the same family ; an. I
after a reputation of more than a century and a half, it will, in all probability, go
out of cultivation.
It is first described by Switzer in 1724, and figured by Batty Langley in 1729,
Switzer says, " It is not so called on account of Queen Anne, as is, by mistake,
supposed ; but in complement to the (at that time) celebrated Mrs. Ann Dunch,
of Pusey, in Berkshire, where it was raised."
EARLY ASCOT. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, and somewhat
depressed, marked with a shallow suture, which is deepest towards the
stalk. Skin, almost entirely covered with red, which is bright on the
shaded side, and almost black, like the Bellegarde, on that exposed to
the sun ; on the shaded side a patch of the yellow ground-colour is
visible, and is strewed with crimson dots. Flesh, yellowish, very
tender, juicy, and melting, with a rich vinous flavour, with a slight
tinge of red at the stone, from which it separates freely. Flowers,
small. Leaves, with round glands.
An excellent peach. Ripe in the second week of August.
This was raised by Mr. Standish, of Ascot, in 1886, from 83cd of the Elruge
Nectarine.
EARLY BEATRICE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
in diameter ; round, a little pointed at the apex, and marked on one
444 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
side with a distinct suture. Skin, with a yellowish gi'ound, but
almost covered with blotches of bright red, and altogether very highly
coloured. Flesh, melting and juicy, richly flavoured, and adhering
slightly by some of its fibres to the stone, which is white. Flowers,
large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
This is the earliest peach known, and ripens in an orchard-house
from the 4th to the 8th of July, and against a wall in the open air
about a fortnight later. The Kev. W. Kingsley, of South Kilvington,
near Thirsk, in Yorkshire, informs me that it ripens out of doors in
the end of July, and is very good. Mr. Blackmore, writing from
Teddington, says "it is not worth growing." It is not so highly
favoured as Early Louise.
The merit of having raised this remarkable peach is due to Mr. Kivers. It
originated from seed of Rivers's White Nectarine, and the tree first fruited in 1865,
when it ripened on the 4th of July. It was named in honour of H.RH. the
Princess Beatrice, the youngest child of Her Majesty Queen Victoria.
EARLY GROSSE MIGNONNE {Grosse Mignonne Hdtive ; Mig-
nonne Hdtive). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, pitted at the apex,
with a small nipple on one side of it, and with a shallow suture. The
skin has a pale red cheek on the side exposed to the sun, and is thickly
dotted all over with bright crimson dots. The flesh is white, with
veins of red throughout, separating freely from the stone, sweet, very
juicy, and vinous. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
This is a very fine peach, ripening in the second week in August.
Mr. R. D. Blackmore's experience of it is that it is a very good peach,
but not so fine as Grosse Mignonne, and very little earher.
EARLY LOUISE. — Fruit, of medium size, round, marked on one
side with a deep suture, which is deep over the crown. Skin, highly
coloured and bright red. Flesh, very tender and richly flavoured,
yellowish white even to the stone, to which it adheres. Flowers,
small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
This is a few days later than Early Beatrice, and generally ripens
from the 8th to the 14th of July in an orchard-house. Although not
so early it is a larger and a superior fruit to Early Beatrice. Mr.
Blackmore says ''it is too small and a clingstone. A pretty fruit and
very fertile ; 90 per cent, should be taken ofl" right early."
Early Louise was raised from seed of Early Albert by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge-
worth ; and Early Albert being raised from seed of Montague Precoce, an early
clingstone peach, the adherent tendency of the flesh has re-asserted itself. The
name was given in honour of H.R.H. Princess Louise, now Marchioness of Lome.
EARLY NEWINGTON {Smith's Early Neivington).— Fruit,
medium sized, rather oval. Skin, of a pale straw-colour on the
shaded side, and streaked with purple next the sun. Flesh, pale
yellow, tinged with light red next the stone, to which it adheres ;
juicy and well-flavoured. Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripe in the end of August and beginning of September.
PEACHES. 445
Earh' Newington Freestone. See AmeHcan Newington.
ExlRLY PURPLE {Pourpree Hdtive ; Pourpree Hdtive a Grandes
Fleurs). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, depressed at the apex, divided
on one side by a suture extending from the base and across the apex.
Skin, covered with a thick down, pale sulphur yellow, thinly dotted
with red on the shaded side, and deep purplish red next the sun.
Flesh, white, separating with difficulty from the stone, red under the
skin on the side which is exposed to the sun, and very deep red at the
stone ; of a rich vinous and sugary flavour. Flowers, large. Leaves,
with kidney-shaped glands.
Kipe in the middle and end of August.
Early Purple Avant. See Grosse Mignonne.
EARLY RIVERS. — Fruit, of large size, two inches and a half
wide and the same in height ; roundish, marked with a distinct
suture. Skin, pale lemon yellow, with the slightest blush on one
side, and a few pale flesh-coloured dots on the part exposed to the
sun. Flesh, pale even to the stone, and gelatinous, translucent, with
white veins and mottles interspersed through it ; very tender and very
juicy, exceedingly rich and sugary, and with a fine brisk nectarine
flavour ; separating freely from the stone. Flowers, large, very spread-
ing. Leaves, with the glands kidney-shaped.
This is the finest early peach known, and ripens about the 14th of
July in an orchard-house. In size and colour it is not unlike Noblesse.
In France it succeeds so well that Mr. F. Jamin says it is the finest
early peach in France. Its only fault is that it splits at the stone, and
the kernel is imperfect. This probably arises from imperfect fertilisa-
tion, from the pistil protruding so far beyond the stamens. It is well
adapted for forcing. At Teddington Mr. R. D. Blackmore finds it
** a large and good peach, but very pale, and splits even in dry seasons.
On this account it is worthless here."
This peach was sent to me by Mr. Rivers on the 20th of July, 1867, when it was
first produced, and I was so struck with its superiority over all other early peaches
and its perfectly distinct character, that I considered it a fitting opportunity to
record the name of the raiser by associating it with a fruit which cannot fail to
become a universal favourite. It was raised from seed of Early Silver.
EARLY SAVOY {Precoce de Savoie). — This is more ovate in shape
than Grosse Mignonne, and paler colour on the side next the sun.
Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
It is an excellent variety, and ripens in the end of August.
EARLY SILVER. — ^Fruit, very large, ovate, or roundish ovate, and
sometimes terminated by a nipple at the apex. Skin, of a delicate
cream-colour, with a slight blush next the sun, which renders it very
beautiful. When grown against a wall in the open au', it has a dark
crimson cheek. Flesh, separating from the stone, white throughout and
without any stain of red next the stone, melting, and very juicy, with a
446
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
flavour remarkable for its union of the briskness of the White Nectarine
with the noyau of the Peach. Flowers, large. Leaves, with kidney-
shaped glands.
When fully ripe this is one of the most delicious of all peaches. It
ripens from the middle to the end of August, and when forced it retains
its fine racy flavour better than any other kind. Mr. Blackmore says,
" Apt to ripen on one side only. Good only in fine seasons."
This delicious peach was raised by Mr. Rivers, in 1857, from seed of the White
Nectarine.
EARLY TILLOTSON.— Fruit, medium sized, round. Skin, yel-
lowish white on the shaded side and dotted with red, but on the side
next the sun it is quite covered with dark red. Flesh, white, melting,
juicy and richly flavoured, separating from the stone, to which it some-
what adheres by means of some of its fibres. Flowers, small. Leaves,
without glands.
An American peach, ripe from the middle to the end of August.
The tree, like many of the glandless-leaved peaches, is very liable to
mildew.
EARLY VICTORIA. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, marked on
one side with a shallow suture. Skin, very thin, pale yellow on the
shaded side, and dark dull maroon on the side next the sun. Flesh,
yellowish white, very tender, melting, and very juicy, with a sweet and
luscious flavour. Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
A first-rate early peach, ripening in the beginning of August. It
forces well. At Teddington, Mr. R. D. Blackmore says, it is not worth
growing.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers from Early York, than which it is rather earlier, and
was named in honour of Her Majesty Queen Victoria.
Early Vineyard. See Grosse Mignonne.
EARLY YORK. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish inclining to ovate,
marked on one side with a shallow suture. Skin, very thin, delicate
greenish white, dotted with red in the shade, but dark red next the sun.
Flesh, greenish white, melting, very juicy, vinous, and richly flavoured.
Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
One of the best early peaches. Ripe in the beginning and middle of
August. An objection to the Early York is that the tree is so liable
to mildew, like most of the glandless-leaved varieties. A preferable
form of it is a seedling raised from it by Mr. Rivers, which has glands
on the leaves. The tree of this does not sufi'er from mildew, and the
fruit is exactly the same as that of Early York. See Rivers's Early
York. Mr. Blackmore says it does not do well at Teddington.
Edgar's Late Melting. See Chancellor.
EngHsh Galande. See Vwlette Hdtive,
PEACHES. 447
EXQUISITE. — Fruit, of immense size, being ten and a half inches
in circumference, and weighing nine and a half ounces ; roundish oval
in shape, marked with a distinct suture, and terminated at the apex by a
sharp nipple. Skin, yellow as that of an apricot, with a dark crimson
mottled cheek on the side next the sun. Flesh, deep yellow, veined
and stained with deep blood red at the stone, tender, melting, juicy,
rich, and vinous. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
This is a noble peach, and one of delicious flavour ; it was raised
in Georgia, U.S.A., and introduced to this country by Mr. Rivers. It
ripens in the middle of September.
FLAT CHINA {Chi7ia Peach; Java Peach).— The shape of this
peach is very remarkable. It is quite flat and deeply hollowed, both at
the crown and the stalk, so that a section of it is somewhat like the
figure 00. It is about two inches and a half in diameter, and not more
than three-quarters of an inch thick. Skin, pale yellow, mottled with
red on the side next the sun. Flesh, pale yellow, red at the stone, and
of good flavour. Flowers, large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
It first fruited in the garden of Mr. Braddick, of Thames Ditton, who sent it to
the Horticultural Society in 1819. All the trees existing at the time in this country
were killed by the severe frost of 1838, and it was again introduced by the Royal
llorticuhural Society in 1868 from the Continent.
Forster's Early. See Grosse Mignonne.
French Galande. See Bellegarde.
French Magdalen. See Bed Magdalen,
French Mignonne. See Grosse Mignonne,
FROGMORE GOLDEN.— This is one of the yellow-fleshed, or
apricot peaches, raised by Mr. Ingram, gardener to Her Majesty at
Frogmore. The fruit is medium sized, of a deep apricot colour, and
bright red next the sun. The flesh is tender, very juicy, separating
from the stone, and with a rich vinous flavour.
This is remarkable for its earliness. It ripens against a wall in the
end of July.
Galande. See Bellegarde,
GEORGE THE FOURTH.— Fruit, large, round, swollen on one
side of the suture. Skin, yellowish white, dotted with red, and rich
dark red next the sun, mottled with dark red where the two colours
blend. Suture, deep at the summit. Stalk, set in a hollow depression.
Flesh, pale yellow, rich, vinous, and juicy. Flowers, small. Leaves,
with round glands.
Ripe early in September.
This is a very large and very excellent peach.
It was introduced from America several years ago, but is not now much in culti-
vation. It was raised in New York, the original tree having stood in the garden
of Mr. Gill, in Broad Street.
4,48 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
GLADSTONE. — Fruit, very large, three inches and a quarter wide
and t«^o inches and three-quarters high; round and depressed, being
quite oblate, having a very shallow suture and very depressed crown.
Skin, pale like the Noblesse, with a slightly mottled cheek of thin red.
Flesh, white, very tender, melting, and juicy, with a rich vinous flavour,
and separating freely from the stone. Flowers, large. Leaves, with-
out glands.
A late peach, ripening in the end of September ; it was raised by
Mr. Rivers.
GOLDEN EAGLE.— Fruit, very large, three inches and a quarter
wide and three inches high ; round, with a deep suture and depressed
crown. Skin, deep orange, a thin red cheek on the side next the sun,
and a greenish yellow tinge on the shaded side. Flesh, very tender
and melting, mottled with gelatinous-like patches of rich flavour, and
stained with red at the stone, from which it separates freely. Flowers
small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
A yellow peach, superior to any of the yellow peaches I have ever
met with ; ripe in the end of September. It was raised by Mr.
Rivers.
Golden Fleshed. See Yellow Alberge,
Golden Mignonne. See Yellow Alberge.
GOLDEN RATH-RIPE [Golden FMre-Hpe).—FYmt, very large,
three inches and a quarter wide and two inches and three-quarters
high; roundish, depressed at the crown, and with a distinct suture,
which is higher on one side than the other. Skin, bright yellow on
the shaded side, but brownish red next the sun. Stalk, rather deeply
inserted. Flesh, rich yellow colour, tender, melting, and very juicy,
richly flavoured, stained with red at the stone, from which it separates
freely. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
One of the best of the yellow peaches introduced from America by
Mr. Rivers ; it ripens in the beginning of September.
In the previous editions of this work I made Golden Rath-ripe
synonymous with Yellow Admirable. I, along with my friend, the late
Mr. Rivers, was led into this error through his having received from
America some plants of Golden Rath-ripe, which proved to be Yellow
Admirable.
GREGORY'S LATE.— Fruit, large, ovate, and pointed. Skin,
pale green on the shaded side, and with a dark red cheek, like Royal
George, on the side next the sun. Flesh, very melting, vinous, sugary,
and highly flavoured. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripe in the end of September or beginning of October.
It is an excellent late melting peach, somewhat later than Late
Admirable. Does not colour or ripen well in ordinary seasons.
This was introduced by Mr, William Gregory, a nurseryman at Cirencester,
about the year 1849.
PEACHES. 449
Griffith's Mignonne. See Royal George.
Grimwood's Royal Charlotte. See Boyal Charlotte.
Grimwood's Royal George. See Grosse Mignonne.
Grosse Jaune. See Yellow Admirable.
Grosse Malecoton. See Pavie de Pompone.
GROSSE MIGNONNE [Avant; Early PwpUAvant; Early Vine-
yard ; Foster's Early ; French Mignonne ; Grimwood's Royal George ;
Johnson's Early Purple Avant ; NeaVs Early Purple ; Padley's Early
Purple ; Ronalds' s Galande ; Royal Kensington ; Royal Sovereign ;
Smooth-leaved Royal George ; Superb Royal ; Grosse Mignonne Vehutee ;
Grosse Mignonne Ordinaire ; Hdtive de Fenieres ; Mignonne Veloutee).
— Fruit, large, roundish, somewhat flattened, and furrowed with a
deep suture at the top, which seems to divide it in two lobes. Skin,
pale greenish yellow mottled with red, and deep brownish red next the
sun, covered with fine soft down. Flesh, pale yellow, red under the
skin on the side next the sun and at the stone, rich and delicate, vinous,
and highly flavoured. Stone, small, very rough. Flowers, large.
Leaves, with round glands.
Ripe in the end of August and beginning of September.
This is one of the very best mid-season peaches. The tree, how-
ever, is delicate, and very liable to mildew ; but there are some seed-
lings from it which preserve all the characters of the fruit with a hardier
constitution of the tree. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says that in his
garden at Teddington it never takes mildew, and if he grew only one
kind of peach this would be the one.
The numerous synonyms which this variety possesses are an evidence of the
favour in which it has been held. Its origin is unknown, butTit has been in culti-
vation for upwards of two centuries, being mentioned by Merlet and all subsequent
authors. From the fact of its reproducing itself from seed, nurserymen, with good
faith, have introduced it from time to time as a new variety. Grimwood, of the
Kensington Nursery, sent it out in George the Third's reign as Grimwood's Royal
George. The late Mr. Lee of Hammersmith did so under the two names of
Early Vineyard and Smooth-leaved Royal George. Neal (or Neil), a nurseryman,
sold two plants of it to Mr. Padley, the king's gardener at Hampton Court, for
five guineas, under the name of Neal's Early Purple, and hence Padley's name also
appears among the synonyms. Shailer, of Chelsea, who raised the White Moss
>fose, also sent it out under the name of Superb Royal, and Ronalds, of Brentford,
sold it as Ronalds's Galande. It was called Royal Kensington by Forsyth, the
royal gardener, who, when he went to Kensington in 1784, found it as anew peach
sent with some others from France to tlie Queen. Daniel Grimwood was a nursery-
man at Kensington, and died there August 6th, 1796, and was succeeded by
William Malcolm. The nursery was on the south side of the high road, exactly-
opposite Kensington Palace Gardens. It was fenced all round with an old holly
iiedge, which in 1840 had become very insecure.
Grosse Mignonne Hative. See Early Grosse Mignonne,
Grosse Mignonne Ordinaire. See Grosse Mignonne.
29
460 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Grosse Mignonne Veloutee. See Grosse Mignonne,
Grosse Peche Jaune Tardive. See Yellow Admirable.
Grosse Perseque Rouge. See Pavie de Pompone,
Grosse Violette. See Violette Grosse.
HALE'S EARLY. — A very early American peach of recent intro-
duction. Fruit, of medium size, round, having a deep suture, one side
of which is higher than the other, and depressed on the apex. Skin,
suffused with crimson, which is covered with broad broken streaks of
darker crimson, dark red towards the sun. Flesh, pale yellow, and
scarcely at all coloured round the stone, from which it separates,
tender, melting, and with a delicious flavour. Flowers, large. Leaves,
with round glands.
This ripens early in August, before Early York, and is a very beautiful
fruit when well coloured. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says, " This is a very
fine fruit, and the best early yet in vogue."
Hardy Galande. See Violette Hdtive.
Hative de Ferrieres. See Grosse Mignonne.
HEMSKERK. — Fruit, medium sized. Skin, yellowish green, spotted
with scarlet, bright red mottled with darker red next the sun. Flesh,
greenish yellow throughout, rich and delicious. Stone, small, and
smoother than that of any other peach. A good bearer. Flowers,
large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripens in the end of August.
Hermaphrodite. See Yellow Admirable.
Hoffmann's. See Morrisania.
HONEY {De Montigny). — This is a curious oval-shaped peach of
medium size, tapering at the apex into a sharp long nipple or beak,
and marked with a distinct suture. Skin, covered with a very fine
down, perfectly white, and splashed with broken bands or streaks of
crimson. Flesh, perfectly white, with just a faint trace of red round
the stone, from which it separates freely ; very tender, melting, and
juicy. Juice, abundant, sweet and rich, almost like a syrup. Flowers,
large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
A very rich and delicious peach, quite novel in character, both in
appearance and in flavour.
This is a Chinese variety, and was raised from seed sent to the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris, by M. de Montigny, consul of France at Shanghai. The name of
Honey Peach, which has been given it in England, is expressive of the peculiar
richness of its flavour.
INCOMPARABLE. — ^Very similar to the Catherine, but not so good.
Flesh, clingstone. Flowers, small. Glands, kidney -shaped.
PEACHES. 451
INCOMPAKABLE EN BE AUTE.— Fruit, large, round, and de-
pressed at both ends. Skin, pale yellowish green in the shade, but
streaked with crimson and covered with deep brownish red next the
sun. Flesh, white, dark red at the stone, melting and juicy, vinous,
and with a somewhat musky flavour. A very showy fruit, but is not
of first-rate quality. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripe in the middle of September. Mr. Blackmore says that at
Teddington it has no beauty at all.
Italian. See Malta.
Java Peach. See Flat China,
Johnson's Early Purple Avant. See Grosse Mignonne,
Judd's Melting. See Late Admirable,
Kew Early Purple. See Royal Charlotte.
LADY PALMERSTON.— Fruit, large and handsome. Skin, greenish
yellow, marked with crimson. Flesh, pale yellow, separating from the
stone ; rich and melting. Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped
glands.
This is a remarkably fine late peach, and ripens in the end of Sep-
tember and beginning of October.
It was raised by Mr. Hivers from Pine-apple Nectarine.
LATE ADMIRABLE (Judd's Melting ; Motteux's Seedling).— Fruit,
very large, elongated, terminated with an acute swollen nipple. Skin,
yellowish green, pale red and marbled, and striped with deep red next
the sun. Suture, deep. Flesh, greenish white, with red veins at the
stone ; delicate, juicy, rich, and vinous. Flowers, small. Leaves,
with round glands.
Ripe in the middle and end of September.
One of the best late peaches, but Mr. Blackmore says that at Ted-
dington it is of " poor quality."
Late Chancellor. See Chancellor.
LARGE EARLY MIGNONNE.— Fruit, very large. Skin, pale
straw-colour, with a beautiful rosy blush on the side exposed to the
sun. Flesh, melting, and very juicy, with a very rich flavour. Flowers,
large. Leaves, with round glands.
This fine handsome peach is a week earlier than Early Grosse Mig-
nonne. It was raised by Mr. Rivers from Belle Bauce in 1865.
LEOPOLD THE FIRST.— Fruit, very large, round, pitted at the
apex, and marked with a distinct suture on one side. Skin, pale
yellow, tinged with red, and very slightly or not at all washed with red
next the sun. Flesh, tender, very melting, vinous, and perfumed.
Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
RijDe in the middle of October. "
462 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Lockyer's Mignonne. See Eoyal George.
Lord Fauconberg's. See Royal Charlotte.
Lord Montague's. See Noblesse.
Lord Nelson's. See Royal Charlotte.
LORD PALMERSTON.— Fruit, large. Skin, of a rather pale colour,
having only a little red on the side next the sun. Flesh, remarkably
firm and richly flavoured, deeply stained with red at the stone, to
which it is slightly adherent, but not so much so as to bring it into
the class of clingstones. Flowers, large and handsome, like those of
Pavie de Pompone. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands, but occa-
sionally they are round, and in some the glands are quite absent.
This is one of the largest late peaches, and is ripe in the end of
September and beginning of October ; but it is not highly flavoured.
It is very uncertain in ripening, is not always good, and is surpassed
by Princess of Wales. Mr. Blackmore says " it may be good in hot
seasons, I have not yet found it so."
This was raised by Mr. Rivers from Princess of Wales, which was raised from
.Pavie de Pompone, and it retains in some measure the character of its grand-parent,
in being very deeply stained with red at the stone, and having the flesh rather
adherent.
Madeleine Blanche. See White Magdalen.
Madeleine de Courson. See Red Magdalen.
Madeleine Rouge. See Red Magdalen.
Madeleine Rouge a Petites Fleurs. See Royal George.
MAGDALA. — Fruit, medium sized, inclining to oval. Skin, nearly
smooth, like that of a nectarine, creamy white, marbled and blotched
with crimson ; and when fully exposed to the sun, grown against a
wall, it is very highly coloured. Flesh, greenish, tender and melting,
separating freely from the stone, and with an unusually rich and
exquisite flavour. Flowers, large, and very highly coloured. Leaves,
with kidney -shaped glands.
This remarkably fine peach ripens in the beginning of September, in
an orchard-house from the 4th to the 6th, but about a fortnight later
against a wall.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers in 1865 from seed of Rivers's Orange Nectarine.
MALTA {Belle de Paris ; Italian ; Malte de Normandie ; Peche de
Malte). — Fruit, large, roundish, flattened at the top. Skin, greenish
yellow, blotched with dull purple next the sun. Suture, broad and
shallow. Flesh, greenish, light red next the stone, rich, vinous, juicy,
slightly musky, and deliciously flavoured. Bears carriage better than
any other peach. Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripe in August and September, and forces very well, but Mr. Black-
more says it is not good at Teddmgton.
PEACHES. 453
MARQUIS OF DOWNSHIRE {Borjal Ascot).— Frxxii, medium
sized, two inches and three-quarters wide and two inches and a half
high ; round, rather uneven in its outHne, depressed at the crown, and
with a deep suture, which is higher on one side than the other. Skin,
greenish yellow where shaded, with a light red cheek, which is mottled
with darker red where much exposed to the sun. Flesh, tender, juicy,
melting, sweet, and highly flavoured, stained with red at the stone,
from which it separates freely ; stone, large. Flowers, large. Leaves,
with round glands.
A very fine late peach, superior in quality to Barrington and Wal-
burton Late Admirable. It was raised by Mr. John Standish, of Ascot.
Mellish's Favourite*. See Noblesse.
Mignon a Bee. See A Bee.
MIGNONNE DUBARLE. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, inclining
to oval, terminating with a well-defined nipple at the apex, and marked
wuth a distinct suture. Skin, highly coloured, being entirely covered
with bright red on the side next the sun. Flesh, tender, melting, very
juicy, and richly flavoured. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
This delicious peach is a very early form of Grosse Mignonne, and
ripens about eight days earlier than Early Grosse Mignonne.
Mignonne Hative. See Early Grosse Mifjnonne.
Mignonne Petite. See Small Miynomie.
Mignonne Veloutee. See Grosse Ml//nonne.
Millet's Mignonne. See Royal Georye.
Monstrous Pavie of Pompone. See Pavie de Pompone,
Monstrueuse de Dou6. See Fidne des Veryers.
Montague. See Montaidyan.
Montague Blanche. See White Maydalen.
MONTAUBAN (Double Montayne ; Montayne). — Fruit, medium
sized, roundish, narrow at the top. Skin, pale greenish yellow, red,
marbled with darker red next the sun. Suture, distinct. Flesh, white
to the stone, rich, and juicy. A good bearer. Flowers, large. Leaves,
without glands.
Ripe in the end of August.
De Montigny. See Honey Peach.
MORRISANIA {Hofmann's ; Morrison's Pound). — Fruit, very large,
round. Skin, dull gi-eenish white, and brownish red next the sun.
Flesh, pale yellow, juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured. Flowers,
small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripe in the middle and end of September.
It is some years since this peach was introduced from America, but it has never
found favour with our fruit-growers. It was first distributed by Governor Morris,
of Morrisania, near New York.
454 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Motteux's Seedling. See Late Admirable,
MOUNTAINEER. — Fruit, large, roundish, somewhat pointed at the
apex. Skin, nearly smooth, pale yellow, dotted with red on the shaded
side, but dark red next the sun. Flesh, pale yellowish green', rayed
with red at the stone, melting, juicy, and richly flavoured. Flowers,
large. Leaves, with round glands.
A coarse peach, hardly worth cultivating. Ripe early in September.
Narbonne. See Boudin.
^ NECTARINE PEACH.— Fruit, very large, nearly three inches in
diameter, and two inches and three-quarters high ; ovate, terminating
at the apex in a pointed nipple. Suture, well marked, particularly
near the nipple. Skin, nearly quite smooth, like a nectarine, yellow,
with a bright mottled red cheek next the sun. Flesh, semi-transparent
with a brilliant red next the stone, from which it separates freely,
leaving only a few fibres attached; very richly flavoured, and with
a fine refreshing briskness. Flowers, large. Leaves, with kidney-
shaped glands, which are very small.
When grown in an orchard-house this is a very fine and handsome
peach, which ripens just after Royal George, in the middle of September,
but Mr. Blackmore finds it a bad grower at Teddington. It will carry
almost any distance.
This was raised by Mr. Rivers from seed of a nectarine he imported from Holland,
called Grand Noir.
Neil's Early Purple. See Grosse Mignonne.
New Royal Charlotte. See Royal Charlotte.
NIVETTE {Dorsetshire ; Veloutee Tardive). — Fruit, round, elongated,
depressed at the top. Skin, pale green, bright red with deep red spots
next the sun, covered with a fine velvety down. Suture, shallow.
Flesh, pale green, deep red at the stone, rich, and sugary. Flowers,
small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripe in the middle of September.
NOBLESSE {Lord Montague's; Mellish's Favounte). — Fruit, large,
roundish oblong, terminating with a small nipple. Skin, pale yellowish
green in the shade, delicate red, marbled and streaked with dull red
and purple, next the sun. Flesh, white, tinged with yellow, slightly
veined with red next the stone, juicy, sweet, and very luscious. Tree,
hardy and healthy. Flowers, large. Leaves without glands.
Ripe in the end of August and beginning of September. The tree
is subject to mildew.
It is very remarkable that a fruit bearing a French name should not be found in
any French work, or mentioned in any French catalogue. It has been cultivated
in this country for upwards of a century and a half, and as I have recently dis-
covered that it is a Dutch peach, it is not improbable that it was introduced by
PEACHES. 455
some of those eminent Dutch merchants who were among our greatest patrons of
gardening in the time of Queen Anne and George the First.
Noire de Montreuil. See Bellegarde.
Noisette. See Chancellor.
Newington. See Old Neudngton.
OLD NEWINGTON (Newington). — Fruit, large, roundish, marked
with a shallow suture. Skin, pale yellow in the shade, and fine red,
marked with still darker red, on the side next the sun. Flesh, yellowish
white, deep red at the stone, to which it adheres ; of a jui^y, rich,
and very vinous flavour. Flowers, large, Leaves, without glands.
Ripe in the middle of September.
D' Orange. See Yellow Admirable.
OSPREY. — Fruit, very large, three inches and a half wide and
two inches and three-quarters high ; oblate, depressed at the crown,
from which issues a distinct suture towards the base. Skin, quite
pale, assuming a creamy tinge next the sun with a slight stain of
crimson. Flesh, very tender and melting, having a semi-transparent
gelatinous appearance with a deep crimson stain next the stone, to
which it slightly adheres, and with a very rich, sweet, and sprightly
flavour. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
This very handsome and excellent peach is ripe in an orchard-house
in the middle of September.
Raised by Mr. Rivers from Pitmaston Orange Nectarine at the same time as
Prince of Wales, about the year 1860.
Padley's Early Purple. See Grosse Mignomu.
Pa vie Admirable. See Boudin.
PA VIE BONNEUIL. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, with a
nipple at the apex, marked on one side with a wide and rather deep
suture. Skin, covered with fine down, greenish white, slightly coloured
next the sun, and adhering closely to the flesh. Flesh, firm, white,
sweet, and juicy, but not highly flavoured, and adhering closely to the
stone. Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
This is a very late clingstone peach, which does not ripen against
a wall in the open air till the second week in November, and after being
gathered keeps long in the fruit-room. For orchard-house culture it
may be well adapted on account of its lateness.
Pavie Camu. See Pavie de Pompone.
Pavie Monstrueuse. See Pavie de Pompone.
PAVIE DE POMPONE (Gros Malecoton; Gros Perseque Roiigej
Monstrous Pavie of Pompone ; Pavie Camu ; Pavie Monstrueux ; Pavie
Bonge de Pompone ; Pavie Rouge). — Fruit, immensely large and round,
450 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
terminated by an obtuse nipple, and marked on one side with a shallow
suture. Skin, pale yellowish white, slightly tinged with green on
the shaded side, and of a beautiful deep red next the sun. Flesh,
yellowish white, deep red at the stone, to which it adheres ; in warm
seasons it is of a vinous, sugary, and musky flavour, but otherwise it
is insipid. In this climate it rarely, if ever, attains perfection.
Flowers, large. Leaves, with kidney -shaped glands.
Ripe in the middle and end of October.
Pavie Rouge. See Pavie de Pompone.
Pavie Rouge de Pompone. See Pavie de Pompone.
Peche d'Abricot. See Yellow Admirable.
Peche de Malte. See Malta.
Peche Jaune. See Yellow Alberge.
Petite Mignonne. See Small Mignonne.
Petite Rosanne. See Rosanna.
Pound. See Morrisania.
Pourpree Hative. See Early Purple.
Pourpree Hative a Grandes Fleurs. See Early Purple.
Pourpree a Bee. See A Bee.
Pourpree Hative Vineuse. See Belle Bauce.
Pourpree Vineuse. See Belle Bauce.
Precoce de Savoie. See Early Savoy.
PREMIER. — Fruit, above medium size, roundish, terminated at the
apex with a small sharp nipple, and marked on the side with a shallow
suture. Skin, very much coloured with dark crimson, which extends
even to the shaded side. Flesh, very tender and juicy, with a rich
and luscious flavour, separating freely from the stone.
A delicious peach, raised in the royal gardens, Frogmore, near
"Windsor.
PRINCE EUGENE. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish. Skin, pale
yellowish white, and when ripe of a pale waxen colour, faintly tinged
with red next the sun. Flesh, melting, and somewhat deficient in
flavour. Flowers, large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
Ripe in the end of August.
PRINCESSE MARIE.— Fruit, medium sized, roundish. Skin,
yellowish white, dotted with pale red on the shaded side, and dark
red on the side next the sun. Flesh, yellowish white, rayed with red
at the stone ; melting, juicy, rich, and vinous. Flowers, large.
Leaves, without glands.
Ripens in the middle of September.
PEACHES. 457
PRINCE OF WALES.— Fruit, very large, roundish, and ratlier
flattened, being wider than high. Skin, covered with a thick down
like Barrington, green on the shaded side, and dark red on the side
next the sun. Flesh, greenish white, very tender, melting and juicy,
rather deeply stained with red next the stone, from which it sepai'ates
freely ; rich, sugary, and vinous. Flowers, small. Leaves, with
kidney-shaped glands.
A very excellent late peach ; ripe in the middle of September.
This was raised by Mr. Rivers from the seed of Pitmaston Orange Nectarine.
PRINCESS OF WALES.— Fruit, very large, three inches and a
quarter wide and three inches high ; round, rather depressed at the
crown, and terminated by a very prominent nipple. Skin, greenish at
first, but cream-coloured when fully ripe, very slightly shaded with
blush, but generally colourless. Flesh, white with a yellow tinge,
melting, juicy, briskly and very richly flavoured ; deep red at the
stone, from which it separates. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round
glands.
A fine and handsome fruit, raised by Mr. Rivers from seed of Pavie
de Pompone. This is one of the largest and finest flavoured peaches
in cultivation ; it ripens in the middle and end of September.
Mr. Blackmore finds it a grand peach in warm seasons. Useless in
cold ones.
PUCELLE DE MALINES.— Fruit, pretty large, round, and de-
pressed, having a well-marked suture. Skin, very downy, clear yellow
in the shade, but highly coloured with red next the sun, and marked
with brown spots. Flesh, yellowish white, stained with red round the
stone, melting, juicy, sugary, with a delicious perfume, and separating
from the stone. Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September.
This belongs to the Noblesse race, but it is not so good as that
variety.
Purple Alberge. See Yellow Alberge,
RAYMAEKERS.— Fruit, large, roundish, somewhat depressed, the
apex terminating in a small nipple, which is surmounted by the stig-
matic point. Suture, deep at the top but gradually diminishing
towards the base of the fruit. Skin, do\^Tiy, yellow, deep crimson on
the side next the sun, but quite yellow on the shaded side. Flesh,
white, melting, and vinous, separating freely from the stone, round
which it is deeply stained with red. Flowers, large. Leaves, without
glands.
A very excellent peach, ripening in the middle of September. It
was raised in Belgium, where it is grown to a considerable extent.
Red Alberge. See Yellow Alberge.
458 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Red Avant. See Bed Nutmeg.
RED MAGDALEN (French Magdalen; Madeleine de C our son ;
Madeleine Ilouge). — Fruit, rather below medium size, round, and
flattened at the stalk. Skin, pale yellowish white in the shade, fine
bright red next the sun. Suture, deep, extending on one side. Flesh,
white, veined with red at the stone, firm, rich, sugary, and vinous.
Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September.
RED NUTMEG-. — [Avant Peche de Troyes ; Avant Ilouge; Brown
Nutmeg; Bed Avant). — Fruit, small, roundish, terminated by a small
round nipple. Skin, pale yellow, bright red, marbled with dark ver-
milion next the sun. Suture, distinct. Flesh, pale yellow, reddish
under the skin on the side next the sun and at the stone, sweet and
musky. Flowers, large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
Ripens in July and August.
Valuable only for earliness.
REINE DES VERGERS (Monstrueuse de Done}.— Yrnit, very
large, upwards of three inches in diameter ; round, and incHning to
oval in its shape, marked with a suture that extends nearly over its
entire circumference. Skin, pale green, thickly covered all over with
red dots, which in some parts are so dense as to form red mottles, and
next the sun it is entirely red. Flesh, greenish, very deep red next
the stone, from which it freely separates ; rather firm and solid, very
juicy, and with a rich, sprightly, and vinous flavour. Flowers, small.
Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
A valuable market peach from its large size and firm flesh. It
ripens in the middle of September. The tree is very hardy, and is an
abundant bearer, but Mr. Blackmore says it never ripens at Ted-
dington.
RIVERS'S EARLY YORK.— This is in every respect similar to the
Early York, from which it was raised by Mr. Rivers, and only differs
from it by having round glands on the leaves. The fruit is medium
sized, and the skin is marbled with red. Flowers, large. Leaves, with
round glands.
It is one of the best peaches for forcing, as it always sets well and
produces a good crop. The tree does not suff'er from mildew as the
old Early York does, and this is altogether a very superior variety
of it.
Mr. Blackmore considers it a very good and pretty peach, but rather
small.
Ronalds's Brentford Mignonne. See Bellegarde.
Rolands's Galande. See Grosse Mignonne.
PEACHES. 459
ROSANNxA. (P^ti7^ Bosanne ; St. Laurent Jaune). — Fruit, medium
sized, roundish. Skin, yellow, deep purplish next the sun. Flesh,
deep yellow at the circumference, and deep red at the stone ; firm,
rich, sugary, and vinous. Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped
glands.
Ripens in the middle of September. Tree bears well as a standarc*,
and is very productive.
This is very different from Yellow Alberge, which :s sometimes called
Rosanna.
Royale. See Boudin.
Royal Ascot. See Marquis of Dow7ishire.
ROYAL CHARLOTTE {Grimvood's Boyal Charlotte; Kew Early
Purple; Lord Fauconber<fs ; Lord Nelson's; New Boyal Charlotte). —
Fruit, rather large, roundish ovate. Skin, pale white, deep red next
the sun. Suture, moderately distinct. Flesh, whitish, pale red next
the stone, juicy, rich, and vinous. Flowers, small. Leaves, without
glands.
Ripens in the beginning of September.
ROYAL GEORGE {Double Swalsh ; Dubbele Zwohche ; Griffith's
Mifpwnne ; Lockyer's Mlgnonne ; Madeleine Bouge a Petites Fleurs ;
Millet's Mlgnonne; Superb). — ^Fruit, large, round, and depressed. Skin,
very pale, speckled with red in the shade, marbled with deeper colour
next the sun. Suture, deep, and broad at the top, extending round
almost the whole circumference of the fruit. Flesh, pale yellowish
white, very red at the stone, very juicy, rich, and highly flavoured.
Flowers, small. Leaves, without glands.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September.
Mr. Blackmore says "it is worthless at Teddington. The fruit, as
soon as set, is whitewashed with mildew."
The first mention we have of the Koyal George is by Switzer, who says it was
raised by his " ingenious and laborious friend, Mr. Oram, of Brompton Lane." He
describes it as "flaitish and pretty large, with a dark red coat on the sunny side,
the flower is one of the large whitish kind." " Earlier than the Anne, of great
esteem, and inferior to none that comes after it." At the time Switzer wrote this
account of it (1724), George the First was on the throne, and, no doubt, the peach
was named in honour of him. This must therefore have been the original Royal
George. But that which is now cultivated under this name is a very diflferent
variety with small flowers, which seems to have superseded the original one. This
is not surprising, when we find from Switzer's account that " such is its aversion
to unite with stocks in general, and so sad a destruction does it make in the nursery
stocks, that I find all nurscr}'men are weary of it."
There is every probability that the high reputation the Royal George of Oram
attained, and the difficulty of its propagation, induced other cultivators to substitute
a Viiriety which could be more easily multiplied, and this they found in Millet's
Mignonne, which was also new at the same time, and was introduced by Millet, a
nurseryman at North End, Fulham, and it has continued to represent the Royal
George ever since. So late as the beginning of the present century Forsyth
describes the flowers of Royal George as large.
I have no doubt that the original Royal George of Oram was a seedUng from
460 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Grosse Mignonne, and little different from that variety ; and it is not improbable
that it may have been what Grimwood afterwards grew as Grimwood's Royal
George, which is a form of Grosse Mignonne. This being so, the difficulty' of
propagation is easily explained, for the Grosse Mignonne and Grimwood's Royal
George require to be budded on the Pear Flum or Damas Noir stocks.
John Millet, whose name is associated with this peach, was one of the earliest
who practised forcing gardening. Bradley, writing early in the eighteenth century,
says, "I have seen in his garden ripe cherries in February, and apricots, roses, and
jonquils about three months before their natural seasons .... and this he does
with the assistance of horse-dung, judging it to yield a more gentle sweating heat
than fire."
Royal Kensington. See Grosse Mignonne.
Royal Sovereign. See Grosse Migiwnne.
St. Laurent Jaune. See Bosanna.
SALWEY. — ^Fruit, medium sized, round. Skin, of a deep rich
yellow colour. Flesh, deep orange colour, very melting, juicy, and
vinous. Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
Ripe in the end of October and beginning of November.
This is one of the yellow peaches, the skin and flesh of which are
like those of an apricot, but it has not maintained the high character
it possessed when it was first introduced.
It was raised by Colonel Salwey from a peach stone brought from Italy, and was
introduced by Mr. Charles Turner, of Slough.
Sandalie, See Yellow Admirable.
Scandalian. See Yellow Admh'oble.
SEA EAGLE. — Fruit, very large, three inches and a half wide and
three inches high ; round and even in its outline, and marked with a
slight suture. Skin, pale lemon yellow, and with a deep red cheek on
the side next the sun ; that on the shaded side being paler. Flesh,
white, with a pale yellow tinge and a deep stain of red next the stone,
which extends nearly through the whole ; vinous and richly flavoured.
Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
A very handsome late peach, ripening in the end of September and
beginning of October in the open air, and one of the best for outdoor
cultivation.
It Was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from Early Silver Peach.
Seedling Noblesse. See Alexandra,
SHANGHAI {Chang-hal). — Fruit, very large, roundish. Skin,
pale yellowish green on the shaded side, and light red next the sun.
Flesh, pale yellow, very deep red at the stone, to which some of the
strings adhere ; melting, juicy, and richly flavoured. Flowers, large.
Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
Ripens in the middle of September. The tree is an excellent bearer,
PEACHES. 461
and requires a very warm situation to ripen the fruit properl}'. It was
introduced from China by Mr. Fortune.
SIEULLE. — Fruit, large and handsome, roundish, inclining to oval,
and not unlike Barrin^ton in shape. Skin, covered svith coarse down,
greenish and dark red on the side next the sun. Flesh, yellowish
white, tender, juicy, and richly flavoured, deeply stained next the stone,
from which it separates freely. Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-
shaped glands.
An excellent peach. Ripe in the end of September.
SMALL MIGNONNE {Petite Mit/noniie). —Fiuit, small, roundish,
flattened at the base, marked on one side with a deep suture. Skin,
yellowish white in the shade, and bright red next the sun. Flesh,
white, pale red next the stone, melting, very juicy, rich, and excellent.
Stone, small and oblong. Flowers, small. Leaves, with kidney-
shaped glands.
Ripens early in August, after the Red Nutmeg, and is one of the
best early peaches. The tree is well adapted for pot culture.
Smith's Early Newington. See Early Ne winy ton.
Smooth-leaved Royal George. See Grosse Miynonne.
SPRINGROVE. — Fruit, medium sized. Skin, pale green in the
shade, bright red next the sun. Excellent, very much resembles
Acton Scot. Flowers, large. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September.
Steward's Late Galande. See Chancellor.
STUMP THE WORLD.— Fruit, large, nine and a quarter inches
in circumference, roundish, inclining to roundish oval, flattened, and
rather pitted at the apex ; the suture shallow, and passing a little
beyond the apex. Skin, pale yellowish white, finely dotted with red,
and with a good deal of colour next the sun. Flesh, white, very melt-
ing and juicy, rich, and deliciously flavoured. Flowers, small. Leaves,
with round glands.
An American variety, which has not attained the excellence in this
country which it is reputed to have in the United States. Mr. R. D.
Blackmore Bays it is " utterly useless."
SULHAMSTEAD. — Fruit, roundish, depressed. Skin, pale yel-
lowish green, with fine red next the sun. Flesh, very excellent.
This very much resembles the Noblesse. Flowers, large. Leaves,
without glands.
Ripens in the end of August and beginning of September. At Ted-
dington Mr. Blackmore found it not worth cultivatiag.
Superb. See Royal Georye,
Superb Royal. See Grosse Miynonne,
462 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
SUSQUEHANAH. — Fruit, very large, nearly round. Skin, rich
yellow, with a beautiful red cheek extending nearly over the whole
surface. Flesh, yellow, sweet, juicy, with a rich vinous flavour.
A large, handsome peach ; ripe in the middle of September. The
Eev. William Kingsley, of South Kilvington, near Thirsk, has grown
this in great perfection. He informed me " one weighed well over the
pound, and was twelve inches and three-quarters in girth. I gave it
away, and it was not eaten for nearly a week, and was then said to be
excellent."
TETON DE VENUS.— Fruit, elongated, larger than the Boudin,
but much paler, having but little colour next the sun, and pale yel-
lowish white in the shade, surmounted by a large turgid nipple. Flesh,
white, red at the stone, delicate, sugary, and very rich. Flowers,
small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripens in the end of September.
This is quite distinct from Late Admirable, with which it is some-
times made synonymous.
THAMES BANK. — Fruit, about the size of Late Admirable, and
rather more oblong in shape. Skin, deep orange yellow, marked on
the side next the sun with several broken streaks of crimson. Flesh,
tender, melting, and juicy, and, for a yellow-fleshed peach, highly
flavoured.
This is a good late yellow-fleshed peach, and is highly ornamental in
the dessert. It was raised by Mr. Rust, gardener to L. Sulivan, Esq.,
Broom House, Fulham.
VANGUARD. — The only apparent distinction between this and the
Noblesse is in the habit of the trees, which in Vanguard is more robust
and hardy than in the Noblesse ; and the maiden plants rise with a
prominent leader, while the Noblesse makes a round-headed bush.
Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
VAN ZANDT'S SUPERB.— Fruit, above medium size, oval. Skin,
pale waxen yellow, almost smooth, and delicately mottled with red on
the side next the sun. Flesh, separating freely from the stone, tender
and melting, richly flavoured. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round
glands.
An excellent American peach. Ripe in the middle and end of
August.
Veloutee Tardive. See Nivette.
Vineuse de Fromentin. See Belle Bauce.
Vineuse Hative. See Belle Bauce.
VIOLETTE HATIVE (English Galande ; Hardy Galande).— This
is evidently a variety of Bellegarde or French Galande, but is not so
PEACHES. 463
large in the fruit, and of a paler colour, although it also is of dark red
colour next the sun. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
This variety may readily be distinguished by nurserymen, as it
grows freely on the Mussel, while the Bellegarde requires the Pear-
Plum or Brompton stock.
A large and very excellent peach, ripening in the middle of Sep-
tember.
WALBURTON ADMIRABLE.— Fruit, large and round. Skin,
pale yellowish green on the shaded side, and crimson, mottled with a
darker colour, next the sun. Flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy,
rich, and highly flavoured. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round
glands.
This is one of the best late peaches, and ripens in the end of Sep-
tember and beginning of October. The tree is very hardy and a good
bearer. At Teddington Mr. Blackmore finds it " a very bad bearer,
but a grand peach in warm seasons."
This was raised by Mr. Morton, gardener to R. Prime, Esq., at Walburton
House, near Chichester, in Sussex.
WASHINGTON RATH-RIPE.— Fruit, above medium size, round,
and marked with a delicate suture. Skin, greenish yellow, or rather
yellowish green, for the green predominates, and very considerably
mottled all over with deep red. Flesh, firm, yellow, with sometimes a
greenish tinge, and with a slight trace of red next the stone, from
which it separates freely ; very tender and juicy, with a rich vinous
flavour. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
This is an excellent peach, deserving of general cultivation. It
ripens about the middle of August. From the firmness of the flesh it
bears carriage well.
WATERLOO. — Fruit, above medium size, two inches and three-
quarters wide and two and a half high ; roundish, depressed at the
apex, in the centre of which is a small nipple marked with a rather
deep suture. Skin, with a bright red cheek, which is mottled with
darker red on the side next the sun, but with a pale greenish tinge
where shaded. Flesh, pale throughout, with a greenish tinge, adhering
slightly to the stone, melting, juicy, and richly flavoui-ed. Flowers,
large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped glands.
A very fine American peach, raised at Waterloo, N.Y., and intro-
duced to this country by Mr. Rivers ; it is very early, and ripens at
the same time as Alexander.
White Avant. See White Nutmeg.
WHITE MAGDALENE (Madeleine Blanche ; Madeleine Blanche de
Loisel; Montar/ne Blanche). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish, flattened
at the base, and divided by a deep suture, which extends from the base
to the apex, and terminates in a very slight nipple, which is sometimes
464 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
wanting. Skin, easily detached from the flesh, yellowish white in the
shade, and delicately marked with red next the sun. Flesh, white,
with some yellowish veins running through it, which are tinged with
red next the stone, from which it separates ; juicy, melting, rich,
sugary, and slightly vinous. Flowers, large. Leaves, without glands.
Ripe in the middle of August.
YELLOW ADMIRABLE {Ahricotee; Admirable Jaune ; De Burai;
Grosse Jaune; Grosse Peclie Jaune Tardive; D' Orange; Peche
d'Abricot; Scandalie ; Sandalie ; Hermaphrodite; Scandalian). —
Fruit, very large, roundish, narrowing towards the crown, where it
is somewhat flattened, and from which issues a shallow suture,
which diminishes towards the base. Skin, fine yellow in the shade,
and washed with light red on the side next the sun. Flesh, firm, deep
yellow, tinged with red under the skin, and at the stone, from which it
separates ; and of a rich sugary flavour, resembling both in colour and
taste that of an apricot. Flowers, large. Leaves, with kidney-shaped
glands.
Ripe in the middle and end of October.
YELLOW ALBERGE (Alberge Jaune ; Gold Fleshed ; Gold Mig-
mmne ; Peche Jaune; Purple Alberge). — Fruit, medium sized, round,
divided by a deep suture, which extends from the base to the apex,
where it terminates in a considerable depression. Skin, adhering to
the flesh, covered with fine down, of a deep rich golden yellow on a
portion of the shaded side, and deep red on the other, which extends
almost over the whole surface of the fruit. Flesh, deep yellow, but
rich vermilion at the stone, from which it separates, and of a rich
vinous flavour. Flowers, small. Leaves, with round glands.
Ripe in the beginning of September.
This in favourable situations succeeds well as a standard, and is
frequently grown in nurseries under the name of Rosanna, but errone-
ously.
LIST OF SELECT PEACHES,
ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF RIPENING.
Those marked thus * are suitable for small collections.
i^Alexander Rivers's Early York *BelIegarcle
Hale's Early Early Albert Magdala
Early Louise Early Silver Barrington
"Early Rivers * Grosse Mignonne *Osprey
Early Grosse Mignonne Royal George Walburton Admirab'
Dagmar Nectarine Peach Gregory's Late
►Doctor Hogg Alexandra Princess of Wales
Early Victoria *2<loblesse * Albatross
PEAES. 4:61
PEARS.
CLASSIFICATION OF PEARS.
I have for some time been working on a Classification of Pears, but
from want of an opportunity of meeting with any great number of
specimens, in consequence of the bad seasons we have recently had in
England, I have been imable to make much progress in arranging
the numerous varieties described in this work in their proper
places. I have thought it advisable, however, to publish an outline
of my system, in the hope that others may be able to apply its
principles as opportunities offer for classifying such fruits as may come
under their notice.
The system is based upon the proportions of the two diameters of
the fruit as exhibited when a section is made longitudinally through
the eye, the core, and the stalk, thus —
A. — The length from the base of the stalk to the base of the cells greater than
from the base of the cells to the base of the eye.
§ 1. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye greater than tlic
lateral diameter.
Examples.
Reurre Capiaumont I Glou Mor^eau
Bcurre Clairgeau | Vicar of Winkfield
^ 2. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye less than the lateral
diameter.
Examples.
Eeurr^ d*Aremberg I Zephirin Louis
Henriettc | Henry IV.
§ 3. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye equal to the lateral
diameter.
Examples.
Aglae Gregoire I Lewis
Alexandre Bivort |
B. — Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the cells less than from the
base of the cells to the base of the eye.
§ 1. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye greater than the
lateral diameter.
Examples.
Bellissime d'Hiver I Besi de Caissoy
Sieulle | Bonne de Soulers
§ 2. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye less than the lateral
diameter.
Examples.
Bergamotte Esperen I Easter Beurre
JJuchesse d'Angoul^me | Crasanne
80
466 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
§ 3. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye equal to the lateral
diameter.
Examples,
Beurre d'Anjou | Green Chisel
C. — Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the cells equal to that from
the base of the cells to the base of the eye.
$ 1. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye greater than the
lateral diameter.
Examples.
Prince Imperial I Sylvange
Verulam j Michel I'Archange
§ 2. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye less than the lateral
diameter.
Examples.
Beurre Esperen j Doyenne Goubault
Doyenne du Comice | Monarch
§ 3. Length from the base of the stalk to the base of the eye equal to the lateral
diameter.
Examples.
Belle de Bruxelles j Urban iste
Huyshe's Victoria j Onondaga
It sometimes happens in this as in all classifications that the same fruits vary in
structure in such a way as^to make them referable to different sections. Thus
Beurre Diel has sometimes the characteristics which include it in either Class B,
§ 2, or Class C, § 1 ; and Josephine de Malincs is found in Class B, § 2, and also
in Class C, § 2, but these occur so seldom that they do not materially interfere
with the usefulness of the arrangement.
ABBE EDOUARD {EdouanVs Schmalzhirne). — Fruit, small, or
below the medium size, two inches and a quarter broad, and two and
a half high; roundish and inclining to turbinate. Skin, bright green
at first, but as it ripens becoming a clear yellow, and of a deep golden
yellow on the side next the sun, and strewed with brown dots. Eye,
small and closed, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, thin and woody,
an inch long, and obliquely inserted on the apex of the fruit, with a
fleshy swelling at its base. Flesh, white, half buttery, melting and
very juicy, sweet, and with a finely perfumed flavour.
A good pear, but not possessing any particular merit to recommend
it as an addition to existing varieties. It ripens in November, and is
very soon gone.
The tree is of an upright habit of growth, and forms a good pyramid.
It succeeds well on the quince, and is an excellent bearer.
This is a seedling No. 2015 of Van Mons, and first bore fruit in 1848.
Abbe Mongein. See IJvedales St. Gennain.
PEARS. 467
ABBOTT. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, inclining to pyriform,
widest at the centre, and tapering to either extremity. Skin, bright
green at first, but changing as it ripens to yellowish ; it is strewed all
over with grey and crimson dots, has a blush of crimson on the side
next the sun, and is marked here and there with traces of russet and
with a patch round the stalk. Eye, open, with erect stout segments,
and placed in a wide and shallow basin. Stalk, rather obliquely in-
serted by the side of a fleshy lip, slightly depressed. Flesh, white,
buttery, melting and juicy, but slightly gritty, with a sweet and
agreeably perfumed flavour.
A second-rate American pear, which ripens in the end of September
and beginning of October, and which is unworthy of cultivation.
Abondance. See Ah / Mon Dieu.
ACHALZIG. — Fruit, large, three inches long, and two inches and
three-quarters broad ; abruptly pyramidal. Skin, green at first, but
becoming of a lemon yellow colour as it attains maturity, and strewed
with white and grey dots, and is rather rough to the feel from being
covered with small cracks. Eye, open, set in a wide shallow basin.
Stalk, two inches long, somewhat obliquely inserted, with a swelling
on one side of it. Flesh, yellowish white, slightly gritty, melting,,
sweet, and richly flavoured.
This ripens in October, and continues in use for a month afterwards.
Tt is a Crimean variety sent into Europe by Mr. Hartwiss, the superintendent
of the royal garden at Nikita.
ACHAN {Black Achan ; Bed Auchan ; Winter Achan ; Black Bess
of Castle Menzies). — Fruit, below medium size ; turbinate, but frequently
also of an obovate shape when grown to a large size, flattened at the
apex. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and strewed with
grey russet patches and dots. On the side next the sun it is of a
dull brown ferruginous red, covered with large grey russety dots or
freckles. Eye, large and open, with broad dry reflexed segments, and
slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch long, obliquely inserted under a
large prominent lip, and surrounded with thin russet. Flesh, tender,
buttery, juicy, sugary, with a rich and aromatic flavour.
A Scotch dessert pear of first-rate quality ; ripe in November and
December. The tree is a very abundant and regular bearer, par-
ticularly when it has acquired age.
The description here given is as the fruit is grown in Scotland,
where it is justly reckoned one of the finest, if not the finest, winter
pear ; but, singularly enough, when grown in the southern counties of
England, it loses entirely its good properties. It is evidently one of
those fruits that require to be grown and ripened gradually, for in the
south, where it acquires much greater dimensions than it does in the
north, the flesh is pasty and insipid, and the fruit does not last beyond
the middle part of October. I have seen this variety grown in some
468 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
of the cold and exposed parts of England in great perfection, as from
Delamere Forest in Cheshire, and some parts of Yorkshire.
Now that so many new varieties of pears have been introduced of late years,
our northern gardeners are not so confined to the Achan as their ancestors were,
and it has now to encounter many a formidable rival. But the time was when
this variety was with them the very ideal of a winter pear, to which nothing could
even approach. Some years ago, before the railways were in existence, a Scotch
gardener of the old school set out from a northern port by sailing-smack on a visit
to London. Being a man in easy circumstances, a little adventurous, and of an
inquiring mind, he wanted to extend his knowledge and see how gardening was
managed in the south. This good man was one of the old school even in those
days, and had formed his own notions of things. His attire consisted of the time-
honoured blue coat, with large yellow buttons, yellow waistcoat, and his nether
garments and leggings were drab. He carried a stout umbrella, which, like himself,
was inclined to corpulency. Among the places he visited was the Chiswick
Garden of the Horticultural Society, and, being in the autumn, he was intro-
duced to the fruit-room. His attendant showed him all the new pears, which at
that time had not long fruited in this country. He tasted first one and then
another, but none of them in his estimation could approach the Achan. He was
assured that they were infinitely superior to that variety, and that in the south it
was not of any account. Still he insisted there was no pear like the Achan.
Beurre Diel, Beurre Bosc, and even Marie Louise, were all tried in succession,
but the invariable reply was, "There's nane o' them like the Achan." At last a
fine showy fruit of bright yellow colour and a glowing red cheek was presented.
" What ca' ye that ? " said our friend. " That's the Achan," said the attendant.
This argumentum ad hominem seemed too much for him, as he stared at his
informant in blank astonishment ; but he was not to be driven from his position,
and, with an indignant assurance, he replied, " Na, na, that canna be oor Achan."
I have never been able to trace the origin of the name of this pear, but I have
no doubt but that it was introduced into Scotland from Norway at a very early
period. When it is considered how close the relations were that existed between
Scotland and Scandinavia, there is every reason to believe that this is its origin. I
am strengthened in this belief from having seen it at the International Fruit Show
of 1862, in a collection from Norway, under the name of Bouchrefin.
The variety that is grown in some parts of Scotland under the name of Grey
Achan is the Chaumontel.
Ach Mein Gott. See Ah ! Mon Dieu.
ACID ALINE. — ^Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a half
high and two inches wide ; ohovate. Skin, shining, bright green at
first, but changing to yellowish green 4s it ripens ; on the side next
the sun it is somewhat mottled with red, and the whole surface is
strewed with reddish brown dots. Eye, small, with short segments,
set in a round shallow basin. Stalk, thin. Flesh, yellowish white,
half buttery and half melting, gritty at the core, very juic}^ and with
a brisk sub-acid flavour.
An October pear, with nothing but its acidity to characterise it.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, and was sent to the Horticultural Society of
Paris in 1833, under the number of 1253, and, being so very acid, was called
Acidaline. In his catalogue under this number Van Mons says, " Forme de Beurre
d'Hiver, excellente ; tres a propager."
ADAM (Beurre Adam). — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and
a quarter wide, and about two inches and three-quarters long ; Doyenne-
PEARS. 469
shaped, even aud regularly formed. Skin, smooth, of a greenish
yellow, and mottled all over with very pale grey russet, which here
and there runs into patches. Eye, small, with star-like segments, and
set level with the surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout,
and woody, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, melting,
slightly gritty, sweet, but not richly flavoured, and with slight Muscat
aroma.
A dessert pear of scarcely second-rate quality ; ripe in the end of
October, when it becomes rotten at the core if not carefully watched.
ADAMS. — Fruit, large and pyriform. Skin, smooth, deep yellow,
shaded with red on the side exposed to the sun, and covered with
russet dots. Eye, small and closed, not at all depressed, but placed
even with the surface. Stalk, short and stout, fleshy at the base, and
obliquely inserted on the apex of the fruit without any depression.
Flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, and juicy, with a brisk, sweet, and
agreeable flavour, and nicely perfumed.
An American pear, in use during September and October. It is-
esteemed in America as a fruit of first-rate quality, but in this country
it possesses no great merit.
Adam's Flesh. See Chair a Dames.
ADELAIDE DE REVES. — Fruit, about medium size, three inches
long, and rather more than two inches and a half wide ; short pyriform,
inclining to turbinate, even and regulai* in its outline. Skin, smooth,,
of a bright green colour at first, but becoming lemon yellow as it attains
maturity, strewed with dots and patches of brown russet, particularly
at the two extremities, and sometimes with a faint tinge of pale crimson
on the side next the sun. Eye, uneven, sometimes wanting, with stiff
segments, and set in a rather deep cavity. Stalk, an inch and a half
long, slender, curved, and woody, inserted without depression on the
apex of the fruit, and with a fleshy excrescence at its base. Flesh,
white, tender, melting, very juicy, sugary, and with a richly-flavoured
and vinous juice.
An excellent pear, ripe in the end of October. Though an excellent
autumn pear it is not superior to many other well-known sorts that
ripen at the same season.
It is a posthumous seedling of Van Mons, and was named M. Bivort in
honour of Madame Adelaide de R^ves.
Adele de St. Ceras. See Adele de St. Denis.
ADELE DE ST. DENIS {AdHe ; Adele de St. Ceras).— Fruit,
medium sized ; obtuse pyriform, more swollen on one side of the axis
than the other. Skin, greenish yellow, dotted and mottled with cin-
namon-coloured russet. Eye, large and open, with short segments,
and set in a slight depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
470 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
slender, woody, curved, attached to the end of the fruit without
depression. Flesh, whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, and slightly
perfumed.
A dessert pear of good quality ; ripe in the beginning of October and
continuing in use till November.
This was raised by M. Gueraud, Hving at St. Denis, close to Paris, and was
named Adele in compliment to his daughter. There is much confusion subsisting
between this and Baronne de Mello. The latter, I know, is always entirely
covered with dark brown russet except a small portion on the shaded side, while
this is described to be greenish yellow and merely mottled with dots and patches
of cinnamon-coloured russet. As I have never seen the fruit of what is said to be
the true Adele de St. Denis, I am indebted for this description to the Jardin
Fruitier du Museum.
ADELE LANCELOT. — Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform, even, and
regular in its outline. Skin, yellow, tinged all over with green, and
with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with long
segments, set in a deep basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, stout,
and curved, inserted without depression on the apex of the fruit.
Flesh, dry, not juicy, and insipid.
Ripe in October and November, when it early becomes mealy.
Admire Joannet. See Amire Joannet.
Africaine. See Sanguinole.
AGLAE GREGOIRE. — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and three
inches and a half long ; obovate, turbinate. Skin, j^ellow, dotted and
veined with russet, particularly round the eye and the stalk. Eye,
large, open, and not deeply set. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
slender, and obliquely inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, whitish,
fine, melting, juicy, sweet, and slightly perfumed.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October. It was raised by M. Gregoire,
of Jodoigne, in Belgium, about 1852.
AH! MON DIEU [Mon Dieu ; D'Amour : Bon Dieu; jrAhon-
dance ; Petite Fertile ; Jargonelle d'Automne ; Belle Fertile ; Poire
Benite ; Mont Dieu ; Rothpunctine Liesbeshirne ; Lieh-hirne ; Haber-
bime ; Herbst Jargonelle; Ach Mein Gott; Liebesbirne; Gezeegende
Peer). — Fruit, small, about two inches wide, and rather more than two
inches and a quarter long ; obovate. Skin, smooth, pale green at first,
but changing as it ripens to pale lemon yellow on the shaded side, and
almost covered with crimson, which is dotted and streaked with darker
crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, small, half open, with stout
erect segments, and set in a very shallow depression. Stalk, an inch
long, slightly curved, and inserted by the side of a swollen lip, or with
fleshy rings at its base, and without being depressed. Flesh, yellowish
white, tender, very juicy, with a fine sugary and perfumed flavour.
A nice little autumn pear, ripe in September ; but, like many other
sorts of that season, it does not keep long after being gathered, it
generally becoming mealy about ten days afterwards.
PEARS. 471
The tree is a very abundant and regular bearer, and succeeds well as
a standard or pyramid, whether on the pear or the quince stock. It is
a strong and robust grower.
This variety is nearly allied to the Rousselet de Rheims, to which it bears some
resemblance in the habit of the tree, as well as in the appearance of the fruit. It
is called Belle Fertile from its great productiveness ; and it is said that Louis
XIV., when he saw the tree covered with such a quantity of fruit, exclaimed, " Ah !
raon Dieu ! " hence the origin of its name. I have preferred here the original
name to that of D' Amour, adopted in the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, and by
which, Duhamel states, it is known in some parts of France, to prevent any con-
fusion between this and the Tresor of Duhamel, which is also called D'Amour.
Albert. See Beurre (VAmanlis.
Albertine. See Doyenne Boiissoch.
ALEXANDER. — Fruit, medium sized ; irregularly obovate, inclining
to oblong, somewhat one-sided. Skin, yellowish green, dotted, striped,
and splashed with russet, and slightly tinged with red next the sun.
Eye, small and partially closed. Stalk, slender, rather long, curved,
fleshy at its insertion, and placed in a moderately deep cavity by the
side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, a Uttle coarse and gritty, very juicy,
melting, sugary, and rich.
An American pear, said to be of good quality. Ripe in October.
ALEXANDRE BIVORT.— Fruit, medium sized ; turbinate, inclin-
ing to pyriform, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth at first,
of a clear, lively, shining green, marked with a few brown spots and
sprinkled with russet, and with a brown russet patch round the stalk ;
as it ripens it assumes a yellow colour. Eye, small, irregular, set in
a wide shallow basin. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long,
straight and stout, inserted in a small narrow cavity, Flesh, fine-
grained, tender, buttery, and melting ; white with a rosy tinge, very
juicy, sugary, and finely perfumed, and with a flavour like that of
Green Chisel.
A first-rate dessert pear ; ripe in the end of December and beginning
of January.
Raised from seed by M. Berckmans, and in 1848 was named in honour of M.
Alexandre Bivort, the Belgian pomologist.
ALEXANDRE DE RUSSIE (Kaiser AUxander ; Beurre Alex-
andre).— Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a half long, and
two inches and three-quarters at the widest part. It is somewhat of a
pyramidal shape, and slightly curved, and diminishes more towards
the stalk than the eye ; the surface is very uneven and knobbed.
Skin, smooth, of a light green colour at first, but becoming yellowish
gi'een as it ripens, and with a tinge of brownish red on the side which
is exposed to the sun, where, also, it is wholly or partially covered
with fine pale brown russet, either in streaks or large patches. Eye,
open, with generally stiff and long segments, set in a shallow and
narrow basin, surrounded with rather prominent plaits. Stalk, stout
472 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
and fleshy, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted a little on one side,
in a small narrow cavity, with a fleshy protuberance on one side of it.
Flesh, white and gritty, but very juicy, tender, and buttery, with a
rich aromatic and sugary flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in the end of October, continuing
in use about a fortnight. The time to have it in perfection is when
the skin becomes yellowish.
The tree is a strong grower, and attains a large size. It succeeds
well as a standard, and is an excellent bearer.
It was raised by M. Bouvier, of Jodoigne, in Belgium, and named in honour of
the Emperor Alexander of Russia.
ALEXANDEE LAMBRE. — Fruit, even and handsomely shaped,
roundish obovate, inclining to Doyenne shape. Skin, smooth and
shining, of a pale lemon yellow colour, strewed with minute russety
dots and slight markings of russet, and having a deeper shade of yellow
on the side next the sun. Eye, small and open, with erect tooth-like
segments, set in a shallow saucer-like basin. Stalk, upwards of an
inch long, curved, fleshy at the base, and inserted in a shallow cavity ;
sometimes it is not depressed, but inserted on the apex of the fruit.
Flesh, white, half melting, and juicy. Juice, sweet and perfumed, but
with little character to recommend it.
In Belgium this is considered a first-rate variety, and is represented
as being buttery and melting. In this country I have never as yet
seen it, even of second-rate quality. In 1857 it was coarse-grained
and not at all juicy ; in 1858 it was only half melting and positively
astringent ; while in 1861 it was only passable. It ripens in November.
Mr. Blackmore finds the tree very fertile and good, and a pretty
grower.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, and was distinguished in his collection under
the number 2194. It fruited in 1844, and was named by M. Bivort in honour of
his grandfather, M. Alexandre Lambre, an extensive amateur arboriculturist.
ALEXANDRINA BIVORT.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches and
a quarter high, and the same in diameter ; roundish ovate. Skin,
smooth, bright green, faintly coloured on the side next the sun, and
irregularly strewed with minute russet points, changing as it ripens to
golden yellow, tinged with crimson. Eye, open, irregular, with broad
thick segments, and set in a wide plaited basin. Stalk, an inch and a
quarter to an inch and a half long, slender, curved, fleshy at the point
where it is inserted on the apex of the fruit, without depression.
Flesh, fine-grained, melting, and juicy, sugary and perfumed.
A good but not first-rate September pear. It ripens about the third
week, and soon decays. Mr. Blackmore says it is a great cropper and
handsome, but of poor quality.
Raised by M. Bivort, of Haelen, in Belgium, and dedicated to his wife. It was
first brought into notice in 1847.
ALEXANDRINE DOUILLARD.— Fruit, large, three inches and
PEARS. 478
a half high, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; pyriform. Skin,
yellowish green, becoming brighter at maturity. Eye, small, with
downy segments, placed in a slightly depressed basin. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, slender, curved, swollen at the point of
junction with the fruit, and inserted in a slight cavity. Flesh, white,
fine-grained, juicy, agreeably flavoured, sweet, and perfumed.
A dessert pear, ripe in November and December. The tree is very
vigorous in its growth, and healthy ; it forms a handsome pyramid,
and is well adapted for a standard.
This variety was raised by M. Douillard, jun., architect, of Nantes, and first
produced fruit in 1849.
ALEXANDRINE MAS. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches wide,
and three and a half long ; pyriform, often ventricose, irregular and
bossed in its outline. Skin, thick, firm, of a clear bright green,
regularly strewed with an immense number of dark brown dots ; occa-
sionally it has a little russet in the basin of the eye, and sometimes a
few spots on the base of the fruit ; when it ripens the ground becomes
straw-coloured and somewhat golden on the side next the sun, where
there is rarely a shade of brown-red. Eye, small, closed, with thick
short erect segments placed in a narrow and rather deep cavity. Stalk,
short, very stout, and unusually thick at the ends. Flesh, whitish,
quite melting although rather firm, juicy, rich, sugary, and perfumed
like the Passe Colmar.
A very excellent late pear, in use during April and May. The tree
succeeds well on the quince, and it makes a good standard when grown
on the pear stock. It requires a very warm situation to have the fruit
properly ripened, and in this country it will require the protection of a
wall.
This valuable late pear was raised from seed of Passe Calmar in 1850 by my
esteemed friend, the late M. A. Mas, of Bourg (Ain), President of the Societe
Pomologique of France, and was named in honour of Madame Mas.
ALPHA. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, inclining to oblong. Skin,
smooth, pale yellowish green on the shaded side, and pale brown,
dotted with minute reddish dots, on the side exposed to the sun.
Eye, open, with short rigid segments, and set in a round basin. Stalk,
an inch long, not deeply inserted. Flesh, white, tender, buttery, and
pleasantly flavoiu-ed.
A dessert pear, of second-rate quality ; ripe in October. The tree is
an excellent bearer, and succeeds well as a standard, grows with
moderate vigour on the quince, and does not form a good pyramid.
It is better adapted for a standard or half-standard. It was raised by
Dr. Van Mons.
ALPHONSE KARR. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
a half wide and about the same high ; roundish ovate, even and regular
in its outline, pinched in towards the stalk. Skin, entirely covered
with a crust of cinnamon russet. Eye, very small and open, set
474 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
almost level with the surface. Stalk, slender, half an inch long,
inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, coarse-
grained, rather sweet, and with a slight perfume.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the beginning of November. The French
pomologists describe it as a variety of the first quality, and no doubt it
is so in that climate.
It was raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and first fruited in 1849.
ALTHOKP. — This variety is enumerated in the Catalogue of the
Horticultural Society as having once existed in the Society's Garden,
but now either lost or discarded as unworthy of cultivation. It is
described as of medium size, obovate shape, green on the shaded side,
and brown on the other. Flesh, buttery.
It is of second-rate quality as a dessert pear, is ripe in November,
and the tree succeeds as a standard.
ALTHORP CRASANNE.— Fruit, rather above the medium size,
two inches and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ;
roundish obovate, widest in the middle, and tapering gradually to the
apex, which is somewhat flattened, but rounding towards the stalk.
Skin, pale green, with a slight tinge of brown on the side exposed to
the sun, and covered with minute russety dots. Eye, rather large and
open, placed in a shallow and sHghtly plaited basin. Stalk, an inch
and a half long, slender, curved, and not deeply inserted. Flesh,
white, buttery, and juicy, with a rich and slightly perfumed flavour.
A dessert pear of the finest quality, which ripens in October, and
continues in use till December. The tree is hardy, vigorous, and an
excellent bearer.
It succeeds best as a standard, and is found to produce fruit of
superior quality even in soils that are unfavourable to the growth of
pears generally.
This esteemed variety was raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, and first produced fruit
in 1830. Mr. Kniyht says :— " As a dessert pear the Althorp C^rasanne is, to my
taste, the best ; and its rose-water flavour will please where musk offends."
AMADOTTE (Damadote ; Madot ; Dame Houdotte; IJAmadot
Miisqiie d^Hiver ; MusHrte Winteramadot). — Fruit, medium sized, two
inches and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; of a roundish
obovate shape, and flattened at the apex. Skin, thin, of a pale green
colour, which changes as it ripens to clear lemon yellow ; but where
exposed to the sun it is of a deeper yellow and faintly tinged with red.
In some parts it is thickly marked with rough brown russety dots,
particularly round the eye, and sometimes it is entirely covered with
fine cinnamon russet, except on some parts that are very much shaded,
and then the ground colour appears. Eye, half open, with long acu-
minate segments, and placed in a small and sometimes pretty deep
basin. Stalk, stout, an inch and three-quarters long, obliquely in-
serted on the summit of the fruit, with a fleshy protuberance on one
PEARS. 475
side of it. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp and juicy, half melting, like
Passe Colmar, and with an unusually sugary, rich, and very strong
musky or rather anise flavour, which, as Diel says, " one seldom meets
with."
An old French pear, which, for a crisp-fleshed variety, is of first-rate
quality. It ripens in the end of October and continues in use till
about the middle or end of December.
The tree is a vigorous pyramidal grower, and the branches are
furnished with thorns, which Merlet says disappear when grown on
the quince. But the fruit is preferable from a tree that is grown on
the pear, being more juicy and melting.
Miller says this variety is the best stock for grafting niehing pears upon, as it
communicates to them a portion of its fine musky tiavour. Whether or not such is
the case I cannot certify, as I have never tried it ; but the following extract will
show what upwards of a century ago was-the opinion of this pear : — " This fruit,
as well as other dry and perfumed fruits, are much better upon dry soils than upon
wet and moist land, the latter bringing large but watery and insipid fruit. Chiefly
it should be observed, that all of the melting or butter pears, which seldom are very
high flavoured, should be planted in light soils ; and it has been an observation
worthy notice, that the Buree Pears, or those that are melting like the Thorn Pear,
L'Echasserie, &c., are greatly improved by grafting them upon the Amadotie, for
the juices or sap of the Amadotte is musked and richly flavoured ; and the Burees,
or melting pears, which are grafted upon it, are perfumed by it."
The Araadotte has been long known in England. It is one of the varieties
which Rea says " are choice pears lately obtained out of France by the diligence of
Sir Thomas Hanmer. It is said to have been discovered in a wood in Burgundy
belonging to Lady Oudotte, and hence called Dame Oadotte, which has since
been changed into Amadotte."
The Amadotte of M. Decaisne, which he figures in the " Jardin Fruitier du
Museum," is evidently not the Amadotte of Merlet, Miller, Forsyth, and Diel.
This is a long pyramidal-shaped fruit, while the true variety is rather roundish autl
flattened. AI. Tougard has an Amadotte Blanc, which he makes synonymous with
Beurre Blanc des Capucins, and M. Decaisne has adopted this as the variety
described by Merlet, which I think is a mistake. Jahn, following Decaisne,
identifies Beurre Blanc des Capucins with the Amadotte, which he calls Herbst
Amadotte ; but these are without doubt two very distinct varieties. Neither
Tougard, Decaisne, nor Jahn take notice of the remarkably high musky flavour
of the fruit ; but, on the contrary, the former says it is slightly acid and astrin-
gent, and the latter that it has neither perfume nor flavour, characters which
agree with Beurre Blanc des Capucins, but not with Amadotte. It is quite evident
that Tougard, Pn'vost, Decaisne, and Jahn have taken Beurre Blanc des Capucins
for the true Amadotte.
AMALIA. — Fruit, rather large, three inches and a quarter long,
and two inches and a half wide ; pyriform in shape, rounded towards
the apex, and tapering gradually to the stalk. Skin, smooth, of a
beautiful bright gi'een at first, but changing to lemon-yellow, and with-
out any trace of red on its surface ; covered with bold russet dots,
particularly on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with erect,
stifi", stout segments, and set in a pretty wide and deep basin. Stalk,
stout and fleshy, half an inch to three-quarters long, inserted in a sort
of fleshy ring on the apex of the fruit. Flesh, white, fine-grained,
juicy, buttery, and melting, with a sweet and pleasant aromatic flavour.
476 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
A very showy autumn pear ; ripe in the end of October, and con-
tinuing till about the middle of November. Though a very good pear,
it is not equal to many of our first-rate pears already in cultivation.
Amande. See Angleterre.
AMANDE DOUBLE (Elizabeth Walker; Walker).— Fimi, large,
three inches and three-quarters long, and two inches and three-quarters
wide ; pyriform. Skin, bright rich yellow with a crimson cheek
near the sun, and dotted all over with cinnamon- coloured dots. Eye,
small, open, set in a shallow undulating cavity. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, slender. Flesh, white, melting, somewhat gritty at
the core, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and with an almond flavour.
A pear of the first quality ; ripe during October and November. A
seedling of Van Mons, which he. sent in 1834-35 to Mr. Robert
Manning, of Salem, Mass., U.S.A., under number 135. How it
acquired the name of Walker I do not know.
AMANDE D'ETE. — Fruit, somewhat about medium sized, two
inches and three-quarters long, and two inches and a half wide. It is
of an obtuse pyriform shape, rounded at the apex, and tapering gra-
dually to the stalk, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth,
pale green at first, but changing as it ripens to a pale lemon yellow,
without any colour next the sun, and marked with a few traces of thin
pale russet. Eye, quite open, with short segments, and placed in a
very flat and shallow depression. Stalk, an inch and three-quarters
long, slender and woody, inserted in a small round and narrow cavity.
Flesh, white, rather firm, not buttery, nor very juicy, sweet, and with
a distinct almond flavour and perfume, but with no character in it to
merit notice.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the beginning of September, and soon rots
at the core. The tree bears well and regularly, and forms a handsome
pyramid on the quince.
AMANDINE DE ROUEN.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches and
a half long, and two inches and a half wide ; pyriform, rounded towards
the eye and tapering towards the stalk. Skin, at first of a bright
green dotted with grey, but changing to lemon yellow as it ripens.
Eye, half open, with blunt, stout, often stunted segments, and placed
on a level with the surface of the fruit. Stalk, about an inch long,
slender, woody, and firm, obliquely inserted on the apex of the fruit.
Flesh, fine-grained, very juicy and melting, with a rich sugary
flavour.
An excellent and rather richly flavoured pear ; ripe in the end of
September and beginning of October, but not superior to many in
season at the same period.
It was raised by M. Boisbunel, a nurseryman at Koaen,from seed sown in 1846,
and the tree first fruited in 1857.
PEARS. 477
D'Ambre. See Muscat Robert.
Ambre Gris. See Ambrette d'Hiver.
Ambrette. See Avihrette d'Hiver.
Ambrette Grise. See Ambrette d'Hiver.
AIVIBBETTE D'HIVER {Ambre GHs ; Ambrette Grise; Belle
Gabriel; Trompe Valet; Poire d' Ambre; Trompe Coqiiin ; Wahre
Winter Ambrette; Winterambrette ; Ambrette mit DoDien). — Fruit,
rather below medium size, two inches and a quarter broad, and
two inches and a half long ; obovate or roundish oval, and rounding
from the middle to the apex, but tapering towards the stalk. Skin,
somewhat rough, of a greenish yellow colour, covered with reddish
brown russet, except when grown in a light soil, and then it is paler
and of alight grey colour. Eye, small and open, with flat and reflexed
segments, placed in a shallow and even basin. Stalk, varying from
three-quarters to an inch in length, stout, and inserted in a small cavity,
which is considerably furrowed. Flesh, greenish white, very musky
flavour, supposed to resemble the scent of Sweet Sultan, which in
France is called Ambrette, and hence its name. The Ambrette flavour
is the same as that of Seckle pear.
An old French dessert pear, long held in high estimation both in
this country and on the (Continent, but now ranking only as a second-
rate variety. It is said, that w-hen grown in a light diry soil and a
warm situation it is a richly flavoured and excellent autumn pear. It
is in season from November till January.
The tree is an excellent bearer, succeeds best as a standard, either
on the pear or quince stock, but with greatest success on the latter.
The wood is short and stout, and in training requires to be pruned
long.
AMBROSIA {Early Beurrl). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish ob-
ovate, and slightly flattened. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, covered
with small grey specks and slight marks of russet. Eye, closed, set in
a considerable depression. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender,
inserted in an open cavity. Flesh, tender, buttery, and melting, rich,
sugary, and perfumed.
A deHcious summer dessert pear of first-rate quality. It ripens in
September, but keeps only a few days after being gathered.
The tree is a good bearer, a hardy and vigorous grower, and suc-
ceeds well as a standard, either on the pear or quince stock.
It is related by Switzer that this variety was introduced from France ** among
that nuble collection of fruit that was planted in the Koyal Gardens in St. James's
Park soon after the Restoration, but is now (1724) cut down." Although stated
by Switzer to be orifjinally from France, I find no record of it in any French author
under this name. Jahn, in the ''Handbuch," considers it synonymous with Diel's
Braunroth Pomeranzbirne, which Metzger says is the same as Orange Rouge of the
French authors, but I am convinced it is not the same as the latter.
478 TBE FRUIT MANUAL.
AMELIE LECLERC. — Fruit, about medium sized, two inches and
a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; roundish ovate,
somewhat uneven in its outhne. Skin, pale lemon yellow, strewed
with patches and veins of russet, and with a lively blush on the side
next the sun. Eye, large, half open, and placed almost on a level with
the surface. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy at the base, and inserted in a
small narrow cavity. Flesh, white, firm, juicy, and melting, with a
rich, sweet, and perfumed flavour.
A fruit of great excellence ; ripe during September and October. The
tree is an abundant bearer and makes handsome pyramids on the quince.
It WHS raised by Leon Leclerc, of Laval, the original tree having first fruited in
1850, and it was named in compliment to one of his daughters.
AMIRAL iCardinale; Portugal iVEte ; Be Pnme). — Fruit, very
large, three inches and a quarter wide, and three inches high ; turbi-
nate ; a little uneven in its outline, and more swollen on one side than
the other. Skin, dark greenish yellow, very much covered with ashy
grey russet near the stalk, and almost entirely covered with lively red
next the sun. Eye, small, half open, with short horny segments, set in
a wide and deep basin. Stalk, about an inch long, stout, fleshy at the
base, and obhquely inserted. Flesh, white, tender, melting, buttery,
very juicy, sweet, and rich, with a fine anise aroma.
A very large and handsome fruit ; ripe during September, and then
blets very rapidly.
It is a very old French pear, and known to have been in cultivation for nearly
three centuries. It is quiie distinct from Arbre Courbe and Colmar Charnay,wiih
which it has been made synonymous.
AMIRAL CECILE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half long, and
about the same in diameter ; roundish obovate. Skin, at first deep
green, thickly covered with grey russet, becoming of a lemon yellow
colour as it attains maturity. Eye, large and open, with short stunted
segments. Stalk, very short and slender, not more than half an inch
long, inserted in a small and uneven cavity. Flesh, fine-grained,
buttery, and melting, slightly gritty at the core, remarkably juicy,
sugary, and perfumed.
A first-rate dessert pear ; ripe in the end of October, and lasting in
use till Christmas. The tree is very hardy, a vigorous grower, and an
abundant bearer.
It was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, from seed sown in 1846, and first pro-
duced fruit in 1858.
AMIRE JOANNET [Admire Joannet; Joannet; Jeanette ; Petit
St. Jean; St. Jean; St. John's Pear ; Early Sugar; Sugar Pear;
Harvest Pear; Johannisbirne ; Kornbwie; Henhirne). — Fruit, small,
regularly pyriform. Skin, very smooth, of a pale gi'eenish yellow
colour at first, which changes as it ripens to a beautiful deep waxen
yellowy and with a faint tinge of red on the side exposed to the sun.
E^'e, open, with stout erect segments, and placed even with the surface.
PEARS. 479
stalk, from an inch and a half to an inch and three-quarters long,
stout and fleshy at the insertion, where it is attached to the fruit with-
out depression. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sugary, and pleasantly
flavoured, but soon becomes mealy.
This is one of the earliest summer pears. It ripens in July, and is
called Amire Joannet from being ready for use in some parts of France
about St. John's Day, the 24th of June (old style, July 5th). The tree
is of small growth, and for standards should be grown on the pear,
although for dwarfs it succeeds equally well on the quince.
Amire Roux. See Summer Arclidukc,
Amoselle. See Bergamotte de Hollande.
D'Amour. See Tresor.
D'Amour. See Ah! mon Dieu,
Amory. See Andrews.
ANANAS (Knoop's Ananasbime ; Ananas Peer). — Fruit, about
medium size, two inches and a quarter broad, and about the same in
height ; roundish obovate or bergamot-shaped. Skin, smooth, of a
deep lively green colour at first, but changing as it ripens to yellowish
green, with a slight tinge of red next the sun, and strewed with brown
russet dots. Eye, large and open, with stout, broad segments, and set
in a moderately deep basin. Stalk, from half an inch to an inch long,
stout and fleshy at the insertion. Flesh, white, slightly gritty, but juicy
and melting, with a rich, sugary, aromatic, and musky flavour, sup-
posed by some to resemble that of the pine-apple : hence the name.
This is an excellent dessert pear, ripe during the end of September,
but does not continue long.
The Passe Colmar is sometimes found under this name, but they are totally
distinct varieties, and it is very different from the Beurri Ananas oiL the Belgian
poniologists. This is the Ananas of Knoop.
ANANAS DE COURTRAT.— Fruit, large, three and a half to four
inches long, and two and three-quarters to three inches wide ; pyramidal,
and often inclining to oval, undulating and bossed on its surface. Skin,
bright green at first, dotted and clouded with fawn-coloured russet,
but changing as it ripens to lemon yellow. Eye, half open, with
downy segments, and set in a shallow, uneven depression. Stalk, from
three-quarters to one and a quarter inch long, very stout, swollen at
its insertion, and attached to the fruit on a level with the surface.
Flesh, tender, melting, and very juicy, with a rich, sugary, and per-
fumed flavour.
A very handsome and excellent early pear ; ripe in August. The
tree is of medium growth and an abundant bearer, suitable either for a
standard or pyramid.
It has been grown rather extensively for many years about Coartrai, but there is
no account preserved of its origin.
480
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ANANAS D'ETE {King William Pear).— Fruit, above medium
size, three inches long, and two and a half wide ; obtuse pyriform.
Skin, yellowish green, with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun,
and almost entirely covered with rough brown russet dots. Eye, open,
with short stiff segments, and set in a shallow basin. Stalk, about
an inch and a half long, scarcely at all depressed, but generally with
a swelling on one side of it. Flesh, delicate, bntter}^ and melting,
with a pleasantly perfumed flavour.
An excellent dessert pear for northern climates, but only considered
second-rate in the south. It ripens in September. The tree succeeds
well as a standard, and is a good bearer. Dr. Neill says, " In the
Horticultural Garden at Edinburgh it ripens on a standard in the
second week of September."
ANDREWS {Ainory ; Gibson). — Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter long, and two and a half wide ; pyriform. Skin, smooth and
rather thick, of a pale yellowish green colour, with dull red on the
side exposed to the sun, and thinly strewed with dots. Eye, open, set
in a small and shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long,
curved, and inserted without depression. Flesh, greenish white, very
juicy, with a rich vinous flavour.
An American dessert pear, highly esteemed on the other side of the
Atlantic. It ripens in the middle and end of September. The tree is
an excellent and regular bearer, hardy and vigorous, and succeeds well
as a standard. In America it is considered one of the very best
pears.
It originated at Dorchester, Massachusetts, and was first introduced by a person
of the name of Andrews, after whom it was named. The other names given as
synonymes arise from the various persons who occupied the garden where the
original tree is growing.
ANGE [Wahre Engleshirne; Kleine Wasserhirne ; Kleine Engels-
birne; Engehhirne). — Fruit, small, an inch and three-quarters long,
and about the same wide ; turbinate. Skin, smooth, of a deep green
colour at first, but changing to a yellowish shade as it attains maturity,
and with sometimes a tinge of brownish red on the side exposed to
the sun ; it is also marked with lines of dark brown russet and
patches of light brown. Eye, open, with long flat segments, placed in
a rather shallow basin, which is somewhat undulating. Stalk, an inch
and a half long, slender and woody, and inserted, without depression,
by the side of one or two fleshy swellings. Flesh, white, tender, juicy,
sugary, and musky-flavoured.
A very old French dessert pear, of good but not first-rate quality ;
ripe in the beginning of September. The tree succeeds well as a
standard on the quince, and is an abundant bearer.
Angelicabirne von Bordeaux. See Angelique de Bordeaux,
Angelique. See Angelique de Bordeaux,
. PEABS. 481
ANGELIQUE DE BORDEAUX {Angelique; Bourje ; Bens; St.
Martial; Cristalline ; Gros Franc Real; Poire Douce; Angclique de
Toulouse; Amjelique de Larujuedoc; Anf/elique de Pise; Mouille
Bouche d'Hiver ; Charles Smet; Angelikabirne von Bordeaux ; KiKje-
lische von Bordeaux). — Fruit, above medium size, two and a half to
three inches wide, and three to three and a quarter inches in length ;
obtuse pyriform, uneven in its outline. Skin, smooth, glossy green,
changing as it ripens to pale yellow or greenish yellow, the whole
strewed with brown dots, and a few patches of russet. Eye, open,
with long segments, set in a rather deep and uneven basin. Stalk,
stout, an inch and a half loug, curved, and obliquely inserted in a
small cavity, where it is fleshy at the base. Flesh, tender, crisp,
sugary, and juicy, with a sort of rose-water aroma.
A second-rate dessert pear, in use from January till April. The tree
is strong, vigorous, and healthy, a good bearer, and succeeds either on
the pear or quince, but requires to be grown against a wall in this
country to bring the fruit to perfection.
According to Switzer, this variety was introduced from France to this country
about the year 1708, at which period it was cultivated by " the noble and most
public-spirited encourager of arts and sciences, especially gardening, his Grace the
Duke of Montague," in his garden at Ditton. It was grown for upwards of a
hundred years in this country as St. Martial, which appears to have been the most
ancient name, but it appears now to have fallen out of cultivation. This is an
old French pear, which is first mentioned by Merlet in 1690, and subsequently by
De la Quintinye. I suspect it was introduced to this country by George London,
who was a pupil of De la Quintinye. It is a worthless pear for the dessert. A
variety I received some years ago from Mr. Langelier, of Jersey, under the name
of Charles Smet, has proved to be identical with this ; and, as M. Decaisne has
also found it to be identical, I do not hesitate to adopt it as a synonyme.
Angelique de Languedoc. See Angelique de Bordeaux.
Angelique de Pise. See Angelique de Bordeaux,
ANGELIQUE DE ROME {Englische von Bom ; Romische Angelika-
birne).— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a quarter wide, and two
inches and a half long ; obovate. Skin, rough, of a pale yellow colour,
and sometimes tinged with light red on the side next the sun. Eye,
very small, placed in a narrow and shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a very slight depression. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, and crisp, slightly gritty, with an abundance of rich
sugary juice.
A dessert pear of second-rate quality ; ripe in October. The tree
succeeds well as a standard, and may be grown either on the pear or
quince stock.
Angelique de Toulouse. See Angelique de Bordeaux.
ANGLE TERRE {Beurre d' Angleterre ; Angleterre de Chartreux;
Angleterre d'Ete ; Angleteire a la St. Denis; Amande; Bee d'Oisseau;
Bee d'Oie; De Finois; English Beurre; Engelsche Gisamhert ; Boater
81
482 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Peer; Zoon Peer; Englische iSommerhutterhirne ; Englische Butter-
hirne ; Mandelbirne). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters long, and two inches and a quarter broad ; of pyriform shape,
or sometimes inclining to oblong-ovate. Skin, greenish yellow, but so
thickly covered with pale brown russety dots that little of the ground
colour is visible, except in those parts where they are less dense ; on
the side next the sun it is marked with a tinge of brownish red.
Eye, open, with long linear segments, placed almost even with the
surface, or in a very shallow depression. Stalk, from an inch to an
inch and a half long, slender, inserted without depression. Flesh,
white, delicate, buttery, and melting, very juicy, sugary, and richly
flavoured.
A very excellent dessert pear ; ripe in the beginning of October, but
it rarely keeps above a fortnight, when it begins to decay, generally
at the stalk. It should always be gathered green, and it then will keep
for a fortnight ripening in succession.
The tree is a strong grower, and an abundant bearer on the pear
stock; but on the quince, although it is an early bearer, it soon
languishes and dies. It succeeds well as a standard, but prefers a
light and warm soil.
Although this has acquired on the Continent the names of Poire d'Angleterre
and Beurre d'Angleterre, it is not a sort that has ever been grown to any extent
in this country, nor has it even an English name, except that given it by Lindley,
which is only a translation from the French. It is a variety grown extensively
about Paris for the supply of the markets, where it may be seen, about the. middle
and end of September, exposed for sale in large quantities— it is, in fact, quite the
pear of the Paris costermonger. There is great confusion about the synonymes of
this pear ; Forsyth very absurdly makes it synonymous with Brown Beurre.
Angleterre a la St. Denis. See Anyleterre.
Angleterre des Chartreux. See Angleterre,
Angleterre d'Ete. See Angleterre.
ANGLETERRE D ' HI VER.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and a quarter wide, and three inches and a quarter long ; pyriform,
and rounded at the apex. Skin, smooth, of a clear citron yellow
colour, and marked with yellow spots. Eye, open, set in a rather
shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, and
obliquely inserted without depression. Flesh, very white, fine, delicate,
and crisp, with a sweet and agreeable flavour, but after maturity soon
becomes mealy.
A culinary pear, of good quality, in season from November till
March. The tree may be grown either on the pear or the quince, but
does best on the pear. It bears well as a standard, and is of free and
vigorous growth.
ANGLETERRE DE NOISETTE {Grosse Angleterre de Noisette;
Beurre Noisette Anglaise; Grosse Poire d' Am ande ; Noisette's Grosse
PEARS. 483
Englische Butterhirne). — The fruit is pyriform, two and a half to three
inches long. Skin, pale yellow, covered with small red dots on the side
next the sun, and the whole surface thickly sprinkled with cinnamon-
coloured russet. Eye, open, and placed level with the surface.
Stalk, an inch to an inch and a half long, inserted on the end of the
fruit. Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly
flavoured.
A good second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of September and October.
A very old Belgian pear, which in the last edition of this work I stated erro-
neously had been raised by Noisette, of Paris.
Angoise. See Winter Bon Chretien.
Angora. See Uvedales St. Germain.
Anjou Bagpipe. See Large Blanquet.
ARBRE COURBE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half wide, and
four long; obovate, narrowing towards the stalk and the crown. Skin,
rough to the feel, from being considerably covered with rough, scaly
russet, on a bright green ground. Eye, small and open, with flat
spreading segments, and placed in a wide and rather shallow cavity.
Stalk, stout, three-quarters of an inch to an inch long, not depressed,
but placed on the end of the fruit, sometimes with a protuberance on
one side of it. Flesh, greenish immediately under the skin, fine-
grained, half buttery, melting, and juicy ; briskly flavoured, but with-
out much aroma.
A good dessert pear, but hardly of first-rate quality. It is ripe in
the end of September, and continues during October. The tree does
not attain a large size, but is very productive, and succeeds well as a
standard.
It is said to have been raised by Professor Van Mons about the year 1830, and
received its name from the circumstance of the stem inclining to grow in a hori-
zontal manner, and requiring the aid of a stake to keep it upright ; but according
to M. Lcsueur's statement, which we extract from M. Decaisne's Jardin Fruitier
du Museum, it is not a seedling of Van Mons, but was raised by M. Leon Leclerc,
and propagated by Van Mons in 1833.
Arbre Superbe. See Fondante d'AutomTW.
Archduke Charles. See Charles d'Auti-iche.
Archduke d'Ete. See Summer Archduke.
ARCHIDUCHESSE D'AUTRICHE {Erzherzogin).—FTmi, below
medium size, two inches and a quarter wide, and two high ; Bergamot-
shaped, or rather roundish-turbinate. Skin, green at first, but be-
coming yellowish green as it ripens ; brownish red next the sun,
marked with a few thin streaks of deeper and brighter red, and on the
shaded side marked with large dots and freckles of cinnamon-coloured
russet. Eye, open, set in a wide shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a
quarter long, straight, woody, and inserted in a small round cavity.
484 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Flesh, white, half melting, slightly gritty at the core, juicy, sweet, and
with a rather rich flavour.
A second-rate dessert pear ; ripe in the middle of September. The tree
is a strong grower and a good bearer. It was raised by Yan Mons.
Ardente de Printemps. See Colmar d'Aremherg.
D'Aremberg. See Colmar (TAremherg.
ARLEQUIN MUSQUE.— Fruit, large, three inches broad, and
three and a quarter high ; roundish obovate, even and regular in its
outline. Skin, smooth, of a fine bright green at first, but becoming
lemon yellow as it attains maturity, and dotted all over with brown
dots. Eye, rather large and open, with short tooth-like segments, and
set in a wide basin. Stalk, about half an inch long, stout, and inserted
on the apex of the fruit without depression. Flesh, white, buttery,
melting, juicy, and sweet, with a powerful musky perfume.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of September. The tree is a good
and regular bearer, and was raised by Yan Mons about the year 1823.
ARLINGHAM SQUASH.— Fruit, roundish turbinate, rather ir-
regular in its outline, being somewhat ribbed. Skin, dark green, with
a brownish tinge on the side next the sun, streaked and mottled with
russet over the whole surface, and with a patch of russet round the
stalk. Eye, open, with short abortive segments, set in a shallow
depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a narrow
cavity, which is generally higher on one side. Flesh, white, crisp, and
juicy, with an agreeable aroma.
Of good repute for perry in orchards about Hereford. It has a near
resemblance to BelHssime d'Hiver. It derives its name from the
village of Arlingham, on the Severn, below Gloucester.
ARMAND PREYOST. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
half wide, and three inches high ; oblong-obovate, narrowing from the
bulge to the eye, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth and
shining, of a fine golden yellow, with an orange cheek minutely dotted
with russet. Eye, small and open, with erect, acute segments pro-
minent. Stalk, woody, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted on the
end of the fruit beside a fleshy lip. Flesh, half melting, not very juicy,
and without much flavour.
A pretty but worthless pear ; ripe in the middle of October, and
soon becomes mealy.
Arteloire. See St. Germain.
ARTHUR BIYORT. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches and
three-quarters long, and two and three-quarters broad ; of a pyramidal
shape, and blunt- ended at the stalk, not unlike Beurre Ranee in
shape. Skin, smooth, of a clear grass green, assuming a yellowish
tinge as it attains maturity, slightly dotted with russet, and sometimes
PEARS. 485
with a little colour on the side next the sun. Eye, open, with spreading
segments, and placed on a level with the surface of the fruit, the seg-
ments lying back leaf-like on the fruit. Stalk, woody, curved, brown,
an inch and a quarter long, obliquely inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
white, half fine, buttery, and melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, and with
an agreeable perfume.
A good pear ; ripe in the end of October.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, which did not fruit till 1850. M. Bivort named
it in honour of his brother.
Asperge d'Hiver. See Bequesne.
ASTON TOWN. — Fruit, rather below the medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and the same in height ; roundish obovate. Skin,
rather rough, pale green at first, but changing as it ripens to pale
yellow, and thickly covered with brown russet spots. Eye, small,
nearly closed, and set in a small shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a
half long, slender, and without depression, and with a swollen lip on
one side of it. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, and buttery, with a
rich, sugary, and perfumed flavour, very much resembling, and even
equalling, that of the Crasanne.
A dessert pear of the first quality, in use during the end of October
and beginning of November. In appearance it much resembles Eye-
wood, but it is not so richly flavoured.
The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer. It
succeeds admirably as a standard, and is one of the most valuable of
our native varieties. There is, however, a peculiarity in its growth
which requires attention. When grown as a standard the branches
have a tendency to twist and become entangled, which must, therefore,
be prevented by a timely attention to pruning.
This esteemed variety was raised at Aston, in Cheshire, and has for many years
been cultivated in that and neighbouring counties to a considerable extent.
D'Auch. See Colmar.
Audusson. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
D'Aumale. See Besi de la Motte.
Auguste Benoit. See Beurre Benoit.
AUGUSTE DE BOULOGNE.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; oval, even,
regular, and handsome in its outline. Skin, smooth, of a bright deep
golden yellow, strewed all over with dark brown russet dots, and with
a patch of russet round the stalk. Eye, very small and open, with
short, erect, acute segments, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, very
stout and woody, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small
narrow cavity. Flesh, half-melting, not very juicy, rather coarse-
grained and gritty, and not of a particularly good flavour.
486 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
It ripens in the beginning and middle of October, and soon becomes
pasty. The tree is a good bearer, and succeeds better on the pear
than on the quince.
A seedling of Van Mons, sent with several others when quite young to his friend
M. Bonnet, of Boulogne. It first fruited in 1854, and was distributed in 1857 by
the Soeiete Van Mons, of Brussels.
AUGUSTE JURIE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
three-quarters long, by two and a half broad ; obtuse ovate. Skin,
green, becoming yellowish green as it ripens, with a thin speckled coat
of russet on the side next the sun, and strewed all over with russet
patches. Eye, closed, with tooth-like segments, set even with the
surface. Stalk, from an inch to an inch and a half long, inserted
without depression. Flesh, crisp, rather granular, sweet, brisk, and
with a fine melon flavour.
A valuable early pear ; ripe in the middle of August, and well worthy
of general cultivation.
This pear was raised at the Ecole d'Horticulture at Ecully, near Lyons, under
the direction of my friend the late M. Willermoz. It originated from seed of
Beurre Giffard, sown on the llih of August, 1851, and it was named in honour of
M. Auguste Jurie, President of the Horticultural Society of the Rhone.
AUGUSTE EOYER.— Fruit, small or below medium size, from two
to two and a quarter inches wide, and two and a quarter to two and a
half high ; obovate, even in its outline. Skin, entirely covered with
warm brown russet, and sprinkled all over with darker brown russet
dots. Eye, small and open, with erect, acute segments, set in a small
round basin. Stalk, from half an inch to three-quarters long, slender,
obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, yellowish white,
gritty, juicy, and sweet.
A worthless pear ; ripe in the end of October, when it rots at the
core. In 1866 I found it very astringent and with a disagreeable
flavour. In 1867 it was not astringent, but sweet, and of no character.
It was raised by Van Mons, and the tree became the property of M. Charles
Durieux, of Brussels. On being submitted to the Royal Commission of Pomology
in 1853, it was named in honour of M. Auguste Royer, of Namur, the President of
the Commission.
AURATE {Mmcat d'Aout; Muscat de Nancy; Averat ; August
Muscat; Goldhirne; Auratehirne ; Kleine Rothe Sommermuscateller ;
De Honville). — Fruit, small, growing in clusters, an inch and a quarter
long, and the same in breadth ; roundish turbinate. Skin, smooth,
green at first, but changing as it ripens to fine deep yellow, and where
fully exposed to the sun washed with light red, but where shaded
entirely yellow. Eye, large and open, with long reflexed segments,
and placed in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long, inserted
without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp and juicy, with a
sugary and pleasant Muscat flavour.
PEAKS. 487
A dessert pear of ordinary quality ; ripe in the middle of August, and
continues in use for about fourteen days.
The tree attains a large size, and is a vigorous grower, a very abun-
dant bearer, and thrives better on the pear than the quince. It is one
of the earhest pears, succeeding the Petit Muscat in about eight days,
but has the advantage over that variety in being larger and better-
flavoured.
Aurore. See Beurre Capiaumont.
Austrasie. See Jaminette.
AUTUMN BERGAMOT (Common Bergamot; Bergamot; English
Bergamot ; York Bergamot). — Fruit, small, two inches and a half
wide, and the same in depth ; roundish and somewhat depressed.
Skin, yellowish green, with dull brown on the side next the sun, and
covered all over with rough grey russet specks. Eye, small and open,
set in a shallow basin. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted in a
wide, round, and even cavity. Flesh, greenish white, shghtly gritty
at the core, but otherwise tender, melting, juicy, and richly flavoured.
An old dessert pear of the first quality ; ripe in October. The tree
is a vigorous grower and hardy, forms a handsome standard, and is a
most abundant bearer. It succeeds well either on the pear or quince.
It has been stated by Switzer, and by some subsequent writers, evidently on his
authority, that the Autumn Bergamot *' has been an inhabitant of our island ever
since the time that Julius Ccesar conquered it. Possibly it was the Assyrian Pear
of Virgil {Quod a Syria translata fuisset), say some commentators, and was, as
may be deduced from thence, part of the furniture of the once celebrated and
famous gardens of Alcinous." As this can be only conjecture on the part of Switzer,
and is unsupported by evidence, I think it extremely improbable. It is rather
singular, notwithstanding this statement, that he is the first English author who
mentions it, for it is not in the lists of Kea, Worledge, or Evelyn, nor in the very
comprehensive list of Leonard Meager, of the fruits which were cultivated in the
London nurseries in 1688. Neither is it even mentioned by Kea, Ralph Austin,
Parkinson, nor William Lawson, and, indeed, by no author is it recorded prior to
Switzer himself. Parkinson speaks of the Winter Bergamot as " of two or three
sorts, being all of them small fruit, somewhat greener on the outside than the
summer kindes ; all of them very delicate and good in their due time ; so some
will not be fit to bee eaten when others are well-nigh spent, every of them outlast-
ing another by a moneth or more." But of the Autumn Bergamot we have no
early record.
AUTUISIN COLMAR {Be Bavay).—FTmi, large, three inches and a
quarter long, by two and three-quarters wide ; obtuse pyramidal, rounded
at the apex, and narrowing obtusely towards the stalk. Skin, smooth,
lemon-coloured, strewed with dots and markings of russet, and with a
circle of russet round the eye. Eye, open, with erect narrow segments,
and filled with the remnants of the stamens, placed in a shallow basin
rather on one side. Stalk, nearly two inches long, curved, fleshy,
uneven, with indications of incipient buds, dark brown, but green where
it has been shaded, inserted on the end of the fruit with little or no
488 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
cavity. Flesh, coarse-grained, sweet, and perfumed, but not possessing
any special merit.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of September and beginning of
October.
The tree is an excellent bearer, succeeds well as a standard, and
may be grown with equal success either on the pear or the quince.
It was raised by Van Mons, and named in honour of M. de Bavay, a nurseryman
at Vilvorde, near Brussels ; but being received by the Horticultural Society of
London from the raiser without a name, it became known in the collection of that
establishment as Autumn Colmar, from a fancied resemblance of the flavour to that
of the Old Colmar,
AUTUMN JOSEPHINE.— Fruit, even and regular in its outline,
turbinate, and somewhat flattened at the crown. Skin, greenish
yellow when quite ripe, and strewn with patches of thin pale brown
russet, and with a russet patch round the stalk. Eye, open, with short
erect segments, and set in a shallow depression. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, woody, and inserted without depression. Flesh,
yellowish, with a pale salmon tinge, like that of Josephine de Malines,
tender, fine-grained, and very juicy. Juice, rich, sugary, and with a
fine aromatic flavour.
A pear of uncertain merit ; ripe in the middle of October, and lasting
about a fortnight. The tree is an excellent grower, and forms a large
head.
This was obtained from seed by W. E. Essington, Esq., of Ribbesford House,
Bawdley. The seed, which was obtained from Josephine de Malines, was sown in
the year 1856, and scions from the seedling were grafted on the stock of a
worthless pear-tree, which had been cut down in 1861, and first produced fruit in
1869.
AUTUMN NELIS {Graham's Autumn Nelis). — Fruit, the size of a
large Winter Nelis ; obovato-turbinate in shape. Skin, entirely covered
with brown russet, with here and there a patch of the greenish yellow
shining through. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, melting, and buttery,
with a rich sugary juice.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in October, but soon decays. The tree is very
hardy and a great bearer.
AVOCAT ALLARD. — A cooking pear, raised by M. Gregoire, of
Jodoigne.
AVOCAT NELIS. — A medium sized pear, of a turbinate shape, deep
yellow colour considerably covered with russet, and with a juicy, sweet,
and perfumed flesh. It is only of second-rate quality, and is in use
from January till April.
D'AVBIL. — Fruit, large, pyramidal, uneven in its outline, and
considerably bossed round the eye. Skin, smooth and shining, of a
lively dark green colour, with a dark brown tinge next the sun, and
patches of ashy-grey russet on the shaded side ; the whole surface
PEARS. 489
covered with very large pale-coloured specks. Flesh, crisp, juicy, and
sweet.
Ripe in March and April.
AYLTON RED. — Fruit, small ; roundish turbinate. Skin, covered
with rough russet dots. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow depres-
sion. Stalk, nearly an inch long, straight, inserted in a small round
cavity.
A Herefordshire perry pear which is growing rapidly into popularity.
Badham's. See Broun Bcurre.
BALOSSE. — Fruit, two inches and three-quarters long, and the
same in diameter ; roundish turbinate. Skin, rough, thick, of a dark
green colour, shaded with brown, but as it ripens it becomes yellow,
and is then coloured with red. Eye, large and open, with long leafy
segments, set in a wide and rather shallow basin. Stalk, an inch
long, slender, and woody, attached without depression, and with a
fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, yellow, crisp, sugary, and
perfumed.
A cooking pear, grown extensively in the neighbourhood of Chalons-
sur-Marne, where it has been cultivated for nearly three centuries as
the great resource of the farming and working class. It is an excellent
pear when cooked, and keeps remarkably well till March, when in some
seasons it may be used in the dessert.
The tree is an immense bearer, one tree producing, on an average,
twenty-four bushels of fruit.
Bancrief. See Crawford.
Banneux. See Jaminette.
BARBE NELIS. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide, and
two inches and a half high ; obovate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, smooth, pale green, and changing to yellowish green as it ripens,
the surface strewed with small dots. Eye, large and open, with rather
long segments, and set level with the surface. Stalk, an inch and a
quarter long, very fleshy, with several fleshy folds at the base, where it
unites with the fruit. Flesh, quite white, juicy, very sweet, and with
a sort of honied juice.
A very inferior fruit unless eaten just when gathered, or rather
before it ripens on the tree, in the third week of August. If allowed
to hang till it is quite ripe it soon decays, and in a few days becomes
a bag of rottenness. Mr. Blackmore considers it worthless at Ted-
dington.
It was raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, in 1848, and was named after a
member of the family of Nelis of Malines.
BARLAND. — Fruit, small and obovate. Skin, dull green, con-
siderably covered with grey russet. Eye, large and open, with erect
490
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
segments, and placed even with tlae surface, and without any depression.
Stalk, half an inch long, and slender.
This is a very fine old perry pear. The specific gravity of its juice
is, according to Mr. Knight, i070.
Mr. Knight says : *' Many thousand hogsheads of perry are made from this fruit
in a productive season ; but the perry is not so much approved by the present as
it was by the original planters. It however sells Avell whilst new to the merchants,
who have probably some means of employing it with which the public are not
acquainted ; for I have never met with it more than once within the last twenty
years out of the districts in Avhich it is made ; and many of the Herefordshire
planters have applied to me in vain for information respecting its disappearance.
It may be mingled in considerable quantity with strong and new port, without its
taste being perceptible ; and as it is comparatively cheap, it possibly sometimes
contributes one of the numerous ingredients of that popular compound."
" The Barland Perry appears to have been extensively cultivated in Herefordshire
prior to the publication of Evelyn's 'Pomona,' in 1674, in which it is very fre-
quently mentioned ; and as no trees of this variety are found in decay from age, in
favourable soils, it must be concluded that the identical trees which were growing
when Evelyn wrote, still remain in health and vigour."
" The original tree grew in a field called the Bare Lands, in the parish of Bos-
bury, whence the variety obtained its name, and it was blown down a few years
ago." Marshall says, " The Barland Pear is in great repute, as producing a
perry which is esteemed singularly beneficial in nephritic complaints."
BARONNE DE MELLO [His; PhilUpe Goes).— Fmit, of a
curved pyramidal shape, rounding towards the eye, and tapering on
one side with a dipping curve towards the stalk ; sometimes the surface
is bossed or undulating, but generally it is even. Skin, almost entirely
covered with dark brown russet, which is thin and smooth, so that it
has no roughness to the feel ; on the shaded side, the ground colour,
which is generally more or less visible, is greenish yellow, mottled
over with russet. Eye, small and open, with incurved, tooth-like seg-
ments, and placed in a very slight depression, sometimes almost level
with the surface. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, woody, and of a
brown colour, inserted on the surface of the fruit. Flesh, greenish
yellow, fine-grained, melting, and buttery ; juice, very abundant, rich,
sugary, brisk, and vinous, with a fine aroma when it is in perfection ;
but in some seasons, and in poor soils, in exposed and cold situations,
I have found it coarse-grained and gritty, not at all sugary, and with a
watery juice.
This is a very excellent autumn pear, and one of the very first
quality. It ripens in the end of October, and sometimes keeps well
into November. Though an early autumn pear, it ripens well without
decaying at the core, a property which too many do not possess. The
tree is very hardy, and maintains a vigorous, though not a rampant
growth. It is an excellent bearer, and succeeds well on the quince
stock, either as a pyramid or a dwarf bush.
This is the true Baronne de Mello, respecting which there is a great confusion.
I had it from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, in 1847, and it proves to be identical with
the fruit described by M. Decaisne, M. Mas, and M. de Liron d'AiroUes. It is
remarkable that the latter is the only one of these authors who notices the greenish
tinge of the flesh, which I have observed as a constant character. It also corre-
PEABS. 491
spends with frait of Baronne de Mello sent me by M. Andre Leroy in 1866.
There is an admirable figure of this in the Jardin Fruitier du Museum, in which
the characteristic dark brown russet of the skin is well represented. This is said
to have been raised by Van Mons, who sent it to Poiteau of Paris about 1830, and
h<? dedicated it to M. His, Inspector-General of Public Libraries. M a later period
M. Jamin, of Bourg-la-Reine, having received it from Belgium without a name,
called it Baronne de Mello in honour of that ladj, who resided at Piscop, in the
department of Seine et Oise.
Bartlett. See Williams's Bon Chretien.
BASINER. — Fruit, Doyenne-shaped, rather uneven, and bossed on
its surface. Skin, with a greenish yellow ground colour, and much
covered with pale cinnamon-brown russet, which is distributed in
patches, particularly round the stalk and in dots, which are interspersed
with green dots over the surface. Eye, small and open, sometimes
wanting, set in a deep and narrow basin. Stalk, short, stout, and
slightly curved, set in the centre of the stump-ended fruit, in a round
and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, crisp,
sweet, and very juicy and sugary.
One of the best very late pears I have met with, which ripens in the
end of May and beginning of June.
This was raised by M. J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, and first produced fruit in
1857, at which time the tree was twelve years old. The tree is an excellent bearer.
BASSIN (Bellissime d'Ete: Jargonelle {?) ; Saint Laurent; Just;
Belle Cornelie). — Fruit, medium sized ; obtuse pyriform. Skin,
smooth and shining, of a fine rich lemon-yellow colour, strewed with
large russet dots on the shaded side, and bright light crimson, marked
with a few broken streaks of darker crimson, and strewed with white
dots on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with long, spreading,
downy segments, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long,
placed on a level with the surface, or in a slight cavity. Flesh, white,
rather dry, with a sweet, slightly perfumed, and somewhat astringent
juice.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the middle of August.
This, we are informed by M. Decaisnc, is sold extensively in the markets and
streets of Paris. It is the fruit described by Duhamel under the name of Bellissime
d'cte, and I believe it to be the Jargonelle of Merlet ; but as there is so great con-
fusion among the names and synonymes of Bellissime d'ete. Jargonelle, Supreme,
and Vermilion d'ete of different authors, I have followed M. Decaisne, and here
adopted his nomenclature, so as to prevent any further diflScultj, and adopted a
name by which this variety may be henceforth distinguished.
De Bavay. See Autumn Colmar.
BEADNELL'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, bel(Jw medium size ; turbi-
nate or obovate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, and
somewhat shining, and before it is ripe of a bright green colour, with
dull red cheek on the side where exposed to the sun ; but when ripe
the green becomes yellow, and the dull red crimson, and where the two
colours blend there are some stripes of crimson ; on the coloured side
432 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
it is thickly dotted with minute grey dots. Eye, open, set level with
the surface, or rather a little prominent, and surrounded with small
bosses. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small round cavity.
Flesh, melting, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A fine early pear, ripe in the middle and end of September, but it
does not keep long. The tree is a very abundant bearer, and well
adapted for orchard culture. It is a vigorous and healthy grower, and
somewhat spreading in its habit.
This was raised by Mr. John Beadnell, of West Green Road, Tottenham,
Middlesex, and the tree fruited aboat 1840.
Beauchamps. See Bergamotte Cadetie.
Beau de la Cour. See MarSchal de Cour.
Beau Present. See Jargonelle.
Beaute Hative. See Fondante de Brest.
Bee d'Oie. See Angleterre.
Bee d'Oisseau. See Angleterre.
Belle Cornelie. See Bassin.
BEAU PRESENT D'ARTOIS {Present Royal de Naples).— Frnit,
large and pyriform. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with patches and
dots of brown russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, about an inch long, slightly depressed. Flesh, melting, juicy,
sweet, and pretty good flavoured.
Ripe in September. Mr. Blackmore says it is worthless at Tedd-
ington.
Beaute de Terwueren. See Uvedales St. Germain.
Bedminster Gratioli. See Jersey Gratioli.
Bein Armudi. See Best de la Motte.
Bell Pear. See Catillac.
Bell Tongue. See Windsor.
Belle Alliance. See Beurre Sterckmans.
Belle Andrienne. See Vicar of Winkjield.
Belle Angevine. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
Belle d'Aout. See Hampden's Bergamot.
Belle Apres Noel. See Fondante de Noel.
Belle d'Austrasie. See Jaminette.
Belle de Berri. See Vicar of Winkjield.
Belle des Bois. See Flemish Beauty.
BELLE DE BRISSAC— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and three
inches and three-quarters long ; oblong-obovate, blunt at the stalk,
PEARS. 493
which is an inch and a quarter long, curved, and inserted in a wide
cavity. Skin, green, becoming yellowish green as it ripens, con-
siderably covered with rough brown russet. Eye, half open, with
incurved, tooth-like segments, and almost level with the surface.
Flesh, rather coarse, somewhat gritty, greenish for a considerable
distance under the skin, crisp and crackling, very juicy and sweet, but
with not much flavour. •
Good as a stewing pear, but inferior for the dessert. In use from
January till March.
Belle de Bruxelles. See Hampden's Bergamot,
Belle de Fouquet. See Tonneau.
Belle Epine du Mas. See Epine du Mas.
Belle Epine Fondante. See Monchallard,
Belle et Bonne. See Hampden's Bergamot,
Belle et Bonne. See Bellissitne d'Automne.
Belle d'Ecully. See Premices d'EcuUy,
Belle d'Esquermes. See Jalousie de Fontenay.
Belle Excellente. See Due de Brabant.
Belle Fertile. See Ah ! man Dieu.
Belle de Flandres. See Flemish Beauty.
BELLE DES FORETS.— Fruit, large, two inches wide, and three
inches and a half long ; pyramidal, uneven and undulating in its
outline, and much like Van Mons Leon Leclerc in shape. Skin,
green, becoming of an uniform pale straw-colour when ripe, strewed all
over with very minute dots. Eye, quite star-like, set in a very shallow
depression. Stalk, an inch long, stout, fleshy throughout its whole
length, set obliquely by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, yellow, firm,
crisp or half buttery, very juicy, sweet, and refreshing, with a flavour
like that of Citron des Carmes.
A very nice juicy pear, which ought to be eaten before it assumes
its 3-ellow tinge, for then it has begun to decay at the core. It is in
use in the last week of September.
BELLE FLEURUSIENNE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
a half wide, and three inches and a half high ; pyramidal. Skin,
smooth and somewhat shining, with here and there a tinge of green,
the whole surface thickly strewed with large russet dots and star-like
specks. Eye, open, with short and somewhat reflexed segments, set
in a very shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, slender, curved, inserted
on one side of the apex, with a high shoulder on one side. Flesh,
tender and buttery, very juicy, but not rich.
In use during November and December.
I am indebted to M. J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, for this and many others of
494 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
the new Belgian fruits, which he sent me in 1864. It was raised by M. Alex.
Bivort in 1849 at Great St. Remy, near Fleurus ia Belgium.
Belle Gabrielle. See Ambrette d'Hiver.
Bellegarde. See Gilogil.
Belle Heloise. See Vicar of Winkfield.
Belle Henriette. See Henriette.
Belle de Jersey. See Vvedale's St. Germain.
BELLE ISLE D'ANGEKS.— Fruit, roundish oYal, three inches
long, and two inches and a half wide. Skin, entirely covered with a
coat of greenish dark brown russet, which is very fine and smooth to
the feel, and covered with large grey dots, except on the shaded side,
where the greenish yellow ground colour is exposed, and this also is
marked with large russet dots. Eye, small and open, with short, stout,
erect segments placed in a shallow and round basin. Stalk, woody,
about an inch long, and inserted in a small round cavity, with a fleshy
protuberance on one side of it. Flesh, white, rather coarse-grained,
half buttery and very juicy, sweet, and slightly perfumed.
This is only a second or third-rate pear, and not worth cultivation.
It is ripe in the beginning of December.
BELLE JULIE (Alexandrine Helie). — Fruit, medium sized, long
obovate, even and regularly shaped. Skin, rather rough to the feel
from the large russety specks with which it is covered. The colour is
dull brown, somewhat like that of the Brown Beurre ; and on the side
next the sun it has a warm reddish brown glow, like a gipsy's blush.
On the shaded side, where the skin is not covered with russet, the
green ground colour shows through. Stalk, an inch long, brown, and
woody, inserted on one side of the fruit under a fleshy lip. Eye,
clove-like, wide open, with long segments, and set almost on a level
with the surface of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish, tender, buttery, melt-
ing, and very juicy. The juice is rich, sugary, and vinous, with a fine
perfume.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in the end of October. This ought to
be more extensively cultivated. Mr. Blackmore says it is a vast
cropper, and of fair quality at Teddington.
Raised by Dr. Van Mons, and first fruited in 1842. It is named after his
granddaughter, Julie Van Mons, the daughter of General Van Mons.
BELLE DE L'ORIENT. — Fruit, very large, four inches and three-
quarters long, and three and a quarter wide ; pyramidal, hke a large
Louise Bonne of Jersey, and very similar to it in colour, being bright
red next the sun, and covered with large freckles. Eye, small, set in a
deep cavity. Stalk, upwards of an inch long, deeply inserted. Flesh,
tender, melting, sweet, and juicy.
Ripe in October, and soon decays.
PEARS. 495
Belle Lucrative. See Fondante d'Automne.
Belle de Luxembourg. See Hampden^s Berganwt.
BELLE MOULINOISE. — A somewhat oblong pear of large size ;
greenish skin, considerably covered with rough russet ; a long stalk
and large eye. The flesh is half melting, juicy, and perfumed.
A second-rate pear ; in use from January till March.
Belle de Noel. See Fondante de Xoel.
Belle Noisette. See Bellissinu d'Hiver.
Belle de Prague. See Belle de Thouars.
BELLE ROUENNAISE.— Fruit, large, four inches and a quarter
long, and three inches wide ; pyramidal in shape, and evenly formed.
Skin, smooth, dark green, very finely dotted with grey dots, and
marked and streaked with grey spots ; as it ripens it becomes of a
brighter colour. Eye, half open, with erect greenish segments, placed
in a shallow and pretty wide basin. Flesh, tender, buttery, and
melting, very juicy, sugary, and perfumed.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in November and December.
It was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, in 1845, and produced fruit in 1856.
Belle Sans Pepins. See Hampden's Bergamot.
BELLE DE SEPTEMBRE {Grosse de Septembre).—A. large
roundish ovate pear, pale yellow dotted with russet, and with a
reddish brown cheek on the side next the sun. The flesh is half
melting, juicy, but with a somewhat astringent flavour.
Only a second-rate or inferior pear ; ripe during September and
October.
BELLE DE THOUARS {Belle de ThouarsS; Coulon St. Marc;
Belle de Prague ; Saint Marc ; Belle de Troyes). — Fruit, large, long, and
pyramidal, four inches and a half high, and two inches and three-quarters
wide ; uneven and undulating in its outline. Skin, somewhat rough, at
first of a bronzy olive, changing to ferruginous brown or cinnamon brown,
shaded with violet, strewed with brown dots. Eye, open, with spread-
ing segments, placed in a deep depression. Stalk, long and straight,
an inch and a quarter long, inserted in a line with the axis of the fruit,
and surrounded with small bosses. Flesh, white, half melting, sugary,
and briskly flavoured.
A cooking pear ; in use in the end of November and December.
Belle de Thouarse. See Belle de Thouars.
Belle de Troyes. See Belle ds Thouars.
Belle Yierge. Sea Jargonelle.
Belle de Zees. See Bonne d'Ezee,
496 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Bellissime. See Wi7idso}\
BELLISSIME D'AUTOMNE (Petit Certeau ; Vermilion ; Belle et
Bonne; Poir des Dames; Vermilion des Dames). — Fruit, medium sized,
three inches and a half long, and two inches broad ; long pyriform in
shape. Skin, smooth and shining, of a pale straw-colour where shaded ;
but where exposed to the sun it is covered with fine deep crimson, with
stripes of the same colour round about the stalk, and the whole covered
with grey dots. Eye, considerably depressed in a wide and plaited
basin. Stalk, from an inch to an inch and a quarter long, fleshy at
the insertion, where it is attached to the fruit without any cavity.
Flesh, white, crisp, and slightly gritty, juicy, sugary, and with an
aromatic flavour.
An old French pear, which if grown against a wall becomes melting,
and may then rank as a good dessert fruit ; but as it does not merit
such a situation it is only fit in this climate to be cultivated as a
standard, and the fruit used for culinary purposes. It is ripe in the
end of October and beginning of November.
The tree is a hardy, vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer ;
it succeeds well as a standard either on the pear or quince.
Bellissime d'Ete. See Bassin.
BELLISSIME D'HIYEE {Teton de Venus ; De Pure ; Belle de
a '"^^^^(oQ Noisette : Vermilion d'Espagne). — Fruit, very large, four inches wide,
>(^,{^V^'^ and three inches and three-quarters high ; roundish turbinate. Skin,
smooth and somewhat shining, of a fine deep green colour on the
shaded side and brown where exposed to the sun, but changing as it
attains maturity by keeping to lemon yellow on the shaded side and
fine vermilion next the sun ; strewed all over with large brown russet
dots. Eye, large and open, set in a rather deep basin. Stalk, an
inch long, stout and somewhat fleshy, particularly at the insertion,
where it is placed in a rather deep cavity with a fleshy swelling on one
side of it. Flesh, white, fine-grained, crisp, and tender, sweet, and
with a musky flavour.
One of the very best culinary pears with which I am acquainted, and
quite free from that disagreeable grittiness which is peculiar to baking
pears generally. It is both in size and every other respect superior to
the Catillac, and continues in use from November till April.
The tree is a free and vigorous grower, and excellent bearer, and
succeeds well as a standard either on the pear or the quince.
Bellissime de Jardin. See Bequesne.
BELMONT. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish oval, even and regu-
larly shaped, with somewhat of the form of a Swan's Egg. Skin,
rather rough to the feel, being covered with a coating of somewhat
rough russet, which extends over the whole surface of the fruit, with
the exception of the shaded side, where it is greenish yellow, and con-
PEARS. 497
siderably covered with patches and dots of dark brown russet. On the
side next the sun the brown russet has a coppery red glow, and some
faint traces of crimson mottles and streaks shining through. Eye,
rather small and open, destitute of segments, and set on a level with
the surface. Stalk, an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a small,
narrow, shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, rather coarse-grained, and
gritty, sugary, vinous, and with a line Swan's Egg flavour.
An excellent stewing pear, almost of first-rate quality ; ripe in the
end of October and beginning of November. It was raised by Mr. T.
A. Knight of Downton Castle.
Benedictine. See Brown Beurre.
Bens. See Arujeliqice cle Bordeaux.
BEN VIE. — Fruit, small, two inches long, and an inch and three-
quarters wide ; obovate. Skin, yellowish green, sometimes tinged and
strewed with dull dingy red on the side next the sun, almost entirely
covered with thin delicate grey russet, and thickly strewed with
russety dots. Eye, large and open, full of stamens, with a dry mem-
branous calyx, which is plaited, but not divided, and covered with a
white crust. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, fleshy at the base,
and obUquely inserted, with scarcely any depression. Flesh, yellowish,
buttery, juicy, perfumed, and excellent
A Scotch dessert pear ; ripe in August and September. The tree is
a free grower, and an immense bearer, so much so that the branches
have to be propped up during the fruit season.
This is a very excellent variety of summer pear, adapted to the climate of
Scotland, It is doubtful whether it could be grown so well in the south of Eng-
land, and retain the same flavour which it does in the north ; and even if it did it
could not rival some of the varieties which are better adapted for the southern
counties. Still it is worthy of the notice of orchardists in the north of England
and south of Scotland, and I am much surprised that it has not a wider cultivation
than I have hitherto observed ; the only districts where I have seen it grown to any
extent being the Carses of Govvrie and Stirling. I have noticed it also in great
perfection in Morayshire, and I have no doubt, if it were better known, it would
soon displace such inferior varieties as Crawford, Grey Goodwife,and many others
of a similar class.
BEQUESNE [Bequesne Musqiie ; Bellissime de Jardin; Asperge
d'Hiver; Schnabelbirne ; Eselsmaul ; Eselstopf). — Fruit, large and
handsome, even and regular in its outline, pyriform or abrupt pyramidal
in its shape, three inches and a half long, and three inches broad.
Skin, of a fine bright golden yellow colour on the shaded side, and on
the side next the sun it is of a bright crimson ; the surface is strewed
with large russet dots, which give it a rough feel when handled, and
with a patch of russet round the stalk. Eye, open, with rather long
spreading segments, and set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch
and a half long, inserted without depression on the end of the fruit.
Flesh, coarse-grained and rather gritty, firm and crisp, sweet, and
slightly perfumed.
32
498 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
An excellent cooking pear, which comes into use in October, and
continues all the winter.
In reference to the origin of the name, M. Decaisne says : " In Champagne a
prattling young girl is called Bequene or Bequens. In Lorraine the green wood-
pecker is called beccaine, which makes a great noise with its beak. The old Pear
d'Angleterre, very similar to this in the length of its stalk, in some provinces bears
the name of Bec-d'oie." From which I assume that the name of B^quesne is in
allusion to the great length of the stalk.
Bergamot. See Autumn Bergamot.
Bergamotte of the French. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
Bergamotte d'Alen9on. See Bergamotte de Hollande.
Bergamotte d'Austrasie. See Jaminette.
BERGAMOTTE D'AUTOMNE {Bergamotte; Bergamotte Com-
mune ; Bergamotte de Recons ; Bergamotte de Heliere ; Bergamotte Bond
d^Automne; H erf st of Laate ; Bergamotte Ordinaire; Bergamot; HoU
landse Bergamot ; Soppige Groentje ; Maatjes Peer ; Heere Peer ;
Herbst Ber-gamotte). — Fruit, rather below the medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; roundish turbinate,
and flattened at the apex. Skin, smooth and shining, green at first,
and becoming yellow as it attains maturity, with a tinge of brownish
red on the side next the sun, and strewed with grey dots. Eye, small
and open, set in a slight depression. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted
in a small cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, juicy, melting, and tender,
with a sweet and perfumed flavour.
An old dessert pear, highly esteemed on the Continent as of first-
rate quality ; but in this climate it does not attain the same per-
fection.
It is ripe during October and November. The tree is tender and
subject to canker. It requires to be grown on a light soil, and in a
warm situation, either with a south-east or south-west aspect on a
wall.
M. Decaisne and M. Andre Leroy have both erred in making the Autumn Ber-
gamot of the English synonymous with this. They are perfectly distinct varieties.
Bergamotte Beauchamps. See Beurre Beauchamjis.
Bergamotte de la Beuvrier. See Summer Franc Real.
BERGAMOTTE BUFO (Crapaut; Bergamotte Crapa.ud).—Frmt,
small, two inches and a quarter wide, and two inches high ; even and
regular shape, which is that of a true Bergamot. Skin, dull greenish
yellow, very much covered with large light brown russet specks, which
are so thick on the side next the sun that they form quite a russety
coat. Eye, small and open, with spreading segments, set in a small
shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender and woody,
inserted in a narrow depression. Flesh, yellowish, rather coarse-grained,
half melting, and very juicy ; juice with a rich honied flavour.
PEARS. 499
An excellent little dessert pear, of first-rate quality in regard of
flavour ; ripe in the end of October.
It is a very old French pear.
Bergamotte de Bruxelles. See Hampden's Bergamot.
Bergamotte de Bugi. See Easter Bergamot,
BERGAMOTTE CADETTE {Bienvont ; De Cadet; Milan; Cadet
de Bordeaux; Cadette ; Voye aiuc Prestres; Milan de Bordeaux). —
Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half high, and two inches
and a quarter wide ; roundish obovate, generally smaller on one side of
the axis than on the other. Skin, yellowish green, changing to pale
yellow, with dull brownish red on the side next the sun, covered with
thin pale brown russet, and large dots, which are brown on the shaded
side and grey next the sun. Eye, open, with long, acuminate, spread-
ing segments, set in a wide, rather deep, but sometimes shallow basin.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity.
Flesh, white, tender, melting, and very juicy, with a rich, sugary, and
musky flavour.
A very good dessert pear, which ripens in October, and continues in
use, ripening successively, till January. The tree is hardy, vigorous,
and an excellent bearer, succeeding well as an open standard.
This variety is made synonymous with Beurre Beauchamps in the Horticultural
Society's Catalo<?ue ; but as it is quite distinct from the Beurre Beauchamps of Van
Mons,* which 1 received from Belgium, I have not considered it safe to introduce
that as a synonyme.
BERGAMOTTE DE COLOMA.— Fruit, rather below medium size,
two inches and a quarter high, and the same in breadth ; roundish
obovate. Skin, greenish yellow, becoming bright yellow when it
ripens, and with a pale tinge of red on the side next the sun ; the
whole surface is covered with large pale brown russet dots, and there
are patches of russet round the eye and the stalk. Eye, open, set in a
small shallow depression. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted ob-
liquely by the side of a fleshy protuberance. Flesh, yellowish white,
not very juicy, somewhat gritty, with a brisk and not a rich flavour.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the end of October.
Bergamotte Commune. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
Bergamotte Crapaud. See Bergamotte Bufo.
Bergamotte Crasanne. See Crasanne.
BERGAMOTTE DESTRYKER {Bergamotte de Stvyker).—FYmi,
small, even, and regularly shaped, roundish. Skin, smooth, and
somewhat shining, of a greenish yellow colour, and marked with russet
dots. Eye, very large and open, with long, broad, and spreading
segments. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, quite green,
500 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
and inserted without depression. Flesh, white, half melting, and very
juicy. Juice, thin and watery, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured.
A second-rate little pear ; ripe in the end of October.
This was raised by M. Parmentier, of Enghein.
BERGAMOTTE DUSSART.— Fruit, above medium size, three
inches wide, and three inches and a quarter long ; roundish turbinate,
considerably resembling the Doyenne Blanc in shape. Skin, bright
green at first, but changing, as it ripens, to lemon-colour, dotted with
numerous green, brown, and grey dots, and marked with large patches
of dark green, and a thin coating of russet round the stalk. Eye,
open, placed in a wide and shallow cavity. Stalk, about an inch
long, set in a shallow but wide and undulating cavity, and sometimes
pressed to one side by a large swelling. Flesh, white, tender, and
melting, very juicy and vinous, with a slight acidulated, sugary, and
perfumed flavour.
A very excellent dessert pear ; in use from November till January.
The tree is a free grower and hardy, a very abundant bearer, and
succeeds well as a pyramid or standard equally well on the pear or
quince.
It was raised in Belgium by M. Dussart, a gardener at Jodoigne, about the year
1829. I received it in 1849, and first saw the fruit in 1851. From what I then
observed of its quality, it appeared to be a variety worth cultivating. Mr. R. D.
Blackmore finds it an inferior fruit at Teddington.
BERGAMOTTE ESPEREN {Esperen).— Fruit, medium size, fre-
quently above medium size, varying from two inches and three-quarters
wide and two inches and a quarter high, to three inches and a half
wide and three inches high. It is, in the smaller fruit, distinctly
Bergamot-shaped, but in large and well-grown specimens it is rather
turbinate, narrowing abruptly to the stalk, even and regular in its out-
line. Skin, coarse and rough, at first of a dark green colour, covered
with large brown russet dots, but, as it attains maturity, it assumes a
dull greenish yellow hue, and the numerous large russet dots become
grey ; sometimes, on the side that has been exposed to the sun, it
assumes a faint orange tinge. Eye, small and open, with a dry, rigid,
horny calyx, of no regular form, set in a pretty deep, wide, and even
basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and somewhat
fleshy at the insertion, and placed in a small narrow cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, fine-grained, quite melting, very juicy and sugary, with a
pleasant aroma.
A most delicious late pear, coming into season from about the mid die
of February, and lasting till April. A fit successor to Winter Nelis,
but Mr. R. D. Blackmore says it does not ripen well in his garden at
Teddington.
It was raised from seed about the year 1830, by Major Esperen, of Malines.
"Pierre Joseph Esperen was born at Ghent, 29th January, 1780, and died at
Malines, 13th August, 1847. He entered the service in 1804 as a volunteer^ and
PEAKS. 501
resigning at the restoration, he was free to indulge his tastes in pomology. His
temporary return to the service in 1830 gained for him the rank of major."
Bergamotte d'Ete. See Summer Franc Real,
Bergamotte d'Ete Grosse. See Hampden's Bergamot,
Bergamotte Fievee. See Fondante d'Automne.
Bergamotte Fortunee. See FortunSe.
Bergamotte de Fongere. See Bergamotte de Hollande.
Bergamotte Geerard. See Gilogil.
BERGAMOTTE HEIMBOURG.— Fruit, large, three inches and
three-quarters in diameter, and three inches and a half high ; Bergamot-
shaped, even and regular in its outline. Skin, rough to the feel, from
being considerably covered with brown russet ; it is at first of a bright
green, but changes to yellow as it ripens, and has a light tinge of red
on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, placed almost level
with the surface, and with long segments, which sometimes are entirely
wanting. Stalk, an inch long, slender, and woody, inserted somewhat
obliquely in a small cavity. Flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, half
battery, and melting, very juicy, sugary, and with the flavour of the
old Autumn Bergamot.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in the middle of October.
This is one of Van Mens' posthumous seedlings, which produced fruit for the
first time in 1847, and was named by M. Bivort in honour of M. Heimbonrg,
President of the Philharmonic Society of Brussels.
Bergamotte de Heliere. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
BERGAMOTTE HE RTRICH.— Fruit, rather below medium size,
two inches high, and two inches and a half wide ; Bergamot-shaped,
inclining to roundish turbinate, even in its outline, except at the stalk,
where it is furrowed. Skin, very much covered with ashy grey russet,
through which the grass green ground is visible ; on the side next the
sun there is a brownish tiage, and there is a patch of pale brown russet
surrounding the stalk and the eye. Eye, with narrow incurved seg-
ments set in a shallow and furrowed basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, with a green-
ish tinge under the skin, melting and juicy, with a rich flavour and
fine aroma, somewhat resembling the Swan's Egg.
A delicious pear ; ripe at Christmas, and will keep till May.
There seems to be great doubt among Continental pomologists as to what variety
the name of Bergamotte Hertrich properly belongs, Leroy gives the name as a
synonyme of Bergamotte Destrycker ; Lucas, in the Monatschrift, describes it as an
early pear, ripe in September. Baumann of Bollwyler says its season is from
January till August. The fruit here described was introduced by the Earl of
Chesterfield at Holme Lacy, near Hereford, to whom I am indebted for
specimens, and as these agree with the excellent description of Jahn in the
Handhuch I have no doubt that it is the true variety.
502 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Bergamotte d'Hiver. See Easter Beurre.
BERGAMOTTE D'HOLLANDE {Bergamotte d'Almqon; Berga-
motte cle Fougere; Beurre d'Alenqon; Amoselle ; Musqidne de Bre-
tagne ; Holland Bergamot ; Lord Cheney's ; Sara ; Hollandische
Bergamotte). — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two inches and
three-quarters high ; roundish, and flattened. Skin, green at first, but
changing as it ripens to clear yellow, and marked with several brown
russet spots. Eye, small, set in a wide and deep basin. Stalk, an
inch and a half long, slender, curved, and inserted in a small and fur-
rowed cavity. Flesh, white, rather gritty, and coarse-grained, crisp,
juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
A dessert pear of second-rate quality, in use from March till June,
but may be used before that period for cooking. The tree is vigorous
either on the pear or quince, but to bring the fruit to perfection it
requires a wall, which, however, it does not merit.
BERGAMOTTE DE JODOIGNE.— A small Bergamot-shaped fruit,
with a yellow skin, dotted all over with russet dots. The flesh is
tender, melting, rather gritty at the core, juicy, sweet, and with an
agreeable perfume.
Its greatest merit is its long keeping, being in use up till May; but,
like all late pears, it is hardly worth growing.
BERGAMOTTE LESELBE.— Fruit, below medium size, two
inches and a half broad, and the same in height ; Bergamot-shaped. Skin,
dark green at first, but changing as it ripens to golden yellow, speckled
with cinnamon-coloured russet, and strewed with darker brown dots,
particularly towards the eye, and tinged with a crimson blush on the side
next the sun. Eye, open, clove-like, with short segments, set in a
wide and irregular basin. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted on
the extremity of the fruit without depression, and with several fleshy
folds at its base. Flesh, white, coarse-grained, half melting, very
juicy, and nicely perfumed.
A second-rate pear, hardly worth cultivating ; ripe in the first or
second week in October.
The tree was raised by M. Leselbe, in a vineyard on the estate of Lochefuret,
near Tours, and it first produced fruit in 1843.
Bergamotte Lucrative. See Fondante d'Automne.
Bergamotte Marbre. See Bergamotte Suisse.
BERGAMOTTE MICO. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and three-quarters broad, and the same in height ; roundish, and not
unlike a small Easter Beurre. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with
freckles and dots of cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, closed, with
rather long awl-shaped segments, like those of Easter Beurre, and set
in a shallow depression. Stalk, half an inch long, rather stout, and
PEARS. 503
placed in a narrow round cavity. Flesh, coarse-grained, gritty, and
without much flavour.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the end of November, when it becomes mealy.
BERGAMOTTE DE MILLEPIEDS.— Fruit, about medium size,
two inches and three-quarters long, and two inches and a half broad ;
obovate, uneven in its outline, and considerably furrowed and knobbed
round the eye. Skin, when ripe, of a deep lemon-yellow colour,
sprinkled all over with large russet dots, and with an aurora glow on
the side next the sun. Eye, small, closed, and deeply sunk, having
narrow pointed segments. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and woody,
placed rather on one side of the fruit, and with the flesh rising higher
on one side than the other. Flesh, tender, buttery, and melting, fine-
grained, richly flavoured.
A delicious pear ; ripe in the end of October.
It was raised by M. Goubault, of Angers, at his country residence, Millepieds, a
short distance from Angers, on the road to Saumur, and I am indebted for it to
M. Andre Leroy, of that city, who has been good enough to furnish me with
many of the finest fruits recently produced in France.
Bergamotte Ordinaire. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
Bergamotte Panachee. See Bergamotte Suisse.
Bergamotte de Paques. See Easter Bergamot.
Bergamotte de Pay sans. See Hampden's Bergamot.
Bergamotte de la Pentecote. See Easter Beurre.
Bergamotte Precoce. See Early Bergamot.
Bergamotte Rayee. See Bergamotte Suisse.
Bergamotte de Recons. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
BERGAMOTTE REINETTE.— Fruit, small, two inches and a half
wide, and the same in height; Bergamot-shaped. Skin, at first bright
green, marked with large russet patches, but changing to yellow as it
ripens. Eye, small and closed, with narrow segments, placed in a
pretty deep uneven basin. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted in
a rather deep irregular cavity. Flesh, half- tender, with an abundant
sweet juice, which has a brisk acidity, like a Reinette Apple : hence its
name.
A dessert pear of second-rate quality ; ripe in the second week of
September. The tree is vigorous, and an abundant bearer, and has a
pyramidal habit.
It was raised by M. Boisbuuel fils, of Rouen, and first produced fruit in 1857.
Bergamotte Ronde d'Automne. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
BERGAMOTTE ROUGE {Rothe Bergamotte).— Finit, smaU, two
inches and three-quarters broad, and two inches high ; oblate, flattened
at the apex, and tapering obtusely from the middle towards the stalk.
504 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Skin, greenish yellow when ripe, washed with brownish red on the
side next the sun, and marked with stripes of the same colour, the
whole covered with fine delicate cinnamon-coloured russet, sprinkled
with large grey dots. Eye, half open, placed in a wide and shallow
basin. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a deep cavity, with some-
times a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, white, tender,
buttery, and melting, somewhat gritty, but, when grown in a light,
warm, and slightly humid soil, it is rich and melting.
A dessert fruit of good quality ; ripe in September. The tree is a
vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer. It succeeds well as a
standard or pyramid ; and Diel says the fruit is better from an old
than a young tree.
BERGAMOTTE SAGERET {Sageret).— Fruit, medium size, three
inches wide, and three and a quarter high ; roundish obovate, or some-
what turbinate. Skin, thick, yellowish green, thickly spotted with
large brown russet specks, which are more dense on the side next the
sun, and where they form large patches of russet, and occasionally with
a tinge of red on the side next the sun. Eye, large, wide, not open,
not depressed. Stalk, stout, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted
in a cavity. Flesh, tender, melting, juicy, and sugary, with a pleasantly
perfumed flavour, but rather gritty towards the core.
A good second-rate dessert pear ; ripe in the end of November, and
continuing in use during December and January. In France it is
regarded as superior to the Easter Beurre, but it has not proved to
be so with us.
The tree is very vigorous and hardy, and forms a handsome pyramid,
succeeding well as a standard, either on the pear or the quince, but
much more productive on the latter.
It was raised by M. Sageret, of Paris, about the year 1830.
Bergamotte SieuUe. See Doyenne Sieulle.
Bergamotte de Strycker. See Bergamotte Destryker.
BERGAMOTTE DE SOULERS (Bonne de Soiders).— Fruit, rather
large, three inches and a quarter long by two and three-quarters wide ;
obovate, or oval. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellow, with a
tinge of brownish red on the side next the sun, and covered with gi-een
and brown dots, some of which are rather large, and with a patch of
russet round the stalk. Eye, open, with short hard segments, and
set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and inserted in a
close and narrow cavity between two fleshy swellings. Flesh, white,
tender, and melting, with an agreeable, sugary, and somewhat musky
flavour.
An old French dessert pear, too tender for this climate, and considered
only of second-rate quality. It is ripe during January and February.
The tree is tender, and subject to canker, but is a good bearer, and
PEARS. 505
requires to be grown against a wall, and in a light warm soil, which it
does not merit. It succeeds well either on the pear or quince.
BERGAIVIOTTE SUISSE (Bei-gamotte ' Suisse Bond; Bergamotte
Panachee ; Bergamotte Marbre ; Boiite Bergamotte ; Bergamotte Bayee;
Schweizerhergamotte ; Swiss Bergamot). — Fruit, medium sized, two
inches and a half wide, and the same in height ; roundish and flattened,
somewhat inclining to turbinate. Skin, smooth, and beautifully striped
with green and yellow, and faintly tinged with red where it is exposed
to the sun. Eye, open, placed in a round and shallow basin. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
white, melting, and buttery, with a sugary and perfumed flavour.
An old French dessert pear, of second-rate quality, remarkable for
its beautifully striped skin. It is ripe in October.
The tree, in rich soil, is a vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer,
but, unless grown in a favourable situation, it is liable to canker. It
succeeds well either on the pear or quince, and requires a wall to
bring the fruit to perfection. Poiteau considers this a variegated
form of Bergamotte d'Automne, which in all probability it is.
Bergamotte Suisse Longue. See Verte Longue Panachee.
Bergamotte Suisse Bond. See Bergamotte Suisse,
Bergamotte Sylvange. See Syhange.
Bergamotte Tardive. See Easter Beuire.
Bergamotte Tardive. See Colmar.
BERGAMOTTE THOUIN.— Fruit, rather below medium size, two
inches and a quarter wide, and the same in height ; Bergamot- shaped,
or roundish turbinate. Skin, smooth, pale green at first, but changing
as it ripens to pale lemon-yellow, with a slight trace of pale brown
russet about the eye, and covered over with numerous pale brown dots.
Eye, open, with erect and horny segments, and placed in a shallow
basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, white, tender, and melting, with an agreeable, sugary, and
vinous flavour.
A good dessert pear, but only of second-rate quality ; ripe in
November. The tree is a vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer,
succeeding well as a standard.
It was raised by Dr. Van Mons, and named in honour of M. J. Thouin, Director
of the Jardin dcs Plantes at Paris.
Bergamotte de Toulouse. See Easter Beurre.
Berthebirne. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
Besi de Caissoy. See Eesi de Quessoy.
Besi de Chassery. See Echassery.
506 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Besi de Chaumontel. See Chawnontel.
Besi de I'Ecliasserie. See Echassery.
BESI ESPEREN. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches and
three -quai'ters long, and two and three-quarters broad ; long pj^riform.
Skin, clear yellowish green, mottled with pale brown russet, and occa-
sionally with a tinge of deep red. Eye, rather small and open, set in a
shallow depression. Stalk, slender and woody, an inch to an inch and
a half long, inserted in a narrow cavit}^, with a swollen lip on one side
of it. Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, juicy, sugary, and per-
fumed.
An excellent pear ; ripe in November, but does not keep long.
It was raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and the tree produced fruit in
1838, at which period it was about twelve years old.
BESI GARNIER. — Fruit, large, four inches and a half long, and
three wdde ; pyriform. Skin, rough to the feel, dark green, strongly
mottled with brown russet, and finely dotted with the same colour ;
when it attains maturity it assumes a yellowish tinge, and has a slight
blush of crimson on the side next the sun. Eye, set in a shallow
basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, swollen at its insertion,
and placed on a level with the surface. Flesh, white, crisp, and
breaking, juicy, and sugary.
A coarse and second-rate fruit, in use in April.
It was raised by M. Gamier, of Bouvardiere, near Nantes.
BESI GOUBAULT.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
long, and over two and a quarter wide ; turbinate. Skin, lemon-coloured,
thickly strewed with russet dots, and on the side next the sun almost
entirely covered with pale brown russet. Eye, rather large and open,
with broad clove-like segments, and set in a shallow depression. Stalk,
from half an inch to three-quarters long, slender and woody, inserted
in a very narrow cavity, with a fleshy lip on one side of it, and sur-
rounded with a considerable patch of russet. Flesh, half melting,
rather crisp, gritty at the core, and with a pleasant rose-water
flavour.
A good but only a second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of October and
during November.
It was raised by M. Goubault, of Angers, in 1845.
Besi de Heric. See Bed d'Hery.
BESI D'HERY [Bezi d'Hery ; Besi de Heric; Bezi d'Heri; Besi-
dery ; Bezi hoyal ; De Bourdeaux ; Wilding von Hery ; Kiimmelhirne ;
Franzosische KimimeJhiime). — Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and the same in height ; roundish. Skin,
thin, very smooth, bright green at first, but changing when it ripens to
pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red on the side next the sun,
strewed with very minute points, and with a patch of delicate russet
round the eye and the stalk. Eye, large and open, with spreading
PEARS. 507
segments, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, slender, an inch and a
quarter long, inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, white, fine-
grained, crisp, and juicy, with somewhat of a Muscat or Elder-flower
perfume.
A first-rate cooking pear, in use from October to November. The
tree is vigorous, and a good bearer in rich soil, and succeeds well as a
standard.
It was discovered early in the seventeenth century in the forest of Hery, in
Brittany, between Rennes and Nantes. Mollet, writing in 1652, says, " This variety
came recently from Brittany. The Bretons give it the name of Beside-Hery, signi-
fying the Pear of Henry ; for when King Henry the Great, of happy memory,
travelled into Brittany to reduce the inhabitants to subjection, when he was at
Nantes he sent me to see a garden which is near Nantes, called Chassee. Imme-
diately after I had arrived at Nantes the gentlemen of Kennes sent a basket of
fruit to his Majesty."
Besider}% See Bed d'Henj.
Besi de Ladry. SeeEchassery.
BESI MAI. — Fruit, large, obovate, rather uneven and irregular in
its outline. Skin, yellowish green at maturity, covered with fawn and
brown dots. Eye, open, placed in a very shallow basin, scarcely at all
depressed. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted in a round
narrow cavity. Flesh, white, and, when the fruit is thoroughly ripe,
somewhat buttery, sweet, and richly flavoured.
^ good dessert pear when it ripens, which is not very often. It
generally comes into use in May.
This was raised by M. J. de Jonghe, of Brussels. It first fruited in 1856, when
the tree was eleven years old ; and in 1858 he sent me a fruit which in May was
very tender, buttery, and of excellent flavour. I have never found it to ripen well
in this country. Mr. Blackmore says " it is fit for a nether millstone."
BESI DE MONTIGNY (De Montigny; Beurre Cullem; Comtesae
de Lunay ; Doyenne Musque ; Louis Bosc). — Fruit, medium sized,
obovate. Skin, thin, smooth, and shining, bright green at first, but
changing to bright yellow as it attains maturity, covered with numerous
clear brown dots, and with a patch of russet round the stalk. Eye,
small and open, with reflexed segments, set in a slight depression almost
level with the surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout,
fleshy, and obHquely inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling. Flesh,
white, slightly gritty, very tender, buttery, and melting, with a pleasant
sugary and finely perfumed flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is a good bearer, and
succeeds well as a standard either on the pear or quince.
BESI DE LAMOTTE {Bein Armudi; Beurre Blanc de Jersey;
D'Aumale ; De la Motte). — Fruit, medium sized, roundish turbinate.
Skin, yellowish green, thickly covered with brown russety dots. Eye,
small and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long,
inserted in a small round shallow cavity. Flesh, white, fine-grained,
melting, and buttery, with a rich sugary and perfumed flavour.
508 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
A dessert pear ; ripe during October and November. The tree is
hardy and vigorous and an abundant bearer. It succeeds well as a
standard either on the pear or the quince.
BE SI DE QUESSOY {De Quessoy ; Beside Caissoy ; Bezide Caissoy;
Petit Beurre d^Hiver ; Rousette d'Anjou ; Nutmeg; Small Winter
Beurre ; Winter Poplin). — Fruit, produced in clusters; small,
roundish and flattened at the apex. Skin, rough, with a yellowish
green ground, but so covered with brown russet as to almost com-
pletely cover the ground. Eye, open, set almost even with the
surface. Stalk, half an inch long, stout and thick, inserted in a
pretty deep cavity. Flesh, white, delicate, tender, buttery, with a
rich aromatic and sugary flavour.
A small dessert pear, ripening in succession from November till
March. The tree attains a good size, and bears abundantly as a
standard, but does not succeed well on the quince.
The original tree was found growing in the forest of Quessoy, in Brittany. It is
a very old variety, and is mentioned by Merlet.
BE SI VAET (Besi de St. Waast; Besi de St. Wat; Beurre Beau-
mont).— Fruit, above medium size ; roundish, very uneven on its sur-
face, being bossed and knobbed, the general appearance being that of
a shortened Chaumontel. Skin, greenish j^ellow, very much covered
with brown russet, and on the exposed side entirely covered with
russet. Eye, open, with erect segments, placed in a deep and uneven
basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and somewhat
fleshy, inserted in a small cavity, with sometimes a fleshy lip on one
side. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, and breaking, very juicy and
sweet, with a pleasant aroma, the flavour being very much like that of
the Chaumontel.
A first-rate dessert pear ; ripe in December and January. Though
not richly flavoured, it is so juicy and refreshing as to be like eating
sugared ice. The tree is vigorous and hardy, bears well as a standard,
and may be grown against a wall in northern districts. Mr. Blackmore
does not find it succeed at Teddington.
BESI DES VETERANS (j5«w6«it).— Fruit, very large ; three inches
and a half wide, and four inches high ; turbinate. Skin, fine clear
yellow, very much dotted and covered with patches of russet. Eye,
set in a slight depression. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender,
set on the apex of the fruit, surrounded by a fleshy nipple at the base.
Flesh, white, half melting, slightly gritty, sweet, and with a slight
acidity.
An inferior pear ; ripe in October. The tree is a great bearer.
This is one of Van Mons' seedlings, which first fruited about 1830.
Beurre Adam. See Adam.
Beurre d' Albert. See Fondante d'Automne.
PEARS. 509
Beurre d'Alen9on. See Bergamotte d'Hollande.
Beurre Alexandre. See Alexandre de JRussie.
BEURRE ALLARD. — Fruit, small, turbinate, narrowing abruptly
towards the stalk. Skin, greenish yellow, dotted with' russet, and
with a russet patch round the stalk. Eye, small and closed. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh,
tender and melting, with a salmon tint under the skin, very juicy,
sugary, and highly perfumed.
A first-rate pear ; ripe during November and December.
It was raised by the Cornice Horticole of Maine et Loire in 1852, and named in
compliment to M. Isidore AUaid, a distinguished amateur of Angers.
BEURRE D'AMANLIS (D'Amanlis ; Beurre d'Amalis; Delbart;
Phmhfjastellc ; Iluhard ; Thiessoise ; Kaissoise; Wilhelmine of some,
but not of Van Mons). — Fruit, large, averaging three inches and a
half long, by two and three-quarters wide ; obtuse pyriform, or obovate,
uneven and undulating in its outline. Skin, at first of a bright green,
tinged with brown next the sun, and marked with patches and dots of
russet, but afterwards assuming a yellowish green tinge, and a reddish
brown cheek as it ripens. Eye, open, with stout segments, and set
almost level with the surface. Stalk, long, slender, and woody, in-
serted in a small cavity. Flesh, greenish white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, melting, rich, sugary, and agreeably perfumed.
One of the best early pears ; ripe in the middle of September. The
tree is hardy, and an excellent bearer, forms a handsome pyramid,
and succeeds either on the pear or the quince stock.
There is a variety of this with variegated leaves and fruit, and known
on the Continent as Beurre d'Amanlis Panach^e. The leaves are
striped with yellow, as is also the fruit, the latter being marked with
broad longitudinal bands of green and yellow alternately. In every
other respect the tree and its fruits are identical with its type.
The origin of this pear has been attributed by some to Van Mons, but we are
informed l)y M. Provost that it was introduced from Brittany to Normandy so early
as 1805, by MM. Tiesse and Hubard, and that in M. Provost's opinion it is a
native of the former country. Notwithstanding this statement, Bivort maintains
that it was a seedling of Van Mons, because a variety bearing the name of one of
Van Mons' seedlings, called Wilhelmine, was proved to be synonymous with Beurre
d'Amanlis. Now, there is no doubt at all that Van Mons raised a variety which
he called Wilhelmine, because it appears in his catalogue, thus — " 1030, Wilhel-
mine ; par nous ; " but that this is a totally different pear from Beurre d'Amanlis
I am perfectly convinced from Diel's description of it ; and he received the sort
direct from Van Mons himself. Diel describes it as a small fruit, roundish, two
inches broad, and two and a quarter high, and ripening in November and
December ! It is quite evident, therefore, that the Wilhelmine of Van Mons is
not synonymous with Beurre d'Amanlis ; but it is equally certain that all the
varieties I know of in Belgian collections, bearing that name, have always proved
to be the same as the subject now under notice.
Beurre Ambois. See Brown Beurre.
610 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Beurre Anglais. See Easter Beurre.
BEURKE ANANAS. — Fruit, small ; pyriform, even and regular in
its outline. Skin, smooth, yellow, with a blush of red on the side next
the sun, streaked with dark crimson. Eye, very small and closed.
Stalk, very long and slender, inserted without depression. Flesh,
yellowish, half buttery, melting, and very juicy, sweet, and with a
powerful musky aroma.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the end of October. This is different from
Ananas.
Beurre d'Angleterre. See Angleterre.
BEURRE D'ANJOU {Ne Plus Meuris of the French).— Fruit,
large aud handsome, even and regular in its outline, roundish obovate.
Skin, greenish yellow, with sometimes a shade of dull red next the sun,
marked with patches of russet, and thickly strewed with brown and
crimson dots. Eye, small and open, deeply inserted in a wide cavity.
Stalk, short and stout, set in a round hole. Flesh, white, very tender,
buttery, and melting, very juicy, vinous, and with a delicate rosewater
perfume.
A very superior pear ; ripe in the end of October, and continues in
use till December and January. Mr. Blackmore finds it a good fruit,
and one that should be largely grown.
This is quite distinct from the Ne Plus Meuris of Van Mons, and
also from Brown Beurre (Beurre Gris), with which Leroy makes it
synonymous.
BEURRE ANTOINE.— Fruit, small ; long ovate. Skin, yellowish
green, dotted and mottled with brown russet, and a blush of dark red
on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, rather deeply sunk.
Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted perpendicularly with the axis of
of the fruit. Flesh, white, melting, extremely juicy, sweet, vinous, and
with a very delicate perfume.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in September. Raised by M. Nerard, of
Vaisse, near Lyons.
Beurre d'Apremont. See Beurre Bosc.
BEURRE D'AREMBERG [Beurre Deschamps ; Beurre des Orphe-
lines ; Colmar Deschamps; Delices des Orphelines ; Deschamps; Due
d'Aremherg ; UOrpheline; Orpheline d' Enghein ; Soldat Lahoreur). —
Fruit, medium sized, obovate. Skin, yellowish green when ripe, and
considerably covered with patches, veins, and dots of cinnamon-
coloured russet. Eye, small, with short segments, which frequently
fall off, and set in a deep hollow. Stalk, from half an inch to an inch
long, obliquely inserted on the surface of the fruit. Flesh, white,
melting, buttery, and very juicy, with a brisk vinous and perfumed
flavour.
PEARS. 611
A dessert pear of varying merit ; in use during December and
January. The tree is hardy, and a most abundant bearer, and may
be grown either as a standard or against the wall. It succeeds well both
on the pear and the quince. Mr. Blackmore considers it as scarcely
worth growing.
Great confusion exists between this and the Glou Mor9eau, which in numer-
ous instances I have found grown as the Beurr6 d'Aremberg. The cause of this
confusion is accounted for in this way : about the same time that the Beurre
d'Aremberg was raised by Abbe Deschamps, of the Hospice des Orphelins at
Enghien, M. Noisette, of Paris, sent out the Glou Moryeau, which he had procured
from the gardens of the Due d'Aremberg, under the name of Beurre d'Aremberg,
consequently there were two distinct varieties in cultivation under the same name,
and which still continue till the present time. But the characters of the two are
perfectly distinct, and may easily be distinguished by the stalk alone — that of
Beurre d'Aremberg being short, thick, and fleshy, and inserted obliquely ; whilst
that of Glou Mor9eau is long, straight, and woody, inserted perpendicularly with the
axis of the fruit.
Beurre d'Argenson. See Fasse Cohnar.
BEURRE DE L'ASSOMPTION.— Fruit, very large, four inches
long, and three and a quarter wide ; pyramidal, undulating, and bossed
on its surface. Skin, lemon-yellow, covered with patches and mottles
of fawn-coloured russet, interspersed with numerous dots of the same.
Eye, large, open, and set almost even with the surface. Stalk, short
and stout, obliquely inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, white, buttery,
tender, and melting, juicy, rich, vinous, and perfumed.
An early pear, ripe in the second and third week of August. It has
a strong family resemblance to Williams's Bon Chretien, with some-
what of the musky flavour of that variety, but it is very inferior to it.
It has come short of the high expectations that were formed of it. Mr.
R. D. Blackmore says " it is clumsy and ugly. It has a bad habit of
growth and worse texture."
This was first brought to my notice in 1864, by my friend M. Michelin, who was
the first to bring it before the public. It was raised by M. Rouille de Beauchamp,
of Goupillere, near Nantes, and it first fruited in 1863,
Beurre Aurora. See BeurrS Capiaumont,
Beurre Autien. See Napoleon.
BEURRE D'AVOINE. — A large, roundish, and irregularly shaped
fruit, of a dark lemon-yellow colour, thickly dotted with minute brown
points. Eye, very large and open. Stalk, long and slender, like that
of a Crasanne. Flesh, coarse, and not highly flavoured.
Beurre d'Avranches. See Louise Bonny of Jersey.
BEURRE BACHELIER (Bachelier).—Frmt, large and obovate,
somewhat irregular in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, strewed with
russety dots. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk,
short. Flesh, buttery and melting, rich, juicy, sugary, and aromatic.
512 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A large, handsome, and very excellent pear ; ripe in December. The
tree is hardy, forms a handsome pyramid, and is a good bearer. Mr.
Blackmore says it is a great bearer and of line appearance, but very
low quality.
BEURRE BAUD. — Fruit, medium sized, obovate. Skin, lemon-
yellow, thickly mottled with cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, very
small. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and somewhat fleshy. Flesh,
tender, melting, and juicy, and with a sweet and agreeable, but not
remarkable flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October, when it becomes mealy and rots
at the core.
BEURRE BEAUCHAMPS {Bergamotte Beauchamps ; Beurre Bie-
mont; Haghens d' Hirer ; Henkel d'Hiver of Leroy, not of Van Mons).
— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and three
inches high ; roundish obovate, regular, and handsome. Skin,
greenish yellow, very much covered with large russet specks, like the
belly of a toad, and a red blush next the sun. Eye, small and open,
set in a rather shallow depression. Stalk, stout, thickened at both
extremities, nearly an inch long, curved, and inserted in a round
cavity. Flesh, rather firm, half-melting, coarse-grained, juicy, rather
sweet, and with a pleasant perfume.
A good but not first-rate pear, in shape and colour not unlike White
Doyenne ; ripe in the beginning of November.
There are two distinct varieties called Beurre Beauchamps. That of Bivort,
which he says he finds in Van Mons' catalogue of 1823, and which is no doubt the
same as No. 92 in the supplement to the first series, under the name " Beauchamps :
par son patron." This is the fruit described above. And also by Diel, who says,
"it is very like Beurre Blanc, reddish on the sunny side, and strongly dotted." It
is also the Beurre Beauchamp of my friend M. Leroy, with whom I am sorry I
cannot agree in regarding Henkel d'Hiver as a synonyme of this. See Henkel
d'Hiver. The other variety is the Beurre Beauchamps of Dittrich, which he is
careful to state " has no red on the sunny side," and which he describes as a seed-
ling of Van Mons. Van Mons himself attributes the origin of Bivort's variety to
M. Beauchamp, and it is quite possible that he raised the other and dedicated it
to the same person, subsequent to the publication of his catalogue, in which there
is no mention made of a Beurri Beauchamps.
Beurre Beauchamps. See Bergamotte Cadette.
Beurre Beaumont. See Besi Vaet.
BEURRE DES BE GUINES.— Fruit, below medium size, two
inches and a half wide, and two high ; round and Bergamot- shaped,
even and regular in its outline, somewhat larger on one side of the
axis than the other. Skin, entirely covered with a crust of dark cinna-
mon brown russet. Eye, very large and closed, with long pointed
segments, set in a wide shallow plaited basin. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, stout, a little curved, and inserted in a round cavity.
PEAES. 513
Flesh, rather coarse-grained, but very juicy and sweet, very richly
flavoured, highly aromatic, and with the perfume of Seckle.
A very rich and remarkable flavoui'ed pear ; ripe in the beginning of
September, after which it soon decays.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, and I presume No. 213 of the second series of
the catalogue, where it appears as "Du Bcguinage : par nous." It lirst produced
fruit in ltf44.
BEURRE BENNERT.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
quarter wide, and a little more high ; turbinate, even and regular in its
outline. Skin, pale lemon-yellow, speckled all over with large cinna-
mon-coloured dots, which are wide apart, with a red blush on the side
next the sun, and covered with a network of russet. Eye, small and
open. Stalk, an inch long, sometimes obliquely and sometimes per-
pendicularly inserted. Flesh, yellow, somewhat gritty at the core,
juicy, half-melting, sweet, with a cold acidity, and aromatic.
A pear of uncertain merit ; ripe from December to February. The
tree is not vigorous, but bears pretty well, and makes a good pyramid
on the pear stock.
BEURRE BENOIt (Auguste Benolt; Benoit; Doyenne Benoit ;
Comte Oilart). — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and three and a quarter
high ; obovate. Skin, pale yellow, strewed with patches and dots of
pale brown russet. Eye, small, half open, placed in a round and
shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a
narrow cavity. Flesh, white, fine-grained, melting, acidulous, and
very juicy, sugary, and perfumed, with a distinct Seckle aroma.
A fine pear ; ripe in September and October. The tree succeeds
best on the pear, forms handsome pyramids, and bears well.
BEURRE BERCKMANS.— Fruit, medium sized ; turbinate. Skin,
of a rich lemon-yellow colour, thickly covered all over with russety
specks and dots, but round the stalk and over the crown it is com-
pletely covered with a coat of cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, open,
set in a round furrowed basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted without
depression. Flesh, white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, sugary, and
richly flavoured.
A handsome and very excellent pear ; ripe in November and Decem-
ber. The tree makes a handsome pyramid, and is a good bearer. Mr.
R. D. Blackmore says it is worthless at Teddington.
BEURRE BEYMONT. — Fruit, above medium size ; obovate, even,
and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth and shining, golden yellow
next the sun, and greenish yellow in the shade, and with a russet patch
round the stalk. Eye, large and open. Stalk, very long, woody, and
straight. Flesh, tender, not very juicy, and with a very herbaceous
flavour.
An inferior fruit ; ripe in the end of October and November.
83
5hi THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Beurre Blanc. See White Doyenne.
BEURRE BLANC DES CAPUCINES.— Fruit, large and hand-
some ; somewhat oval, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth,
of a dull yellow colour, with a greenish tinge, strewed with flakes of
russet, and with a russet patch round the stalk. Eye, small and half
open. Stalk, upwards of an inch in length, woody, inserted in a small
round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, coarse-grained, and gritty, half melt-
ing or crisp, with a cold acidity.
An inferior pear, which rots at the core in the middle and end of
October.
Some pomologists make this and Amadotte synonymous, which is a
mistake. See Amadotte.
Beurre Blanc de Jersey. See Besi de la Motte.
Beurre du Bois. See Flemish Beauty.
BEURRE BOISBUNEL.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and two
and a quarter long ; obovate or turbinate. Skin, greenish yellow,
becoming quite yellow at maturity, having pale brown russet on the
side next the sun, freckled with the same on the shaded side, and with
a russet patch all round the stalk. Eye, large, open, and prominent.
Stalk, about half an inch long, somewhat obliquely inserted on the
extremity of the fruit. Flesh, tender, melting, juicy, sweet, with a
rich flavour and fine perfume.
A delicious little pear ; ripe in the third week of September. The
tree is a good grower and good bearer.
It was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, from seed sown in 1835, and the tree
first produced fruit in 1846.
BEURRE DE BOLLWYLLER.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches
and a half wide, and three inches long ; obovate or roundish turbinate.
Skin, bright yellow when ripe, sprinkled all over with brown russet
dots, and flushed with pale red on the side next the sun. Eye, small,
slightly depressed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, set in a
narrow depression. Flesh, tender and melting, very juicy, and richly
flavoured, and with a slight musky aroma.
A good late pear when it ripens properly. In use from March till
May, but, like all very late pears, it is of uncertain merit. It was
raised by Messrs. Baumann, of Boll wy Her, near Colmar.
BEURRE BOSC {Beurre d'Jpremmit; Beurre Rose; Canelle ;
Marianne Nouvelle). — Fruit, large ; pyriform. Skin, almost entirely
covered with thin cinnamon-coloured russet, leaving here and there only
a small portion of the yellow ground colour visible. Eye, open, placed
in a shallow basin. Stalk, about an inch and a half long, inserted
without depression. Flesh, white, melting, and buttery, very juicy,
rich, and aromatic.
A dessert pear of first-rate quality ; ripe in October and November.
PEAKS. 515
The tree is a good bearer ; but unless grown against a wall, or in a
warm situation, the fruit is apt to be crisp or only half melting. Mr.
Blackmore says that at Teddington it is as hard as an apple.
This, which is generally supposed to have been a seedling of Van Mons, was
found a wilding at Apremont, in the Haute Soane, and was dedicated to M. Bosc,
the eminent Director of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris.
BEURRE BRETONNEAU {Bretonneau ; Calebasse d'Hiver ; Dr.
Bretmuieau). — Fruit, large ; more or less pyriform. Skin, rough, with
brown russet, which considerably covers the greenish yellow ground,
and sometimes with a brownish red on the side next the sun. Eye,
uneven, set in a moderately deep basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout.
Flesh, yellowish white, and when it ripens crisp, juicy, and well flavoured.
A late dessert pear ; in use from March till May, but it rarely ripens
except in very warm summers, and when it does the flesh is generally
crisp, or at best only half melting. Mr. Blackmore says it never
ripens at Teddington.
Raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and dedicated to Dr. Bretonneau, an
eminent physician at Tours, who died in 1862.
BEURRE BRONZE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters long, and two inches and a half wide ; roundish turbinate or
Bergamot-shaped. Skin, yellowish green, almost entirely covered with
bronzy brown russet, marked with a blush of dull red next the sun.
Eye, small, open, set in an even and rather deep basin. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, set in a wide cavity, and surrounded with a
fleshy ring. Flesh, white, tinged with green, tender, buttery, and melt-
ing, with a rich vinous and sugary flavour.
An excellent pear, ripening from October to January. The tree is
vigorous and hardy, a good bearer, succeeds well as a standard, and
may be grown advantageously on the quince. Mr. Blackmore says it
never ripens at Teddington.
BEURRE BURNICQ. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
quarter wide, and nearly three inches high ; obovate. Skin, rough,
from a covering of thick russet, and strewed with grey specks, but (Ss-
playing patches and mottles of the yellow ground colour, especially on
the shaded side. Eye, quite open, with erect, acute segments, set in a
saucer-like depression. Stalk, half an inch long, fleshy at the base,
and inserted on the end of the fruit without depression, inserted in a
small cavity. Flesh, greenish white, buttery, and melting, with a
powerful aroma.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the end of October.
BEURRE DE CAEN.— Fruit, long, pyriform, of the shape of
Bishop's Thumb. Skin, very much covered with brown russet, show-
ing here and there a little of the yellow ground colour. Eye, small
and open. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, set on the apex of the
fruit. Flesh, coarse-grained, and not of remarkable flavour.
516 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
In use in February. Mr. Blackmore says he has found it quite use-
less.
Beurre Cambron. See Glou Morgeau.
BEURRE CAPIAUMONT {Aurore ; Beurre Aurore ; Capiaumont :
Calebasse Vasse). — Fruit, medium sized ; obtuse pyriform. Skin, pale
yellow in the shade, almost entirely covered with fine cinnamon-
coloured russet, strewed with numerous grey specks and with reddish
orange shining out through the russet on the side next the sun. Eye,
large and open, with short, erect, stiff segments, set almost even witii
the surface. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy at the base, and inserted at
the extremity without depression. Flesh, pure white, delicate and
fine, buttery and melting, with a rich, vinous, and sugary flavour.
A dessert pear of good quality ; ripe in October. The tree is hardy,
vigorous, and an abundant bearer, and succeeds well as a standard on
the quince. It is well adapted for the northern parts of oar island,
where I have seen it bearing abundantly as a standard.
It was raised from seed by M. Capiaumont, a druggist of Mons, in 1787, and it
appears as No. 315 in Van Mons' catalogue, "Capiaumont : parson patron."
BEURRE DU CERCLE {Beurre du Cercle Pratique de Rouen).—
Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches wide, and two inches and
three-quarters long ; pyramidal, much larger on one side of the axis
than the other. Skin, lemon-coloured, much covered with brown
russet, which is strewed with grey dots, and sometimes with a blush of
red on the side next the sun. Eye, half open, set in a shallow basin.
Flesh, gritty, juicy, and brisk, with a sweet and rather rich flavour.
A good pear ; ripe in October. The tree bears remarkably well,
and makes handsome pyramids on the quince.
It was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, in 1845, and the tree first fruited in
1856.
Beurre des Charneuses. See Fondante de Charneu.
BEURRE CHARRON. — Flesh, below medium size, two inches and
a half wide and the same high; roundish. Skin, of uniform lemon-
yellow, covered with minute grey dots that are thickest next the sun.
Eye, small, open, with erect tooth- like segments, set in a pretty deep
depression. Stalk, an inch long, curved, inserted by the side of a
fleshy lip. Flesh, tender, juicy, melting, and perfumed.
A good pear ; ripe in October.
Beurre de Ch&umontel. See Chaumontel.
BEURRE CITRON. — Fruit, small and obovate. Skin, lemon-
yellow, thickly covered with cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, small
and open. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and obliquely inserted.
Flesh, yellow, melting, juicy, and vinous, brisk, and with a fine noyau
flavour.
PEAKS. 517
A good pear, but not of first-rate quality ; ripe in the middle and
end of November.
BEURRE CLAIRGEAU {Clairgeau; Clairfieau de X antes ].—Frmt,
large, and very handsome ; curved pyriform. Skin, smooth and shining,
of a fine lemon-yellow colour, and with a tinge of orange red on the
side next the sun ; it is thickly covered all over with large russety dots
and patches of thin delicate russet, particularly roimd the stalk. Eye,
small and open, level with the surface. Stalk, half an inch long,
stout, and rather fleshy, with a swollen lip on one side of it. Flesh,
white, crisp or half-melting, coarse-grained, juicy, sweet, and slightly
musky, a flavour resembling that of the Seckle.
A handsome and showy pear ; ripe in November. Its appearance is
its greatest recommendation. Mr. Blackmore says it is " very fruitful,
but of third quality."
This handsome pear was raised at Nantes, by a gardener of the name of Clairgeau,
in the Rue de Bastille, I received it in the year 1848 from Mr. Rtne Langelier, of
Jersey. The original tree was purchased by M. de Jonghe, of Brussels, who, having
become its possessor, had the merit of distributing it.
BEURRE COLMAR. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches long,
and two inches and a half wide ; ovate, uneven in its outline, obtusely
both towards the stalk and the eye. Skin, smooth, yellow covered
with green dots on the shaded side, and clear red with dark red dots
next the sun. Eye, open, with narrow segments, and set almost even
with the surface. Stalk, an inch long, slightly depressed. Flesh, very
white, melting, and very juicy, rich and perfumed.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree succeeds well as a
standard.
BEURRii. COLOMA. — Fruit, medium sized ; oblong-obovate. Skin,
thin and tender. At first lively green, but changing to clear yellow
at maturity, and entirely covered with delicate brown russet without
any trace of red next the sun. Eye, open, with short dry segments,
and set in a small pretty even depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, stout, and set in a small depression. Flesh, white, deli-
cate, buttery, and melting, with a rich sugary and vinous flavour.
A worthless dessert pear, which rots at the core in the end of Sep-
tember. The tree succeeds well as a standard.
BEURRE COPRETZ.— Fruit, below medium size; oval, even and
regularly formed. Skin, smooth, of an uniform greenish yellow colour,
covered with large patches and dots of russet. Eye, small and open,
set in a very shallow basin. Stalk, very thick and fleshy, inserted
without a cavity. Flesh, greenish white, coarse-grained, juicy, and
sugary, but with little flavour.
An inferior variety ; ripe in November.
Beurre CuUem. See Besi de Montigny.
518 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Beurre Curtet. See Comte de Laimj,
Beurre Davis. See Flemish Beauty.
Beurre Davy. See Flemish Beauty.
BEURRE DEFAYS.— Fruit, large; pyramidal. Skin, of a pale golden
yellow colour, dotted with large brown russety dots, and with an orange
tinge next the sun. Eye, very small and open, sometimes wanting,
placed in a deep, narrow basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a
cavity. Flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, and well flavoured.
Ripe in December. The tree is vigorous either on the pear or the
quince.
It was raised by M. Franyois Defays, of Champs St. Martin, near Angers.
BEURRE DELFOSSE {Delfosse Bourgmestre ; Philippe Delfosse).
— ^Fruit, above medium size ; obovate. Skin, pale yellow, with a blush
of pale red on the side next the sun, and covered with patches and
dots of thin russet. Eye, closed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, and slender. Flesh, buttery, melting, richly flavoured, and highly
aromatic.
This I have occasionally found so harsh and astringent as to be
quite uneatable. It is in use from November till January. Mr.
Blackmore says it " ripens here in November. A great bearer, and of
fair average quality."
Raised by M. Gregoire,of Jodoigne, and dedicated by him to M.Philippe Delfosse,
burgomaster of Sarrisbare. The seed was sown in 1832, and the tree first produced
fruit in 1847.
BEURRE DEROUINEAU.— Fruit, below medium size ; obovate.
Skin, green, changing to yellowish as it ripens on the shaded side,
and clouded with brownish red on the side next the sun. Eye, open.
Stalk, half an inch long, thick and woody. Flesh, rather gritty, pretty
juicy, sweet and aromatic.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in November and December. Mr. Black-
more says that at Teddington "it is no good at all."
BEURRE DIEL {Beurre de Gelle; Beurre Incomparable ; Beurre
Magnijique; Beurre Royal; Beurre Vert; De Trois Tours; Dillen;
Gros Dillen; Dorothee Roy ale; Gratioli d'Hiver; Gros Dorothee ;
Guillaume de Nassau; Melon). — Fruit, of the largest size when grown
against a wall or as an espalier, and of medium size from a standard ;
obovate. Skin, pale green at first, changing to yellow, covered with
numerous large russety dots and some markings of brown russet. Eye,
with erect stout segments, and set in an uneven basin. Stalk, an inch
long, stout and curved, inserted in an open uneven cavity. Flesh,
yellowish white, tender, very buttery and melting, with a rich, sugary,
and delicious flavour.
A dessert pear of the highest merit ; ripe during October and
November. The tree is very hardy and vigorous, and a most abun-
PEAES. 519
dant bearer, succeeds as a standard, and when grown against a wall
produces fruit of a very large size. The branches should be well
thinned to admit sufficient air among the large foliage. Mr. Blackmore's
experience of Bearre Diel leads him to consider it " a pear of coarse
texture and vastly overrated," and no doubt it is so in many parts of •
the country, but in others it is a fruit of the greatest excellence.
This esteemed variety was discovered by M. Meuris, gardener to Dr. Van Mons,
growing in a village called Perck, on the farm of Dry-Toren, or Trois Tours, and
being unnamed. Van Mons dedicated it to his friend Dr. Aug. Fricdr. Adrien Diel,
of Dietz, in the Duchy of Nassau. But Diel does not seem to have been aware of
its origin, for he says it was raised from seed by Van Mons.
Beurre Deschamps. See Beurre d'Aremherg.
Beurre Dr. Jules Guyot. See Doctor Jules Guyot.
Beurre Dore. See Brown Beurre.
Beurre Dore de Bilbao. See Golden Beurre of Bilhoa.
Beurre Drapiez. See Urbaniste.
BEURRE DUHAUME.— Fruit, turbinate, evenly shaped. Skin,
covered with brown russet, which only admits of a little of the yellow
ground colour shining through on the side next the sun, where it has a
red and orange cheek ; on the shaded side it is not so much covered
with russet, and therefore shows more of the yellow ground colour
through it. Eye, large, and quite open, set in a shallow basin, or
almost level with the surface. Stalk, about half an inch long, very
slender, and placed in a narrow round cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp,
and breaking, very juicy, sweet, rich, and vinous, with a fine noyau
flavour.
This is a first-rate pear ; ripe in December, and continues in use till
February. The colour of the fruit and texture of the flesh are like
those of Passe Colmar ; it is, however, quite distinct from that variety.
The tree has a difi'use and bushy habit of growth.
BEURRE DUMONT. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches long, and
two inches and three-quarters wide ; roundish oval. Skin, greenish
yellow, speckled with brown russet on the shaded side, and reddish
brown on the side next the sun. Eye, small, set in a moderately deep
basin. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, swollen at the base,
where it is united to the fruit by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, juicy,
melting, and richly flavoured, with fine musky perfume.
An excellent pear ; ripe during November and December.
It was raised by M. Joseph Dumont, gardener to Baron de Joigny, at Esquelines
near Pecq in Belgium, and the tree first fruited in 1833.
BEURRE DUPONT. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and two and
three-quarters long ; pyriform curved, being longer on one side than the
other. Skin, rich golden yellow, speckled with patches of cinnamon-
520 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
coloured russet. Eye, open, set even with the surface. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, obliquely inserted in a small hole. Flesh,
tender, melting, juicy, and sweet, without any perfume, and with only a
sort of sweet-water flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of October.
BEURRE DUQUESNE.— Fruit, medium sized; obovate. Skin,
thin, yellowish green, changing to yellow, with a tinge of red next the
sun, covered with numerous stout brown dots. Eye, with very short
segments, and sometimes entirely wanting, set in a very shallow de-
pression, and generally even with the surface. Stalk, stout and fleshy,
half an inch long, inserted in a close narrow cavity. Flesh, white, and
somewhat gritty at the core, but tender, melting, sugary, and richly
flavoured.
A dessert pear of good quality ; ripe in October. The tree suc-
ceeds well as a standard, and is very fertile.
BEURRE DUVAL. — Fruit, medium sized or large ; of a short
pyramidal shape. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with large dark
brown russet freckles, and with a flush of red next the sun. Eye,
large and open, full of stamens, and set in a wide shallow basin.
Stalk, obliquely inserted on the end of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish,
melting, and juicy, sugary, and with a fine piquancy.
A very fine and distinct-looking pear ; in use during November and
December. The tree is hardy, and a good bearer as a pyramid.
Beurre d'Efiingham. See Flemish Beauty,
Beurre d'Elberg. See Flemish Beauty.
Beurre Esperen. See Emile d'Heyst.
Beurre d'Ete. See Summer Franc PiSaL
Beurre Foidard. See Flemish Beauty,
Beurre Geerards. See Gilogil.
Beurre de Gelle. See Beurre Diel.
Beurre Gens. See Urhaniste.
BEURRE DE GHELIN. — Fruit, large, two inches and three-quarters
■wide, and three inches and a half high ; variable in shape, being some-
times roundish and sometimes inclining to pyramidal, but always uneven
and bossed in its outline. Skin, yellow, covered with thin cinnamon-
russet, and strewed with darker dots. Eye, half open, with short, erect
segments, and placed in a considerable depression. Stalk, short, stout,
and obliquely inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, fine, buttery, and melt-
ing, very rich and delicious, with a fine perfume.
A very excellent pear ; in use during November and December. The
tree is a good grower, and bears freely.
Eaised by M. Fontaine de Gh^lin at Mons, and first brought into notice in 1858.
PEAES. 521
BEURRE GIFFARD (Giffard). —Frmt, about medium sized ; pyri-
form or turbinate. Skin, greenish yellow, mottled with red on the side
next the sun. Eye, closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch
long, slender, and obHquely inserted on the apex of the fruit. Flesh,
•white, melting, and very juicy, with a vinous and highly aromatic
flavour.
An early pear of first-rate quality ; ripe in the middle of August.
This was found as a wilding in 1825 by M. Nicolas Giffard, of Fouassi^res,
near Angers, and it was first described by M. Millet, in 1840.
BEURRE GOUBAULT((?ow6aw?«).— Fruit, medium sized; roundish,
and inclining to turbinate. Skin, green, even when ripe. Eye, large
and open, inserted in a shallow basin. Stalk, long and slender, in-
serted in a small cavity. Flesh, melting and juicy, sugary, and with a
fine perfumed flavour. Ripe in September.
The tree is an excellent bearer, and the fruit should be watched that
it may be used before it decays, as it does not change from green to
yellow in ripening. Mr. R. D. Blackmore considers this " too small
and not first-rate."
Raised by M. Goubault, nurseryman at Angers, in 1 842.
Beurre Gris. See Brown Beurre.
BEURRE GRIS D'HIVER [Beurre Gris d' Hirer Nouveau ; Beurre
de Lnqon ; Doyenne Marbre ; St. Michel d'Hiver). — Fruit, large;
roundish. Skin, entirely covered with thin brown russet, and tinged
with brownish red next the sun. Eye, large, with broad clove-like seg-
ments, set in a very shallow basin. Stalk, short and thick, inserted
in a small cavity. Flesh, white, melting, and juicy, sugary, and
slightly perfumed.
A good late pear when grown in a warm situation, but otherwise
coarse-grained and gritty. Ripe from January till March. It is best
from a wall. Mr. R. D. Blackmore finds it useless at Teddington.
BEURRE HAMECKER.— Fruit, large and round, bossed about
the stalk. Skin, greenish yellow, mottled with brown, covered with
patches and dots of fine brown russet. Eye, small and open. Stalk,
an inch long. Flesh, buttery, melting, and juicy, sugary, and per-
fumed.
Ripe in October and November.
Beurre d'Hardenpont. See Ghu Morgeau,
BEURRE HARDY (Hardy).— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
three inches and three-quarters long ; oblong-obovate or pyramidal,
handsome and even in its outline. Skin, shining, yellowish green,
thickly covered with large russet dots, and a coat of brown russet
round the stalk and the eye. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow •
basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout and fleshy, with fleshy folds at the
522 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
base, and inserted without depression. Flesh, white, salmon-tinted
like Josephine de Malines, melting and very juicy, sweet, and perfumed
with a rose water aroma.
A dessert pear of the greatest excellence ; ripe in October. Mr. R. D.
Blackmore says of this, " It is a very fine pear and very highly bred."
The tree forms a handsome pyramid, and is a good bearer.
Raised by M. Bonnet, of Boulogne, the friend of Van Mons, and first distributed
by M. Jam in, of Bourg-la-Reine, near Paris, who dedicated it to the late M. Hardy,
director of the gardens of the Luxembourg.
Beurre des Hautes Vignes. See Delices d' Angers.
Beurre d'Hiver de Bruxelles. See Easter Beurre.
BEURRE D'HIVER DE KESTNER.— Fruit, medium sized;
obovate, with a very long straight stalk, which is obliquely inserted.
Skin, greenish, and covered with pale russet. Eye, large. Flesh,
yellowish, coarse, not juicy, and rather disagreeable than otherwise.
A handsome pear, but perfectly worthless ; ripe in the middle of
December.
Beurre Incomparable. See Beurre Did.
Beurre Isambert. See Brown Beurre.
BEURRE DE JONGHE.— Fruit, above medium size, two inches
and a quarter wide, and three inches high ; pyriform, very handsome,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, dull yellow, very thickly covered
with bright pale brown russet, which gives it a golden appearance.
Eye, small and open, clove-like, the long segments laid back flat on
the fruit as in Vicar of Winkfield, placed even with the surface.
Stalk, very short, inserted on the apex of the fruit, and united with it
by fleshy folds, or oblique by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, yellowish,
with a greenish tinge, fine-grained, buttery and melting, very juicy,
richly flavoured, and with a fine perfume.
Equal, if not superior in flavour to Marie Louise. It is as rich as
the Seckle, and is in use from December till the end of February. A
most delicious pear. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says it is worthless at
Teddington.
This excellent pear was raised by M. J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, who was so
good as to send me specimens of it in 1864,
BEURRE JEAN VAN GEERT {Beurre Van Geert).—FTm.i, large,
three inches wide, and four and a quarter long ; pyriform, curving
abruptly towards the stalk. Skin, bright yellow, strewed all over with
russet dots and patches of brown russet, and a bright red cheek on the
side exposed to the sun. Eye, half open, set in a pretty deep basin.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, obliquely inserted by the side of
a swollen knob. Flesh, tender, very juicy, sweet, with a sprightly
and perfumed flavour.
An autumn pear of varying merit ; ripe in November. Mr. R. D.
PEABS. 523
Blackmore considers it very handsome and nearly first-rate as it is
grown in his garden at Teddington.
It was raised by M. Jean Van Geert, the nurseryman, at Porte de Bruxelles,
Ghent, and was first sent into commerce by AI. Ambroise Verschaffelt, of Ghent,
in 1864.
BEURRE KENNES. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; abrupt pear,
shaped, truncated at the stalk end. Skin, rather rough to the feel,
from a coat of brown russet ; on the side next the sun, and over a great
part of the shaded side, it is of a vermilion red colour. Eye, small
and open, set in a wide and shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters of
an inch long, stout, fleshy at the base, and without a cavity. Flesh,
yellow, coarse-grained, half-melting, juicy, sweet, and aromatic.
A very pretty but worthless pear, which, while it preserves a sound
appearance externally, is quite rotten at the core ; ripe in the end of
October. Tree a great bearer.
It was raised by Van Mons, and dedicated after his death to M. Kennes, Cure
of Neervelp, in Belgium, by M. Bivort — a very doubtful compliment. Mr. R. D.
Blackmore says it is a " wretch.'*
Beurre de Kent. See Ghu Morgeau,
BEURRE KNOX.— Fruit, large; oblong-obovate. Skin, smooth
and shining, pale green in the shade, with a little brownish grey russet
next the sun, and tinged with red. Eye, small and open, with short
dry segments, and set in a very shallow depression, frequently even
with the fruit. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and fleshy, obliquely inserted
under a fleshy lip without depression. Flesh, white, tender, half-
melting, with a sugary and pleasant flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is an abundant bearer,
and succeeds well as a standard. It was raised by Dr. Van Mons.
BEURRE LAMOYEAU.— Fruit, large; long pyriform. Skin,
golden yellow, thickly dotted with russet dots, and with a fine red
cheek on the side next the sun, like Beurre Clairgeau. Eye, open.
Stalk, long and curved, inserted obliquely on the apex of the fruit.
Flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, rather firm, sweet, and with a thin
watery juice.
An inferior pear ; ripe in October.
BEURRE LANGELIER.— Fruit, medium sized ; obtuse pyriform.
Skin, pale greenish yellow, with a crimson blush on the side next the
sun, and covered with numerous russet dots. Eye, open, set in a
shallow and wide basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, tender, buttery, and melting, with a rich and vinous
flavour.
An excellent pear ; ripe during December and January. It requires
524
THE FEUIT MANUAL.
a warm situation. Mr. R. D. Blackmore finds it hard and dry at
Teddington.
Raised by Mr. Rene Langelier, of Jersey, from whom I received it in 1846.
Beurre Lasalle. See Belices d' Angers.
BEURRE LEFEVRE [Beurre de Mortefontaine ; L^/^yre).— Fruit,
large and obovate, sometimes oval. Skin, greenish yellow on the
shaded side, and considerably covered with brown russet ; but on the
side next the sun it is brownish orange, shining through a russet
coat, and marked with a few broken streaks of red. Eye, very large
and open, with long spreading leaf-like segments, set in a deep uneven
basin. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy at the base, and set on the surface
of the fruit. Flesh, white, rather gritty at the core, melting, and very
juicy, richly flavoured, and with a strong and peculiar aroma, which is
very agreeable.
A delicious pear ; ripe in the middle and end of October, but soon
decays at the core. The tree is hardy, and an excellent bearer.
I received this in 1846 from M. Lefevre, of Mortefontaine, near Paris.
BEURRE LEON LE CLERC— Fruit, medium sized, obovate.
Skin, smooth, of a lemon-yellow colour, having a tinge of red on one
side, and covered with numerous large russet specks. Eye, very large
and open, set in a narrow and deep basin. Stalk, an inch long,
inserted in an uneven and rather deep cavity. Flesh, white, melting,
and juicy, sweet and well flavoured, but without any particular aroma.
Ripe in the end of October. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says it is no
good at all.
Beurre de LuQon. See Beurre Gris d'Hiver.
Beurre Lucratif. See Fondante d'Automne.
BEURRE LUIZET. — Fruit, large, three inches and three-quarters
long, and two inches and a half wide ; pyriform. Skin, pale yellow,
dotted with russet dots. Eye, open. Stalk, very long, stout, and
woody, obliquely inserted on the apex of the fruit. Flesh, tender,
buttery, melting, juicy, and sweet, but with a thin watery juice.
An inferior pear, ripe in October.
Beurre Magnifique. See Beurre Bid.
Beurre de Malines. See Winter Nelis.
BEURRE DE MANS. — Fruit, small, two inches in diameter;
roundish ovate, even in its outline. Skin, green at first, changing to
clear yellow, or greenish yellow, and much streaked with long broken
streaks of bright crimson on the side next the sun, and where fully
exposed they form a red cheek. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a
small round cavity. Eye, rather large, quite open, not depressed.
Flesh, yellow, crisp, very juicy, with a rich sweetness.
' PEAES. 525
An excellent early pear, which ripens in the end of August, and
which does not decay at the core, but remains a good solid fruit.
I do not know the origin of this fruit. I received it from ISIr. Rivers, of Saw-
bridgeworth, in 1863.
BEURRE MENAND. — Fruit, medium sized, roundish obovate.
Skin, pale lemon-yellow, strewed with brown dots, and mottled with
brown russet round the stalk. Eye, open. Stalk, an inch long, very
stout, inserted in a slight depression. Flesh, tender, buttery, and
melting, very juicy, and very briskly flavoured.
A second-rate pear, ripe in October.
It was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and dedicated to M. Menand, of
Martigny-Briand.
Beurre de Merode. See Doyenne Botcssoch,
BEURRE MILLET. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches and a half high ; obovate. Skin, dark
grass green, very much covered with clouds and mottles of thin, dirty
ash brown russet. Eye, very small, deeply sunk. Stalk, half an inch
long, stout. Flesh, greenish for a considerable depth under the skin,
melting, tender, very juicy, and with a sweet, thin watery juice.
An inferior pear, ripe in October.
BEURRE MOIRE. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a
half long, and two and three-quarters wide ; obtuse p;yTiform. Skin,
greenish yellow, considerably covered with pale bright yellow russet
and russety dots. Eye, small, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch
long, stout, inserted in a cavity. Flesh, buttery and melting, but not
richly flavoured, and with a high perfume.
Ripe in November.
This was discovered as a wilding at St. Aubin-de-Lingne, not far from Angers,
and it received its name from having been brought before the Society at Angers by
M. Moire.
Beurre de Mortefontaine. See Beurre Lefevre.
BEURRE NANTAIS {Beurre de Nantes). — Fruit, medium sized,
three inches and a half long, and two inches and a half wide ; long
pyriform. Skin, pale green or yellowish green, dotted and mottled
with cinnamon- coloured russet, especially round the stalk, and with a
slight tinge of red next the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a narrow
and rather deep basin. Stalk, an inch long, perpendicular with the
fruit. Flesh, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and without any
perfume.
An early pear, ripe in the beginning of September, but not of any
great merit.
I described under this name another and a very distinct pear in the former
editions of this work, having been misled by having received specimens incorrectly
named.
626 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Beurre Napoleon. See Napoleon.
Beurre Navez. See Colmar Navez.
Beurre de Noirchain. See Beurre Ranee.
Beurre de Noir Chair. See Beurre Ranee.
Beurre des Orphelines. See Beurre d'Aremherg.
Beurre de Paques. See Easter Beurre.
Beurre de Paris. See Jargonelle.
Beurre de Payence. See Calebasse.
Beurre de Pentecote. See Easter Beurre.
Beurre Perrault. See Du^hesse de Bordeaux.
Beurre Picquery. See Urbaniste.
Beurre Plat. See Crasanne.
BEURKE PRECOCE.— Fruit, medium Bized, two inches and a
half wide, and three inches high ; obovate, blunt at the stalk, even and
regularly shaped. Skin, green, becoming yellowish green as it ripens,
strewed with large russet specks, and tinged with reddish brown next
the sun ; a broad zone of rather rough russet encircles the fruit about
an inch distant from the eye. Eye, rather open, with short segments,
set in around saucer-like basin. Stalk, nearly two inches long, slender,
set in a round cavity. Flesh, crisp, very juicy, brisk, and refreshing,
sometimes with a slight astringency.
A good early pear, ripe in the middle of August. The tree is an
early and abundant bearer, and forms handsome pyramids on the pear.
It was raised by M. Goubault, a nurseryman at Mille-Pieds, Route de Saumur ,
Angers.
Beurre de Printemps. See Colmar Van Mons.
Beurre Quetelet. See Comte de Lamy.
Beurre de Rackenheim. See Pomme Poire.
BEURRE RANGE (Bon Chretien de Rans; Beurre de Noirchain;
Beurre de Noir Chair ; Beurre de Rans ; Beurre du PJmi ; Harden-
pontde Piintemps). — Fruit, varying from medium size to large ; obtuse
pyriform, blunt, and rounded at the stalk. Skin, dark green, and
covered with numerous large dark brown russety spots. Eye, small
and open, with short acute segments, and set in a slight depression.
Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender, and generally obliquely inserted
in a wide shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish white, buttery, melting, and
very juicy, with a rich and vinous flavour.
A very valuable winter dessert pear ; in use from February till May,
Tree, hardy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer ; succeeds well as a
PEARS. 527
standard, and from which, although not so large, the fruit is richer
flavoured than from a wall. This is one of the most valuable late
pears, as it is at maturity when few others are in season. In northern
climates it requires a wall.
Much ink has been shed in discussing the origin of Beurr^ Ranee, and the
source of the name ; but there can be no doubt that it was raised by Abb§ Harden-
pont of Mons about 1762. Some say that its name is derived from the village of
Rans or Ranee, in Hainault, where the original tree was found, but the account
given by Van Mons and Serrurier (Fruitkundig Woordenboek, vol. ii., p. 273) sets
the matter at rest, and attributes its origin distinctly as a seedling raised by
Hardenpont. M. de Fuydt, in his notice of the pears of Mons, says that M.
Gossart informed him that one day Abbe Hardenpont having invited some con-
noisseurs to his house to taste bis new pear, of whom he expected much, they
were divided in their opinions, and some one ventured to say that the flavour was
ranee. " Ranee ! " he exclaimed ; " if such be your opinion we shall call it Beurre
Ranee as a record of your bad taste."
M. Gilbert (^Les Fruits Belues) says, " The word ranee ought not to be taken in
this instance in the sense of the French adjective which indicates a certain state of
fatty substances ; we believe that it is a Walloon term derived from the Flemish
word rens, or more correctly reinsch, which signifies acid, but which may also be
taken for the Rhine (du Rhin), and probably this is the origin of the synonyme
Beurre du Rhin {Rhynsehe pear)."
Beurre de Bhin. See Beurre de Ranee.
BEURRE ROBERT.— Fruit, large, four inches long, and three and
a quarter broad ; obtuse pyriform, uneven in its outline. Skin,
greenish yellow, strewed with russety dots, and spotted with russet
towards the eye and the stalk. Eye, large, open, and set in a deep
basin. Stalk, short, and obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy lip.
Flesh, melting, juicy, somewhat pretty at the core, sweet, sprightly,
and with a fine delicate perfume.
A pear of the first quality ; in use during November and December.
It was raised by Messrs. Robert & Morean, of Angers, the successors to M.
Vibert, and it was first exhibited before the Committee of the Society at Angers
in 1861, when it met with high approval. It is believed to have been raised from
seed of Glou Mor(;eau. It has by some pomologists been erroneously made
synonymous with Doyenne du Comice.
Beurre Rochechouart. See Epim du Mas.
Beurre de Rochoir. See Epine du Mas.
Beurre du Roi. See Brown Beurre.
BEURRE ROMAIN. — Fruit, medium size ; obtuse pyriform, regu-
larly formed, and flattened at the apex. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow,
faintly tiuged with red russet next the sun, and covered with numerous
dark grey spots. Eye, open, set even with the surface, or sometimes
slightly depressed. Stalk, short, inserted without depression. Flesh,
white, very melting and juicy, with a sweet, pleasant flavour.
Ripe in October, but does not keep long, being subject to become
mealy.
628 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Beurre Kose. See Beurr^ Bosc.
Beurre Roupe. See Easter Beurre.
Beurre Roupp. See Easter Beurre.
Beurre Rouppe. See Easter Beurre.
Beurre Roux. See Brown Beurre.
Beurre Royal. See Beurre Diel.
Beurre St. Amour. See Flemish Beauty.
Beurre St. Nicholas. See Duchesse d' Orleans.
Beurre de Semur. See Mansuette.
Beurre Sieulle. See Doyenne Sieulle.
BEURRE SCHEIDWEILLER (Grosse Sucree).— Fruit, medium
sized ; obtuse pyriform, even, and handsomely shaped. Skin, smooth,
and of a bright pea- green, even when fully ripe, thickly strewed with
minute russet dots, and with a patch of coarse cinnamon russet round
the stalk. Eye, very large and clove-like, set level with the surface
of the fruit. Stalk, more than an inch long, slender, inserted in a
small cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, coarse-grained, sweet, very juicy,
and with a pleasant brisk flavour.
An agreeable pear, not of great merit ; ripe in the end of October
and beginning of November.
A seedling of Van Mons, which he named in honour of M. Scheidweiller, Pro-
fessor of Botany at Ghent.
BEURRE ST. QUENTIN.— Fruit, medium size ; obtuse pyriform.
Skin, smooth, deep yellow in the shade, and bright red without any
dots next the sun. Eye, set in a shallow and even basin. Stalk, an
inch long, fleshy, often obliquely inserted. Flesh, very white, tender,
melting, juicy, and sugary.
A dessert pear ; ripe in September and October.
BEURRE SIX {Six). — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
wide, and four inches and a quarter long ; pyriform, very uneven, and
bossed on its surface. Skin, smooth, pea-green, with patches of
russet round the eye and the stalk, but changing to pale yellow when
ripe. Eye, small, open, set in a shallow, slightly angular basin. Stalk,
long, slender, curved, inserted a little on one side of the axis, without
depression. Flesh, greenish white, very juicy, firm, buttery, and
melting. Core, very small.
A very fine pear ; ripe in October. Mr. Blackmore finds it
watery and insipid.
It was raised at Courtrai, in Belgium, by a gardener named Six, about the year
1845, and I received it from M. Papeleu, of Ghent, in 1848.
Beurre Spence. See Flemish Beauty.
PEAES. 529
BEURRE SPENCE. — There is, perhaps, no pear about which there
have been so many surmises and which has excited so much curiosity
as the Beurre Spence, and, notwithstanding all the efforts that have
been made to ascertain what this variety is, nothing definite has
yet been obtained respecting its identity. Many varieties are in culti-
vation under this name, of which B. Capiaumont, B. Diel, and B. de
Mens are the most general. The name of Beurre Spence originated
with Dr. Van Mens, who describes it thus : — ** Fruit, shape and size
of the Brown Beurre. Skin, green, handsomely streaked and marked
with reddish brown and reddish purple. Flesh, tender, juicy, sugary,
and perfumed. It ripens about the last of September."
BEURRE STERCK1IAN3 {Belle Alliance ; Calebasse Sterckmans ;
Doyenne Esterkman). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, ard two inches and a half high ; turbinate, handsome,
even in its outline. Skin, smooth, of a fine bright grass-green colour
on the shaded side, and dull red on the side next the sun, marked
with traces of russet. Eye, open, with short, erect, rigid segments,
set in a wide, shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
set in a small round cavity. Flesh, white, with a greenish tinge,
very melting, buttery, and juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous, with a fine
aroma.
A fii'st-rate dessert pear ; ripe during January and February. The
tree is an abundant bearer, succeeds admirably on the quince, and
forms a handsome pyramid.
It was raised at Louvain by M. Sterckmans, and was first brought into notice
by Dr. Van Mens.
BEURRE SUPERFIN.— Fruit, above medium size, three inches
wide and a little more high ; obovate or turbinate, somewhat uneven
and bossed on its surface. Skin, thin, considerably covered with
patches of cinnamon-coloured russet ; on the shaded side the ground
colour is greenish yellow, which becomes lemon-yellow at maturity,
and covered with small patches and veins of russet. Eye, very small
and closed, with stifi", incurved, tooth-like segments, set in a deep,
round, and uneven basin. Stalk, over an inch long, fleshy at the base;
and united to the fruit by fleshy folds. Flesh, yellowish white, fine-
grained, buttery, and melting, very juicy, brisk, and sweet, with a
delicate and agreeable perfume.
This is one of the finest pears in cultivation. It ripens in Septem-
ber and October, according to the locality ; and further north my friend,
the Rev. W. Kingsley, of South Kilvington, near Thirsk, and my
brother at Hope Park, Coldstream, have it in perfection at Christmas.
Mr. R. D. Blackmore says, "It is one of the best, most beautiful, and
fertile of all pears."
It was raised at Angers by M. Goubanlt in 1837, and it first bore fruit in 1844,
BEURRE THUERLINCKX {ThuerUncks^—ThiB a large, coarse
84
X
630 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
pear, of a long obovate shape, five to six inches long, and four or five
broad. The flesh is somewhat tender and juicy, but without any
aroma, and very soon becomes mealy.
Ripe in November and December ; not worth growing.
Beurre de Terwerenne. See Brown Beurre,
Beurre van Geert. See Beurre Jean van Geert,
Beurre van Mons. See Baronne de Mello.
Beurre Vert. See Beurre Diel.
Beurre de Westerloo. See Doyenne Boussoch.
BEURRE DE WETTEREK— Fruit, large, roundish, inclining to
turbinate, widest in the middle, and tapering obtusely towards each
end, uneven in its outline. Skin, bright green and shining, dull red
on the side next the sun, and covered with large russet spots. Eye,
open, deeply set. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and deeply inserted.
Flesh, yellowish, coarse-grained, half-melting, pretty juicy, and well-
flavoured.
A showy and peculiar-looking pear, which in some seasons is very
good ; ripe in October.
I received this from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, near Ghent, in 1848. It originated
in the garden of M. Louis Berckmans, at Heyst-op-den-Berg, in Belgium, and is
supposed to have been one of the seedlings raised by Major Esperen, some of
whose trees M. Berckmans obtained after his death.
Beuzard. See Hampden's Bergamot.
Bezi de Caen. See Leon Leclerc de Laval.
Bezi de Caissoy. See Besi de Caissoy.
Bezi de Chaumontel. See Chaumontel.
Bezi de Echassery. See JEchassery.
Bezi Esperen. See Besi d' Esperen. .
. Bezi Goubault. See Besi Goubault.
Bezi d'Heri. See Besi d'Hery.
Bezi de Landry. See Echassery.
Bezi de Quessoi. See Besi de Caissoy.
Bezi de Quessoy. See Besi de Caissoy.
Bezi Royal. See Besi d'Hery.
Bezi Yaet. See Besi Vaet.
Biemont. See Bergamotte Cadette.
Biemont. See Beurre Beauchamps,
PEAES. 531
BISHOP'S THUMB [Bishop's Tongue).— Fruit, large, three and a
half to four inches long, and two to two and a quarter broad ; oblong,
narrow, pyriform, or undulating in its outline. Skin, yellowish green,
covered with numerous large russety dots, and with a rusty red colour
on the side exposed to the sun. Eye, small and open, with longreflexed
segments, set level with the surface. Stalk, one inch long, curved,
fleshy at the base, obliquely inserted, and attached to the fruit without
depression. Flesh, greenish yellow, melting, and juicy, with a rich,
sugary, and vinous flavour.
An old-fashioned and very excellent dessert pear ; ripe in October.
The tree is hardy, an abundant bearer, and succeeds well as a
standard.
The Bishop's Thumb was formerly called Bishop's Tongue, and it is recorded
in Leonard Meager's list of the fruits that were grown in the Brompton Park
Nursery in 1690 under that name. I find from the old books of that establish-
ment that it continued to be grown there under the same name till the end of the
last century, when it was altered to Bishop's Thumb. It appears also in Miller
and Sweet's Catalogue in 1790 as Bishop's Thumb.
Bishop's Tongue. See Bishop's Thumb.
Black Achan. See Achan.
Black Bess of Castle Menzies. See Achan.
Black Beurre. See Verulam.
BLACK HUFFCAP. — Fruit, quite small ; pyriform, or oblong-ovate,-
even and regular in its outline. Skin, oHve green on the shaded side,
and entirely covered with dull rusty red on the side next the sun ; the
whole surface thickly sprinkled with large grey russet dots. Eye, pro-
minent, open, with erect segments. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, woody, connected with the fruit by a thickened continuation
the flesh. Flesh, yellowish green, firm, and very gritty.
A noted perry pear of Herefordshire and Worcestershire.
BLACKENEY RED. — Fruit, about medium size, even and regular
in its outline ; turbiuate or obovate. Skin, when ripe greenish yellow
on the shaded side, and covered with a more or less deep red cheek on
the side next the sun ; sometimes it is merely orange. Eye, small
and open, set in a saucer-like depression. Stalk, from an inch to an
inch and a quarter long, inserted without depression. Flesh, firm,
crisp, juicy, and with a mild acidity.
This is very much planted in the Herefordshire orchards. The tree
is a profuse bearer, but the fruit is only second-rate for perry, in fact,
only " a cask-filler."
BLACK WORCESTER {ParldnsorCs Warden; Pound Pear ;
Warden). — Fruit, large and obovate, four inches long, and three and a
half wide. Skin, green, entirely covered with rather rough brown
532 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
russet, with a dull red tinge next the sun. Eye, small, set in a wide
and pretty deep basin. Stalk, about an inch long, inserted without
depression. Flesh, hard, crisp, coarse-grained, and gritty.
An excellent stewing pear ; in use from November to Februar}^
The tree is hardy and vigorous, and bears well as a standard. This
forms the type of the pears called '' Wardens." See Wardens.
Blanquet. See Small Blanquet.
Blanquet a Courte Queue. See Large Blanquet.
Blanquet Gros d'Ete. See Large Blanquet.
Blanquet a Longue Queue. See Long Stalked Blanquet.
Blanquet Musque. See Large Blanquet.
Blanquette. See Small Blanquet.
BLEEKER'S MEADOW.— Fruit, below medium size ; roundish and
regularly shaped. Skin, smooth, of an uniform lemon-colour, dotted
with crimson dots. Eye, quite open, with flat ovate segments, set in
a very shallow depression. Stalk, very short and stout, inserted in a
small cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, very tender, buttery, and melt-
ing, with a powerful musky aroma, and a thin, watery, sweet juice.
An American pear, of only second-rate quality in this climate ; ripe
in October and November.
BLOODGOOD. — Fruit medium sized; turbinate, inclining to ob-
ovate, thickening very abruptly into the stalk. Skin, yellow, strewed
with russety dots, and reticulations of russets, giving it a russety
appearance on one side. Eye, open, with stout segments, set almost
even with the surface. Stalk, obliquely inserted without depression.
Flesh, yellowish white, buttery and melting, with a rich, sugary, and
highly aromatic flavour.
An American pear of good quality ; ripe early in August. The tree
bears well, and, being so early, is well worth growing. Mr. Blackmore
says it does not do well at Teddington.
BOIS NAPOLEON. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a
half wide, and two inches and three-quarters high ; Doyenne-shaped,
being obovate and blunt at the stalk, even and regularly shaped.
Skin, entirely covered with a bronzy brown crust over its whole sur-
face, with only here and there an indication of the yellow ground
colour showing through it. Eye, small and half open, set in a shallow
basin. Stalk, about an inch long, woody, a little fleshy at the base,
where it is inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, very
tender, fine-grained, buttery, melting, and very juicy, rich, and sweet,
with a delightful rose-water aroma.
A delicious pear ; ripe in the middle and end of October. The tree
PEARS. 633
is a very strong grower, and forms handsome pyramids on the quince.
It bears abundantly.
A seedling of Van Mons, which first fruited in 1822 or 1823. It is called Bois
from the similarity of its won\ to that of Napoleon. This was a favourite mode
with Van Mons of distinguishing his seedlings. For instance we find such entries
in his catalogue as " Forme de Calebasse," " Forme de Passe Colmar."
Bo de la Cour. See Marechal de Cour,
Bolivar. See UcedaWs St. Germain.
Bonaparte. See Napoleon.
BON CHRETIENS. See Winter Bon Chritien.
Bon Chretien d' Amiens. See CatiUac.
BON CHRETIEN D'AUCH.— This pear has given rise to much
discussion, some pomologists holding that it is a distinct variety, and
others that it is s\Tionymous with Winter Bon Chretien. The advocates
of the latter opinion are the most numerous. No pereon has had a
better opportunity of solving the question than my much esteemed
friend. Abbe D. Dupuy, Professor of Natural History at Audi ; and in
his excellent work LAheille Pomologique, 1862, p. 67, he there enters
very fully into the question. He says : —
** The fruit which at Auch is called Bonchretien d'Auch, is nothing
else than the common Winter Bonchretien, without seeds in some
gardens, and some favoured localities in the south-west ; but as soon
as the tree is removed to a place less suited to it the seeds reappear
and it becomes the common Winter Bonchretien, and the same thing
frequently occurs even at Auch."
In the Horticultural Society's Catalogue the same conclusion is
arrived at, and no doubt the authority of Abbe Dupuy is conclusive on
the point regardless of any other evidence. But I embrace this
opportunity of introducing another variety under the name of Bon-
Chretien d'Auch, which seems to have escaped the notice of all modern
pomologists, the Bon Chretien d'Auch of Calvel. He says: — "This
pear, like all the Bon Chretiens, has the form of a calibasse, or of a
pilgi'im's gourd, and is sometimes more swollen on one side than the
other. Green at first, it insensibly becomes yellow by degrees as it
approaches maturity. The part exposed to the sun is covered with
bright vermilion, which increases its beauty. By smelling it, its per-
fume announces the period when it is good to be eaten. Its flesh is
breaking, but of rich, sweet, and sugary juice.
" This is perhaps the largest, most beautiful, and most perfect of
pears in a soil which suits it. It is only at Auch that one can form a
just idea of it, and even all the environs of Auch are not equally suited
to its culture. This fruit loses much of its size and quality when
grafted elsewhere. Well cultivated and in good soil it is very large.
I have seen it four inches diameter and more."
534 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
" The shoots are long, crooked, and pendent, of a fawn colour, dotted
with grey and brownish next the sun. The buds are large, obtuse,
and borne on large and prominent supports. Flowers, large ; the
number of the petals vary, they are well open, rather long, lightly
edged wdth very pale red ; the anthers are of a beautiful vermilion.
The leaves are large, smooth, slightly pointed, of a beautiful brilliant
green, slightly and regularly dentate. They become yellow almost
immediately after the fruit is ripe. This pear ripens in the southern
departments of France in the end of July, and nearly three weeks or a
month later elsewhere, according to the climate." What can this be ?
It reads very much like a description of Williams's Bon Chretien. The
Winter Bon Chretien ripens in January.
Bon Chretien d'Automne. See Spanish Bon Chretien.
Bon Chretien d'Espagne. See Spanish Bon Chretien.
BON CHRETIEN FONDANT.— Fruit, large, oblong, and regu-
larly formed. ' Skin, green, covered with a considerable quantity of
russet, and marked with numerous russety dots on the shaded side,
but covered with dark brownish red streaks and mottles next the sun.
Eye, small and closed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long. Flesh,
yellowish white, very melting and very juicy ; the juice rather thin,
and not highly flavoured, but very cool, pleasant, and refreshing.
A very nice pear ; ripe during October and November. The tree
l^ears well as a standard.
I received this from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, in 1848, but it appears to be a
very different pear from the Bon Chretien Fondant of M. Leroy, which is made
synonymous with Bon Chretien de Bruxelks.
Bon Chretien d'Hiver. See Winter Bon Chretien.
Bon Chretien Napoleon. See Napoleon.
Bon Chretien Nouvelle. See Flemish Bon Chretien.
Bon Chretien de Bans. See Beurr^ Ranee.
Bon Chretien de Tours. See Winter Bon Chretien.
Bon Chretien Turc. See Flemish Bon Chretien.
Bon Chretien de Vernois. See Flemish Bon Chretien.
Bon Dieu. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
BON GUSTAYE. — Fruit, large ; obovate, rather bossed, and undu-
lating in its outline. Skin, lemon-yellow, thickly dotted and veined
with brown russet, with a tinge of warm orange red next the sun.
Eye, small and open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, slender and
woody, inserted obliquely at almost right angles with the fruit. Flesh,
yellowish, rather coarse-grained, sweet, and with an agreeable flavour.
PEARS. 535
A second-rate pear, "with coarse flesh, which becomes mealy in
November.
A seedling of Major Esperen, of Malines, which, after his death, went iiito the
possession of M. Bcrckmans, who named it after one of his sous. It first fruited
in 1847.
Bon Papa. See Vicar of Winkjield,
BOX PARENT. — Fruit, medium sized; obtuse pyriform. Skin,
smooth, lemon-yellow, covered with dots of grey russet, which are
very thick round the eye and the stalk, where they form patches.
Eye, open, with short, erect, fleshy segments, set in a very shallow
basin. Stalk, long, fleshy, and pale brown, obliquely inserted on one
side of the axis. Flesh, yellowish white, coarse-grained, half-melting,
sweet, and pleasantly perfumed.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October.
It was raised in 1820 by M. Simon Bouvier, of Jodoigne.
Bonne d'Avranches. See Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Bonne Ente. See White Doyenne.
BONNE D'EZEE (Belle de Zees; Bonne de Zees; Bonne de
Hates; Brockworth Park). — Fruit, large, two inches and a quarter
wide, and three inches and a quarter long ; pyramidal. Skin, straw-
coloured, with a tinge of green, and thickly marked with traces of
brown russet interspersed with a few green dots. Eye, open, with
long hnear segments. Stalk, stout and fleshy, an inch long, and
obliquely inserted. Flesh, white, coarse-grained, and inclining to
gritty, half- melting and juicy, with an agreeable perfume.
This is only a second-rate pear, the texture of the flesh being coarse ;
ripe in October. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says " it is a very poor thing,
and useless at Teddington."
This was discovered as a wilding at Ezee, near Loches, in the Tonrraine, in 1788,
and was first brought into notice by M. Dupuy, a nurseryman at Loches. A tree
growing against a wall at Brockworth Park, near Gloucester, produced fruit of
large size and showy appearance, and it was propagated for sale by Messrs. J. C.
Wheeler & Son, of Gloucester, who sold it under the name of Brockworth Park.
It was represented as being a bcedling raised at that place, one of the parents being
Louise Bonne of Jersey.
Bonne de Haies. See Bonne d'Ezee.
Bonne de Kienzheim. See Vallee Franche,
Bonne de Longueval. See Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Bonne Louise d'Avranches. See Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Bonne Malinaise. See Winter Nelis,
Bonne de Malines. See Winter Nelis.
Bonne de Noel. See Fondante de Noel,
636 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Bonne Rouge. See GanseVs Bergamot.
Bonne de Soulers. See Bergamotte de Soulers.
Bonnissime. See Figue d'Alengon.
Bonnissime de la Sarthe. See Figue d'Alenqon.
Bonte Bergamotte. See Bergamotte Suisse.
Booter Peer. See Angleterre.
De Bordeaux. See Besi d'Heri.
Bosch Peer. See Flemish Beauty.
Boss Peer. See Flemish Beauty.
Bouge. See AngeUqu£ de Bordeaux.
Bourdon. See Bourdon Musque.
BOURDON MUSQUE {Gfros Muscat Bond).— Fruit, small; roundish,
and flattened at the apex. Skin, smooth, at first bright green, changing
to yellowish green, strewed with darker green and russety dots. Eye,
open, with long segments, and set in a wide and rather deep basin.
Stalk, an inch and a half long, inserted without depression. Flesh,
white, tender, crisp, with a sweet, pleasant, and musky flavour.
A dessert pear of ordinary quality ; ripe in August. The tree
succeeds well as a standard.
The name is supposed to have originated from the similarity of the fruit to the
knob of a pilgrim's staff, which was a turned piece of wood with a round knob or
apple at the top and in the middle, and called in French Bourdon.
BOURDON DE ROI.— Fruit, small; roundish. Skin, smooth,
yellowish green, changing to clear yellow, with a trace of dark red
next the sun. Eye, small and open, with short, hard segments, and
set in a wide rather deep basin. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and
fleshy, and inserted in a wide and deep cavity. Flesh, white, very
tender, half-melting, and of a refreshing, sweet, vinous, and musky
flavour.
A dessert pear of the first quality ; ripe in November. The tree is
a free grower and an abundant bearer. Succeeds well as a standard.
BOURGMESTER. — Fruit, large ; oblong or pyramidal, curved, and
very uneven on the surface ; round at the apex, and knobbed about
the stalk. Skin, yellowish green, entirely covered with coarse, rough
russet, so much so that scarcely any of the ground colour is visible.
Eye, very small, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy,
particularly at the base, where it is obliquely inserted and surrounded
with a fleshy ring. Flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, and sweet, with a
fine musky flavour.
A good second-rate pear ; ripe in November.
PEABS. 687
BOUVIER B0URG:\IESTRE.— Fruit, medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and three inches and three-quarters high ; oblong-
obovate, even in its outUne. Skin, lemon-yellow, speckled all over with
cinnamon-coloured russet, but particularly so towards the stalk and the
eye, where it forms a sort of crust, which is sometimes quite rough.
Eye, half open, with incurved segments, set in a shallow depression.
Stalk, an inch and a half long, inserted on the end of the fruit, which
is not taperiug but abrupt. Flesh, yellowish, buttery, and melting,
rather gritty towards the core, with a fine sprightly rich and vinous
juice, and a fine aroma.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in the end of October.
Raised by M. Bivort from seed sown in 1824, and the tree first fruited in 1842.
It was named by him in honour of M. Simon Bouvier, burgomaster of Jodoigae,
in Belgium.
Braddick's Field Standard. See Marie Louise.
BRANDES ST. GERMAIN.— Fruit, below medium size, two inches
wide, and three inches high ; pyramidal, even and regular in outline.
Skin, covered almost entirely with a coat of thin cinnamon-coloured
russet, exposing here and there mottles and spots of the yellow ground ;
the whole surface strewed with large rough russet specks. Eye, small
and open, with short, erect segments, very slightly depressed. Stalk,
half an inch to three-quarters long, inserted obliquely without depres-
sion. Flesh, yellowish, half-melting, not very juicy, with a brisk, sweet
flavour, and shght perfume.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of November, when it becomes
mealy.
Raised at Louvain by Van Mons, and named in honour of Dr. Brandes, Professor
of Chemistry at Salzuffeln.
Bretonneau. See Beurre Bretonneau.
Brilliant. See Flemish Beauty.
BRITISH QUEEN.— Fruit, large; obovate-pyriform, the outline
undulating and bossed. Skin, smooth, and almost entirely covered
with a thin coat of cinnamon-coloured russet, but on the side next the
sun it has a blush of bright rosy crimson. Eye, rather small, with
short, narrow segments, and considerably depressed. Stalk, about an
inch long, very stout, and sometimes inserted obliquely in a round,
narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, very fine-grained, buttery, and
melting, rich, sugary, and having the flavour of Marie Louise, coupled
with that peculiar briskness which is found in the Windsor.
A first-rate pear, which ripens in the beginning of October. It is,
however, of varying merit, as it is very apt in some soils to decay
rapidly and treacherously in the centre, while there is no indication of
decay at the surface. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says that at Teddington
it is not worthy of its name.
This was raised by Mr. Thomas Ingram, late gardener to Her Majesty at Frog-
more, and was first distributed by Mr. Charles Turner, of Slough, in 1863.
688 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Brocas' Bergamot. See GanseVs Bergamot.
Brockworth Park. See Bonne d'Ezee.
BROOMPAKK. — Fruit, small ; roundish obovate. Skin, yellow,
sprinkled with cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, small, dry, and horny,
set in a slight depression. Stalk, an inch long, curved, and inserted
in a slight cavity. Flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, and sugary, with
a rich musky flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in January. The tree is very hardy
and vigorous, an excellent bearer, and succeeds well either on the pear
or quince stock.
It was raised by Mr. T. A, Knight, and first produced fruit in 1831.
BROUaH BERGAMOT.— Fruit, small; roundish turbinate, tapering
into the stalk. Skin, rough, being entirely covered with brown russet,
except in patches where the green ground colour is visible ; on the side
next the sun it is tinged with dull red. Eye, open, with short, stunted
segments. Stalk, half an inch long, not depressed. Flesh, yellowish
white, rather coarse-grained, but very juicy and sugary, with a rich and
highly perfumed flavour.
An excellent pear for the North of England ; ripening during
December.
BROUGHAM. — Fruit, medium sized; roundish obovate, inclining to
oval or ovate. Skin, rather rough to the feel, yellowish green, and
covered with large brown russet specks. Eye, clove-like, full of stamens,
set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long,
and slender. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, and juicy, but somewhat
mealy, and having the flavour of the Swan's Egg.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in November. The tree is a great bearer.
Kaised by Mr. T. A. Knight, at Downton Castle, Herefordshire.
Brown Admiral. See Summer Archduke.
BROWN BEURRE {UAmhoise; Benedictine; Beurre Grin; Beurre
Dore ; Beurre d^ Amhoise ; Beurre Roux ; Beurre du Roi; Beurre de
Terwerenne ; Badham's ; Isamhert le Bon). — Fruit, large, three inches
wide, and three inches and three-quarters long ; oblong-obovate. Skin,
green, almost entirely covered with thin brown russet and faintly
tinged with reddish brown on the side next the sun. Eye, small and
open, set in an even shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, thickest at
the base, where it is inserted in a narrow round cavity with generally
a small fleshy lip on one side. Flesh, greenish white under the skin,
but yellowish at the centre, melting, tender, and buttery, and sprightly,
with a rich musky flavour.
An old and favourite dessert pear of great excellence ; ripe in Octo-
ber. The tree is hardy, and will succeed on either the pear or quince
stocks, and upon almost every variety of soil, except it be too moist,
FEABS. 539
and then the shoots are apt to canker ; but it requires a wall to have
the fruit in perfection. The colour of the fruit is very subject to
change, according to the soil and stock upon which it is grown, and
thus have arisen the different synonymes of Red, Grey, Brown, and
Golden Beurre. Many old gardeners maintain that the Grey and
Brown Beurre are wholly distinct, but in such cases the Brown Beurre
referred to is the Angleterre, whilst the Grey Beurre is the vai'iety
here described. The fruit are large, grey, and long, and richly
flavoured, when grown upon a vigorous pear stock even in di'y light
soils, but smaller and of redder colour when grown on the quince even
if placed in rich deep soil.
This very old pear is mentioned by the earliest French authors, and it has been
cultivated in this country for upwards of two centuries, for it is mentioned by Rea
in 1655 as " Boeure de lioy, a good French pear of adai'k brown colour, long form,
and very good taste."
Buchanan's Spring Beurre. See Verulam,
BUFFUM. — Fruit, medium size, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches and three-quarters high ; obovate, blunt at the stalk, even
and regular in its outline. Skin, rather rough, with dark brown russet ;
on the side next the sun it has a bright orange cheek, surrounded with
dull rusty red, which extends to the greenish yellow on the shaded side.
Eye, very small, set in a rather deep basin. Stalk, stout and woody,
inserted in a deep and wide cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, coarse-
grained, not juicy, rather sweet, and with a marked flavour of anise.
A pear of ordinary quality ; ripe in October.
This was raised in America and originated in Rhode Island, where it is esteemed
a variety of high merit. 1 have never found it so in this country.
Bujalouf. See Virgouleuse.
Bujiarda. See Summer Thorn,
De Bunville. See Mai-tin Sire.
De Bure. See Bellissime (THiver,
BUTT PEAR. — Fruit, small; turbinate or roundish obovate,
smooth and even on the surface. Skin, a uniform lemon-colour,
strewed with minute russety dots. Eye, open, set even with the
surface. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted on the apex of the
fruit. Flesh, yellowish, coarse-grained and granular, with a rough and
acid taste.
This is now much grown about Ledbury, where it is called " the
coming pear for perry."
De Cadet. See Bergamotte Cadette.
Cadet de Bourdeaux. See Bergamotte Cadette.
Cadette. See Bergamotte Cadette.
540 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
CAILLOT ROSAT {English Caillot Bosat ; King Pear).—Frmi,
above medium size ; pyriform. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow in the
shade, and quite covered with a brownish red cheek, and streaks of
brighter red on the side next the sun. Eye, open, set in a shallow
cavity. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long. Flesh, tender, very
juicy and melting, sweet, and nicely perfumed.
A nice early pear ; ripe in August. The tree is an excellent bearer.
This is not the Caillot Rosat of the French, which is the same as our
Summer Rose.
Caillot Rosat d'Hiver. See De Malthe.
CALEBASSE [Beurre de Payence ; Cahhasse d'HoUande ; Calebasse
Musquee ; De Vmus ; Pitt's Calebasse). — Fruit, medium size ; oblong,
irregular and undulating in its outline. Skin, yellow, covered with thin
grey russet on the shaded side, and cinnamon russet next the sun. Eye,
open, small, with short, acute, erect segments, set in a shallow depres-
sion. Stalk, an inch and a half long, and obliquely inserted, with a
fleshy lip on one side of it. Flesh, crisp, juicy, and sweet.
A dessert pear of inferior quality ; ripe in October. The tree is an
abundant bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
CALEBASSE BOSC. — Fruit, medium sized to large ; long conical.
Skin, entirely covered with brown russet, which is sprinkled with darker
russet dots, and with a yellowish ground on the shaded side. Eye,
open, set in a shallow cavity. Stalk, stout, obliquely inserted. Flesh,
tender, buttery, and melting, juicy, sweet, and agreeably flavoured.
A second quality fruit ; ripe in October.
It was found by Van Mons in the garden of M. Swatcs, at Linkebeeke, near
Brussels, and dedicated to M. Louis Bosc, Professor of Culture in the Jardins de
Plantes, Paris. It is 1276 of Van Mons' catalogue.
Calebasse Carafon. See Calebasse Grosse.
CALEBASSE DELVIGNE.— Fruit, above medium size ; pyriform.
Skin, yellow, strewed with cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, open, with
stout segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, short, stout, and fleshy,
obliquely inserted on the apex of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish white,
rather coarse-grained, not very juicy, with a sweet and fine flavour,
and strong musky aroma.
A very handsome and very beautiful pear, which, though not first-
rate as to quality, forms a fine ornament in the dessert ; ripe in
October.
I do not know with whom this originated, but it was certainly raised by a M.
Delvigne, for it is entered in Van Mons' catalogue, 2nd series, as *'No. 1476
Calebasse fornie, Delvigne : par son patron."
CALEBASSE D'ETE. — Fruit, above medium sized; pyramidal.
Skin, greenish yellow, covered with brown russet, and with numerous
PEABS. 041
russet spots. Eye, large, half open, set almost even with the surface.
Stalk, upwards of an inch long, curved, obliquely inserted without
depression. Flesh, white, half- melting, very juicy and sweet.
A good early pear ; ripe in September.
CALEBASSE GROSSE [Calebasse Carafon; Calehasse Monstre ;
Calebasse Monstnieuse da Nord; Calebasse Uoyale ; Triomphe de Hasselt ;
Van Marum). — Fruit, very large, sometimes measuring six inches long ;
oblong. Skin, greenish yellow, considerably covered with dark grey
russet in the shade, and entirely covered with light brown russet on
the side next the sun. Eye, small, set in a pretty deep basin. Stalk,
an inch long. Flesh, coarse-grained, crisp, juicy, and sweet.
Ripe in October. Its size is its only recommendation.
Calebasse d'Hiver. See Beurre Bretonneau,
Calebasse d'HoUande. See Calebasse.
CALEBASSE KICKX. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches wide,
and two inches and three-quarters high ; obovate, somewhat uneven in
its outline. Skin, pale straw-yellow colour all over, and marked here
and there with a few patches of very thin pale cinnamon-coloured
russet. Eye, open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a half
long, fleshy towards the base, where it is united with the fruit by a few
folds. Flesh, whitish, coarse-grained, rather gritty, half-buttery, not
very juicy, and little flavour, but with a musky perfume.
A fruit of inferior quality, which becomes quite pasty in the middle
of October.
A seedling of Van Mons, which he dedicated to M. Kickx, Professor of Botany
at Ghent. It appears as No. 590 in his catalogue.
Calebasse Monstre. See Calebasse Grosse.
Calebasse Monstrueuso du Nord. See Calebasse Grosse,
Calebasse Musquee. See Calebasse.
Calebasse Royale. See Calebasse Grosse.
Calebasse Sterckmans. See Beurre Sterckmans.
CALEBASSE TOUGARD.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and three inches and a half high ; pyriform. Skin,
yellowish, covered with spots and patches of rough brown russet. Eye,
open, placed even with the surface. Stalk, over an inch in length, set
even with the surface. Flesh, with a pinkish tinge, half-melting, very
juicy, sugary, and with a pleasant flavour.
Ripe during October and November, and is very soon rotten.
This is a posthumous seedling of Van Mons, which first fruited in 1847, and
was dedicated by M. Bivort to M. Tougard, of Rouen.
Calebasse Tougard. See Flemish Beauty.
642 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Calebasse Vasse. See Beurre Capiaumont.
CAMBACLKES. — Fruit, below medium size, an inch and a quarter
wide, and three inches and a quarter high ; pyriform, even and regular
in its outline. Skin, with a fine rich yellow ground, very thickly
mottled and speckled with dark cinnamon-coloured russet, and with a
large ramifying patch round the stalk. Eye, small and open, with erect
segments. Stalk, an inch and three-quarters to two inches long, curved,
and inserted without depression. Flesh, half-melting, very juicy, sweet,
with a brisk flavour and delicate aroma.
A good pear ; ripe in October, and soon becomes pasty.
De Cambron. See Glou Morgeau.
CAMILLE DE ROHAN {Prince Camille de Rohan).— Fruit, about
medium size ; pyriform. Skin, clear, green at first, but changing to
yellowish green when it ripens, and thickly covered with numerous
russety dots. Eye, open, placed in a slight depression. Stalk, slender,
about an inch long. Flesh, white, with a pinkish tinge, fine-grained
and melting, vinous, and of good flavour.
It ripens in December and January.
Canelle. See Beurre Bosc.
Canning. See Easter Beurre.
Canning d'Hiver. See Easter Beurre.
CAPSHEAF. — Fruit, medium size ; obovate. Skin, deep yellow,
almost entirely covered with brown russet. Eye, small, set in a slight
depression. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and inserted in a slight cavity.
Flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, and agreeably flavoured.
A dessert pear of American origin, but not of high merit ; ripe in
October. The tree is very prolific, and succeeds well as a standard.
Capiaumont. See Beurre Capiaumont.
Captif de St. Helene. See Napoleon.
CAPUCIN VAN MONS.— Fruit, above medium size ; oval. Skin,
bright green, changing to pale yellow in the shade, and red next the
sun, with markings of russet round the stalk and the eye, and strewed
with numerous russety dots. Eye, small, and set in a deep and
irregular basin. Stalk, an inch long, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh,
tinged with green, crisp, juicy, rich, and sugary.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October, and keeps but a short time, generally
decaying at the core whilst the exterior remains perfectly sound. The
tree succeeds well as a standard.
Carnock. See Charnock.
Cassante de Brest. See Fondante de Brest.
PEAES. 543
CAROLINE HOGG. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a
quarter wide, and two inches high ; Bergamot-shaped, oven and regular
in its outline, with much of the form of Winter Nelis. Skin, covered
all over with a thick rather deep brown russet, but on the side next the
sun it is a reddish brown russet. Eye, open, with short erect segments,
set in a wide shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted in a
small round cavity. Flesh, very tender and melting, rich and vinous,
with an abundant, finely perfumed juice, and a flavour similar to that
of Winter NeUs.
A dessert pear of the first quality ; in use during the end of November
and December.
This excellent pear was raised from seed by Mr. John Mannington, of Uckfield,
Sussex, and the tree first fruited in 1870. When he first sent it to me, Mr.
Mannington wrote, *'Ihave nine seedling pear- trees with fruit on them. They
have never before had even a blossom on them till this year, although sixteen
years old."
CASSANTE DE MARS. — Fruit, produced in clusters, below medium
size ; roundish obovate. Skin, deep yellow, speckled and traced with
light brown russet. Eye, large, and wide open. Stalk, about an inch
long, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, and
breaking, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
An excellent pear for so late in the season ; ripe in April and May.
A seedling of Major Esperen, of Malines, raised in 1840.
CASSANTE DU COMICE.— Fruit, about medium size, two inches
and a half wide, and two inches and a quarter high ; round and oblate,
a little uneven in its outline. Skin, with a dull yellowish ground, con-
siderably covered with rough brown russet, which exposes in some
parts large patches of the groundcolour visible. Eye, partially closed,
with incurved segments, and set in a considerable depression. Stalk,
an inch and a quarter long, and with a series of large swollen fleshy
rings at its insertion. Flesh, yellowish, breaking, crisp, and very juicy,
with a rich, sweet, sugared juice.
A fruit of great excellence ; ripe in the last week of September.
CASSOLETTE {Friolet; Depot de Syllery ; VEcherrion; Lech-
frion; Muscat Verd; Portuijald'Ete ; Pnmai; Teste Bibaut; Verdette).
— Fruit, small ; obtuse pyriform. Skin, yellowish green, becoming
bright yellow as it ripens, with clear reddish brown next the sun,
and covered with numerous russety dots. Eye, open, with broad,
flat segments, and set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small fleshy cavity. Flesh,
greenish white, very tender and juicy, with a sugary and musky
flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in September. The tree is an abundant
bearer, succeeds well as a standard, either on the pear or quince,
particularly the latter.
Although by Duhamel Lechfrion is made synonymous with this, I think another
544 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
variety has existed under this name perfectly distinct from it. It is evident that
the Cassolette of Knoop is not the same as that of Duhamel, but, nevertheless,
Knoop makes Lechfrion synonymous with his Cassolette the same as Duhamel does,
and there is a Lechfrion described by Riviere and Du Moulin as being long, large,
and red, ripe in the middle of September, whilst the Cassolette is small, long, and
greenish, ripe in August. Diel also thinks there are other varieties of the same
name.
The Cassolette is so named from its resemblance to a small vessel made of copper
and silver in which pastilles were burnt.
CASTELLINE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a
quarter wide, and nearly three inches high ; obovate, larger on one
side of the axis than the other. Skin, entirely covered with warm
cinnamon-coloured russet, which on the side next the sun is more
dense than on the shaded side, where it is thinner and in places
exposes the yellow ground colour. Eye, open, with short, erect seg-
ments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, obliquely inserted
by the side of a fleshy hp. Flesh, yellow, more so than is usual in
pears, buttery, melting, and richly flavoured.
A good pear ; ripe in the beginning of November, but Mr. Blackmore
says it is worthless at Teddington.
CATHERINE. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and two inches and
a half long ; pyriform. Skin, smooth and shining, fine clear yellow,
with a blush of red streaked with darker red on the side next the sun,
and strewed with numerous russety dots. Eye, small and open, set
even with the surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted
on the apex of the fruit without depression. Flesh, firm, fine-grained,
very jaicy and sweet, but soon becomes mealy.
An early pear ; ripe in August.
This is an old Erglish pear recorded by Parkinson in 1629 ; and in his ballad
"Upon a Wedding," Sir John Suckling mentions it in describing the bride —
Her cheeks so rare a white was on,
No Daisy makes comparison
(Whosees them is undone) ;
For streaks of red were mingled there,
Such as are on a Katherine Pear
(The side that's next the sun).
CATILLAC {Bon Chretien d^ Amiens ; Chartreuse; Grand Mnnar que ;
Monstrueuse des Londes; Bell Pear ; Found Pear). — Fruit, very large ;
flatly turbinate. Skin, at first pale green, becoming after keeping a
beautiful bright lemon-yellow with a tinge of brownish red next the
sun, and covered with numerous large brown russety dots. Eye,
open, with short dry segments, set in a wide, even, and rather deep
basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, stout, curved, and inserted in
a small cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, gritty, with a hard and somewhat
musky flavour.
One of the best culinary pears ; in use from December to April.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer, succeeds well either
on the pear or quince. It is not desirable that this variety be grown
either as an open dwarf, or as an espalier, unless the situation be
I PEARS. 545
sheltered, when it may be grown as a standard, the fruit being so
large it is apt to be blown down by high winds. The fruit is smaller
from a standard than a dwarf or espalier.
CATINKA. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate. Skin, of a fine deep
lemon-yellow colour, thickly covered with large cinnamon-coloured
freckles and tracings of russet. Eye, rather small, and open. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long. Flesh, yellowish, melting, but slightly
gritty, juicy, very sugary, with a rich full flavour, and a fine aroma of
the rose.
A very excellent pear, with rich saccharine juice ; ripe in December.
It was raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and first froited in 1845. At
Teddington, Mr. Blackmore says, " it is poor and smalL"
Cellite. See Passe Colmar.
Certeau Musque d'Hiver. See Martin Sire.
CHAIR A DAME. — Fruit, medium size ; turbinate. Skin, yellow,
covered with grey russet, and clouded with red next the sun. Eye,
open, with short segments, and set in a shallow basin. Stalk, short
and stout, half an inch long, and obliquely inserted without depression,
fleshy at the base. Flesh, crisp, tender, sweet, with a rich and agree-
able perfumed flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in August.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer, either on the
pear or quince, succeeds well as a standard.
This is not Cher 4 Dame of Knoop.
Chambers's Large. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
Chambrette. See Virgouleuse.
CHAMP RICHE D'lTALIE.— Fruit, medium sized; obovate.
Skin, smooth, bright green, changing to yellowish green, and thickly
covered with brown russety dots, and patches of russet round the eye
and stalk. Eye, small and open, with long acuminate segments, and
set in a wide, shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long, inserted with-
out depression. Flesh, white, tender, and without grit, with a plea-
sant subacid, sweet flavour.
A culinary pear ; in use during December and January. The tree
bears well as a standard.
Chapman's. See Passe Colmar.
Chapman's Passe Colmar, See Passe Colmar.
CHAPTAL. — Fruit, large ; obovate. Skin, bright green, changing to
yellow as it ripens, covered with numerous brown dots and markings of
russet, and sometimes with a faint tinge of reddish brown next the sun.
Eye, open, with long erect segments, set in a rather deep basin.
85
546 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Stalk, thick, an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, white,
crisp, juicy, with a sweet and aromatic flavour.
An excellent culinary pear ; in use from December to April. The
tree is an abundant bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
It was raised by M. Hervy, of the Luxembourg Garden, Paris, in 1800, and was
named in honour of Comte Chaptal, the celebrated chemist and Minister of the
Interior under Napoleon I.
CHAELES D'AUTRICHE {Archduc Charles).— Fmit, large,
roundish, handsome, and regularly formed. Skin, greenish yellow,
thickly covered with russety specks and thin patches of grey russet,
and with a few streaks of faint red on the side next the sun. Eye,
open, set in a smooth, shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, scarcely at
all depressed. Flesh, tender, half-buttery, and melting, juicy, sugary,
and richly flavoured.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October. This name is by the French some-
times applied to Napoleo7t, but erroneously.
Charles Smet. See Angelique de Bordeaux.
CHARLES VAN HO OGHTEN.— Fruit, large ; roundish oval, even
in its outline. Skin, of a uniform straw-colour, considerably covered
with large russety dots, and traces of pale brown russet. Eye, wide
open. Stalk, an inch long, slender. Flesh, white, coarse-grained,
gritty, half-melting, and not very juicy ; sweet and rather richly
flavoured, and with a musky perfume.
Ripe in the end of October and November.
CHARLES VAN MONS.— Fruit, large, three inches and three-
quarters long, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; oblong-
obovate, blunt towards the stalk, uneven, and rather bossed, and
ribbed near the eye. Skin, quite smooth, bright green, and strewed
with a few minute dots, and with a russet patch about the eye. Eye,
large and open, with stout, erect segments placed in a rather deep
ribbed basin, from which the ribs extend over the crown. Stalk, an
inch and a half long, slender, set in a deep round cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, rather coarse-grained, with a cold acidity, and not much
flavour.
A pear of very little merit ; ripe in October and November.
I do not know the origin of this pear, and I have never seen it described in any
other work on pomology. I received it from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, in 1847.
CHARLI BASINER. — Fruit, obovate. Skin, pale green, dotted
and clouded with brown russet, and changing as it ripens to yellowish
green. Eye, small and open, with sharp segments, slightly depressed.
Stalk, about an inch long, slender, and not depressed. Flesh, white,
very juicy and sugary.
Ripe in the middle and end of October.
CHARLOTTE DE BROUWER.— Fruit, large, roundish, inclining
PEARS. 547
to ovate, similar in shape to a large Ne plus Meuris. Skin, entirely
covered with a coat of light brown russet, with a little of the yellow
ground shining through on the shaded side. Eye, very small, with
short erect segments. Stalk, very short, placed in a knobbed cavity.
Flesh, white, half-melting, and rather crisp, very juicy, but very
astringent.
Ripe in October and November.
De Charneux. See Fondante de Charneu.
CHARNOCK {Drummond; Camock ; Early Chamock; Scot's Cor-
nuck). — Fruit, small ; pyriform. Skin, greenish yellow in the shade,
and entirely covered with dark dull red next the sun. Eye, small and
open. Stalk, fleshy, obliquely inserted. Flesh, yellowish, half-buttery,
juicy, sweet, and with a high aroma.
A Scotch dessert pear ; ripe in September, but soon becomes mealy.
Chartreuse. See Catillac.
CHAT BRULE [Pitcelle de Xaintonge). — Fruit, medium size ; pyri-
form. Skin, smooth and shining; pale yellow where shaded, and
lively red where exposed to the sun. Eye, small, set in a shallow
basin. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy at the base, and obliquely inserted
without depression. Flesh, crisp, rather dry.
A worthless pear for the dessert, but good for culinary use ; it is in
use during November and December.
Chaulis. See Messire Jean.
.CHAUMONTEL (Best de Chaumontel; Beurre de Chaumontel;
Beurre d' Hiver ; Guernsey Chaumontel; Grey Achan; Oxford Chau-
montel; Winter Beurre). — Fruit, large; oblong, or obtuse pyriform,
irregular and undulating in its outline, terminating with knobs or ridges
round the apex. Skin, rather rough, yellowish green, covered with
numerous russety spots and patches, and with brownish red next the
sun. Eye, open, with long reflexed segments, set in a deep, irregular
basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a deep knobbed cavity.
Flesh, yellowish white, buttery, and melting, rich, vinous, and highly
perfumed.
A dessert pear of high merit ; in use from November till March.
The tree is hardy and vigorous, and an abundant bearer ; succeeds
well as a standard, but the fruit is much improved by being grown
against a south or south-west wall. It also produces fruit of a superior
size and quality if grown as an espalier. In rich, warm soil it is
buttery, melting, and delicate, but in heavy and cold situations it is
gritty and bitter.
This esteemed old variety was discovered about the year 1685 growing in the
garden of the Chateau Chaumontel, between Lnzarches and Chantilly on the road
from Amiens to Paris. It seems to have been first noticed by Merlet, who grafted
it from the original tree on the quince stock.
518 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Cheneau. See Fondante de Brest.
Chevriers de Stuttgardt. See Rousselet de Stuttgardt.
De Chypre. See Early Eomselet.
Ciree d'Hiver. See Gilogil.
CITRON DES CARMES {Gros St. Jean; Madeleine; Early Rose
AifUfk). — Fruit, below medium size ; obovate. Skin, smooth and thin,
at first bright green, but changing to yellowish green, and with a faint
tinge of brownish red next the sun, strewed with grey dots. Eye,
small, closed, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch and a half
to two inches long, inserted without depression by the side of a fleshy
prominence. Flesh, pale yellowish white, delicate, very juicy and
melting, with a sweet, pleasant, refreshing flavour.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in July and August, and very liable
to crack on the surface. The tree is hardy and an abundant bearer,
succeeds well as a standard, and thrives well on the quince stock. Mr.
R. D. Blackmore says " it cracks and rots at Teddington," and that he
has had it ripe there on 10th of July.
It is one of the best early pears, and receives its name, Madeleine, from ripening
about St. Magdalene's Day, July 22nd, and also from being first seen in the garden
of the Carmelites at Paris. Sometimes the Bourdon is confounded with this pear,
as is the case by Switzer.
Citron de Septembre. See White Doyenne.
Clairgeau. See Beurre Clairgeau.
Clairgeau de Nantes. See Beurre Clairgeau.
CLAPP'S FAVOURITE.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches and a
quarter long, and two and a half wide ; pyriform or long obovate, even
and symmetrical in its outline. Skin, green at first on the shaded
side, and dull red on the side next the sun, but as it ripens the green
becomes fine yellow, and the red bright crimson streaked with darker
crimson, the colouring being very similar to that of Louise Bonne of
Jersey. Eye, rather large and open, set in a narrow and shallow
depression. Stalk, very stout, thickest at the insertion, and tapering
to the end, nearly an inch and a quarter long, and rather obliquely
inserted. Flesh, white, crisp and juicy, sweet, with an agreeable brisk
flavour, like that of Green Chisel and such early pears.
A good early pear ; ripe in the middle of August, but it must be
eaten as soon as gathered, as it soon becomes mealy.
J^n American pear, raised by Mr. Thaddeus Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass., U.S.A.
COLMAR (D'Auch; Bergamotte Tardive; Colmar Doree ; De
Maune). — Fruit, above medium size; obtuse pyriform. Skin, smooth,
pale green, changing to yellowish green, and strewed with grey russety
dots. Eye, large and open, clove-like, with long segments, and set in
a rather deep depression. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a half long,
' PEAKS. 549
stout, curved, and inserted obliquely in an uneven cavity. Flesh,
greenish white, buttery, melting, tender, and with a rich sugary
flavour.
An old and highly esteemed dessert pear ; ripening in succession
from November to February or March. The tree is hardy and vigorous,
and requires to be grown against a wall, otherwise the fruit becomes
shrivelled and insipid. Mr. Blackmore says that at Teddington it is
not worth growing.
This seems to have made its appearance aboat the same time as the Chauraontel,
for Merlet says it has not been long about Paris, and is yet pretty rare ; but so
good a fruit cannot be long in a few hands.
COLMAR D'AREMBERG (Ardente de Printemps; D'Arenberg;
Colmar Artoisetiet; Forulante de Jaffard ; Kartoffel). — Fruit, very
large ; obovate, uneven, and bossed in its outline. Skin, lemon-
coloured, marked with spots and patches of russet. Eye, rather small,
and partially closed, set in a very deep round cavity. Stalk, short,
and rather slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish white, coarse-
grained, half-melting, juicy, and briskly flavoured.
A fine -looking but very coarse pear ; ripe in October.
Raised by Van Mons about the year 1821.
Colmar Artoisenet. See Colmar d'Aremberg.
Colmar Bonnet. See Passe Colmar.
COLMAR BRETAGNE.— Fruit, medium size ; pyramidal, swollen
on one side. Skin, smooth, deep, clear yellow, tinged with green on
the shaded side, and bright vermilion next the sun, covered all over
with minute russety dots. Eye, open, with erect, dry segments, pro-
minent, and surrounded with plaits. Stalk, half an inch to three-
quarters long, fleshy, inserted without depression on one side of the
apex. Flesh, sweet, crisp, juicy, and pleasantly flavoured.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October. I met with this variety at the
gardens of the Caledonian Horticultural Society in Edinburgh, where
the tree grows vigorously and bears abundantly.
COLMAR CHARNI {Colmar Chamay). — Fruit, about medium size,
three inches long, and two and a half wide ; ovaL Skin, yellowish,
dotted and marbled with cinnamon-coloured russet, and with a red
blush on the side next the sun. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow
depression. Stalk, over an inch long, slender, and inserted in a round
cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a pleasant aroma.
A good but not a richly flavoured pear ; ripe in January, and con-
tinuing in use till March.
COLMAR DELAHAUT. — Fruit, below medium size ; curved pyri-
form. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with patches and dots of pale
550 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
brown russet. Eye, small, almost even with the surface. Stalk, more
than an inch long, curved, inserted without depression. Flesh, white,
breaking, somewhat gritty, sweet, and not very juicy.
A second-rate pear ; in use in December and January.
Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, and named in compliment to his gardener.
COLMAR DEMEESTER {Ferdinand de Meester),—Fi:mi, medium
size, three inches long, and two and a half wide ; obovate, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, of uniform dull yellowish green, rather
thickly dotted with russet dots, and sometimes with small patches of
brown russet. Eye, quite open, with very short segments, placed in a
slight depression. Stalk, generally an inch long, but sometimes only '
half an inch, stout and woody, set on the apex of the fruit without
depression, and generally with a lip or bossed swelling at its insertion.
Flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, buttery, and melting, with a cold,
briskly-flavoured juice, a pleasant aroma, and agreeable flavour.
A dessert pear, but not of high merit ; ripe in the middle of
September, and soon after becomes quite pasty.
A seedling of Van Mons, raised at Louvain in 1824, and named in compliment
to his gardener.
Colmar Deschamps. See Beurre d'Aremberg.
Colmar Dore. See Passe Colmar.
Colmar Dore. See Colmar.
Colmar Epineux. See Passe Colmar.
COLMAR D'ETE. — Fruit, small, two inches and three-quarters
long, and two inches and a quarter wide; obovate, or roundish obovate.
Skin, smooth, and rather shining, of a pale greenish yellow colour,
becoming yellow when quite ripe ; on the side next the sun it is mottled
with dull red freckles over the whole exposed side, and covered with
russet dots. Eye, rather large and open, with short, erect segments,
and nearly level with the service, Stalk, upwards of an inch long,
rather woody, hazel brown colour, thick, and rather fleshy at the
insertion, and placed in a narrow, even, and round cavity. Flesh, yel-
lowish, half-melting, and in warm seasons quite melting. The juice,
of honey sweetness, rich flavour, and a noyau aroma.
A remarkably fine pear; ripe in the beginning of September. It
ought to be eaten before it loses its green colour, because if allowed to
turn yellow it is past its best. The tree is very vigorous and hardy,
bears well, and may be grown either on the pear or the quince, forming
handsome pyramids. Mr. Blackmore finds it too small and possessing
no strong character.
It is a seedling of Van Mons, raised in 1825.
Colmar Gris. See Passe Colmar.
/ PEAKS. 551
Colmar Hardenpont. See Passe Colmar.
Colmar d'Hiver. See Ghu Morqeau.
Colmar des Invalides. See Colmar Van Mons.
Colmar Jaminette. See Jaminette.
Colmar du Lot, See Epine du Mas.
Colmar Musque. See Comperette.
COLMAR NAVEZ {Beurre Xavez). — Fruit, large, four inches long,
and three and a quarter wide ; roundish obovate, or turbinate, some-
what uneven in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, dotted with russet,
and mottled with russet patches ; on the side next the sun it is dotted
with crimson, forming a pale cheek. Eye, large and open, with
spreading segments, set in a pretty deep basin. Stalk, an inch long,
woody, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, buttery, melting,
sugary, with a brisk and perfumed flavour.
An excellent pear ; ripe in October and November.
It was raised from seed by M. Bouvier, of Jodoigne, and named in honour of the
celebrated painter, Navez, of Brussels,
COLMAR NEILL. — Fruit, very large ; obovate. Skin, smooth and
glossy, pale straw-coloured, becoming of a deeper yellow as it
attains maturity, strewed all over with numerous russety dots, and
a few markings of rich cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, open, with
short, flat segments, and set in a wide and rather considerable de-
pression. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy, inserted in a small, close cavity.
Flesh, white, very tender, buttery, and of a refreshing, vinous, sweet,
and musky flavour.
Ripe in October ; but soon becomes mealy.
Raised by Van Mons, and named in honour of the late Dr. Patrick Neill, of
Edinburgh.
Colmar Nelis. See Winter Nelis.
Colmar Preul. See Passe Colmar,
Colmar Souverain. See Passe Colmar.
COLMAR VAN MONS {Beurre de Printemps : Colmar des Inva-
lides; Invalides). — Fruit, medium sized ; oblong, irregular and uneven
on its surface. Skin, thick, dark green, changing to yellowish green
as it ripens, but so much covered with brown russet that none of
the ground colour is visible except a little on the shaded side, which is
also speckled with russet. Eye, small and open, full of stamens, with
short, erect, dry, rigid segments, and set in a small round cavity.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted on the one side of the
summit in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, buttery, and melting.
552 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
very juicy and sweet, but with a watery and not highly-flavoured
juice.
A cooking pear ; in use from November to January.
Raised by M. Duquesne at Enghein, in 1808, and named by him ColmarVan
Mons, under Avhich name it appears in Van Mons' catalogue, 2nd series, No. 52,
" par M. Duquesne." Why it should be called Colmar des Invalides I do not
know, unless it be that when stewed it is food for invalids.
COLUMBIA. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half long, and three
inches wide ; oblong-obovate. Skin, smooth, of a fine golden yellow,
dotted with large russet dots, which are interspersed with smaller ones.
Eye, large and open, with erect segments, and sunk in a narrow
depression. Stalk, an inch long, thick and fleshy, curved, and set on
the apex of the fruit. Flesh, buttery and melting, sweet and perfumed,
but without any remarkable flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October and November.
An American variety, raised in West Chester, Co. New York.
Comice. See Doyenne du Cornice.
Cornice de Toulon. See Vicar of Winkfield.
Common Bergamot. See Autumn Bergmnot,
COMPERETTE [Colmar Musque). — Fruit, below medium size, two
inches and three-quarters long, and two inches and a quarter wide ;
obovate. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, but becoming lemon-yellow,
strewed with patches and dots of russet. Eye, quite small, with narrow
segments, half open, and set in a narrow depression. Stalk, stout,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted on the apex of the fruit.
Flesh, buttery, melting, juicy, and sweet, with a musky flavour.
A good pear, but not of high merit ; ripe in the end of October.
I cannot trace the origin of this pear. It is in Van Mons' Catalogue, 3rd series,
under No. 281, without any remark.
COMTE D'EGMONT.— Fruit, small ; obovate or turbinate, even in
its outline. Skin, lemon-yellow, and entirely covered with dots of a
fine reddish brown russet, which in some parts are so dense as to form
an irregular patch, particularly round the eye. Eye, small and open,
with short erect segments, and placed in a shallow depression. Stalk,
woody and stout, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellow, melting,
somewhat gritty, very rich, sugary, and delicious.
A first-rate little pear ; ripe in the end of October and beginning of
November.
COMTE DE FLANDRE [St. Jean Baptiste).—Frmt, very large ;
pyriform. Skin, almost entirely covered with large freckles of cin-
namon-coloured russet. Eye, open, and rather large, with very short,
deciduous segments. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slender.
PEARS. 658
Flesh, yellowish, melting, juicy, and sugary, with a rich and agreeably
perfumed juice.
An excellent pear, of the highest merit ; ripe in November and
December.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, which fruited at Louvain in 1843, the year
after his death, and was named in honour of the brother of King Leopold IL
COMTE DE LAMY {Beurre Quetelet; Beurre Curtet; Dingier).—
Fruit, below medium size ; roundish obovate. Skin, yellowish green,
with brownish red next the sun, and strewed with russety dots. Eye,
small, set in a slight depression. Stalk, an inch long, set in a small
cavity. Flesh, white, tender, buttery, melting, sugary, and richly
flavoured.
A delicious pear ; ripe in October. Tree, hardy, a good bearer, and
succeeds well either as a standard or pyramid. It does not do well at
Teddington, for Mr. Blackmore says it is of '* middling quality and
not worth growing." On the Weald of Sussex, and growing in soil
of the Hastings Sand formation, Mr. Luckhurst says *'it is of an
eminently delicious flavour, worthy of the highest commendation, and
should find a place in every garden."
Comte de Limoges. See Epine du Mas.
COMTE DE PARIS. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches long, and
two and a half wide ; oblong-obovate, blunt at the apex, even and
regularly formed. Skin, rough, yellowish green, thickly dotted all over
with large grey russet dots and patches of russet, and an orange blush
next the sun. Eye, open, with short stunted segments, set in a shght
depression. Stalk, woody, green, three-quarters of an inch long, in-
serted on the apex without depression, and rather fleshy at the base.
Flesh, yellowish, rather gritty, juicy, brisk, and sweet, with an
aromatic flavour.
A good pear, of ordinary quality ; in use from October to December.
Mr. Blackmore says *' it is very poor here."
Comte Odart. See Beurre Benoit.
COMTESSE D'ALOST.— Large, three inches and three-quarters
long, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; pyriform, very much
the shape of Marie Louise. Skin, pale yellow, with a greenish tinge,
covered all over with large russety freckles, and with a coating of
russet round the eye. Eye, very small and open, set in a flat and
shght depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout and
woody, inserted on the apex of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish, coarse-
grained, and rather gritty, melting, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A good pear ; ripe in November and December, but soon rots at
the core.
I received this from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, near Ghent, in 1847.
554 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Comtesse de Frenol. See Figue de Xaples.
Comtesse de Lunay. See Duchesse de Mars.
Comtesse de Lunay. See Besi de Montigny.
Comtesse de Terwueren. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
Conseiller de la Cour. See Marechal de Cour.
CONSEILLER DE HOLLANDS. —Fruit, large, three inches and
a half long, and two inches and a half wide ; pyramidal, undulating in
its outline. Skin, fine golden yellow, considerably covered with rather
rough cinnamon-coloured russet, and on the side next the sun with a
warm orange glow, interspersed with several broken streaks of dull
crimson ; on the shaded side it has a few green specks and large dots.
Eye, open, with erect segments, set in a very slight depression. Stalk,
an inch long, fleshy, and tapering into the fruit. Flesh, firm and crisp,
yellowish, not melting nor juicy, but sweet and with a musky perfume.
A worthless but handsome fruit, which rots at the core without
melting, in the middle of October.
CONSEILLER RANWEZ.— Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
long, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; pyramidal, even and
regularly formed. Skin, rough to the touch in consequence of the
large specks of coarse brown russet with which it is in some parts
thickly strewed; the ground colour is bright green, which becomes
yellowish within a day or two of its ripening. Eye, large and open,
with stout, erect segments, placed in a wide shallow basin. Stalk,
about half an inch long, rather stout and woody, inserted in a narrow
depression, surrounded with a patch of russet. Flesh, fine-grained,
half-buttery, tender, and moderately juicy, sweet and brisk, like
Autumn Bergamot, without its aroma.
Of second quality. It rots at the core in October. Mr. Blackmore
considers it useless.
A seedling of Van Mons, which first fruited at Louvain in 1841, and was sent
me by M. Papeleu in 1847.
Coule Soif. See Summer Franc Real.
Coulon St. Marc. See Belle de TJiouars.
CRAIG'S FAVOURITE.— Fruit, medium size; obovate- turbinate.
Skin, yellowish green in the shade, almost entirely covered with thin
russet, which is again covered with dots and patches of coarser russet ;
and next the sun dull red streaked with livelier red, mottled with orange,
and thickly strewed with large grey russety dots. Eye, open, full of
stamens, with rigid incurved linear segments, which are covered with
white down, and set in a shallow, round, and somewhat undulating
basin, which is covered with scales of a white russet. Stalk, short,
stout, and fleshy, particularly at the base, and obliquely inserted, with
PEARS. 555
a fleshy protuberance connecting it with the frnit on one side of it.
Flesh, white, half buttery, juicy, sugary, and perfumed.
A dessert pear ; ripe in September. The tree is vigorous, hardy,
and a great bearer.
This variety is of Scotch origin, having been raised in the neighbourhood of
Perth, for which climate it is admirably adapted, as it is there a valuable autumn
dessert pear.
Crapaut. See Bergamotte Biifo.
CRASANNE (Bergamotte Crasanne ; Beurre Plat ; Crasanne
d'Automne). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters wide,
and two inches and a half high ; roundish, and flattened. Skin,
greenish yellow, marked all over with veins and dots of grey russet.
Eye, small and open, with short, acute segments, set in a deep, round,
and narrow basin. Stalk, two inches to two and a half long, slender
and curved, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, white, buttery, melting,
tender, and of a rich sugary flavour and fine perfume.
A dessert pear ; in use from November to December. The tree is
vigorous and healthy, succeeds well either on the pear or quince stock,
but needs a wall to bring the fruit to perfection. It requires a rich
light soil. It is not a good bearer, and requires to be pruned long.
The Crasanne is a pear which formerly enjoyed a high reputation ;
but since the rush of new varieties which began with the present
century it has long since been superseded. At Teddington Mr.
Blackmore finds it flat and watery.
Crasanne d'Austrasie. See Jaminette,
Crasanne d'Automne. See Crasanne,
Crasanne d'Ete. See Summer Crasanne.
CRAWFORD (Bancrief; Lammas [of the Scotch]).— Fruit, below
medium size ; obovate. Skin, greenish yellow, changing to pale yellow
as it ripens, with sometimes a tinge of brownish red next the sun.
Eye, open, with short dry segments, and set even with the fruit.
Stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, white, buttery,
juicy, with a sweet and refreshing flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in the middle of August. The tree is very
hardy and vigorous, and bears abundantly.
This is the earliest Scotch pear, and is grown over the whole extent of the
country. It is a much superior pear to the Citron des Carmes.
Cristalline. See Angelique de Bordeaux.
CROFT CASTLE.— Fruit, medium size; oval, roundish at the
stalk, narrow towards the eye, where it is flattened. Skin, greenish
yellow, covered with large brown dots and markings of russet. Eye,
large, open, with long recurved segments prominently set, even with
the surface. Stalk, an inch and a half long, curved, and frequently
656 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
connected with the fruit by a fleshy protuberance. Flesh, juicy, sweet,
and perfumed.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is a most abundant and
regular bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
This is a seedling raised by Mr. T. A. Knight.
CROSS. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches high ; Bergamot-shaped. Skin, smooth, of an uniform
golden colour, sprinkled with many russet dots and patches of russet,
and with a red blush next the sun. Eye, small and open, rather deeply
set. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a
small round cavity. Flesh, white, very tender, buttery, and melting,
with a pleasant brisk flavour.
Of second quality ; ripe in November and December.
This is an American pear, raised by Mr. Cross, at Newburyport, Massachusetts.
Cueillette. See Jargonelle.
Cueillette d'Hiver. See Vicar of Winkjield.
CUISSE MADAME [Poire de Hives; Be Fusee; Ladi/s Buttock;
Lady's Thigh; Kiss Madam). — ^Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform. Skin,
smooth and glossy, pale green, changing to yellowish green on the
shaded side, and of a fine dark clear russet next the sun, and covered
with numerous reddish green dots next the sun, and dark green in the
shade. Eye, open, with small short segments, set in a slight depression.
Stalk, an inch and a half long, fleshy at the base, and inserted without
depression. Flesh, whitish, crisp, juicy, sweet, and with a musky
flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in August. Tree succeeds well as a standard ;
it bears but indifterently when young, but as it becomes aged it is more
fertile.
Culot. See Bonville.
Culotte de Suisse. See Verte Longue Panachee.
Cure . See Vicar of Winkfield.
CUSHING. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, tapering rather ob-
liquely to the stalk. Skin, smooth, light greenish yellow, sprinkled
with small grey dots and occasionally with a dull red cheek. Eye,
rather small, set in a basin of moderate size. Flesh, white, fine-
grained, buttery, melting, sweet, sprightly, and perfumed. — Downing.
An early pear of good reputation in America.
Cypress. See Early Rousselet.
iOfi /?fS DANA'S HOYEY.— Fruit, small, two inches wide, and two and a
rS quarter long ; obovate and regular in its outhne. Skin, greenish yel-
low, becoming quite yellow when fully ripened, dotted and veined with
PEARS. 557
pale brovm russet. Eye, open, set in a round saucer-like basin.
Stalk, about an inch long, inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, melting, and juicy, sugary, and with a rich perfume.
A first-rate pear ; in use from November till January. On the Weald
of Sussex and growing in soil of the Hastings Sand formation at Old-
lands, near Uckfield, Mr. Luckhurst says, " The fruit is small and very
handsome, wonderfully juicy and sweet, with an aroma of extraordinary
richness. It is a veritable sweetmeat, and its value is all the greater
from the fact of its keeping good quite six weeks after it is ripe."
This is an American pear, raised at Roxbury, Mass., by Mr. Francis Dana, and
named in honour of Mr. C. M. Hovey, the well-known nurseryman of Boston,
and author of " The Fruits of America." Mr. Hovey's name is pronounced
** Huvvy."
Dauphin. See Lansac.
Davy. See Flemish Beauty.
Dean's. See White Doyenne.
D'Abondance. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
D'Amour. See Ah! mon Dieu,
DEARBORN'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, small; turbinate. Skin,
smooth, of a pale yellow colour, strewed with small russety dots. Eye,
large and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, long and slender,
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, white, very juicy and melting, sweet,
and pleasantly flavoured.
An early pear of American origin ; ripe in August.
D'Arenberg. See Colmar tUAremberg.
D'Auch. See Colmar.
De Bavay. See Autumn Colmar.
De Bordeaux. See Bed (THei'i.
De Bure. See Bellisslme cTHiver.
De Cadet. See Bergamotte Cadette.
De Cambron. See Glou Morgeau.
De Charneux. See Fondante de Charneu.
De Chypre. See Early Rousselet.
Defays. See Doyenne Defays.
De Finois. See Angleterre.
De Fosse. See Jargonelle.
De Glace. See Virgouleuse.
De Kienzheim. See Vallee Franche.
558
THE FEUIT MANUAL.
De la Motte. See Best de la Motte.
De Lavault. See Williams's Bon Chretien.
Delbart. See Beurre d'Amanlis.
De Legipont. See Fondante de Charneu.
Delfosse Bourgmestre. See Beurre Delfosse.
Delices d'Hardenpont d' Angers. See Delices d' Angers.
DELICES D'ANGERS {Beurre Lasalle; Beurre des Hautes Vignes ;
Delices d'Hardenpont d' Angers; Fondante du Panisel). — Fruit, medium
sized ; roundish obovate, uneven and bossed in its outline. Skin,
pale yellow, with a tinge of clear red next the sun, strewed wuth
russety dots and patches of rough grey russet. Eye, small and open.
Stalk, short and thick, obliquely inserted in a small cavity, and fleshy
at the base. Flesh, white, rather coarse-grained, juicy, sweet, and
agreeably perfumed.
Ripe in October and November.
DELICES EVERARD.— Fruit, small, two inches and half wide,
and the same in length ; roundish turbinate. Skin, smooth and
shining, uniform bright yellow, considerably marked with dots and
specks of russet. Eye, small, with erect deciduous segments, set in
a shallow basin. Stalk, short, set level with the surface. Flesh, with
a salmon tint, like Josephine de Malines, quite tender, buttery, and
melting, very juicy, with a sweet delicious flavour and fine perfume.
A dessert pear of great excellence ; ripe in October, and will keep
till February.
It was raised by M. Gabriel Everard, a gardener at Toumay, in 1840, and it
received a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1875. I
received it from De Jonghe of Brussels in 1865.
DELICES DE FROYENNES.— Fruit, medium sized, about three
inches wide, and three and a half long ; ovate or roundish obovate.
Skin, entirely covered with rough brown russet. Eye, open, set nearly
level with the surface. Stalk, an inch long, stout, fleshy at the base,
inserted on the apex of the fruit without depression. Flesh, tender,
melting, and very juicy, vinous, and with a fine perfume.
Ripe in November ; of great excellence. The tree is a free grower,
forms a handsome pyramid, and is an abundant bearer.
It was raised by M. Isidore Degand, gardener to Comte de Germiny, at
Froyennes, near Tournay, and was honoured by the Society of Toumay, 5th
November, 1853.
DELICES D'HARDENPONT.— Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter long, and over two inches and a half wide ; oblong-obovate,
blunt at the stalk, irregular and uneven in its outline, narrowing from
the bulge to the eye. Skin, smooth, at first bright green, changing as
it attains maturity to bright lemon-yellow, thickly covered with pale
brown russety dots on the sunny side, but less so in the shade. Eye,
small and open, with short dry erect segments, and set in an uneven
and considerable depression. Stalk, an inch long, thick and fleshy,
rather obliquely inserted in a small compressed cavity, and sometimes
on the apex of the fruit. Flesh, white, tender, buttery, melting, with
a rich, sweet, and perfumed flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in November. The tree is rather
delicate, succeeds well on the quince, is a good bearer, and may be
grown either against a wall or as a standard. Mr. Blackmore says it
is useless at Teddington.
It was raised by Abbe Hardenpont, of Mona, in Belgium, in 1759, at his garden,
which was situated at the Porte d'Havre, at Mons. The fruit described aJbove is
the true Dt-lices d'Hardenpont. It was received by Van Mons from the raiser, and
is entered twice in his catalogue ; first in the Ist series, No. 331, and again in the
2nd series, No. 714, as " Dt'lices d'Hardenpont .- par son patron." Grafts of this
were sent by Dr. Van Mons to Dr. Diel in 1810, and his description leaves no
doubt that the fruit I have identified as the true variety is the correct one. It was
received from Van Mons by the Horticultural Society of London.
But there is much contention among pomologists on this subject, and conse-
quently much confusion of synonymes. Some make Charles d'Autriche and
Archduc Charles synonymes of it. Both of these were received by Diel from
Van Mons, but the description of both differs so widely from Dclices d'Harden-
pont, that I am surprised how any one could for a moment suppose them to be
identical. The figure of D61ices d'Hardenpont given by M. Willermoz in Pomologie
fie la France is excellent, but that given by M. Bivort is incorrect, and has no
resemblance to it.
DELICES DE JODOIGNE.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches
long, and two and a quarter wide ; pyriform, uneven in its outline, and
larger on one side of the axis than the other. Skin, thin, pale yellow,
marked with flakes and dots of pale brown russet. Eye, open, level
with the surface. Stalk, short, very thick and fleshy, inserted on the
apex of the fruit. Flesh, half-melting, sweet, sugary, and aromatic.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of October, but an inferior pear.
Raised by M. Simon Bouvier, of Jodoigne, in 1826.
DELICES DE LOYENJOUL. — Fruit, medium size, two inches and
a half long, and over two inches wide ; Doyenne-shaped. Skin, entirely
covered with reddish brown russet on the side next the sun, and on the
shaded side it is dotted all over with brown russet dots, which expose
the yellow ground. Eye, small and open, with short segments, and set
in a slight depression. Stalk, an inch long, slender and woody, in-
serted in a small round hole. Flesh, yellow, half-melting, juicy, rich,
and sugary, but somewhat gritty.
Ripe in the end of October and beginning of November.
This is by some pomologists made synonymous with Jules Bivort, which was
first made known by M. Bivort ; but Delices de Lovenjoul is iuVan Mons' catalogue
of 1828, 3rd series, as No. 521.
De Maune. See Colmar.
560 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Depot de Syllery. See Cassolette,
De Pezenas. See Duchesse d'Angouleme.
Deschamps. See Beurre d'Aremberg.
Desiree Van Mons. See Fondante de Charneu.
DESIRE CORNELIS. — Fruit, large size, three inches and a quarter
long, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; oblong-oval, even and
regularly formed. Skin, smooth, at first of a fine grass-green colour,
thickly covered with brown dots, and as it ripens the ground colour
becomes greenish yellow, thickly covered with cinnamon -coloured dots,
and with a large patch of russet round the stalk. Eye, large and
irregular, partially closed, and with stout, coarse, irregular segments,
placed in a shallow basin, which is plaited or undulating round the
margin. Stalk, long, stout, and fleshy, inserted on the end of the fruit
without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, very tender, buttery,
melting, and very juicy, rich, vinous, and with a flavour equal to that
of Marie Louise.
A delicious summer dessert pear ; ripe in the end of August and
beginning of September. It is ripe at the same time as Williams's Bon
Chretien, to which it is a great rival where the musky flavour of that
variety is not appreciated. Mr. Blackmore says it is " a fine pear,
but not of high flavour ; sweet and of loose texture."
DEUX SCEURS. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half long, and two
inches and a half wide ; oblong, ribbed and undulating in its outline.
Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, sometimes entirely covered wdth a very
thin crust of pale brown russet, but always more or less mottled and
dotted with russet. Eye, small and open, set in a very narrow and
shallow depression. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long, inserted
obliquely in a narrow cavity by the side of a fleshy protuberance. Flesh,
white, buttery, melting, and very juicy, with a sweet, sprightly juice,
and rich flavour, not unlike Marie Louise, but quite distinct from it.
A remarkably fine pear ; ripe in the end of October. The tree is a
good bearer, a vigorous grower, and forms excellent pyramids either
on the pear or the quince. Mr. Blackmore says it is quite worthless
at Teddington.
The original tree sprang up in the garden of two sisters, the Misses Knoop, at
Malines, and hence the name of Deux Sceurs.
DEUX TETES (Double Calijce; Deux Yeux). —Fmit, medium size ;
roundish, somewhat turbinate. Skin, pale yellowish green on the
shaded side, washed with red on the side next the sun. Eye, large
and oval, placed on two small prominences, appearing as if dividing it
in two, hence the name of Deux Tetes. Stalk, an inch long, often fleshy
at the insertion, and obliquely inserted under a fleshy enlargement of
the fruit. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy, and slightly perfumed.
A dessert fruit ; ripe in August. More curious than useful. This
is an old variety, being mentioned by Parkinson.
f PEABS. 5G1
De Trois Tours. See Beurre Diel.
Deux Yeux. See Double Tetes.
Diamant. See GanseVs Bergamot,
Dillen d'Automne. See Marechal Dillen.
Dingier. See Comte de Lamy.
DIX. — Fruit, very large ; Calebasse-shaped. Skin, deep yellow,
covered all over with rough russet dots and markings of russet. Eye,
small, set in a wide shallow depression. Stalk, upwards of an inch in
length, stout, and inserted without depression. Flesh, rather coarse-
grained, juicy, sweet, and slightly perfumed.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in November.
DOCTOR ANDRY. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters wide, and the same in height; roundish turbinate orBergamot-
shaped. Skin, clear bright yellow, strewed with patches and dots of
fawn-coloured russet, especially about the stalk and the eye. Eye,
half open, set in a wide, shallow depression. Stalk, short and stout,
placed in a shallow cavity. Flesh, melting, very juicy, somewhat
gritty, sweet, and with a musky perfume.
An excellent pear ; ripe in November. The tree is a great bearer,
succeeds well either on the pear or the quince, and forms handsome
pyramids.
Raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, and named in honour of Dr. Andry, Presi-
<3ent of the Horticultural Society of Paris.
Doctor Bretonneau. See Beurre Bretonneau,
DOCTOR CAPRON. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches wide,
and three inches high ; pyramidal, narrowing both towards the eye and
the stalk, even and regular in outline. Skin, of an uniform deep yellow,
dotted and veined over its whole surface with pale brown russet. Eye,
small and open, set even with the margin. Stalk, half an inch long,
woody, inserted without depression by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh,
yellow, melting, juicy, sweet, and of good flavour.
Ripe in November, when it rots at the core.
DOCTOR HOGG BERGAMOT.— Fruit, produced in great clusters ;
small, the size of Seckle ; obovate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, at first grass-green, with a dull brownish red cheek on one side,
and considerably covered with russet, which is thickly strewed with
large rough ashy grey dots, extending over the whole surface ; as it
ripens the green becomes deep yellow, and the dull red a bright deep
red, shining cheek, with an orange glow. Eye, open, with short, erect,
tooth-like segments, sunk in a shallow, saucer-like depression. Stalk,
short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, melting, slightly
gritty at the core, remarkably sweet, like honey, with a fine brisk
acidulous flavour, and a perfume of lemon.
86
562 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
This is one of the richest flavoured pears in cultivation, ripening in
September. It should be gathered a few days before it is ripe, and
allowed to mature in the house.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from seed of Gansel's Late
Bergamot, and was awarded a first-class certificate by the Royal Horticultural
Society, in 1878.
DOCTOR JULES GUYOT.— Fruit, large, three inches wide, and
four inches long; oblong-obovate, uneven on the surface, and not unlike
Williams's Bon Chretien in shape and colour, being pale jellow when
ripe, with a thin crimson blush on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
open, set even with the surface. Stalk, about half an inch long, very
stout and fleshy, set rather obliquely in a round cavity. Flesh, tender,
melting, and very juicy, of good flavour, but soon becomes pasty and
insipid.
It ripens in the middle of September, and soon becomes rotten at
the core, and with such a fault it is not worth cultivating when there
are so many better varieties in use at the same season.
This was raised by MM. Baltet freres, nurserymen, at Troyes, and was first
sent into commerce in 1873.
DOCTOR LENTIER.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches long, and
two inches and a half wide ; obovate, narrowing towards the eye, where
it is flattened. Skin, smooth, pale lemon-coloured, splashed with cin-
namon russet, especially near the eye. Eye, large, half open, with
erect segments, set in a wide, shallow depression. Stalk, from half an
inch to three-quarters long, obliquely inserted. Flesh, fine-grained,
tender, buttery, and melting, very juicy, and exceedingly sweet and rich.
Of the greatest merit ; ripe in October. The tree is a weak grower,
makes neat pyramids, and bears well.
DOCTOR NELIS. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter wide,
and the same high ; turbinate. Skin, clear dark lemon-yellow, thinly
dotted with russet, and with a ramifying patch of brown round the
stalk. Eye, open, with erect segments, set level with the surface.
Stalk, green, an inch and a quarter long, slender, inserted without
depression by the side of a fleshy hp. Flesh, yellowish, fine-grained,
very tender, melting, juicy, and sweet.
A very fine pear ; ripe in the middle of October. Mr. Blackmore
finds it very inferior at Teddington.
DOCTOR TROUSSEAU.— Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform, wide
towards the apex. Skin, rough, greenish yellow, covered with numerous
grey specks and russet flakes, and on the side next the sun it has a
reddish brown tinge. Eye, open, sometimes without segments. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, woody, and inserted in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, white, buttery, melting, and very juicy, sugary, and with a
powerful aroma.
A very excellent pear ; ripe in December. Mr. Blackmore says it
is worthless at Teddington.
i PEARS. 563
Dr. Udale's Warden. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
DONVILLE (Poire de Provence; Calot). — Frait, medium sized;
pyriform. Skin, smooth and shining green, at first grass-green,
changing as it attains maturity to a fine lemon-yellow, and marked
with brown dots on the shaded side, with a tinge of dark lively red
strewed with small grey dots next the sun. Eye, open, set in a small
slightly plaited basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, some-
times fleshy at the base, and inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, white,
breaking, tender, and not gritty, with a sweet subacid and pleasant
flavour.
An excellent culinary pear ; ripe from December to March. The
tree is hardy, but not a large grower ; a good bearer, and succeeds well
either on the pear or quince as a standard. Calvel considers this the
same as the St. Pere of Duhamel, which he says is under a double
denomination in the garden of the Museum of Natural History to
signify the same pear.
DOROTHEE ROYALE NOUVELLE.— Fruit, about medium sized ;
pyriform, uneven, and bossed in its outline. Skin, smooth, of an
uniform clear deep lemon-yellow, with here and there a patch of
cinnamon russet. Eye, open, with stout erect segments, set in a
shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted in a small hole.
Flesh, very fine, melting, very juicy, and rich.
A first-rate pear, like a delicious Marie Louise ; ripe in the end of
October.
Dorothee Roy ale. See Beurre Diel.
Double Calyce. See Deux Tetes.
DOUBLE FLEUR [Dovhle Blossom).— Vrmi, above medium size r
round and flattened. Skin, smooth, green, becoming yellow at maturity,
reddish brown next the sun, and strewed with small dots and markings
of russet. Eye, small, set in a wide and shallow basin. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, set in a small cavity. Flesh, crisp
and juicy.
An excellent culinary pear ; ripe from January to April. The tree
is very vigorous and hardy, succeeds as a standard either on the pear
or quince, and is a good bearer.
Double Philippe. See Doyenne Boussoch.
Downham Seedling. See Hacon's Incomparable.
DOWNTON. — Fruit, medium sized, three inches long, and two and
a half wide ; oval, somewhat bossed in its outline. Skin, with greenish
yellow ground, very much covered w^ith patches and veins of dark and
pale brown russet, particularly on the side next the sun, where it is
completely covered and assumes a reddish brown tinge ; in some parts
564 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
the russet is quite smooth and in others rough. Eye, open, with erect
segments, set level with the surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, woody, inserted between two lips. Flesh, yellowish, not quite
melting but tender, with an agreeable acidulous flavour which pre-
dominates over both sweetness and aroma.
An excellent pear ; ripe in December. The tree is a vigorous grower
on the pear and makes fine standards and pyramids, but it is a weak
grower on the quince.
It was raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, President of the Horticultural Society of
London.
DOYEN DILLEN. — Fruit, above medium size ; pyramidal or
pyriform. Skin, yellow, very much covered with dots and patches
of russet. Eye, small, half open, and set in a slight depression.
Stalk, short, thick, and fleshy, inserted without depression. Flesh,
buttery and melting, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
An excellent pear ; ripe in November.
DOYENNE D'ALENCON {Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alencon; Doyenne
d'Hiver Nouveau; Doyenne Marbre; St. Michel d'Hiver; Doyenne
Gris d' Hirer Nouveau). — Fruit, medium size, two inches and three-
quarters long, and two inches and a half wide ; oval, narrowing with
an abrupt concave curve towards the eye, so as to form a sort of
snout of the apex. Skin, pea-green or greenish yellow when ripe,
thickly dotted all over with large dots, which are sometimes grey and
sometimes green, not unlike the colouring of Easter Beurre. Eye,
small and open, with short ovate segments, which are incurved and
set in a narrow depression. Stalk, very short and generally stout,
inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, buttery,
and melting, slightly gritty at the core, but sweet, rich, and highly
flavoured.
A very excellent late pear ; in use from December till February, and
even to March. The tree is a vigorous grower, forms handsome
pyramids, and is an abundant bearer.
This has been considered synonymous with Easter Beurre, from which it is per-
fectly distinct. It certainly somewhat resembles it in appearance, but the flavour
is quite distinct, and it is a much superior fruit. The young shoots of Doyenne
d*Alen9on have the buds plump, oval, and spreading, while in Easter Beurre
they are more slender, conical, and adpressed to the shoot. Mr. Blackmore says
it differs much from Easter Beurre, is smaller, less rich, and more sprightly.
Doyenne d'Automne. See Red Doyenne.
Doyenne Benoit. See Beurre Benoit.
Doyenne Blanc. See White Doyenne.
DOYENNE BOUSSOCH {Albertine ; Beurre de Merode ; Beurre
de Westerloo ; Double Philippe ; Nouvelle Boussoch). — Fruit, very
large, three inches and a half high, and the same wide ; roundish
; PEARS. 565
obovate, or Doyenne-shaped. Skin, lemon-coloured, covered with
large rough russety dots. Eye, open, placed in a shallow basin.
Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, tender, very melting, and juicy, with a fine brisk vinous juice,
and a delicate, agreeable perfume.
A handsome pear of good quality if eaten before it is too ripe ; it
is in use in October. At Teddington, Mr. Blackmore says, "it is fine-
looking, very fertile, but not good." On the Hastings Sand formation
of the Weald of Sussex, Mr. Luckhurst finds it '* a fine pear, sweet,
brisk, with a tolerably rich flavour, and an agreeable aroma."
DOYENNE DU COMICE (Comics).— Fruit, large, three inches
wide, and three inches and a half high ; pyramidal or obovate, some-
times rather uneven in its outline. Skin, lemon-yellow, with a
greenish tinge, considerably covered with speckles and patches of pale
brown russet, and particularly so round the eye and the stalk. Eye,
small and open, with short, pointed segments, set in a considerable
depression. Stalk, half an inch to an inch long, fleshy at the base ;
sometimes curved, and inserted in a round narrow cavity ; sometimes
very short and stout, and obliquely inserted almost at right angles with
the fruit. Flesh, yellowish white, very tender, buttery, and melting,
very juicy, rich, sweet, and delicately perfumed with a sort of cin-
namon flavour.
A most delicious pear ; in use in the end of October, and continuing
throughout November. M. Andre Leroy recommends that to preserve
this as long in use as possible it is necessary to gather it early and
dry ; and after placing it in the fruit-room to handle it as Uttle as
possible.
The tree is a healthy grower and a very good bearer. It forms
handsome pyramids on the quince. Mr. R. D. Blackmore, writing
from Teddington, says, ** This is, to my mind, the best of all pears ;
very healthy, a certain cropper, of beautiful growth, and surpassing
flavour. I have grown it to the weight of 14 oz. on heavily cropped
trees. But on a wall it is far inferior." Writing from the Weald of
Sussex, Mr. Luckhurst, of Oldlands, says, " It is a most delicious pear,
very sweet, rich, melting, and juicy."
This valuable pear was raised in the Garden of the Cornice Horticole at Angers,
and the original tree first fruited in 1849.
Doyenne Crotte, See Bed Doyenne,
DOYENNE DEFAYS (Defais).— Fruit, about medium size, two
inches and a half wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish
obovate, or Doyenne- shaped, bossed at the stalk end, and generally
larger and longer on one side of the axis than the other. Skin, yellow,
very much covered with cinnamon-coloured russet on the side next the
sun, and more thinly on the shaded side. Eye, rather large and wide
open, with long and broad segments, which are quite flat and reflexed,
5G6 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
and set in a shallow depression. Stalk, about an inch long, set in a
deep, wide, and furrowed cavity. Flesh, tender, buttery, melting,
and very juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous, with a fine musky aroma.
A most delicious pear ; one of the best. Ripe in December. The
tree is hardy, and a good bearer.
DOYENNE DOWNING.— Fruit, medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; roundish, even, or
Bergamot- shaped. Skin, with a dull greenish yellow ground, and con-
siderably mottled wath large patches of brown russet. Eye, open, with
long wide-spreading segments, set in a round even basin. Stalk, short
and fleshy, inserted with scarcely any depression. Flesh, very white,
rather firm, half-melting, not very juicy, and with a pleasant flavour of
anise.
A good but not a high-class fruit ; ripe in the last week of Sep-
tember, and soon afterwards decays.
It was found at Haute Perche, near Angers, in 1851, and was dedicated by
M. Andre Leroy to the memory of Mr. A. J. Downing, the American pomologist.
Doyenne Esterckman. See Beurre Sterckmans,
Doyenne d'Ete. See Summer Doyenne.
Doyenne Galloux. See Red Doyenne,
' Doyenne Gris. See lied Doyenne.
Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. See Doyenne d'Alengon.
DOYENNE GOUBAULT.— Fruit, above medium size; obovate,
inclining to pyriform. Skin, pale yellow, with markings of russet
about the stalk and the eye, and covered with russety dots. Eye,
small, set in a rather deep hollow. Stalk, short and thick. Flesh,
melting, juicy, rich, sugary, and aromatic.
An excellent pear ; ripe in January.
Doyenne d'Hiver. See Easte?- Beurre,
Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alen9on. See Doyenne d'Alencon.
Doyenne d'Hiver Nouveau. See Doyenne d'Alencon.
Doyenne Jaune. See Bed Doyenne,
Doyenne de Juillet. See Summer Doyenne. •
Doyenne Marbre. See Doyenne d'Alenqon.
Doyenne Musque. See Besi de Montiyny.
DOYENNE ROBIN. — Fruit, large; somewhat oval or roundish
obovate. Skin, yellowish, mottled and dotted with bright russet.
Eye, open, and rather prominent. Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted
' PEABS. 567
in a deep and wide cavity. Flesh, melting, juicy, sweet, and vinous,
with an agreeable aroma.
A good autumn pear ; ripe in October.
It was raised at Angers in 1840 by a gardener named Robin, and it has there a
good reputation, but we have not bad mucb experience of it in this country.
DOYENNE SENTELETTE.— Fruit, about medium sized ; Doyenne-
shaped, even and regular in its outline. Skin, with a deep rich yellow
ground, very much mottled and speckled with cinnamon-coloured
russet, and with a crust of russet round the stalk ; on the side next
the sun it is washed with a pale crimson cheek when the fruit is fully
exposed. Eye, very small and open, set in a shallow depression.
Stalk, rather stout and woody, set on one side, in a round cavity.
Flesh, tender, juicy, and without any marked character.
An inferior fruit ; ripe in the middle of October, and which soon
becomes mealy.
Doyenne de Paques. See Easter Beurre.
Doyenne Pictee. See White Doyenne.
Doyenne de Printemps. See Easter Beurre.
Doyenne Rouge. See Red Doyenne.
Doyenne Roux. See Red Doyenne,
DOYENNE SIEULLE {Bergamotte Sieulle ; Beurre Sieuile ;
Sieulle). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half wide, and the
same in height ; roundish turbinate or Bergamot-shaped. Skin, smooth,
uniform deep yellow all over, strewed with russet dots, and with a blush
of crimson next the sun. Eye, small, and open, set in a shallow
depression. Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted in a narrow, round
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, half-buttery, not very melting nor ver}' juicy,
sweet, and with an agreeable almond flavour.
A fruit of variable merit. In some seasons I have found it excellent,
and in others, as in 1863, I have noted it as ** only second-rate." It
ripens in November.
This was discovered as a wilding by M. J. B. Clement Sieulle, gardener to the
Due de Cboiseul, at Vaux Praslin, near Melun, and was first propagated in 1815.
Drummond. See Charnock.
Dry Martin. See Martin Sec.
DUG ALFRED DE CRUY.— Fruit, large ; obtuse pyriform, regular
and handsome. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, with a thin crust of
browTi russet over the surface ; on the side next the sun it is tinged with
pale brown. Eye, open and clove-like, set almost even with the sur-
face. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy at the base, and inserted on the end
of the fruit without depression. Flesh, yellowish, with a greenish
568 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
tinge under the skin, not very juicy, but buttery, rich, and with a fine
spicy flavour and perfume.
An excellent pear ; ripe in the end of November and beginning of
December, and afterwards becomes pasty.
I do not find this described in any other pomological work. I received it from
M. J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, in 1864.
Due d'Aremberg. See Beurre d' Ar ember g.
DUG D'AUMALE. — Fruit, three inches high, and two inches wide ;
pyriform, even in its outline, and not much unlike Marie Louise in
appearance. Skin, greenish yellow, mottled all over with fine cinna-
mon-coloured russet. Eye, very large and open, set on a level with
the surface of the fruit. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, obliquely
inserted on one side of the axis in a small round cavity. Flesh,
whitish, half-buttery, slightly gritty, and not very juicy ; sweet, and
with a rich honied flavour.
A second-rate pear, not sufficiently juicy ; ripe in the first week in
October, after which it soon decays at the core.
This is a posthumous seedling of Van Mons, which first fruited with M. Bivort
in 1847.
Due de Bordeaux. See Epine clu Mas.
Due de Brabant. See Fondante de Charneu.
DUG DE MOENY. — Fruit, large, short obovate, uneven in its
outline. Skin, greenish, mottled, and dotted with light brown russet.
Eye, open, set in a slight depression. Stalk, about an inch long,
obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, very tender, melting,
sweet, and briskly flavoured.
A second-rate pear, raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen ; in use from
November till January.
DUG DE NEMOURS [Beurre Noisette ; Noisette).— Fmit, large md
handsome, three inches wide, and three inches and a half long ; obovate,
narrowing abruptly with a concave curve to the stalk. Skin, lemon-
yellow, covered with numerous minute russet dots, which are so thick
as to almost form a crust over the surface. Eye, open, with reflexed
segments, set almost level with the surface. Stalk, an inch to an inch
and a half long, obliquely inserted, with a fleshy swelling at the base.
Flesh, yellowish white, tender, buttery, melting, and juicy, rich, sweet,
and sprightly, with a fine musky flavour.
A delicious pear ; ripe in December. It has quite the texture,
flavour, and aroma of Williams's Bon Ghretien. The tree is very
healthy and vigorous, a good bearer, and succeeds equally well on
the pear or the quince. Mr. Blackmore finds it does not succeed well
at Teddington.
Raised by Van Mons, and sent to M. Poiteau, at Paris, in 1833, who named it
PEAKS. 569
in honour of M. Noisette, the nurseryman of that city. It was also sent in 1831,
under No. 1660, to M. Bouvier, of Jodoigne, who, when it fruited, named it Due
de Nemours,
Due d' Orleans. See Marechal de Cour.
Duchesse. See Duchesse d'AngouUme.
DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME (Duchesse; Eparonnais ; De Pe-
zenas). — Fruit, large, sometimes very large, three inches and a half
•wide, and three inches and three-quarters high being the average of
the larger size, but it is generally smaller ; roundish obovate, very
uneven and bossed in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, changing to
pale dull yellow, covered with veins and freckles of pale brown russet,
and when grown in a favourable exposure against a wall it sometimes
acquires a brownish cheek. Eye, open, with erect, dry segments, set
in a deep, irregular basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted in a
deep, irregular cavity. Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, with a
rich flavour when well ripened, but generally it is coarse-grained and
half-melting, juicy, and sweet.
A dessert pear, sometimes of great excellence ; ripe during October
and November. The tree is a vigorous and healthy grower, bears
abundantly, and succeeds well either on the pear or the quince, forming
handsome pyramids. When grown against a wall, and the fruit well
thinned, the latter sometimes attain an enormous size. At Teddington,
Mr. Blackmore says, it is very coarse and gritty.
The original tree was observed by M. Anne-Pierre Audusson, nurser}Tnan at
Angers, growing in the garden of the farm of Eparonnais, near Champigne, in
Anjou, and having procured grafts of it, he sold the trees in 1812 under the name
of Poire des Eparonnais. In 1820 he sent a basket of the fruit to the Duchesse
d'Angouleme, with a request to be permitted to name the pear in honour of her ;
a request which was granted, and since that time it has borne its present appellation.
DUCHESSE D'ANGOULEME PANACHEE.— This in every
respect resembles the normal form from which it is a sport, and dis-
tinguished by the wood, the leaves and the fruit being variegated with
alternate green and yellow. It originated in the nurseries of M. Andre
Leroy at Angers in 1840.
DUCHESSE DE BERRY D'ETE [Duchesse de Berry de JSantes).—
Fruit, below medium size ; roundish obovate, even in its outline.
Skin, smooth and shining, of a greenish lemon-yellow colour, strewed
with small russet dots, a circle of thin pale russet round the eye, and
a patch round the stalk. Eye, very small and closed, with small, flat
segments, and set even with the surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, woody, inserted on one side in a small cavity, with a fleshy
lip on one side of it. Flesh, white, rather coarse-grained, and slightly
gritty, crisp, and very juicy. Juice, cool and refreshing, sweet, and
briskly flavoured.
A good early pear; ripe in the end of August and beginning of
September.
570 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Duchesse de Berry d'Hiver. See UvedaWs St. Germain.
DUCHESSE DE BORDEAUX (BeurrS Perrault).— Fruit, small,
two inches and three-quarters wide, and the same long ; Bergamot or
Doyenne -shaped, uneven in its outline. Skin, lemon-coloured, but so
overspread with thin pale brown russet as to leave very Httle of the
ground colour visible except in specks and small mottles ; on the side
exposed to the sun the russet is thicker, and a dark cinnamon colour.
Eye, open, with erect tooth-like segments incurved at the tips, and set
in a wide, shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, thickest at the base,
curved, and inserted without depression on the abrupt end of the fruit.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, melting, juicy, with a rich flavour and delicate
aroma, similar to that of the Seckle.
A very valuable late pear, which ripens in the end of December, and
continues in use till March.
This was raised by M. Seeker, at Gohardiere Montjean, near Angers, and was
first exhibited in 1859.
DUCHESSE DE BRABANT.— Fruit, medium sized ; short pyri-
form, even in its outline. Skin, very thin, smooth, and shining,
greenish yellow, thickly strewed with russety dots, and with a patch of
russet round the eye. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish
white, buttery, and melting, very juicy and sweet, with a pleasant
aroma.
An agreeable and refreshing pear ; ripe in November.
DUCHESSE DE MARS {Comtesse de Lunay).— Fruit, medium
sized ; obovate. Skin, yellow, with a tinge of reddish brown next the
sun, and considerably covered with brown russet. Eye, small and
closed, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long, inserted with-
out depression. Flesh, buttery, melting, juicy, perfumed, and well
flavoured.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in November. The tree succeeds
well as a standard, and is an abundant bearer.
DUCHESSE D'ORLEANS (Beurre St. Nicholas; St. Nicholas).—
Fruit, large, and pyriform. Skin, yellow on the shaded side, but with
a tinge of red on the side next the sun, mottled with greenish brown
russet. Eye, open, set in a wide shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long. Flesh, yellowish white, melting, buttery, and juicy,
with a rich, sugary, and vinous flavour, and fine aroma.
A most delicious pear; ripe in October. Mr. R. D. Blackmore
found it dry and insipid atTeddington ; while Mr. Luckhurst says *' it
is juicy and sweet, with a piquant acidulous flavour and a delicious
aroma."
DUNMORE. — Fruit, large ; oblong-obovate. Skin, greenish,
marked with numerous dots and patches of brown russet, and with a
PEARS. 571
brownish red tinge next the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a rather
deep and narrow basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long. Flesh,
yellowish white, buttery, and melting, with a rich, sugary flavour.
A pear of excellent quality ; ripe in September and October. The
tree is very hardy and an abundant bearer, often producing fruit on the
young shoots. At Teddington it is " small and inferior."
DURONDEAU (Beurre Durondeau ; De Tongre). — Fruit, large and
handsome, regularly formed ; obtuse pyriform, and small at the stalk.
Skin, shining, as if varnished, on the side next the sun, where it is of
a lively crimson, marked with broken streaks of darker crimson, and
covered with large grey russet dots ; on the shaded side it is yellow,
with a thin crust of cinnamon russet, and large russet dots. Eye,
small and open, set in a rather deep cavity. Stalk, an inch long, very
slender, and inserted on the end of the fruit. Flesh, very tender,
melting, and very juicy, sweet, rich, and delicious.
A first-rate and beautiful pear ; ripe in the end of October and
beginning of November. Mr. Blackmore says, " Very pretty and
a great bearer, but always acrid here."
The original tree exists in the garden of the late M. Durondeau, at the village
of Tongre-Notre-Dame, near Ath, in Belgium.
EARLY BERGAMOT (Bergamotte Pre'coc<?).— Fruit, medium sized,
two inches and a half high, and two inches and three-quarters wide ;
roundish, and considerably flattened at the apex. Skin, green at first,
changing to pale greenish yellow as it ripens, and finely streaked with
brownish red on the side which is exposed to the sun. Eye, set in a
deep and slightly angular basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted
in a small and shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy,
sugary, and agreeably perfumed.
An early dessert pear, of second-rate quality ; ripe in August. The
tree is a vigorous grower, an abundant bearer, and succeeds well as a
standard.
Early Beurre. See Ambrosia.
Early Catherine (of America). See EarJy Eoiisselet.
Early Charnock. See Charnock.
Early Green. See Muscat Robert.
Early Rose Angle. See Citron des Carmes.
EARLY ROUSSELET (De Chypre ; Cypress; Early Catherine [oi
the Americans) ; Perdreanx ; Perdreaux Musgiiee ; Bousselet Hdtif). —
Fruit, small ; pyriform. Skin, smooth, yellow in the shade, and bright
red next the sun, covered with grey dots. Eye, small, placed in a
shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression.
Flesh, yellowish, crisp, tender, and juicy, sweet and perfumed.
An early pear ; ripe in the end of July and beginning of August.
572 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Early Sugar. See Amire Joannet.
EASTER BERGAMOT [Bergamotte de Bngi ; Bergamotte de
Paques; Bergamotte de Toulouse; Paddingto7i ; Roberts s Keeping;
Boijal Tairlon; TartUng). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish turbinate,
narrowing more towards the stalk than the eye. Skin, at first pale green,
changing as it attains maturity to pale yellow, and thickly covered
with numerous brownish grey dots. Eye, small, and set in a shallow
basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, white,
slightly gritty, crisp, and melting, with a sugary and ai'omatic flavour.
A dessert pear ; in season from March to April. The tree is
vigorous and hardy, will succeed as a standard, but requires the aid of
a wall to have the fruit in perfection.
This variety seems to have been introduced to this country at an early period,
for according to Switzer there were trees of it in his time in existence at Hampton
Court, which were growing against a wall said to have been erected by Queen
Elizabeth, and which had every appearance of having stood there since that time.
EASTER BEURRE (Beurre de la Pentecote ; Beurre Anglaise ;
Beurre de la Paques ; Beurre d' Hirer de Bruxelles ; Beurre Boupp ;
Beurre Bx)upe ; Bergamotte d'Hiver ; Bergamotte de Pentecote ; Berga-
motte Tardive ; Canning ; Canning d'Hiuer ; Doijenne d'Hiver ; Doyenne
de Paques ; Doyenne de Printemps; Merveille de la Nature; Pastorale
d'Hiver ; Du Pdtre ; Philippe de Paques ; Seigneur d'Hiver ; Sylvange
d'Hiver). — Fruit, large ; obovate. Skin, at first pale green, changing
as it attains maturity to yellowish green, thickly strewed with russety
dots, which are larger on the side next the sun, and a few patches of
thin brown russet, particularly round the stalk and the eye, and with
sometimes a brownish tinge next the sun. Eye, small, with long
narrow incurved segments, and set in a rather deep and uneven basin.
Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted in a narrow and pretty deep cavity.
Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, very juicy, richly and highly flavoured.
A dessert pear of the highest merit ; in use from January to March.
The tree is hardy, a good bearer, and succeeds well either on the pear
or quince stock. It frequently happens that this delicious pear is of
an indifierent and insipid flavour, which is caused by unfavourable soil.
If grown against a wall on a south exposure, it should be gathered
before it is quite ripe, otherwise it is apt to become mealy. The best
and richest flavoured fruit is either from a pyramidal or espalier tree.
Mr. Blackmore says that at Teddington ** it cracks and spots, and
is very seldom good."
This originated in the garden of the monastery of the Capucins at Louvain, and
was first distributed by Dr. "Van Mons.
ECHASSERY (Besi d' Echassery ; Besi de Landry ; Miscat de Vil-
landry; Viandry ; Vert Longue d'Hiver). — Fruit, produced in clusters
of five or six, below medium size ; roundish oval, smallest towards the
stalk, and rounded at the eye. Skin, at first of a beautiful bright
green, which changes in ripening to fine clear yellow, and covered with
PEARS. 578
numerous dots and patches of greyish brown russet. Eye, small and
open, with dry, broad, flat segments, and set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch and a half long, stout and fleshy, and inserted in a
small and knobbed cavity. Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, with a
rich sugary and musky flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; in use from November to Christmas.
The tree succeeds well as a standard, is vigorous and a good bearer,
and may be grown either on the pear or quince stock, on the latter
particularly it bears early and abundantly. It dehghts in a light, warm
soil, but where it is wet and heavy the fruit is worthless and the tree
unhealthy. In Scotland and exposed situations it requires a wall.
Forsyth makes this synonymous with Yat, which is a distinct variety.
L'Echerrion. See Cassolette.
Edouard's Schmalzbirne. See Abbe Edoiiard.
EDOUARD MOBREN.— Emit, large, three inches long, and two
and a half wide ; obovate, narrowing abruptly towards the stalk.
Skin, greenish yellow dotted with red, and with a reddish blush on the
side next the sun. Eye, rather large and open, set in a wide depres-
sion. Stalk, about an inch long, inserted on the apex of the fruit,
without a cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and melting, slightly gritty,
sweet, rich, and finely perfumed.
An excellent pear ; ripe in October.
Raised by M. Gathoy, a nurseryman at Lifege, and supposed to have originated
as a cross between Fondante de Brest and White Doyenne. It was named in
honour of M. Edouard Morren, Professor of Botany in the University of Li^ge.
ELISA D'HEYST. — Fruit, above medium size, or large ; irregular
oval, widest in the middle, and tapering towards the eye and the stalk.
Skin, smooth and shining, yellowish green, clouded with russet about
the stalk, and covered with russet dots. Eye, closed, set in a deep,
irregular basin. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and inserted without
depression. Flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in February and March. At Teddington Mr.
Blackmore finds it inferior.
Elizabeth Walker. See Amande Double,
Ellanrioch. See Hampden^s Bergamot.
ELTON. — Fruit, medium sized ; oval. Skin, greenish, almost
entirely covered with thin grey russet, and marked with patches of
coarser russet, with a tinge of orange on the part exposed to the sun.
Eye, small, very slightly depressed. Stalk, stout, inserted in a deep
cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, and excellent.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in September, but does not keep long. It is
frequently without a core and seeds, the flesh being solid throughout.
This variety was brought into use by T. A. Knight, Esq., who discovered it
674 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
growing in an orchard in the parish of Elton, Herefordshire, in the year 1812, at
which time he considered the tree to be about 170 years old, but without being
able to trace anything of its origin.
EMERALD. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, rather uneven in its
outline. Skin, pale green, with pale brownish red next the sun, and
covered with russety dots. Eye, open, with short, dry segments, set
in a small irregular basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, obliquely
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, buttery, melting, and richly
flavoured.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in November and December. The tree bears
well as a standard, and the fruit bears a considerable resemblance to
Glou Mor9eau.
EMILE D'HEYST (BeurrS cVEsperen). — Fruit, above medium size,
two inches and a half wide, and three and a quarter long ; oblong-
pyriform, undulating in its outline. Skin, bright yellow when ripe,
marked with patches and veins of cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye,
small, set almost even with the surface, and sometimes quite prominent.
Stalk, about an inch long, set in a narrow, uneven cavity. Flesh,
tender, very rich, buttery, and melting, juicy, exceedingly sugary,
sprightly, and with a fine rose-water perfume.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in the end of October, but does not
keep long, as it soon rots at the core. The tree is rather a weak
grower, and bears well. It is of inferior quality at Teddington.
It was raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and named in honour of M. Emile
Berckmans, of Heyst-op-den-Berg, who continued the collection of M. Esperen.
Emile de Rochois. See Epine du Mas,
ENFANT PRODIGUE.— Fruit, large ; roundish. Skin, with a pale
yellow ground colour, almost entirely obscured with veins and mottles
of cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, large and open, with broad flat
segments, set in a round basin. Stalk, very short and stout, set in an
irregular cavity. Flesh, melting, buttery, and very juicy, sweet, and
acidulous.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in February and March.
Engelische von Rom. See Angeliqiie de Rome.
Engelische von Bordeaux. See Angelique de Bordeaux.
Engelsbirne. See Ange.
Engelsche Gesambert. See Angleterre.
Englische Sommerbutterbirne. See Angleterre.
Englische Butterbirne. See Angleterre.
English Bergamot. See Autumn Bergamot.
English Beurre. See Angleterre.
English CaiJlot Rosat. See Caillot Piosat.
PEARS. 575
Epargne. See Jargonelle,
Eparonnais. See Duchessc tVAiigouleine.
EPINE DU MAS {Belle Epine du Mas ; Beiirre de Rochoir ; Beurre
Rochechouart; Colmar du Lot ; Comte^ de Limoges ; Due de Bordeaux ;
Emile de Rochois ; Epine Dumas; Epine de R)chechouart). — Fruit,
medium sized, three inches long, and two and a half wide ; pyriform.
Skin, pale lively green, thickly covered with large dots and patches
of brown russet on the shaded side ; but next the sun marked with
reddish brown and orange. Eye, small and open, set in a deeply
furrowed basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and inserted in a deep
cavity, prominently knobbed round the margin. Flesh, tender, half-
melting, juicy, and sweet, with but little flavour.
In use during November and December.
Epine Dumas. See Epine du Mas,
Epine d'Ete. See Summer Thorn.
Epine d'Ete de Bordeaux. See Monchallard.
Epine d'Ete Couleur de Rose. See Summer Thorn.
Epine d'Ete Vert. See Summer Thorn.
Epine d'Hiver. See Winter Thorn.
Epine de Rochechouart. See Epine du Mas.
Epine Rose. See Summer Rose.
Epine Rose d'Hiver. See Winter Tlwm.
Epine Rose de Jean Lami. See Monchallard.
Erzherzogin. See Archiduchesse d'Autriche,
Eselsmaul. See Bequesne,
Eselstopf. See Bequesne.
Esperen. See Bergamotte Esperen,
ESPERINE (Grosse Louise du Nord). — Fruit, large, two inches and
a half wide, and three and a quarter long ; obovate and blunt at the
stalk. Skin, yellow, with a greenish tinge, considerably dotted with
russet, and with patches of russet and a blush of red next the sun.
Eye, large and open, set in a pretty deep basin. Stalk, an inch long,
stout. Flesh, half-melting, juicy, and rather gritty, sweet, sprightly,
and perfumed.
A good pear ; ripe in November. Mr. Blackmore says it is very
poor at Teddington.
Etourneau. See Winter Xelis.
Escellentissime. See Fondante d'Automne.
576 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
EYEWOOD. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches and a quarter
wide, and two inches high ; Bergamot-shaped. Skin, very thick,
green on the shaded side, becoming greenish yellow tinged with brown
next the sun, and very much covered with pale brown russet, and
large russet dots. Eye, small and open, slightly depressed. Stalk,
an inch to an inch and a half long, slender, inserted in a small cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, exceedingly tender and melting, very juicy, with a
sprightly vinous flavour and a fine aroma.
A very excellent pear ; ripe in October. The tree is very hardy,
and a good bearer. Mr. Luckhurst finds it only second-rate, and Mr.
Blackmore says it is " small, of poor quality."
This was raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, President of the Horticultural Society,
and was named after Eyewood, near Kington, in Herefordshire, and not, as has been
stated, on account of the peculiar woodiness of the eye. Mr. Knight named all
his seedlings after the residences of his friends.
Fanfareau. See Hampden's Bergamot.
FELIX DE LIEM. — Fruit, small, two inches and a half high, and
the same wide ; roundish turbinate, even and regular in its outline.
Skin, very much mottled with dusky or dirty brown, much speckled,
and here and there traces of broken crimson streaks. Eye, small and
open, set in a neat round basin. Stalk, rather slender, woody, and
inserted in a small round hole. Flesh, white, tender, and meltiDg, very
juicy, sweet, cool and refreshing, but without flavour.
A good pear ; ripe in October and November.
Ferdinand de Meester. See Cohnar Demeester.
FERTILITY. — Fruit, medium size, three inches and a quarter
long, and two and a quarter wide ; obovate, even and regular in its
outline, terminating abruptly towards the eye, near which it has a
suddenly contracted waist. Stem, entirely covered with a bright
cinnamon coat of russet, which has an orange tinge on the side
exposed to the sun. Eye, open, with short incurved segments, and
set even with the surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout,
inserted obliquely without depression. Flesh, half-melting or crackling,
very juicy and sweet, with a rich and highly perfumed flavour, similar
to that of Williams's Bon Chretien, but not so powerful, and with more
briskness.
Ripe in October. The tree is a vigorous grower, an abundant and
regular bearer, and produces a large quantity of fruit on a small space
of ground. It was raised by Mr. Rivers from Beurre Goubault, and
for the last nine years since it was raised, in 1875, it has borne in pro-
fusion. This, for market garden and orchard planting, is one of the
most profitable pears that can be gro^vn.
FIGUE {Inconnue AngouUme; Pistolette ; Prince de Ligne ;
Knevetfs), — Fruit, medium size ; long pyriform. Skin, smooth, bright
PEARS. 577
green on the shaded side, changing to yellowish green as it ripens,
and next the sun of a dull dark red, and entirely covered with numer-
ous dots and patches of brown russet. Eye, small and open, with
short acute segments, set in a shallow cavity. Stalk, an inch long,
curved, and obliquely inserted under a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, tender,
buttery, and melting, with a rich sugary and pleasantly perfumed
flavour.
An excellent early dessert pear ; ripe in September. The tree bears
well as a standard.
FIGUE D'ALENCON (Bonnissime de la Sarthe : Figue of De-
caisne ; Bonnissime; Figue d'Hiver ; Gros Figue). — Fruit, large, four
inches to four and a quarter long, and two inches and a half wide ;
long pyriform or pyramidal, terminating in a knob or fleshy folds which
envelop the stalk, uneven in its outline, and twisted in its axis. Skin,
like that of a Marie Louise, of a uniform yellow ground colour, and
speckled with patches of cinnamon russet, particularly round the eye,
where it is entirely covered with it. Eye, open, with erect, narrow,
stout segments, set in a shallow undulating basin. Stalk, an inch
long, fleshy throughout nearly the whole of its length, and united to
the fruit with fleshy folds. Flesh, close-grained, tender and melting,
very juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and with a fine aroma.
A fruit of varying merit ; ripe in the middle and end of November.
In 1864 I found some specimens coarse-grained, which rotted without
melting ; but others to possess the description given above.
Figue d'Hiver. See Figtie d'Alengon.
Figue Musquee. See Windsor,
FIGUE DE NAPLES {Comtesse de Frenol; Vigne de Pelone).—
Fruit, above medium size ; oblong. Skin, greenish yellow, entirely
covered with thin delicate russet, and dark reddish brown on the side
next the sun. Eye, open, with very short segments, set in a wide,
shallow basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted without
depression, frequently with a fleshy lip at the base. Flesh, greenish
white, buttery, and melting, with a rich sugary flavour.
An excellent pear ; ripe in November. The tree is hardy and
vigorous, and bears abundantly as a standard.
M. A. Leroy makes a mistake m giving this as a synonyme of Figue d'Aleii9on.
Fingal's. See Hampden's Bergamot.
Fin Or d'Ete. See Summer Franc Pteal.
Fin Or d'Hiver. See Winter Franc Real.
FIN OR DE SEPTEMBER.— Fruit, large; pyriform. Skin,
smooth, bright green, becoming yellowish on the shaded side, and
bright dark red next the sun, and covered with numerous brown dots.
37
578 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Eye, open, set in a rather deep and irregular basin. Stalk, one inch
and a half long. Flesh, white, tender, and melting, with a flavour not
unlike the Jargonelle.
A dessert pear ; ripe the end of August and beginning of September.
Succeeds well as a standard, either on the pear or quince.
FLEMISH BEAUTY (Belle des Flandres ; Belle des Bois; Beurre
des Bois ; Beurre de Bourgogne ; BewT^ Davy ; Beurre Davis; Beurre
d'EJingham ; Beurre d'Elhurg ; Beurre Foidard ; Beurre St. Amour ;
Bewre Spence ; Bosch Peer ; Mouille Bouche Nouvelle ; Brilliante ;
Fondante des Bois; Gagnee a Heuze ; Im.peratrice des Bois). — ^Fruit,
large, and obovate. Skin, pale yellow, almost entirely covered with
yellowish brown russet on the shaded side, and reddish brown on the
side next the sun. Eye, open, set in a small shallow basin. Stalk,
an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white,
buttery and melting, rich and sugary.
A first rate pear ; ripe in September.
To have this excellent pear in perfection it should be gathered before
it is thoroughly ripe, otherwise it is very inferior in quality.
This was discovered by Van Mons in the village of Deftinge, in Flanders, in
1810, and he brought it into notice by distributing grafts among his friends.
FLEMISH BON CHRETIEN [Bon Chretien Nouvelle; Bon
Chretien Turc ; Bon Chretien de Yernois). — Fruit, medium sized,
obovate. Skin, greenish at first, but changing to yellow as it attains
maturity, and thickly strewed with russety dots, which are thickest on
the side next the sun. Eye, open, with short segments, set in a small
and shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, inserted by the
side of a fleshy swelling. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp, sweet, and
perfumed.
An excellent stewing pear ; in use from November till March.
Fleur de Guignes. See San^ Peau.
Florence d' Ete. See Summer Bon Chretien.
FONDANTE D'AUTOMNE (Arbre Superbe ; Belle Lucrative ; Ber-
gamotte Fievee ; Bergamotte Lucrative; Beurre d'Alhret; Beurre
Lucratif ; Excellentissime ; Gresiliere ; Lucrate ; Seigneur; Seigneur
d'Esperen). — Fruit, large ; obovate, and handsomely shaped. Skin,
lemon-yellow, with tinges of green over the surface, marked with
patches of yellowish brown russet. Eye, small and open, set in a
shallow basin. Stalk, long, fleshy at the base, and obHquely inserted
without depression. Flesh, white, very tender, fine-grained, and
melting, very juicy, sugary, and aromatic.
A delicious autumn pear ; ripe during September and October. On
the Hastings Sand formation of the Weald of Sussex, Mr. Luckhurst
says, ** the fruit is large and handsome, of most delicious flavour, and
is one of our best October pears."
PEARS. 579
Fondante des Bois. See Flemish Beauty.
FOND ANTE DE BREST [hiconnue Cheneau ; Cassante tie Brest ;
Beaide Hdtive). — Fruit, medium sized; pyriform. Skin, thiD, smooth,
and shining, bright green, changing to yellowish green as it ripens on
the shaded side, and red, mottled dark blood red, next the sun, marked
with grey dots. Eye, small and open, with slightly incurved segments,
and set in a slight depression. Stalk, an inch and a half long, fleshy
at the insertion, in a shallow depression. Flesh, white, firm, and crisp,
and of a sweet, pleasant, and rose-water flavour.
A dessert pear, of no merit ; ripe in September. The tree is very
vigorous, and an excellent bearer ; succeeds well as a standard either
on the pear or quince stock, particularly the latter, as it checks to a
great extent its excessive vigour.
FONDANTE DE CHARNEU {BelU Excellente ; Beurre des Char-
neiises; Desiree Van Mons ; Due de Brabant; De Legipont; Merveille
de Charneu; Miel de Waterloo). — Fruit, large, sometimes very large,
the ordinary size being two inches and a half wide, and three inches
and a half long ; pyriform, uneven in its outline. Skin, smooth, pale
greenish yellow, with a faint tinge of red on the side next the sun, and
thickly strewed with large russet dots. Eye, large and open, with
erect acute segments, set in a shallow uneven basin. Stalk, upwards
of an inch long, slender, curved, and inserted without depression by
the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, tender, buttery, and melting, sugary,
and richly flavoured.
An excellent pear ; ripe in November.
This was discovered as a wilding by M. Legipont growing on his property at
Charneu, a village between Verviers and Aix la Chapelle, in the province of Liege,
Belgium, m the beginning of the present century.
FONDANTE DU COMICE.— Fruit, above medium size, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, of an uniform shade of yellowish or pea
green, dotted with distinct russet dots, and covered with patches of
grey russet ; sometimes it has a faint tinge of red on one side. Eye,
open, small, with erect acute segments, set in a very deep and smooth
round basin. Stalk, straight, stout, and woody, also green like the
skin, from half an inch to an inch long, and inserted obliquely, with a
fleshy lip on one side of it. Flesh, crisp, and very juicy, sugary and
rich, and with that cold acidulous juice which is met with in St. Ger-
main and Beurre d'Aremberg.
An excellent pear ; ripe in the beginning of November, but Mr.
Blackmore says it is not to be compared to Doyenne du Comice.
FONDANTE DE CUERNE.— Fruit, medium size; obovate. Skin,
pale yellow, having the appearance of being blanched, like White
Doyenne, smooth, and strewed with very minute brown dots, so small
as to be hardly visible, and with sometimes a patch of cinnamon-
coloured russet on some part of its surface. Eye, small and open.
580 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
slightly depressed. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, very-
stout and fleshy, and inserted in a shallow depression. Flesh, per-
fectly white, half-melting, juicy, and sweet, with very pleasant flavour
and aroma.
A superior pear, both in size and quality, to Beurre Gifi'ard, which
ripens at the same season, about the third week in August.
Fondante de Jafiard. See Colmar d'Aremherg.
FONDANTE DE MALINES.— Fruit, large ; even, and handsomely
shaped, obtusely obovate, blunt at the stalk. Skin, smooth, of a
uniform deep golden yellow colour, mottled all over with cinnamon-
coloured russet ; on the side next the sun it is of a deeper yellow, with
a crimson cheek, and spotted with crimson dots. Eye, clove-like, set
in a pretty deep depression. Stalk, about an inch long, fleshy at the
base, and inserted in a narrow round cavity. Flesh, white, buttery,
and melting, juicy, sweet, and with a fine perfume.
A good dessert pear ; ripe in November and continuing till December.
It rots at the core, and decays treacherously. Mr. Blackmore found it
worthless at Teddii gfcon ; and Mr. Luckhurst says that on the Weald
of Sussex it is sweet, with very little aroma.
Raised by Major Esperen, at Malines, in 1842.
Fondante de Mons. See Passe Colmar.
Fondante Musquee. See Summer Thorn.
FONDANTE DE NEES.— Fruit, large ; long obovate. Skin, of a
fine deep yellow colour, mottled and dotted all over with pale brown
russet. Eye, small and open, with short erect segments level with the
surface. Stalk, an inch long, thick, and fleshy, inserted on the end of
the fruit without depression. Flesh, yellowish, buttery, not very
juicy, and with a sprightly flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the middle of October.
FONDANTE DE NOEL {Belle apres Noel; Belle de Noel; Bonne
de Noel; Souvenir d' Esperen). — Fruit, medium sized; turbinate.
Skin, smooth lemon-yellow, very thin, covered with traces of russet
and numerous minute russet dots, sometimes tinged with red on the
side next the sun. Eye, open, and prominent, with short erect tooth-
like segments, set in a broad, shallow basin. Stalk, long, obliquely
inserted by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, melting, juicy, sweet, and
well flavoured.
December and January.
Fondante du Panisel. See Delices d' Angers.
FONDANTE DE LA EOCHE.— Fruit, small ; even and regular in
its outline, obovate. Skin, entirely covered with cinnamon russet.
PEARS. 581
Eye, open. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, curved. Flesh,
yellow, buttery, melting, sweet, and agreeable.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the middle and end of September, but
soon decays.
FOND ANTE DE SICKLER.— Fruit, about medium size; roundish,
inclining to turbinate. Skin, smooth, of a bright and permanent pea
green, even when ripe, thickly covered with large brown russet
freckles. Eye, open, with short, stout, erect segments, set in a wide
and shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted without
depression by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, tender, and juicy,
but of inferior flavour, the juice being quite watery.
A very inferior pear ; ripe in the end of November and beginning of
December.
FOND ANTE VAN MONS.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish, and
somewhat depressed. Skin, thin, and delicate, of a fine waxen yellow
colour, mottled with very thin cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, open,
with short and slightly recurved segments, set in a very shallow de-
pression. Stalk, an inch long, set in a narrow and rather deep cavity.
Flesh, white, juicy, melting, and sugary, with a slightly perfumed flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in September and October, but not
so rich as Fondante d'Automne, which is ripe at the same time.
FOND ANTE DE WOELMET.— This has some resemblance both
in shape and colour to Beurre Ranee. It has also the same coarse-
ness of flesh, which has a greenish tinge under the skin. Very juicy,
rather crisp, and with a fine brisk vinous flavour.
An excellent pear, ripe in the middle of November ; and although it
lacks richness of flavour, still it is excellent, and altogether peculiar.
Fontenay Vendee. See Jalousie de Fontenay.
FORELLE (Trout; Truite). — Fruit, medium sized ; oblong-obovate,
but sometimes assuming a pyriform shape. Skin, smooth and shining,
of a tine lemon-yellow colour on the shaded side, and bright crimson
on the side next the sun, covered with numerous crimson spots, which
from their resemblance to the markings on a trout have suggested
the name. Eye, small, set in a rather shallow basin. Stalk, an
inch long, slender, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Flesh, white,
delicate, buttery, and melting, with a rich, sugary, and vinous
flavour.
An excellent pear ; in use from November till February. The tree is
hardy, and a good bearer. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says it is very small
and hard at Teddington.
FORME DE BERGAMOTTE.— Fruit, large ; three inches and a
quarter long, and the same wide ; round and Bergamot- shaped, uneven
in its outline, being somewhat angular and furrowed longitudinally at
582
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
the stalk, but even and regular round the eye. Skin, rather rough to
the touch, being covered with large coarse russet freckles and patches
over a greenish yellow or yellow ground. Eye, very small, and gene-
rally without segments, set in a very deep hollow. Stalk, ver}^ short,
stout, and woody, set in an uneven cavity. Flesh, half- melting, rather
coarse-grained, with a cold acidity, and a high perfume.
An inferior fruit ; ripe in the last week of October.
FORME DE DELICES.— Fruit, medium size ; obovate. Skin,
yellow, almost entirely covered with rather rough brown russet. Eye,
open, with long segments, and prominently set level with the surface.
Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small, round, and even cavity.
Flesh, tender, buttery, and melting, with a rich, sweet flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in October and November. The
tree is a good bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
FORTUNEE [Bergamotte Fortunee; Fortunee Parmentier). — Fruit,
below medium size ; roundish turbinate, uneven in its outline. Skin,
deep yellow, covered all over with flakes and lines of brown russet.
Eye, closed, deeply sunk. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
stout. Flesh, half-melting, juicy, and sweet.
A stewing pear ; in use from January till May. Mr. R. D. Black-
more considers it useless.
De Fosse. See Jargonelle,
FRANCHIPANNE. — Fruit, medium sized ; obtuse pyriform. Skin,
smooth, pale lemon-yellow in the shade, and dark deep red next the
sun, covered with numerous brown dots, and a few markings of russet.
Eye, large, open, and set in a shallow basin, from which issue russet
ramifications. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and curved, obliquely in-
serted in a small narrow cavity. Flesh, white, rather gritty at the
core, tender, buttery, and melting, with an almost sweet perfumed
flavour, supposed to resemble Franchipanne, from which circumstance
the name is derived.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October and November. The tree is a
vigorous grower, and succeeds well as a standard, either on the pear
or quince stock.
This is the Franchipanne of Duhamel, but evidently not of Merlet, which he
describes as a small green pear, ripe in August. By some, as Rivinius, the Dauphin
is made synonymous with this, which is an error.
Franchipanne d'Automne. See Lansac,
FRANCOIS BORGIA.— Fruit, medium sized; obtuse obovate.
Skin, uniform deep golden yellow, dotted with large russet dots. Eye,
very small, closed, and inserted in a deep basin. Stalk, half an inch
long, stout, and obliquely inserted on the end of the fruit. Flesh,
coarse-grained, not very juicy, brisk, and not good.
An inferior pear, which rots at the core in the end of October.
PEAES. 583
Franc Real d'Ete. See Summer Franc Heal.
Franc Real Gros. See Angeliqice de Bordeaux.
Franc Real d'Hiver. See Winter Franc Heal.
Franzosische Kiimmelbirn. See Bed d'Hery.
FREDERIC DE PRUSSE {Fnedrich Von Preussen). —Yivii,
medium sized ; flattened turbinate. Skin, smooth, yellow, marked and
streaked with green, which is a distinguishing character of the fruit,
deep gold colour next the sun. Eye, small, open, and set in a con-
siderably deep basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, set in a small,
slight depression, and frequently obliquely inserted by the side of a
fleshy protuberance. Flesh, white, very juicy, half-melting, rich,
sugary, and vinous.
A beautiful and excellent dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree
succeeds well as a standard.
FREDERIC LECLERC— Fruit, above medium size ; short pyri-
form. Skin, green at first, but changing as it ripens to yellow,
slightly mottled with russet. Eye, open, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch long, woody. Flesh, yellowish, buttery, melting, and
very juicy, sugary, and rich.
Ripe in November.
FREDERIC DE WURTEMBERG (Medaille d'Or ; Sylvestre
d'Automne; Sylvestre d'Hivei'). — Fruit, large ; obtuse-pyriform. Skin,
smooth, deep yellow, marbled and dotted with red on the shaded side,
and of a beautiful bright crimson next the sun. Eye, large and open,
placed almost level with the surface. Stalk, thick, an inch and a
quarter long, inserted without depression. Flesh, very white, tender,
buttery, and melting, rich, juicy, sugary, and delicious.
A remarkably fine pear ; ripe in October. In the year 1858 it was
as finely flavoured as the Jargonelle. Mr. Blackmore finds it a very
handsome and fertile pear, and of fair quality.
This was raised by Van Mons about 1812, and was dedicated, by request, to
Frederic I., King of Wurtemberg.
Friolet See Cassolette.
De Fusee. See Cuisse Madame.
Gagnee a Heuze. See Flemish Beauty.
GALSTON MUIRFOWL'S EGG.— Fruit, below medium size;
short obovate, narrowing towards the stalk and the eye, where it is
flattened. Skin, greenish yellow, entirely covered with thin pale
brown russet, and mottled with red next the sun. Eye, open, with
short somewhat incurved segments, set in a wide, shallow basin.
Stalk, about an inch long, inserted in a small close cavity, generally
684
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
"with a swollen protuberance on one side. Flesh, yellowish, tender,
sweet, and juicy.
An excellent Scotch pear with a peculiar aroma ; ripe in the end of
September.
Gambler. See Passe Colmar.
GANSEL'S BERGAMOT (Bonne Bouge ; Br ocas' Berg aniot ; Dia-
mant; Gurle's Beurre ; Ive's Bergamot ; Staunton). — Fruit, medium
sized, three inches wide, and two and a half to three inches long ;
roundish, inclining to obovate, and flattened at the apex. Skin,
greenish yellow on the shaded side, and reddish brown next the sun,
the whole thickly strewed with russety dots and specks. Eye, small
and open, with broad ovate reflexed segments, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, short and fleshy, half an inch long, inserted in a round, very
shallow cavity, frequently between two bosses, or at least one. Flesh,
white, buttery, melting but gritty, very juicy, rich, sugary, and
aromatic, and having a strong musky flavour.
A dessert pear of the highest merit ; ripe during October and
November. To have this delicious fruit in perfection, it is necessary
the tree should be planted against a south-east wall.
The tree is a shy bearer during the first period of its growth, but
when it becomes aged it produces more abundantly, though the fruit is
of smaller size. To increase its fruitfulness, it has been recommended
to impregnate the flowers with the pollen of some other variety, such
as the Autumn Bergamot.
It is generally believed that this variety was raised from seed of the Autumn
Bergamot by Lieut-General Gansel, at his seat, Donneland Park, near Colchester,
in 1768, and this rests upon a communication to that effect from David Jebb, Esq.,
of Worcester, nephew of General Gansel, to Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston. Mr.
Lindley says, " The Bonne Rouge of the French is evidently the same sort, and
the name must have been given it after its having been received from that
country." I am unwilling that any doubt should arise as to this esteemed
favourite being a native fruit ; but I find, by the manuscript catalogue of the
Brompton Park Nursery, that both the Bonne Kouge and Brocas' Bergamot,
if they are synonymes of Gansel's Bergamot, were cultivated there in 1753,
and this will give rise to a doubt as to the correctness of the above statement.
As this catalogue is the earliest I have been able to procure of that nursery,
it Is possible that it was grown there at a much earlier period under both of these
names.
GANSEL'S LATE BERGAMOT.— Fruit, exactly similar in shape
to Gansel's Bergamot. Skin, green, thickly covered with russet dots
and freckles, which sometimes form patches ; it becomes yellowish
green when ripe. Eye, open, with short segments, set in a rather
deep saucer-like basin. Stalk, half an inch to an inch long, stout,
fleshy at the insertion. Flesh, white, rather coarse-grained and
gritty, not very juicy nor melting.
This is only a second-rate pear, and has not the musky flavour of
the Gansel's Bergamot. Mr. Blackmore says " there is scarcely a
worse pear."
PE.uis. 685
GANSEL-SECKLE.— Fruit, not unlike the Seckle in shape, and
also with much of the character of Gausel's Bergamot on a small
scale. The skin has a solid bright crimson cheek next the sun, which
shades oflf to yellow on the opposite side ; the shaded side is covered
with a thin smooth crust of cinnamon-coloured russet, and the crimson
cheek is strewed with distinct dots of grey russet. Eye, small and
closed, with erect acute segments, set iu a narrow and considerable
basin. Stalk, generally short and stout, but sometimes three-quarters
of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and rather deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, rather coarse-grained and gritty, with a sweet, abundant,
and very richly-sugared juice, and a high perfume, but not so much
so as in Seckle.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in the beginning of November.
A seedling raised by the late Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, Worcester. It was
obtained by crossing Seckle with Gansel's Bergamot, and Mr. Williams named it
Gansel-Seckle, and not Gansel's Seckle, as it is sometimes written.
GAUDRY. — Fruit, small ; roundish ovate, even in its outline. Skin,
straw-coloured, covered with russet dots and patches. Eye, clove-like,
set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted in
a narrow cavity. Flesh, white, juicy, and meltmg, brisk, vinous, and
sweet, with a pleasant rose-water flavour.
A rather good pear ; ripe in the end of October and beginning of
November.
Garde Ecorse. See Gilogil.
GENDEBIEN {Oendesheim; Verlaine : Verlaine (VEte). — Fruit,
medium sized ; obtuse-pyriform. Skin, pale greenish yellow, thickly
covered with grey russety dots. Eye, small and open, with acute erect
segments, placed in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long, inserted
in a small cavity. Flesh, buttery, with a rich, sweet, and somewhat
musky flavour.
An excellent pear ; ripe in October and November. The tree is
hardy, an excellent bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
Gendesheim. See Gendebien,
GENERAL DUTILLIEUL.— Fruit, large, three inches and three-
quarters long, and two and three-quarters wide ; pyramidal, uneven in
its outline. Skin, of a deep golden yellow colour, with a bright crimson
cheek where it is exposed to the sun, and where it is also covered with
large crimson dots like Forelle and Louise Bonne of Jersey ; where
shaded the dots are cinnamon-coloured, and there is a patch of cinnamon
russet round the stalk. Eye, very large and open, with large leaf-Hke
segments, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, thick and fleshy. Flesh, rather firm, not very juicy, sweet,
and agreeably flavoured.
Ripe in the second week of September, when it soon becomes mealy,
and rots at the core. Mr. Blackmore considers it not worth growing.
Obb THE FRUIT MANUAL.
GENERAL TODLEBEN.— Fruit, very large, four inches and a
talf long, and nearly four wide ; pyriform, ribbed round the apex.
Skin, yellow, covered with dots and patches of brown russet. Eye,
open, set in a wide furrowed basin. Stalk, an inch long, set in a small
narrow cavity. Flesh, with a rosy tinge like Josephine de Malines,
very melting and juicy, slightly gritty, with a rich, sugary, and
perfumed juice.
A very excellent pear ; in use from December to February. The
tree is moderately vigorous, and bears abundantly. Mr. Blackmore
says it never ripens at Teddington.
It was raised from seed sown in 1839, and the tree first produced fruit in 1855
when M. Fontaine, of Gheling, in Belgium, named it in honour of General Todleben,
the gallant defender of Sebastopol — with whom it was my privilege to travel for
two days during a visit I paid lo Russia in 1869.
German Baker. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
German Muscat. See Muscat Allemande.
Gezeegende Peer. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
Gibson. See Andrews.
Giffard. See Beurre Giffard.
GILOGIL (Bergamotte ^ Geerard ; Bellegarde ; Beurre Geerards ;
Ciree d'Hiver ; Garde E corse ; Gil-6-gile ; Gilot ; Gohert; Gros
Gilot; Gros Gohet; Teton de Venus). — Fruit, very large ; roundish
turbinate. Skin, yellowish in the shade and brownish next the sun,
entirely covered with thin brown russet, so much so as to leave scarcely
any of the ground colour visible. Eye, large, open, with erect tooth-
like segments, set in a deep and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long,
deeply inserted in a two-lipped cavity. Flesh, firm, crisp, sweet, and
juicy.
An excellent stewing pear ; in use from November to February. The
tree is hardy, an excellent bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
Gilot. See Gilogil.
De Glace. See Virgouleuse.
GLOU MORCEAU {Beurre de Cambron; Beurre d' Hardenpont ;
Beurre de Kent; Beurre Lombard; De Cambron; Colmar d'Hiver;
Glou Morgeau de Cambron ; Got Luc de Cambron ; Goulu Morgeau ;
Hardenpont d' Hiver ; Linden d^ Automne ; Roi de Wurtemberg). — Fruit,
above medium size, three inches and a quarter long, and two and three-
quarters wide ; obovate, narrowing obtusely from the bulge to the eye
and the stalk. Skin, smooth, pale greenish yellow, covered with
greenish grey russet dots, and slight markings of russet. Eye, open,
with long flat leafy segments, set in a rather deep basin. Stalk, an
inch and a half long, rather slender, inserted in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, white, tender, smooth, and buttery, of a rich and sugary flavour.
/ PEARS. 587
1
A first-rate dessert pear ; in use from December to January.
The tree is hardy and an excellent bearer, and succeeds well as a
standard, except in cold and exposed situations, where it requires to be
grown against a south wall. It succeeds well on the quince. Mr.
Blackmore's experience of it is that it is "bad on a standard and
worse from a wall. Flat and loose-textured at its best. A vastly over-
rated pear in my opinion."
I have remarked, when treating of Beurre d'Aremberg, that great confusion has
existed between these two varieties. Tliis was raised by Couuf illor Hardenpont
at Mons. Van Mens named it Roi de Wurtemberg. and received a handsome
snufF-box as an acknowledgment of the compliment from the King of Wurtem-
berg.
Glou Mor9eau de Cambron. See Ghu Morgeau.
Gobert. See Gilogil.
GOLDEN BEURRE OF BILBOA (Beurre Dore de Bilbao ; Beurre
Gris de Bilbao ; Bewre Gris de Portugal). — Fruit, medium sized, three
inches long, and two and a half wide ; obovate, blunt at the stalk.
Skin, golden yellow, dotted and lined with russet, with a russet patch
round the stalk. Eye, small, half open, set in a rather shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a rather open cavity. Flesh, white,
buttery, and melting, and vinous.
Ripe in the end of September and through October. It is much
esteemed in the United States, where it was introduced from Spain.
GOLDEN KNAP. — This is a very small roundish turbinate russety
pear, of no great merit. It is grown extensively in the orchards of
the border counties of Scotland and in the Carse of Gowrie, and being
a prodigious and constant bearer, is well adapted for orchard planting
where quantity and not quality is the object.
Ripe in October.
The name is a corruption of Golden Knob, the shape being that of a small knob.
GOLDEN QUEEN. — Fruit, small, two inches and three-quarters
long, and two inches and a half wide ; obovate. Skin, clear straw-colour,
and strewed with a few minute dots. Eye, very small and closed, set
in a shallow narrow basin. Stalk, an inch long, curved, inserted with-
out depression. Flesh, very tender and extremely juicy, sweet and
highly perfumed.
A delicious pear ; ripe in September, but speedily rots at the core.
It ought to be gathered before it changes colour.
This was raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, near Windsor, and was first
exhibited in 1872.
GOLDEN RUSSET.— Fruit, small ; obtuse obovate. Skin, of a
bright cinnamon russet. Eye, small, slightly open, set in a consider-
able depression. Stalk, half an inch long, very stout and fleshy.
568
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Flesh, yellow, fine-grained, buttery and melting, juicy, sweet, and with
a flavour resembling that of Marie Louise.
An excellent little pear ; ripe in October. Soon rots at the core.
A seedling raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, near Windsor, and first
exhibited in 1863.
Got Luc de Cambron. See Glou Morceau.
Goubault. See Beurre Goubault.
Goulu Morceau. See Glou Morceau.
Gracieuse. See Hampden s Berganwt.
Grand Monarque. See Catillac.
Grand Muscat. See Muscat Robert.
GRAND SOLEIL. — Fruit, large, two inches and three-quarters long,
and two inches and a quarter wide ; roundish turbinate. Skin, very
rough to the feel, entirely covered with dark brown russet of the colour
of that which covers the Royal Russet apple. Eye, open, with long
pointed segments, set in a pretty deep basin. Stalk, an inch and a
quarter long, thick and fleshy, swelling out at the base into the sub-
stance of the fruit. Flesh, white, [coarse-grained, crisp, and very juicy,
sweet, and with a pleasant flavour.
A good but not first-rate pear ; ripe in November.
GRASLIN. — Fruit, large, three inches and quarter long, and two
and a half wide ; roundish obovate. Skin, greenish yellow, thickly
sprinkled with green and russet dots. Eye, large and open, set
almost level with the surface. Stalk, an inch long, thick and stout,
inserted without depression. Flesh, tender and melting, with a pleasant
acidulous and musky flavour.
A good pear ; ripe in October and November.
It receives its name from the family of Graslin, owners of the Chateau Malitourne,
in the department of La Sarthe, where the pear was found.
Gratioli. See Summer Bon Chretien.
Gratioli d'Hiver. See Beurre Diet.
Gratioli di Roma. See Summer Bon Chretien.
Gratioli de la Toussaint. See Spanish Bon Chretien.
Gratioli de Jersey. See Jersey Gratioli.
Great Bergamot. See Hampdeji's Bergamot.
Great Blanquette. See Large Blanquet.
Great Rousselet. See Gros Bonsselet.
GREEN CHISEL (Guenetie). — Fruit, very small, growing in
PEARS. 589
clusters ; roundish turbinate. Skin, green, with sometimes a brownish
tinge next the sun. Eye, large and open. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, juicy, sweet, and
slightly gritty.
An old-fashioned early pear, of little merit ; ripe in August.
The name Chisel is a corruption of the French name Choiseul.
Green Sylvange. See Sylvange.
Green Windsor. See Windsor.
GREEN YAIR. — Fruit, below medium size ; obovate. Skin,
smooth, dark green, changing to yellowish green as it ripens, and
strewed with patches and dots of russet. Eye, large, open, and
prominent. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, obliquely inserted.
Fleshy, tender, juicy, and sugary.
A good Scotch pear ; ripe in September.
It was raised at Yair, on the Tweed, in Peeblesshire.
GREGOIRE BORDILLON. — Fruit, rather large ; roundish
turbinate. Skin, pale yellow in the shade, and deep yellow, mottled
with dull red next the sun, the surface more or less covered with rough
russet. Eye, open, slightly depressed. Stalk, short, thick, and fleshy,
inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, melting, very
juicy and sugary, of an exquisite perfume.
An early pear of excellent quality ; ripe in August, and which Mr.
Blackmore says is *' one of the coming pears."
It was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and dedicated by him to his
friend M. Gregoire Bordillon, formerly Prelect of the Department of Maine-et-
Loire.
Gresiliere. See Fondante d^Aiitomne.
Grey Achan. See Chawmntel.
Grey Doyenne, See Red Doyenne,
Grey Goose. See Gros Bousselet,
GROOM'S PRINCESS ROYAL (Matthews' s Eliza).— Frmi, medium
sized ; roundish, very much like Hampden's Bergamot. Skin, greenish,
marked with russet, and with a brownish tinge next the sun. Eye,
small and open, set in a slight depression. Stalk, short and thick,
inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, buttery, melting, sometimes
gritty, and sweet.
A good second-rate pear; in use from January till March. Mr.
Blackmore says it is " no good at all."
Raised by Mr. Groom, a nurseryman at Clapham, near London, and afterwards
sent out by his son-in-law under the name of Matthews's Eliza.
Gros Blanquet. See Large Blanquet.
590 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Gros Figue. See Figue cVAlengon.
Gros Fin Or d'Hiver. See UcedaWs St. Germain.
Gros Gilot. See Gilogil.
Gros Gobet. See Gilogil.
Gros Micet. See Winter Franc Real.
Gros Muscat. See Bourdon Musque.
Gros Muscat Rond. See Bourdon Musque.
Gros Musqu6. See Muscat Robert.
GROS ROUSSELET {Great Rousselet ; Gros Rousselet de Rheims;
Grey Goose; Roi d'Ete). — Fruit, medium sized ; obtuse pyriform, and
rounded at the apex. Skin, yellowish green in the shade, but changing
as it ripens to a fine deep yellow colour, with brownish red next the
sun, and thickly strewed with russety dots. Eye, small and open,
set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a half to two inches long,
thickest at the base, inserted in a small and sometimes two-lipped
cavity. Flesh, white, tender, half-melting, very juicy, vinous, and
musky.
A good early pear ; ripe in August and September. It is found only
when grown in a warm and sheltered situation that it attains this per-
fection ; generally it is apt to be harsh and sour if not properly
ripened. A dessert pear ; ripe in August and September. The tree
is hardy and vigorous, but an indifferent bearer ; succeeds well either
on the pear or quince stock, and is better as an espalier than a
standard.
This variety has been long cultivated in this country, being mentioned by Rea
as the "Great Russet of Remes " in 1665.
Gros Rateau. See De Livre.
Gros Rousselet de Rheims. See Grosse Rousselet,
Gros St. Jean. See Citron des Cannes.
Grosse AUongee. See Vicar of Winkjield.
Grosse Cuisse Madame. See Jai-gonelle.
Grosse Dorothee. See Beurre Diel.
Grosse Jargonelle. See Windsor.
Grosse Marie. See Marechal de Cour.
Grosse Ognonet. See Summer Archduke.
Grosse Poire d'Amande. See Angleterre de Noisette.
Grosse de Septembre. See Belle de Septembre,
PEAES. 591
Grosse Sucree. See Beurre Scheidweiller.
Guenette. See Green Chisel.
Guernsey Chaumontel. See Chaumontel.
Guillaume de Nassau. See Beurre Diet,
Gurle's Beurre. See GanseVs Bergamot.
Haberbirne. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
HACON'S INCOMPARABLE {Downham Seedlinrj). —Fmit, medium
sized ; roundish. Skin, pale yellowish green, with a mixture of brown,
covered with numerous russety spots and markings of russet. Eye,
small and open, with short narrow segments, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch long, stout, and inserted in a wide shallow cavity.
Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, with a rich, sweet, vinous, and
musky flavour.
A dessert pear of excellent quality ; in use from November to
January. The tree is hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer, and succeeds
well as a standard.
This esteemed variety is said to have been raised by Mr. J. G. Hacon, of
Downham Market, Norfolk, about the year 1815, from a seed of a variety known
in that county as Raynor's Norfolk Seedling. But another account states that
the original tree was found in a yard behind a baker's house, and no one knew
by wliom it was planted.
Haghens d'Hiver. See Beurre Beauchamp,
HAMPDEN'S BERGAMOT (Belle d'Aout; BelU et Bonne ; Belle
de Bruxelles ; Belle sans Pepins ; Beuzard ; Belle de Luxembourg ;
Bergamotte de Bruxelles; Bergamotte d'Ete Grosse; Berganwtte de
Pay sans ; Ellanrioch ; Fanfareau; Fingals ; Gracieuse; Great Berga-
mot; Scotch Bergamot). — Fruit, large, three inches wide, and two and a
half high ; roundish, and narrowing abruptly to the stalk, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, pale yellowish green, covered with
numerous russety and green spots, and sometimes with a tinge of
brownish red next the sun. Eye, open, set in a wide saucer-like basin.
Stalk, long and slender, fleshy at the base, and inserted in a narrow
cavity. Flesh, white, rather coarse-grained, buttery, sweet, and
pleasantly flavoured.
A second-rate pear; ripe in September, and which soon becomes
mealy. The tree is hardy, an abundant bearer, and bears well as a
standard. It succeeds well on the quince stock, and if grown against
a wall produces fruit of an immense size. Mr. Blackmore calls it " a
handsome but poor pear ; a sure bearer."
There is another variety, much smaller, which is also called Hampden's Bergamot,
and this is, I think, Summer Franc Keal.
Hardenpont d'Hiver. See Glou Morqeau.
Hardenpont de Printemps. See Beurre Ranee.
692 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Haivest Pear. See Amire Joannet.
Hativeau Blanc. See Summer Franc Real.
Hazel. See Hessle.
HEBE. — A very large, roundish pear, of a greenish yellow colour
dotted with russet. Flesh, melting and vinous.
It is highly spoken of by continental pomologists, but Mr. E. D.
Blackmore found it to be worthless at Teddington. It ripens in
November and December.
Heere Peer. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
HELIOTE DUNDAS (Henri Nicaise ; Rousselet Jamin). —Frmi,
medium sized ; pyriform, even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth,
and somewhat shining, lemon-yellow, with a brilHant red cheek, dotted
with large dark red specks. Eye, small, and deeply set. Stalk, up-
wards of an inch long. Flesh, white, half-buttery, and not very juicy ;
very sweet, brisk, and perfumed.
A very showy but very worthless pear ; ripe in October, and soon
rots at the core.
Henbirn. See Amire Joannet.
HENKEL D'HIVER (Beurre B eauchamp oi Bitinch, not of Leroy ;
HenkeVs Schmalzbirne). — Fruit, medium sized ; ovate in shape, even
and regular in its outline. Skin, almost entirely covered with a thin
crust of pale brown or cinnamon-coloured resset, except on the shaded
side, where it is yellow, or greenish yellow, and dotted with russet of
the same colour. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk,
an inch long, fleshy at the base, and set in a small cavity. Flesh,
quite white, very melting, tender, and juicy. Juice, abundant, very
sprightly, and with a fine rose-water aroma.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in the middle and end of October. Tree
vigorous, and a good bearer, and succeeds equally well on the pear or
the quince stock.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, and named by him in compliment to Henkel the
chemist. Dr. Diel received grafts of it from Van Mons in 1815. In the Die fionnaire
de Pomoloyie, M. Andre Leroy makes this synonymous with Beurre Beaachamp, a
variety obtained by a gentleman of that name, and which is found in the supple-
ment to the first series of Van Mons' Catalogue as "92 Beauchamp : par son
patron." But Henkel d'Hiver is in the second series as No, " 670 ; par nous." I
cannot believe them to be the same. Henkel d'Hiver I have always found an
excellent fruit, while Beurre Beauchamp was never^ good. Diel savsthe former
"has no red on it," and he describes the latter as " very like Beurre Blanc reddish
on the sunny side." I never saw Henkel d'Hiver with red upon it.
HENRI CAPRON. — Fruit, medium sized ; egg-shaped. Skin, pale
yellow, mottled with pale brown, sprinkled with flakes and dots of
delicate russet. Eye, nearly closed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, stout. Flesh, yellowish white, buttery, and highly aromatic.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October and November.
PEARS. 593
Henri Nicaise. See Heliote Dundas.
Henri Quatre. See Henry the Fourth.
HENRIETTE [Belle Hmnette ; Henriette Eowrier).— Fruit, about
medium size ; roundish obovate. Skin, pale yellow, covered with
patches and network of smooth cinnamon-coloured russet, and some-
times with an orange tinge next the sun. Eye, small, and almost level
with the surface. Stalk, an inch or more in length, inserted without
depression. Flesh, very tender, buttery, and melting, very rich and
sugary, with a fine perfume.
A very fine pear ; ripe in the beginning and middle of December.
Raised by M. Bouvier, of Jodoigne, in 1825.
Henriette Bouvier. See Henriette.
HENRY THE FOURTH {HenH Quatre; J^fr^wm).— Fruit, below
medium size ; obtuse pyriform. Skin, greenish white, becoming deep
lemon-yellow as it attains maturity, entirely covered with fine cinnamon-
coloured russet, and with a tinge of dull red next the sun. Eye, small
and open, with short segments, and set in a shallow basin. Stalk,
about an inch long, obliquely inserted, without depression, by the side
of a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, rather coarse-grained, tender, half-melt-
ing, juicy, with a rich, sweet, and aromatic flavour.
A delicious little dessert pear ; ripe in September and October.
Tree, hardy, and an excellent bearer, succeeds well as a standard, and
thrives excellently on the quince.
Hep worth. See Welheck Berganiot.
Herbst Bergamotte. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
Herbstjargonelle. See Ah/ mon Dieu.
Herfst of Laate. See Bergamotte d'Antomne.
HESSLE [Hasel; Hazel; Hessel). — Fruit, below medium size';
turbinate. Skin, greenish yellow, very much covered with large
russety dots, which give it a freckled appearance. Eye, small and
open, slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch long, obUquely inserted
without depression. Flesh, tender, very juicy, sweet, and with a high
aroma.
An excellent market-gardening pear ; ripe in October. The tree is
hardy, vigorous, and a most abundant bearer. It forms a fine standard,
succeeding in almost every situation, and particularly in the northern
climates, where the more tender varieties do not attain perfection. It
is grown to a large extent as a market pear, and is one of the best and
most remunerating to the grower.
It takes its name from the village of Hessle, in Yorkshire, where it was first
discovered. Mr. Decaisne thought it was of German origin, and says he preferred
using the German name instead of the French translation — Noisette !
8d
594 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
His. See Adele de St. Denis.
Holland Bergamot. See Bergamotte d'Hollande.
Hollandische Bergamot. See Bergamotte d'Hollande.
HoUandse Bergamot. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
HOLMER. — Fruit, very small, roundish turbinate, even and regular
in its outline. Skin, dull greenish yellow when ripe, and thickly
covered with russet dots, so as to form a kind of crust on the surface.
Eye, full of stamens, open, having short divergent segments, and set
in a very shallow depression. Stalk, from half an inch to three-
quarters long, slender, inserted in a small cavity, with occasionally a
slight swelling on one side. Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and very
astringent.
A notable perry pear in Herefordshire.
Hubard. See Beurre d'Amanlis.
Humble Bee Pear. See Bourdon Mmque.
Huntingdon. See Lammas.
HURBAIN D'HIVER. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter
broad, and the same high ; Bergamot-shaped, even and handsome in its
outline. Skin, with a fine bright red cheek on the side next the sun,
and fine golden yellow in the shade, strewed and mottled with patches
of thin cinnamon- coloured russet, and with a patch of russet round the
stalk. Eye, small and open, with short erect segments, set in a wide,
shallow basin. Stalk, slender, very short, inserted in a small hole.
Flesh, yellowish, juicy, melting, rather coarse-grained, sweet, and with-
out much perfume.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the beginning of November, when it rots
almost immediately.
HUSSEIN ARMUDI. — Fruit, below medium size ; obovate. Skin,
smooth, bright green at first, changing to greenish yellow as it attains
maturity, and with a slight trace of russet, strewed with brown russety
dots. Eye, open, with long acuminate reflexed segments, set in a
shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout, and inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, whitish, rather gritty at the core, tender, very juicy,
and meltiug, and of a rich, vinous, sweet flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in September. Tree, vigorous and healthy,
and succeeds well as a standard.
Huyshe's Bergamot. See Huyshe's Prince of Wales.
HUYSHE'S PRINCE CONSORT.— Fruit, very large ; oblong, un-
even and bossed in its outline. Skin, grass-green, which it frequently
retains, even when ripe, but becoming sometimes yellowish green ; it
is thickly covered with large russet dots, which round the stalk are so
PEARS. 595
dense as to form a russet patch. Eye, rather small and open, set in a
pretty deep and uneven basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout and woody,
inserted in a line with the axis of the fruit in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, with a greenish tinge, melting, but not buttery, being rather
crisp, very juicy, sweet and vinous, with a very powerful and peculiar
flavour unlike any other pear.
A delicious pear, of first-rate quality ; ripe in the end of November.
Raised by the Rev. John fluyshe, of Clysthydon, Devon, from Beurre d'Arem-
berg, fertilised by Passe Colmar.
HUYSHE'S PRINCE OF WALES {Hiu/she's Bergamot).— Fruit,
large ; roundish oval, even in its outline. Skin, covered with cinnamon-
coloured russet, finely reticulated on a lemon-yellow ground. Eye,
small and open, with erect tooth-like segments, like that of Easter
Beurre, and set in a considerable basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout
and woody, somewhat obliquely inserted in a round and rather open
cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, melting, and juicy, richly
flavoured, and with an aroma similar to that of the Autumn Bergamot.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in the end of November, and keeps till
January. The tree is a shy bearer.
Raised from Gansel's Bergamot by Rev. John Huyshe, of Clysthydon, Devon.
HUYSHE'S PRINCESS OF WALES.— Fruit, medium sized;
oblong, even in its outline, and abrupt at the stalk. Skin, in colour
like that of a handsome Marie Louise, a lemon-yellow ground, sprinkled-
with patches, veins, and dots of pale cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye,
small and open, with narrow, erect segments, placed in a shallow
depression. Stalk, an inch long, stout and woody, somewhat obliquely
inserted in a round and rather wide cavity. Flesh, of a deep yellow
colour, finegrained, very melting, abundantly juicy, and richly flavoured^,
with a very high aroma.
A very excellent pear ; ripe in the end of November. Mr. Black-
more says it is of very feeble habit, and not worth gi'owing at Tedding-
ton.
Raised by Rev. John Huyshe, of Clysthydon, Devon.
HUYSHE'S VICTORIA.— Fruit, medium sized ; oval or almost
cylindrical, flattened at the ends. Skin, yellowish, freckled and veined
with russet. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk,
very short and thick, inserted without depression on the end of the
fruit, and sometimes obliquely inserted as in Beurre d'Aremberg.
Flesh, yellowish, melting, rather gritty at the core, juicy, rich, sugary,
and vinous.
A first-rate pear ; in use during December and January. Mr. Luck-
hurst says that on the Weald of Sussex it is an excellent pear.
Raised by Rev. John Huyshe, of Clysthydon, Devon.
Imperatrice de Bois. See Flemish Beauty.
596 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
IMPERIALE {Imperiale a Feuilles de Chene ; Oak-leaved Imperial).
— Fruit, medium sized ; obtuse pyriform. Skin, smooth, at first bright
grass-green, changing successively to yellowish and bright yellow as it
attains maturity. Eye, small and open, with acute reflexed segments,
and set in a very shallow basin, almost even with the surface. Stalk,
an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, fine-grained, crisp,
and juicy, with a sweet and somewhat aromatic flavour.
A dessert pear of little merit except when grown against a wall ; ripe
during April and May. The tree is very vigorous and hardy, and is
remarkable for the singularity of its foliage, the leaves being so indented
and puckered as to give them the appearance of being sinuated like
those of the oak, but which is not the case, as it is only caused by the
undulations.
Imperiale a Feuilles de Chene. See Imperiale.
Inconnue Angouleme. See Figue.
Inconnue Cheneau. See Fondante de Brest.
L'INCONNUE [V Inconnue VanMons). — Fruit, large, and pyriform.
Skin, rough to the feel, greenish yellow, covered with large grey dots
and patches of cinnamon- coloured russet. Eye, small, and sometimes
wanting, set in a deep basin. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a quarter
long, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish, firm, very juicy,
rich, and sugary, with an agreeable aroma.
A very excellent winter pear ; ripe in February.
Inconnue la Fare. See St. Germain,
Invalides. See Colmar des Invalides.
Isambert le Bon. See Brown Beurre.
Ive's Bergamot. See GanseVs Bergamot.
Jackman's Melting. See King Edward's.
Jacquin. See Henry the Fourth.
JALOUSIE. — Fruit, above medium size ; obovate, and sometimes
obtuse pyriform. Skin, yellowish green, entirely covered with cin-
namon-coloured russet, and with a dark reddish brown next the sun.
Eye, small and open, with short dry segments, set a wide and
rather deep basin. Stalk, an inch long, frequently obliquely inserted
by the side of a flat protuberance. Flesh, whitish, juicy, and melting,
with a rich and pleasant flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October, but to have it in greatest perfection
should be gathered from the tree before it ripens. The tree is hardy
and vigorous on the pear, but is sickly and languishing on the quince.
JALOUSIE DE FONTENAY [Belle d'Esquermes ; Fontenay Vendee ;
Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee). — ^Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a
PEAES. 597
half wide, and three inches and a quarter long ; obtuse pyriform. Skin,
greenish yellow, tinged with red on the exposed side, and covered with
russety dots and patches. Eye, open, deeply set. Stalk, an inch long.
Flesh, white, buttery, melting, and richly flavoured.
An excellent pear ; ripe in October and November.
JAMINETTE {Amtrasie; Banneaux; Belle (V Anstrasie ; Bergamotte
iVAustrasie ; Colmar Jaminette ; Crasanne d'Austrasie ; Josephine ;
Maroit ; Pyrole ; Sabine d' Hirer), — Fruit, medium sized; turbinate.
Skin, pale 3'ellowish green, thickly covered with brown dots, and marked
with cinnamon- coloured russet next the sun and round the stalk. Eye,
open, with long reflexed segments, set in a rather deep basin. Stalk,
about an inch long, stout, and rather obliquely inserted without depres-
sion. Flesh, white, very juicy, and melting, sugary, vinous, and
aromatic.
A first-rate pear ; in use from November to January.
JARGONELLE (Beau Present; Belle Vierge; Beurre de Paris;
Chopiyie; Cueillette; Epargne ; De Fosse; Grosse Cuisse Madame;
Mouille Boiiche d'Ete ; Sweet Summer ; St. Lambert ; St. Samson ; De
la Table des Princes). — Fruit, large, and pyriform. Skin, smooth,
greenish yellow, with a tinge of dark brownish red next the sun. Eye,
large and open, with short, stout, blunt segments, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, about two inches long, slender, and obliquely inserted without
depression. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, melting, and very juicy,
with a rich, vinous flavour, and slight musky aroma.
A well-known dessert pear ; ripe in August. The tree is healthy
and vigorous, with strong pendent shoots ; succeeds well as a standard,'
but in northern climates requires a wall. There is no part of the king-
dom where it will not attain the greatest perfection by being grown
against a wall ; and in many parts of the north, where the situation is
sheltered, though not produced of a large size, still it ripens thoroughly
as a standard. In the city of Perth it may be seen acquired in
wherever there is ground, sufficient to plant it. Never did bourgeois
of Rheims exhibit more partiality for his favoured Rousselet than the
citizen of Perth does for his adopted Jargonelle. Mr. Blackmore says
it loses all flavour against a wall at Teddington.
It is diflScult to say at what period this old favourite was first introduced to this
couritry, but the earliest mention we have of it is by Switzer.
Jargonelle d*Autonme. See Ah ! mon Dieu,
Jargonelle of Merlet. See Basdn,
JEAN DE WITTE. — Fruit, rather below medium size ; obovate.
Skin, smooth, bright green, changing to bright yellow as it attains
maturity, covered with many small dots and markings of thin cinna-
mon-coloured russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a considerable
depression. Stalk, an inch or more in length, inserted in a small
598 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, buttery, and melting, of
a rich, sweet, and aromatic flavour, not unlike the Glou Mor9eau.
An excellent dessert pear ; in use from January to March. Tree
vigorous and healthy, and an excellent bearer as a standard. Succeeds
well on the quince.
Jeanette. See Amire Joannet.
JERSEY GRATIOLI (Bedminster Gratioli ; Gratioli de Jersey;
N orris's Pear), — Fruit, above medium size; roundish obovate. Skin,
greenish yellow, covered with large, rough, russet spots, and tinged
with pale brown next the sun. Eye, open, set in an even, shallow
basin. Stalk, an inch long, in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, very melting, rich, sugary, and with a fine, sprightly, vinous
flavour.
A dessert pear of the highest excellence ; ripe in October, and keeps
but a short time. "It blets suddenly," says Mr. Blackmore. The tree
is an excellent bearer as a standard, hardy, and vigorous.
This variety is known in Jersey by the name of Gratioli, and under this name
it had for some years been grown by Mr. Norris, of Sion Hill, Isleworth ; but as
Gratioli is the Italian name of Bon Chretien d'Ete, to prevent confusion, Mr.
Robert Thompson named the present variety Jersey Gratioli. It must have been a
considerable time in this country, as there is a tree growing in the garden of H. M.
Bucknall, Esq., of Bedminster Lodge, near Bristol, which he considers (1856) to be
50 years old. I am indebted to Mr. Bucknall for grafts and specimens of the fruit.
I received grafts and specimens also from Mr. Norris, and I found that they are
both one variety.
JEWESS {La Juive). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and a half
wide, and three inches long ; pyramidal or roundish obovate. Skin, of
a uniform pale yellow colour, mottled with pale brown russet, and
thickly covered with russet dots. Eye, small and open, with short,
erect segments, even with the surface. Stalk, about an inch long,
stout, and tapering into the fruit, or obliquely inserted. Flesh,
yellowish, buttery, and melting, very juicy, sugary, and rich.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in December. In 1867 it ripened in the
beginning of November, and was inferior in quality. Mr. Luckhurst
says that on the Weald of Sussex it is " of the highest excellence."
This was raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and first fruited in 1843. It
received its name from gjrowing against a wall of his garden which bounded the
street called Rue des Juifs.
Joannet. See Amire Joannet.
Johannisbirn. See Amire Joannet.
John. See Messire Jean.
JOHN MONTEITH.— Fruit, medium sized ; angular towards the eye,
somewhat four-sided at the eye. Skin, bright lively green, changing
as it ripens to yellowi&h green, a pale green. Eye, small, and half
PEABS. 699
open, with short, rigid segments, and set in a plaited basin. Stalk,
an inch and a quarter long, inserted in a small cavity, with a fleshy
swelling on one side. Flesh, greenish yellow, buttery, melting, sweet,
and pleasantly flavoured.
A dessert pear of good quality, highly esteemed in the Perthshire
orchards.
John Dory. See Messire Jean.
Jolimont. See Summer Doyenne.
JOLY DE BONNEAU. — Fruit, above medium size ; curved
obovate. Skin, pale green, strewed with spots and veins of brown
russet. Eye, open, set in a narrow depression. Stalk, an inch long,
obliquely inserted, stout, woody, and inserted on the apex of the fruit
without depression. Flesh, white, with a pink tinge, fine-grained,
melting, juicy, sugary, and vinous.
A first-rate pear ; in use from the middle till the end of December.
Josephine. See Jaminette.
JOSEPHINE DE MALINES.— Fruit, above medium size. Skin,
yellow, with a greenish tinge on the shaded side, and with a tinge of
red on the side next the sun ; the whole surface strewed with large
russet spots. Eye, open, set in a rather shallow depression. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, with a tinge of red, melting, and very juicy, sugary,
vinous, and richly flavoured, with a high rose-water aroma.
A most delicious pear ; in use from January till May. The tree is
hardy, and an excellent bearer. Mr. Blackmore says it is *' of grand
quality for a late pear. Habit, very straggling."
It was raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, in 1830, and was named in com-
pliment to his wife.
La Juive. See Jewess.
JULES BIVORT. — Fruit, rather large and handsome ; obovate,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, golden yellow, with a warm
orange glow on the side next the sun, mottled and speckled all over
with cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, quite open and clove-like, set in
a shallow uneven basin. Stalk, an inch long, woody, stout, rather
obliquely inserted. Flesh, white, buttery, melting, and very juicy,
with sometimes an astringent flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the middle of October.
JULES D'AIROLLES {Be Liron d'Aiwlles). —Fimt, about medium
sized ; pyriform. Skin, smooth, bright green, with bright red on the
side next the sun, the bright green changing to greenish yellow as it
ripens. Eye, partially open, rather deeply set. Stalk, about three-
quarters of an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a slight cavity.
600
THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Flesh, white, delicate, melting, very juicy, with a rich vinous flavour,
and delicate aroma.
An excellent pear, in use from the end of October till the end of
November, The tree is hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer.
This was raised by M. Leon Leclerc, of Laval, and named in honour of
M. _ de Liron d'AirolIes, a notable French pomologist. There was another
variety raised by Gregoire, of Jodoigne, also named after M. de Liron d'Airoiks,
a large round fruit.
JULES DELLOY. — Fruit, rather small, and roundish obovate.
Skin, yellow, covered with speckles and network of cinnamon-coloured
russet. Eye, large and open, with long segments. Stalk, an inch
long, stout, inserted without depression. Flesh, melting, and of in-
ferior quality, pasty, and flavourless.
An inferior pear, which becomes pasty in December.
Just. See Bassin,
JUVARDIEL. — A rather small fruit, of obtuse obovate shape, golden
yellow colour, covered with large russet dots. Eye, large and open.
Stalk, an inch long, obliquely inserted. Flesh, crisp, coarse-grained,
and breaking, of an inferior flavour.
An inferior pear ; ripe in October.
Kaissoise, See Beurre d^Amanlis.
Kartoffel. See Cohnar d' Areynherg ,
Kaizer Alexander. See Alexandre de Russie.
Keele Hall Beurre. See Styrian.
De Kienzheim. See Vallee Franche.
KILWINNING. — Fruit, medium sized ; oblong, somewhat like the
Bishop's Thumb. Skin, dark green, strewed all over with grey dots,
here and there marked with patches of russet, brownish red next the
sun, but changing as it ripens to yellowish green and a livelier red.
Eye, large and prominent, almost closed, with long, broad, erect
segments, not depressed. Stalk, one inch and a quarter long, inserted
obliquely, without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, pleasant,
and with a strong perfume.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October.
KINGSESSING. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter wide, and
three inches high ; roundish, even, regular, and handsome. Skin, of a
deep golden yellow ground, and finely mottled and freckled with bright
warm brown russet. Eye, open, with erect acute segments, set in a
deep rather uneven basin. Stalk, short and very fleshy at the base,
where it is inserted without depression. Flesh, coarse-grained and
rather gritty, sweet, not very juicy, and with little flavour.
An inferior American pear ; ripe in October.
PEARS. 601
King Pear. See Caitlot Rosat,
KING EDWARD'S {Jackman's MeHing). — Fruit, very large, some-
times five inches and a half long, and three inches and a half wide ;
pyriform, rather uneven in its outline, and inclined to be bossed. Skin,
smooth, shining, of a beautiful grass-green, which becomes yellowish
green, dotted with dark green dots on the shaded side, and on the
exposed side it is entirely covered with a deep but bright brownish red,
and thickly covered with grey russet dots. Eye, open, with large erect
segments, rather deeply set in an uneven basin, which is ridged round
the margin. Stalk, an inch to an inch and three-quarters long, stout
and woody, inserted without depression on the apex of the fruit.
Flesh, white, or slightly tinged with yellow, slightly gritty at the core,
but half-melting, very juicy, sweet, and acidulous, with a slight rose-
water perfume.
This is the largest melting pear, and, though not of the highest
merit, it is well worthy of cultivation for its size and quality combined.
In the north it seems to succeed very well, my friend, the Rev. Wm.
Kingsley, of South Kilvington, near Thirsk, having grown it of excel-
lent quahty. It ripens in September in the south, and during October
and November in the north. It is so like Uvedale's St. Germain as to
be at first sight taken for that variety.
King William Pear. See Ananas d'Ete.
Kiss Madame. See Cuisse Madame,
Kleine Engelsbirne. See Ange,
Kleine Wasserbirne. See Ange,
Knevett's Pear. See Figue,
Knevett's New Swan's Egg. See MuirfowVs Egg,
Knight's Monarch. See Monarch.
Knoop's Ananasbime. See Ananas.
Konge. See Windsor.
Kombim. See Amire Joannet.
Kronbime. See De Livre.
Kiimmelbirne. See Besi d'Hery.
Lady's Buttock. See Cuisse Madame,
Lady's Thigh. See Cuisse Madame,
Lafare. See St. Germain.
LAMMAS {Huntingdon). — Fruit, below medium size ; pyramidal,
regular, and handsome. Skin, pale yellow, streaked with red, and
covered with red on the side next the sun. Eye, open, ve'-y slightly
602 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
depressed. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted without depression.
Flesh, tender, juicy, and melting, with an agreeable flavour.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of August.
The tree is hardy, and a very abundant bearer.
Lammas [of the Americans]. See Seckle.
Lammas [of the Scotch]. See Crawford.
LANS AC (Dauphine ; Lechfrion d^Automne). — Fruit, medium sized;
roundish. Skin, smooth, yellowish green, becoming pale yellow as it
ripens, covered with numerous minute dots. Eye, small and open,
not depressed. Stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression by
the side of a fleshy protuberance. Flesh, yellowish white, melting,
juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A dessert pear ; ripe from November to January. The tree is
healthy and a good bearer, succeeds well as a standard ; on the quince
the fruit is produced much larger than from the pear stock.
This variety originated at a village named Haze, near Tours, in France, of which
Madame de Lansac, governess to the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XIV. of France,
was superior, and was named in honour of her. The name of Dauphin also
originated in connection with this circumstance.
LARGE BLANQUET {Great Blanquette ; Blanquet Gros d'Ete;
Boi Louis; Blanquet Musque ; Musette d'Anjou). — Fruit, below medium
size ; obtuse pyriform. Skin, smooth, of a beautiful deep yellow colour,
with a tinge of red next the sun, covered with numerous dots, which
are reddish next the sun and greenish in the shade. Eye, large and
open, with rather long dry segments, and set almost even with the
surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout and fleshy, and
set in a small round depression. Flesh, whitish, crisp, sweet, and
juicy, with a pleasant musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in August. The tree is vigorous and an abundant
bearer, and succeeds well as a standard either on the pear or quince.
LAURE DE GLYMES. — Fruit, above medium size ; pyramidal.
Skin, entirely covered with a coat of fawn-coloured russet, with mottles
of lemon-coloured ground shining through. Eye, open, set in a shallow
basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout and fleshy, not depressed. Flesh,
white, tender and juicy, sweet and highly perfumed.
A pear of second quality ; ripe in the beginning of October.
De Lavault. See Williams's Bon Chretien.
LAWRENCE. — Fruit, medium size, two inches and a half wide, and
two inches and a half to three-quarters high ; roundish or Doyenne-
shaped, even and regular in its outline. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow,
changing to a fine lemon-yellow, covered with large cinnamon-coloured
russet specks, with a large patch of the same round the stalk and in
the basin of the eye. Eye, small and open, with erect acute segments,
PEARS. 603
set in a deep basin. Stalk, about half an inch long, stout and woody,
inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish, rather firm, sometimes
coarse-grained, melting, very juicy and rich, sweet, and with a fine
rose-water perfume.
One of the best pears ; ripe in the middle of November.
Raised at Flushing, Long Island, in the United States.
Lechfrion d'Automne. See Lansac,
Lefevre. See Beurre Lefevre,
De Legipont. See Fondanle de Chameu.
Lent St. Germain. See UvedaUs St. Germain,
LEON GREGOIRE. — Fruit, about medium size ; pyriform in shape,
somewhat like Beurre de Ranee, a little undulating in its outline. Skin,
yellowish green, very much clouded and mottled with dark mahogany
brown russet over its whole surface, with only here and there patches
of ground colour visible on the shaded side. Eye, dry, horny, and
open, set in a slight depression. Stalk, upwards of an inch long,
obliquely inserted, without depression. Flesh, greenish under the skin,
gi'itty, very juicy, briskly flavoured.
A coarse and inferior pear ; ripe in October.
LEON LECLERC DE LAVAL.— Fruit, large ; long obovate, and
rounding towards the eye. Skin, smooth and shining, yellow, strewed
with brown dots, and marked with tracings of russet. Eye, large,
with long, straight, narrow segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk,
an inch and a half long, inserted without depression by the side of
a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, half-melting or crisp, juicy, sweet, and
perfumed.
An excellent stewing pear, which in some seasons is half-melting,
and is in use from January till May and June.
LEON LECLERC DE LOUVAIN.— Fruit, medium sized ; longish
oval, and blunt at both ends. Skin, of a yellow colour, washed with
red on the side next the sun. Eye, large and closed. Stalk, an inch
long, and pretty thick. Flesh, yellowish, half-melting, juicy, sweet,
and pretty well flavoured.
Ripe in the middle of November.
LEOPOLD THE FIRST.— Fruit, medium sized ; oval, inclining to
pyriform. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with flakes and dots of
russet. Eye, open, irregular, slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch long,
thick, and curved. Flesh, yellowish white, melting, very juicy, rich,
sugary, and highly perfumed.
A first-rate dessert pear ; ripe in December and January. The tree
forms a very handsome pyramid.
LEOPOLD RICHE.— Fruit, rather large, of the shape of Beurre
604
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Diel. Skin, yellow, thickly dotted with large cinnamon russet dots.
Eye, open, with erect segments, set in a shallow depression. Stalk,
half an inch long, slender, not depressed. Flesh, rather coarse-
grained, crisp, and of the consistency of Passe Colmar ; very juicy,
with a rich, thick, sugary juice, and a fine almond flavour.
A very richly flavoured pear; ripe in the middle and end of
November.
LEWIS. — Fruit, medium sized ; oblong-obovate. Skin, pale green,
assuming a yellow tinge as it ripens, thickly covered with brown russet
dots, and with patches of russet round the stalk and the eye. Eye,
large and open, with long reflexed segments, slightly depressed. Stalk,
an inch and three-quarters long, slender, and inserted without depres-
sion. Flesh, yellowish white, very tender, melting, and very juicy,
rich, and sugary, with a somewhat aromatic flavour.
An excellent pear ; in use from November to January. The tree is
an abundant bearer, and hardy. The fruit adheres firmly to the tree,
and is not liable to be blown down by high winds.
This excellent variety is of American origin, having been raised about the
beginning of the present century on the farm of Mr. Lewis, of Roxbury, near
Boston.
Liard, See Napoleon.
Lichefrion. See Cassolette.
Lichefrion d'Automne. See Lansac.
Liebbirne. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
Liebesbirne. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
LIEUTENANT POIDEYIN.— A large, obovate, and undulating
fruit, which is only adapted for stewing. It was raised at Angers, and
the tree first fruited in 1853. It was dedicated to the memory of a
young officer, a native of Angers, who fell at the battle of the Alma,
20th September, 1854.
Linden d'Automne. See Glou Morgeau.
DE LIVRE (Gros Bateau Gris ; Kronhirne ; Bateau). — Fruit,
large ; obovate, obtuse pyriform. Skin, pale green, becoming yellowish
as it attains maturity, and entirely covered with thick brown russet,
so much so that scarcely any of the ground colour is visible. Eye,
small, with long acuminate segments, and set in a deep, round, and
even basin. Stalk, an inch or more in length, thick and flesby at the
insertion, and set in a deep cavity, which is generally higher on one
side than the other. Flesh, white, firm, crisp, rather fine-grained, and
with a pleasant flavour.
A culinary pear, in use from November to February, which much
resembles the Black Pear of Worcester. The tree is vigorous, and a
good bearer as a standard, and succeeds either on the pear or quince.
PEARS. 605
LODGE. — Fruit, about medium size ; obtuse pyriform. Skin,
smooth and shining, yellowish green, mottled with darker green ;
marked with a few flesh-coloured dots on the side next the sun, and
strewed all over with faint tracings of delicate russet. Eye, small, with
short dry segments, closed, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, upwards of
an inch long, slender, inserted without depression. Flesh, white,
tender, melting, and juicy, sprightly, but with no particular aroma or
fldvour.
An American pear ; ripe in October. It is somew^hat like Louise
Bonne of Jersey, but very inferior to that variety.
LONGLAND. — Fruit, quite small ; turbinate, even, regular, and
rather handsomely shaped. Skin, very thickly covered with large
russet freckles of a pale ashen colour, the side next the sun having a
pale red cheek, and on the shaded side it is greenish yellow. Eye,
large and open, clove-like, with a ring of stamens set round, placed
even with the surface. Stalk, an inch long, straight and stout, very
slightly depressed in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellow, very astringent.
A very old Herefordshire perry pear.
LONGUEVILLE. — Fruit, large, three inches long, and two and a
half wide ; obovate, regular in its outline, and handsome. Skin,
greenish yellow, with a tinge of pale red next the sun, and entirely
covered with numerous grey russet specks, which are so thick as some-
times to appear like network. Eye, open, with stiff, dry, erect seg-
ments, surrounded with rough russet, and set even with the surface.
Stalk, about an inch long, stout, fleshy at the base, inserted in a round
narrow cavity, lined with russet. Flesh, yellowish, crisp and tender,
very juicy, sw^eet, and richly flavoured.
An excellent pear, much grown in the south of Scotland, where it
succeeds well.
In the earlier editions of this work I adopted this as a synonyme of Hampden's
Bergamot, on the authority of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue ; but I
find the Longueville, which is grown in the Scotch orchards, is quite different.
Dr. Neill says, " Though the name is now unknown in France, it is conjectured
that the tree was brought over from that country by The Douglas when Lord of
Longueville in the 15th century." Trees of it still exist in the old orchards about
Jedburgh, and on Tweedside.
LONDON SUGAK. — Fruit, below medium size ; turbinate. Skin,
pale green, becoming yellow when ripe, with a brownish tinge when
fully exposed to the sun. Eye, small, half open, prominent, and sur-
rounded with puckered plaits. Stalk, an inch long, slender, obliquely
inserted. Flesh, tender, melting, very juicy, sugary, and musky.
A small, very early pear ; ripe in the end of July and beginning of
August.
This is a variety described by Lindley as being so much cultivated in Norfolk
for the Norwich market. He says it much resembles the Madeline or Citron des
Carmes, but the branches are pendulous, and in the Madeleine they are ascending.
606 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
LONG STALKED BLANQUET {BlanquH a Long Queue) .-—Frmi,
small, produced in clusters ; pyriform. Skin, thin, smooth, at first
clear yellowish green, changing as it ripens to bright pale yellow, with
sometimes a very faint tinge of pale red next the sun, strewed with a
few minute dots. Eye, open, set even with the surface. Stalk, an
inch and a half long, inserted without depression, and frequently with
a fleshy swelling at the base. Flesh, white, tender, slightly gritty, juicy,
sweet, and with a slight musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in July, but soon decays. The tree is vigorous
and an abundant bearer, succeeds well as a standard.
Lord Cheyne's. See Bergamotte de Hollande.
Louis Bosc. See Besi de Montigny.
Louis Dupont. See Urbaniste.
LOUIS GREGOIRE. — Fruit, about medium size ; turbinate, un-
dulating and uneven on the surface. Skin, a uniform lemon-colour,
thickl}^ dotted with large russet dots, and here and there a patch of
russet. Eye, small and closed, set in a rather deep basin. Stalk,
long, slender, and woody, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellow-
ish, rather coarse-grained, slightly gritty, very juicy, and were it not
for a very decided astringency would be a very good pear.
It is ripe in the first week of November.
Louise d'Avranches. See Louise Bonne of Jersey.
LOUISE BONNE.— Fruit, large ; pyriform. Skin, very smooth,
bright green, changing as it ripens to yellowish green, strewed with
brown and green dots, and a few markings of russet. Eye, small and
open, scarcely at all depressed. Stalk about half an inch or less long,
fleshy at the base, and somewhat obliquely inserted by the side of a
fleshy prominence. Flesh, white, juicy, and half-melting, with an
excellent and perfumed flavour.
An old French dessert pear ; ripe during November and December.
The tree is vigorous and an excellent bearer, succeeds well as a
standard, and prefers the pear to the quince stock. It was long grown
in our gardens, but since the introduction of the Flemish varieties its
cultivation is abandoned.
It originated in Poitou, on the property of a lady whose Christian name was
Louise, and hence the name was derived.
LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY (BeurrS d'Avranches; Bonne
d'Avranches; Bonne de Longueval ; Bonne Louise d' Arandore ; Louise
d'Avranches; William the Fourth). — Fruit, medium sized ; p3Tiform.
Skin, smooth, yellow on the shaded side, but crimson next the sun,
covered with crimson and russety dots. Eye, small and open, set in a
rather deep basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, obliquely
PEARS. 607
inserted without depression. Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, with
a rich, sugary, and brisk vinous flavour.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in October. The tree is a good bearer,
and succeeds well as a pyramid on the quince.
Tois valuable pear was raised at Avranches about the year 1788, by M.
Longueval, w ho at first named it simply " Louise," but subsequently added Bonne,
and it thenceforth became known as "Bonne Louise d'Avranches." The original
tree is still in existence in the garden where it was raised.
LOUISE BONNE D'AVRANCHES PAN ACHEE. -This is pre-
cisely identical with the preceding, except that it is variegated in the
wood and the fruit with golden stripes. It is a very beautiful fruit,
and is equally as highly flavoured as the normal form. It originated
as a bud sport.
LOUISE D'ORLEANS.— Fruit, rather large, three inches and a
quarter long, and two and a half wide, long obovate, inclining to
pyriform, even in its outline, terminating at the apex with an abrupt
concave curve, which gives it the appearance of a snout. Skin, smooth,
greenish yellow, entirely covered with large mottles of grey russet.
Eye, small and open, set on one side of the axis, and generally on the
side opposite to that on which the stalk is inclined. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a small round cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, buttery, melting, and juicy, sweet, and with a
brisk flavour, and a fine rose-water perfume.
A good, but not a first-rate pear, which rots at the core in the end
of October.
This is perfectly distinct from Urbaniste, with which a pear, cultivated on
the Continent under the name of Louise d'Orleans, is synonymous. The variety
here described I received from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, in 1847.
LOUISE DE PRUSSE.— Fruit, large ; long obovate. Skin, of an
uniform straw-yellow, with a few traces of cinnamon-russet and russet
dots. Eye, open. Stalk, short, obliquely inserted by the side of a
fleshy lip. Flesh, tender, melting, juicy, and sweet.
A second-rate pear, which rots at the core in October.
Lucrate. See Fondante cVAutomne.
LUCY GRIEVE. — Fruit, large, three inches long, and two and a
half wide ; oval, rather uneven in outline, bossed round the waist and
about the eye ; its shape is a combination of Glou Mor9eau and
Swan's Egg, the appearance about the crown being particularly like the
former. Skin, lemon-yellow, with occasionally a brownish red blush on
the side next the sun ; and the whole surface is sprinkled with cinnamon-
coloured russet dots, which in some parts, and particularly round the
stalk, are so thick as to become patches of russet. Eye, rather open,
with long narrow segments, set in an uneven depression. Stalk, an inch
long, woody, set even with the surface. Flesh, white, very tender and
melting, very juicy and richly flavoured.
608 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
This is a delicious pear, and has the texture of flesh of Marie
Louise ; it is ripe during October.
The seed was sown in a flower-pot by a Httle girl, the daughter of Mr. Peter
Grieve, gardener at Culford Hall, near Bury St. Edmunds, merely for her childish
amusement. She carefully tended the plants till they were large enough to be
planted in the open ground ; but ere the first of them bore fruit, in 1873, the little
maid was in her grave. Her father sent me the first fruit the tree produced, and
I named it Lucy Grieve, as a memorial of the raiser.
Maatjes Peer. See Bergamotte iV Automne.
Mabille. See Napoleon.
Madame. See Windsor.
MADAME ANDRE LEROY. —Fruit, very large, four inches long,
and three inches wide ; oblong-obovate, or pyriform. Skin, of greenish
yellow colour, entirely covered with spots of grey russet. Eye, large
and open, set in a deep uneven basin. Stalk, an inch long, stout,
obliquely inserted, with a fleshy base on the extremity of the fruit,
Flesh, white, tinged with green under the skin, very melting, juicy,
and vinous.
An excellent pear ; ripe in October. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says it
is one of the few new pears worth growing.
Raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, in 1862, and named in compliment to
Madame Leroy.
MADAME APPERT.— Fruit, large, nearly two inches and a half in
diameter, and three and a quarter long ; oblong-obovate, sometimes
roundish obovate ; uneven in its outline, tapering into the stalk. Skin,
very rough to the touch, being covered with thick coarse scaly brown
russet over its whole surface. Eye, open, with short erect segments
quite level with the surface. Stalk, long and slender, placed on the
apex of the fruit without depression, and sometimes with fleshy folds at
its base. Flesh, white, very melting, buttery, and juicy, sweet and
briskly flavoured, with a fine aroma.
A very excellent pear, of a fine, rich, brisk, and refreshing flavour ;
ripe in October. The tree is a good bearer, succeeds well on the pear
or quince stock, and makes handsome pyramids.
This was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, in 1861, and was dedicated to
his elder daughter, wife of M. Eugene Appert, a celebrated painter.
MADAME BAPTISTE DESPORTES.— Fruit, large, three inches
wide, and the same high ; turbinate, uneven in its outline. Skin,
yellow, covered with russety dots and patches. Eye, small and open,
set in a pretty deep basin. Stalk, stout, inserted in a round cavity
by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, melting, very juicy, with a rich,
brisk, vinous flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is small,
growing with slender shoots, an immense bearer, and of a healthy con-
PEARS. G09
stitution. It succeeds better on the pear than on the quince, and
makes neat little pyramids.
It was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and named as a compliraent to the
wife of M. Baptiste Desportes, who has for so many years acted as the manager of
M. Leroy's extensive nurseries.
MADAME DURIEUX.— Fruit, medium sized; Bergamot-shaped.
Skin, greenish yellow, mottled with large patches of russet, particularly
about the stalk, and dotted and streaked with the same. Eye, closed,
slightly depressed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long. Flesh,
white, melting, buttery, juicy, and with a Bergamot flavour.
Ripe in the end of October and beginning of November.
MADAME ELIZA. — Fruit, large ; tall and oblong, even in its out-
line. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with patches of thin cinnamon-
coloured russet. Eye, rather large and open, with long leafy segments,
set in a slight depression. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted at a right
angle to the fruit. Flesh, j^ellowish, with a salmon tint in the centre
like Josephine de Malines, tender, melting, and juicy, sweet, but not
particularly rich.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of November and through December.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, and was named after Madame Eliza Berckmans,
wife of the pomologist of that name.
Madame de France. See Windsor.
MADAME HENRI DESPORTES.— Fruit, roundish obovate or
turbinate, like Red Doyenne, handsome and regular in its outline.
Skin, rough to the feel, being covered with a thick coat of dark
cinnamon-coloured russet, through which the yellow ground is visible,
where the russet is thin. Eye, large and open, with broad, bold
segments, set in a round saucer-like basin. Stalk, very short and
stout, inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, yellow, buttery, rich, sugary,
and juicy, with a pleasant aroma.
An excellent pear ; ripe in October.
Raised bv M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, in 18P3, and named in compliment to
the wife of M. Henri Desportes, foreman of M. Leroy's extensive nurseries.
MADAME LORIOL DE BARNY.— Fruit, large, three inches and
a quarter long, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; oblong, uneven
in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, dotted and mottled with brown
russet, with here and there patches of the same. Eye, large and open,
slightly depressed. Stalk, very short and slender, with a high shoulder
on one side of it. Flesh, very juicy and melting, with a rich, vinous,
sprightly flavour, and a fine, delicate, musky aroma.
A dessert pear of the first quality ; ripe in December. The tree is
a good bearer, forms handsome pyramids, and attains about the medium
size.
Raised by M. Leroy, of Angers, in 1866, and named by him as a compliment to
his younger daughter, wife of M. Loricl de Barny, of Angers.
89
610 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
MADAME MILLET.— Fruit, large; short obovate or turbinate,
rather uneven in its outline. Skin, yellow, almost entirely covered
with cinnamon-coloured russet, so much so as to leave only a few spots
here and there visible. Eye, open, set in a wide and rather deep basin.
Stalk, an inch long and stout, obliquely inserted almost at right angles
with the axis of the fruit, and without depression. Flesh, tender, half-
melting, juicy, and richly flavoured.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in March and April. The tree requires a
warm situation, or to be grown against a wall.
Raised by M. Charles Millet, of Ath, in Belgium, in 1840 ; but the original tree
was taken to Tirleraont by his son, M. Hippolyte Millet, nurseryman of that town,
where it fruited in 1852, and was named by him in compliment to his mother.
MADAME TREYVE. — Fruit, large, three inches and a quarter
long, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; obtusely obovate, even,
and occasionally bossed. Skin, greenish yellow, becoming pale yellow
on the shaded side, but on the side exposed to the sun it is bright
vermilion crimson, more brilliant even than Forelle, and strewed with
numerous grey russet dots. Eye, very small and open, set in a narrow
slightly depressed basin. Stalk, slender, half an inch to three-quarters
long, set in a round narrow cavity. Flesh, white, melting, and very
juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured, with a delicate and fine aroma.
A delicious pear ; ripe in the middle and end of September. The
tree is a good bearer and succeeds well on the quince.
It was raised by M. Treyve, a nurseryman at Trevoux, in the department of
I'Ain. It first produced fruit in 1858, and was named in compliment to the wife
of the raiser.
MADAME VAZILLE.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half long
by two inches and three-quarters broad ; oblong obovate. Skin, almost
entirely covered with rough russet. Eye, open, set level with the
surface. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, straight. Flesh,
melting, juicy, sweet, and vinous.
Ripe in September and October, but only of ordinary quality.
Madeleine. See Citron des Carmes.
MAGNATE. — Fruit, large, three inches and three-quarters long,
and two inches and three-quarters wide ; pyriform, even and sym-
metrical in its outline. Skin, covered with rather dark brown russet,
which is thickly strewed with large russet freckles ; on the shaded side
it is mottled with yellow, and on the other sometimes streaked with
crimson. Eye, open or half open, even with the surface. Stalk, an
inch long, with a fleshy ring at the base. Flesh, yellow, tender,
melting, rather gritty at the core, richly flavoured, and with a some-
what rose-water perfume.
Ripe in October and November. It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of
Sawbridge worth.
DE MALTHE {Caillot Eosat d'Hiver). — Fruit, medium sized;
PEARS. 611
roundish, inclining to obovate. Skin, yellowish green, becoming en-
tirely yellow as it attains maturity, quite covered with brown and grey
russet on the shaded side, and less so on the side next the sun. Eye,
rather large and open, with rigid segments, set in a considerable depres-
sion. Stalk, an inch long, very thick and stout, inserted without
depression. Flesh, white, coarse-grained, firm, crisp, and juicy, with a
very aromatic and rose-like flavour.
A dessert pear ; in use from November to January. The tree is a
strong grower and a good bearer as a standard.
Merlet gives Poire de Prefcre as a synonyme of this ; but it is not that of
Duhamel, and the De Pretre of the Horticultural Society's catalogue is different
from both.
Mandelbirne. See Awjleterre.
MANSUETTE {Solitaire; Beurre de Semur) .—Frmi, large ; oblong
obovate. Skin, pale green, considerably covered with brown dots,
particularly on the shaded side, and assuming a faint tinge of red on
the side exposed to the sun as it ripens. Eye, small and open, with
erect segments, and set in a deep plaited and irregular basin. Stalk,
an inch long, curved and obliquely inserted in a roundish unequal
prominence. Flesh, white, tender, half-melting, juicy, and well
flavoured.
A dessert pear ; ripe in September and October. The tree bears
well as a standard, but requires a favourable situation.
DE MARAISE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and a half
long, and about the same wide ; abruptly obovate, even, very handsome
and regularly formed, not unlike an undersized Beurre Sterckmans in
shape. Skin, smooth, with a fine aurora glow on the side next the
sun, dotted with large russet freckles ; on the shaded side it is a fine
clear yellow, and also covered with large russet freckles. Eye, very
small and open, set in a shallow and narrow basin. Stalk, an inch
long, slender, and inserted by the side of a fleshy lip, in a small narrow
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, tender, melting, and very juicy, rich, and
with a honey sweetness, and a powerful aroma.
A very beautiful and very deHcious pear ; ripe in the end of October
and beginning of November.
I cannot trace the origin of this pear, neither has it been described in any
pomological work. It is said to have been raised by Van Mons, and I received it
from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, in 1847.
MARCH BEEGAMOT.— Fruit, medium sized; roundish. Skin,
yellowish brown, partially covered with russet. Eye, placed in a slight
depression. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellowish white, buttery, slightly gritty at the core, but very rich and
excellent.
A dessert pear of the highest merit ; in use in March, and will keep
even beyond that time. The tree is particularly hardy, will succeed
612
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
well as a standard, and in cold climates may be advantageously grown
against a wall.
It was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq.
Marchioness. See Marquise.
Marechal Decours. See Marechal de Cour.
MARECHAL DE COUR {Do de la Cour; Beau de la Cour; Con-
seiller de la Cour ; Due d' Orleans; Grosse Marie; Marechal Decours). —
Fruit, large, sometimes very large, being near four inches and a half
long, and three inches and three-quarters wide ; oblong pyriform,
pretty even in its outline, but slightly undulating. Skin, thickly covered
with cinnamon-coloured russet, so much so as to be encrusted with it,
and permitting only very little of the pale yellow ground to show
through it. Eye, large and open, with long, stout, and somewhat
woody segments, set in a moderate depression. Stalk, from an inch to
an inch and a quarter long, inserted on the wide, blunt apex of the
fruit without depression. Flesh, yellowish, very tender, melting, and
buttery, with an abundant richly flavoured juice, which is sweet,
sprightly, and with a fine perfume.
This is one of the finest pears in cultivation, and ripens about the
end of October and beginning of November. The tree is hardy,
vigorous, and an abundant bearer, forming fine pyramids and standards.
Mr. R. D. Blackmore says it is "a very fine pear. Coarse from a
wall. I have grown it to weigh 18 oz."
A seedling of Dr. Van Mons, of which he sent grafts to M. Bivort in April, 1842,
with the name "Marechal de Cour, gain de 1841, la meilleur existante." In the
early editions of this work, I described this fruit under the name of Conseiller de
la Cour, which was that under which I received it from M. Papeleu in 1847, and
under which M. Bivort had also distributed it ; but as that now adopted is the
original name given it by Van Mons himself, a sense of propriety recommends its
adoption.
MARECHAL DILLEN [Dillen d'AutGmne).—Frmi, large, three
inches and a half long, and three inches wide ; oblong obovate. Skin,
greenish yellow, mottled and dotted with pale brown russet. Eye,
open, slightly depressed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
slender, inserted in a wide, deep cavity, one side of which is higher
than the other. Flesh, tender, juicy, very melting, with a sweet,
vinous, and sprightly flavour, and a delicate musky perfume.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in October and November. The tree
attains the middle height, is healthy and an abundant bearer, forming
handsome pyramids.
It was raised by Van Mons, in 1818, and was, at the request of the King of
Wurtemberg, dedicated to Marechal Dillen, Chancellor of the kingdom.
MARECHAL VAILL ANT.— Fruit, very large, three inches and a
half wide, and four inches long ; obovate, uneven and undulating in
its outline. Skin, yellowish green, mottled with patches and dots
PEARS. 613
of brown russet. Eye, open and rather deeply set. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, very stout, deeply inserted. Flesh, half-
melting, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured, with a flavour of musk.
An excellent pear ; ripe in December.
This was raised by M. Boisbuncl, of Rouen, and named in honour of Marshal
Vaillant, President of ihe Horticultural Society of Paris.
MARIE BENOIST. — Fruit, large, three inches long, and the same
in width ; Bergamot-shaped, generally much swollen and higher one
side of the stalk. Skin, very much covered with brown russet, the
yellowish green ground colour appearing in mottles. Eye, small, open,
and rather deeply set. Stalk, short and thick, rather obliquely inserted.
Flesh, tender and melting, very juicy, sweet, and of a brisk perfumed
flavour.
An excellent late pear ; in use during January and February.
It was raised at Brissac (Maine-et-Loire) by M. Auguste Benoist, and named in
compliment to his daughter.
Marianne Nouvelle. See BeurrS Bosc.
Marie Chretienne. See Marie Louise.
MARIE GUISSE. — Fruit, large, four inches long, and three wide ;
pyriform, tapering gradually from the bulge to the apex, uneven, and
rather ribbed and bossed towards the eye. Skin, green at first, but
changing, as it attains maturity, to lemon-yellow, and occasionally with
a tinge of brownish red on the side exposed to the sun, the whole
covered with dark russet dots and specks. Eye, open, with long,
broad segments, and set in an irregular depression. Stalk, an inch
long, inserted on the end of the fruit, with a few plaits or ribs round
it. Flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy, sweet, and with an acidu-
lous flavour and pleasant aroma. Mr. Blackmore says it is worthless
at Teddington.
An excellent late pear ; in use from February to March.
Raised by M. Guisse, at St. Ruffine, near Metz, and named by him in compli-
ment to his daughter.
MARIE LOUISE {Braddick's Field Standard; Marie Chretienne;
Marie Louise Delcourt; 2larie Louise Nova; Princess de Parme ;
Van Doncklelaar). — Fruit, large ; oblong or pyriform. Skin, smooth,
pale green, changing to yellow as it ripens, and marked with tracings
of thin brown russet. Eye, small and open, set in a narrow and rather
deep and uneven basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, inserted without
depression on one side of the apex, which is generally higher on one
side than the other. Flesh, white, delicate, buttery, with an exceed-
ingly rich, sweet, and vinous flavour.
A dessert pear of the highest merit ; ripe in October and November.
The tree is hardy, vigorous, and succeeds well either as a standard
or against a wall, and though the fruit is smaller from a standard than
614: THE FRUIT MANUAL.
from a wall, it is richer in flavour. It is an uncertain bearer, and pro-
duces a great profusion of bloom, which tends to weaken the develop-
ment of fruit. It has, therefore, been recommended to thin out all the
small blooms with a pair of scissors, leaving only two or three on each
spur. Mr. Blackmore's experience of it at Teddington is that it is " a
very uncertain cropper. The fruit is too sweet, otherwise most
excellent. On a wall it loses flavour."
This excellent variety was raised in 1809 by Abbe Duquesne, and named in
honour of Marie Louise, the consort of Napoleon. It was sent to this country in
1816, by Dr. Van Mons, to Mr. Braddick, of Thames Ditton, without a name, and
he planted it in a field as an open standard, where it succeeded so well and pro-
duced fruit so different in appearance to those growing against a wall that it was
considered a distinct variety, and was named Braddick's Field Standard.
Marie Louise Delcourt. See Marie Louise.
Marie Louise Nova. See Marie Louise.
MARIE LOUISE D'UCCLE.— Fruit, rather large; pyriform.
Skin, marked with pale cinnamon-coloured russet, much in the way of
Marie Louise. Eye, large and open, with long leafy segments, set in
a considerable depression. Stalk, an inch long, curved, stout, and
obliquely inserted on the end of the fruit by the side of a fleshy lip.
Flesh, fine-grained, buttery, and melting, very juicy and richly flavoured.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in the middle of October. Mr. Blackmore
says it is "not at all like the old Marie Louise, and not to be com-
pared with it, but tenfold the cropper."
MARIETTE DE MILLEPIEDS.— A very large, roundish obovate
fruit, very much covered with rough brown russet, and which is in use
from March till May. It is esteemed as of first quality on the Conti-
nent, but it never comes to much in our climate.
Maroit. See Jaminette.
Marotte Sucre. See Passe Colmar,
MARQUISE [Marquise d'Hiver ; Marquis Pear ; Marchioness). —
Fruit, large ; obtuse pyriform. Skin, bright green, changing to yel-
lowish as it attains maturity, with a brownish tinge on the side next
the sun, thickly covered with dots, which are green on the shaded side
and brown or grey on the other. Eye, small and open, set in a wide,
even, and shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted
on the apex without depression. Flesh, white, crisp, and with a plea-
sant sugary flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in November and December. Excellent when
grown against a wall and in a warm, rich soil, otherwise it is worthless.
The tree is vigorous and fertile, succeeds well either on the pear or
quince ; but the fruit being large and liable to be blown down in high
winds, it should never be grown as a standard. This was a great
favourite in the last century.
PEARS. 615
Marquise d'Hiver. See Marquise.
MARTIN SEC {Dnj Martin; Martin Sec de Champagne; Martin
Sec d'Hicer). — Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform or obtuso pyriform.
Skin, entirely covered with cinnamon-coloured russet on the shaded
side, and bright red next the sun, strewed with whitish grey dots.
Eye, small and open, set in a plaited undulating basin. Stalk, an inch
and a half long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, breaking, rather
dry, but sweet and perfumed ; and when grafted on the quince becomes
very gritty.
In use from November to January ; generally considered a dessert
pear, but more fit for stewing and preserving. The tree is very
vigorous and fertile, grows well either on the pear or quince, succeeds
well as a standard. The Martins are perhaps the earliest varieties
grown amongst us ; they are mentioned among the fruits delivered into
the Treasury by the fruiterer of Edward I., in 1292, and were at that
time valued at 8d. per pear.
Martin Sec de Champagne. See Martin Sec.
Martin Sec d'Hiver. See Martin Sec.
MARTIN SIRE (Ronville ; De Bunville; Certeau Musque d'Hiver). —
Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform. Skin, smooth at first, bright green,
but changing to a fine deep lemon-yellow, with a faint blush of red next
the sun, which is sometimes very bright, and at others quite wanting.
Eye, small and open, with acute dry segments, and set almost even
with the surface in a small basin. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a
half long, fleshy at the base, and inserted in a small cavity between
two fleshy lips. Flesh, crisp, sweet, and perfumed.
A stewing pear ; ripe in December and January, and more fit for
stewing than for dessert. The tree is vigorous and fertile, succeeds
well as a standard, either on the pear or quince.
Matthews's Eliza. See Groom's Princess Royal.
MAUD HOGG. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a
quarter long, and two inches and a half wide ; oblong obovate. Skin,
entirely covered with a crust of warm brown russet like that of the
Brown Beurre, and has a slight orange glow on the side exposed to the
sun, very much like the Chaumontel ; there is no yellow or ground
colour visible. Eye, open, with very short segments, and set in an
irregular ribbed depression. Stalk, an inch long and rather slender,
inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, tender and but-
tery, very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A dessert pear of the first quahty ; in use from the end of October
and beginning of November till December. The tree is very hardy.
It was raised by Mr. John Mannington, of Uckfield, in Sussex, and was named
in honour of my eldest daughter. The seed was sown about sixteen years ago, and
the tree bore fruit in 1871 for the first time.
616 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
De Maune. See Colmar.
Medaille. See Napoleon.
Medaille d'Or. See Frederic de Wiirtemberg.
Melon. See Beurre Diel.
MERESIA NEVILL. — Fruit, below medium size, two inches'^and
a half long, and two inches wide ; roundish obovate or oval, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, entirely covered with thick dark brown
russet. Eye, small and open, set in a pretty deep depression. Stalk,
nearly an inch long, slender, woody, and inserted in a narow cavity.
Flesh, half-melting, crisp, juicy, sweet, with a rich vinous flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in December and January.
This was a seedling of Mr. John Mannington, of Uckfield, Sussex, the successful
raiser of Mannington's Pearmain Apple and many excellent pears. It first fruited
in 1872, and, being submitted to me, I named it as a compliment to Miss Nevill,
daughter of my friend K. H. Nevill, Esq , of Dangstein, Sussex.
La Merveille. See Merveille d'Hiver.
Merveille de Charneu. See Fondante de Char7ieii.
MERVEILLE D'HIVER {Petit Oin ; Petit Oing ;' La Merveille),
— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, inclining to roundish turbinate, some-
what uneven on the surface. Skin, smooth and unctuous to the feel ;
hence the name of Petit Oin ; bright green changing to yellowish
green as it ripens, and strewed with small brown dots, and occasionally
with a faint tinge of dark red next the sun. Eye, large and open, set
in a considerable depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
somewhat obliquely inserted in a small cavity, which is higher on one
side than on the other. Flesh, white, tender, buttery, and melting,
and of a rich, sweet, and musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe during November. The tree is a good but
uncertain bearer, vigorous in a rich warm soil, and requires to be grown
against a wall to have the fruit in perfection, but does not succeed well
on the quince. The fruit becomes russety on a standard tree.
Merlet makes the Merveille d'Hiver and Petit Oin two different varieties ; but
his descriptions are so much alike, there can he no doubt they are the same variety,
as it is subject to vary in its characters by soil and situation.
Merveille de la Nature. See Easter Beurre.
MESSIRE JEAN {Chaidis ; John; John Dory; Messire Jean
Blanc ; Messire Jaune Dore ; Monsieur John). — Fruit, medium sized ;
turbinate, and sometimes slightly obovate. Skin, dark green, becoming
yellowish as it ripens, entirely covered with brown russet, particularly
on the side next the sun, and this is strewed with large speckles of
darker russet. Eye, small and open, with short erect segments, and
set in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, inserted
in a rather deep round cavit3% Flesh, white, crisp, very juicy, and of
a rich, sugary flavour, but gritty.
PEARS. 617
A dessert pear ; ripe in November and December. The tree bears
well as a standard, is vigorous and healthy when grown in a light, dry
soil ; succeeds well either on the pear or the quince.
Messire Jean Blanc. See Messire Jean.
Messire Jean Dore. BeelMessire Jean.
Miel de Waterloo. See Fondante de Chameu.
Milan Blanc. See Summer Franc Real.
Milan. See Bergamx)tte Cadette.
Milan de la Beuvriere. See Summer Franc Real.
Milan de Bordeaux. See Bergamotte Cadette.
Milanaise Cuvelier. See Winter Nelis,
MILAN DE ROUEN. — Fruit, small, two inches and a quarter high,
and the same in width; Bergamot- shaped, even and regular in its
outline. Skin, very much covered with cinnamon-coloured russet,
except here and there, where a few patches of the greenish yellow
ground colour shines through ; on the side which has been exposed to
the sun there are broken streaks of rather dark bright crimson. Eye,
open, with short rudimentary segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk,
short, inserted a httle on one side of the axis in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, coarse-grained, half-melting, pleasantly flavoured,
and with a musky perfume.
A second-rate pear, which rots at the core in the end of October.
It was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, and was first distributed in 1859.
MILLOT DE NANCY.— Fruit, about medium size ; obovato-tur-
binate, even and regularly shaped. Skin, smooth, of an uniform
coppery-red colour, dotted with rather large grey russet dots. On the
shaded side the colour is more yellowish, dotted and crusted with
cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, small and open, set almost even with
the surface. Stalk, short, thick, and fleshy at the base, obliquely
inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish, half-melting, very juicy,
and tender. Juice, thick, sweet, brisk, and highly flavoured, with a
pleasant aroma.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in the end of October and beginning of
November. Grown on the Hastings Sand formation in the Weald of
Sussex, Mr. Luckhurst says it is a valuable pear.
Raised by Dr. Van Mons at Louvain. It first fruited in 1843, and was named
by the son of Van Mons in lionour of M. Millot, formerly a cavalry otiicer, and a
distinguished pomologist at Nancy.
MOCCAS. — Fruit, medium sized; oval, uneven, and bossed in
outline. Skin, lemon-coloured, marked with patches ard veins of thin
pale brown russet, and strewed with russet dots. Eye. somewhat
618
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
closed, set in a deep, uneven, and furrowed basin. Stalk, an inch
long, rather deeply inserted. Flesh, ^-ellowish, fine-grained, tender,
and melting, with a rich vinous juice and musky flavour.
A delicious dessert pear ; ripe in December and January. The tree
is hardy and vigorous ; bears well as a standard.
This is one of the varieties raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., and is named after
Moccas Court, in Herefordshire,
MONARCH [Knighfs Monarch). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish.
Skin, yellowish green, very much covered with brown russet, and
strewed with grey russet specks. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow
undulating basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a
small cavity, frequently without depression. Flesh, yellowish, buttery,
melting, and very juicy, with a rich, sprightly, sugary, and agreeably
perfumed flavour.
One of the most valuable pears ; ripe in December and January.
The tree is very hardy, an excellent bearer, and forms a handsome
pyramid. Mr. Blackmore says " it is of grand quality when the flesh
is yellow, which happens only in good seasons ; but the tree is apt to
drop all fruit at the final swelling, even without wind. From a wall
it is worthless here." Mr. Luckhurst says, " Much watchfulness and
care are necessary as the fruit approaches maturity, some of it being
ready to gather long before the others, so that the gathering often
extends over an entire month, and the ripening extends from December
till March." He calls it "a most useful pear."
This is another of Mr. Knight's seedlings, and certainly the best of all. It
first fruited in 1830, the first year of the reign of William IV., and was named
Monarch as being, in his opinion, the best of all pears. There was a spurious
variety disseminated for the Monarch, with yellowish shoots, which is easily
distinguished from the true one, the shoots of which are dark violet.
^ MONCHALLARD [Belle Epine Fondante ; Epine d'Ete de Bordeaux ;
Epine Rose de Jean Lami). — Fruit, large, three inches and three-
quarters long, and two and three-quarters wide ; long obovate, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, bright yellow, strewed with g;aenish dots,
and washed with thin red on the side next the sun. Eye, large, open,
and slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, tender, melting, and very juicy, sweet, acidulous, and slightly
aromatic.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in September.
This valuable pear was raised on the property of M. Monchallard, at
Biard, near Valeuil, in the department of the Dordogne. It was found
by the grandfather of M. Monchallard growing in a wood, about the
year 1810, and he had the tree carefully removed to a more favourable
position.
Mon Dieu. See Ah I mon Dieu.
MONSEIGNEUR AFFRE.— Fruit, medium sized ; abrupt oblong,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, thick, rough to the feel, covered
PEAKS. 619
with coarse brown russet over a greenish yellow ground. Eye, small
and open, set in a very slight depression. Stalk, over an inch long,
stout, placed on the flattened end of the fruit without any depression.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, not very juicy, sweet, well flavoui'ed, and with
a pleasant aroma.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of November and beginning of
December, after which it blets like a medlar.
Raised by Van Mons, but the tree did not produce fruit till 1845, three years
after his death. It was named by M. Alexander Bivort in honour of the Arch-
bishop of Paris, who fell on the barricades, a martyr to his countrj, while endea-
vouring to appease the fury of the populace during the Revolution of 1848.
Monsieur de Clion. See Vicar of Winkjield.
Monsieur le Cure. See Vicar of Winkfield,
Monsieur John. See Mesdre Jean.
Monstrueuse de Landes. See Catillac.
Mont Dieu. See Ah ! man Dieu.
De Montigny. See Bed de Montigny,
MOORCROFT. — Fruit, small ; round, even and regular in its out-
line. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and with a brownish
tinge on the side next the sun ; the whole surface is strewed with
large ashy grey freckles of russet. Eye, open, set in a saucer-like
basin. Stalk, half an inch to three-quarters long ; rather stout,
inserted without depression. Flesh, crisp.
This is often called the Malvern pear, being much grown about that
place, and fairly well esteemed for perry.
Moorfowl's Egg. See MuirfowVs Egg.
MOREL. — Fruit, about medium size ; obovate. Skin, yellow,
thickly freckled with large russet spots. Eye, half open, not depressed.
Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, stout. Flesh, yellowish white, crisp,
juicy, and sweet, with an agreeable flavour.
This in colour and flavour is like Hessle, but ripens in April, and is a
good variety for that late season. Mr. Blackmore says it is the best of
all stewing pears, but otherwise worthless.
Mouille Bouche. See Verte Longue.
Mouille Bouche d'Automne. See Verte Longue,
Mouille Bouche d'Ete. See Jargonelle.
Mouille Bouche d'Hiver. See Angelique de Bordeaux.
Mouille Bouche Nouvelle. See Flemish Beauty.
MUIRFOWL'S EGa (MoorfowVs Egg ; Knevett's New Swan's Egg).
620 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
• — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish. Skin, dull green, changing to
yellowish green, mottled with red next the sun, and thickly strewed
with pale brown russety dots. Eye, small and open, with short rigid
segments, and set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long, in-
serted in a small round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, half-buttery, tender,
sweet, and with a slight perfume.
An old Scotch dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is very
hardy and vigorous, and admirably adapted for a standard dessert pear
in Scotland, where it is extensively grown.
Muscat d'Allemagne. See Muscat Allemande.
MUSCAT ALLEMANDE {G eiinan Muscat ; Muscat d'Allemagne),
— Fruit, above medium size ; turbinate. Skin, smooth, unctuous to
the touch, bright green, changing to yellowish green as it attains
maturity, with reddish brown next the sun, covered with large grey dots,
and a trace of russet about the eye and round the stalk. Eye, small
and open, with long reflexed segments, set in an even shallow basin.
Stalk, above an inch and a half long, inserted in a small round cavity.
Flesh, yellow, juicy, buttery, and melting, with a rich, sweet, and fine
musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; in use from March to May. Tree, vigoroup, hardy,
and an abundant bearer, requires the protection of a wall, otherwise the
fruit is gritty, both on the pear and quince.
Muscat Hatif. See Bourdon Musque,
MUSCAT ROBERT (i la Heine ; Gezegende ; UAmhre ; Pucelle
de Xaintogne ; La Prin^esse ; St. Jean Musque ; Grand Muscat ; Early
Green; GrosMusqud; Queen's). — Fruit, small; turbinate. Skin, thin,
smooth and shining, yellowish green. Eye, open, with long acute seg-
ments even with the surface. Stalk, an inch long, slender, and inserted
without a cavity. Flesh, tender, very juicy, and with a rich aromatic
flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in the end of July. Tree, hardy and vigorous,
and an abundant bearer; succeeds well as a standard, and thrives best
on the pear.
MUSCAT ROYAL. — Fruit, small; turbinate. Skin, greenish yellow,
entirely covered with grey russet, rather rough. Eye, small and
open, without depression. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, and
inserted without depression. Flesh, white, coarse-grained, juicy, sweet,
and musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in September. The tree is hardy, vigorous,
and a good bearer ; succeeds well as a standard.
Muscat Verd. See Cassolette.
Muscat de Yillandry. See Echassery,
PEABS. 621
/
Musette d'Anjou. See Larrje Blanqxiet.
Musette d'Automne. See Pastorale.
MUSETTE DE NANCY.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half long,
and two inches and a half wide ; pyramidal and handsome, with an
uneven and undulating outline, of the shape of a large Beurre Ranee.
Skin, covered with a fine warm orange-brown, or bright cinnamon-
coloured russet, on a lemon-yellow ground, very little of which is visible.
Eye, open, with wide-apart pointed segments, set in a rather deep,
irregular, and furrowed basin. Stalk, stout and woody, inserted ob-
liquely by the side of a fleshy protuberance. Flesh, yellowish white,
rather crisp, like the texture of Passe Colmar, and with an abundant,
rich, sugary, and very finely perfumed juice.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in the end of October and beginning of
November.
Musk Drone. See Bourdon Masque,
Musquine de Bretagne. See Bergainotte de Hollande.
NAPLES. — Fruit, medium sized ; turbinate. Skin, smooth, at first
vivid green, changing to beautiful lemon-yellow as it ripens, marked
with brownish red next the sun, which becomes bright red as the
ground colour changes. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow, even
depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a pretty
deep cavity. Flesh, whitish, rather fine-grained, firm, crisp, and juicy,
with a pleasant sweet flavour.
A dessert pear of ordinary merit ; in use from January to March.
The tree is very vigorous and an abundant bearer, succeeds well either
on the pear or quince as a standard.
NAPOLEON (Beurre Autien; Bonaparte; Bon Chretien Napoleon;
Beurre Napoleon; Captif de St. Helene; Cliarles X.; Gloire de
VEmpereur; Liard; Medaille ; Napoleon d' Hirer; Boi de Borne;
Sucree Doree ; Wurtemberg). — Fruit, large ; obtuse pyriform. Skin,
smooth, bright green at first, changing as it ripens to greenish yellow,
and sometimes a fine lemon-yellow, and covered with numerous brown
dots. Eye, partially open, with long erect acuminate segments, and
set in a moderate depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
stout, and inserted in a round and pretty deep cavity. Flesh, whitish,
tender, melting, and very juicy, with a rich, sweet, and refreshing
flavour ; to such a degree does it abound in juice that Diel says one
may be supposed '* to drink the fruit."
A valuable dessert pear ; ripe from November to December. The
tree is hardy, vigorous, and an excellent bearer ; succeeds as a standard,
but produces the finest fruit against a wall Mr. Blackmore says it is
a very fine fruit at Teddington.
It was raised by M. Liard, a gardener at Mons, in 1808, and by him exhibited
at the Pomological Society of Hennegau, where he receiyed the gold medal, hence
622 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
it was called Medaille. The original tree was afterwards sent to Abbe Duquesne,
and by him named Napoleon. It was sent to this country in 1816 by Van Mons,
and was the first of the Flemish pears received with an authenticated name. Much
confusion has arisen by the way both fruit and grafts of his seedlings had been
sent over by Van Mons.
NAPOLEON III. — Fruit, large, three inches and a half long, and
two and three-quarters wide ; obovate, uneven, and bossed on its
surface. Skin, deep yellow, strewed with numerous dots and patches
of russet. Eye, small and open, set in a pretty deep and narrow basin.
Stalk, half an inch long, very stout, fleshy at the base, and set on a
level with the surface. Flesh, white, very juicy and melting, with a
fine brisk vinous flavour and pleasant aroma.
A very excellent pear ; ripe in September. The tree bears well and
forms very neat pyramids on the quince.
It was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, who named it in honour of the
Emperor.
NAVEZ PEINTRE. — Fruit, medium sized; egg-shaped, even and
regularly formed. Skin, yellowish green on the shaded side, and
marked with bands of brown russet, but with a blush of brownish red
next the sun. Eye, open, very slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch long,
rather slender, not depressed. Flesh, yellowish, melting, very juicy,
piquant, and sugary, with a fine aroma.
A very fine pear ; ripe in the end of September.
I received this from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, in 1847, but I have never seen it
described in any previous work.
NEC PLUS MEUKIS. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three
quarters wide and the same high ; roundish turbinate, very uneven and
bossed on its surface. Skin, rough, dull yellow, very much covered
with dark brown russet. Eye, half open, generally prominent. Stalk,
very short, not at all depressed, frequently appearing as a mere knob
on the apex of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish white, buttery, and melting,
with a rich, sugary, and vinous flavour.
A first-rate pear ; ripe from January till March. It succeeds well as
a pyramid, but is best from a wall.
This is a seedling of Van Mons, raised in his Garden la Fidelite at Brussels, and
named as a compliment to Pierre Meuris, his gardener, of whom Van Mons said,
" Meuris est ne avec la genie de la Pomonomie."
Nec Plus Meuris [of the French] . See Beurre d'Anjou.
NECTARINE. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish obovate. Skin,
yellow, covered with large dots and patches of pale brown russet. Eye,
open, with erect stiff segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, very
short and stout, set in a round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, buttery, rich,
with a fine, brisk, acidulous flavour, and agreeable aroma.
A first-rate pear, with a good deal of the character of Passe Colmar ;
ripe in the beginning of October.
PEARS. 623
Neige. See White Doyenne.
Neige Grise. See Red Doyenne.
Neill. See Colmar Xeill.
Nelis d'Hiver. See Winter Nelis.
Neuve Maison. See Serrurier.
New Autumn. See JanjoneUe,
NEW MEADOW. — A very small, turbinate fruit, covered with
brownish grey russet, and a brownish red cheek next the sun. Stalk,
upwards of an inch long, and slender.
A perry pear ; grown in Herefordshire, but it produces a liquor of
only second quality.
New York Red- Cheek. See Seckle,
NINA (Manning's Elizabeth ; Elizabeth). — Fruit, small, two inches
and three-quarters long, and two inches and a half wide ; obovate or
turbinate, slightly uneven in its outline. Skin, bright yellow, very
much covered with mottles and specks of cinnamon- coloured russet,
and with a tinge of clear red where exposed to the sun. Eye, small,
with incurved toothlike segments, set in a shallow depression. Stalk,
half an inch to three-quarters long, stout, obliquely inserted on one
side, and without depression. Flesh, tender and melting, very juicy,
sweet, and richly flavoured.
A very excellent early pear, ripe in the end of August, which soon
decays after being ripe, and on that account ought to be gathered while
it is yet green.
This was a seedling marked No. 154, which was sent to Mr. Manning, of Salem,
Mass., U.S.A., by Van Mons.
NOTATRE MINOT.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish obovate. Skin,
pale yellowish green, considerably covered with patches and large dots
of rough brown russet. Eye, open, set in a narrow and shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted by the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh,
yellowish, rather coarse-grained, but melting, and with a fine, brisk,
vinous, and sugary flavour.
A very good pear ; ripe in January and February.
NOUVEAU POITEAU (Toinbe cle V Amateur). —Fruit, very large;
obtuse obovate or pyramidal. Skin, greenish yellow or pale yellow,
mottled and streaked with pale brown russet. Eye, closed, placed in
a slight depression. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a quarter long,
obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, fine-grained, buttery,
melting, and very juicy, rich, sugary, and highly perfumed.
A first-rate pear ; ripe during November, but keeps only a short
time. Mr. Blackmore finds it flat and of loose texture.
A seedling of Van Mons, which first fruited in 1843, and was named in honour
of M. Poiteau of Paris, Director of the Royal Gardens, and who was an eminent
pomologist.
624 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Nouvelle Boussoch. See Doyenne Boussoch.
NOUVELLE FULVIE.— Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform. Skin,
green, changing to yellow, and thickly dotted all over with russet ;
when fully exposed, and in a warm climate, it has a red crimson
cheek, which is bright when the fruit is at maturity. Eye, half open,
with dry horny segments, rather deeply set. Stalk, about three-
quarters of an inch long, occasionally fleshy, and united to the fruit by
some fleshy folds. Flesh, fine-grained, melting, very juicy, with a rich
and exquisite flavour.
A dessert pear of great excellence ; ripe from November till February.
Mr, Blackmore finds it not good at Teddington, and on the Weald of
Sussex Mr. Luckhurst says it comes large, and is very delicious.
Kaised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, in Belgium, in 1854, and named by him
after one of the members of his family.
Nutmeg. See Besi de Quessoy,
Oak-leaved Imperial. See Imperiale.
CEUF. — Fruit, small ; oval. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, marked
with light red on the exposed side, and strewed with grey russety dots.
Eye, small and open, set in an uneven depression. Stalk, an inch
long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, whitish, tender and melting,
rich, sugary, and musky.
A very good summer pear; ripe in August, and keeps for three
weeks without decaying, which is a recommendation at this season.
Ognonet. See Summer Rose,
Ognonet Musque. See Summer Archduke.
Oken d'Hiver. See Winter Oken.
OLDFIELD. — Fruit, small, an inch and a half to an inch and three-
quarters in diameter ; round, even, and regularly formed. Skin, an
uniform greenish yellow when ripe, covered with minute dots, and with
a patch of russet round the stalk. Eye, open, with incurved segments,
set in a shallow depression surrounded with plaits. Stalk, an inch
long, slender, not depressed, but swelling gradually into the fruit.
Flesh, yellowish, firm, crisp, and very astringent.
This is one of the most popular of the perry pears.
OLIVIER DE SERRES.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and two and a half high ; round, flattened, or
Bergamot-shaped, sometimes irregular in its outline. Skin, entirely
covered with cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, large and closed, set in
a pretty deep basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, very stout,
and thickest at the end. Flesh, half-buttery, sweet, with a brisk vinous
flavour and a strong musky aroma.
A delicious pear; in use from February to March. It is, perhaps,
PEABS. 625
one of the best very late pears, of which there ai-e so few. The tree
bears well, makes strong standards and handsome p3a'amids, either on
the pear or quince. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says of it, *' Very good for
80 late a kind. The best I have yet found when Josephine de Malines
is over."
Raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen. It first fruited in 1864, and was naned in
honour of Olivier de Serres, author of "Le Theatre d'Agriculture et Mesnage des
Champs," published at Paris in 1600.
ONONDAGA (Sivmi's Oranrje). — Fruit, medium sized, three inches
long, and two and a half wide ; obovate, and even in its outline. Skin,
smooth and shining, lemon-yellow, covered with minute russet dots,
and with a patch of russet round the stalk. Eye, small and open,
without segments, set in a rather deep basin. Stalk, half an inch long,
thick and fleshy, obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellowish,
tender, buttery, and melting, rather richly flavoured.
A good, but not a first-rate pear ; it ripens in October.
An American pear, raised in 1806 by Mr. Henry Case, of Onondaga, N.Y.
ORANGE BERGAMOT.— Fruit, small ; roundish turbinate. Skin,
smooth, pale green, becoming yellowish green at maturity, with dull
red next the sun, strewed with whitish grey dots. Eye, open, and set
in a deep basin. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, white, half- melting, juicy, with a sweet and musky
flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in August. The tree is hardy, and a great
bearer, succeeding either on the pear or the quince as a standard, and
particularly well on the latter.
Orange Commune. See Orange Musquee.
Orange Grise. See Orange Musquee.
Orange Hative. See Bourdon Musquee.
Orange d'Hiver. See Winter Orange.
ORANGE MANDARINE. — Fruit, about medium size ; roundish.
Skin, golden yellow, thickly strewed with brown russet dots, and with
a warm glow on the side next the sun. Eye, small and closed, set in
a rather deep round basin. Stalk, more than an inch long, stout,
curved, and woody, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish,
very tender and melting, with a fine acidulous, rich, sugary flavour,
A dehcious pear ; ripe in October.
This was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and first fruited in 1863.
Orange de Mars. See Winter Orange,
ORANGE MUSQUEE [Orange Musquee (TEte ; Orange Commune ;
Petite Orange; Orange Ronde ; Orange Grise). — Fruit, medium sized ;
round, and flattened at both ends. Skin, smooth, punctured like an
40
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
orange, yellowish green, with a tinge of dark red, changing to fine lemon
as it ripens, with lively red next the sun, and dotted all over with small
yellowish grey dots, and sometimes a little pale brown russet. Eye,
small and open, set in a slight depression. Stalk, an inch long, in-
serted in a small cavity, with a fleshy boss on one side of it. Flesh,
white, crisp, and very juicy, with a sweet musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in August, and requires to be gathered before
it ripens on the tree. Tree, vigorous and an excellent bearer; succeeds
well as a standard, either on pear or the quince.
Orange Musquee d'Ete. See Orange Musquee.
Orange Eonde. See Orange Musquee.
Orange Rouge. See Red Orange.
ORANGE TULIPEE (Poire des Mouches).—Frmi, medium sized;
roundish ovate. Skin, rather rough, yellowish green, changing to
greenish yellow on the shaded side, and entirely covered on the side
next the sun with bright red, on which are stripes of deeper red, which
extend towards the stalk and the shaded side, the whole strewed with
dots, which are greenish in the shade and grey next the sun. Eye,
small and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long,
fleshy, obhquely inserted by the side of a fleshy prominence. Flesh,
whitish, crisp, and very juicy, with a fine sugary and musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in the middle of September. The tree is
vigorous, and an excellent bearer ; succeeds well as a standard, either
on the pear or quince.
L'Orpheline. See Beurre d'Aremberg.
L'Orpheline d'Engheim. See Beurre d'Aremberg.
Oxford Chaumontel. See Chaumontel.
Paddington. See Easter Bergamot.
PARADISE D'AUTOMNE.— Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform, and
sometimes pyramidal, with an uneven, undulating outline. Skin,
covered with a coat of rough, dark cinnamon-coloured russet, which is
strewed with grey dots, but on the shaded side the lemon- coloured
ground appears through. Eye, very small and open, with short, erect,
dry segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a quarter
long, obliquely inserted without depression. Flesh, fine-grained,
buttery and melting, rich, sugary, and with a fine sprightly vinous
flavour and a fine aroma.
A remarkably fine pear ; ripe in September and October.
M. Andre Leroy makes this synonymous with Beurre Bosc, but it is quite a
different fruit.
Parkinson's Warden. See Black Worcester.
PASSANS DE PORTUGAL.— Fruit, medium sized ; oblate. Skin,
lively green, changing to pale yellow as it ripens ; red next the sun,
PEAKS. 627
changing as it ripens to lively red. Eye, open, with short, dry, erect
segments, and set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long,
inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy, with a
fine sugary and perfumed flavour.
An excellent early dessert pear; ripe in the end of August and
beginning of September. The tree is a great bearer, healthy and
vigorous, and succeeds well as a standard.
PASSE COLMAB (Beiure d'Argenson ; Cellite ; Chapman's ; Chap-
maris Passe Colmar ; Colmar Bonnet ; Colmar Dore ; Cobnar Epineux ;
Colmar Gris; Colmar d' Hardenpont ; Colmar Preul ; Cobnar Souve-
raine ; Fondante de Panisd ; Fondante de Mans : Gambler ; Marotte
Sucree ; Passe Cobnar Dore ; Passe Cobnar Epineux ; Passe Colmar
Gris; Precel; Present de Malines ; Pruel; Pucelle Condesienne;
Regentim ; Roi de Baviere ; Souveraine; Souveraine d'Hiver). — Fruit,
medium sized ; obovate or obtuse pyriform. Skin, smooth, lively green
at first, but changiug to a fine uniform deep lemon-yellow, with a tinge
of brownish red next the sun, and strewed with numerous brown dots
and a few reticulations of russet. Eye, open, with dry, erect, rigid
segments, and set in a wide shallow basin. Stalk, varying from three-
quarters to an inch and a half long, set in a small sheath-like cavity,
Flesh, yellowish white, fine-grained, very juicy, buttery, and melting,
and of a rich, sweet, vinous and aromatic flavour.
A dessert pear of the best quality; ripe during November and
December.
The tree is very vigorous, healthy, and hardy, and an excellent
bearer as a standard. It forms a handsome pyramid, and requires to
be grown in a rich, warm soil, otherwise the flesh is crisp and gritty.
In exposed situations it requires a wall. Mr. Blackmore says it is.
melting but insipid at Teddington.
This is of Belgian origin, and supposed to have been raised by M. Hardenpont^
of Mons, in Hainault, in 1768, and has lor many years been cultivated in Belgium,
under the various names given as synonymes. It was first received in this country
by K. Wilbraham, Esq., of Twickenham, and by him given to a person named
Chapman, a market gardener at Brentford End, Isleworth, who cultivated it
extensively, and attached his own name to it. The fruit was sold for 5s. eacb^
and the trees at 21s. each.
Passe Colmar Dore. Sec Passe Colmar.
Passe Colmar Epineux. See Passe Colmar.
Passe Colmar Gris. See Passe Colmar.
PASSE COLMAR MUSQUE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
three-quarters long, and two inches and a half wide ; obovate, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, yellow, much covered with mottles and
patches of pale cinnamon russet, with a patch round the stalk. Eye,
open, with very short segments, set in a wide and shallow basin.
Stalk, from half an inch to three-quarters long, obliquely inserted in a
small cavity. Flesh, yellow, melting, juicy, sweet, and very richly
flavoured, with a fine perfume.
G28 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A fruit of great excellence ; ripe in the end of October and beginning
of November. The tree is not a strong but a healthy grower, and bears
abundantly. It forms handsome pyramids, either on the pear or the
quince.
A seedling of Major Esperen, of Malines, which first fruited about 1845.
PASSE CRASANNE. — Fruit, about medium size, two inches and
three-quarters wide, and the same high ; roundish obovate or turbinate,
even in its outline except round the eye and the stalk, where it is much
ridged and furrowed. Skin, entirely covered with dark brown russet,
with only an indication of the yellow ground colour visible on the
shaded side. Eye, rather large and open, with erect tooth-like seg-
ments, set in a deep and narrow depression. Stalk, three-quarters of
an inch to an inch and a quarter long, stout, woody, and inserted in
a small round cavity. Flesh, half- melting, somewhat gritty, brisk and
vinous, with a distinct aromatic flavour.
An excellent late pear ; ripe from January to March. At Teddington
it is worthless.
Eaised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, and first fruited in 1855.
PASSE MADELEINE.— This is a small oblong pear, with an uneven
surface. Skin, green, covered with dots. The flesh is dry and very
astringent, crisp, and without much flavour.
An early pear ; ripe in August, and grown to some extent in the
market- gardens round London, but it is a very worthless variety.
PASTORALE (Musette d'Automne; Petit Bateau). — Fruit, above
medium size ; pyriform. Skin, yellow, wath a blush of red next the
sun, and wholly covered with numerous greyish dots and markings of
russet. Eye, small and open, with short rigid segments, set in a slight
depression. Stalk, from an inch to an inch and a half in length, fleshy
at the vase, and inserted in a fleshy knob on the apex. Flesh, white,
tender, crisp, and half- melting, and of a rich, sweet, and slightly musky
flavour.
A dessert pear ; in use from November to February. The tree is a
strong grower and an abundant bearer ; succeeds well as a standard,
and must be grown on the pear in preference to the quince. It requires
a light warm soil, not too moist, otherwise it is harsh and austere.
Pastorale d'Hiver. See Easter Beurre.
Paternoster. See Vicar of Winkjield.
Du Patre. See Easter Beurre.
PAUL THIELENS. — ^Fruit, large, three inches and a half long, and
two and three-quarters wide ; obovate, inclining to oblong, even in its
outline. Skin, smooth and shining, pale yellow, with a slight blush
and a few streaks of red next the sun, the whole strewed with russet
and green dots on the shaded side, and with pale crimson ones on the
PEARS. 629
other. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, about
an inch long, green, thick, and fleshy, inserted without depression.
Flesh, white, tender, fine-grained, juicy, and sweet.
Of no great merit. Blets and rots at the core in the last week of
September.
PEACH {Peche). — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-
quarters long, and two inches and a half wide ; roundish obovate.
Skin, smooth, pale greenish yellow when ripe, occasionally with a
faint blush of red on the side exposed to the sun, the surface covered
with minute dots, and a patch of cinnamon-coloured russet round the
stalk. Eye, large and open, set even with the surface, surrounded by
a few slight knobs. Stalk, upwards of an inch long, stout and woody,
inserted without depression on the stump end of the fruit. Flesh,
yellowish white, melting, and very juicy, sweet, richly flavoured, and
with a delicate perfume.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in the third and fourth weeks of
August. At Teddington Mr. Blackmore finds it quite worthless.
It was raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, in 1845.
Peche. See Peach,
PENGETHLEY. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, inclining to oval.
Skin, pale green, covered with dark dots, and becoming yellow as it
ripens. Eye, large and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, long
and slender, curved, and set in an uneven cavity. Flesh, coarse-
grained, crisp, very juicy and sweet.
Ripe in March.
PEPIN SUCRE. — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and an inch and
three-quarters high; round, Bergamot-shaped, a little uneven and
bossed in its outline. Skin, quite smooth, at first of a bright grass-
green, and then changing as it ripens to a clear pale straw-colour, with
an occasional tinge of brown on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
open, with short, erect segments, set in a wide basin, which is rather
deep. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, coarse-grained, juicy, sweet, and with a
sort of musky aroma.
An early pear of no great merit ; ripe in the last week of August.
I received this from M. Papeleu in 1847.
Perdreau. See Eaiiy Piousselet.
Perdreau Musque. See Early Bousselet.
PERTUSATI. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, and rather uneven
in its outline. Skin, bright yellow, mottled and dotted with clear
rough brown russet. Eye, closed, set in a wide rather deep basin.
Stalk, very short. Flesh, fine, melting and very juicy, sweet and
acidulous, and with an agreeable perfume.
Ripe during October and November, and said by M. Leroy, by
630 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
"Vfhom it was raised, to be of the first quality. It was named in honour
of Count Pertusati, of Milan.
Petit Beurre d'Hiver. See Best de Caissoy.
Petit Blanquet. See Small Blanquet.
Petit Certeau. See Bellissime d'Automne.
Petite Fertile. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
PETIT MUSCAT [Little Muscat; Sept-en-gueule).— Fruit, small,
produced in clusters ; turbinate. Skin, at first yellowish green, changing
as it ripens to bright yellow, and covered with dull dark red next the
sun, dotted all over with numerous brown dots. Eye, open, with long
acuminate and reflexed segments, not depressed. Stalk, an inch or
more long, inserted without a cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, half-
melting, sweet, and musky.
One of the earliest of dessert pears ; ripe the end of July. Tree,
strong, vigorous, an abundant bearer, and succeeds well either on the
pear or quince.
Petit Oin. See Merveille d'Hiver.
Petit Rateau. See Pastorale.
Petit St. Jean. See Amire Joannet.
Petite Orange. See Orange Musquee.
De Pezenas. See Duchesse d'Angouleme.
Philippe Delfosse. See Beurre Delfosse.
PHILIPPE GOES. — Fruit, large ; obovate, uneven and undulating
in its outline. Skin, very much covered with bright russet, rough to
the touch, and with a greenish tinge on the shaded side. Eye, large
and open. Stalk, stout and thick. Flesh, half-melting, gritty, sweet,
and perfumed.
An inferior pear ; ripe in November and December.
Philippe de Paques. Bee Easter Beurre.
Pickering Pear. See UvedaWs St. Germain.
Pickering's Warden. See UvedaUs St. Germain.
PIERRE PEPIN. — Fruit, large, three inches and three-quarters long
by two inches and three-quarters broad ; pyriform or oblong obovate.
Skin, lemon-yellow, delicately shaded with green, and thickly dotted
with brown russet. Eye, small, half open, and set in a wide and
pretty deep basin. Stalk, upwards of an inch in length, inserted with-
out depression. Flesh, white, melting, very juicy, sweet, and vinous,
with an acidulous and perfumed flavour.
PEARS. 631
Ripe in October, and said by M. Leroy, by whom it was raised, to
be of the first quality. It is named in honour of the late M. Pepin,
who was chef des cultures at the Jardin des Plantes at Paris — a very
estimable man.
Pine. See White Doyenne.
Piper. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
Piquery. See Urbaniste.
Pistolette. See Figue.
PITMASTON DUCHESS.— Fruit, large and handsome, four inches
and a quarter long, and two inches and three-quarters wide ; pyramidal,
generally even or a little undulating in its outline, and sometimes rather
prominently bossed. Skin, smooth and fine, of a pale lemon colour,
thickly covered with patches of delicate cinnamon-coloured russet, with
a large patch round the stalk. Eye, large and open, set in a wide
depression. Stalk, about an inch long, stout, and inserted either level
with the surface or in a small narrow cavity. Flesh, very tender and
melting, very juicy, exceedingly rich, with a sprightly vinous flavour
and delicate perfume.
A very handsome pear of the finest quality ; in use from the end of
October till the end of November. The tree bears freely, and is well
adapted for pyramids, bushes, or espaliers. The fruit is too large for
it to be grown as a standard. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says that at
Teddington it is "good, but not of first quaUty, much better than
Glou Morgeau or Duchesse d'Angouleme ; but worthless on a wall."
The name by which this was originally known was Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angou-
leme, it having been raised by the late Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, near Worcester,
from crossing Duchesse d'Angouleme with Glou Moryeau. Bearing no resemblance
whatever to the former, it might with as much reason have been called Pitmaston
Glou Mor9eau ; and us either name would be a misapplication, I have called it
simply Pitmaston Duchess, it being sufficiently meritorious to stand on its own
merits, without borrowing its reputation from any other fruit.
Pitt's Calabasse. See Calehasse.
PIUS IX. — Fruit, large ; conical, and regularly formed. Skm, of a
deep, clear yellow colour, with a blush of red on the side next the sun,
considerably covered with streaks and flakes of russet. Eye, open,
slightly depressed. Stalk, thick and woody, very short. Flesh, melting,
juicy, sugary, and highly perfumed.
^^'An excellent pear ; ripe in December. The tree is hardy, of small
habit, forms a nice pyramid, and is a good bearer.
Plomgastelle. See Beurre u*Amanlis.
Poire Benite. See Ah I mon Diev.
Poire des Dames. See Bellissime d'Automne.
632 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Poire Douce. See Angellque de Bordeaux^
Poire des Mouches. See Orange Tulipee.
Poire de Prince. See Chair a Barnes.
Poire de Provence. See Donville.
Poire a la Perle. See Small Blanquet.
Poire de Rives. See Cuisse Madame.
POMME POIRE (BeurrS de Backenheim ; Pomoise). — Fruit, below
medium size ; round and Bergamot-shaped, even and regularly formed.
Skin, entirely covered with dark cinnamon-coloured russet, except on
the shaded side, where there is occasionally a bare patch exposing the
pea-green colour of the skin, and which is thickly covered with large
russety freckles. Eye, small and open, set in a deep and round basin.
Stalk, short, stout, and inserted in a rather deep and narrow cavity.
Flesh, yellow, tender, and melting, very juicy. Juice, rich, sugary,
and vinous, with a high perfume.
A delicious pear; ripe in the end of October, and does not keep
long. ^,_ 8 f^^Co^ii
Pomoise. See Pomme Poire.
Portugal d'Ete. See Cassolette.
Pound Pear. See Black Worcester.
Pound Pear. See Catillac.
Pradel. See Vicar of Winkjield.
Precel. See Passe Colmar,
PREMICES D'ECULLY (Belle d'E cully). —Fmit, above medium
size, three inches in diameter ; round or Bergamot-shaped, somewhat
bossed and uneven in its outline. Skin, yellow, with here and there
patches of a greenish tinge, and thickly dotted all over with brown
russet dots and small blotches of russet. Eye, small and open, with
erect segments, set in a deep round basin. Stalk, very short, stout,
and woody, inserted without depression. Flesh, tender, meltmg, and
very juicy, rather coarse-grained, sweet, with a thin, watery, juicy, and
pleasant flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the last week of September. It requires
to be gathered while green, and to be kept in the fruit room till it
begins to turn yellow. It is then of better flavour than when ripened
on the tree.
Raised at Ecully, near Lyons, by M. Luizet, in 1847.
PREMIER. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches and a quarter
long, and two inches and a quarter wide ; oblong, terminating abruptly
and blunt at the stalk, undulating in its outline, and contracted with a
PEABS. 633
waist in the middle. Skin, covered with cinnamon-coloured russet.
Eye, open, with short, stout, erect segments, set even with the surface.
Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, set in an open cavity. Flesh, half-
melting, very juicy, sweet, and brisk, with a flavour resenibling a pine-
apple.
A good pear ; ripe in November.
Raised at the Royal Garden, Frogmore, and first exhibited in 1871.
Present de Malines. See Passe Colmar.
Present Royal de Naples. See Beau Present d'Artois,
Preul. See Passe Colmar.
PREVOST. — Fruit, rather large ; roundish oval. Skin, clear golden
yellow, with a bright red blush on the exposed side, and marked with
flakes of russet. Eye, open, not deeply sunk. Stalk, about an inch
long. Flesh, fine-grained, half-melting, and half-buttery, pretty juicy,
and highly aromatic.
A good late pear ; ripe from January to April, but unless grown in a
warm soil and situation it rarely attains the character of a melting
fruit.
PRINCE ALBERT.— Fruit, medium sized; pyriform. Skin,
smooth, of a deep lemon-yellow colour, and frequently with a blush of
red next the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk,
an inch long, not depressed. Flesh, yellowish white, melting, juicy,
sugary, and richly flavoured.
A pear of only second-rate quality ; in use from February till March.
Mr. Blackmore says it is worthless. The tree is a hardy and vigorous
grower, and forms a handsome pyramid.
Prince Camille de Rohan. See CamUle de Rohan.
Prince de Ligne. See Figue.
PRINCE IMPERIAL. — Fruit, of medium size, three inches and a
quarter long, and two and three-quarters wide ; short obovate. Skin,
green, dotted, streaked, and mottled with russet, especially round the
eye. Eye, large and open, set in a wide and rather deep basin. Stalk,
short and slender, curved, and inserted without depression. Flesh,
white, juicy, and melting, sweet, acidulous, and perfumed.
Ripe during September and October ; of variable and doubtful merit.
Prince's Pear. See Chair a Dames.
Princesse. See Muscat Robert.
Princesse de Parme. See Marie Louise.
PRINCESSE CHARLOTTE.— Fruit, medium sized; obovato-turbi-
nate, rather undulating in its outline. Skin, yellow, thickly dotted
and freckled with cinnamon russet in the shade, and with a warm orange
634 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
glow on the side next the sun. Eye, very large, open, and clove-like.
Stalk, an inch long, straight and woody, inserted in a round narrow
cavity. Flesh, crisp, like that of Passe Colmar, juicy, rich, and sugary,
and with a fine aroma.
A first-rate pear, evidently of the Passe Colmar race, but quite dis-
tinct from that variety ; ripe in the end of November, and in use till
the end of December.
Princesse Conquete. See Princess of Orange.
PRINCESS OF ORANGE {Princesse ConquSte; Princesse d'Orange).
— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish turbinate. Skin, lemon-yellow, but
so entirely covered with reddish brown russet as to leave none of the
ground colour visible, and with more of an orange tinge next the sun.
Eye, small and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long,
inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, and juicy,
with a fine sugary and slightly sub-acid flavour.
A dessert pear of good quality ; ripe in October. The tree is a
strong grower, hardy, and a good bearer as a standard, and succeeds
well on the quince.
PROFESSOR BARRAL.— Fruit, very large; Bergamot-shaped,
uneven and bossed on its surface. Skin, deep yellow, thickly strewed
with dots of rough russet, and with a tinge of red next the sun. Eye,
small and open, placed even with the surface. Stalk, half an inch
long, stout, and inserted in an open cavity. Flesh, melting, juicy,
richly flavoured.
A handsome dessert pear, of good quality ; in use during October
and November.
PROFESSOR DU BREUIL.— Fruit, medium sized, three inches
and a quarter long, and two and a half wide ; obovate, uneven, and
undulating in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow, thickly dotted with
russet, and with a tinge of red next the sun. Eye, small and open,
level with the surface. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, inserted without
depression. Flesh, half-melting, ver}^ juicy, with a rich sprightly
flavour and a musky perfume.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in the beginning of September.
Raised at Rouen, and named in honour of M. Alph. du Breui', Professor of
Arboriculture in Paris.
Prunai. See Cassolette.
Pucelle Condesienne. See Passe Colmar,
Pucelle de Xaintogne. See Chat Brule.
Pucelle de Xaintogne. See Muscat Piobert.
Pyrole. See Jaminette.
Queen's. See Muscat Robert.
PEARS. 685
QUEEN VICTORIA [Willison's Qiieen Victoria).— Yimt, about
medium size, two inches and a half wide, and three inches long ;
obovate, even in its outline. Skin, greenish yellow when ripe, and
with a crust of cinnamon-coloured russet on the side next the sun.
Eye, with long spreading segments, set in a slight depression. Stalk,
an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, tender, juicy, sweet,
and with an almond flavour.
An early pear ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of Siptember.
It was raised by Mr. W. Willison, a florist of Whitby, Yorkshire.
DE QUENTIN. — Fruit, small ; roundish oval, somewhat of the
shape of a swan's egg. Skin, smooth and rather shining, greenish
yellow in the shade, and with a brownish red tinge on the side next
the sun ; strewed all over with large green russet dots, and with a patch
of brown russet round the eye and the stalk. Flesh, yellowish, line-
grained, tender, and melting, with a rich and rather honied flavour.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in October.
De Quessoy. See Besi de Caissoy.
RAMEAU (Surpasse Reine). — Fruit, large; oblong-oval, and uneven
in its outline. Skin, lemon-yellow, mottled and dotted with russet.
Eye, open, slightly depressed. Stalk, about an inch long, not de-
pressed. Flesh, yellowish, half-melting, juicy, sweet, and perfumed.
An inferior pear ; in use from January till March.
Rateau. See De Livre,
Red Achan. See Achan.
RED DOYENNE [Doyenne iVAutomne; Doyenne Crotte ; Doyenne
Galleux; Doyenne Gris; Doyenne Jaune ; Doyenne Eouge; Doyenne
Roux; Grey Doyenne; Neige Grise; St. Michel Dore ; St. Michel
Gris). — Fruit, medium sized; obovate, very much resembling in shape
the Doyenne Blanc. Skin, yellowish green, but entirely covered with
thin, smooth, cinnamon- coloured russet, so that none of the ground
colour is visible, and sometimes it has a tinge of brownish red next the
sun. Eye, small and closed, set in a shallow depression. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, curved, and inserted in a naiTow rather
deep cavity. Flesh, white, tender, melting, and buttery, of a refreshing,
rich, and delicious flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in the end of October, and keeps
much better than the Doyenne Blanc. The tree is not a very strong
grower, but healthy and a good bearer, either on the pear or quince
stock. It may be grown either against a wall or as a standard, but the
fruit is preferable from a wall. It will be found advantageous to gather
the fruit before it is ripe, as it will then keep much longer. Mr. Black-
more says it is small and inferior at Teddington
This variety is supposed to have first emanated irom the garden of the Chartreux
at Paris, about the middle ot the last century.
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
KED ORANGE [Orange Rouge). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish,
or roundish turbinate. Skin, smooth, bright green at first, changing
to yellowish green, and entirely covered on one side with beautiful
deep red, thickly covered with greenish dots on the shaded side, and
brownish red next the sun. Eye, small and open, with acute segments,
and set in a wide and rather deep basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, set in a small cavity, with frequently a fleshy prominence on
one side of it. Flesh, white, crisp, and very juicy, with a pleasant
sugary and musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in the end of August, but must be gathered
before it ripens on the tree, otherwise it becomes mealy. The tree is
vigorous either on the pear or quince, but is subject to canker ; an
abundant bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
RED PEAR. — Fruit, quite small ; round, even, and regular in its
outline, inclining to turbinate. Skin, almost entirely covered with
rather bright red, except round the stalk and where it has been shaded,
and there it is yellow ; the whole surface is sprinkled with pale grey
russet dots. Eye, open, having clove-like segments, and set level wdth
the surface. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, straight with
the axis, and set in a narrow shallow cavity. Flesh, quite yellow, firm,
dry, and gritty.
A Herefordshire perry pear.
Regentin. See Passe Colmar,
A la Reine. See Muscat Robert.
REINE DES POIRES.— Fruit, medium sized; obovate. Skin,
smooth, pale yellow, and dotted with russet on the shaded side, and
bright red next the sun. Eye. small and open, placed in a small, irre-
gular basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, juicy, and sweet.
Ripe in October.
RETOUR DE ROME. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches
and a quarter long, and two inches and a half wide ; pyriform, even and
handsome in its shape. Skin, of a rough appearance, though not so to
the touch ; of a dull greenish grey colour, and much covered with large
russet specks the size of a pin's head. Eye, very small and open,
with small acute segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, slender,
curved, pale brown, woody, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted
without depression on the narrow apex of the fruit, to which it is
attached by fleshy folds. Flesh, fine-grained, melting, verj^ juicy,
with a rich and sprightly vinous flavour and a delicate aroma.
An excellent pear ; ripe in the end of October.
I received this from M. Papeleu, of Wetteren, in 1847, and it is quite distinct
from Nouveau Poiteau, with which some pomologists have found it synonymous.
PEARS. 687
RIVERS. — Fruit, medium sized ; turbinate, regular in its outline.
Skin, greenish, almost entirely covered with bright brown russet.
Eye, open, slightly depressed in a plaited basin. Stalk, very short
slender, and inserted quite on the apex of the fruit. Flesh, very
melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavour and a delicate musky perfume.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in September.
It was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and was named as a compUment
to Mr. Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridge worth.
ROBERT HOGG.— Fruit, large, three inches and a half long, and
nearly three inches wide ; short obovate, widest towards the crown.
Skin, rather deep green, much covered with fawn-coloured mottles of
russet and small grey dots. Eye, open, pretty much depressed.
Stalk, very short, somewhat obliquely inserted in a shght depression
by the side of a fleshy swelling. Flesh, fine-grained, very melting and
juicy, richly flavoured, aromatic, and with an agreeable acidity.
A dessert pear of the finest quality ; in use in September and
October. The tree is an excellent bearer.
This was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, and produced its first fruit in
1868, when M. Leroy did me the honour to associate my name with it, and which
I regard as a graceful acknowledgment of a friendship which existed for nearly
forty years.
Roberts's Keeping. See Easter Bergamot,
ROBINE {Eoyale d'Ete). — ^Fruit, below medium size ; roundish tur-
binate, like a small Bergamot. Skin, at first bright green, but becoming
paler and of a yellowish tinge as it ripens, and dotted with brown dots.
Eye, open, with long reflexed acuminate segments, and set in a small
rather shallow cavity. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted in a
very small sheath-like cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, rather dry, sugary,
and of a musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in August. The tree is vigorous and much
resembles the Cassolette, and bears more freely on the quince than on
the pear stock.
This I believe to be the Robine of Knoop, as well as of Duhamel ; but Knoop
gives Muscat d'Averat, Muscat d'Aout, and Aurate as synonymes, which is an
error. Hitt has also made the same mistake, althoui^h his description is that of
the Robine. The Robine of Gibson, which he says is the same as that of Tourne-
fort, is a very different pear from this, being larger and pyramidal, and from its
ripening in October is in all probability the Robin of the Jardinier Frangais.
Rocheford. See Tonneau.
Roi de Baviere. See Passe Colmar.
Roi Jolimont. See Doyenne d'Ete.
Roi Louis. See Large Blanquet.
Roi de Wurtemberg. See OloJ> Morgeau*
688 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ROKEBY. — Fruit small, and obovate. Skin, shining, bright lemon-
yellow in the shade, and with a crimson cheek next the sun. Eye, very
small and closed. Stalk, very short. Flesh, very juicy and coarsely
flavoured.
A worthless pear ; ripe in the beginning of September, and which
rots at the core while the exterior is yet sound.
Romische Angelikabime. See Angelique de Borne.
RONDELET. — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish. Skin, greenish
yellow, considerably covered with very fine and smooth pale brown
russet, having an orange tinge next the sun, and speckled with large
grey dots. Eye, generally wanting. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a
narrow cavity. Flesh, fine-grained, buttery and melting, very juicy,
rich, sugary, and with a powerful perfume of musk.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in the beginning and middle of No-
vember. The tree is quite hardy, an excellent bearer, and succeeds
well as a standard or pyramid.
Ronville. See Martin Sire.
Rose. Summer Rose.
ROSTEITZER. — Fruit, small, or below medium size ; pryiform.
Skin, yellowish green, with reddish brown on the exposed side. Eye,
open, set in a shallow plaited basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long,
not depressed. Flesh, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, and
aromatic.
A first-rate early pear ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of
September.
I received this from Messrs. Aug. Nap. Baumann, of Bolwyller, near Mulhausen,
ill 1845,
Rothe Bergamotte. See Bergamotte Bouge.
Rothpunctirte Liebesbirne. See Ah ! mon Dieu.
ROUSE LENCH. — Fruit, large, three inches and three-quarters
long, and two inches and a half wide ; oblong oval or pyriform, uneven
and undulating in its outline. Skin, pale green, changing to lemon-
yellow, with a slight russety covering. Eye, large and open, like that
of a Jargonelle. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, inserted without
depression. Flesh, yellow, buttery, juicy, sugary, and pretty well
flavoured.
Ripe in January and February.
This was raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, and the name is derived from Rouse
Lench, an estate near Evesham, the residence of Mr. Knight's son-in-law.
ROUSSELET ENFANT PRODIGUE.— Fruit, above medium size;
obovate, somewhat bossed and undulating in its outline. Skin, clear
deep green, considerably covered with smooth brown russet. Eye,
PEARS. 639
large and open, with leaf-like segments, set in a round, deep, and
uneven basin. Stalk, half an inch long, stout and woody, obliquely
inserted in a wide shallow depression. Flesh, greenish white, half-
melting, coarse-grained, with an abundant cold, brisk, sweet juice and
a slight aroma, similar to that of Seckle.
An excellent pear, with a fine acidulous flavour ; ripe in October.
The tree is hardy, a good bearer, and forms a handsome pyramid.
Rousselet Hatif. See Early Rousselet.
Rousselet d'Hiver. See Winter Rousselet,
Rousselet Jamin. See Heliote Dundas.
ROUSSELET DE JONGHE.— Fruit, small, curved ; obovate, un-
even and irregular in its outline. Skin, smooth, and of an uniform
lemon-colour. Eye, very large and open, set even with the surface.
Stalk, upwards of an inch long, curved, fleshy at the base, and united
to the fruit by fleshy folds, without any cavity. Flesh, yellow, fine-
grained, firm, melting and juicy, with a very rich sugary flavour.
A delicious pear, the rich flavour of which compensates for its small
size ; ripe in November and December.
ROUSSELET DE MEESTRE.— Fruit, large ; obtuse pyriform or
pyramidal. Skin, smooth and shining, of a golden yellow colour,
thickly dotted all over with large brown russet freckles. Eye, open,
set in a wide, flat basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, not depressed.
Flesh, half-buttery, firm, pretty juicy, and well flavoured, but with
nothing to recommend it.
Ripe in October and November.
Rousselet Musque. See Rousselet de Rheims,
Rousselet Petit. See Rousselet de Rheims,
ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS {Rousselet Musque; Rousselet Petit).—
Fruit, small ; pyriform, and rounded at the apex. Skin, green, changing
to yellow at maturity, and thickly covered with grey russet specks,
tinged with brown next the sun. Eye, small and open, slightly
depressed. Stalk, an inch long, thick, and not depressed. Flesh,
half-melting, rich, sugary, and highly perfumed.
One of the oldest and best early pears. Ripe in September, but
does not keep long.
ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS PANACHE.— This is in every respect
similar to the preceding, of which it is a bud sport, except that the
leaves and fruit are striped with yellow and green.
ROUSSELET DE STUTTGARDT {Chevriers de Stuttgardt; De
Stuttgardt; Stuttgardter Gaishirtenhirn). — Fruit, medium sized ; pyri-
form or pyramidal. Skin, yellowish green, with brownish red on the
640 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
side next the sun, and strewed with dots. Eye, open, set in a shallow
basin. Stalk, upwards of an inch long, inserted without depression.
Flesh, half- melting, very juicy and sugary, with a rich and perfumed
flavour.
A good early pear ; ripe in August. The tree is an excellent
bearer, and forms a handsome pyramid.
ROUSSELINE [Muscat a long Queue de la Fin cVAutomne;
Muscat a long Queue d'Automne; Long-stalked late Autumnal Muscat).
— Fruit, below medium size ; pyriform, inclining to obovate, very swollen
in the middle, narrowing obtusely towards the eye and more gradually
towards the stalk. Skin, smooth, pale lively green at first, and
changing to greenish yellow, and covered with fine shining deep red
next the sun, and strewed with grey dots. Eye, small, partially closed,
and set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch and a half to
two inches long, inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, very juicy and melting, with a fine sugary and musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in November. Tree, healthy and vigorous,
succeeds well as a standard either on the pear or quince, and is a good
bearer.
According to De la Quintinye its original name was Muscat a long Queue de la
Fin d'Automne. From its similarity to the Rousselet, it was changed to Rousseline.
Rousette d'Anjou. See Besi de Quessoy.
Royal d'Angleterre. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
Royal Tairlon. See Easter Bergaynot,
Royale. See Summer Franc Heal.
Royale d'Ete. See Robins,
ROYALE D'HIYER (Spina di Carpi).— Frnii, large ; obtuse turbi-
nate. Skin, smooth, of a fine bright green, changing to lemon-yellow
on the shaded side, and covered with fine bright red, with a few faint
streaks on the side next the sun, and strewed with reddish brown dots.
Eye, small and open, with long acuminate segments, and set in a
considerable depression. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender and
curved, somewhat obliquely inserted in a small sheath-like cavity.
Flesh, white, crisp, and juicy, with a sweet musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe from December to July. Tree, not a vigorous
grower, and, though it will succeed as a standard, produces fruit
more rich and melting when grown against a wall. It does not succeed
well on the quince.
Sabine d'Hiver. See Jaminette.
Saflran d'Automne. See Spanish Bon Chretien.
Safifran d'Ete. See Summer Bon Chretien.
Sageret. See Bergamotte Sageret.
PEARS. 641
Sara. See Bergamotte de Hollande.
ST. ANDRE. — Fruit, medium sized ; oblong- obovate. Skin, greenish
yellow, strewed all over with russet and green dots. Eye, clove-like.
Stalk, an inch long, obliquely inserted. Flesh, yellowish white, very
tender, buttery, and melting, sweet, but with a thin watery juice.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October.
ST. DENIS. — Fruit, small ; turbinate and uneven in its outline.
Skin, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek, and thickly dotted with
crimson dots. Eye, open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch
and a half long, not depressed. Flesh, half melting, very juicy and
sweet, with a fine aroma.
A nice early pear ; ripe in August and September.
ST. GERMAIN [Arteloire ; Inconnue la Fare; Lafare; St. Ger-
main Oris; St. Gennain d'Hiver; St. Germain Jaune; St. Germain
Vert). — Fruit, large, three inches and a half long, and two and a half
wide ; oblong-obovate, rather irregular in its outline, caused by pro-
minent unequal ribs extending from the eye a considerable length of
the fruit. Skin, at first deep lively green, changing as it ripens to
pale greenish yellow, and thickly covered with small brownish grey
dots, and sometimes markings of russet. Eye, small and open, with
erect, broad, and rigid segments, set in a narrow, irregular, and rather
shallow depression. Stalk, an inch long, curved, and inserted obliquely
without depression, with a high shoulder at one side of it. Flesh,
white and gritty, but very juicy, half-buttery, and melting, and with a
sprightly, refreshing, sugary, and perfumed flavour.
An old and highly- esteemed dessert pear ; in use from November to
January. The tree is healthy, and, though not large, is a good
grower, and hai'dy. It requires to be grown against a wall in this
country, and thrives best in a light, warm, sandy loam, when the fruit
is produced in the highest perfection ; but if grown in a cold moist
situation, it is gritty and worthless.
This is an old and favourite French pear, and has been for so many years culti-
vated in this country as to be as familiarly known as any native variety. It was
discovered as a wilding growing on the banks of the river La Fare, near St.
Germain, but at what period I have not been able to ascertain. It seems to have
first become known about the same time as the Chaumontel, as it is mentioned by
Merlet in 1690, and not in the Jardinier Fravgais of 1653. At the time Merlet
described it he says, *' Although it has been grafted with all possible care, its wood
still inclines to be thorny," a character which it would possess in its early youth,
but which it has now lost.
St. Germain d'Ete. See Summer St. Germain.
St. Germain Gris. See St. Germain.
St. Germain d'Hiver. See St. Germain.
St. Germain Jaune. See St. Germain.
41
G42 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
St. Germain de Martin. See Summer St. Germain,
ST. GERMAIN PANACHE.— This is a bud sport from the St.
Germain, and differs from it in no other respect than in having the
fruit beautifully striped with bands of green and yellow. I received it
in 1845 from Messrs. Baumann, of Bolwyller.
St. Germain Vert. See St. Germain.
ST. GHISLAIN. — Fruit, medium sized ; obtuse pyriform or turbi-
nate. Skin, smooth, clear yellow, with a slight greenish tinge, dotted
with green and grey dots, and with a blush of red next the sun. Eye,
open, with long flat segments, in a very shallow depression. Stalk,
from an inch to an inch and a half long, curved, and at its junction
with the fruit encircled with several fleshy rings. Flesh, white, very
juicy and melting, with a rich, sweet, and vinous flavour.
An excellent dessert pear of first quality ; ripe in September. The
tree is very vigorous and hardy, and bears well as a standard.
This excellent early pear was raised at St. Ghislain, near Jemappes, in Belgium,
and was first distributed by Dr. Van Mons.
St. Jean. See Amire Joannet.
St. Jean Musque. See Muscat Robert.
St. Jean Musque Gros. See Muscat Robert.
St. John's Pear. See Amire Joannet.
St. Lambert. See Jargonelle.
St. Laurent. See Bassin.
ST. LEZIN. — Fruit, very large ; pyriform. Skin, of a dull greenish
yellow colour, covered with flakes of russet. Eye, open, set in a deep
furrowed basin. Stalk, two inches long, not depressed. Flesh, firm,
crisp, juicy, and sweet.
A stewing pear ; in use during September and October.
St. Marc. See Belle de Thouars.
St. Marc. See Urbaniste.
St. Martial. See Angelique de Bordeaux.
St. Martin. See Winter Bon Chretien.
St. Michel. See White Doyenne.
ST. MICHEL ARCHANGE. — Fruit, above medium size ; obovate.
Skin, smooth and shining, of a golden yellow colour, speckled with
crimson on the shaded side, and with a bright crimson cheek on the
side next the sun. Eye, small and half open, with erect segments,
set in a narrow depression. Stalk, half an inch to an inch long, not
PEARS. 043
depressed. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, melting, and juicy, with a
sugary juice and a very agreeable perfume.
A very excellent and beautiful pear, covered with crimson dots like
Forelle ; ripe in the end of September.
This a very old pear, having originated some time in the last century in the
neighbourhood of Nantes ; but it iaonly of late years that it has been introduced
to this country.
St. Michel Dore. See Bed Doyenne.
St. Michel Gris. See Red Doyenne.
St. Michel d'Hiver. See DoyennS d'Alenqon.
St. Nicholas. See Duchcsse d' Orleans.
St. Samson. See Jargonelle.
ST. SWITHIN. — Fruit, below medium size ; obovate or pyriform.
Skin, smooth, grass-green, thickly dotted and mottled with russet, and
sometimes with a faint brown blush on the side next the sun. Eye, small
and closed, with incurved toothlike segments, set even with the surface.
Stalk, from half an inch to an inch long, inserted obliquely without
depression. Fruit, yellowish white, with a greenish tinge, tender,
juicy, and sweet, with a brisk flavour.
An early pear, raised by Mr. Rivers from Calebasse Tougard ; ripe
in the end of July and beginning of August. Mr. Blackmore has not
found it of good quality at Teddington.
SALVIATI. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish. Skin, smooth, deep,
waxen yellow, mottled with russety spots, and a tinge of red next the
sun. Eye, small and open, set in a slight depression. Stalk, an
inch and a half long, slender, and inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
tender, sweet, and highly perfumed.
A dessert pear, which is also used in France to make ratafia ; ripe
in August and September. The tree is healthy, a vigorous but slender
grower ; bears well as a standard, but does not succeed on the quince.
SANGUINOLE {Sanguinole de Royder, Musguee, ou Africaine ;.
SangRouye; Grenade; Samjuinole Rouge ; Sanguinole d'Ete). — Fruity
medium sized ; turbinate. Skin, smooth, green at first, but changing
to yellowish green, and dotted with grey dots on the shaded side, and
pale brownish red next the sun. Eye, very large, set in a rather deep,
basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, red,,
crisp, juicy, with a sweet and rather insipid flavour.
A dessert pear, remarkable only for the colour of its flesh ; ripe in
August and September. The tree bears well as a standard, is healthy
and vigorous, and succeeds either on the pear or quince.
It is a very old pear, and has been known for some centuries. The earliest notice
of it in this country is by Rea, unless the " Blood Red Pear" of Parkinson be the
same.
G44 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
SANS PEAU (Skinless ; Flew de Guignes). — Fruit, below medium
size ; pyriform. Skin, very thin, smooth, pale greenish yellow, with
slight marks of red next the sun. Eye, open, with long acuminate
segments, and set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch long, slender
and curved, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, white, very juicy, and
melting, with a sweet and aromatic flavour.
A nice little summer dessert pear ; ripe in August and September.
The tree is a good grower and an excellent bearer, succeeds well as a
standard, and may be grown either on the pear or quince stock.
Sans Peau d'Ete. See Sans Peau.
SARRAZIN. — Fruit, medium sized ; oblong- obovate, widest about
the middle, and narrowing to both extremities. Skin, at first lively
green, changing to pale yellow on the shaded side, and reddish brown
next the sun. Eye, not depressed. Stalk, half an inch long, stout,
and inserted without depression. Flesh, white, crisp, rich, sugary,
and slightly perfumed.
A dessert pear when well ripened, but generally used for culinary
purposes ; ripe in April.
Satin. See Lansac.
Scotch Bergamot. See Hampden's Bergamot.
Scot's Cornuck. See Charnoch.
Schnabelbirne. See Bequesne.
Schweitzerbergamotte. See Bergamotte Suisse.
SECKLE (New York Bed-cheek ; Shakespear ; Sicker ; Lammas of
the Americans). — Fruit, small ; obovate, regularly and handsomely
shaped. Skin, at first dull brownish green, changing as it ripens to
yellowish brown, with bright red on the side exposed to the sun. Eye,
small and open, with very short segments, and not at all depressed.
Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small narrow depression.
Flesh, buttery, melting, and very juicy, with a rich and unusually
powerful aromatic flavour.
One of the most valuable dessert pears ; it is ripe in October. The
tree is very hardy and vigorous, an abundant bearer, and succeeds
well as a standard.
The Seckle Pear is of American origin, and is first noticed by Coxe, an
American poraologist, in his " View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees." It was
sent to this country in 1819 by Dr. Hosack of Philadelphia, along with several
other fruits, to the garden of the Horticultural Society, The original tree is
still in existence, and is growing in a meadow in Passyunk township, about a
quarter of a mile from the Delaware, opposite League Island, and about three
miles and a half from Philadelphia. It is nearly a hundred years old, and about
thirty feet high. The diameter of the trunk, at a foot from the ground, is six
feet ; and five feet from the ground it is four feet nine inches. The trunk is
PEAKS. 645
hollow and very much decayed ; the bark, half-way round, to the height of six feet,
is entirely gone ; and so far has the progress of decay advanced, that it is feared
in a few more years the tree will have ceased to exist. There are, however, young
suckers growing from the root, by which the original stock will be preserved ; but
it is to be regretted that some means were not taken to preserve the original tree,
as by a very simple process of plastering up the decayed portion the progress of
decay might be arrested. The property on which the tree stands belonged in 1817,
according to Coxe, to Mr. t^eckle (not Seckel) of Philadelphia, and hence the
origin of the name. Downing says, "The precise origin of the Seckel Pear is
unknown. The following mor^eau of its history may be relied on as authentic, it
having been related by the late venerable Bishop White, whose tenacity of memory
is well known. About 1765, when the Bishop was a lad, there was a well-known
sportsman and cattle-dealer in Philadelphia, who was familiarly known as 'Dutch
Jacob.' Every season, early in the autumn, on returning from his shooting
excursion, Dutch Jacob regaled his neighbours with pears of an unusually
delicious flavour, the secret of whose place of growth, however, he would never
satisfy their curiosity by divulging. At length, the Holland Land Company,
owning a considerable tract south of the city, disposed of it in parcels, and Dutch
Jacob then secured the ground on which his favourite pear-tree stood — a fine
strip of land near the Delaware. Not long afterwards it became the farm of
Mr. Seckle, who introduced this remarkable fruit to public notice, and it received
his name."
I have adopted the orthography of the name as given by Coxe, in preference
to that of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, which Downing follows, because
Coxe resided at Philadelphia, and must have known Mr. Seckle; and as the
only reason assigned by Mr. Thompson for altering it is, that it is supposed
that Mr. Seckle was of German descent, and there is no name known among
the Germans spelt Seck/e. In my opinion, this is not a sufficient plea for the
alteration.
Seigneur. See Fondante d'Automne.
Seigneur. See White Doyenne.
Seigneur d'Esperen. See Fondante d'Automne,
Seigneur d'Hiver. See EasUr Beurre,
Sept en Gueule. See Petit Muscat,
SERRURIER {Sei-rurier d' Autornne ; Xeuve Maison). — Fruit, large,
three inches and a quarter long, and two inches and a half wide ;
pyramidal, even and regularly formed. Skin, smooth, of an uniform
yellow colour, thickly strewed with large russet dots, and a few patches
of thin russet. Eye, open, set in a narrow and round basin. Stalk,
an inch or more in length, very stout, inserted in a narrow depression.
Flesh, coarse-grained, melting, with a thin, somewhat vinous juice, but
without much flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October and November.
Raised by Van Mons about 1825, and named in compliment to his friend J. F.
Serrurier, a member of the Institute of Holland, a great pomologist and author of
the " Fruitkundig Woordenboek," published in 1806.
Serrurier d'Automne. See Serrurier.
SEUTIN. — ^Fruit, medium sized; oval. Skin, yellowish, covered
6iQ THE FRUIT MANUAL.
with flakes and dots of russet. Eye, prominent and open. Stalk, an
inch and a half long. Flesh, half- melting, coarse-grained, pretty juicy
and sweet.
Ripe in December and January.
Shakespear. See Seckle.
SHOBDEN COURT.— Fruit, below medium size ; oblate, even in
its outline. Skin, deep, rich yellow, with a blush of red next the sun,
and covered with rough russety dots. Eye, very small, almost wanting,
set in a small, round, rather deep basin. Stalk, very long and slender,
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, white, coarse-grained, juicy, briskly
acid and sweet, but not highly flavoured.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in January and February. Mr. Blackmore
says it is not worth growing.
Raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, President of the Horticultural Society of London,
and named by him after Shobden Court, Herefordshire, the seat of Lord Bateman.
Short's St. Germain. See Summer St. Germain.
Sicker. See Seckle.
Sieulle. See Doyenne Sieulle.
SIMON BOUVIER. — Fruit, below medium size ; obtuse pyriform.
Skin, smooth, bright green, becoming yellowish as it ripens, and
dotted and mottled with brown russet. Eye, small, placed in a slight
depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slightly curved,
and inserted without depression. Flesh, white, tender, and melting,
rich, sugary, and finely perfumed.
An excellent pear ; ripe in September.
SINCLAIR (Sinclair d'Ete). — Fruit, large, three inches and a
quarter wide, and three inches and a half long ; long turbinate, very
wide at the crown, and tapering abruptly to the stalk by deep concave
curves to a narrow point, even and s^^mmetrical in shape. Skin,
smooth, fine clear lemon-yellow, with a faint blush of red next the
sun. Eye, open, with small erect segments, set in a wide saucer-like
basin. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy in the lower part, where it gradually
widens out into the surface of the fruit. Flesh, fine-grained, buttery,
melting, with a rich vinous flavour and a fine musky perfame.
An excellent pear ; ripe during October.
This was raised by Van Mons, and named in honour of Sir John Sinclair, the
eminent Scotch agriculturist.
Six. See Beurre Six.
Skinless. See Sans Peau.
SMALL BLANQUET (Poire a la Perle; Petit Blanqvet).— Fruit,
small; obtuse pyriform. Skin, smooth, shining, and appearing trant-
PEARS. 647
parent ; pale yellow, almost white, or of a pearl colour, from which the
name of a la Perle is derived. Eye, large for the size of the fruit,
open and not depressed. Stalk, about half an inch long, inserted by
the side of a fleshy lip. Flesh, white, crisp and juicy, with a sweet
musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in August. The tree is not vigorous, but
hardy and a good bearer ; succeeds well as a standard either on the
pear or quince.
Knoop gives Petit Blanquet as a synonyme of his Vroege Suckery, but it is not
the Petit Blanquet of Duhamel.
Small Winter Beurre. See Bed de Quessmf.
Snow. See White Doyenne,
Soldat Esperen. See Soldat Laboureur.
Soldat Laboureur. See Beurre dHAremberg.
SOLDAT LABOUREUR {Soldat Esperen).— Fimi, large, three
inches and three-quarters long, and three inches wide ; oblong-obovate,
narrowing from the bulge both towards the eye and the stalk. Skin,
pale lemon-yellow, marked here and there with tracings of russet,
and completely covered with minute russet dots. Eye, large, slightly
closed, with long acuminate segments, and placed in a shallow de-
pression. Stalk, an inch long, inserted by the side of a fleshy swelling
in a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, buttery, melting, and
very juicy, rich and sugary, having somewhat of the flavour of the
Autumn Bergamot.
A very excellent pear ; ripe in November. Mr. Blackmore says
that at Teddington it is not large, and not very good.
SOPHIE DE L'UKRANIE.— Fruit, rather large; obovate, even and
regular, in shape somewhat resembling White Doyenne. Skin, pale
yellow, covered with minute dots on the shaded side, and with a tinge
of warm orange next the sun. Eye, open, set in a deep basin. Stalk,
an inch long, woody, obliquely inserted. Flesh, neither melting nor
juicy, only sweet.
An inferior pear, which blets in November.
Soppige Groentje. See Bergamotte d'Automne.
SOUVENIR DU CONGRES.— Fruit, large, three inches and a
half long, and two inches and three-quarters wide, and often much
larger ; oblong-obovate, uneven and undulating in its outline. Skin,
considerably covered with smooth cinnamon-coloured russet, with here
and there patches of the yellow ground colour exposed ; on the side
next the sun there are streaks of bright crimson and a warm glow of
russet. Eye, large and open, deeply set. Stalk, an inch or more
long, very stout, inserted either in a pretty deep cavity or on the end
648 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
of the fruit in a slight one. Flesh, yellowish white, tender, very juicy
and melting, with a rich vinous flavour and musky aroma.
A very handsome and excellent pear ; ripe in the end of August and
beginning of September. It has a great resemblance to Williams's
Bon Chretien, but is quite a distinct fruit.
Souvenir d'Esperen. See Fondante cle Noel.
Souverain. See Passe Colmar.
Souverain d'Hiver. See Passe Colmar.
Spanish Bon Chretien. See Spanish Warden.
SPANISH WARDEN {Bon Chretien d'Automne; Bon Chretien
d'Esjmgne; Gratioli d'Automne; GratioU de la Toussaint ; 8a f ran
d'Automne; Spanish Bon Chretien; Vandyck). — Fruit, large, pyri-
form, greenish yellow, changing to yellow at maturity, covered with
cinnamon-coloured russet, and with a deep lively red cheek next the
sun, strewed all over with small brown dots. Eye, small and open,
with short segments. Stalk, an inch and a half long, curved, and
obliquely inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, white, with a tinge of
green, crisp, breaking, with a pleasant brisk flavour, and with a fine
musky aroma.
A culinary pear of excellent quality ; in use from November to
March. The tree is a vigorous grower, an abundant bearer, and
succeeds well as a standard on the pear stock.
Spina di Carpi. See Royale d'Hiver.
De Spoelbergh, See Vicomte de Spoelbergh,
Spring Beurre. See Verulam,
Staunton. See GanseVs Bergamot.
Stuttgardter Gaishirtenbirn. See Rousselet de Stuttgardt.
De Stuttgardt. See Rousselet de Stuttgardt.
STYRIAN [Keele Hall Beurre). — Fruit, large; long obovate or
pyriform, even and regular in its shape. Skin, even and shining,
of a clear citron-yellow, and covered with a bright vermilion cheek,
which is as if varnished on the side next the sun. Eye, large, open,
and clove-like, set even with the surface. Stalk, upwards of an inch
long, very stout, fleshy at the base, where it is attached to the fruit,
frequently surrounded with fleshy folds. Flesh, yellowish, very fine-
grained, tender, buttery, melting, and unusually juicy, sweet, brisk,
and with a fine Vanilla flavour.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in the last week of September and
beginning of October.
SUCREE D'HOYERSWERDA.— Fruit, rather below medium size;
PEARS. 649
obtuse pyriform. Skin, thin and smooth, of a beautiful pale yellowish
green, thickly dotted with rough brown and greenish russety dots, and
markings of russet round the eye and near the stalk. Eye, very small,
frequently without any segments, and set in a slight depression.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a small cavity, which is
sometimes as if pressed on one side by a fleshy swelling. Flesh,
whitish, fine-grained, tender, very juicy and melting, with a rich,
sweet, and musky flavour.
An excellent summer dessert pear ; ripe in the end of August and
beginning of September. The tree is hardy, a good and most abundant
bearer as a standard, and succeeds well either on the pear or quince.
It was raised at Hoyer8werda,ia Saxony, and is supposed to have been produced
from seed of Sucree Vert.
Sucree Doree. See Napoleon,
SUCREE VERT (Grem Sugar).— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish
turbinate. Skin, pale lively green, which becomes yellowish when
ripe, but still retains its green colour, dotted all over with numerous
green and greyish dots, with a few slight traces of russet. Eye, small
and open, with reflexed segments, and set in a^wide and shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch long, stout, and inserted in a small cavity, and some-
times pressed on one side by a swollen protuberance. Flesh, yellowish
white, very juicy, buttery, and melting, rather gritty at the core,
and with a fine, sweet, and perfumed flavour.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is very hardy
and very vigorous, bears abundantly as a standard, and succeeds well
either on the pear or quince stock.
SUFFOLK THORN.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish turbinate.
Skin, pale lemon-yellow, covered with numerous small dots and irregular
patches of pale ashy grey russet, which are most numerous on the
side next the sun. Eye, very small and open, set in a deep basin.
Stalk, short and stout, not deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish white,
exceedingly melting, buttery, and juicy, with a rich sugary juice,
exactly similar in flavour to Gansel's Bergamot.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in October. The tree is quite hardy,
and an excellent bearer, forming a handsome pyramid on the pear
stock. At Teddington Mr. Blackmore says it is *' a very good pear,
but rather small." On the Weald of Sussex Mr. Luckhurst says " the
fruit is sweet, juicy, and has some aroma, but is quite second-rate in
flavour."
This was raised from Gansel's Bergamot by Andrew Arcedeckene, Esq., of
Clavering Hall, Suffolk.
Sugar Pear. See Amire Joannet.
SUMMER ARCHDUKJE {Amire Boux ; Archduc d'Ete; Broun
Admiral ; Grosse Ognonnet ; Ognonnet Mmque). — Fruit, medium sized ;
650 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
turbinate. Skin, smooth and shining, pale lively green, changing to
yellowish green as it ripens, and covered with dark red next the sun,
covered with numerous russety dots and a few patches of russet.
Eye, open, with short dry segments, set in a shallow depression.
Stalk, about an inch long, stout, and inserted in a small cavity.
Flesh, whitish, juicy, and melting, with a fine aromatic and rose-water
flavour.
Kipe in the beginning of August. The tree is vigorous and hardy,
a good bearer, and succeeds well as a standard.
The Summer Rose is also called Ognomiet.
Summer Bell. See Windsor.
SUMMER BERGAMOT.— Fruit, small ; roundish. Skin, yellowish
green, with brown red next the sun. Eye, set in a wide and shallow
depression. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh,
juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured, and soon becomes mealy.
A dessert pear of very ordinary merit ; ripe in August.
This is not the Summer Bergamot of Miller and Forsyth, but is what is grown
in the nurseries about London under that name.
SUMMER BEURRE D'AREMBERG.— Fruit, small, two inches
wide and the same high ; turbinate, even and smooth in its outline.
Skin, entirely covered with a thin crust of cinnamon-coloured russet.
Eye, wanting segments, very deeply set in a narrow hole. Stalk, long,
stout, and fleshy, curved and inserted without depression. Flesh,
yellowish, very buttery, tender, melting, and very juicy, sweet, richly
flavoured, and with a musky aroma.
An excellent pear, which ripens in the middle of September.
It was raised by Mr. Bivers, of Sawbridge worth, and was sent to me in 1863, the
first year in which it produced fruit.
SUMMER BON CHRETIEN [Florence d'EU ; Gratioli ; Gratioli
di Boma ; Saffran d'Ete). — Fruit, large ; pyriform, very irregular and
bossed in its outline. Skin, yellow, with a tinge of pale red next the
sun, and strewed with green specks. Eye, small, set in an uneven,
shallow basin. Stalk, two inches and a half long, curved, and
obliquely inserted in a knobbed cavity. Flesh, yellow, crisp, juicy,
sweet, and pleasantly flavoured.
An inferior fruit ; ripe in September. The tree is tender, subject to
canker, and requires a wall to bring the fruit to maturity. If grown as
a bush tree, the fruit is good for culinary purposes.
SUMMER CRASANNE (Crasamie d'Ete).—Fx\xii, small ; roundish,
and flattened. Skin, pale yellow, entirely covered with cinnamon-
coloured russet. Eye, wide open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch
and a half long. Flesh, half-melting, very juicy, sweet, and aromatic.
A good early pear ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of
September.
PEARS. 651
SUMMER DOYENNE {Doyenne d'Ete ; Doyenne de Juillet; Joli-
viont; Roi Jolimont). — Fruit, small, two inches wide, and one and
three-quarters high ; roundish, or roundish turbinate. Skin, smooth,
and wherever shaded of a clear greenish yellow, changing as it ripens
to a fine lemon-yellow, and on the side next the sun covered with a red
blush, and strewed with grey dots. Eye, small, half open, set in a
shallow plaited basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, not
depressed. Flesh, yellowish white, half-melting, and very juicy, sweet,
and pleasantly flavoured.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in the end of July, but requires to be
gathered before it becomes yellow, otherwise it soon becomes mealy,
and is quite insipid. The tree is hardy, and a good bearer.
The origin of this pear has caased a good deal of discussion amoog pomolojrists ;
but I do not see how there need be any doubt or difficulty about it. In Van Mons*
catalogue, at p. 28, we find " Doyenne d'Ere ; par nous." In the preface this expres-
sion " par nous " is stated to signify " que ce fruit est un resultat de nos essais."
This being the case, we cannot suppose that Van Mons would have claimed a fruit
he did not rrtise. Diel acknowledges having received it from Van Mons in his
Kernobstsorten, vol. xix., and in his Systeinatisches Verzeichniss, 2 Fort., p. 90, he
describes it under the name of Briisseler Sommerdechantsbirne with the synonyme
Doyenne d'Ete, V.M., and this distinction of placing Van Mons' initials in con-
junction with it was, no doubt, to distinguish it from that other Doyenne d'Ete
which he had described in vol. iii., p. 39, of the Kernobstsorten, and which is a
totally different fruit, of medium size, with no red on the sunny side, and which
ripens in the end of August. This must have been raised by Van Mons at an
early period, for Diel mentions it among his best pears in 1812.
SUMMER FRANC^ REAL (Beryamotte de la Beuvrier ; Beurre
d'Ete; Beryamotte d'Ete; Coule Soif; Fin Or d'Ete; Franc Real
d'Ete; Great Mouthwater ; Gros Micet d'Ete ; Grosse Mouille Bouche;
Hdtiveau Blanc; Milan Blanc; Milan de la Beuvriere ; Roy ale). —
Fruit, above medium size, two inches and a half wide, and about the
same in height ; turbinate. Skin, smooth, pale yellowish green, strewed
with numerous brown and green dots, and tinged with brownish red
next the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a small undulating basin.
Stalk, short and thick, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellowish
white, fine-grained, buttery and melting, rich and sugary.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in September. The tree succeeds
well as a standard, is a good bearer, and grows best on the pear
stock.
This was at one time much grown in this country, but is now rarely met with.
Miller was in error in making the Summer Bergamot of English jiardens synony-
mous with this, and Forsyth and Lindley have equally erred in following him. It
is sometimes called Hampden's Bergamot.
SUMMER PORTUGAL.—Fruit, quite small; pyriform. Skin,
bright grass-green, with a brownish blush on the side next the sun,
and dotted all over with dark green dots ; when quite ripe it is clear
yellow, with a red cheek. Eye, large and prominent, wide open, and
set even with the surface. Stalk, pretty stout, upwards of. an inch
652 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
long, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish, tender, crisp, very
juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured.
An early pear ; ripe in August. In appearance it is like a miniature
Jargonelle.
SUMMER ROSE (Epine Rose; Ogiionnet; Bose ; Thorny Rose).—
Fruit, medium sized ; oblate, and handsomely shaped. Skin, yellowish
green, becoming more yellow as it attains maturity, with markings of
russet on the shaded side, and bright reddish purple, covered with
greyish brown specks, next the sun. Eye, open, set in a wide and
shallow basin. Stalk, an inch and a half long, slender, and inserted
in a small round cavity. Flesh, whitish, half-melting, gritty at the core,
tender, juicy, sugary, with a pleasant, refreshing, and musky flavour.
A fine summer pear ; ripe in August. The tree is healthy and
vigorous, and an excellent bearer. Succeeds well as a standard either
on the pear or quince.
SUMMER ST. GERMAIN [St. Germain d'Ete; St. Germain de
Martin; Short's St. Germain). — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate. Skin,
greenish pale yellow, mottled and speckled with brown russet. Eye,
open, with dry membranous, cup-like segments, set in a narrow and
slight depression. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, slightly curved,
and obliquely inserted in a small cavity ; fleshy at the base, and with
a fleshy lip on one side of it. Flesh, juicy, slightly gritty and astringent,
with a brisk, sweet, and rather pleasant flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of August.
, SUMMER THORN (Bugiarda; Epine d'Ete; Couleur de Bose;
Epine d'Ete Vert; Fondante Musque). — Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform
or long pyriform, and rounded at the apex. Skin, smooth, and covered
with greenish russet dots, green in the shade, but yellowish next the
sun and towards the stalk. Eye, small, open, with long broad seg-
ments, set in a shallow and plaited basin. Stalk, an inch long, curved,
and obliquely inserted without any depression. Flesh, white, melting,
juicy, and of a rich, musky flavour.
It is an excellent autumn pear ; ripe in September, but does not
keep long, as it soon becomes mealy. The tree is vigorous, a good
bearer, succeeds well as a standard either on the pear or quince, but
prefers the latter.
Supreme. See Windsor.
SURPASSE CRASANNE.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
a half wide, and the same high ; roundish turbinate. Skin, completely
covered with dark cinnamon-coloured russet, even on the shaded side.
Eye, open, set in a deep and ribbed basin. Stalk, nearly an inch long,
stout, and inserted between two lips. Flesh, somewhat gritty, juicy,
melting, richly flavoured, and with a fine aroma.
An excellent pear ; ripe in November.
PEARS. 653
SURPASSE MEURIS.— Fruit, above medium size ; obovate. Skin,
smooth, lively green, changing as it ripens to yellowish green, and
marked with a delicate tinge and a few faint stripes of red next the
sun, and strewed with numerous brown dots. Eye, open, with short,
rigid segments, set in a shallow, irregular basin. Stalk, an inch and
a half long, inserted without depression, and frequently obliquely set.
Flesh, white, very juicy, and with a rich, sugary, vinous, and sprightly
flavour, similar to the Crasannes.
An excellent dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is hardy,
vigorous, a good bearer, and succeeds well as a standard. One of
Van Mons' seedlings.
Surpasse Heine. See Rameau.
SURPASSE VIRGOULIEU.— Fruit, large ; oblong, even and hand-
some. Skin, smooth, lemon-yellow, thinly dotted and spotted with
cinnamon russet. Eye, open, with long stiff segments. Stalk, short
and thick, obhquely inserted. Flesh, white, very tender, buttery and
melting, rich and sugary.
A delicious pear ; ripe in October.
SUSETTE DE BAY AY.— Fruit, medium sized ; turbinate. Skin,
yellow, covered with numerous large russet dots and traces of russet.
Eye, open, placed in a shallow undulating basin. Stalk, an inch long,
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, melting, juicy, sugary, and vinous,
with a pleasant perfume.
Ripe in January and February, and valuable for its lateness.
Raised by Mnjor Esperen, of Malines, and named in compliment to Madame de
Bavay, wife of M. de Bavay, nurseryman at Vilvorde, near Brussels.
SWAN'S EGG. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish ovate. Skin,
smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, and clear brownish red
next the sun, and covered with pale brown russet. Eye, small,
partially closed, slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch and a half long,
inserted without depression. Flesh, tender, very juicy, with a sweet
and piquant flavour and musky aroma.
A tine old variety ; ripe in October. The tree is very hardy, and
an excellent bearer.
Swan's Orange. See Onondaga.
Sweet Summer. See Jargonelle.
Swiss Bergamotte. See Bergamotte Suisse,
SYLVAN GE (Sglvange; Bergamotte Sylvange; Green Sylvange;
Sylvange Vert). — Fruit, medium sized ; turbinate. Skin, bright green on
the shaded side, darker where exposed to the sun, and thickly covered
with dark grey rassety dots and several patches of dark russet. Eye,
small, set in a shallow, uneven basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an
654 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
inch long, slender, and obliquely inserted by the side of a fleshy
protuberance. Flesh, tinged with green, particularly near the skin,
tender, juic}^ and melting, with a rich, sweet flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe in October. The tree is vigorous, a good
bearer, but requires the protection of a wall to bring the fruit to per-
fection, and succeeds best on the pear.
Sylvange d'Hiver. See Easter Beurre.
Sylvange Vert. See Sylvange.
Sylvestre d'Automne. See Fredenc de Wurtemherg.
Sylvestre d'Hiver. See Frederic de Wurtemberg.
Table des Princes. See Jargonelle.
TARDIVE DE MONS.— Fruit, three inches and a half long, and two
and a half wide ; oblong-obovate, even and regularly formed. Skin, of
an uniform yellow colour, paler on the shaded side, and with an orange
tinge next the sun, strewed with large russety dots. Eye, large, clove-
like, open, very slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch long, rather slender,
obliquely inserted, not depressed. Flesh, white, tender, buttery,
melting, and very juicy, rich, and sugary.
An excellent pear ; ripe in November.
Tarling. See Easter Bergamotte,
Tate Ribaut. See Cassolette.
TAYNTON SQUASH.— Fruit, quite small; turbinate, even and
regular in its outline. Skin, dull greenish yellow on the shaded side,
and dull brownish red next the sun, the whole surface thickly dotted
with rough russet dots. Eye, open, with recurved segments, full of
stamens, set in a shallow depression and surrounded with plaits. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, slender, and inserted without depres-
sion, with generally a fleshy lip on one side of it. Flesh, white, with
a brisk, sweet flavour.
A noted perry pear of Herefordshire.
Teste Ribaut. See Cassolette.
Teton de Venus. See BelUssime d'Hiver.
Teton de Venus. See Gilogil.
THEODORE VAN MONS.— Fruit, medium sized, two inches and
a quarter wide, and two and three-quarters high ; pyramidal. Skin,
greenish yellow, strewed with russety dots and tracings of russet.
Eye, closed, set in a small, uneven basm. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, juicy,
and melting, richly flavoured, and with a fine perfume.
Ripe in October and November.
PEAR 5. 65-5
TH^iliblSE APPERT. — Fruit, above medium size, three inches
and a quarter long, and two inches and a quarter wide ; pyriform,
rounded towards the eye, and tapering gradually to the stalk by two
deep concave curves. Skin, of a dull yellow ground colour, mottled
with green patches, and thickly covered with cinnamon-coloured russet
dots, and here and there a small patch of russet ; next the sun it has a
few mottles of crimson. Eye, small and open, with erect acute seg-
ments, set in a very slight depression. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, fleshy, inserted without depression, sometimes a little on one
side of the axis. Flesh, tender, buttery, and melting, rich, and with a
pleasant, sprightly, vinous flavour, and a fine aroma.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in the end of October, but keeps a
very short time. It ought to be gathered before it is ripe.
This was raised by M. Andre Leroy, of Angers, aud named after his grand-
daughter, eldest child of M. Eugene Appert.
Thiessoise. See Beun-e d'Amanlis.
THOIVIPSON'S {Vleser)iheek).—Fn\i, medium sized ; obovate. Skin,
pale yellow, and considerably covered with a coating and dots of pale
cinnamon-coloured russet. Eye, open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk,
an inch and a quarter long, inserted in an uneven cavity. Flesh, white,
buttery and melting, very juicy, exceedingly rich and sugary, and with
a fine aroma.
One of our best pears ; ripe in November. The tree is quite hardy,
an excellent bearer, and succeeds best on the pear stock.
This was raised by Van Mons, and being received from him by the Horti-
cultural Society without a name, Mr. Sabine named it in honour of Mr. Kobert
Thompson.
THURSTON'S RED.— Fruit, small ; turbinate, even in its outline.
Skin, greenish yellow, with a thin red cheek on the side next the sun,
and a large patch of thin pale brown russet, especially round the eye.
Eye, small and open, set in a saucer-like basin. Sialk, an inch and a
quarter long, slender, set on the apex of the fruit without depression.
Flesh, yellowish.
A new Herefordshire perry pear of some repute.
TILLINGTON. — Fruit, about medium size ; short pyriform, rather
nneven in its outline. Skin, smooth, greenish yellow, covered with a
number of light brown russet dots. Eye, open, scarcely at all de-
pressed. Stalk, short, fleshy, and warted at its insertion. Flesh,
yellowish, tender, buttery and melting, not very juicy, but brisk and
vinous, with a peculiar and fine aroma.
This is an excellent pear ; ripe in October, the fine sprightly flavour
of which contrasts favourably with the luscious sweetness of the
Seckle, which comes in just before it. The tree is not a very good
bearer.
656 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Tombe de 1' Amateur. See Nouveau Poiteaii.
De Tongres. See Durondeau.
TONNE AU {Belle de Fouquet ; De Rochefort).— Fruit, very large ;
oblong obovate, uneven in its outline. Skin, clear yellow, highly
coloured with red on the side next the sun, and strewed with small
brown points, and some russet spots. Eye, large and open, set in a
deep, wide, undulating basin. Stalk, an inch long, straight, woody,
and inserted in a deep, irregular cavity. Flesh, very white, rather
dry, with a sweet and brisk flavour.
A handsome ornamental pear, only fit for decoration ; it blets at
the core in November.
This is a perfectly distinct pear from Uvedale's St. Germain, with which
M. Leroy has made it synonymous.
Tres Grosse de Bruxelles. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
TRESOR (D' Amour; Tresor d' Amour). — Fruit, of immense size,
measuring sometimes five and a half inches long, and four inches
broad ; oblong, very uneven and bossed in its outline. Skin, at first
pale green, changing to pale lemon-yellow, with a brownish tinge
when exposed to the sun, thickly covered with rough russety dots and
patches of russet, particularly round the stalk and about the eye.
Eye, small and open, set in a wide, rather deep and even basin.
Stalk, an inch long, very stout, and inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh,
white, fine-grained, crisp, and juicy.
An excellent stewing pear ; in use from December to March. The
tree is very vigorous, and bears well as a standard.
Triomphe de Hasselt. See Calebasse Grosse.
TRIOMPHE DE JODOIGNE.— Fruit, large; obovate, regular and
handsome. Skin, yellow, covered with numerous small russety dots
and patches of thin brown russet. Eye, open, set in a slight de-
pression. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long, curved, and inserted
without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, rather coarse, melting,
juicy, sugary, and brisk, with an agreeable musky perfume.
A first-rate pear ; ripe in November and December. The tree is a
good bearer and a good grower, but it makes straggling pyramids.
It succeeds equally well on the quince as the pear. Mr. Blackmore
finds it very coarse at Teddington.
It was raised by M. Simon Bouvier, Burgomaster of Jodoigne, and fruited for
the first time in 1843.
TRIOMPHE DE LOUVAIN.— Fruit, above medium size, three
inches long, and two and a half wide ; obovate, handsome, and regularly
formed. Skin, greenish yellow on the shaded side, covered witti
fawn-coloured russet, and densely strewed with light brown russet
dots ; but on the exposed side it is bright rich red, strewed with large
grey specks. Eye, open, with small erect acute segments, set in a
PEARS. 657
shallow basin. Stalk, very stout, thick, and fleshy, an inch long,
inserted in a round cavity. Flesh, white, tender, juicy, sweet, and
richly flavoured.
An excellent pear ; ripe in beginning and middle of October, and
soon rots at the core. It ought to be gathered early.
De Trois Tours. See BeurrS Diel.
Trompe Valet. See Ambrette d'Hiver.
Trout. See Forelle.
Truite. See Forelle.
TYSON. — Fruit, below medium size ; obovate, even in its outline.
Skin, yellowish green, covered with brown russet on the shaded side,
and with a dull, brownish red cheek, covered with large rupset dots on
the side next the sun. Eye, open. Stalk, an inch long, woody, inserted
mthout depression. Flesh, yellowish white, coarse-grained, half-
buttery, juicy, and sweet.
An indifi'erent American pear ; ripe early in September.
It was raised near Philadelphia in 1794, and the Fruit Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society awarded it a first-class certificate in 1881.
Union. See Uvedale's St. Germain.
URBANISTE (Beurre Drapiez ; Beurre Gens; Beurre Picquery ;
IjOUIs Duvont ; Louise d' Orleans; Picquery; St. Marc; Virgalieu
Musquee). — Fruit, medium sized; obovate or oblong-obovate. Skin,
smooth and thin, pale yellow, covered with grey dots and slight
markings of russet, and mottled with reddish brown. Eye, small and
closed, set in a deep narrow basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a
wide and rather deep cavity. Flesh, white, very tender, melting, and
juicy, rich, sugary, and slightly perfumed.
A delicious pear ; ripe in October. The tree is hardy and an excel-
lent bearer, forming a handsome pyramid either on the pear or the
quince. Mr. R. D. Blackmore says, " it is a shy bearer at Teddington,
and the fruit is too aromatic. It forms a perfect pyramid without the
aid of the kuife." Mr. Luckhurst says that on the Weald of Sussex the
fruit is large, handsome, and of delicious flavour.
This excellent pear was raised in the garden of a nunnery, at Malines, belonging
to the Urbanistes. It has been in existence prior to 1786.
UVEDALE'S ST. GERMAIN {Abbe Mongein; Angora; Audmson;
Beaute de Terwueren ; Belle Angeiine; Belle de Jersey ; Berthebirne ;
Bolivar; Chambers' s Large ; Comtesse de Terwueren ; Dr. Udale's War-
den; Duchesse de Berri d'Hiver; German Baker; Gros Fin Or
d'Hicer ; Grosse de Bruxelles ; Lent St. Geimain; Pickering Pear;
Pickering's Warden; Piper; Boyale d* J ngleterre ; Union). — Fruit, very
large, sometimes weighing upwards of 3 lbs., of a long pyriform or
pyramidal shape, tapering gradually towards the stalk and obtusely
42
658 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
towards the eye, rather curved and more swollen on one side of the
axis than the other. Skin, smooth, dark green, changing to yellowish
green, and with dull brownish red on the exposed side, dotted all
over with bright brown and a few tracings of russet. Eye, open, with
erect rigid segments, set in a deep, narrow basin. Stalk, an inch to
an inch and a half long, curved, inserted in a small close cavity. Flesh,
white, crisp, juicy, and slightly gritty.
An excellent stewing pear ; in use from January to April.
This appears to be an English pear, and to have been raised by Dr. Uvedale,
who was a schoolmaster, and lived at Eltham, in Kent, in 1690, He appears to
have removed to Enfield, where he continued his scliool. Miller, in the first
edition of his Dictionary, in 1724, speaks of him as Dr. Udal, of Enfield, " A curious
collector and introducer of many rare exoticks, plants, and flowers." Bradley, in
1733, speaks of the pear as "Dr. Udale's great pear, called by some the Union
pear, whose fruit is about that length one may allow eight inches." I have ascer-
tained by the old books of the Brompton Park Nursery that it was grown there in
1752 under the name of "Udale's St. Jarmaine."
Although doubts have been expressed by some pomologists on the subject,
I am quite satisfied that this is Belle Angevine of the French ; any person who
has seen the two fruits could have no doubt on the subject. But in M. Leroy's
Dictionary he makes it a synonyme of Tonneau, a fruit to which it has no resem-
blance. One of the reasons given in the Diciionnaire de Pomologie for supposing
it is distinct from Belle Angevine is, because in a French edition of " Miller's
Gardener's Dictionary," Uvedale's St. Germain is described as " rond et verte
fonce," but in all the English editions it is correctly described as " a very large,
long pear, of deep green colour."
The trouble M. Leroy has taken to investigate the history of this pear is very
considerable, and he has devoted a good deal of attention to the subject. He
tells us that it received the name of Belle Angevine from M. Audusson, a nursery-
man at Angers, who received it from the Garden of the Luxembourg, under
the name of Inconnue a Compdte, in 1821. Beyond this M. Leroy cannot trace it.
It is very probable that by some means it was transported from England to Paris,
for it had already, before that time, been grown in our gardens for upwards of a
century.
VALLEE FRANCHE {Bonne de Kienzheim; De Kienzheim). —
Fruit, medium sized ; obovate or obtuse pyriform. Skin, smooth
and shining, yellowish green, becoming yellowish as it ripens, and
covered with numerous small russet dots. Eye, set in a shallow
basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, white,
rather crisp, veryjuic}', and sweet.
A good early pear ; ripe in the end of August, succeeding the Jargo-
nelle. It requires to be eaten immediately it is gathered, otherwise it
speedily becomes mealy. The tree is an immense and regular bearer,
very hardy, and an excellent orcharding variety.
YAN ASSCHE. — Fruit, large; roundish oval, bossed and ribbed
in its outline. Skin, yellow, covered with flakes of russet on the
shaded side, and with beautiful red on the side next the sun. Eye,
half open, set in a ribbed basin. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in
a small cavity. Flesh, half-melting, very juicy, rich, and aromatic.
In use during November and December.
PEARS. 659
Van Donckelaar. See Marie Louise.
Van Marum. See Calebasse Crosse.
Vandyck. See Spanish Warden.
VAN MONS LEON LECLERC— Fruit, large, sometimes very
large, four to five inches long, and two and three-quarters to three
inches wide ; oblong-pyramidal, undulating and uneven in its outline.
Skin, green at first, but changing to dull yellow, covered with dots and
tracings of russet. Eye, open, with spreading segments, set in a
shallow basin. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a half long, curved, and
inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, buttery and
melting, very juicy, rich, and with a delicious sprightly vinous
flavour.
A remarkably fine pear ; ripe in November. The tree is an excellent
bearer, succeeds well as a standard in warm situations, and forms a
handsome pyramid on the pear stock.
This was raised by M, Leon Leclerc, of Laval, formerly deputy for the depart-
ment of Maine, and named in honour of Dr. Van Mons. The tree first fruited in
1828.
VAN DE WEYER BATES.— Fruit, below medium size ; roimdish
obovate. Skin, pale lemon-yellow, covered with small brown dots
and a few veins of russet of the same colour. Eye, very large and
open, set in a moderate depression. Stalk, an inch and a quarter
long, inserted belween two lips. Flesh, yellow, buttery, and very
juicy, rich, and sugary, with a pleasant aroma.
One of the finest late pears, when few are good ; ripe from March
tiU May.
VAUQUELIN. — Fruit, very large ; oblong-obovate or pyriform,
uneven and undulating in its outline. Skin, pale straw-yellow, covered
with russet dots, and with a brownish tinge on the side next the sun.
Eye, large and open, set in a deep, uneven basin, which is frequently
higher on one side than the other. Stalk, an inch and a half long,
inserted without depression. Flesh, buttery and melting, very juicy ;
juice cold, brisk, and vinous, like that of Beurre d'Aremberg.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in the end of October and beginning of
November.
De Venus. See Calebasse,
Verdette. See Cassolette, "
Vergalieu Musquee. See Urbaniste.
Verlaine. See Gendehien.
Verlaine d'Ete. See Gendebien.
Vermilion. See Bcllissime d'Automne,
660 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Vermilion des Dames. See BelUssime d'Automne.
Vermilion d'Espagne. See BelUssime d'Hiver.
VERTE LONGUE {Mouille Bouche ; Mouille Bouche d'Automne;
New Autumn). — Fruit, medium sized ; pyriform, tapering both towards
the eye and the stalk. Skin, smooth and shining, pale green, becoming
yellowish about the stalk as it ripens, and covered with numerous
minute dots. Eye, open, with long acute spreading segments, set in a
shallow basin, surrounded with several knobs or prominences. Stalk,
an inch and a half long, not depressed. Flesh, white, melting, very
juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured.
A fine old French dessert pear ; ripe in October.
Verte Longue d'Hiver. See Echassery.
VERTE LONGUE PANACHEE (Verte Longue Suisse ; Culotte de
Suisse : Bergamntte Suisse Longue : Poire Brodee ; Poire TuUppee). —
This is a striped variety of Verte Longue, and differs from the original
in having the wood and the fruit striped with green and yellow bands,
and sometimes with a reddish tinge in the yellow. The leaves are also
occasionally striped with yellow.
VERULAM [Black Beurre ; Buchanan's Sjjring Beurre ; Spring
Beurrii). — Fruit, large; obovate, resembling the Brown Beurre in
shape. Skin, dull green, entirely covered with thin russet on the
shaded side, and reddish brown thickly covered with grey dots on the
side next the sun. Eye, open, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, an inch
long, slender, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, crisp, coarse-grained,
rarely melting, unless grown against a wall in a warm situation, which
is a position it does not merit.
An excellent stewing pear ; in use from January till March. When
stewed the flesh assumes a fine brilliant colour, and is richly flavoured.
VESOUZIERES. — Fruit, small ; roundish, flattened at both ends.
Skin, smooth, of a uniform lemon-yellow C(^lour, marked with a few
patches of russet. Eye, open, set in a wide shallow basin. Stalk,
upwards of an inch long, slender, woody, and inserted in a wide and
uneven cavity. Flesh, rather coarse-grained, melting and juicy, sweet,
but without any remarkable flavour.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October and November.
Viandry. See Echassery.
VICAR OF WINKFIELD [Belle Andnenne; Belle de Bern; Belle
Helotse ; Bon Papa; Cornice de Toulon; Cure; Monsieur de Clion;
GudlUtte d'Hiver; Monsimr le Cure; Grosse Allongee ; Paternoster ;
Pradel). — Fruit, very large ; pyriform, frequently one-sided. Skin,
smooth, greenish yellow, with a faint tmge of red on the side next the
nun, strewed with numerous grey russet and green dots. Eye, small
and open, with long spreading leaf-hke segments, set in a shallow basin,
PEAKS. C61
and placed on the opposite side of the axis from the stalk. Stalk, an
inch and a half long, slender, obliquel}' inserted without depression,
with frequently a fleshy swelling at the base. Flesh, white, fine-
grained, half-melting, juicy and sweet, with a musky aroma.
A handsome pear, which in warm seasons, or when grown against a
wall, is melting, but it is not worth growing. It is also a pretty good
stewing pear ; in use from November till January.
In 1760 this was found growing wild in a wood called Fromentau by M. Leroy,
Cure of Villiers-en-Brenne, a parish situate eight kilometres from Clion, in the
department of the Indre. He propagated it, and it was soon dispersed under no
less than sixteen different names throuj;hout its native country. Eventually it was
introduced from France by Rev, W. L. Kham, the Viiar of Winkfield, in Berkshire,
and from this circumstance it obtained the name it now bears.
VICOMTE DE SPOELBERGH [De Spoelbergh).— Fruit, medium
sized, two inches and three-quarters wide, and three inches high ;
turbinate, very uneven and bossed in its outline, being considerably
ribbed and undulating. Skin, smooth, pale straw coloured, sprinkled
with green dots and patches of russet. Eye, large, half open, set
almost level with the surface. Stalk, an inch and a quarter long,
inserted without depression, and frequently fleshy at the base, where
it swells out into the apex of the fruit. Flesh, yellowish, buttery
and melting, juicy, with a sweet, rich, sprightly flavour and a musky
aroma.
A good, though not a first-rate pear; ripe in November, but not
worth cultivating.
It was raised by Van Mons, and named after Vicomte de Spoelbergh, who lived
at Lovenjoul, in Belgium.
Vigne de Pelone. See Figue de Naples.
VINEUSE. — Fruit, medium sized, two inches and three-quarters
long, and two and a half wide ; obovate. Skin, smooth, pale straw-
colour, with slight markings of very thin brown russet, interspersed
with minute green dots, and with a patch of pale brown russet in the
basin of the eye. Eye, open, frequently abortive, set in a shallow
depression. Stalk, short and fleshy, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity.
Flesh, yellowish white, exceedingly tender, melting, and very juicy, of
a honied sweetness and fine delicate perfume.
A delicious and richly flavoured pear ; ripe in the end of September
and beginning of October.
Eaised by Major Esperen, of Malines, in 1840.
VIRGOULEUSE {Bujaleuf ; Chamhrette; De G^/ace).— Fruit, large,
and pyriform, rounded towards the eye and tapering thickly towards
the stalk, assuming sometimes an ovate shape. Skin, smooth and
delicate, at first of a fine lively green, which changes as it ripens to a
beautiful pale lemon-yellow, with a faint trace of brownish red next the
sun, and strewed with numerous small grey dots and slight markings of
662 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
delicate russet. Eye, small and open, with loDg stout segments, and
set in a small shallow basin, sometimes without any depression. Stalk,
an inch to an inch and a quarter long, fleshy at the base and attached
without depression. Flesh, yellowish white, delicate, buttery, melting,
and very juicy, with a sugary and perfumed flavour.
An excellent old French dessert pear ; in use from November to
January.
The tree is a strong and very vigorous grower, but is long before it
comes into bearing, and has the character of being an indifi'erent
bearer. The fruit is very apt to drop before it is thoroughly ripe,
and shrivels very much in keeping. It is exceedingly susceptible of
contracting the flavour of any substances it comes in contact with, such
as hay, straw, or deal boards, upon which fruits are generally placed,
or decayed fruit lying near it, and advantage may be taken of this pro-
perty by laying it on substances impregnated with perfumes the flavour
of which it is desirable to communicate, such as elder-flower, musk, or
rose leaves.
This variety originated at the village of Virgouleuse, near Limoges, in the
department of Creuse, of which the Marquis Chambrette was the baron, and by
whom it was first introduced to Paris about the middle of the 17th century,
Vlesembeek. See Thompson's.
Wahre Englesbime. See Ange.
Walker. See Amande Double.
Warden. See Black Worcester,
WARDENS. — This is a name applied to pears which from the firm
texture of their flesh never melt, and are used only when they are
cooked. The name is derived from the Cistercian Abbey of Warden,
in Bedfordshire, where a particular pear was cultivated and used in
pies, which were known as Warden pies, and it is within living
memory that these pies were hawked in the streets of Bedford as
*/ Wardens all hot." In The Winter's Tale the clown says —
" I must have saffron to colour the
Warden pies."
In The Hushandman' s Fruitfull Orchard ^ published in 1609, we are
told that " Wardens are to be carried, packt and layed as winter
peares." In the old song, " I am a Friar of Orders Grey," he says —
" Myself by denial I mortify —
With a dainty bit of a Warden pye."
The name came to signify any long-keeping cooking pear, but I am
inclined to think that the variety which gave rise to the name is that
which is now called the Black Worcester, or Parkinson's Warden.
Nevertheless, there were various kinds of Wardens. Parkinson men-
tions " The Warden, or Luke Ward's pear, of two sorts, both white
and red. The Spanish Warden is greater than either of both the
PEARS. 663
former, and better also. The Red Warden and Spanish "Warden are
reckoned among the most excellent of peares either to bake or to
roast for the sicke or for the sound. And indeed the Quince and the
Warden are the two onely fruits are permitted to the sicke to eate at
any time." The Spanish Warden still exists as a choice baking pear.
The arms of Warden Abbey were *' ar three Warden pears, or two
and one " ; but the counter seal appended to the deed of surrender
preserved among the " Augmentation Records " bears the abbatial
arms, namely, a demi- crosier between three Warden pears.
Warwick Bergamot. See White Doyerme,
WATERLOO. — Fruit, medium sized ; turbinate, broad at the apex.
Skin, pale green in the shade, brownish red, with a few streaks of
brighter red next the sun, thickly covered with grey russety dots. Eye,
open, with short erect segments, and set in a deep, wide, and even
basin. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small round
cavity. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, and perfumed.
A dessert pear of second-rate quality ; ripe in September, bears well
as a standard.
WELBECK BERGAMOT (Hepimrth).—Fr mi, above medium size ;
roundish, uneven in its outline, and bossed about the stalk. Skin,
smooth and shining, of a lemon-yellow colour, thickly sprinkled with
large russet specks, and with a blush of light crimson on the side next
the sun. Eye, small and open, set in a shallow depression. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in an uneven cavity. Flesh,
white, rather coarse-grained, half-melting, very juicy, and sugary, but
without any flavour.
An inferior pear ; ripe in the end of October and November.
White Autumn Beurre. See White Doyenne.
White Beurre. See White Doyenne.
WHITE DOYENNE {Beurre Blanc; Bonne Ente; Citron de
Septembre; Dean's; Doyenne Blanc; Doyenne Picte; Neige; Pine; St.
Michel; Seigneur ; Siiow ; Warwick Bergamot ; White Autumn Beta-re ;
White Beurre). — Fruit, above medium size ; obovate, handsome, and
regularly formed. Skin, smooth and shining ; pale bright green at first,
and changing as it attains maturity to pale yellow, and when well
exposed it has sometimes a fine red on the side next the sun. Eye,
very small and closed, set in a shallow and slightly plaited basin.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, fleshy, and set in a small
round cavity. Flesh, white, buttery, and melting, and of a rich, sugary,
and delicately perfumed and somewhat vinous flavour.
An excellent autumn dessert pear ; ripe in September and October.
The tree is healthy, vigorous, and an abundant bearer, succeeds well
as a standard either on the pear or quince stock. The fruit is best
664 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
flavoured from a standard, and if grown on a quince stock against a
wall or an espalier it assumes a beautiful red colour next the sun, and
comes considerably larger than from a standard. It must be eaten in
good time, for if kept too long it shrivels and becomes woolly and
mealy.
WHITE LON GLAND. — Fruit, about medium size ; turbinate, even
and regular in its outline. Skin, very thickly sprinkled with large
russet dots, and lines of russet and a patch round the stalk ; on the
exposed side it has a thin pale red cheek, and on the shaded side it is
yellowish green. Eye, open, with short incurved segments, set in a
shallow depression. Stalk, half an inch long, woody, straight with
the axis of the fruit, and inserted in a narrow shallow cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, firm, coarse-grained, with a brisk, sweet juice.
My friend Dr. Bull, of Hereford, informs me that this is '* a capital
stewing pear, and sold for this purpose ; but used also for perry. It
stews of a splendid rich red colour, but is coarse and rough in flavour."
WHITE SQUASH. — Fruit, two inches and a quarter in diameter ;
roundish turbinate, even and regular in its outline. Skin, yellowish
green when ripe, and strewed all over with small russety dots, with
here and there a patch of russet, but always russety round the stalk
and the eye. Eye, open, with short, stunted segments, set in a saucer-
like basin. Stalk, an inch long, inserted without depression, and with
a fleshy swelling on one side of it. Flesh, coarse, crisp, very juicy,
and harshly astringent.
A Herefordshire perry pear.
Wilding of Caissoy. See Besi de Caissoy,
Wilding Von Heri. See Besi d'Hery.
Wilhelmine. See Beurre d'Amanlis.
WILLERMOZ. — Fruit, large ; obtuse pyriform, ribbed and bossed
in its outline. Skin, of a golden yellow colour, with a red blush on
the exposed side, and covered with fine russet dots. Stalk, an inch
long, woody. Flesh, white, fine-grained, buttery, and melting, very
juicy, sweet, and highly perfumed.
A second-rate pear ; ripe in October and November,
William the Fourth. See Louise Bonne of Jersey.
Williams's. See Williains's Bon Chretien.
WILLIAMS'S BON CHRETIEN (Bartlett; De Lavault; Wil-
liams's).— Fruit, large ; obtuse pyriform, irregular and bossed in its
outline. Skin, smooth, at first pale green, changing as it ripens to
clear yellow, and tinged with streaks of red next the sun. Eye, open,
set in a very shallow depression, but more generally even with the
surface. Stalk, an inch long, stout and fleshy, and inserted in a shallow
PEARS. 605
cavity. Flesh, white, fine-grained, tender, buttery, and melting, with
a rich, sweet, and delicious flavour, and powerful musky aroma.
A dessert pear of the highest merit ; ripe in August and September,
but keeps but a short time. It should be gathered before it becomes
yellow, otherwise it speedily decays. The tree is hardy and vigorous,
but not a regular or abundant bearer, on which account its cultivation
is now much more limited among the London market gardeners. At
Teddington Mr. Blackmore says *'it is small and spotted, and the
aroma is always coarse."
This esteemed pear was raised a short time previous to 1770, by a person of the
name of Wheeler, a schoolmaster at AMermaston, in Berkshire, from whom it was
obtained by Williams, the nurseryman at Turnham Green, Middlesex, and being
by him Hrst distributed, it received the name it now bears. Another account states
that the name of the tichoolmaster who raised it was Stair, and even at the present
time it is known at AMermaston as " Stair's Pear." In 1799 it was introduced to
America by Mr. Enoch Bartlett, of Dorchester, near Boston, and tlie name being
lost, it has ever since been known by the name of the Bartlett Pear. There it
attains the highest perfection, and is esteemed as the tinest pear of its season.
Willison's Queen Victoria. See Queen Victoria,
WINDSOR {Bell Tongue; Bellissime; Fvjue ; Figue Mmquee;
Green Windsor; Grosse Jargonelle; Konge; Madame; Madame de
France; Summer Bell; Supreme). — Fruit, large and handsome ; pyri-
form, rounded at the eye. Skin, smooth, green at first, and changing
to yellow mixed with green, and with a famt tinge of orange and ob-
scure streaks of red on the exposed side. Eye, open, with stout, erect
segments, not at all depressed. Stalk, an inch and a half long,
inserted without depression, and with several fleshy folds at the base.
Flesh, white, tender, buttery, and melting, with a fine, brisk, vinous
flavour, and nice perfume.
A fine old pear for orchard culture ; ripe in August. It should be
gathered before it becomes yellow.
The tree is one of the strongest growers of any variety in cultiva-
tion ; particularly in its early growth, the shoots are very thick and
succulent, but short. It forms an upright, tall, and handsome tree
when grown in an alluvial soil, or in a deep sandy loam, with a cool
subsoil ; but if the soil is stifi", cold, and humid, it very soon cankers.
It is a good bearer, and when grown in a soil favourable to it we have
seen it produce an abundance of ver}^ large, handsome, and excellent
fruit. It has the property in many seasons of producing sometimes
a profusion of bloom at Midsummer, and a second crop of fruit, which,
however, is never of any value, from which circumstance it has been
called Poire Figu£, Figu£ Mu£qu£e, and Deuxfois Van.
The only account of this ancient variety I have seen is by an English writer,
who says, *' It was raised from seed ot the Cuisse Madame, by a person of the
name of Williamson, a relation of Williamson, whom Grimwood succeeded in
the Kensinjiton Nursery." Grimwood succeeded to the Kensingtcm Nursery
about the middle or latter half of the last century, but the Windsor Pear is men-
tioned by Parkinson, in his Paradisus, in 1629, a century before the Kensington
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Nursery was in existence, and was even then " well knowne to most persons ; " he
says it " is an excellent good peare, will beare fruit sometimes twice in a yeare,
and (as it is said) three times in some places."
There can be no doubt that the Windsor Pear is of foreign origin, and that it is
the Bellissime and Supreme of the early French pomologists, but it must not be
confounded with the Bellissime d'Ete of these later writers, and of Duhamel, who
has made a sad mess of many synonymes, and on whose authority in these par-
ticulars there is no reliance to be placed. It seems at a very early period to have
been distributed over Europe. It is mentioned by J. Baptista Porta, in 1592,
as being cultivated about Naples, under the name of Pero due volte Vanno ;
and even in our own country we find it flourishing earlier than this ; for Sir
Hugh Plat, in giving the authority of " Master Hill," who lived about 1563,
" Why trees transplanted doe alter," says, " Trees that bears early, or often in the
year, as pear trees upon Windsor-Hill, which bear three times in a year ; these
though they be removed to as rich, or richer soil, yet they do seldom bear so
early, or so often, except the soil be of the same hot nature, and have the like
advantages of situation, and other circumstances with those of Windsor. And,
therefore, commonly the second fruit of that pear tree being removed, doth seldome
ripen in other places." This is the first notice we have of the Windsor Pear in
England ; and it is, doubtless, from the circumstance of those growing on Windsor
Hill that the variety received its name. Early in the season, and before the
earliest varieties of our gardens are nearly ripe, there are considerable quantities of
the Windsor exposed for sale in the Covent Garden Market, which are imported
from Portugal, and which are said to be shipped at Oporto. We never could
ascertain the name under which they were imported, but have not the slightest
doubt about the identity of the variety.
Winter Beurre. See Achan.
Winter Beurre. See Chaumontel.
WINTER BON CHRETIEN {UAngoisse ; Bon Chretien d'Hiver ;
Bon Chretien d'Aiich; Bon Chretien de Tours; De St. Martin). —
Fruit, large, and very variable in shape, some irregularly pyriform,
and others obovate -turbinate, uneven and bossed in its outline. Skin,
dingy yellow, with a tinge of brown next the sun, and strewed with
small russety dots. Eye, open, with long segments, and set in a deep
basin. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a half long, obliquely inserted
in a close cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, juicy, sweet, and perfumed.
A dessert pear ; ripe from December to March. The tree is tender,
and requires to be grown against a wall, when the fruit is excellent
and richly flavoured. In France this was for centuries considered the
finest of all winter pears ; but of late years, since the introduction of
so many superior new varieties, it is only fit to be grown as a standard,
and cultivated as a first-rate culinary pear ; for this purpose also it is
used in France. A French writer of the last century says, "If you
are curious in large fruit, plant the Catillac Pound Pears and Double
Fleur ; but if you want quality, no pear surpasses the Martin Sire and
Winter Bon Chretien for compotes. The coarse grain of the latter
being fined by cooking, its juice becomes a syrup, and contains a per-
fume and natural sugar which cannot be communicated artificially."
In the Horticultural Society's Catalogue the Bon Chretien d'Auch is made
synonymous with this variety, and doubtless what was received proved to be so ;
PEARS. 667
but the Bon Chretien d'Auch of Calvel is a very different fruit, and appears to
me, from his description, to have a close affinity to Williams's Bon Chretien.
The Winter Bon Chretien seems to be the type of this class. Various opinions
have been expressed as to the origin of the name of Bon Chretien, one of which
is that Francois de Paul, the founder of the Minimcs, being called to the court of
Louis XI. for the recovery of his health, was styled by that monarch " le bon
Chretien," and that he brought along with him from Calabria some of the fruit of
the pear now called Winter Bon Chretien ; what is said to be there grown in great
quantity. Hunting seriously affirms that the pear appears to have received its
name at the beginning of Christianity, and that from this title it merits the respect
of all Christian gardeners. Another opinion is, that St. Martin, Bishop of Tours,
was the first who obtained this variety, and that a King of France having tasted it
with him, asked, when it was presented to him, for '* Des poires de ce bon Chretien."
But perhaps the most probable derivation is from the Greek panchresta, from iras
(.all), and xPVsis (good), and of which the Chrustumium of the Romans may also
be a derivation, Switzer says they are so called from not rotting at the heart,
but beginning from the exterior part.
WINTER FRANC REAL (Fin Ord'Hiver; Franc lUal d'Hiver;
Gros Micet). — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, irregularly shaped, and
uneven in its outline. Skin, pale green at first, changing as it ripens
to a beautiful lemon-yellow, and strewed with light brownish red next
the sun, marked over the whole surface with bright patches and
markings of russet. Eye, open, set in a round depression, from which
issue several ribs, which extend half-way over the fruit. Stalk, an
inch long, inserted in a deep cavity somewhat like an apple. Flesh,
yellowish, coarse-grained, juicy, musky, and of an aromatic and sweet
flavour, and when stewed becomes tender and of a fine light bright
purple colour.
An excellent stewing pear ; in use from January to March. The
tree is vigorous and hardy, and an abundant bearer. Succeeds well as
a standard, either on the pear or quince. The young shoots are
thickly covered with white down and mealy powder, purple brownish
red and thickly dotted.
The Franc Real of Duhamel is larger, round, and greenish, becoming yellow as
it ripens, and marked with dots and small patches of russet. Eye, small, slightly
depressed. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted without any depression.
Young wood yellowish green, dotted, and mealy ; ripe in October and November.
Winter Green. See Bergamotte de Hollande.
WINTER NELIS [Bewre de Malines ; Bonne Malinaise ; Bonne
de Malines; Colmar Nelis ; Etoumeau ; Malinoise Ciivelier ; Nelis
d'Hiver). — Fruit, below medium size ; roundish obovate, narrowing
abruptly towards the stalk. Skin, dull green at first, changing
to yellowish green, covered with numerous russety dots and patches
of brown russet, particularly on the side next the sun. Eye, open,
with erect rigid segments, set in a shallow depression. Stalk, from an
inch to an inch and a half long, curved, and set in a narrow cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, buttery, and melting, with a rich, sugary,
and vinous flavour, and a fine aroma.
One of the richest flavoured pears. It is in use from November
GQS THE FRUIT MANUAL.
till February. The tree fornis a handsome small pyramid, is quite
hardy, and an excellent bearer. As grown at Teddington it is a good
pear, but of rather flat flavour. " Not to be compared with Josephine
de Malines."
This was raised early in the present century by M. Jean Charles Nelis, of
Malines, in Belgium, and was introduced to this country in 1818 by the Horti-
cultural Society of London.
WINTER OKEN {Oken ; 0km d'Hiver).— Fruit, below medium
size ; roundish. Skin, lemon-yellow, marked with patches of cinna-
mon-coloured russet. Eye, open, set in a round, deep basin. Stalk,
an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, buttery, melting,
and juicy, rich, sugary, and well flavoured.
It ripens in November, when it rots at the core.
WINTER ORANGE {Oramje d'Uiver).— Fruit, medium sized;
round, and somewhat flattened. Skin, at first pale lively green,
gradually changing as it ripens to bright yellow, covered all over with
numerous brown dots, and lined with russet. Eye, small and open,
set in a small round depression. Stalk, an inch long, thick, and
inserted in a small oblique cavity. Flesh, white, rather gritty, firm,
crisp, and very juicy, with a pleasant aromatic flavour.
A dessert pear ; in use from February to April. The tree is vigorous,
bears well as a standard, and succeeds either on the pear or quince.
Winter Poplin. See Besi de Quessoy.
WINTER ROUSSELET {Rousseht d' Hirer) .—Fruit, small; pyri-
form, considerably resembling the Rousselet de Rheims. Skin, at first
bright green, changing to yellowish green as it ripens, and covered
next the sun with dark red, strewed all over with numerous brown
dots. Eye, small and open, with short rigid segments, and not at
all depressed. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, curved,
and inserted without a cavity. Flesh, white, crisp, and juicy, and of
a fine sugary and aromatic flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe from January to March. The tree is vigorous,
succeeds well as a standard, either on the pear or quince stock, and is
an excellent bearer. The Horticultural Society's Catalogue makes this
synonymous with Martin Sec, erroneousl3\
WINTER THORN {Epine d' Hiver ; Ejnne Rose d'Hiver).— Fruit,
medium sized ; obovate. Skin, smooth, of a fine green colour, becoming
yellowish as it attains maturity, and irregularly covered with greyish
brown dots. Eye, small and open, set in an even and considerable
depression. Stalk, an inch long, fleshy at the base, inserted without
depression. Flesh, whitish, melting, tender, and buttery, with a sweet
and agreeable musky flavour.
A dessert pear ; ripe from November to January. The tree is
healthy, although not a strong grower. A good bearer, and succeeds
PEARS. 669
well either on the pear or quince. De la Qaintinye recommends it to
be grown on the pear in dry soils, and on the quince where they are
less so. Bretonnerie says it is of little merit, unless grown on the
quince in a dry soil.
WINTER WINDSOR {Petworth). —Frmt, large and handsome ;
obovate-turbinate. Skin, smooth and shining, greenish yellow in the
shade, and orange, faintly streaked with brownish red, next the sun,
covered all over with minute dots. Eye, large and open, with long,
narrow, incurved segments, set in a shallow basin. Stalk, half an
inch long, slender, inserted without depression. Flesh, crisp, juicy,
and pleasantly flavoured.
A showy pear of little merit, which rots at the core in November.
This is a very old English variety, being mentioned by Parkinson and by almost
all the authors of the seventeenth century.
YAT (Yutte). — Fruit, below medium size ; obtuse pyriform. Skin,
thickly covered with brown russet, and sprinkled with numerous grey
specks, sometimes with brownish red, when fully exposed to the sun.
Eye, small and open, with short segments, set in a shallow basin.
Stalk, an inch long, slender, obliquely inserted without depression.
Flesh, white, tender, juicy, and melting, with a rich, sugary, and highly
perfumed flavour.
An excellent early pear ; ripe in September. The tree is hardy,
and a great bearer.
YELLOW HUFF-CAP.— Fruit, quite smaU ; obovate or turbinate.
Skin, entirely covered with rough brown russet, and only portions of
the ground colour showing through in specks. Eye, small, and open,
with short horny segments, set even with the surface. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish,
with a greenish tinge.
A Herefordshire perry pear.
HufF-cap signifies anything strong or good in the way of liquor, as mumming
ale or good punch, and may be derived from huff, to swagger, raat, or vapour,
which is likely to be the result of indulgence in that kind of liquor.
York Bergamot. See Autumn Bergamot.
Yutte. See Yat.
ZEPHIRIN GREGOIRE.— Fruit, about medium size ; roundish.
Skin, pale greenish yellow, sometimes becoming of a uniform pale
waxen yellow, covered with russet dots and markings. Eye, very
small, slightly depressed. Stalk, an inch long, inserted without
depression. Flesh, yellow, buttery, melting, and very juicy, very
rich, sugary, and vinous, with a powerful and peculiar aroma.
A most delicious pear ; ripe in December and January. The tree
forms a handsome pyramid, succeeds best on the pear stock, and is an
excellent bearer. Mr. Blackmore says it is not good at Teddington.
670
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
ZEPHIKIN LOUIS. — Fruit, rather below medium size, two inches
and three-quarters wide, and two inches and a half high ; round, even
in its outline. Skin, thickly speckled all over with large dark brown
russet patches and dots, greenish yellow on the shaded side, and dark
rusty red next the sun, but which becomes bright vermilion when quite
ripe. Eye, very small and open, set in a deep basin. Stalk, short,
inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, coarse-grained, crisp, or
rather half-buttery, juicy, sweet, briskly flavoured, and with a pleasant
flowery perfume.
A dessert pear of ordinary quality ; ripe in December and January.
It was raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne.
LISTS OF SELECT PEARS,
ARRANGED IN THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING.
I. COLLECTIONS OF SIX VARIETIES FOR PYRAMIDS, BUSHES, OR
ESPALIERS.
1.
Jargonelle, Aug. Urbaniste, Oct. Catinka, Dec.
Williams's Bon Chrdtien, Soldat Esperen, Nov. Ne Plus Meuris, Jan., Apr.
Sept
2.
Citron des Cannes, A ug. Nouveau Poiteau, Nov. Beurre Sterckmans, Jan.,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, Rousselet Enfant Prodigue, Feb.
Oct. Dec.
Vineuse, Sept., Oct,
3.
Beurr6 de Mans, Aug. Van Mens Leon Leclerc, Doyenne Defays, Dec.
Beurre d'Araaniis, Sept. Nov. Glou Morgeau, Dec, Jan.
Baronne de Mello, Oct.
Bloodgood, Aug. Seckle, Oct. Monarch, Dec, Jan.
Doctor Hogg Bergamot, Marie Louise, Nov. Beurre Ranee, Jan., Apr.
Aug., Sept.
5.
Peach, Aug. Doyenne du Cornice, Oct., Winter Nells, Nov., Feb.
Fondante d'Automne, Nov. Josephine deMalines, Jt/n,,
Sept., Oct. Gansel-Scckle, A^ov. Feb.
6.
Summer Rose, Aug. Duchesse d'Or'eans, Oct, Jewess, Dec,
Navez Peintre, Sept. Figue de Naples, Nov. Zephirin Gregoire, Jan.
PEABS.
671
Beurre Procot^e, Aug.
Simon Bouvier, Sept.
Comte de Lamy, Oct.
Desire Cornells, Aug.,
Sept.
Beurre Superfin, Sept.,
Oct.
Beurre Berckmans, Nou., Moccas, Dec, Jan.
Dec. L'Inconnue, Jan., Apr.
8.
Bois Napoleon, Oct.
Thompson's, Nov.
Beurre Duval, Nov., Dec.
Forelle, Nov., Feb.
Early Rousselet, July,
Aug.
Fondante de Cuerne,
Aug.
Red Doyenne, Oct.
Fondante de Chameu,
Nov.
Henriette, Dec.
Huyshe's Victoria, Dec.
Jan.
10.
Barbe Nells, Aug. Leopold Riche, Nov.
Beurr6 des Beguines, Sept. Huyshe's Princess of
Emile d'Heyst, Oct. Wales, Dec.
Notaire Minot, Jan.^ Feb.
II. COLLECTIONS OF TWELVE VARIETIES FOR PYRAMIDS,
BUSHES, OR ESPALIERS.
Citron des Carmes, Aug.
Beurre Precoce, Aug.
Beurre d'Amanlis, Sept.
Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Oct.
Seckle, Oct
1.
Van Mons Leon Leclerc,
Nov.
Fondante de Chameu,
Nov.
Dr. Trousseau, Dec.
Winter Nells, Nov., Feb.
Beurre Sterckmans, Jan.y
Feb.
Beurre Berckmans, Nov., Easter Beurre, Jan., Apr.
Dec.
2.
Doyenne d'Ete, July. Doctor Hogg Bergamot, Huyshe's Victoria, Dec.,
Jargonelle, Aug. Sept. Jan.
Fondante du Cuerne, Aug. Beurre Hardy, Oct. Glou Morqeau, Dec, Jan.
Williams's Bon Chretien, Doyenne du Cornice, Nov. Bergamotte Esperen, Jan.,
Sept Soldat Esperen, Nov. Apr.
Henriette, Dec.
Early Rousselet, July,
Aug.
Summer Rose, Aug.
Peach, Aug.
Flemish Beauty, Sept.
3.
Baronne de Mello, Oct.
Durondeau, Nov., Dec.
Nouveau Folteau, Nov.
Beurre Bosc, Oct., Nov.
Jewess, Dec.
Moccas, Dec, Jan.
Beurre De Jonghe, Dec,
Jan.
Ne Plus Meuris, Jan., Apr.
4.
Bloodgood, Aug. Marie Louise, Oct., Nov. Josephine de MaliLCS, Jan ,
St. Denis, Aug., Sept. Suffolk Thorn, Nov. Feb.
Beurre Supertin, Sept, Oct. Thompson's, Nov. Van de Wtyer Bales, Mar.,
Fondante d'Automne,Ocf. Catlnka, Dec. May.
Comte de Lamy, Oct. Monarch, Dec, Jan.
672
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Beurre Precoce, Aug.
Desire Cornelis, Aug.,
Sept.
Vineuse, Sept^ Oct.
Jersey Gratioli, Oct,
Eyewood, Oct.
Gansel Seekle, Nov.
Beurre Duval, J\cv., Dec.
Doyenne Defays, Vec.
Forelie, Nov., Feb.
Huyshe's Victoria, Dec,
Jan.
L'Inconnue, Jan., Apr.
Beurre Ranee, Jan., Apr.
Beurre de Mans, Aug.
Beurre Giffard, Sept.
Navez Peintre, Sept.
Doyenne Boussoch, Oct.
Duchesse d' Orleans, Oct.
Figue de Naples, Nov.
6.
Paradise d'Automne, Oct.,
Nov.
Conite de Flandres, Nov.,
Dec.
Rousselet Enfant Pro-
digue, Dec.
Alexandre Bivort, Dec,
Feb.
Jean de Witte, Jan., Apr.
Cassante de Mars, Mar.,
May.
Barbe Nelis, Aug.
Summer Crasanue, Aug.,
Sept.
Beurre des Begmnes,Sept.
Marie Louise d'UccIe, Oct,
Belle Julie, Oct., Nov.
7.
Mar6chal de Cour, Oct.,
Nov.
Huy.«he's Princess of
Wales, Nov., Dec
Leopold the First, Dec,
Jan.
Beurre d'Anjou, Oct.,
Jan,
Beurre Duhaume, Dec,
Feb.
Notaire Minot, Jan., Feb,
Eliza d' Hey St, Feb., Mar.
111. VARIETIES REQUIRING A WALL, OR WHICH ARE IMPROVED
BY SUCH PROTECTION.
Bergamotte Esperen
Beurre Bosc
Beurie Diel
Beurre Ranee
Beurre Sterckmans
Brown Beurre
Colmar
Crasanne
Duchesse d'Angoul^me
Easter Beurre
Forelie
Gansel's Bergamot
Glou Mor^eau
Knight's Monarch
Ne Plus Meuris
Passe Colmar
Prince Albert
St. Germain
Van Mons Leon Leclerc
Winter Nelis
IV. VARIETIES FOR ORCHARD STANDARDS.
Aston Town
Autumn Bergamot
Beurre (''auiaumont
Bishop's Thumb
Caillot Rosat
Croft Castle
Eyewood
Fertility
Hampden's Bergamot
Hessle
Jargonelle
Jersey Gratioli
Lammas
Louise Bonne of Jersey
Suffolk Thorn
Swan's Ejig
Williams's Bon Chretien
Windsor
Winter Nelis
Vallce Franche
Yat
V. VARIETIES FOR STEWING AND PRESERVING.
Belmont
Besi d'Hery
Black Worcester
Catillac
Flemish Bon Chretien
Spanish Warden
Verulam
Winter Franc Real
PEABS.
673
VI. VARIETIES FOR NORTHERN LATITUDES, AND EXPOSED
SITUATIONS IN THE MIDLAND AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Doyenne d'Et6
Citron des Cannes
Jargonelle
Williams's Bon Chretien
Beurre d'Amanlis
Louise Bonne of Jersey
Those marked * require a wall.
Hessle
Comte de Lamy
Jersey Grntioli
Red Doyenne
Thompson's
*Duchesse d'Angouleme
*Marie Louise
•Beurre Diel
Knight's Monarch
•Beurre Ranee
VIL THE BEST PERRY PEARS.
EARLY VARIETIES.
Cheat-boy
Moorcroft
Parsonage
Taynton Squash
Thorn Pear
White Squash
Arlingham Squash
Barland
Black Huff-cap
Holmer
MID-SEASON VARIETIES.
Chaseley Green
Longland
Winnal's Longland
White Longland
Oldfield
Pine Pear
Yellow Huff-cap
Yoking House
Aylton Red
Butt Pear
LATE VARIETIES.
Coppy Pear
Red Pear
Rock Pear
Thurston Red
THE BEST PEARS,
ARRANGED IN THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING.
July.
Amire Joannet
Petit Muscat
Summer Doyenne
July and August,
Citron des Carmes
Early llousselet
August.
Ananas de Courtrai
Barbe Nelis
Beurre Giffard
Beurre de Mans
Beurre Precoce
Bloodgood
Caillot Rosat
Dearborn's Seedling
Fondante de Cuerne
Jargonelle
CEuf
Peach
Summer Rose
Vallee Franche
August and September.
Desire Cornells
Passans de Portugal
Rosteitzer
St. Denis
Souvenir du Congres
Sucree de Hoyerswerda
Summer Crasanne
Williams's Bon Chretien
September.
Ambrosia
Beadnell's Seedling
Beurre d'Amanlis
Beurre des Beguines
Cassante du Cornice
Col mar d'Ete
Doctor Hogg Bergamot
Elton
Flemish Beauty
Golden Queen
Madame Treyve
Napoleon III.
Navez Peintre
Pius IX.
Professor du Breuil
Rivers
Rousselet de Rheims
43
674
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Rousselet de Stuttgardt
St. Ghislain
St. Michel Archange
Simon Bouvier
Summer Beurre d'Arem-
berg
Summer Franc Real
Summer Thorn
Yat
September and October.
Amandine de Rouen
Amelie Leclerc
British Queen
Beurre Benoit
Beurre Superfin
Dunmore
Fondante d'Automne
Fondante Van Mons
Henry the Fourth
Paradise d'Automne
Robert Hogg
Styrian
Vineuse
White Doyenne
October.
Adele de St. Denis
Autumn Bergamot
Autumn Nelis
Baronne de Mello
Bergamotte Buffo
Bergamotte de Millepieds
Beurre Capiaumont
Beurre Hardy
Bishop's Thumb
Bois Napoleon
BroAvn Beurre
Bouvier Bourgmestre
Charles d'Autriche
Comte de Lamy
Deux Soeurs
Doctor Lentier
Doctor Nelis
Dorothee Royale Nouvelle
Duchesse d'Orleans
Emile d'Heyst
Frederic de Prusse
Frederic de Wurtemberg
Golden Russet
Henkel d'Hiver
Jersey Gratioli
Louise Bonne of Jersey
Madame Appert
Madame Baptiste Des-
portes
Madame Henri Desportes
Marie Louise d'Uccle
Nectarine
Orange Manderine
Passe Colmar Musque
Pomme Poire
De Quentin
Retour de Rome
Red Doyenne
Rousselet Enfant Pro-
digue
Seckle
Sinclair
Sucree Vert
Suffolk Thorn
Swan's Egg
Surpasse Virgoulieu
Therese Appert
Tillington
Urbaniste
October and November.
Aston Town
Belle Julie
Beurre Bosc
Beurre Diel
Comte d'Egmont
Doyenne du Cornice
Durondeau
Gansel's Bergamot
Gendebien
Jalousie de Fontenay
De Maraise
Marechal de Cour
Marechal Dillen
Marie Louise
Millot de Nancy
Musette de Nancy
Passe Colmar Musque
Pitmaston Duchess
Sieulle
October to December.
Al thorp Crasanne
Amiral Cccile
October to January.
Beurre d'Anjou
November.
Besi d'Esperen
Beurre Clairgeau
Caroline Hogg
Delices d'Hardenpont
Dr. Andry
Doyen Dillen
Figue de Naples
Fondante de ( harneu
Fond ante du Cornice
Fondante de Woelmet
Gansel-Seckle
Lawrence
Leopold Riche
Nouveau Poitean
Rondelet
Soldat Esperen
Soldat Laboureur
Tardif de Mons
Thompson's
Van Mons Leon Leclerc
November and December^
Belle Rouennaise
Beurre Berckmans
Beurre Duval
Beurre de Ghelin
Beurre Six
Comte de Flandre
Crasanne
Due Alfred de Cruy
Emerald
Fondante de Malines
Huyshe's Prince Consort
Huyshe's Princess <rf
Wales
Maud Hogg
Napoleon
Passe Colmar
Princess Charlotte
Rousselet de Jonghe
Triomphe de Jodoigne
November to January,
Bergamotte Dussart
Hacon's Incomparable
Huyshe's Prince of Wale»
Jaminette
Lewis
St. Germain
November to February.
Forelle
Winter Nelis
November to March,
Chaumontel
Colmar
December.
Beurre Bachelier
Catinka
Dr. Trousseau
Downton
Doyenne Defays
Due de Nemours
Heiiriette
Jewess
PINE-APPLES.
675
Joly de Bonnean
Madame Loriol de Barny
Marechal Vaillant
Rousselet Enfant Pro-
digue
December and January.
Beurre dAremberg
Beurre Delfosse
Beurre Langelier
Bezi Vaet
Glou Mor9eau
Huyshe's Victoria
Leopold the First
Moccas
Monarch
Zephiriu Gregoire
December to February.
Alexandre Bivort
Beurre Duhaume
Beurre de Jonghe
Doyenne d*Alen9on
General Todleben
January,
Broompark
Doyenne Goubault
January and February.
Beurre Sterckmans
Josephine de Malines
Notaire Minot
January to April.
Bergamotte Esperen
Beurre Ranee
Easter Beurre
L'Inconnue
Jean de Witte
Nee Plus Meuris
Passe Crasanne
Prince Albert
February and March.
Elisa d'Heyst
Marie Guisse
Nouvelle Fulvie
Olivier de Serres
March to May.
Alexandrine Mas
Basiner
Besi Goubault
Besi Mai
Cassante de Mars
Madame Millet
March Bergamot
Van de Weyer Bates
PINE- APPLES.
SYNOPSIS OF PINE -APPLES.
I. LEAVES SPINELESS.
L. Fruit roundish^ oval, or cylindrical,
Fluwers purple.
Smooth-leaved Cayenne
Smooth-leaved Havannah
II. LEATES WITH ABOUT 4 TO 6 SPINES
IN AN INCH.
A. Fruit roundish, oval, or cylindrical.
* Flowers lilac.
Blood Red
Charlotte Rothschild
Moscow Queen
Prickly Cayenne
Queen
Silver-striped Queen
** Flowers purple.
Black Antigua
Ripley's
B. Fruit tall and conical.
* Flowers purple.
Lady Beatrix Lambton
Prince Albert
III. LEAVES WITH ABOUT 6 TO 8 SPINES
IN AN INCH.
A. Fruit roundish, oval, or cylindrical.
* Flowers lilac.
Globe
Lemon Queen
Otaheite
** Flowers purple.
Montserrat
B. Fruit tall and conical.
* Flowers lilac.
Black Sugar-loaf
Enville
Trinidad
** Flowers purple.
Lord Carrington.
IV. LEAVES WITH ABOUT 11 SPINES IN
AN INCH.
A. Fruit roundish, oval, or cylindrical.
* Flowers purple.
Black Jamaica
Providence
Thoresby Queen
B. Fruit tall and conical.
* Flowers purple.
Hurst House
/
676 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
Anson's. See Otaheite.
Barbadoes Queen. See Lemon Queen.
BLACK ANTIGUA [Brown Antigua). — Fruit, cyndrical, inclining
to oval, thickly covered with meal, and when ripe dark ochre. Pips,
very large and prominent, the scales covering rather more than one-
third, and terminating in short blunt points. Flesh, pale yellow,
slightly fibrous, rather soft and melting, with a pleasant acid, remark-
ably juicy, sweet, and highly flavoured. Crown, small. Flowers,
purple.
An excellent and highly flavoured pine, if cut when it begins to turn
from green to yellow. Mr. Munro says, "During summer it is the
most delicious and highly flavoured fruit with which I am acquainted."
BLACK JAMAICA (Montserrat of Speechly ; St. Vincent's Sugar-
loaf). — Fruit, oval, rather compressed at the base and the crown ; dark
olive, changing when ripe to dark orange or copper. Pips, roundish,
or angular, medium sized, concave in the centre ; scales, covering one-
third, and terminating in lengthened points. Flesh, pale yellow, firm,
slightly stringy, very rich, juicy, and highly flavoured. Crown, large,
spreading, and very mealy. Flowers, purple.
An excellent fruit, particularly in the winter months ; keeps some
iime after being ripe, and bears carriage better than any other variety.
BLACK SUGAK-LOAF.— Fruit, tall and conical, darkish purple,
,and slightly mealy before ripening, but light orange when ripe. Pips,
above medium size, sometimes a little depressed in the centre ; scales,
covering one-third; and terminating in a short blunt point. Flesh,
very pale lemon- colour, rather stringy, very juicy and sweet, with an
agreeable pleasant acid. Crown, rather large. Flowers, lilac.
BLOOD KED. — Fruit, cylindrical, sometimes tapering a little to
the summit ; dark purple, and very mealy, but when ripe reddish
chocolate. Pips, rather medium sized, slightly prominent ; scales, half
covering them, and terminating abruptly in very short points. Flesh,
white, rather soft and melting, somewhat stringy, neither very juicy
nor highly flavoured. Crown, medium sized. Flowers, lilac.
This pine is easily distinguished by the purplish red colour of its
leaves.
Brazil. See Montserrat.
Brown Antigua. See Black Antigua.
CHARLOTTE ROTHSCHILD.— Fruit, large, cylindrical, some-
times tapering a little towards the crown ; dark olive green, changing
when ripe to a fine rich yellow colour. Pips, large and flat; scales
half covering them, and teiminating in short blunt points. Flesh,
yellow, tender, and melting, and richly flavoured. Crown, medium
sized. Flowers, lilac.
PINE-APPLE8. 677
Common Queen. See Queen.
ENVILLE. — Fruit, tall and conical, weighing from six to seven
pounds ; dark purple, tinged with brownish red, and very mealy,
but when ripe deep reddish yellow. Pips, about medium size, slightly
prominent ; and tho scales copper-coloured, covering about one-third
of the pips, and terminating in long acute points. Flesh, almost white,
opaque, soft and melting, without much fibre, juicy, and rather rich
and sweet. Cro^^^l, small, often cockscomb-shaped. Flowers, lilac.
A very handsome pine, but neither very rich nor highly flavoured.
Fairries Queen. See Hurst House.
GLOBE. — Fruit, globular, sometimes rather cylindrical ; dark olive,
changing as it ripens to darkish yellow ; slightly mealy. Pips, middle
size, rather prominent, the scales covering about one-third, and termi-
nating in rather lengthened points. Flesh, yellow, transparent, very
juicy, and slightly stringy, sweet, rich, and rather acid. Crown, smalL
Flowers, lilac.
It generally weighs from three to five pounds, but does not swell
readily during winter.
HURST HOUSE [Fainies Queen). ^'Fxmi, large, tall, conical ; dark
dull olive, changiug as it ripens to dull yellow. Pips, prominent, half
covered with the scales, which have long points. Flesh, juicy, firm,
and of good flavour. Crown, medium sized. Flowers, purple.
A useful summer pine, weighing from six to eight pounds.
LADY BEATRIX LAMBTON.— Fruit, large, tall, conical ; rich
yellow when quite ripe, with an orange tinge in the furrows of the pips.
Pips, an inch across, flattened, one half covered by the bright copper-
coloured scale. Flesh, pale yellow, tender, and transparent, very juicy,,
and richly flavoured. Crown, medium sized. Flowers, purple.
The fruit weighs from seven to eleven pounds.
Raised at Lambton Castle, Durham, by Mr. Stevenson.
LEMON QUEEN {Barbadoes Queen).— Vvmi, cylindrical ; bright
lightish green, but pale lemon-colour and slightly mealy when ripe.
Pips, rather above medium size, flat; the scales covering about one-
half, and terminating in short points, which adhere closely to the fruit.
Flesh, pale yellow, transparent, very juicy, slightly stringy, rather
sweet and pleasant, though not very highly flavoured. Crown, medium
sized, often cockscomb-shaped. Flowers, large ; lilac.
LORD CARRINGTON.— Fruit, large, weighing from five to six
pounds, conical, and handsomely shaped, of a fine dark orange colour.
Pips, medium sized, nearly flat. Flesh, yellow, tender, melting, and very
juicy, with a rich and delicious flavour. Crown, medium sized. Flowers,
purple.
This fine winter pine was brought into notice by Mr. Miles, gardener to Lord
Carrington, of Wycombe Abbey, and received a first-class certificate from the
Royal Horticultural Society in 1877^
678 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
MONTSERRAT {Neiv Ripley; Brazil; St. Vincent's Cockscomb).—
Fruit, cylindrical, sometimes broader at the top and narrowing down-
wards ; dark green, and mealy, changing to pale orange tinged with
copper-colour. Pips, medium sized, rather flat, the scales covering
one-half, deep red towards the points. Flesh, solid, lemon-coloured,
semi-transparent, somewhat stringy, juicy, and acid, without much
flavour or sweetness. Crown, rather large. Flowers, purple.
This is not a pine of any great merit, though it used to be a good
deal grown at one time.
Montserrat (of Nicol). See Ripley.
Montserrat (of Speechly). See Black Jamaica.
MOSCOW QUEEN.— The fruit of this is similar in all respects to
the Queen, but the plant is distinguished from it by the leaves being
furrowed, and in the veins on the under-surface being entirely destitute
of mealiness, thereby causing it to have a striped appearance. It is an
excellent and highly flavoured fruit, and superior to the Common Queen.
New Ripley. See Montserrat.
OTAHEITE {Anson's). — Fruit, cylindrical, inclining to oval; deep
olive green, densely covered with meal, deep orange-yellow when ripe.
Pips, large and flat, the scales covering rather more than a third, and
ending in short points, which adhere closely to the pips. Flesh, pale
yellow, rather stringy, and slightly acid, very juicy, but particularly
well flavoured. Crown, small. Flowers, lilac.
A large free-growing pine, generally weighing from four to seven
pounds.
Old Queen. See Queen.
Old Ripley. See Ripley.
PRICKLY CAYENNE.— Fruit, large, weighing from six to eight
pounds, cylindrical, tapering a little towards the crown ; darkish olive
green, but changing as it ripens to dark orange-yellow; not mealy.
Pips, an inch in diameter, rather more than half covered by the scales.
Flesh, melting, pale yellow, not very juicy, and of good flavour.
Crown, medium sized. Flowers, lilac.
This, with the exception of the prickles, is very much like Smooth-
leaved Cayenne, but the fruit does not keep so well, and it sometimes
begins to decay at the base before it is quite ripe at the top.
PRINCE ALBERT. — Fruit, large, varying from six to eight pounds
weight ; tall, conical ; yellow, with a bronze tinge. Pips, round and
prominent, about half covered with the scales. Flesh, yellow, tender,
and very juicy, with a rich and exquisite flavour. Crown, medium
sized. Flowers, purple.
This is a summer and autumn fruit.
PINE- APPLES. 679
PROVIDENCE (White Providence).— Frnit, large, oval or cylindrical,
as wide at the top as at the bottom ; dark green or purple, and very
mealy, changing gradually to reddish yellow as it ripens. Pips, very
large, and nearly flat, rather depressed in the centre, the scales nearly
half covering them, and terminating in shortened blunt points. Flesh,
white, solid, sweet, and juicy, rather soft and melting, and without
much flavour. Crown, large. Flowers, large ; dark purple.
This is the largest and one of the coarsest of all the pine-apples. The largest I
have ever heard of was that grown by the gardener to Mr. Edwards, of Rheola
Vale, near Neath, in South Wales. It weighed fourteen pounds twelve ounces,
including four gill-suckers, and measured twenty-six inches in circumference, and
twelve inches in height.
QUEEN [Common Queen; Old Queen). — Fruit, cylindrical; pale
green and mealy, changing to rich deep yellow when ripe. Pips, rather
below medium size, and a little prominent, the scales covering rather
more than one-third, and ending in lengthened points. Flesh, pale
jellow, very slightly fibrous, melting, remarkably juicy and sweet, with
a rich pleasant acid. Crown, medium sized. Flowers, lilac.
This is supposed to be the oldest pine-apple we have, and it is one of the best
varieties we have for general cultivation. The kind called Ripley's Queen is
more tender, and does not throw up so many suckers.
RIPLEY [Old Ripley ; Montserrat of Nicol). — Fruit, roundish ovate,
sometimes rather cylindrical, slightly compressed at either end ; very
deep green, thickly covered with meal on the middle part of the pips ;
pale copper-coloured when ripe. Pips, rather above medium size, and
prominent, the scales covering about one-half, and terminating in long
acute points. Flesh, pale yellow, very sweet and rich, firm and crisp,
not stringy, and of a very agreeable flavour. Crown, medium sized.
Flowers, purple.
This is easily distinguished by being densely covered with meal on
the centre of the pips. It is a large, handsome, highly flavoured fruit,
and swells freely in winter.
ST. VINCENT. — Fruit, rather small, bluntly conical, slightly mealy,
of a dull olive colour, changing to dingy yellow when ripe. Pips,
medium sized, flat, rather depressed in the centre, the scales covering
nearly the half, and having short tops, which adhere closely to the
fruit. Flesh, pale yellow, juicy, crisp, without much fibre, rich, sweet,
and very highly flavoured. Crown, medium sized. Flowers, purple.
This generally weighs from two to four pounds, and swells readily
during the winter months.
St. Vincent's Cockscomb. See Montserrat.
St. Vincent's Sugar-loaf. See Black Jamaica.
SMOOTH-LEAVED CAYENNE.— Fruit, large, weighing from
seven to ten pounds, cylindrical ; dark orange -yellow. Flesh, pale
yellow, rich, and highly flavoured. Crown, large. Flowers, purple.
This is the best of all winter pines.
680
THE FKUIT MANUAL.
SMOOTH-LEAVED HAVANNAH (Green Havannah). —Fruit,
cylindrical, tapering a little towards the summit ; dark brownish purple,
very mealy, changing to dark orange when ripe. Pips, large, flat, and
a little depressed in the centre, the scales covering one-third, and
terminating in a long reflexed point. Flesh, pale yellow, rather solid,
without much fibre, very juicy, rich, sweet, and highly flavoured.
SILVER-STRIPED QUEEN.— This differs from the Queen in
having the margins of the leaves striped with white.
THORESBY QUEEN {Bennett's Seedling).— Fruit, large, weighing
from six to eight pounds, ovate or cylindrical ; clear yellow. Pips,
flat, covered about one-half by the scales. Flesh, orange-yellow, of
good flavour. Crown, small. Flowers, purple.
TRINIDAD [Pitch Lake).— Fruit, tall, conical ; dark olive, lightly
covered with meal, changing when ripe to dark orange, and lightly
tinged with red on the lower part of the pips, which are large, roundish,
and only slightly angular, and with depressed centre, except in the
lower part of the fruit, where they are a little prominent. Scales cover
about half the pips, and terminate in long acute points in the lower
part, but near the top they are shorter. Flesh, yellow, soft, with little
fibre, very fragrant and sweet, without acidity, delicately and highly
flavoured. Crown, very small. Flowers, lilac. Leaves, considerably
tinged with reddish brown.
The fruit attains to about six pounds weight.
White Providence. See Providence,
PLUMS.
SYNOPSIS OF PLUMS.
I. FRUIT ROUND.
* Summer shoots smooth.
1. Skin dark. — Nectarines.
Free-Nectarines. — Flesh separat
ingfrom the stone.
Angelina Burdett
Belvoir
Corse's Nota Bene
Damas d'Espagne
Dam as de Mangeron
Italian Damask
Kirke's
De Montfort
Nectarine
Peach
Prince of Wales
Purple Gage
Queen Mother
Red Apricot
Woolston Black
PLUMS.
681
Clino-Nkctarines. — Flesh adhering
to the stone.
Belgian Purple
De Chypre
Late Kivers
Nelson's Victory
Sandall's
Suisse
Sultan
2. Skin pale. — Gages,
A. Free-Gages. — Flesh
from the stone.
Abricotoe de Braunau
Aunt Ann
Boddaert's Green Gage
Brahy's Green Gage
Bryanstone Gage
Early Green Gage
separating
General Hand
Green Gage
Jodoigne Green Gage
July Ureen Gage
Large White Damask
Late Green Gage
Meroldt's Golden Gage
Reagle's Gage
Reine Claude de Bavay
Transparent Gage
Yellow Damask
Yellow Gage
B. Cling-Gages. — Flesh adhering to
the stone.
Knight's Green Drying
Lucombe's Nonesuch
McLaughlin
Tay Bank
Yellow Jerusalem
'* Summer shoots downy.
1, Skin dark. — Orleai7S.
A. Free-Ouleans. — Flesh separating
from the stone.
Coe's Late Red
Columbia
Dam as Musque
Dam as de Provence
Early Blue
Early Orleans
Norbcrt
Orleans
Royale
Royale Hative
Royale de Tours
Tardive de Chalons
B. Clisg-Orleans. — Flesh adhering
to the stone.
Morocco
2, Skin pale. — Apricots.
Free- Apricots. — Flesh separating
from the stone.
Apricot
Drap d'Or
Harriet
Lawrence's Favourite
Leigel's Apricot
Rivers's Early Apricot
Royal BuUace
Cling-Apricots. — Flesh adhering to
the stone.
Hulings's Superb
Imperial Ottoman
Reine Blanche
White Bullace
II. FRUIT OVAL.
f Summer shoots smooth.
1. Skin dark.— Trxtseb,
Free-Prunes. — Flesh separating
from the stone.
D'Agen
Autumn Compote
Cooper's Large
Czar
Early Rivers
Eugene Fiirst
Fotheringham
Italian Prune
Jerusalem
Lafayette
Mitchelson's
Noire de Montreuil
Quetsche
Red Magnum Bonum
Rivers's Early Damson
Royal Dauphin
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
B. Cling-Pkunes,— F/esA adhering
to the stone.
Belle deLouvain
Blue Imperatrice
Bonnet d'Eveque
Cherry
Frost Plum
Ickworth Imperatrice
Imperiale de Milan
Lombard
Nouvelle de Dorelle
Pond's Seedling
Prince Englebert
Smith's Orleans
Standard of England
Wyedale
2. Skin pale. — Imperials.
A. Free-Imperials.— F/esA separating
from the stone,
Damas Dronet
Dana's Yellow Gage
Dunmore
Golden Esperen
Mamelonnee
Oullins Golden
Roe's Autumn
St. Etienne
St. Martin's Quetsche
White Imperatrice
Cling-Imperials. — Flesh adhering
to the stone.
Admiral de Rigny
Coe's Golden Drop
Downton Imperatrice
Emerald Drop
Guthrie's Golden
Guthrie's Late Green
Jefferson
Lawson's Golden
Pershore
St, Catherine
Topaz
Waterloo
White Magnum Bonum
ff Summer shoots downy.
1. SJcin dark. — Perdrigons.
A. Free-Perdrigons.— jp/esA separat-
ing from the stone.
Chestpn
Damas de Septembre
Damson
Diamond
Diapree Rouge
Early Favourite
Perdrigon Violet Hatif
Red Perdrigon
Reine Victoria
Stoneless
Van Mons' Red
Victoria
Violet Damask
B. Cling-Perdrigons.— F/esA adher-
ing to the stone.
Belle de Septembre
Blue Perdrigon
Corse's Admiral
Denbigh
Goliath
Isabella
Precoce de Tours
Prune Damson
Winesour
2. Skin pale. — Mirabelles.
A. Free-Mirabelles. — Flesh separat-
ing from the stone,
Bleeker's Yellow
Early Mirabelle
Edouard Seneclause
Gisborne's
Hudson
Mirabelle Petite
Precoce de Bergthold
Prince's Imperial
Washington
White Perdrigon
White Primordian
B. Cling-Mirabelles. — Flesh adher-
ing to the stone.
Bingham
Denniston's Superb
Graf Gustave Von Egger
Mann's Imperial
White Damson
PLUMS. 688
Abricot Rouge. See Red Apricot,
Abricotee Blanche. See Apricot.
ABRICOTEE DE BRAUNAU (Rei7ie Claude Draunmi).—Frmt,
large ; roundish, and slightly oval, rather flattened on the sides, and
marked with a suture, which is deep towards the stalk, and higher on
one side than the other. Skin, whitish green, covered with a thick
white bloom on the shaded side, and reddish, with some spots of deeper
red, on the side next the sun. Stalk, an inch long, thick. Flesh,
separating from the stone, yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, sugary, and richly
flavoured.
A first-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of September. Shoots,
smooth.
This was raised by Dr. Liegel of Brannau about the year 1810.
In the first edition of this work I by mistake described under this name another
plum which is called Abricotee de Braunau Nouvelle, but to which I have now
applied the name of LiegeVs Apricot,
Abricotee de Braunau Nouvelle. See LiegeVs Apricot.
Abricotee Rouge. See Red Apricot.
Abricotee de Tours. See Apricot.
ADMIRAL DE RIGNY. — Fruit, medium sized, an inch and three-
quarters long and an inch wide ; roundish oval, marked with a shallow
suture. Skin, yellowish green, flaked and striped with darker green,
like Washington, and with a few crimson dots on the side next the
sun. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long, not deeply inserted.
Flesh, yellow, tender, melting, very juicy and richly flavoured ; adher-
ing slightly to the stone.
A very excellent dessert plum, ripe in the middle and end of
August. Shoots, smooth.
D'AGEN (Ageii Datte ; Pruned' Ast; Prune du Roi; Robede Sargent;
St. Maurin). — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, and somewhat flattened
on one side. Skin, deep purple, almost approaching to black, and
covered with blue bloom. Stalk, short. Flesh, greenish yellow, sweet,
and separates freely from the stone.
An excellent dessert plum either for dessert or preserving ; ripe in
the end of September. It is this plum in a dried state which forms the
famous Prunes d'Agen, which are superior to those of the Touraine.
Young shoots, smooth. The tree is a good grower and an abundant
bearer.
I have given Prune d'Ast as a synonyme of this variety on the authority of
Mr. Thompson, although Calvel describes them as different, and says it is to be
preferred to the D'Agen for making prunes, and bears a considerable resemblance
to it ; is larger, but not so good as a dessert plum.
Agen Datte. See D'Agen.
684 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Alderton. See Victoria.
Aloise's Green Gage. See Green Gage.
Altesse Double. See Italian Prune.
Amber Primordian. See White Primordian.
American Damson. See Frost Plum.
ANCIENT CITY.— Fruit, large ; roundish, inclining to oval, with
a deep suture, which is higher on one side than the other, especially at
the crown. Skin, yellow, tinged with green when ripe, and mottled
with crimson specks on the side next the sun, and covered with thin
white bloom. Stalk, over half an inch long, pretty stout. Flesh,
yellow, veined with white, separating freely from the stone, except on
the ventral side, where it adheres ; it is rather firm and coarse, and not
richly flavoured.
A second-rate plum, more adapted for cooking than for the dessert.
ANGELINA BURDETT.— Fruit, above medium size ; round, and
marked with a suture, which is deepest towards the stalk. Skin, thick,
dark purple, thickly covered with brown dots and blue bloom. Stalk,
about an inch loug. Flesh, yellowish, juicy, rich, and highly flavoured,
separating from the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe in the beginning of September, and,
if allowed to hang till it shrivels, it becomes a perfect sweetmeat. The
tree is a good bearer, and hardy. Shoots, smooth.
Anglaise Noire. See Orleans.
APRICOT (Abricotee Blanche ; Abricotee de Tours ; Old Apricot ;
Yellow Apricot). — Fruit, large, at least more so than the Green Gage,
to which it is similar in shape, being roundish and slightly elongated,
with a deep suture on one side of it. Skin, yellowish, with a tinge of
red next the sun, strewed with red dots, and covered with a white bloom.
Stalk, very short, about half an inch long. Flesh, yellow, melting,
and juicy, with a rich, pleasant flavour, and separating freely from the
stone.
An excellent dessert plum, requiring a wall to have it in perfection,
and when well ripened little inferior to the Green Gage ; ripe in the
middle of September. The young shoots are covered with a whitish
down, and the tree is an excellent bearer.
The Apricot Plum of the Horticultural Society's Catalogue is a very different and
inferior variety to this. It is the Prune d'Abricot of Bretonnerie. Abricot Ordinaire
of Knoop resembles this in colour, but is longer in shape, the flesh dry and
doughy, is a clingstone, and the young shoots are smooth.
ARCHDUKE (Late Diamond). — This is an oval purple plum,
smaller than Diamond, which ripens in the second week of October. It
was raised by Mr. Rivers.
Askew' s Golden Egg. See White Magnum Bonum.
PLUMS. 685
Askew's Purple Egg. See Red Magnum Bonum.
AUNT ANN (Guthrie s Aunt Aim). — This is a large, round plum,
of a greenish yellow colour. The flesh of a rich, juicy flavour, and
separates freely from the stone.
It ripens in the middle of September. The tree is very hardy and
productive. Shoots, smooth.
Autumn Beauty. See Belle de Septembre.
AUTUMN COMPOTE.— Fruit, large, oval, marked with a shallow
suture. Skin, bright red. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
inserted in a close, narrow cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and well-
flavoured.
A valuable culinary plum, which makes a fine preserve ; ripe in the
end of September. When preserved the pulp is of an amber colour,
flavour rich, and possessing more acidity than the Green Gage does
when preserved. Shoots, smooth.
It was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from Cooper's Large.
Autumn Gage. See Roe's Autumn.
Avant Prune Blanche. See White Primordian.
D'Avoine. See White Primordian.
Azure Hative. See Early Blue.
Battle Monument. See Blue Perdrigon.
Becker's Scarlet. See Lombard.
Beekman's Scarlet. See Lombard.
BELGIAN PURPLE [Bleu de Belgique). —Frnit, medium sized ;
roundish, marked with a shallow suture, one side of which is a little
swollen. Skin, deep purple, covered with blue bloom. Stalk, about
an inch long, inserted in a cavity. Flesh, greenish, rather coarse,
very juicy, sweet, and rich, slightly adherent to the stone.
A valuable cooking plum ; ripe in the middle of August. Shoots,
smooth.
BELLE DE LOUVAIN. — Fruit, large, two inches and a quarter
long, and an inch and three-quarters wide ; long oval, marked with a
well-defined suture. Skin, reddish purple, covered with a delicate
bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in
a considerable depression. Flesh, yellow, firm, adhering closely to the
stone, and with an agreeable flavour.
A culinary plum, in use in the end of August. Shoots, smooth.
BELLE DE SEPTEMBUE [Autumn Beauty ; Reina Nova; Gros
Rouge de Septembre). — Fruit, large, roundish oval, marked with a
686 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
shallow suture. Skin, thin, violet-red, thickly covered with yellow
dots, and a thin blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, slender,
inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, juicy,
sweet, and aromatic, adhering rather to the stone.
A first-rate plum for cooking or preserving ; it furnishes a fine
crimson juice or syrup. Ripe in the beginning and middle of October.
Shoots, downy.
BELVOIR PLUM. — Fruit, above medium size, the size of a Green
Gage, round, marked on one side with a faint suture, which is deepest
towards the stalk. Skin, thin, black when quite ripe, covered with
markings of russet and russet dots, and a fine bright blue bloom.
Stalk, half an inch long. Flesh, yellow, tender, richly flavoured and
sweet, separating from the stone.
A first-rate late plum, which hangs till the middle of November in
perfect condition. Shoots, smooth.
BINGHAM. — Fruit, large and handsomely shaped ; oblong. Skin,
deep yellow, and somewhat spotted with bright red next the sun.
Stalk, shghtly inserted. Flesh, yellow, juicy, rich, and delicious,
adhering to the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of September. It
is of American origin, and does not acquire its full richness of flavour
in this country when grown as a standard, but is much improved
against a south-east or south-west wall. The young shoots are downy,
and the tree is an excellent bearer. It originated in Pennsylvania.
Black Damask. See Morocco.
Black Morocco. See Morocco.
Black Perdrigon. See Blue Gage.
Bleeker's Gage. See Bleekefs Yellow.
Bleeker's Scarlet. See Lombard.
BLEEKER'S YELLOW (Bleeker's Yelloiv Gage; Bleekers Gage;
German Gage). — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish oval, suture obscure.
Skin, yellow, with numerous imbedded white specks, and covered with
thin white bloom. Stalk, downy, an inch and a quarter long, and
attached without depression. Flesh, yellow, rich, sweet and luscious,
separating from the stone.
A delicious dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of September. The
young shoots are downy, and the tree is hardy, and an excellent
bearer.
It was raised about the year 1805 by Mrs. Bleeker, of Albany, U.S., from a
stone of a German prune which had been imported from Germany.
Bleeker's Yellow Gage. See Bleeker's Yelloiv,
Bleu de Belgique. See Belgian Purple.
PLUMS. 687
Blue Gage. See Early Blue.
BLUE IMPERATRICE (Imperatrice; Imperatrice Violette; Empress).
— Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, tapering considerably towards the stalk
so as to form a neck, with a shallow suture on one side. Skin, deep
purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk, about an inch long,
and attached without depression. Flesh, greenish yellow, the yellow
predominating on the side exposed to the sun, of a rich, sugary flavour,
and adhering to the stone.
A first-rate plum ; not so juicy as some other varieties, but excellent
either for dessert or preserving. Ripe in October, and if allowed to
hang on the tree till it shrivels, which it will do, it is particularly rich
and sweet. The young shoots are smooth. The tree is an excellent
bearer, and should be grown against an east or south-east wall. It
will also keep a long time in the house, if in a dry place.
I doubt very much if this is the same as the Imperatrice of Duhamel.
BLUE PERDRIGON {Brignole Violette; Battle Monument; Per-
drigon Violette; Violet Perdrigon). — Fruit, medium sized ; oval, widest
at the apex, with a shallow suture or furrow on one side, which is
slightly flattened. Skin, reddish purple, marked with minute yellowish
dots, and covered with thick, greyish white bloom. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, inserted in a small and rather deep cavity. Flesh,
greenish yellow, firm, rich, sugary, and perfumed, adhering to the
stone.
An old and excellent plum, suitable either for the dessert or pre-
serving ; ripe the end of August. The young shoots are downy. The
tree is a very vigorous grower, but an indifi"erent bearer, and requires
to be grown against an east or south-east wall. The bloom is very
tender and susceptible of early frosts. The fruit will hang till it
shrivels.
This variety and the White Perdrigon, when dried, form the Pruneaux de Brignole,
a small town in Provence. The Perdrigons are reproduced from the stone. Some
of the French writers say there are two varieties of Blue Perdrigon, one in which
the flesh separates from the stone, and in the other which does not. Hitt describes
it as separating from the stone.
BODDAERT'S GREEN GAGE {Pi£%ne Claude Boddaert). —This in
every respect resembles the Green Gage, only it is very much Lirger.
The Green Gage is one of those varieties of the plum which reproduces
itself from seed with slight variations, these being either in size or the
seasons of ripening. The variety here referred to possesses all the
richness of flavour of its parent, is very much larger, and ripens in
the end of August.
The young shoots are smooth.
Bolmar. See Washington.
Bolmar's Washington. See Washington.
688 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
Bonum Magnum. See White Magnum Bonum.
BONNET D'EVEQUE. — Fruit, medium sized; oval, inclining to
obovate, marked with a faint suture. Skin, dark purple, covered with
blue bloom. Stalk, a quarter to half an inch long, not depressed at
the insertion. Flesh, yellowish, tender, not very juicy, remarkably
rich, adhering to the stone.
A first-rate plum, which shrivels when fully ripe if suffered to hang
on the tree till the second week in October. Shoots, smooth.
BOULOUF. — Fruit, very large ; roundish oval. Skin, red, covered
with violet bloom, and dotted. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, with a
brisk and perfumed flavour.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe in the end of September.
Bradford Gage. See Green Gage.
BKAHY'S GREEN GAGE {Heine Clatde de ^m%).— Fruit, very
large, being upwards of two inches wide and nearly two inches and a
half long ; roundish, marked with a distinct suture. Skin, yellowish
green, covered with a fine bloom. Stalk, about half an inch long,
stout, and rather deeply inserted. Flesh, rich yellow, tender, juicy,
and melting, and with a very rich flavour.
This is a genuine Green Gage of large size, being over two inches
in diameter. In every respect it resembles the old Green Gage, except
that it is later, ripening about the end of September. Shoots, smooth.
It comes into use and is in season at the same time as Keine Claude
de Bavay, and is supposed to have been raised by M. Brahay Ecken-
holm, at Herstal, near Liege.
Braunauer Konigs-pflaume. See Boy ale de Braunau.
Bricette. See St. Catherine.
Brignole. See White Perdrigon.
Brignole Violette. See Blue Perdngon.
Brugnon Green Gage. See Green Gage.
BRYANSTON GAGE.— This is exactly like the Green Gage, but
very much larger, and about a fortnight later. It was raised at Bry-
anston Park, near Blandford, and is said to have been a cross between
the old Green Gage and Coe's Golden Drop.
BULLACE. — The Bullace is Primus insititia of botanists, and is
found wild in many parts of Great Britain. It and the Damson
originate from the same source, and the difi'erence between these two
fruits is little more than a name ; the round ones being called
BuUaces and the oval ones Damsons. These last will be found
PLUMS.
described under Damson. There are several varieties of Bullace, of
which the following are the best known : —
Black Bullace. — Fruit, small, round, and marked with a faint
suture. Skin, quite black, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh, austere
till ripened by early frosts. This is found in hedges and woods in
Britain.
Essex Bullacb (New Large Bullace). — Fruit, larger than the com-
mon White Bullace, being about an inch or a little more in diameter ;
round. Skin, green, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Flesh, juicy,
and not so acid as the common Bullace.
It ripens in the end of October and beginning of November ; and
the tree, which forms handsome pyramids, is an enormous bearer.
Royal Bullace. — Fruit, large, about an inch and a quarter in
diameter ; round, marked with a faint suture. Skin, bright grass-
green, mottled with red on the side next the sun, and becoming
yellowish green as it ripens, with a thin grey bloom on the surface.
Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, very slender, inserted in a wide and
rather deep cavity. Flesh, green, separating from the stone, briskly
flavoured, and with a sufficient admixture of sweetness to make it an
agreeable late fruit.
It ripens in the beginning of October, and continues to hang during
the month. The tree is an immense bearer ; young shoots.
White Bullace {Bullace). — Fruit, small ; round. Skin, pale yel-
lowish white, mottled with red next the sun. Flesh, firm, juicy,
subacid, adhering to the stone, becoming sweetish when quite ripe in
the end of October and beginning of November.
The tree is an immense bearer. Young shoots, downy.
Bury Seedling. See Coe's Golden Drop.
BUSH {Waterloo). — A large dark maroon-coloured plum, excellent
for preserving and other culinary purposes. It will keep sound for
three weeks after being gathered. It is in use from the end of Sep-
tember till the middle of October.
It is a great favourite in Kent, and was found in a hedge at Boben,
near Sittingbourne, in 1836, and was first propagated by Mr. Fair-
beard, of Green Street, from whom I got it in 1844.
In a comraunication received from Mr. George Bunyard, of Maidstone, he says,
" It is of no value for flavour, but is a remarkably free bearer for market. It is
an Orleans-shaped plum similar to the Mitchelson's in size, and is of value because
the tree is so hardy and robust and does not split and break about as many do
when they bear a full crop. I have seen a tree which has many times borne 20
bushels. From what I gather the Waterloo is the same kind which, owing to
superior culture, soil, and situation, comes larger than usual."
Caledonian. See Goliath.
Do Catalogue. See White Primordian.
44
690 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Catalonian. See White Primordian.
Cerisette Blanche. See White Primordian.
Chapman's Prince of Wales. See Prince of Wales.
CHERRY (Early Scarlet; Miser Plum; Myrohalan; Virginian
Cherry). — Fruit, medium sized ; cordate, somewhat flattened at the
stalk, and terminated at the apex by a small nipple, which bears upon
it the remnant of the style like a small bristle. Skin, very thick and
pale red, covered with small greyish white dots. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, slender, and inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellow,
sweet, juicy, and subacid, adhering to the stone.
It may be used in the dessert more as an ornamental variety than
for its flavour, but it makes excellent tarts. Ripe in the beginning
and middle of August. The young shoots are smooth, slender, and
thickly set with buds.
This is the Prunus myrobalana of Linnaeus. It is frequently grown in shrub-
beries and clumps, as an ornamental tree, where in spring its profusion of white
flowers render it an attractive object.
CHESTON (Diapree Violette ; Friar's). — Fruit, medium sized ; oval,
and rather widest at the stalk, and the suture scarcely discernible.
Skin, purple, thickly covered with blue bloom, and separating freely
from the flesh. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, and attached without
depression. Flesh, deep yellow, firm, brisk, and with a sweet,
agreeable flavour, separating freely from the stone.
Suitable either for the dessert or preserving ; ripe the beginning and
middle of August. The young shoots are downy. The tree is a vigor-
ous and an abundant bearer.
It is one of our oldest recorded varieties, being mentioned by Parkinson and Rea.
Lindley, and, following him, some subsequent writers, cite the Matchless of Langley
as synonymous with this variety ; but the Matchless, of that and all English authors
who have mentioned it from Rea downwards, is a white or light yellow variety, and
consequently cannot be the same as the Cheston.
DE CHYPRE. — Fruit, very large ; roundish, and depressed at the
apex, with a shallow suture extending the whole length of the fruit,
and terminating in a small nipple. Skin, bright purple, covered with
blue bloom. Stalk, short and thick, slightly depressed. Flesh, hard
and sour, adhering to the stone, but when highly ripened it is sugary,
tender, and well flavoured.
Ripe in the beginning and middle of August. The young shoots
are smooth, strong, and vigorous, the whole appearance of the tree
resembling strongly the Italian Damask.
This is the Prune de Chypre of Duhamel, and is a very different variety from
the Damas Musque, which, according to Duhamel, is sometimes known by this
name, and which is made synonymous with De Cliypre in the Horticultural
Society's Catalogue.
De Chypre. See Damas Musque.
PLUMS. 691
Coe's. See Coe's Golden Drop,
COE'S GOLDEN DROP (Bury Seedling; Coe's; Co^s Imperial;
Fair's Golden Drop; Gulden Drop ; Golden Gage). — Fruit, very large,
being generally about two inches and a half long, and two inches in
diameter ; of an oval shape, with a short neck at the stalk, marked by
a deep suture, extending the whole length of the fruit. Skin, pale
yellow, mottled with a number of dark red spots. Stalk, about an inch
long, stout, and attached without depression. Flesh, yellowish red,
sugary, and delicious, adhering closely to the stone.
One of the best dessert plums, fit either for the dessert or preserving ;
ripe in the end of September. The tree is healthy, vigorous, and an
abundant bearer, and the young shoots are smooth. In the '• Guide
to the Orchard," Lindley says that by hanging the fruit in a dry, airy
place, or wrapping it in soft paper and keeping it dry, it will last a
considerable time, and he has eaten it, when kept in this way, twelve
months after it had been gathered.
It was raised about the end of the last century by one Jervaise Cos, a market
gardener at Bury St. Edmunds, in Suffolk, and, as he supposed, was produced from
the stone of a Green Gaj;e impregnated by the White Magnum Bonum, these two
varieties having grown side by side in his garden.
Coe's Imperial. See Coe's Golden Drop.
COE'S LATE RED (St. Martin; St. Martin Rouge).— Frmt,
medium sized ; round, marked on one side with a deep suture. Skin,
bright purple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk, three-quarters
of an inch long, not depressed. Fruit, yellowish, firm and juicy, with
a sweet and sprightly flavour, and separating from the stone.
As a late plum, ripening in the end of October, and hanging for a
month or six weeks later, this is a valuable variety. Shoots, downy.
COLUMBIA {Columbia Gage). — Fruit, very large, being two inches
or more in diameter ; almost perfectly round. Skin, deep reddish
purple, thickly covered with blue bloom, and dotted with yellowish
dots. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small narrow cavity. Flesh,
orange, with a rich, sugary, and delicious flavour, separating from the
stone.
A valuable dessert plum of the first quality ; ripe the beginning and
middle of September. The young shoots are downy. The tree is
vigorous, and an excellent bearer. The fruit is considerably larger
than the Washington.
This is an American variety, and was raised from the Green Gage by Mr. L.
W. Lawrence, of Hudson, in the State of New York.
Columbia Gage. See Columbia.
Cooper's Blue Gage. See Early Blue.
COOPER'S LARGE (Coopers Large American; Cooper's Large
Red ; La Delicieuse : Lady Ldicy). — Fruit, above medium size ; oval,
692 THE FRUIT MJLNUAL.
considerably enlarged on one side of the suture, which is broad and
shallow. Skin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and dark purple on the
side next the sun, covered with numerous brown dots. Stalk, an inch
long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellowish green, juicy, with a
rich and delicious flavour, and separating from the stone.
A very valuable dessert plum ; ripe the end of September and begin-
ning of October. The young shoots are smooth, the tree vigorous, a
most abundant bearer, and succeeds well either as a standard or against
a south-east wall.
This variety is of American origin, being raised by a Mr. Joseph Cooper, of New
Jersey, from a stone of the Orleans. It was introduced to this country some years
ago, and distributed under the name of La Delicieuse, under which name it was
brought to this country from Jersey. The synonyme "Lady Lucy" is a cor-
ruption of La Dehcieuse which originated in the Kentish orchards.
COESE'S ADMIRAL.— Fruit, large, the size of White Magnum
Bonum ; oval, considerably swollen on one side of the suture, which is
deep and well defined. Skin, light purple, dotted with yellow dots,
and covered with pale lilac bloom. Stalk, an inch long, downy, and
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, brisk and juicy,
with a pleasant flavour, and adhering closely to the stone.
A plum of good quality, either for the dessert or preserving ; ripe the
end of September. The young shoots are downy, and the tree is very
productive.
It was raised by Henry Corse, Esq., of Montreal, Canada.
CORSE'S NOTA BENE.— Fruit, large, round. Skin, brownish
purple, with sometimes a greenish tinge on the shaded side, and thickly
covered with pale blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a
small round cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm and juicy, with a rich,
sugary flavour, separating from the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe the middle of September. The
young shoots are smooth. The tree is a free grower and an abundant
bearer.
This is also a Canadian variety raised by Mr. Corse, of Montreal.
COUNT ALTHANN'S GAGE {Reine Claude cVAlthann; Heine
Claude de Comte Hathem; Beine Claude Comte Althan ; Reine Claude
Althans). — Fruit, the size and shape of the old Green Gage, or a little
larger ; inclining to oblate, being compressed at the base and the
crown; marked with a broad shallow suture. Skin, bright reddish
purple, covered with fine blue bloom and strewed with yellow dots.
Stalk, over half an inch long, inserted in a pretty wide and deep
cavity. Flesh, rich yellow, separating freely from the stone, juicy,
sweet, and with a fine vinous flavour.
A very fine form of the Green Gage, which ripens in the middle of
September. Shoots, smooth.
This is a Bohemian plum, raised from seed by Herr Prochasta, gardener to Count
Michael Joseph Althann, of Swoyschitz, in Bohemia.
PLUMS. 698
Cox's Emperor. See Denbigh,
Crittenden's Damson. See Damson.
Crittenden's Prolific Damson. See Damson.
CZAR. — Fruit, large ; oval, or roundish oval, a little more round
than Prince Engelbert, marked with a deep suture and a large style-
point. Skin, dull red, but when highly ripened quite black and
covered with thin blue bloom, which gives it a bright purple look ; on
the shaded side, or when not highly ripened, it has a mahogany colour.
Stalk, very short, slender, and green, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellowish,
tender, very juicy, separating from the stone, and with an agreeable
flavour. Stone, very small.
A valuable culinary plum on account of its great size and earhness.
It is ripe in the beginning of August. The tree bears as heavily as
its parent. Prince Engelbert, and the fruit is quite a fortnight earher
than that variety, and never cracks with the rain. Young shoots,
smooth.
This excellent plum was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth, from Prince
Engelbert, fertilised by Early Prolific, and first fruited in 1874. It received its.
name from the Emperor of Russia having visited this country during the year of
its first fruiting. I received the fruit Irom Mr. Rivers on the llth of August^
1874, and it was then dead ripe.
Dalrymple Damson. See Damson.
Damas Blanc. See Large White Damask.
Damas Blanc Gros. See Large White Damask,
Damas Blanc Hatif Gros. See Large White Damask.
Damas Blanc Petit. See Small White Damask,
Damas Blanc Tres Hatif. See Large White Damask,
DAMAS DRONET. — Fruit, small ; oval, and without any apparent
suture. Skin, membranous, but separating freely from the flesh,
bright green, changing to yellowish as it ripens, covered with a very
thin white bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted in a
narrow and rather deep cavity. Flesh, greenish, transparent, firm,
very sugary, and separating freely from the stone.
A dessert plum of good flavour ; ripe in the end of August. Shoots,
smooth. The tree in its habit of growth resembles that of Large White
Damask.
DAMAS D'ESPAGNE. — Fruit, small, an inch and a quarter in
diameter; round, with a very shallow suture. Skin, black-purple,
strewed with russet dots. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small
shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy, and well though not
richly flavoured, separating from the stone.
694 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A second-rate dessert plum ; ripe iu the beginning and middle of
September. Shoots, smooth.
Damas d'ltalie. See Italian Damask.
Damas Jaune. See Yellow Damask.
DAMAS DE MANGERON {Manfjeron).—Fxmi, above medium
size ; round, and inclining to oblate, without any apparent suture.
Skin, adhering to the flesh, lively purple, strewed with minute yellowish
dots, and thickly covered with blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long,
slender, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, not
very juicy, but sugary, and separating from the stone.
A baking or preserving plum ; ripe in the beginning and middle of
September. Young shoots, smooth. The tree is a vigorous grower
and an abundant bearer.
DAMAS MUSQUE {De Chypre ; Prune de Malthe).—FTmi, small;
roundish, flattened at both ecds, and marked with a deep suture.
Skin, deep purple, or nearly black, thickly covered with blue bloom.
Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellow,
firm, very juicy, with a rich and musky flavour, and separating from
the stone.
A dessert or preserving plum ; ripe in the end of August and
beginning of September. Shoots, slightly downy.
DAMAS DE PROVENCE (Damas de Provence ilrtif/).— Fruit,
above medium size ; roundish, and slightly flattened, marked on one
side with a deep suture. Skin, reddish purple, almost black, covered
with thick blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, yellowish green, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured,
separating from the stone.
A baking plum ; ripe in the end of July and beginning of August.
Shoots, shghtly downy. This is one of the earliest plums, being nearly
a month earlier than Precoce de Tours.
DAMAS DE SEPTEMBRE {Prune de Vacance). —Fmit, small;
oval, marked with a distinct suture. Skin, brownish purple, thickly
covered with blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted
in a narrow and rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, rich, and
agreeably flavoured when well ripened, and separating from the stone.
A dessert or preserving plum ; ripe in the end of September. The
tree is very vigorous, and an abundant bearer. Shoots, downy.
Damas de Tours. See Precoce de Tours.
Damas Vert. See Green Gage.
Damas Violet. See Violet Damask.
Damascene. See Damson.
PLUMS. 695
Dame Aubert. See White Magnum Bonum.
Dame Aubert Blanche. See White Magnum Bonum.
Dame Aubert Violette. See Bed Magnum Bonum.
DAMSON. — The Damson seems to be a fruit peculiar to England.
We do not meet with it abroad, nor is any mention made of it in any
of the pomological works or nurserymen's catalogues on the Continent.
In America the varieties of Damson are as much cultivated as with us,
and that is not to be wondered at ; but it is singular that the cultiva-
tion of Damsons should be confined to our own race.
There are many varieties of this fruit grown in this country, all
originating from the native plum. Primus insiiita, from which also
the Bullace is derived. The only diflference between a Bullace and a
Damson is that the former is round and the latter oval. Of these, the
following are those most worth cultivating : —
American Damson. See Frost Plum,
Common (Bound Damson). — Fruit, very small ; roundish oval. Skin,
deep dark purple or black, covered with thin bloom. Flesh, greenish
yellow, juicy, and austere till highly ripened ; separating from the stone.
A well-known preserving plum; ripe in the end of September.
Young shoots, downy.
Crittenden's [Crittenden^ Prolific ; Prolific ; Clustei'). — The fruit
of this is larger than that of any of the others ; roundish oval. Skin,
black, and covered with a thin bloom ; ripe in the middle of Sep-
tember.
This is the best of all Damsons. The tree is an immense bearer,
and forms handsome pyramids. Young shoots, downy. It was raised
by Mr. James Crittenden, of East Farleigh, in Kent, early in the present
century.
Dalrymple. — This resembles the Prune Damson in its fruit, but the
tree is more adapted for northern climates, where the other varieties do
not succeed well. It is grown about St. Boswell's, in Roxburghshire.
It ripens in October. The tree is of a dwarf habit of growth, and an
immense bearer. Young shoots, downy.
Prune {Damascene; Long Damson; Shropshire Damson). — The
fruit of this variety is obovate and much larger than that of the
Common Black Damson. The flesh adheres to the stone.
This is a better variety than the common for preserving, and makes
an excellent jam ; ripe in the middle of September.- The tree is not
such a good bearer as the common. Young shoots, downy.
Rivers' s Early. — This was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth,
from seed of St. Etienne Plum. It is very early, ripening in the beginning
of August. Young shoots, downy.
696 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
White [Shailers White Damson). — Fruit, small ; oval. Skin, pale
yellow, covered with thin white bloom. Stalk, half an inch long,
slender. Flesh, yellow, sweet, and agreeably acid, adhering to the
stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the middle and end of September. Shoots^
downy.
DANA'S YELLOW GAGE.— Fruit, medium sized; oval. Skin,
pale yellow, clouded with green, and covered with thin bloom. Flesh,
juicy, sweet, with a sprightly and peculiar flavour.
A dessert plum ; ripe in the end of August and beginning of Sep-
tember. Young shoots, smooth.
This is an American variety, and was raised by the Eev. Mr. Dana, at Ipswich,
Mass.
Dauphine. See Green Gage.
La Delicieuse. See Cooper's Large.
DENBIGH (Cox's Emperor), — Large, and exactly like a short fruit
of Pond's Seedling, being roundish oval, or short oval, and the skin is
of the same colour. Flesh, yellow, adhering rather to the stone.
A cooking plum ; ripe in the middle of September. Shoots, downy.
Dennie. See Cheston.
DENNISTON'S SUPERB.— Fruit, above medium size ; short oval,
and a little flattened, marked with a distinct suture, which extends
quite round the fruit. Skin, pale yellowish green, marked with a few
purple thin blotches and dots, and covered with bloom. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellow,
firm, juicy, rich, sugary, and vinous, adhering to the stone.
A first-rate dessert plum, equal in flavour to and rather brisker than
Green Gage ; ripe in the middle of August. Shoots, downy.
This delicious plum is of American origin, having been raised by Mr. Isaac
Denniston, of Albany, in the State of New York.
DIAMOND. — Fruit, very large ; oval, marked on one side with a
distinct suture, which is deepest towards the stalk. Skin, dark purple,
approaching to black, and covered with pale blue bloom. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a narrow and deep cavity. Flesh,
deep yellow, coarse in texture, juicy, and with a brisk agreeable acid
flavour ; it separates with difficulty from the stone.
One of the best preserving or cooking plums ; ripe in the middle of
September. The tree is a vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer.
Young shoots, downy.
This valuable plum was raised in the nursery of Mr. Hooker, of Brenchly, in
Kent.
Diaper. See Diaprie Bouge,
PLUMS. 697
DIAPREE ROUGE {Diaper; Imperud Diadem; Minims; Red
Diaper; Ihche Corbon). — Fruit, large; obovate. Skin, pale red,
thickly covered with brown dots, so much so as to make it appear of a
dull colour, and covered with thin blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch
long, inserted in a slight cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, and
fine-grained, separating, but not freely, from the stone, juicy, and of a
rich, sugary flavour.
A good plum for preserving or the dessert ; ripe in the middle of
September. Shoots, downy.
Imperial Diadem and Mimms were introduced as new plums, but proved to be
identical with this. It is called Roche Corbon from a village near Tours. The
Diapree Kouge of Knoop has the flesh closely adherent to the stone.
Diapree Violette. See Cheston.
Dorelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche. See Nouvelle de Dorelle.
DOVE BANK. — This bears a very close resemblance to Goliath.
It is a clingstone, has downy shoots and leaves, and, in my opinion, is
not distinguishable from that variety.
DOWNTON IMPERATRICE.— Fruit, medium sized ; oval, narrow-
ing a little towards the stalk, and slightly marked with a suture on one
side. Skin, thin and tender, pale yellow. Flesh, yellow, separating
with difliculty from the stone, juicy and melting, with a sweet and
agreeable sub-acid flavour.
An excellent preserving plum, but only second-rate for the dessert ;
ripe in October. The tree is strong and very vigorous, and the young
shoots are smooth.
It was raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., the President of the Horticultural Society,
from the seed of Magnum Bonum, impregnated with Blue Imperatrice, and the
fruit was first exhibited at the Society in 1823.
DRAP D'OR {Cloth of Gold; Mirabelle Double; Mirabelle Grosse;
Yellow Damask; Yellow Perdrigon). — Fruit, below medium size;
smaller, but much resembling the Green Gage in shape, being round,
indented at the apex, and marked on one side by a distinct but very
shallow suture. Skin, tender, fine bright yellow, and marked with
numerous crimson spots when exposed to the sun, covered with thin
white bloom. Stalk, slender, half an inch long, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, yellow, melting, with a rich, sugary, and delicious
flavour ; separating from the stone.
An excellent little dessert plum ; ripe the middle of August. The
young shoots are downy. The tree is not a vigorous grower, but in
general a pretty good bearer ; succeeds well against a wall, and is
better suited for a dwarf than a standard. It is very subject to produce
numerous tufts of slender shoots, which ought to be removed, as they
tend much to the injury of the fruit.
Drap d'Or Esperen. See Golden Esperen.
698
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
DRY'S SEEDLING. — Fruit, large, or above medium size ;
roundish oval, marked with a very slight suture. Skin, reddish purple,
covered with thin bloom, clouded when fully ripe. Stalk, long and
stout. Flesh, dull greenish yellow, or orange ; lirm, yet melting and
juicy, parting freely from the stone.
A handsome early plum ; ripe in the beginning of August.
This was raised by Mr. Dry, at Hayes, in Middlesex, and whea exhibited before
the Fruit Committee of the Koyal Horticultural Society, August 17th, 1869, was
awarded a first-class certificate.
DUKE OF EDINBURGH.— Fruit, large ; roundish obovate, marked
with a shallow suture, and with a regular and even outline. Skin,
thin, hght purple, covered with a dense light bluish bloom. Flesh,
reddish yellow, juicy, and richly flavoured, separating freely from the
stone.
An excellent culinary plum ; ripe in the middle of August. The
tree is a great bearer.
This was raised by Mr. Dry, of Hayes, in Middlesex, and was awarded a first-
class certificate by the Royal Horticultural Society, at the meeting in August, 1870.
DUMMER. — A large red plum like Magnum Bonum, grown in the
Kentish orchards. It was raised by a market gardener at Canterbury,
named Dummer, in 1837. I had it from Fairbeard, of Green Street,
in 1844.
DUNMORE. — Fruit, medium sized; oval. Skin, thick, greenish
yellow, becoming of a bright golden yellow when ripe. Stalk, half au
inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellow, tender, juicy,
sweet, and richly flavoured, separating from the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe in the end of September and be-
ginning of October. Shoots, smooth.
Early Apricot. See Rivers^s Early Apricot.
EARLY BLUE [Azure Hdtive; Blue Gage; Black Perdrigon;
Cooper's Blue Gage). — Fruit, medium sized, and quite round in its
shape. Skin, dark purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long. Flesh, yellowish green, juicy, briskly and
somewhat richly flavoured, separating from the stone.
A dessert plum of a rich quality ; ripe the beginning of August.
The tree produces long, slender, and downy shoots, and is a most
abundant bearer.
It is rather singular that this is not mentioned by any of the French authors ot
the last century, nor by our countryman Miller. It was advertised by Cooper, a
nurseryman of Kensington, in 1754, as being raised by him, and in the Brompton
Park Catalogue of that year I find it by the name of Cooper's Blue Gage. In
1767 it is called Azure Blue till 1762, when the name which it has now retained
seems to have been adopted.
Early Damask. See Morocco.
PLUMS. 699
EARLY FAVORITE (Rivers s Early Favorite ; Bivers's No. 1).—
Fruit, rather below medium size ; roundish oval, and marked ^Yith a
shallow suture. Skin, deep dark purple, almost black, marked with
russet dots, and covered with thin bloom. Flesh, greenish yellow,
juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavour, separating from the stone.
An excellent early plum. It ripens in the end of July ; and, if
grown against a wall, it will ripen in the middle of the month. Young
shoots, downy.
Raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth, from Precoce de Tours at the same
time as Early Rivers.
EARLY GREEN GAGE [Reine Claude ndtive).—FTmt, smaU ;
round, and flattened at the top. Skin, yellowish green, and with a
red cheek on one side, and strewed with a few dots. Stalk, about half
an inch long. Flesh, yellow, very tender, juicy, sugary, and richly
flavoured, separating from the stone.
A first-rate very early Green Gage. Ripe in the end of July and
early in August. Shoots, smooth.
EARLY MIRABELLE [MirahelU Precoce).— Frmi, very small, the
size of a Bullace, roimder than the common Mirabelle. Skin, golden
yellow, with a few crimson spots on the side next the sun. Stalk,
half an inch long. Flesh, yellow, sweet, and with a delightful aroma ;
it separates from the stone, which is very small.
A delicious little early plum ; ripe in the last week of July. The
tree makes a tine bush, and bears abundantly. It deserves to be
generally cultivated. Shoots, downy.
Early Morocco. See Morocco.
EARLY ORLEANS {Grimwood Early Orleans; Hampton Court;
Monsieur Hdtif; Mo7isieur Hdtif de Montmorency; New Orleans ;
Wilmot's Early Orleans; Wilmofs Orleans). — Fruit, medium sized ;
round, flattened at the apex, and marked with a suture, which
extends the whole length of one side. Skin, deep purple, mottled
with darker colour, and covered with thin blue bloom. Stalk, slender,
about half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish green, tender, of a rather flat flavour, and separating freely
from the stone.
A second-rate dessert plum, but excellent for culinary purposes ;
ripe in the beginning and middle of August. Shoots, downy.
EARLY RI^^ERS [Rivers's Early Prolific; Rivers's No. 2).— Fruit,
medium sized, roundish oval. Skin, deep purple, covered with thin
bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellowish, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant brisk acidity, separating from
the stone.
A valuable early plum ; ripening in the end of July. The tree is a
700 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
great bearer, and very hardy, rarely ever missing a crop. Shoots,
smooth, with very light down.
The original tree throws up suckers, which, when removed and
planted out, do not bloom for several years ; but scions taken from
the original tree and grafted, bloom the second year. A curious fact
is that the grafted trees fruit abundantly, and the branches are so brittle
they break off ; in those raised from suckers the branches never break.
The grafted trees in spring are full of bloom, sparing of shoots, and
very few leaves ; the suckers are more vigorous in growth, have no
bloom, but an abundance of foliage, even when six years old.
It was raised by Mr. Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, from Precoce de
Tours, about the year 1834, and with his permission I adopted the nomenclature
by which I hope this variety will henceforth be known.
Early Eoyal. See Royale Hdtive.
Early Russian. See Quetsche.
Early Scarlet. See Chen-y.
Early Transparent Gage. See JRivers's Early Apricot.
Early Yellow. See White Primo7'dian.
EDOUARD SENECLAUZE.— Fruit, very small and obovate, being
narrow towards the stalk. Skin, a clear golden yellow. Flesh, very
tender, sweet, and very richly flavoured, separating freely from the
stone.
A very early plum ; ripe in the last week of July. Shoots, downy.
Egg Plum. See White Magnum Bonum.
EMERALD DROP. — Fruit, medium sized ; oval, marked with a deep
suture, which is higher on one side than the other. Skin, pale
yellowish green. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a
very shallow cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and of good
flavour, separating from the stone.
Ripe in the end of August and beginning of September. Shoots,
smooth.
Empress. See Blue Irrtperatrice.
EUGENE FURST {Siveet Damson).— Fvmi, small and obovate, like
a Prune Damson, both in size and shape. Skin, dark purple, covered
with a very dense bloom. Flesh, yellow, with red veins pervading it,
juicy and sweet, with the austerity of the Damson, subdued by luscious
sweetness, and separating from the stone.
It ripens in the end of August, when it shrivels and becomes quite a
sweetmeat. Shoots, smooth.
Fair's Golden Drop. See Coe's Golden Drop.
Farleigh Castle. See Pond's Seedling.
PLUMS. 701
Fellemberg. See Italian Prune.
Florence. See Bed Magnum Bonum.
Flushing Gage. See Prince's Imperial,
Fonthill. See Pond's Seedling.
Fotheringay. See Fotheringham.
FOTHERINGHAM (Fotheringay; Grove House Purple; Bed
Fotheringham ; Sheen). — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, with a well-
defined suture, which is higher on one side than the other. Skin, deep
reddish purple on the side next the sun, and bright red where shaded,
covered with thin blue bloom. Stalk, an inch long, not deeply inserted.
Flesh, pale greenish yellow, not juicy, sugary, with a pleasant subacid
flavour, and separating from the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe the middle of August. The young
shoots are smooth. The tree is hardy and vigorous, and an excellent
bearer ; succeeds well against a wall or as an espalier, and should be
grown as a dwarf rather than as a standard, as the fruit is very apt to
fall.
This is a very old variety, and is doubtless of English origin, as it has not been
identified with any of the Continental varieties. It was cultivated by Sir William
Temple, at Sheen, and according to Switzer was by him named the Sheen Plum ;
but its origin is of a much earlier date, as it is mentioned by Rea as early as
1665.
Franklin. See Washington.
Friar's. See Cheston.
Frost Gage. See Frost Plum.
FROST PLUM {American Damson; Frost Gage). — Fruit, small;
oval, and marked with a distinct suture. Skin, deep purple, strewed
with russet dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk, about three-
quarters of an inch long. Flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and
rather richly flavoured, adhering to the stone.
An excellent little plum ; ripe in October. The tree is a great bearer.
Shoots, smooth.
GENERAL HAND. — Fruit, very large ; roundish oval, marked with
a slight suture. Skin, deep golden yellow, marbled with greenish
yellow. Stalk, long, inserted in a shallow cavity. Flesh, pale yellow,
coarse, not very juicy, sweet, and of a good flavour, and separating from
the stone.
A preserving plum ; ripe in the beginning and middle of September.
Shoots, smooth.
German Gage. See Bleeker's Yellow.
German Prune. See Quetsche.
702
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
German Quetsche. See Quetsche.
GISBORNE'S (Gisborne's Earlij; Paterson's).—Frmt, rather below
medium size ; roundish oval, marked with a distinct suture. Skin,
greenish yellow, but changing as it ripens to fine amber, with a few
crimson spots, and numerous grey russet dots interspersed. Stalk,
half afi inch to three-quarters long, inserted in a very shallow cavity.
Flesh, vellow, firm, coarse-grained, and not very juicy, briskly acid,
with a shght sweetness, and separating from the stone.
A cooking plum ; ripe in the middle of August. The tree is an early
and abundant bearer. Shoots, downy.
Gisborne's Early. See Gisborne's.
Gloire de New York. See Hulings's Superb.
Golden Drop. See Cob's Golden Drop.
GOLDEN ESPEREN (Drap d'Or d' Esperen). —Fmit, large ; oval,
and sometimes roundish oval, with shallow suture on one side. Skin,
thin and transparent, pale yellow, with a greenish tinge, on the shaded
side, and of a fine golden yellow, with crimson spots, on the side next
the sun. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellow, very juicy, with a sweet and rich sugary flavour, separating
freely from the stone.
A very handsome and first-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the end of
August. Shoots, smooth.
Golden Gage. See Coe^s Golden Drop.
GOLIATH (Caledonian; St. Cloud; Steers' s Emj^eror; Wilmofs
Late Orleans). — Fruit, large ; oblong, with a well-marked suture, one
side of which is higher than the other. Skin, deep reddish purple,
but paler on the shaded side, and covered with thin blue bloom. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, yellow,
juicy, brisk, and of good flavour, adhering to the stone.
A fine showy plum, and though only of second-rate quality for the
dessert, is excellent for preserving and other culinary purposes ; ripe
in the end of August. This is sometimes, but erroneously, called Nec-
tarine Plum; but the young shoots of that are smooth, while those of
Goliath are downy.
Gonne's Green Gage. See Yellow Gage.
GORDON CASTLE.— Fruit, large and obovate. Skin, greenish
yellow. Flesh, rather firm, sweet, and with an excellent flavour.
This is a very good plum, and is admirably calculated for growing
in northern latitudes and late situations, where the finer and more
delicate varieties do not come to perfection.
Goring's Golden Gage. See Green Gage.
PLUMS. 703
GRAF GUSTAVE VON EGGER.— Fruit, about medium size ; oval,
with a neck, and marked with a faint suture. Skin, deep yellow, covered
with a thin bloom. Stalk, an inch long, slender, inserted quite on the
apex of the fruit without depression. Flesh, j^ellow, with white veins,
tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured, adhering to the stone.
An excellent dessert plum, like a small specimen of Coe's Golden
Drop ; ripe in the middle of September. Shoots, downy.
GRAND DUKE. — Fruit, oval, with a short neck, and a well-defined
suture, which is deep at the stalk and frequently also at the apex, where
it is higher on one side than on the other. Skin, dark, almost a
blackish purple, but reddish where shaded, the whole covered with
blue bloom. Stalk, an inch to an inch and a quarter long, very
slender, and inserted in a round narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish
yellow, adhering closely to the stone, very brisk, with a sweet and rich
flavour when fully ripe. Stone, with a very shallow and narrow
channel like a thread.
A seedling raised by Mr. Rivers from Autumn Compote ; an excellent
cooking plum. The tree is a luxuriant grower and abundant bearer,
and well adapted for orchard culture. Shoots, downy.
Great Damask. See Green Gage.
GREEN GAGE {Abncot Vert; Ahise's Green Gage; Bradford
Green Gage; Brugnon Green Gage ; Dauias Vert ; Dauphine ; Goring'' s
Golden Gage; Great Green Damask; Grosse Reine ; Ida Green Gage ;
Isleworth Green Gage; MirahelLe Vert Double; Queen Claudia; Reine
Claude; Reine Claiule Grosse; Rensselaar Gage; Schuyler Gage;
Sucrin Vert ; Trompe Gargoii ; Trompe Valet; Verdacia ; Verdochio ;
Vert Bonne; Vert Tlquetee ; Wilmofs Green Gage). — Fruit, medium
sized ; round, and a little flattened at both ends ; dimpled at the apex,
and marked on one side by a shallow suture, which extends from the
stalk to the apex. Skin, tender, yellowish green, but when fully
ripe becoming of a deeper yellow, clouded with green, marked with
crimson spots, and covered with thin ashy-grey bloom. Stalk, half an
inch to three-quarters long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, greenish
yellow, tender, melting, and very juicy, with a rich, sugary, and most
delicious flavour. It separates freely from the stone.
One of the richest flavoured of all the plums ; ripe in the middle
and end of August. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and an
excellent bearer, and the young shoots are smooth. It may be grown
either as a standard, espalier, or trained against a wall ; but it is found
that the richest flavoured fruit is from a standard, though not so large
as from a wall. When there is an abundant crop the trees should be
gone over about the month of June, and thinned ; for if the whole is
allowed to be ripened, the fruit will be smaller and insipid, and want-
ing that richness which is peculiar only to this variety. It is said to
be greatly improved by being grafted on the Apricot.
704 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
This universally known and highly esteemed fruit has been longer in this country-
than is generally supposed. It is said to have been introduced at the beginning of
the last century by Sir Thomas Gage, of Hengrave Hall, near Bury St. Edmunds,
who procured it from his brother, the Rev. John Gage, a Roman Catholic priest,
then resident in Paris. In course of time it became known as the Green Gage
Plum.
In France, although it has many names, that by which it is best known is Grosse
Heine Claude, to distinguish it from a smaller and much inferior plum called Reine
Claude Petite. The Green Gage is supposed to be a native of Greece, and to have
been introduced at an early period into Italy, where it is called Verdochia. From
Italy it passed into France, during the reign of Francis I., and was named in honour
of his consort Queen Claude ; but it does not appear to have been much known or
extensively cultivated for a considerable period subsequent to this, for neither
Champier, Olivier de Serres, Vautier, nor any of the early French writers on
husbandry and gardening, seem to have been acquainted with it. Probably, about
the same time that it was introduced into France, or shortly afterwards, it found its
way into England, where it became more rapidly known, and the name under which
it was received was not the new appellation which it obtained in France, but its
original Italian name of Verdochia, from which we may infer that it was brought
direct from Italy. It is mentioned by Parkinson, in 1 629, under the name of Verdoch,
and, from the way in which he speaks of it, seems to have been not at all rare, nor
even new. It is also enumerated by Leonard Meager in the "list of fruit which I
had of my very loving friend. Captain Gurle, dwelling at the Great Nursery
between tSpitalfields and Whitechapel," and is there called Verdocha. Even so
late as the middle of the last century, after it had been re-introduced, and exten-
sively grown under the name of Green Gage, it continued to bear its original title,
and to be regarded as a distinct sort from the Green Gage. Hitt tries to describe
the distinction ; but as he tries also to show that the Reine Claude is distinct from
the Green Gage, his authority cannot be taken for more than it is worth ; a remark
which may safely be applied to all the pomologists of the last century. Miller
laboured under the same hallucination as Hitt, for in his Dictionary he says,
speaking of the Grosse Reine Claude, " this plum is confounded by most people in
England by the name of Green Gage."
We have seen, therefore, that the generally received opinion that this valuable
plum was first introduced to this country by the Gage family is incoi-rect, but that
it must have existed for considerably upwards of a century, at least, before the
period which is generally given as the date of its introduction.
Grimwood's Early Orleans. See Early Orleans.
Gros Damas Blanc. See Large White Damask.
Grosse Luisante. See White Magnum Boniim.
Grosse Noire Hative. See Noii-e de Montreuil.
Grosse Eeine. See Green Gage.
Grosse Rouge de Septembre. See Belle de Sejnemhre.
Grove House Purple. See F other ingham.
Guthrie's Apricot. See Guthrie's Golden.
Guthrie's Aunt Ann. See Aunt Ann.
GUTHRIE'S GOLDEN [Guthrie's Apricot).— Fxmi, above medium
size ; roundish oval. Skin, yellow, strewed with crimson dots, and
covered with thin bloom. Stalk, rather long, set in a small depression.
PLUMS. 705
Flesh, yellow, rather firm, coarse, very juicy and very sweet, adhering
to the stone.
A second-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the end of August. Shoots,
smooth.
GUTHRIE'S LATE GREEN {Minette).— Fruit, above medium
size ; round, marked with a suture, which is swollen on one side. Skin,
yellow, clouded with green, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellow, fii-m, not very juicy, but exceedingly rich and sugary, adhering
slightly to the stone.
A very fine dessert plum, rivalling the Green Gage, and ripening
about a month later, in the end of September. The tree is hardy, and
a good bearer. Young shoots, smooth.
This and the preceding were raised by the late Mr. Guthrie, of Tay Bank,
Dundee, a gentleman who has devoted much attention to raising new fruits.
Hampton Court. See Early Orleans.
HARRIET. — Fruit, the size of Washington, about two inches in
diameter ; round, marked with a shallow suture, which terminates in a
depression at the apex. Skin, rich orange-yellow, strewed with crim-
son spots, and covered with thin bloom. Stalk, about a quarter of an
inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, very
juicy, sweet, and with a rich vinous flavour, separating from the stone.
A delicious plum ; ripe in the first week of September. Shoots,
downy.
It is one of the Apricot plums, and was raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridge-
worth.
Howell's Large. See Nectarine.
HUDSON [Hudson Gage). — Fruit, medium sized ; oval, marked with
a faint suture, one side of which is higher than the other. Skin,
yellow, mottled and streaked with dull green. Stalk, short. Flesh,
greenish, separating from the stone, juicy, melting, and with a sweet
and brisk flavour.
An early plum ; ripening in the middle of August. Shoots, downy.
HULINGS'S SUPERB (Gloire de New York: Keyser's Plum).—
Fruit, very large ; roundish oval, marked with a shallow suture. Skin,
greenish yellow, covered with a thin bloom. Stalk, short and stout,
inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, rather
coarse, but rich and sugary, and with a fine brisk flavour ; it adheres
to the stone.
A fine, large, and richly flavoured plum ; ripe in the end of August.
Shoots, downy.
This delicious plum is originally from the United States of America. It was
raised by a Mr. Keyser, of Pennsylvania, and was brought into notice by Dr. W.
£. Rulings.
45
706 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
ICKWORTH IMPERATRICE {Kiiighfs No. 6).— Fruit, large;
obovate. Skin, purple, marked with yellow streaks. Stalk, stout, an
inch or more in length. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender and juicy, with
a rich, sugary flavour, and adhering to the stone.
An excellent late dessert plum ; ripe in October. It will hang till it
shrivels, and is then very rich in flavour ; and after being gathered, if
wrapped in silk paper will, if kept in a dry place, last for many weeks.
It is also an excellent drying plum. Young shoots, smooth.
Raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, and named after Ickworth Park, near Bury St.
Edmunds.
Imperatrice. See Blue Imyeratrice,
Imperatrice Blanche. See White Imperatrice,
Imperatrice Yiolette. See Blue Imperatrice,
Imperial Diadem. See Diapree Rouge.
IMPERIAL OTTOMAN.— Fruit, below medium size ; roundish
oval, with a very faint suture. Skm, dull yellow, red on the side next
the sun, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk, over three-quarters of
an inch long, slender, curved, inserted in a slight cavity. Flesh,
melting, juicy, and sweet, adhering to the stone.
An early dessert plum ; ripening in the beginning of August.
Shoots, slightly downy.
Imperiale. See Red Magnum Bonum,
Imperiale Blanche. See White Magnum Bonum,
IMPERIALE DE MILAN {Prune de Milan).— Fmit, large, oval,
somewhat flattened on one side, where it is marked with a rather deep
suture, extending the whole length of the fruit. Skin, dark purple,
streaked and dotted with yellow, and covered with thick blue bloom.
Stalk, about an inch long, inserted in a narrow and rather deep cavity.
Flesh, yellowish, firm, and juicy, richly flavoured and sweet, with a
slight musky aroma, and adhering to the stone.
An excellent late dessert and preserving plum ; ripe in the beginning
of October. Shoots, smooth.
Imperiale Rouge. See Red Magnum Bonum.
Imperiale Yiolette. See Red Magnum Bonum.
Irving's Bolmar. See Washington.
ISABELLA. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate. Skin, deep dull red,
but paler red where shaded, and strewed with darker red dots. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long. Flesh, yellow, juicy, rich, and adhering
to the stone.
A dessert and preserving plum ; ripe in the beginning of September.
Shoots, downy.
PLUMS. 707
Raised by Mr. Thomas Plumley, of Ashton, near Bristol, about the year 1824,
from seed of Red Magnum Bonum. It was first brought into notice by Mr.
George Liiidley, when he was employed in the nursery of Messrs. Miller aud
Sweet of that city.
Isleworth Green Gage. See Green Gage.
ITALIAN DAMASK {Damas d'ltalie). — Fruit, medium sized ;
roundish, slightly flattened at the base, and marked with a well-
defined suture, which is much higher on one side. Skin, thick, mem-
branous, and rather bitter, of a pale purple colour, changing to
brownish as it ripens, and covered with fine blue bloom. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, slender, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh,
yellowish green, not at all juicy, firm, rich, sugary, and excellent,
separating from the stone.
A preserving and dessert plum ; ripe in the beginning of September.
Young shoots, smooth. The tree is exceedingly productive.
ITALIAN PRUNE (Altesse Double; Fellemberg ; Italian Quetsche;
Qtietsche (V Italic ; Prune d'ltalie; Semiana). — Fruit, largo; oval,
narrowing a little towards the stalk, and marked with a shallow suture.
Skin, dark purplish blue, veined and strewed with yellow dots, and
covered with thick blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and
inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, not
very juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured; when highly ripened separating
from the stone.
An excellent dessert or preserving plum ; ripe in the beginning of
September, and will hang till it shrivels, when it is very rich and
delicious. The fruit is much improved by being grown against a walL
The tree is a good bearer. Young shoots, smooth.
Italian Quetsche. See Italian Prune.
Jaune de Catalogue. See White Primordiav.
Jaune Hative. See White Pnmordian.
JEFFERSON.— Fruit, large ; oval, narrowing a little towards the
stalk, and marked with a very faint suture. Skin, greenish yellow,
becoming of a rich golden yellow, flushed with red on the side next the
sun, and dotted with red dots. Stalk, an inch long, thin, and inserted
in a shallow cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, and juicy, rich, sugary, and
delicious, separating from the stone.
A very richly flavoured dessert plum ; ripe in the beginning and
middle of September. The tree is an excellent grower, and an
abundant bearer. Young shoots, smooth, or with the faintest trace of
fine down.
This remarkably fine plum came to ns originally from America, where it was
raised by Judge Buel, and named in honour of President Jefferson.
Jenkins's Imperial. See Nectarine.
708 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
JEKUSALEM. — ^Fruit, large ; long egg-shaped. Skin, dark purple,
covered with a dense blue bloom. Stalk, an inch long, thick and
hairy. Flesh, firm, sweet, briskly flavoured, and separating from the
stone.
A dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of September. Shoots, smooth.
JODOIGNE GREEN GAGE {Reine Claude de Jodoigne ; Boyal
de Vilvorde). — Fruit, large, one inch and seven-eighths wide and two
inches and an eighth long ; round, inclining to oblate, marked on one
side with a shallow suture. Skin, thin, greenish at first, but becoming
greenish yellow as it ripens, and with a pale brownish red cheek,
strewed with green and yellowish dots on the side next the sun, the
whole covered with a thin bluish bloom. Stalk, over half an inch
long. Flesh, whitish yellow, firm, very juicy and tender, with a sugary
and very rich flavour. '
A large and handsome form of the old Green Gage, and possessing
all its merits ; ripe in the middle and end of September. Shoots,
smooth.
JULY GREEN GAGE {Reine Claude de Bavay Hdtive),—Frmi,
the size and shape of the Green Gage. Skin, thin, of a fine deep
yellow colour, flushed with bright crimson on the side next the sun,
and strewed with darker crimson dots, the whole covered with a
delicate white bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, slightly
depressed. Flesh, deep yellow, very tender and juicy, sugary, and
richly flavoured, separating with difiiculty from the stone.
A first-rate and most delicious early plum, equal in all respects
to the Green Gage, and ripening in the end of July. Shoots, smooth.
Keyser's Plum. See Hulings's Superb.
KIRKE'S. — Fruit, above medium size ; round, and marked with a
very faint suture. Skin, dark purple, with a few deep yellow dots, and
covered with a dense bright blue bloom, which is not easily rubbed off.
Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a very deep depres-
sion. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, juicy, separating freely from the
stone, and very richly flavoured.
A delicious dessert plum ; ripe in the beginning and middle of Sep-
tember. The young shoots are smooth. The tree is hardy and
vigorous, and an abundant bearer, well suited either for a standard
or to be grown against a wall.
It was first introduced by Joseph Kirke, a nurseryman, at Brompton, near
London, who told me he first saw it on a fruit-stall near the Royal Exchange, and
that he afterwards found the trees producing the fruit were in Norfolk, whence he
obtained grafts and propagated it. But its true origin was in the grounds of Mr.
Poupart, a market gardener at Brompton — on the spot now occupied by the lower
end of Queen's Gate — and where it sprung up as a sucker from a tree which had
been planted to screen an outbuilding. It was given to Mr. Kirke to be propagated,
and he sold it under the name it now bears.
PLUMS. 709
Kirke's Stoneless. See Stoneless.
Knevett's Late Orleans. See Nelson's Victory.
KNIGHT'S GREEN DRYING (Large Green Driji?uj).—Frmt, large ;
round, and marked with a shallow suture. Skin, greenish yellow, and
covered with thin white bloom. Flesh, yellowish, firm, not very juicy,
sugary, and richly flavoured when highly ripened ; adhering to the
stone.
A dessert plum ; ripe in the middle and end of September, and
succeeds best against a wall. Shoots, smooth.
Knight's No. 6. See Ickworth Imp^ratrice.
Lady Lucy. See La Delicieme.
LAFAYETTE. — Fruit, above medium size ; oval. Skin, dark
purple, covered with a dense bloom. Flesh, juicy, rich, and of
excellent flavour, separating from the stone.
Ripe in the end of September. Shoots, smooth.
LARGE BLACK IMPERIAL.— Fruit, as large as Red Magnum
Bonum ; oval, with a well-defined suture, one side of which is often
larger than the other. Skin, very dark purple or rather dark maroon,
paler where shaded. Stalk, an inch long, very slender and green, set
in a wide depression. Flesh, yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, and of good
flavour, adliering to the stone.
A fine large cooking plum ; ripe in the middle of September.
Large Green Drying. See Knight's Green Drying,
LARGE WHITE DAMASK [Damas Blanc; Gros Damas Blanc;
Damas Blanc Hdtif Gros; Damas Blanc Tres Hdtif). — Fruit, rather
below medium size ; roundish, and slightly elongated, and swollen on
one side of the suture. Skin, membranous, greenish yellow, covered
with white bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, and stout, set in a small
cavity. Flesh, rather sweet, and pleasantly flavoured.
Suitable either for dessert or culinary purposes, and is one of the
best of those varieties known by the name of Damas. The young
shoots are smooth.
LATE GREEN GAGE [Beine Claude cCOctoher; Beine Claude
Tardive), — Fruit, of the same shape but smaller than the Green Gage.
Skin, greenish yellow, covered with thin white bloom. Stalk, stout,
three-quarters of an inch long. Flesh, green, juicy, rich, and sugary,
separating from the stone.
A dessert plum ; ripe in the end of September and beginning of
October. Shoots, smooth.
LATE RIVERS. — Fruit, about the size of the Purple Gage, and
710 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
like it in every respect of shape and colour ; marked with a slight
Buture. Stalk, an inch or more long, very slender. Flesh, quite
apricot yellow, rich, sweet, sugary, and of very fine flavour, adhering
to the stone.
This is a seedling of Mr. Kivers, of Sawbridgeworth, which fruited
for the first time in 1865. It is by far the richest flavoured late
plum, and ripens in the end of October and beginning of November.
Shoots, smooth.
Lawrence Gage. See Lawrence's Favourite.
LAWRENCE'S FAVOURITE [Lawrence Gage).—FTmi, large;
round, and flattened at both ends. Skin, dull yellowish green, streaked
with darker green on the side exposed to the sun, veined with brown,
and covered all over with thin grey bloom. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish, tender, melting, and
juicy, rich, sugary, and with a fine, vinous, brisk flavour, separating
from the stone.
A delicious dessert plum ; ripe in the beginning of September.
The tree is a free, upright grower, and an abundant bearer. Young
shoots, downy.
This is an American plum ; raised by Mr. L. U. Lawrence, of Hudson, in the
State of New York.
LAWSON'S GOLDEN (Damas Lawson).—Fxmi, rather below
medium size ; oval, even and regular in its outline, and marked on one
side with a suture, which is a mere line. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, inserted without depression. Skin, deep yellow, thickly
speckled on the side next the sun with crimson specks and dots. Flesh,
yellow, tender, melting, and juicy, with a rich sugary flavour, and
adhering to the stone.
A second-rate dessert plum ; ripe in September. Shoots, smooth.
It was raised by Mr. Archibald Gorrie, of Annat Gardens, En-ol, Perthshire,
about the year 1842, and was named as a compliment to Mr. Charles Lawson,
nurseryman, of Edinburgh. It is very similar to Imperial Ottoman.
Leipzig. See Quetsche.
De Lepine. See Norhert.
LIEGEL'S APRICOT (Abricotee dfi Braunau Nouvelle).—Frm.i,
about medium size ; roundish, and marked with a deep suture. Skin,
green, like the Green Gage, covered with a white bloom, and becoming
yellowish as it ripens. Flesh, separating from the stone, greenish
yellow, melting, very juicy, rich, and sugary, with a fine and remark-
ably sprightly flavour.
A first-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the end of September. Its fine
sprightly flavour is as remarkable among dessert plums as that of the
Mayduke is among cherries. Young shoots, downy.
In the first edition of this work I unintentionally described this variety under
PLUMS. 711
the name of Abricotee de Braunan, as I was not aware at the time that Dr. Liegel
had raised another plum, which he culled the New Apricot of Braunau, and which
this variety has proved to be. To prevent mistakes in future, I have called this by
the name adopted above. Mr. Hi vers, in his catalogue, classes it among the Gages,
which is an error.
Little Qacen Claude. See Yellow Gage,
LOMBARD [Bleeker's Scarlet; Beckman's Scarlet). — Fruit, medium
sized ; short oval, and marked with a shallow suture. Skin, purplish
red, dotted with darker red, and covered with thin bloom. Stalk, half
an inch long, slender, set in a wide funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh, yellow,
juicy, and pleasantly flavoured, adhering to the stone.
A preserving or culinary plum; ripe in the end of August and
beginning of September. Shoots, smooth.
London Plum. See White Primordian.
Long Damson. See Damson.
LUCOMBE'S NONESUCH.— Fruit, above medium size; round,
and compressed on the side, where it is marked with a broad suture.
Skin, greenish yellow, streaked with orange and broad broken bands
of dark olive, and covered with a greyish white bloom. Stalk, three-
quarters of an inch long, inserted in a rather wide cavity. Flesh,
greenish yellow, firm, juicy, rich, and sugary, with a pleasant briskness,
and adhering to the stone.
A dessert and preserving plum, bearing considerable resemblance
to the Green Gage, but not so richly flavoured ; ripe in the end of
August. The tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, and an excellent bearer
as a standard. Young shoots, smooth.
It was raised by Mr. Lucombe, of the Exeter Nursery.
McLaughlin. — Fruit, large ; roundish oblate. Skin, thin and
tender, of a fine yellow colour, dotted and mottled with red, and
covered with thin grey bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
inserted in a small round cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm, very juicy,
sweet, with a rich luscious flavour, and adhering to the stone.
A large and delicious plum, of the Green Gage race ; ripening in the
end of August. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and an excellent
bearer. Young shoots, smooth.
This was raised by Mr. James McLaughlin, of Bangor, in the State of Maine,
U.S.A.
De la Madeleine. See Noire de Montr euil.
Maitre Claude. See White Perdrigon.
MAMELONNEE {Mamelon Sageret). — Fruit, medium sized ;
roundish oval, tapering with a pear-shaped neck towards the stalk,
and frequently furnished with a nipple at the apex. Skin, yellowish
712 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
green, mottled with red next the sun, and covered with grey bloom.
Stalk, short, inserted without depression. Flesh, yellowish, firm, very
juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured, separating freely from the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripening about the middle of August.
Shoots, smooth.
Mann's Brandy Gage. See Mann's Imperial.
MANN'S IMPERIAL {Mann's Brandy Gage).—Fvmi, like a small
form of Coe's Golden Drop. Skin, greenish yellow when ripe, without
any red specks on the sarface. Stalk, about an inch long, slender,
inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, tender, juicy, and of good flavour,
but not so rich as Coe's Golden Drop.
Ripe in the last week of August. Shoots, downy.
Matchless. See Diapree Rouge.
MEROLDT'S GOLDEN GAGE.— Fruit, medium sized, an inch
and a half in diameter ; round, marked with a very shallow suture.
Skin, yellow, mottled with green, and overspread with a very delicate
white bloom. Stalk, a quarter of an inch long, inserted almost on a
level with the surface. Flesh, yellow, with white veins, rather firm,
juicy, sweet, and brisk, but not richly flavoured ; separating freely
from the stone.
A second-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of September.
Shoots, smooth. It was raised by Dr. Meroldt, of Lischnitz, in
Bohemia, and it is there considered a fruit of the greatest excellence,
being very richly and deliciously flavoured. I regret that my experience
of it does not sustain this character.
Mimms. See Diapree Bouge.
Minette. See Guthrie's Late Green.
Mirabelle Blanche. See Mirahelle Petite.
Mirabelle Double. See Drap d'Or.
Mirabelle Grosse. See Drap d'Or.
Mirabelle Jaune. See Mirabelle Petite.
MIRABELLE DE NANCY.— This is similar to Mirabelle Petite,
but much larger, and rather late in ripening.
Mirabelle d'Octobre. See Bricette.
Mirabelle Perlee. See Mirahelle Petite.
MIRABELLE PETITE {Mirabelle ; Mirahelle Blanche ; Mirabelle
Jaune; Mirahelle Perle ; Mirahelle de Vienne; White Mirabelle). —
Fruit, produced in clusters, small ; roundish oval, and marked with a
faint suture on one side. Skin, of a fine yellow colour, sometimes
marked with crimson spots on the side exposed to the sun, and covered
PLUMS. 718
with thin white bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted
without depression. Flesh, deep yellow, firm, pretty juicy, sweet, and
briskly flavoured, separating from the stone.
A valuable little plum for preserving and all culinary purposes ; ripe
in the middle of August. The tree forms a dense bush, and is a most
abundant bearer. Shoots, downy.
Mirabelle Precoce. See Early Mirahelle.
Mirabelle Tardive. See Biicette,
Mirabelle de Vienne. See Mirahelle Petite.
Mirabelle Vert Double. See Green Gage,
Miser Plum. See Cherry.
MITCHELSON'S. — Fruit, above medium size ; oval, not marked
with a suture on the side. Skin, black when fully ripe, dotted with a
few very minute fawn-coloured dots, and covered with a very thin blue
bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, stout, and inserted in a depression.
Flesh, yellow, tender, very juicy, sweet, and of good flavour, separating
from the stone.
An excellent preserving plum ; ripe in the beginning of September.
In general appearance it is like the Diamond, but smaller, and does
not possess the very brisk acidity which characterises that variety. It
is a prodigious bearer, the fruit being produced in clusters ; and it is
invaluable as a market plum. Shoots, smooth.
This was raised by Mr. Mitchelson, a market gardener at Kingston-on-Thames.
Miviam. See Boy ale Hdtive.
Mogul Rouge. See Red Magnum Bonum,
Monsieur. See Orleaiis.
Monsieur a Fruits Jaune. See Yellow Imperatrice.
Monsieur Hatif. See Early Orleans.
Monsieur Hatif de Montmorency. See Early Orleans.
Monsieur Ordinaire. See Orleans.
Monsieur Tardif. See Suisse.
Monstrueuse de Bavay. See Beine Claude de Bavay.
DE MONTFORT. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, inclining to
obovate, with a well-marked suture on one side. Skin, dark purple,
covered with a thin pale blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, not
deeply inserted. Flesh, greenish yellow, tender and melting, with a
thick syrupy and honied juice, and when it hangs till it shrivels is
quite a sweetmeat ; separates from the stone, which is small.
714 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A delicious dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of August. Shoots,
smooth.
It bears considerable resemblance to Eoyal Hative, but is larger,
and appears to be an improved form of that variety.
MOROCCO {Black Damask; Black Morocco; Early Damask ; Early
Morocco). — Fruit, medium sized; roundish, flattened at the apex, and
marked on one side with a shallow suture. Skin, very dark purple,
almost black, and covered with thin pale blue bloom. Stalk, stout,
about half an inch long. Flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, with a sweet,
brisk flavour, and slightly adhering to the stone.
An excellent early plum ; ripe in the beginning of August. The tree
is a free grower and hardy, and an excellent bearer. Shoots, downy.
This is a very old plum, being mentioned by Parkinson, Kea, and Meager, but
not by Switzer, Miller, or Hitt.
Myrobalan. See Cherry.
NECTARINE (HoivelVs Large; Jenkinses Imperial; Peach; Prune
Peche). — Fruit, large ; roundish, and handsomely formed. Skin,
purple, covered with fine azure bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, stout,
inserted in a wide and shallow cavity. Flesh, dull greenish yellow,
with a sweet and brisk flavour, separating from the stone.
A good plum for preserving and other culinary purposes ; ripe in
the middle of August. Tree, very vigorous and hardy ; an abundant
and regular bearer. Young shoots, smooth. This is quite distinct
from the Goliath, which is sometimes called by the same name, and
the shoots of which are downy.
NELSON'S VICTORY {KnevetVs Late Orleans).— Fxmi, medium
sized ; round, and marked with a shallow suture. Skin, deep purple,
speckled with russet and covered with blue bloom. Stalk, an inch
long, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh, firm, rather coarse, sweet, and
briskly flavoured, adhering to the stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the middle of September. Shoots, smooth.
The tree is an abundant bearer.
New Orleans. See Early Orleans.
NOIRE DE MONTREUIL {Grosse Noire Hative; La Madeleine).
— Fruit, medium sized ; obovate. Skin, thick, membranous, and
bitter, of a deep purple colour, almost black, and covered with blue
bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
firm, pale green, changing to yellow as it ripens, sweet, juicy, and
briskly flavoured, separating, but not freely, from the stone.
A good plum for preserving and all culinary purposes ; ripe the
beginning of August. Young shoots, downy.
Duhamel says there is a round plum which is sometimes known by this name
which is larger, of the same colour, and ripens at the same season as this, but is
inferior to it, and coarser in the flesh.
PLUMS. 716
Noire Hative. See Precoce de Tours.
NORBERT {Prune de Lepine ; Prune de Prince). — Fruit, very
email, about the size of a BuUace ; quite round, inclining to oblate.
Skin, dark purple, covered with a thick, clear, light blue bloom. Stalk,
short, hairy. Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, sweet, and richly flavoured,
but not juicy, separating from the stone.
A beautiful little plum, which is ripe in the beginning of October.
It will hang till it shrivels, when it becomes like a raisin, which it
much resembles in flavour. Shoots, slightly hairy.
NOUVELLE DE DORELLE {Dorelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche).—
Fruit, above medium size ; oval, marked with a faint suture and with
a distinct style-point. Skin, thick, dark violet, almost black next the
sun. Stalk, about three-quarters of an inch long. Flesh, yellowish,
firm, juicy, and very sweet and rich, adhering to the stone.
A first-rate plum ; ripe in the end of September and beginning of
October. Shoots, smooth.
(Euf Rouge. See Red Magnum Bonum,
Old Apricot. See Apricot.
ORLEANS [Amjlaise Noire ; Monsieur ; Monsieur Ordinaire; Prune
d' Orleans ; lied Damask). — Fruit, medium sized ; round, somewhat
flattened at the ends, and marked with a suture, which is generally
higher on one side than the other. Skin, tender, dark red, becoming
purple when highly ripened, and covered with blue bloom. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in a considerable depression.
Flesh, yellowish, tender, sweet, and briskly flavoured, separating from
the stone.
A second-rate dessert plum, but excellent for preserving or culinary
purposes ; ripe the middle and end of August. The young shoots are
downy. The tree is hardy, and an excellent bearer. The fruit varies
much in quality, according to the situation in which it is grown, some
soils producing it of an insipid flavour. It has been found that a light,
warm, sandy soil is best suited for it. It is also much improved by
being grown against a wall.
This is the Prune Monsieur of all the Continental authors except Knoop, who
applies the name to a variety which he says is larger and more yellow than the
White Magnum Bonum. Miller and Forsyth also apply the name to Dame Aubert
of Duhamel, which is known in this country as the Magnum Bonum.
It is not known at what period the Orleans was introduced to this country, or
how it came to receive the name. It is not named by Parkinson or Rea, neither is
It mentioned in the lists of Meager, Evelyn, Mortimer, or Worlidge. The first
notice I cim find of it is in Carpenter's edition of The Retired Gardener, in 1717,
after which it is described by all subsequent writers.
OULLINS GOLDEN [Reine Claude d'Oullins; Peine Claude
Precoce). — Fruit, rather large, and of a short oval shape. Skin, of a
716 THE FEUIT MANUAL.
rich yellow colour, dotted with crimson on the side exposed to the sun,
and covered with a very delicate white bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of
an inch long, inserted in a rather wide depression. Flesh, yellow,
very tender and juicy, rich, sugary, and delicious, adhering slightly to
the stone.
This valuable dessert plum ripens in the middle of August ; not
only for its exquisite flavour and handsome appearance is it so
valuable, but for the extraordinary fertility of the tree, which has a
robust pyramidal habit of growth, and is admirably adapted for every
form of cultivation. Young shoots, smooth.
M. Mas says the origin of this valuable plum is unknown, and that it was first
brought into notice by M. Massot, a nurseryman at Oullins, near Lyons.
OVERALL. — Fruit, large, an inch and three-quarters wide and two
inches long ; oval, marked with a faint suture. Skin, dark purple
covered with blue bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
inserted without depression. Flesh, adhering to the stone, rather
coarse, but pleasantly flavoured.
A cooking plum, ripe in the beginning of September.
PAPELEU. — Fruit, medium sized, an inch and three-quarters in
diameter ; round, even and symmetrical, with a very shallow suture
terminating in the style-point, which is in a shallow depression. Skin,
golden-yellow when ripe, mottled with pale straw-colour, dotted with
small crimson dots, and covered with a very thin light bloom. Stalk,
about three-quarters of an inch long, set in a narrow depression. Flesh,
yellow, very tender and juicy, rich, sugary and highly flavoured,
separating thoroughly from the stone.
A very fine and very handsome plum for the dessert ; ripe in the
last week of August.
Parker's Mammoth. See Washington.
Paterson's. See Gisborne's.
PEACH {Beine Claude Berger). — Fruit, large ; roundish, inclining
to oblate, marked with a shallow suture on one side. Skin, bright red,
dotted with amber. Flesh, tender, melting, juicy, very sweet and
luscious, separating freely from the stone.
An early dessert plum ; ripe in the beginning of August. Shoots,
smooth. It is quite distinct from the Nectarine Plum, which is also
known by this name.
Peach. See Nectarine,
Perdrigon Blanc. See White Perdrigon.
Perdrigon Rouge. See Bed Perdrigon.
Perdrigon Violet. See Blue Perdrigon.
PLUMS. 717
PERDRIGON VIOLET HATIF.— Fruit, medium sized ; roundish
oval. Skin, purple. Flesh, rich, juicy, and excellent, separating from
the stone.
A first-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of August. The tree
is very hardy, and an abundant bearer. Shoots, downy.
This is not the same as Perdrigon Ilatif and Moyeu de Bourgogne, with which
it is made synonymous in the Horticultural Society's Catalogue, both of these being
yellow plums.
PERSHORE. — Fruit, about medium size ; obovate, pinched-in at
the stalk, and hke a small white Magnum Bonum. Skin, yellow, with
a golden tinge. Flesh, tender, with a fine subacid flavour, and adhering
to the stone.
An excellent baking and preserving plum ; ripe in the middle and
end of August. It is largely grown in the Vale of Evesham, for the
supply of the Birmingham markets. Shoots, smooth.
Petite Bricette. See Bricette.
Petite Damas Vert. See Yellow Gage.
Pickett's July. See White Primordian.
Pigeon's Heart. See Queen Mother.
Pond's Purple. See Pond's Seedling.
POND'S SEEDLING {Farleu^h Castle; Fonthill ; Pond's Purple).
— Fruit, very large ; oval, widest at the apex, and narrowing towards
the stalk, marked with a wide suture. Skin, fine dark red, thickly
strewed with grey dots, and covered with thin bluish bloom. Stalk,
three-quarters of an inch long, inserted without depression. Flesh,
yellowish, rayed with white, juicy, and briskly flavoured, adhering to
the stone.
A valuable culinary plum ; ripe in the beginning and middle of Sep-
tember. Shoots, smooth.
POUPART'S. — Fruit, medium sized; nearly round, and very much
resembling that of Purple Gage. Skin, light purple, dotted and
streaked with purple. Flesh, reddish, sweet, and with somewhat of
the astringent flavour of the sloe, separating from the stone.
This is an excellent preserving plum, and the tree is an enormous
bearer. It is therefore very valuable to the market gardener, and also
because of the firmness of the flesh enabling the fruit to be sent to
great distances.
It was raised by Mr. Poupart, market gardener at Brompton.
PRECOCE DE BERGTHOLD.— This is a small, short oval plum,
about the size of Mirabelle Petite, of a yellow colour, similar in appear-
ance to, but of better flavour than. White Primordian. The flesh is
718 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
juicy and sweet, with a rich peach flavour and fine aroma, separating
freely from the stone.
This is very early, ripening before the White Primordian in the latter
end of July. Shoots, downy.
PEECOCE DE TOURS {Damas de Tours; Noire Hative; Prune de
Gaillon; Violette de Tours). — Fruit, below medium size ; oval, some-
times inclining to obovate, and marked with a shallow indistinct suture.
Skin, deep purple or black, thickly covered with blue bloom. Stalk,
half an inch long, slender, inserted in a very slight depression. Flesh,
dull yellow, rather juicy and sweet, with a rich flavour when highly
ripened, and adhering closely to the stone.
An excellent dessert plum, which, when shrivelled, is quite a sweet-
meat; also well adapted for culinary use ; ripe in the end of July and
beginning of August. The tree is vigorous, hardy, and an abundant
bearer. Shoots, downy.
PRINCE ENGELBERT.— Fruit, very large; oval, and marked
with a shallow suture. Skin, of an uniform deep purple, covered with
minute russety dots, the whole thickly covered with a pale grey bloom.
Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh,
yellow, rather firm, sweet, juicy, with a brisk and rich flavour, and
adhering to the stone.
An excellent plum either for the dessert or for culinary purposes,
and delicious when preserved ; ripe in September. The tree is a great
bearer, and in this respect is one of the most valuable for large culture.
Shoots, smooth.
PRINCE OF WALES (Chapman's Prince of Wales).— Fruit, above
medium size ; roundish, inclining to oval, marked with a distinct
suture. Skin, bright purple, covered with thick azure bloom, and
dotted with yellow dots. Stalk, short and stout, inserted in a slight
cavity. Flesh, cross-grained, yellowish, juicy, and sweet, with a brisk
flavour, and separating from the stone.
A dessert plum of second-rate quality, but suitable for all culinary
purposes ; ripe in the beginning of September. The tree is a very
abundant bearer. Shoots, smooth.
This was raised in 1830 by Mr. Chapman, a market gardener of Brentford End,
Middlesex, the same who introduced the Passe Colmar pear to this country.
PRINCE'S IMPERIAL {Flushing Gage ; Prince's Imperial Gage).
— Fruit, above medium size ; oval, marked with a distinct suture.
Skin, greenish yellow, marked with green stripes, and covered with
thick bloom. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small, even cavity.
Flesh, greenish, tender, melting, and very juicy, with a rich and brisk
flavour, separating from the stone.
An excellent plum ; ripe in the middle of September. The tree is a
PLUMS. 719
vigorous grower and a great bearer, very suitable to plant in dry, light
soils. Young shoots, slightly downy.
This is an American variety, and was raised at Messrs. Prince's Nursery,
Flushing, New York.
Prince's Imperial Gage. See Pnnce's Imperial,
Prolific Damson. See Damson.
Prune d'Allemagne. See Quetsche.
Prune d'Ast. See D'Agen.
Prune Damson. See Damson.
Prune de Gaillon. See Precoce de Tours.
Prune d'ltalie. See Italian Prune.
Prune de Lepine. See Norhert.
Prune de Milan. See Imperial de Milan.
Prune d' Orleans. See Orleans.
Prune Peche. See Nectarine,
Prune Peche. See Peach.
Prune de Prince. See Norhert.
Prune du Koi. See D'Agen.
Purple Egg. See Fied Magnum Bonum.
PURPLE GAGE (Heine Claiule Violette ; Violet Gage).—FTmi,
medium sized ; round, slightly flattened at the ends, and marked with a
shallow suture. Skin, fine light purple, dotted with yellow, and covered
with pale blue bloom. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small cavity.
Flesh, greenish yellow, firm, with a rich, sugary, and most delicious
flavour, and separating from the stone.
A dessert plum of the greatest excellence, and particularly richly
flavoured if allowed to hang until it shrivels ; ripe in the beginning of
September. Shoots, smooth. Tree, hardy, and an excellent bearer ;
succeeds well either as a standard or against a wall.
This variety has the property of being less liable to crack in wet
seasons than the Green Gage.
Queen Claudia. See Green Gage.
QUEEN MOTHER {Pigeon's Heart).— Fraii, below medium size ;
round, and marked with a slight suture. Skin, dark red next the sun,
but paler towards the shaded side, where it is yellow, and covered all
over with reddish dots. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small
depression. Flesh, yellow, rich, and sugary, separating from the
stone.
720 THE ^ FRUIT MANUAL.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe in September. The young shoots
are smooth. The tree is a good bearer.
The Queen Mother of Parkinson and Ray is made synonymous with the Cherry
Plum, which the figure of Parkinson deci(iedly confirms, being cordate. That of
Rea is, I think, most Ukely to be the variety above described, as he says it is a
fine-tasted round red plum. Langley is the first whose description and figure
identify the variety now under notice. Hitt says there are two sorts of Queen
Mother, the one pale red and the other bright yellow, and both thinly powdered.
QUETSCHE [Early Russian ; German Prune ; German Quetsche ;
Leipzig; Prune d'Allemagne ; Sweet Prune; TurJdsh Quetsche;
Zwetsche). — Fruit, medium sized; oval, narrowing towards the stalk,
flattened on one side, where it is marked with a distinct suture. Skin,
dark purple, dotted with grey dots and veins of russet, and covered
with blue bloom. Stalk, an inch long. Flesh, firm, juicy, sweet, and
brisk, separating from the stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the end of September. Shoots, smooth.
Quetsche d'ltalie. See Italian Prune.
REAGLES'S GAGE. — Fruit, an inch and three-quarters in diameter ;
quite round, and with a faint suture. Skin, bright grass-green, mottled
with broken green streaks of a darker colour, and with scarcely any
bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, very slender, inserted
in a wide and rather deep cavity. Flesh, green, briskly acid, and
adhering to the stone.
An American plum, ripe in the middle and end of September, said
to be very good in the United States, where it is also said to be a free-
stone ; but from the fact of its being of inferior flavour and a cling-
stone with us, it is evident that our climate is not suitable to it. It
was raised by Mr. C. Reagles, of Schenectady, New York, from seed of
Washington. Shoots, smooth.
RED APRICOT [Abricot Rouge; Ahricotee Rouge). — Fruit, medium
size, two inches in diameter ; round, rather flattened at the apex, and
with a very shallow suture. Skin, yellowish in the shade, mottled and
streaked with thin red ; and on the side exposed to the sun it is entirely
covered with thin pale red, with mottles of the yellow ground colour
shining through. Stalk, an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, yellow, with thin hair-like white veins, orange sweet,
rather dry, pasty, and without much flavour ; separating freely from
the stone.
An inferior dessert plum, but useful for cooking ; ripe in the be-
ginning of September. The tree is luxuriant and the young shoots
are smooth.
Red Damask. See Orleans.
Red Diaper. See Diapr6e Rouge.
Red Fotheringham. See Fotheringham.
PLUBfS. 721
Red Imperial. See Red Magnum Bonum.
RED MAGNUM BONUM [Askew's Purple Egg; Dame Axihert
Violette : Florence ; Imperiale ; Imperiale Rouge ; Imperiale Violette ;
Mogul Rouge; (Euf Rouge ; Purple Egg ; Red Egg ; Red Impenal). —
Flesh, large ; oval, and narrowing a little towards the stalk ; marked
with a distinct suture, one side of which is frequently higher than the
other. Skin, deep red where exposed to the sun, but paler in the
shade, strewed with grey dots, and covered with blue bloom. Stalk,
an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, greenish, firm, rather
coarse, not very juicy, briskly flavoured, and separating from the
stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the beginning and middle of September.
The young shoots are smooth. The tree is very vigorous and hardy,
and an excellent bearer as a standard.
This plum has been cultivated in this country since the time of Parkinson, being
mcDtioned by him and all subsequent English authors under the name of Imperial
or Red Imperial, and is first called Red Magnum Bonum by Langley.
RED PERDRIGON (Perdrigon Rouge).— Frmi, small; roundish
oval. Skin, fine deep red, marked with fawn-coloured dots, and thickly
covered with pale blue bloom. Stalk, an inch long, stout, inserted in
a round cavity. Flesh, clear yellow, firm, rich, juicy, and sugary, and
separating from the stone.
A dessert plum ; ripe in the middle and end of September. Shoots,
downy.
Reina Nova. See Belle de Septembre.
REINE BLANCHE. — Fruit, the size of Green Gage ; round, and
flattened at the crown, with a very distinct suture, which is often deep
at the crown. Skin, greenish, becoming yellowish as it ripens, covered
with thin whitish bloom. Stalk, very short and stout, set in a wide
cavity. Flesh, green, juicy, sweet, and well-flavoured ; adhering to
the stone.
A second-rate plum ; ripe in the middle and end of September.
Shoots, downy.
Reine Claude. See Green Gage.
Reine Claude d'Althann. See Count Althann^s Gage.
Reine Claude Althans. See Count Althann's Gage.
Reine Claude Comte Althan. See Count Althann's Gage.
Reine Claude de Comte Hathem. See Count Althann's Gage.
REINE CLAUDE DE BKN kY {Monstrueuse de Bavay; St. Claire).
— Fruit, large ; roundish, and flattened at both ends. Skin, greenish
yellow, mottled and streaked with green, sprinkled with dark red spots
on the exposed side, and covered with a delicate white bloom. Stalk,
46
722 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
half an inch long, stout, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellow,
tender, melting, and very juicy, with a rich, sugary flavour, and
separating from the stone.
A first-rate dessert plum of exquisite flavour ; ripe in the end of
September and beginning of October. Shoots, smooth.
Reine Claude de Berger. See Peach.
Reine Claude Boddaert. See Boddaerfs Green Gage.
Reine Claude Braunau. See Ahricotee de Braunau.
Reine Claude de Brahy. See Brahy's Green Gage.
Reine Claude Diaphane. See Transparent Gage.
Reine Claude Grosse. See Green Gage,
Reine Claude de Bavay Hative. See July Green Gage.
Reine Claude de Jodoigne. See Jodoigne Green Gage.
Reine Claude d'Octobre. See Late Green Gage.
Reine Claude d'Oullins. See Oullins Golden.
Reine Claude Petite. See Yellow Gage.
Reine Claude Precoce. See Oulliiis Golden.
Reine Claude Rouge. See Van Moris' Red.
Reine Claude Tardive. See Late Green Gage.
Reine Claude Violette. See Purple Gage.
REINE VICTORIA.— This is a French variety, and quite distinct
from the Victoria. It is of short oval shape, much like Kirke's, but
not quite so round. Skin, dark reddish purple. Flesh, very juicy,
rich, and agreeable, and separating from the stone.
It is from two to three weeks later than Kirke's. Shoots, downy.
Rensselaer Green Gage. See Green Gage.
RIVERS'S BLUE PROLIFIC— A small oval purple plum, raised
by Mr. Rivers, remarkable for its fertility. The flesh is rather coarse,
juicy, and with a brisk flavour, and adheres closely to the stone.
It is ripe in the middle of August.
Rivers's Early Damson. See Damson.
RIVERS'S EARLY APRICOT (Early Transparent Gage).— Fruit,
above medium size, an inch and three-quarters wide and over an inch
high ; roundish and oblate, marked with a very shallow suture. Skin,
yellowish green when quite ripe, mottled with crimson on the side next
the sun. Stalk, about half an inch long, slender. Flesh, greenish
PLUMS. 728
yellow, firm, very juicy, and richly flavoured, separating freely from
the stone, which is small and round.
This delicious plum is equal in flavour to the Green Gage, and is as
large as the Transparent Gage, from which it was raised by Mr. Rivers,
of Sawbridgeworth. It ripens in the beginning of August. The tree
is hardy, and an excellent bearer. Young shoots, downy.
Robe de Sargent. See UAgen.
Roche Corbon. See Diapree Rouge,
ROE'S AUTUMN {Autumn Gage; Roe's Autumn Gage).— Fruit,
medium sized ; oval, marked with a shallow suture, which extends to
half the length of the fruit. Skin, pale yellow, covered with thin
whitish bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long, not depressed.
Flesh, greenish yellow, juicy and sweet, with a rich and excellent
flavour, separating from the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of October. The tree
is an excellent bearer. Shoots, smooth.
Roe's Autumn Gage. See Roes Autumn,
Rotherham. See Winesour.
Round Damson. See Damson.
Royal BuUace. See Bullace.
ROYAL DAUPHINE.— Fruit, large; oval. Skin, pale red on the
shaded side, marked with green specks, but darker red next the sun,
mottled with darker and lighter shades, and covered with violet bloom.
Stalk, an inch long, stout. Flesh, greenish yellow, sweet, and subacid,
separating from the stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the beginning of September. Shoots,
smooth.
Royal. See Royale,
Royal Red. See Royale.
ROYALE {Royal ; Royal Red ; Sir Charles Worsley's).— Fruit, rather
above medium size; round, narrowing towards the stalk, and marked
on one side with a well-defined suture, which is deepest at the apex.
Skin, fine light purple, strewed with a few fawn-coloured dots, and
covered with a thick pale blue bloom. Stalk, about an inch long, stout
and downy, and inserted in a smull cavity. Flesh, yellowish, firm,
juicy, melting, with a rich juicy and delicious flavour, separating from
the stone.
A dessert plum of the finest quality ; ripe in the middle of August.
Young shoots, downy. Tree, a strong and vigorous grower ; a good,
724 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
but not an abundant bearer. It requires a south-east or west wall to
have the fruit in perfection, and when well ripened will shrivel and dry
on the tree.
EOYALE HATIVE {Early Royal; Miviam) .—Fruit, medium
sized ; roundish, narrowing towards the apex. Skin, hght purple,
strewed with fawn-coloured dots, and covered with blue bloom. Stalk,
half an inch long, stout, and inserted without depression. Flesh,
yellow, juicy, and melting, with an exceedingly rich and delicious
flavour, and separating from the stone.
A first-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the end of July and beginning of
August. Shoots, downy.
KOYALE DE TOURS.— Fruit, large ; roundish, with a well-defined
suture, which extends on one side the whole of its length. Skin, light
purple, strewed with small yellow dots next the sun, and of a pale red
colour in the shade, and thickly covered with blue bloom. Stalk,
about three-quarters of an inch long, stout, and inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, delicate, very juicy, and richly
flavoured, adhering to the stone.
An excellent plum either for the dessert or preserving ; ripe in the
beginning and middle of August. The young shoots are downy. The
tree is very vigorous, and a good bearer.
St. Barnabe. See White Primordian.
ST. CATHERINE (Bricette). — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, being
widest at the apex, and tapering towards the stalk, with a well-marked
suture on one side, which is deepest towards the stalk, and terminating
at the apex in a small depression. Skin, pale yellow, and when
ripened dotted with red, thick, and adhering to the flesh, covered with
pale bloom. Stalk, slender, three-quarters of an inch long, inserted in
a narrow cavity. Flesh, yellow, delicate, and melting, with a rich sugary
and sprightly flavour, adhering to the stone.
A very excellent old French plum, which is highly esteemed either
for dessert use, for preserving, or drying ; ripe in the middle of Septem-
ber. Young shoots, smooth. The tree is a vigorous grower, and an
excellent bearer. It succeeds well as a standard, and when grown
against a wall the fruit will shrivel and dry, forming an excellent prune.
It is then considerably larger than from a standard, when it is rather
dry and very apt to be shaken down by high winds before it is ripe.
St. Clair. See Beine Claude de Bavay.
St. Cloud. See Goliath,
ST. ETIENNE. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish oval, frequently
somewhat heart-shaped. Skin, thin, greenish yellow, strewed with red
dots and flakes, and sometimes with a red blush on the side next the
sun. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh,
PLUMS. 725
yellow, tender, melting, and juicy, rich and delicious, separating from
the stone.
A first-rate dessert plum ; ripe in the end of July and beginning of
August. Shoots, smooth.
ST. JULIEN.— Fruit, medium sized ; obovate. Skin, brownish
purple, covered with pale blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, in-
serted in a small narrow cavity. Flesh, greenish, adhering to the
stone, with a brisk, sugary, and pleasant flavour.
A good plum for preserving, and not unworthy of the dessert ; ripe
in October. Young shoots, downy. The tree is scarcely ever culti-
vated for the fruit, but it forms one of the best stocks on which to
bud peaches, nectarines, and apricots. It is not so generally cultivated
in this couutry for that purpose as the Brussels and Mussel Plums, but
on the Continent the preference is given to this variety. The fruit
has the property of hanging on the tree till it shrivels, when it may be
eaten as a sweetmeat. It does well also for drying artificially.
St. Martin. See Coe's Late Bed,
St. Martin Rouge. See Coe's Late Bed.
ST. MARTIN'S QUETSCHE.— Fruit, medium sized ; ovate, or
rather heart-shaped. Skin, pale yellow, covered with white bloom.
Flesh, yellowish, sweet, and well flavoured, separating from the stone.
A very late plum ; ripe in the middle of October. Shoots, smooth.
St. Maurin. See D'Agen.
SANDALL'S. — Fruit, medium sized ; round, resembling Orleans..
Skin, dark violet-purple, slightly spotted, covered with a thick bloom.
Flesh, firm, reddish yellow or amber, adhering firmly to the stone,
juicy, and with a pleasant flavour resembling that of the Damson.
This is a very valuable late plum for culinary purposes ; it ripens in
the end of September, and will hang for a long time. It does not crack
with the rain as many kinds do. The tree attains a great size, and
produces small leaves and twiggy shoots like the Damson. Young;
shoots, smooth.
It is much grown about Fulham and Chiswick for the markets.
Sans Noyau. See Stoneless.
Schuyler Gage. See Green Gage.
Semiana. See Italian Prune,
Shailer's White Damson. See Damson.
Sharp's Emperor. See Victoria.
Sheen. See Fotheringham.
Shropshire Damson. See Damson.
726 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Sir Charles Worsley's. See Boy ale.
SMALL WHITE DAMASK [Damas Blanc Petit).— Yxmi, small ;
roundish, inclining to ovate, and wider at the apex, swollen on one side
of the suture. Skin, greenish yellow, covered with thin white bloom.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender, not depressed. Flesh, yellow, juicy,
sugary, and well flavoured, and separating from the stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the middle of September. The young
shoots are smooth, and the appearance of the tree is similar to Large
White Damask, so much so, indeed, that they have been considered by
some identical, which they are not.
SMITH'S ORLEANS.— Fruit, large ; oval, or roundish oval, widest
towards the stalk, and marked with a deep suture. Skin, reddish
purple, strewed with yellow dots, and covered with thick blue bloom.
Stalk, half an inch long, slender. Flesh, deep yellow, firm, juicy, rich,
briskly flavoured, and perfumed, adhering to the stone.
A rather coarse plum ; ripe in the end of August. Shoots, smooth.
STANDARD OF ENGLAND.— Fruit, above medium size ; obovate,
and marked with a faint suture. Skin, pale red, strewed with yellow
dots, and covered with thin bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, very slender, green, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellow,
with white veins, rather firm, juicy, and briskly flavoured, adhering
to the stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the beginning and middle of September.
Shoots, smooth.
Steer's Emperor. See Gcliath.
STONELESS [Kirke's Stoneless; Saiis Noyau). — Fruit, small; oval.
Skin, dark purple, or rather black, covered with blue bloom. Stalk,
half an inch long. Flesh, greenish yellow, at first harsh and acid, but
when highly ripened and beginning to shrivel it is more pleasant, and
has a mellow and pleasant flavour.
A very singular little plum, being destitute of any stone wherewith
to envelope the kernel, which has only a thin membrane between it
and the pulp. It ripens in the beginning of September. The young
shoots are downy. The tree is a small and compact grower, and does
not bear well.
This is an old variety, being mentioned by Merlet ; but either on account of its
little value, or being little known, it is not noticed by any subsequent writer before
the time of Duhamel. It has been many years in this country, although Kirke,
the nurseryman at Brompton, gave it, like many other fruits, liis own name. It
was for upwards of a century cultivated in the Brompton Park Nursery, where in
all probability it was introduced from the Continent by George London, who was
for some time under De la Quintinye in the Royal Gardens at Versailles.
Sucrin Vert. See Green Gage.
SUISSE {Altesse ; Monsieur Tardif ; Switzer's Plum). — Fruit,
PLUMS. 727
medium sized ; round, slightly depressed at the apex, and marked with
a very shallow suture. Skin, thick, separating freely from the flesh,
of a tine clear purple next the sun, and red on the shaded side, marked
with several fawn-coloured dots, and thickly coloured with pale blue
bloom. Stalk, three quarters of an inch long, set in a rather wide
cavity. Flesh, greenish yellow, juicy, and melting, with a rich, brisk,
and pleasant flavour, adhering to the stone.
An excellent plum for drying or preserving ; ripe in October. The
young shoots are smooth. The tree is vigorous and an excellent
bearer when grown against a wall. The fruit will hang till it shrivels,
when it forms a delicious sweetmeat.
This plum is often met with in the French nurseries under the name of Irap6ra-
trice Violette and Altesse, hence it is that Ahesse is sometimes applied to our
Blue Inipcratrice. It is the Imperatrice of Merlet. The Suisse of Merlet is a long
plum, resembling the Red Magnum Bonum, and with the flesh separatmg from the
stone. It is frequently met with in the French nurseries under the name of
Quetsche, and I have no doubt it is the Quetsche d'ltalie.
SULTAN. — Fruit, above medium size ; round, marked with a deep
suture. Skin, dark purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk,
about half an inch long, inserted in a wide hollow. Flesh, greenish
yellow, adhering to the stone, firm, brisk, and sweet, with a pleasant
flavour.
A culinary plum of great excellence ; ripe in the middle of August.
It bears considerable resemblance to Orleans, but the tree is a most
profuse bearer, and the fruit is so much earlier. Young shoots, smooth.
A seedling raised by Mr. Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, in 1871, from Belle de
Septembre.
Sweet Damson. See Eitgene Fiirst.
Sweet Prune. See Quetsche.
Switzer's Plum. See Suisse.
TAEDIVE DE CHALONS.— Fruit, rather small ; round, inclining
to oval, and marked with a well-defined suture. Skin, brownish red,
thinly strewn with minute dots. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long.
Flesh, firm, tender, sweet, and well flavoured, separating with difficulty
from the stone. Shoots, downy.
A dessert or preserving plum ; ripe in October.
TAY BANK [Giithne's Tay Bank). — Fruit, an inch and three-
quarters long, and an inch and a half wide ; roundish oval, with a faint
suture. Skin, yellow, or greenish yellow, and with crimson specks on
the side next the sun. Stalk, upwards of an inch long, slender,
inserted almost level with the surface. Flesh, yellow, veined with
white, tender, melting, juicy, and richly flavoured ; very sweet, like a
preserve, but not equal in flavour to Green Gage, as it lacks briskness ;
it adheres to the stone.
A dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of September.
/
728 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
TOT AZ [Guthrie's Topaz). — Fruit, medium sized; oval, narrowing
at the stalk, and marked with a distinct suture. Skin, fine clear yellow
covered with thin bloom. Stalk, an inch long, inserted in a small
cavity. Flesh, yellow, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured, adhering to
the stone. Shoots, smooth.
A dessert plum ; ripening in the middle and end of September, and
hanging till it shrivels,
TEANSPAEENT GAGE {Eeine Claude Diaphane).—FYmt, larger
than the Green Gage ; round, and very much flattened, marked w^th a
shallow suture. Skin, thin, and so transparent as to show the texture
of the flesh, and also the stone, when the fruit is held up betw^een the
eye and the light; greenish yellow, dotted and marbled with red.
Stalk, half an inch long, thin, and inserted in a rather deep cavity.
Flesh, greenish yellow, rather firm and transparent, very juicy, and
with a rich honied sweetness, separating from the stone.
A most delicious dessert plum ; ripe in the beginning of September.
Young shoots, smooth.
Trompe Gar9on. See Green Gage,
Trompe Valet. See Green Gage.
Turkish Quetsche. See Quetsche.
VAN MONS' EED [Eeine Claude Rouge Van Ifom).— Fruit, very
large ; roundish oval. Skin, reddish purple, dotted with yellow russet
dots, and covered with very thick bluish white bloom. Stalk, thick,
about an inch long, inserted in a deep cavity. Flesh, firm and crisp,
juicy, sugary, and deliciously flavoured, and separating from the
stone.
One of the finest dessert plums ; ripe in the end of August and
beginning of September. Shoots, downy.
Verdacia. See Green Gage.
Verdochio. See Green Gage.
Verte Bonne. See Green Gage.
Verte Tiquetee. See Green Gage.
VICTOEIA [Alderton; Denyers Victoria; Sharp's Emperor). —
Fruit, large ; roundish oval, marked with a shallow suture. Skin,
bright red on the side next the sun, but pale red on the shaded side,
and covered with thin bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch long,
stout. Flesh, yellow, very juicy, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured,
separating from the stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in the beginning and middle of September.
The tree is an immense bearer, and ought to find a place in every
garden, however small. Young shoots, downy.
This is a Sussex plum, and was discovered in a garden at Alderton in that
PLUMS. 729
county. It became known as Sharp's Emperor, and was ultimately sold by a
nurseryman named Denver, at Brixton, near London, at a high price as a new
variety under the name of Denyer's Victoria, in the year 1844,
VIOLET DAMASK (Damas Violet).— Fmit, medium sized; oval,
without any apparent suture, but slightly flattened on one side ; nar-
rowing towards the stalk, and slightly flattened on one side. Skin,
reddish purple, covered with delicate blue bloom. Stalk, half an inch
long, pretty stout and downy, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellow, firm, sweet, and briskly flavoured, separating from the stone.
A good plum either for the dessert or preserving ; ripe in the end of
August. Young shoots, downy. Tree, vigorous, but generally a shy
bearer, except in a dry, warm situation, when it is very prolific.
In the Horticultural Society's Catalogue this is made synonymous with Queen
Mother, which has smooth shoots. The error may have arisen from Parkinson
making his Damask Violet the same as Queen Mother, but these are two very
distinct varieties. The fruit of the one is ovate, and the other round.
Violet Gage. See Purple Gage.
Violet Perdrigon. See Blus Perdrujon,
Violette de Tours. See Precoce de Tours,
Virginale Blanche. See Yellow Imperatrice,
Virginian Cherry. See Chen-y.
WASHINGTON {Bolmar ; Bohnar's Washington; Franklin; Irvincfs
Bolmar; Parker's Mammoth). — Fruit, large ; roundish ovate, with a
very faint suture on one side, but which near the stalk is deep and
well defined. Skin, dull yellow, mottled, and clouded with green, but
when fully ripe it changes to deep yellow, marked with crimson dots,
and covered with pale bluish grey bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an
inch long, slightly downy, and inserted in a wide, shallow cavity.
Flesh, yellow, firm, separating from the stone, and of a rich, sugary,
and luscious flavour. ,
One of the best of plums, considering all its qualities ; ripe in Sep-
tember. The young shoots are downy. The tree attains a large size,
is hardy, a vigorous grower, and an abundant bearer. It succeeds well
as a standard, and may be grown either on an east or south-west wall,
but does not succeed well on the south aspect.
The original tree was produced in the city of New York. It originated as a
sucker from a grafted tree, and was purchased as a sucker by a Mr. Bolmar, in
Chatham Street, from a market woman. He planted it, and in 1818 it produced
fruit. It was introduced to this country in 1819 by Robert Barclay, Esq., of Bury
Hill, and in 1821 it was sent by Dr. Hosack to the Horticultural Society.
WATERLOO. — A medium sized oval yellow plum, resembling
Coe's Golden Drop in form and colour.
It was found at Waterloo, in Belgium, and brought into notice by
Dr. Van Mons. It is a clingstone, and ripens in the middle of
September.
780 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
Waterloo of Kent. See Bush.
Wentworth. See White Magnum Bonum.
WHEAT. — Fruit, small ; roundish oval, marked on one side with a
shallow suture, which is swollen on one side. Skin, bright fiery red
next the sun, pale yellow in the shade, and covered with thin white
bloom. Stalk, half an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
greenish yellow, firm, and adhering to the stone, and of a sweet and
subacid flavour.
A very old dessert plum ; ripe in the middle and end of August.
The young shoots are smooth and slender ; the tree is a small grower
but an excellent bearer.
White BuUace. See Bullace.
White Damson. See Damson.
WHITE IMPERATKICE (Imperatnce Blanche).— Frnit, medium
sized ; obovate, marked on one side with a faint suture, which terminates
at the apex in the slight depression. Skin, bright yellow with occa-
sionally a few red spots, and covered with thin white bloom. Stalk,
half an inch long, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, yellow, firm,
crisp, and juicy, almost transparent, sweet, and separating freely from
the stone ; when too ripe apt to become mealy.
A plum of second-rate quality ; ripe in the beginning and middle of
September. The shoots are smooth, short, and slender. The tree is
not vigorous nor a large grower, and requires the protection of a wall,
of which it is unworthy.
WHITE MAGNUM BONUM [Askew' s Golden Egg ; Bonum
Magnum; Dame Aubert ; Da7ne Auhert Blanche; Egg Plum ; Grosse
Luisante; ImpeHale Blanche ; White Mogul; Yellow Magnum Bonum).
— Fruit, of the largest size ; oval, with a rather deep suture extending
the whole length on one side. Skin, thick and membranous, and adhering
to the flesh, deep yellow, and covered with thin white bloom. Stalk,
an inch long, and inserted without depression. Flesh, yellow, firm,
coarse-grained, with a brisk subacid flavour, and adhering to the stone.
A culinary plum highly esteemed for preserving ; ripe in September.
The young shoots are smooth. The tree is a strong and vigorous
grower and bears well either as a standard or an espalier, and when
grown against a south wall the fruit is considerably improved both in
size and flavour.
White Mirabelle. See Mirahelle Petite.
White Mogul. See White Magnum Bonum.
WHITE PEEDRIGON (Brignole ; Maitre Claude; Perdrigon
Blanc). — Fruit, medium sized ; oval, narrowing towards the stalk, with
PLUMS. 731
a faint suture on one side. Skin, thick and membranous, pale yellow
strewed with white dots, marked with a few red spots next the sun,
and covered with thin white bloom. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, slender, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh, gi-eenish, tender,
juicy, rich, sweet, and slightly perfumed, separating from the stone.
An excellent plum for drying and preserving ; ripe in the end of
August. The tree is an excellent bearer, but requires to be grown
against a wall. Young shoots, downy.
WHITE PRIMORDIAN {Amber Pnmordian ; Avant Prune
Blanche; D^Avoine; Be Catalogue-; Catalonian ; Ceiisette Blanche ;
Early Yellow; Jaime de Catalogue ; Jaune Hdtive ; London Plum;
Pickett's July; St. Barnahe). — Fruit, small ; oval, narrowing towards
the stalk. Skin, pale yellow, covered with thin white bloom. Stalk,
half an inch long, very slender, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh,
yellow, tender, sweet, and pleasantly flavoured, separating from the
stone.
A very early dessert plum ; ripe in the end of July. The tree
is of slender growth, and is a very prolific bearer. Young shoots,
downy. Though by no means a plum of the first quality, it is worth
growing against a wall on account of its earliness.
WHITLEY'S. — Fruit, below medium size ; round, with a very faint
suture, and with a slight elevation, on which the stalk is placed. Skin,
red, strewed with yellow dots, darker on the side next the sun than on
the shaded side. Stalk, half an inch long, slender, inserted on the level
of a small swelling. Flesh, yellow, with thread-like white veins; juicy,
sweet, and well flavoured, adhering to the stone.
A second-rate plum, ripe in the middle of September.
Wilmot's Early Orleans. See Early Orleans.
Wilmot's Green Gage. See Green Gage.
Wilmot's Late Orleans. See Goliath,
Wilmot's Orleans. See Early Orleam.
WINESOUR {Rotherham). — Fruit, below medium size ; oval. Skin,
dark purple, covered with darker purple specks. Stalk, half an inch
long. Flesh, greenish yellow, agreeably acid, and having red veins
near the stone, to which it adheres, and when cooked the small end of
the stone is bright red.
A very valuable preserving plum, ripe in the middle of September.
Young shoots, downy.
WOOLSTON BLACK.— Fruit, about medium size; round, and
marked with a shallow suture. Skin, deep purple, almost black, strewed
with small dots, and covered with blue bloom. Flesh, melting, juicy,
sugary, and rich, separating from the stone.
782 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A delicious dessert plum. It is ripe in the beginning of September,
and becomes quite a sweetmeat when it shrivels. Shoots, smooth.
WYEDALE. — Fruit, below medium size ; oval. Skin, dark purple,
almost black, and covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk, bright green
to the last, set in a small cavity. Flesh, brisk, juicy, and agreeably
flavoured, adhering closely to the stone.
A culinary plum ; ripe in October. It is much grown in the northern
parts of Yorkshire, and is not unlike the Winesour in appearance, but
is very much later.
Yellow Apricot. See Apricot,
YELLOW DAMASK (Damns Jaime). — Fruit, below medium size ;
nearly round. Skin, yellow, with a fine white bloom. Flesh, very
juicy and rich, separating from the stone.
A delicious little plum ; ripe in the beginning of October. Shoots,
smooth.
YELLOW GAGE (Gonne's Green Gage; Little Queen Claude;
Heine Claude Petite; Petit Damas Vert; WJiite Ga(/e). — Fruit, below
medium size ; round, and marked with a shallow suture. Skin, green-
ish yellow, thickly covered with white bloom. Stalk, half an inch long,
inserted in a pretty deep cavity. Flesh, yellowish white, firm, rather
coarse-grained, but sweet and pleasantly flavoured, separating from the
stone.
A dessert plum of second-rate quality ; ripe in the beginning and
middle of September. Shoots, smooth.
YELLOW IMPERATRICE (Altesse Blanche; Monsieur a Fruits
Jaime; Virginale Blanche). — Fruit, large ; roundish oval, marked with
a suture, which is deep at the apex, and becomes shallow towards the
stalk. Skin, deep golden yellow, with a few streaks of red about the
stalk, which is half an inch long. Flesh, yellow, juicy, and melting,
sugary, and richly flavoured, and adhering to the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripe in the middle of August. Shoots,
smooth.
YELLOW JERUSALEM {Jenisalem Jaime; Jahn's Gelhe Jerusa-
lems-})Jlaume). — Fruit, an inch and three-quarters in diameter ; roundish
oval, with a faint suture. Skin, golden or deep yellow, speckled with
crimson on the side next the sun. Stalk, three-quarters of an inch
long, slender, deeply inserted. Flesh, yellow, with white veins, tender,
juicy, sweet, brisk, and highly flavoured, adhering to the stone.
An excellent dessert plum ; ripening in the beginning of September.
Yellow Magnum Bonum. See White Magnum Bonum.
Yellow Perdrigon. See Drap d'Or.
Zwetsche. See Quetsche.
788
LIST OF SELECT PLUMS,
ABRAXGED IN THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING.
JoIjGiceB Gage
Rircn's Earijr Apckot
I's Superb
I^<h%c« Violet HAtif
GrccaGage
Ear?v Rivers
EariV Orleans
L FOR DSSSKBT.
OalliMOoUn
HBlrngBTt Sapcffc
Bejmakau Gage
PiirpleGa^
Jeffosoa
Earke*s
Topaz
Cbe's GoMen Drop
Gicc« G^e
Wlute Magmun Bonam
Joir Green Gage
I>e*llovtfort
Greea Gage
Woolsloa
n. FOR COOKING.
Goliath
Prince of Wales
Victoria
m. FOR PRESERVING.
DiamoDd
IV. FOB WALL&
Purple Gage
Italian Prune
Coe's Golden Drop
LateRrrers
DianKKid
Aatomn Compote
Belle de Sepcembre
Damson
Autumn Compote
Bine Imperatrice
Ickworth Imperatrice
BBlyfRivers
Earty Orleans
GBbone's
V. FOR ORCHARDS AND MARKETING.
Orleans Prince Engelbeit
Prince of Wales Pond's Seedling
Vactona Damson
THE BEST DESSERT PLUMS,
ARRANGED IN THEIR ORDER OF RIPENING.
July.
Sia^&eaGace
JafyGraeaG^e
StEtfenne
AuQusL
Rhers^s Earljr Apricot
Bovale BatiTe
DeMontfoct
Oullins Goldea
ilirabelle Petite
Perdrigon Violet Hatif
Bojale
Bovale de Tours
Yellow Imperatrice
Drap d'Or
Denniston's Superb
^eoiGage
Golden Esperen
Halings's Superb
BrfBUtoa Gage
September.
Van Mons' Red
Lawrence Gage
Purple Gage
Transparent Gage
WooUton Black
Jefferson
Kirke's
Abricotee de Braunau
Angelina BurdeCt
Washington
Cofaiml»a
JodoigBe Green Gage
I«wsoa*s Crolden
One's Golden Drop
Cooper's Large
Guthrie's late Green
Liegel's Apricot
Topaz
IdOe Greoi Gage
Octobin^.
NouTelle de DoreBe
Retne Claude de Baraj
Imperiale de lVfiTi|T|
Yellovr Damask
Blue Imperatrice
Ick worth Imperatrice
Late Rivers
784
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
QUINCES.
APPLE-SHAPED. — Fruit, large, roundish, and very similar in
shape to an apple. The skin is of a fine golden yellow colour when
ripe ; and the flavour of the flesh when stewed is very excellent.
PEAR-SHAPED. — This is the variety which is most commonly
grown, and is very often met with in shrubberies as an ornamental
tree. The fruit, as the name implies, is shaped like a pear, tapering
to the stalk. The skin is yellow, and somewhat woolly. The flesh is
dry, woolly, and not so succulent as the former, although it is, perhaps,
more cultivated than that variety.
PORTUGAL. — This is a superior variety to either of the above, the
fruit being much milder in flavour, and better adapted for marmalade
and stewing. The tree is a much more luxuriant grower, but does not
bear freely, and hence its cultivation is not so general as is that of the
others. The fruit has the property of changing to a red colour when
cooked.
RASPBEERIES.
SYNOPSIS OF RASPBERRIES.
Black
I. SUMMER BEARERS.
1. Fruit black.
I Black Cap
2. Fruit red.
Bamet
Baumforth's Seedling
Carter's Prolific
Cornwell's Victoria
Cushirg
Fastolf
Fran con i a
Knevett's Giant
Brinckle's Orange
Magnum Bonum
Lord Beaconsfield
Northumberland Fillbasket
Prince of Wales
Red Antwerp
Round Antwerp
Vice-President French
Walker's Dulcis
3. Fruit yellow.
Sweet Yellow Antwerp
Yellow Antwerp
II. AUTUMNAL BEARERS.
1. Fruit black.
Autumn Black
New Rochelle
Ohio Everbearing
Belle de Fontenay
Large Monthly
McLaren's Prolific
RASPBERRIES. 785
2. Fruit red.
October Red
Rogers's Victoria
3. Fruit yellow.
October Yellow.
A Gros Fruits Rouges. See Red Antwerp.
American Black. See Black Cap.
D'Anvers k Fruits Ronds. See Round Antwerp.
AUTUMN BLACK.— This is a variety raised by Mr. Rivers from
the new race of Black Raspberries which he has for some years been
experimenting upon. These Black Raspberries are evidently the
result of a cross between the Blackberry and the Raspberry, pos-
sessing the rambling growth of the former with the large succulent
fruit of the latter. The Autumn Black produces from its summer
shoots a full crop of medium-sized dark fruit of the colour of the
Blackberry, and partaking much of its flavour.
Ripe in October.
BARNET (Sarw^t Cane; CornwelVs Prolific; ComwelVs Seedling;
Lavf/e Red ; Lord ExmoutKs). — The fruit is large ; roundish ovate, of
a bright purplish red colour.
This is larger than the Red Antwerp, but not equal to it in flavour ;
it is, nevertheless, an excellent variety, and an abundant summer
bearer.
Barnet Care. See Barnet.
BAUMFORTH'S SEEDLING.— This seems to be an improved
form of Northumberland Fillhasket, from which it was raised. The
berries are large, of a dark crimson colour, with an excellent flavour.
The plant is a vigorous grower, with dark green foUage, and has a
tendency to produce an autumnal crop.
BELLE DE FONTENAY {Belle d' Orleans). —An autumn-bearing
variety, of dwarf habit, and with large leaves, quite silvery on their
under surface. The fruit is large, round, of a red colour and good
flavour.
Ripe in October.
The plant is a shy bearer, and throws up suckers so profusely as to
be almost a weed ; but if the suckers are thinned out it bears better.
Belle d'Orleans. See Belle de Fontenay.
BLACK. — This is a hybrid between the Blackberry and the Rasp-
736 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
berry, and is the parent of all the black autumn-bearing varieties,
although itself a summer bearer. It has long, dark-coloured canes
and small purple fruit, with much of the Blackberry flavour. This
variety was obtained at Weathersfield, in Essex, upwards of forty years
ago, and has since been cultivated by Mr. Rivers, who has succeeded
in obtaining from it his new race of autumn-bearing black varieties.
BLACK CAP (American Black). — This is the Rubus occidentalis,
called Black Raspberry, or Thimbleberry, by the Americans. The
fruit has a fine, brisk, acid flavour, and is much used in America for
pies and puddings.
It ripens later than the other summer-bearing varieties.
BRINCKLE'S ORANGE (Orange).— A variety introduced from
America, where it is considered the finest yellow sort in cultivation.
In this country it is smaller than the Yellow Antwerp, and more acid.
The plants throw up an abundance of suckers. It is a summer
variety.
Burley. See Red Antwerp.
CARTER'S PROLIFIC— Fruit, large and round, of a deep red
colour, with a firm flesh of excellent flavour. A summer-bearing
variety of great excellence, exceedingly prolific, and very much culti-
vated in the Kentish orchards. Raised by Mr. Carter, nurseryman, at
Keighley, in Yorkshire.
De Chili. See Yellow Antwerp.
Cornwell's Prolific. See Barnet.
Corn well's Seedling. See Barnet.
CORNWELL'S VICTORIA.— The fruit of this variety is large and
of fine flavour, but its drupes adhere so loosely to the core as to
crumble off* in gathering. A summer bearer.
CUSHING. — Fruit, large ; roundish, inclining to conical, of a bright
crimson colour, and with a briskly acid flavour. A summer bearer.
Cutbush's Prince of Wales. See Prince of Wales.
Double-bearing Yellow. See Yellow Antwerp.
FASTOLF {Filhy).—Frmi, large ; roundish conical, bright purplish
red, and of excellent flavour. A summer bearer.
Filby. See Fastolf.
FRANCONIA. — Fruit, large ; obtuse conical, of a dark purplish red
colour and good flavour, briskly acid. A summer bearer.
French. See Vice-President French.
Howland's Red Antwerp. See Bed Antwerp.
EASPBERKIES. 787
Knevett's Antwerp. See Red Antwerp,
KNEVETT'S GIANT.— Fruit, large ; obtuse conical, deep red, and
of good flavour. A summer bearer.
LAKGE MONTHLY (Large-fruited Monthly; Rivers' s Monthly;
De Tons le Mois a Gros Fruits Rouyes). — This is a most abundant-
bearing autumnal variety, producing fruit above the medium size ;
roundish conical, of a crimson colour, and of excellent flavour.
McLAREN'S PROLIFIC— Fruit, large; roundish, inclining to
conical, of a very deep crimson colour, very fleshy and juicy, with
a brisk and pleasant flavour.
A double-bearing variety, of robust growth, and producing enormous
second crops on the young shoots of the same season.
Large Red. See Barnet.
Late-bearing Antwerp. See Red Antwerp,
Lawton. See New Rochelle.
LORD BEACONSFIELD.— The fruit is large, highly coloured, and
of excellent flavour, and the plant is an abundant bearer.
Lord Exmouth's. See Barnet.
MAGNUM BONUM. — A yellow summer-bearing variety, inferior in
size and flavour to Yellow Antwerp. The fruit is of a pale yellow
colour, with firm flesh. The plant, like Brinckle's Orange and Belle
de Fontenay, becomes a perfect weed from the profusion of suckers it
throws up.
Merveille de Quatre Saisons Jaune. See October Yellow,
Merveille de Quatre Saisons Rouge. See October Red.
NEW ROCHELLE {Lawton; Seacor's Mammoth). — An American
autumn-bearing variety, having the rambling habit of growth of the
common Bramble. It produces fruit in great abundance, of a large
oval shape and a deep black colour, very juicy, and agreeably
flavoured.
This has not been sufficiently proved in this country to admit of a
correct estimate being formed of its merits.
NORTHUMBERLAND FILLBASKET.— Fruit, rather large ;
roundish, inclining to conical, of a deep red colour and good flavour.
The plant is a strong, vigorous grower, and an abundant summer
bearer.
OCTOBER RED (Mei-veille de Quatre Saisons Rouge).— The fruit of
this variety produced from the old canes left in spring is small and
inferior ; but the suckers put forth in June furnish an abundant crop
47
738 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
of large-sized bright red fruit, which commences to ripen in Sep-
tember and continues far into November, if the autumn be dry and
mild.
OCTOBER YELLOW {Merveille de Quatre Saiso7is Jamie).— This
possesses the same qualities as the preceding, and is distinguished
from it by the fruit being yellow. It is not quite so large as the Yellow
Antwerp, and in a fine season is sweet and agreeable.
OHIO EVERBEARING. — This is an American variety, similar in
all respects to a Black Cap, with this exception, that it is an
autumnal-bearing variety, and produces abundant crops of fruit late in
the season.
Orange. See BrincTde's Orange.
PRINCE OF WALES [CuthusKs Prince of Wales).— Frmi, large ;
roundish, inclining to conical, of a deep crimson colour, and with a
brisk, agreeable flavour. This is a summer-bearing variety, remark-
able for its strong pale-coloured canes, which in rich soils grow from
ten to twelve feet in one season. It does not sucker too much, and
is very desirable on that account.
RED ANTWERP (Burley ; A Gros Fruits Rouges; Rowland's
Bed Antwerp; Knevett's Antwerp; Late-hearing Antwerp). — Fruit,
large ; roundish, inclining to conical, of a deep crimson colour, very
fleshy, and with a brisk flavour and fine bouquet. There are
several forms of this variety, difi'ering more or less from each other
both in the fruit and the canes. The true old Red Antwerp produces
vigorous canes, which are almost smooth.
Rivers's Monthly. See Large Monthly.
ROGERS'S VICTORIA {Victoria).— This is an autumnal-bearing
variety, producing rather large dark red fruit of excellent flavour, and
earlier than the October Red. The plant is of a dwarf and rather
delicate habit, and the canes are dark-coloured.
ROUND ANTWERP {D'Anvers a Fruits Bonds).— Fmit, large and
round, of a deep red colour, and much superior in flavour to the old
Red Antwerp.
Seacor's Mammoth. See New Bochelle.
SWEET YELLOW ANTWERP.— The fruit of this variety is
larger and more orange than the Yellow Antwerp, and is the richest
and sweetest of all the varieties. The canes are remarkably slender,
and with few spines.
VICE-PRESIDENT FRENCH (Frmc/i).— Fruit, large ; roundish,
inclining to conical, of a deep red colour, fleshy and juicy, and with
STRAWBERRIES. 739
an excellent flavour. It is a summer bearer, producing very strong
canes of a bright brown colour.
Victoria. See Eogers's Victoria.
WALKER'S DULCIS. — A summer-bearing variety, producing red
fruit inferior in size to the Antwerp, and not sweet, as the name
implies.
White Antwerp. See Yellow Antwerp,
YELLOW ANTWERP {De Chili; DoubU-hearing Yellow; White
Antwerp). — Fruit, large ; conical, of a pale yellow colour, and with a
fine, mild, sweet flavour. It produces pale-coloured spiny canes.
LIST OF SELECT RASPBERRIES.
Those marked * are the best for smaU gardens.
•Carter's Prolific October Red *Round Antwerp
•Fastolf October Yellow •Sweet Yellow Antwerp
•McLaren's Prolific "Prince of Wales
STEAWBERllIES.
Aberdeen Seedling. See Roseberry.
ABD-EL-KADER. — Fruit, very large, sometimes enormous, usually
elongated, but often regular. Skin, vermilion red. Seeds, prominent.
Flesh, dark, salmon-coloured, sweet, high-flavoured, slightly acidulous,
and aromatic.
Plant, very small, but vigorous. Leaves, small, with elongated
leaflets, supported on smooth slender stalks. Raised by Dr. Nicaise.
ADAIR. — Fruit, large, conical, and handsome, even and regular in
its shape. Skin, of an uniform dark red colour. Seeds, not deeply
imbedded. Flesh, deep red throughout, rather soft and woolly, hollow
at the core, not richly flavoured.
When forced the flavour is very good as compared with many other
sorts subjected to the same treatment.
ADMIRAL DUNDAS. — ^Fruit, very large ; roundish, inclining to
conical, irregular and angular, sometimes cockscomb-shaped ; the
smaller fruit conical. Skin, pale scarlet. Flesh, firm, juicy, brisk,
and highly flavoured.
This is one of the best of the very large strawberries raised by Mr.
Myatt.
740 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
AJAX. — Fruit, large ; irregularly roundish, very deeply furrowed.
Seeds, deeply imbedded, with prominent ridges between them, which
give the surface a coarse appearance. Skin, dull brick-red. Flesh,
deep red, and solid throughout, juicy, briskly flavoured, and tolerably
rich.
The plant is of a luxuriant habit, and bears badly in the open
ground, but when grown in pots it produces an abundance of fruit,
forces well, and produces large and well-flavoured fruit.
ALEXANDEA. — Fruit, very large ; roundish, and flattened out into
horns or like a horse-shoe ; in the latter case the fruit is sometimes
larger than that of Dr. Nicaise ; deep orange-red colour. Seeds,
slightly imbedded. Skin, yellowish. Flesh, rosy, of a sweet, high
flavour. A very good variety, and very distinct.
Alice Maude. See Princess Alice Maude,
ALICE NICHOLSON. — Fruit, medium sized and occasionally large ;
ovate, with a glossy neck. Calyx, reflexed. Skin, pink, or pale orange-
red. Seeds, projecting. Flesh, white and very solid. The ripened
seeds dark. Flavour, sprightly and quite unique. An excellent second
early variety.
ALPHA. — Fruit, rather large ; long oval, even and regularly shaped.
Skin, bright glossy red. Seed, numerous and prominent. Flesh,
soUd, pinky red throughout, melting, juicy, and highly flavoured.
It ripens about the same time as Black Prince. It was raised by
Dr. Eoden, of Kidderminster.
AMATEUK. — Fruit, very large ; roundish obovate and cocks-
combed, of a deep crimson colour. Flesh, bright red, somewhat soft,
but exceedingly pleasant in flavour.
A very handsome fruit, ripening about mid-season, and succes-
sionally. Plant, robust, and a very heavy cropper. A suitable variety
for amateurs. Raised by Mr. Bradley, of Southwell, the raiser of Dr.
Hogg, Oscar, &c.
AMAZONE. — Fruit, large or very large, of an elongated conical
form, almost always regular. Skin, light red, with a vermilion tinge
on the top. Seeds, rather prominent. Flesh, rosy white, sweet, and
very aromatic. Plant, vigorous, hardy, and prohfic.
AMBROSIA. — Fruit, large ; roundish. Skin, shining, dark crimson.
Seeds, imbedded. Flesh, juicy, and richly flavoured.
AMY ROBS ART. — Fruit, rather large ; ovate. Skin, bright, rather
pale red. Seed, numerous, depressed. Flesh, solid, pinky white,
melting, and juicy, with a fine brisk flavour.
Raised by Dr. Roden. It is a great bearer, and the fruit ripens at
the same time as Early Prolific.
STRAWBERRIES. 741
ASCOT PINE-APPLE. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate, sometimes
conical, colour bright shining scarlet. Surface, even, regular. Seeds,
small, numerous, prominent. Flesh, very firm, reddish in colour.
Flavour, very rich, sweet, and exceedingly pleasant. A very prolific
early strawberry. Habit, dwarf, compact, like its parent, La Con-
stante.
Barnes's White. See Bicton Pine.
Belle Bordelaise. See Prolific Hautbois,
BICTON PINE (Barnes's White; Virgin Queen).— Frnit, large ;
roundish, and even in its outline. Skin, pale yellowish white, some-
times faintly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh, tender and soft,
juicy, brisk, and with a pine flavour. Raised by Mr. Barnes, gardener
to Lady RoUe, at Bicton in Devonshire.
BIJOU. — Fruit, above medium size ; ovate or conical, and regularly
shaped. Skin, bright shining crimson. Seeds, prominent. Flesh,
white, firm and solid, juicy, rich, and with a sprightly flavour.
An excellent strawberry, of La Constante race.
Black Bess. See Empress Eugenie.
Black Pine. See Old Pine.
BLACK PRINCE {CuthilVs Black Pnnce ; Malcolm's Aberdeen
Seedling). — Fruit, small ; obovate. Skin, glossy, of a dark red
colour, which, when the fruit is highly ripened, becomes almost black.
Seeds, rather prominent. Flesh, deep orange, brisk, rather rich, and
with a little of the pine flavour.
A very early strawberry, a great bearer, and well adapted for
forcing.
BLANCHE D'ORLEANS.— Fruit, larger than that of the ordinary
White Alpine. It is of a yellowish white colour, and the plant is an
abundant bearer.
BONTE DE ST. JULIEN.— Fruit, of medium size; roundish,
inclining to conical, regular in shape. Skin, bright scarlet. Seeds^
not deeply imbedded. Flesh, reddish, rich, sweet, and highly
flavoured.
An excellent variety, and the plant is an abundant bearer. It forces
well, and when so treated the flavour is not injured.
BONNY LASS. — Fruit, very large and handsome. Skin, pale red,
thickly covered with prominent seeds. Flesh, very solid, pink, juicy,
and of good flavour.
A late variety, which begins to ripen at mid-season, and continues
in use after the other varieties. It was raised by Dr. Roden.
BRITISH QUEEN {Myatfs British Queen). —Fiuii, large, some-
742 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
times very large ; roundish, flattened, and cockscomb-shaped, the
smaller fruit ovate or conical. Skin, pale red, colouring unequally,
being frequently white or greenish white at the apex. Flesh, white,
firm, juicy, and with a remarkably rich and exquisite flavour.
When well cultivated and thoroughly ripened, this is perhaps the
best of all strawberries. It succeeds best with young plants, renewed
every season. The great fault is that the plant is so very tender ; it
will not succeed in all soils, and it is generally an indifierent bearer.
It forces well, and is much esteemed for that purpose.
British Queen Seedling. See Premier.
BKUNE DE GILBERT.— A variety of the Alpine, with larger
fruit than the common, and remarkable by its reddish brown colour.
It is well flavoured, and the plant is an abundant bearer.
CAPTAIN COOK. — Fruit, large ; roundish ovate, and irregular in
its outline. Skin, deep scarlet, frequently greenish at the point.
Flesh, pale scarlet, soHd throughout, juicy, and with the flavour of the
Hautbois, but not of first-rate quality.
Carolina. See Old Pine.
CAROLINA SUPERBA. — Fruit, very large ; ovate, sometimes in-
clining to cockscomb-shape, with an even surface. Seeds, not deeply
imbedded. Skin, pale red, extending equally over the whole fruit.
Flesh, clear white, very firm and solid, with a fine vinous flavour and
rich aroma, equalling the British Queen.
The plant is much hardier, a freer grower, and better bearer than
the British Queen ; when forced it does not bear so well.
COCKSCOMB. — Fruit, very large ; ovate, and occasionally cocks-
comb-shaped. Skin, pale scarlet. Seeds, prominent. Flesh, white,
with a rosy tinge, richly flavoured.
This was obtained in the Royal Gardens at Windsor. The plant is
hardy, and an excellent bearer.
COMTE DE PARIS. — Fruit, large; obtuse heart-shaped, even in
its outline. Skin, scarlet, becoming deep crimson when highly
ripened. Flesh, pale red, and solid throughout, with a briskly acid
flavour.
This is a favourite with those who prefer a brisk fruit, and it is an
excellent bearer.
COMTESSE DE MARNE. — Fruit, large; ovate or cockscomb-
shaped. Skin, pale red. Seeds, not deeply imbedded. Flesh, soft
and woolly, and w^th no particular flavour.
The plant is a great bearer, and forces well, but the fruit is of
inferior quality. It belongs to the race of Scarlets.
CRIMSON CLUSTER. — Fruit, medium sized ; roundish, and some-
STRAWBERRIES. 743
times cockscomb-shaped. Skin, dark red. Seeds, not deeply im-
bedded. Flesh, firm, red throughout, juicy, sweet, and richly
flavoured.
Crimson Pine. See Early Crbnson Pine,
CRIMSON QUEEN {Doubledai/s No. 2).— Fruit, large ; cockscomb-
shape, very much corrugated and irregular, with a coarse surface.
Skin, bright cherry scarlet. Flesh, red throughout, solid and firm,
with a briskly acid flavour.
This is a late variety, and a great bearer.
Crystal Palace. See Eleanor.
CULVERWELL'S SANSPAREIL.— Fruit, long and tapering,
rarely assuming any other shape, very much furrowed and irregular on
the surface. Seeds, not deeply imbedded. Skin, very dark red, be-
coming almost black when highly ripened. Flesh, very firm and solid,
red throughout, and very richly flavoured.
Cuthill's Black Prince. See Black Prince.
CUTHILL'S PRINCE OF WALES.— Fruit, medium sized ; conical.
Skin, bright red. Flesh, firm, very acid, and without much flavour.
Cuthill's Princess Royal. See PHncess Royal of England.
DEPTFORD PINE.— Fruit, large, and cockscomb - shaped ; the
smaller fruit conical. Skin, bright scarlet, glossy as if varnished, and
even. Flesh, scarlet, firm, and solid throughout, with a rich vinous
flavour, similar to British Queen, with a little more acid.
A valuable firm-fleshed, highly flavoured strawberry. Excellent for
preserving.
DOCTOR HOGG. — Fruit, very large; cockscomb-shaped. Skin,
pale red. Flesh, pale throughout, sweet, and with a very rich flavour,
which remains long on the palate.
This is of the same class as British Queen, and not distinguishable
from well-grown examples of that variety, except that it colours and
ripens more thoroughly to the point. It ripens later than British
Queen, and about the same time as Elton. The plant is much hardier,
a more abundant bearer, has the growth of British Queen, but is more
healthy and robust, and retains the foliage better during winter.
It was raised by Mr. Samuel Bradley, the skilful gardener at Elton Manor, near
Nottingham.
Doubleday's No. 2. See Crimson Queen.
Downton. See Downton Pine.
DOWNTON PINE (Downton).— Fmit, medium sized; conical,
with an even surface. Seeds, depressed. Skin, deep scarlet. Flesh,
scarlet, firm, and soUd throughout, briskly and richly flavoured.
744 THE FKUIT MANUAL.
DUG DE MALAKOFF. — Fruit, large and handsome, sometimes
very large ; roundish or cockscomb-shaped. Skin, deep red. Seeds,
not deeply imbedded. Flesh, rather soft, red throughout, juicy,
sweet, and richly flavoured.
This is a very excellent strawberry. The plant is a good bearer, and
forces well, and, unlike many other varieties, the fruit when forced is
richly flavoured, and with a nice briskness.
Duchesse de Trevise. See Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury.
DUKE OF EDINBURGH (Moff'at's).— Fruit, very large and hand-
some ; cone-shaped, or irregularly cockscombed. Skin, of a dark
crimson colour. The flesh is dark, moderately firm and juicy, and
pleasant, but not over rich.
Habit, robust, and a wonderful bearer.
Eaised by Messrs. Moffat, fruit growers near Edinburgh, from a cross between
Keens's Seedling and Elton Pine.
DUKE OF EDINBURGH (Dr. Roden's).— Fruit, obovate ; very
handsome, with a perfect outline, and never departs from its normal
shape. Small reflexed calyx, and glossy neck. Colour, darkish crimson.
Seeds, numerous, and decidedly prominent. Flesh, dullish white.
Flavour, sprightly and excellent.
A capital bearer, and excellent second early variety.
EARLY CRIMSON PINE.— This is a fine large, handsome fruit,
coming in with or closely succeeding Early Prolific. Colour, bright
crimson. Seeds, rather prominent. Flesh, dullish white, and some-
times pink, juicy, with a rich, sprightly pine flavour. The plant is of
stout upright growth, and crops heavily. Raised by Dr. Roden.
EARLY PROLIFIC. — Fruit, medium sized, or large; regularly
conical, and never grows out of shape. Colour, bright glossy crimson,
getting a little darker when quite ripe. Seeds, slightly imbedded.
Flesh, pure white, firm throughout, juicy, and with a delicate pine
flavour.
A first early variety, and bears well throughout the season. Plant,
of excellent habit of growth. Raised by Dr. Roden.
ECLIPSE (Reeves's Eclipse). — Fruit, above medium size ; conical,
sometimes cockscomb-shaped. Seeds, small and not deeply imbedded.
Skin, bright glossy red, shining as if varnished. Flesh, firm and
solid, white throughout, with a rich and highly perfumed flavour.
A first-rate strawberry, and one of the best for forcing. The plant
is a great bearer.
ELEANOR [Myatt's Eleanor ; Crystal Palace). — Fruit, very large ;
conical or wedge-shaped, regular and handsome in its outline. Seeds,
considerably imbedded, with prominent ridges between them, which
give the fruit a coarse appearance on the surface. Skin, scarlet,
STRAWBERRIES. 745
changing as it ripens to deep crimson. Flesh, scarlet, and becoming
paler towards the core, which is large and hollow ; subacid, and with
a little of the pine flavour.
A large and handsome strawberry. A striking character it has when
forced is, that it endures excessive drought without material injury.
Eliza. See Hyatt's Eliza.
ELTON {Eiton Pine). — Fruit, large ; ovate, frequently cockscomb-
shaped, with imbedded seeds, and prominent ridges between them.
Skin, bright crimson, and shining. Flesh, red throughout, firm and
solid, with a brisk subacid flavour.
A very valuable late strawberry, much esteemed for preserving. It
is an abundant bearer.
It was raised by Mr. T. A. Knight, President of the Horticultural Society.
Elton Pine. See Elton,
EMILY (Myatfs Emily). — Fruit, large, round, or wedge-shaped.
Skin, pale red. Seeds, prominent. Flesh, white throughout, juicy,
sugary, and perfumed.
An excellent late strawberry ; raised by Mr. Myatt. The plant is
hardy, and a good bearer.
EMMA. — Fruit, large ; conical. Skin, bright shining red as if
varnished. Seeds, not deeply imbedded. Flesh, with a fine rosy tint,
juicy, sweet, and perfumed.
Very early, hardy, and a good bearer.
EIMPRESS EUGENIE.— Fruit, very large; irregular, angular,
furrowed, and uneven. Skin, of a deep red colour, becoming almost
black when highly ripened. Seeds, small, not deeply imbedded.
Flesh, red throughout, hollow at the core, tender, very juicy, and
briskly flavoured.
Rather a coarse-looking and very large strawberry ; not remarkable
for any excellence of flavour.
ENCHANTRESS. —Fruit, large ; frequently conical, and then it has
a glossy neck and reflexed calyx. Skin, scarlet, becoming a rich
crimson when fully ripe. Seeds, small and prominent, bright yellow,
and very thickly disseminated. Flesh, reddish, solid, and very juicy,
with an exquisite pine flavour.
A fine late variety.
EXCELSIOR. — Fruit, medium sized; roundish ovate, even and
handsome in its outline. Flesh, white, sometimes pinky white, very
solid and fine-grained, with a rich vinous flavour.
A seedling, raised by Dr. Roden.
Exhibition. See Great Exhibition.
746 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
FAIRY QUEEN. — Fruit, large ; conical. Skin, pale scarlet, shining
as if varnished. Seeds, very prominent. Flesh, pure white, tender,
juicy, sweet, and with a very rich flavour.
A first-rate variety, raised in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore. It
is hardy, and an excellent bearer.
FILBERT PINE {Myatt's Seedling).— Frnit, above medium size ;
conical and regular in its outline, occasionally cockscomb-shaped.
Seeds, large and prominent. Skin, dull purplish red next the sun, and
pale red in the shade. Flesh, pale, pink at the core, firm, solid, rich,
and briskly flavoured, with a fine aroma.
A very prolific and excellent late variety. It does well in light soils,
where British Queen does not succeed. When forced it is of excellent
flavour and fine aroma.
FORMAN'S EXCELSIOR.— Fruit, large, varying from a sym-
metrical conical shape to wide-spreading cockscomb. Skin, dark red,
of uniform colour, deeply pitted with moderately- sized seeds. Flesh,
firm, tinged with pale scarlet throughout, quite solid, juicy, rather
briskly flavoured, and with a fine aroma.
An early strawberry, as large and as handsome as President, than
which it is richer and more sprightly in flavour.
Raised from seed of James Veitch by Mr. Forman, of Louth, in Lincolnshire.
FRAGARIA TARDISSIMA. — Fruit, medium sized or large ;
roundish. Skin, glossy red. Flesh, of good flavour.
The plant is very hardy, coming late into bloom, and continuing to
bloom and bear through August to the middle of September, and some-
times later.
This was raised by Dr. Roden, of Kidderminster.
FRANCOIS JOSEPH IL— Fruit, large ; round, inclining to heart-
shape. Skin, brilliant rose-coloured, with prominent yellowish seeds.
Flesh, rosy, of an agreeable flavour.
Frederick William. See Princess Frederick William.
FROGMORE LATE PINE.— Fruit, very large; conical, and cocks-
comb-shaped, with a glossy neck, like the Old Pine. Seeds, not deeply
imbedded. Skin, glossy, bright red, becoming dark red, and almost
black when ripe. Flesh, tender, and very juicy, red throughout,
richly flavoured, and with a good deal of the pine aroma when well
ripened.
This is a late variety, and an abundant bearer, coming in with the
Elton, but much less acid than that variety.
Garibaldi. See Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury.
GIPSY QUEEN. — Fruit, globular, or nearly so, sometimes blunt
STRAWBERRIES. 747
conical. Skin, almost black when quite ripe. Flesh, dark red
throughout, extremely juicy, rich, and vinous.
The plant is of low growth, compact in its habit, and a great bearer.
It was raised by Dr. Roden.
GLOBE (Myatt's Globe). — Fruit, large; roundish ovate. Skin,
bright red. Seeds, rather prominent. Flesh, white, with a rosy tinge,
juicy, very sugary, and highly perfumed, with the flavour of the
Hautbois.
Goliath. See Kitley's Goliath.
GREAT EXHIBITION (Exhibition).— Frnii, medium sized ; oblong
ovate or irregular. Seeds, prominent. Skin, bright red. Flesh, dull
yellow, very woolly and worthless.
The plant is a great bearer.
HAMMONIA. — Fruit, of the largest size ; very handsome, of a
regular conical shape, sometimes flattened, and with a glossy neck.
Seeds, prominent. Skin, bright glossy orange-red. Flesh, white,
solid, juicy, sweet, rich, and with an aromatic flavour.
A late variety. The plant is vigorous, a compact grower and an
abundant bearer. The fruit bears travelling well. It was raised by
M. Gloede.
HIGHLAND CHIEF. — Fruit, large ; roundish ovate, and somewhat
flattened. Seeds, not deeply imbedded. Skin, fine, clear red, becoming
darker as it ripens. Flesh, dark red throughout, very firm and solid,
very juicy and vinous, and with a rich pine flavour.
A very excellent strawberry. The plant is a most abundant bearer,
and deserves universal cultivation.
HIGHLAND MARY. — Fruit, above medium size ; conical, inclining
to cockscomb-shape. Skin, dark red. Seeds, small, not deeply im-
bedded. Flesh, white, rather hollow at the core, briskly and agreeably
flavoured.
The plant is an abundant bearer.
HOOPER'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, large ; conical, rather flattened,
but sometimes deeply furrowed. Seeds, rather deeply imbedded.
Skin, dark red, assuming a very deep blackish tinge as it ripens.
Flesh, crimson at the surface, but paler towards the centre, sweet,
brisk, and richly flavoured.
A good bearer, and an excellent variety for general purposes.
HOVEY'S SEEDLING.— Fruit, very large ; roundish ovate, wedge-
shaped, and furrowed. Skin, deep scarlet, shining. Seeds, slightly
imbedded. Flesh, juicy, sweet, and well flavoured.
A favourite American variety, which has never become popular in
this country.
748 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
HUNDRED-FOLD.— A very early variety, raised by Dr. Roden. It
is of medium size, bright red colour, and thickly studded with rather
prominent seeds. Flesh, solid, pale red throughout, juicy, with a
brisk refreshing flavour, and when fully ripe it has a trace of that of
the Hautbois.
INGRAM'S PRINCE ALFRED.— Fruit, of large size ; ovate. Skin,
dark red. Seeds, prominent. Flesh, with a rosy tint, juicy, sugary,
and richly flavoured.
An excellent and prolific strawberry.
INGRAM'S PRINCE ARTHUR.— Fruit, medium sized; conical,
even, and regular in shape, with a glossy neck. Seeds, not very
numerous, nor deeply imbedded. Skin, of a brilliant scarlet, like Sir
Charles Napier, paler at the tip. Flesh, white, solid, very juicy, brisk,
and with a rich pine flavour.
A first-rate variety, an abundant bearer, and forces well.
INGRAM'S PRINCE OF WALES.— Fruit, very large ; roundish,
flattened and wedge-shaped, the smaller fruit ovate. Seeds, not
deeply imbedded. Skin, deep crimson, becoming darker as it ripens.
Flesh, pale red, very firm and solid, brisk, sweet, and richly flavoured.
An excellent variety, and admirably adapted for forcing, when it
produces large and richly flavoured fruit, and bears abundantly.
JAMES VEITCH. — Fruit, large, roundish, handsome in shape.
Seeds, yellow, very prominent. Skin, bright red. Flesh, firm, rich,
very juicy and refreshing.
A good second early or rather mid-season variety. The plant is
robust and compact in growth, with dark glossy green foliage.
Jeyes's Wonderful. See Wonderful,
JOHN POWELL. — Fruit, above medium size ; long ovate, and with
a long shining neck. Skin, bright shining red. Seeds, small, not
deeply imbedded. Flesh, white, with an occasional rosy tinge, firm,
very juicy, sugary, and richly pine-flavoured.
A very excellent and prolific variety.
KEENS'S SEEDLING. — Fruit, large ; ovate, sometimes inclining to
cockscomb -shape. Seeds, not deeply imbedded. Skin, dark crimson,
becoming very dark when highly ripened. Flesh, scarlet, firm and
solid, juicy, brisk, and richly flavoured.
An old and well-established variety, which, for many purposes, has
not yet been surpassed. It forces exceedingly well, and is much used
for that purpose, many preferring the flavour of this strawberry to that
of any other. When planted out it succeeds best from young plants,
the plantations requiring to be renewed every second year.
It was raised by Mr. Michael Keens, a market gardener at Isleworth, near
London.
STRAWBERRIES. 749
KING OF THE EARLIES.— Fruit, medium sized ; ovate, even
and regular in its outline. Seeds, rather prominent. Skin, bright
red on the shaded side, and dark mahogany on the side exposed to
the sun. Flesh, white, with a tinge of red under the skin ; solid,
firm, with a fine brisk and rich flavour.
It is one of the earliest strawberries, earlier than either of its
parents, Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury and Black Prince.
It was raised by Mr. Laxton at his experimental garden at Girtford, Beds.
KITLEY'S GOLIATH (Goliath).— Finit, very large, compressed
and wedge-shaped, the smaller ones ovate. Seeds, deeply imbedded,
which gives the surface a rough appearance. Skin, deep red, colouring
equally all over. Flesh, white, solid, briskly and richly flavoured, but
not equal to British Queen, to which it is similar.
An excellent strawberry, and, for large culture, one of the best. The
plant is vigorous, very hardy, and an abundant bearer.
This was raised by Mr. James Kitley, a market gardener at Widcombe Vale,
Bath, in 1838.
LA CHALONNAISE. — Fruit, large, and conical. Skin, bright pale
scarlet. Seeds, prominent. Flesh, white, juicy, sweet, and richly
flavoured.
This belongs to British Queen class. The plant is very prolific and
hardy.
LA CONSTANTE. — Fruit, large ; conical, and regularly formed.
Seeds, not deeply imbedded. Skin, of a brilliant lively crimson.
Flesh, white, with a rosy tinge, firm, juicy, richly and sprightly
flavoured.
A first-rate strawberry, and an abundant bearer. When forced it
bears abundantly, and preserves its flavour well. The plant is very
dwarf, and produces runners very sparingly ; on this account it is
difficult to grow it extensively.
This was raised by M. J. De Jonghe, of Brussels.
LA FERTILE. — Fruit, large ; conical. Skin, bright red. Seeds,
prominent. Flesh, white, with a rosy tint, firm, juicy, sweet, and
richly flavoured.
LA GROSSE SUCREE.— Fruit, large ; conical, frequently cocks-
combed. Seeds, deeply imbedded. Surface of the fruit uneven.
Skin, dull red. Flesh, pale red, somewhat soft, and of a slightly
acid flavour. The plant is a very free grower, and an abundant bearer.
It also forces well.
LA REINE. — Fruit, large ; conical or wedge-shaped. Skin, of a
pale flesh-colour. Seeds, brown and prominent. Flesh, perfectly
white, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
7fiQ THE FRUIT MANUAL.
A very excellent strawberry, and even when forced preserves all its
richness of flavour. The plant is very hardy and prolific.
LEONCE DE LAMBEETYE.—Fruit, very large; conical, even
and regular in its shape. Skin, bright shining red, as if varnished.
Seeds, slightly imbedded. Flesh, firm, rosy white, very juicy, rich,
and sweet.
An excellent strawberry. The plant is a vigorous grower and a
free bearer.
LORD NAPIER. — Fruit, large and handsome, rather larger than
Early Prohfic, and occasionally slightly flattened. Seeds, numerous
and decidedly prominent. Skin, bright crimson. Flesh, pinky white,
and sometimes pink, firm and juicy, with an excellent sprightly aroma.
Plant, hardy, and a prolific bearer.
LOXFORD HALL SEEDLING.— Fruit, large ; conical or ovate,
occasionally cockscomb-shaped, and considerably corrugated. Skin,
bright red next the sun, paler and frequently greenish on the shaded
side. Seeds, prominent. Flesh, red throughout, very solid, with a
brisk refreshing flavour like that of Sir Charles Napier.
It was raised at Loxford Hall, Essex, by Mr. Douglas, being a cross between
Frogmore Late Pine and La Constante, about the year 1869. It is the latest straw-
berry we have ; later even than Frogmore Late Pine.
LUCAS. — Fruit, large ; conical, but sometimes obovate and cocks-
combed, with even surface. Seeds, moderately prominent. Skin,
bright scarlet. Flesh, pale, of a very pleasant briskly acid flavour.
A very excellent strawberry and a great bearer. Plant of fine
dwarf compact habit of growth.
MAMMOTH (Myatfs Mammoth). — Fruit, immensely large ; flattened,
deeply furrowed and ribbed, irregular and uneven in its outline. Seeds,
small and very slightly imbedded. Skin, glossy, of a fine deep red
colour. Flesh, scarlet throughout, firm and solid, even in the largest
specimens, and of a brisk and pleasant flavour, which is rich in the
well-ripened fruit.
The foliage is small, and on short footstalks, and permits the fruit to
be well exposed to the influence of the sun.
MARGUERITE. — Fruit, very large ; conical. Skin, bright shining
red. Flesh, bright orange, solid, juicy, sugary, and richly flavoured.
A variety introduced from France. It is of immense size, and
sometimes weighs as much as three ounces and a half.
Marquise de la Tour Maubourg. See Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury.
MR. RADCLYFFE. — Fruit, large ; obovate or cockscombed, in
STRAWBERRIES. 751
appearance like British Queen. Seeds, rather pale, prominent. Flesh,
sweet, or having a brisk acidity, and of excellent quality.
The plant is of nice habit, and is an abundant bearer.
This was raised by Mr. Ingram, of Frogmore.
MAY QUEEN. — Fruit, small, roundish. Skin, bright orange.
Seeds, deeply imbedded. Flesh, white, juicy, and agreeably flavoured.
A small early strawberry, remarkable only for its earliness and
fertility.
Myatt's British Queen. See British Queen.
Myatt's Eleanor. See Eleanor,
MYATT'S ELIZA [Omar Pasha; Rival Queen).^Frmt, medium
sized ; ovate or conical, with a glossy neck. Seeds, not deeply im-
bedded. Skin, light red, becoming deep red when highly ripened.
Flesh, scarlet on the outside, but paler towards the core, firm and
solid, very juicy, and with a particularly rich and exquisite flavour.
This is one of the richest flavoured of all the varieties. The plant
is a pretty good bearer, and hardier than the British Queen, to which it
is, under all circumstances, superior in flavour. When forced the fruit
is large, of a fine colour, and exquisite flavour.
Myatt's Emily. See Emily.
Myatt's Globe. See Globe.
Myatt's Mammoth. See Mammoth.
Myatt's Prolific. See Wonderful.
Myatt's Seedling. See Filbert Pine.
NE PLUS ULTRA. — Fruit, large ; cylindrical or oblong, frequently
fingered. Skin, very dark red. Flesh, remarkably firm and solid,
with a rich pleasant flavour.
This is a singular variety, many of the fruit being so divided at the
apex as to appear like fingers.
NEWTON SEEDLING.— Fruit, medium sized; conical. Skin,
dark red. Flesh, very firm, with a sharp subacid flavour.
The plant is very prolific and hardy, the fruit is admirably adapted
for preserving, and. from being of very firm texture, bears carriage
remarkably well.
It was raised in 1864 by Rev. T. W. Chaloner, Rector of Newton Kyme, York-
shire ; hence its name.
NIMROD. — Fruit, large; ovate, with a short neck. Skin, deep
scarlet. Seeds, moderately imbedded. Flesh, firm, briskly flavoured,
and rich.
762 THE FBUIT MANUAL.
A first-rate variety, which forces well, and produces richly flavoured
fruit. In many collections Eleanor is the variety grown under the
name of Nimrod.
OLD PINE (Black Pine; Carolina; Scarlet Pine). — Fruit, medium
sized ; ovate, even and regular, and with a glossy neck. Seeds, pro-
minent. Skin, deep red. Flesh, pale red, very firm and solid, with a
fine, sprightly, and very rich pine flavour.
After all there are very few that equal, far less surpass, the Old Pine
in flavour, but it is not a good bearer. It succeeds better under the
shade of trees than any other variety.
Omar Pasha. See Myatt's Eliza.
OSCAE. — Fruit, large ; ovate, and angular, sometimes flattened and
wedge-shaped. Seeds, rather large, and deeply imbedded, which give
the surface a coarse appearance. Skin, dark shining red, becoming
almost black when fully ripe. Flesh, red throughout, very firm and
solid, juicy, and richly flavoured.
An excellent variety for a general crop. A most abundant bearer,
and, from its firmness, bears carriage well.
PAULINE. — Fruit, large ; oblong, and corrugated with a long glossy
neck like the Old Pine. Seeds, small, thickly strewed over the surface.
Skin, deep red. Flesh, very solid, stained with red for some depth
under the surface ; brisk, with the high rich flavour of the Old Pine.
A very early strawberry ; a good grower and a prolific bearer. It
was raised by Dr. Morere.
PENELOPE. — Fruit, very large ; round, sometimes flattened, of a
light red colour. Seeds, small, widely spread. Flesh, salmon-coloured,
juicy, sweet, sHghtly acidulous, of a good strong aroma. Plant, dwarf,
hardy, with few leaves and hairy leaflets. Very prolific.
This was raised by Dr. Nicaise.
PERFECTION. — Fruit, large, or very large ; lobed or conical, pretty
regular. Skin, dark red. Seeds, regularly disposed, prominent, of a
lively red, contrasting with the colour of the fruit. Flesh, dark red,
juicy, sweet, of good flavour. Plant, strong and hardy, resembling
Marguerite in the disposition of the foliage and in the form of the fruit.
It is very prolific.
PIONEER. — Fruit, medium sized ; obovate or conical, sometimes
wedge-shaped. Seeds, rather prominent. Skin, very dark red. Flesh,
bright red, firm, of a fine rich and brisk flavour.
An early variety ; raised by Mr. T. Laxton. It is as early as La
Marguerite, and an abundant cropper.
PREMIER (British Queen Seedling). — Fruit, large ; roundish, or
roundish ovate, and corrugated. Skin, bright red, and shining as if
STEAWBERRIES. 753
varnished. Seeds, prominent. Flesh, white, firm, juicy, and richly
flavoured.
An excellent variety, which forces well and bears abundantly.
PRESIDENT. — Fruit, large or very large ; roundish ovate, frequently
cockscombed, and with an even surface. Seeds, small, slightly im-
bedded. Skin, deep glossy red. Flesh, very firm, bright red, and of
rich and excellent flavour.
This is one of the best and most esteemed varieties for a general
crop, and ripens about the middle of the strawberry season. The
plant is a strong and robust grower, and the fruit is produced in great
abundance on strong scapes well thrown above the foliage. It is also
one of the best for forcing.
It was raised by a small gardener named Green, at High Cross, near Ware,
and was first exhibited by Mr, Hill, gardener to Robert Hanbury, Esq., of Poles
Park.
PRINCE IMPERIAL. — Fruit, about medium size ; conical or ovate.
Skin, bright shining red. Seeds, very prominent. Flesh, very juicy,
sweet, and perfumed.
PRINCESS ALICE MAUD [Alice Maud).— Fmit, medium sized ;
ovate or conical, and frequently large and kidney-shaped. Seeds,
prominent, or very slightly imbedded. Skin, scarlet, becoming dark
crimson when ripe. Flesh, scai-let throughout, tender, juicy, sweet,
and with a rich, brisk flavour.
It is an excellent bearer ; when forced the flavour is inferior.
PRINCESS FREDERICK WILLIAM.— Fruit, large; roundish,
and corrugated. Skin, pale red. Seeds, not numerous, and imbedded.
Flesh, with a rosy tint, sweet, and of good flavour.
The plant is a great bearer, throws the trusses of fruit well up, and
is very early. It forces well, and the fruit when ripe yields a strong
perfume, a few plants with ripe fruit on them scenting a large house.
On this account it is much prized by some.
PRINCESS OF WALES (Knight's).— Fruit, large; cockscomb-
shaped, and corrugated. Skin, bright red, and well coloured through-
out. Seeds, deeply imbedded. Flesh, solid, tinged with red, very
tender and juicy, and with a rich pine flavour.
A very excellent and very early strawberry, being almost as early
as May Queen, and infinitely superior to it both in size and flavour.
PRINCESS ROYAL OF ENGLAND {CuthilVs Princess Royal).—
Fruit, medium sized ; roundish ovate or conical, with a neck. Seeds,
deeply imbedded. Skin, deep scarlet where exposed to the sun, and
paler in the shade. Flesh, pale red at the surface, whitish towards the
core, very rich and highly flavoured.
An abundant bearer, and an excellent variety for general cultivation.
48
754 THE FRUIT MANUAL.
PROLIFIC HAUTBOIS (Belle Bordelaise).—^^^, below mediuni
size; conical. Seeds, prominent. Skin, light purple in the shade,
and blackish purple on the side next the sun. Flesh, firm, sweet, and
with the rich, peculiar flavour of the Hautbois.
Prolific Pine. See Boseherry.
Reeves's Eclipse. See Eclipse.
RICHARD THE SECOND.— Fruit, medium sized ; round, of a
dark red colour, almost black when highly ripened. Flesh, pale
scarlet, firm, but hollow round the core.
An excellent strawberry, which forces well. It is an improved
variety of Black Prince, to which it is similar in form and colour, but
of larger size.
RIFLEMAN. — Fruit, large or very large ; ovate or cockscomb-
shaped, and corrugated. Skin, bright salmon-coloured. Seeds, pro-
minent. Flesh, solid, white, firm, juicy, richly flavoured.
The plant is of vigorous habit of growth, and is an abundant
bearer.
Rival Queen. See Myatt's Eliza.
RIVERS'S ELIZA (Seedling Eliza).— This is a seedling from
Myatt's Eliza, but rather more ovate in shape, and possessing all the
character and flavour of that excellent variety, and is a more abundant
bearer.
ROSEBERRY (Aberdeen Seedling; Prolific Pm^).— Fruit, large;
conical and pointed. Seeds, deeply imbedded, with prominent ridges,
between them. Skin, dark red, becoming blackish as it ripens. Flesh,
pale scarlet, firm, with an agreeable flavour.
ROSEBUD. — Fruit, large ; ovate, and cockscomb-shaped, with a
shining neck. Skin, fine bright red. Flesh, richly flavoured.
The plant is an excellent bearer, and the leaves have often four to
five leaflets. It forces well, and retains its richness of flavour.
ROYAL HAUTBOIS.— Fruit, much larger than any other variety
of Hautbois ; of a purplish rose colour, and very richly flavoured.
The plant is unusually fertile for a Hautbois, and is, indeed, the
only one of the race worth cultivating.
Royal Pine. See Swainstone's Seedling.
ROYALTY. — Fruit, of medium size ; ovate, with a well-defined
neck ; the colour bright shining red. Flesh, pale red, solid, rich, and
very pleasant. Habit, robust.
Eaised by Mr. Trotman, of Isleworth, from a cross between Black Prince and
British Queen.
STBAWBERRIES. 755
RUBY. — Fruit, large ; roundish, dark red. Flesh, pale red, soft
and woolly, with a large core and inferior flavour.
Scarlet Pine. See Old Pine.
SCARLET PINE. — Fruit, about medium size ; conical. Seeds,
numerous and prominent. Skin, deep scarlet. Flesh, pinky white,
solid, and juicy, with an exquisite brisk flavour.
Raised by Dr. Roden. It bears carriage well to a distance, and
stands wet weather better than varieties usually do.
Seedling Eliza. See Rivers's Eliza.
SIR CHARLES NAPIER.— Fruit, very large ; ovate, flattened, and
wedge-shaped. Seeds, not deeply imbedded. Skin, shining, of a fine
bright, pale scarlet colour. Flesh, white, firm, and solid, briskly acid,
and not highly flavoured.
This is a fine handsome strawberry, well adapted for forcing, and for
«arly market purposes. It is the most extensively grown of any by the
London market gardeners. The plant is remarkably tender, perhaps
more so than any other variety.
SIR HARRY. — Fruit, very large ; roundish, irregular, frequently
<iOckscomb-shaped. Seeds, large, and deeply imbedded. Skin, dark
crimson, becoming almost black when fully ripe. Flesh, dark red, not
very firm, but tender, very juicy, and richly flavoured.
This variety has been much confounded with Keens's Seedling. The
habit of the plant is the same, and the fruit is larger and coarser. It is
much cultivated for market purposes.
SIR JOHN FALSTAFF.— Fruit, mostly very large and handsome ;
frequently conical, and, when very large, slightly flattened in shape, but
never cockscombed. Colour, bright red, with a tinge of vermilion.
Seeds, thickly dispersed and slightly depressed. Flesh, white, solid, and
juicy, with a fine vinous flavour. Calyx, small for so large a fruit, and
seldom reflexed.
On account of its beauty and immense cropping qualities this will be
a splendid sort for exhibition and market purposes. It was raised b}'
Dr. Roden.
SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.— Fruit, large ; roundish, even and regular
in its outline. Skin, bright shining crimson. Seeds, prominent.
Flesh, salmon-coloured, firm, rich, and highly flavoured.
A first-rate early fruit. The plant is hardy, very fertile, and
forces well. This is one of the largest and is probably the handsomest
strawberry in cultivation.
SIR WALTER SCOTT.— Fruit, medium sized ; conical, and
pointed. Seeds, prominent. Skin, deep red. Flesh, pale, firm, and
inferior in flavour.
This is in every respect a coarse and inferior variety.
756 THE FBUIT MANUAL.
SOUVENIR DE KIEFF.— Fruit, large ; sometimes very large,
varying from roundish ovate to long conical, and, in some instances, it
is irregular and corrugated. Seeds, large, and even with the surface.
Skin, of an uniform shining red. Flesh, white, firm, and solid, juicy,
richly flavoured, and with a rich pine-apple aroma.
This is a seedling of M. de Jonghe, and belongs to the same hardy
race as La Constante, but it is a more robust grower than that variety,
and is remarkably fertile.
STIRLING CASTLE PINE. —Fruit, large ; ovate or conical,
pointed, even and regular in shape. Seeds, small, not deeply im-
bedded. Skin, bright scarlet, becoming dark red as it ripens. Flesh,
pale scarlet, brisk, and of excellent flavour.
Sultan. See The Sultan.
SURPRISE (Myatfs Surprise). — Fruit, very large ; conical or
cockscomb-shaped. Seeds, prominent. Skin, bright rose. Flesh,
white, tender, and not richly flavoured.
A large and showy variety, but possessing little or no merit.
SWAINSTONE'S SEEDLING {Royal Pine). —Frmi, above medium
size ; ovate, even and regular in its shape. Seeds, small, and rather
deeply imbedded. Skin, pale red. Flesh, pale, rather hollow at the
core, and with a fine rich flavour.
This is a good variety for forcing ; and the plant is a prolific
bearer.
THE CAPTAIN. — Fruit, large ; ovate, even on the surface and
regular in its outline ; sometimes it is inclined to be of cockscomb-
shape. Seeds, level with the surface. Skin, glossy, bright red.
Flesh, tinged with red throughout, hollow at the core, firm, and with a
brisk flavour, like Sir Charles Napier.
Raised by Mr. Laxton, from Crown Prince crossed with Forman's
Excelsior. It is a little later than the latter, and has a tendency to
produce a second crop in the autumn.
THE COUNTESS.— Fruit, somewhat irregular in shape. Skin, of
a beautiful glossy crimson, becoming darker when very ripe. Seeds,
numerous, prominent.
A finely flavoured fruit, raised by Dr. Roden. Plant, healthy, a good
grower. Foliage, bright glossy green, erect and compact.
THE SULTAN. — Fruit, large and very large ; roundish, and obo-
vate. Colour, dark crimson. Flesh, dark red throughout, firm, and
juicy. An excellent preserving sort ; rather late. A seedling of Dr.
Roden's.
TRAVELLER. — Fruit, medium sized ; conical, and occasionally
slightly cockscombed. Skin, very dark red. Seeds, large and promi-
STRAWBERRIES. 757
nent. Flesh, very firm and solid, with a brisk rich flavour, somewhat
resembling the Hautbois. A rich and excellent strawberry.
Raised by Mr, Laxton, of Stamford, between La Constante and Sir C. Napier.
TROLLOPE'S VICTORIA.— Fruit, very large ; roundish ovate,
even and regular in its outline. Skin, light crimson. Flesh, pale
scarlet, tender, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
This is a good early strawberry, and an excellent bearer.
UNZER FRITZ. — Fruit, large ; ovate, regularly and handsomely
shaped. Seeds, slightly imbedded. Skin, bright, glossy crimson.
Flesh, crimson imder the skin, and white at the centre ; solid, very
juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured.
A useful late variety ; plant robust, and a good bearer.
VICOMTESSE HERICART DE THURY (Duchesse de Trevise ;
Marquise de la Tour Maubounj ; Garibaldi). — Fruit, above medium
size ; conical, with an even surface. Skin, deep scarlet, becoming deep
red as it ripens. Seeds, yellow, slightly imbedded. Flesh, pale red
throughout, firm and solid, brisk, sweet, and richly flavoured.
This is an extraordinarily abundant bearer, and a valuable variety for
general cultivation. In forcing it requires less light than most other
varieties.
The foliage is almost evergreen, and the plants remain long in the
same ground.
Virgin Queen. See Bicton Pine.
WALTHAM SEEDLING.— Fruit, large ; conical, and inclining to
cockscomb-shape, very similar in general appearance to Sir Charles
Napier. The colour is somewhat darker than Sir Charles, nearly a
deep red. Seeds, rather prominent. Flesh, firm, juicy, rich, and with
a slight pine flavour.
A decided improvement upon Sir Charles Napier as to quality of
fruit, &c. Raised by Mr. William Paul, Waltham Cross, from a cross
between Crims(m Queen and Sir Charles Napier. It has the firm con-
sistence of La Constante, and bears carriage well, and it remains in
good condition long after being gathered.
WONDERFUL [Jeyes's Wonderful; Myatfs Prolijic). —Fimt, large ;
conical, frequently cockscomb-shaped, and fingered. Skin, pale red,
and whitish at the apex. Seeds, numerous and prominent. Flesh,
white, tender, melting, juicy, and sweet, briskly flavoured, and with a
fine aroma.
A very excellent fruit, which forces well.
VICTORY OF BATH.— Fruit, large and ovate, sometimes irregular
in its outline. Skin, bright red. Flesh, white, firm and juicy, with a
rich flavour.
758
THE FRUIT MANUAL.
WILMOT'S PRINCE ARTHUR.— Fruit, medium sized ; conical,
even and regular. Seeds, small, not deeply imbedded. Skin, deep
red, and glossy. Flesh, scarlet, firm, but hollow at the core, richly
flavoured when highly ripened.
The plant is a great bearer, forces well, and the fruit bears carriage
to long distances without injury.
LIST OF SELECT STRAWBERRIES.
Those marked * are the best for small gardens.
Early.
Oscar
Loxford Hall Seedling
Black Prince
Early Prolific
Premier
*President
For Forcing.
Forman's Excelsior
*Sir Charles Napier
C^ • TT
*British Queen
*Vic'omtesse Hericart de
Sn- Harry
La Constante
Thury
*Sir Joseph Paxton
Souvenir de Kietf
La Grosse Sucree
*Dr Hoorr
General Crop.
Traveller
Due de Malakoff
Amateur
Waltham Seedling
*Keens's Seedling
British Queen
Late.
Oscar
*La Constante
*Sir Charles Napier
Due de Malakoff
*Dr. Hogg
*Sir J. Paxton
Lucas
Elton
Vicomtesse Hericart de
♦Hyatt's Eliza
Frogmore Late Pine
Thury
WALNUTS.
A Bijoux. See Large Fruited.
COMMON. — The common walnut being raised from seeds, there
are a great number of varieties, varying in size, flavour, thickness of
the shell, and fertihty. To secure a variety of a certain character, it
must be perpetuated by grafting in the same way as varieties of other
fruit trees are propagated.
A Coque Tendre. See Thin Shelled,
Double. See Large Fruited.
DWARF PROLIFIC (Early Bearing; Fertile; Prceparturiens ;
Precocious). — This is a dwarf-growing, early-bearing variety, which I
have seen produce fruit when not more than two and a half to three
feet high ; and a tree in my possession bore abundant crops of good-
sized and well-flavoured fruit when not more than six feet high.
This variety reproduces itself from seed.
WALNUTS. » 759
Early Bearing. See Dwarf Prolijic.
Fertile. See Dwarf Prolific,
French. See Large Fruited.
HIGHFLYER. — This ripens its fruit considerably earlier than the
others, and is of good size and well flavoured.
De Jauge. See Large Fruited.
LARGE FRUITED (A Bijoux; Double; French; De Jauge; A
Tres Gros Fruit). — Nuts, very large, two or three times larger than
the common walnut, and somewhat square or oblong in shape. The
kernel is small for the size of the nut, and does not nearly fill the shell.
It requires to be eaten when fresh, as it very soon becomes rancid.
The shell of this variety is used by the jewellers for jewel-cases, and
is frequently fitted up with ladies' embroidering instruments.
LATE (Tardif ; Saint Jean). — The leaves and flowers are not
developed till near the end of June, after all danger from frost has
passed. The nuts are of medium size, roundish, and well filled, but
they do not keep long. The tree is very productive, and is repro-
duced from the seed.
A Mesange. See Thin Shelled.
Praeparturiens. See Dwarf Prolific,
Precocious. See Dwarf Prolific.
St. Jean. See Late.
Tardif. See Late.
THIN SHELLED {A Coque Tendre; A Mesange).— 'Nuts, oblong,
with a tender shell, and well filled.
This is the best of all the varieties.
A Tres Gros Fruit. See Large Fruited.
YORKSHIRE. — This is of large size, but not so large as the Large
Fruited. It fills and ripens well.
London :
Printed at the Horticultural Press Office,
17], Fleet Street.
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Hogg, R.
The fruit manual, 1884.
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