The Fungifile [serial] : newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

Triangle Area Mushroom Club
c/o Mary Beall
68 Fernwood Ln.
Chapel Hill NC 27516

UNC

Couch Biology Library
CB#3280 Coker Hall
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280

<il.„!

liihliiiitilt

HiUHJi

The Fungifile
January/February 2002
The newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

"Chicken on Dryer" courtesy of Judy Johnson,
(Durham, North Carolina, Fall 2002)

uoqBSedoij uioo.iqsri]Aj

q3iB3sa^j adpa^[

saqoja^g uioo.iqsn]Ai SA\aiAa.i >[Oog

:A"q 2ui}saia}ui djifiSun^ aip a>reui djan
(i^uapisaij se 9A.ias o} iuem j jsa^) -i^UJO qnIO

aaiX auoqdayax diqsiaquiajAi
~~ ~~ sXbjOjJ suibiSoij

:iBaA siqi seaic Sutmojtoj aq} ui djaq uea i

S*maiAI3IA[ A3 NOIXVJIDIlWcI QNV 1QJNI SQ33N

apoD diz

auoqj auiiaAeQ

ss^ ippv U^-a
ssajtppy SurnejAj
auoqj auioj-^

Mid

"VWVN Ql >paqo a^Biedas puag -(Aiiurei

io psnpiAipui) uoqepossy te3iSotodA]ai ueauauiv qi-tojsj OO'ZS ! !
(pjoqasnoq s.iaquiava pmppqpui

ue jo sjaquiaui Suqedoqied pauoiaippi? joj) ajepossy OO'Z [ ]

(a~juo laiiajSMau aqi saAiaoai) 2iiipuodsaJio3 OO'Z [ ]

lenpiAipiq Q0'8$ [ ]

ssajppy

(s) auiBjsj

:sariQ

'DJAIVL °} aiq^Aed s>paq:> syvy^

'91GLZ 'DH IITH pdeqo 'aire-} pooAuiia^ 89 'HEa& ^W 0 / JPWI °1 sanP a^udoidd^ pin? uiioi puag

iaihoj NoiivDnjJv aiHStfaaraw zooz
amD wocmHsnw vaw aioNvmx

' VJWN °1 aiqe^Bd inq °1 >PaiP HJLVWdHS

b puas utof ox sa^TAias pmoquDnpa iavpo snoiaumu pure 'Aeioi puopeu jTmuxre aqi Surpua^B jo aSajiAiid
aqi 'vduvajpjM pmmre aqi pue a/zz^cu/qA/ Ajqiuonnq aq} 0} suotjdijosqns apnpui pue (ajtuiei jo pmpiAipui)
jteaX iad 00'Z£$ Mou 9re S3nP VWVN 'DWVI qSrioiq} guiuiof uaqyvv 'VWVN u™? J! JunoDSip i? p§
sjaquiaui mo (vWVN) uoqmaossv foiSotodajai ireDiianiv qiJON aq} qatM pa^poss^ si 3PWI 9:)UTS

Baie aq} vn aq oa uaddeq Aaqi it sAtuoi io sSupaaui }i? auiODjaM sabmjb aie
SJiaqniaui Sinpuodsano3 -sapjAipe qnp JtqnSai in ajedpiaiBd o; Abmb ibj ooj aAq oqM asoqa Jtoi aiqeyreAB
an? sdiqsiaquiaui 2uipuodsaii03 -saSanAud puc siqSu tjb sapnpui siip pue 00 3$ PPB (sdiqsiaqinaui
aj^posse) siaqinaui ppqasnoq guia^dppjBd puopippe joj -saSanAud Suippq a^ijjo pin? Suiioa
jjnj (21 13AO asoqi ioj) pue d\ifi$un£ aqi 0} uoiaduasqins b apnpur sdiqsjaquiava pmpiAipui JBaA isb]
sb annas aqi aje Aaqx '(© siq; aAiaaai no A jaAauaqM 10) i£ Aiimuef anp ai\? sanp diqsjaquiaui pnuuv

eoo^******S3aa ciiHS^iaaiAiaw******S3aa jmsHaaiA[aiA[******£ooz

d MycologyVolume 3(2), April2002

ected a day after prolonged rains and all Together with Giampaolo Simonini we plan appeared to be fresh. Most seemed young or a detailed study of the
roscopic character- not fully matured but three appeared mature is tics of the American and several Italian and a spore deposit was obtained. The
ections.

owing is a description based on this Among European boletes BoletUs dupainii collection, appears somewhat similar to B. queletii,
2.5- 7.5 cm in diameter, at first especially the variety rubicundus Ma ire

dspherical, becoming convex; surface (Watling, 1970). The North American dark blood red, becoming somewhat lighter B. .frostii has a similarly coloui s
1 also blood red and developing small yellowish viscid) cap but it differs sharply in the red, areas in maturity; glabrous, smooth, very strongly alveolate -
:ulate stem. BoletUs viscid when moist (and pileipellis detersible), rubroglutinosus Corner (1974) from Sarawak shiny and as if lacquered when dry;
gin seems very close to B. dupainii in overall incurved at first, even, colors and viscid cap, but its spores are

aenophore adnate to narrowly smaller (9.5-12 x 3.7-4.51.Lnl). In view of Roy depressed, with short, decurrent tooth; pore Watling's comment of a possible
ish surface dark blood red at first, lighter red to collection, we urge our colleagues to search orange red at maturity, bruising dark blue; for this beautiful
;te in the British Isles.

:s small, more or less circular, 2-3 per We thank Giampaolo Simonini for provid- mm; tubes 5-6 mm long, greenish yellow, ing information on European

irts and bluing when cut; spore deposit dark olive illustrations of Boletus dupainii. The collec- brown, tion from North Carolina is on deposit at the

jn 3-7 x 1-2 cm, equal to clavate, hard Bolete Herbarium of the Buffalo Museum of and firm; ground colour yellow, golden Science as Both 4488 (BUF).

aw in the apical area and there reticulated

)me specimens from decurrent tUbes, Reference"".

)ming streaked .and sponed with-'red Breitenba()h,]. and-F;-Kranzlin (1991). - downward, finely doned red to cinnamon, Fungi of Switzerland. Val. 3.
tl area white and basal mycelium white; Boletes and agarics. First part. Lucerne, surface bruises'dark blue when handled. Corner, E.].H. (1974). Boletus

h up to one cm thick at the disc, pale Phylloporus in Malaysia: further notes and lemon yellow, bruising dark blue rapidly, descriptions. The Gardens'
\etJn, becoming blackish blue; odor not distinctive, Singapore XXVII (Part 1) : 1-16.

t mild. Le Gal, M. (1950). Observations sur Boletus Spores (1 0)-l 1-16.5-(18) x (3.3)-4.4-5.5- dupainii Boud. Bull. Soc. myc. de France
) l.Lnl, with prominent guttules, fusiform- 66: 96-98.
»soid, ochraceous in KOH. Watling, R (1970). Boletaceae:

i the exception of Breitenbach and Gomphidiaceae: Paxillaceae. British Kranzlin ( 1991) , most reports of spore sizes Fungus Flora. Agarics and Boleti. in
iterature seem to be based on Boudier Edinburgh, or on Le Gal's study of the type. There are discrepancies among the original measures - we list the mean
s and mean length/width ratios (Q):

idier 14.5 x 6 Q = 2.41 Le Gal 13.7 x 5.8 2.37 Breitenbach

Kranzlin 12.9 x 5.6 2.35 Simonini

s. comm.) 12.3 x 4.9 2.50 Both 12.7x4.7 2.65

Field Mycology Volume 3(2), April 2002

BOLETUS DUPAINII
in North America

Owen L. McConnell1 & Ernst E. Both2

1 . 2808 Butner St., Durham, N.C. 27704-3110 2. Division of Mycology, Buffalo Museum of Science,
1020 Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, N.Y. 14211-1293.
Email: opmcconnell@att.net & eboth@sciencebuff.org

1 oletus dupainii was published by
l-£ Boucher in 1902 as having a shiny,
JLJ viscid, blood red cap, blood red pores,
yellow stem that is red-punctate, pale yellow
flesh slowly bluing when cut, especially above
the tubes. He reported the size of the spores
as 13-16 x 5-7 urn, with 2 to 3 large guttules.
The type was studied by Le Gal (1950), who
found the spores to be 1 1-16 x 4.7-6.5.

This very distinctive bolete is distributed
from northern Bavaria to central and south-
ern France, from the Pyrenees into Spain
and across the southern Alps into Italy,
reaching Sicily in the south. Thus it ranges-
from latitude 50° north to latitude 38" north
(Giampaolo Simonini, personal communica-

tion). So far it has been reported only from
Europe. Watling (1970) stated that "it may be
in the British Isles to judge from a colour
transparency of a British collection; no
material is available for examination."

We now report the first occurence of this
bolete outside of Europe and its first report
from North America. Owen McConnell
collected 1 2 specimens on August 3, 2000 at
the picnic area of John Umstead Hospital at
Butner, North Carolina (latitude 35.6°
north), 15 miles north of Durham. All were
fruiting within 5 meters of one another, irreg-
ularly scattered under Post Oak (Quercus
stellata), with little vegetation at ground level,
except mosses and grasses. They were

Boletus dupainii, with its sticky, cherry-red caps, blood-red pores and yellow-red stems it is one of the most attrac-
tive of boletes. Collected for the first time in the U.S.A., it grew under Post Oak (Quercus stellata) in Butner, North
Carolina. Photograph © Owen McConnell.

14

I — 1 c

■*p ^

00 q

r-1 ZJ

I

o ^

-0 n

O M

X ^

NJ XI

OJ

LO ^

?
O

\J fD
O

CTi
O fD

■a "«

rn

Cl

O

QJ

3

T3

73

O
QJ
CL

n

QJ

i-* O "o

^ =5

O
CO

n

NJ
XI
CTI

CO co'

C O
3 -t
CL fD

< =T

QJ

n

<

fD

3

fD

QJ

81

■f> co

OJ o
NJ 3

n

NJ
XI
NJ
X
00

O QJ
fD =»

ZJ

>

<
fD

QJ

a. n

< QJ

fD -a
3 I

li
la n

ZJ NJ

OJ QJ

OH
CO

3

fD

n
o
o

7T

fD
<
fD

73
O
QJ
CL

QJ
*<

n

ZT
QJ

-V
CO

3 n

— • * zr

fD CO OJ

a « -a

9L V X
S) xi =

3 xi ^

CL

CO

to

cn —

a

h
o

|-1 C
CO =5

nj if

NJ

on 2

w f)

CO KJ
XI
XI
O

NJ TJ

O QJ

NJ rr

00 z

fD

3

CT
fD

QJ

co"

O

zj

n

NJ
XI

on

fD
—i

O
O
CL

r~

QJ
ZJ
fD

CO

co cz
fD z<

QJ_ fD

~~ CO
fD
O
— t
fD
r-t
QJ

fD
to

Ql
fD
3
r-r

"D

O

CO

O

o

ro

3

13 C

fD1 =

fD
0J

fD

n

zr§

fD -*
ZJ QJ

O QJ

7T

fD

n- f0

5 co

2. fD

CO _

-a <"

N _^

n

LQ

Q-

co"

zr

fD

< 3 fD

qi fp_ "

r-t-
QJ fD
CL
-

2. co

F31 q

QJ
ZS
CL

cT
— i

7T

3

fD
CL

fD

fD CO
CO Q_

fD

-a c
oTP

nj n
_. o
zj <

O -i

fD LG
fD

-1 ZJ
QJ fD

$ 3

-a' fD

« fD

CT- QJ

ZT r-r

05 O

P <

QJ fD

"a zj

W rT

Q_ O

fD OJ

qj cn

^ o

O CL
fD

QJ LQ

Z3 -<

-< fD

fD

Cl co

QJ
=5

Cl

or
— <
c

CO

or co_
qj ~<

7T
fD

LQ

QJ )T —
r-t-

fD
-<

CT>

fD ~

00 KU =

CO
QJ
£Z

n
fD

■a

fD

o
"a

n> re
o °-

2

QJ

n
fD

r-C

rr
fD

3

o

N

3
o

N
N
QJ

n
c

TJ

O

3

fD QJ
— r~T

Q) O

O 00

o aj

qj n

^ ro
o

r+

=r

fD

-i

LQ
O
O
CL

3

fD_
r+
3'
LQ

n
zr

fD
fD
CO
fD

r£ CT>

« s

<— QJ

O 7^
==t QJ

^ fD

Is

5 8-
fp_

o"
o

I

?

rr
g_

fD
t3
O
3-

o
cr

fD

n

QJ
T3

CO
fD

fD
CO

fD O

■Si

^cg
T3 CO
-i

fD ,
-n

fD "a
-1 fD

FT 2

fD fD

is

q: qj

■J LQ
QJ fD

!§■

fD O

O

c

o ^
n

<^> _
Q. QJ

g 3

!§'

fD QJ
^ <
O ^

"a qj

13 «-f

is

fD fD
< CO
fD r-.

3
LQ
CO

fD

QJ
ZJ
CL

CO

CO

QJ
ZJ

Cl
co
O

5*
3-

cif

QJ CO

ZJ ^
-< co

9.1

O CQ
1= -h
~> O

O zj

5 fD
fD co
fD CO
CL -

r-r -<
O O

CT^
fD Cl

fD zr

Cl QJ

5* fD
~t rr
QJ O

C fD

rr I

LH g-

ZJ

=> fD

fD

"a

Nl'
Nl

QJ fD

cT
— ^

fD

fD

' fD ZJ
CO p

5* <

QJ <D
OJ~<

O^"
Cl LQ
fD fD
CQ n

ZJ QJ

fD -a

8?

Tl

w Z!
rT fD

O LQ

fS £

_CO QJ
QJ o

qj n
10 ^

EE 2

zr e
fD zj
co cl

fD _.

T- O

■2. §
N o

QJ fD
CO -rj

5^

Ct QJ

fa

QJ LQ
w Z5

c o
i n
fD fD

4,^

^ 3

W fD
ZJ

^ cr

C ZJ

Q. fD

cr co

c q

O

ZJ
fD

O

fD

fD tj S
O ^

zj 3 9r

^ S- g

fD fD =>
QJ = QJ

to o cr.

fD* n °

-I QJ <

cT^.J

q w w

qj_ o g-

fD

CO

C qT

-a cr ro

O i—t- QJ

8- m ^
a. ^ s

° O LQ

T3 "* fD

n Q» o
S -2. ^

Ct N 5/

zr qj fD

QJ

n co

r-l- Qj
ZJ

Cl

O
3

L_i
O

fD

n

N
QJ
i

ZJ

fD

n

7T

O

"4
O

cr

fD

n

o
o

cr
o
o

n
i— >•

CD
CD
X

"O

o

O

cr

fD

n'

N
QJ

cr

3

n

n
o
3

3 ^

is

3 o
QJ -Jr-

r-f qj
fD _Q

o

E? ^
n —

O CO
— c/)

3 2

> 3

S.S

o o

a 3

•< cr.
■ o

CO

n

QJ
3

cr
fD

3
qj

CL

lq

fD

3

fD
-i
O

c

CO

■<

fD
CL

3
cz

CO
ZT
-I

o
o

3

CO

cr -a

CL CO
fD fD

3 fD

8 «-*

CL zr

o ^

crrc

< 9J

3 °

■a «
c Q.

5" O Z* QJ

■s-"< QJ 3

^ fD •< C
O QJ CO QJ

S CO O

2

QJ
— i
CO

cr

QJ

CJ

co

r-f
O

QJ

3

fD

QJ

CJ
C

3
cr
fD

3

fD
CO

o -,
-h O

n

3. TZ>

CJ QJ

LQ co

fD

fD

CL

fD M

cr qj

gs<<

fD VQ

cr QJ

QJ

fD

QJ

cr r

QJ

52. x
QJ CO

c?rc
O Q.

CL QJ_

s-*<

fD _

ft

O CL

co zr

O fD
erg

QJ —

^ 5
cr qj
fD ^

E_ o
cl "a

fD

3-

fD
CO

IE
co"

fD
CJ
r-f

cr
sc

CO

Qj"

CO

3

T3 — .

o cj
cr. <

O

fD

§ n
- O

fl

CJ

fD

Fn w
co

"> QJ
-Q ZJ
C CL

9L N
r¥ fD

QJ O

tfl 2
° ^

DJ fD

Ef :>
3 qj

n w

r+
fD
CL

ZJ
fD

fD n
CO ^

n

15

fJL £
a= 3

CO QJ

-a w

3. "O
< QJ

%3

fD >

qT

ZJ QJ

^.8

ZJ tc
-o 05

fD CU_
CO

o

CO

o

CJ QJ

e|

fD

ZJ

cT

- s

3

QJ
rj

<
fD

■a
-i
o

CO

-i

QJ

3

CO

CL
£Z
ZJ,

zj'

CQ

3

fD
fD

fD, ~

~ LQ
CO

O

3

fD

CO

CD g o
E. o 3

& 3- §

zj zr _ .

*a •< B

QJ n cr.

<-*■ p- o

O a- ?
c _.

3 >

fD Co

£ D>

— r- CO O

3 O CO

CO CO

•s * °

< CL CL
fD _. 3"

CO =3

fD r-f Zi

< zr co'

fD fD !

o co cr

-h fD §

HQ™
> ft^

P^j QJ

QJ QJ O

n n -j

XJ JCi -

c cz

fD fD

CO CO

cr u

fD O

3

fD

QJ
ZJ
CL

n
o
zs

CO CQ

c: o

-I
fD

cr

£Z
r-l-
fD
CL

QJ

3

fD
QJ

n
zr

QJ
fD

^3

ZJ

ZJ c _

cr zj

cTcT

QJ Qj fD

£Z

3 fD
CT CL
fD

m o

fD

3 en -5

— n DJ

3- °

fD w O

S | if

QJ 92. qj

a- qT 3

cr zj
o

-t fD

QJ CL

O r*i

^ 3

zi vo
? zr

QJ CO fD
"< «

£ °» 8

-3 fD

□ pa

DJ r,)
SODS

IQ zr

=: fD

QJ

QJ

QJ "O

— — ?
fD
CO

CL
fD
CJ

— I

> o

n

QJ

fD

3
cr

fD

co

>
1 =

fD CO

3 ^ §:
cr NJ =
fD ^J cr

-i fD

o

QJ
CL
CL
fD
CJ

QJ fD

3 S

QJ O

CO

fD

< QJ
fD =j

O QJ
7T r-t
fi> r-i

O

c

ZJ
CL
fD
CL

(-1

QJ

n

C

fD
V)

■o

o

fD
-l

zr q. 2 DJ
fD 5~ -z> "a

- O fD

o 03

5' ^

5j"

o

^ CJ

cr H

7T

ua fD

CL

ZJ
Q_
£Z
CL
fD
CL

^<r~cr
qj z;

5- 8"

CO ¥L

a <

I!

P 5"

fD O

-8 ^
=r

i— 1 zj' -5
CJ _ r+

- zT S

-fD— co-

n

QJ

73
O
QJ
CL

II
© cr

S ro

zl cr

O

c

>
3

fD

fD =J-

-< n

^ DJ
CO

O Dj

"S ^
ZJ CO

o o
-<

r-r fD

cr cl

Co' 3,
id'

cr

— j CJ

> c: fD

Z ?

3 8S

fD [sj fD
fD C QJ

fD -r-

§ -h fD
m 3.

§ W TC

lo

-1 E. QJ
fD 3 ZJ

— DJ

3- O a
co -h q_

Da 31 fD

O (0 rt

Si rt

o

c
—1
cr

QJ

3
r>

QJ TD q

a ^ fD

n zr "

fD 0)

C0 qj

QJ

o
o

QJ
CJ
CL

QJ
CJ

7T

=L CO fD

fD

c:. o

ZJ— E-

QJ

fD

o 0

-1 CO

CO

CJ ^

QJ CO

JZ

3 =ft

QJ r-t-
— O

?4- 3

C_i fD
fD r^-

ZJ w

of Di'
cr fD
3 3

^ DJ.
I—1

«vj QJ

O -r

CT>

O
T3
fD
3

? XJ
3 QJ
rf LQ

fD f°
(-^ CO

QJ

QJ co
Q- ^
O 0-

f 5

LQ "

zr '-|

8. 1

-+i fD

3 cr
— . fD
3 LQ
Q. C
C 3
r-f

O o

P 3

fD £Z
fD CL
T3 fD

§ QJ
QJ 7T

a- 5

QJ

3
C

3
cr

fD

f? f°

QJ r-f

cT 3'

fD

QJ
3
CL

fD

L?

3
LQ

~<
O

TD
3

0 cr

cT °

CO XJ

O DJ

O co

3 CO

r-f r-f

zr zr

fD fD

n 3

< §

fD 3

QJ
3
CL

fD

Ft

fD

— T

CO

c:
cr

3
co'

CO

CO

o

<

fD

fD

fD

— I
>

<

o
a

—\

-X-
>
-z.

<
O
CZ

— I

>
-z.

7s
-<

o
c

3

fD

3
cr

fD

s ^

3 S

fD fD

cr.

V/ J — '

cr t— 1 fD

X3

QJ

QJ fD

fD m
co lJL
zr n

CO §
i-f Z3

9J fD

r-f

cr O
-< M
O

fD °- fD fD— O

3
LQ

CO
QJ
-<

zr

fD

— • n

3 fD

3'

QJ
-i

n
zr

o
c

n

QJ

3

CO

fD
fD

fD
CO

fD

>!
n

LQ
r-f

zr

fD

ZTj
- s
CO

fD

S>

CO

fD

fD
-i
CO

o

< ^

3' CL

LQ —

r-f A"

O fD

LQ g-
fD u
r-f CO

cj QJ

fD -<

^ cT
S£L qT

fD r-f
3 M
fD LQ
CO O

I?

["+ fD

=»' 2
qj fD

3
LQ

CO fD
QJ "<

3 fD
fD QJ

LQ "

O

Zj'
LQ

£ 3 r<

fD

fD

3- QJ

QJ ^3

" CO -+>

QJ ZT r-f

r^ © 0

!=r 3 QJ

fD

Q.

rt-"

o

—I

wT

2
O

z

O X 2

QJ •< n

g §-5

3 = E7
to

-<
n
fD

oo

cr

3 5

Q) O =5

c
3

CD

3

n>

rT

fD
oo

<
CD
— i
oo

n"
0_

O

n

CD
ZJ

zr

QJ
—i

n)

n

QJ
ZJ
r+

zr

QJ
■"I

fD

n

QJ
Z5

zr

QJ

£1 2- 2. S 3

01

n,
cr

QJ

c'

01

cr

00

r-f
£Z

cr

QJ
fD

C?

3

on'

on
n
zj'
zj

QJ

CT

QJ

ZJ

Zj'

CT

00

fD
QJ

to

o

3

-<

to o
n p S

o o o
"a -g -g

=: E~ E"
00 00 to

QJ "a —

— — fD
cr c

to
zs
o
o
n
O

"O

o

QJ
r-f

CD

3

cr

fD

o
<

c£

QJ

n

fD
C

to

"O DO

<

O 00

cr
o

ftg

QJ
<
fD
=5
fD

cr -

If) TD

c zr
0) =%

zr o

3- c

fD 00

C

00

>< 2

fD QJ

ti

QJ QJ

n .

n 73

o cr

00

ZJ
QJ

cr'

00

to
"a

»=. ^ O QJ

73 73 r-

c c 5J

to to Q

to to p
C c

-a >

CT Z5

QJ QJ

O fD

QJ

QJ
00

n"
cr_

QJ
—i
fD

3

fD

O

3

n qj "a

Q) IQ -I

o c

c r«

■a S

oo -

QJ =

O qT

^ ST

-t fD

fD 00

QJ O

cr fD

00 00

9{-8

| a

3

E'-a

w o
to n
n fD

2 QJ
to

n o n

ID Q) QJ QJ

C — i -i -t

oo E- E- E-

n oo oo oo

fD

QJ QJ

n n

■ZT f-1"

fD fD

2^

c o

<" fD
ZJ
00

to"

3 5'

C CL

Q. ud'
Q- O
e
to

£Z £Z

00 00

< -a

CD CD

3 3

C r-f

00 C
00

73 X CT) cn 73

QJ fD fD " "

3 3 S

QJ Ft H-

-• 3 ?

QJ n §

00 Qj' 3

C

00

QJ

00

o
3

00 C£ "F

cr. QJ fD
a Q w

n: i

-< •<

~t —I

o o
~a -a
zr zr
o o

00

QJ

00

ZS
O

n
n
O
~a
cr

00

o B

£Z ^

00 fD

i — i — i a

QJ ■< -< oo
o n n •<
trr o o qj
c

fD fD

to Q. Q.
— • £Z tZ

O fD QJ
g: | 00
QJ fD

cr

00

|33

Id' ZJ T3

o S n>

fD
~ I
fD_

E"

00

<

fD

s ft &

3 QJ

> >
3 3

QJ QJ

ZJ ZJ

rt-' r-f'

QJ QJ

Q. "CI
<T QJ
Z5. Z!
ZJ ZJ'
fD O
to
QJ

n n
o_ o_

•<"
cr g-

qj' Qj'
n

o 2
zr 3-

~ QJ
QJ C
00

n

o

n
-<
cr
fD

ZJ

c

CL
QJ

CO
r-f
fD
-i
fD
C

3

n
o

3
"a_

n"

QJ

fD

T3 cr

S3

QJ
ZJ

c
a.

QJ

o

cr
fD

cn

!Z

cr

fD
Cl

cr

NJ

fD i
O 03

o o
% E7

n

—1
fD
fD
7T

Z5

o
zr

a o

-<

m
■o
O

H

n

zr

QJ

-a

fD

> > >

3 3 3

Qj QJ QJ

2 2 2.

rt rt rr

qj qj QJ

o7 qj qj qj o> V qj oj qj ^ £.-<•<.'<.'<. ^ ^ ° °

G G G G G £1 13 3 2

i-r i-j- rT rr r-f rr
QJ Q) QJ QJ QJ fD

fD fD

n

QJ

ro
w

QJ
— \
fD
QJ

c c

in W

QJ QJ QJ

in in ^ fp_ QL OL c

< T3 -a 5" n wi c c
2.-5 2. a. =f w 00

fD QJ iq' *< —

-5-8 -g.-2.-2. S 3 c c

o c7 F E" o cr o 1/1
2!2Lnc/1c/)32-<QJ
3- w -o ^ cr-< 01 c

=T o

fD -U
O

fD

8-°

r> m
fD

ZJ

QJ

2" x

in c
in

° X

ZT
fD
£Z
in

3 oT Q

fD i

So-

C QJ

in 3.

Zj'

in

£Z

in

O

CL

O
X
QJ
=3
rt

zr
c
in

u?

fb~

Cl

cr
o_

fD
rt
fD

2_ n

p- QJ

in rt
QJ
ZJ
fD
C
in

p- 2. qj ri .. -■ —
2 — = fD 2 -5 "a

fD
=L £=

2/

fD

<

QJ

n

fD

c

in

en in ,..

fD

zD. cr in
O fp,
c_

QJ

n
n
O

T3

in

Botany Section
MAR 1 9 2003
UNC - CHAPEL HILL

5- 2- 3 I.

Q.-< O rt

c q. in ' =r

fD o 2, o

°- £= S _

n
O

ZJ
Q.
rt-'

o'

ZJ

in

3

o
in

QJ

zs'

CL
£Z

fD O

n tz
izr. Z5
o o.

3 c

O Z5
-h fD
O X

2- fD

o

ZJ

(/)

QJ

Qj =

Zl

in
Cl
c

Z5
IQ
rt

zr

fD

CL
QJ
><

O

rr n
fD rr

°- S-

J2 fD

X5
T3

U1

IQ
.. rr

S, fD
rr "O

fD
in
c

3
3

fD

fD
<

o"
c
in

=>
fD
fD

7=r

fD
<

o'
c
in

fD
fD
7T

CT
C

H

zr
fD

fD
QJ

fD* M

in o

o 0

O QJ

fD

<£_ fD -5
^ W O
"O £Z

fD
—t

QJ

in

Q

fD
QJ

ID
QJ

fD -

w ^

in

f> QJ

fD

o
O

3

in
c

fD

fD
X

n

fD
fD
CL

rr 3
fD zr

fD ^-
<~r — r
QJ —

O ^>
^ ZJ
r-S Qj

o
3

fD
ZJ

5" °-

TO
_ O
QJ

00 Q.

O in

c

in

qj'
in

cr

in

2 c O
2" 30

3^5

So '5

fD _

CL fD 2

m
■o

O o §

S. Ln ^
Cl

CD o

ss

Zl

> > >

3 3 3

QJ QJ QJ

2 2 2.

rt rr rr
QJ QJ QJ

n zi zTj
o 2.
^ 5^ <

fD fD O

3 2.

in QJ

> >

3 3

QJ QJ

Z! ZJ

rt rt

QJ QJ

CJ" 5
QJ

> > >

3 3 3

QJ QJ QJ

2 2. 2.

rt rt rt

Q) QJ QJ

<

UZl

zs'

QJ
rt
QJ

O <
in qj

QJ

n

QJ
fD
in

QJ
—\
fD
QJ

— I

zr
fD

QJ

QJ

in

zr
fp_
Cl
QJ

— h

fD

Cl
QJ
<

in

QJ
rt
fD
—1

QJ

o

n

rt
O

cr

fD

ro

73
m

ro H

^ o

I a

I*

cr fD
-< !

9 r>

QJ zr
<. QJ

0 rt 1

zr 1

-if

5 n 5

2 fB
>— —1

fD

^ %

QJ

-n
O

CD H

fD S

3

fD

QJ
in

rt
-i

c

3

in
T3

WQ2

< cr.

c ZJ

c

in

cn n n
o_ o_ o

fD ^<

Z5
Q)

CD

fD

3: =5 2

> >

3 qj

fD

in

(n QJ fD

2. fD QJ

zr c+ z>

qj a.

QJ CJ
QJ

CL
fD
- 1

3

QJ

n

fD
T3
QJ

QJ

in
-o

C

in
in
T3

O
ZJ
fD

3

QJ

n
zr

•3
in
O

TJ

QJ

fD

73 73
c c
in in
in in
c_ c

QJ QJ

70 > >

c 3 3

QJ «-> rTC nT

% QJ QJ

C C! ZS

QJ <

rt — •

QJ Q

cr 2_

fD QJ

fD
ZJ
in

fD Q

3 5

fD in

n

in

QJ QJ

10
- 1
o
a

T3

^ QJ QJ

8 < <

3 o to

T3 m 5"

QJ QJ QJ

G

> > >

3 3 3

QJ QJ QJ

2 2. 2.

rt rt rt

QJ Q) QJ

-1 -ti n

C QJ QJ

5" <

fD O

a 8

S r5-

in QJ

£Z
Q_

■a"

fD

in

fD

QJ

Q)_

zj'

Triangle Area Mushroom Club
c/o Mary Beall
68 Fernwood Ln.
Chapel Hill NC 27516

UNC

Couch Biology Library
CB#3280 Coker Hall
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280

The Fungifile
March April 2003

The newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

Morelophiles" courtesy of Jen Mahan,
(French Lick, Indiana, Spring 2000)

_C0

CD
i_

o
E

CD

T3

E &

o a

i_ CD
</)

■g m
_ s ro
cn cr-c
< — .-a

CD
C

N C
CD CD
CD SZ
Z> >

ro

in

CD

3

C CD
CD ir!

E «=
o> 8

■| TJ
ro g V

CD -

cn .52 q3 o

o

to

fc'g.
j-> CT

CO =

E
o

E
o

4—

to

ro M-
5 OJ

CL O >

3 E I

U CD _Q

o

jd -a
= ro

E B £

to 3 QJ

ro j£ to

i=! 4-1 cn
.Eti 3

lie

= .E ro

E 2
o

CO

f— CJ
T3 O

-a o o
ro T3 »

° o c

CD
>—

o
E

CD

>
o

si

CO

co •

CD 'P

U ±j

CD O

C U
CD

>, ^ co

3-o $

CD £ u

ro Si k

U XI o

CO

E
i

3

o

CL

8 cn

"5 §

c:

— O

CM -g

CL —

o 55

y— cn

o SB

3 8.

f J CO

co cn
z> c:
cn ■=
ro .5=

ro r-

Cl C

co CD

ro >-

15

CD -C

co to u

CD JC rj-

-C cn

cn c:

=3 CD

o

CO

■e£-8

ro n, co
u fD CD
co _> u

^ JS ^

"c T3 "ro

ro 5 £
_ ro o

■c cl ro
h- 4= -a

cs

CD

E

i_ it CD

CD _ jj )-

(= c i- c i- a; CD

E-g s ? g| g

? co

$T e o n £ ro £ '

ro

J= C -O ^ -43 •«

m S C O C O

E° U ^ U j_, o ^ ^

ro S -a 55, ^ u .

■E ■ — CD „, W CL

cj ro
E 5

^ CD
CD

ro < cr ro ^
.E . — CD >•

528 1 812

^ co CD

CJ _

u3 E ^

£B o ai c

ro o ti 2

r— Z3 CO

g1 Q

1 1 -!C _•

CD

y .

3 2 P "°

<= ro -<
00-^ ■ ffi

C i5 CD co y

(D ^ O a

— CD c

- U C

.«= -a 5

■4-> ro

■ ro ro

w CD co

c b £

O LO

Q CD §
CO

O CD

— U

CD "~

CI ^

c o

CD CD 3

ro j-. u ro

CD ro 33 CO

^ n ro r-

Q co =

< i_ -a co
c: ro

•i-g^E^roa)
a; — qj oj »_ ,_ ro ro

C n ^ r 0) (ti 5: . .

cd — <y cd Jn i_ ro ro
Eig^E-c^ro-,

E JO - -

E '2..i= E
•— cr c ■—
cO — b co

CO

~ ro

CD to

= ro
cn cl
ro

ro
c

JC c
co ^

CD

O

o

t ro

Cl

CO

CD 2 2
cn o ro
ro o cl

i_ J^. u CO

cd cj ro

la S. O T3

n 5 5 -8 ro

*= ±1 o ~ , n
^ ro '

« OTi3 ro c

co E ro ro

X J3 T3 r n

<U V4- CD 3 ^

Jj- O V. T3 ro

0 1=! w >-
S §-0 = s

-c ro . ro >

to =3 cd cl cn

CT -t! co C

E cd c ro 2

cd ro E -a

ct.E ^ ro

12 to ^"o

cn o
a) ^ -g to
2: i= ro c _.
uc ro „ o rt ^

cn &iS "15 £ «
c ro 1= 2 c ^

3£n

o
o
o

Cl

Ci

u
rsi

CD

CO

— to ro
:= to CD "n

5 ro S aL 8

■fc! CD

C3 +J

o ro

> ro.

CD S

U CL

£ "°

ro cd

CO g

CD

CD U
to 3

Cl
=3

u cd ro

- *- tn

rr o
.t: oii!

5 13 .E

CD E

5
o

X3 -O

CD

cn
1—
ro

ro 3

CO CO

ro

- E

ro zj

B '-E I1

in 3 'c

13 01 m

cn ro ro

ro c E

§_ o

CO x>

ro ■

= CO

X3

C -M

ro CD .55

c o

o c

ro

CO

CL

CD

8 § S

£

CD

0

ra

arv

JZ

cu

pui

u

to

CO

ro

cu

CD

XI

"a

f —

a.

U
=3

un

urrour

i_

CD

sa

aro

mpl

JZ
■*->

irini

CO

'to

q3

ra

CD
i_

_cy

i_

mixtu'

"oi

ro

ra

CL
CL

• Fo

tl—

i SOU

gus

0
c

uce

to
tn
CD

u

CD
C
c^
i_
CD

o ra
V u_
o 0

CL s-
Cl)

U C

ra cj
cu cj

■a o

'f to

u_

^ in

2: 2

CU 4->

o c:
h- ro

to

T3
C

QJ
£

o

cz to CO
ro ro cn

ra|
ra ro

cl E
=3

to

2 S ?

CO j, 4->

cl tn %

to 5q ro

ro c

CD
C
i_

o
o
o
a

o
a>
0^

c

1m.

±3

C

fU

s.

o

0

JO

a) ^

l_ _3

o o

0

Q-
Q-

CD
Q.

■o
L_ c

CD

-»— • .4— 1
-1— » —

=3 CO
CD CO

o
a:

cu

CO

^ or

x si

—5 — CO
g o CO

c S 0

to ~

E ^
o a)
o ^

g E £

CD "O CD
0 Cl
CD cl

~ o ro
CO o to

c 0
co CO

CL .

JO
CD

o

c

CO
O

CD CD

C CL

>, co

.J- CL

3-0

CD

E

cd .E £
5 E

tj

■J
LU

o

2:

CO 3

O -Q Q

5fe
< 5

H <

o
o
o

CN
CD

c
'n

CO
CD
CO

CD

E
1—
rs
o
CD

SZ

CO

ro
CO

CD J=

CO

ro
co

CD

E

CO '4->

CD CD

CD '"6
CO <

CO

_CD
T3
O
O

cn
cn

CD

CD
X3

CO w
"D O

CM

CO

ro

O

CD

to CO

c
C
CD

"5
ro
-1-1

JC
CO
CD
1—

u—

ja
<*-
ro

— : c

ro Z

E ^

CO o

(M to

.y 4-"

c ro

t- _r~
O tfi

1"8

^ CL

S « o

cd 55 >■

> o E

> cl **-

C JD 3

■o n u
5}J3*
u ro tH

CO
CD

u

CD
'CL
O
c=

CD

cn
i_
ro

CL U

ro u

-5

U T3

qj

ti 2
3 J-

■° to-

"c1 E

CD 5
4-> .3

ro t
<5 3
c: 4-1

13 J5
ro

J3 c

o u
u -|

"cl ro
=r cn

U o

^ro
! to u
i x
: .5=! o

4-> +J

to c

O
LO

cn
c
'to
n

to
ro
Cl

-C

to
CD

ro
cl
cd

o
o

£2
_3

O

E
o
o

1_

SZ

Ui
3

03

o

<

D)
C

05

C

0)

a

O

c
o

'55
o

Q_

*->
c
a>

"55
a>

TO

CD

o — 1

CD T3

CO o

== O
03

0

CD

=5 CQ

£ ^ CD

03 ^Ll_

I — ^2 CO

o
'co

0
E

CD

0

31

O CQ

"~ 00
CM
O

CO

o
h»
Is-

CM CD
O ^

i

c o

m CM

sz ™

h= CD

0- c\i Q cn

E
o
o

a

LO

h- Qj
cm w

O c

=~^§

CM CD
j2 CD CD

O cd E

CO
1_

'03

O

03
i

O

01

0
>

CD

O

o
O

CD

> m

iS <^>

CD 5
CD

CM

O Q.

Z£
= C

E

CO

0
>

<
it

2 c

c 0)

CD
O

CD

o

1—
03
O

f 5

O -a

CD

c
c

CD
O

00
N-
CM

CM
O

ZCD
SZ CD
CD CD
=5 LO

O

O CO

CM

^ CD
X CD

O
CD

"O
s_

o
o
O

0
>
*i

Q

t CD LO

JZ >

0 T5 CM

EQ 3%

CD ^ CO 2

£_ 0 CD

Q_ Q r- Q

c

CO
CD

CD
O
01
o_

E CM
CD ^~

t± J= <

■o

LU

CD !_

c
0

_ D_

0 O

i= CM

o

CD

CD'c CD
C £= O !=

O

CD Jji

CO c

CM =

9 ©

T- CJ

00 CT

CD O

°? E

CD

CD

o
z

10

o

LU

4_ 0
° 03

cd x:
.9 O

0 2

CD £

_ °

E 0
° ?
05 CO

CD

£ o
cl

W £ a>

I * *

™ c <D

cd ^ co
ro ° o

CD CO ■—

.9 CO i—
•*-" 3 CO

£ £ 1

O o

o o

til

E E -

£ X

-1-

n_ CD

owe

CO C CD

-5 CD CD

O) «-

C 0 !9

D-Q »

CD 9

CD

O

c < -9 o

W ^ CL
CO

_Q CO
0 >> 9

1 £
CD

CD

O =5
^ LL

C <

E E

CO it

o o
CO £

- w

CO CD

£ KC/> CD £
c CD CD c

— __: —

o CD 2 >
JE £ Q .9

co
J>

o o
■■E >^

CO j»

CD 9
CO i-

o aj
£ to
cdE

.9 -a
-a cd

CO CD

CD fc
CD O

o

£ - T3
CD JO CD
E £ "9
® ° ^

* <t g

5 ro CD

OX! 0)
C C CO

^ to o

O </> —
_ O CD
CO o ^

"co -o ^
x: c §

TO 5

o
o

cri

co
o
o

CM

a
<

co

0

o

CD j_
£ TO

Z v

CO c

— o
X -i

— CD

^ •

co C£ c

x ' o

« CO

C TO o

— _i O
CD "C —

c ro n

CD _

CD CD a.

C CD TO

«= CO F

>>•= _

to > 12

i— — CD

0 C CO

^~ L_ O

a3 2 o

9 3 CD

CD W CD

J= CD C/3
— JZ

73 CD

CO ^ o

CD C

"O CO

= c 4=

> CD C

1 E •

CD co £

(1)

■a

o
o

(0

»_

o

"D

TO
0

>»
CO
J-

o
u_

T3
C
(0

(0

L—

CD

o

I O

3

CO

CD C

< Q.
CD °

0).S2 ■

CO £=
i= CD

h- T2

CD «
J= CD

Z D_

M- CJ

o <

S °

=3 O
O

>^ CO

JT CD

co x:

0 H

"cd

Id

1 I

-4-- X

» 2

if

CO

o|

CL CD
=3 JD

co 33

CO

CO
CO

o o .

"5) 0 03

cd .9?

£ co

= CD

_ i_

CO o_

CO
CO

CO

CO CO

CD

CD

"a
c

CO

CD -a

CD

TO o

^ E

= 6 2
O

Z ^ 2

CD

C3
CO
CO
CD

L.

>^ *-

B 1
2 i

<D CO

b =s

=3 "J

O =

CO CO
CD

CO

"O
CD C

;|'E

CO ^

CO
CD

Qj
CD

r e

CD .
^ CD
~ X2

32 o

C3 O

^ TO
CD

c

c:
o

TO .

■s S

CO CD

c

CD
CD

c
o

CO

co

CD
CO

CO
O

O CD
CM -Q

0 SI

-i— > i—

i_ o

£ E
£2 a3

CD Q-
TO >

CO °

T3 °
CD CD

c -o

= CD

i-g

CD W

^5

CD

~ 1

c o

O CO
JD
TO CO

9- o
o c

CD

C3

Z3

O -

>, a)
cd "to

O.T3

O CO

CD v

Q- o
c5 0-

0 o o

=3 CO
O =3

C Q-

0 " ■ >^ -I--
D3m- 0

c o —

— Q.

0

_ _ . X2
£ O CD £ tO

0

0 >,
E t

0 0
-c 32

v: o

o *-

cl~o

^ (0
o *->
+-> CO

0 ^

CD .Q
CO o
1-

0 o

T3 C

S e

CO CO
C 0
O T3
Q- co

CO ■—

0

32 >^

0 TO

o

O (D

g.l

0 o_
E °

TO c3

0 0
x: X2

E

0
o

o
c

0
x:

-4— »

=3
CL

o > jo Y

° 3 o ™

TO = cd

=3 o 9- CD

o >oo

= 0 00 csl

TO 0 -—-co

° E -9

^ o

O 0
0 s-
CL 0

CO
CO

2.5^

o

CD

O 0

S 5 o

(D Z -H

- ° S 9 §
C T3 ^

CO ,9 CD

0

1—

co

CO
X5

CO C 0

p CO

"T 0

LO X

CO o

co <»

0

E «
o !—

T3
CO

0
x:

CO

c
o

CO

o
o

0
"co

T3
CO

o ¥ =

=3

o

CO

o

0 _

TO

>m_ O CD

2—0
o

0 co $

O CO

C 0

-o

— c

IE 5. Z E

o co

o >,

^ "O

=3 0

£ £

— ■ > -r-, CU

CO > 4-;

CO

c 0
0 -r

%s

0 CO

£ § 0. CO
CN CD O c 2
0 P

0 o
0 _a "

CO

> CO
0 CO

c CD 5

X c

■4= C 73 TO O ^

A>i Q1N3ANI AJ_IS>J3AiaOig VXVJ_ 11V

0 L

•uibjSoicJ }ubi§ s^ouaury in anq laAOOSTQ ujauaq
qpA spaaaoid nv 'sidnoo iad gg$ /uosaad .rad Q£$ .ioi

pasBqamd aq abui osjb s:ia>pTj[ •uoi^j^sxSai aDua.ia.iuo:>
I9XV moA ut papnpur aiB ^saiojuxB^ aq; ui SuruaAq
uy;, 0} s^a>[DTj[ -siapuoM oqquaps puB 'sjBaxi dtutouoxb}
'sajqppaTjoD '}.ib joj Sudtooj a.iB aM .iaquisuis'^ ■Sotejbd
3q} ut pa}sq uopnqij;uo3 uoipriB xnoA aABq 0} '£00Z 'X
isquisasQ ajroiaq <:iau-qirtosq3q(§)f3s:io.i> A[iuig ttbui-3
-10 8Zt>Z-£St>-S98 IFD 's^uajajuoa aq} 0} uia}x uonanB
ub Suuq 01 ;aS.ioi }/uop os uoTiariB luayrs puB aAq aqi
oi suoqnqixjuoa ^anSBajTOD uo Smppjq st urq aq} jjBj-f

•saSBiaAaq jo

Ajuajd puB 'pooj A|puaTJj-q;jBa io luauqiossB snopqap
b aAjas tjim suoqBaj^ AiBuqrQ UBaanaidg •Sutsso.q
s^omaAOf) ;b 'jvjx 'aIUA-iaIAaS U1f ps^Doj st sairquaApy
issiojutb^ -uid 00^6 °} 0£:9 mojj ^QOZ 'S -taquiaaaa
'ABps-mqx uo sia^ioddns VI1Q PUH saapua;iB aauaiajuoa
I9XV JOJ js310}11}^ aq} ut SuiuaAg^ jBpads b Suusoq
ST sairquaApv isaioiurB^j -uoqBaoj Mau b SBq '^.ibj
|BuoqBj\j; sinBiunoTAi A>[ouig iBajg ut ajq io AaAins aq;
iioddns oi uoqanB ub /XusisATpoTq xoi spxgw s^BaX siqx

sain}U9Apy }S9iojuiF£i saAojAj
uorpny ^isiaAipoig ioj spig,, £Q0Z ^MI

•sazud pus }Joddns [Buoqouiojd [BuoTuppB SmpiAOid
xoj VIM'^PIMD Pue autbiq aubz o} puB 'iusas srq} uo
ino pjOM aqi SurusS io-i (A}uno3 jaiAag) ssaij uTB}unojAi
aqX puB '(ni 'anf/vAre^) sauni Attbci aqi Al-mSM
qauquag-SMajsj aynAxou>[ aqx '(uoubjs otpBJ 3jttaxou>[)
jcaAT^i aqx JAJX £'001 sjosuods Bipaui o^ s>[UBq; ppadg

"I91V 3^ iioddns oj oS htm pjrqo Jtad 00'Z$
puB qnpB lad 00'^$ J° 3:>BJ; uoissiuipB pua>[aaM ppads
b uiou spurq "^ibj jBuoqBjsj suib^utiojai A>[Ouig
^BaiQ ui uoqBanpa puB qaiB3S3J[ A^isJ3Aipoiq ^joddns
O} „saeq sapjouig aqi ut ^ssjojutb^,, ;soq |[tm sairq
-uaApv isajojuiB^ 'z®QZ 'XX Pue 'OX '6 JaquisAOjsj uo

•Xio^uaAuj XusiaAq^OTg bxbx \\y aq^ ioj Xauoui asrej
oi sap[ouig aqi jo spuauj puB BDuaury ut ajiq jaAoasiQ
oi ssauisnq siq pauado A"TsnopEiS SBq 'jsjx 'ayjiAjaiAag
ut sairquaApy isaiojuTB^j io jauMO 'Xaanq jTTq

sauof ^TJfm3

AO§-sdu(§).iadng-TrLBj
Jta^ua^ SuTUJBaq aauapg spuBjqSqq uBTqDBTBddy
ioiBurpjoo^ aauapg 'ladng [ubj

sjeBuy s.uDiupDsa

UJfl S,||A9a

IIdi Ae>|ini

ej.e|og Ajidh
e;8|og pe>||D|s-|Joqs

LUOOJL)Sn[A| iDJ U8>|0!L|0
SPOOM 9LJ4 UD[A1 PIO

|||6-j||ds uoujLuoo

L]|OOi A|DOS

Dinssny p8j.ueos-puouj|v
oinssny oijy

LUOOJUSniAl J880

IIDqj^nd es|Dj s,je>|Duj-eAa
ujog>|U!is

UJ3J.UD|-0->|0Pr
PLUO|OJ.U3 pai0|OO-U0LU|DS

«ni jn^ins
enSuox mioj gBudjo
xoq-ynus s,|iA8a
ajodA|Od mo JO|OOij.|niA|
tuooJusniAi A>||!iAj Ajedded
uuoojgsniA] A>m[/\| s,>(oed
LUOOJusniAj A>|i!iAj enig

LUOOJUSni/M A>||!1AJ U88J0 >|JDa

dijdood1 uouuluoq
S||!6-Axpm
J-DH s,M04!M
Ibjoiaj ss|pj pe>|opq-8|ppDS

|8J01A| 8S|Dd DUI|OJDO

sjp;si|j.J09

>|UOO >)00|UJ8H

8J0dA|0d pejisq-psy
ejodA|Od |D|d ezouj-umi
snBunj jS8N s,pj|g
sdsoApjoo P8jo|oo-s6udjo
sdaoApjoo pspDsq-punoy

dPQ DOllA]
8UD1AJ A66Dgs
|OSDJDd p8JOdS-U88J0
||Dq^nd P9>I|D1S S,|8U8APy

lipqjjnd pe>||P|S mo|[8a
8|8|og sjisssny

8i8|Og OIJJSDJDd

8|8|og Apjq

8j8|Og M0||8A-PUD-P8y

|86uv 6uiAoJiS8a
jsysnig am

SSgOiDd M0||8A
3LUDN UOUJLUOO

OL/djOLUAlOd dijdiAx

ujnijatojo Dinujp

JOjOOISJSA SQIBUJOJi

sn/o/d snuins
sniiaiJit-i sn///ns
sadiASjq sn;//ns
snuDOuauuo sn;/;ns
•ds saoAujonqous
eunmiuoo ujnuAitdoziqos
sn^DO/jqtu/ uopoojos
ds Dinssny
isDjaoojnDi/suaieo} D/nssny
oioodtuoo D/nssny
snuiAjao snainid
sn/jo/ou// snqyiosid
ujeuaAOj SD//DL/J
snuoaio/suapnin sn/o/oi/diuo
OiDjponb/oauouuiDS obuoion

8JD/nO/OSDj DLUO/Oj!DLU8D/V

uun;nj tunssoiGojoiiAl
tuniDiJad uopjadooAi
ouumaq sanzuai
sn^ojadid snuoj.oo~i
iiyoad sn/jD/007
oBipui snuoiooi

SIPPIAOJID SDjJDlOO-l

a/Dooo; DuoooDi
■ds snjoydojBAn
sno/uoo sruoLidojBAH

OdS/JO D//8/1/8/-/
DUOIUIIOJDO D//8/\/8H

•ds iunji-soao
Hsujno/aoBnsi oujjapouDQ
o/oo/u/d sisdoumoj
dsoBojiuoo s/sdoe/opeoo
sniopts snqioAo
SUDJ.MLU SdaoApjoo
DiDydDO sdaoApjoo
snaoDOiuu snuudoo
sniDLuoo snujjdoo ■
saupqAiouu LunnAqdojomo
UjauaADj OLL/0./SO/D3
suaosai.ni dluo/so/dq
Miassnj snj.aiog
snomsDJOd sniaiog
snasuB sn^e/og
joiooiq snj.aiog
DjaBuodsiq/DsojiA/DUjaA d^iudujv
ds Diiuoujv
suaosaqru d^/udluv
da/d; duudujv

D/UOOO/»D« DilUDLUV
DXDi

(auo a§Bd uo Axo^s aas)
jadng jtibj Aq payTduio3

L

A>!OXN3ANi All^SAICIOig VXV-L 11V

\

aq; ui diij SmduiBD £00Z
A\t\[ b Suunp qriQ uiooiqsnjAl ajjiAaqsy 3q4 pus .

nE-AoS-DiA'§qi'dEUiT§unj//:d^(q
aas 'BijEijsny ui uiEjSoid
SirroSuo uy idEp\j xSun>j pap} spq oqM. 'UIE34
uouBAiasqo ue jo iisd se jo s>[|em jEuiiou Suunp
suopEAiasqo a^EuisiaajunTOApaurerL ^paddEjAj

p3un>£ 3IE MOH 'S}E4iqEq pUE SIIOSE3S 3qj SSOIOB

suiooiqsnui jo A}isi3Aip aq} Aprus oj, idsjAj; iSurijj
AqM -dEui aqj uo sapjouig aq} jo suiooiqsnui
}nd 0} pafoid Suupxs uy idej\T iSurtj st }EqM

np3'3^np@puiq3ipDp
X^isi3Arun 9>fqQ

T3Uiq3IQ STUU3Q

'§IO'BTTp@aiUBa[ IO

Z£Zi>-0£t>-S98 U34UH atueaf p^+uod asBsyd uoq
-buiiojui jBuoquopB ioj jauiODpM sissjunjOA^ si aui[ uio+joq aqx '.sap
-ads Ajquapi 04 ASBa uo sudoj 04 si ureiSoid dejAj iSunq; aq4 jo tboS aqj
aDuis 'ajsdppiBd 04 paSBinoDua aq pjnoqs siauuiSag •suiooiqsnui uoui
-moo aziu§ODai 04 siaqjo urexj djaq ubo ASojoda'ui ma4BuiB ui punoiS
->pBq b SBq ApBaiTB oqM auoAuy -punoj AjipBai aiB suiooiqsnui uaqM
uosBas iauiuins aqj Sunup suopBAiasqo a>[Bui 04 uiSaq ubd siaa^unpA
os £00Z J° Suuds ui suoissas Suiuibij 41B4S 04 si jbo2 iuq "suoxssas Sui
-uiEq put? siaa4un{OA paau [jim a^ 'dBjAl iSunj aq4 ioj BjBp aq4 a4Biaua§
04 S4U3A3 ABp-auo uo puadap 40uubd aM 'qou>{ asBqomj 4B ia4ua;3 2ui
-uiBaq 33uapg spuBUiSqq uBRpejBddy aq4 ioj lOjBmpiooD aouaps uad
-ng ynEj 04 SurpiODDB 'iSASMOjq '>{ibj aq4 ui uopnqixisip puB A~4isi3Aip
uiooiqsnui aq4 jo XaAins aq} ui SutuuxSaq jusjpDxs ub sbm Abioj aqx

•psjUBjdsuBx; AjjnjsssoDns 40U aiB siaMonpyiM puB saaij uosBai aq4
si nos aq4 ui iSunj ajqBjms jo b >[db{ aq_4 'ua4jo puB 'siau4iBd pSunj iiaq4
aABq 40U op Xaq4 ji Suiaiaius X4jnDqjip aABq [tiav S4UBjd asaqx -q4oq 4qa
-uaq 4Bq4 S4UB{d q4tM sdiqsuoqBpi uiioj Xaq4 asnB^aq aauB4iodun |bd
-iSopDa jo aiB suiooiqsnui Xubjaj -paziuSoDai XnsBa puB uouiuiod 3jb
Xaq4 asnsaaq uiaq4 jo laquinu {{buis b ajuo Xiquapi-ppq 04 ajqissod st
41 '^[ibj aq4 ui suioojqsnui 4uaiaj^p jo spuBsnoq4 aiB aiaq4 qSnoqjp^

•sapads 4a§iB4 aq4 10 suoqdiiDsap puB
'sainpa^oid 'punoiS>[3Bq ureydxa 04 4ap[Ooq b SuuBdaid si qnQ uiooi
-qsnj/^j a^iAaqsy aq4 'suiooiqsnui aq4 jo SuiddBUi puB uoqBaqquapi aq4
ui 4Sissb iaq4inj qj^ 'XiojuaAU]; A4isiaAqDoiq bxbx HV 3M+ J° 4JBd sb >[ibj
[BuoqBjsj suiB4unojAj A^ouig 4Bai^ jo (Mopq aas) dBjAj iSunj b aonp
-oid 04 si a~bioj aq4 jo uiib aqx "papioaai aiaM uoqisod DiqdBiSoaS puB
auiBu S41 'paAiasqo sbm urooiqsnui iBTnoniBd b uaq/y\ '(ox a§Bd aas)
sapads 4UB4ioduri 39 jo 4sq b sbm 4saia4Ui {Bpads jq ^uauidinba Sui
-uoqisod |Bqoj§ quM sXbioj xSunj uo siaa4unpA QZ pEaj 04 ^isiaAiUQ
siouiyji uia4SBg 10 u3Aq43TAj Xpuy puB A^isisAiufq 3jB4g uBiqDBjBddy

JO UBq§3U3QD]A]; UBUI3]03 'S4SISOPDXUI OM4 IOJ psSuBUB UBqiJSqM

34aj 4U3piS3id qnQ uiooiqsnjAj 3jjjA3qsy 'Xjnf ui pus>[33M 4SBJ aq4 uo
73<ti\rijQ «. 3^ piIIipiQ STUU9Q

S3DiOHS 3HI JO J VIA! IDNflJ

Zl

3DU3I3JU03 pnuuy vna-iaxv

11

S4U3Ag jo iBpuajB^)

01

siasiBjpurijj

01

6

AaAJTisnos^d:

8

sXaAxng pasBq-jrexL

Z

uoqEjg ppjij M3N

9

f

c
b

EpodoJTlE^

z

^uapuajuxiadng uiojj 340]^

I

SIN3J.N0D

qnio ujoojqsn|/\j enjAeqsv ©Ml ojoqd -luooj
-qsnoj uja4UB|-o->)OBp aq; 'suspn/// sn}OfBqdujo

qn|Q ujoojqsniAj
ailiAaqsy aqi Aq ojoqd -biuooiabu eiiueuuy

Mm

sai>(0UJS am io spuauj pue 'bousluv ui 9411 jbaoosio "oossv Ajo^sih |bj rqef\] aqj^JBd ibuoiibn suiejunoiAj A>|oujg jbbjq

n

Ajojugaui A^SJeAipojg dxdi nv

(t7 'on '£ 'PA) 2002 uuin^nv

Triangle Area Mushroom Club
c/o Mary Beall
68 Fernwood Ln.
Chapel Hill NC 27516

UNC

Couch Biology Library
CB#3280 Coker HaJJ
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280

Botany Section

jUM * u 2003

UNc- chapel ma

) The Fungifile

June /July 2003
The newsletter of the Triangle Area Mushroom Club

"Never eat anything bigger than your head"
(Giant Puffball photo credits and stories inside)

)

DJ I — L
O O

7 J?

CTQ.CZ TK co

n

£Z

on

<
CD

in

cr
co

QJ
CO
CO

o

rr

(D fD

sr °-
2: :>

^3

rf n
^ ^-5

O T3 ^>

S-S

o QJ c
•3

£ o

0) CO
QJ fD

=> 3

CO

LQ

p qT

J= —I
X3 CQ

o ro
cr lq

(Ti CQ
fD

QJ
rf

fD

3

X3

c

DJ

O
O

3

r-t-
fD

3

T3
fD
—\
QJ
rT

c

-1
fD

CT
fD

cT

fD

CO
fD

13
LQ

DJ "d

-< rt.

Q_ fD
< fD

QJ
ZJ

n

fD

Q.
QJ

o

Q. ;<
w

CO =3
O

Si'

Q.

QJ

W Q.

£ 3
O

fD

n
o
<

fD

CO

fD
Q.

cr
=■ fD
Q co

co

^LQ
rt QJ

zr -i

fD rf

n

QJ fD
— r*t*

O fD

fD zr

rr 133

I*

£T rf

3 n>

2, n
rf DJ
QJ ==

CO o'
QJ

= QJ

ro °-

QJ LQ

5'
LQ

£- n>
7v —i

QJ
=3 QJ
Ql

Zi =

fD

fD fD
fD fD

3 °-

QJ

Zi
LQ
fD

fD <,

rf rt

rr rr
o

CO

3

9L ^ fl>
— c:
cr
O

i=. co
co 5;

fD

fD

03 Q)

12. CO

zi rt

LQ rf

n —

QJ C

Q- ^
fD rr

-S g

QJ

LQ

zr o

fD rf

3 w
o

CO fD
rf. QJ
-i <
rr fD

Zi 1

fD o

fD QJ
Q. ^

O
3

is.

r-f

Z zr
5 ^

>

3

•<

o
o

3

r-

o
<

fD

CD CO*

LQ O

fD O

co o

to

-I CO

O zr
o

3
i

j~)

D

o
o

3

H

n>

3

QJ

cr"° "°
o "9. S
° =3

CU

=3 CD
Cl QJ

3

fD

cr
•<

73

n>
o

(0

o

Q

CD

CO Q_

QJ fD

Q LQ

n -i

fD fD

o fD

O CO

>v

Cl QJ
£ fD

rt -

rr

zr 9

fD <

£ <3 3

n

-• O ^ QJ
rr — C —i
T a in fD
fD
Zi

fD

QJ 5" F7T

m CO

S- °

fD co

CO

cr
P
CO

fD
fD

fD
QJ

QJ
CO
O

ct o

fD 5

C . ZI CO "O

cr o <
3 ^

QJ ~T3

cr n

qj zr

. rt

r-

fD ^

rt- CO

fD

O .
Q- Q_
I. 3

=3 Z5
LQ ■

-h 73
3 fD
— ■ "D

=5 ro

LQ QJ
rr "

3 rT
. fD zr

§ 3

3 qj

■a 3

c „, -t

-i QJ fD

QJ CO g

ZT Q. qj

2- ° 5'

<^ CO _.

< fD Zi

% rr LQ
rt /— i

~ ° 3
c

CO

o

•~ 1 — • LQ

O 3
=3 QJ ri

— • fD

fD
X

fD
CO
01

o

QJ

O zr

— fD

-> ri

fD rt

QJ £Z

Q- Z5

CO rt

U) ~~

L/1 QJ

o -+,

Q.^

fD 5'
LQ

fD rt

fD zr

CO fD

< =3 =T rt

— . Q f3 zr

fD fD S.

fD fD

CO
7C

3'

3

fD

" Q cT

QJ

CL

TJ O

zs'

LQ

co -< gj

73 5" j"
fD rt T

3

o fD

CJ /— i

< o §
fD =; —

rt qj "<-
ZT rt Qj
fD qj CO

q7 =5- -• 3
rt fD 3 QJ

- P •<
5' 3 T|T3

< =4 C fD

< O Z5

5" <■ Q

o
o

3

CO

CO

cr 9_
QJ

rr fD

3. "a
"a fo'

O fD

~T o

Zr ^
fD 3

3 w
c zr

zr O

z; o

8 3

3 3

CT rr

fD =f

—\

fD

fD rr

Iff

§ i

rt —
rt QJ

zr n
fD fD

|f

fD S" ,_r Z.

CO CU rt fD

rT r-f ZT ri-

3-8^5

I 3"^ |

n 3 rt fD
O 3 rr rr

CO rr

a- 5:

= Zi

rr rrj

rr —t

o s— '

1?

c

3 Er 3

£Z QJ fD
CO rr

zr-rj qj

fD' fD

3 fD 5
r5 CO

O
O

3

> 2.

fD
Z3
O
C

ZS LQ

o 2,

fD O

£ Q>

QJ

-< QJ

r?> lq
fD

QJ
—i

fD

fD

3

£Z

fD

fD fD

3 - 3 Q- 3F

rr O — i'

ZJ) fD. fD ri-

^ ^ S rr

c ? 3 m

co - n

zi qj QJ fD

LQ Q. lo Fr

QJ 9: 3 2

^lE

QJ
—%

O

rr Q-

fD

fD ^
QJ 5

rT "

5 Q-

3^
fD n
Cl QJ
— • co

I %

o

=3

LQ CO

srsf

^"s §
a> 5l 3

rt -< w

^UJ LO

z?) ^ zr

3 zs c

fD n CL

-i zr

-j fD cr

=> co fD

co

5" f;' o'

O 7T

fD

o

CO O sz

CO S ^
O D- O
£. i:

cl n o

QJ Zj
CT rr Zi
fD fD

CO

o

fD

3

T3
fD

fD

QJ QJ

rf rt

£Z fD

-5 -

fD _

o

cr

QJ

PT

fD
—\

3

QJ
■<

Cf
< fD

7T fD
rr X3
zr QJ
fD

fD

Cl

o

zr

fD

cr

QJ

rT
fD
— t

CO

rr

QJ
Zi

Cl

Zi

c

rt
fD
CO

cr
fD

fD
CL

c
"a

fD
CO
CL
fD
CO

O
— h
rt

zr

fD

QJ

fD

£Z
CO

Zi
LQ

zr
o

-I

O QJ

5 ■<

LQ _

zr zi

fD
Zi
Q.
fD

zr

fD
—h
O
C
—\

co'

5"

n
o

XJ

o

QJ
rT
fD
Q.

QJ
Zi
CL

>

Q.
Cl

Q. U) -l

QJ fD

o - 3

rr'
£Z

DJ
Zi
CL

fb"

rt

CO
rr
QJ
Zi
CL

QJ

fD

cr^
fD ^
rf" Q-

— I

O

3

QJ
7T
fD

fD

cr

QJ

rT
fD

7T

qj n

- o

QJ 3

&5

F Er

fD

fD
LQ
LQ

QJ
• Zi
CL

cr

fD
fD

ca

fD
Zi
Q

Q)
r-r

QJ
O

o S

-1 Zi

QJ LQ
Zi '

a.q

zr

fD

~1 CO
Cr o

fD S

S "°
Q. fD

Zi'
LQ

rr T3
ZT fD
• fD
Q.

QJ

cr

§ I

rr CL
— fD
QJ 71

j

mushroom mycelium may continue
to thrive for decades until its original
home completely succumbs to
decomposition.

| A portion of a herbarium specimen
l.sent for analysis for polysaccharides to
.the Japanese Food Sciences
Laboratories in Tokyo, revealed that it
contained 38.5% beta glucans. The
significance of this is not yet known.
Reshi commonly contains approxi-
mately 25% beta glucans, however
some have been grown by the author
that tested at 40%. Studying the
juoble polypore's biology, especially its
longevity, may lead to novel medi-
cines, antibiotics, enzymes, or insights
into the intricacies of communities
within old growth forests. Ongoing
studies seek to determine its genomic
signature and possible close relatives.
Ais it stands now, the noble polypore
remains one of the great mysteries in
ke field of mycology as scientists
begin to explore the depths of the old
growth forest for other mycological
measures. ^

Paul Stamets sits at base of a polypore mother-colony
of the noble fir: This specimen was originally found in
the late 1 940s, only to be recently re-discovered.The
location was lost due to the incorrect registering of a
forest service road, a practice not uncommon when
mycologists, after a long day in the field, rack their
brains to accurately record the locations of their dis-
coveries. Often, the uniqueness of a field collection is
not noticed until the specimens are brought back to
the laboratory. Global positioning systems have now
become a valuable tool for mycologists' recordkeeping.
Photo © 2000 C. Dusty Yao

* Now the largest known basidiocarp
(Tigidioporus ulmarius (Sow.:Fr)
Imazeki, Polyporaceae) weighs more
than 600 lbs, and resides at the Royal\
Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey,
England.
References:

1. the Natural Heritage Network.
Standardized data on endangered
species and communities (The
Oregon Natural Heritage Program.
Rare, Threatened & Endangered
Species: Online Tables/Non vascular
plants/Fungi). 2000 May 25 [cited
2001 Feb 21]. Available from: URL:
http ://listserv.abi. org/ nhp/ us/ or/ vnon
.htm.

2. Cooke WB. Oxyporus nobilissimus
and the genus Oxyporus in North
America. Mycologia 1949;41:442-5.

3. Burdsall H, Volk T, Ammirati J.
Bridgeoporus, a new genus to accom-
modate Oxyporus nobilissimus
(Basidiomycotina, - Polyporaceae).
MycoTaxon 1996, Voi.. DG3087-395,

4. Hilber C, O'Dell TE. Survey Protocols
for Bridgeoporus ( = Oxyporus) nobilis-
simus. Portland (Ore.): USDA Forest
Service Regional Ecosystem Office;
1998.

Vnti-Viral Mushroom Compounds

Continued from page 24

References:

Piraino F, Brandt CR. Isolation and partial characterization of an
antiviral, RC-183, from the edible mushroom Rozites caperata.
Antiviral Res 1999;43:67-8.

Arora M. Mushrooms Demystified. Berkeley (Calif.): Ten Speed Press;
1986.

Brandt CR, Piraino F. Mushroom Antivirals. Recent Research
Developments in Antimicrobial Agrents & Chemotherapy 2000;4:1 1-26.
Suzuki H, Okubo A, Yamazaki S, Suzuki K, Mitsuya H, Toda S.
Inhibition of the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human immun-
odeficiency virus by water soluble lignin in an extract of the culture
medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM). Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 1989;!l1>60:367-73.

Sarkar S, Koga f, Whidey RJ, Chatterjee S. Antiviral effect of the
extract of cultiirejmedium of Lentinus edodes mycelia on the replication
of herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Res. April 20, 1993; 4:293-303.
Tochikura TS. A' biological response modifier, PSK, inhibits immun-
odeficiency virus infection in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
1987;148:726-33.

1 Collins RA, Ng TB. Polysaccharopeptide from Coriolus versicolor has
potential for use against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infec-
tion. Life Sciences \1997; 60(25):PL383-7. [Editor's note: Trametes ver-
sicolor, syn. Coriolus versicolor]

8. Ghoneum M. Anti-HIV activity in vitro of MGN-3, an activated
arabinoxylane from rice bran. Biochem Biophys Res Co?nmun
1998;243:25-9.

9. Hattori M. Inhibitory effects of components from Ganoderma lucidum
on the growth of human immunodeficiency virus (FirV) and the
Protease Activity in Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium
oh Gdndderfna Lucidum in Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 17-18, 1997, 128-35.

10. Nanba H. Immunostimulant activity Ln-vivo and anti-HIV activity in-
vitro of 3 branched fi-1-6 glucans extracted from Maitake mushroom
(Grifola frondosd) in Proceedings of the VIII International Conference
on AIDS and the III STD World Congress, 1992.

11. Wang HX, Ng TB. Isolation of a novel ubiquitin-like protein from
Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom with anti-human immunodeficiency
virus, translation-inhibitory, and ribonuclease activities. Biochem
Biophysl Res Commun 2000;276:587-93. ,„ „,„. „„„

12. Aoki M, Tan M, Fukushima A. Antiviral Substance with systemic
effects produced by Basidiomycetes such as Fomes fomentarius.
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 1993;57:278.

13. Kahios K. et al. Preliminary tests of antiviral activity of two Inonotus
obliquus strains. Fitoterapia 1996;6(4):344-7.

14. Yan SC. Clinical and experimental research on Polyporus umbellatus
polysaccharide in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. Chung Kuo
Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa ChihU.21 1988;8(3):l4l-3,131.

15. HibbettDS, Pine EM, Langer E, Langer G, Donoghue MJ. Evolution
of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA
sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 Oct;94: 12002-6.

HerbaJGram 51

27

I

If

I
I
t

New Ajitl-yira! Compounds from Mushrooms

by Paul Stamets

A new class of anti-viral compounds lias been recently discovered
in mushrooms. Frank Piraino, Ph.D., and Curtis Brandt, Ph.D., at
the University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, found a new
antiviral, RC-183, that shows in vitro activity in inhibiting the her-
,-pes simplex I and -II viruses, as well as varicella zoster virus, influen-
za A virus, and the respiratory syncytial virus.1 The mushroom
yielding this novel antiviral is Rozites caperata, the gypsy mush-
room, a mycorrhizal species associated with pines {Pinus spp.,
Pinaceae) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco,
Pinaceae) with a wide range that includes the old growth coniferous
forest in the Pacific Northwest, the East and Northern North
America. This mushroom thrives in both coniferous and in hard-
wood forests- and where huckleberry {Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith,
Ericaceae) grows in the midwest.2

In a more recent article, Brandt and Piraino identified a new class
of anti-viral compounds from mushrooms.3 Antivirals from other
mushrooms have been identified previously from shiitake (lentinan
and KS-2 from Lentinula. edodes (Berk.) Singer, Polyporaceae),4'''
turkey tail (PSP and PSK from Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.) Pilat,
Polyporaceae)/"8 reishi (ganaderiol-F, ganoderic acid-E, lucidumol
from Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Lloyd, Ganodermataceae),5 maitake
(3 branched fi-1-6- glucans from Grifola frondosa (Dicks. :Fr.) S.F.
Gray, Polyporaceae),10 and oyster mushroom (ubiquitin-like protein
with anti-HIV activity from Pleurotus ostreatus (Jaqu.:Fr.) Kumm,
Polyporaceae). u Other antivirals, not yet characterized, but having
shown activity from hot water extracts of the fruitbodies include the
ice man or tinder fungus {Fomes fomentarius (L.) I Fr.,
Polyporaceae),12 .chaga or cinder conk [Inonotus obliquus (Pers.)
Pilat, Hymenochaetaceae) 13 and zhu ling {Polyporus umbellatus
Fries, Polyporaceae).14

Dusty Yao hunts for Rozites caperata in old growth forest in the'
Elwa River Valley of Washington, Olympic National Park. Photo ©

2000.R..,Stamets _ .

Rozites caperata, the gypsy mushroom, shown one quarter actual
size. Photo © 2000 R Stamets

The predominant mushrooms showing promise for their anti-
viral activities are polypores — the so-called woody conks that are
now believed, through ongoing DNA research, to be the ;.ancestors
of most, if not all, gilied mushrooms.15 Interestingly, no poisonous
polypores are known, whereas there are more than 100 species of
poisonous gilied mushrooms, of which only perhaps 20 are deadly.
Most of these anti-viral compounds from mushrooms are water sol-
uble, and relatively heat-stable. Furthermore, most of the mush-
rooms mentioned and/or their mycelia can be cultured to commer-
cially significant levels. The anti-viral compounds are present both
in the mycelium and in the fruiting bodies. j

The current literature points to fungi, particularly those in the
family Polyporaceae, as a rich frontier of new medicines. Many of
these species are long-term residents of old growth forests, playing
an essential role in nutrient recycling by decomposing aged trees. In
a time when new anti-viral medicines are critically needed, mush-
rooms stand out as an untapped resource and deserve intensive
studies.

Paul Stamets is the author of five books, including Growing
Gourmet & Medicinal Mushrooms, a mushrooms cultivation text-
book used worldwide. On the editorial boards of the International
Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms and Mushroom, the Journal, he is
an advisor to the Center for Integrative Medicine, Tucson, Arizona. A
pioneer in the cultivation of mushrooms, especially the ' family
Polyporaceae, he is an active adventurer into the old growth forests of
the Pacific Northwest, cloning and archiving mushroom strains from
these ancient woodlands. He owns Fungi Perfecti, website:
<http://www.fungi.com>.

Continues on page 27

24

Herbal Gram 51

2001

QJ

DJ

3 O W
Q. N <

5 § I

(D O "

o 00 5;
§ n ro

™ q fD

g R S

"8

2 ^ Q.

W qj Er
=["-o cd

IS?

c

3

CQ

fD

co -t>
a. -i. n>

DJ CO x

5'|?

rl- C2. fl>

3"cQ g
fD 3-
fD cr

CL
fD

QJ fD
1 O

fD QJ

O 3

fD ~3
CO O

&s

fD CO
3 QJ

QJ 3

- fD- fD
CO

O CD*

-r CD

r-l- fD
3" CO

2. CO
-i fD
— h fD

<l

3 O

q. qj

ft O 70
O C QJ

p « «"

fD -»

n> §

>-* fD

o 1-4 g
&

8 3

a3
o ->

3 CO
fD fD

n
c

5' 43.
co cq' 3'

cl QJ P-
n> 3 Qj

fD ^
I

» o S

— h n

o fD

c _

3 co

cl n

r-t C

n

fD
3

X

fD
~~\

cd

3* QJ
3" "O

qj zr
o

QJ_ o

n

3
r-f
O

o
c
cr

fD

CO X!

a. a.

QJ r-f ->

-t 3~ QJ

■7^ fD CD_

~Z.~E ZT

-< CO O

O Q. 51

qj 2 5

O QJ

3

CQ

n

QJ_

<
Q)

QJ-

i 0) g 0) — I
=> Q. _ g o W

(D co co

* £ i -

■ ffl _ tn O
& CD co

CQ ^ CD g

w ?r ^ m

2- 11 £D ^

o

o
-1

CD
Q.

qj o Tl
3 3r 3"
m a o

■o <p_ S"

7^ in

* ^ z

< o> O

9-. 3
=tcq g

x> » -
c 13 QJ
I I SS.

qj Ex oT

QJ
CQ
DJ

~ w

O fl)

2. a

^ a

CD
W

■a

QJ

sis

cr co o
*< ^

O ^
fD CD "O

*< O
CO

CO

r->- C

% cr
3

fD 3

|(Q
CD T3

CD O
^ O

2. JS.
3 o

O =!.
K CD
CD
3

CO

0)

o

3

o qj m

O o

CD 0

^co «

=f Q-

o _.

3 =»

o
o

3

CO

m

1 Z

CD CO

, cr zs

Q) CD

O) CD

3 E*

J CD

O ->

=5 7^

0)

T' 0
<."Q

— 3-

M o

13 — h

Q. r-f

3 J

CD r±>

=J O
Q) — h

O
X3
fD
3-
cd'

CO

3
n_

c

Q_

fD
Q_

^"3

W fD

QJ 5-
§, c^

3^
fD

13
fD
X

r+

3

fD

fD

FT

fD

35

n,
o/

n
o
c:
3

r+

— h
-I
O

3

r-1-

rr

fD

Q)
"<

— I

CD

13
fD

fD
13
Q.
co

31

C
=3
Q_
- 1
O
C
CQ

o

I

cn
o

Q)
-<

"0_

fD
QJ
CO
CD
CO QJ

CD -g

=: fD

CO QJ >
I

3 0 c

ro 3 n

3 Q. 7r

O Qj' =5

3 O

fD -ti Ft

co" CD CD

QJ O

cr-< zs

- S Ef

3 T3 fD

3 HH 3.

QJ < 3

3 < CQ

3" Q_ O

03 =: S

g A" —

3 o 3

3 3 "<

CQ O _

Q CD <

O

cr

fD

9. 3"
Ct ^ DJ

— cn

leg

fD

O
- %
fD

— '

0_ QJ
CL 3

3) zr

3 QJ
CL Q.

(jb;s) sjojs

irgpura ox

N

i

8001 "SS

0

c

6-
e

CD 5* ^ O
w 3 CD C

<3"§o

CD CD £1) O
_ CO CD

O S-O tf)

2 3" CD Q.

3 qj cd _

O C/> -i "n

~h r-+ O

>CD CD^

^ D K r

O - °- CD
"0 CD Z q.
CD T3 w O

cn o s a
® £ ro z

=S O O <D
^ 3 t (D

o o <£ a.

CD ro d. Q.

3 m N

H " - •
^ CD O

cd £" 3

CD — I 01
CO -1-3

=r. CD

(Q 0) O
(D (fl r
C =i
-i
CD

=3 TJ

CD O

I a

CD O

CD r-H

-1 3"

O CD

m =

DO J

0) £D o

< —« ~*

CD O W

° ^

3 co

O CD

= T3

O CD

O
CO Q3
CD 3
-h Q.
O _.

3 3
CD

CO o

CD

O CD

3 31

C/) rf

1- § o
o °- S

X CO (5

CD
2 T3

Q_

^ 00
-• CD _.

3 3

-CD

CQ

q: CD i_

!i"

CD
X

™ 03

CD 3
W Q_

w r

h- 1 Q- CD

id a Q.

ro

NJ

o

OJ

cr. cr
o •<

CT> — QJ

d' oj
3 o

r-r CD

o r«

O CD
3 QJ
r-T CO

E? CD
cn' n

2? 3

^ rt
QJ

QJ

3 QJ

I© 9t

0.8

i °

=3 CO

O QJ
-1 3
QJ CL

CO C/i

■• 0J

O t-r

O C

>3.
<

o
o

w

1
fD

a

75
o

QJ

a

□
c

7?

(D

fD

O CD c

CD CJ" Qj

— £3-> 3.

5. — CD

fD 3
2> CD

O 2.

o

3 O 3

QJ_ CQ CQ

W r-r
QJ O

3

C

n

3 S" ^

=: 3 -r

CO

QJ QJ
T3 =3
T3 CL

fD "d

□. 5"

QJ CD
rT -

o
3

O fD

O -

3 n

5 qj

fD —

n

QJ

3

CD

QJ
13
CL

-t* —

fD ^ 3

(" D fD

§ CL CD

CD 00

fD

fD cn
•a —
cr. 1/5

cd" 2"

C/1 fD
— h
QJ O
—} —1
Q. fD

<. fD
— QJ

cr. oj m r—

3 Ln,g 2.

^ 3 3 0-

_ =; fD «<

^ fD m n

fD _ L0 QJ

^ ^ f 5:

Ci

= ip

"S ^ =3 CD
l/l O (D

fD

73

QJ

Er ^
o £6

Ǥ ?
cr cd

QJ 5

O
QJ

< *~i
ol —

Q x
cd -a

fD QJ

P 3'

4^ cr
O O

UD ri-
M O

CD

— h- ^ U3

CD 00 O

CD ^— «n QJ

(/) r+

fD r-t-

W CD CT

O CD

c ■

• O
H <

13 3

i i

1/5 o
5-o

n

QJ c/>

55 CD

fD QJ

§ O

fD CS

CO

CJ CD
7T _

QJ

QJ

fD

CO
<-t-
O

Lo" ™
QJ 91

d ^

r-f -a
^ QJ
=5 C5

°- O
CI

2. H
a. Z

QJ CO

_ q7

CD = 7T 3-

QJ rf fD — ■

CO CT ■ £~

0 3 _j Ci
-h =3 zpca
cr cr cd cT

01 03 J+. n.

D- 7T QJ —
^ qj — O
O r-r — CJ

2 w o

Q- cr qj
y fD xj t

— , QJ "Ci "O

3 . "o o

x "2 x o

CD 3 3 -h

QJ

^T3
g 3
n Q) (D

0 ft*

CL

to

=r w

QJ

3 W
3 <

n ^

gl

3 n>

1 00

w o

o
>
2

fD
fD
7T

H
~i
QJ

a

QJ
3

r-

C

T3
O
O
3

5'
CQ

-n
o

a>
*<
</)

o o s ^

~-H IT CD O
^CD CJ.^

^^^QJ

Si § g

fD cr-<

CJ rf r
CD ^ !-

Cl

#—r

o zr

^- c QJ

CO CD

CD QJ •<

fD — <

"2. QJ ^,

CS CL c

CQ Q. CO

o
c

c
■a

fD "2
CO o

5 5

O = CJ

CL CJ CO
QJ O O
r-r r-r — h

^ cr f

O fD Qj

3 «— — 5

rt ^ n>

CD g.55'
rt -1 Q.

<'. SJ.

— ■ — , rt

cr. 3 cd

fD •< Cl
CO

7T

3

— h

-I

O
CQ
CQ

©
CD
QJ

3-

cr
5'

b

CD

-h CO
O CD_

i^o7

fD
QJ
CO
fD
CO
CD
CJ

Cl

-<
o

\P

■CD

3

QJ

QJ
Cl

O CJ

qj t- 1
r-r

m

QJ

, rj Q*

a- cd

^%

QJ fD

cp_ ^

fD fD

Q. CL

CL CO

Qj CT.

•< =

w n

!=r o

O 3

CQ g-

co

3 cr

QJ O

T" co'

3 ^

3 9

rc Q)
fD

=» i

QJ

-< O

QJ O

3»a

3 CJ

. . O CQ

^ S-

n rt
cd cr.
cj ~

CD

r-r O

CO CO

m

Cl

Os

z

o

QJ

co

9- d

fD
CO
CO

_ 3

2. cr

n cd

< =3'

CD CQ

CO. o

o n

3 Q,

O 3

S 3

fD QJ

CO

r4 ^

o Pf
3 CD

co -1
co' CO

o n

-h CD

-2-cS

CD \

<■ CT
QJ =i

qT

2: O

CD -h

= 1

O.CQ

2. fD
n C

3 ^>

& ft
co cr

. fD

QJ

Z3
CQ

IC >— '

^ ^ 3
CC O Q-

^ 2.
co Cl
CD

3 I o 3 S3 SVcTo i >

CD

o ? ° < § 5 SJ m lB i; oi oi « ^ iJ-

CDCQ^OCD

-3 O fD fO^O 5 ni O-n3cn
DJ.oOQJ^S-O ^

rf l"fll-1-,233S

Co CD CD
CQ O CD CT

QjfD^CQ^OcD-1
~zrMD-^CDcr2-g-

Q. CD ^ 03 J t ? S

n ^ ^ 1 o ? 0 =3" ^ o' <^ M
§ ^aa|l Q-g- -3

O _3 ~ _ ^ _. QJ

o
o

3

CO

co =r <- c

CT T-' CD < (Q

C , Q- QJ 3-

® CD 05 O

OJ

OJ

?4

■a

CD Ci a> n 2

,. Q=< OJ o
g CO CD

zr CD r. oj

CD O
CJ 03 ^

»< -
o
c

" o
o ^

cr

CD

O CD 3 _

3 9-. °- o

CD =| % ~

Q. OJ

2 CD

OJ

o

v< CO

Pi- 3

r| 7(5 ,

O o CD CT_

CQ ^ C CD ^

QJ

^ f!

CD CD a-

2- S- CD

5" 3

UJ ■ M W-S § |5 CD q.
30QJQ.o2>^riCfl2.
CD *0 P- ^ 3 CD 3 ^ P ^ ■ CD
g CD g © g CO. C0.^< 3 ^ Q.

QJ

QJ

^S 3 SI -

CO

CD

T3
Q C

CO

3
cr

S o)

^ 33

oi1

Q

CD

CD "D

cd" TJ o

7r ^ r-r y < I-r _ r+ fn

OJ

03 Si

§ CQ O O

CO <' O

CD .
Q) O 03 QJ

■a as

Q. u' ^. C -
— O CJ -5 3
CD -^CQ ^- X
-*^< ^ CD ^
£ 2 O O
f/1 C r

CD Q. 10 O
03. CD g_ CJ

CD »< C =•

5" C CD
CD ^ v<

3= 3 o

Ci

o o

' O fl)

o co
cf ?-3

CD Cg
CD

CD

Q.
CD

03" ^
co"

O

o

CD C

1 cr

CD CD

V o

C

c

O CO

—I ^

l.°

CD ■->-
O 3"
O" CD
CD
DJ

OJ
CO

^ 3'
3 CQ

of 3?
y> cd

OJ
CO
CD

o
o

1— r

03

o

o ~

3 03

2^

CD CD
CD
03