EXCHANGE
FUNGOID PESTS
OF
CULTIVATED PLANTS
BY
M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D., V.M.H., A.L.S.
;
Keprinted from the
journal of tbe IRogal Ibortfcultural
Vols. XXVII.— XXIX.
nieb btr
SPOTTISWOODE & CO. LTD., NEW-STEEET SQUAKE, LONDON
1906
[All rights reserved]
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'.vO
I
AGRJC.
LIBRARY
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
PESTS OF FLOWEE GARDEN 9
RANUNCULACEOUS PLANTS a
• • • • • t7
VIOLET AND PANSY 23
CARYOPHYLLACE^E 29
ROSES 42
COMPOSITE PLANTS ...... 50
PRIMROSES 53
SCROPHULARIACE^E g2
ENDOGENOUS FLOWERING PLANTS ....... 62
FERN DISEASES 7g
PESTS OF GARDEN VEGETABLES 79
MUSHROOM PARASITES . 107
PESTS OF ORCHARD AND FRUIT GARDEN ..... 109
PESTS OF VINERY AND STOVE ..... 152
CONSERVATORY PARASITES ' 162
PESTS OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBBERY .... 176
CORIACEOUS-LEAVED SHRUBS ..... 177
DECIDUOUS-LEAVED SHRUBS Igg
GYMNOSPERMS . . . . . ^gg
PESTS OF FOREST TREES ...... 199
PESTS OF FIELD CROPS 229
CEREALS AND GRASSES 229
DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS . . .. 943
FUNGICIDES 0,0
£it)£i
INDEX 257
340943
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
I. PESTS— FLOWEE GARDEN to face page 8
II. „ „ „ „ 24
III. „ „ „ ,,38
IV. „ „ „ - „ 52
V. „ „ ,,62
VI. „ „ „ 64
VII. „ GAEDEN VEGETABLES ,,68
VIII. „ „ „ » 94
IX. „ „ „ „ 102
X. „ OECHAED, &c ,,118
XL „ „ 124
XII. „ „ ,,132
XIII. „ VINEEY ,,152
XIV. „ &c ,,156
XV. „ CONSEEVATOEY ,,166
XVI. „ OENAMENTAL SHEUBBEEY .... „ 176
XVII. „ „ „ . . „ 182
XVIII. „ „ „ . _ . . „ 190
XIX. „ FOEEST TEEES ...... „ 198
XX. „ „ „ 208
XXL „ „ „ „ 220
XXII. „ FIELD CEOPS ,,230
XXIII. „ „ „ ,,236
XXIV. „ „ ,,246
IN TEXT.
PAGE
FlG. 1. — jEdDIOSPORE GERMINATING ......••• 5
2. — TELEUTOSPORE GERMINATING 6
3. — SCLEROTINIA TUBEROSA, NATURAL SIZE ; ASCUS AND SPORIDIA X 400 . 15
4. — OVULARIA CLEMATIDIS 20
5— (1) EOSE LEAF, BLOTCHED WITH THE MILDEW. (2) CHAINS OF CONIDIA.
(3) CONIDIUM GERMINATING 45
6.—Endophyllum Sempervivi ATTACKING Sempervivum monticolum . . 47
7. — Endophyllum Sempervivi 48
ILLUSTEATIONS.
PAGE
FIG. 8.- BOTRYTIS SPECIES 65
9. — UROMYCES ERYTHRONII 68
10. — BOTRYTIS GALANTHINA, A PARASITE ON SNOWDROPS . . . . 72
11. — XYLARIA VAPORARIA 109
12. — APPLE MILDEW (Sphcerotheca Mali) ....... 112
13.— EUTYPELLA PRUNASTRI 114
14. — EUTYPELLA PRUNASTRI, CAUSING A DISEASE OF NURSERY STOCK . . 116
15. — SPH^ROPSIS MALORUM 118
16. — PEAR-LEAF CLUSTER-CUP 121
17. — TWIG OF CHERRY INFESTED WITH GNOMONIA ERYTHROSTOMA . . 129
18.— BROWN EOT OF FRUIT (Manilla fructigena) 136
19. — TREE-ROOT EOT (Armillaria mellea) . 141
20. — FOMES FOMENTARIUS . 143
21. — SPH^EROTHECA HUMULI . . . . _ . . . . . 151
22.— ANTHRACNOSE OF THE VINE. 154
23. — PROTOMYCES CONCOMITANS . . 171
Vll
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
(The magnified portions are x 320 diameters, unless where otherwise stated.)
PLATES I.— IX.
PESTS — FLOWER GARDEN AND GARDEN VEGETABLES.
FIG. 1. — Phyllosticta helleborella, Sacc. — a, section of perithecium enlarged; 6,
sporules x
2. — Septoria Hellebori, Thiim.— a, section of perithecium enlarged ; 6,
sporules x
3. — Coniothyrium Hellebori, C. & M.— a, sporules x
4. — Eamularia Hellebori, Fckl.— a, threads and conidia x
5. — Peronospora Ficarice, Tul. Hyphse and conidia x
6. — Plasmopara pygmcea, Ung. Hyphee and conidia x
7. — Urocystis Anemones, Pers. — a, glomerules of spores x
8. — jtEcidium punctatum, Pers. Two cluster- cups enlarged. — a, ascidiospores x
9. — Glceosporium Aquilegice, Thiim. — a, conidia x
10. — Ascochyta Aquilegice, Eoum.— a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b,
sporules x
11. — Phyllosticta Pceonice, S. & S.— a, section of perithecium enlarged; b,
sporules x
12. — Cronartium Pceonice, Cast. — a, column enlarged ; b, sporules x ; c, sporules
germinating x
13. — Cladosporium Pceonice, Pass. Hyphas and conidia x
14. — Botrytis Pceonice, Oud. Clusters of conidia in situ x
15. — Peronospora arborescens, Berk. Portion of thread with conidia x
16. — Cercospora Resedas, Fckl. — a, hyphse and conidia x
17. — Phyllosticta Violce, Desm. — a, section of perithecium enlarged ; 6,
sporules x
18. — Septoria Violce, West. — a, section of perithecium enlarged ; 6, sporules x
19. — Urocystis Violce, Fisch. — a, glomerule of spores x
20. — Puccinia Violce, Schum. —a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
21. — JEcidium Violce, Schum. — a, cluster-cups ; b, acidiospores x
22. — Puccinia cegra, Grove. — a, secidiospores ; b, uredospores ; c, teleutospores x
23. — Ramularia lactea, Desm. — a, threads and conidia x
24. — Peronospora Violce, DBy. Hypha with conidia x
25. — Alternaria Violce, Gall. — a, conidia ; b, germinating x
26. — Cercospora Violce, S. — a, hyphee and conidia x
27. — Phyllosticta Dianthi, West.— a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b,
sporules x
28. — Ascochyta Dianthi, A. & S. With sporules x
29. — Septoria Lychnidis, Desm. With sporules x
30. — Peronospora parasitica, Pers. Hypha with conidia x
31. — Septoria Sinarum, Speg.— a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b, sporules x
32.—Marsonia Delastrei, De Lacr. — b, conidia x
33. — Ustilago violacea, Pers. — a, anther ; b, spores x
34. — Sorosporium Saponarice, Eud. — a, glomerule of spores x
35. — Puccinia Dianthi, DC. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
36. — Puccinia Silenes, Schr.— a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
37.— Uromyces Dianthi, Nssl. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
38. — Macrosporium nobile, Vize. — a, conidium x
39. — Heterosporium echinulatum, Berk. — a, threads with conidia x
40.— Bacterium Dianthi, Ar. & B. — a, sporules x 2,000
41. — Phyllosticta destructiva, Desm. — a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b,
sporules x
42.— Puccinia Malvacearum, Corda. — a, teleutospores x
43. — Colletotrichum Althcece, South. — a, conidia x
44. — Melampsora Hypericorum, DC. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
45. — Fusarium Pelargonii, Cooke. — a, conidia x
46. — Glceosporium Pelargonii, C. & M. — a, conidia x
47. — Uredo Tropceoli, Desm a, uredospores x
48. — Uromyces Anthyllidis, Grev.— a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
49. — Septoria Rosarum, West. With sporules x
5Q.—Actinonema Rosce, Lib. With sporules x
Vlll EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
FIG. 51. — Phragmidium subcorticium, Schr. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospore x
52. — Peronospora sparsa, Berk. Portion of thread with conidia x
53. — Botryospliaria diplodia, Moug. With asci and sporidia x
54.— Spliarotheca pannosa, Lev.— a, conidia; 6, conceptacle ; c, ascus and
sporidia x
55. — Septoria (Enotherce, West. With sporules x
56. — Phyllosticta Lonicera, West. - a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b,
sporules x
57. — Lasiobotrys Lonicera, Kunze. With asci and sporidia x
58.— Oidium Chrysanthemi,Ra.bh.—a, conidia x
59. — Uredo Chrysanthemi, Arth. — a, uredospores x
60. — Puccinia Centaurea, DC.— a, pustale on stem enlarged ; b, uredospores x
61. — Coleosporium Senecionis, Pers. — a, uredospores x
62. — Phoma devastatrix, B. & Br a, receptacle enlarged ; b, sporules x
63. — Puccinia Gentiana, Strauss. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
64. — Phyllosticta primulacola, Desm. — a, section of perithecium enlarged and
sporules x
65 — Ascochyta Primula, Trail. With section of perithecium enlarged ; and a,
sporules x
68. — Septoria Primula, Buck. With section of perithecium enlarged ; a,
sporules x
67. — Ovularia inter stitialis, Cooke. Threads with conidia x
68 — Eamularia Primula, Thum.— a, threads with conidia x
69. — Uromyces Primulce, DC. With teleutospores x
70. — Puccinia Primula, DC. - a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
70*.— Peronospora Candida, Fckl.— Besting spore x
1\.— Heterosporium Auricula, Cooke.— a, threads with conidia x
72. — Puccinia Vinca, Berk. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospore ; c, secidiospore
germinating x
73. — Marsonia Ipomcea, C. & M.— a, conidia x
74. — Oidium erumpens, C. & M. — a, tuft enlarged ; 6, conidia x
75. — Urocystis primulicola, Magn. — a, glomerules x
76. — Ramularia Petunia, Cooke. — a, threads with conidia x
77. — Septoria Lavandula, Desm. — a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b,
sporules x
78. — Peronospora Hyoscyami, DBy. Portion of thread with conidia x ; a,
conidium germinating x
79. — Uredo filicum, Desm.— a, uredospores x
80. — Botrytis elliptica, Berk. Portion of thread with conidia x
81. — ^Ecidium Convallaria, Schum. — a, cecidiospores x
82 — Rhizopus necans, Mass. Tuft x 5
83. — Uromyces Ornithogali, Wallr. — a, pustules enlarged ; b, teleutospores x
84. — Puccinia Liliacearum, Duby. — a, teleutospores x
85. — Heterosporium OrnitJiogali, Klot.— a, threads with conidia x
86. — Uromyces Scillarum, Grev. — a, teleutospores x
87. — Septoria brunneola, Fries — a, sporules x
88 — Botrytis galanthina, B. & Br. Apex of thread with conidia x
89. — Puccinia Schroeteri, Pass. — a, teleutospores x
90. — Heterosporium gracile, Wallr a, threads with conidia x
91. — Puccinia Iridis, DC.— a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
92. — Mystrosporium adustum, Mass. Conidia x
93. — Uromyces Colchici, Mass.— a, teleutospores x
94. — Urocystis Colchici, Schl. — a, glomerules x
94*. — Urocystis Gladioli, Smith. Glomerule with spore x
95. — Phyllosticta Brassica, Curr.— a, section ; c, sporules x
96. — Glo2osporium concentricum, Grev. — a, sporules x
97. — Cercospora Bloxami, Berk.
98. — Cystopus candidus, Pers. ; a, conidia ; b, resting spore x
99. — Pythium DeBaryanum, Hess. — a, formation of resting spore ; b, resting
spore x
IQQ.—Spharella brassicacola, Duby. — a, asci ; b, sporidia x
lOl.—Plasmodiophora Brassica, Wor.— Cell with sporules ; a, zoospore x
102. — Oidium Balsamii, Mont. — conidia x
103. —Phyllosticta Armor acia, Cke. — a, sporules x
104. — Ascochyta Armoracics, Fckl. — a, sporules x
105. — Ramularia Armoracice, Fckl. — a, hyphae and conidia x
106. — Uromyces Faba, Pers.— a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
107.— Uromyces appendiculatus, or U. Phaseoli.--a, uredospores; b, teleuto-
spores x
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. IX
FIG. 108. — Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum, Sacc. — a, section of pustule • b, conidia x
109. — Ascochyta Pisi, Lib. — With sporules x
110. — Uromyces Pisi, Pers. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
Ul.—Erysiphe Martii, Lev.— a, conceptacle with appendages, enlarged.
112. — Septoria Petroselini, Desm.— With sporules x
113. — Puccinia Apii, Corda. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
114. — Plasmopara nivea, Ung. — a, threads with conidia ; b, tip of thread with
conidia x
I15.—Bremia LactiLca, Regel.— a, threads with conidia; 6, tip of thread with
conidia x
116. — Fusarium Solani, Mart. — Threads with conidia x
HS.—Phytophthora infestans, DBy.— Threads with conidium ; a, ripe conidium
separating ; b, zoospores x
119. — Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum, Mass.— «, sclerotia ; b, cups n.s. ; c, asCi and
sporidia x
I20. — Cladosporiumfulvum, Cooke.— a, threads with conidia x
121. — Macrosporium Tomato, Cooke.— Fruit with blotch, n. s. ; a, conidium x
122. — Puccinia Mentha, Pers. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
124. — Heterosporium variabile, Cooke. — a, hyphse and conidia x
125. — Peronospora effusa, Eab. — threads with conidia x
126 GloBosporium orbiculare, Berk. — conidia x
127. — Glceosporium lagenarium, Pers.— a, section of pustule ; b, conidia x
128. — Oidium erysiphoides, Link. — conidia x
129. — Cercospora Melonis, Cooke. — a, thread with conidia x
131. — Vermicularia circinans, Berk.— a, tuft of hairs, magnified ; 6, hair and
conidia x
132. — Fusariella atro-virens, Berk. — curved conidia x
133. — Puccinia Porri, Sow. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
134. — Peronospora Schleideni, Ung. — thread with conidia x
135. — Sclerotinia bulborum, Wakk. — asci and sporidia x
136. — Mucor subtilissimus, Berk. — portion of thread ; a, sporules x
137. — Puccinia Asparagi, DC.— a, uredospores ; 6, teleutospore x
138,—Mycogone alba, Letell. — hyphse and conidia x
PLATES X., XL, XII.
PESTS — ORCHAKD, &c.
FIG. 1.— Septoria pyricola, Desm.— Spotted leaf, section of perithecium and sporules
x400.
2. — Oidium farinosum, Cooke — Young leaves with mould; chains of conidia,
and free conidia x 400.
3. — Fusicladium dendriticum, Walk.— On Apple with threads and conidia
x 400.
4. — Glceosporium fructigenum, Berk. — Spots on Apple with conidia x 400-
5. — Botryodiplodia pyrenophora, Sacc.— On Apple twig; a, young conidia;
6, mature conidia x 400.
6. — Nectria ditissima, Tul. — Forming canker on branch ; a, fissure showing
fungus ; b, perithecia, magnified ; c, sporidia x 400.
7. — Valsa ambiens, Fr. — Pustules on branch ; a, conidia oozing in a tendril;
b, conidia x 400 ; c, asci and sporidia x 400.
8. — Rcestelia cancellata, Reb.— On Pear leaf, with receptacle and spores.
Q.—Exoascus bullatus, Tul. — On Pear leaf, with ascus and sporidia x 400.
10. — Entomosporium maculatum, Lev. — Spotted leaf with conidia x 400.
11. — Fusicladium pirinum, Lib. — On Pear leaf, with threads and conidia x 400.
12—Moniliafructigena, Pers.— Tufts of mould on fruit; a, section of tuft ;
6, thread and conidia x 400.
13.— Exoascus Pruni, Fckl. — Diseased fruits ; a, asci with sporidia x 400. _
14. — Polystigma rubra, Pers.— On Sloe leaf ; a, section of blotch ; b, conidia ;
c, ascus and sporidia x 400.
15. — Puccinia Pruni, Pers. -On Plum leaf; a, uredospores; 6, teleutospores
x 400.
16. — Podosphcera tridactyla, Wall.— Conceptacle with fulcra, enlarged ; a, ascus
and sporidia x 400.
17. — Uncinula Prunastri, DC. — Leaf with mould, and conceptacle, enlarged
a, tip of appendage ; b, ascus and sporidia x 400.
X EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
FIG. 18. — Cladosporium epiphyllum, Link. — Nodules of gum on twig. Threads and
conidia x 400.
19. — Gnomonia erythrostoma, Awd.— Spots on Cherry leaf ; a, section of con-
ceptacle ; b, conidia ; c, section of perithecium ; d, sporidia x 400.
20. — GloBosporium l&ticolor, Berk. — Spot on fruit ; a, conidia x 400.
21. — Uromyces Amygdali, Pass.— Rust on Peach leaf ; a, spots enlarged ; b, teleu-
tospores x 400.
22. — Coryneum. Beijerinckii, Oud. — Pustule with conidia x 400.
23. — Exoascus deformans, Berk. — Curl on Peach leaf; a, section of blister,
enlarged ; b, ascus and sporidia x 400.
24. — Hclminthosporium rhabdiferum, Berk. — Conidia x 400.
25.— Micrococcus amylovorus, Burr.— Families, and sporules x 400.
26.— Marsonia Juglandis, Lib.— On Walnut leaf ; b, section of pustule ; a,
conidia x 400.
28. — Phleospora Mori, Lev. — On Mulberry leaf, with conidia x 400.
29. — Cercospora moricola, Cooke. — On Mulberry leaf with threads and conidia
x 400.
30. — Clasterosporium parasiticum, Cooke. — Conidia x 400.
31. — Septoria Ribis, Desm. — On Currant leaf ; a, section of receptacle ; 6, conidia
x 400.
32.— Glceosporium Ribis, Lib.— On Currant leaf ; a, conidia x 400.
33. — jEcidium Grossularics, Gmel. — Cluster on Gooseberry leaf ; a, cluster-cup ;
b, aecidiospores x 400.
34. — Microsphcera Grossularicc, Lev. — Conceptacle with appendages enlarged, tip
of appendage further magnified.
35. — Phyllosticta pallor, Berk. — Spots on Raspberry cane; a, section of peri-
thecium ; b, sporules x 400.
36. — Glceosporium venetum, Speg.— Spots on Raspberry cane ; a, section of pus-
tule ; 6, conidia x 400.
38. — Phyllosticta fragaricola, Desrn. — Spots on Strawberry leaflet ; a, sporules
x400.
39. — Septoria Fragarice, Desm. — Spots on Strawberry leaflet, with section of
perithecium and sporules x 400.
40. — Glososporium Fragarice, Lib. — Spots on Strawberry leaflet, with pustule
enlarged and conidia x 400.
4l.—Ramularia Tulasnei, Sacc.— Spots on Strawberry leaflet, with threads and
conidia x 400.
42. — Spharella Fragarice, Sacc.— Ascus and sporidia x 400.
PLATES XIII., XIV., XV.
PESTS— VINERY AND STOVE.
FIG. i. — Phyllosticta Badhami, Cooke.— a, section ; b, sporules x 400.
2.— Septoria Badhami, Berk.— a, section ; b, sporules x 400.
%.— Glceosporium rufomaculans, Berk. — With sporules x 400.
4. — Glceosporium uvicola, Berk.— a, pustule ; b, sporules x 400.
5. — Glceosporium ampelophagum, Pass. — a, section with sporules x 400.
6. — Cercospora viticola, Sacc. — a, hyphse with conidia x 400.
7. — Isariopsis clavispora, B. & C. — a, cluster of hyphae with conidia x 400.
8.— Oidium Tuckeri, Berk. — a, conidia ; b, free conidia ; c, pycnidia.
9. — Guignardia Bidwellii, Viala.— a, conidia ; 6, ascus and sporidia x 400.
W.—Plasmopara viticola, B. & C. — a, hypha with conidia ; b, resting-spore x 400.
11. — Sclerotinia Fuckeliana, DBy. — a, Botrytis form ; b, Peziza ; c, ascus and
sporidia x 400.
12. — Plasmodiophora Vitis. — a, cell with spores ; b, spores ; c, mobile spores.
13. — Uncinula spiralis, B. & C.— Perithecium with appendages ; a, ascus and
sporidia x 400.
14. — Glceosporium Hendersonii, B. & Br. — With sporules x 400.
15. — Macrosporium Camellia., C. & M. — a, hyphse ; 6, conidia x 400.
16. — Gardenia canker. — a, section with •sporules x 400.
17. — Pestalozzia Guepini, Desm. — a, section ; b, conidia x 400.
18. — Glceosporium affine, Sacc. — a, with sporules x 400.
19. — Phyllosticta Bolleana, Sacc. — a, section with sporules x 400.
20. — Dematophora necatrix, Hart. — a, brown hyphae ; 6, tip of conidiophore ;
c, stylospores ; d, ascospores x 400.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. xi
FIG. 21. — Fumago vagans, Pers. — Hyphee with conidia x 400.
22. — Chromosporium pactolinum, Cooke. — a, chain of spores x 400.
23. — Zygosporium oscheoicles, Mont.— a, b, hyphse with conidia x 400.
24. — Phyllosticta Stephanotidis, Grove. — With sporules x 400.
25.— Phyllosticta Draconis, B. & W.— With sporules x 400.
26. — Monilia pruinosa, C. & M. — With conidia x 400.
27. — Saccharomyces Glutinis, Cohn. — With conidia x 400.
28. — Uredo Lynchii, Berk. — Enlarged sori, with uredospores x 400.
29. — Cladosporium Orchidearum, C. & M.
29*. — Glceosporium Vanillce, C. & M. — Section of pustule with sporules x 400.
30. — Glceosporium Bidgoodii, Cooke. — a, section of pustule ; b, sporules x 400.
31. — Glceosporium cinctum, B. & C. — With sporules x 400.
32. — Graphiola Phcenicis, Poit. — a, section ; b, hypha and conidia * 400.
33. — Heterosporium minutulum, C. & M. — Hyphse with conidia x 400.
PLATES XVI., XVII., XVIII.
PESTS — ORNAMENTAL SHRUBBERY.
FIG. 1. — Exobasidium Rhododendri, Cram. — a, cluster of galls; b, basidium with
spores x 350.
2. — Phyllosticta Arbuti, Desm. — a, section of perithecia ; b, conidia x 400.
3. — Septoria Unedonis, Rob. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
4. — Phyllosticta Cookei, Sacc. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
5.— Gapnodium Footii, Harv.— Perithecia with mycelium and sporules x 400.
6. — Phyllosticta tinea, Sacc. — a, section of perithecia ; b, conidia x 400.
7. — Phyllosticta Ligustri, Sacc. — a, section of perithecia ; b, conidia x 400.
8. — Phyllosticta limbalis, Pers. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
9. — Puccinia Buxi, DC. — a, teleutospore x 400.
W.— Phyllosticta hedericola, D. & M. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia
x 400.
11. — Septoria insularis, B. & Br.— a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
12. — Septoria Hederce, Desm. — a, section of perithecia ; b, conidia x 400.
13. — Glozosporium paradoxum, De Not. — a, section of pustule ; b, conidia x 400.
14. — Phyllosticta nuptialis, Thiim. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia
x 400.
15. — Phyllosticta Phillyrece, Sacc. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
16. — Uredo Phillyrece, Cooke. — a, pustule enlarged ; b, uredospore x 400.
17. — Phyllosticta sanguinea, Desm. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia
x 400.
18. — Phyllosticta ruscicola, D. & M. — a, section of perithecium ; 6, conidia
x 400.
19. — Phyllosticta Mahonice, S. & S. — a, section of perithecium ; 6, conidia
x 400.
20. — Ovularia Berberidis, Cooke. — a, hyphse with conidia x 400.
21. — Glceosporium Berberidis, Cooke. — a, section of pustule ; b, conidia x 400.
22. — Microsphcera Berberidis, DC. — a, tip of appendage ; b, ascus and sporidia
x 400.
23. — jEcidium Berberidis, Gmel. — a, cluster-cups, enlarged ; b, ascidiospores
x 400.
24. — ufficidium crassum, Pers. — a, section of cluster- cups, enlarged ; 6, aecidio-
spores x 400.
25. — Microsphcera divaricata, Wallr. — a, tip of appendage, enlarged ; b, ascus
and sporidia x 400.
26. — Microsphcera Hedwigii, Lev. — a, tip of appendage, enlarged ; b, ascus and
sporidia x 400.
27. — Cceoma Euonymi, Gmel. — a, uredospores x 400.
28. — Microsphcera Euonymi, DC. — a, tip of appendage, enlarged ; b, ascus and
sporidia x 400.
29. — Phyllosticta cornicola, DC. — a, conidia x 400.
30. — Septoria cornicola, Desm. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
31. — Erysiphe tortilis, Wallr.— Receptacle with appendages ; a, ascus and sporidia
x 400.
32. — Ovularia Syringes, Berk.— Tuft of hyphae bearing conidia x 400.
33. — Microsphcera Lycii, Lasch. — a, tip of appendage ; b, ascus and sporidia
x 400.
34. — Fusidium Deutzice, Cooke. — a, tuft of conidia ; b, conidia x 400.
Xll EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
FIG. 35. — Gloeosporium Mezerei, C. & M. — a, conidia x 400.
36. — Phleospora Oxyacantha, Kze. — a, conidia x 400.
37. — Podosphcera Oxyacanthce, DC. — a, tip of appendage enlarged,
3S.—Raestelia lacerata, Mer.— «, section of cups, enlarged ; 6, aecidiospore
x 400.
39. — Phyllosticta Cylisi, Desm. — a, section of peritheciura ; 6, conidia x 400.
40* — Baestelia cormita, Gmel. — a, three cups, enlarged ; b, eecidiospores x 400.
41. — Gymnosporangium Sabirue, Dicks. — Pustule, nat. size ; a, teleutospores
x 400.
42. — Gymnosporangium confusum, Plowr. — Teleutospores germinating x 400.
43. — Coryneum Berkeleyi, Cooke. — a, section of receptacle ; b, conidia x 400.
44. — Gymnosporangium clavariiforme, Jacq. — Pustule, nat. size ; a, teleutospores
x 400.
45. — Gymnosporangium juniperinum, L. — Pustules, nat. size; a, teleutospores
x 400.
±§.—Spliairella Taxi, Cooke.— a, perithecium enlarged ; b, ascus and sporidia
x 400.
PLATES XIX., XX., XXI.
PESTS— FOREST TREES.
FIG. 1. — Phyllosticta Aceris, Sacc.— a, section of perithecium enlarged ; 6, conidia
x 400.
2. — Phleospora Aceris, Lib.— a, section of perithecium ; 6, conidia x 400.
'6.—Septoglceum Hartigianum, Sacc.— a, twig with pustules; b, section of
pustule ; c, conidia x 400.
4. — Botrytis depr&dans, Cooke. — Portion of capitulum x 400.
5. — Ehytisma acerinum, Fries. — a, conidia ; 6, ascus and ascospores x 400.
6. — Uncinula Aceris, DC. — a, receptacle enlarged; 6, tip of appendage en-
larged ; c, ascus and ascospores x 400.
7. — Ehytisma punctatum, Fries. — a, conidia; 6, ascus and ascospores x 400.
9. — GlfKosporium nervisequum, Fckl. — a, conidia x 400.
10 — Septoria Hippocastani, B. & Br. — a, section of perithecium ; 6, sporules x
400.
11. — Stereum purpureum, Fries. — a, basidium with spores x 400.
12. — Phleospora Ulmi, Fries.— a, section of perithecium ; b, sporules x 400.
13. — Piggotia astroidea, Berk. — a, conidia x 400.
14. — Phyllachora Ulmi, Fckl. — a, section of stroma ; b, ascus and ascospores x
400.
15. — Septoria Fraxini, Desm. — a, section of perithecium ; b, sporules x 400.
16. — Gloeosporium umbrinellum, B. & Br. — Hyphae with conidia x 400.
17. — Microstoma album, Desm.— Basidia and conidia x 400.
18 — Uredo Quercus, Brond. — a, uredospores x 400.
19. — Stereum hirsutum, Fries. — a, basidium with spores x 400.
20. — Stereum frustulosum, Fries. — a, basidia with spores x 400.
21. — Diaporthe taleola, Sacc. — a, pustules enlarged ; b, section of stroma ; c,
conidia ; d, ascus and ascospores x 400. '
22.—Phytophthora omnivora, DBy.
23. — Gloeosporium Carpini, Desm. — a, pustule enlarged ; b, conidia x 400.
24. — Gnomoniella fimlrriata, A. & S. — a, section of perithecia enlarged; b, asco-
spores x 400.
25. — Phyllosticta betulina, Sacc. — a, conidia x 400.
26. — Melampsora betulina, Pers. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores ; c, teleuto-
spores germinating x 400.
27. — Dothidella betulina, Fries. — a, section of stroma enlarged ; 6, ascospores x
400.
28. — Septoria Tilia, West. — a, section of perithecium enlarged ; 6, conidia x 400.
29. — Septoria alnicola, Cooke. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
30. — Passalora bacilligera, Fres. — a, hyphse with conidium ; b, conidia x 400.
31. — Septoria Populi, Desm. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x 400.
32. — Marsonia Populi, Lib. — a, section of pustule; 6, conidia x 400.
33. — Gloeosporium Tremulce, Lib. — a, section of pustule ; b, conidia x 400.
34.— Melampsora Tremulce, Tul.— a, uredospores; b, teleutospores x 400.
35. — Melampsora cecidioides, DC. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x 400.
36. — Melampsora populina, Jacq. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x 400.
37.— Taphrina aurea, Fries. — a, section of blister ; 6, ascus and spores; c, asco-
spores x 400.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES. xiii
FIG. 38. — Septoria salicicola, Fries. — a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b, conidia x
400.
39. — Melampsora vitellina, DC. — Uredospoves x 400.
±0. — Melampsora mixta, Thiim. — Uredospores x 400.
41. — Melampsora epitea, Kunze. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x 400.
42. — Melampsora farinosa, Pers. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x 400.
43. — Rhytisma saiicinum, Pers. — a, section of stroma ; b, ascus and ascospores ;
c, ascospores x 400.
44 Uncimila adunca, Wallr. — a, perithecium with appendages, enlarged; 5,
ascus with ascospores x 400.
45. —Pestalozzia Hartigii, Tub. — Conidia in various stages x 400.
46. — Peridermium Pini, Wallr. — a, cluster-cup, enlarged ; b, ascidiospores x 400.
47. — Peridermium elatinum, A. & S. — ^cidiospores x 400.
48. — JEcidiitmpseudo-columnare, Kuhn. — a, cluster-cup, enlarged ; b, eecidiospore
x 400.
50. — Cceoma pinitorquum, Br. — a, secidiospores x 400.
51. — Nectria cucurbitula, Fries. — a, cluster of perithecia, enlarged ; b, ascospores
x 400.
52. — Lophodermium Pinastri, Chev. — a, perithecium enlarged ; b, ascospore x
400.
53. — Ccnoma Laricis, West. — a, secidiospores x 400.
54. — Dasyscypha calycina, Fckl. — b, cup ; c, section ; d, ascospores x 400.
PLATES XXII., XXIIL, XXIV.
PESTS — FIELD CHOPS.
FIG. 1. — Ustilago Tritici, Jens. — a, spores; b, spores germinating with conidia x
2. — Tilletia Tritici, Wint. — a, spores ; b, spores germinating with secondary
spores and conidia x
3. — Puccinia Graminis, Pers. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
4. — Puccinia Rubigo-vera, DC. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores ; c, teleuto-
spore germinating with conidia x
5. — Puccinia coronata, Cord. — a, teleutospores x
6. — Fusarium culmorum, W.G.S. — Mycelium with conidia x
7.— Septoria Tritici, Desm. — a, section of perithecium enlarged; b, conidia x
8. — Septoria Graminum, Desm — a, section of perithecium enlarged ; b, conidia x
9. — Ustilago Hordei, Kell. — a, spore; b, spores germinating x
10. — Ustilago nuda, Jens. — a, spores ; 6, spores germinating x
11. — Fusarium Hordei, W.G.S. — a, grain with its parasite ; b, Lyphss with
conidia x
12. — Ustilago Avence, Jens. — a, spores ; b, spores germinating x
13. — Urocystis occulta, Wallr.— a, cluster of spores.
14. — Claviceps purpurea, Tul. — a, ergot of rye in situ ; b, ergot x 2 ; c, ergot with
claviceps x 3 ; d, ascus with sporidia x
15. — Ustilago Maydis,~DC. — a, swollen receptacles; 6, spores ; c, spore germi-
nating with conidia x 800
16. — Ustilago Reiliana, Kuhn. — a, spores ; b, spore germinating x 1000
17. — Fusarium Jieterosporum, Nees. — a, conidia x
18. — Erysiphe Graminis, DC.— a, receptacle x 40 ; b, ascus and sporidia x
19. — Oidium monilioides, Link.— a, chain of conidia ; b, conidia x
20. — Phyllachora Graminis, Pers. — a, pustule enlarged ; b, ascus and sporidia x
21. — Claviceps Wilsoni, Cooke. — a, clubs, nat. size ; b, club x 5 ; c, perithecia x
20 ; d, sporidium x
22. — Ustilago hypodytis, DC. — a, spores x
23.— Tilletia striiformis, West.— a, spores.
24.— Isaria fuciformis, Berk. — a, stroma enlarged ; b, conidia x
25. — Fusarium insidiosum, Berk. — a, tufts enlarged ; b, conidia x
26. — Scolecotrichiim sticticum, B. & Br. — a, hyphee ; b, conidia.
27. — Epichloe' typhina, Pers. — a, section of stroma enlarged ; b, sporidium x
28. — Ustilago grandis, Fries. — a, spores.
29. — Puccinia Phragmitis, Schum. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
30. — Uromyces Poce, Kabh. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
31. — Phyllosticta Cannabis, Kirch. — a, section of perithecium ; b, conidia x
32. — Melampsora Lini, DC. — a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores ; c, teleutospore
germinating x
33. — Fusarium Lini, Boll. — a, conidia x
34. — Uromyces Beta, Kuhn.— a, uredospores ; b, teleutospores x
XIV EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
FIG. 35.— (Edomyces leproides, Trab. — a, spores x
36. — Plioma tabifica, P. & D.—a, perithecium bursting the cuticle ; 6, section
of perithecium enlarged ; c, conidia ; d, perithecium of ascospores ; e,
ascus with sporidia ; /, sporidia free x
37. — Pscudopeziza Trifolii, Sib. — a, parasite in situ-, b, cup breaking cuticle;
c, section of cup enlarged ; d, ascus and sporidia; e, free sporidia x
38. — Sclerotonia Trifolionim, Erik. — a, cups or stroma ; b, ascus and sporidia x
33.—Polythrincium Trifolii, Kunze. — a, section of tufts ; b, conidia x
40. — Phyllachora Trifolii, Pers. — a, section of stroma 'x
41. — Peronospora Trifoliorum, DBy. — Hyphas with conidia x
42. — Uromyces Trifolii, Hedw. — a, uredospores ; b, sori enlarged; c, teleuto-
spores x
43. — Peronospora Vicies, Berk. — a, hyphse with conidia ; b, resting spore x
44. — Sph&rotheca Castagnei, Lev.— a, receptacle with appendages ; b, ascus with
sporidia x
EXPLANATION OF KEFE HENCE S IN THIS WORK.
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8vo. 1823-1829.
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12mo. 1884.
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Diseases of Trees. 8vo. London. 1894.
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EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES. XV
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1892.
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FUNGOID PESTS
OF
CULTIVATED PLANTS
INTRODUCTION.
SOME introductory remarks are necessary as an explanation of the main
facts in the life-history of some of the principal parasites to be recorded,
and thus prevent their subsequent repetition when each species is under
consideration. Thus iteration will be avoided and space economised
where there is so little to spare.
One of the most rudimentary lessons to be inculcated is the known
fact that parasitic fungi may be arranged under two types, each
with a different mode of development, and each requiring a different
mode of treatment. It is, at the least, essential to know to which of
these types any given pest belongs before effectual steps can be taken
against it. We have called these two groups the epiphytal and the
endophytal. The former includes those fungi which establish themselves
on the surface of the leaves, stems, or other green parts of living plants,.
and ultimately cause destruction by a kind of suffocation, and not by
affecting, distorting, or absorbing the internal tissues. It is natural to
suppose that it is this type of fungus pest wrhich is most amenable to the
application of fungicides, the object being to destroy the parasite without
injury to the host-plant. We may give as examples the hop mildew and
the oidium of the vine, both of which are to be kept in check by the
application of sulphur. In these cases a white mould is developed in
irregular blotches, or broad effused patches, over either or both surfaces of
the leaves, the inferior stratum consisting of delicate interwoven threads,
forming a mycelium, which attaches itself by means of haustoria, or
suckers. From this mycelium arise the short fertile threads, which are
mostly clavate. The upper portion is soon separated from the lower by
a septum, at which it is constricted, and this upper cell, of an elliptical
shape, becomes a conidiurn. Whilst this process is going on another
septum is developed at an equal distance below the first, and another
2 i-TNC-OID P?-:&TS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
conidium is differentiated. This process goes on until a chain of conidia
is produced from the original branch, the apical conidium being the
oldest, and hence the first to separate itself from its companions, and so
the rest fall away in succession until they form a thin stratum of conidia
on the surface of the mycelium, in readiness to be transferred by wind or
rain to other and healthy leaves (PI. III. fig. 54ft). Upon reaching its
new location the conidium germinates by the production of a tube near
its extremity, and this germ-tube is the initial stage of a new mycelium.
This is the asexual reproduction, by conidia, of the oidium condition of
the Erysiphei, of which the ordinary European vine mildew and the
Australian Erysiphe viticola are examples. Later in the season the
threads of the mycelium produce a more complex form of fruit. A
globose receptacle, of a yellowish colour at first, is to be seen here arid
there upon the white mycelium. It seldom exceeds a small pin's head
in size, and ultimately becomes brown or black. The outer membrane,
or perithecium, remains attached, and is soon surrounded with more or
less distinct radiating flexuous threads or appendages, which vary accord-
ing to the genera (PL III. fig. 54ft). Internally the perithecium encloses
one, two, or more hyaline pear-shaped sacs, or asci, which contain the
sporidia. When mature the perithecia split irregularly, and the asci,
with their sporidia, are ejected. Each sporidium is elliptical, hyaline,
and capable of germination, the germ threads becoming a new mycelium.
This is the ascigerous and probably sexual reproduction.
The whole career of these epiphytal parasites is therefore external
and superficial, and, if they can be destroyed by powdering or spraying,
the leaves may recover their vigour ; but if not, by the destruction of
the conidia or sporidia, or by their germination being prevented, the
disease is held in check, and its extension to other leaves or other
plants rendered impossible. The cultivator who possesses sufficient
elementary knowledge of the fungi to determine whether the pests he
has to deal with are of this nature is already in possession of the power
to treat them effectually. Even the very crude method of picking off the
diseased leaves and burning them will limit the area of infection.
More important, and more destructive, are the endophytal parasites,
which originate within the tissues of the host-plants, and only manifest
themselves externally, when it is too late to save the plants. The " rot
moulds " are of this kind, such as the Potato mildew, American Vine
disease, Tobacco mildew, and many other devastating pests. They are
called " rot moulds " because of the rotting of the leaves and stems sub-
sequent to their attacks. Their scientific designation is PeronosporacecB,
and they have the habit and appearance of white moulds, but are para-
sitic on living plants. Here, again, it is of the utmost importance to
know something of their life-history, and methods of reproduction, before
they can be combated with success. The mature mould, when it appears
on the surface of a diseased plant, produces a profusion of spores, or
conidia. Each conidium is an elliptical colourless body, having a thin
outer coating of membrane with fluid contents. These contents soon
become granular, and at length collect at three or four centres, which
condense and then become distinctly separated from each other by the
growth of a special envelope. Ultimately the membrane of the mother
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 8
cell is ruptured, and the three or four smaller bodies, which have been
differentiated in its interior, escape, each one furnished at one extremity
with a pair of delicate movable hairs, by means of which these little
bodies, now termed zoospores, can swim actively in any thin film of mois-
ture upon which they may fall. Possibly this film may be upon the leaf
of a foster plant. In a short time all motion ceases and the zoospores
come to rest, the pair of delicate cilia are absorbed, and a germinating
thread is produced, the point of which seeks out and enters at one of the
stomata of the sustaining plant. Having once obtained an entrance, the
thread grows vigorously, and a little mass of threads, called a mycelium,
is soon developed within the tissues, capable of spreading itself through
the plant which it has infected. In the next stage we discover that this
mycelium has developed erect branched threads, which pass out through
the stomata again into the external air, sometimes singly, sometimes in
tufts. These are the fertile threads of the mould, which soon produce a
single conidium at the tip of each of the branchlets, just like the original
conidium whence the zoospores were developed (PI. VI. figs. 30, 78).
When fully matured each fertile thread produces a score or more of these
conidia, which fall away when ripe, and then undergo transformation
into zoospores, ready and active, prepared to pass through the same stages
again, and indefinitely multiply the pest. This history represents the
ordinary conidial fructification of the mould, by means of which it is
passed from leaf to leaf, and from plant to plant, until the whole area is
affected. How many of the minute conidia may be transported to a con-
siderable distance by a breath of wind it is impossible to say, but it is
known that they may be carried to any spot where there is sufficient
moisture for the conidia to be differentiated into zoospores, and afterwards
come to rest and germinate. This process takes place in summer and
autumn, but there is yet another means by which the pest is disseminated
in spring.
The mycelium, which flourishes within the substance of the plant
infested, is capable of producing larger globose bodies, chiefly within the
stems, concealed from external view. These globose bodies secrete a
thick envelope, mostly of a brownish colour, and after development they
remain in a state of rest within the stems during the winter (PI. IV.
fig. 70*). So that old stems of plants, which are infested with the mould
during the autumn, conceal within themselves during the winter a large
number of these "resting spores." As the old stems rot and decay, the
resting spores are set free in the spring, and then a period of activity
commences. The contents of these globose bodies become differentiated
into a large number of zoospores, which ultimately escape by a rupture
of the thick envelope, armed with vibratile cilia, and in all respects like
the zoospores which are developed from the conidia. These active zoo-
spores swarm over the damp soil, and are carried by the spring rains into
proximity with the young seedling leaves of the new crop of host-plants ;
then the cilia are absorbed, germination commences, the delicate threads
of mycelium enter the nearest stomata, and infection results. In this
way, in addition to the spread of the infection from conidia in summer
and autumn, provision is made for an attack upon seedlings in the spring.
It will be inferred that, in order to check the spread of these diseases, the
B2
4 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
conidia must be destroyed in the autumn to prevent their extension to
healthy plants ; and the destruction of all rotting debris must be carried
out during the winter, so as to extirpate all the concealed resting spores,
and thus prevent the infection of seedlings in the spring.
From these details it will be evident that plants once attacked by
• cndophytal parasites are in themselves hopeless. No external application
can destroy organisms which it cannot reach, or, if they could be
destroyed, no manipulation can replace the disorganised tissues. Hence,
then, all efforts should be directed towards the destruction of the conidia
and resting spores, in order to stamp out the disease at its source and
prevent the future infection of healthy plants. The application of spray-
ing to plants apparently without disease would be done as a preventive,
in order to destroy at once any germs which might be brought into con-
tact with the foliage ; and the destruction of all infected material would
limit the local sources of infection. With an intelligent appreciation of
the objects which have to be attained, the cultivator may accomplish a
great deal in the way of prevention, even though he may be helpless to
effect a cure. It will be seen how much of this depends upon an accurate
diagnosis of the disease.
There are many other forms of endophytal parasites, and the life-history
of some of these is still obscure. In the majority of them only a conidial
fructification is yet known, and the internal tissues do not appear to be
so absorbed and destroyed as in the case of the "rot moulds " ; but in
such black moulds as the " Apple and Pear scab " the mycelium appears
to be perennial, and produces a fresh crop of conidia each successive year.
There is some evidence that this disease is deep-seated and hereditary,
and if so it is doubtful whether any amount of external application will
result in a perfect cure. The genus Glceosporium includes many species
which are very destructive, but often they seem to be localised, and the
mycelium may not pass internally to other parts. This can only be
ascertained by closer investigation. The little pustules on the leaves, and
the fruits, are seated beneath the cuticle, where- a cushion or stroma of
compacted mycelium produces conidia, but without any enclosing mem-
brane or perithecium. When the conidia are matured the cuticle is
ruptured, and the spores escape to the surface, in many cases adhering in
a somewhat gelatinous mass, which oozes out in the form of tendrils. In
such cases it is evident that the application of some fungicide capable of
destroying the vitality of the conidia will be of service in preventing the
spread of the disease (PI. 1, fig. 9).
A large and important group of endophytes is that known as the
Uredines, of which the common and disastrous " Wheat rust " or " Wheat
mildew " is a familiar example. In the first instance, the host-plant pro-
duces upon its leaves, in the spring, clusters of little cups, partly embedded
in the substance of the leaf, which is usually thickened and discoloured.
These little cups constitute the "cluster cups," or aecidium form; the
margin is usually white and fringed, and the interior filled with orange
subglobose spores, termed aecidiospores, produced in chains, but soon
falling apart (PL I. fig. 21 ). The aecidiospores will germinate when mature
and produce a thread of mycelium, which is capable also of producing
secondary spores (fig. 1). Smaller bodies are also to be found in company,
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 6
or in proximity, sometimes on the opposite side of the leaf. These have
the form of minute embedded cells, containing very small hyaline spore-
like bodies called spermatia, whilst the cells which contain them are
spermoyonia. What their function may be is as yet only conjectural, but
they are nearly always present, and, presumably, not without a purpose.
Later on in the summer the same leaves, or others, develop on either or
both surfaces small brownish pustules, at first covered by the cuticle, but
at length splitting irregularly and exposing a powdery brownish dust-
like mass of nearly globose spores, each spore borne at first at the apex of
a short hyaline thread, these threads arising from a cushion-like base of
mycelium. These powdery spores constitute the " rust," or uredospores
(PI. II. fig. 226), and with them ends the second stage of the fungus ; but
how they are evolved from the first stage, or how they produce the third
stage, is a mystery still.
The third is held to be the complete or perfect stage, and the spores
produced are teleutospores, or final spores. These teleutospores are more
FlG. 1. — ^ECIDIOSPORE GERMINATING.
or less elongated, divided by a septum across the middle into two cells,
and supported upon hyaline sporophores or spore-bearing threads (PI. II.
fig. 22c). They are produced in pustules similar to those of the uredo-
spores, but often more compact, and are sometimes mixed with them.
A few of the teleutospores will sometimes be found growing within the
pustules of the uredospores. When the teleutospores are mature they
do not always germinate at once, but a period of rest supervenes, and
perhaps they may not germinate until the following spring, becoming, in
fact, veritable resting spores. This is an important fact to be borne in
mind by the cultivator.
Each cell of the teleutospore is capable of sending out a germ tube
through a special pore, and as this germ tube grows, the contents of the
cell of the teleutospore passes into the germ tube, known also as the
promycelium, and to the extreme end. Ultimately a septum, or division,
crosses the tube and prevents retreat. One, two, or more additional
divisions of the apical cell take place, and from the side of each of
these newly constituted cells buds or processes appear, which gradually
enlarge, and in time are converted into secondary spores, or promycelial
6 FCNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
spores, into which some of the contents of the old spore pass, and these
smaller bodies are eligible for the production of mycelium, which is pre-
pared to find an entrance into the leaf of some young and new host plant,
and producing infection commence the cycle over again (fig. 2). Thus,
then, we have in order of succession spermogonia, aecidiospores, uredo-
spores, and teleutospores, each of the three latter capable of producing
secondary spores, but the last of all producing the promycelial spores
which are the medium of reinfection, from the complete and perfect
condition of the Puccinia.
It may be mentioned, in passing, that the life-history in the genus
Uromyces, where the teleutospores are only one-celled, is precisely
similar.
But all these stages are not always to be found associated together.
The chain is not always perfect. In some cases the JEtidium only is
FIG. 2.— TELEUTOSPORE GERMINATING.
known, with or without spermogonia ; or in other cases only the uredo-
spores are known ; or in certain cases only the teleutospores. In each
of these instances the fungi are regarded as imperfect, or, at least, as
imperfectly known Uredines.
Besides these cases, in which aecidiospores, uredospores, and teleuto-
spores are produced on the same species of host-plant, there is another
group which those wrho have implicit faith in heteroacism contend
produce the aecidiospores with spermogonia on one species of plant, and
the uredospores and teleutospores on another and quite different species
of host-plant. Let each te persuaded in his own mind, as it will serve
no good purpose to enter upon discussion here.
There is another group in which only the spermogonia, uredospores,
and teleutospores are known, and these all occur on the same host-plant.
Here the aecidiospores are absent.
In a fourth group only the aecidiospores and teleutospores are known,
and these occur upon the same species of host-plant. The uredospores
are wanting or do not produce pustules of their own.
In the fifth group teleutospores only are known, so that both aecidio-
spores and uredospores are absent, and the teleutospores only germinate
after a period of rest. In another subsection only teleutospores are
found, but they germinate at once on arriving at maturity, without an
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 7
intervening period of rest. Thus much it seemed necessary to explain,
as it has some connection with the dispersion of the Uredines, and the
steps to be taken in contending with them. It will be evident at once
that the destruction of these clusters of teleutospores will minimise the
spring infections, and hence that they should be well looked after and
destroyed, either by effective fungicides, or by burning up all the dead
leaves and stems of the foster plants known to have been affected. In
this case, again, we must suggest the importance of acquiring some
practical knowledge of the history and mystery of such plant parasites,
if they are to be encountered and vanquished in their career of de-
struction..
In this connection we cannot omit alluding to the evidence, which
is gradually accumulating, of the connection between those minute
organisms the microbes, or Schizomycetes, and plant diseases. There
are certain diseases which attack cultivated plants, and produce disastrous
results which have long been a mystery, since, although the host-plants
appeared to be suffering from the attacks of some insidious fungus
disease, none of the usual external appearances could be detected. In
several cases of this kind it has been affirmed, although not yet com-
pletely confirmed, that the disease is caused by the presence of a minute
bacterium or bacillus in immense numbers. There is no reason ana-
logically why this should not be the case, and all the evidence seems to
strengthen the probability ; but the suggestion is so recent and the inves-
tigation so difficult that it would be imprudent to hazard any very decided
opinion. Researches into a Vine disease in California, a Melon disease in
some parts of the United States, and the very prevalent " Peach yellows "
almost establish the fact that microbes are present in large numbers, and
are hypothetically the cause of the disease. In reference to the disease
of Cucumbers and Melons it has been claimed that the disease is accom-
panied profusely by bacteria ; that the juice of diseased plants swarming
with these organisms, when transferred to healthy plants, will inoculate
them with the disease, which will make its appearance in three or four
days ; that seed watered with the juice of diseased fruits did not
germinate, or only 25 per cent, germinated at all, and these soon decayed ;
that the diseased juice when introduced into healthy stems and fruits of
Tomato rapidly produced decay ; that young Tomato plants in proximity
with diseased Cucumbers were all destroyed. Hence it is concluded that
the disease in question is caused by bacteria, and may be transmitted to
other plants by inoculation. If all this should be confirmed, then we
shall have to deal writh another class of plant diseases, of fungoid origin,
which will require a different mode of treatment, and doubtless offer a
stubborn resistance.
From the foregoing observations it will be manifest that there are
such broad distinctions between different groups of pestiferous fungi that
they should not all be subjected to the same mode of treatment, and
that the remedies which might be successful in cases of one kind would
be powerless in another. Hence, then, modes of treatment must have a
relation to the known character of the parasite. It follows from this
that a certain amount of knowledge of the life-history and affinities of
the parasite must precede any definite effort to counteract or destroy it,
8 FUNGOID PESTS OP CULTIVATED PLANTS.
as in animal diseases an accurate diagnosis must precede treatment.
Such being the case, it is important to consider what means can be
employed to diffuse the necessary information amongst cultivators, so as
to enable them to determine the general character of the disease. This
does not imply the specific identification of the fungus, which would be
the work of an expert, but the general characteristics only, and especially
whether the disease is caused by an endophyte or an epiphyte ; after
this, presuming it to be an endophyte, whether it is related to the rot-
moulds, the forms of anthracnose, as represented by species of Glceo-
sporium, or to the "rusts" or Uredines. The cultivator in possession of
the power to determine thus much for himself might easily learn what
remedies have been most successful in similar cases, and apply them
systematically with some hopes of success.
Another important question cannot summarily be dismissed without
consideration, and that is whether, and to what extent, heredity has to do
with the dissemination of plant diseases. It is admitted that in the
animal world certain diseases are hereditary. Can it be possible also that
amongst plants there is any evidence to be found of the transmission of
disease through the seeds to a succeeding generation ? On this point we
have a few authenticated facts to submit, and then we have done.
The first instance is a record of 1885 by W. G. Smith, where he states,
as the result of his examination of Oat grains, that not only the mycelium
but the resting spores of Corn mildew sometimes do exist within the
grains of Corn when the Corn is planted ; that the fungus spores germinate
at the same time as the grain ; and that the disease can be and potentially
is hereditary.*
There can be no doubt that some of these diseases are hereditary
and can be transmitted through the seeds. A writer t says : " We had
about 1,000 very fine plants (Sweet Williams) for blossoming next year,
all raised from seed last summer, and in the autumn we noticed a few
patches of the fungus (Puccinia Dianihi) and used Gishurst's compound
and sulphur mixed with it as a solution, applying it with a syringe. We
thought we had destroyed it, but find that all the plants that are not
dead are dying piecemeal, and there is not one that has escaped. We
cannot grow one of these seeds from Japan ; immediately they are up in
the seed-pans, under glass, they are attacked and destroyed." This view
is also confirmed by a subsequent writer.^:
Upwards of thirty years ago a friend sent us specimens of infected
Celery leaves, asking for the name of the pest, which was Puccinia
Apii ; at the same time he stated that he had two separate stocks of
Celery plants, and although both were in the same garden, only one
stock was attacked by the parasite. The seed which produced the
infected plants was given to him by a person who had informed him
Bince that all his plants were similarly affected. The seed from which
the other plants were raised had been derived from another source, and
not a pustule of the brand could be detected on the leaves ; and yet they
had been transplanted and were growing in rows side by side. The
conclusion is that the germs of the parasite were present in the seed
* Gard. Chron., Aug. 22, 1885.
f Gard. Chron., Jan. 12, 1884, p. 57. J Gard. Chron., Jan. 26, 1884, p. 120.
PL. I.
PESTS-FLOWER GARDEN.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 9
which produced infected plants ; and if not, why did not all the plants
suffer alike ? *
The Eev. M. J. Berkeley records an instance in which plants of
Pyracantha raised from seeds imported from Russia were all killed by a
species of Fusicladium, whilst old plants of Pyracantha growing at the
same place remained perfectly free from disease.t
At the time when the Hollyhock disease was at its height a quantity
of seedlings w^ere found showing the disease in their seed-leaves : some of
the seeds, or carpels, which had not been used were examined, and
pustules of the disease were found developed on the outside, whilst
similar traces of disease were found in seeds of Wild Mallows. t
Cases need not be multiplied, since we contend that the above are
sufficient to establish the fact that inheritance of fungoid disease must
be taken into account in connection with the dissemination and perpetua-
tion of these diseases.
It only remains for us to intimate that in the following pages our first
object has been to interest and instruct the cultivator in the simplest
and most practical manner, which we believe would be best attained by
grouping the pests together according to the nature of their hosts, rather
than by following any purely scientific and systematic classification, which
would assume considerable previous knowledge, and would be better left
in charge of the expert.
The grouping which has suggested itself is as follows : —
Pests of the flower-garden ;
„ „ vegetable-garden ;
,, ,, fruit garden and orchard ;
„ ,, vinery and conservatory ;
„ „ ornamental shubbery ;
„ ,, forest trees ;
„ ,, field crops.
PESTS OF RANUNCULACEOUS PLANTS.
Although we have included descriptions of all the ordinary diseases of
Ranunculaceous plants which are under cultivation, it must be remem-
bered that there are also a large number of fungoid pests which infest
wild and uncultivated plants of this order, some of which may at any
time invade the flower garden and commence their ravages upon their
cultivated kindred. Some limit being indispensable, we have been com-
pelled to exclude the parasites of wild plants, except in those cases where
they have been known to invade the garden.
BLACK HELLEBORE LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta helleborella (Sacc.), PI. I. fig. 1.
The leaves of Hellebores are apt to become very much disfigured by
parasitic fungi, of which many species are recorded, and amongst them
the above-named, which made its first appearance in Italy.
* Country Life, Sept. 19, 1867, p. 88.
t Oard. Chron., Oct. 28, 1848, p. 716. J Gard. Chron., July 1, 1882, p. 23.
10 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
In the form which is found in Britain the foliage is disfigured by
large blotches, or spots, on the upper surface, which are sometimes very
irregular and angular in shape, without any distinct border or marginal
line. At first they are blackish, but soon become paler and bleached in
the centre, leaving the blackness around the edge. The spots are sprinkled
with little black dots, like pin-points, which are the conceptacles, or
perithecia, of the fungus, and contain the spores.
Under the microscope these perithecia are blackish, minute, rounded,
flattened bodies, with a pore or orifice at the apex, through which the
spores escape, and are more or less immersed in the substance of the leaf.
The sporules are oblong and colourless, minute (7 x 3 yu), with two nuclei,
and are produced on short stalks within the receptacles.
In Italy this species is found growing in company with another fungus
of a higher development, but resembling it in external appearance. In
that case the spores are produced within delicate cylindrical cells, or
asci, to the number of eight in each ascus, and the species is called
Spharella Hermione, of which the above-named Phyllosticta is an
imperfect condition. Hitherto there is no record of the perfect con-
dition, or Sph&rella, having been found in this country.
At present, so far as we are aware, this parasite is confined to Italy
and to isolated spots in Great Britain.
If taken in the early stage of its appearance, and all the diseased
leaves are removed, so long as the plants are otherwise in a healthy con-
dition, they may recover. Failing this, the application of one of the
copper solutions should be made.
It may occur either on the leaves of Helleborus niger, viridis, or
fcetidus.
Sacc. Syll iii. 201 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 73, No. 403.
Another and allied species, Phyllosticta atrozonata (Voss., f.), occurs
on the leaves of H. viridis in Carniola. The leaf-spots are characterised
by concentric zones, and the sporules are smaller.
In France another species, Phyllosticta Helteboriana (Brun.), occurs
on the leaves of H. fcetidus, in which the spots are smaller, rounded, and
margined by a brown line, whilst the sporules are smaller still.
In Italy the leaves of H. viridis are attacked by the angular, dry,
pallid spots of Phyllosticta Helleboricola (Mass.), with very minute
sporules. So that altogether four species of the same genus of parasite
have occurred on the leaves of Hellebore in Europe.
HELLEBORE LEAF-SPOT.
. Septoria Hellebori (Thiim.), PI. I. fig. 2.
This little-known parasite has on one or two occasions been found on
the foliage of Helleborus niger in Britain, although first discovered in
Austria.
The spots on the leaves are rather large and irregular, without any
determinate margin, and of a brown colour. The spots are sprinkled
with the minute black dots, as in Phyllosticta.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 11
The principal difference, as revealed by the microscope, lies in the
form and dimensions of the sporules, which, in the present instance, are
long and thread-like (40-50 /u long).
It has been found on H. niger and H. fatidus in Austria, and in
France, as well as in Britain.
Fortunately it is so rare that experiments have not been made with
remedies, but probably spraying would be useful.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2840 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 102, No. 507.
A similar parasite occurs in Italy on the leaves of H. viridis, in which
the spots are whitish and angular, circumscribed by a blackish line, and
is called Ascochyta Hellebori (Sacc.).
The species in this genus resemble externally those of Phyllosticta
and Septoria, but the sporules are different, since they are divided by a-
cross-partition into two cells. In this instance they are about 8 x 2 /*.
HELLEBORE BLOTCH.
Coniothyrium Hellebori (Cooke and Mass.), PI. I. fig. 3.
., The leaves of the black Hellebore have been attacked in this country
by a new parasite, which at present seems to be unknown abroad, and,,
fortunately, very little at home.
The leaves are occupied by two or three dingy-brown spots, somewhat
circular in form, but without any determinate margin. The minute
dots of the perithecia are chiefly central, and more or less in concentric
rings.
Microscopically it differs principally in the sporules, which are oval
(4-5 x 2-3 fji) and of a pale brown colour, whereas in the other leaf -
spots enumerated here the sporules are colourless.
It is unnecessary to suggest remedies.
Grevillea, xv. p. 108 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 574.8.
HELLEBORE SMUT.
Urocystis pomplwlygodes (Schl.).
Urocystis Anemones (Pers.).
This smut, which attacks Hellebore leaves, is also common on those
of Anemone Herjatica, Eanuncitlus, Pulsatilla, Eranlhis, &c., and is here-
after described as " Anemone smut," (See PL I. fig. 7.)
HELLEBORE LEAF-MOULD.
Ramularia Hellebori (Fckl.), PI. I. fig. 4.
This delicate mould occurs in whitish patches on living, or fading,
leaves of Hellebore in this country, and on the Continent, occupying
either surface of the leaf.
The spots are rather small and of a circular form, becoming white,
with a blackened or purplish margin- The mould appears to the naked
eye only as a delicate frosting on the spots.
Under the microscope small tufts of slender short threads arise from
the mycelium, which pervades the spots (scarcely 20 /* long), and the
12 1 TNG OLD PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
conidia are produced singly on the tips of these threads. They are some-
what fusiform or spindle-shaped, divided by a septum in the centre into
two cells, and are a little longer than the threads which support them
(24-30 x 4-5 p), wholly colourless, but rather granular within, soon fall-
ing away when mature.
Spraying is generally effective in this class of parasites.
The present species has been recognised in Italy, Switzerland, and
Germany, as well as in Great Britain.
Sacc. Fung. Ital. pi. 1013 ; Sacc. Syll. iv. 970; Grevillea, xiii.
p. 51.
HELLEBORE ROT-MOULD.
Peronospom Ficaria (Tul.), PI. VI. fig. 5.
Many Ranunculaceous plants are liable to attack from a destructive
mould of a similar kind to that of the Potato disease, and amongst
them are the Hellebores. The foliage is attacked by the parasite, which
soon takes possession of the entire plant.
The external patches of the mould are effused, and of a dirty-white
colour, looking like mealy -blotches to the naked eye.
When magnified the tufts of mould are seen to consist of erect fertile
threads, which are from five to six times forked in the upper portion,
the final branches, and those immediately preceding them, being curved
and bent downwards, leaving obtuse angles. The conidia are borne
singly on the tips of the threads, and are broadly elliptical, with a slight
tinge of violet.
Besting spores are produced, for the winter, upon the internal
mycelium, the thick external coating being of a pale yellowish-brown.
These resting spores are set free in the spring, by the rotting of the foster
plant, and active zoospores, which are formed in the interior, then escape
from their temporary prison and infect the young host-plants and per-
petuate the disease.
This disease is widely spread in Europe, being known in Britain,
France, Germany, Belgium, Finland, and Italy, as well as in Bosnia and
Lapland, and in the United States of America.
Being such a complete endophyte, it is almost hopeless to attempt to
save plants when once they are attacked ; external applications are of
little avail.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 835 ; Cooke M. F., p. 235 ; Gard. Chron. July 7, 1888,
fig. 2 ; Mass. B. F., p. 119.
GERMAN HELLEBORE KOT-MOULD.
Peronospora pulveracea (Fckl.).
This disease, which attacks the foliage of Hellebores in Germany,
has not yet been discovered in Britain. Externally it much resembles
the British species, but the microscopical characters are somewhat
different.
The size of the conidia is represented as 25-30 x 18-22 p.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 875 ; Berlese Icones, t. 52.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 13
GLOBE FLOWEK LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Trollii (Trail).
This parasite has only recently been found on the leaves of Trollius
europcens in Scotland.
It forms irregular brown spots on the leaves, which are usually limited
by the veins, and the receptacles, or perithecia, are scattered over the spots,
on the under surface.
The sporules, which are produced within the perithecia, are very
minute (4x1 p ), obtuse at each end and colourless.
Should it ever become aggressive, it would be well to try spraying with
a copper solution.
Trail, Trans. Crypt. Soc. Scot. 1889, p. 43 ; Sacc. Syll x. 5003.
The Globe Flower Brand (Puccinia Trollii, K.) has only been recorded
in Italy, Switzerland, and Lapland.
Two other leaf-spots are known to occur on the leaves of Trollius,
namely, Ascochyta Trollii, with two-celled sporules, only known in Siberia,
and Septoria Trollii, with long thread-like sporules, near Lake Lucerne
in Switzerland.
ACONITE DISEASES.
Hitherto none of the special diseases which attack the Aconites have
been recorded for this country. Septoria Napelli (Speg.) has occurred in
Italy, and also Septoria Lycoctoni (Speg.).
JEcidium Aconiti- Napelli (DC.) and Uromyces Aconiti- Lycoctoni
(DC.), the former in France, Germany, and Switzerland, the latter
in Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Hungary, and Siberia, are not
British, whilst JEJcidium circinans is confined to Scandinavia.
An Aconite white mould Eamularia monticola (Speg.) is also recorded
for Italy.
LARKSPUR DISEASES.
At present we have been spared the infliction of these diseases, of
which Septoria Delphinella (Sacc.) is found in France. The mould called
Cercospora Delphinii (Thiim.) is still Siberian, whilst Puccinia Delphinii
(Diel) is Californian.
ANEMONE ROT-MOULD.
Plasmopara pygmcea (linger), PI. VI. fig. 6.
This " rot-mould " is similar in character to that already described as
occurring on Hellebore, and is found on the leaves of Anemone as well as
sometimes on Aconite.
The threads are often in bundles of two to six together, and are either
simple or branched above, the branches are either simple or once or twice
forked, the tips surmounted by from two to four short conical branchlets
supporting the conidia. The latter are elliptical, of variable size (18-
25 x 15-20 fj), with the apex broadly and obtusely teat-like.
In the interior of the plant the resting spores are produced from the
14 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
mycelium. These are globose (45-55 /x diam.) with a yellow-brown coating,
or epispore, which is either smooth or minutely rugulose.
The history and development of these rot-moulds are rather complicated,
and may be found more in detail in the Introduction, p. 3.
The distribution of this pest includes not only Great Britain, but
France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, and North America.
The remark on remedies under " Hellebore Rot-mould" applies with
equal force to this species.
Sacc. Syll vii. 807; Cooke, M. F. 284, t. xv., f. 267; Berlese
Icones, t. 10 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1776 ; Mass. B. F. p. 112.
ANEMONE- SMUT.
Urocystis Anemones (Pers.), PI. I. fig. 7.
This smut attacks the leaves and petioles of various allied plants, such
as Anemone, Hepatica, Aconite, Hellebore, Ranunculus, Pulsatilla, and
Eranthis, swelling and deforming them.
To the naked eye its presence is very evident, as the leaves are
blistered, and the petioles swollen, becoming paler in colour, until the
distended cuticle bursts, and shows the mass of sooty spores, which are
produced in profusion, and scattered over the plant as soon as they are
mature, producing a most unsightly appearance.
Under the microscope these spores are seen to be of a compound cha-
racter, forming glomerules, or clusters, more or less globose. The central
spores are dark brown, spherical, and compressed (18-16 p) ; the peri-
pherical or outer cells, to the number of about ten or more, are colourless
and compressed at the sides (each glomerule about 26 /< long). The tissues
of the host-plant are traversed by mycelium.
This pest is to be found in most European countries, in Asiatic
Liberia, and in North America.
It is always desirable to pick off and burn all infected leaves as soon
as the parasite makes its appearance, and thus it will probably be kept in
check. Generally only one or two leaves are at first attacked ; but although
the pest may appear year after year, it is possible to keep it under control
if taken in time.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1901 ; Cooke M. F. 91, 232, t. ix., f. 183, 184 ; Gard.
C/mw.-Sept. 30, 1876, fig.; Plowr. Brit. Ured, 288 ; Cooke Hdbk.
No. 1541 ; Mass. B. F. p. 188.
ANEMONE CLUSTEB-CUPS.
Mcidium punctatum (Pers.), PI. I. fig. 8.
The leaves of the garden Anemone are liable to attack from this
species of cluster-cup which is generally believed to be a distinct species
from the sEtidium Anemones (Pers.), which attacks the foliage of the
Wood Anemone, and has colourless aecidiospores.
The cups are scattered over the leaves, somewhat uniformly, whilst
the leaves are much thickened by the mycelium. The cups are flattened,
and semi-immersed, with a torn, rather yellowish margin. The lobes are
larger than in the common wild species, and are often not more than
four to each cup. The aecidiospores are almost globose (16-23 p) and of
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
15
a brownish -yellow colour. The foliage is very much distorted when
attacked by this parasite, which has a facility for spreading rapidly.
Hitherto it has not been demonstrated that there are associated with
this species, as with many others, a Uredo form and a Puccinia form,
but it appears to be complete in itself.
It has been found, besides Great Britain, also in France, Italy,
Germany, and Belgium.
Pick off affected leaves and spray with copper solution to destroy
scattered spores.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2705 ; Cooke M. F. ii. 194 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1604 ;
Plowr. Brit. Urecl p. 268.
Another cluster-cup (.Mcid. leucospermum) with whitish recidiospores
and the accompanying rust (Puccinia fusca) is found on Wild Anemone.
ANEMONE PEZIZA.
Sclerotinia tuberosa (Hedw.).
It has long been known that certain long-shaped bodies, resembling
Anemone roots, are to be found amongst the roots of the Wood Anemone,
and are called sclerotia, which represent a kind of compact fungus
FIG. 3. — SCLEROTINIA TUBEROSA, NATURAL SIZE ; Ascus AND SPORIDIA x 400.
mycelium. It is more than probable that they were originally true
Anemone roots converted into sclerotia, as the grain of Rye is changed
into ergot. In 1893 evidence was given (Gard. Chron. p. 75) that these
sclerotia have appeared also amongst garden Anemones.
In form and size they resemble the rhizomes of Anemone, but are
16 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
harder and more compact, and of a different internal structure and
composition.
Ultimately, and in autumn, these sclerotia send up one or more fleshy
stems to the surface of the soil, where the apex at length expands into a
cup-shaped form, half an inch or more in diameter, and of a brownish
colour, with a fleshy substance, easily broken up with the fingers. These
cups are such as were formerly called Peziza, but now Sclerotinia,
because developed from a sclerotium (fig. 3).
The interior of these cups is fertile, and a thin section shows, under
the microscope, that it is composed of long cylindrical cells called asci,
placed side by side. Each of these asci contains eight spores, or sporidia,
uncoloured, and elliptical in form (15-17 x 6-7 ^) : when mature these
spores are ejected like a cloud of fine dust.
Collect the Peziza form in the spring to prevent diffusion.
Sacc. Syll. viii. 797 ; Gard. Cliron. May 28, 1887, p. 712, fig. 137 ;
ib. July 15, 1893, p. 75 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 157.
ANEMONE LEAF- SPOT.
Septoria Anemones (Desm.).
We have no record of this leaf-spot hitherto on any but uncultivated
Wood Anemone, and upon this it is common.
HEPATICA DISEASES.
At least two diseases of Hepatica are known on the Continent, but at
present have not made their appearance in Britain. These are the
cluster-cups, &cidium Hepatica (Beck), and the leaf-spot, Septoria
Hepatica (Desm.).
Sacc. Syll. in. 2830, vii. 2706.
The May Apple leaf-spot (Phyllosticta Podophylli) has occurred in
gardens on the leaves of Podophyllum peltatum, although of little
importance (Grev. xiv. 74).
COLUMBINE ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Aquilegia (Thiim.), PI. I. fig. 9.
The leaves of living Columbines are subject to the attacks of a minute
fungus of a destructive kind, but hitherto little known in this country.
In this case the little dots make their appearance on both surfaces,
clustered together on discoloured spots.
The spots are rather large, irregular, and of an ochraceous colour, with
a broad brown margin, caused by the internal mycelium which destroys
the vitality of the leaf. The dots represent cavities in the substance of
the plant, which contain the numerous conidia, or spores : these are at
first borne on short stalks, but soon liberate themselves, and are expelled
in a kind of tendril from the orifice in the cuticle.
In this species the conidia are elliptical, without any division (12-15
x 5 p) and colourless.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 17
The species was first discovered in Siberia, but has recently been
found in gardens in this country, although hitherto there has been no
record of its appearance in Continental Europe.
There is no accounting for the manner in which some of these
parasites diffuse themselves, so as to suddenly appear, and perhaps as
suddenly disappear, in localities far remote from each other.
Another species, Glceosporium Martianoffianum, with the conidia twice
as large, has also been found in Siberia on the same host-plant.
Diluted Bordeaux mixture checks the disease.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3660 ; Grcuillea, xiv. 123.
COLUMBINE LEAF-SPOT.
Ascochyta Aquilegia (Roum.), PI. I. fig. 10.
One kind of leaf -spot has been found in this country on Columbine
leaves, and has probably migrated from France, where it was first
discovered.
The spots on the leaves are somewhat rounded and nearly white
(J-l m. diam.), with a dusky margin, dotted towards the centre of the
spots with the minute perithecia.
The conidia are narrowly elliptical, with a brownish tint, and are
divided by a septum across the centre into two cells.
If troublesome, try spraying with one of the fungicides.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2191.
Another leaf-spot has been found in France on Columbines, Phyllo-
sticta aquilegicola (Br.), with brownish spots and small continuous
conidia (8 x 2 ju).
Another occurs in Italy, in which the spots are whitish, with a broad
brown margin, but the conidia are long and threadlike. This is called
Septoria Penzigii. The purple spot parasite has also been found in
Italy. Septoria Aquilegice has rather longer threadlike conidia. The
North American leaf-spot is perhaps different.
A tufted mould, seated on purple-brown spots, is known in the
United States as Cercospora Aquilegice, of which the conidia are very
long (140-300 x 6-6/1).
COLUMBINE CLUSTER-CUPS.
jEcidium Aquilegice (Pers.).
These cluster-cups have often been regarded as a variety of the
Ranunculus cluster-cups, but there are other writers who contend that they
constitute a distinct species, without any indication of either uredospores
or teleutospores being affiliated thereto. They occur collected in clusters
upon round or irregular yellow spots, with a violet-brown margin, on
leaves of Columbine.
The cups are shortly cylindrical, on the under surface, seated upon a
thickened cushionlike base. The rccidiospores are compressed and
angular (16-30 x 14-20 /LI), orange in colour, and distinctly warted.
They have been known for many years as occasional occurrences in
c
18 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Britain, and their geographical distribution includes France, Switzerland,
Germany, Finland, and Siberia.
Never likely to cause sufficient trouble to call in the aid of fungicides,
better to pick off the diseased leaves if the cups appear.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2710 ; Pers. Ic. Pict. iv. t. 23, f. 4 ; Cooke Hdbk.
No. 1615« ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 263.
PJEONY LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Pceonice (S. & Sp.), PI. I. fig. 11.
Paeony leaves are subject to several kinds of leaf spot in different
countries, but only the above has at present been recorded for Britain.
This scarcely deserves to be called a " leaf-spot," since the spots are
obsolete, and the rather large perithecia are scattered, like little black dots,
over the leaves.
The conidia are elliptical, with two nuclei (10 x 5 p), and have a
slight tinge of olive.
The greatest harm that the majority of these leaf -spots do to the
plants is to disfigure the foliage. In general they may be kept in check
by spraying and picking off the infested leaves.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 200.
Three other species of Phyllosticta are recorded as producing leaf-
spots on Pseony. These are Phyllosticta Moutan and Phyllosticta
baldensis in Italy, and Phyllosticta Commonsii in North America.
Other leaf -spots are produced by species of Septoria, with long thread-
like conidia, such as Septoria P&onice in N.-W. Europe, and Septoria
macrospora in Italy. Septoria Nartianoffiana is only known in Asiatic
Siberia.
P^ONY BUST.
Cronartium Pceonia (Cast.), PI. I. fig. 12.
A peculiar kind of rust, not very common but occasionally appearing
in gardens, on Paaony leaves, chiefly on the under surface, is the above,
which has been known for very many years.
The pustules are small, and collected together on paler spots, but with
none of the bright yellow or rusty colour peculiar to most of the plant rusts.
The uredospores are enclosed in a kind of peridium, or volva, and are
either ovate, or elliptical, and spiny (20-30 x 15-30 /u). From the centre
of the spore mass arises a compact column composed of the brown teleuto-
spores, or final spores, many of which commence to germinate while still
attached to the foster plant. The long flexuous columns (2 m. long) give
a peculiar appearance to this parasite, making it look rather like a colony
of worms or larvae upon the leaf, commonly extending over a consider-
able surface. It has very little of the general appearance of a Uredine, and
would rather puzzle the inexperienced.
It is found throughout the greater part of Europe and in Asiatic Siberia.
No successful experiments recorded, and the presumable secidiospores
are unknown.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2139 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 235 ; Cooke M. F., 215 ;
Ploicr. Brit. Ured. 254.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 19
P^EONY BROWN MOULD.
Cladosporium Paonia (Pass.), PI. I. fig. 13.
This mould was first found in Italy by Professor Passerini in 1876, and
has since made its appearance in this country.
It forms broad chestnut-brown spots on the foliage, which ultimately
turn black.
The threads are short and unbranched, nearly straight, and erect,
divided transversely into joints, and springing from an abundant creeping
mycelium. The threads bear at their tips the very variable conidia or
spores, which are commonly one- or two-septate, and sometimes two or
more are attached in a short chain (15-22 x 6 fj).
Although found upon still living, but faded, leaves, it is rather uncer-
tain whether it should be regarded as a destructive pest. Many species
of Cladosporium are very common on decaying plants, and for the most
part are simply saprophytes. The Tomato mould (Cladosporium) is
nevertheless a destructive parasite, and possibly others may become so.
Spray with dilute potassium sulphide solution.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 1729.
Another brown mould, of a different character, Cercospora variicolor,
with long slender conidia (35-50 x 3^ /*), has been found on Paeony leaves
in the United States. This is a true parasite. •
DBOOPING PAEONY DISEASE.
Botrytis Pceonice (Oud.), PL VI. fig. 14.
This white mould appear rather suddenly upon what appears to be
healthy-looking plants, causing them before the time of flowering to
become limp, the stem droops, and at length the plant dies.
The mould may be detected on the stem of a diseased plant like a
delicate white mould on the blackened and shrivelled surface.
The threads terminate in somewhat globose heads, which bear a
profusion of colourless elliptical conidia, or spores (16-18 x 7 /u).
Later on small black sclerotia, which are compact masses of hibernating
mycelium, will be found in the tissues, both above and below the ground.
It is presumed that these sclerotia remain in the soil until the suc-
ceeding spring, when they may start into new life, as some of these
sclerotia do, under the form of a minute Peziza.
This threatens to be a troublesome disease, and should be encountered
at once should it appear. All infected parts should be destroyed, so as to
prevent hibernation of the sclerotia.
Mass. PL Dis. 157 ; Gard. Chron. Aug. 13, 1898, fig. 32.
CLEMATIS DISEASES.
The cultivated species of Clematis' have hitherto been remarkably free
from fungoid pests, whilst our common hedgerow species has two or three
enemies. One or more of these may at any time make their appearance
in the garden, especially those in which Clematis Vitalba may have
secured a place. Hence we enumerate, incidentally, the diseases to which
the Clematis is liable.
c2
20
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The common Clematis cluster-cup (Mcidium Clematidis) occurs over
the greater part of Europe, on the leaves of C. Vitalba, C. recta, and C.
Flammula.
-f.
FIG. 4. — OVULARIA CLEMATIDIS.
1. Section of petal with mycelium (a) and conidiophores (6, c, d) ; 2. Conid:'o-
phore with conidium ; 3. Conidia x 400 ; 4. Coniclium (a) germinating (6).
Another cluster-cup (^cidium Englerianum) has been found on
Clematis leaves in Abyssinia.
In India another species (-Mcidintn orbiculare) has been found on
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 21
C. grata, C. orientalis, and C. puberula, whilst Mcidium otagense is
confined to New Zealand.
Leaf-spot is also common, with Phyllosticta Vitalba (Cooke), formerly
included by error under Septoria Clematidis, on our indigenous species.
Phyllosticta Clematidis in Canada ; Phyllosticta corrodens upon Clematis
Vitalba in Italy, in company with Phyllosticta bacteriosperma.
One form of leaf-spot, with bicellular conidia, is Ascochyta Vitalbce,
found in France.
Of leaf-spots having long threadlike conidia Septoria Clematidis is
British, as well as proper to some other parts of Europe. Septoria
Clematidis-Flamrrmlcs on C. Fiammula in France ; Septoria Clematidis-
rectcR on C. recta in Italy, as well as Septoria Flammulcz on C. Flammula,
and Septoria Viticellce on C. Viticella. To these may be added Septoria
Jenissensis on C. glauca in Siberia, and Septoria Jackmanni on C. Jack-
manni in New York.
CLEMATIS WHITE-MOULD.
Ovularia Clematidis (Chitt.).
From Chelmsford the flowers of Clematis Jackmanni? were sent,
infested with a white mould, which has been named Ovularia Clematidis
(Chittenden), forming whitish patches on the upper surface of the petals,
and may thus be described : Spots epiphyllous, white, conspicuous, circular
or sub-circular, from 2 to '4 centimetres in diameter. Mycelium colour-
less, branched, creeping. Fertile hyphae erect, simple (40-60 yu x 7/u),
two or three times septate. Conidia hyaline, solitary, or mostly so,
cylindrical, with rounded ends (28-42 x 14-16 /*), smooth. (See fig. 4.)
This species occurred in September, 1903, and differs from all
described British species in the large conidia, which sometimes give
indications of being shortly catenulate.
Gard. Chron. Oct. 31, 1903, p. 299 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxviii. (1904),
p. clxxvii, fig. 176.
CKUCIFER ROT-MOULD.
Peronospor a parasitica (Pers.), PL VI. fig. 30.
There are but few parasites on garden Crucifers, but this is sufficiently
destructive to the foliage of Wallflowers, Stock, and some other garden
flowers to make up for the deficiency.
It occurs in whitish mouldy patches on the leaves and inflorescence.
The mycelium is profuse, thick, and very much branched, from which
arise the erect threads, which are also rather thick, soft, and flexile, from
five to eight times branched, in a forked or trifurcate manner, the ultimate
branches awl-shaped and curved, bearing the broadly ellipsoid conidia
{20-22 x 16-20 /*).
The resting spores, which are seated upon the mycelium in the stems
and branches of the host, are globose (26-40 /n diam.), either smooth or
rugged, and of a yellowish or tawny colour.
For details of life history and development of the rot-moulds see
Introduction, p. 2.
Diseased parts should be burnt to destroy resting spores.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 830 ; Cooke M. F. t. 14, f . 265 ; Hdbk. No. 1778 ;
Mass. PL D-is. 79, 355 ; Mass. B. F. 119, f. 45, 46, 129.
22 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
POPPY ROT-MOULD.
Peronospora arborescens (Berk.), PL VI. fig. 15.
This is the principal pest of the Poppy family, and occurs on the leaves
of the Opium Poppy, as well as on those of some uncultivated species. It
was first described by Berkeley in the JOURNAL R.H.S. forty years ago.
It appears as a white mould, in patches, on the under surface of th&
leaves.
The fertile threads are erect, slender, and divided from seven to ten
times, in the upper portion, in a furcate manner. The branches are more
or less flexuous and spreading, gradually attenuated, so that the final
branches are very thin, somewhat curved, and pointed. The conidia are
almost globose (15-22 x 13-18 /*), with a tinge of violet. In the autumn
resting spores are produced upon the mycelium, within the tissues of the
host-plant, and these are globose, with a striate brown envelope or coating.
The production of active zoospores, and their aid in the perpetuation
of the species, follow the type of the other species of rot-moulds.
See Introduction, p. 2.
This species has been found in France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.
Spraying as a remedy can be of little use in so deep-seated an
endophyte, but all parts of diseased plants should be burnt so as to
destroy the resting spores.
Cooke Hdbk. No. 1785 ; Journ. Boy. Hort. Soc. I p. 31, t. 4, f. 24 ;.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 836 ; Cooke M. F. p. 217 ; Berlese Icones, t. xliii. ;
Mass. B. F. 120.
A black mould, Heterosporium Eschscholtzice, is found on Esch-
scholtzia leaves in California.
MIGNONETTE DISEASE.
Cercospora Reseda (Fckl.), PI. I. fig. J.6.
This fungus is rather common on the wild species of Reseda, and
sometimes proves destructive to the cultivated Mignonette, causing dusky-
brownish patches upon the foliage.
To the naked eye the blotches on the leaves seem to be minutely
velvety from the threads of the mould, and without definite margin, but
it spreads rapidly from plant to plant.
The threads are short (50 p. long) and densely crowded together,
septate, and brownish in colour. The conidia are produced at the apex of
the threads singly, and are very long and flexuous (100-140x3 /*)>
attenuated gradually upwards, and divided by numerous (four to five or
more) transverse partitions, or septa ; they are also slightly coloured.
It has been observed in Britain, Germany, Italy, the United States,
and Australia.
Spraying with dilute Bordeaux mixture has been recommended.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2092; Mass.Pl.Dis. p. 319; U.S.A. Depart. Agric.
Rep. 1889, with plate ; Grevillea, iii. 182 ; Journ. R.H.S., xxix., p. 766.
A rot-mould, Peronospora crispula, has been found on leaves of
Reseda luteola in the Rhine Provinces, and may at any time attack tha
Mignonette, should it appear on our uncultivated species of Reseda.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 23
PESTS OF VIOLET AND PANSY.
Considerable anxiety is manifested by those who grow these plants
extensively as to the prospects of the future, with the increasing number
of Violet diseases which we are about to enumerate. Nevertheless it
must still be remembered that quite a number of fungoid pests are known
as affecting this family which have not yet made their appearance in the
garden, but are common on uncultivated representatives. To be fore-
warned is to be forearmed, and all prospect of contagion from infested
wild plants should always be held in consideration. For this purpose we
have thought it prudent to give incidental notices of the diseases to
which uncultivated plants are liable, as well as some affecting cultivated
species, which have not as yet invaded our shores.
VIOLET LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Viola (Desm.), Plate I. fig. 17.
This spot has occurred on the leaves of Viola odorata and Viola
tricolor in various parts of Europe. It disfigures the foliage, but seems
to have but little influence on the flowering.
White rounded spots are formed on both surfaces of the leaves,
several spots occurring on the same leaf, and then occasionally coalescing
and forming irregular blotches, but with a definite margin. The
receptacles, or perithecia, are very minute, resembling little black dots
just visible to the naked eye, scattered over and immersed in the
bleached spots.
The sporules, or conidia, are produced within these receptacles,
escaping when mature by a pore at the apex. In this instance they are
cylindrical and straight (10 /u long), rounded at the ends and colourless,
oozing from the mouth of the receptacle in the form of a whitish
tendril.
The variety on the Pansy has rather smaller sporules (7 X 3 p).
This pest is known in France, Belgium, Italy, and Great Britain, as
well as in Australia.
If troublesome in gardens fungicides should be resorted to in order
to prevent spreading.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 203 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1352 ; Grevillea, xiv. 73,
No. 404.
Another species, Phyllosticta Liberia (Sacc.), with blackish leaf-spots
and very minute sporules, occurs on Sweet Violet leaves in France and
Belgium.
Ascochyta Violw (Sacc.) has -badly attacked Violets in this country.
See Gard. Chron. Nov. 5, 1904, p. 328.
DOG VIOLET LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Viola (West.), PL I. fig. 18.
This minute endophyte has occurred upon the leaves of several
species of Viola, and especially on the Dog Violet, V. canina and V.
sylvestris, probably also on the Sweet Violet.
Pale bleached spots are formed on the leaves, circumscribed by a
*24 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
reddish-brown line. Upon the upper surface of these rounded bleached
spots, but immersed in their substance, are numerous minute dotlike
brown receptacles, or perithecia, so small as to appear like pin-points to
the naked eye.
The sporules, contained within these receptacles, are long and thread-
like, sometimes straight and sometimes flexuous, and colourless, escaping
when mature by a pore at the apex.
It may be remarked here that the ordinary leaf-spots are produced
by fungi of three genera, all very much alike in external appearance, but
differing in the form of the sporules. In Phyllosticta they are very small,
about twice as long as broad, more or less, and undivided. In Ascochyta
the sporules may be similar, or larger, divided across the centre into two
cells. In Septoria the sporules are generally very long, and threadlike,
sometimes with a row of nuclei, or several transverse divisions.
The above-named species is found in Britain, Belgium, and Italy.
If troublesome, spraying may be useful to check it.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2811 ; Grevillea, x. 48.
Septoria violicola is found on leaves of V. biflora in Switzerland and
Germany, and Septoria hyalina on two or three species of Viola in
North America.
VIOLET ANTHKACNOSE.
Glcvosporiiim Violce (B. and Br.).
Some years ago the Rev. M. J. Berkeley received some leaves of Viola
odorata from Scotland, with a parasite which he briefly described under
the above name.
The leaves were disfigured by one or two pallid spots, which concealed
minute cavities scattered over the surface. In these cavities were
produced minute sporules, or conidia, which were expelled through
ruptures of the cuticle when moist, oozing out in little orange gelatinous
masses, and spreading themselves over the surface of the leaf.
Thus far goes the description, and we have since seen the only
specimens which passed through Berkeley's hands, but fail to find any
trace of conidia or sporules on the discoloured spots ; and as the parasite
has never been found since, it must remain uncertain or doubtful.
Grevillea, vi. 126 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 3668.
Another species of Anthracnose, which might possibly be the same,
has been found on Violet leaves in Italy, and called Marsonia Violce
(Pass.), the difference being that the spots are of a chestnut colour, and
the sporules, which are narrowly elliptical (15-18 x 5 yu), are divided
across the centre into two cells, the only distinction between Glceo-
sporium and Marsonia being that in the latter the sporules are bicellular.
Sacc. Syll iii. 4036.
VIOLET SMUT.
Urocystis Violce (Fischer), PI. I. fig. 19.
In some gardens, for the past century, the Violet smut has been more
or less of a nuisance, disfiguring the foliage and weakening the plants.
PESTS— FLOWER GARDEN.
• * \, 1
•* * J^"/ n
i'UNGOLD PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 25
The leaves are blistered and distorted, chiefly along the midrib, and
the petioles become swollen and gouty, usually twisted and pallid. Later
on these pustules split irregularly down the centre, and expose a mass of
blackish spores, like soot, which are scattered over the leaves.
These spores are complex, like those of the smut on Hellebore and
Anemone, and consist of irregular rounded balls (32-50 x 20-45 /<)
compounded of a number of smaller cells, the central ones being dark
brown (10 x 17 ft diam.) and from one or two to six, angular by com-
pression, while the outer ones, or those of the circumference, are colourless
and somewhat hemispherical, but they do not germinate (6-10 ^ diam.).
When the coloured spores germinate they give origin to a short
thick thread (promycelium) into which the coloured contents of the spore
pass. From the end of this thread five or six fusiform secondary spores
are produced. Sometimes the secondary spores will germinate and
produce tertiary spores.
This parasite is so deeply seated that fungicides are of little avail.
All that can be done is to pick off all the diseased leaves, as soon as they
appear, and burn them, so as to prevent the germination of the spores
and the spreading of the disease.
It is certainly well known in France, Germany, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1905 ; Cooke M. F. 92, 232, t. ix., f. 185, 186 ; Mass.
B. F. 189 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 288 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1538 ; Tubeuf, Dis.
317, fig. 174 ; Gard. Chron. Sept. 30, 1876.
VIOLET BUST.
Puccinia Viol® (Schum.), PI. I. fig. 20.
The Violet rust is so widely diffused, and so general on wild plants,
that it is fortunate it is not found oftener in the garden than it is. Like
many others of its kindred it is developed under three forms or stages,
the earliest being the cluster-cups, and afterwards the Uredo and the
Puccinia. For practical purposes it is better to treat them as distinct
diseases, without reference to their genetic connection, or, at least in so
far as the cluster-cups are concerned, their entirely different appearance
to the -ordinary observer. The pustules of the Uredo, and afterwards of
the Puccinia, are scattered over the surface of the leaves, the former of a
rusty-brown colour, and the latter dark brown, nearly black, breaking
through the epidermis.
The uredospores are powdery, and are produced in little pustules on
either surface of the leaves. Individually they are nearly globose, and
rough with short spines (21-26 x 17-23 p).
The teleutospores, or final spores, are darker in colour, and are pro-
duced in similar pustules, often mixed with those of the Uredo. They
have the usual Puccinia form, with a central partition dividing them into
two cells (20-35 x 15-20 yu).
When mature these teleutospores are capable of germinating from
each cell, the threads so produced developing towards their apex two or
three secondary spores, which are simple and much smaller than the
primary spore. The life-history and development are very similar in all
the species of Puccinia. See Introduction, p. 5.
26 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The present is a widely diffused species, and is known, not only in
Britain, but also in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy,
Austria, Finland, Asiatic Siberia, North America, and Patagonia.
It is doubtful whether fungicides are of much service with such deeply
seated endophytes as Puccinia, although it was affirmed, during the
greatest prevalence of the Hollyhock Puccinia, that spraying with Condy's
fluid was decidedly advantageous.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2163 ; Cooke M. F. 102, 210 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 152 ;
Cooke Hdbk. No. 1502.
It should be mentioned here that another species of rust has been
found, in Britain and Germany, on the leaves of Viola palustris, and
named Puccinia Fergussonii, in which the pustules are clustered together
in large rounded patches. The teleutospores are smooth and rather
deformed (20-30 x 13-20 //) ; no uredo spores have at present been found
(Grevillea, iii. p. 179).
Yet another species (Puccinia hastata) occurs on the leaves of
Viola hastata in the United States, with much larger teleutospores
(35-40 x 20-25 /i) and smooth globose uredospores.
A third species (Puccinia alpina) is found on leaves of Viola biflora
in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Lapland. The teleutospores are
longer than in any other of the species (30-52 x 17-23 /<), with the surface
finely granulated.
VIOLET CLUSTER-CUPS.
MMium Viola (Schum.), PI. I. fig. 21.
In these modern days the above cluster-cups are treated as a stage in
the development of Puccinia Viola, but their general appearance is so
distinct that for general purposes we prefer to treat them as a separate
disease.
All the green parts of the Violet plants are liable to be invaded by
this parasite. The cups are disposed in groups or clusters, seated on
the leaves upon yellowish spots. The margin of the cup is white and
torn into irregular teeth, exposing the bright orange aecidiospores (16-24
x 10-18 fj), which, as usual, are produced in chains, being separated and
dispersed when mature.
The area of distribution corresponds with that of the Violet rust.
It is not sufficiently common to have originated any experiments with
fungicides.
SCATTERED CLUSTER-CUPS.
Puccinia cegra (Grove), PL II. fig. 22.
Another species of cluster cups was discovered in 1876, principally on
the stems, but also on the foliage of Viola cornuta. The cups are few
and scattered (Mcidium depauperans) and the aecidiospores are also
orange. In 1883 the corresponding Uredo and Puccinia were found,
which were described under the name of Puccinia agra. They have
hitherto only been found in Britain (Grevillea, v. p. 57).
A species of cluster-cups has also been found on wild Violets in the
United States.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 27
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2174 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1626 ; Gard. Chron. 1876,
175, 861, fig. 72 ; Cooke M. F. 198 ; Grove Journ. Bot. 1883, p. 274 ;
Plowr. Brit. Ured. 158.
VIOLET ROT-MOULD.
Peronospora Viol® (D. Bary), PL VI. fig. 24.
Amid all the vicissitudes of the Violet crop it has hitherto suffered
little serious injury from the rot-mould, which is of close kindred to the
Potato disease mould. It has appeared, and is not uncommon, on wild
plants, and has recently invaded the Violet and Pansy under cultivation.
The tufts of the mould are effused on the foliage, and although white
are not particularly conspicuous ; the threads are collected in little bundles,
growing erect, and are many times divided in the upper portion into
forked branches, with the final branchlets awl- shaped and bent backwards.
The conidia are elliptical, growing singly at (22-27 x 15-19 /z) the tips
of the branchlets, but with a slight tinge of violet in their colour.
It is assumed that resting spores are produced, as in other rot-moulds,
but they have not yet been detected. (See Introduction, p. 3.)
Plenty of air, and not too much water, retard the spread of the disease.
Another rot-mould (Peronospora megasperma) has been found on
Viola tricolor in the United States.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 838 ; Berlese Icones, t. xlii. ; Mass. PL Dis. 80 ;
Cooke M. F. 235 ; Grevillea, iv. 109 ; Mass. B. F. p. 121.
VIOLET WHITE MOULD.
Bamularia lactea (Desm.), PL I. fig. 23.
This common little white mould on Violet and Pansy leaves does not
much trouble the cultivator, since it has preference for the wild plants.
White orbicular spots appear on the leaves, circumscribed by a brown
line, three or four spots being usually present on one leaf. The mould
gives a mealy appearance to the spots, as if they had been powdered with
flour, and principally on the under surface.
The mould itself is a very simple structure, consisting of rather
twisted short threads (30-60 /* long), without branches, bearing at their
tips the oblong or spindle-shaped conidia (8-10x2-3 p). Occasionally
two or three of the conidia will be met with attached to each other, end
to end, so as to form a short chain.
It has been suspected that many of the species of this genus of moulds
are only the naked conidia of some higher form of fungus, as has been
proved in a few cases.
The present mould is known, not only in Britain, but also in France,
Germany, Bohemia, Austria, and Italy.
It seems to be amenable to fungicides if taken in time.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 979 ; Journ. Boy. Agr. Soc. Ixi. (1900), p. 735 (sub
Ovularia lactea); Journ. B.H.S. xxvi. (1901), p. 198; Grevillea, iv.
p. 109.
Another species, Eamularia agrestis, with larger and sometimes
septate conidia, has occurred on Violet and Pansy leaves in Italy.
28 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
AMERICAN SPOT DISEASE.
Alternaria Viola (Gall.), PL II. fig. 25.
There is very little doubt that this disease has made its appearance in
this country, and is capable of doing considerable damage. It occurs
principally on the leaves, commencing with small yellowish spots, sur-
rounded by a narrow rim ; sometimes they spread till they occupy the
whole leaf. Most of the spots are free from fungus spores, with scarcely
any indications of mycelium. Spores are developed in a saturated atmo-
sphere after twenty-four hours.
The spores are borne in chains, or darkish-brown threads, which rise
from the diseased surface. They separate easily, and can be transported
freely to other and healthy leaves. These spores, or conidia, are club-
shaped, or flask-shaped, divided by transverse as well as vertical septa, so
as to be muriform (40-60 x 10-1 7/*), somewhat olive in colour.
Hitherto known only in the United States and in Britain, it is
undoubtedly a dangerous pest.
At present no effective remedy has been discovered. Fungicides have
produced little or no effect. Suggestions are made as to prevention,
rather than cure, by giving careful attention to the production of vigorous,
healthy plants.
Healthy plants inoculated with the fungus spores soon produced the
disease.
U.S.A. Dep. Agric. Bull. 23, 1900; Journ. R.H.S. xxvi. (1901),
p. 246, pp. 491-3 ; xxvi. 1902, p. ccxxii.
ITALIAN VIOLET BLACK MOULD.
Macrosporium Violce.
A black mould, under the above name, of which we have no descrip-
tion up to now, is reported to be destructive to Violets in Italy.
At the time of going to press we have seen Violets with the leaves in
a bad condition, but there is no evidence that such condition has been
caused by a parasite. The tissue was entirely bleached and dead over a
large portion of the surface, commencing at the margin, and extending
inwards, and not interfoliary. Cultivators are of opinion that it is due to
external circumstances, which is most probable.
All the dead spots seen by us become occupied by tufts of black mould,
which are not present when the fading commences, but occur only on the
dead tissue, and hence it is probably a saprophyte.
The moulds are of two kinds, growing in company, forming small
dark olive tufts, and not becoming confluent. The earliest form is a
Cladosporium, with slender unbranched septate threads of a pale olive
and rather long. The conidia at first continuous, then uniseptate, at
length bi- or tri-septate (18-30 x 7 /i).
The other mould, which appears mixed with the former, is a Macro-
sporium resembling M . sarcinula, with delicate deciduous threads and
somewhat cubical conidia (30-35 x 25-30 /u). Truncate at the ends and
but slightly constricted. The septa, longitudinal and transverse, divide
the conidia into quadrangular cells, mostly in three irregular rows, and of
a darker olive-brown than the Cladosporium.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 29
Further investigation is advisable, but it certainly is not the Italian
species.
Gard. Chron. 1902, April 12, p. 265.
VIOLET BLACK MOULDS.
Cercospora Viola (Sacc.), PL II. fig. 26.
This destructive genus of black moulds has no fewer than six repre-
sentatives, which attack members of the Violet family. They form spots
on the leaves, and develop tufts of short erect threads upon the spots.
These threads are each surmounted by a long slender spore, which in
most cases is septate, or divided by transverse partitions, and is gradually
attenuated upwards almost to a point.
The British species (Cercospora Viola] has five or six rounded white
spots on each leaf, upon which the mould is developed.
The threads are very short, but the spores are very long (150-200
x SJ /i), attenuated upwards, divided by numerous transverse partitions,
threads and spores having a smoky tinge.
It occurs also in Italy, Austria, and the United States.
It is recommended to spray with dilute Bordeaux mixture.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2087 ; Sacc. F. Ital. t. 651 ; Mass. PI. Dis. 819.
Another species (C. Viola -tricolor is), with longer olive threads, occurs
in Italy.
A species (C. Viola- sylvatica), with shorter spores (45-70 p), is found
on Viola sylvatica in the Netherlands.
A British species (Cercospora li) has been found in Scotland on Viola
palustris, with short spores (20-60 p).
In the United States Cercospora murina,wikh spores (25-35 x 4-5 p),
has occurred on Viola cucullata, and Cercospora granuliformis, with
variable spores on the same host.
In Saxony C. lilacina has curved or sickle-shaped conidia (50-75 /*
long).
DISEASES OF CARYOPHYLLACEJE.
A synopsis of the diseases of the Carnation family has already been
published, which did not attempt to include the parasites of uncultivated
plants, and yet extended to a considerable length. It will be necessary
here to give more explicit details of the several diseases, so that they may
be recognised by the ordinary observer.
Journ. B.H.S. xxvi. 1902, p. 649, PL I. II.
DIAXTHUS LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Dianthi (West.), PL II. fig. 27.
This leaf-spot occurs on the foliage of Dianthus barbatus in gardens.
It is not a destructive fungus, except to the foliage, which it discolours
and distorts to a considerable extent.
The spots are whitish, and sometimes two or three are run together
into one irregular blotch. The receptacles are quite minute, but visible
30 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
to the naked eye, scattered over the upper surface, but more clustered
towards the centre of the spots, with the circumference almost bare.
The sporules are elliptical and colourless, without any division, but
usually with two or three small guttules (about 8x8/1). At one time it
was the custom to call these small sporules by the name of " spermatia,"
which led to the inference that they were fertilising, and not direct repro-
ductive bodies. This name and supposed function were abandoned with
the discovery that they were capable of germination under favourable
circumstances.
The present species has also been found in Belgium, where it was first
discovered by Westendorp.
If troublesome, spray with one of the copper solutions ; otherwise
picking the diseased leaves may be sufficient to prevent recurrence.
Sacc. Syll iii. 237 ; Journ. R.H.S. 1902, PI. I., f. 1.
Phyllost'icta tenerrima is a Canadian species on leaves of Saponaria.
CARNATION LEAF- SPOT.
Ascochyta Dianthi (Alb. and Schw.), PI. II. fig. 28.
The leaves of Pinks, Carnations, &c. are liable to be infested with
another small parasite, which causes spots on the living leaves. The pale
spots are somewhat rounded or elongated, without distinct margin, and
are dotted with the minute receptacles, which are accumulated in patches,
at first covered by the cuticle.
The sporules are elongated, rather broader at one end than the other,
but sometimes nearly equal, divided by a transverse septum in the centre
into two cells; each extremity is furnished with an obtuse nipple or
apiculus (14-16 x 3^ ,/).
In this and similar cases, where the sporule or spore is divided into two
or more cells, it may be taken for granted that each cell is capable of
germination, and for all practical purposes acting as if each cell were an
individual sporule.
The little receptacles in which the sporules are produced are like little
flattened round flasks, with a short neck, pierced at the apex, through
which the matured sporules may escape. The base of these receptacles
is attached to the delicate mycelium, upon which they are seated, and
which pervades the spots.
This species is also found in Germany and the Netherlands.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2203 ; Journ. R.H.S. 1902, p. 649, PI. I., f. 2 ; Cookc
Hdbk. No. 1357.
LYCHNIS BROWN SPOT.
Septoria Lychnidis (Desm.), PI. II. fig. 29.
This parasite occurs on irregular red-brown, or pallid-rufous spots, on
the leaves of Lychnis dioica and other species. The spots have no
definite margin, and are sprinkled with the scattered receptacles, which
are as minute as usual, and but just visible to the naked eye.
The sporules are long and threadlike, often curved or flexuous, and
divided by from five to seven transverse septa (50-70 x 2^-3 //).
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 31
It has been recorded in France, where it was first discovered, and
afterwards in Italy and Great Britain.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2804 ; x. 6318.
Another species, with round pale spots, margined by a narrow bright
brown ring (Septoria noctiflorce), occurs on Silene noctiflora in America.
One species without any definite spots (Septoria dianthicola) attacks
the leaves of Sweet Williams and Pinks in Italy and Portugal.
Another affects the leaves of Saponaria (Septoria Saponarm) in
France, Italy, and Germany, in which the spots are pallid and rounded or
irregular, the sporules being more robust than usual.
The leaf -spot most prevalent in Europe, S. Africa, and Australia
(Septoria Dianthi) is not recorded for Britain. (See JOURNAL B.H.S.
1902, PI. I., f. 3.)
LARGE DIANTHUS SPOT.
Septoria Sinarum (Speg.), PI. II. fig. 31.
This leaf-spot seems hitherto to have been confined to the leaves of
Dianthus sinensis, which are blotched with large and somewhat rounded
whitish spots, often occupying the greater part of the leaf, and without
any definite margin. The receptacles are scattered over the upper surface
of the spots.
The sporules are of the threadlike type, but very short for fungi of
this kind (20-25 x 2-2^).
The species was first found in Italy, but has since migrated to
Britain.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2802.
We may just mention Septoria dianthophila which affects the stems
of Dianthus Caryophyllus in Brazil.
Two species are recorded as selecting specially the calyces of
Dianthus for their host. One of these is named Septoria Carthu-
sianorum, and occurs in Belgium ; whilst the other is called Septoria
calycina, and is given as Belgian also ; but except in the names we fail
to detect any difference between them, and suspect that it is the same
parasite described independently by two different persons.
CARNATION ANTHRACNOSE.
Grlceosporium Dianthi (Cooke).
During the spring of 1902 Carnations in several localities were
attacked by this pest before it could be found in fructification and
described, as it would appear to be an entirely new pest.
The leaves are at first spotted with small purple roundish spots.
These gradually enlarge and become confluent and indeterminate, and at
length brownish in the centre. Meanwhile the leaves become sickly, and
commence to die off at the tips. The pustules are not to be distinguished
by the naked eye, and scarcely by the aid of a lens. Cells beneath the
cuticle supply the place of definite receptacles, and in them a large
number of elliptical hyaline sporules (10-12 x 5 p) are produced, which
32 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
escape through the fissured cuticle. At length the cuticle ahout the
orifice turns pallid, and appears as a pale dot on the purple spots.
No remedies have been tried, but it would be advisable to apply
diluted Bordeaux mixture, so as to destroy the extruded sporules, and to
pick off as many of the diseased leaves as possible.
Observed since the plates were in press, and hence too late for illus-
tration here.
SEPTATE-CARNATION ANTHRACNOSE.
Marsonia Delastrei (De Lacr.), PI. II. fig. 32.
We venture to include here references and descriptions of another
of those destructive forms of disease which is called in America " An-
thracnose," although there was no record of a British species until the
immediately preceding species was discovered as this description was going
to press. They form spots on leaves and stems, but there are no definite
receptacles, only cells or cavities in the substance, which are covered by
the cuticle. The sporules are formed in these cavities, and are liberated
by the rupture of the cuticle.
The spots on the leaves of Lychnis are tawny and without definite
margin. The sunken cells are scattered over these spots. The sporules
are narrowly club-shaped, rounded at the apex, and attenuated towards
the base. They are colourless, and at first without division, but at
length are divided by a septum in the centre into two cells (20-25
x 6-7/t), and are at first attached to long slender threads. Because of
the divided spores it is called Marsonia. If the spores were undivided
it would be Glceosporium.
Evidently this is only a mature form of another described parasite
called Glceosporium Lychnidis, with which it agrees in every respect
except in the septation of the sporules, both occurring upon the same
host.
The distribution of this species is France, Belgium, the Netherlands,
Germany, Austria, Italy, and Siberia.
Diseased parts should be collected and burnt.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3700; iv. 4035; Journ. R.H.S. 1902, p. 650,
PI. L, f. 4.
A similar parasite (Cylindrosporium Saponarice) is found on the leaves
of Soapwort in France. The sporules are straight and cylindrical
(10-40 x Sfc/i), JOURN. B.H.S. 1902, p. 650, PI. II., f. 17.
SOAPWORT SMUT.
Sorosporium Saponaria (Kud.), PI. II. fig. 34.
This smut occurs chiefly on the Continent upon the inflorescence of
the Soapwort, on which it has been known for half a century. Only
recently has it made its appearance in gardens in this country on
Dianthus deltoides. It attacks and destroys the reproductive organs of
the flowers, converting them into glomerules of spores.
The spore masses, or glomerules (40-100 n diam.), are rounded and
composed of a great number of loosely connected cells, or teleutospores,
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 38
which are yellowish-brown and angular from mutual pressure. The
outer surface is rough with little tubercles and ridges (12-18 x 10-14 /A).
The spores have been induced to germinate artificially, but not to proceed
to the formation of secondary spores.
In the majority of species of the "smuts " the spores and glomerules
are very dark brown, or almost black, and hence the name ; but in a few
species — and this amongst the number — the colour is pale.
Undoubtedly the smuts may be disseminated by means of the spores,
but at the same time there is strong evidence in support of a perennial
mycelium in perennial plants.
The present species is known in France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and
Algeria, as well as Britain.
Difficult to combat, but seldom occurs in this country. Better to burn
infected plants.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1872 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 296 ; Mass. B. F. p. 202,
figs. 59, 59A ; Journ. E.H.S. 1902, p. 650, PI. II., f. 9.
ANTHER SMUT.
Ustilago violacea (Pers.), PL II. fig. 33.
This smut habitually attacks the flowers of many species of Caryo-
phyllacecB, chiefly appropriating the anthers, and converting them into a
mass of blackish powdery spores, which are diffused and scattered over
the petals. In older books it is known as Ustilago anther arum from its
habit of growth.
The spores are subglobose and lilac under the microscope, covered
with a network of ridges (6-9 /u diam.), the meshes being about \ p apart.
On germination a fusiform promycelium is formed, which is commonly
three-septate, each joint giving origin to a secondary spore, or sporidiole,
of an ovate form.
This species is known also in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland,
Austria, Bohemia, Transylvania, Italy, and North America.
Naturally there can be no remedy, as the presence of the parasite is
unknown until it makes its appearance in the flowers, and then it is too
la.te. All that can be done is to destroy all infected plants, so as to pre-
vent the spread of the disease.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1781 ; Cooke M. F., figs. 102-104 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured.
p. 280 ; Mass. B. F. p. 179 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1534 ; Journ. B.H.S.
1902, p. 651, PL II., f. 11 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 297.
1 SWEET WILLIAM BRAND.
Puccinia Dianthi (DC.), PL II. fig. 35.
One of the most common and best known pests of Sweet Williams
and other allied plants, attacking the living foliage and rendering them
most unsightly. There are usually large pale spots upon the leaves,
which are somewhat rounded, or one or two other spots are joined to
make them irregular, or to occupy nearly the whole of the surface of the
leaf.
The pustules are rounded and cushion-like, either disposed in circles
on the spots, or running together and forming an irregular crust, which
D
84 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
is at first pale brown, then dark brown, covered with the pale cuticle,
which splits irregularly, leaving the ragged margins like a frill round the
pustules.
The teleutospores are fusoid or clavate, rounded at the apex, or conical,
with the epispore thickened, divided at the middle into two cells, the
lower one attenuated downwards into the hyaline pedicel (30-50 x 10-20 p),
pale in colour, and ochrey-brown.
No cluster-cups, or uredo, known to be associated with this species,
which is reported over the greater part of Europe, Asiatic Siberia, and
North America.
In some books it is called Puccinia Arcnaria, and in others Puccinia
Lychnidearum. There are authors to whom names are pretty playthings,
to be tossed about as they please.
Doubtless infection is transmitted of this disease through imported
seeds.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2361 ; Mass. PL Dis. 253; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1503;
Cooke, M. F. p. 210 ; Plmvr. Brit. Ured. p. 210 ; G-ard. Chron. Jan. 12,
1884, p. 57 ; Jan. 26, 1884, p. 120 ; Journ. R.H.S. p. 652, PI. I., f. 5.
CAMPION BRAND.
Puccinia Silenes (Schrot.), PI. II. fig. 36.
We are not prepared to affirm to what extent this pest has worked in
gardens, but it is common on wild plants, and we fear sometimes on
cultivated ones also. It occurs on the living leaves of almost any species
of Silene and Melandryum throughout Europe.
The first stage, or cluster-cup (JEcidium Behenis), appears in the spring
on the Bladder Campion, in small rounded clusters of the usual appear-
ance, with white fringed margins and orange spores. The ascidiospores
are angular and granulated (17-26 x 14-20 //).
The pustules of the uredo form come later, and are rather small,
either scattered, or at times confluent, and the uredospores are elliptical
or ovoid, externally rough (19-26 x 17-22 ^), pale brown.
The teleutospores are contained in darker pustules, of a similar form
and scattered, but not collected upon bleached spots. They are elliptical,
or ovate, quite different in general outline from those of the Sweet
William brand, rounded at both ends, and divided in the middle into two
equal cells (25-40 x 16-25 yu), externally smooth, and of a chestnut-
brown colour, with a short and uncoloured pedicel.
The area of distribution includes France, Belgium, Germany, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Siberia, as well as Britain.
Dilute Bordeaux mixture has been recommended as having proved
effective.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2154 ; Journ. R.H.S. 1902, p. 652, PL 2, f. 15 ; Cooke
M. F. p. 211 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 147.
Puccinia fastidiosa on Dianthus sinensis has larger teleutospores, and
seems to be peculiar to Siberia (Journ. R.H.S. 1902, PL II., f. 16).
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 35
CARNATION BRAND.
Uromyces Dianthi (Niessl.), PI. II. fig. 37.
The telcutospores in this parasite are one-celled, in which it differs
from Puccinia, although the habit is the same. We met with it in 1891
on Carnations imported from Switzerland, and its visits may be repeated.
At first there are pale spots on the leaves, caused by the innate
mycelium ; then scattered minute elevated blisters follow, which are for
a long time covered by the cuticle. Finally these pustules crack at the
apex and disclose the brown powdery spores.
The uredospores are spheroid or elliptical, and rather large (40 x
17-28 fi)t externally rough, and pale brown. No cluster-cups associated
with it.
The teleutospores, which are the last to arrive, are globose, rarely
oblong, with the cell membrane thickened at the apex, externally smooth
and brown (23-35 x 15-22 /,<), a little narrowed below into the long
deciduous pedicel.
Another name by which this brand is sometimes called is Uromyces
caryophyllinus.
Hitherto its exploits have been chiefly confined to Germany, Italy,
Moravia, and the Tyrol, in addition to Switzerland and Britain, but it has
appeared at the Cape and in Australia.
No time should be lost, should the pest make its appearance amongst
imported plants, to destroy the bad and spray the doubtful.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1949 ; Journ. E.H.S. 1902, p. 652, t. II., f. 13.
Another species (Uromyces Silenes) is known in Italy, Germany, and
Hungary on Silene and Dianthus (Journ. R.H.S. 1902, PI. II., f. 14).
CARNATION BLACK MOULD.
Heterosporium echimdatum (B. & Br.), PL II. fig. 39.
One of the worst enemies of the Carnation. It was first observed in
1870, and has occurred very often since. The leaves become studded at
first with large round whitish spots, upon which sooty-brown mouldy
patches quickly spread, giving a minutely velvety appearance from the
tufted threads. These tufts have a habit of arranging themselves in
circles, so that the mould has acquired the cognomen of " Fairy Eing of
Carnations."
The threads are very regular, pale olive, and form little tufts or
ascicles, each thread being simple or slightly branched, with very short
branches, sometimes only like knots or nodules, the upper knots, as well
as the apex of the thread, bearing the spores, or conidia. These are
cylindrical, with from two to five transverse divisions, mostly two or
three, externally rough with minute warts (30-50 x 10-15 yu), slightly
coloured. The conidia are capable of germination from each one of the
separate cells.
Numerous minute sclerotia are said to be formed in the dying leaves,
which remain as resting spores through the winter. These we have not
yet had the opportunity of seeing.
Known in France, Switzerland, Cape of Good Hope, and Australia.
D2
36 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
It should be vigorously attacked wherever it makes its appearance, and
infected plants destroyed.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2311 ; Gard. Chron. August 21, 1886, fig. 50, and 1870r
p. 382 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 320, fig. 87 ; Cooke Hdbk. 1728 ; Cooke Journ,
Q.M.C. 1877 ; Grevitlea, v. p. 123 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 5, 6.
The small white mould (Ramularia lychnicola) has only been seen on
Wild Lychnis. (Journ. B.H.S. 1902, p. 650, PI. II., f. 10.)
CARNATION MACRO SPORE.
Macrosporiwn nobile (Vize.), PL II. fig. 38.
At first we were doubtful whether a species of this genus of black
moulds could become parasitic, since, for the most part, the numerous
species are saprophytes on dead and rotting vegetable matter. This is,
however, only one of three or four species which are now known to be
dangerous parasites.
This pest usually forms small black spots on the leaves and stems,
which are sometimes confluent in patches. The mycelium is widely
diffused in the tissues before the spots appear. The clusters of threads
and conidia burst through the cuticle and are ultimately scattered. The
conidia are large, and pale olive-brown, subcylindrical, pear-shaped,
obclavate, or irregular (60-80x40^). divided transversely, according to
the length of the spore, from four to ten times, each division again sub-
divided by longitudinal partitions into somewhat cubical cells, in a
muriform manner. Each cell is capable of germination.
It is also affirmed of this species that later in the season numerous
minute black sclerotia are embedded in the diseased parts. As these
would act as resting spores, to reproduce the disease in the following
spring, it is essential that every portion of diseased plants should be
effectively destroyed.
Spraying with a solution of ammoniacal copper carbonate or potassium
sulphate arrests the spread of disease.
Mass. PL Dis. 322, fig. 88, p. 440 ; Journ. R.H.S. 1902, p. 651, PL L,
f. 8 ; Grevillea, v., p. 119.
The rot-mould (Peronospora Dianthi) has not yet been found in this-
country. (See Journ. E.H.S. 1902, PL I., f. 7.)
BACTERIOSIS OF CARNATIONS.
Bacterium Dianthi (Ar. & B.) PL II. fig. 40.
Examples of mysterious and inexplicable diseases of Carnations are
occasionally being investigated, some of which may possibly be attributed
to this disease, but until quite recently no other evidence beyond suspicion
has been afforded.
In 1896 the results of investigations into the Bacteriosis of Carnations
in North America were first published, and from those we learn that the
disease is one of the leaf, rarely attacking the stern. In young leaves.
•FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 37
when held to the light, pellucid dots are seen scattered irregularly over
the leaf. After a time the dots show a distinct spot, and as the disease
extends inside the leaf the surface tissues dry, the internal tissues col-
lapse, and whitish sunken spots appear. As the spots enlarge the leaves
wither. Very badly diseased plants have more yellowish-green leaves
than normal. The lower leaves die prematurely, and the vitality of the
plant is lowered so as to check growth -and decrease flowers. •
The disease is caused by parasitic bacteria entering the plant from the
air. The germ associated with the disease may be separated and shown,
by artificial infection of healthy plants, to be the cause of the disease.
The cells are described as elliptical, single, or rarely united (f-1 J x 1-2 /j.),
in fluid media more united, forming short filaments, afterwards elongated
and convoluted zooglaea.
Plants may be kept essentially free from the disease by keeping the
foliage dry, and preventing the presence of aphides. Unfortunately we
examined British-grown plants affected badly by the disease in February
1902.
Purdue University Exp. Station Bull. 59, March 1896 ; Bacteriosis
of Carnations, by J. C. Arthur and H. L. Bolley ; Journ. B.H.S. 1902,
p. 653 ; xxviii., 1904, p. 713.
MALLOW LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta destructives (Desm.), PI. II. fig. 41.
This form of leaf -spot is common enough on all the uncultivated
Mallows, and sometimes finds its way into gardens on nearly any kind
of malvaceous plant. It makes the foliage very unsightly, since the
tissue of the spots falls out, and leaves ragged holes in the leaves.
The spots are somewhat rounded, of a pale ochrey colour, surrounded
by a darker line. The perithecia, like little dots, are often in concentric
rings, but the whole dead tissue of the spots is brittle, and soon crumbles
away.
The sporules are oblong, with two nuclei, and are expelled from the
mouth of the perithecia in flesh-coloured tendrils.
It is known in France, Belgium, Italy, and Austria.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 814 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 73.
Another leaf-spot (Phyllosticta altheind) is found in France and Italy
on Hollyhock leaves, and one, Phyllosticta althaicola, on the Marsh
Mallow in France. One of the species with two-celled sporules, Ascochyta
parasiiica, favours the Hollyhock in France, and one with long thread-
like sporules (Septoria parasitica) accompanies it on the same plants.
Septoria heterochroa (Desm.) (Cooke Hdbk. No. 1313) is found on
leaves of uncultivated Mallows.
HOLLYHOCK BRAND.
Puccinia Malvacearum (Corda), PL III. fig. 42.
This was at one time one of the most dreaded enemies of the Holly-
hock, which suddenly made its appearance on the leaves of all malvaceous
plants, and spread with extraordinary rapidity all over the country. It
38 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
was first known in Chili in 1852, and in 1862 appeared at Melbourne, at
which time no Puccinia on malvaceous plants had been known in Europe
(Gard. Chron. Sept. 2, 1865). Afterwards it is heard of in the countries
named below. It reached Spain in 1869 and France in 1873. In the
latter year it was first heard of in the south and on the east coast of
England ; but it was not until afterwards that it was heard of in Bavaria,
then in Italy, and later in Germany.
The pustules are round and firm, and are scattered over the leaves
and petioles, being at the first of a greyish-flesh colour, and afterwards of
a reddish-brown. They never become powdery, but the spores adhere
together in a compact mass. No aecidium or uredo has ever been found
associated with it, or suspected of any connection. The teleutospores are
spindle-shaped, gradually attenuated towards each extremity, but some-
times with the thickened apex rounded (35-75 x 12-26 //). A cross-
division in the centre separates them into two nearly equal cells. The
whole surface is smooth and the contents yellow-brown. The pedicels, or
footstalks, are long, firm, and persistent. The pustules often drop out
from the leaves and stems, leaving holes and scars. It is easy enough to
make these spores germinate in water.
The area of distribution is a large one, and it is probably even greater
than we know. In Europe it was recorded in Britain, France, Portugal,
Switzerland, Germany, Bavaria, Austria, Italy ; in Eastern Africa, the
Cape of Good Hope, and Algeria ; in many parts of North America, and
in Chili, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Patagonia, and in Australia.
No efforts were spared, when the disease was at its height, either to
eradicate or • mitigate its evils, but with small success. One cultivator
was sanguine in the application of diluted Condy's fluid, which, it is
reported, caused the pustules to turn black and fall out, whilst the fluid
did no injury to the plants.
It has been questioned whether the disease became hereditary, and
whether the germs were contained in the seeds. One nurseryman
affirmed that all their Hollyhock seeds exhibited in the seedlings when
growing this fungus on their first leaves. Three other cultivators
vouched for seeing young seedlings similarly affected, and the Rev. M. J,
Berkeley confirmed this view.
Gard. Chron. Aug. 22, 1874, fig. 163 ; Nov. 11, 1882, fig. 106 ; Aug.
23, 1890, figs. 33-35 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 2368 ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 252 ;
Grevillea, i. 41, ii. 137, iii. 41 ; Corda Icon. vi. t. i. f. 12 ; Cooke Fungi
Uses &c. p. 231 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 360, fig. ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 212.
HOLLYHOCK ANTHKACNOSE.
Colletotrichum Alihaa (South.), PI. II. fig. 43.
It is not quite certain whether this1 disease has already made its
appearance amongst us, although it has for some time given considerable
trouble in the United States. Any part of the plant may be attacked, but
it is chiefly visible on the leaves.
Large brown or smoky patches occur on the leaves, which increase in
size until the whole leaf is diseased or withered. On the petiole th&
spots are light yellowish-brown, becoming blackish and sunken.
PL. III.
PESTS— FLOWER GARDEN.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 39
There are no true perithecia, but the little dots, or openings, on the
spots indicate the small cavities beneath, in which the conidia are produced.
These cavities are surrounded by abundant dark brown hairs (60-100
x 3-5 p) which are once or twice divided by transverse septa. The conidia
are irregularly oblong and colourless (11-28 x 5 /<), but flesh-coloured in
the mass.
Spraying with diluted Bordeaux mixture at intervals, as soon as the
leaves appear, proved to be the best preventive. Diseased plants should
be destroyed.
Sacc. Syll. x. 6848 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 290 ; U.S. Journ. Myc. vi.
p. 45, plate ; U.S.A. Dept. Agric. 1890, pi. 1.
HOLLYHOCK BLACK MOULDS.
Cercospora (sp.).
It is rather remarkable that no instance has been recorded of the
appearance of these black moulds on the foliage of Mallows or Holly-
hocks in this country.
One of these (Cercospora altheina) not only has appeared in Italy,
but also in the United States, and another, chiefly on the stems (Cerco-
spora nebulosa), in Italy. A third species (Cercospora Malvarum) has
been found on fading Mallow leaves in France. Other species affect
plants of Hibiscus, Sida} &c., but none of them have as yet crossed the
Channel. These moulds are characterised by the very long and narrow
conidia, which are attenuated upwards, and divided by more or less
numerous septa.
MALVACEOUS BEANDS.
Uromyces (sp.).
About five species of one-celled brands (Uromyces) and about as
many of two-celled brands (Puccinia), in addition to the Hollyhock
disease, attack the foliage of malvaceous plants, especially of Sida,
Abutilon, and Hibiscus. Of the former, all of them are extra- European,
and nearly all of the latter, so that little danger can be feared from them
in our greenhouses, save by accident,
ST. JOHN'S WORT KUST.
Melampsora Hypericorutn (DC.), PL III. fig. 44.
This parasite makes its appearance on the underside of the leaves
of various species of St. John's Wort, including those which are found in
gardens.
The pustules are mostly scattered over the leaves, and are rather
small, but conspicuous on account of their bright yellow colour.
The uredospores are those which are usually seen, and are somewhat
globose or ovate, and sometimes angular, orange -yellow, and powdery,
with a rough surface (14-21 x 11-17 /u). The teleutospores are wedge-
shaped, brown (26 p long).
The area in which this pest has been recognised includes the greater
part of Europe, Asiatic Siberia, and the Indian Himalayas.
So little injury is caused by this parasite in gardens that no
40 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
experiments have been made with fungicides, which would probably be of
some service should the rust ever prove troublesome.
Sacc. Syll vii. 2114 ; Cooke M. F. 215, f. 174, 175 ; Plowr. Brit.
Ured. 243.
Leaf-spots, such as Septoria Hyperici and Ascochyta Hyperici, are
at present confined to the small uncultivated species of Hypericum.
PELARGONIUM STEM-ROT.
Fusarium Pelargonii (Cooke), PL III. fig. 45.
The disease attacks the stems of cultivated Pelargoniums, and at first
the varieties ' Vesuvius ' and ' Henry Jacoby,' and was first observed in
1896.
The plant seems to stop growing, and in a few days some of the
lower leaves turn yellow, then the stem appears to turn black and
decay.
The blackened stems exhibit over the decayed spots pallid, mealy -
looking little patches, not more than a line in diameter, sometimes with
a tinge of flesh colour. They seem to burst through the cuticle, and at
first are somewhat gelatinous, soon becoming dry and powdery. This
exudation consists of long spindle-shaped conidia, curved at each end
and attenuated to a point (60-70 x 6 /u), at first with three, and after-
wards five, transverse divisions, or septa, and uncoloured.
As a recent disease the result of treatment by fungicides has not
been ascertained, but as it seems to be an endophyte, which establishes
itself in the tissues before it produces any external effects, it would be
better to prevent its spreading by burning all the diseased plants and
cleaning the soil, but the free application of diluted Bordeaux mixture
would prevent its spreading.
Gard. Chron. July 25, 1896, p. 92.
PELARGONIUM ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Pelargonii (C. and M.), PI. III. fig. 46.
This is also a recently developed disease on the leaves of Pelar-
goniums, which was unknown until 1889, and has scarcely been observed
since.
The leaves are attacked on the under surface, but do not exhibit any
distinct spots, only that the entire leaf soon droops and withers.
Minute pustules are to be seen scattered over the surface, especially
in the neighbourhood of the veins, which cover the cells in which the
conidia, or sporules, are generated, from which when mature they are
expelled through a fissure in the epidermis. These conidia are quite
colourless, oblong, rounded at the ends (20 x 4-5 p), and a little
narrowed towards one extremity.
All known species of Anthracnose are tenacious and dangerous pests.
Spraying with diluted Bordeaux mixture has been of some service.
Sacc. Syll. x. 6764 ; Grevillea, xviii. 1889, p. 20.
A supposed bacterial disease causes spots on Pelargonium leaves in
America. (See JOURN. R.H.S. xxvi. 1901, p. 550.)
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 41
GERANIUM LEAF- SPOT.
We have often seen Pelargonium leaves having large and confluent
discoloured and decayed spots, without any evidence of the presence of
fungi, but the spotting has been attributed to sour soil, from which the
plants have recovered after a good cleaning of the roots and transplanting
in good soil.
Spots caused on the leaves of uncultivated species of Geranium, such
as Septoria Geranii and Ramularia Geranii, have not been recognised
on cultivated species.
GERANIUM BUST.
The leaves of Pelargonium and Geranium have not been free from
the attacks of cluster-cups and rusts, but hitherto these have been
confined either to uncultivated British or exotic species. Probably ten
species of Uredines have been recorded under the several genera, but up
to now the leaves of cultivated Pelargoniums have remained free from
even an ordinary rust. Uromyces Geranii (DC.) is so common, in all its
forms of cluster-cup, uredo- and teleuto-spore, upon uncultivated Geranii
that it would be prudent to be always on the alert against wild plants in
the neighbourhood of gardens.
In South Africa a Geranium rust (Puccinia granularis) has latterly
been causing trouble.
TROP^OLUM RUST.
Uredo Tropaoli (Desm.), PL III. fig. 47.
This rust is by no means common on the leaves of the commonly
cultivated Tropseolum, and therefore is not likely to become a pest ; in
fact the species of Tropaolum seem to enjoy a remarkable immunity from
the attacks of fungi.
The pustules are small, and are confined to the under surface of
the leaves, over which they are scattered. The uredospores are
powdery, elliptical, or rarely almost globose, and of a bright orange
colour (16 x 10 p).
It has been found in France and Belgium, as well as in Britain,
but is nowhere common, and hence it is unnecessary to trouble about
fungicides.
Sacc. Syll vii. 3119 ; Cooke Hdbk. 1578 ; Cooke M. F. 216 ; Plowr.
Brit. Ured. p. 258.
TROP^OLUM LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Tropceoli (Sacc.).
This is the only leaf-spot with which we are acquainted upon the
leaves of Tropaeolum, and this has not been recorded in Britain, but in
Italy, Austria, and Portugal.
The sporules are oblong (6-10 x 3-4 p) and uncoloured, oozing out
when mature from the orifices of the scattered perithecia.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 212.
LUPIN RUST.
Uromyces Anthyllidis (Grev.), PL III. fig. 48.
This rust, with its brand form, occurs not only on the wild Anthyllis,
42 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
but also on cultivated Lupins, as Lupinus luteus and Lupinus albus
in Great Britain, Germany, and Italy, and appears on the foliage.
The pustules of the uredo are rounded, rather small, and of a reddish
or chestnut-brown. The uredospores, which are soon set free by the
rupture of the cuticle, are globose and rough (22-24 yu, diam.), of a pale
chestnut-brown colour.
The teleutospores, or brand spores, are produced in dark brown
pustules, and are shortly elliptical, almost globose (19-22 x 17-20 /j),
dark brown, clad with obtuse stoutish warts, growing at first on a slender
hyaline pedicel, which soon falls away.
If applied early, fungicides will prevent the spread of this disease,
but the teleutospores are capable of acting as resting spores, carrying the
disease through the winter.
Sacc. Syll vii. 1966 ; Greville Eng. Flor. v. p. 383 ; Plowr. Brit.
Ured. 135.
Another species (Uromyces Lupini) is found on the same Lupins in
Italy, Germany, and Egypt, with smooth uredospores and smaller teleuto-
spores. The North American species is again different.
DISEASES OF EOSES.
Fortunately the diseases to which cultivated Eoses are subject in this
country are few, and one of the most dangerous, the rot-mould, is rare.
The common rose mildew is most troublesome and unsightly, and one or
two of the others are very persistent, but they do not threaten Eose
culture as that of some other flowers has been threatened.
EOSE LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Eosarum (West), PI. III. fig. 49.
So far as our knowledge and experience go, the leaves of cultivated
Eoses are liable to spotting by three different fungi, belonging to the
genus Septoria, with threadlike spores. The one recorded as British is
named above.
White rounded spots, to the number of ten or fifteen, occur on the
upper surface of the leaf, surrounded by a rather broad purple border.
Now and then the minute receptacles of the fungus are dotted over the
spots, but these are often wanting, as they are upon similar spots on
Strawberry leaves.
The perithecia, when present, contain long threadlike sporules (50-
60 /w), which are furnished with a row of from three to six nuclei,
ultimately divided by transverse septa into about six cells.
This spot fungus is recorded for Britain, Belgium, and Italy.
Spray with copper solution.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2617 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1328.
Another species, under the name of Septoria Rosce-sinensis, is recorded
for Italy and Portugal, but the pale spots have a brownish margin. The
sporules seem to be the same, and possibly it is identical with the above.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 43
Septoria Bosa is probably distinct, and occurs in Belgium, France,
Italy, Portugal, and Algeria. The spots are brownish and the sporules
larger (70-90x3 1-4 /u).
KOSE-LEAF BLACK BLOTCH.
Actinonema Bosa (Lib.), PL III. fig. 50.
This very common blotch on Rose leaves is to be seen in almost every
garden, and many cultivators treat it as of small account, except for
disfiguring the foliage.
The spots are somewhat rounded, and from half an inch to an inch
broad, on the upper surface of the leaves, at first purplish and then
black, without any well-defined margin. On the spots becoming black,
closely adherent, flexuous, weblike lines radiate from the centre of the
spot. Here and there are scattered the small black conceptacles, or peri-
thecia, which contain the sporules. The latter are composed of two
obovate cells, attached together by their broader ends (18-20 x 5 /u), each
containing two small nuclei, or guttules. The perithecia certainly are
very obscure and difficult to discover, but sporules are readily found.
Some authors deny the presence of perithecia altogether.
This parasite has been recorded in Great Britain, France, Belgium,.
Germany, Sweden, Austria, Italy, Portugal, and the United States.
If all diseased leaves were to be collected and burnt, scarcely a leaf
would be left on some Eose bushes. Spraying has been recommended
with diluted copper sulphates. Blue water, or Eau Celeste, is a prepara-
tion much in vogue with some cultivators, and is said to be of much
service.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2257 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1372 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 474.
ROSE RUST.
Uredo Bos® (Pers.), PL III. fig. 61o.
The uredines, or rusts of different kinds, are rather partial to the
Rose family, and this, which is the uredo stage of a more elaborate
fungus, hereafter described, has been known at different times as Uredo
pinguis and Uredo miniata. It occurs on the leaves, petioles, and stems
of cultivated Roses, bursting through the cuticle as a yellow powder.
The under surface of the leaves is sprinkled with the small pustules,
either scattered or gathered together, which soon discharge the uredo-
spores, which are rather variable in form, spherical, ovoid, or angular
(17-32 x 12-24 /;), with a minutely roughened surface.
Early in the year this yellow uredo may be detected upon the leaves,
without any indication of the teleutospores which are to follow.
It is remarkable how this pest seems to follow the cultivation of Roses
all over the world, and no efforts seem to make much progress towards-
either its extirpation or mitigation.
It may be said to be universal throughout Europe, and to have-
extended to Asiatic Siberia, probably to India and to South Africa.
It is recommended that plants which have been attacked the previous
season should be drenched with a solution of copper sulphate in water, in
44 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
early spring before the buds expand. The soil around may also be
saturated.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2622 ; Gard. Chron. July 7, 1877, fig. 5 ; Mass. PL
Dis. p. 260 ; Cooke M. F. 34, 107 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 225.
ROSE BRAND.
Phragmidium subcorticium (Schr.), PI. III. fig. 51.
This is the advanced stage of the Rose rust, which it accompanies in
the autumn, and forms little blackish tufts on the under surface of the
leaves, in succession to the gradually disappearing uredo.
The uredospores having already been described, we have to concern
ourselves with the teleutospores, as seen under the microscope. These
are very long and cylindrical, terminated at the apex by a colourless
point, and the base continued into a long and swollen, almost bulbous,
translucent stem, which is longer than the teleutospore itself, and per-
sistently adhering to it. The teleutospore (75-100 x 26-30 /j.) is of a clear
but dark brown colour, divided transversely by septa into from three to
seven cells, each of which is capable of germination, and the surface
minutely rough or warted. These teleutospores are usually collected in
little tufts.
When germination takes place any one of the cells is capable of giving
off a short germ tube, or promycelium, which becomes divided in the
upper portion into several cells, each of which gives off a short process,
which carries a small promycelial sporule. These promycelial sporules
are charged with the destinies of dissemination, and are the medium
through which other leaves are infected.
The area of distribution of the brand is accepted as the same as that
of the uredo, of which the teleutospores are the recognised resting
spores.
Spray with potassium sulphide and burn all fallen infected leaves.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2622 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 260 ; Cooke M. F. 201 ;
Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 225 ; W. G. S., Gard. Chron. July 17, 1886, p. 76,
with figs. ; Grevillea, iii. PI. 45, fig. 3.
ROSE ROT-MOULD.
Peronospora sparsa (Berk.), PI. VI. fig. 52.
This rot-mould was first discovered in 1862 on a quantity of potted
Rose plants in a conservatory. Fortunately it has not become an
established pest, and we doubt if it may not be almost extinct, although
in such cases revival and re-establishment are always possible.
Irregular, pale brownish, discoloured spots appeared on the upper
surface of the leaves : these extended rapidly, and in a short time the
leaves withered and shrivelled up, and ultimately the whole plant
perished.
A delicate greyish mould on the spots was scattered over the under
surface of the leaves. The threads which arise from the mycelium
are scattered, somewhat torulose, and divided in the upper portion as
much as eight or nine times in a forked manner, the final branchlets
being scarcely hooked, bearing at their tips the elliptical conidia
(20-22 x 15-18 /i).
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
45
Hitherto resting spores have not been found, although there is no-
doubt of the relationship of the species to the rot-mould found on
Hellebore, Anemone, and other plants.
Reference to other rot-moulds, of the genus Peronospora, will show
the kind of treatment recommended. See Introduction, p. 3.
This species has made its appearance also in Germany and the United
States of America.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 884 ; Cooke M. F. 161, 287 ; Berlese Icones. pi. Iviii. ;
Gard. Chron. 1862, p. 308; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1790; Tubeuf, Dis.
133, fig.
ROSE MILDEW.
SpTicerotheca pannosa (Lev.), PL III. fig. 54.
Very little description is needed of this very common and well-known
disease, which clothes the leaves, twigs, and flower-stalks of all kinds of
Roses with a dirty- white felted mycelium of interwoven threads, distorting,
FIG. 5.— (1) Eose Leaf, blotched with the Mildew. (2) Chains
of Conidia. (3) Conidium germinating.
blighting, and spoiling the Roses, to the great disgust of the gardener,
and almost drives him to despair in the face of his helplessness.
This is really an epiphytal disease, and makes its appearance externally
before it invades the tissues. In its first and earliest stages it is a white
mould called Oidium leucoconium, and is of a kindred with the Oidium
Tuckeri, which affects the Vine.
In the conidial or oidium stage the profuse mycelium sends up short
branches, which produce the oval conidia attached to each other, end to
end, in a chain (20-30x13-16^) when mature : these separate at the
joints, and fall away, each to germinate on its own account.
The more perfect condition of the disease is the stage in which little
blackish points or globose receptacles appear scattered about upon the
whitish mycelium. These receptacles are at first pale, but soon become
of so dark a brown as to appear black. These receptacles adhere by little
filaments to the mycelium, accompanied by free floccose appendages
which do not adhere. The receptacles are composed of an outer coloured
46 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
membrane, without orifice, and the gelatinous contents. When quite
mature each receptacle encloses a single globose transparent sac, or
ascus, which holds numerous elliptical uncoloured spores (20-27 x 12-15 /*).
When the patches of mould upon the leaves have produced their
conidia, the leaves generally curl up and fall away without producing the
receptacles. On the stems and ovaries the perithecia are to be found,
and within them the ascospores, or perfect spores, are produced.
The treatment suggested resembles that which has been successful in
the allied Hop disease — flowers of sulphur mixed with about one- third
of its volume of slaked lime dusted upon the foliage. Spraying with
potassium sulphide solution has been recommended as equally efficacious.
In this, as in all similar cases, it cannot be too strongly urged that all
the diseased parts possible should be cut off and burnt to prevent the
dissemination of the conidia and spores. Vigorous treatment would
minimise disease.
Sacc. Syll. i. 6 ; Cooke M. F. 169, 238, figs. 217, 218 ; Mass. Dis. PL
444 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 172, fig.
ROSE TUMOUR.
Botryospharia diplodia (Moug.), PI. III. fig. 53.
The living stems of Hoses are often disfigured by the occurrence of
blackish elliptical swellings or cancerous-looking spots marked with
darker concentric lines. In former times they were called by the name
of Dothidea Rosce (Fr.), but names are apt to change.
The stroma, or tumour, is developed beneath the bark, and is of a
tawny colour, in which the globose perithecia are immersed, becoming
more or less erumpent, splitting the cuticle into flexuous fissures. The
perithecia are rather crowded in this stroma, or tubercle, and are some-
what slow in arriving at maturity, when they contain numerous club-
shaped hyaline asci, or specialised cells, which enclose eight sporidia in
each, arranged in a double row. These sporidia are almond-shaped and
colourless, or tinged with yellow (17-20 x 8-9 ^t), escaping and becoming
free when mature.
We have no knowledge of any experiments in combating this disease,
but presume that it is deep-seated, and has permeated the tissues before
it makes any external appearance.
The distribution of this species is given as Britain, France, Belgium,
Germany, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. i. 1774 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 2425 ; Berk. Eng. Fl. v. 255.
EVENING PRIMROSE LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria (Enoihtra (West.), PL III. fig. 55.
The living leaves of the Evening Primrose are subject to the attacks
of this parasitic fungus, not only in most parts of Europe, but also in
North America.
The spots are rather small, rounded, at first pale greenish, then more
or less brown or bleached, margined by a vinous-red band. They occur
chiefly on the upper surface, to the number of from six to ten, whilst a
quantity of dot-like receptacles are to be seen collected towards the centre
of the spots.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
47
The sporules are long and thread-like, mostly curved, and contain a
row of little nuclei (85-40 x H /-*)> an(i *ne spots are traversed by the
mycelium.
It is generally thought that in these leaf-spot diseases spraying with
Bordeaux mixture may be of service. At any rate the spread of the
disease may be checked by persistently destroying diseased leaves.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2782 ; Grevillea, xiv. 101.
FIG. 6. — Endophyllum Sempervivi, attacking Sempervivum monticolum.
A, Entire plant ; B, C, Leaves. (Gardeners' Chronicle.}
Although the above is the only parasite upon (Enothera which has yet
appeared in this country, there are other species known, especially in
North America, such as Mcidium Peckii, and Mcidium (Enotherce, Puc-
cinia CEnotherce, and Pucciniastrum (Enotherce, Uromyces (Enotherce and
Uromyces plumbarius, in addition to a rot-mould, or Peronospora. As
these have not crossed the Atlantic, a favourite cottage flower flourishes
with us comparatively unharmed.
48 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
FUCHSIA DISEASES.
Although the Fuchsia is largely grown in this country, its enemies are
very few, and, so far as we are aware, none of a fungus origin have as yet
been found, although a leaf-spot is known in France.
HOUSELEEK RUST.
Endopliyllum Sempervivi (A. & S.).
This peculiar parasite is somewhat intermediate in its character
between a uredo and a cluster-cup. The envelope which encloses the
spores is immersed in the substance of the succulent leaves, and bursts
irregularly to discharge the spores.
The teleutospores, as they are termed, are for the greater part rounded
or obovate (25-35 x 20-32 p), with the surface warted and of a brownish-
yellow colour. They germinate after the manner of those of Puccinia.
The species is known over the greater part of Northern Europe.
X 320 •
FIG. 7. — Endophyllum Sempervivi, D, Section through affected leaf,
magn. ; E, Section through pustule, magn. ; F, Spores, magn.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2675 ; Gard. Chron. May 22, 1880, p. 660, with fig. ;
Cooke M.F. 200 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1636 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 229.
HONEYSUCKLE LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Lonicera (West), PI. III. fig. 56.
The Honeysuckle may claim to be a garden flower, and is certainly a
favourite in cottage gardens. The leaf-spots are rounded and pallid, with
a brown margin, and the perithecia are quite small, appearing like very
minute dots upon the spots.
The sporules are rather large for the genus to which they belong,
and are narrowly elliptical, with two nuclei (10-14x21-3^ p), and
colourless.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 49
The spot is known also in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy,
Portugal, and the United States of North America.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 90 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1353.
A similar leaf -spot with large brownish spots, and very minute
sporules, P. nitidula, is found in Algeria, whilst another species with
greyish spots, P. Caprifolii, occurs in Italy, France, and Siberia.
Species with two-celled sporules are known, one in France and one
in Italy, as well as another in Belgium.
Two species with thread-like sporules are also known, the one in
Switzerland and the other in Portugal.
HONEYSUCKLE CLUSTER-CUPS.
^Ecidium Periclymeni (Schum.).
Although the cluster-cups are usually found upon uncultivated plants,
it is not an uncommon British parasite, and is one of those species to
which no Uredo or Puccinia has been affiliated.
The spots on the leaves are roundish, or oblong, and yellowish, whilst
the cups are clustered together on the spots. The cups are somewhat
cylindrical, with a fringed white margin. The aecidiospores are roundish,
sometimes angular by compression (16-28 /u diam.), delicately warted,
and orange in colour.
The species is recorded also in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2809 ; Cooke M.F. 196 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 264.
Another species (M. lonicerinum) is reported to be found upon the
living leaves of a species of Honeysuckle in Asiatic Siberia.
HONEYSUCKLE BLACK BLOTCH.
Lasiobotrys Loniccrcs (Kunze), PL III. fig. 57.
This is a peculiar parasite which has been known in this country for
many years on living Honeysuckle leaves, although not likely to give
much trouble in gardens. The leaves are spotted with several roundish
black shining blotches (2-5 m. diam.).
An external stromatic cup, which ruptures irregularly, encloses a
number of black receptacles or perithecia (50 ^ diam.) densely clustered
together. Each of these perithecia contains a number of club-shaped
asci, or membranous sacs, which include the sporidia, eight of which are
enclosed in each ascus. These sporidia are shortly fusiform and colour-
less (8-10 x 4-5 p), which are set free by the irregular splitting of the
perithecia.
The pustules are sometimes quite round, black, shining, and convex, so
that they appear to be superficial, like little spots of pitch on the leaves.
It is recorded for France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Algeria, and
Siberia.
It is so rare on Honeysuckle in gardens that the effect of fungicides
has not been determined, but they are scarcely to be relied on for so
deeply seated an endophyte.
Sacc. Syll. i. 121 ; Cooke Hdbk. 1909.
E
50 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Although the powdery mildew (Microsphceria Ehrenbergii) has been
found on Honeysuckle leaves on the Continent, we have no record of it in
Britain.
PESTS OF COMPOSITE PLANTS.
It seerns rather remarkable that so large an order of plants as the
Composites, containing many garden flowers, should be so conspicuously
free from the atttacks of fungoid parasites. Who shall explain wherefore
Puccinia Helianthi (Schum.), which is so universal in North America on
Sunflower and Jerusalem Artichoke, has never made its appearance in
this country, although it has been reported in Europe ? Why are Dahlias
so impervious to attack, and a host of smaller annuals, Asters, Coreopsis,
Marguerites, and the plebeian Marigold, go almost free ? Even the
cultivated Cineraria, which is popular enough in all conscience, has never
received a check in this country, although it has been threatened abroad.
CHKYSANTHEMUM LEAF-SPOT.
It will be well to be guarded against the occurrence of leaf -spot on
Chrysanthemums, as some three or four exotic species are already known.
The purple spot (Phyllosticta Chrysanthemi), with small simple
sporules (4-5 X 2|-3 p), has up to the present been found only in
Canada.
The ringed brown spot (Septoria Chrysanthemi), with long thread-
like sporules (55-65 p. long), has apparently been confined to Italy. This
is the most essential to be watched of all, since it is European.
The black spot (Cylindrosporium Chrysanthemi) is very destructive
in Canada, and has large, sooty, indefinite spots, with f usoid conidia
(50-100 x 3-4f /i). When the leaves are attacked they soon turn yellow
and shrivel, and the flower buds do not expand.
Mass. PL Dis. 292.
CHRYSANTHEMUM OIDIUM.
Oidium Chrysanthemi (Rabh.), PL III. fig. 58.
This effused white mould is found on the leaves of Chrysanthemum,
but fortunately it has not hitherto been sufficiently common to cause alarm.
The thin white mealy patches are without definite form, and consist
of a creeping mycelium from which the fertile threads arise. These are
at first just like simple threads, with cross divisions, separating them into
joints ; but at length the upper joint enlarges and becomes elliptical, and
when mature falls away as a conidium or sporule, capable of germination,
to be followed by the next joint and the next, and so on in succession until
a large number of conidia are produced and thrown off, as in other species
of Oidium. The conidia are rather large (40-50 x 20-25 p) as compared
with other species.
It may be assumed that such remedies as are successful with Oidium
Tuckeri on the vine would be applicable here, and of these the application
of sulphur is most to be commended.
The above-named mould appeared in this country for the first time
in 1884, and is known also in France and Germany.
Sacc. Syll iv. 199 ; Gard. Chron. Nov. 29, 1884, fig. 118; Ib. 1901,
p. 351.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 51
CHRYSANTHEMUM RUST.
Uredo Chrysanthemi (Arth.), PL III. fig. 59.
When this rust was first observed on the leaves of Chrysanthemum in
1897 it was believed that it would be discovered to be the Uredo form of
Puccinia Hieracii, and hence was called Uredo Hieracii ; but it has since
been shown that it must be regarded as a distinct species, for which no
teleutospores have yet been found.
The pustules of the Uredo occur on the under side of the leaves, which
soon split irregularly and discharge the powdery snuff-coloured spores,
and these readily disperse themselves over the surface of the leaf. The
uredospores are somewhat elliptical, with a rough surface (17-32 x 16-36 /u),
and irregular in size.
This pest at one time threatened to spread over France and this
country, and produce havoc amongst Chrysanthemums, but it has since
been brought under control.
Spraying with potassium sulphide solution is recommended, especially
upon apparently clean leaves, while rusted leaves should be carefully
removed. Paraffin has also been recommended in dilution.
It should be remembered that uncultivated composite plants are, of all
others, most susceptible to the attacks of rust and brand, and it is in that
direction that danger lies.
Gard. Chron. Oct. 8, 1898, with figs. ; Mass. PL Dis. 241 ; Journ.
B.H.S. xxvi. 1902, p. 915 ; xxviii. 1904, p. 634 ; xxix. p. 769.
Great trouble in the United States in growing Asters on account of
fungoid disease. (Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1901, p. 531.)
CORN FLOWER BUST.
Puccinia Centaurece (DC.), PI. III. fig. 60.
During the past year or two Corn flowers in cultivation have been
seriously attacked by this rust, which -has long been known on unculti-
vated species of Centaurea.
We have nothing to do with the JEcidium here until it is proved to
be distinctly related to the rust on Cyanea. The Uredo appears on the
stem and leaves in elliptical pustules, which are longer on the stems ,
soon fissured, and exposing the snuff-coloured uredospores which are
almost globose (22 JJL diam.), and we could detect no roughness on the
surface. The colour was pale brown under the microscope, and certainly
not, as some have stated, chestnut-brown.
It is the custom in these latter days to lump together a number of the
species of rust found on composite plants under the name of Puccinia
Hieracii, and this among the number. For the present we prefer to
call it Puccinia Centaurece.
We can only suggest the spraying of healthy plants, or those but
slightly affected, with the potassium sulphide solution and burning badly
diseased plants out of the way.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2210 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 186 ; Cooke M.F. 63, 207 ;
Journ. R.H.S. xxvi, 1901, p. cxxv.
52 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
SENECIO BUST.
Coleosporium Senecionis (Pers.), PI. III. fig. 61.
A common bright orange rust is to be found every season on the under
side of the leaves of the Common Groundsel and other indigenous species
of Senecio. Occasionally the same species makes its appearance in gardens
on the leaves of cultivated species of the same genus, such as Senecio
pulcher and S. sarracenicus.
Theorists tell us that the aecidiospores of this pest are produced on the
leaves and twigs of certain conifers, which, not being garden flowers, may
here be excluded. Even the believers are a little sceptical, for Plowright
says : " I have had so many failures in infecting Senecio vulgaris with
the secidiospores from Fir trees that I think there must be more than one
species."
The pustules of the Uredo are reddish-yellow, soon becoming paler and
powdery. Uredospores shortly catenulate, or growing in chains, then
separating, elliptical, ovoid (20-40 x 14-26 /*), warted, orange. After-
wards teleutospores are said to be produced in other darker- coloured
pustules. Teleutospores cylindrical (110 /* long), for the most part divided
transversely into four cells of an orange-red colour.
We can suggest no remedy, except prevention, by keeping all wild
species of Eagwort at a distance and destroying infected plants, as the
garden forms are not apparently so susceptible to the disease.
Universally diffused through Europe.
Sacc. Syll vii. 2683 ; Mass. PL Dis. 261 ; Cooke M.F. 97, 218,
figs. 145, 146 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 374, fig. ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 240.
Recently ^Ecidium Cineraria has been detected in Austria on leaves
of Cineraria.
PTAKMICA DOT.
Schizothyrium Ptarmica (Desm.).
Plants of Achillea Ptarmica are to be met with in old-fashioned
gardens, and the green leaves are liable to the attack of a special fungus.
The leaves and stems are at first dotted over with the small black
points of Leptothyrium Ptarmica. These minute black receptacles con-
tain a number of oblong sporules, with an apparent central division
(10 x 6-7 /u). This is regarded as an early and imperfect condition of a
more highly developed parasite, which resembles it in size and appearance,
and often grows in company with it.
This latter, or Schizothyrium, came over from France with imported
plants many years ago. To the naked eye they look like fly spots, causing
no discoloration of the foliage. The receptacles are flattened and open on
the upper surface, enclosing minute ovoid sporidia (10 p. long), enclosed in
asci, closely packed side by side in the interior. It has evidently a
perennial mycelium, since the dots or receptacles will continue to appear
on the same plant year after year for many years. The plants are stunted,
tut not much disfigured by the parasite.
The disease is known in France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, and
Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. ii. 5559, iii. 3379.
PL. IV.
PESTS— FLOWER GARDEN.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 53
LOBELIA DOT.
Phoma devastatrix (B. and Br.), PI. III. fig. 62.
For the first time, in 1856, the clumps of Lobelia in gardens were
attacked by a minute parasite, which was so destructive that it secured for
itself the specific name of " the destroyer." It is seldom that the fungi
of the group to which this pest belongs make any attack upon living plants,
being largely restricted to dead stems and dead leaves and twigs.
The dots or receptacles, which, with their mycelium, represent the
entire fungus in this instance, are scarcely visible to the naked eye. They
consist of a minute globose body, like a pin-point, or a small black dot,
containing a number of colourless sporules, which are long and narrow
(8-10 fi), rounded at the end and furnished with two or three nuclei.
Fortunately in this case it took the form of an epidemic, which gradually
passed away, and for many years not an example has been seen.
For a deep-seated disease like this there is no effectual remedy and no
protection, except to root up bodily all the plants which are, or are likely
to become, infected and burn them.
This disease appeared afterwards also in the United States.
Sacc. Syll iii. 791 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1221.
About a dozen other parasites on Lobelia are recorded, most of them
in North America.
PRIMROSE PARASITES.
The Primrose family seems to be rather susceptible of fungoid diseases,
although perhaps their virulence is not upon an equality with their
number. The most dangerous, the rot-mould, has never established itself
as a pest, and the commonest are the leaf-spots. Most species of Primula
appear, however, to be liable to attacks from the rusts and smuts.
PRIMULA LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta primulcecola (Desm.), PI. IV. fig. 64.
This endophyte is not a very common disease of the leaves of Primula
vera and Primula elatior in France and Belgium, whence it probably
extended to Britain. Discolorations sometimes seen on leaves of culti-
vated Primulas, which do not perfect themselves, may belong to this
species.
The spots are white, circular, and rather large on both surfaces, with
a tawny margin. Sometimes the spots are naked, but at other times are
dotted with the minute blackish receptacles, which are then very
numerous, and, especially towards the centre, just visible to the naked eye.
The sporules developed within the receptacles are exceedingly minute,
and are extruded in considerable numbers when mature (4-5 x 2-3 jj).
Sacc. Syll. iil BOS', Cooke Hdbk. No. 1349; Grevillea, xiv. 74, No. 433.
SCOTCH LEAF-SPOT.
Ascochyta Primula (Trail), PI. IV. fig. 65.
This second leaf-spot has occurred in Scotland on Primula vulgaris,
and is exactly similar in external appearance to the foregoing. The
£4 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
sporules, however, are larger (5-6 x 2 J p) and divided by a transverse
septum into two cells.
Sacc. Syll. x. 5969 ; Grevillea, xv. 1887, p. 108.
WILD PRIMROSE LEAF- SPOT.
Septoria Primula (Buck), PI. IV. fig. 66.
We have included also this leaf -spot, which was found on the leaves
of uncultivated Primroses near Bristol, and, apparently, has not been
recognised elsewhere.
The spots are conspicuous chiefly on the upper surfaces of the leaves,
and are somewhat rounded and pallid, with a brown border. The peri-
thecia are dot-like, and are scattered over the spots, which are scarcely to
be distinguished from the other two forms of leaf-spot.
The sporules are very different, for in this instance they are long and
threadlike (45-50 p long) and apparently nucleate.
It has never been shown that there is any connection between these
three genera of leaf -spot fungi, and it is scarcely probable, since any
genetic connection would probably be with fungi of a higher order, and,
presumably, of the Sphceriacece.
Grevillea, xiv. 1885, p. 40 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 6389.
PRIMROSE -SMUT.
Urocystis primulicola (Magn.), PI. IV. fig. 75.
In some of its features this smut bears slight resemblance to the
Violet smut, but it differs in that it attacks the fruit, so that all the seed
capsules are filled with smut instead of seeds, and unless eradicated will
continue to appear year after year. Its first appearance in this country
was recorded in the autumn of 1884 upon Primula far inosa, although it
is said to have been seen as far back as 1867.
The glomerules of spores are roundish or irregular, and are composed
of from seven to ten teleutospores, which are normally globose, but
become angular by compression, of a dark brown colour, and smooth
(9-15 fj). The outer circle of sterile and pale-coloured spores is nearly
of the same size and shape.
Germination takes place after a similar manner to that of the Violet
smut. A short thick process or promycelium is thrust out, and this bears
another generation of smaller and secondary spores at its extremity, and
these again can produce their like. These secondary spores are engaged
in the dissemination of the species.
This is a deep-seated endophyte, not to be dislodged when once it
takes possession of a plant. It has been found in Silesia, Saxony, and
Italy.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1899 ; Gard. Chron. Aug. 30, 1884, fig. 52 ; Plowr.
Brit. £7red. 289.
PRIMROSE CLUSTER-CUPS.
JEcidium Primula, DC.
These, cluster-cups, on the leaves of Primula of various species, might
.Jiave been included with the rust, only that the habit is so different as to
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 55,
appear like a different disease, and the ordinary observer might well be
puzzled. There is no doubt of its being a prelude or an early stage of
the rust ; but it may appear without the rust, and the rust may be seen
quite independently of the cluster-cups.
The cups are usually clustered together on the under surface upon
discoloured spots, which are also distinctly indicated on the upper sur-
face. The cups are rather urn-shaped, partly immersed, with a white
fringed margin. The secidiospores, at first globose, are soon angular,
with a roughened surface and. yellow (17-23 x 12-18 yu). Of course,
as usual, produced in chains within the cups.
The area of distribution is the same as that of the rust.
Hitherto cluster-cups have not generally been regarded as trouble-
some garden pests, so that picking off and burning diseased leaves has
been considered sufficient to prevent spreading.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2170 ; Cooke M.F. p. 199 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1631 ;
Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 159.
PRIMROSE EUST.
Puccinia Primula (DC.), PI. IV. fig. 70.
This is one of the species of rust which passes its three stages of
cluster-cups, Uredo, and Puccinia upon the leaves of the same plant.
Doubtless it is more often met with on wild than on cultivated plants,
but its existence is not therefore to be ignored.
The pustules of the uredospores are aggregated together in some-
what orbicular spots, soon splitting the cuticle and setting free the
powdery uredospores, which are rounded or ovoid (19-22 /j) and minutely
rough on the surface, of a pale brown colour. The pustules are found on
the under surface, as well as those of the teleutospores, which latter are
scattered or sometimes gregarious, and darker in colour. The teleuto-
spores are somewhat elliptical, with a central division into two cells, the
upper of which is rounded at the apex and the lower a little narrowed
into the very short stem (22-30 x 15-18 p), externally smooth, brown,
with the outer coat thickened at the apex.
Its distribution is recorded for France, Belgium, Switzerland, Ger-
many, and Finland, as well as Britain.
All the rusts are difficult of treatment, and seldom can be checked to
any considerable extent by the use of fungicides. Efforts should be
directed rather to check dispersion and extension.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2170; Cooke M.F. 204; Hdbk. No. 1471; Plowr.
Brit. Ured. 159.
PRIMROSE SIMPLE BRAND.
Uromyces Primula (DC.), PI. IV. fig. 69.
Found on the leaves of Primula integrifolia and Auricula, and the
theorists have, singularly enough, united this species, as well as Puccinia
Primula, with the Primrose cluster-cups (^cidium Primulce) as the
secidiospore form. Hence the one JEcidium must be held to be respon-
sible for two species of teleutospores.
In the present endophyte the teleutospores are elliptical or ovoid
(20-35 x 10-20 p) and warted, with a hyaline papilla at the apex and a
56 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANT?.
short deciduous pedicel at the base. The teleutospores differ from those
of Puccinia in being one-celled. The colour is also brown.
The uredospores are supposed to be unknown, although the pustules
of the teleutospores are said to be sometimes intermixed with the cluster-
cups. Never having seen them in this connection, we cannot vouch for
the authenticity of the assertion.
This endophyte has been recorded, not only in Britain, but also in
France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Asiatic Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2007 ; Cooke M.F. 227.
PRIMROSE WHITE MOULD.
Ovularia interstitialis (Cooke), PI. VI. fig. 67.
Under the name of Peronospora interstitialis this mould was first
made known by Berkeley in 1875 from specimens obtained from Scotland,
but at the time he seems to have had a suspicion that it was not a true
Peronospora, since confirmed. It was afterwards quoted as Ramularia
interstitialis ; but that even is scarcely tenable, and we substitute the
above.
It occurs in yellowish patches on the under side of the leaves, in the
spaces between the veins, rarely occupying any extended surface. The
threads are short and flexuous, apparently unbranched, with a few pro-
jecting spicules in the upper portion to support the conidia, which are
elliptical and either apical or lateral (which Berkeley calls " oblique "),
but there is no evidence of septum (15-17^ x 6-7 /*).
We believe it to be the same species as Ovularia primulana (Karst)
found in Finland, also on the leaves of Primula vera (Sacc. Syll. iv.
737).
This is the kind of parasite which is likely to be amenable to the
influence of fungicides, and has none of the pertinacity, or the resting
spores, of the rot-moulds.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 867 ; Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1875, No. 1455 ; Gard.
Chron. May 1, 1886, fig. 124 ; Grevillea, iii. 183.
PRIMROSE WHITE MOULD.
Ramularia Primula (Thiim.), PI. IV. fig. 68.
The spots in this disease are circular or somewhat angular, and of a pale
ochraceous colour, without a definite margin, upon which the mould is
seated in tufts on either surface. The threads are rather long (50-60 x 5 /*),
without septa or divisions, but very rarely at all branched. The conidia
are cylindrically fusiform (20-30 x 3-6 p) and sometimes uniseptate, or
with one transverse division, and uncoloured. Our own measurements
are somewhat different (25 x 5/i).
Would be submissive to spraying with dilute Bordeaux mixture.
This mould has been recorded in Italy, Austria, and Siberia, as well
as in Britain.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 1040 ; Sacc. F. Ital. t. 985.
A black mould (Cercospora Primula) seated on whitish-grey spots of
the leaves of Primula elatior has occurred in France. The tufted threads
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 67
are short and olive, whilst the conidia are long and narrow (60-100 x
attenuated upwards almost to a point, and divided transversely by eight or
nine septa.
PRIMROSE ROT-MOULD.
Peronospora Candida (Fckl.), PL IV. fig. 70*.
Although of rare occurrence in this country, the above rot-mould has
made its appearance on wild plants, without visiting and inflicting damage
on cultivated species, except on rare occasions.
White mouldy spots appear on the under side of living leaves
which are conspicuous by their snowy whiteness, although not very
dense. Slender erect threads arise from the creeping innate mycelium
which are many times branched in the upper portion in a forked
manner. The final branches are short and spreading, acute at the tips,
and bearing singly the elliptical conidia, which are comparatively small
(22-26 x 16-30 p) and hyaline.
Within the substance of the petioles and stem the mycelium produces
the usual resting spores, which have a yellowish and afterwards a bright
brown and rather thick integument (30 x 33//). These bodies provide
for the rejuvenescence of the parasite in the spring by remaining at rest
through the winter. The production and development of these resting
spores have already been described in the introduction (ante, p. 2).
The distribution of this parasite is narrow, only Germany and Belgium
having been recorded in addition to Great Britain.
It has never been sufficiently prevalent or destructive to have been
experimented on with fungicides.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 860; Gard. Chron. May 1, 1886, with fig.; Cooke
M.F. 237 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1786.
CYCLAMEN LEAF- SPOT.
Two kinds of leaf-spot have been described on the leaves of Cyclamen,
but neither of them has as yet been decidedly recognised in this country.
The French leaf-spot, Pliyllosticta Cyclaminis, is manifested by some-
what circular brown spots over which the minute perithecia are scattered,
and the sporules are small, narrowly elliptical (6-8 x 2 /*), rounded at the
ends, and colourless (Bull. Soc. Myc. de France, 1893, t. xiv., f. 4).
The other species, which we may call the "Concentric Cyclamen
Spot," forms rather large and irregular smoky spots, with a rufous
margin, the surface being concentrically lined (Septoria Cyclaminis). It
was first described in the " Flora of Algeria." The sporules are long and
threadlike (25-30 x 1 /;), divided by three transverse septa. This species
has occurred in Italy as well as Algeria.
So far as we are aware, these are the only fungus parasites which
have been described as troubling the Cyclamen.
AURICULA BROWN MOULD.
Heterosporium Auricula (Cooke), PL IV. fig. 71.
About the year 1888 this parasite was first brought to our notice,
flourishing upon living leaves of Auricula, and then threatening to
58 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
become troublesome ; however it scarcely seems to have appeared since, or
during the past three or four years.
The leaves are disfigured by smoky patches on the surface, with a
minutely velvety appearance, caused by the threads of this mould, which
are erect, slender, and unbranched, but somewhat flexuous, and at length
septate and olive. The conidia are terminal, sometimes briefly con-
catenate, narrowly elliptical, at first continuous, then one or two septate
(25-35 x 10 /i) the surface rough with minute scabrous points or warts,
but with a rather thicker and darker epispore than in the allied species.
It has not yet been recorded elsewhere.
Two or three other species of this genus are known in Britain, and all
of them have proved to be destructive pests, such as Heterosporium
echinulatum on Carnations, and Heterosporium gracile on Iris.
The only remedy suggested in these cases has been spraying with
ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, and clearing away all dead leaves.
Grevillea, xvi. 109.
SOLDANELLA BUST.
Puccinia Soldanellce (DC.).
In this instance, as the endophytes are rare, we may include all the
stages which occur upon the leaves of Soldanella alpina under one notice.
The cluster-cups (^Ecidium) are scattered over the lower surface of the
leaves, and do not present any remarkable difference in appearance from
the same kind of endophyte on other plants. The fecidiospores are sub-
globose or somewhat angular, with a finely granulated surface, and are of
a yellow colour (20-26 x 17-20 /u).
The pustules of the Uredo are developed on the upper surface,
and are minute, gregarious, and brown, when ruptured encircled by the
remains of the cuticle. The uredospores are rounded, ovoid, or elliptical
(20-32 x 20-30 p), with a rough surface.
The teleutospores are produced in the same or similar pustules, and
are ovate, somewhat irregular and somewhat apiculate at the apex, brown
at first, with a short pedicel, the surface reticulated finely.
The entire fungus is reported from France, Germany, Switzerland,
and Italy, but we are not aware that any form except the Mcidium has
been found in Britain.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2181; Cooke M.F. 195; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1608;
Plowr.Brit. Ured. 159.
A Soldanella leaf-spot (Septoria Soldanellce) with dark spots and
thread-like sporules (20-30 x 1 yu) has been recorded as occurring in Italy.
GENTIAN BUST.
Puccinia Gentian® (Strauss.), PI. IV. fig. 63.
Although Gentians are known to have been affected by ten separate
diseases, only. one of these has at present been detected in this country.
In 1885 the above-named parasite first appeared in a bed of Gentiana
acaulis in a public garden, where it was previously unknown. It com-
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 59
menced on some imported plants, and threatened to involve all in
destruction. Various experiments were undertaken to check the disease,
but proving fruitless the whole of the affected plants were uprooted and
destroyed.
The lower leaves are first attacked and become of a sickly colour. The
pustules soon appear upon the leaves, and these split irregularly at the
vertex and expose the spores.
The earliest to make an appearance are the uredospores, which are
almost globose (22 x 16 /u) and rough externally. The teleutospores soon
follow, which are intermixed with the uredospores in the same pustules,
and are larger, of a darker colour, divided transversely into two cells. In
form they are somewhat elliptical, each cell being almost triangular, like
inverted cones attached at their bases, the lower cell with a colourless
stem, which finally disappears (28-38x20-26), the surface quite smooth.
This pest is reported to be very common in Russia, and not unknown
in other parts of Europe.
As remarked above, all efforts to save infected plants by spraying with
fungicides proved to be ineffectual.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2153 ; Gard. Chron. Sept. 19, 1885, fig. 82 ; Grevillea,
xiv. p. 39 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 147.
PERIWINKLE BUST.
Puccinia Vinca (Berk.), PL IV. fig. 72.
This is a very tenacious species, since when it once attacks a plant it
seldom leaves it, making its appearance on the under surface of the
leaves.
A complicated biology is attributed to it, which recognises secidiospores
without cluster-cups, but produced in flattened pustules, of a dark brown
colour containing globose spores, which are colourless and echinulate
(10-12 /i diam.).
There are also two kinds of uredospores, the primary ones produced
early and elongated, the secondary later on and nearly globose.
The teleutospores are developed normally in small pustules, although
an Italian author attempted to establish the fact that there are two kinds
of teleutospores, and therefore must be two species of Puccinia, one of
which was to be called Puccinia Vinca and the other Puccinia Berkeleyi.
The teleutospores are elliptical, divided in the centre, and slightly
constricted, the upper cell thickened at the -apex, the lower cell some-
what attenuated downwards into a long peduncle, which soon falls away.
The final spores are rather large (38-56 x 17-28 //).
Recorded for France, Germany, Portugal, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2241, 2495 ; Gard. Chron. July 25, 1885, p. 108, figs.
22, 23 ; August 20, 1887 ; Cooke M.F. 103, 205, fig. 132 ; Ploivr. Brit.
Ured. 161 ; CooJce Hdbk. No. 1478.
Leaf-spots and a rot-mould are known on the continent of t Europe on
the Periwinkle,
60 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
CONVOLVULUS ANTHRACNOSE.
Narsonia Ipomace (C. & M.), PL IV. fig. 73.
The cultivated species of Convolvulus and Ipomcea do not appear to
be susceptible to fungus parasites in this country, although some half-
dozen species are recognised abroad.
The above-named was first discovered on the stems of Ipomma in 1887,
and occasionally on the leaves. The pustules were densely collected on
the stems of living plants, elevating and splitting the cuticle in an
irregular manner, then becoming dark-coloured, like the pustules of a
Uredo.
The conidia, or sporules, ooze out in tendrils, especially when moist,
and are narrowly oblong or cylindrical, blunt at the ends, and divided in
the middle by a transverse septum (10-15 x 3 yu), entirely colourless.
At first the conidia are produced upon short spore-bearers, which proceed
from a cushion-like base, but they soon break away, and form a gelatinous
mass.
The majority of the species of Glwosporium and Marsonia are very
destructive and persistent pests, against which fungicides have proved of
little avail. Destruction of infected plants seems to be the only safe
remedy.
Sacc. Syll. x. 6900 ; Grevillea, xvi. 48.
KIVEA CHAIN MOULD.
O'idium erumpens (C. & M.), PL IV. fig. 74.
It was in the autumn of 1887 that the leaves of Rivea hypocrateri-
formis, under cultivation, were found to develop, on the under surface,
little tufts of a whitish mould, which soon gave a sickly complexion to
the foliage. The tufts, which broke through the cuticle, were rounded
and convex, of a greyish colour, becoming darker with age.
The threads composing the tufts were rather robust, and divided in
the upper portion, which soon became torulose, or beadlike, and then the
cells separated as globose conidia, or nearly globose (7x5 ^), and
became sprinkled over the leaf.
This mould is more tufted and less diffuse than in most species of
Oidium, but the structure is the same.
No opportunity occurred for experiment, but it is possible that an
application of sulphur would be the most effective.
There is no record of this species anywhere other than in Great
Britain.
Sacc. Syll. x. 7091 ; Grevillea, xvi. 49.
Numerous parasites are recorded in North America as attacking the
different species of Phlox, but hitherto none have given any trouble in
this country.
HENBANE EOT-MOULD.
Peronospora Hyoscyami (De Bary), PL VI. fig. 78.
This pest has assumed additional importance since it has made
vigorous attacks upon Tobacco plants under cultivation, both in North
America and Australia.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 61
In this country its activities have been chiefly confined to the
Henbane, but. it evidently is on the alert "for all Solanaceous plants.
The mycelium is abundant within the tissues of the plant before the
mould makes its appearance on the surface. The fertile threads are
rather robust, branching from five to eight times, in the upper portion in
a forked manner, with the branches spreading apart, and attenuated up-
wards, the final branchlets separating at a very obtuse angle, being short
and rather conical, each apex bearing a single spore, or conidium, of an
elliptical shape (13-24 x 18-18 /*) with a tinge of violet.
Besting spores are probably produced on the mycelium, but at present
there is no evidence.
It is .uncertain whether the conidia only germinate, or whether they
produce zoospores.
Hitherto the species is recorded for Britain, Germany, Australia, and
North America.
The only treatment suggested is spraying with dilute Bordeaux
mixture.
Mass. PI. Dis. 81, 357 ; Gard. Chron. February 7, 1885, fig. 83 ;
Sacc. SylL vii. 877 ; Grevillea, ii. 139 ; Mass. B.F. 126.
Another species (Peronospora dubia) is recorded on Hyoscyamus in
Austria.
PETUNIA WHITE MOULD.
Eamularia Pettmia (Cooke), PI. IV. fig. 76.
At present this mould must be considered as scarce, it having been
found only once or twice in this country on the leaves of Petunia.
The spots are large, occupying nearly half the surface of the leaf,
somewhat circular in form, with a pale ochraceous tint. The conidia are
produced in considerable numbers at the apex of rather short undivided
colourless threads, which are more or less clustered on the spots. The
conidia are cylindrical, rounded at the ends, at first continuous, but at
length divided by a septum across the centre (20-22 x 4 /i).
Wherever it has occurred this parasite has proved to be very destructive,
the spots sometimes extending over the entire leaf. No explanation can
be offered for its sudden appearance in the south of Britain, but it is
known that the moulds of this genus are very erratic, and, as a rule,
destructive.
In the event of picking off and burning the diseased leaves not being
effective in checking the disease, it is recommended that diluted fungicides
should be applied, and for this purpose weak Bordeaux mixture may
be tried.
Sacc. SylL x. 7294 ; Grevillea, vol. xx. 1891, p. 8.
Other ordinary leaf-spots have been recorded on leaves of Petunia
abroad, such as Phyllosticta Petunia and Ascochyta Petunia.
62 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
LAVENDER LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Lavandulce (Desm.), PL IV. fig. 77.
Parasites of Labiate plants under cultivation as garden flowers are
very limited. It is now many years since we found Lavender plants
with a great number of the leaves attacked by this endophyte, which is
not uncommon in France, but which we have not met with again.
The bleached spots are small on both surfaces of the leaves, mostly
rounded, but sometimes irregular, limited externally by a raised purple
line. They do not generally exceed one eighth of an inch in diameter,
but several spots are often seen on the same leaf. On the upper surface
of the spots a few black dots are to be discerned, which are the receptacles
or perithecia of the fungus.
The sporules, or conidia, are long and thread-like, straight or curved,
and very narrow (25-35 x 2 ju) ultimately ; when fully matured they are
expelled through a pore at the apex of the receptacle.
This species has been found also in France, Italy, and Madeira.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2914; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1340; Grevillea, xiv. 103,
No. 523.
Lavender is also liable to a sickening disease, or "wilting," but the
cause has not been ascertained, and no fungus been found.
PESTS OF THE SCROPHULARIACE^E.
It is a singular fact that no important parasite has yet been recorded
in Britain for the numerous Scrophulariaceous plants in general cultiva-
tion, although many are known abroad.
The destructive rot-moulds (Peronospora) are represented by at least
four species, which attack Antirrhinum, Digitalis, andx Veronica, but only
Peronospora grisea has been met with on uncultivated Veronica, and
Peronospora sordida on Verbascum, in this country.
The three diseases which produce leaf-spot on Mimulus, and the four
on Pentstemon, have, with one exception, never invaded our shores,
whilst Calceolaria is ^till unharmed, and therefore, on the whole, we
must be regarded as peculiarly fortunate. The exception is in the case
of Phyllosticta Pentastemonis (Grevillea, xiv. 90) which has produced leaf-
spot on one or two occasions in this country. There is also a leaf-spot
(Septoria Pentastemonis) with small Around white spots on leaves of
Pentstemon, known in North America.
A new fungus disease on Antirrhinum majus of the kind known in
America as Anthracnose, produced by Colletotrichum Antirrhini (Stew.),
is recorded recently as causing elliptical or circular sunken spots on the
leaves of that plant in the United States (Journ. E.H.S. vol. xxvi.
1901, p. 194).
DISEASES OF ENDOGENOUS FLOWERING PLANTS.
For the sake of reference we have kept these diseases together, as they
affect plants mostly of outdoor culture, reserving others, which require
warm houses or stove treatment, for separate notice hereafter, with other
PESTS— FLOWER GARDEN.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 63
hothouse plants. Hence Orchids and other exotics will find no mention
here.
LILY LEAF-SPOTS.
Fortunately Lily leaf -spot has not heen detected in this country, but
it is not uncommon abroad.
One species (Phyllosticta Lilii) has pallid spots with a broad rufous
margin and small pale brownish sporules (4-5 x 3 ^i) on Lilium superbum
in Canada.
Another (Phyllosticta liliicola) has no definite spots, but the receptacles
are scattered, and the sporules are larger (10 x 3 /*). It is found on Lilium
candidumin Italy.
In another species on Martagon Lily (Cylindrosporium inconspicuum)
there are irregular and indefinite brown spots, and the sporules are long
and threadlike (60-100 x 3J ^), with from three to five transverse
divisions. At present confined to Switzerland.
LILY CLUSTEK-CUPS, PL V. fig. 81.
The cluster-cups of the Lily of the Valley (^Ecidium Convallaricz) are
credited with attacking the leaves of Lilium canadense in Belgium and
the United States.
Another species (^cidium Safianoffianum) occurs on leaves of Martagon
Lily in Siberia.
These are named incidentally, as some one of them may at any time
pay a visit to our shores.
LILY BE AND.
Puccinia Liliacearum (Duby), PI. V. fig. 84.
A disease which affects indiscriminately a large number of Liliaceous
plants, but fortunately not common in this country, and never recognised
until within the last few years, it having been found chiefly upon Ornitho-
galum. It forms unsightly pustules on the leaves, enclosing the very
dark, almost black, teleutospores.
There is said to be an Mcidium which is the prelude to this brand ;
but it has not been seen in Britain.
The pustules are grouped together, and are for a long time covered by
the cuticle, which is at length ruptured longitudinally. The teleutospores
are oblong, divided in the middle, and a little attenuated towards each
end, of a comparatively large size (40-70 x 22-35 /u), dark brown, and
externally smooth, on rather long deciduous pedicels,
It is known in France, Germany, Austria, Italy, as well as in Great
Britain.
Should this pest make its appearance all the affected leaves should be
stripped off and burnt, so as to destroy the teleutospores and prevent the
spread of the disease to other plants.
" Sacc. Syll. vii. 2314 ; Gard. Chron. July 28, 1888, fig. 2 ; Plowr. Brit.
Ured. 196.
LILY SIMPLE BKANDS.
Uromyces sp.
These, which we call simple brands, have a similar life-history to the
two- celled brands of the genus Puccinia, but the teleutospores have only
64 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
one cell. Of those which occur on the foliage of Lilies there is one
species which is found in Germany on Lilium canadense, and called
both Uromyces Lilii and Uromyces Liliacearum, which has since been
included as a variety of Uromyces Erythronii, a conclusion the accuracy
of which we venture to doubt.
Another species on leaves of Lilium has been called Uromyces Haben-
horstii, and is also found in Germany. This has also been attributed by
Saccardo as a form of Uromyces Erythronii. In both these species the
teleutospores, which have been communicated to us, differ from each
oiher and from the typical form of those in Uromyces Erythronii.
The last species is probably distinct : it occurs on Lilium canadense
leaves in the United States (Uromyces Lilii, Clint.), but hitherto we
have not seen it, and should scarcely venture an opinion. The teleuto-
spores are rugulose (36-37 x 20-25 /*).
LILY DISEASE.
Botrytis elliptica (Berk.), PI. VI. fig. 80.
The history of this disease seems to have been most mysterious
throughout, since it was several years after its first appearance before any
light could be thrown upon its cause. It was in 1881 that specimens
were sent to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley in such a condition that he was
able to detect a small white mould as the probable cause of the mischief,
which he called Ovularia elliptica (Gard. Chron. Sept. 10, 1881, with
figure). Afterwards, by some means, it acquired the name of Botrytis
elliptica.
Attention being called to it again, it was made the subject of refer-
ence in 1888, when it was figured again (in Gard. Chron. Aug. 18, 1888,
fig. 21), and then for a time was permitted to rest, but not for long,
since Marshall Ward, in 1889, under the name of Botrytis, evidently
introduced the same mould into his account of the Lily disease, and
figured it as a species of Botrytis.
This may, or may not, be the same mould as the Botrytis parasitica
(Cav.) on Tulip stems, alluded to by Massee, but of which no description
is given.
Then Saccardo intimates that the Polyactis cana, which he calls
Botrytis canescens, attacks the immature fruits of Lilies.
Last of all we find the name of the mould buried altogether, and the
disease attributed to Sclerotinia, a kind of Peziza, or Ascomycetous
fungus, which, at the same time, it is confessed, has never been seen, and
the existence of which is only suspected. A rather curious episode in
"imaginative mycology," which is seeking to supplant the old-fashioned
" science of fact."
Under all these circumstances we prefer to retain the name of Botrytis
elliptica, and not travel into the region of romance.
This disease attacks most species of Lilies. Rust-coloured patches
come upon the leaves and buds, as if they had been burnt, if the buds are
not completely destroyed ; the flowers become imperfect and distorted,
and the whole plant has a blighted appearance.
The threads of the mould arise from the creeping mycelium, and are
PESTS— GARDEN FLOWERS.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 65
somewhat branched in the upper portion, the ends of the branches having
pear-shaped swellings, each bearing about a dozen conidia, each conidium
attached to the swollen end by a minute peg-like stalk The conidia are
egg-shaped and colourless (20 x 14 p).
Beyond Great Britain the area of distribution is not ascertained.
No remedies have been suggested, or tried, beyond destroying infected
plants and bulbs, so as to prevent the formation of sclerotia, which are
the resting stage of the mycelium, and its consequent diffusion in the
succeeding year.
Sacc. Syll.iv. 752 ; Grevillea, vol.x. 1881, p. 51 ; Gard. Chron. Sept. 10,
1881, fig. 66 ; Aug. 18, 1888, fig. 21 ; Marshall Ward, Ann. Bot. Nov.
FIG. 8. — BOTRYTIS SPECIES. 1. Flower-bud of Lily attacked by the fungus. Nat.
size. 2. Fruiting branch of the fungus : x 50. 3. Head of fruiting branch : x 500.
1888, p. 319 ; Diseases of Plants, p. 117 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 161 ; Journ.
E.H.S. vol. xxvi. 1901, p. 372, fig. 190 ; ibid. vol. xxvi. 1901, p. cxxix.
JAPAN LILY DISEASE.
Rhizopus necans (Mass.), PI. VI. fig. 82.
This is a disease affecting the bulbs of Lilium speciosum and Lilium
auratum raised in Japan for exportation to Europe, and hitherto only
affects imported bulbs.
At first a slight discoloration at the base of the bulb is discovered
when the bulb is cut open. This extends until the entire bulb becomes
discoloured, and afterwards soft and rotten. Diseased bulbs which have
become rotten show a white weft of mycelium, from which numerous
clusters of the fungus, resembling miniature pins with black heads, stand
erect. These are the conidial or summer fruit. The globose conidia
66 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
(5-6 n diam.) being enclosed in the black heads, resting spores are
produced within the tissues of the decayed bulb.
This fungus belongs to the Mucors, which produce resting spores,
after an act of conjugation, and the species are generally saprophytes,
living at the expense of decayed matter. Those who are responsible for
the conclusion have probably sound evidence for regarding this as the
cause and not the effect of the disease. We have not heard of any experi-
ments to show that sowing the Bhizopus on healthy bulbs will produce
the* disease.
Naturally there is no remedy for rotted bulbs, and the only safeguard
is in prevention, and the destruction of diseased bulbs.
Kew Bulletin, 1897, p. 87, plate ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 57, cuts, 351 ;
Journ. R.H.S. vol. xxvi. 1901, p. 376.
TULIP SMUT.
Ustilago Tulipce (Heufl.).
This smut has appeared on the leaves of Tulips in France, Germany,
and Austria, but not as yet in Great Britain.
The pustules are elliptical and convex, scattered over the leaves, and
soon splitting longitudinally, exposing the sooty spores, which appear to
be quite black in the mass. They are globose or irregularly rounded
(16-20 p diam.), smooth, with a thick coat. Externally with much the
same appearance as the smut on Ornithogalum.
Sacc. vii. 1640.
TULIP MOULD.
Botrytis parasitica (Cav.).
We are informed that cultivated Tulips are often killed by the attacks
of a mould which forms olive-brown velvety patches on the stem, leaves,
and flowers, which answers to the name given above. The threads are
grey, erect, with the basal joint inflated. Conidia ovate, large (16-20
x 10-13 /i), disposed on minute branches in an umbellate manner. Later
on smooth lentil- shaped sclerotia appear on the outer parts of the bulb,
sometimes so numerous as to form a black crust.
Cav. App. Pat. Veg. p. 10, t. 6, figs. 1-4 ; Mass. PI. Dis. 158 ; Sacc.
Syll. x. 7167 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1901, pp. 43, 198.
TULIP BRAND.
Puccinia Tulipce (Schr.).
There are said to be two species of brand which affect Tulip leaves, of
which the above is one, which is known in Germany and Austria. This
is one of those species for which neither cluster-cup nor uredo is known.
The pustules are minute, rounded, or elliptical, and densely aggregated
together, or confluent, dark brown. The teleutospores are broadly ellipsoid,
rounded at both ends, with a thick spore-coat, or epispore, which is densely
warted (30-44 x 21-32 ^). The spores appear at first to be involved in a
hyaline mucous envelope. The short pedicel soon vanishes.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2347.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 67
SPINY TULIP BRAND.
Puccinia Prostii (Moug.).
This is the second, and older species, which is known on Tulip leaves
"in France and Italy. This also has neither affiliated cluster-cups nor
uredo.
The pustules are oblong, convex, brown on both surfaces of the leaves,
either scattered or rather crowded, at length ruptured. The teleutospores
are ellipsoid and, of course, uniseptate (60-66 x 34-36 fj), considerably
larger than in the preceding, everywhere covered with long colourless
acute spines. The general colour of the epispore cinnamon-brown, with
a hyaline pedicel or footstalk.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2580.
ORNITHOGALUM BRAND.
Uromyces Ornithogali (Wallr.), PL V. fig. 83.
The species of Ornithogalum, Gagea, and Erythronium seem to be
specially favoured in this country by the absence of parasites, which are
sufficiently common abroad, to the extent of some eighteen or twenty
species.
The leaves of Ornithogalum and Gagea are alike subject to the above
brand, which is only known in the teleutospore form. The pustules are
elliptic and bullate, mostly scattered, soon splitting and discharging the
powdery nearly black spores.
The teleutospores are ovate, or pear-shaped (26-50 x 17-26 p),
narrowed into the pedicel at the base and rounded above, with a minute
hyaline wart-like apiculus. The surface is smooth, rarely otherwise, and
of a pale or chestnut-brown colour.
It occurs in France, Germany, Hungary, and Portugal.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2015; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 142; Grevillea, vii. 138.
A corresponding species ( Uromyces Erythronii) is found on Ery-
thronium and other Liliaceous plants nearly throughout Europe and in the
United States. (See fig. 9.)
Puccinia Liliacearum occurs in Britain on Ornithogalum umbellatum,
and another species, Puccinia Kalchbrenneriana, at the Cape of Good
Hope, and Puccinia Lojkaiana in Italy, the Tyrol, and Hungary, all upon
Ornithogalum.
ORNITHOGALUM BLACK MOULD.
Heterosporium Ornithogali (Klot.), PI. V. fig. 85.
In the majority of instances the black moulds are truly regarded as
saprophytic, living upon and at the expense of dead vegetable matter ;
but there are decided exceptions to this rule in entire genera, such as
Cercospora and the present Heterosporium, which seeni to be entirely
parasitic. The latter genus was named by Klotsch more than half a
century ago, but was not clearly defined until 1877 with this as the typical
species.
The leaves become spotted with sooty-looking minutely velvety
T 2
68
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
spots, caused by the dark threads and mycelium of this mould, and soon
decay.
The threads grow in tufts, and are long and flexuous, with thin walls,
pale brown, septate, and occasionally branched, bearing at their apex the
conidia of variable size and form, some being elliptical and continuous,
others two-celled and longer, whilst others are cylindrical, with rounded
ends and two or three divisions (30-80 x 10 JJL), externally rough with
minute points and slightly coloured.
When mature these conidia will germinate freely from [every joint.
Spraying with potassium sulphide is stated to check the disease. To
prevent spreading, diseased leaves should be burnt.
Sacc. Syll iv. 2806 ; Cooke Journ. Q.M.C. 1877, t. 25, f. 13 ; Gard.
Chron. June 1877, fig. 163 ; Grevillea, v. 123.
FIG. 9. — UROMYCES EBYTHRONII. 1. Portion of a leaf showing clusters of the
fungus. Nat. size. 2. A single group of the fungus fruit known popularly as
" cluster-cups " : x 100. 3. Uredo, or summer- spores : x 400. Teleuto- or
winter-spore : x 400.
SQUILL BRAND.
Uromyces Scillarum (Grev.), PI. V. fig. 86.
This parasite is very common on the leaves of the Wild Hyacinth,
and probably has thence found its way into gardens, where it attacks
the leaves of Muscari botryoides and other species.
The attacked leaves are blotched with paler spots, upon which the
PL, VII.
I U. 1 f* i '-tegi
W tllfi
I * %£*•'••' /
PESTS— GARDEN VEGETABLES.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 69
pustules soon appear, at first covered by the cuticle. The paleness is
caused by the internal mycelium which pervades the tissues.
The pustules are small and numerous, generally arranged upon the
spots in concentric rings, or parts of rings, with a tendency to coalesce.
The spores are soon exposed by rupture of the cuticle, when they are
powdery and of a chestnut-brown colour.
The uredospores are at present unknown.
The teleutospores are subglobose, or rather pear-shaped (19-30 x
14-24 JLI), and sometimes irregular by compression, quite smooth, and of
a pale brown. The epispore, or spore coating, is of equal thickness
throughout, and not thickened at the apex, as in many other species.
There is a short hyaline stem, which soon disappears.
Its area of distribution, outside this country, includes France, Germany,
Austria, Hungary, Greece, Italy, Egypt, and South Africa.
It is possible that spraying with one of the fungicides may be of a
little service, but the perfection and dispersion of the spores should be
prevented by picking and destroying infected leaves.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2014; Cooke M.F. 213; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1548;
Plowr. Brit. Ured. 141 ; Grevillea, vii. 138.
BLACK SMUT.
Sclerotinia bulborum (Wakk.), PI. IX. fig. 135.
A pest under the name of "black smut" has appeared around
Haarlem, where it has been very destructive to Hyacinth culture. It is
not a " smut " according to our acceptation of the term, but a Sclerotium.
It makes its appearance after flowering, causing the leaves to turn
yellow and fall off. No external mycelium is to be observed, except at
the base of the leaves. The bulb is completely permeated with mycelium,
and black irregular nodules appear on the surface, mixed with some that
are softer and paler coloured. These are the " sclerotia," or nodules of
compact mycelium. These nodules are like resting scores, and must pass
through a period of quiescence, so that they will not germinate until the
following spring.
If the bulbs are potted, and watered copiously, at the period when
their activity should commence the sclerotia will germinate and produce
the little Peziza cups, resembling those produced from the sclerotium of
the Potato. To this Peziza-form Wakker has given the name of
Sclerotinia bulborum. The sporidia are binucleate (16 x 8 /z).
There is one peculiarity about these sclerotia, that when cultivated in
a nutrient solution they will form a mycelium and produce secondary
sclerotia.
It is needless to say that when once a bulb is attacked remedy is
hopeless. Onion bulbs are also liable to attack.
Gard. Chron. May 12, 1894, p. 592 ; Mass. PL Dis. 380.
HYACINTH YELLOW DISEASE.
Pseudomonas Hyacinthi.
A disease affecting Hyacinth bulbs has been described under the name
of " yellow disease " which appears on them in the autumn, filling the
70 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
vascular bundles with a yellow slime. This mucus is said to contain
immense quantities of a bacterium, to which at first the name of
Bacterium Hyacinthi was applied.
Whilst these little bodies are embedded in the slime they remain
motionless, but when removed from it they soon exhibit a lively motion,
and begin to divide. In the spring they appear in the vascular bundles
of the leaves.
Gard. Chron. May 12, 1894, p. 592 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1901,
p. 222 ; Hart. & Som'. Dis. Tr. p. 37.
Another disease attacks principally the flowering parts and is attended
by the production of a foul- smelling mucus. Upon making a close
examination Dr. Heine discovered that the mucus and the tissues were
full of bacteria, quite different from those of the "yellow disease," and
was called Bacillus Hyacinthi septicus. It is reported that when healthy
plants are inoculated with this the evidence of infection is manifested
within twenty-four hours. When cultivated on Potato it formed a yellow
slimy layer, and in a few days gave off a strong offensive smell.
Gard. Chron. May 12, 1894, p. 592.
Tubeuf contends that a common large Peziza, which grows on manure
heaps (Peziza vesiculosa), attacks Hyacinths and other plants in gardens
and kills them.
Mass. PL Dis. 162.
CON VALL ARIA BROWN SPOT.
Septoria brunneola (Fries), PL V. fig. 87.
This leaf-spot is found, not uncommonly, on living or fading leaves of
Lily of the Valley, but not often in fruit, so that the spots remain sterile
and harmless. It is believed, however, to be only a prelude or early stage
of a more highly developed fungus (Sphcerella brunneola).
Brown irregular spots on the leaves, which at length acquire a blackish
colour, precede the receptacles of the Septoria, which latter subsequently
appear as little dots clustered upon the spots. The sporules are long and
threadlike, without division (75-100x2 /*).
This parasite is known also in Sweden, Italy, and Moravia.
Sacc. Syll. 3113 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1901, p. cxl.
CONVALLARIA RED SPOT.
Phyllosticta cruenta (Fries).
Another leaf-spot has been found in Britain on leaves of Solomon's
Seal, forming oblong blood-red spots with a pallid centre, upon which
the receptacles are scattered. The sporules are somewhat sausage-shaped,
rounded at the ends, and curved (14-16 x 5^-6^ p).
This spot has also been found in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy,
Portugal, Siberia, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 324 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 74, No. 437.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 71
LILY OF THE VALLEY CLUSTEK-CUPS.
Mcidmrn Convallarice (Schum.), PI. V. fig. 81.
The Lily of the Valley is very rarely attacked by this parasite in
Britain, although it is occasionally seen ; but on the Continent it has the
reputation of being a destructive pest.
No Uredo form or teleutospores have yet been affiliated to this species
of cluster-cup.
The cups are clustered together on paler spots of the leaves, chiefly on
the upper surface, and the white fringed cups are filled with bright orange
aecidiospores, presenting under the microscope the most elegant appear-
ance. The aecidiospores are globose, minutely warted (20-25 n diam.).
It is to be hoped and anticipated that remedial measures will not be
called for.
The area of distribution includes Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Finland,
and North America.
Gard. Chron. July 5, 1884, with figs. ; Grevillea, xiv. 2 ; Sacc.
Sytt. vii. 2945 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 264.
SNOWDROP WHITE MOULD.
Botrytis galanthina (B. & Br.), PL VI. fig. 88.
This mould appears to have first been made known in 1873, when it
was detected on the bulbs of Snowdrops, attacking the outer coats and
destroying them. At first it threatened to become very destructive in the
North, but has never given much trouble in the South.
The threads of the mould are shortly branched in the upper portion
turning brownish. The branches are somewhat thickened upwards, bear-
ing the obovate spores in clusters about the apices, each spore or conidium
being seated upon an elongated spicule. The conidia are hyaline and
subglobose or obovate (15-18 x 10-11 /*).
The mould attacks also growing plants, as soon as leaves and flowers
appear above ground, stopping the flowering and the proper development
of the leaves. Then a delicate white mould is seen to cover the leaves
and spathes. Later on numerous minute black sclerotia are formed in
the tissues of the decaying leaves and the outer bulb scales.
Some impetuous author has called this fungus Sclerotinia galanthina
before a single cup of the Peziza has ever been seen, or existed, except in
his own fertile imagination. We do not intend to follow him into fairy-
land, but adhere to the Botrytis until it falls away. Massee calls the
mould Botrytis cinerea, and the Peziza Sclerotinia Fuckeliana.* (See
fig. 10.)
Ann. Nat. Hist. 4th series, xi. p. 346 ; Grevillea, ii. 139 ; Gard.
Chron. Mar. 2, 1889, p. 275 ; Mass. PL Dis. 159 ; Sacc. Syll. iv. 705.
CROCUS WHITE MOULD.
Botrytis Croci (Cke. & Mass.).
This mould was found upon the dead leaves of Crocus in the autumn
of 1887; but it is just possible, acknowledging its relationship, that it
* Journ. R.H.S. xxvi. 1901, p. 41, fig. 4, and p. xxxvii; also 1902, xxvi. p. 731
g. 306.
72
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
FlG. 10.— BOTRYTIS GALANTHINA, A PARASITE ON SNOWDROPS.
1. A young Snowdrop badly diseased, nat. size. 2. Fruiting branch of the
Botrytis, or summer form of the fungus, x 350. 3. A Snowdrop bulb with sclerotia,
nat. size. 4. Isolated sclerotia, nat. size. 5. A sclerotium bearing a crop of
Botrytis, the spring following its formation, x 10. 6. Botrytis conidia germinating,
x 400. 7. An organ of attachment of the Botrytis, x 400. 8. Chains of conidia, of
unknown use, formed on mycelium of the Botrytis, x 400.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 73
may not hesitate to attack living plants in the same way as the Snowdrop
species.
It forms dark smoky tufts, which sometimes unite in a larger effused
mass. The threads are comparatively thick and rather closely jointed,
attenuated upwards towards the apex, where they are slightly and sparingly
branched, downwards of a pale olive colour, but uncoloured in the upper
portion. Conidia elliptical, hyaline (15-18 x 8-10 //), collected together
at the tips of the threads, or of the branches, in small glomerules or clusters
of from three or four to seven or eight conidia. In this respect the present
species appears to be rather peculiar, since the head or glomerule of conidia
in most cases contains a large number of individuals.
It has to be discovered whether this species is capable of providing
itself with sclerotia and of developing therefrom the customary Sclerotinia.
Grevillea, xvi. 10 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 7165.
COPPER WEB.
Rhizoctonia Crocorum (DC.).
Amongst the diseases to which the Crocus, especially the Saffron
Crocus, is subject is one which has long been known under the name of
" copper web." This is due to the presence of a parasitic fungus which lives
and thrives at the expense of the Crocus corm. The fungus was classed
amongst the Truffles by Duhamel in 1728 and afterwards figured by
Bulliard under the name of Tuber parasiticum, which was afterwards
changed by Persoon into Sclerotium croceum ; but it was De Candolle who
finally raised it to the dignity of a genus and called it Rhizoctonia.
This singular parasite consists of Sclerotia -like tubercles united by
byssoid filaments going from one to the other and forming a sort of sub-
terranean web or net. It is by means of these filaments, which are
attached to the rootlets of the plant or which creep over the surface of the
bulbs after having pierced their integuments, that the parasite appropriates
their nutritive juices after the manner of the "Dodder," and induces, if
not direct death, at least a weakly development.
It was doubtful for a long time whether any real fructification was
produced ; and even now it is uncertain, although Broome found, on what
he considered the same web on Mint, not only the hard warts, but little
tawny tufts of a looser texture covered with globose or ovate spores. It
seemed evident that the tufts and warts were forms of each other, but
whether the spores were the true fruit, or only a secondary form of fruit,
has not been determined.
Journ. B.H.S. vol. v. 1850, p. 23.
NARCISSUS BRAND.
Puccinia Schroeteri (Pass.), PI. V. fig. 89.
The leaves of Narcissus have recently been found in this country to
be affected with a disease which apparently originated in Italy and after-
wards extended into Germany.
The spots are large and oblong, with a tawny- violet border ; the pustules
are produced on these spots, and either solitary or a few together, either
covered with, or girt by, the remains of the ruptured epidermis.
74 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
No ^Ecidium or Uredo has been found associated with this disease.
The teleutospores are somewhat elliptical, from golden-yellow to chest-
nut-brown (38-60 x 24-27 //), obscurely reticulated, either rounded at both
ends or with the base somewhat attenuated into the very short, thick,
deciduous peduncle, with a central partition dividing the teleutospore into
two nearly equal cells.
Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital vii. 255 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 2579.
The attack of Fusarium bulbigenum on Narcissus bulbs (Grevillea,
xvi. 49) has not been repeated.
A form of leaf-spot (Septoria Narcissi), with the receptacles scattered
over the tips of fading leaves, has not yet been observed out of Italy.
IRIS BUST.
Uredo Iridis (Thiini.).
This rust is believed to be common in gardens on the leaves of various
species of Iris and to be quite distinct from another Uredo which furnishes
the uredospores of Puccinia Iridis (DC.). This Uredo is supposed to have
neither ^cidium nor Puccinia associated with it.
The pustules are linear-ovate, and sometimes confluent, on both sur-
faces of the leaves, covered at first by the cuticle and then exposed by
rupture, of a chestnut-brown colour. The uredospores are almost globose,
rarely somewhat pear-shaped, externally rough, brown (80-35 x 20-25 /u).
Dr. M. Foster says " it does not readily attack the broad-leaved
Mediterranean forms, but I am inclined to think that almost every species
would take it."
Sacc. Syll. xi. 1299 ; Ploivr. Brit. Ured. 257.
There is supposed to be another species in North America (Uredo
iridicola) on the leaves of Iris versicolor, with rough globose uredospores
(25 fj. diam.), of which we know nothing, and it may be the Uredo Iridis
of Schweinitz.
IRIS BRAND.
Puccinia Iridis (DC.), PI. V. fig. 91.
It is difficult to follow the mutation of names, but this we believe to
be the same fungus which Berkeley called Puccinia truncata. It is found
on the leaves of many species of Iris, besides I. fatidissima and
I. germanica.
The uredospores are found in crowded pustules, at first covered, then
exposed, of a rusty-brown colour, crowded together, and either sub-
globose, elliptical, or ovoid (20-35 x 16-26 p), externally rough, and
ochraceous.
The teleutospores occur in linear, elongated, striaeform pustules, which
are blackish to the eye ; the spores are two-celled, club-shaped, with the
apex rounded, or rather obtuse, or acuminate, with the spore-coat thickened
at the apex, constricted in the middle at the septum (30-55 x 14-22 fi),
smooth, pale brown, with a hyaline pedicel (12 x 5 p).
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 75
This species is known in France, the Ardennes, Germany, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Siberia.
No associated cluster-cups are known.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2284 ; Cooke M.F, p. 203 ; Hdbk. No. 1466 ; Plowr.
Brit. Ured. 190.
Cluster-cups (JEcidium Iridis) are known in North America on leaves
of Iris versicolor.
IRIS LEAF-BLOTCH.
Heterosporium gracile (Wallr.), PI. V. fig. 90.
One of the most persistent and troublesome of Iris diseases is this
mould, which appears at some seasons with astonishing vigour upon the
leaves of Iris germanica and other species.
The upper portion of the leaves turns brown and decays or rots, and
some plants are soon killed ; large dark spots, becoming black, rounded, or
elliptical, from half to one inch in length, with a brown border, appear
on the brown parts, or on the still green leaves, velvety with the parasitic
mould. In other cases the spots are smaller and more numerous, with a
narrow brown margin, and simply bleached or dead tissue, on which are
sprinkled a few tufts of the mould.
The mould consists of rather short and thick jointed threads in small
tufts, and of a sooty-brown colour, bearing singly, or nearly always, the
conidia of variable size, some of which are elliptical and without division,
whilst others are elongated, and once or twice divided transversely into
cells (35-70 x 14-20 /u), and also of a smoky colour, the surface rough
with minute points.
This disease seems to be known in France, Germany, Italy, the Cape
of Good Hope, New Zealand, and North America.
If not too firmly established, syringing with one of the copper solu-
tions may be of some service ; but the conidia germinate freely at every
joint, and if not destroyed will quickly spread the disease.
Gard. Chron. June 9, 1894, p. 718 ; Sacc. Syll. iv. 2308 ; Journ.
R.H.S. xxvi. 1901, p. 450. Reported also on Narcissus, Journ. R.H.S.
xxviii. 1904, p. 679.
IRIS BULB SCAB.
Mystrosporium adustum (Mass.), PL V. fig. 92.
Bulbs of Iris reticulata have lately been affected and frequently
destroyed by the incursions of a black mould, previously unknown, and
which forms black crust-like patches on the outer sheath, gradually
speading to every part.
There is a profuse dark mycelium, from which arise the short branches
bearing the large and much-divided conidia. These latter are elliptic-
oblong or ovate, with obtuse ends, and from five to seven transverse
septa or divisions, which are again subdivided by longitudinal septa in a.
muriform manner. The divisions are often oblique, and sometimes with-
out longitudinal divisions (45-60 x 20-22 p), smooth, dark brown, and
semi-translucent, produced at the tips of the threads, or at the ends of
short branches.
76 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Soaking the bulbs for two hours in a solution of one part formalin to
three hundred parts of water will destroy the fungus, so long as it is
external and has not penetrated deeply into the bulb.
Mass. PL Dis. 325, 441.
Leaf spots of six different kinds are recorded on Iris leaves in different
countries, but none of them have yet been reported as British.
A Bacterial disease on Iris is noticed in Journ. B.H.S. xxviii. 1904,
p. 662.
GLADIOLUS SMUT.
Urocystis Gladioli (Smith), PI. V. fig. 94*.
This smut, which in some respects resembles that of Colchicum,
attacks the corms of Gladiolus, forming the spore masses within the
conns. These are in rounded balls, or glomerules (40-50 /j. diam.).
The teleutospores, or central fertile spores, are rounded on the outer
side, but angular by compression elsewhere : they are dark brown (4-6 /j)
and smooth. Externally in the glomerules are a series of colourless
sterile spores or conidia, as in most other species of Urocystis, and in this
case they are very numerous and evenly distributed.
The glomerules, or spore masses, have somewhat the appearance of
large spores, divided in different directions, but in reality they consist of
an agglomeration of smaller spores, closely compressed together into a
ball, the inner ones being coloured and capable of germination, the outer
series uncoloured and sterile. When fully matured the component cells
separate under pressure, but the true function of the sterile cells has not
been determined.
It might be advisable to immerse any suspected corms for a time
before plan ting in Condy's fluid ; but it is hopeless to expect any remedy
when the corms are seriously attacked.
Known also in France and Germany.
Gard. Chron. Sept. 30, 1876, p.. 420, fig. ; Grevillea, v. 57 ; Sacc.
Syll. vii. 1900 ; Mass. B.F. 187 ; Plowr. Br. Ured. 287 ; Cooke M.F. 232.
Gladiolus leaf-spot (Septoria Gladioli) and Gladiolus rust (Puccinia
Gladioli) are at present unknown in Britain.
COLCHICUM SMUT.
Urocystis Colchici (Schl.), PL V. fig. 94.
This is a disease of Colchicum which has long been known and too
prominent in its manifestations to escape notice. The growing leaves are
the subject of attack, and these are distorted and disfigured by the long
and ugly pustules formed by the pest. These are large, thick, swollen, or
bullate, at first covered by the epidermis, but at length ruptured and
fringed with the remains of the torn cuticle, exposing the black, sooty-
looking mass of complex spores.
The glomerules, or clusters, are nearly globose (20-33 x 16-20 /u), with
the central spores few and chestnut-brown, compressed at the points of
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 77
contact (10-15 //). The sterile spores of the circumference are pale, some-
times in two strata, and also compressed where they come into contact
(7-11 p diam.). When mature the spores are sprinkled about over the
foliage in an unsightly manner. The disease is liable to attack species of
Scilla and Muscari if found in proximity.
Spraying the plants early with Condy's fluid has proved to be
preventive.
Known in Italy, Belgium, and Germany.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1895 ; Mass. PL Dis. 227, 404 ; Cooke M. F. 232 ;
Mass. B.F. 186 figs. 86, 87 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1539 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured.
286 ; Gard. Chron. Sept. 30, 1876, fig.
Colchicum leaf -spots are also known in Italy and France.
COLCHICUM EUST.
Uromyces Colchici (Mass.), PI. V. fig. 93.
At present this is solely a British product, and has for three successive
seasons completely destroyed a bed of Colchicum speciosum, and has
latterly attacked plants of C. bavaricum and C. autumnale growing in
the neighbourhood.
The parasite attacks the leaves, commencing at the base of the leaf-
sheath, and gradually extending towards the tip of the leaf. The oldest
leaves are the first to be attacked.
The pustules are large for the genus, and often elongated on the
sheaths, whilst upon the leaves they are liable to be collected in circular
groups. They remain for a long time covered by the cuticle, which is
finally ruptured to set the teleutospores free.
Teleutospores broadly elliptical or subglobose, with the apex slightly
prominent, epispore, or spore coat smooth, 'dark brown, and as much as
2 ju thick (28-38 x 21-28 yu) seated upon a hyaline persistent pedicel.
Cluster-cups or Uredo unknown.
No remedy has been proved to be successful.
Grevillea, xxi. 6 ; Mass. PL Dis. 226, 406.
The species of Veratrum are very subject to parasitic diseases in North
America.
DRACONTIUM CLUSTEJB-CUPS.
JEcidium Dracontii (Schwz.).
These cluster-cups are found in gardens on the leaves of Arum tri-
phyllum, and were first made known in the United States.
The spots on the leaves are pallid and broadly extended, sometimes
occupying nearly the whole leaf. The cups are rather large and distinct,
being scattered without order over the spots, and not clustered as in
^Ecidium Ari. The ascidiospores are subglobose and of orange-brown
colour, somewhat angular by compression and minutely rough (15-16 ft
diam.).
It is scarcely probable that remedies will have to be sought after for
78 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
this species, as its appearance will now be problematical after so many
years of absence.
CooJce Hdbk. No. 1611 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 2962 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 266.
The ordinary Arum cluster-cups found on the leaves of wild Arum
maculatum, and another species (JEcidium aroideum) which occurs in
Natal, are apparently quite distinct.
CALLA SOFT HOT.
Bacillus AroidecB (Town.).
This disease has recently been investigated in the United States, and
declared to be Bacterial. The same organism is declared to be capable
of attacking a large number of vegetables. It occupies the intercellular
space in its host, and dissolves the layers which connect the cells, causing
the tissue to break down into a soft slimy mass. No successful treatment
discovered. Journ. R.H.S. xxix. 1905, p. 761.
FERN DISEASES.
The diseases of hardy Ferns under cultivation in this country are very
few and unimportant, although several are recorded abroad.
DAMPING OFF.
Pythium intermedium (De Bary).
The " damping off" of the prothallia of Ferns is possibly sometimes
due only to an excess of moisture ; but an actual disease has been recog-
nised in the United States, and there is no reason why it may not make
its appearance amongst us, as ,the fungus itself is of European origin.
The affected prothallia become quite soft and limp, and darker in
colour than the healthy ones.
An allied species of fungus is responsible for the "damping off" of
seedlings of crucifers, whilst some authors regard them as the same
species.
In structure Pythium resembles a Mucor, and produces resting spores
as the result of conjugation, similar to the rot-moulds.
Bull. U.S.A. Exp. Stn. Cornell Univ. 94, p. 247, pi. ; Bot. Zeit.
1881 ; Sacc. Syll. xi. 1400 ; Mass. PL Dis. 350.
FERN BUST.
Uredofilicum (Desm.), PL IV. fig. 79.
There are two or three kinds of Fern rust known, but only one species
appears to be known in Britain, and that is not uncommon in gardens and
greenhouses, especially on Cystopteris fragilis, appearing on the under
side of the fronds, which consequently assume a sickly appearance.
The pustules are rounded or irregular, and scattered over the under
surface of the fronds in bright yellow spots. The uredospores are powdery,
and are of two forms, the one ovate or elliptical and spinulose above, but
smooth below (22-85 x 13-20 ^u), the other somewhat angular with a thick
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 79
smooth outer coating (26-38 x 18-29 /i), and both of a bright orange
colour.
Ferns on which the rust makes its appearance should be isolated, and
the diseased fronds cut off and burnt, whilst the plants so left should be
sprayed with Condy's fluid.
It is distributed through Belgium, Germany, Finland, Austria,
Bohemia, Italy, South Africa, and North America, and appears to be the
same as Uredo Polypodii (Pers.).
Sacc. Syll vii. 3096, xi. 1304; Cooke, M.F. 112; Proc. Amer. Acad.
1894, p. 396 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1569 ; Ploivr. Brit. Ured. 256.
Uredo Aspidiotus in the United States appears to be different, as also
Uredo Pteridis in California, and Uredo Scolopendri in Germany and the
Netherlands.
PESTS OF GARDEN VEGETABLES.
The majority of the pests which infest garden vegetables, salads, and
sweet herbs are specifically distinct from those which attack garden
flowers, but are equally prevalent and destructive. As, however, they
are closely allied, the treatment and remedies will be found to be, in
most cases, the same. It cannot be urged too often that, as prevention is
better than cure, the greatest care should be taken against the Introduc-
tion of fresh diseases into the kitchen garden, and any encouragement to
the permanency of old ones. Wild plants — or "weeds," as they are
termed — are many of them subject to fungoid diseases, which may transfer
themselves to kindred cultivated plants when growing in their vicinity.
As a warning to careless cultivators, wild Cruciferous or Composite weeds
should not be permitted to invade the garden or its borders. Further-
more, the "rubbish heap," in an out-of-the-way corner, should be dis-
pensed with, because the resting spores, or the winter condition of some
of the most troublesome pests, will be found in the stems or other dead
parts which are usually consigned to a rubbish heap instead of being
burnt; and consequently the "rubbish heap" becomes a teeming
emporium for the dispersion of active spores in the spring, so that from
this centre a very large area may speedily be infected.
CABBAGE LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta Brassier (Curr.), PI. VII. fig. 95.
Cabbage leaf spotting is not a serious calamity, but it may become
annoying when excessive. The most common spot is that above named,
which occurs also on rape. The spots are generally rather large and
bleached, becoming white on the upper surface. The receptacles are very
small and numerous, chiefly towards the centre of the spots.
The sporules are ovoid, with two nuclei (5 /; long) expelled from the
mouth of the receptacle, when mature, in small rosy tendrils.
It is known also to occur in France, Belgium, and' Portugal.
80 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Seldom of sufficient importance to demand a remedy, but in such
case spraying of young plants might be beneficial.
Sacc. Syll iii. 207.
Another species (Phyllosticta Napi) is known in France, but is very
little different in appearance, and a slight difference in the form of the
sporules.
A leaf-spot with two-celled sporules (Ascochyta Brassicce) is known
on the Continent, forming large irregular bleached spots, on which the
receptacles are densely crowded. The sporules are fusiform, septate and
nucleate (15-16 x 3-4 /*).
CABBAGE ANTHRACNOSE.
Glwosporium concentricum (Grev.), PL VII. fig. 96, sporules.
In 1851 attention was called to this parasite by a memoir in JOURNAL
R.H.S., in which it was stated that the fungus was discovered by
Dr. Greville thirty years previously; but never constituted itself a pest
until the former year.
It forms on both surfaces of the leaves of Cabbage and Cauliflowers,
roundish, often confluent, patches, consisting of little white specks
disposed more or less concentrically, those of the centre frequently
becoming yellow, and at length fading away.
The sporules are developed beneath the cuticle, and are oblong and
cylindrical, often curved, containing two or three nuclei (about 20 x 7 fj)
borne upon short delicate spore -bearers. These sporules are mixed with
a viscid fluid, and in dry weather ooze out through the fissures in the
cuticle as rude irregular tendrils. There is no trace of a perithecium,
only a subcuticular cell, in which the sporules are developed. The
tendrils are dissolved with moisture, and the sporules are disseminated
over the leaves.
This fungus has also been found in Germany, but nowhere has it
become a troublesome pest, and, as far as we can learn, is only an
occasional visitor.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3665 ; Journ. E.H.S. vol. vi. 1851, p. 117, with fig. ;
Cooke, Hdbk. 1408.
There appears to be no chance of discovering what Cercospora
Bloxami B. and Br. can be. It was imperfectly described, and the
supposed original specimens have no fruit (PL VII. fig. 97).
CABBAGE WHITE BUST.
Cystopus candidus (Pers.), PL VII. fig. 98 a, b.
This is a very old and very common offender, and is not confined to
Cabbages, but extends its ravages to almost any Cruciferous plant. It
was described by Berkeley in 1848 as White Bust, and was then believed,
and long afterwards, to be related to the ordinary rusts, but recently,
when better known, it has found a place near the Rot Moulds.
The external appearance consists of swollen, convex, white pustules,
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 81
sometimes in rings and patches, and sometimes scattered over all the
green parts. At first the cuticle is shining and unbroken, but at length
it is irregularly ruptured, to permit the spores to escape. The base of
these pustules consists of a mass of irregular, thick, knotted, mycelium,
from which arise club-shaped cells, bearing a chain of globose spores,
slightly attached to each other, and forming a kind of necklace, the upper
one falling away, and then the next, and so on in succession, as they
become matured (12-18 /i diam.).
Each spore or conidium when placed in water or a damp situation
undergoes just such a change as we have already described for the conidia
of the Rot Moulds (see Introduction, p. 2). From five fco eight zoospores
are formed in the interior, and escape by rupture of the wall of the
conidium. Thus each conidium produces from five to eight active
zoospores, which finally serve to disseminate the parasite by infection.
In the same manner also as in the rot mould does the internal
mycelium produce resting spores, which, after a period of rest, probably
through the winter, develop numerous active zoospores in the spring.
In the present species the resting spores are globose (30-50 fj. diam.),
externally warted with large obtuse warts, and of a brown colour.
This pest is distributed throughout Europe, and many parts of Asia,
Africa, and America. It may truly be said to be cosmopolitan.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 792 ; Mass. PI. Dis. 59 ; Smith, Field Crops, 86 ;
Cooke, M. F. figs. 198-200; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1564; " White Bust,"
Journ. R.H.S. vol. iii. 1848, p. 265, with figs. ; Tubeuf, Dis. 123.
CABBAGE BLACK MOULD.
Alternaria Brassicce (Berk.).
This black mould was first described by Berkeley under the name of
Macrosporium Brassier, and was found by him growing on Cabbage
leaves in company with the common Cladosporium herbarum, of which
he considered it to be probably a condition. The conidia are clavate, and
divided by from five to eleven septa, some of which have longitudinal
divisions, and are of an olive colour (60-80 x 15-16 /*). Subsequent
examination seems to have shown that the conidia are produced in short
chains, attached end to end, as is the case in Alternaria, and hence the
change of name.
It is evidently very rare as a garden pest, although it has also been
found in France and Italy. The mould is developed on dry spots of dead
tissue, on Cabbage leaves, and may probably be only a saprophyte, which
we have never seen, and probably it has not occurred in Britain again
during nearly half a century.
Tubeuf, Dis. p. 518 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1733 ; Sacc. Syll. iv. 2613.
CABBAGE ROT MOULD.
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.), PI. VI. fig. 30.
Sometimes found in company with the " white rust," and often
independently, on the leaves of many Cruciferous plants.
We have already introduced this mould in the " Pests of the Flower
Garden " (p. 21), where it is far less troublesome and dangerous than here,
G
82 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
and to that account we have nothing to add, beyond the intimation that
this disease partakes essentially of the characters of the well-known Potato
disease, and that whatever remedies may have been applied with success
in one instance are likely to avail in the other.
The only fungicide which has been recommended for use in the early
stages of this disease is diluted Bordeaux mixture, but of course this will
be of no avail where the mould is well established and the mycelium has
penetrated deeply into the tissues of the host-plant so that the resting
spores are in course of formation. In such case the only alternative is to
prevent the spread of disease by destroying all affected plants which may
contain resting spores.
Known through the whole of Europe, the greater part of America,
and in Asiatic Siberia.
For development of " rot moulds " see Introduction, p. 2.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 830 ; Mass. B. F. 119 ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 79 ; Smith,
Field Crops, 86 ; Gard. Chron. Nov. 17, 1883, figs. 109-111 ; Cooke, M. F.
L 265 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1778.
DAMPING OFF.
Pythium De Baryanum (Hess.), PI. IX. fig. 99.
This disease affects seedlings of Cress, Mustard, &c., when the plants
fall over and die off, as a result of the destruction of the fundamental
tissues by the attack of this parasite. The stem fails just above the sur-
face of the ground.
The mycelium is branched, with the lateral branches thin and reflexed.
The conidia are globose, with thin walls, often terminating the lateral
branches (20-30 /*). The resting spores, or oospores, are also globose,
with a thick smooth outer coat (25-35 p.) resulting from the conjugation
of a club-shaped cell or antheridium with the globose cell which after-
wards becomes the resting spore (fig. 99 a).
In many features of their life-history these fungi, called Pythium,
resemble the rot moulds, and especially in the production of zoospores.
The resting spores, however, are produced externally, and not within the
tissues of the host plant.
This disease only occurs in very damp situations, and should be pre-
vented by good drainage.
Sacc. vii. 924 ; Ward, Dis. p. 33, figs. 5-9 ; -Mass. PL Dis. 54, fig. 4 ;
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxiii. p. 487, t. 24, f. 1-10 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 116.
Young Cabbage plants are often destroyed by Olpidium Brassicte
when growing in damp places. The fungus is a single cell or two or
three, located in the cells of the host plant. From these imbedded cells
a tube is projected through the tissue so that the zoospores may escape.
Besting spores are formed within the substance of the host-plant.
Mass. PL Dis. 53.
CABBAGE SPH^BELLA.
Splicer ella brassic&cola (Duby.), PL VII. fig. 100.
This affection of the^ leaves is held to be the mature condition of the
leaf-spot, which occurs earlier in the year. The leaves are disfigured by
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 83
large and rather rounded or irregular bleached spots, upon which the
perithecia, or receptacles, are scattered, but larger in size generally. The
fructification is more complex, since, instead of naked sporules, the recep-
tacles enclose long transparent vesicles called asci, each one of which
contains eight sporidia. In this species the sporidia are oblong, and
divided in the centre into two cells (18 x 4 /*).
The mature stage of this pest, in the form of Sphcerella, is not reached
until the leaves have lain some time on the ground.
This condition of spot has also been found in France, Belgium, Ger-
many, and Italy, but is nowhere very common.
It is scarcely likely to give more trouble than to pick off and burn the
diseased leaves of the Phyllosticta form, as they appear.
tiacc. Syll i. 1989.
CLUB BOOT.
Plasmodiophora Brassica (Wor.), PI. IX. fig. 101.
Club Eoot is so well known, not only in Turnips but in Cabbages and
other plants of the family, that no detailed description is necessary.
It is now admitted that the disease is caused by a kind of slime fungus,
which occupies the club. It commences early in the growth of the plant
affected. The rootlets are swollen in a spindle-shaped manner, usually
with a smooth surface, and the plant presents a sickly appearance. At
first the cells of the clubbed roots are filled with a yellowish slimy sub-
stance which is the early condition of the fungus. Later on this sub-
stance will be seen to have undergone a change into myriads of minute
spherical spores. During winter these spores remain quiet, but in spring
they ripen and prepare for germination. This is done by the gradual
conversion of each spore into an active motile zoospore, and each atom,
being free, is capable of moving as it pleases by aid of its whip-like tail
in any film of moisture.
When the motion ceases, these bodies coalesce into a small slimy mass,
which in turn coalesces with other masses until a large mass is formed.
These viscid masses are washed out of the tissues by early rains, and
move about in the moisture by pushing out little portions of their sub-
stance like legs. In this manner they come into contact with the roots
of seedling plants, and the disease is communicated.
The application of quicklime destroys the germs in the soil. Thirty-
five bushels per acre is enough to arrest the disease.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1568 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 94, figs. 34-39 ; Ward,
Dis. PL p. 47 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 334 ; Journ. B.H.S. xxvi. 1901, p. 190,
xxvi. 1902, p. ccxix ; xxviii. 1904, p. 636 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 524.
BLACK ROT OF CABBAGE.
Pseudomonas campestris (Sm.).
This disease, long known in America, has now appeared in Britain.
It may appear on the plant at any period of growth. Dwarfing, or one-
sided growth of the heads, or absence of head is a symptom. If the
stumps of affected plants are broken, a dark ring will be seen, correspond-
ing to the woody part of the stem ; in bad cases this blackening may be
G 2
84 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
traced upwards into the centre of the head. In the leaves the symptoms
usually begin at the margins, with yellowing of all the affected parts
except the veins, which become brown or black.
The disease is caused by a yellow bacterium, which enters the plant
above ground, and usually at the margins of the leaves. Slugs and
caterpillars may spread the disease by going from diseased to healthy
plants.
Rotation of crops is recommended to rid the soil of the pest. Cruci-
ferous weeds should not be permitted in the neighbourhood to harbour
the disease. Removal of infected leaves in the early stages of the disease
would be beneficial. It should be noted that when diseased cabbages
have been converted into manure, such cabbages as have been manured
with this material have exhibited the disease.
Smith, U.S. Dep. Agri. Butt. No. 68 ; Mass. PL Dis. 340 ; Journ.
E.H.S. xxviii. 1904, p. 627 ; xxix. p. 759.
TURNIP WHITE MOULD.
Oidium Balsamii (Mont.), PI. VIL fig. 102.
Turnip leaves, and other garden produce, suffer from the incursions
of this white mould, which makes its appearance in the manner usual to
all of its kind, by spreading a thin white film of mycelium and conidia
over the subjects of its attack, like a hoar frost.
It first attracted attention on Turnips in 1880, and since that time has
not been uncommon. The lowermost leaves are those which are first
attacked.
From the coating of white mycelium which soon covers both surfaces
of the leaf arise the club-shaped branches, or fertile threads, the lower
portion usually consisting of three superimposed cells, surmounted by
the maturing conidium, or spore, which is of a barrel shape : that is to
say, it is cylindrical, swollen a little in the centre, like a barrel, and
truncate or flattened at the ends. When mature, this conidium falls,
and, pursuant to the custom in this genus, the next joint pursues its
growth and conversion into a conidium, in order to follow its predecessor.
These conidia germinate very readily when kept moist, the germ tube
projecting at one angle. It is most common when a moist September
follows a dry August.
Dusting with sulphur is one of the most effectual remedies in this kind
of disease, which cannot but remind us of the Oidium Tuckeri of the vine.
Smith, Field Crops, 76, 77, figs. 27, 28 ; Gard. Chron. Sept. 25, 1880.
HORSERADISH LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta Armoracia (Cooke), PI. VII. fig. 103.
A number of specimens of this parasite were collected in a garden, fully
a quarter of a century ago, and distributed, under the name of Septoria
Armoracia, when the distinctions between Septoria and Phyllosticta were
not recognised. The spots and their disposal upon the leaves appear to
be precisely the same as in Septoria.
The receptacles, or perithecia, are minute and immersed in the spots
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 85
The sporules are small, oblong, and colourless (6 x 8-4 /<), and are
produced in great quantity.
It is uncertain where else this species has been obtained, as we know
of no record beyond the specimens above named.
The external appearance of the affected leaves is the same in the
three species of Phyllosticta, Ascochyta, and Eamularia, as visible to the
naked eye.
Cooke, Fun. Ex. 32.
. HORSERADISH LEAF-SPOT.
Ascochyta Armoracice (Fckl.), PI. VII. fig. 104.
As already stated, the leaf-spots caused by this disease can scarcely
be distinguished from those caused by the Eamularia, except possibly in
the recognition of the minute dot-like receptacles which are seated upon
the spots.
The sporules, which are produced within the receptacles, are oblong,
obtuse at the ends, and divided transversely into two cells (18-20 x 3 /*),
which is the only apparent distinction between Ascochyta and Phyllo-
sticta.
This cannot be considered a dangerous or troublesome garden pest,
but if its banishment is desired, it would be well to try spraying with one
of the copper solutions.
The fungus is known in the Rhine Provinces, Holland, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 294 ; Fckl. Sym. Myc. 388.
HORSERADISH SPOT MOULD.
Eamularia Armor acm (Fckl.), PI. VII. fig. 105.
This little white mould is common enough on leaves of Horseradish ;
although it probably does no harm to the roots, still it makes the foliage
look shabby enough.
The spots are at first ochrey- white, then pallid, and somewhat circular,
until they run together into a larger blotch. The fertile threads arise
from the buried mycelium in small tufts, and are erect and unbranched.
The conidia, or sporules, grow singly at the tips of the threads, and are
rod-shaped, sometimes a little thickened at the middle, and obtuse at the
ends (20 x 4).
There is hardly any appearance of mould to the naked eye, or at most
only a little mealiness on the spots. Finally many of the decayed spots
drop out, leaving holes in the leaves.
There is so much external resemblance in the spots caused by this
species, Phyllosticta Brassicce, Ascochyta Armoracice, Septoria Armoracia,
and Sphcerella brassiccecola, that it is almost impossible to distinguish
them one from the other by the naked eye, and all are liable to be found
on Horseradish leaves.
If applications are considered desirable, then diluted Bordeaux Mixture
may be used.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 978 ; Sacc. Fun. Ital. 986 ; Grevillea, iii. 65.
86 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
BEAN BUST.
Uromyces Fabce (Pers.), PL. VII. fig. 106.
This extremely common parasite is found on the foliage, stems, and
leaves of the Garden Bean (Vicia Faba), as well as the Horse Bean or
Field Bean, covering them with a rust-coloured powder, which consists of
the scattered uredo and teleutospores.
The uredospores are first produced, and are the most profuse, bursting
through little rounded pustules which • elevate the cuticle. They are
globose or nearly globose in form, of a yellowish-brown colour, and a
roughened or shortly spiny surface (20-30 x 17-20 /^).
These are ultimately succeeded by the teleutospores, which are of a
darker colour, somewhat club-shaped, with the outer coat much thickened
at the apex, and terminated by a depressed pore. They are longer and
rather broader than the uredospores, and apparently smooth, with a
colourless deciduous pedicel (24-27 x 17-30 /*).
This species is known in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany,
Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Italy, Finland, Siberia, South
Africa, and North and South America.
It is difficult to suggest a remedy when none have proved really
successful. How often the bean haulms covered with rust and teleuto-
spores are left in heaps to rot, when it would be much more politic to
burn them instead of leaving them to disseminate the disease !
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1921 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 229 ; Cooke, M. P. 201 ; Cooke,
Hdbk. No. 1512 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 119.
FRENCH BEAN BUST.
Uromyces Phaseoli (Pers.), PL VII. fig. 107.
Uromyces appendicidatus, DC.
Changes of names in the Uredines have been so numerous of late years
that it would seem a relief to fall back on such an old name as Uromyces
appendiculatus again if not forbidden.
This rust is found on the leaves of most kinds of garden beans ; what-
ever name the cluster-cups may have had, we find the uredospores to be
plentiful enough in rounded pustules, of a pale cinnamon-brown. They
are either round or shortly ellipsoid (24-33 x 16-20 /<), with a rough
surface.
The teleutospores occur in darker, almost black, pustules to the eye,
which are soon ruptured, and the powdery spores set free. These teleuto-
spores are either subglobose or elliptical, with the spore- coat much
thickened about the apex, surmounted by an obtuse hyaline wart or
papilla. Externally the spores are smooth (26-35 x 20-26 /i).
It is recorded in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzer-
land, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, and North America.
Spraying with potassium sulphide solution should be commenced as
early as possible after the manifestation of the disease, to be of any
service. There is no hope with the uredines when firmly established,
and the mycelium permeates the host-plant.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 87
Sacc. Syll vii. 1926 ; Mass. PL Dis. 230 ; Cooke, M. F. 211 ; Cooke,
Hdbk. No. 1543 ; Ploivr. Brit. Ured. 122.
FRENCH BEAN ANTHBACNOSE.
Colletotrichum Lindemufkianum (Sacc. and Mag.), PL VII. fig. 108.
This disease appears on the legumes of French Beans and Peas, while
still living, and often before they are mature, giving them a very unsightly
appearance. The spots are roundish, becoming brown, with a reddish
margin. The pustules appear in the centre of the spots, raising the
cuticle, so that it seems inflated, and then splitting it.
The conidia are produced at the tips of threads collected in little
bundles, the threads being nearly three times as long as the conidia,
which latter are oblong, either straight or curved, rounded at the ends,
and granular within (15-19 x 4-5 /.<).
The disease is very prevalent in the United States, where it is reported
that " the young fruit is most subject to attack, and if the parasite gains
a footing, it is very disastrous, as growth is checked, even when the pods
are not conspicuously diseased." A favourable condition is dampness of
soil and atmosphere, which seems to be more necessary to the development
of this disease than in the majority of others. An airy dry situation for
the plants is recommended as the best means of preventing an attack.
The application of sulphur is said to check the disease somewhat.
Sacc. Syll iii. 3747 ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 208 ; Grevillea, x. p. 48 ; U.S. A.
Rep. Agri. 1887, p. 361, pi. vi. ; Tubeuf, Dis. 486, fig.
PEA POD SPOT.
Ascochyta Pisi (Lib.), PI. VII. fig. 109.
This spot occurs sometimes upon the leaves but most commonly on
the legumes of the Garden Pea, and was first called Depazea concava on
account of the concave little spots on the pods.
The spots are round and yellowish, with a definite brownish margin
in the centre of which nestle the small brown receptacles in which the
sporules are produced. When mature these latter issue in a short thick
reddish tendril from the mouth of the receptacle, and sometimes become
confluent. When dissolved by moisture the sporules separate and flow
over the matrix. They are oblong, divided in the centre into two cells,
usually with a small nucleus in each cell (14-16 x 4-6 /u).
This disease is recorded in Belgium, Germany, Portugal, and Italy.
No experiments have been recorded on the treatment of this disease,
but it has been recommended that Bordeaux mixture should be tried if the
affection should become troublesome.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2197 ; Berk. Ann. N. H. No. 194, t. xi, f. 3 ; Cooke,
Hdbk. No. 1355 ; Mass. PL Dis. 275, fig. 72 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 472.
Saccardo enumerates a species under the name of Ascochyta pisicola,
on pea pods ; but surely it can only be the above species, as no specimen
can be found in the Kew Herbarium with the other name.
88 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
GARDEN PEA RUST.
Uromyces Pisi (Pers.), PI. VII. fig. 110.
The Pea rust is not so common as the "Pea mildew ",on garden Peas,
but it is developed in the tissues, and at length makes its appearance
externally by bursting in little pustules through the cuticle of the leaves.
The earlier pustules are brown, of a paler colour than the later ones,
powdery, and of a rust colour. These uredospores are rather globose, or
a little elongated, with a roughened or minutely spiny surface (17 x 24).
The teleutospores are produced in similar pustules, but are darker,
and of a brownish-black in the mass. They are broadly elliptical, with a
suggestion of pear-shape, being narrowed downwards into a long and
colourless pedicel (20-32 x 17-21 p) ; the apex of the spore has the
coat, or tegument, a little thickened, and the whole surface is delicately
punctate when fresh, but apparently quite smooth when old or dried.
The uredospores are much more common on the garden Pea than the
teleutospores, which latter are comparatively rare.
Those who believe in heteroecisrn affirm that the cluster-cups of this
rust are produced upon the leaves oi' the Wood Spurge (Euphorbia
Cyparissias).
This rust occurs in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Bohemia,
Switzerland, Finland, Italy, Sicily, and Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1941 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 212 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 834 ; Plowr.
Brit. Ured. 133.
PEA MILDEW.
Erysiphe Martii (Lev.), PI. VII. fig. 111.
Everyone with a garden knows the "Pea mildew" too well, the
whitened leaves, covered on both sides, as if with hoar frost or a thin
coating of whitewash, showing the sickening yellowish leaves beneath.
"This mildew is very common, es^cially towards the close of the season,
destroying the last crop. Seen by the naked eye the white coating is
soon sprinkled with minute black dots which are the receptacles of the
final stage.
The white coating consists of a rather dense mycelium of interwoven
threads so compact as to choke up the stomates of the leaves. Here and
there, scattered over the mycelium and projecting from it, are little
suckers, or haustoria, which enable the mycelium to retain its hold. At
first the threads of the mycelium, which arise as fertile branches, only
produce conidia, in chains, of the kind known as Oidium. Afterwards the
black dots appear, which are at first orange, then brown, and finally
black, seated upon and scattered over the mycelium. These are the
receptacles, which, when magnified, are seen to be globose bodies, held
down by little root-like filaments at the base, while a circle of flexuous
threads are disposed about the lower circumference. These receptacles
contain the mature fruits of the parasite, which are small colourless,
nearly elliptical sporidia, enclosed in transparent sacs or asci, of a some-
what pear- shape. Each receptacle holds from 4 to 8 of these asci, each
of which encloses from 4 to 8 sporidia. When quite ripe thd receptacles
are split open and the sporidia escape, and perpetuate the species.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 89
The Hop mildew and the Kose mildew belong to the same family of
parasites.
These fungi are, in the first instance at least, true epiphytes, making
their appearance on the surface of the leaves before there is any infection
or disease of the host-plant, and, as such, are more amenable to
treatment.
Dry weather in the case of these fungi is usually considered as pro-
pitious to their development ; hence it follows that wet checks develop-
ment, and syringing or watering the leaves in dry seasons is the best
moderator of its evil influence.
Sulphur is doubtless of considerable service, as it has been in the Hop
mildew.
Sacc. Syll. i. No. 73 ; Smith, Fi$ld Crops, p. 266 ; Cooke, M. F. 220,
figs. 237-9.
PARSLEY LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Petroselini (Desm.), PI. VII. fig. 112.
The leaves of the Parsley and sometimes of the Celery are liable to
become spotted with this disease. It shows itself scattered over the
surface in little spots, which are at first brownish and then bleached, so as
to become almost white in the centre. Scattered over these spots are the
little dot-like receptacles, or perithecia, which contain the sporules, the
spots being already permeated by the mycelium, which produces the dis-
coloured spots.
The sporules are long and narrow, thread-like, with a row of small
nuclei, and these escape when mature, like a small tendril from a pore at
the apex of the receptacle (35-40 x 1-2 p).
When the leaves are moistened and the dew is upon them, the little
tendrils ooze out and soon dissolve, so that the sporules may be dis-
seminated over the leaf.
A shower of rain, or watering artificially, may transfer these sporules
to other and healthy leaves.
This species is recorded as known in France, Belgium, Italy, Germany,
and S. America.
Sacc. iii. 2876 ; Mass. PL Dis. 270.
CELERY BRAND.
Puccinia Apii (Corda), PL VII. fig. 113.
Sometimes the Celery rust finds its way into gardens, where it soon
creates mischief, disfiguring the leaves and stunting the plant. It has
been proved that it is capable of being introduced through the medium of
seed obtained from diseased plants.
The appearance of this pest on the foliage is first detected by swollen
paler spots, and soon afterwards the cuticle is broken irregularly over
each of these spots or pustules, and the brown powdery spores escape
from the fissures like snuff and become sprinkled over the leaves.
It is customary, in these latter days, to regard the above as one of the
forms of Puccinia bullata, but we prefer to retain the above name as a
distinction for a definite disease.
90 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The uredospores are paler than the teleutospores, irregularly rounded,
and rough (23-38 x 20-26 //).
The teleutospores are comparatively large, elliptical in outline but
constricted in the middle, where they are divided into two cells. The
lower cell is a little narrowed into the pedicel, which soon falls
away. Externally the surface is smooth and of a dark brown colour
(30-56 x 17-28 p).
The best plan is to eradicate all the plants as soon as the disease
makes its appearance, to prevent the germination of the teleutospores
and the dispersion of the rust.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2211 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1493 ; Mass. Dis. PL 250 ;
Plowr. Brit. Ured. 156 ; Gard. Chron. May 13, 1905, p. 293.
PARSNIP EOT MOULD.
Plasmopara nivea (Ung.), PL IX. fig. 114.
This rot mould is similar in character and life-history to the other
rot moulds of which we have given an outline (Introduction, p. 2). It
first affects the leaves, and then the mycelium descends and forms resting
spores in the stems and roots.
The white mouldy patches appear first on the under surface of the
leaves chiefly, forming an internal mycelium from which the bundles of
branched threads arise and appear on the surface. These threads are
erect, rather shorter than in many species (250 ^ long), tapering upwards
and mostly once or twice forked in the upper portion, rarely three-forked,
with from one to four horizontal branches near the apex, forked at the
extremity, with the forked spicules spreading, each point bearing a single
conidium or spore. These are nearly globose or ov,oid, with a very obtuse
projection or teat at the apex (20-25 x 15-17 yu), granular within and
with a slightly tawny tinge. It has also recently attacked Parsley
severely, see Gard. Chron. Nov. 5, 1904, p. 313.
This mould has appeared in France, Belgium, Holland, Germany,
Sweden, Lapland, Tyrol, Italy, and N. America.
Sacc. vii. 807 ; Smith, Field Crops, 239 ; Mass. B. F. 113, figs. 66-70;
Cooke M. F. ; Gard. Chron. Dec. 5, 1884, figs. 124, 125 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 1775.
CELERY SPOT MOULD.
Cercospora Apii (Fres.).
This black mould is known throughout Europe and North America
on leaves of Celery and Parsnip causing leaf -spots which are at first
yellowish, then enlarging and turning brown. In this country it has not
yet been developed into a pest.
Spots almost circular (4-6 mm. diam.) with the narrow margin
slightly elevated. The mould developed on the under surface in small
brown tufts. The hyphse, or threads, are either continuous or sometimes
with one or two divisions (40-60 x 4-5 ju). The conidia are thin, obclavate,
or attenuated upwards, with from three to ten transverse divisions
(50-80 x 4 p) almost colourless.
The variety on Parsnip is knpwn in the United States and Siberia.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 91
That on Celery occurs also in Germany, Austria, Italy, and the United
States.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2125 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 514 ; Sacc. Fl. Ital t. 667.
LETTUCE ROT MOULD.
Bremia Lactuca (Regel.), PL IX. fig. 115.
The mould which causes this disease appears to have been known
since 1843, but it was in 1846 that Berkeley first drew attention to the
pest, and considered the mould to be the cause of the rot. Afterwards it
came to be known under the name of Peronospora gangliformis which
has since been abandoned in favour of the above name.
There is an abundant mycelium present in the leaves before the mould
appears on the surface. This is thick and coarse, being furnished with a
number of club-shaped suckers or haustoria. From the mycelium arise
the erect fertile threads through the natural orifices of the leaves. These
are flattened, and from two to six times forked, without cross partitions. The
tips of the final branchlets are swollen in a peculiar manner, supposed to
resemble "ganglia." These swellings are somewhat of a saucer-shape,
with a single spicule in the centre and three or four more growing around
the edge. Each spicule bears a nearly globose spore, with a very minute
teat or papilla at the apex (16-22 x 16-20 /<)•
The resting spores are produced in clusters, and are plentiful in old
and decayed stems. They are nearly globose, not quite even, arid of a
tawny colour, exceeding in size the largest dimensions of the conidia
(28-34 p).
Found chiefly throughout Europe and in the United States.
For Lettuce rotting in greenhouses see Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1901,
p. 558.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 243 ; Cooke, M. F. t. 14, f. 265 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 131 ;
Smith, Field Crops, 289 ; Mass. PL Dis. 74 ; Mass. B. F. 115, figs. 64,
65 ; Cooke, Hdbk. 1777.
Lettuce leaf-spots are known abroad, and anthracnose in the United
States.
POTATO SPINDLE MOULD.
Fusarium Solani (Mart.), PI. VIII. fig. 116.
Because this parasite was so commonly found upon Potatos in decay
it was for a long time supposed that it was only a companion of the
Potato murrain, or a consequence of decay. Latterly it has been closely
watched, with the conclusion that it is really a destructive fungus on its
own account, and will attack stored Potatos, whether bruised or not.
It grows either in company with the rot mould or also independently
upon tubers which exhibit no trace of decay. The mycelium is similar
in both, but the resulting moulds are different. The fruiting threads of
the Fusarium or "spindle mould" are shorter, and for the most part
unbranched, bearing at their tips the fusiform or spindle-shaped spores
or conidia, which are a little curved, and set rather obliquely upon
the threads (40-60 x 7-8 /*). Each sporule is divided by transverse
92 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
partitions into four cells, which remain for a long time attached to each
other, but ultimately separate and each segment becomes practically a
separate germ cell. Sometimes each of the four cells will commence
germination while still attached to each other, but will ultimately fall
away, and each cell, now almost quadrangular, will when free assume
gradually a spherical shape. They do not always germinate at once, but
seem to be capable of an interval of rest of from two to three months.
Germination proceeds rapidly, and may be completed in six hours. The
mycelium has a putrefactive action, breaking up the cells of the host and
hastening decay.
Known in Belgium, Italy, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 3386; Smith, Field Crops, p. 32, figs. 10, 11 ; Mass
Dis. PI. 333, 442 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1870 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxix. 1904
p. 141, figs. 27, 28 ; xxix. 1905, p. 873.
POTATO SCAB.
Sorosporium Scabies (Fisch.).
Nearly fifty years since Berkeley called the attention of the Horti-
cultural Society to one of the causes of scab in Potatos, under the name
of Tubercinia Scabies. But it was probably known to Martius three years
previously.
There are some even now who think that Berkeley made a mistake.
He attributed the fungus to be closely allied to the smuts, and described
it as consisting of globose bodies, composed of minute cells, in such a
manner as to form a hollow globe, with one or more lateral openings.
" The fungus grows beneath the cortex of the tuber, where it forms a
thin dark greenish-brown stratum, often extending over the greater part
of the external surface of the tuber."
It is said that no trace of the fungus is often to be seen at the time of
harvesting, but frequently shows itself during winter in stored Potatos
which on digging appeared to be quite sound. In bad cases discoloured
spots first appear, and these increase in size and become confluent until
at length the entire skin is discoloured. Then the cuticle bursts and the
spores are set free.
We have ourselves met with such scabbed Potatos in greengrocers'
shops, and obtained from them the hollow bodies described by Berkeley,
the existence of which has been called in question.
Berk. Journ. E.H.S. 1846, p. 33, figs. 30, 31 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. ; Smith,
Field Crops, 35 ; Mass. PL Dis. 225 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1536 ; Plowr.
Brit. Ured. 294 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxix. 1904, p. 145.
American Potato scab caused by Oospora Scabies is quite a distinct
thing.— Mass. PI. Dis. p. 299.
POTATO TUMOUE.
(Edomyces leproides (Trabut.).
This disease made its appearance in this country in 1901, when a
whole crop of Potatos was destroyed by its ravages, and it has since
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 93
appeared in other districts. At first it was called on the Continent by
the name of Chrysophlyctis endobiotica (Schilbersky), and was supposed
to be an entirely new type of disease, but afterwards when specimens were
brought to the notice of Dr. Magnus, he determined that it was the same
fungus as that which caused tumour on Beetroot, and hence should retain
the name of (Edomi/ces leproides. The Potatos when attacked are soon
either wholly or partially swollen on the surface in a tuberculose manner,
turning blackish, and presenting in cells beneath the cuticle a mass of
large oval conidia, of a brown colour, with a short hyaline pedicel, which
is swollen about the centre. Altogether the disease presents the same
features as when it occurs on Beetroot, and is, of course, liable to be
transferred from one to the other.
Hitherto no remedy has been discovered, and wherever it appears it
would be advisable not to plant another crop of Potatos on the same soil
until after the cultivation of some intermediate crop of a different
character, and the soil has been disinfected from any trace of the fungus.
For further notes see " Beetroot Tumour."
Journ. R.H.S. xxvii. p. 1180 ; xxviii. 1904, p. 695 ; xxix. 1904, p. 143,
fig. 29 ; Gard. Chron. Oct. 28, 1905, p. 308, figs. 120, 121 ; Nov. 11, 1905,
p. 846.
POTATO DISEASE.
Phytophthom infestans (De Bary), PI. IX. fig. 118.
So many volumes have been written in connection with the Potato
disease that little remains for us to say. Unfortunately, its ravages are
too well known to need description, and a patent universal remedy we
have not yet found.
The mycelium of this rot mould is more slender than usual, and the
fertile threads are also comparatively slender, being attenuated upwards.
These threads are also sparingly branched in the upper portion, with a
few slender tapering branches, which are either simple or sometimes
divided. On the branches are scattered swollen processes, which corre-
spond to the points of origin of the conidia. The latter are elliptical and
colourless, with a prominent papilla or teat-like projection at the apex
(25-30 -f 15-20 p).
The life-history of the rot moulds is given in the Intrcduction.
The question of resting spores in this species must still be open to
individual opinion upon the strength of the evidence afforded, to which
we give references.
To a certain extent spraying with Bordeaux Mixture has been of
service. A damp situation is favourable to the disease, and so is a wet
season.
Sacc. Sytt. vii. 802 ; Cooke, M. F. f. 264 ; CooJce, Hdbk. No. 1774 ,
Mass. PL Dis. 62, fig. 7; Mass. B. F. p. Ill, figs. 121-126 ; Grevillea,
v. p. 18, pi. 70-73 ; Ward, Dis. p. 59 ; Gard. Chron. July 1875 ; Smith,
Field Crops, 275; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 119; Journ. .R.H.S. xxviii. 1904,
p. 600 ; xxix. 1904, p. 139.
94 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
POTATO SCLEKOTE.
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum (Mass.), PL VII. fig. 119.
Curious hard fungoid bodies, having the nature and functions of a
resting mycelium, are sometimes found within the tissues of various
plants. These are called " Sclerotia," one form of which is known as
" Ergot." They vary much in size and appearance, but are commonly
oval or oblong with a dark outer coat, and an interior of compact cells.
Potato haulms, all the parts above ground, have been known to
produce sclerotia in such numbers as to become a veritable pest. The
whole plant becomes covered with a thick felt of white mycelium, within
and without. The growth is very rapid, and ultimately numbers of small
sclerotia are produced amid the felt, from the size of a pin's head to that
of a bean. It was in 1883 that the ultimate development and destiny of
these sclerotia were discovered.
When the sclerotia are placed in a favourable situation after a period
of rest, they commence to germinate. In this case it was a small fungus
called a Peziza which was produced. There was a cuplike or saucer-
like head, from a quarter to half an inch in diameter, proceeding from a
long slender flexuous stem, about two inches long, arising out of the
sclerotium. The inside of the cup is the fertile portion, and here long
cylindrical cells are closely packed side by side, each one enclosing eight
spores or sporidia, which are ejected when mature. The cup or Peziza was
called at first Peziza postuma, but has since acquired the name of
Sclerotinia.
Fungicides are not likely to be of service, unless the disease is taken
in a very early stage, but the precaution should be taken of burning up the
diseased haulms to prevent the development of Peziza and spread of the
germs.
Gard. Chron. Sept. 15, 1883; Mass. PL Dis. 150, fig. 32; Tubeuf,
Dis. 263 ; Smith, Field Crops, 25, fig. 3 &c.
POTATO EHIZOCTONIA.
A serious Potato disease is announced in North America, caused by
Ehizoctonia Solani (Kuhn). It was first observed in Long Island in
1900, and afterwards in Colorado, and is increasing in extent, so that
growers in Europe must be upon their guard.
It is reported that large vines gave promise of an abundant yield,
but when digging time comes it is found that so few tubers have set
that it does not pay to dig them. Many vines do not produce a single
tuber. It is by no means an uncommon occurrence for the vines to set
an abnormal number of small Potatos, or "little Potatos " as they are
called. These often occur in compact clusters, and are so small as to be
worthless. Another condition is the dying of Potato plants, all of
which conditions may be produced by attacks of Ehizoctonia.
The hyphae of the fungus are often found on the surface and in the
scab ulcers of Potatos. These hyphag give rise to irregularly shaped
dark masses known as sclerotia, which vary in size from that of a mere
speck to half an inch or more in diameter. These sclerotia resemble
PL VIII.
PESTS— GARDEN VEGETABLES.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 95
small bits of earth, but by placing the Potatos in water these bodies
become black and quite conspicuous. Many of them adhere very firmly.
The hyphsB spread through the soil in various directions ; hence a single
diseased Potato may be the means of infecting an area of considerable
size.
Plants which are attacked when young, if not killed outright, are
often dwarfed and frequently die long before the close of the season.
The parts below ground are thoroughly infected with the Rhizoctonia.
In some cases the disease attacks the plant just below the surface of the
ground, and under favourable conditions a stem rot called " Collar Rot"
or "Black Ring " is produced. When the attacks on the stem are not so
severe as to cause death the injuries may prevent the assimilated food
from being stored in the subterranean portion of the plant, large tops are
produced, and green tubers often form in the axils of the leaves (see
also Journ. E.H.S. xxvii. p. 1182 ; xxviii. 1904, p. 695 ; xxix. 1905, p. 876).
POTATO BACTERIOSIS.
This has been described as occurring in Germany under the name of
Bacillus phytophthorus, App.
Deut. Botan. Gesel 1902, p. 128; Journ. E.H.S. xxvii., p. 1181;
xxix. 1904, p. 145.
We do not apprehend any danger to Potatos from the fungus described
under the name of Phy corny ces splendens, for surely it can only be a
veritable saprophyte (see Gard. Chron. June 26, 1886, p. 824).
POTATO SPOT MOULD.
There has been some consternation in Europe upon the appear-
ance of a black mould (Cercospora concors) on living Potato leaves, but
it has not been heard of in Britain.
POTATO MACROSPORIUM, OK LEAF CURL.
Two species of Macrosporium have been described as affecting the
leaves of plants of the Potato family, but one of these is decidedly a
saprophyte and only occurs on dead leaves. The other (Macrosporium
Cookei) attacks the living leaves of Potato in this country, and of
Lycopersicum esculentum (Solanum Lycopersicwri), in America, and has
large conidia (60-70 + 10 /<) with from four to six transverse septa.
The latter is not yet recorded as occurring in Europe. (Gard. Chron.
Sept. 23, 1905, p. 230.)
TOMATO LEAF MOULD.
Cladosporiwn fulvum (Cooke), PL VIII. fig. 120.
This mould first made its appearance on leaves of the Tomato in the
United States, and was described in 1883 from specimens received from
South Carolina, since which time it has not only spread in America, but
made its appearance in England, where it was first recorded in 1887.
Brown felted spots of irregular size appear on the under surface of
96 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
the leaves, as the first indication of this disease. The spots gradually
spread, and the corresponding upper surface acquires a yellow colour.
It sometimes extends also to the fruit. On the leaves the spots soon
darken, and the leaves shrivel and dry.
The mycelium consists of delicate colourless septate threads, which
penetrate the tissue in all directions, and sometimes overrun the entire
surface. From this mycelium arise erect fertile threads, which form
dense tufts, simple or shortly branched, pointed and flexuous, with the
joints swollen, and of a tawny colour. The conidia are produced at
the tips of the threads, mostly elliptical, with one division in the centre,
and pale brown (10-18 x 4-7 /u). Conidia may also be produced from
the nodules or short branches and are sometimes met with in short
chains of two to four attached end to end. They germinate readily in
water by sending out germ tubes, which become interlaced in a mycelium.
Spores placed on wounded fruit will produce rot.
Two or three large cultivators have assured us that they have no
difficulty with this mould so long as they control temperature and
ventilation. Solution of sulphuret of potassium has been recommended
for spraying.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 1731 ; Mass. PL Dis. 311, 435, fig. 83 ; Gard. Chron.
Oct. 29, 1887 ; U.S.A. Rep. 1888, p. 347, pi. iv. ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvi.
1902, p. 733, fig. 307 ; xxviii. pp. 142, 802.
TOMATO BLACK ROT.
Macrosporium Tomato (Cooke), PI. VIII. fig. 121.
This rot was also first observed in the United States before it
became known in this country. It makes its appearance at the apex, or
flower end of the fruit, when the latter is from half to two thirds grown.
At first a small blackish spot is seen, either around the remains of the
style, or on one side of it. This rapidly increases in size, but retains a
more or less circular outline. As the disease progresses the tissues
collapse quite regularly on all sides, and the berry becomes much
flattened. There is usually a slightly raised narrow border surrounding
the diseased partsx while just outside this the cuticle retains its normal
healthy colour, but appears slightly wrinkled owing to the collapsed con-
dition of the tissues beneath. Sections show that the black discolorations
extend deeply into the tissues.
The principal cause of this disease is the black mould Macrosporium,
the mycelium of which consists of rather large septate, thick-walled, and
contorted threads, at first colourless, but eventually tinged with brown,
permeating all the diseased and decaying parts, and easily traced into
the sound tissue. Arising from the mycelium are the olive-brown fertile
threads, of variable length, which bear the large compound spores or
conidia. The latter are obclavate, attenuated above, and shortly stalked
below, divided transversely and longitudinally into as many as fifteen
almost cubical cells, after the manner of bricks in a wall, at first olive-
brown, becoming almost black (100-120 x 20-22 /*).
All diseased fruit and the old stalks and leaves should be burnt.
Suggestions have been made for spraying with sulphuret of potassium.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 97
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2552 ; Grevillea, xii. 32 ; U.S.A. Eep. Agri. 1888,
p. 339, pi. iii., iv. ; Mass. PL Dis. 324, fig. 89.
TOMATO LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Lycopersici (Speg.).
This leaf-spot is known in the United States and in New South Wales,
and recently has occurred in France. It was first discovered in Argentina,
but has since become widely diffused. Sporuless 70-1 10 /u long, septate.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2904 ; Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 13, 1902 ; Butt. Soc. Myc.
de Fr. xxi. fasc. 3, p. 171, fig. 2.
TOMATO BACTEKIOSIS.
A bacterial disease of Tomatos has been destructive on the Continent,
and since appeared in England. The fruit blackens and is at length
wholly destroyed.
Another similar disease, if not the same one, has made its appearance
in the United States, where it attacks the Tomato, Egg Plant, Potato,
and species of Petunia. The disease causes the foliage to wilt, and,
later on, the stem and branches become discoloured and die. In Potatos
the disease passes down to the tubers, causing a brown or black rot.
Possibly this may be the same as Bacillus phytophthorus.
Mass. PL Dis. 338, 342.
SLEEPING DISEASE OF TOMATOS.
Fusarium Lycopersici (Sacc.).
This disease has been prevalent in Guernsey, and in other places in
Britain. The leaves become dull and droop, and the stem collapses.
The root is attacked first, gradually extending to the lower part of the
stem. Shortly after the sleeping stage, the portion of the stem above
ground is covered with a delicate white mould, of erect branched threads,
which produce small two-celled conidia (Biplocladium). Afterwards,
from the same mycelium, the spindle-shaped spores (Fusarium) are
produced in immense numbers. Spraying appears to do no good.
Gard. Chron. June 8, 1895 ; Journ. E.H.S. xix. 1895, p. 20, figs.
1, 2, 3 ; xxviii. p. 301 ; Mass. PL Dis. 328.
OTHEB TOMATO FUNGI.
After the attacks of Macrosporium, and sometimes meanwhile, the
spindle mould (Fusarium Solani) will attack Tomatos as freely as
Potatos, and complete the round of destruction.
The Potato rot mould (Phytophthora infestans) will sometimes attack
the Tomato, but must be well guarded against, as it would be a fatal foe
if once it came to be established.
Cultivators have been terrified by a long list of supposed Tomato
diseases which has been thrust forward without any justification, except
to alarm them. The majority of these are saprophytes, and only flourish
at the expense of otherwise decaying vegetable matter. Such, for instance,
are Sporocybe Lycopersici and Dactylium Lycopersici, which has a strong
family likeness to Tricothecium roseum, and probably Phoma destructive
98 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
and Sphceronema Lycopersici. The latter has been renamed Glczosporium
phlomoides. Doubtless they will all prove harmless enough for any other
purpose than to allow the writer a remote chance of becoming immortal
by means of strings of useless names. No fungicides will be required.
MINT BUST.
Puccinia Mentha (Pers.), PI. VIII. fig. 122.
All kinds of Mints are liable to infection from the common Mint
rust which is plentiful on wild Mints : in gardens mostly when in damp
situations.
There is very little indication on the upper surface of the leaves, but
the under surface is either sprinkled or closely beset with the roundish
pustules, both of the uredospores and teleutospores, usually in company,
the latter darker than the former, but both of them equally powdery.
The cluster-cups are rare.
The uredospores are one-celled, roundish, and of a cinnamon-brown,
the surface studded with minute spines (17-28 x 14-19 /*).
The teleutospores are nearly black in the mass, oval, divided across
the middle into two cells, with a slight constriction at the suture. The
apex of the upper cell is furnished with a small papillary tubercle ; the
lower cell is attached to a deciduous stem. The whole surface of the
spore is covered with small warts (26-35 x 19-23 /*).
Possibly should a patch of Mint become diseased, it would be well to
try cutting it down to the ground and burn it, since it may prove that
the- disease has not extended to the roots, and the new growths may be
free, especially if cut down before the teleutospores have matured and
fallen to the ground.
Common nearly throughout Europe, and in South Africa and North
America.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2180 ; Mass. PL Dis. 240 ; Cookc, M. F. p. 204,
figs. 69, 70 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1474 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 157.
BHUBAEB CLUSTER-CUPS.
Mci&ium rubellum (DC.).
Ehubarb leaves in gardens are sometimes disfigured by the large
patches of this parasite, although by no means commonly so. The same
fungus is common on the leaves of various species of Dock, from which
it may extend to Rhubarb.
It is very handsome, as far as appearance goes, and forms large crim-
son spots, nearly an inch in circumference, while in the centre of these
spots the cluster-cups are crowded and densely packed together. The
white edges of the cup are torn like a fringe, and the secidiospores, which
occupy the centre of the cup, are produced in chains in the interior, and
are nearly globose and rough.
No further development has been seen upon the Rhubarb leaves,
since it is affirmed that both the Uredo and Puccinia are developed upon
another and quite a different species of plant, which in reality is one of
the Grasses. But our disease now concerns only the Rhubarb leaves.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 99
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2204 ; Cooke, M. F. 194 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1632.
Diseases of Beetroot will be better treated in connection with Field
Crops.
SPINACH BLACK MOULD.
Heterosporium var labile (Cooke), PI. VIII. fig. 124.
The fading leaves of Spinach are liable to be invaded by a species of
black mould, similar to that which affects Carnations, which is by no
means so harmless as black moulds often are. The threads of the
mycelium take possession of the tissues, and the fertile threads finally
burst through the cuticle of the leaves.
Definite rounded or irregular spots of a paler yellowish colour first
appear upon the still green leaves, caused by the mycelium of the fungus.
Then the surface of the spots becomes dotted with blackish points indi-
cating the threads of the fungus bursting through the cuticle. These
threads are flexuous, slender, knotted at the points and growing in small
tufts. Conidia are produced at the tips of the threads, simple at first,
then with one, two, or three divisions or septa (20 50 x 7-10 /*). The
surface of the conidia is minutely rough with small spines. Threads and
spores are of a pale olive colour.
When fully matured the conidia germinate freely at each joint, pro-
ducing a slender thread.
Spraying with Bordeaux Mixture should be resorted to in order to
prevent dissemination of fertile conidia.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2310 ; Grevillea, v. 123.
SPINACH ROT MOULD.
Peronospom effusa (Rabh.), PL IX. fig. 125.
The mould which attacks Spinach is of the same kind as that which
attacks Potatos, parsnips, and other vegetables. The pest appears upon
the living leaves in greyish, rather dense velvety patches, sometimes an
inch in diameter, and sometimes spreading widely over the leaf. The
mycelium is present in the leaf before the mould makes its appearance
on the surface. The threads are produced in abundance, issuing through
the stomates. The stem is undivided below, but in the upper portion it
is divided in a forked manner, from two to six or seven times, the final
branchlets being somewhat awl-shaped and arched. The ellipsoid
conidia occur singly at the tips of the branchlets (22-30 x 16-23 n) with
a dirty- white or slightly violet membrane. When mature they fall off
readily.
Resting spores are produced upon the mycelium within the tissues of
the plant, and are variable in size, of a bright brown colour, which is
irregularly furrowed and ribbed (25-38 p. diam.).
Known in France, Belgium, Germany, Scandinavia, Finland, Austria,
Italy, and the United States.
Sacc. Syll vii. 854; Gard. Chron. Ap. 11, 1885, fig. 87; Cooke, M. F.
f. 214 ; 215, Mass. PL Dis. 79 ; Mass. B. F. 124 ; Berlese, Icon, xlvii. ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1781.
H2
100 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
GOURD ANTHRACNOSE.
Glososporiwn orbiculare (B.), PL VIII. fig. 126, conidia.
This disease appears in orbicular spots on ripe gourds, melons, &c.
The pustules are often run together and confluent, with a common pore
or orifice. The conidia are small and oblong, tinged with pink (about
14 x 3| /x), and are expelled in thin tendrils. The genus to which this
spacies belongs is almost universally destructive, and affects various plants.
The disease which is caused by them is known throughout the United
States by the name of Anthracnose.
As to the specific differences between the two species recorded as
Glaosporium orbiculare and Glceosporium Iceticolor it is not of much
practical importance, and some at least of American mycologists believe
them to belong to the same species.
Recorded in Portugal as well as in Britain.
Every effort should be made to prevent the dispersion of the conidia of
all species of Gl&osporium, by spraying, and destruction of the affected
parts.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3759 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1407 ; Berk. Ann. N. H.
No. 106, t. vii. f. 6.
CUCUMBER ANTHRACNOSE.
GloRosporiim lagenarium (Pers.), PL VIII. fig. 127.
To this fungus is attributed the fungus disease which attacked
Cucumber plants in 1892 and 1893, but was previously known upon Gourds
on the Continent. In this instance the leaves, some portions of the vines,
and especially the ends of the young fruits, rotted and became pulpy. No
distinct pustules could be detected, but the rotting parts contained
fungus mycelium, and a great number of the sporules of the Glmosporium.
The pustules are disposed to occur in rings, and are rather small upon
the fruits, and somewhat roseate ; the conidia are ovate-oblong, often
unequal-sided (16-18 x 5-6 /x), colourless, and without division, growing
on pedicels nearly as long as the conidia, oozing out when mature.
The habit is certainly different from that of Gl&osporium orbiculare, and
attacks also the stems and foliage.
Among the tissue of the surface of the fruits were found the fusi-
form curved conidia of another pest, Fusarium reticulatum, which are
triseptate (40 /w. long), and are constantly found in company with this
Glwosporium upon gourds.
It is reported in France and Italy as a noxious pest.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3757.
Another species, if really distinct, has been found on Gourds in
Australia.
CUCUMBER WHITE MOULD.
Oidium erysiphoides (Link), PL IX. fig. 128.
This troublesome white mould is very apt to make its appearance on
Cucumber or Melon plants in frames, or on Gourds in the open. It
spreads in white blotches over the foliage and often covers the plant.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS ' '
There is a profuse mycelium, and sometimes nothing more, from
which arise short erect fertile branches, of a rather thick club-like shape,
which are soon divided by transverse partitions into cells ; each of these cells
becomes a conidium and acquires a roundish or elliptical shape, and then
falls away from its fellows. When quite mature they are capable of
germination (30-40 X 15-20 /*).
The healthy action of the leaves is obstructed, and they soon acquire a
sickly appearance, and the stems are apt to rot off at the base.
The only application which has proved effectual is that of " flowers
of sulphur," as in this case the fungus is an epiphyte, and is open to
similar treatment to that for the Vine mildew.
Said to be common throughout the world.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 189.
CUCUMBER AND MELON EOT MOULD.
Plasmopara cubensis (B. & C.).
This rot mould was first discovered in Cuba, whence it afterwards
spread, until it was found on leaves of Cucurbita and Cucumis in Japan.
More recently it became known in the United States, and afterwards
in England.
It forms a delicate white mould on the under surface of the leaves.
The erect branches are forked on the upper portion, with the ultimate
branches straight, and not hooked as in some species. The conidia are
oblong- obtuse at the ends (25 /x. long).
It has been recommended to spray the under surface of the leaves
with dilute Bordeaux Mixture, taking care that the under surface is
reached and wetted.
Berk, and Curt. Cuban Fungi, No. 646 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 872 ; Mass.
PI. Dis. 80 ; Journ. fi.E.S. xxviii. 1904, pp. 639, 673.
MELON LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Cucurbitacearum (Sacc.).
This leaf -spot has now been found in Italy, France, Austria, Portugal,
and South America. The sporules are 60-70 x 1 p.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2860 ; Butt. Soc. Myc. de. Fr. xxi. fasc. 3, p. 163, fig. 1.
MELON SPOT MOULD.
Cercospora Melonis (Cooke), PL VIII. fig. 129.
This disease made its first appearance on the leaves of Melons in
1896, and since that time it has been even more troublesome with
Cucumbers, and may now be looked upon as a constant danger.
The leaves are spotted sometimes with rather small orbicular spots
with a definite margin, and of the usual bleached dirty-white colour.
At other times the spots are larger, one inch in diameter, and of a smoky-
grey colour. The mould appears on these spots, but hardly distinguish-
able to the naked eye — save to slightly darken the centre of the spots.
The erect threads are few and slender (200 /A long) and of a decided
olive colour. The conidia are robust for the genus. to which they belong,
102 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
either cylindrical, or slightly attenuated upwards, and divided by seven
or more transverse septa (80-120 x 7 /x) and a little curved, but scarcely
at all coloured.
Spraying with dilute Bordeaux Mixture will probably assist, but
infected leaves should be picked off and burnt.
Gard. Chron. Sept. 5, 1896, p. 271 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxviii. p. 142.
A Musk Melon disease is attributed to a black mould (Alternaria) in
N. America ; see Journ. B.H.S. 1901, xxvi. p. 563.
Gard. Chron. July 27, 1905, p. 96, recommends vapourising with
sulphur.
We know nothing whatever of the smut on Cucumber roots described
under the name of Ustilago Cucumis in Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed. xv. 1887,
p. 403.
CUCUMBER SCAB.
Cladosporiwn Scabies (Cooke).
The disease forms dark depressed spots on the surface of the fruits,
in the first instance, which gradually enlarge and expand until they
become quite black and convex-like nodules, and crack either around or
across, exposing the pale under stratum. At first they are about a
quarter or half an inch across, and finally extend to an inch or two inches,
or become confluent. The surface is from the first mealy with the
conidia, which are afterwards profuse, mixed with slender hyphae, so as
to impart a grey velvety appearance. The earliest conidia are more
nearly globose than afterwards, from 10x8tol2x8yu becoming at
length as much as 25 x 8 /^/, and then usually uniseptate, but with
scarcely any colour. Occasionally two or three conidia are concatenate.
The hyphae are long and slender, half or two-thirds the diameter of the
conidia, septate, simple, not constricted or nodulose, of a pale smoky
colour, and very sparse in comparison to the conidia. The flesh of the
fruit beneath the spots turns to a golden or tawny-brown. The black
elevated spots resemble large scales, and hence the parasite has been
called Cladosporium Scabies (Cooke). It is allied to the Cladosporium
which attacks the leaves of the Tomato. All diseased fruits should be
removed at once and destroyed. The remainder should be sprayed to
preserve them from attack. Condy's fluid (dilute) should be tried, as
less likely to injure the fruits than copper solutions.
Journ. E.H.S. xxviii. 1904, pp. clxix., clxxi.
CUCUMBER SCLEROTE.
Sclerotinia Libertiana, see PI. VII. fig. 119.
Recently the stems of Cucumber plants have been submitted to us
which called to mind very strongly a similar disease of Potato haulms.
The stems contained a quantity of hard black sclerotia enclosed in a
fluffy white mycelium, which caused the vines to bleed and rot. These
hard substances were at first whitish, then turned brownish, and ulti-
PL, IX.
PESTS-GARDEN VEGETABLES.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 103
mately black. In all other particulars it closely resembles the Potato
Sclerotium, except perhaps as to the consequences of a period of rest.
We did not attempt to cultivate the sclerotia, but probably there also the
results would have been the same.
This was the first time we were made acquainted with this disease on
Cucumbers, but our correspondent stated that it had then been observed
for three or four years, and it had been attributed in some measure to the
soil and culture. Fresh soil and manure were employed in the cultivation,
but the disease reappeared. We were assured that the only thing which
kept the disease in check was air, and to use no more moisture than was
absolutely necessary.
This disease is said to be known in the United States, where the
Sclerotium has been called Sclerotinia Libertiana, and is closely allied to
the Sclerotium of the Potato haulms, and indeed apparently the same, as
it occurs also in other plants.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 798 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 150.
CUCUMBER BLACK MOULD.
DendrypJiium comosum (Wall).
This common black mould has long been known as a saprophyte,
on decaying vegetable matter. Latterly it has been detected as a parasite
spreading from fragments of manure to the foliage of growing Cucumber
plants. Experiments have been made to discover some substance which
might be taken up by the roots of growing plants and render them
immune to the attack of fungus parasites. At present sulphate of
copper alone has proved effective.
Journ. E.H.S. xxviii. p. 142.
MELON BACTEBIOSIS.
Recently some important investigations have been made into the
causes of a peculiar form of Melon disease which is not uncommon in the
United States. We have grave doubts whether the same disease was not
present in this country in 1890, attacking Gourds and other Cucurbitaceous
plants. The attacked vines are said to have varied somewhat in their
appearance, but generally there was a decay of the stem, in proximity to
the root, and then the whole plant wilted and failed to grow.
It is reported that an examination showed that the decomposing
tissues were teeming with bacteria. Inoculation of healthy plants was
made, and it was found that, with no other fungus present, the germs
obtained were abundantly able to introduce a rapid decay into Cucumbers,
Melons, and Squashes, Cucumbers being the favourite, and in them the
decay was most rapid, running through a four-inch fruit in a single day.
'The next step was the application of these germs to healthy plants
in the field. When the application was made near the end of a vine, the
latter rotted away in from three to four days.
Numerous other experiments were performed, and all nearly equally
successful in demonstrating that the diseased virus may be communicated
by inoculation to healthy vines.
Journ. B.H.S. 1891, xxvi. p. 540 (' Cucumber Wilt '), xxvii. p. cxcii.
104 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
ONION SCAB.
Vcrmicularia circinans (B), PL VIII. fig. 131.
During some seasons this disease is abundant, while in others it is
scarcely known.
It attacks the outer coating of the bulbs of Onions, and does them
very little injury so long as they are in the ground. It usually appears
when the bulbs are nearly full grown, under the form of scattered black
patches formed of small black velvety tufts, and these are arranged in
concentric circles or in irregular wavy lines.
These tufts consist of quantities of erect threads, each bearing a long
slender slightly curved and colourless conidium or spore at its tip.
Besides which, the tuft is thickly studded with long black projecting
spines which gives it the velvety appearance.
Has occurred in Germany and Italy as well as in Britain.
The bulbs should be dry before storing, and none of the tainted ones
should be mixed. When the diseased bulbs are separated they may be
tried with a fungicide.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 1376 ; Mass. PL Dis. 273, fig. 71 ; Gard. Chron. 1851,
p. 695, figs. ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1291.
ONION SPINDLE MOULD.
Fusariella atro-virens (Berk.), PI. VIII. fig. 132.
Berkeley has declared his opinion that the fungus above named is at
least one of the causes of the mildew which is so destructive to Onions
just before they arrive at perfection. The disease originates in little dot-
like spots with radiating threads, crowned with a greyish gelatinous mass ;
these at length unite, and the whole of the centre is occupied by the
spores ; the border keeps on increasing, and often quite fleecy, especially
if it meets with any impediment, but at length the whole mass is
greenish-black, and the border becomes obliterated. The threads of the
mycelium are white, and the spores are fusiform and curved, so as to form
about one third of a circle. There is one peculiarity in moulds of this
kind : that the spores seem to be held together for some time in a
gelatinous heap, and do not separate until they are quite mature, and
ready for diffusion. This peculiarity is rather an advantage, as it serves
to localise the attacks.
Whatever fungicide is employed is of little import, so long as it will
destroy the parasite without injury to the Onion, and it is likely to prove
beneficial. Very little has been known of this disease for many years.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 1876 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1866.
ONION EUST.
Puccinia Porri (Sow.), PI. VIII. fig. 133.
Occasionally, for many years, this rust has attacked plants of the Onion
tribe and caused great trouble. In 1883 a crop of Chives was attacked
.FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 105
at Shrewsbury and almost destroyed by its ravages. A public trial took
place in Edinburgh where damage was sustained to a crop through this
cause. At other times a limited number of plants have sustained injury
in gardens.
There are declared to be, as usual, three stages in the history of this pest.
First, the cluster-cups or JEcidiuin form, which is by no means trouble-
some ; and then the Uredo form, which occurs in small reddish-brown
pustules either scattered over the leaves or collected in clusters. The
uredospores are either nearly globose or elliptically so, very delicately
spinulose (20-33 x 18-27 /u), of a pale orange colour.
The teleutospores are contained in flattened pustules of a darker
colour, and are commonly of two kinds : one form is obovate and without
any septa or division (25-36 x 15-23 /*) and the others are club-shaped,
and divided into two cells (28-45 x 20-26 /^), of a chestnut-brown colour,
and externally smooth, with a long slender pedicel. For this reason
probably, this species has sometimes been called Puccinia mixta.
Possibly other rust will sometimes attack cultivated Onions, of which
we are said to possess three species.
This is known, at any rate, in France, Germany, Finland, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2155 ; Garcl. Chron. Oct. 15, 1891 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured.
148 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 39.
ONION ROT MOULD.
Peronospora Schleideni (linger), PI. VIII. fig. 134.
Of all the destructive rot moulds scarce one is more destructive, or its
attacks to be more deplored, than the present : which will fall upon a
crop of young Onions and destroy them in an incredibly short space of
time.
The mould forms broadly effused patches of greyish-lilac tufts, which
sometimes entirely cover the leaves, so that in its early history it was
known as Botrytis destructor.
The fertile threads arise from the mycelium in tufts, and are large
and without septa or divisions. The upper portion is branched alter-
nately, or in a forked manner, and is again and again divided until the
final branchlets are strongly arched. The conidia are obovate or egg-
shaped, with the apex obtuse, or a little acute, and of a pale dingy-violet
(45-55 x 22-25 P).
The resting spores are produced on the mycelium as usual, and are
broadly elliptical or globose, with a comparatively thin and smooth
coating.
This is known in France, Belgium, Germany, Scandinavia, and North
America.
It is recommended as a good plan to sow the Onions in the autumn,
so that they are able to make a good growth before the appearance of the
mould in the spring.
Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 436, t. 13, f. 23 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. 857 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1787 ; Cooke, M. F. fig. 263 ; Mass. B. F. p. 125 ;
Berlese, Icon. xxv. ; Mass. PL Dis. 75 ; Smith, Field Crops, 45.
106 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
ONION SCLEROTE.
Sclerotinia bulborum (Wakk.), PI. IX. fig. 135.
This pest is liable to infest the bulbs of Hyacinths, Onions, and perhaps
other bulbs, and destroy a great number. Yellowish blotches appear on
the foliage in spring or early summer. These spots are soon covered with
an olive-brown mould. The mycelium passes down into the bulb, and
there blackish sclerotia are formed, from the size of a Mustard seed to
that of a Pea, within the scales of the bulb, and sometimes covering the
surface.
During the following spring the sclerotia germinate and produce the
Peziza or Sclerotinia, the sporidia of which are binucleate (16 x 8 p).
It is recommended that the diseased bulbs should be burnt to diminish
the chances of dissemination from the germinating sclerotia. The further
measures recommended are spraying with Bordeaux Mixture diluted on
the first appearance of the disease, or else the potassium sulphide solu-
tion.
The brownish tufts of mould are compact, the tips of the fertile
branches spinulose, each spine bearing its conidium (9-10 x 7 /L«).
Known hitherto in Germany.
See also p. 69.
Gard. Chron. xvi. 1894, p. 160, fig. 25 ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 157, 380 ;
Sacc. Syll. viii. No. 802.
ONION MUGOE.
Mucor subtilissimus (Berk.), PI. IX. fig. 136.
The fungus about to be described is one of the kind known as Mucor,
of which a familiar example is known upon jams and decayed matter.
It is very rarely that they become parasitic.
Many years ago Berkeley found on Onions a diseased condition about
the neck of the bulb, which was traversed by threads of mycelium, and
among them minute black bodies like grains of gunpowder. These
little bodies are compact, and of the nature of consolidated mycelium,
which we have already alluded to under the name of " Sclerotia." These
Sclerotia he found easy to germinate in water, and by this means he
discovered that they would produce fertile branches supporting little
globose heads. These heads are formed of a delicate membrane within
which are clustered a number of minute oval spores, which when they
are mature replace the membrane and escape. These spores themselves
will also germinate and produce a mycelium, which will combine and
form knots and become a new generation of sclerotia.
By this means the secrets of this disease were discovered and its cause
attributed to the little Mucor subtilissimus , and the Sclerotium was
known as Sclerotium Cepcevorum.
Journ. Hort. Soc. iii. p. 98, figs. 1-5 ; CooJce, Hdbk. No. 1893 ; Sacc.
Syll. vii. 625 ; Mass. B. F. p. 89 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 51.
For Onion Bacterial Rot see Journ. E.H.S. xxix. p. 851.
Of other Onion diseases we may name a smut which has evidently
escaped from North America and reached as far as France ( Urocystis
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 107
Cepulai). It is similar in character to the Urocystis on the leaves of
Colchicum, or rather perhaps on the bulbs of Gladiolus. The glomerules
of spores (18-20 ^ diam.) do not include many central fertile spores. It
is recorded on Allium Porrum and A. Cepa.
ASPAKAGUS RUST.
Puccinia Asparagi (DC.), PL VIII. fig. 137.
This rust has been increasing to an alarming extent in North America,
and every effort is being made to cope with it. The cluster-cups are so
rare with us that no one seems to have seen them.
The uredospores appear on the flowering stems in cinnamon-brown
pustules, for a long time covered by the epidermis. They are either
globose or elliptical (20-50 x 17-25 /u), delicately spinulose, pale brown.
The teleutospores occur in oblong or elongated pustules of a very
dark brown colour. They are elliptical or clavate, long club-shaped,
rounded above and below, divided across the centre into two cells
(35-52 x 17-26 ^), smooth, chestnut-brown, with a rather long persistent
pedicel.
In America it is the Uredo stage which causes the most mischief. It
has been most experienced in dry sandy soils, while the beds on moist
soils do not appear to have been injured.
The results from spraying were not encouraging. The best means
suggested for controlling the rust is by thorough cultivation in order to
secure vigorous plants, and in very dry seasons plants growing on very
dry soil, with little water-retaining properties, should receive irrigation.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2147 ; Cooke, M. F. 196 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1467 ;
Journ. fi.H.S. 1901, xxvi. p. 501 ; xxix. 1905, p. 927 ; Plowr. Brit.
Ured. 144.
ASPAKAGUS COPPEKWEB^_
Ehizoctonia Crocorum.
We have already referred to this disease, in its manifestations towards
Crocus Bulbs (see p. 73) ; hence repetition is unnecessary here.
MUSHROOM PARASITES.
This will, perhaps, be the most convenient place in which to refer to
the diseases to which the cultivated Mushroom is liable.
Gard. Chron. Sept. 9, 1893, p. 299.
MUSHROOM TUFT MOULD.
Gliocladium agaricinum (C. & M.).
The mysterious ailments of Mushrooms under cultivation are often
the occasion of considerable annoyance, with little prospect of relief.
There is one not uncommon disease which causes the pileus or cap of
mushrooms to crack into large frustular- scales, which is now attributed
to the parasitism of a mould. The tufts are hemispherical, or sometimes
confluent, pallid, becoming white, at first gelatinous. The mycelium is
108 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
branched and creeping, with erect fertile branches, the ultimate branches
are produced in whorls of four, bearing clusters of conidia. The conidia
themselves are nearly globose, produced in chains, and at first gelatinous
(5-6 /u diam.).
Of course the Mushrooms are destroyed, with no chance of recovery.
The house should thereafter be thoroughly cleansed before use for the
same purpose again.
Grevillea, xvii. p. 80.
INVADING AGABICS.
Agarics, other than the Mushroom, sometimes invade Mushroom
beds as unwelcome usurpers. Of these are Clitocybe dcalbata, Hebeloma
fastibile, and others.
Gard. Chron. Sept. 9, 1893, p. 299.
MUSHBOOM MOULD.
Mycogone alba (Letell.), PI. IX. fig. 138.
This mould overspreads all parts of cultivated Mushrooms, and may
possibly be the same as that which thickens and distorts the gills, and
spoils a whole bed of Mushrooms just as it is arriving at maturity. It
spreads thinly over the surface, which the mycelium penetrates and
distorts like a whitish bloom. The very short branches bear at their
apex rather large obovate conidia divided into two cells, of which the
upper is much the larger, and almost globose, except where it is flattened
by junction with the lower cell (30 x 20 /u). The surface of the upper
cell appears to be somewhat rough, but not distinctly warted.
Very probably this is the early, or conidiiferous, condition of some
species of Hypomyces, a genus of parasitic Sphariacea.
Grevillea, xvii. p. 80 ; Letell. Champ, t. 667, f. 2 ; Gard. Chron.
Sept. 9, 1893, p. 299 ; Mass. PI. Dis. 133.
MUSHBOOM BED SCLEBOTIUM.
Xylaria vaporaria (Curr.).
The presence of sclerotia in mushroom beds was observed by Curry
many years ago. In 1862 he planted some in damp sand and induced
germination. Since that time they have been found perfecting themselves
naturally.
The sclerotia are irregular, corky, rough, and black. They produce
simple or branched stems, sometimes several inches in length, reaching
to the surface of the soil. The tips of the stems are expanded into a
somewhat conical head, in the lower part of which the perithecia are
immersed, while the upper portion is barren and of a light brown colour,
the lower half darker. The contents of the perithecia consist' of long,
cylindrical, transparent cells, or asci, each of which encloses eight dark
brown sporidia, of an almond shape (40-50 /* long).
It is not unusual to meet with these sclerotia in Mushroom beds
occasionally producing these stems, and sometimes only the thickened, club-
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 109
like sterile heads, they seldom being allowed to remain until the receptacles
are fully developed.
Of course such beds have to be destroyed at once and the house
disinfected before any attempt is made to grow Mushrooms on the spot.
Sacc. Syll. i. 1292 ; Curr. Linn. Trans, xxiv. t. 625, f. 17, 26 ; Cooke
Hdbk. No. 2378 ; Gard. Chron. Dec. 20, 1879, p. 801, fig. 132.
FIG. 11. — XYLABIA VAPOEARIA. (Gardeners1 Chronicle.)
A, complete plant ; B, one of the fruit-bearing terminals ; c, section of same
showing perithecia ; D, ascus with sporidia ; E, young ascus ; F, paraphyses.
PESTS OF ORCHARD AND FRUIT GARDEN.
Fruit-growers will find indicated in the following pages most of the
pests which are likely to trouble them in their occupation. The
arrangement is rather an artificial one, but it appeared to be best suited to
the wants of practical men. Orchard trees will occupy the first portion,
whilst the latter will be assigned to bushy and herbaceous plants with
marketable fruits. Anomalies may be sometimes anticipated, as, for
instance, placing Melons with Gourds and Cucumbers in the kitchen
garden, and Tomatos in juxtaposition with Potatos. The Grape Vine
and Pineapple, and similar tropical fruits, will have to be dealt with by
themselves.
110 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
APPLE-LEAF SPOT.
Septoria pyricola (Desm.), PI. X. fig. 1.
Spotted leaves are common enough in the orchard and elsewhere,
but they may have many causes, known and unknown, and cannot all be
attributed either to insects or fungi. In most cases the spots on the
leaves, although destructive to the leaf, unless very prevalent do not
affect materially the general condition of the tree or the production of
fruit, except in a few instances of a virulent kind.
In the present instance the spots occur on the upper surface of the
leaves of Apple or Pear, and are of a greyish- white with a narrow brown
margin. They are commonly somewhat rounded, from a quarter of an
inch in diameter. The substance within the spot is killed by the
mycelium and bleached, with the surface sprinkled or dotted with little
black points not larger than the prick of a pin. Each of these points
consists of a small nearly globose receptacle with a minute pore at the
apex which encloses the fruit, or spores, of the fungus. When fully
mature these minute sporules ooze out at the orifice in the form of a
tendril and spread over the surface of the leaf.
The sporules in the present species are elongated and threadlike, with
about two transverse divisions (60 x 3J /*) of a very pale olive tint.
Found generally throughout Europe.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2624 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1320 ; Seem. Journ. iv. f. 27.
A large leaf-spot (Phyllosticta Pyrorum) is known in the United
States, with much smaller sporules (10 x 2 /*).
APPLE-LEAF BLACK MOULD.
Coniothecium Qiiestieri (Desm.).
This mould was first discovered in France nearly half a century ago
on leaves of Cornus, and appeared in 1902 on fading leaves of
Apple, although we have grave doubts of its being any other than a
saprophyte. It occurs on the under surface of completely dead spots of
the leaves, or on thoroughly dead and brittle leaves. The tufts are
small and scattered in little black dots over the dead parts, but do not
occur upon the merely discoloured and fading leaves.
The conidia are conglomerated in variously shaped clusters of from
two to eight cells (about 10 n diam.), of a pale brownish colour, mixed
with occasional slender threads.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2442 ; Trans. Br. Nyc. Soc. (1903), p. 15.
APPLE-TREE WHITE MOULD.
Oidium farinosum (Cooke), PI. X. fig. 2.
This mould was first observed in 1870 and 1871 covering the young
twigs and leaves of Apple trees with a mealy coating of white mould, so
that they looked as if dusted with flour or powdered chalk. Since the
above it has become sufficiently common. Although it is a true epiphyte,
it is capable of inflicting injury, causing the young leaves to curl,
checking their growth, and distorting the tender twigs.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. Ill
There is a thin and delicate but profuse mycelium from which arise
the fertile branches, which are club-shaped and divided by transverse
septa into short joints, which gradually contract at the suture, and then
the top joint having acquired an elliptical form falls away as a conidium,
to be followed successively by the other joints, so that a continuous crop
of mature conidia is ensured. They are externally quite smooth and
colourless (28-30 x 12 //).
The habit and structure of this mould are quite similar to the Oidium
of the vine, that which precedes the Rose mildew, and the development
of the different species of Erysiphe.
In 1890 this mould made its appearance on Apple trees in South
Africa, and possibly it is the same species as one which is common east
of the Mississippi in the United States.
In such cases dusting with dry sulphur is likely to be the most
effectual treatment. In America the application of the ammoniacal
solution of carbonate of copper is recommended.
Grevillea, xvi. 10.
APPLE-TWIG WHITE MILDEW.
Sphcerotheca Mali (Duby).
A century ago one of the fungi closely allied to that of the Rose and
the Hop was imperfectly described in France under the name of
Erysiphe Mali, but very recently it has been revived by Dr. Magnus, who
has seen and figured one of the conceptacles. It was said to be broadly
effused ; the thin arachnoid threads of the mycelium interwoven ; the
conceptacles rare, and scattered, subglobose, rugulose, and black.
The mould already described here under the name of Oidium
farinosum appears to be the mycelium and conidia of the above fungus,
but at present the more perfect and complete condition with the con-
ceptacles has not been met with in this country. In this instance we
appear to have a " perennial mycelium in the host-plant, which grows along
with the shoot each season, stunting its growth and eventually killing
the tree." (Fig. 12.)
Journ. B.H.S. (1902), xxvi. p. 737, fig. 310; Duby, Sot. Gall. 869.
FRUIT-TREE PUSTULE.
Eutypella Prunastri (Pers.).
This compound Sphceria is only parasitic in the early stage, when
spermogonia are evolved in tendrils through punctures of the bark. No
one has seen the complete or true Eutypella stage, except on dead tissues.
In this condition the perithecia are clustered together in definite pustules,
some five or six, with long converging necks, which are sulcate or grooved
at the extremity or ostiolum. The fructification is contained within the
perithecia, consisting of eight sporidia, enclosed within a transparent
ascus, of which there are several. The sporidia are cylindrical, curved,
and but slightly coloured (6-8 x 1^ p).
The spermogonia, which are developed earlier, ooze out in tendrils
from the mouths of the receptacles, and are known in this stage under
the name of Cytospora rubescens : they are not more than half the length
112
.FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
A
>
'-
,
FIG. 12. — APPLE MILDEW (Spharotheca Mali).
As the mycelium of the fungus appears to be perennial in the tissues, diseased
shoots should be removed along the line marked I. Spraying does not
check this disease. The point affected should be all cut away.
FUNGOID PESTS OP CULTIVATED PLANTS. 113
of the conidia. It is reported that this is a wound parasite, and enters
the stem through wounds made by pruning, finally causing discoloration
in the centre of the stem (see figs. 13 and 14). The trees will continue to
grow for several years after infection.
Destructive to Apple and other fruit trees, especially Plum and
Cherry.
Sacc. Syll. i. 566 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 2460 ; Journ. B.H.S. (1902),
xxvi. p. 742, fig. 313 ; Ibid, xxvii. pp. 691, 936, 1152 ; Gard. Chron. 1902,
p. 235, fig. 80 ; Berlese Icon. iii. pi. 85.
BROWN ROT.
Monilia fructigena (Pers.), PI. X. fig. 12.
This rot is not confined to the Apple and Pear, but attacks most
orchard fruits, especially the Cherry, to which we shall refer it later on.
(See "Apricot Brown Rot.")
Thilm. Pom. p. 22 ; Journ. E.H.S. (1902), p. 738, fig. 311.
FRUIT SPOT.
Septoria Ealfsii (Berk.).
About the year 1854 Berkeley described a small fungus which
accompanied spotting on ripe Apples ; but it never seems to have been
demonstrated that it was the cause of the spotting, and as nothing has
transpired since which leads to the conclusion that it is really a fruit
disease we can dismiss it with a brief notice.
The appearance caused is that of black patches of an irregular form
on the surface of ripe Apples. Over these patches are scattered the minute
points, which indicate the receptacles of the fungus. The sporules are
long and slender (30 /* long) with six minute nuclei. Pears as well as
Apples are said to have suffered from the same infliction.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3028; Cooke Hdbk.,^Q. 1307; Berk. Ann. N. H.
No. 745, t. xv. f. 6 ; Thilm. Pom. p. 122!
APPLE SCAB.
Fusidadium dendriticum (Wallr.), PI. X. fig. 3.
This disease appears under different forms, but in all cases it seems
to be caused by the same fungus. On the leaves it comes in small olive
spots, which are somewhat rounded and gradually enlarge, and become
velvety and irregular ; frequently two or three spots will run together
and form a large irregular blotch. The mould also appears on the
petioles and the young twigs. The threads of which the mould is com-
posed have a radiating habit, from which its specific name is derived.
On the fruit its appearance is similar, but as the spots increase in size
the cuticle cracks and forms a light-coloured ring about their margin.
The greatest vigour is towards the edge of the spots, where the fruit
seems stimulated to the production of ,a kind of corky layer in its efforts
to throw off the disease and the formation of scab. Generally the result
is to produce on the fruit crackings with a thickened scabby edge.
The mycelium is rather superficial, and produces short erect brown
threads at the apex of which the spores, or conidia, are produced. These
i
114
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
'.iiiiliiuiffl^w* -HI
FIG. 13.— EUTYPELLA PRUNASTBI.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 115
bodies are somewhat oval, attenuated towards each end, so as to be
thickest in the middle, or they are of an elongatqd pear- shape, and
coloured brown, like the threads, but varying much in form and size.
Although usually consisting of only a single cell, the conidia are
sometimes divided by a septum towards one end into two unequal cells
(30 x 7-9 /u).
The conidia germinate rapidly in water or moist air, and scab spots
on the fruit may be found covered with vast numbers of germinating
spores. The germ tubes are rather thick and coloured, with frequent
divisions, or septa ; sometimes the germ tubes will produce secondary
spores at their tips, which in turn germinate like the original spore.
The conidia will germinate in pure water (50° Fahr.) within eight hours.
It is believed that the mycelium is perennial, living in the fallen leaves
and twigs, and especially in the fruit, during the winter.
It has been observed in America that the individual cells or joints of
the mould, under favourable conditions, will push out germ tubes and
develop new individuals of the species. " This method may be roughly
compared to reproduction by root cuttings in higher plants."
In early spring spray thoroughly with sulphate of iron. As soon as
the fruit is set apply Bordeaux mixture or a modified preparation of eau
celeste.
In storing fruit especial care should be taken to separate all Apples
which show any signs of " scab " from those which are sound and healthy,
and store in a dry place.
This pest is recognised in France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Italy,
North America, and Australia.
Gard. Chron. Nov. 28, 1885, figs. 155, 156; Mass. PL Dis. 302. fig.
80; Sacc. Syll. iv. 1642 ; Sacc.Fun.ltal.i.l$Z\ Cooke Hdbk. No. 1747 ;
U.S.A. Dep. Agri. 1887, p. 341, with figs. ; Thilm. Pom. p. 15 ; Grevillea,
xx. p. 27 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 219, fig. ; Journ, E.H.S. sxviii. p. 292.
Apple rot, after scab, causes serious trouble in the United States. It
is attributed to the common mould, Cephalothecium roseum, which has
always been regarded as a saprophyte in Britain. (Journ. E.H.S. xxviii.
p. 233 ; xxix. 1904, p. 91.)
BITTEB ROT OF APPLE.
Glceosporium fructigenum (Berk.), PI. X. fig. 4.
Under the above name a disease is known in the United States which
is attributed to this fungus as a cause. In this country it is rather
doubtful whether the fungus is the cause of disease, since it has been
affirmed that in most observed cases the fruits have been decayed before
the fungus made its appearance. Still it must be conceded that nearly
all the species of the genus to which it belongs are active parasites.
The pustules are circularly arranged in a cluster of a dirty rose
colour, at length splitting the cuticle at the apex to discharge the
contents. The conidia are cylindrical, sometimes curved, rounded at the
ends and colourless (20-30 x 5-6 /u), produced at the tips of nearly
equally long hyaline threads.
Notwithstanding that the fruit exhibits decay with us before the
fungus is detected it may prove to be true that such decay has been
i2
116
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
FIG. 14. — EUTYPELLA PRUNASTRI, CAUSING A DISEASE OF NURSERY STOCK.
A. A young Peach branch becoming shrivelled, indicating that the stock is
dying. (Natural size.) B. The conidial stage of fruit bursting through the
bark. (Natural size.) C. The second or ascigerous condition of fruit,
showing at the surface through transverse cracks in the bark. (Natural
size.) D. Surface of view of the second form of fruit, surrounded by the
ruptured bark. ( x 40.) E. Cruciate mouth of a perithecium. ( x 400.)
F. Ascus and spores. ( x 400.) G. Section through ascigerous form of
fruit. ( x 80.) H. Section through conidial form of fruit. ( x 50.)
I. Conidia. ( x 1,000.)
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 117
caused by the Gloaosporium. In America it is said that " the affected
Apple at first shows one or more black, or usually brownish, spots on any
part of the surface ; as these gradually enlarge their shape becomes more
or less circular, and their borders somewhat sharply defined, sometimes
the spots coalesce, or run together, and in this manner the entire Apple
is soon affected. Towards the centre of the diseased spot there is
usually a very dark, frequently almost black, discoloration. The darker
portions are studded with minute black points, which are slighly raised
above the surrounding tissue, imparting to their surfaces a somewhat
roughened appearance ; occasionally these points are arranged in circles
or grouped in little clusters."
It is affirmed that the spores when sown in water germinate within
ten hours by sending out one or more thickish germ tubes. In about
twenty hours they will produce at their extremity globose bodies (8 /u
diam.), more or less dark-coloured, which are of the nature of secondary
spores. These secondary spores germinate in like manner, and produce,
in a third series, the same kind of bodies as the original primary conidia.
So that by an alternation of generations the old type is reverted to.
In addition to the above it has been announced that thick-walled
cavities have been found at the base of the conidia-pustules, which con-
tain minute colourless bodies resembling spermatia ; what may be their
purpose or destiny is still an open question. No wonder, then, that the
Apple growers of the United States have been cautioned that they " have
a dangerous foe to contend with," and they are on the alert.
The fungus is known in Britain, Italy, and the United States.
The remedies suggested are spraying with a solution of one half
an ounce of sulphate of potassium to one gallon of water. Application
at intervals of ten days. In some cases the disease was arrested after
the first application. Another fungicide applied with success is the
ammoniacal carbonate of copper solution.
Grapes are also liable to the same disease.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3751 ; Mass. PL Dis. 281, fig. 75 ; Gard. Chron. 1856,
p. 245 ; U.S.A. Dep. Agri. 1890, pi. iii. ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1411 ; Thum.
Pom. 59 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 482 ; Journ. B.H.S. xxviii. 1904, p. 626 ; xxix.
1905, pp. 746, 755.
APPLE-TREE ANTHBACNOSE.
Glceosporium Malicortis (Cord.).
Under the name of dead spot or black spot this new disease has made
its appearance in various parts of the United States and British Columbia.
Branches two or three inches in diameter are usually attacked, and the
disease appears first in the autumn.
Journ. B.H.S. xxviii. p. 233 ; U.S.A. St. Bd. Montana Rep. 1902.
Insecticides for Orchard and Bush Fruit, see Journ. B.H.S. xxix.
p. 816.
APPLE SPECK.
Spilocaa Pomi (Fr.).
An enumeration of the fungi which attack Apples and Pears would
not be complete without reference to two or three obscure species which
118
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
are reported to have occurred on the fruits. The little black specks upon
ripe Apples which resemble fly-spots have not afforded any evidence of
fructification. Known under the above name, they are probably only
incipient conditions of " Apple scab."
The Sph&ria Malorum of Berkeley, found upon decaying Apples lying
on the ground, would be outside the bounds of our inquiry, since it is
clearly a saprophyte, and possibly only Diplodia Malorum.
In 1878 Baron von Thiimen published a work entitled " Fungi
Pomicoli," in which he enumerated thirty-one fungi as growing on
Apple and twenty-three on Pear trees, or their fruit. It is consoling to
find that the majority of these are in no respect parasitic, and many of
them common to all kinds of vegetable matter. Hence it is no guide to
orchard pests.
Fr. Syst. Myc. iii. 504 ; Thilm. Pom. p. 9.
APPLE BKOWN SPOT.
Surface of the fruit and interior marked with brown spots. Cause
unknown.
Gard. Chron. Sept. 9, 1905, p. 208.
APPLE-TWIG TUMOUK.
Botryodiplodia pyrenophora (Sacc.), PL X. fig. 5.
Little swellings are sometimes to be seen on Apple twigs in which the
bark cracks in an irregular manner and exhibits beneath a cluster of black
FIG. 15. — SPH.HROPSIS MALORUM.
perithecia, about the size of pins' heads, closely packed together, and
seated upon a kind of cushion formed from the mycelium.
These perithecia when mature contain a mass of rather large elliptical
sporules, at first one-celled and colourless, but afterwards divided across
PL. X.
PESTS— ORCHARD, &«
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS, 119
the centre into two cells, and then of a deep brown colour. Possibly this
is only a condition of a more highly organised fungus in which the spores
are contained in asci.
It seems rather doubtful whether the "chancre" attributed to
Spharopsis Malorum (Bull, de la Soc. Myc. de France, 1903, p. 134) may
not be a condition, or stage, in the development of this same disease.
(Fig. 15.)
At present this is a rare disease, and must be hunted after to be
discovered ; but it is quite possible for it to become a pest if it establishes
itself in an orchard. Hitherto we have no record of its having become
troublesome, and consequently no experiments have been made for its
eradication.
We should certainly recommend its destruction wherever found, since
it is quite capable of extending itself both by its mycelium and sporules.
Sacc. Syll. in. 2121 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1254.
There is a small twig pustule, caused by Phoma Mali, which is not so
clustered or conspicuous on the twigs of Apple and Pear trees. The
sporules (8 //, long) are expelled when mature, and in some places it is
looked upon with suspicion.
APPLE-TREE CANKER.
Nectria ditissima (Tul.), PI. X. fig. 6.
Ten or twelve years since E. Goethe propounded the opinion that canker
on Apple trees was produced by the growth of the above-named fungus,
which is of the Sphceria kind, a little resembling those clusters of red
Nectria which are so common on Currant twigs, but smaller. Goethe
claims to have demonstrated his position by cultivating the parasite both
from conidia and ascospores. The same fungus he contends produces
canker on various kinds of Pear trees, and the sporidia of the Nectria
from the Apple were found to produce canker on the Beech and Sycamore,
and again from these trees on the Apple.
According to Hartig the fungus enters through wounds caused by
hail or the puncture of an insect. The best remedy, according to these
authorities, is to cut out the diseased tissues and anoint carefully with ccal
tar.
The fungus consists of a number of little red dots, scarcely so large as
a pin's head, growing in clusters in cracks of the bark. These minute
dots are spherical and smooth, seated on a white mycelium, and when
mature enclosing a kind of pulpy nucleus, like a tiny drop of gelatin, and
which consists of a great number of long cylindrical tubes, or asci, each
enclosing a row of eight elliptical sporidia, which are divided by a trans-
verse septum into two cells. When ripe they are capable of germination
from each cell (14 x5-6/w).
Occurs in France and Germany.
Gard. Chron. March 8 and April 19, 1884, p. 313 ; 1891, p. 300, figs.
66, 67 ; -Sacc. Syll. ii. 4671 ; Mass. PL Dis. 127, fig. 24 ; Grevillea, ix.
p. 116 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 187, figs.
120 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
APPLE-BARK VALSA.
Valsa ambiens (Fr.), PL X. fig. 7.
It is only during the past year or two that we have become satisfied
that this usually saprophytic fungus has seriously affected living Apple
trees — at least during its early or conidial condition.
The bark of living branches and trunks was observed to be roughened
with little elevations from the apex of which proceeded what appeared to
be a long twisted yellow filament, not thicker than a horse-hair, entangled
together into a mass of golden threads. When moistened these threads
dissolved into myriads of minute curved conidia (5 ^ long) which had
oozed out from minute punctures of the bark, and proved to be those of a
fungus called Cytospora carpJiosperma, common on many orchard treesr
but heretofore considered saprophytic.
The mature condition is to be found in spring on branches that have
lain on the ground through the winter, and consists of clusters of
receptacles, flask-shaped, with long converging necks, containing sporidia
which are cylindrical, curved, and rounded at the ends (16-18 x 3-4 fj)t
and of these eight are produced together in a membranous sac or ascus.
This mature condition is only arrived at after hibernation, and con-
sequently upon dead branches, but the early stage is clearly parasitic and
may become troublesome. The mature stage is called Valsa ambiens.
Certainly whenever seen oozing out of living trees the parts should
be well rinsed with Bordeaux mixture, so as to destroy all the germinating
power of the conidia.
Sacc. Syll. i. 512 ;' Coo&e Hdbk. No. 2475; Curr. Linn. Trans. xxiL
t. 48, f. 138.
APPLE-TREE HYDNUM.
Hydnum Schiedermayeri.
Very recently this large fleshy fungus has been developed on an old
Apple tree at Maldon, Essex, bursting through the bark in a long strip,
extending for 3 or 4 feet in an irregular mass. It has a ncdulose
appearance, of an ochrey-yellow or flesh-colour. The nodules produce
long spines, which are covered by the hymenium producing the spores.
According to Thiimen, this fungus is very frequently destructive to
Apple trees, and is presumably a wound-fungus, the spores entering
through a wound or fissure of the bark, and soon becoming developed.
Gard. Chron. Oct. 81, 1903, p. 299 ; Mass. PL Dis. fig. 39.
PEAR-LEAF CLUSTER-CUPS.
Ecestelia cancellata (Beb.), PL X. fig. 8.
There is hardly any parasite which appears to be such a puzzle to
gardeners as the Ecestelia or " cluster-cups " of the Pear leaves. They
have also been a puzzle to others who are not gardeners, as evidenced
by the literature of the past quarter of a century. We can permit the
discussion to rest and state a few conclusions.
The parasite thickens the Pear leaves at the infected spots by the
internal growth of the mycelium upon this, and externally are produced
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
121
a small cluster of flask-shaped pale brown bodies called peridia, and these
are soon split lengthwise nearly to the base into thread-like filaments
which are for a long time united together at the apex. The contents of
these flask-shaped bodies are the aBcidiospores, which are nearly globose
and warted on the surface (25-40 x 18-25 ju). These spores are produced
in chains, readily separating from each other.
Spots are also to be seen on the opposite side of the leaf to that which
bears the Rcestelia and corresponding to it. These are conspicuous by
their orange colour, which becomes reddish, sprinkled with blackish dots,
which indicate cells containing very minute bodies called spermatia, which
are expelled when mature.
It is recorded in Hooker's "British Flora" that when young Pear
trees are planted near old trees suffering from the Rcestelia the young
FIG. 16. — PEAR-LEAF CLUSTEB-CUP.
A fungus growing on two different kinds of plant at different periods of its
life-cycle.
1. The spring stage of the fungus on a living Juniper branch, reduced in size.
2. Spore of same, x 300. 3, 4. " Cluster-cup," or summer form of fungus
fruit on living Pear leaves, reduced in size. 5. Two cluster-cups, one cut
open, slightly x . 6. Spores of cluster-cup condition, x 300.
trees have been observed to become much injured by the fungus. Mr.
Knight sowed Pear seeds in soil infested with Bastelia, and the very
youngest of the seedlings showed the disease.
According to theory it is contended that this kind of cluster-cups
must also have a condition analogous to the Uredo and Puccinia forms.
As this is not known to take place upon the Pear tree itself, it is inferred
that it must take place upon some other plant. The plant selected as
fulfilling the condition is the Savin, and it is contended that the cluster-
cups of the Pear tree produces those gelatinous exudations on the stems
of the Savin which are known under the name of Gymnosporangium.
(Ersted originated this suggestion in 1865, when he intimated that he
had learned that gardeners were of opinion that the Pear fungus was
never seen except after the appearance of the fungus on Savin. Hence
122 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
he set to work to prove by cultures that the Pear fungus would produce
the Savin fungus by inoculation, and vice versa. (Fig. 16.)
Incidentally Stevenson records that the Savin fungus is found in
Scotland, but that the other condition, the Pear-leaf fungus, is not a
Scottish plant.
The advice given to gardeners by the theorists is to destroy all Savin
bushes, root and branch, if they would save their Pear trees. Berkeley,
however, wrote : — " If picking the leaves off carefully and burning them
will not do, we may feel secure that an onslaught against the poor Savin
bushes will not avail us."
Known in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and North America.
Sacc. Sytt. vii. 2608 ; Cooke M. F. 193, t. 2, f. 2021 ; Plmvr. Brit. Ured.
p. 230 ; Mass. PL Dis. 257 ; Thiim. Pom. 73 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1597 ;
Gard. Chron. 1862, p. 689 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 399, fig.
PEAR-LEAF BLISTER.
Exoascus bullatus (Tul.), PL X. fig. 9.
The blister of Pear leaves is a disease which has long been known in
this country, distorting the foliage in a similar manner to the "curl " on
Peach leaves.
The under surface of the leaves is occupied by the external manifesta-
tions of the fungus, but the mycelium penetrates the leaf. The glaucous
appearance of the hollows of the blisters consists of tufts of small
cylindrical cells, or asci, each containing eight small ovate uncoloured
sporidia (5 /u diam.). When these sporidia are mature the asci are ruptured
at the apex, and they escape.
When first discovered this fungus was called Oidium bullatum, until
the presence of asci was determined.
" In many cases these blisters formed two parallel lines on either
side of the midrib, but sometimes they were irregularly scattered over
the leaf. In some cases the blistered part had become black, and in
others the portion of the leaf which had protruded had fallen out, so as to
leave a regularly defined aperture. The cavities were found to be lined
with a thin white stratum, consisting of myriads of confluent white
specks of a waxy rather than a powdery appearance."
It is incumbent upon the cultivator to pick off all the blistered leaves
and burn them, so as to keep a check on reproduction. Spraying young
trees with Bordeaux mixture at intervals of a fortnight may be pre-
ventive.
Journ. E.H.S. ix. p. 48 ; Sacc. Syll. viii. 3343 ; Mass. PL Dis. 90,
fig. 13 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 2282, fig. 342.
PEAR-LEAF BLIGHT.
Entomosporium maculatum (Lev.), PI. X. fig. 10.
This disease is very destructive in the nurseries of the United States,
although its presence in this country is rather doubtful.
Small red spots on the leaves first appear : these increase in size and
become brown, or it may extend over the leaf, which then shrivels and
falls to the ground.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 123
The conidia, or sporules, have a very peculiar form, consisting of two
nearly equal uncoloured cells attached end to end, and two smaller cells
on opposite sides at the point of attachment, so as to present an unequal
cross-shaped body. These conidia are produced superficially, in consider-
able numbers upon the leaves, extending also to the fruit (18-20 x 12 /x).
It also attacks the leaves of the Quince. Pear fruits when attacked
are liable to crack ; hence a common name for the disease is "cracker."
Spraying with Bordeaux mixture holds the disease in check, using a
very dilute solution. Dead leaves should be collected and burnt.
Sacc. Syll iii. 3504 ; Mass. PL Dis. 276, fig. 73 ; Galloway, Eep.
Agri. U.S.A. 1889, p. 357, pis. viii. ix. ; Tubeuf, Dis. 480.
Pear-leaf spots, as distinct from those on Apple, are also recorded as
Phyllosticta pirina and Phyllosticta piricola in Southern Europe, Asco-
chyta piricola in Italy, and Septoria nigerrima in Germany.
PEAR SCAB.
Fuxicladium pirinum (Lib.), PL X. fig. 11.
Between the Pear scab and the Apple scab there seems to be very
little difference except in name. The conidia are the same in size, and
the little difference in form can scarce be material.
The external manifestations, both on the leaves and the fruit, are very
similar : in the former case both form irregular velvety olive patches,
which are apt to have a dendritic appearance on Apple leaves.
The threads are short and rather robust, and the conidia are typically
rather fusiform, being attenuated towards each end (28-30x7-9 /x),
and we have never met them with a transverse division, whereas those of
the Pear scab are usually of a club shape, and often divided into one large
cell and one small one.
Known in Germany, Austria, Italy, Portugal, and France.
For remedies see also Apple Scab.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 1643 ; Mass. PL Dis. 304, fig. 81.
A mould with fusiform conidia, not unlike Fusarium, is recorded as
affecting ripening Pears in France. It has been named Discocolla pirina.
AMERICAN PEAR BLIGHT.
Micrococcus amylovorus (Burr.), PL XI. fig. 25.
Pear blight, or fire blight, is known only in North America, and was
first observed in 1780, but no description of it until 1817. " It frequently
destroys trees in the fullest apparent vigour and health in a few hours,
turning the leaves suddenly brown, as if they had passed through a hot
flame, and causing a morbid matter to exude from the pores of the bark
of a black ferruginous appearance." The results of epidemics have been
most disastrous, especially the memorable year of 1844.
Various conjectures have been made as to its cause, the last of which,
the bacterial, advocated by Professor Burrell, was supported by a long
series of experiments by inoculating healthy branches with the juices of
124 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
diseased ones and producing the disease, since which time the experi-
ments have been confirmed.
The organism named Micrococcus amylovorus consists of single cells,
of oval or roundish shape (1-1J x ^-| p) and quite colourless. For the
most part they remain single, but may often be found in pairs, rarely a
series of four or more, but never extending to chains.
Sacc. Syll. viii. 3887 ; Amer. Nat. xvii. 1883, p. 319 ; Arthur,
History and Biology of Pear Blight, 1886, plate ; Grove, Syn. Pact. p. 10.
MEDLAR CLUSTER-CUPS.
JEcidium Mespili (DC.).
This species of cluster- cups appears now to be recognised as distinct
and alone, without Uredo or Puccinia to keep it company. It is only
reported to occur on the leaves of Mespilus and Cotoneaster.
Bounded or irregular spots are formed upon the leaves, which are
yellowish or reddish on the upper side, with a yellow border, thickened in
the centre. The cups are cylindrical, splitting at the edge into narrow
teeth or threads. ^Ecidiospores angular (19-24 /A diam.), very minutely
warted and brown.
There is a suspicion of this species having been found in Britain, but
it evidently has never given any trouble as a pest. It occurs also in
France and in Germany.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2773 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 232 ; Mass. PL Dis. 257.
An anthracnose attacks the leaves of the Quince (Gl&osporiutn
Cydonice) in Southern Europe, as well as two or three kinds of leaf -spot,
and Oidium Cydonia in Italy.
MEDLAR WHITE MOULD.
Oidium mespilinum (Thiim.).
This white mould occurs on the living leaves of Mespilus in Austria,
forming broad white thin patches on the upper surface, which consists at
first entirely of an epiphytal web of mycelium. From this shortly arise
the fertile branches, which are at first simple and club-shaped. After-
wards two or three elliptical cells or conidia are cut off from the upper
portion of the branches, and form the short chain of spores (10 x 6 p)
which ultimately acquire a pale grey colour.
It is clear that this is an epiphyte of the same character as the
various species of Oidium which precede such mildews as that which
attacks the Hop, Rose, Gooseberry, Maple, Garden Pea, and many other
plants.
In the case of any trouble the application of dry powdered sulphur is
the safest remedy.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 208 ; Grevillea, xvi. 58.
Another white mould (Ovularia necans) has damaged Quince and
Medlar trees in Italy and France. Two kinds of leaf-spots are known on
Medlar leaves, but neither is recorded as British. Phyllosticta Mespili
and Septoria Mespili are both of them European.
Journ. R.H.S. xxviii. 1904, p. 698.
PESTS-ORCHARD. &.c.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 125
PLUM POWDERY MILDEW.
Uncinula Prunastii (DC.), PI. XI. fig. 17.
This mildew resembles externally the previous species so much that it
is scarcely possible to detect the difference by the naked eye. However,
it is more commonly found on the wild Sloe than on the cultivated Plum.
The mycelium is thin, and spreading over the surface of the leaves,
giving them a frosty appearance, but never very dense. The conidia, in
the early stage, are of the Oidium form, and are produced in short chains.
The receptacles are globose and minute, scattered over the mycelium,
and scarcely visible to the naked eye. The appendages which surround
the base of the receptacles are very numerous and peculiar in their
character, inasmuch as they are unbranched and curved at their tips in
a hook-like manner, and are about twice as long as the diameter of the
receptacle. Each receptacle contains from twelve to sixteen transparent,
pear-shaped sacs, or asci, each of which contains six sporidia.
This species is found also in France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.
As an epiphyte, should this species threaten to give trouble, it should
be met with the sulphur treatment.
Sacc. Syll. i. 23 ; Cooke M. F. 239.
PLUM GUMMOSIS.
Cladosporium epiphyUuni (Link.), PL XI. fig. 18.
Gumming, as exhibited in Prunus japonica, was made the subject of
investigation by Massee in 1899, and the features were so apparently
identical with those which takes place ordinarily in Plum and Cherry trees
as to indicate the possibility of the cause being the same.
Stout branches were mostly attacked, and the disease was indicated by
tear-like drops of almost colourless gum oozing from the branches. The
drops increase in size so as to form irregular masses as large as a Walnut.
Soft in damp weather, but in dry' shrinking and horny, they gradually
change in colour from grey to black as they increase in size ; but this is
external, as the colour diminishes towards the centre.
A black mould (Cladosporium epiphyllum) was traced as the cause of
this disease, as a wound parasite, entering through small wounds in the
bark, or where buds have been broken off. An olive patch of the mould
first appears at the wounded point, and after the conidia are dispersed the
drop of gum appears, and into this gum the threads of the mould extend.
The threads are at first colourless and slender, but as the masses increase
the tips of the threads nearest the circumference become olive, and broken
up into chains of cells, many of which produce small sclerotia or compact
masses of cells with thick dark brown walls. If the mass remains damp
at this stage myriads of very minute conidia are produced by the large
brown cells. If the conditions remain unchanged the conidia increase
rapidly by gemmation. When the mass is dissolved away to the ground
the conidia continue to reproduce themselves by gemmation.
Keiv Bulletin, 1899, <p. 1, pi. ; Mass. PL Dis. 306 ; Sacc. Syll. iv.
1718.
126 1TXGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
PLUM-TREE RUST.
Puccinia Pruni (Pers.), PL XI. fig. 15.
Nearly all kinds of Plum trees are subject to the ravages of the Plum-
tree rust, but those attacks are not in all cases equally virulent. One
tree may be seen in an orchard with hardly a leaf untouched, whilst
another tree at twenty yards' distance will scarcely reveal a pustule.
The under side of the leaves are generally closely sprinkled with the
pustules, which split irregularly and discharge the spores, light brown or
rusty-brown for the uredospores, dark brown for the teleutospores, in
both cases powdery, and soon sprinkled over the leaf.
The uredospores are egg-shaped or Pear-shaped, and the whole sur-
face minutely spiny (20-35 x 12-16 /A). These are the ordinary uredo-
spores, or, as we might call them, the true uredospores. In order to
meet a difficulty certain authors have recently professed that two kinds
of uredospores are known, the second and last invented kind being
elongated and of a Uromyces type, so much so that it has acquired the
name of Uromyces Amygdali. Whether this is also a Uredo form of
Puccinia Pruni does not interest us much, as we intend, in this place, to
treat them as distinct diseases.
The teleutospores are divided in the centre into two cells, each of
which is nearly globose, except at their junction, where they are flattened,
the lower cell being a little the smaller. The cell coat is chestnut-brown
and thickly covered with rather rigid obtuse spines (30-45 x 17-25 /*).
At first the short uncoloured pedicels are distinct, but these finally dis-
appear.
Known in Europe, North America, India, Cape Colony, Australia, and
Tasmania.
NcAlpine Fung. Dis. 23 ; Journ. B.H.S. xxvi. (1902), p. 963 ; Sacc.
Syll vii. ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 193 ; Mass. PL Dis. 251, fig. 64 ; Cooke
Hdbk. No. 1511 ; CooJce M.F. 211 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 355.
PLUM POCKETS.
Exoascus Pruni (Fckl.), PI. XI. fig. 13.
Berkeley recognised this disease in 1876. The pockets, or " bladder
Plums," appear soon after the fall of the flowers, attaining full size about
the end of June, and then soon falling from the tree. They are at first
nearly globose, soon becoming elongated, and often somewhat curved,
from one to two inches in length, and a half to one inch in diameter.
They much resemble the proper fruit when young, except in being
yellowish or reddish in colour. With age the colour changes to grey, and
the surface looks mealy or frosted, and wrinkled. Ultimately they turn
nearly black,, and in two or three days fall to the ground. The walls of
the bladders are thick, permeated by mycelium, which also enters the
hollow centre, and there is no stone. The fruits are evidently taken
possession of by the fungus at an early stage, seed production arrested,
and hollow bladders produced, which have some resemblance only to
fruit.
The mycelium is of the usual kind, and may be found in the smaller
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 127
branches in early spring before the diseased fruit appears. The fungus
itself consists of small cylinders, or asci, standing side by side, closely
packed, each cylinder containing eight small globose sporidia, which are
ultimately ejected at the ruptured apex (4 ,u diam.).
The sporidia germinate readily in water by the formation of a bud,
which assumes the form of the parent spore. The secondary spore
produces a bud like the first, and so on, through several generations.
It is recommended to remove the " pockets ' ' as soon as they are
formed. In the United States it is the practice to cut back the branches
so as to destroy all parts likely to contain mycelium.
Sacc. Syll. viii. 3342; Mass. PL Dis. 85, fig. 12; Ward, Dis. PL
p. 107 ; Thum. Pom. p. 88 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 155, fig.
PLUM-LEAF BLOTCH.
Poly stigma rubra (Pers.), PL XI. fig. 14.
These blotches are very rare upon the leaves of the cultivated Plum,
but are common enough on those of the Sloe.
The blotches are orbicular or angular, of a brick-red colour, with
a decisive and definite outline, thicker than the leaf, with a waxy
appearance, and when mature dotted over the surface with darker minute
dots, or points, which indicate the buried receptacles which enclose the
fruit.
There are two stages to this fungus : the early one in the spring
(Polystigmina) contains only stylospores or conidia, borne upon slender
threads (30 p long).
The autumnal fruit (Polystigma) is not matured until after a period
of rest, such as is obtained by the fallen leaves upon the moist ground.
Then the fruit consists of sporidia (10 x 6 p] which are ovate, enclosed in
asci, and ultimately escape when mature to reproduce the species.
Known also in France, Belgium, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Italy,
and N. America.
Sacc. Syll. ii. 4587 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 135, fig. 25 ; Cooke Hdbk. No.
2410, fig. 383 ; Grev. Sc. Cry. Fl. t. 120 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 189, fig. ;
Hart. & Somm. Dis. Tr. p. 97.
PLUM-TREE MILDEW. «
Podospham tridactyla (Wall.), PL XI. fig. 16.
The earliest appearance of this disease on Plum and Cherry trees is a
whitish mealy, or mouldy, appearance on the living leaves, which thickens
until the surface appears as if dusted with flour or powdered chalk ;
ultimately little orange, and then black, dots show themselves scattered
over the mealy substratum.
In its first stage the pest consists solely of the branched and inter-
woven mycelium of delicate threads, which produce short erect club-
shaped branches, soon divided into joints, which fall away from the apex,
when mature, as oval conidia of the Oidium type.
Afterwards, when the black dots appear, it has passed into the
Erysiphe condition, the dots representing the globose receptacles enclosing
128 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
the fruit. These conceptacles are attached by delicate threads to the
mycelium, and above these, in a circle around the receptacle, are ranged
a circle of radiating arms or appendages, usually six or seven, standing
out from the sphere. These are tawny below and colourless above,
divided in a forked manner three or four times at the apex. Each
receptacle contains a pear-shaped hyaline sac, or ascus, which holds the
eight ovate sporidia. The variety which occurs upon Cherry leaves
differs chiefly in having from eighteen to twenty appendages around the
receptacle.
This is an epiphyte, and hence, like many of its kindred, may be
amenable to the sulphur treatment.
Common through the whole of Europe and North America.
Sacc. Sijll. i. p. 3; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1916, fig. 315; Cooke M. F.
p. 239.
CHERRY BROWN ROT.
Monilia fructigena (Pers.), PI. X. fig. 12.
This is the same disease which has been referred to in connection
with the Apple, and also as the Apricot brown rot. However it rarely
attacks Cherries in this country, although prevalent in the United States.
For fuller details see " Apricot Brown Hot," p. 135.
CHERRY-LEAF SPOT.
Coryneiim Beijerinckii (Oud.), PI. XI. fig. 22.
The attacks of this fungus have been recognised in at least two
different ways — in one as a leaf parasite and in the other as the main
cause of gummosis. Under the former aspect it has been found on
Cherry, Peach, Apricot, Almond, and Plum. In the spring the young
leaves are found to exhibit red or rosy spots on the under surface as well
as on the young shoots. Later on the tissue in such places turns brown
and dies, when the fungus appears in minute black dots which are
grouped on the dead spots, and in these the conidia are produced.
The dots, or pustules, are at first developed beneath the cuticle,
forming compact discs, which are at length erumpent. The conidia are
seated upon a kind of cushion or stroma, crowded together, and are oblong,
pale olive, with three septa (28 - 32 x 11 - 13 /«) on hyaline pedicels.
-Later in the season a second form of fruit appears, and ultimately it
is believed that another form appears, which has been called Ascospora
Beijerinckii, wherein the spores are enclosed in asci.
This disease has been recognised in the Netherlands as well as in
Britain.
No remedies have yet been pronounced successful, but probably spray-
ing at the earliest period when there is any indication of the presence of
the disease may be effectual.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 4058 ; Mass. PL Dis. 294.
GUMMOSIS.
Gummosis is not by any means a new or uncommon disease, which
has been attributed to various causes and latterly to the presence of a
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
129
FIG. 17. — TWIG OF CHERRY INFESTED WITH GNOMONIA ERYTHROSTOMA.
130 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
fungus under the name of Coryneum Beijerinckii. Whatever may be the
cause the remedy has not yet been found.
It is contended on behalf of those who advocate the Coryneum theory
that the disease may be communicated by inoculation ; but the presence
of mycelium or even more advanced fungoid growth in the morbid spots
is extremely probable, apart from any active participation in the disease.
Unfortunately the disease is common enough, but the presumed fungus is
so rare that only one or two persons have professed to have seen it in this
country. It must be remembered also that the species of Coryneum
otherwise known are saprophytes, and the presumption is strong against
the assumed cause of gummosis.
Massee contends that the cause of gummosis in Prunus japonica may
be traced to the action of Cladosporium epiphyllum.
It is recommended that diseased branches should be removed or collar
pruning resorted to. The soil around the trees may be treated with
quicklime on the surface to destroy conidia in the soil.
Gard. Chron. Mar. 29, 1884 ; 1891, fig. 68 ; Kew Bulletin, 1899, p. 1,
plate ; Mass. PL Dis. 306, fig. 82 ; McAlpine Fung . Dis. p. 67.
WITCHES' BROOM OF CHERRY.
Exoascus Cerasi (Fckl.).
Those peculiar malformations, which are known under the name of
witches' brooms, are not uncommon on various trees, and amongst them
the Cherry. Under these attacks the disease shows itself in the produc-
tion of dense tufts of branches, growing apparently from a central point,
and forming a bunch like a besom, which is very common on the Birch.
This malformation is caused by the presence of a fungus similar to
that which causes the leaf curl of the Peach, and which appears a* a
hoary bloom on the branches. The vesicles, or asci, which contain the
sporidia are slender and club-shaped (30-50 x 7-10 /z), enclosing the
nearly globose sporidia (6-9 x 5-7/*). These asci are supported at the
base upon a distinct stem-cell (10-16 x 5-8 or 3-5 /*), which is divided
off from the ascus by a transverse septum.
Known also in Germany, where it was first recognised and described.
The only known remedy is to cut out the tufts and burn them.
Sacc. Syll. x. 4734 ; Tubeuf, .Dis. p. 163, figs. ; Mass. PL Dis. 89, 358.
CHERRY-LEAF SCORCH.
Gnomonia erythrostoma (Awd.), PI. XI. fig. 19.
This disease sometimes makes it appearance in Cherry orchards in
great numbers and proves destructive to the crop.
The leaves are attacked and soon present a scorched appearance,
withering, but hanging on the tree through the winter. Long slender
colourless curved conidia are produced, and in this condition it is known
as Septoria pollens.
During the winter another and final stage is attained by the fungus
produced on the dead hanging leaves (Gnomonia erythrostoma). In this
condition the receptacles are immersed in the substance of the leaf, with
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 131
a short beak, or ostiolum, which pierces the surface. Within the receptacle
cylindrical cells, or asci, are produced, each of which contains eight
elliptical sporidia, which are colourless and divided by a central septum
into two cells (18 x 5-6 p), each cell enclosing two guttules, and terminated
by a curved hair-like appendage, which soon falls away. (Fig. 17.)
Known in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy ^
All the dead hanging leaves should be collected and burnt. Frank
says that in one district in Prussia this method was carried out for two
seasons, after which the Cherry crop, which had been ruined, was
restored.
Sacc. Syll iii. 2637, i. 2214 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. iii. fig. 19 ; Journ.
B.H.S. xxv. 1901, p. 313, fig. 162, xxvii. p. 1140 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 222.
SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS.
Several species of leaf-spot have been recorded in Australia, and else-
where, attacking leaves of Plum and Cherry, forming round spots, the
dead tissue of which soon falls out and leaves a round hole in the leaf.
American shot-hole fungus (Septoria cerasina) occurs on Plum and
Cherry leaves, and has strongly curved conidia (50-75 p long).
Another shot-hole fungus (Cylindrosporium Padi) having curved
filiform conidia (48-62 X 2 //) occurs also in the United States.
An Australian shot-hole fungus (Phyllosticta prunicola) affects the
leaves of Apple, Plum, and Cherry in similar manner in Italy, and extends
to Australia (5x3 /i).
The genuine Australian shot-hole (Phyllosticta circumscissa), as it
claims to be, attacks Cherry and Peach leaves (8x2 /*).
Besides which a white mould (Ovularia circumscissa) is credited with
forming similar shot-holes in Cherry leaves in Russia (15-18 x 6-7^).
And a black mould performs the same office (Cercospora circumscissa)
upon Plum leaves in the south of Europe, in the United States, and in
Australia (50 x 3^-4 /*, 3-4 septate).
Still another shot-hole fungus, and one of the most common in
Australia, is a black mould (Clasterosporium carpophilum) on Peach,
Almond, Cherry, and Apricot (54 x 14 /z, 4-5 septate).- -This is known also
in Italy, Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal.
Strange that none of these should yet have paid a visit to Britain.
Me Alpine Fung. Dis. p. 33.
A shot-hole fungus has been found lately, ^several times affecting
Peach leaves in this country, but not having seen it ourselves we are
unable to determine the precise species of fungus implicated.
A correspondent (Gard. Chron. Oct. 14, 1905, p. 282) states that he
has used Campbell's Sulphur Vaporiser with good effect,1 but was not
successful by spraying with Bordeaux mixture.
AMEEICAN BLACK KNOT.
Plowrightia morbosa (Sacc.).
Although this is an American disease, unknown in Europe, it is the
worst enemy of the Plum and Cherry in the United States. It forms
black rough excrescences on the branches, often several inches in length.
K 2
132 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
At first the branch swells, which is followed by a longitudinal cracking
and gaping of the bark. Then the surface is covered with a dark olive
velvety coating of mould, which produces the conidia.
Later on in the season the olive mould disappears, and a thick out-
growth of fungus mycelium succeeds, which produces a stroma, or bed for
the ensuing fungus. During the winter, cavities are formed in this
stroma, and these contain cylindrical sacs, or asci, closely packed together,
each enclosing eight sporidia, which are oblong, unequally two-celled
(16-20 x 8-10 ft).
As it is confined to the United States we must leave with the
sufferers to adopt the best means at their disposal to exterminate the pest.
Farloiv, Bull. Buss. Inst. 1876, p. 440, plates ; Sacc. Syll. ii. 5295 ;
Mass. PI. Dis. p. 187, fig. 26.
CHEERY-TREE VALSA.
Valsa leucostoma (Fr.).
Cherry-trees along the Rhine have shown signs of decay, the trees
having suffered through late frosts exposing them to the attacks of
a sphaeriaceous fungus, long known as a saprophyte under the name of
Valsa leucostoma. Cutting away the branches affected and putting tar
over the wound has been effective.
Journ. R.H.S. xxviii. p. 242.
PEACH ROT, OR ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceospormm laticolor (Berk.), PI. XL fig. 20.
This disease attacks the mature fruits and produces depressed spots
which are whitish in the centre with a blackened margin. The pustules
are circularly arranged towards the centre, and are rosy, seated beneath
the cuticle. The conidia, which are produced in the pustules, are oblong,
with the contents retracted at each end, oozing out when mature in pale
rosy tendrils (16-17 ft long).
The same disease is credited with attacking Figs when approaching
maturity, although some writers have suggested that the species which
attacks Figs is the same as that which attacks Apples and Grapes
(Glaosporium fructigenum). The difference between them is mainly
in the size of the conidia, whilst the precautions and remedies remain the
same.
All the species of " Anthracnose," as they are termed in America,
are dreadfully injurious, and are recognised as the most persistent of
pests. This is possibly the same species as Glwosporium fructigenum.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 8753 ; Gard. Chron. 1859, p. 604, and December 6,
1890 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1410 ; Thiim. Pom. p. 57.
PEACH RUST.
Uromyces Amygdali (Pass.), PI. XL fig. 21.
When the rust on the Peach leaves was first submitted to us we
declined to regard it as any form of Puccinia Pruni, and accepted the
name given by Passerini of Uromyces Amygdali. We are concerned with
PESTS— ORCHARD, A."
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 138
the rust of Peach leaves and not now with the usual form on the leaves
of Plum, and it is our pleasure to treat them as distinct diseases.
The underside of Peach leaves is liable to be affected with a rust the
pustules of which are small and numerous. The cuticle is soon split, and
the spores scattered as a fine rust-coloured dust. The form of these
spores is quite unusual for those of a uredo, but approaching the type
which is common in the teleutospores of Uromyces. They are consider-
ably elongated, swollen in the middle, and almost bluntly lance- shaped,
quite smooth externally, with the coat of the spore considerably
thickened at the apex, and continued at the base into a rather short thick
pedicel (35-40 x 12 /a). In fact, more like the teleutospores of Uromyces
than the uredospores of Puccinia.
Latterly it has been suggested that these Uromyces spores are a third
kind of spore, called "amphispore," constituting the cycle of Puccinia
Pruni, several instances now being known in which uredospore, amphi-
spore, and teleutospore are produced in succession.
This rust is more common in the United States than it is with us
but it is found also in Southern Europe and in Australia.
Cooke in Rav. Fungi Exsicc. ; Cooke Hdbk. Austr. Fungi, No.
1734 ; see also Gard. Chron. Dec. 17, 1904, p. 418.
PEACH-LEAF BLISTEE.
Exoascus deformans (Berk.), PI. XI. fig. 23.
Peach -leaf blister is such a common affection that a description is
scarcely necessary. Sometimes aphides or other small creatures may
produce somewhat similar appearances, but the real Peach blister is an
established fact.
The leaves are puffed up, blistered, and contorted in a variety of ways,
and this disfigurement will proceed until it spreads gradually over the
entire tree unless it is checked at once.
The under surface of the leaves, in the hollows of the blisters,
assumes a hoary or frosted appearance, and when examined under the
microscope is found to consist of a number of cylindrical cells formed of
a transparent membrane closely packed together side by side, each cell
or ascus containing the elliptical sporidia (7 x 5 /x.) in the same manner as
in the Pear blister and in the Plum pockets.
This disease is sometimes called the " curl," from the curling and
distortion of the leaves.
Diseased or fallen leaves should be burned. Branches bearing
diseased leaves should be pruned back beyond the point of infection.
The disease is rampant if the leaves receive a sudden check from fall of
temperature. Activity of the disease has been checked by a sudden
increase of temperature.
Known in France, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Austria, Italy,
North America, South Africa, Algeria, Australia, China, and Japan.
Gard. Chron. July 9, 1887 ; Mass. PL Dis. 82, fig. 11 ; Cooke
Hdbk. No. 2233 ; Berk. Outl. p. 376, t. i. f. 9, a. 6 ; Sacc. Sytt. viii. 3341 ;
McAlpine Fung. Dis. p. 13 ; Journ. Q.M.C. 1904, p. 58 ; Journ. R.H.S.
xxix. p. 856 ; Gard. Chron. May 13, 1905, p. 294, fig. 121.
134 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
PEACH FRECKLE.
Cladosporium carpophilum (Thiim.).
This disease is known in the United States as "scab" or "black
spot," and was first observed in Austria in 1877, but has not been recog-
nised anywhere else in Europe, although known in the United States and
Canada and New South Wales, and is said to spread rapidly when once
introduced.
The fungus is a kind of black mould which attacks ripe Peaches,
forming minute round spots or freckles, which are greenish, then brownish
or olive. Finally the spots run together and form a brown crust, causing
the fruit to crack, shrivel, and decay. It has also been observed on the
foliage. The spots are orbicular, and the threads short and slightly
branched or simple, with pale ovate conidia, which are rarely septate
(20x5 /x).
So nearly allied to the " Apple scab " that similar treatment is
recommended.
Sacc. Syll. iv. No. 1675 ; Mass. PL Dis. 310 ; Me Alpine Fung. Dis.
49, pi. vii.
PEACH- SPOT MOULD.
Helminthosporium rhabdiferum (Berk.), PI. XI. fig. 24.
This disease first attacked the Barrington Peach in 1864, but has
never spread much since that time or proved of any great importance.
Shallow pits, about half an inch in diameter, appear on the surface
of the fruit the centre of which is occupied by a dark mould bearing a
profusion of spores, so as to blacken the fingers when touched. The
mycelium penetrates deeply into the fruit, which if not gathered in good
time becomes useless. The mycelium consists of more or less waved
articulated threads which give off here and there stouter erect threads,
with shorter joints, branched slightly above and producing at the tip of
each joint a large spore. The spores, or conidia, are at first oblong and
pale, showing one or two transverse septa. These rapidly acquire a dark
tint, elongate, become more or less linear, and consist of from seven to
eleven swollen divisions, of which the terminal one is mostly apiculate.
Each division contains a few minute oil granules (50-80 /x long). After
the spores have fallen they frequently split in the centre and give out a
globular body, which is in all probability reproductive.
We strongly suspect that this fungus is not a trufe parasite, but made
its appearance subsequently, and was not the cause of disease.
Gard. Chron. 1864, p. 938, fig. ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1726.
The "frosty mildew" caused by Cercosporella Persica has been
known in America since 1890 on Peach leaves.
PEACH YELLOWS.
This is one of the most mysterious of plant diseases, and although it
has been known .to cccur in the United States for at least a century it
has not found its way into Europe. In recent years " thousands of young
and thrifty trees have been destroyed by it, and Peach growing has been
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 135
abandoned in several parts of the country where formerly there were large
and profitable orchards." The earliest symptom is the premature ripen-
ing of the fruit ; then diseased dwarfed growths appear on the trunks
and limbs. The limbs attacked are badly diseased the second year, the
entire growth being stunted and of a sickly green tinged with yellow.
After this they may languish for a few years, and then die gradually from
the extremities downwards. All efforts to discover fungoid mycelium has
failed, and it is only recently that the disease has been attributed to
microbes. In 1889 Professor Burrill intimated that he had found " in
the tissues of the root and of the old and young stems of diseased trees
an organism classed with the bacteria which is not known to occur else-
where. This organism has been frequently obtained by method of
cultures under circumstances which preclude the possibility of its corning
from anything except the inner cells of the tree. He had it growing in
artificial media, and it exhibited all the peculiarities of a pathogenic
rather than a saprophytic microbe. He found it in every set of specimens
which he examined, known to be affected by the disease, and has thoroughly
tried in the same manner to find it in healthy stock and failed."
ALMOND TWIG FUSICOCCUM.
Fusicoccum Amygdali (Del.).
This disease has appeared in France, as pustules on living twigs
of Almond-trees, breaking through the bark, and dispensing conidia
6 — 7J x 2J — 3/7, allied to those of the common red Tubercularia.
Bull. Soc. Myc. de. Fr. xxi. fasc. 3, p. 180, fig. 4.
SILVEK LEAF.
Stereum purpureum (Fries).
This disease has been known as affecting fruit trees in this country for
fully a quarter of a century, and has puzzled mycologists and pathologists
to account for the cause. Recently Professor Percival has conducted
some experiments which he considers will demonstrate that the disease
is caused by a wound parasite, which in its fully developed form is a
hymenomycetal fungus called Stereum purpureum.
At the same time it has been affirmed on good authority that several
Horse Chestnut trees in Greenwich Park have been killed by attacks of
this same fungus, which has, at any rate, been developed freely on the
dead bark.
Attacks Plum, Peach, and Apricot trees.
We must still regard ourselves as sceptical as to whether the Stereitm is
the cause of "silver leaf," or the presence of too much nitrogen in the soil.
Sacc. Syll. Hym. ii. 7284 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 910 ; Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Bot. xxxv. p. 390, pi. x. 1902 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvii. (1902), p. 712 ;
xxviii. 1904, p. clxxiv ; Gard. Chron. Aug. 12, 1905, p. 111.
APEICOT BEOWN ROT.
Monilia fructigena (Pers.), PI. X. fig. 12.
This disease attacks indiscriminately a number of pulpy fruits, the
Apple and Pear in this country, and the Cherry and Apricot in the
136
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
United States. In 1864, which was a very dry season, the Apricots in
many gardens were attacked. Fruits were in some cases spotted whilst
quite green, in other cases the attack did not seem to take place till they
FIG. 18.— BROWN EOT OF FRUIT (Manilla fructigena).
were nearly ripe. The intermediate or half-ripe condition was apparently
that in which the attack was most prevalent. The first indication was
a little discoloured brownish spot, very slightly sprinkled with whitish
minute tufts of threads, on some of which a solitary spore might be
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 137
found. The subjacent tissue at this stage is traversed by multitudes of
thick, succulent, branched threads. The progress of the disease is rapid,
the brown spot increases in size, the centre is occupied by a dense mass
of mould consisting of closely set roundish tufts the threads of which
bear necklaces of spores, the central ones lemon-shaped, and as the
disease spreads the little tufts often assume a concentric disposition. At
length the whole fruit gives way, and either drops off or remains attached
to the tree, withered and wrinkled, like a large mouldy Plum (conidia
25 x 10-12 p). (Fig. 18.)
The methods hitherto recommended for this disease are to remove and
destroy all diseased fruit and to spray the trees, so as to prevent the
germination of all the spores which may be adhering to the bark.
Dissolve four pounds of sulphate of iron in five or six gallons of water.
Gard. Chron. Aug. 27, 1864 ; Mass. PL Dis. 300, fig. 79 ; Sacc. Syll.
iv. No. 157 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1812 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 497 ; Journ. E.H.S.
1902, xxvi. p. 738, fig. 311 ; McAlpine Fung. Dis. p. 53, pi. viii. fig. 2 ;
Journ. Q.M.C. 1904, p. 61.
WALNUT ANTHEACNOSE.
Marsonia Juglandis (Lib.), PL XII. fig. 26.
This parasite on Walnut leaves has long been known in this country,
and certainly sometimes appears to take possession of nearly every leaf of
a full-sized tree.
The spots appear on the under surface of the leaves, and are large,
often irregular in form, being limited by the veins of the leaves, generally
of a greyish colour, at length causing the leaves to fall. The pustules are
seated on the spots, and are flattened and of a brown colour, at length
expelling the mature conidia through a pore or fissure. The conidia are
somewhat spindle-shaped, a little beaked at the apex, and divided by a
septum across the centre into two cells (20-25 x 5 //).
It has been recorded in France, Germany, Portugal, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 4028 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1233.
FIG ANTHEACNOSE.
Gloeosporium fructigenum (Berk.), PL X. fig. 4.
In the year 1864 certain Fig orchards in Sussex were attacked by a
disease, so that the whole crop became more or less affected, and the
fruits dropped off before they were ripe. On this occasion the fungus
appeared as a circular patch of little pustules, which were destitute of
any common receptacle, but constituted little cavities which contained a
mass of minute hyaline elliptical sporules, or conidia, enclosing a small
nucleus at each extremity. When matured the walls of the cell con-
tracted, and the sporules were forced out from an opening at the apex in
the form of little tendrils.
We have referred to this same disease previously as attacking Apples,
and must revert to it for any additional information.
Gard. Chron. 1856, p. 245, Aug. 27, 1864 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 281 ;
Cooke Hdbk. No. 1411.
138 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
FIG-TBEE CANKEK.
Liber tella ulcer ata (Mass.). •
This is a disease which has recently been recognised as causing
cracking and canker in the bark of Fig trees and shelling off large patches
as the disease progresses.
The fruit of the fungus is produced within minute cavities of the bark,
and the very small conidia ooze out to the surface like fine hairs, which
are composed of conidia stuck together by a tenacious gluten which
becomes dissolved by moisture and liberates the exceedingly small conidia.
These conidia obtain an entrance into the bark through wounds, and
thus the disease is spread.
It is recommended that all wounded surfaces should be coated with
tar at once. By no means should any knife be used in pruning or
trimming which has been employed in cutting out diseased parts until it
has been cleaned and disinfected, as a knife with adhering germs has
been known to infect a healthy tree.
Gard. Mag. July 23, 1898, fig. ; Mass. PI. Dis. 292.
FIG GREY MOULD.
Botrytis cinerea (Pers.).
Only recently we have been made acquainted with the serious injury
inflicted on green Figs by the attacks of a grey mould, which it is difficult
to distinguish specifically from Botrytis cinetea. The mould appears in
grey velvety patches at the apex of the fruit, being preceded by a soften-
ing and rotting appearance of the tissues, which are soon reduced to a
pulpy mass. No trace of sclerotia has yet been observed.
The sterile hyphae are creeping, interwoven ; the fertile are erect,
gregarious in broad patches, of a greyish colour, either simple or sparingly
branched, with several short simple or divided branchlets near the apex,
septate, a little constricted at the septa, smoky-brown (about 12-14 p
thick) ; conidia broadly elliptical or almost subglobose, nearly colourless
(10-12 // diam.), collected in somewhat globose heads.
It is hopeless to dream of saving the fruit when once attacked, but
all diseased fruits should be burnt at once to prevent diffusion of the
conidia. Spraying uninjured fruit may save them from attack.
Mass. PI. Dis. 380 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1801.
MULBERRY-LEAF SPOT.
Phleospora Mori (Lev.), PL XII. fig. 28.
Mulberry leaves are sometimes marked by rather large irregular spots
or bleached tissue circumscribed with a definite border line of brown. The
spots themselves are pale, either dirty white or tinged with ochre.
Scattered over the upper surface of the spots numerous black dots
indicate the small globose receptacles sunk into the substance of the
leaf.
Within these receptacles are produced the elongated cylindrical conidia
or sporules, which are curved, rather obtuse at the ends, and divided
across by three septa, or occupied by four guttules, or nuclei, entirely
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 139
colourless, and at first growing from short sporophores, or pedicels
(40-50 x 4 fi).
First observed in this country at Clevedon, and since then has been
found in several localities. At one time the theory was promulgated in
France that this disease of the leaves was the cause of " muscardine," or
silkworm disease, but for lack of evidence the theory soon gave way.
Trees when once attacked continue to suffer year after year with
increasing energy. Cold weather appears to check it, but in warm
seasons it extends rapidly.
The disease is known in France, Italy, Germany, Austria, and Eussia.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3136 ; Grevillea, vi. p. 72, xiv. 104 ; Gard. Chron.
Nov. 1877.
MULBEERY-LEAF BLIGHT.
Cercospora moricola (Cooke), PL XII. fig. 29.
Nearly at the same time that the Mulberry spot appeared in this
country another disease was found affecting the leaves of the Mulberry
tree both in this country and in the United States. It belongs to a
genus of black moulds which are really very persistent in their attacks
and very troublesome to the cultivator, but not likely to be of so much
importance to us as to countries where the leaves are required in con-
nection with the silkworm industry.
The spots occur on both surfaces, and are orbicular, of a reddish-
brown colour. Upon these spots are produced tufts, or bundles, of short
olive threads, which burst through the cuticle and produce at the apex
of each thread a long narrow spore, or conidium, which is three or four
septate, and narrowed towards one end (70 x3 /i).
No experiments have been made to control this disease, as in its
present development it cannot affect the production of fruit.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2281 ; Grevillea, xii. p. 30.
MULBEEEY BLACK MOULD.
Clasterosporium parasiticum (Cooke), PI. XII. fig. 30.
When the Mulberry-leaf spot was first found in this country it was
accompanied by another fungus of a very different character, which
appeared to be parasitic upon the same spots. Nearly every spot had its
centre blackened by some parasite, which it was ultimately found had no
relation whatever to the original disease.
This fungus consisted of cylindrical spore masses with a short stem
and almost always obtuse apex divided by numerous septa, and con-
stricted at the joints so as to be torulose, or with a beaded appearance ; of
a clear brown colour when mature, and not unlike a caterpillar in
miniature.
We have inserted this visitant here, not because we retain any
suspicion that it will prove to be a pest, but as a guide to its identification
should it accompany the leaf-spot again, and in order to secure more
definite assurance that it is only a saprophyte on the dead tissue of the
spots.
Grevillea, vi. p. 74, with fig.
140 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
HAZEL-LEAF MILDEW.
Phyllactinia suffulta (Sacc.).
Filberts being cultivated to a considerable extent as a table fruit, the
shrub will fall more naturally into position here than in the shrubbery.
The name by which the mildew was known for very many years was
Phyllactinia guttata, but it has since suffered in the lust for change.
The under surface of the leaves is frequently covered with a delicate
white mildew consisting of a creeping interwoven mycelium of .thin
threads with short erect branches bearing conidia. In the course of
time the little dark globose receptacles make their appearance, scattered
over the surface of the mildew. These little conceptacles are encircled
by a ring of spine-like, pointed, divergent appendages with a swollen base,
which stand around and guard the receptacles.
Each receptacle encloses from four to twenty hyaline pouches, or asci,
which contain the sporidia, of which there are usually two, sometimes
three or four in each ascus (40-50 x 22-25 /*).
This is one of the superficial fungi to which it is believed that the
application of sulphur is beneficial, as in the case of the Hop mildew.
Sacc. Syll. i. No. 13 ; Mass. PL Dis. 98, 361, fig. 16 ; Cooke M. F. xi.
figs. 219, 220; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1912 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 179, fig.
HAZEL-LEAF SPOT.
Septoria Avellana (B. & Br.).
This leaf-spot was recorded by Berkeley, but does not appear to be of
very common occurrence. The receptacles are found on the under
surface of the dry and bleached parts of the leaves, but the sporules are
rather anomalous in size and form for this kind of spot, since they are
fusiform and curved (10 /* long).
The species has also been observed in Italy.
Grevillea, v. p. 56 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 2717.
HAZEL-LEAF BLOTCH.
Gnomoniella Coryli (Batsch).
This fungus has long been known on Hazel leaves, and has had its
name changed a great many times. It occurs on the living leaves in
black shining raised patches on the under surface, resembling little drops
of pitch. Each cluster is composed of several receptacles arranged in a
circle and immersed in the black stroma, with long projecting necks,
each neck surrounded by a white fringe-like collar.
Within the receptacles are a series of cylindrical tubes, or asci, which
enclose the sporidia, eight of which are contained in each tube, and each
one is colourless and oval, without any division (7x3 /u).
When these leaves fall to the ground the sporidia soon arrive at
maturity, and are discharged to fulfil their duty in the perpetuation of
the species.
There is an earlier and imperfect stage (Leptothyrium Coryli), in
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
141
which the sporules are free in the receptacles (18 x 2 /*), but the precise
nature of their relationship is not distinctly known.
Sacc. Syll. i. 1590 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 2736 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 224.
The above is not common enough or harmful enough to cause the
least anxiety.
BOOT FUNGI.
It has been known for the past fifty years — and Berkeley was con-
tinually reverting to it, and asserting it, in the pages of the Gardeners'
Chronicle — that the white fleecy mycelium often seen about the roots of
orchard trees was injurious to them ; that it originated from dead stumps
and buried wood, and attacked the roots of living trees when it was no
FIG. 19. — TREE-BOOT EOT (Armillaria tnellea).
longer a saprophyte, but became a parasite and crept up between the
cortex and the wood, and ultimately killed the tree. This is now more
generally acknowledged to be true, whatever the ultimate development of
the mycelium might be, possibly some Agaric, and that dead wood and
dead roots left in the soil when young trees are planted will sooner or
later prove the source of great injury and destruction. It has been left
to more recent times to demonstrate that mycelium which originally, and
in ordinary cases, was only a saprophyte could under favourable con-
ditions become a dangerous parasite.
Under such circumstances it will be seen that trees should never be
planted in soil which contains the remains of dead stumps or dead roots,
and whenever growing trees are discovered with this mycelium at the
roots they should be removed and the soil sterilised before it is planted
142 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
again. Diseased roots, if not too far infected, should be cleaned and
pruned before replanting, and well washed with some fungicide, when, in
some cases, they may possibly recover ; otherwise they should be burnt
forthwith.
Journ. B.H.S. xxix. 1904, p. xliv.
ORCHARD AGARICS.
Armillaria mellea (Vahl).
This very common Agaric grows in large clusters at the base of stumps
and old trees, and often in orchards where the mycelium extends to and
becomes parasitic on growing trees, causing great mischief.
The fungus grows in dense clusters with a pale honey-coloured pileus
or cap, two to three inches across and a paler stem four to six inches long,
with a distinct collar or ring surrounding the stem above the mid die and a
profusion of white spores, which fall and settle on surrounding objects as a
dense white powder. (Fig. 19.)
The black strands of mycelium, thick as fine twine, and known as
" rhizomorphs," are well known, and generally belong to this Agaric.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 289; Mass. PL Dis. p. 202, fig. 47; Cooke Hdbk.
No. 36, fig. 36 ; Cooke Illus. pi. 32.
PHOLIOTA SQUARROSA (Mull.).
Dense tufts of this Agaric may often be seen at the base of trunks in
orchards, and is capable of doing great injury by the mycelium becoming
parasitic. The Agaric is similar in size and form to the above Armillaria,
but both cap and stem are yellowish brown, densely clad with projecting
brown scales, and the spores, and consequently the gills, are brown. The
smell is strong.
Sacc. Syll vi. 3093 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 208 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 297 ;
Cooke Illus. pi. 367 ; Sow. Fung. t. 284.
TINDER POLYPORE.
Fomes fomentarius (Fries).
It is strongly contended by some writers that the woody Polypores
which are common mostly on forest trees will attack fruit trees as
wound parasites, and compass their destruction. * One species is found
sometimes on fruit trees, which become as hard as a wooden log. In
shape it somewhat resembles a horse's hoof, with a smooth upper surface
of a dark brown colour attached firmly by the back, so as to project like
a bracket. The under surface is almost flat, or a little concave, pale, and
punctured with minute pin-holes or pores close together all over the
surface. These pores contain the spores, which are snuff-coloured and
profuse, so that they fall when mature on all surrounding objects like snuff.
This is a wound parasite, the spores finding an entrance into its victim
tree through a wound y and afterwards developing on the surface.
One of these wound parasites is Fomes fomentarius, which is common
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 143
on Beech trunks and occasionally on fruit trees. All such fungi should
be cut away and the wound dressed with gas tar. (Fig. 20.)
FlG. 20. — FOMES FOMENTAKIUS.
The woodcut is not by any means a good characteristic figure.
Sacc. Syll. Hym. ii. 5409 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 776 ; Journ. B.H.S.
xxvi. (1902), p. 734, fig. 308 ; Mass. PL Dis. 185, 392.
CURRANT-LEAF SPOT.
Septoria Eibis (Desm.), PL XII. fig. 31.
This spot appears to be confined to the living leaves of the Black
Currant, and is certainly common enough. The spots are small and
irregular, brown then purplish, sprinkled with the minute dots of the
innate conceptacles which are covered by the cuticle, which are exceed-
ingly small, with a minute pore at the apex, through which the mature
spores are ejected in a roseate tendril. The spores, or conidia, are very
long and thread-like, curved, containing a row of guttules (50 p long).
In common with most kinds of leaf -spot, this affection is treated
generally with great indifference, the general impression being that it
only affects the leaf upon which it grows, and does not in any way
influence the general health of the bushes.
Known in France, Germany, and the United States. In New Zealand
it is known as the Gooseberry rust. " After the crop is off Bordeaux
mixture may be used, and should be again applied, full strength, before
the buds break, early in the following season as a preventive. All leaves
to be raked up and burned."
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2649; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1338; Grevillea, xiv. 76 ;
Journ. B.H.S. xxv. (1900), p. 143, fig.
144 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
CURRANT BLEACHED SPOT.
Phyllosticta ribicola (Fr.).
The spots are sometimes found on the leaves of the Red Currant, and
are rather large and bleached, with a number of minute black conceptacles
scattered over the surface like pin-points.
The conidia are simple and small, oblong and colourless (15-17 /*
long).
Sacc. Syll. iii. 82.
GOOSEBERRY-LEAF SPOT.
Phyllosticta Grossularia (Sacc.).
The spots on the leaves of the Gooseberry are similar to those on the
leaves of the Currant, but smaller, and with a circumscribing brown line.
They differ also in the smaller sporidia, which are not more than one third
the length of the foregoing (5-6x3 p).
This species is known in most parts of Europe and also in North
America, but is treated as though it were regarded as practically harm-
9.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 83.
Another Gooseberry leaf-spot (Ascocliyta Grossularice) k known in
Europe with apparently two-celled conidia.
CURRANT ANTHRACNOSE.
Glwosporium Eibis (Lib.), PI. XII. fig. 32.
Although this species of leaf-spot is tolerated without complaints, it is
sufficiently common, but not so injurious as most species of Anthracnose.
It generally affects the leaves of the Bed or White Currant, on which it
produces circular spots, sometimes confluent, and wholly brownish in
colour. The pustules appear on the upper surface of the spots, concealed
beneath the cuticle, being somewhat flattened and of a darker reddish -
brown externally, but whitish within, and without any true conceptacle.
The mass of spores is whitish, and is ejected when mature through a
central opening in the cuticle. The conidia, or sporules, are oblong and
curved (10x5 p). In wet weather they may be seen oozing out in a
tendril through the aperture in the cuticle.
It is bad policy to treat any of the species of Anthracnose with con-
tempt, seeing that they may give trouble at any time should a favourable
season occur ; and it has proved to be very far from harmless in the
United States, where the remedy recommended is spraying with one of
the copper solutions.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3694 ; Mass. PL Dis. 286 ; CooJce Hdbk. No. 1235.
Glaosporium curvatiim, known in Holland on Black Currant leaves,
has larger conidia (14-20 x 5-7 /i).
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 145
GOOSEBEEEY CLUSTER-CUPS.
Mcidium Grossulance (Gmel.), PI. XII. fig. 33.
These cluster-cups seem to be rather erratic in their appearance, as in
some years they can scarcely be found at all. They occur principally on
the living leaves or the green fruit.
The spots on the leaves are yellow on one side and reddish on the
other, with a yellow border. The cups are clustered in the centre of the
spots, and are rather long, with the usual white fringed margin. The
rccidiospores are bright orange, produced in chains, but freely separating
into somewhat globose spores, with a finely spinulose surface (10-20 //
diam.).
This is one of those fortunate species whose fate is not linked with
any Uredo or Puccinia. Up to now no enthusiast has imagined for it a-
graminivorous bride, and for the present it has to run its course in single
blessedness.
The species is known in France, Belgium, Germany, Lapland^
Denmark, Switzerland, Asiatic Siberia, and North America.
Quite recently it has been decided by authority that the proper
Uredo and Puccinia are to be found on the leaves of species of Carex.
Sacc. Syll vii. 2787 ; Cooke M. F. 192 ; Gard. Chron. July 1881,.
figs. 15-19 ; Mass. PL Dis. 95 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1620 ; Plow. Brit.
Ured. 263 ; Gard, Chron. May 13, 1905, p. 304, fig. 126.
GOOSEBEEEY MILDEW.
Microspli(zra Grossularia (Lev.), PI. XII. fig. 34.
A little of the Gooseberry mildew appears every year, but it does not
always proceed beyond the mealy or conidial stage. The living leaves
become whitened and chalky, as in the allied species, from the interwoven
mycelium, which spreads over the surface of the leaves. Its occurrence
has been most observed in very dry seasons and on both sides of the
leaves. The first stage is an Oidium, with its chain of conidia.
The receptacles are always few and scattered, being small and globose
as usual, and attached to the mycelium by a small bundle of fibres from
the base. The circle of appendages which surround the conceptacle
consists of from ten to fifteen colourless radiating slender arms, which
are forked near the tips, each branch being again forked, and the
extremities of all the branchlets split into two teeth, which are pointed,
and not thickened as in some other species.
The contents of the mature conceptacles are from four to eight ovate
sacs, or asci, each of which encloses four or five hyaline sporidia, so
that each conceptacle may contain from sixteen to forty spores.
The mycelium of these mildews does not in the first instance establish
itself within the substance of the leaves, and never enters to any appre-
ciable extent. Hence it is an epiphyte, and has only to be destroyed to
restore the vigour of the affected plants. It is in this class of diseases
that the application of sulphur is likely to prove most beneficial.
Sacc. Syll. i. 40 ; Cooke M. F. 240 ; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1922 ; Mass.
PI Dis. 95, fig. 15 ; Journ. B.H.S. xxv. (1900), p. 145.
146 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
AMERICAN GOOSEBERRY MILDEW.
Sph&rotheca Mors-uva (Schw.).
This disease has been widely and well known in the United States
for scores of years, but only recently has visited Ireland, which entitles it
to notice here. As a proof of its virulence, one American writer states :
" The mildew of the Gooseberry is the most serious obstacle to the
successful culture of the foreign Gooseberry in the United States."
It first makes its appearance on the young half -grown leaves and the
unfolding bud of the shoot. Then it has a cobwebby appearance, which
soon becomes white and powdery. Soon after this patches may be found
on the berries, usually on one side more than on the other. Later on
the leaves, petioles, and young stems turn a rusty-brown colour, and
become thickly coated with the fungus. The berries at the same time are
covered with brown patches of mycelium, which may be readily peeled off.
The conceptacles are developed upon the mycelium in this species, as
well as on the Hop mildew, and the sporidia (15 p long) are in like
manner developed within the asci.
Experiments made have shown that as a fungicide in this instance
potassium sulphide was far more effective than Bordeaux mixture, lysol, or
formalin, using one ounce of potassium sulphide to two gallons of water.
Repeat the application every ten days till the fruit is nearly mature.
Sacc. Syll. i. No. 12 ; Grevillea, iv. p. 158 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxv.
(1890), p. 140, fig. 37 ; xxvii. (1902), p. 596, fig. 166 ; xxix. 1904, p. 102 ;
Mass. PL Dis. 97. 362 ; Gard. Chron. Oct. 28, 1905, p. 305.
GOOSEBERRY POLYPORE.
Forties Eibis (Fries).
This hard woody Polyporus may often be found growing at the base
of the stems of old Gooseberry and Currant bushes, and has now the
credit of being a true parasite.
It consists of a hard woody pileus, almost hoof-shaped and often
several together, one placed above the other, and from two to four inches
across. The upper surface convex, yellowish-brown, and when young
minutely velvety, but becoming bald and smooth when old, with con-
centric zones. The under surface nearly plane, and pierced with
innumerable minute pores of a brownish-grey colour. When cut in
section the fibrous flesh is of a rusty-brown colour.
This fungus is perennial, and lasts from year to year, but is only
found on quite old bushes, which may easily be replaced by more youth-
ful successors.
Sacc. Syll. Hym. ii. No. 5427 ; Mass. PL Dis. 185 ; Cooke Hdbk.
No. 780.
RASPBERRY CANE SPOT.
Phyllosticta pallor (Berk.), PI. XII. fig. 35.
This spot on the living Raspberry canes was first observed by Berkeley
many years ago, and was called Ascochyta pallor, albeit the conidia were
not two-celled.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 147
Roundish or elliptical paler spots are formed on the canes, over which
the dot-like receptacles are scattered immersed in the substance of the
spot, which is pierced by the dot-like orifice. Around this opening the
substance is a little raised and blackened, so as to form a kind of ring.
The conidia are sausage-shaped, narrow and slightly curved, obtuse at
the ends (14-18 x 4-5 /*).
Has been very little observed, although apparently a true parasite.
Hence it is not likely to give trouble, or it would scarcely have rested so long.
Apparently only known in Britain and Holland.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2206 and 4912 ; Berk. Ann. N. H. No. 193, fig. ;
Cooke Hdbk. No. 1356.
Raspberry cane blight, attributed to Coniothyrium Fuckelii, is more
or less common in the Raspberry plantations of New York State, causing
the plants to die about the time that the fruit is ripening. The fungus is
known in Europe.
RASPBERRY ANTHRACNOSE.
GloBosporium venetum (Speg.), PI. XII. fig. 36.
We are not thoroughly convinced that this Anthracnose has occurred
in Britain, although it is well known in Continental Europe, in the
United States, and in Australia.
On the leaves it produces large marginal spots of a honey colour,
margined by a distinct purplish line ; towards the centre of the leaf the
spots are smaller and rounded. On the petioles and young twigs the
spots are more definitely elliptical and pallid, and on the young canes.
The pustules are without any true receptacle, sunk in the substance of
the leaf or stem, and the conidia are produced within these cells, elliptical
and colourless (7-8 x 2-2 \ //.), often with two small nuclei, and ejected when
mature through a fissure in the cuticle as a gelatinous boss or tendril.
The conidia germinate readily and spread the disease. Young canes are
not killed the first season, but succumb on the second, the fruit remaining
small and shrivelled. Spraying with sulphate of iron solution and diluted
Bordeaux mixture has been recommended. Nothing will save the canes
when thoroughly attacked, and the only alternative is to burn and prevent
the spread of disease.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3962 ; Mass. PL Dis. 286 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 483.
Raspberry canes are reported in Australia as suffering from attack at
the roots of the mycelium of the very common clustered Agaric (Hypho-
loma fasciculare), so plentiful about old stumps in this country.
" Raspberry Cane Blight," see Journ. R.H.S. xxviii. p. 288.
RASPBERRY BRAND.
Phragmidium Rubi-Idai.
This very interesting brand, or rust, of the Raspberry, more often
makes its appearance on the wild than upon the cultivated plants. In
fact, it never has been an orchard pest, and yet it has been long enough
known to have been called by at least thirteen names.
L2
148 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
It is supposed to have a species of Cluster-cups, just to save the con-
sciences of the uredinists, although nothing like a Cluster-cup. This is
the old Uredo gyrosa, with the pustule forming a little kind of ring
which is indented in the centre. ^Ecidiospores (?) globose, rough, yellow,
(20-28 /x diam.).
The uredospores form little pustules, scattered, or sometimes gathered
in circles, the spores being spherical or ovoid, rough, and orange-yellow
(16-22 /u diam.).
The teleutospores are the most imposing, being produced in tufts or
clusters, the upper portion, or the proper teleutospore, being elongated,
cylindrical, rounded at each end, or with a hyaline wart like apiculus at
the apex, divided transversely into from six to ten cells (90-140 x 20-35 p),
externally warted, and of a dark brown colour, with a long colourless stem
(110-160 x 17-20 p), a little thickened below, straight or curved, and a
little flattened laterally.
Each cell is capable of separate germination, as if it were an individual
spore.
Known in France, Belgium, Ardennes, Switzerland, Germany, Finland,
Austria, Lapland, Italy, and North America.
Sacc. Syll \ii. 2626 ; Mass. PL Dis. 258 ; Cooke M. F. 201, f. 43 ;
Cooke Hdbk. No. 1459 ; Grevillea, iii. t. 45, fig. 9 ; Plowr. Br. Ured. 226.
LITTLE STRAWBERRY SPOT.
Phyllosticta fragaricola (Desm.), PI. XII. fig. 38.
This is one of the ordinary forms of spot on Strawberry leaves in
which the spots are small, rounded, and whitened in the centre, with a
blood-red margin. The conceptacles are few upon the spots, and dot-like.
The conidia, or sporules, are oblong and minute (5x2 /*).
It is noteworthy that in so many of the species of Phyllosticta, or spot
with minute spores, we should have similar and corresponding spots of
the Septoria type with long thread-like spores, that is to say, there may
be on the same kind of leaves spots precisely similar, which in one case
produce minute spores and in another long and thread-like spores, the
difference being entirely that of the fructification. It has been suggested
that the perithecia which at an early period produce minute sporules
may at a later period produce thread-like sporules ; but this is only con-
jecture without evidence. And yet future knowledge of the life history
of these parasites may make it all plain.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 219 ; Grevillea, xiv. 73.
A leaf-spot precisely similar is known in Portugal and Italy (Asco-
chyta Fragaria) in which the sporules are elliptical i (12-1 5 x 3-4 /u) and
two-celled. Has appeared also in the United States, and threatens mis-
chief.
STRAWBERRY-LEAF SPOT.
Septoria Fragarue (Desm.), PL XII. fig. 39.
This spot is familiar upon all Strawberry plants, but commonly in a
sterile condition. It occurs upon the upper surface of Strawberry leaves
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 149
as circular brown spots with a reddish-brown margin. The conceptacles
are very minute, sprinkled over the spots as little black dots with a rather
broad pore at the apex through which the mature conidia are expelled in
a whitish tendril. The conidia, or spores, are long and cylindrical
or thread-like, with three transverse divisions and colourless (about 50 /z
long).
It is unknown if any and what relations subsist between the several
species of fungi which thrive with us upon Strawberry leaves. It has
only been supposed that there is some connection, but it has not been
demonstrated.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2767.
STRAWBERRY ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Fr agarics, (Lib.), PL XII. fig. 40.
This disease is not at all uncommon on Strawberry leaves, but has
never caused anxiety, since it was not credited with the power of inflicting
serious injury. The spots are reddish on the upper surface, without any
determinate outline. Upon these spots appear flattened blackish pustules,
which nestle beneath the cuticle. The mass of conidia form a greyish
nucleus within the cavity of the tissue. The conidia, or spores, are
cylindrical, obtuse, and contain a row of four or five guttules (26-42 x 4 p).
There is no genuine conceptacle, but the surrounding cells are discoloured,
and when mature the conidia ooze out at the apex of the pustules in
globules or tendrils during moist weather and are washed over the
foliage.
All species of this genus are suspicious, and we doubt if this is really
so innocent as has generally been supposed.
It is known in France, Belgium, Germany, and the United States.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3690.
STRAWBERRY SPOT MOULD.
Eamularia Tulasnei (Sacc.), PI. XII. fig. 41.
This fungus spots the leaves in a very similar manner to the ordinary
leaf -spot. They are rather small orbicular white spots with a broad
definite dark reddish margin, but without any dots. A white mould is
seated upon the spots, which produces little bundles of colourless threads,
and these develop at their tips cylindrical hyaline conidia which are
straight, with one or two cross divisions (30-35 x3-4 /i). What appears
to be the same fungus was known here for some years under the name
of Cylindrosporium Grevilleanum. The life history of this fungus has
been investigated in North America, and hence we know more of it than
of most leaf-spots, and that this fungus constitutes the conidia of another
fungus, which appears later on and is known as Sphcerella Fragaria.
For our purpose we may treat them as two separate diseases, with
different manifestations and different treatment.
The mould is known in Britain, France, Italy, Holland, and North
America.
150 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
In this stage it is more likely to submit to treatment by fungicides-
than in the more mature or resting condition.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 988 ; Sacc. F. Ital. t. 1006 ; Mass. PI Dis. 107.
Kipening fruits are liable to attack from Oidium Balsami, already
described (ante, p. 84).
STRAWBERRY-LEAF BLIGHT.
Sphcerella Fragaria (Sacc.), PI. XII. fig. 42.
When a spot first appears on a young leaf it is brownish or reddish,
then becomes circular with a dead white centre (3-6 mm.) and broad
purple border. Subsequently conidia are produced as already described
(Eamularia Tidasnei], which for some time are produced in succession
from the same threads. If these conidia fall on a fresh leaf surface they
germinate in a few hours. In the latter part of the season the mycelium
becomes compacted into sclerotia, which are capable of germinating and
producing a crop of conidia in the spring.
Perithecia are developed in late autumn, but are not matured until
the spring, upon the white centre of old spots. Asci are produced within
these perithecia, each containing eight oblong colourless two-celled
sporidia (15 x3-4 p).
The fungus passes the winter under three forms : (1) as mycelium in
the leaves, (2) as sclerotia developed from the mycelium, (3) as ascospores
produced in the perithecia.
The remedies suggested are a solution of sulphide of potassium one
ounce to eight gallons of water. Also the copper solutions. Burning of
il spotted leaves which may carry the disease over to the spring.
Known in Europe — in France, Germany, and Italy — as well as in the
United States.
U.S.A. Exp. Sta. Cornell, xiv. Dec. 1889 ; Sacc. Syll. i. 1951 ; Mass,
PI. Dis. 107, fig. 18 ; Tubeuf, Dis. 215, fig.
STRAWBERRY MILDEW.
Sphcerotheca Humuli (DC.).
A white mould on Strawberries was recognised by Berkeley in 1854y
when he imagined it was the same species as had been known on Turnips.
Afterwards the occurrence of the same mildew in America led to its
further investigation, and it was discovered at length to be none other
than a form of the well-known mildew of the Hop. In this country only
the conidial condition had been seen, which was a simple Oidium, some-
what like that of the Vine. On the other hand the perfect fruit was
found in America, so that between 1892 and 1898 it became established
that the fungus of the Strawberry mildew was that known as Sphcerotheca
Humuli (or, as formerly termed, Sphcerotheca Castagnei), the cause of the
Hop mildew. (Fig. 21.)
In the first stage it attacks the leaves, causing them to curl, so as to
appear as if suffering for lack of water. At this time the mycelium
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
151
spreads over the under surface as a white felted mould, from which arise
the short branches which bear the chains of conidia (30-35 x 20-24 /x,).
The mycelium sends suckers into the epidermal cells of the leaf whence
to obtain nourishment. Subsequently to its appearance on the leaves the
mildew spreads afterwards into contact with the fruit.
Later in the season the second form of fruit is developed, after the
manner of the Kose mildew, Pea mildew, and others of its kind. These
are in the form of minute globose conceptacles, which become dotted over
the mycelium, each containing a single ascus which encloses eight sporidia.
These conceptacles are only sparingly produced, and those generally
occur on the petioles of the leaves, and, like those of the vine mildew,
Fm. 21. — SPH^KOTHECA HUMULI.
a. Conidiophores. ( x 200.) 6. Conidia. c. Conidia germinating. ( x 300.) d. Asci
and spores, (x 350.)
perhaps in this country not at all. Doubtless the mildew is increasing
with us, and complaints are being heard of it in Strawberry-growing
localities. Some varieties stand the chances much better than others.
Predisposing circumstances are affirmed to be sudden changes of
temperature, especially a decrease during the night or a cool temperature
followed by sunny weather.
Experiments made by two fungicides seemed to afford satisfaction,
viz. (1) one ounce of carbonate of copper and five ounces of carbonate
of ammonia dissolved in a quart of hot water and then mixed with
sixteen gallons of water when cold. (2) Dissolving a quarter of an ounce
of sulphide of potassium in a gallon of water. Spraying wilh either of
152 FUNGOID PEST* OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
these mixtures is therefore recommended, especially the first ; but promp-
titude must be used whilst the mildew is on the leaves, since it is useless
when it has obtained a hold upon the fruit to attempt to save the crop.
Sacc. Syll. i. 8; Cooke Hdbk. No. 1911 ; Berk. Gard. Cliron. 1854,
p. 236 ; Journ. B.H.S. xxv. (1900), p. 132, figs. 35, 36 ; Journ. Q.M.C.
1904, p. 60.
PESTS OF THE VINERY AND STOVF
The two sections of this communication treat of the fungoid diseases
(1) of the Vine, and (2) of other plants cultivated in the hothouse. The
pests which flourish at this high temperature seldom cause any trouble
under other circumstances ; but the close, heated, and moist atmosphere
of the stove is especially favourable to the development of fungus para-
sites, and great care should be taken to recognise their earliest appear-
ance, and hold them in check.
VINE LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Badhami (Berk.), PI. XIII. fig. 2.
This is not a common parasite, although we met with it several times
about twenty years ago.
It was first recognised in 1853, forming little brownish spots on the
leaves, upon which were seated a few of the dot-like conceptacles, which
occur in clusters on either side of the leaf. On one occasion we found
the spots to be wholly marginal, becoming confluent around the greater
portion of the leaf. The conidia, or sporules, are elongated or some-
what club-shaped (35-50 p. long), with a few minute granules, and they
appear to be rarely, if ever, septate.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2581 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1309 ; Berk. & Br., Ann. N.H.,
No. 748, t. 15, f. 9 ; Thum. Pilz. Wein. p. 180.
SMALL VINE LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Badhami (Cooke), PL XIII. fig. 1.
Not fewer than fifteen other kinds of leaf -spots have been described as
occurring on living vine-leaves, in addition to nine species of anthracnose.
This is a formidable list, but only one other has occurred in Britain,
which answered in external appearance to the above description of
Septoria Badhami, with the distinction that the conidia, or sporules, were
minute (6-7 x 2 /*) ; and, as we issued specimens of it under that name, we
have since called it Phyllosticta Badhami. (Journ. B.H.S. 1878, p. 93.)
The other described species of Vine leaf-spot may be briefly enume-
rated here, as one or other of them may occur at any time.
Italian leaf-spot, Phoma Negriana (Thiim.), on living vine-leaves in
Italy, has sporules 5-7 x 3-3^ /x,.
Mildew leaf-spot, Phoma succedanea (Pass.), on vine-leaves in company
with the mildew, has occurred in Italy with sporules 5 x 2| /x.
PL. XIII.
PESTS-VINERY.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 153
American mildew leaf -spot, Phoma ampcloycna (Sacc.), has been
found in the United States to follow the American mildew on vine-leaves.
Sporules 4 x 3 p.
Vine leaf-spot, Phyllosticta Vitis (Sacc.), found in Italy on living
vine-leaves, with sporules 6 x 3 /x.
Labrusca leaf-spot, Phyllosticta Labruscce (Thiim.), is an American
species, which attacks the leaves of the Labrusca grape. The sporules
are large, 9-11 x 6-7 /*, on small brown spots.
Italian Vine leaf-spot, Phyllosticta viticola (Sacc.), appears to be
confined to living vine-leaves in Italy. The sporules are 5 x 2^ //,.
Leveille's leaf-spot, Phyllosticta Leveillei (Cooke in Journ. H.H.S.
1878, p. 92), was described by Leveille (in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1846,
v. p. 279) and specimen preserved in Berkeley Herbarium, with sporules
about 10 p long. Known hitherto only in France.
Carolina vine-spot, Phyllosticta viticola (B. & 0.), forms large spots' on
the leaves of Vitis vulpina in Carolina. Sporules 8-9 x 4 p.
Ellis's Labrusca leaf-spot, Ascochyta Ellisii (Thiim.), on leaves of
Vitis Labrusca, has bicellular sporules 6-8x5-6 /w.
Saccardo's leaf-spot, Ascochyta ampelina (Sacc.), on vine-leaves in
Italy, Sporules two-celled, 10 x 3 p.
Curtis's Vino leaf-spot, Sacidium viticola (Cooke, Journ. R.H.S.
1878, p. 92). Specimens from North America were distributed under the
name of Septoria viticola. Sporules globose, 10 /w.
Texas melanose, Septoria ampelina (B. & C.), on leaves of Vitis
vulpina, known in Texas and S. Carolina, with sporules 30-50 /j. long.
Small vine leaf-spot, Septoria vinea (Pass.), has occurred in Italy,
with sporules 12-18 x l|ju.
Sorokin's vine-spot, Sphaceloma ampelinum (Sorok.), is a Russian
species but little known.
GRAPE RED SPOT.
Glososporium rufomaculans (Berk.), PI. XIII. fig. 3.
This spot was first recognised on Grapes in 1854, and since that
time it has fortunately occurred but rarely, especially as it is one of
the kind known as anthracnose, and they are virulent diseases to deal
with.
It forms a rounded spot of a sienna-brown colour on the fruit,
preserving constantly a definite outline. This spot separates readily from
the subjacent pulp, in consequence of a copious crop of mycelium, the
threads of which form the radii of a circle. The surface is rough with
little raised orbicular reddish perithecia, or conceptacles, for there are
no true perithecia, which are arranged in circles. The conidia are pro-
duced within the conceptacles or cells, and are oblong, without any
division as yet observed, but constricted in the middle, and colourless
(15-20 p long). In age the false perithecia fall away, leaving a little
aperture, the border of which is often stained black.
We have assumed this to be a Glceosporium, most certainly not
Ascochyta, as first described, but we have not been fortunate enough to
meet with it. It seems to be distinct from Glceosporium uvicolum on
154
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Grapes, but appears to be a form of Glceosrjorium fructigenum, which is
said to occur on Grapes as well as on Apples.
Card. Chron. 1854, p. 676 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1358.
Australian anthracnose, Glceosporium bicolor (Me Alp.), is the Apple-
rot of Australia.
GRAPE ROT.
Glceosporium uvicolum (Berk.), PI. XIII. fig. 4.
There is some confusion in the records of this species, which has also
been called Glceosporium Iceticolor, but the proper hcst of that species is
the Peach and Nectarine.
\\
X 800'
FIG. 22. — ANTHBACNOSE OF THE VINE. (Gardeners'1 Chronicle.}
The spots are always of a pale orange, with an almost white spot in
the middle. The tendrils of spores, or conidia, are similar in colour, and the
conidia are larger than in the species upon Peaches (25 /u long). Fortunately
it is a very rare species, and is not likely to cause much annoyance.
Berk., Gard. Chron. 1854, p. 676 ; Sept. 9, 1871, p. 1162.
GRAPE ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium ampelophagum (Pass.), PI. XIII. fig. 5.
This attacks Grape vines in Italy and the United States, but until
recently there has been no record of it in Britain. It attacks all the
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 155
green parts, and internally exhibits very little mycelium ; the pustules are
without definite receptacles, and the conidia are produced on short stalks
within definite cells ; when mature they escape by rupture of the cuticle,
and lie like a crust on the surface until dissolved by moisture (5-6 x 2J ju),
when they float away to infect other parts. (Fig. 22.)
Gard. Chron. July 8, 1893, fig. 10 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 279 ; Sacc. SylL
iii. 3755 ; Thiim. Pilz. Wein. p. 9 t. 3, f. 24 ; Thiim. Pock. d. Wein,
(1880) ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 484.
Fresh compost at the roots recommended, Gard. Chron. Aug. 27,
1904, p. 153.
White rot of Grapes, Coniothyrium diplodiella (Speg.), occurs on the
fruit, leaves, and rarely on twigs. It is uncertain whether it is truly a»
parasite. The coloured sporules are 7-11 x5j p. This pest has recently
been investigated in Hungary by Istvanffi, and the results published in
" Annales de 1'Instit. Ampelologique Boy. Hongrois," ii. 1902, with
24 coloured plates, in which it is claimed to be a destructive parasite.
Squirt Berry, Phoma tuberculata (McAlp.), is an Australian species.
Grape Hendersonia, Hendersons tenuipes (Me Alp.), occurs on ripe
Grapes in Australia, but we doubt its parasitism, and also whether it may
not rather be a Pestalozzia, with delicate cilia not observed. It need
cause no alarm in Europe.
VINE LEAF-SPOT MOULD.
Cercospora viticola (Sacc.), PI. XIII. fig. 6.
Massee says simply that it forms " brown spots on vine-leaves, and is
most abundant during a damp season. Most abundant on the lower
shaded leaves." Still we are in doubt whether he records it as British,
and although we have seen foreign specimens, we have had none reputed
to be indigenous.
The spots occur on both sides of the leaves, and are somewhat
circular or irregular (2-10 mm.), becoming ochraceous, not distinctly
marginate; threads on the under surface in tufts (50-200x4-5^),
septate, ochre. Conidia elongated, attenuated upwards, three- to four-
septate (50-70 x 7-8 /u), with a tinge of olive.
This is recorded for France, Germany, Portugal, Austria, and Italy,
but must be quite distinct from Isariopsis clavispora, with which it has
been confounded.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2200 ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 319, 439.
Another species (Cercospora Rossleri), with shorter, obtuser, and more
cylindrical conidia, is recorded on living vine-leaves for France, Portugal,
Austria, and Italy (50-60 x 7 /*).
A species called Cercospora sessilis (Sorok.) is recorded from Russia.
156 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
VINE LEAF-TUFT MOULD.
Isariopsis clavispora (B< & C.), PI. XIII. fig. 7.
This appears to be entirely an American species, but authors have
confounded it with Cercospora viticola, and may do so again. We are not
aware that it has been found on any other living leaves than those of
Vitis Labrusca, and was first described by Berkeley.
The spots are brown, and mostly irregular. The compacted hyphae
are closely united in the lower portion, but become loosened and flexuous
near the apex. The conidia are narrowly clavate, round at the apex, and
multiseptate (as many as 7-9), hyaline and attenuated downwards, but
brownish above (100 x 5-6 p), each cell sometimes including a small
guttule.
Careful examination will convince anyone that the conidia are attached
by the thin extremity, and that they can hardly be regarded as a topsy
turvy condition of Cercospora viticola.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2998 ; Berk. & Curt., Grevilka, iii. p. 100, No. 619 ;
Thilm. Pilz. Wein. 177, t. 5, f. 7 (bad).
Other black moulds, of which many have been named in connection
with the Vine, appear to be saprophytes, with the exception, perhaps, of
Fumago vagans, which has a wide range of hosts, and may soon be dis-
posed of, if it ventures to appear in a well-ordered vinery.
ENGLISH VINE DISEASE.
Oidium Tuckeri (Berk.), PI. XIII. fig. 8.
The ordinary English Vine disease was first observed in 1845 at
Margate by a gardener, Edward Tucker, and it is known to this day as
Oidium Tuckeri. In 1853 it appeared in Spain, and a year later in
Portugal. It was first observed in Madeira in 1851, and was not long in
spreading through the continent of Europe.
The disease is too well known to need description. When the shoots
are struck they become spotted with dark grey or rust colour ; the leaves
also become spotted, and covered with a cottony substance of fine fila-
ments, as seen under the microscope. The Grapes are covered with what
9 ppears to be a white powder, like lime, a little darkened with brown.
The mould, like other species of Oidium, has a creeping mycelium, which
supports erect fertile threads, and these latter become differentiated into
chains of colourless spores or conidia.
Some writers are of opinion that this disease is the same as the
" powdery mildew " of the United States the full development of which is
known under the name of Uncinula spiralis ; but as the receptacles, or the
Erysiphe condition, have never been found in Europe, it is still a doubtful
point. It is more than probable that the Oidium Tuckeri, as known to
us, is an imperfect fungus of which the full development would naturally
be a very close associate of Uncinula spiralis, if not really the same
species.
PL. XIV.
PESTS-VINERY, &C.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 157
As an epiphyte, the application of sulphur has been the only success-
ful remedy, or sulphur in combination with lime.
Gard, Chron. May 15, 1886 ; 1847, p. 779 ; 1878, p. 74. Journ. R.H.S.
1878, p. 68. Thiim. Pih. Wein. p. 1, t. 3, f. 1.
POWDERY MILDEW OF VINE.
Uncinula spiralis (B. & C.), PL XIV. fig. 13.
American botanists are generally satisfied that this vine disease of
theirs is a fruitful development of the English vine disease, which we
only know, in the conidial form, as Oidium Tuckeri, for which reason,
therefore, it is entitled to some notice here.
It forms white or greyish patches on the surface of the leaves, young
shoots, and fruit. This is composed of the interwoven threads of the
mycelium, from which afterwards arise short erect branches, the upper
portion of which becomes converted into a chain of conidia, the final one,
which is the oldest, falling away when mature, giving to the white patches
a still more powdery appearance.
Towards the end of the summer the globose conceptacles make their
appearance amongst the mycelium, at first yellow, afterwards dark brown,
attached at the base by delicate threads. Encircling the base, a series of
spreading, straight, simple appendages radiate around the conceptacles, in
number from ten to twenty, the tips of which are hooked or spirally
twisted, and the lower part, next the conceptacles, coloured. The asci, or
sacs, within the conceptacles, enclose from four to six elliptical sporidia
(20x8-10^).
Journ. JK.H.S. 1878, p. 68 ; Thiim. Pilz. Wein. p. 183 ; Grevillea, iv.
159 ; Gard. Chron. 1878, p. 74 ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 93, 360, fig. 14 ;
Tubeuf, Dis. p. 176.
In the United States another species of the same genus (Uncinula
subfusca) attacks the living leaves of Vitis Labrusca.
AUSTRALIAN VINE MILDEW.
Erysiphe vitigera (C. & M.).
This is the vine mildew which in Australia corresponds to the powdery
mildew of the United States, and to our own Oidium Tuckeri. In its early
manifestations, and the conidial stage, it might be taken for Oidium
Tuckeri, and probably was so accepted before the discovery of the perfect
fruit.
The first stage is the creeping mycelium and white mould, which
covers the leaves, wholly or in patches, and this is followed by the
presence, amongst the mycelium, of the little globose conceptacles, attached
at the base, and furnished with a circle of appendages or flexuous
threads, as in other species of Erysiphe, such as the one upon the Garden
Pea, but less distinct and more interwoven with the mycelium. The
receptacles contain four pear-shaped sacs or asci, each of which contains
two sporidia (18 x 9 ^u), which are elliptical and colourless.
It was first made known and described in 1887.
158 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The same remedies are recommended as have been applied in the case
of the English vine mildew, and doubtless the persistent application of
sulphur will bring its reward.
Grevillea, xv. 98 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 1571.
BLACK ROT OF GKAPES.
Guignardia Bidwellii (Viala), PL XIII. fig. 9.
Doubtless one of the most destructive of our American vine pests,
which manifests itself in variable forms, found its way into Europe in
1885 with imported vines.
Young shoots and leaves are first attacked, under the form of small
brownish blotches. A fortnight later the fruit shows symptoms of
disease by the appearance of small blackish spots ; afterwards the fruit
turns black, shrivels, and becomes hard. At this stage the surface of the
patches is seen to be studded with little black points, indicating what are
termed the pycnidia form of the disease, or the summer fruits. These
receptacles contain innumerable minute bodies, or stylospores, which are
produced in the interior, and when mature ooze out through a pore at the
apex (7-8 p long). This is the condition which was first known, and was
then called Phoma uvicola. The stylospores, after their escape, are
carried about by moisture over the surface of healthy Grapes, where they
germinate at once, enter the tissues, form a diseased spot, and thus dis-
tribute the disease.
Later on other forms of summer fruit supervene, until the final or
highest form of fruit appears on the diseased Grapes lying on the ground
during the winter. In this stage the sporidia are produced in cylindrical
cells, or asci, and come to maturity in the spring. They are almost
elliptical, without division, and colourless (12-17 x 4^-5 yu).
In the United States spraying with Bordeaux mixture is much relied
upon.
Gard. Chron. January26, 1895, p. 101, fig. 13 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 105 ;
Thilm. Pilz. Wein. p. 156, f. 11 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 216.
VINE SCLEROTINIA.
Sclerotinia Fuckeliana (De Bary), PL XIV. fig. 11.
This vine pest appears also under two or three forms, the earliest
being that of a mould, representing the conidia, and not uncommon on
other plants as well as the vine. In days when it was regarded as a
complete or perfect fungus, it was called Botrytis cinerea, and that name
is found to be sometimes convenient now (pp. 71, 72).
The conidia form appears in tufts of a greyish colour, sometimes in
large patches. The stems or threads are stout, erect, dingy-olive, some-
what branched in the upper portion, the tip of each branch bearing a
somewhat globose tuft or cluster of broadly elliptical conidia (8-9 x 6 yu).
The mycelium of the mould traversing the tissues of the host becomes
compacted into numerous small black sclerotia, which pass a period of
rest and afterwards produce again the conidial fruit, or the cup-like form.
The little fleshy cups, or Sclerotinia, resemble a very miniature wine-
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 159
glass, with a long slender stem, the cups not more than one tenth of an
inch across, but the stem possibly more than half an inch long. The
inner membrane of the cup consists of cylindrical asci, or cells, packed
closely side by side, each containing right sporidia, which are the perfect
fruit. The sporidia are elliptical, colourless (10-11 x 6-7 ju).
Spraying with dilute Bordeaux mixture destroys the conidia. Leaves
and other debris likely to contain the sclerotia should be collected and
burnt.
Sacc. SylL viii. 799 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 148, fig. 31 ; Thiim. Pilz.
Wein. pp. 195, 197 ; McAlpine, Dep. Agri. Viet. p. 29 ; Gard. Chron.
Jan. 20, 1906, p. 42.
AMEBICAN DOWNY MILDEW,
Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.), PI. XIII. fig. 10.
The American mildew is not of the same character as the English
vine mildew, inasmuch as whilst the latter is a surface mould in the
first instance, the former is an innate rot-mould, like the Potato and
Onion diseases. Not only is it North American in its origin, but it has
already found its way over to Europe and into the British Isles.
This mould attacks all the green parts of the vine. The mycelium
traverses the tissue of the leaves before there is any external manifesta-
tion. In time erect threads arise from this mycelium and find their way
in tufts through the stomata into the external air, and produce conidia.
From five to eight of these fertile threads will issue through a breath-
ing pore, and ^form a tuft of white mould. Hence the under surface of
the leaves soon exhibits downy patches of the mould, and it came to be
called " downy mildew." The upper portion of the threads is branched
in- a peculiar manner, and the conidia are borne on little points at the
tips of the branches. The primary branches alternate ; the secondary
branches three- to four-furcate, the ultimate branchlets pointed, straight,
short, usually four, bearing the ovoid conidia (from 8 x 12 fj. to
7 x 30 /u).
In time the conidia evolve from their contents five or six active
zoospores, armed with two cilia, by means of which they move about.
The other mode of reproduction is by resting-spores, which are sub-
globose (30-35 ^ diam.), with a brownish smooth or slightly wrinkled
coat.
The most effectual remedy yet devised is spraying the vines with a
solution of sulphate of copper and lime.
Tubeuf, Dis. p. 128 ; Sacc. SylL vii. 806 ; Mass. PL Dis. 69, fig. 9,
p. 354; Gard. Chron. January 2, 1894, July 21, 1894; Farlow, Bull.
Buss. Inst. 1876, p. 415 ; Journ. B.H.S. 1878, p. 73 ; Thiim. Pilz. Wein.
p. 166 t. 1, f. 5.
VINE BOOT CLUBBING.
Plasmodiophora Vitis, PI. XIV. fig. 12.
One of the latest importations of vine diseases is that known as
" vine clubbing," which does not differ greatly from the clubbing in
160 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Turnips. Probably it is quite true that some of our vine-growers have
known it for years, but did not regard it in any serious light.
The vine roots in question are swollen into large somewhat globose
nodules, as large as the fist, the surface being rough or warted, with
obtuse projections, and when cut the cellular interior is found to contain
a mucilaginous substance, not unlike the plasrnodium of some species of
Myxomycete.
In all essentials the new parasite conforms to the Turnip club-root, or
" fingers and toes." In its earlier stages a section of the distorted root
will exhibit the ordinary cells enlarged to very many times their original
dimensions, and filled with a slimy mucilaginous fluid, of a yellowish
colour, capable of being drawn out into slimy strings, but with no trace of
the ordinary fungus threads, or mycelium, which usually accompanies
fungoid parasites. Later on, towards autumn and winter, the cells present
a somewhat different appearance, being no longer filled with the structure-
less mucilage, but differentiated into a host of nearly spherical bodies
with a distinct cell-wall, and possessing all the characteristics of conidia,
or fungus spores. These bodies are produced in enormous quantities, and
of an extremely minute size, but without colour.
By patient research and continued investigation, it may be possible
to trace the germination and development of these conidia, which, it may
be presumed, do not differ materially from those of the Turnip club-root.
In the slime fungi (Myxomycetes) the spores or conidia on germination
give origin to one, two, or more naked cells which possess the power of
movement, due to the protrusion of pseudopodia, or the presence of
a cilium : these are- known as swarm-cells. They possess a nucleus,
multiply by bipartition, and eventually coalesce to form a plasmodium in
this manner. After the production of numerous swarm spores by repeated
bipartition, little groups are formed, by the close approach of two or more
of these bodies : these groups often disperse again, but eventually the
components of a group coalesce, and lose their individuality. This
coalescence results in the formation of a small plasmodium which possesses
the power of attracting surrounding free swarm-cells, which at once
coalesce and augment the bulk of the plasmodium. This power of
aggregation and formation of a plasmodium originated the name of
Plasmodiophora, or " plasmodium-bearer," for the present genus, the
slimy mucilaginous stage being the plasmodium condition of the parasite.
By a series of gradations it has been demonstrated that each atom of
protoplasm creeps out of its envelope and becomes a zoospore, with a kind
of hairlike tail. It may be conjectured how these creeping bodies, when
released from an old clubbing, remain in the soil, progress to other and
neighbouring roots, and thus continue to perpetuate and diffuse the
species. Each club root is therefore a centre from which the disease may
spread. It is scarcely probable that any of the numerous fungicides
will be of any avail to dislodge the parasite when once it has obtained
possession. The only feasible remedy is to extirpate by burning every
atom of infected roots, and not to plant again on the same spot without
removing the whole of the soil, and replacing it by fresh and unpolluted
earth. This may seem to be a drastic measure, but with such a foe only
measures which are thorough can be effective.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 161
Whether a Californian vine disease, which is attributed to Plasmodio-
phora californica, is the same as the present species, we are unable to
determine.
Gard. Chron. June 17, 1893 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 338 ; Mass., Ann.Bot.
ix. p. 421, pi. ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 528.
Another vine-root parasite was described some years ago under the
name of Eosslera hypogcza, which was found on vine roots after they
were really dead, not only in Austria, but in this country. They were
little rounded fungi, like the head and upper portion of a large pin, but
unfortunately, when they were submitted ta that eminent lichenologist,
the late Rev. W. Leighton, he pronounced them to be a well-known lichen
called Coniocybe pallida.
Gard. Chron. Dec. 22, 1888, fig. 105 ; Thilm. Pilz. Wein. p. 210,
t. 4, f. 9.
WHITE ROOT-ROT.
Dematophora necatrix (Hartig), PI. XIV. fig. 20.
This root disease, which affects the vine as well as other plants, was
originally known by the above name, representing the imperfect condition
in which it is usually found.
The mycelium spreads rapidly underground, and when it comes in
contact with the rootlets of a plant it kills them, and gradually works its
way upwards into the larger portions of the root. Sometimes, after
travelling upwards, it bursts through the bark at the base of the trunk in
a white woolly mass.
During its progress minute sclerotia are formed, which originate dark-
coloured, rigid, bristly conidiophores bearing numerous conidia at their tips.
Another kind of fructification is sometimes found on decaying roots
in the form of pycnidia, or conceptacles containing stylospores.
The highest or ascigerous form of fructification is more rare, and
consists of large black perithecia which include asci and sporidia, and are
surrounded by the bristly conidiophores. In this condition it has been
characterised under the name of Eosellinia necatrix (Prill. & Del.).
Spraying is out of the question in such a case, and no cure can be
hoped for when the mycelium is once established. If the disease appears,
the affected plants should be isolated by trenching around them.
Hartig & Somer. Dis. p. 82, with figs. ; Viala, Hon. with 5 plates ;
Mass. PL Dis. p. 118, fig. 21.
DISCOLOURED VINE LEAVES.
Discoloured Vine leaves are continually turning up without furnishing
any clue to the cause. These are mostly discoloured in large bright
blotches, which are sometimes yellow, as in some forms of the " Californian
Vine disease ; " or dark red, as in the " Sicilian Folletage ; " or red, brown,
and yellow, as in the Italian " Mai Nero." They appear to give evidence
of some form of organic disease, and yet to evade all microscopical
scrutiny, and after many years to remain as great a mystery as ever and
consequently without the suggestion of a remedy.
U.S.A. Eeport Dep. Agri. 1892.
162 FUXGOLD PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
CONSERVATORY PARASITES.
Separate from the fungi which affect garden plants there are a few
that are troublesome in the stove and conservatory, and these could not
be excluded from the present enumeration. In this connection the list
might have been much extended, but the persons interested would be
necessarily limited, as compared with those who confine themselves to out-
door culture.
SOOTY MOULD OF ORANGE.
Fumago vagans (Pers.), PL XIV. fig. 21.
This black mould is familiar enough, as it occurs on the foliage of
numerous trees in this country, and especially such as are subject ta
honeydew. It forms black patches on the leaves, to such an extent as to
form a crust ; but in this condition it is simply an imperfect fungus,
and may develop into a species of Capnodium or Meliola, as the case
may be.
The creeping mycelium is branching, and closely adnate to the
matrix, sometimes confluent and forming cellular ganglia, or torulose, like
a string of beads, constituting an effused thinly membranaceous stratum,
which is apt to flake off when dry, and resembling a coating of soot.
Short fertile branches arise from this mycelium, which are more or less
branched ; conidia at the tips of the branches, often forming short chains,
sometimes one-celled, usually two-celled, and sometimes three-celled
(5-15 yu long), dark brown.
It is found throughout Europe and North America, and in parts of
Asia, but it is scarcely probable that we shall be troubled with the
advanced stages in this country, whether Capnodium, Meliola, or any of
their kindred.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2618 ; Journ. E.H.S. iv. 251 ; U.S.A. Dep. AgrL
Bull. 8, pi. vii. ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 101, f. 17.
Specking of Citrus fruits, in Australia, has been attributed to a mould
fungus Penicillium digitatum, causing a loss of from 2 to 50 per cent, on
fruit shipped during the season.
Journ. B.H.S. xxviii. p. 243.
ORANGE SOOTY BLOTCH.
Several kinds of " sooty blotch " are recorded, but it is doubtful if any
of them are British.
The Italian sooty blotch, Meliola Penzigii (Sacc. " Fungi Italici," figs.
1132-1135), is found in South Europe, and of this Capnodium Citri
(Desm.) is possibly a form.
Sicilian blotch, Meliola Citri (B. & P.), is found on Orange leaves in
Sicily.
Australian blotch, Capnodium citricola (McAlp.), occurs on leaves
of Orange and Lemon in Australia. (Mass. PL Dis. p. 103.)
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 163
LEMON AND OEANGE SCAB.
Cladosporium Citri (Mass.).
This mould is developed on the leaves and fruit of Orange and Lemon
in a manner analogous to the scab on Apples (Fusicladium), and is very
injurious to Orange trees in Florida and Louisiana. (Mass. PL Dis.
p. 310.)
Another and similar mould attacks Orange leaves in Italy. This is
Cladosporium elegans (Penz.).
The "foot-rot " of Orange and Lemon trees, in South Europe and the
United States, is attributed to Fusarium Limonis (Briosi).
OBANGE ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporiwn Hendersonii (B. & Br.), PL XIV. fig. 14.
This parasite of cultivated Oranges was described by Berkeley some
years ago, but does not appear to be common. It occurs on the under
surface of the leaves, and the pustules are scattered without forming any
definite spots.
The conidia, which are produced in the pustules, are oblong (12J-15 p
long), and the mass, when extruded through the ruptured cuticle, is
slightly coloured.
B. & Br. Ann. N. II. No. 1702 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 3673 ; Grevillea, vi. 126.
There are seven or eight other species of Anthracnose which attack
Orange leaves, especially in the South of Europe, but they are not re-
corded as British, and leaf-spots, of several genera, almost too numerous
to mention, but our interest in Orange culture is comparatively small.
One Italian leaf -spot, Spharella Gibelliana (Pass.), develops asci and
sporidia on living Orange leaves.
ORANGE-LEAF ANTHRACNOSE.
Several species of Anthracnose have been recorded as attacking the
foliage of Orange and Lemon trees in conservatories.
Glaosporium Hesperidearum forms large bleached spots on the leaves,
on which the pustules are gregarious and numerous. The conidia are
cylindrical, straight, rounded at the ends, without guttules (14-18 x 5-6J /x).
This has been detected only in Italy.
Another Italian species is Glceosporium depressum, occurring also on
dry spots on fading leaves, with the pustules scattered on the under sur-
face. The conidia are elongated elliptical (7-8Jx2J-4^), produced upon
rather long fasciculate basidia (20-24 n long).
The Belgian species has large irregular greyish-brown spots, without
definite margin, on which are seated the small whitish pustules. The
conidia are ejected in flesh-coloured masses, and very minute (3 fj. long). It
is called Glaosporium Aurantiorum. Another Italian species (found
also in France), Glceosporium intermedium, has the pustules pointlike,
M2
164 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
black, without forming definite spots, with long straight conidia, rounded
at the ends (14-18 x 4-6 /*).
Yet another occurs on Orange as well as on H oya leaves (Gloeosporium
macropus) without forming any definite spots, the long conidia (18-21
x4-6/x) produced on very long basidia (48-60 /x long). Any of these
may be found in our conservatories at any time.
The Olive is not sufficiently cultivated in this country to render its
parasites of much interest.
FIG MOULD.
Botrytis cinerea (Pers.), fig. 10.
This mould, long regarded as a saprophyte, has been found destructive
to ripe Figs, covering them with a dense felted mass of grey hyphae, and
bearing a profusion of oval conidia. It appears to be the same species as
causes the Lily disease. For other Fig parasites see " Pests of Orchard
and Fruit Garden," p. 137.
Journ. R.H.S. xxviii. p. xxxix and p. 29.
A black mould, Cercospora Bolleana (TLiim.), has occurred on Fig
leaves, and is believed to have appeared recently in Britain.
CAMELLIA BLOTCH.
Pestalozzia Guepini (Desm.), PI. XIV. fig. 17.
This disease is far from uncommon on the leaves of Camellia under
cultivation, and is so widely extended that it attacks the Tea plants in the
Tea gardens of India.
It causes unsightly large blotches on the living leaves, which are
mostly of a rounded form, but sometimes irregular through confluence of
the blotches. They are bleached and of a silvery-white colour on the
upper surface, with a strongly defined outline, and sprinkled with the
black dots which indicate the pustules. There are no true perithecia,
the sporules being produced in small cavities in the substance of the leaf,
the surrounding cells modified and discoloured so as to form a false
receptacle.
The sporules are of a remarkable kind, peculiar to the genus. In out-
line they are somewhat spindle-shaped, being attenuated towards each end
(20 ft long), with three or four transverse divisions, the apical cell colourless
and conical, bearing a tuft of three or four long colourless hairs, which
form a crest. The bottom cell is also colourless, and attenuated into a
long hyaline stem equal in length to that of the sporule. The intermediate
cells are coloured brown, and become at length rather opaque. When
mature the sporules are discharged through the rupture of the cuticle.
It is found throughout Europe and in North America, also on leaves
of Rhododendron, Orange, Hoy a, Magnolia, Smilax, Lagerstrcemia, and
Almond, but typically on Camellia.
The only check is to collect and burn all diseased leaves.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 4146 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1401 with fig. 183.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 165
CAMELLIA SCAB.
Goryneum Camellia (Mass.).
It must be confessed that some little mystery surrounds this parasite,
which has only been detected once upon living Camellia leaves. The large
blotched spots exactly resemble those which are caused in the Camellia
blotch, but in that species the conidia are crowned at the apex with three
or four long and spreading hairs, whilst in the present species the spores
are similar in form and size, but without any crest of hairs. This may
seem to be but a slight distinction, but it is the principal difference
between Pestalozzia and Coryneum. It may be possible that this is an
abnormal form of Pestalozzia Guepini in which the hairs are suppressed.
The pustules are numerous on the whitened spots, splitting the cuticle
in a linear, triangular, or stellate manner, so as to allow of the escape of
the conidia. The latter are lanceolate (30xlO/j), with from two to four
coloured cells in the middle, and a small triangular uncoloured apical and
basal cell, supported at first on slender pedicels of the same length as
the conidia.
The same remarks as to prevention apply as in the case of Pestalozzia,
if this is not really, as we suspect, the same species.
Grevillea, xx. p. 8 (1891).
CAMELLIA BLACK MOULD.
c Macrosporium Camellia (C. & M.), PI. XIV. fig. 15.
Externally, and to the naked eye, this form of spotting the living
leaves of Camellia so much resembles that caused by Pestalozzia Guepini
that even an experienced eye can scarcely detect the difference until the
microscope is employed. The silvery- white spots on the upper surface
are of the same size, usually half an inch, and there is a distinct brown
margin.
The scattered dark points are small, but when magnified are found to
consist of tufts of brown or pale olive threads piercing the cuticle. The
threads are flexuous (30-40 yu long), with cross divisions.- Mixed with
these, or supported upon them, are the club-shaped conidia, with, at
first, three cross divisions, but at length double that number, with longi-
tudinal divisions, like a brick wall (50-60 x 15-25 p). Downwards these
conidia are attenuated into the pale olive pedicel, the whole upper part of
.the conidium being of a little darker olive.
This may not be an injurious pest, as many of the species are sapro-
phytic, and the possibility would suggest itself, whether this mould has
not taken possession of a dead spot, caused by the Pestalozzia, and
become established upon it. At any rate, conidia of Pestalozzia were
sought diligently, and not a single one could be found.
Grevillea, xvii. 42 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 7837.
GARDENIA CANKEK.
PL XIV. fig. 16.
Tumours are formed on the stems, at the base, just above the ground,
or on branches near a fork, on Gardenia and also on Camellia. They
166 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
resemble other cankers, and appear to be the result of local irritation.
The bark around, which was at first, perhaps, a wound, swells, becomes
corky, and of a rusty-brown, covering a patch an inch or more long.
When the centre of the tumour is bare, the woody tissue is seen to be
dead, and occupied by black dots, which are the thin receptacles of an
immersed Phoma, with minute narrowly elliptical conidia (7 x 2 /x,).
This is not the cause of canker, but a sequence. Sometimes several scars
are confluent at the bottom of stems, and are swollen in a gouty manner
by the corky transmutation of the surrounding cell.
HOYA LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta Bolleana (Sacc.), PL XIV. fig. 19.
Forming spots on the living leaves of Hoya carnosa, which are
bleached to a greyish -white, with an irregular brown margin, forming a
striking contrast to the bright green of the leaf. The receptacles are
scattered over the spot like minute black dots to the naked eye, containing
the small elliptical sporules, which are just tinged with grey (4-5 x
It is doubtful whether the minute fungi of this genus, which forms
spots *on living leaves, are to any considerable extent injurious to the
plant. They may become so by disfiguring the foliage, especially if they
spread themselves, but they are certainly incapable of inflicting such
injury as that caused by the various kinds of Anthracnose. Their life-
history is at present much involved in mystery.
Probably, should any of them prove troublesome, it would be well to
submit the plants to treatment with one of the copper solutions.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 70 ; Grevillea, xiv. 39.
Another leaf -spot (Septoria Hoya) forms various white spots on Hoya-
leaves, girt by a brownish ring, sporules threadlike (20-25 x I-!T> /x) or a
little club-shaped. In botanic gardens in Italy.
HOYA ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium affine (Sacc.), PI. XIV. fig. 18.
This spot has recently made its appearance in hot-houses at Glasgow,
and may soon travel southwards. It was previously known in Italy ;
it belongs to a genus which is eminently destructive, and includes many
pests.
The spots on the leaves are variable, both as to size and form, becom-
ing bleached or whitened, having little pustules on the surface. These
pustules are scattered, and consist of small discoloured cells, without
any true or distinct outer covering or receptacle, nestling beneath the
blackened cuticle. The pustules appear chiefly on the upper surface.
At length an irregular opening is made, and the conidia ooze out in the
form of a tendril. They are cylindrically oblong, rounded at the ends,
colourless, and spring at first from the cushion-like base of the pustule,
borne on short delicate basidia. Conidia of moderate size for the genus
(14-20 x 4-6 /u).
vr
PESTS OF CONSERVATORY.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 167
The parasite occurred on leaves of Hoy a and on ^Eschynanthus.
Apparently the same species has also occurred on leaves of Orchids at
Glasgow.
We can only advise strict burning of all diseased leaves.
Sacc. Syll iii. 3707 ; Grevillea, xix. 42.
Two other species of Anthracnose are recorded on Hoya, in Italy,
under the names of Gloeosporium sphcerelloides and Glceosporium
macropus.
TEA AND COFFEE PESTS.
The fungoid pests of Tea and Coffee shrubs are not of much interest
to the home horticulturist, although of considerable importance in the
tropics, the Ceylon Coffee disease especially, Hemileia vastatrix (Berk.),
having caused immense damage in the plantations, not only of Ceylon,
but in Southern India and in tropical South America. So also has the
•Coffee leaf -rot, Pellicularia Koleroga (Cooke), in Southern India.
The Tea shrub is liable to the attacks of Pestalozzia Guepini, which
is described above.
Gard. Chron. Oct. 25, 1879, fig. 87.
AZALEA LEAF-EOT.
Pestalozzia longiseta (Sacc.).
This species was first found in Italy on living leaves of a species of
Rubus, but in this country it has been found on Azalea leaves. The
spots are rufous, margined by a black line, on which are seated the point-
like pustules, which are themselves black, covered some time by the
cuticle. The conidia are almost fusiform, pointed towards each end
(20 x 8 /j), divided by four transverse septa. The three central cells are
coloured dark brown, the two extreme cells small and colourless. From
the upper cell spring three very long hairlike processes (30-40 x 1 p).
The lower cell is attached to a slender hyaline pedicel.
Like Anthracnose, this is a deeply seated endophytal disease, and all
that can be done is to prevent its spreading.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 4115 ; Grevillea, xv. p. 19.
Another leaf -spot, of an ordinary kind (Septoria Azalea), has been
recorded in Italy, and is just of the kind that is likely to spread.
A rust on Azalea has been known in North America ( Uredo Azalea)
for very many years, but does not appear to have done much mischief.
JASMIN CHAIN MOULD.
Chromosporium pactolinum (Cooke), PI. XV. fig. 22.
First described under the name of Oidium pactolinum, when it was
found on living leaves of Jasminum Sambac, forming a thin stratum, as
if sprinkled with gold-dust or chrome powder. The threads, if any, were
not to be detected, the powder consisting of the nearly globose conidia,
168 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
attached to each other in chains of from six to ten cells. Whilst remain-
ing attached, the ends of the conidia are flattened at the point of junction,
but when free they acquire a globose form (10 p diam.), with a thin
hyaline membrane, but with granular golden-yellow cell-contents.
At present this has only been recorded in Britain, and is certainly
epiphytal, probably not at all injurious to the plant ; at any rate it is very
curious.
Grevillea, xii. 98 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. p. 633, x. p. 511.
Two or three kinds of leaf -spot have been caused upon Jasmin-leaves
by imperfect fungi, but none of these have been recorded as British.
PASSION-FLO WEE BLACK MOULD.
Zygosporium oscheoides (Mont.), PL XV. fig. 23.
This minute black mould was first discovered in Cuba, growing on
dead leaves, and was only regarded as a saprophyte, but recently it has
been recorded on leaves of Passiflora quadrangularis, seemingly under
the impression that it was a parasite, and a new species, under the name
of Cladotrichum Passiflcra (Pirn.).
The fertile threads are erect, septate (70 x 3 /j), sooty-brown, inflated
and paler at the apex, at the base emitting a semilunar sporophore.
Conidia, oval or globose, produced singly or in pairs at the apex of the
sporophores (5 p diam. or 12 /* long).
The peculiarity is that the hyaline conidia are borne at the end of
curved club-shaped branches, which is sufficient to identify the species.
This same mould has been found in Cuba and elsewhere on Screwpines
and Palms.
Gard. Chron. Dec. 5, 1885, p. 724, fig. 164 ; Sacc. Syll. iv. 1591 ;
Corda, Icon. vi.
CACTUS SCAB.
Diplodia Opuntia (Sacc.).
The injury caused by this fungus is sometimes severe, the black
wart-like outgrowths constituting the sterile portion of the fungus often
covering a considerable area, the surrounding tissue becoming discoloured.
The mycelium is distinctly localised, and each scale is the outcome of an
independent infection. The Diplodia form of fruit is rare but has occurred
on Phyllocactus at Isleworth.
Gard. Chron. Aug. 12, 1905, p. 125, fig. 44.
STEPHANOTIS LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Stephanotidis (Grove), PI. XV. fig, 24.
This leaf -spot was detected on the leaves of Stephanotis in 1886,
forming round or irregular spots, which are bleached or whitened and
surrounded by a thin dark brown line. The receptacles appear on the
upper surface, and are small, numerous, and scattered over the spots,
nestling beneath the cuticle, which is pierced by the small orifice of the
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 169
receptacle. Conidia oblong, rounded at the ends (12-16 x 4-5 p), and
colourless.
No experiments were tried, but possibly dilute spraying might be
advantageous.
Journ. Bot. 1886, p. 134 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 5049.
DRAC^NA LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Draconis (B. & W.), PL XV. fig. 25.
The original occurrence of what appears to be the same pest was in
Portugal, many years ago, on the leaves of Draccena Draco, but the
specimens then collected were immature and deficient in fruit ; the
external habits of the two appear to be the same.
The present specimens occurred on the leaves of Draccena terminalis
and Draccena Cooperi in conservatories, and at present the species seems
to be restricted in range and influence.
The spots occur on both surfaces of the leaves, are pallid and very
irregular in form, with a distinct purple border. The little black points
scattered over the spots indicate the minute spherical receptacles which
are seated within the substance of the leaf, and are covered by the thin
cuticle, through which they are scarcely visible to the naked eye.
The sporules are profuse, minute, elliptical, and quite colourless,
escaping when mature by a pore at the apex of the receptacle (7 x 3 ju).
Generally the fading or sickly-looking leaves are those which are
attacked.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 334 ; Grevillea, xix. p. 8.
ANTHBACNOSE.
Glc&osporiurri draccenicolum (B. & Br.).
This species was first described by Berkeley and Broome under the
name of Myxosporium draccenicolum as a destructive pest on the leaves
of Draccena. The description is so imperfect that it would be difficult
to identify, but it is said to be orange, and to have conidia which are
ovate (9x6 /*).
At present it would appear to have been found in Britain upon
cultivated Draccena.
Berk. & Br., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1881 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 3805.
No genuine fungoid disease has yet been detected in this country on
the leaves of Aspidistra, although discoloured spots are not infrequent.
One species, Septoria transversalis (Sacc.), is reported to occur in South
Europe.
CALADIUM MOULD.
Monilia pruinosa (C. & M.), PL XV. fig. 26.
This mould was first discovered on the fading leaves of a species of
Caladium, but whether it was the cause of the fading was not ascertained.
It formed a broadly effused thin white stratum, as if the leaf were covered
170 1TNGOLD PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
with hoar-frost ; from the creeping mycelium arose the fertile threads,
which were rather sparse and flexuous, elongated, and septate (10-12 /u
diam.), branching irregularly. Conidia united in short chains, subglobose
or oval (14-15 x 12 /u), colourless.
This has very much the appearance of an ordinary species of Oidium,
•of which the vine mildew is a familiar type, and looks suspicious, as
though it were capable of doing mischief in a conservatory.
Should it make its appearance we would advise spraying with diluted
Bordeaux mixture.
Grevillea, xvi. 78 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 7081.
Several other pests on Aroids have been described from time to time,
but they do not appear to have attacked any of the species cultivated in
Britain.
EUCHABIS DISEASE.
Saccharomyces Glutinis (Cohn.), PL XV. fig. 27.
This pest occurs on the leaves, petioles, and bulbs of Eucliaris
subdentata and upon Hymenocallis adnata, and caused some anxiety a
few years ago. The examination was undertaken by Mr. W. B. Grove in
1886, and he discovered that the cause of all the mischief was a very
.simple little fungus allied to the yeast fungus and the microbes.
The cells of which the fungus is composed are round, oval, oblong,
•elliptical, or shortly cylindrical (5-11 x 4 yu), either single or united
in twos, but seldom more together. The cell membrane and contents
-colourless when fresh, but when moistened again, after drying, with a
faintly reddish central nucleus.
This is such a deeply seated endophyte that we doubt if the applica-
tion of fungicides would have any beneficial effect.
Gard. Chron. Mar. 27, 1886, figs. 74-77 ; Grove, Syn. Pact. p. 63,
L 66 ; Grevillea, xiv. 132.
ORCHID DISEASE.
Protomyces concomitans (Berk.).
Previous to 1882, for many years, imported Orchids were known to be
liable to a kind of spot which baffled efforts to ascertain its cause. At
length Berkeley believed that he had solved the mystery through a species
of Dendrobium, the whole plant, and especially the leaves, of which were
much spotted. Abundant mycelium, connected with globose pale umber
bodies, immersed in the parenchyma was found, and to these was
attached the above name. In some places the mycelium was beaded or
moniliform. (Fig. 23.)
The species of Protomyces are very simple in their structure, mostly
lying concealed in discoloured spots and of a destructive nature. It is
often that their presence is only suspected, mycelium alone being found,
until upon some fortunate occasion the sporelike bodies are met with.
It need scarcely be said that in this instance the evidence is incom-
plete, as the details are too meagre to determine whether this is really a
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
171
species of Protomyces, and as the observations have not since been
confirmed whether it is the true cause of spotting.
Gard, Chron. Sept. 23, 1882, fig. 63.
OECHID BUST.
Uredo Lynchii (Berk.), PL XV. fig. 28.
Our indigenous Orchids have long been known to be subject to the
attacks of a bright orange Uredo, which is not at all uncommon, but
there is no record of its having attacked Orchids under cultivation. For
this purpose another and similar rust has made its appearance, and the
golden rust which from time to time is found on the leaves of more than
u
FIG. 23. — PROTOMYCES CONCOMITANS. (Gardeners' Chronicle.)
one species of Spiranthes claims to be quite a different rust from that of
wild Orchids.
The spots are small and scattered, but not numerous, sometimes not
more than half a dozen pustules on a leaf. The uredospores are yellow
andobovate, covered with minute spines (28-35 x 20-30 /a) and produced
on short footstalks. It has made its appearance, more or less, every year
in Orchid-houses, and as soon as it appears the leaf should be cut off and
burnt. By such measures it has hitherto been kept in check where it has
appeared.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 3069 ; Gard. Chron. Aug. 25, 1877 ; Grevillea, vi. 126 ;
Plowr. Brit. Ured. 259.
ORCHID LEAF-SPOT,
Leptothyrium perniciosum (Berk.).
In the year 1865 Berkeley described a kind of spot on Orchids and
the fungus producing it, with the above name, and this we are obliged to
172 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
retain, although evidently wrong, as it is not a Leptothyrium at all. He
says : " It begins on the young leaves, causing a brownish ill-defined spot ;
after a time this exhibits different shades of olivaceous-brown, and the
parenchyma of the leaf becomes quite pulpy and semi-putrescent. On
the underside of the leaf little raised dots are seen, which are caused
by the cysts of a fungus beneath. The parenchyma is more or less
traversed by hyaline mycelium with jointed threads, and each cyst or
perithecium, which is of a pale umber, is surrounded by a broad border of
hyaline, perfectly colourless, jointed threads, the upper joints of which
are more or less swollen.
" Sometimes the leaves pass rapidly into a state of decay, but occa-
sionally the parenchyma dries up, the spots become bleached, but are
surrounded by a dark border and studded with the concentrically arranged
perithecia. In these I have detected spores, which are broader at one
end than the other, and uniseptate. Occasionally the disease commences
again in the same leaf, so that the incipient and old stages may be com-
pared together."
These examples were found on the leaves of Ly caste Skinneri and on
Odontoglossum citrosmum.
" The fungus is in all probability merely a condition of some more
perfect form, to which the provisional name of Leptothyrium perniciosum
may be given.
" Spots at first olivaceous-brown, at length bleached ; perithecia at
first scattered, at length somewhat concentric, depressed, surrounded by
a fringe of hyaline articulated colourless threads. Spores with two
nuclei, obovate oblong, sometimes at length uniseptate.
" It is not a good Leptothyrium ; on the thin leaves of Lycaste it looks
much more like. In this case the spots are sometimes six inches long,
and parallel to each other, following the direction of the nerves."
We have never seen this species, but insert it in the hope that some
knowledge may be obtained. There are features which lead to the con-
clusion that it may be a Gl&osporium or Marsonia, which is far more
probable than Leptothyrium.
Journ. E.H.S. vol. i. N. S. 1866, p. 25.
OKCHID BLACK MOULD.
Cladosporium Orchidearum (C. & M.), PI. XV. fig. 29.
There need be no alarm amongst Orchid-growers respecting this new
form of parasite which falls upon decaying leaves, since we are convinced
that it only makes its appearance on dead or diseased tissue.
The threads are in tufts which seem to protrude through the stomata,
and are short, here and there branched and septate, but slender and
flexuous, and of a pale olive colour. The spores or conidia are borne at
the tips of the branches, and are mostly elliptical, with a cross division in
the centre forming two cells (17-18 x 5-6 /u) of a pale olive colour. The
conidia are very variable in this genus, both in size and form, some being
found without a division and others with two or three, but in the present
instance we have observed none with more than one division.
Gard. Chron. Oct. 11, 1890, fig. 82 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 7506.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 173
VANILLA ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Vanilla (C. & M.).
Hainesia Vanilla (Mass.), PI. XV. fig. 29*.
The Vanilla disease described by G. Massee has evidently no con-
nection with Bidgood's Anthracnose, nor has it, perhaps, much interest
for the English cultivator, but concerns more intimately Vanilla -growing
countries. This species has been found to develop into a higher con-
dition systematically, where it is known as Calospora Vanilla, but its
destructive stage is the Anthracnose.
It appears on the leaves of Vanilla in the Mauritius, Seychelles, and
Reunion Islands, as well as New Granada. The pustules are small, on
either surface, covered by the blackened cuticle. The conidia are elongated,
elliptical, and colourless (14-16 x6-7 p).
On account of some slight technical distinction, of very doubtful value,
the name has recently been changed to Hainesia Vanilla, but the name
is of very slight importance.
Sacc. Syll. x. 6815 ; Grevillea, xv. p. 18 ; Kew Bulletin, 1892,
No. 65, plate ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 113, 368.
BIDGOOD'S ORCHID ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Bidgoodii (Cooke), PL XV. fig. 30.
This disease has only been determined during the latter part of the
year (1901), although its effects have been recognised for the past six
years. The leaves attacked have been those of Odontoglossum. The
tips of the leaves become yellow, but the spots appear to start anywhere,
and now the black shining pustules have been found upon the spots,
which the late Mr. Bidgood correctly indicated as those of a species of
Glceosporiiwn, but as he did not describe it hitherto, it was but courtesy to
associate it with his name, as he devoted much time and energy to its
investigation.
The pustules are rather large, and covered by the blackened cuticle,
at length ruptured for the escape of the conidia. The stroma upon which
the conidia are produced is also blackened, but the conidiophores become
hyaline above, bearing the narrowly elliptic conidia (18-20 x 4 //), which
have two nuclei. No direct evidence has yet been furnished that the
conidia become uniseptate, although one of the microphotographs taken
might give that impression.
Journ. JR.H.S. xxvi. 1901, pp. cxxxix and cxli, vol. xxviii. p. 262 ;
Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. 1903, p. 15.
AMERICAN ORCHID ANTHRACNOSE.
Gloeosporium cinctum (B. & C.), PI. XV. fig. 81.
This species occurred on cultivated Orchids in Massachusetts, and
was described by Berkeley. The pustules are minute and gregarious,
covered and circled by the blackened epidermis, so as to appear like little
black rings. The conidia are oblong and obtuse at both ends, sometimes
curved, granular within (10-15 x 2^-3 ju). The species of Orchid has not
been recorded.
174 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
It is not clear that this species has been found in this country, since
the suspicion that the species found on Orchids at Glasgow was the same
is without good foundation, the size of the sporules being different, and,
as far as can be ascertained, the pustules in the above species are not
produced upon bleached spots.
Neither, again, can the more recent Orchid Anthracnose be referred to
this species, which we have called here Glceosporium Bidgoodii, since the
external appearance and fruiting appear to be different.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3765 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1902, p. 729, fig. 305.
OTHER ORCHID ANTHRACNOSE.
As this seems the most fatal spurce of Orchid disease, we may enumerate
the known species of Anthracnose found on Orchids.
MALAGASY ORCHID ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium pallidum (Karst.).
This species was found on the leaves of Orchids from Madagascar
cultivated in France. The pustules are pallid, and not blackened as is
often the case, and the conidia oblong, straight, and obtuse at the ends
(10-16 x 3-6 p).
Sacc. Syll. x. 6816.
MEXICAN ORCHID ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Orchidearum (Karst.).
In this instance the pustules are covered with the blackened cuticle,
which is split longitudinally to allow the conidia to escape. Perhaps the
most distinctive feature is in the form of the conidia, which are elongated
fusiform, or unequal-sided (20-25 x 5-7 /;).
Sacc. Syll x. 6817.
CATTLEYA DISEASE.
A species of Gloeosporium has occurred around Paris on leaves of
Cattleya.
Journ. E.H.S. xxix. p. 764.
ONCIDIUM ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Oncidii (Oud.).
This species occurred on the leaves of Oncidium in the Botanical
Gardens at Amsterdam. In this case the pustules are round and brownish-
grey, perforated in the centre for the escape of the conidia, which are
oblong or pear-shaped (14-17 X 4J-6 /*) and are ejected in a rosy mass
at the orifice of the pustule.
Sacc. Syll. xi. 3658.
ORCHID HEMILEIA.
Hemileia americana (Mass.).
A rust has made its appearance on leaves of Oncidium, imported
from Guatemala into this country. It is kindred to the dreadful
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 175
Coffee disease, which has wrought such havoc in Ceylon and other
places.
Gard, Chron. Aug. 19, 1905, p. 153, fig. 53.
SCREW PINE BLACK ANTHRACNOSE.
Melanconium Pandani (Lev.).
Screw Pines under cultivation are liable to attack from a fungus
which settles itself irrespectively upon the trunk, aerial roots, and adven-
titious branches, where it forms small black pustules, which are sometimes
so numerous as to blacken the parts attacked. The productive cells are
concealed beneath the cuticle, but there is no true perithecium or recep-
tacle, and the conidia are formed upon a kind of cushion, or stroma,
supported at first on rather long branched stalks. They are elliptical or
oblong, either straight or slightly curved, often with two nuclei, but
variable in size (5-9 x 3-4 //.), pale olive, oozing out, when mature, either
in black tendrils or irregular inky masses.
This species was made known in 1845, but has not been much heard
of since. It is allied to the species of Anthracnose, but with coloured
conidia.
Another fungus, bearing the sporidia contained in asci (Nectria
Pandani), has also been found on Screw Pine, of which it has been sug-
gested that the above is a condition ; but we think that the suggestion is
of very little value, as there is no precedent for such an association.
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1845, p. 66 ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 293, 431 ; Sacc.
Syll. iii. 3985.
PALM-LEAF PUSTULE.
GrapUola Phcenicis (Poit.), PI. XV. fig. 32.
This peculiar kind of fungus is found on the living or fading fronds
of Palms in conservatories, in Britain and most other parts of Europe, in
North America, parts of South America, Ceylon, India, and Algeria.
The pustules appear like hard, black, superficial, round excrescences
upon the leaves, being developed beneath the cuticle, but soon erumpent
(1-1^ mm. diam.). They possess an outer horny coat and a thinner
inner coating, which is filled with fertile threads, and numerous rather
small (3-6 /.») globose yellowish uredospores, with a hyaline membrane.
When the spores are dispersed the threads remain for some time in a tuft
within the remains of the black outer coat, looking scarcely like either a
rust or a smut.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1915 ; Cooke, Habit. No. 1637 ; Tubeuf, Dis. p. 326 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. Austr. Fungi, t. 28, f. 260.
The black mould Zygosporium oscheoides has also been found on
Screw Pine and the foliage of palms in tropical countries.
PALM-LEAF BLACK MOULD.
Heterosporium minutulum (C. & M.), PI. XV. fig. 33.
This mould is of the same nature as one which is very destructive to
Carnations, and occurs on the leaves of Palms, in this instance on
176 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Chamcerops humilis. It forms dark olive velvety patches of variable size
and form, sometimes considerable in extent, with a creeping mycelium.
The threads are mostly collected in tufts, and are rather short, flexuous,
and sparingly septate, of a pale olive colour. Conidia with one or two
septa, elliptical, rounded at the ends, but not constricted at the joints,
pale olive (16-20 x 6-8 /A), and externally rough, as in other species of the
genus.
This is also at present only recorded for Britain, but it belongs to such
a persistent group of parasites that it will probably be heard of again.
Grevillea, xvi. 11 ; Sacc. Syll. x. 7767.
PALM LEAF- SPOT.
Exosporium Palmivorum (Sacc.).
Another palm leaf disease has made its appearance in France on
Phoenix canariensis and other species, and is known also in the United
States. The conidia have from 8 to 10 septa, and measure 75-95 x 7-9 /*.
It has appeared also in Eastern Europe.
Sacc. Syll. xvi. p. 1106 ; Bull Soc. Myc. de Fr. xxi. fasc. 3, p. 173,
figs. 3, 4.
A small dot-like fungus, Plioma Kentia (Cooke), has been found
flourishing on the dead tips of the fronds of Kentia, under cultivation,
with sporules 8-10 X 4 //,. It is doubtless only a saprophyte. Other
species, assumed to be parasitic, have been described as occurring on
Kentia in Algeria, as Plaospora Kentia (Maubl.), Ascochyta Kentia (M.),
and Stagonospora Kentia (Maubl.). All of them on living leaves.
(Bull Soc. Mycol de France, xix. fasc. 3, p. 293.)
BAMBOO MOULD.
Oospora inaqualis (C. & M.).
This is a thinly effused white mould, found on the culms of growing
Bamboos, under certain conditions of weakness. It spreads broadly but
thinly like a glaucous bloom, of a pale grey colour.
The conidia are unequal in size and form, from globose to elliptical,
united together, end to end, in short curved and either simple or branched
threads, colourless, and when globose 5 ^ diam., attaining to double that
length, with the same diameter.
The specific name has since been changed to Oospora Cookei by
Saccardo on account of the prior adoption of inaqualis.
It is scarcely probable that it would resist moderate spraying.
Grevillea, xvi. p. 10 ; Sacc. Syll x. 7057.
PESTS OF THE ORNAMENTAL SHRUBBERY.
Notwithstanding the entirely artificial character of such subdivision, it
appears to be the most practical method to separate ornamental shrubs
into the two groups of evergreen and deciduous, independently of
anomalies which may here and there obtrude themselves. The same
parasite very rarely attacks both coriaceous- and tender-leaved plants.
PL. XVI.
PESTS OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBBERY.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 177
CORIACEOUS-LEAVED SHRUBS,
or Evergreens, are represented by the following.
RHODODENDRON GALLS.
Exobasidium Rhododendri (Cram.), PI. XVI. fig. 1.
The gall-like swellings on the leaves of Rhododendron ferrugineum-
and R. hirsutum, and possibly of other species, are sufficiently striking
not to escape the notice of even a casual observer. They vary in size
from that of a pea to that of a marble, and are often found several of
them together in a cluster. At first they are of a pale yellowish-green
colour, then they acquire a reddish or roseate tint, especially on the sunny
side. When fully and properly mature, the surface is covered with a,
delicate frosty bloom, like the bloom on a plum. It is in this "bloom "
that the fungus exhibits itself, for the mycelium is concealed within the
tissues of the gall.
The fruiting consists in the development of erect stout spore-bearers,
called basidia, which resemble the same organs on the gills of an Agaric.
The apices of these basidia carry a definite number, usually four,
apicules, each of which supports a spore, or basidiospore. These spores
are colourless, elliptical (8-10 x 6-7 /-»), and readily fall away. These galls
differ essentially from the Peach blister in the spores being naked and
exposed, not enclosed in asci, and in being produced upon the outer
and convex, not on the inner and concave surface.
Known also in France and Germany.
Diseased leaves should be burnt as soon as the fungus shows itself,
and before spores are produced.
Sacc. Syll. Hym. ii. 7797 ; Gard. Chron. 1879, p. 119, 182; Mass.
PL Dis. 168, 398, fig.
Similar galls are produced on Bay-Laurel.
RHODODENDRON LEAF- SPOTS.
Several kinds of leaf-spot are known on species of Rhododendron, but
have never caused anxiety, as they simply disfigure the leaves. Some of
these may be enumerated.
Phyllosticta Saccardoi, forming orbicular spots with a tawny margin,
and small sporules (4 x 1 //), in France and Portugal.
Phyllosticta rhododendricola, with large irregular grey spots having
a brown margin, and larger sporules (8-10 x 8 /i), in France.
Phyllosticta Rhododendri, with rusty-brown spots, chiefly marginal,
and the sporules oozing out in flesh-coloured tendrils. Found in Belgium
and Britain.
Phyllosticta maxima, with large brown spots with dark margin, and
rather large sporules (10-12 x6-8/*), confined to North America ; with
Septoria Rhododendri, having orbicular pallid spots girt by a dark
purple margin, and thread-like sporules (40 p. long), and a similar
Septoria solitaria, with sporidia half as long, on Rhododendron occi-
dentale in California.
178 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
There are also two species of anthracnose known.
Glceosporium Rhododendri, with large irregular spots, which are
zoned, and have a black margin, the sporules 15-20 x 4-5 /n, found in Italy,
but not certainly British. And
Glceosporium succineum, with sporules about the same size, but
globose and yellowish. Altogether a doubtful Siberian species.
RHODODENDRON BRAND.
Puccinia Rhododendri (Fckl.).
This brand has been found on the under surface of the leaves of
Rhododendron ferrugineum in the Tyrol, but there is no record of it else-
where. The teleutospores are o^ate, slightly constricted at the middle
(26 x 18 /i), brown.
Sacc. Syll vii. 2474.
A rust on the leaves of Rhododendron ferrugineum, dauricum, and
hirsutum, distinct from the above, has been found in Italy, France,
Germany, and Asiatic Siberia. It is known as Chrysomyxa Rhododendri
(DC.). Teleutospores (10--14 p broad) obtusely rounded above. Uredo-
spores warted, orange-yellow (17-28 x 15-22 /j).
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2660.
LEATHER-LEAVED BRISTLE SPORE.
Pestalozzia Guepini (Desm.), PI. XIV. fig. 17.
This disease attacks numerous plants with coriaceous leaves, besides
Rhododendrons, such as Hoya, Camellia, Citrus, and Magnolia.
Greyish spots are formed on the leaves, often near the apex, usually
with a distinct and perhaps elevated margin. The pustules are scattered
like little black specks over the spots. The conidia are large, produced
within the pustules, and extruded when mature. They are somewhat
narrowly elliptical (20-25 /x long), attenuated at each end, and divided by
three or four transverse septa ; the end cells smallest, conical, and colourless,
and the intervening cells brown. The apical cell furnished with three or
four long divergent hairs, as long as the conidia, the basal cell attached to
a colourless footstalk or peduncle.
Diseased leaves should be collected and burnt before the sporules are
matured.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 4146 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1401 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 432.
OLEANDER LEAF-SPOTS.
On the Continent, where Nerium Oleander is cultivated much more
extensively than in this country, its pests and parasites are of far more
interest, whereas we have no record of a single occurrence.
Phyllosticta Nerii has rather large sporules (15-18 x 5-6 //.).
Ascochyta Oleandri, with septate sporules rather smaller (11-15x2
Septoria neriicola has short thread-like sporules, and so also has
Septoria oleandrina, both of which are known in Italy ; and Ehabdospora
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 179
Olcandri which is parasitic on the twigs, and not upon the leaves, in
Algeria. The latter is apparently the Septoria Oleandri of Montagne.
ARBUTUS LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Arbuti (Desm.), PL XVI. fig. 2.
The parasites of the Strawberry tree are, for the most part, confined
to the ordinary leaf-spots of small importance, and of these the most
common is the above-named, which forms small dingy spots scattered over
the leaves.
The receptacles are very small and sprinkled like little dots over the
upper surface of the spots, sometimes densely clustered together. The
sporules are also very minute, ovoid, and colourless (5 x 3/i), of ten exhibit-
ing two small nuclei. The attacked leaves are in most instances at first
fading.
This has been recognised in France and in Britain.
To pick off and burn infected leaves is to help preventing the spread of
the parasite.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 118 ; Grevillea, xiii. 72.
Another species has been detected in Portugal and Algiers (Phyllosticta
microsticta Dur.) with small spots which soon become white, with a
distinct dark brown margin. The sporules are even smaller than in the
above.
ARBUTUS PURPLE SPOT.
Septoria Unedonis (Bob.), PI. XVI. fig. 3.
This is apparently the most common of the Arbutus parasites, and
causes small whitish spots upon the leaves, which are circumscribed by a
broad purple margin. The receptacles are scattered over the upper
surface of the spots, and the sporules are elongated and thread-like
(25 x 1^ ft), but without indication of septation.
It is recorded for France, Portugal, Italy, and Austria, as well as in
Britain.
Sacc. Syll iii. 2661, x. 6282 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1322.
A form of leaf -spot has been found in Italy, supposed to be a variety
of the above, although that seems to be doubtful, since the sporules are
twice as long and distinctly septate (50-80 ju long).
Another leaf-spot (Septoria Arbuti) has been found in Italy, which
much more resembles the above type than the assumed variety, since the
sporules are almost the same.
ARBUTUS TUFT MOULD.
Cercospora Molleriana (Wint).
The only mould which is recorded as attacking the foliage of the Straw-
berry tree has occurred in Portugal, but its appearance in any other part
of Europe is open to doubt. The spots are normally circular, but often
marginal, and pallid grey, with a distinct margin. The mould appears in
*2
180 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
tufts upon the spots, with quite short threads, but the conidia are
elongated, slightly curved and attenuated upwards, divided transversely
into numerous cells (95 x 3^ p). Both threads and conidia are tinged olive.
Sacc. Syll iv. 2269.
MAGNOLIA LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Cookei (Sacc.), PL XVI. fig. 4.
As might be anticipated, the fungus attacks on Magnolia are far
more numerous in America than in England, and even those which we do
recognise are but seldom to be met with. The one above named, when
first found, was called Pliyllosticta Magnolia, but that name was after-
wards found to have been previously appropriated. The pale bleached
spots on the leaves are rather large and without any definite margin. The
minute receptacles are scattered over the spots, on the upper surface ;
and the sporules are narrowly elliptical (8-12 x 3-4J //; and uncoloured.
There is no probability of this ever becoming a troublesome pest in this
country on the leaves of Magnolia grandiflom, on which it was first
discovered.
Grevillea, ix. 94, xiii. 72 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 130 bis.
The older Phyllosticta Magnolia is very similar in external appear-
ance, and has occurred in Italy, but the sporules are not one half as largo
(4x14-2,)-
Phyllosticta glauca on leaves of Magnolia glauca is exclusively
American.
Spots caused by species of Ascochyta and Septoria are also known, but
not hitherto as British.
EVEEGEEEN LEAF-SPOTS.
It is somewhat fortunate that the Evergreey shrubs, which are so
commonly and extensively cultivated in this country, are remarkably
free from leaf-spotting fungi.
Aucuba japonica can boast of several in Continental Europe, but not
a single British record.
Prunus lusitanica is just as fortunate, or it has not been found out.
Prunus Laurocerasus has its fungi on fallen leaves, but not upon the
living, except in other parts of Europe.
Laurus nobilis sometimes exhibits spotted leaves, but hitherto there
is no evidence that they result from the incursions of parasitic fungi, else-
where than in Italy or Portugal. (Phyllosticta Lauri, Sacc. 84.)
Ilex Aquifolium. Even the Holly escapes the incursions of leaf- spots
of fungoid origin, although the leaves may sometimes show traces of
Fumago vagans or the mysterious Capnodium Footii and have occasion-
ally been visited by Phyllosticta ilicicola.
LEAF SOOTY MOULD.
Capnodium Footii (Harv.), PL XVI. fig. 5.
This very common black mould is found upon the leaves of a great
variety of plants, and often upon leathery leaves, such as Holly, Ivy,
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 181
Cherry Laurel, &c., forming thin sooty spots on the upper surface with
much the appearance of Fumago vagans. The creeping mycelium is
composed of a mixture of colourless and brown threads, divided into
chains of cells. The receptacles are erect and bristle-like, acute, and
fringed at the mouth, but genuine sporidia have never been found, so that
it remains a doubtful species. Minute sporules or conidia have been met
with, but the life-history of the parasite is still very much of a mystery.
It is advisable to pick off and burn these sooty leaves, which are
usually conspicuous.
Journ. E.H.S. iv. p. 254, f. 10 ; Sacc. Syll. i. 352 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 2807.
LAURUSTINUS LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta tinea (Sacc.), PI. XVI. fig. 6.
The spots are formed on the upper surface of Laurustinus leaves, and
are either roundish or irregular, and bleached, becoming whitish. The
receptacles are dot-like and flattened, scattered over the surface. The
sporules are minute and oblong (4 — 5x1 /*).
Except in Britain this parasite is only recorded for Italy, where it
was first discovered.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 75.
Another spot (Phyllosticta tineola) of a similar kind is known to
occur on leaves of Laurustinus in France. The spots are vague and
pchraceous, but the sporules are cylindrical, and very much larger
(15x8^).
A third species has also been recorded in France (Phyllosticta
Boumeguerii), with grey indefinite spots, and medium-sized sporules
(7-8 x3i,u).
PKIVET LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta Ligustri (Sacc.), PI. XVI. fig. 7.
Although Privet has the reputation of suffering from the attacks of at
least a dozen different species of fungi, it is seldom that it is a victim
in this country, escaping both cluster- cups and rust, for occasional leaf-
spots.
The above common species has variable spots which are soon pale and
encircled by a tawny margin. The receptacles are dot-like and minute,
and the sporules are narrow, rounded at the ends, with two nuclei
(6-8x8/1).
It has occurred in Italy and Portugal.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 107 ; Grevillea, xiii. 72.
The most probable other form of leaf-spot is caused by Septoria
Ligustri, but that has not hitherto been recorded for Britain, although
known in France and Belgium. Similar spots have been found upon
leaves in this country, -but sporules have never been discovered.
The Privet cluster-cup, ^Ecidium Ligustri (Str.), has only been found
in Germany, and a Uredo has also been observed in the same country.
182 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Box LEAF WHITE SPOT.
Phyllosticta limbalis (Pers.), PL XVI. fig. 8.
The only leaf-spot on the common Box is itself not so very common,
although conspicuous. There may be some half-dozen other kinds of
leaf-spot, at one time or other described, on so widespread a plant, but
they are not British, and the present one is rather a curiosity than a pest.
The spots are of ivory whiteness, and marginal, so as to appear like
a broken ring, or fragments of a ring around the edge of the leaves. The
receptacles, when present, are minute and scattered, sometimes con-
spicuously absent, but when fertile they enclose subglobose colourless
sporules, enclosing each a minute guttule (3-4 yu diam.).
This species has been found in Britain, France, Belgium, Germany,
and Italy.
Fungicides will scarcely be required, as it is rarely to be met with.
Just such a similar leaf-spot, which is not to be distinguished from
it by the naked eye, has been found in Portugal and Italy, the sporules
of which (15 x 2 /;) are long and narrow, and divided across the centre
into two cells ; but this is called Ascochyta limbalis.
Sacc. Syll iii. 124 ; Grevillea, xiii. 72 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1350.
Box LEAF-BUST.
Puccinia Buxi (DC.), PL XVI. fig. 9.
Occasionally the leaves of Box shrubs are seen plentifully sprinkled
with the brand or rust, but unaccompanied by either cluster- cup or uredo.
The pustules are usually very formally discoid and cushion-like, compact
and not powdery, of a very dark brown colour, and on both surfaces of
the leaves. The teleutospores are oblong-clavate, rather thickened and
obtuse at the apex, the lower cell almost wedge-shaped, and longer than
the upper, constricted at the division (55-90 x 20-35 /j), even, and of a
bright cinnamon colour. At first with a long uncoloured pedicel.
Known in Britain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, 'Italy, and
Portugal.
Pick off and burn infected leaves whenever observed.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2372 ; Cooke, M. Fr. p. 201 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1514 ;
Sow. Fun. t. 439.
IVY LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta hedericola (Dur. & Mont, f.), PI. XVI. fig. 10.
This spot has been known for many years on Ivy leaves and occurs
on the upper surface, causing round bleached spots with a rather broad
brownish margin. The small receptacles are dotted over these spots, and
enclose the oblong hyaline sporules ((> x 2£ p).
Although first recognised in Algeria, it has since been recorded in
Britain, France, Italy, and Austria.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 100 ; Grevillea, xiii. 71.
Two other species of the same genus of leaf-parasites have occurred
on Ivy leaves in Europe : Phyllosticta Hederce on large brown spots, with
PL. XVII.
PESTS OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBBERY.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 183
smaller sporules (4x1 /u), in France and Belgium, and Phyllosticta
concentrica with broad pallid spots, on which the receptacles are disposed
concentrically, with sporules which are nearly globose (10 x 8-9 p), only
at present recognised in Italy.
IVY BROWN SPOT.
Septoria insularis (B. & Br.), PL XVI. fig. 11.
This parasite was first recognised by Berkeley as causing large brown
spots on languid Ivy leaves in Britain, sometimes occupying a large
portion of the leaf. The receptacles are scattered over the spots, raising
and afterwards splitting the cuticle. The sporules are long and thread-
like, slightly curved, but without division (38 /j long).
Berk. Ann. N. H. No. 747, 1. 15, f. 8 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 2646 ; Grevillea,
xiv. 76 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1308.
IVY RINGED SPOT.
Septoria Hedera (Desm.), PL XVI. fig. 12.
This is a much more common species than the above, and forms
smaller, almost circular, bleached spots, encircled by a broad purple
margin. The receptacles are seated on the upper surface, and the
sporules are similarly thread-like (30-40 x 1-2 p), the difference being
chiefly in the character of the spots.
It has been known in Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, and Germany.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2644 ; Grevillea, xiii. 76 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1316.
IVY LEAF ANTHKACNOSE.
Glososporium paradoxum (De Not.), PL XVII. fig. 13.
Of the two species of European anthracnose on Ivy, one has been
reported to have been found in Britain. This was apparently first
observed in Italy, and occurs on both surfaces of the leaves, without
forming any definite spots. The pustules are honey-coloured and
flattened, covered by the cuticle. When mature the conidia escape by
rupture of the cuticle (8 x 5-6 yu), produced in clusters, each supported by
a colourless pedicel, which is nearly double the length of the conidia.
This is reported to be an early and imperfect stage of an asci-bearing
fungus, which appears on the dead leaves after they have fallen
The species is also known in France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal,
and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3697 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1407, note.
Another species, which occurs on Ivy, has brownish spots with larger
conidia (Glososporium Helicis), and has been found in France and Holland.
MYRTLE LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta nuptialis (Thiim.), PL XVII. fig. 14.
The only parasite on Myrtle which we have yet encountered in this
country has been .the occurrence, on one or two rare occasions, of the
above species. The spots are somewhat rounded and bleached, either
184 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
white or of a pale ochre, with a broad violet margin showing brown on
the under surface. The receptacles are scattered over the upper face of
the spots and enclose the very minute subglobose sporules (2-2 Jx 1J /x).
This species was first detected in Portugal.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 32.
A black mould (Cercospora Myrti) has been detected upon leaves
under cultivation at Stockholm, but this seems to be the only record.
PHILLYBEA LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Phillyrea (Sacc.), PL XVII. fig. 15.
This spot is found on the leaves of Phillyrea media and Phillyrea
latifolia, affecting the upper surface, and producing variedly shaped spots,
of an ochraceous-grey colour, with a reddish margin. The receptacles are
scattered over the spots, and enclose the oblong, almost spindle-shaped
sporules (6-7 x 3 /x), each containing two minute guttules.
It has been recorded in France and Italy, as well as Britain, and
should be treated as other leaf-spots.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 113 ; Grevillea, xiii. 72.
Another species is known in Portugal (Phyllosticta phillyrina),
occurring on leaves of Phillyrea obliqua, but with smaller sporules
(4-5x2-2^).
PHILLYBEA BUST.
Uredo Phillyrea (Cooke), PI. XVII. fig. 16.
This uredo is found sometimes rather plentifully on shrubs of
Phillyrea media, not only in Britain but also in Germany, Italy, and in
Algeria. The pustules are round, yellow, and either solitary or collected
together, arranged in rings. At first covered by the cuticle, but at length
exposed. Uredospores globose, pear-shaped, or elliptical, delicately
spinulose or almost smooth, orange (17-28 x 12-16 ft), without definite
pedicels, and with a thick hyaline outer coating.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 3090 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 258.
PHILLYBEA CLUSTEB-CUPS.
Mcidium Phillyre® (DC).
These cluster-cups, which appear to be independent of uredo or
teleutospore, occur on the leaves and twigs of Phillyrea media and
latifolia, sometimes contorting and deforming the latter.
The cups are clustered in roundish patches on the leaves, for the most
part crowded, with the margins nearly entire. ^Ecidiospores very variable
in form, being sometimes globose, or elliptical, or pear-shaped (18-85
x 14-20 /A), externally warted, orange-yellow. On the stems the clusters
are more elongated, thickened, and distorted.
Known in France, Germany, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2852.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 185
COTONEASTER SPOT.
Phyllosticta sanguinea (Desm.), PI. XVII. fig. 17.
•This species, which is usually found on the dead leaves of the Bird
Cherry, has occurred in this country on the living leaves of Cotoneaster
frigida. The spots are roundish and brown, girt by a darker line, out-
side which the tissue is stained of a blood red. The receptacles are
scattered over the spots, and are black, point-like, and shining. The
sporules are ovate, with two nuclei (8 /x, long), and uncoloured.
Known in France and Britain.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 14 ; Grevillea, xiii. 71.
BUTCHER'S BROOM SPOT.
Phyllosticta ruscicola (Dur. & Mont, f.), PL XVII. fig. 18.
This pest occurs on the phyllodes of the Butcher's Broom, Ruscus
aculeatus, and other species. The spots are roundish or indistinct,
whitish, with a brown border, and the perithecia, which are seated upon
these spots, are at first covered. The sporules are oblong and colourless
(7-8x31/4
Probably this is an imperfect condition of an ascomycete, which is
developed on the dead phyllodes.
It is not only common in Britain, but is known also in France,
Belgium, Portugal, Austria, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 319 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1346.
As the phyllodes are persistent, this may be regarded for our purposes
as an evergreen shrub.
MAHONIA LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Mahonice (Sacc. & Speg. f.),Pl. XVII. fig. 19.
Mahonia leaves are rather given to discoloration and sometimes to
spotting, but in this instance no definite spots are formed, and the
receptacles are scattered over the surface. In British specimens the leaves
were still living and adhering to the plant, but the receptacles were rather
larger than usual, containing broadly elliptical sporules (4-6 x8-4/j).
It has been found also in France and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 131 ; Grevillea, xiii. 72.
Another spot is known to occur on the leaves of Mahonia japonica,
in which large bleached spots occur with a brownish margin. The
sporules are scarcely different in size (4-4^ x 2J-S /<<), but the spotting
is quite distinct. It has been found at present only in Portugal.
The ordinary leaf-spots (Phyllosticta JBerberidis and Septoria Ber-
beridis) on leaves of the common Berberry have not yet been observed in
Britain.
Grevillea, xiii. 72.
Mcidium Berberidis sometimes occurs on the leaves and berries of
Mahonia. See Smith, Field Crops, fig. 87.
186 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
DECIDUOUS-LEAVED SHRUBS
here enumerated are succeeded by a small subsection, which includes
coniferous and allied shrubs, to which, perhaps, should have been added
some of those hereafter included with Conifer®, under the " Pests of
Forest Trees."
BERBERRY WHITE MOULD.
Ovularia Berberidis (Cooke), PL XVII. fig. 20.
This mould occurs on the fading leaves of Berberis asiatica, forming
greyish-white patches, reminding one of Oidium. The short, slender,
unbranched threads are collected in tufts, bearing about their apices the
elliptical, uncoloured conidia (15-18 x 8-9 /u).
These moulds are susceptible to the influence of fungicides, should
they prove troublesome.
Sacc. Syll. x. 746 ; Grevillea, xvi. 62, xiii. 98.
BERBERRY ANTHRACNOSE.
Gkeosporium Berberidis (Cooke), PI. XVII. fig. 21.
This anthracnose on the leaves of Berberis asiatica was first observed
in this country in 1884. The spots are on the upper surface, and are
broad, somewhat circular, brown, with a reddish margin. The pustules
are numerous upon the spots, convex, at length splitting at the apex to
liberate the conidia, which are ovoid and colourless, comparatively small
(5x8,1).
Sacc. Syll. x. 6756 ; Grevillea, xiii. 98.
PURPLE BERBERRY SPOT.
Phyllosticta asiatica (Cooke).
This spot was found on the leaves of Berberis asiatica about the
same time as the anthracnose, which to some extent it resembles exter-
nally. The spots are circular or irregular, and pale brown, with a broad
purplish margin, which becomes crimson as it passes into the leaf. The
receptacles are seated on the upper surface upon the spots, and are very
minute and point-like. Sporules very small, hyaline (4 x 1^ /*).
Sacc. Syll. x. 4865 ; Grevillea, xiii. 91.
BERBERRY LEAF MILDEW.
Microsphcera Berberidis (DC.), PL XVII. fig. 22.
The Berberry Mildew is a common pest of Berberis vulgaris, and
partakes of the character of the mildew of the Gooseberry, the Garden
Pea, and the Dogwood. The leaves are at first covered with the thin
white creeping mycelium, which imparts a chalky appearance, and is then
epiphytal ; soon the erect branches become jointed, and the cells become
conidia, which fall away successively, and add to the mealy appearance
of the leaves. This stage is the Oidium, but whether it is the Oidium
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 187
Berberidis of Thiimen is not fully determined. If so, the conidia are
reported to be oval and rather small (7-8 X 3-3^ /u).
Succeeding this stage the globose receptacles appear on the surface of
the mycelium, dotted about like little black points. Each receptacle is
surrounded by a circle of about ten appendages, the apex of each twice or
more forked, the branches spreading, with the tips obtuse. Each receptacle
encloses about six asci, and each contains from six to eight sporidia.
This mildew is recorded for Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Fin-
land, and Italy.
Should it be required, the sulphur remedy is applicable.
Sacc. Syll. i. 47 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 219 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1921.
BERBERRY CLUSTER-CUPS.
Mcidium Berberidis (Gmel.), PL XVII. fig. 23.
These cluster-cups have the merit of being historical, since it is over
them that the battle has been fought which has sought to establish the
theory that cluster-cups may be produced on one species of plant, such
as the leaves of the Berberry, while the uredospores and teleutospores
belonging to the same cycle may be produced upon quite a different
species of plant, such as the leaves of Wheat. We have no cause to
espouse or reject that theory here, since we have only to regard the
cluster-cups as a disease of the Berberry shrub, and leave the diseases of
the Wheat plant to take care of themselves.
It is in the spring that the leaves of Berberis vulgaris exhibit the
thickened discoloured spots (2-5 mm. broad), which ultimately are fissured
to allow of the extrusion of the cluster-cups, such spots being somewhat
orbicular and convex. The cluster-cups are rather elongated and closely
packed side by side upon the spots. The margin of the cups is white,
spreading, and toothed. The secidiospores are produced in chains from
the base towards the apex of the cup, and are somewhat globose, becoming
angular by compression (14-26 /*), with a smooth surface, and of an
orange colour.
Spermogonia are produced in small clusters on honey-coloured spots,
and are supposed to have some influence in the cycle of which they are
believed to form a part. With the spermogonia and the cluster-cups the
story, in so far as the Berberry is concerned, comes to an end.
They are produced on the leaves and fruits of several species of
Berberis, and on Mahonia.
This fungus is reported for the greater part of Europe, North
America, Asiatic Siberia, and uncertainly for parts of the Southern
Hemisphere.
Certain theorists are at war with the Berberry bush on account of the
Wheat mildew, and, whether with JEcidium or not, cry aloud for its
extirpation.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2191 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1612 ; Cooke, M.F. 195, t. 1,
f. 7-9 ; Mass. PL Dis, p. 247 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 159, figs. 82 to 88 ;
Plowr. Brit. Ured. 163.
188 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
It may be noted that another species of Mcidium (JE>. graveolens) has
been discovered on the leaves of the same species of Berberry in Switzer-
land, with the cluster-cups scattered over the surface of the leaf, and
having an appreciable odour.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2716 ; Cookc, Fungi, their Uses, p. 201.
And yet another species (JE. magelcenicum), also on the leaves of
Berberis vulgaris, in Hungary, Austria, Germany, and the Straits of
Magellan, also with the cluster-cups scattered over the leaves.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2715 ; Berk. Hook. Fl. Ant. ii. 450.
BUCKTHORN LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Ehamni (West).
The leaves of the Buckthorns are rather subject to spotting. This
spot is to be found on the leaves of Ehamnus Frangula and Ehamnus
Alaternus in Belgium, Portugal, and Italy, and sometimes in Great
Britain. The spots are variable in form, ochraceous, with a brown
marginal line. The receptacles are gregarious in the centre of the spot.
Sporules ovoid (5-6 x 3-4 /*), with a tinge of olive.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 62 ; Grevillea, xiv. 71.
A similar species (Phyllosticta rhamnigena) occurs on Ehamnus
cathartica in France, Portugal, and Italy, with dirty white circular spots
and small sporules (4J-5 x 3/z), which seems to be very little different.
The Italian species on Ehamnus catharticus has the roundish spots,
with a reddish- brown margin, and the sporules larger (10x4/j) and
uncoloured.
In Belgium a spot is known on the leaves of Ehamnus Frangula in
which the round spots are brown, then grey (Phyllosticta Frangula), with
a vinous -red margin.
BUCKTHORN CLUSTER-CUPS.
^cidium crassum (Pers.), PI. XVII. fig. 24.
The cluster-cups of the different species of Ehamnus now lose their
identity under the name of Puccinia coronata, because the presumed
teleutospores ara to be found onjhe leaves and culms of grasses.
Fortunately we are privileged to retain the old name, as we regard it
solely as a disease of Buckthorn leaves.
The cups are clustered upon thickened yellowish spots, and are
cylindrical, with a spreading margin, which is finely toothed and white.
The aecidiospores are angular by compression (17-26 x 13-21 /x), warted,
and of an orange colour.
This disease is reputed to prevail over the greater part of Europe, in
North America, and in South Africa.
Should it be found necessary to check the spread of this parasite, it
will doubtless be found sufficient to pick off and burn the diseased leaves,
which are seldom numerous.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 189
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2192 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 196 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 164 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1613.
BUCKTHORN POWDERY MILDEW.
Microsphcera divaricata (Wallr.), PI. XVII. fig. 25.
This mildew makes its appearance on the leaves of Rhamnus Frangula,
and very often, as in this country, proceeds no further than the produc-
tion of conidia. The mycelium is thin and evanescent, producing the
usual erect septate threads, which separate in joints, and constitute the
conidia. The receptacles are minute and globose, with a few divergent
appendages, about five times as long as the diameter of the receptacles.
About four asci are contained within each mature receptacle, each of
which encloses four sporidia.
It is found in France, Germany, Belgium, and Finland.
Subject, like other epiphytes, to the influence of sulphur.
Sacc. Syll. i. 37 ; Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1851, xv. t. 8, f. 18.
GUELDER ROSE LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Viburni (West).
This leaf-spot is to be found both on Viburnum Opulus and Viburnum
Lantana. The spots are on the upper surface, and are of irregular form,
whitish in the centre and brown at the circumference. The receptacles
are minute, like black dots, and the sporules cylindrical, obtuse at the ends
with from five to seven guttules.
Known in Belgium and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2657 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1321 ; Grevillea, xiv. 101.
GUELDER ROSE MEALY MILDEW.
Microsphara Hedwigii (Le~v. f.), PL XVII. fig. 26.
The leaves of Viburnum Lantana are subject to the mealy mildew,
which covers them with a thin mycelium, giving a frosty appearance for a
time, but finally vanishes. The receptacles are minute and globose, as
usual, scattered over the mycelium. The appendages which surround
the receptacles are few, and a little longer than the diameter of the
receptacles.
The number of asci in each receptacle is limited to four, and each
encloses four sporidia.
This mildew is known in Belgium, Italy, Germany, and North
America.
Sacc. Syll. i. 35 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1918, fig. 316.
SPINDLE-TREE RUST.
'Caoma Euonymi (Gmel.), PL XVII. fig. 27.
This golden rust has been several times found on the leaves of
Euonymus europceus, seated upon paler spots ; the pustules are small, and
densely aggregated, sometimes disposed in circles, becoming confluent in
large masses, of a pale orange colour, and powdery. No aecidiospores or
190 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS
teleutospores are known to be associated with it. The uredospores are
produced in chains, somewhat as in JEcidium, and are globose or ovate
(17-28 x 12-24 yu), very variable in size, and delicately punctate.
It has been recorded in Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and
Russia.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 3140 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 216 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1576a.
About fourteen different kinds of leaf-spots have been described on
species of Euonymus, but they have not been observed in Britain,
excepting Phyllosticta Euonymi on Euonymus europceus.
Sacc. Syll. i. 68 ; Grevillea, xiii. 71.
The latest of these is Oidium Euonymi- japonicce (Sacc.). See Journ.
E.H.S. xxix. 1905, p. 434, fig. 139.
SPINDLE-TREE MILDEW.
Microsphcera Euonymi (DC.), PL XVII. fig. 28.
This common mildew is not unusual in autumn on uncultivated plants
of Euonymus europceus, although, like others, it has had to suffer a change
of name from Microsphcera comata, by which it has long been known.
The delicate thin mycelium attacks the upper surface of the leaves,
and imparts a chalky appearance, at first sprinkled with the conidia.
Later on the little globose receptacles are scattered over the mycelium, as
in other species. Each of these encloses eight pear-shaped asci, which
contain four sporidia. The appendages which surround the receptacles
are six times as long as the diameter of the receptacles.
It is reported for Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. i. 38 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 226 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1923.
CORNEL LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta cornicola (DC.), PI. XVII. fig. 29.
This form of leaf-spot is by no means uncommon on leaves of Cornus
sanguinea and other species. The spots are rather large, and dark blood-
red, turning pale in the centre. The receptacles are rather larger than
usual, and the sporules oblong, narrowed towards each end (7-9 x 3-4 /a),
enclosing two guttules.
It has been recorded in France, Italy, Siberia, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 103 ; Grevillea, xiii. 72.
Another species (Phyllosticta Corni) is known on the leaves of Gornus
alba in Belgium with very dark brown spots, becoming white in the
centre, and only from three to six receptacles scattered over each spot.
Sporules elliptical (10 x 5 /u).
CORNEL GREY LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria cornicola (Desm.), PI. XVIII. fig. 30.
The leaves of Cornus sanguinea are often spotted by this parasite,
which produces roundish grey spots on the leaves, with a dark purple
PL. XVIII.
PESTS OF ORNAMENTAL SHRUBBERY.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 191
margin. The receptacles are scattered over the spots on the upper
surface. Sporules cylindrical, or rod-like, curved (35-40 x 2-2J p), with
two to four obscure septa, expelled when mature in whitish tendrils.
It is common in Western Europe.
Sacc. Syll. Hi. 2652 ; Grevillea, xiii. 76 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1312.
DOGWOOD MILDEW.
Erysiphe tortilis (Wallr.), PL XVIII. fig. 31.
The powdery mildew of the Dogwood is by no means an uncommon
infliction, the thin white mycelium entirely overspreading the leaves, with
an evanescent coating. The conidia are first produced as in other species,
and these are followed, later on, by the small globose receptacles, which
are scattered over the mycelium. The appendages are very long, and even
ten times as long as the diameter of the receptacles, but neither branched
nor divided at the apex. The number of asci in each conceptacle is four,
and each encloses four sporidia.
This mildew is recorded for France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.
May be checked by the application of powdered sulphur.
Sacc. Syll. i. 65 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1929 ; Cooke, M. F. f . 245, 246.
LILAC LEAF-MOULD.
Ovularia Syringa (Berk.), PI. XVIII. fig. 32.
This white mould on lilac leaves was first observed by Berkeley in
1881. The flocci are for the most part decumbent, surmounted by the
simple canidia, which are at first subglobose, with a terminal wart or
papilla ; at length they become elliptic and then ovate, being very large
for such a mould (50-70 /z long).
It was discovered in Scotland, but is very little known, and has never
come under our observation.
Sprinkle with Bordeaux mixture.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 747 ; Gard. Chron. 1881, fig. 135 ; Grevillea, 1882,
x. 115, xi. 15.
A black mould (Cercospora lilacis), of a destructive character, is
known in France, Belgium, Austria, and Italy, but at present has not
been recognised in Britain. It forms grey or reddish oblong spots, and
has pointed septate olive conidia (15-25 p long).
LILAC LEAF- SPOT.
Phyllosticta Syringes (West).
One of the most common causes of the spotting of Lilac leaves is the
above-named parasite, which forms broad bleached spots of an irregular
form, with a brownish margin. The receptacles are seated on the upper
surface of the spots, and are minute and dot-like. The sporules are
oblong (8 x3/x), with two guttules, and uncoloured.
It is known in France, Belgium, Portugal, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 109 ; Grevillea, xiv. 72.
192 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Another species (Phyllosticta syringicola) is known in France with
reddish- brown spots and larger sporules (12-15 x 2 /x).
TEA-TREE MILDEW.
Microspham Lycii (Lasch.), PI. XVIII. fig. 33.
This powdery mildew is very common on the leaves of Lycium
barbanim, but in this country it is rarely seen proceeding beyond the
conidial stage, when the leaves are covered with Oidium. The mycelium
is persistent, adhering by means of suckers, or haustoria, entirely covering
the leaves and twigs with a coating of white. When the receptacles make
their appearance they are minute and flattened, globose, with a great
number of spreading appendages, twice as long as the diameter of the
receptacles, about four times forked at the apex, with the tips obtuse.
Each receptacle contains from twelve to sixteen asci, and each ascus only
two spbridia.
It is recorded in France, Germany, Italy, and in North America.
If necessary, sprinkle with powdered sulphur.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 33; Cooke, M. F. p. 240.
SIDA LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta sidacola (Cooke).
Hitherto only this kind of leaf-spot has been observed in this country
on leaves of Sida and Hibiscus, and this upon leaves of Sida Napaa,
forming brown indistinct spots, pallid in the centre. The sporules are
minute and elliptical (4 x2/x).
Grevillea, xiv. p. 39, 72.
There is another species found on the leaves of Hibiscus syriacus in
Portugal and Italy, but we have not heard of it in Britain (Phyllosticta
syriaca). The spots are bleached, with a broad tawny margin, and the
sporules are almost ellipsoid (7 x 3-
CALYCANTHUS LEAF- SPOT.
Although Calycanthus is not uncommonly cultivated in gardens, it
appears hitherto to have escaped the pests which attack it on the
Continent.
Phyllosticta Calycanthi (S. & S.) occurs in Italy and causes variable
spots, which become bleached, and bear the usual small perithecia, which
contain ellipsoid sporules (7-9 x 5-6 //.).
Sacc. Syll. iii. 35.
Ascochyta Calycanthi (S. & S.) also is found in the same country,
forming variable bleached spots on the leaves, and producing uniseptate
sporules (11-14 x2£ 3 /x).
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2165.
Septoria Calycanthi (S. & S.) is yet another Italian leaf pest which
forms ochraceous spots on the leaves of Calycanthus, and evolves
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 198
numerous thread-like sporules (15-25 x 1^-2 /A), with one central division
or septum. It has also been found in Portugal.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2639.
STAPHYLEA LEAF-SPOT.
Although Staphylea is common enough, it seems to have escaped
attack from fungus parasites in this country, although liable abroad.
Leaf-spot caused by Septoria Staphylecs (Pass.) is known in Italy, where
it produces rufous spots bearing the small perithecia, which eject thread-
like sporules (16-20 x 1 /u,).
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2585.
FOKSYTHIA LEAF-SPOT.
The leaves of Forsythia do not appear to suffer from spot in this
climate, although Phyllosticta Forsythice (Sacc.) is recorded in Italy.
The spots are rounded, ochraceous, with the small perithecia concentri-
cally disposed upon them. The sporules are small (5-7 x 2J-3/*,), with
two minute guttules.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 139.
A species of Phoma has been found in Britain on dead twigs, but not
as a parasite.
GARRYA LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Garrya (C. & H.).
This leaf-spot was first recognised on leaves sent from North
America, but has since been found upon shrubs under cultivation in this
country. The spots are elliptical, grey, with a purple margin. The
receptacles are scattered over the upper surface and are point-like, as
usual. The sporules are narrowly elliptical (10-12 x 2-2^ p) and
uncoloured.
Grevillea, ix. 84 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 121.
Another leaf-spot has been found on the leaves of Garrya elliptica in
France, which has variable spots encircled by a black line, and two-
celled sporules (Ascochyta Garrya), which are fusiform and slightly
greenish-yellow (8-10 x 3 /<).
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2167.
Yet another leaf-spot has been discovered on Garrya elliptica in
France, which has bleached spots (Septoria Garry w) and rod -like
sporules (15-18 x 1^/u). Whether there is any connection between these
three species we cannot say.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2701.
DEUTZIA PINK MOULD.
Fusidium Deutzice (Cooke), PL XVIII. fig. 34.
This delicate little mould affected the under surface of the leaves of
Deutzia and appeared to be parasitic, forming small convex tufts of a
194 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
flesh colour. The conidia spindle-shaped, straight (16-20 x 8-4 p), sup-
ported on very short pedicels or spore-bearers.
Although this is a kind of mould which is apt to be troublesome,
we have not heard of it lately ; should it appear, the effect of spraying
with Bordeaux mixture should be tried.
Crrevillea, xvi. 48, 58.
A kind of leaf-spot is known on Deutzia scabra in France (Septoria
phyllostictoides), which may find its way into this country.
MEZEREUM ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Mezerei (C. & M.), PI. XVIII. fig. 35.
This species was not recognised until 1890, when it was found to
produce small brown pustules on the upper surface of the leaves, without
definite spots, but mostly upon fading leaves, probably induced by the
presence of the parasite.
The sporules are somewhat elliptical or almond-shaped, with one or
two guttules, and colourless, produced at the apex of short pedicels
(15 x 6 n).
Sacc. Syll x. 6768; Grevillea, xix. 8.
The above can scarcely be the same species as the French anthracnose
(Marsonia Daphnes), which has been found upon greenish and afterwards
brownish spots, and has ovoid curved sporules (20 x 4-5 /*), acute at each
end, and divided into two unequal cells. This has been recorded for
France and the Netherlands.
HAWTHORN LEAF-SPOT.
Phleospora Oxyacantha (Kze.), PI. XVIII. fig. 36.
This common leaf-spot has been known to occur on Hawthorn for
many years. The spots are mostly yellowish, or scarcely distinct, the
receptacles are seated on the upper surface, from which the mature
sporules are extruded in yellowish tendrils. Sporules rod-like, a little
thickened downwards (70-80 x 6-8 /*), at first with granular contents,
afterwards divided by from six to eight transverse septa.
Known in Sweden, Germany, Austria, Portugal, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3139 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1299.
HAWTHORN POWDERY MILDEW.
Podosphara Oxyacantha (DC.), PI. XVIII. fig. 37.
It is by no means uncommon to see the leaves of Hawthorn whitened
with this mildew, which sometimes does not pass beyond the Oidium
stage, and the leaves are powdered with the fallen conidia. When the
receptacles appear they are minute, globose, and scattered over the
mycelium. The appendages which surround the receptacles are from
eight to ten, and about equal in length to the diameter of the receptacles.
They are shortly branched at the apex, with the tips of the branchlets
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 195
dilated and rounded. Only one ascus is contained in each receptacle, and
this encloses eight hyaline ovoid sporidia.
This mildew is believed to be found over the whole of Europe,
extending into Algeria. Formerly known as Podosphcera clandestina.
Sacc. Syll. i. 1 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1917 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 239.
HAWTHOBN CLUSTER-CUPS.
Rcestelia lacerata (Mer.), PL XVIII. fig. 38.
It is usual in these days to call this species of fungus Gymnosporangium
clavariiforme, because it is believed to be the first stage, or cluster-cups,
of a gelatinous exudation from the branches of the common Juniper.
For our purpose it is better to continue to call it the Hawthorn cluster-
cups, and regard it as a disease of the Hawthorn.
The leaves, and sometimes the fruits, are swollen in places, and from
these swellings burst out the tufts of cluster-cups, seated on orange spots.
The cups are at first flask-shaped, then cylindrical, and split nearly to
the base in reflexed filaments enclosing the chains of yellowish secidio-
spores, which are separately nearly spherical, compressed, angular
(22-45 x 10-35 /i), and warted.
It is reported for France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Austria,
Hungary, Dalmatia, Italy, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2606 ; Cooke, M. F. figs. 22-26 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No.
1599 ; Gard. Chron. 1861, p. 336 ; Sow. Fun. t. 318.
LABURNUM LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Cytisi (Desm.), PL XVIII. fig. 39.
Living leaves of Laburnum are subject to spotting from the attacks
of this parasite, which produces circular bleached spots, turning brown-
ish, but with scarcely a distinct margin. The receptacles are dot-like,
and scattered over the spots. Sporules oblong, rounded at the ends,
curved, containing one guttule (6 x3-4 yu).
In addition to Britain this fungus is known in France, Belgium,
Austria, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 40 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1847.
Another spot, caused by an allied species (Phyllosticta laburnicola),
has been observed in Italy: There are no definite spots, and the sporules
are smaller (3-5 x 1 /*).
Not an uncommon fungus on branches of Laburnum is Cucurbitaria
Laburni (Pers.), which has been claimed as a wound parasite, but it is
commonly seen on dead twigs.
Hart. & Som. in Dis. Trees, p. 87 ; Sacc. Syll. ii. 3937.
LABURNUM ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Cytisi (B. & Br.).
This anthracnose was first recognised .by Berkeley on leaves of
Laburnum in Scotland, but does not appear to have spread southward.
o2
196 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The spots are whitish, and at one time or other circled with red. Pustules
minute, seated on the spots. Sporules small, elliptical.
This is another of the species which appears to have been hurriedly
described from a single set of specimens, and has not been seen again.
Berk. & Br. Ann. N. H. No. 1897 ; Grevillea, x. 1881, p. 49 ; Sacc.
Syll. iii. 3686.
Parasites do not appear hitherto to have caused much trouble with
Colutea arborescens, notwithstanding its extensive cultivation, so that we
have no record of any British species .
MOUNTAIN ASH CLUSTER-CUPS.
Hcestelia cornuta (Gmel.), PI. XVIII. fig. 40.
Under the name of Gymnosporangium juniperinum, the presumed
teleutospores which succeed these cluster-cups on twigs of Juniper, the
original name is concealed. Our parasite, or at any rate that part of it
which concerns us, makes its appearance on the leaves of the Mountain
Ash and Amelanchier. They are seated in tufts upon yellow spots, on
the upper surface. The cups are long horn-like tubes (up to 8 mm. long),
which are curved, and whitish at first, then yellowish or reddish, with a
toothed margin. The aecidiospores are spherical, then compressed and
angular, of a brownish-yellow colour (20-28 x 16-24 /A), delicately warted
on the surface.
The pest is known in Britain, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Switzerland,
Italy, Austria, and North America.
Sacc. SyU. vii. 2607 ; Cooke, M. F. L 18, 19 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1598,
f. 218 ; Sow. Fun. t. 819.
SUMACH LEAF- SPOTS.
Leaf -spots are numerous, and common, on various species of ETius in
North America, but we have no record of their occurrence in Britain.
There are not less than fifteen species of leaf parasites that are known and
described, but probably not five of them are European.
GYMNOSPERMS.
SAVIN JELLY-RUST.
Gymnosporangium Sabince (Dicks), PI. XVIII. fig. 41.
According to theory, the proper cluster-cups of this pest are produced
upon the leaves, twigs, and fruits of the Pear tree, and it was formerly known
as Rastelia cancellata. The teleutospores are exuded in a gelatinous
mass from the branches of Juniperus Sabina. We deal with the cluster-
cups as a disease of the Pear tree.
The teleutospores cause gouty swellings in the branches of the host
plant, and at length break through in irregular conical or cylindrical,
obtuse, gelatinous, orange- c'oloured masses, sometimes compressed, and
sometimes divided (10 mm. long) like little flabby tongues. This gela-
tinous mass consists of teleutospores with their stems adhering together.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 197
The former are ellipsoidal (38-50 x 23-26 /x), divided transversely into two
cells, and of an orange-brown colour. The stems or pedicels are very long
and colourless.
Each cell is capable of germination, as in Puccinia, and produces a
filament, called a promycelium, the extremity at length divided off into
three or four cells, each of which develops a secondary spore.
Journ. Q.M.S. 1871, t. xix. fig. 2 ; Sacc. Syll vii. 2608 ; Plowr. Brit.
Ured. p. 230 ; Journ. E.H.S. 1902, xxvi. p. 724, fig. 303 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 1517 ; Berk. Outl. t. 2, f . 4 ; Hart. & Som. in Dis. Trees, p. 158.
CONFOUNDED SAVIN JELLY-KUST.
Gymnosporangium confusum (Plowr.), PL XVIII. fig. 42.
This is another gelatinous rust which affects the twigs of the Savin,
which is said to resemble so closely the other species that it cannot be
distinguished from it ; hence we are at a loss to discover how its sponsors
are to recognise it. The difference is said to exist in its life-history ;
that its first stage, or cluster-cups, are found upon the Medlar, Quince, and
Hawthorn. No one can tell how to distinguish the teleutospores on the
Savin from the teleutospores of the other and original species. It is a
pretty fairy tale, and should be kept in the nursery.
Teleutospores smooth, oval or elliptical, generally acute at both ends,
of two kinds, the more numerous with hyaline spore- walls and orange-
yellow contents, the other with dark brown thick walls (40-50 x 20-25 fj)
with from two to four germ tubes, pedicels long (80-100 /u), hyaline.
Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 232, t. iv. figs. 13, 14 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 287.
Gymnosporangium tremelloides has its teleutospores on Juniperus
communis, and its aecidium form on Pyrus Aria in the Bavarian Alps.
Hart. & Som. in Dis. Trees, p. 159.
SAVIN LEAF-DOT.
Coryneum Berkeleyi (Cooke), PL XVIII. fig. 43.
In the English Flora, Berkeley described a parasite on the leaves
of Juniperus Sabina, which he called Podisoma foliicola. In 1871 we
demonstrated that this was not a Podisoma at all, having examined his
specimens, so that we applied the name of Sarcostroma Berkeleyi. Since
that time we have doubted whether it had not better be referred to
Coryneum. In no form is it recognised in Saccardo's " Sylloge."
It makes its appearance in spring, on living leaves, as small
subelliptic black excrescences, .not larger than the head of a pin.
Internally it consists of a tremelloid stroma, from which radiate long
hyaline peduncles, surmounted each by an elliptical or subfusiform spore
or conidium, of a dull brown colour when mature, and divided by three,
or rarely five, transverse septa (30 x 8 /u).
This parasite does not appear to have been observed anywhere else,
and only on rare occasions in this country, so that it has not really
developed into a pest.
Journ. Q.M.S. 1871, pi. xix. fig. 4 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1518.
198 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
JUNIPER JELLY-RUST.
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (Jacq.), PI. XVIII. fig. 44.
The proper cluster-cups of this species are said to be produced on the
leaves and fruits of the Hawthorn, and were formerly known as Rozstelia
lacerata.
The teleutospores are developed on the living twigs of Juniperus
communis, which are previously swollen, and then the fungus issues
through fissures in the bark in soft gelatinous club-shaped orange
tongues, often flattened, sometimes forked, and curved or flexuous.
The teleutospores are oblong-fusiform, divided across the centre
into two cells, and yellowish (70-1 20x1 4-20 /*), on very long colourless
pedicels.
Each cell is capable of germination, in the same manner as the Savin
rust.
It has been recorded for France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Austria,
Hungary, Dalmatia, Italy, and North America.
The teleutospores are nearly twice as long as in Gymnosporangium
juniperinum.
Journ. Q.M.S. 1871, t. xix. fig. 1 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 214 ; Sacc. Syll.
vii. 2606; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 233; Cooke,\Hdbk. No. 1516; Hart.d
Som. in Dis. Trees, p. 158.
JUNIPER JELLY-MASS.
Gymnosporangium juniperinum (Linn,), PI. XVIII. fig. 45.
This jelly fungus has its reputed cluster-cups on the leaves of Moun-
tain Ash, under the former name of Rczstelia cornuta, and the teleuto-
spores are developed on the branches of Juniperus communis. Thus it
will be observed that two similar gelatinous fungi are produced on the
branches of the same kind of Juniper.
The gelatinous masses in this species are more expanded than in the
preceding, at first mostly hemispherical, then pear-shaped, pleated in
folds or collapsing, at first tawny-yellow, and afterwards golden-yellow.
The teleutospores are ellipsoid or oblong, narrowed towards each end,
and divided across the centre into two cells (40 — 75 x!7— 27 yu), on very
long slender pedicels. This species was the only one originally called a
Gymnosporangium.
Known in Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, Austria, Italy
and North America, and sometimes called Gymnosporangium conicum.
Journ. Q.M.S. 1871, t. xviii. fig. 2 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 214; Plowr. Brit.
Ured. p. 235 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1515 ; Berk. Outl. t. 2, f. 5 ; Hart. &
Som. in Dis. Trees, p. 157.
YEW LEAP SPH^ERELLA.
Spharella Taxi (Cooke), PI. XVIII. fig. 46.
This parasite was first observed in the South of England, where it was
at work destroying Yew trees by infesting all the leaves, and it has since
PL. XIX.
W^m-n l
£*A ,H--'/ -7 £/) /i
PESTS OF FOREST TREES.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 199
been observed elsewhere. The black prominent receptacles, like pins'
heads in size, thickly cover the green leaves, over entire branches, so as
speedily to complete the work of destruction. The receptacles are nearly
globose, immersed in the leaves, and enclose a gelatinous nucleus, which
consists of a mass of cylindrical tubes or asci, each containing eight
sporidia. These sporidia are elliptical, colourless (18-20 x 5-6 /i), and
divided by a transverse septum into two cells. Asci (70-75 x 12-14 fj)
without paraphyses.
This is so deep-seated an endophyte that it is doubtful whether the
application of fungicides would make any impression. We can only
advise the removal of all affected twigs, as soon as discovered, and burning
them.
Sacc. Syll i. 1836 ; Grevillea, vi. 128.
FUNGOID PESTS OF FOREST TREES.
We have illustrated some of the most prominent pests of forest trees,
but they are very numerous, and not of so much interest to horticulturists
as other sections ; hence we have not considered it incumbent upon us to
enumerate other than those which are most likely to present themselves
under ordinary circumstances. Those persons who are specially interested
in forestry will not find our list by any means exhaustive, but simply
suggestive, except in so far as regards the trees which surround, or are
included in, large gardens and shrubberies.
OCHKY MAPLE SPOT.
Phyllosticta Aceris (Sacc.), PI. XIX. fig. 1.
The ordinary leaf-spots are not any considerable damage to forest
trees, unless they are unusually plentiful ; in any case they must be
regarded as diseases. The common Maple is very subject to one which
forms nearly circular bleached ochraceous spots on the leaves, over which
are scattered the dot-like receptacles immersed in the tissues. The
sporules, which are contained within these receptacles, are ovoid, and
rather small (5x8/i) with two guttules, which are extruded from the
receptacles through a minute orifice when mature.
The above species was first recorded for Italy, and in no other
country except Britain.
It is almost impossible to suggest any remedy for these leaf-spots,
since spraying is out of the question with objects of this size, although it
may be adopted whilst the trees still remain as seedlings.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 61 ; Grevillea, xiv. 71.
Quite twenty other species of leaf-spot, caused by Phyllosticta and
Septoria, have been recorded in different parts of the world on leaves of
Acer.
200 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
MAPLE-LEAF PHLCEOSPORE.
Phleospora Aceris (Lib.), PI. XIX. fig. 2
This parasite is found commonly on living leaves of Acer campestre
and other species. It occurs upon small spots on the under surface of
the leaves, and the pustules are destitute of any proper conceptacle, but
are produced beneath the cuticle in special cavities or cells, and are of a
brown colour. The conidia are long and straight (22-28 x 5 ju), very
distinctly divided by three transverse septa, extruded, when mature, from
the orifice of the pustule in small pallid tendrils.
This was called Septoria Aceris by Berkeley when the genus Septoria
was imperfectly defined. Whilst the trees still remain shrubby it may be
possible to pick off and destroy the affected leaves.
This species is known also in France, Italy, and Austria.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3135 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1300 ; Grevillea, xiv. 104.
MAPLE-LEAF ASTEROMA.
Asteroma Aceris (Bob.).
Forming spots on both surfaces of the leaves of Acer campestre. The
small perithecia are seated on very thin radiating brown fibrils, and
contain minute continuous sporules.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 1234 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 75, No. 444.
MAPLE-TWIG BLIGHT.
Septoglaum Hartigianum (Sacc.), PI. XIX. fig. 3.
This parasite occurs on the living twigs of Acer campestre, and the
year-old branches, especially those forming the crown, to the ultimate
destruction of the tree. In the month of May the cuticle of the diseased
shoots is split longitudinally, exposing the layer which bears the conidia.
The pustules are at first innate, then erumpent, loosely gregarious,
oblong-linear, margined by the ruptured cuticle (1-2 mm. long). The
stroma is white, bearing on its surface the crowded conidia which are
ovate-oblong, with obtuse ends, almost straight, and typically two-septate
(42-36 x 10-12 ^u). The threads which bear the conidia are cylindrical
with an inflated base (30-35 x 6-7 /i), colourless.
This fungus is really equivalent to what has been called Anthracnose,
with septate conidia.
It is known also in Bavaria.
It is recommended to cut out the diseased shoots in the beginning of
May.
Sacc. Syll. xi. 3745 ; Mass. Dis. PL 297 ; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees,
p. 141, fig. 80.
Another species (Septoglwum acerinum) on living leaves of Acer
campestre is known in Italy, with curved trinucleate or biseptate conidia
(20 x 4 /^), and probably also in Belgium.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 201
SYCAMORE WHITE MOULD.
Botrytis depradans (Cooke), PL XIX. fig. 4.
First discovered on living leaves of Acer Pseudo-Platanus in a damp
wood. Several young trees had nearly every leaf affected, and the next
year they were dead. Greyish spots were formed on the leaves, which
were sometimes large and confluent. The threads were flexuous and
septate, simple, crowned at the apex with elliptical basidia-like cells,
ultimately two-lobed. The glomerules of conidia globose and compact.
Conidia globose, 12 // diam.
After the leaves had fallen to the ground, and lain for a short time,
numerous minute black sclerotia were formed, the ultimate development
of which was never ascertained.
Certainly a most destructive pest, but it does not appear to have been
recognised elsewhere, at home or abroad. This parasite has never been
thoroughly investigated, and, as it has occurred so seldom, there has been
no opportunity for experiment on remedies.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 691 ; Cooke, Journ. Q.M.C. ii. 1885, p. 138, t. x. f. 4.
In damp years Maple seedlings are liable to destruction by a black
mould, Cercospora acerina.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 135.
SYCAMORE -LEAF BLOTCH.
Bhytisma acerinum (Fr.), PI. XIX. fig. 5.
The large black pitchy-looking blotches on the leaves of Sycamore
and Maple are so common and so well known that they scarcely need
description. Sometimes nearly every leaf on a tree is infected, and then
considerable injury must be caused by preventing the leaves performing
their proper functions.
Whilst still attached to the tree the fungus remains in its first stage.
The patches are yellow when they first appear about June, soon changing
to black and corrugated. Within this stroma are cells, or cavities, in which
the conidia are produced, which are narrow and curved (6-9 x 1 /*). In
this stage it is known as Melasmia acerina.
After the leaves have fallen to the ground and passed the winter a
second stage or condition is reached, in which the contents of the cells or
cavities in the stroma are occupied by sporidia contained in asci. This is
the true Rhytisma stage, and the sporidia are matured in the spring.
These sporidia are needle-shaped (60-80 x 1^-2^ n} and uncoloured.
Known also in France, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, Italy,
and North America.
So long as the leaves are permitted to remain on the ground, and
perfect the fruit of the parasite, it will remain as a pest.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3890, vii. 3083 ; Mass. PL Dis. 142, fig. 28 ; Cooke,
Hdbk. No. 2279 ; Grev. Sc. Cr. PL t. 118, f. 1 ; Hart. & Som. Dis.
Trees, p. 105, fig. 50.
202 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
MAPLE MILDEW.
Uncinula Aceris, PI. XIX. fig. 6.
The Hedge Maple is apt to have its foliage nearly covered with the
white mealy-looking mycelium of this pest, so that they seem to have been
drenched with a thin coating of whitewash. This mycelium is creeping
and at first superficial, and gives origin to the conidial form, or Oidium,
the conidia of which, falling on the leaves, increase the mealy appearance.
Later on the little dot-like globose conceptacles appear on the surface, as
in the Pea mildew.
In this species the conceptacles are surrounded by a series of appendages
which are either simple or forked, and hooked at the apex. These each
enclose eight asci, which contain eight sporidia. A similar species is also
common on Willows. This was formerly called Uncinula bicornis, but the
name has been changed, during the craze after priority names, and to
gratify the vanity of priority-hunters.
The species is recorded for the whole of Europe and Algeria.
Sulphur and lime is the recognised application.
Sacc. Sytt. i. 27 ; Cooke, M. F. t. xi. f. 225-228 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No.
1914.
Another species, Uncinula Tulasnei, occurs in the Rhine Provinces,
and Uncinula circinata, an American species, on Acer leaves, in the United
States.
MAPLE-LEAF BLOTCH.
Bhytisma punctatum (W.), PI. XIX. fig. 7.
This blotch resembles in many respects that of the Sycamore leaves,
and occurs on the leaves of Acer campestre, Pseudo-Platanus, and spicatum.
There are the same kind of yellow spots, caused by the mycelium, but the
black scab, or crust, which appears on the surface is not one continuous
black blotch, but consists of a number of closely-crowded small frustules.
The early stage also prevails whilst the leaves are still attached to the
tree, and the cells or cavities of the stroma enclose only conidia, which
are sausage- shaped and small (4-5 x 1 //). This condition is known as
Melasmia punctata.
The final stage, which only succeeds the wintering of the affected
leaves upon the ground, in like manner produces clavate asci, which are
narrowed at the tip, and enclose eight needle-shaped sporidia, which are
blunt at the base, and pointed at the apex, collected in a parallel cluster
or bundle (35-40 x 1^-2 /z).
This parasite is recorded also in France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden,
Italy, and North America, but is not so common as Bhytisma acerinum.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3391, vii. 3084 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 142, 378 ; Cooke,
Hdbk. No. 2280.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 20 S
WHITE ROOT-EOT.
Dematophora necatrix.
Eosellinia necatrix (Pr. & Del.), PI. XIV. fig. 20.
This scourge has also been called Dematophora necatrix (Hart.), and
has occurred in its earlier stages in this country. It attacks vines, fruit
trees, Maples, Oaks, Beeches, and Conifers.
The mycelium spreads rapidly underground, attacking the rootlets of
almost any plant with which it comes into contact, ultimately killing
them. In trees the mycelium travelling upwards bursts through the
bark as a fluffy snow-white mass. Minute sclerotia are formed in the
diseased rootlets, which produce conidia upon dark-coloured hyphse. The
mycelium, at first white, at length becomes brownish, and produces pear-
shaped swellings, which are reproductive.
The highest form of reproduction is rarely developed, and consists of
large black perithecia, surrounded by bristly conidiophores, and enclosing
asci containing eight dark brown sporidia.
The soil should be well drained, affected plants isolated by trenching
around the roots. Dead trees and roots should be removed as soon and
as completely as possible, as all the fragments of mycelium are liable to
disseminate the disease.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 82 ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 120, f. 21.
PLANE-LEAF NERVE ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium nervisequum (Fckl.), PL XIX. fig. 9.
A common anthracnose on Plane leaves, forming irregular bleached
spots on either side of the midrib and principal veins of the leaves. The
pustules are scattered over these spots, on the under surface, and are
round or oblong, brownish and at length black, splitting longitudinally or
irregularly. The conidia are oblong or pear-shaped (12-15 x 4-6 p),
hyaline, seated upon long, colourless, and slender footstalks (20-25 p long).
This species reaches its full development, as far as at present known,
whilst the leaves are still attached to the tree. Wherever it is possible
to reach and remove the diseased leaves they should be collected and
burnt.
Recorded also in France, Germany, and Italy.
Grevillea, xiv. p. 124, No. 616 ; Sacc. Syll. iii. 3716 ; Mass. PL Dis,
284, fig. 76 ; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 140.
PLANE-LEAP ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Platani (Mont.).
This second species of anthracnose occurs also on living leaves of
Plane trees, but does not form spots along the midrib and nerves, but the
minute pustules are scattered over discoloured portions of the leaves,
which may be marginal or otherwise. The conidia have a tendency to
become fusiform or sometimes oblong (14-15 x 5-6 p) with many small
nuclei. The pedicels are short and slender (not exceeding 5-6 p).
204 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The same remarks apply to this species as to Gl&osporium nervisequum.
Known also in France, Belgium, Holland, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3717 ; Gvevillea, xiv. p. 124, No. 617.
Two or three ordinary kinds of leaf-spot, caused by Phyllosticta or
Septoria, on Plane leaves have been recorded, but not yet as British.
HOJRSE CHESTNUT LEAF-SPOTS.
Septoria Hippocastani (B. & Br.), PI. XIX. fig. 10.
Common enough on the living leaves of Horse Chestnut in Britain,
but scarcely recognised elsewhere except in Italy.
The spots are at first minute and scattered, then becoming confluent,
and forming broad rufous patches. Eeceptacles dot-like and scattered,
sporules, long, rod-like, curved and flexuous with divisions (55-60 x 3 //)
ejected in thin, delicate, pale tendrils.
Presumably the Horse Chestnut trees are not much injured by this
leaf -spot, and we know of no remedies which have been applied.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2578 ; Berk. A.N.H. No. 434 ; CooJce, Hdbk. No. 1305.
HOUSE CHESTNUT STEBEUM.
Stereum purpureum (Fries), PI. XIX. fig. 11.
Several trees have been destroyed in Greenwich Park, the trunks of
which have borne this Stereum, and it has been contended that this fungus
has entered as a wound parasite and destroyed the trees. This should be
confirmed by experiment, as the same fungus has been credited with
causing " silver leaf " in stone-fruit trees.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 7284 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 910 ; Mass. Fun. Fl. i. 132,
fig. 14 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxviii. p. xxii (1903).
A leaf-spot (Phyllosticta Pavia Desm.) has been found occasionally in
this country on the leaves of ^Esculus indica syn. Pavia Mica. The
sporules are cylindrically elliptical, biguttulate (11-12 /* long).
Known also in France and Belgium.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 71, No. 365.
ELM-LEAF PHLCEOSPOBE,
Phleospora Ulmi (Fr.), PI. XIX. fig. 12.
One of the commonest parasites on leaves of the Elm, sometimes
occupying nearly every leaf on a tree. The spots are small and brownish
on the under surface, over which the pustules are scattered. The conidia
are profuse, cylindrical, rounded at the ends, at first nucleate, and then
divided into five cells (55 x 6 /u), exuding from the orifice of the pustule in
whitish tendrils, and diffusing themselves over the surface of the leaf.
Known in older books under the name of Septoria Ulmi, and supposed to
be an early stage, or condition, of Phyllachora Ulmi.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 205
No suggestion can be offered to check this parasite, from which many
healthy trees constantly escape. Recorded throughout Europe and in
North America.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3138 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1297 ; Grevillea, xiv. 105.
A leaf -spot, caused by Asteroma Ulmi (Klotsch), has been recorded on
Elm leaves in Britain, France, and Portugal, but the fruit does not appear
to be known.
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1369.
ELM-LEAF SCAB.
Piggotia astroidea (Berk.), PI. XIX. fig. 13.
Berkeley first made known the details of the structure of this parasite,
and applied to it the name which it now bears. It occurs on the upper
surface of living Elm leaves as small blackish scabs formed from the
aggregation of minute tubercles, clustered in a stellate manner, and at
first covered by the cuticle. The tubercles or receptacles are flattened,
thin, and dark olive. The conidia are oblong, truncate at the base, and
rounded at the apex (8-10 x 5-6 p), containing from two to four minute
guttules, and generated at the apex of short pedicels which are fasciculate.
The presumed phases, or stages, in the life-history of this fungus, are
recorded in the following note on the " Elm-leaf blotch."
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3387; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1296; Berk. A. N.H.
No. 503, t. v. f . 3 ; Grevillea, xiv. 106.
Elm-leaf blister, caused by Taphrina Ulmi (Joh.), occurs on leaves
of Common Elm, and Wych Elm, but is doubtfully British.
Mass. PL Dis. p. 92.
ELM-LEAF BLOTCH.
Phyllachora Ulmi (Fckl.), PL XIX. fig. 14.
This blotch is not unusual on Elm leaves, which is supposed to pass
through three stages, all of which have been recognised as different and
distinct parasites, but are now assumed to be three conditions of the same
species. The first stage, which has been termed the spermogonia, is still
generally known as Phleospora Ulmi. The second stage, called the
pycnidia, is known as Piggotia astroidea, both of which have been
described here as different diseases. And the last is the perfect Phylla-
chora Ulmi, in which the spores are produced in asci, and become matured
on the dead leaves after remaining upon the ground.
The blotches are rounded, convex, nearly black, and somewhat rough
on the surface, on the upper face of the leaves. Within these excrescences
are white cavities or cells, in which the fructification is produced. Numerous
cylindrical sacs or asci (60-70 x 8 //) are developed, side by side, each
enclosing eight oblong, colourless, sporidia (10-11 x 5 /z), which are
extruded, when mature, through an opening at the apex of the cell. The
stroma or blotch is greyish after maturing upon the ground.
Found also in France Belgium, Holland, Sweden, and Italy.
206 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The dead leaves should be collected and burnt to prevent the sporidia
communicating infection.
Sacc. Syll ii. 5091 ; Sow. B. F. t. 374, fig. 3 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2412.
BROWN ASH-LEAF SPOT.
Phyllosticta fraxinicola (Curr.).
Not uncommon on living leaves of the Ash, in circular or irregular
brownish spots, with a blackish margin. The receptacles are very minute,
as usual, like small black dots scattered over the spots. The sporules are
elliptical or curved (5-7^ /< long) and colourless.
It was first described by Currey as a simple Sphceria, but the sporules
are not enclosed in asci.
Known also in France and Germany.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 106 ; Grevillea, xiv. 72, No. 381 ; Curr. Simp. Sph.
No. 388, fig. 148.
A great number of leaf-spots, caused by fungi of several genera, have
been recorded on Ash leaves in Europe and America, but they do not
appear to have been regarded as inflicting any serious injury.
COMMON ASH-LEAF SPOT.
Septoria Fraxini (Desm.), PL XIX. fig. 15.
This leaf -spot, on living leaves of the Ash, is common and affects
almost every leaf of any tree which it attacks. The conceptacles are very
minute, and immersed in the substance of the leaf, forming irregular
patches, sometimes covering the entire leaflet. The sporules are cylin-
drical, obtuse at the ends, with a row of small nucleoles.
Known also in France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Italy, and North
America.
Sacc. Syll iii. 2672 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1331 ; Grevillea, xiv. 101,
No. 482.
Several species of anthracnose are recorded as occurring on Ash leaves
in the United States, but not hitherto in Europe.
HEARTWOOD-ROT.
Polyporus hispidus (Fries).
This large polypore is a wound parasite, and will attack various broad-
leaved trees. In orchards it seems to prefer the Apple, and we have seen
it commonly upon the Ash. It often attains a large size, nearly a foot
across, fixed by a broad base, and extending in a semicircular manner.
It is of a dark brown colour, and the upper surface is coarsely velvety or
hairy, and the internal substance soft and fibrous. The under surface is
paler, of a yellowish-brown colour, punctured with innumerable pores.
Whilst growing these pores exude water, which drips away in considerable
quantity even in dry weather.
It can only obtain access to a tree through a wound, when the
mycelium attacks the heartwood, the trunk soon becomes hollow, although
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 207
the tree may continue to live for some years. It is by medium of the
spores that healthy trees are inoculated, and hence to prevent the diffusion
of spores all specimens of the polypore should be at once destroyed.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 5165 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 768 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 191,
fig. 44 ; Sow. Fung. t. 345 ; Hussey, i. t. 29, 31 ; Mass. Fun. Fl. i. p. 243.
Living Ash trees in this country have been attacked and killed by a
sphaeriaceous fungus, Hosellinia ligniaria (Nitschke). Specimens were
exhibited by W. Carruthers at the Linnean Society, December 16, 1897.
Mass. PL Dis. p. 122 ; Sacc. Syll. i. No. 991 ; Greville, Sc. Crypt. FL
pi. 82.
SMALL OAK-LEAF ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium umbrinellum (B. & Br.), PI. XIX. fig. 16.
This anthracnose has been found occasionally on Oak leaves in Britain,
whilst some persons think it is the same species as one which has
occurred in Belgium, France, and Germany, although the conidia are
twice as large.
The spots are irregular and angular, minute, and of a brown colour,
upon which are seated the almost inconspicuous pustules, from which the
conidia are expelled when mature in pallid irregular tendrils. The
conidia themselves are oblong (10-15 ^ long), with two nuclei, and at
first seated upon long and sometimes forked pedicels.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3731 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1412 ; Berk. & Br. A.N.H.
No. 1141, t. 3, f. 5 ; Grevillea, xiv. 124, No. 61.
There are a host of leaf-spots on Oak leaves, which have been referred
to fungi of different genera as the cause, but they do not appear to be of
sufficient importance as " pests " to require notice.
OAK-LEAF WHITE MOULD.
Microstroma album (Desm.), PI. XX. fig. 17.
This is a small white mould which attacks the under surface of Oak
leaves, appearing to the naked eye somewhat like hoar-frost. The very
short threads are developed in tufts, which form confluent patches. The
conidia are oblong (5-7 x 3 p), unequal-sided, containing one or two small
guttules ; the basal threads about three or four times as long as the conidia.
We have observed it mostly upon the leaves of young seedling Oaks,
and in coppices.
Known also in France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Moravia, and South
Africa.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 17 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1831.
OAK-LEAF CURL.
Ascomyces Quercus (Cooke).
This, and one or two other species of Exoasci, attack Oak leaves.
Journ. E.H.S. xxix. 1905, p. 848.
208 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Not less than eighty species of fungus parasites have been recorded as
occurring on various species of Quercus, at home and abroad, but not
many of them are British.
OAK-LEAF RUST.
Uredo Quercus (Brond), PL XX. fig. 18.
This parasite occurs, but not commonly, on the under side of the
leaves of young Oak saplings when about three or four feet high, but
probably without inflicting any serious injury. Nothing is known of any
other stage than that of the uredospores.
The pustules are rounded and small, and either scattered or in clusters,
yellow at first, and afterwards approaching orange. The uredospores are
nearly globose, rough externally, and orange-yellow (15-25 x 12-15 n).
It has been assumed, rather prematurely, that this is an early con-
dition of some species of Melampsora.
Known also in France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2126 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 257 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1573 ;
Cooke, M.F. p. 216.
Seedling Oaks are liable to the attacks of a fungus at the roots, which
develops into a disease resembling the white root-rot, and in its mature
condition is known as Rosellinia quercina (Hart.).
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 78, figs. 26-28 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 121.
VEGETABLE BEEF STEAK.
Fistulina hepatica (Fr.).
This well-known fungus is often to be seen flourishing year after year
upon the same living Oak tree, and is gathered promptly, on account of
its esculent properties. It is somewhat variable in form, being rounded,
semicircular, tongue- shaped, and often two or three together, liver-coloured,
not unlike a piece of bullock's liver, soft and easily cut, and internally
mottled somewhat after the manner of Beetroot, and juicy, with a rather
acid taste. The under surface is a little convex and paler, perforated with
innumerable pin-holes which are mouths of tubes, closely packed side by
side, bearing the spores on the inner surface. These spores are salmon-
coloured and nearly round. Sometimes specimens have been found
attaining a weight of thirty pounds, but usually only three or four
pounds.
It is doubtful to what extent this fungus is a cause of injury to Oaks,
as it is always found on dead parts.
Found throughout Europe, in North America, Australia, and Northern
India.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 4849 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 841 ; Soiv. B.F. t. 58 ; Grev.
Sc. Crypt. Fl. t. 270 ; Mass. Fun. Fl. i. p. 256, figs. 8-10.
SULPHURY WOOD-HOT.
Polyporus sulfureus (Fries).
This large and attractive-looking pplypor is a wound parasite on
several trees, such as Oak, Alder, Willow, Poplar, and even Pear and
PL. XX.
PESTS OF FOREST TREES.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 209
Apple, as well as Larch. It commences as a round fleshy knob, but soon
expands into an irregularly flattened body, with a crisped and waved
margin, and often with several overlapping pilei, one above another. It is
not unusual to find well-grown specimens of a foot in expanse, and
wholly of a bright sulphur colour, the upper surface quite smooth, paler
as it grows old. The flesh is nearly white, soft, and easily broken ; the
under surface bright sulphur colour, and punctured with innumerable short
pores ; the whole fungus with a faint and rather disagreeable smell.
This is an annual, which grows rapidly and decays in the autumn.
The spores obtain access through a wound, broken branch, or unprotected
pruning. The spores soon produce a mycelium which attacks the heart-
wood, which changes to a clear reddish-brown colour.
Conidia are also produced in abundance from the mycelium in cavities
of the wood.
It is important, therefore, to protect the ends of broken branches, or
parts exposed by pruning, by use of some fungicide. Also, to prevent
dispersion of the spores, all specimens found should at once be destroyed.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 5050 ; Mass. Fun. Fl. i. p. 240 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 193,
fig. 45 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 752 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FL pi. 113 ; Sow. Fungi,
t. 135 ; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, 200 ; Marshall Ward, Timbers, &c.
p. 165, figs. 17-19.
WOUND PARASITES.
Other of the large Hymenomycetal Fungi have the reputation of being
destructive to forest and orchard trees as wound parasites, but we are
inclined to think that the injury they cause is proportionately small, as
only individual trees are affected, and only those which have suffered
previous injury.
TINDER FUNGUS.
Fomes fomentarius (Fries).
This woody fungus is said to be a wound parasite of Beech and Elm
as well as old fruit trees. The pileus is shaped somewhat like a horse's
hoof, from three to seven inches across, dingy-brown, marked with con-
centric ridges, smooth, and at first whitish at the edge. The under surface
is almost flat, whitish, then brown, densely perforated. The substance is
rust-coloured and fibrous, and rather spongy, but dry, and may be beaten
out into the substance known as amadou or German tinder. The spores
are oval and brown.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 5409 ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 185, 392 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 776 ; Sow. B.F. t. 133 : Journ. R.H.S. xxvi. 1902, p. 734, fig. 308 ;
Mass. Fun. Ft. p. 220.
FALSE TINDER FUNGUS.
Fomes igniarius (Fries).
This also is reputed to be a wound fungus of the Oak, as well as some
other trees. It resembles Fomes fomentarius externally and superficially,
but is minutely velvety when young, becoming blackish and cracking.
The under ^urface is cinnamon-coloured, and the flesh is very hard, rusty -
210 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
brown, and zoned. The spores almost globose and uncoloured, which
serves to distinguish it from the other species above named.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 5412; Mas. PI. Dis. pp. 187, 393; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 778 ; Sow. B. F. t. 132 ; Mass. Fun. FL i. p. 221 ; Hart. & Som.
Dis. Trees, p. 201.
Fomes nigricans Fr. is also charged with the destruction of Birch
timber.
Journ. fi.H.S. xxix. 1905, p. 754.
OAK POLYPOBE.
Polyporus dryadeus (Fries).
This large polypore is said to attack the Oak, but too rarely to be of
much interest. It is expanded from the trunk in a semicircular manner,
is thick, and attached by a broad base, measuring up to ten inches across,
brown, rugged, with a paler margin which exudes drops of water. The
flesh is rusty and fibrous, somewhat zoned. Under surface porous ; spores
elliptical, colourless (5 x3 p).
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 201 ; Sacc. Syll. vi. 5196 ; Mass. PL
Dis. pp. 197, 391 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 771 ; Mass. Fun. Fl. p. 243.
There are other species which have the same kind of reputation, but
not troublesome enough to be regarded as pests.
STEREUM WOOD-ROT.
Stereum hirsutum (Fries), PI. XX. fig. 19.
This is one of the most common of saprophytes on dead branches,
trunks, and stumps of all kinds ; but it has also the reputation of being a
destructive wound parasite. It is a tough leathery fungus, of a shell
shape, attached by the edge to the bark, spreading at right angles, with
the upper surface coarsely velvety, dingy-yellow, marked with zones, and
the margin often crisped and wavy. The under surface, which bears the
spores, is ochraceous -yellow. Mostly these pilei grow one above another
in an imbricated manner. The mycelium is perennial, and having once
obtained admission continues to spread, until all the living tissue is
destroyed. Spores globose, £ p diam.
When found growing on living trees, it should be cut away, and the
wound washed with paraffin and afterwards painted with tar.
Mass. PI. Dis. p. 175 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 911 ; Ward, Trans. Boy.
Soc. clxxxix. p. 123, pi. 17-21 (1898) ; Mass. Fun. Fl. i. p. 131 ; Hart.
<& Som. Dis. Trees, p. 205.
PARTRIDGE WOOD.
Stereum frustulosum (Fries), PI. XX. fig. 20.
This is another saprophyte which sometimes becomes parasitic, and
attacks various forest trees. It differs from the above in being closely
attached to the bark, with no portion free, the whole substance forming a
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 211
•cracked, hard crust, of a cinnamon colour on the surface, becoming grey
with age. Spores elliptical, 4 x3yu.
Mass. PL Dis. p. 172, fig. 37 ; Mass. Fun.FL p. 134.
BLACK WOOD NODULES.
Daldinia concentrica (De Not.).
Large black nodules, from the size of a Walnut to that of an Orange,
have been known for a century to occur on dead wood, especially of Ash,
and only recently has it been suggested that the fungus producing them
is a wound parasite liable to infest with its spores, or conidia, growing
and living forest trees, entering through wounds in the bark. We have
met with it scores of times, but never on other than thoroughly dead
wood, such as gate-posts, rails, rustic seats, &c., and are not yet convinced
of its parasitism. The mature fungus is globose, depressed at the base,
smooth and shining, and of a jet-black colour. When cut in sections,
the interior is grey, rather firm, forming concentric rings. Hence its old
name of Hypoxylon concentricum, and its newer one of Daldinia con-
•centrica. The periphery everywhere consists of closely packed cells, or
perithecia, containing the large, oval- shaped, dark brown sporidia in asci
(12-15 x7-10yu), which are ejected when mature, and form a dense sooty
covering over the entire nodule.
Very recently M. Molliard has announced the discovery of conidia
suggested and figured by Tulasne, in the form of a white mould, to which
he has given the name of Nodulisporium Tulasnei, possibly a form of
Botrytis, with conidia 7-8 x 4J-5 /j, colourless or slightly grey.
Tulasne, Fungi Carp. Selec. t. ii. pi. xiii. figs. 14-16 ; Gard. Chron.
1861, p. 72 ; Sacc. Syll. i. 1515 ; Cooke, Hdblc. No. 2384.
OAK CANKEE.
Diaporthe taleola (Sacc.), PI. XX. fig. 21.
The disease which is called Oak Canker is said to prevail until trees
are forty years old. It is characterised by brown patches of the bark,
which are usually of large size, and on different sides of the tree, whereby
the bark is killed, and the tree dies. Pustules are formed in the dead
bark, and consist of a kind of cushion, or stroma, imbedded in it, of an
almost black colour, in which are cavities or cells, in which are first
developed curved or sickle-shaped conidia. Afterwards flask-shaped
receptacles are formed, in small groups, within these same pustules, on
the same stroma, and the necks of two or three of these receptacles unite,
and grow together into a common neck or opening which extends to the
surface of the pustule. Within these receptacles asci, or cylindrical sacs,
are formed (150 x 14 p), which each contain eight sporidia which are oblong,
divided in the centre into two cells (18-24 x 7-8 yu). From the median
division projects a hyaline spine on each side, and one at each end of the
spore. Both conidia and spores are capable of infecting a healthy tree,
by entering a wounded spot in the bark.
The fungus is known in France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, and
Italy.
p2
212 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
It is suggested that young trees thus infected should be felled to save
the rest.
Sacc. Syll. i. 2426 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 112 ; Hart. & Som. Dis.
Trees, p. 99, figs. 46-49 ; Cooke, HdbJc. No. 2502.
BEECH-LEAF ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Fagi (Desm.).
This occurs on the under surface of Beech leaves, forming rather
rounded tawny spots on the upper, and greenish on the under surface.
The pustules are minute and honey-coloured, seated upon the spots. The
conidia are oblong or sometimes rhomboidal (15-20x 7-8 p), with two or
three small guttules, produced at first at the apex of pedicels collected in
bundles, within the pustules, and expelled when mature in tendrils.
Known also in France, Belgium, Austria, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3728 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 124, No. 620.
The leaves are liable to show brown blotches caused by SpJicerella-
Fagi.
BEECH SEEDLING ROT-MOULD.
Phytophthora omnivora (De Bary), PI. XX. fig. 21.
This rot-mould has a habit of attacking almost indiscriminately a large
number of plants, among which are included the seedlings of Beech.
Gaps are often made in seed-beds by this pest, which spreads rapidly
when once it gets a footing. At first dark-coloured blotches appear on
the cotyledonary leaves, with dark lines on the stem. The mycelium is
furnished with minute roundish suckers, which pierce the cells to obtain
nutriment. The threads are variously branched, but sparingly, and on
one side, sometimes inflated in nodules at intervals, below the apex.
Conidia ellipsoid or lemon-shaped (50-60 x 35-40 /z), with a prominent
papilla at the apex, when mature liberating as many as fifty zoospores.
Resting-spore globose, smooth, yellowish-brown (24-30 ^ diam.), often
clustered together.
Known also in Germany.
Diseased plants should be at once removed from the seed-beds.
Oospores will retain vitality for four years ; hence the soil which has
produced diseased plants should not be used again.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 803 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 66, fig. 8 ; Hartig & Som.
Dis. Trees, p. 58, figs. 14-16; Marshall Ward, Timbers, &c. p. 271,
figs. 42-44.
BEECH AGARIC.
Armillaria mucida (Schr.).
The slimy-white, or greyish -white, Agaric seen so commonly on dead
Beech trees has been charged with being a wound parasite, capable of
attacking a healthy branch, when broken or wounded, and causing death
and decay.
The cap is from one to four inches across, hemispherical, then
flattened, whitish or greyish-white, very glutinous, often growing in
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 213
clusters from the trunk or branches of Beech trees, with a stem from two
or three to five inches long, rather slender, but thickest at the base, whitish,
sometimes with dark scales, with a broad distinct ring or collar surround-
ing the stem, above the middle. Gills very broad and white. Spores
elliptical (14-16 x 8-9 //), very slimy and unpleasant to the touch, but
very delicate eating when cooked.
Found throughout Europe and North America.
All wounds and cut branches should be protected by applying a coating
of tar. Infection only by means of the spores, hence all the Agarics
should be collected and eaten or destroyed.
Sacc. Syll vi. 310 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 37 ; Cooke, Illus. t. 16 ; Mass.
PL Dis. p. 204.
Hydnum diversidens (Fr.) is apparently a wound parasite, which has
occurred on Beech in Epping Forest ; it is an interesting species, but so
rare as to be a curiosity.
Sacc. Syll. 6697.
HOKNBEAM ANTHRACNOSE.
Glceosporium Carpini (Desm.), PL XX. fig. 23.
The anthracnose on living and fading leaves of Hornbeam as developed
on the under surface on olive-brown, irregular, and indefinite spots. The
pustules are very minute, pale brown, and scarcely conspicuous. The
conidia are cylindrical and curved or sickle-shaped (10-15 x^ p), and
very narrow and thread-like, oozing from the orifice in whitish tendrils.
Known also in France, Germany, Italy, and Austria.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3722 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 124, No. 619 ; Sacc. F. Ital.
fig. 1021.
Another species (Glceosporium Robergei) is known on the Continent,
on leaves of the Hornbeam, but not recorded for Britain. This tree is
much favoured in immunity from fungus parasites.
HORNBEAM-LEAF BLOTCH.
Gnomoniella fimbriata (Anc.), PL XX. fig. 24.
It is not unusual to see living leaves of Hornbeam disfigured by pro-
minent black convex blotches, which are themselves tuberculate with
elevated warts, each of which indicates and covers an immersed cell or
receptacle, and terminates in a spine-like neck, which is surrounded at
the base by a white collar or fringe. These receptacles contain the
fructification, which consists of oblong sacs or asci, each enclosing eight
ellipsoid sporidia (10-11 x5^), which, when mature, escape through the
elongated neck of the receptacle.
It is believed that earlier in the season the conidia are developed
under the form of an anthracnose, formerly considered a distinct species,
and known as Glceosporium Carpini, which has cylindrical curved conidia
(10-15 x 1 p), expelled when mature in whitish tendrils.
This blotch is known throughout Europe and in North America.
214 Fl'NGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
No remedy is suggested, except picking off and burning as many
infested leaves as possible to prevent dispersion.
Sacc. Syll i. 1589 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2735.
Melampsora Carpini is recorded as attacking the leaves of Hornbeam..
BIRCH-LEAF SPOT.
Phyllosticta betulina (Sacc.), PL XX. fig. 25.
Possibly this leaf -spot bears the receptacles of the earliest stage, or
spermogonia, of a species of leaf sphaeria (Spharella maculiformis) which
is not uncommon on the dead leaves of various kinds of forest trees,
There are no definite spots, but the receptacles are densely clustered
together in large groups, which have the appearance of spots. These are
globose, and immersed in the substance of the leaves, and contain minute
curved sporules (4-6 x 1-1J /*), which are ejected when mature.
Recorded also in France and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 170 ; Grevillea, xiv. 72, No. 398.
Another leaf-spot on Birch is attributed to Asteroma Betulce, which
occurs in Britain, but is not reputed to cause any serious injury.
Sacc. Syll iii. 1241 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 75, No. 446.
BIRCH-LEAF RUST.
Melampsora betulina (Pers.), PI. XX. fig. 26.
This rust is common on Birch leaves from May to November. Hitherto
all efforts to discover the cluster-cups of this species, presuming them to
exist, have been unavailing.
The pustules of the uredo are small, pale orange, roundish, and rather
powdery. The uredospores are ovate or oblong (25-40 x 10-20 /u), finely
rough, and orange-yellow.
The pustules which contain the teleutospores are at first yellow, then
they become brown, and ultimately black. The spores are cylindrical,
partaking of the typical form of the genus, closely packed side by sider
and slightly wedge-shaped (50 x 16 /*), pale yellow-brown.
Reported also in France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Finland,
Lapland, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, and Asiatic Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2118 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 243 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1559 ;
CooJee, M. F. 219, figs. 189, 190 ; Hart, d Som. Dis. Trees, p. 171.
BIRCH' POLYPORE.
Polyporus betulinus (Fr.).
Although this polypore has long been known as a saprophyte on dead
Birch trees, it has only recently been demonstrated that it will attack and
destroy living trees, producing at first a brown discoloration and after-
wards causing cracks in the decaying wood, which is replete with the
white mycelium. .
The complete fungus, when seen attached to the trunk, is hoof -shaped,
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 215
with the upper surface smooth and at first soft, white, or greyish, and
often brownish as it advances in age, when the brown cuticle often cracks
and peels off. The under surface is flat, or a little concave, pierced all
over with minute pores ; the margin thick and curved inwards. When
young, the substance is soft enough to be cut like cheese, and is per-
sistently white ; when older it becomes firmer, but is always rather soft.
In size it varies from three to seven or eight inches across.
Common in Europe, Asiatic Siberia, and North America.
The fungus should be removed and destroyed whenever found, to
prevent the dispersion of the spores. As it is probable that the mycelium
is perennial, there is no hope of saving a tree after the appearance of the
polypore.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 5207 ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 189, fig. 43 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 772 ; Soiu. B. F. t. 212 ; Mass. Fun. FL i. p. 248 ; Hart, d Som.
Dis. Trees, p. 206.
WITCHES' BROOM OF BIRCH.
Exoascus turgidus (Sad.).
The peculiar bunches of stunted twigs often to be seen on Birch trees
are familiar enough, and so is the name of ' Witches' Brooms ' or { Witches*
Besoms/ but it is not everyone who knows that it is a disease caused by
minute fungi.
The naked asci, or sacs, which contain the sporidia are developed in
spring and summer on the under surface of the leaves, which curl up, lose
their fresh green colour, and at length appear covered with a greyish-white
hoariness, like hoar-frost. The asci (46-50 x 15 /*) have a stem cell
(16 — 17x15 p) at the base, and they diminish gradually downwards so
that they penetrate the epidermal cells. The sporidia, which are enclosed
in the asci, are globose (3-4 ^ diam.).
Known also in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland.
Sacc. Syll. viii. 3347 ; Phil. Br. Disc. p. 484 ; Hart. & Som. Dis.
Trees, p. 133.
BIRCH-LEAF BLOTCH.
Dothidella betulina (Fries), PI. XX. fig. 27.
This parasite on the living leaves of Birch has many features in
common with the Elm-leaf blotch, with which it corresponds in the
mature fruit not being developed until after the leaves have fallen, and
are laid on the ground. The blotches are rather small (^ mm.), at first
covered by the epidermis, at length naked, prominent, rather angular, with
an uneven surface, black and shining, containing white cavities or cells, in
which the fruit is matured. The asci are elongated (70 x 10 //), each
enclosing eight sporidia, which are ellipsoid, obtuse at the ends, and
divided into two nearly equal but sometimes unequal cells (10 x5 fj), of a
very pale yellowish colour, discharged, when mature, through the prominent
mouth at the apex of the cell.
Eeported also in France, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Italy, and
Asiatic Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. ii. 5256 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2413 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. FL t.
200, f. 2.
216 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
LIME-TREE SOOTY MOULD.
Funiago vagans (Pers.), PI. XIV. fig. 21.
The leaves of the Lime are often blackened with this |C sooty mould,"
which sometimes quite encrusts the leaves. It also occurs, but less
commonly or profusely, on Oak, Elm, Birch, Willow, and other deciduous
trees. It is commonly preceded by honey-dew, upon which the mould
thrives and flourishes apace.
The mould consists of brown creeping hyphae, which are branched or
fasciculate, sometimes confluent and forming cellulose ganglia, constituting
a thin membranaceous stratum, of a blackish colour. The fertile threads
are short, ascending, and branched in the upper portion. Conidia terminal,
forming short chains, for the most part two-celled, rarely one- celled, or
three-celled (from 5-15 /u long), brown.
Doubtless a state or condition of more complex fungi, such as
Capnodium.
Causes injury by closing the pores or stomata of the leaves, but usually
so universal over all the foliage as to defy remedy.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2618 ; Berk. & Desm. Journ. Hori. Soc. iv. 251.
LIME-TREE LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Tilia (West.), PI. XX. fig. 28.
Perithecia on both surfaces of the leaves, seated on tawny spots,
which become pallid in the centre. Sporules straight or curved, 3-4
septate (35-40 x 2-2 \ p, or sometimes longer).
Known also in Belgium, Italy, and Austria.
Sacc. Syll iii. 2562 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 76, No. 466.
ALDER LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria alnicola (Cooke), PL XX. fig. 29.
This parasite was first found in Britain on living Alder leaves, and
afterwards in Italy. The spots are pallid, brown or tawny, roundish
(5-7 m.). The receptacles are minute, black, dot-like, scattered over the
spots. The sporules oblong, and straight or curved (about 20-26 x f /*).
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2735 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1339 ; Seem. Journ. Bot. iv.
p. 97, f. 23 ; Grevillea, xiv. 101, No. 488.
This is supposed to be a different species from Septoria Alni and
Septoria alnigena, both of which are found on Alder leaves in Italy, but
it is doubtful whether at least one of them is not the same.
ALDER-LEAF BLACK MOULD.
Passalora bacilligera (Fres.), PI. XX. fig. 80.
This mould occurs on living and languishing leaves of the Alder,
occupying the under surface, forrning small olive tufts. The threads
simple, collected in bundles, flexuous and obtuse, olive- coloured, septate,
often twisted and interwoven amongst themselves. Conidia produced at
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 217
the tips of the threads, somewhat narrowly club-shaped, with one trans-
verse division near the centre (30-50 x 5-7 u}.
Known also in France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy.
Sacc. SylL iv. 1640; Sacc. Filial, t. 788 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1748.
ALDER DISEASE.
Valsa oxystoma.
Found on all diseased Alder-trees in Pomerania.
Journ. E.H.S. xxix. 1905, p. 739.
ALDER-LEAF BLISTER.
Taphrina Sadebeckii (Joh.).
The fungus causing this disease was at first called Ascomyces Tos-
quinetii, but that name has now been abandoned for the above.
It produces blisters on the upper surface of the leaves of the Alder, and
the naked asci or spore-sacs produce a hoary appearance. These asci are
truncate, or abrupt, at each end (41-55 x 15 /x,), and contain eight spherical
sporidia, which are colourless (5-6J /u diam.).
Known in Germany, Belgium, and Sweden, as well as in Britain.
Sometimes called Exoascus flavus.
Sacc. SylL viii. 3338 ; Phil. Br. Dis. p. 403 ; Grevillea, vi. p. 25 ;
Mass. PL Dis. p. 91 ; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 133.
ALDER CATKIN BLISTER.
Exoascus alnitorquus (Tul.).
This species attacks the female catkins of the Alder, which are thereby
much deformed. It occurs also sometimes on the leaves, which become
yellowish and primrose, blistered and contorted. The asci, or spore-sacs,
are clavate (3 1-37 x 6-7 /i), with a basal cell attenuated downwards until
it becomes acute (11-20 x 6-7 p). The globose sporidia are small
(3-5 fj. diam.) and numerous.
Known also in France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, and North
America.
Sacc. SylL viii. 3345 ; Phil. Br. Disc. p. 403 ; Grevillea, v. p. 62 ;
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 133, fig. 72.
ALDER-ROOT TUBERCLES.
Plasmodiophora Alni (Wor.).
This disease of Alder roots was first-called Schinzia Alni, but it does
not appear to differ greatly from the club-root of Crucifers. The roots
become swollen and deformed, exhibiting a mass of small tubercles as
large as the seed of a Vetch, or sometimes larger, and 2-10 cm. diam.,
which tubercles contain numerous globose spores aggregated in clusters
or bunches (8 p. diam.) and of a mucous consistency when cut.
Known in Germany, Poland, and Italy
Sacc. SylL vii. 1569; Gard. Chron. Oct. 6, 1894, p. 398; Hart. &
Som. Dis. Trees, p. 39.
218 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
TREE-ROOT ROT.
Armillaria mellea (Fr.).
The blackish cord-like strands of mycelium long known under the
name of Rhizomorpha are for the most part connected with this Agaric,
which is common everywhere at the roots of trees. This mycelium con-
sists of blackish cord-like strands of the thickness of fine twine, which
creep over the roots, and the base of the trunk, close to the ground,
radiating on every side until they come in contact with other roots,
which are attacked. The rhizomorphs do not enter the roots, but give off
delicate branches which enter the roots and form white sheets of mycelium
between the bark and wood.
The complete fungus grows in dense clusters at the foot of trees, and
is an Agaric, of the Mushroom form, with a cap two or three inches across,
of a honey-yellow colour, generally clad with darker scales. The stem is
from three to six inches long, smooth, and rather paler than the cap,
darkest at the base. Gills white when young, becoming creamy with
age. The stem above the middle is surrounded by a white frill or ring.
The spores are white (9 x 6 /u) and are produced in great profusion, falling
and settling on the grass and surrounding objects like a dense white
powder.
Care should be taken in orchards not to wound the roots of trees with
the spade. All clumps of the Agaric should be destroyed. Affected trees
should be isolated by digging a trench around them.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 289 ; Cooke, Him. No. 32 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 201,
fig. 47 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 36, fig. 36 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1902, p. 735,
fig. 309 ; Marshall Ward, Timbers &c. p. 154, figs. 15, 16.
POPLAR LEAF- SPOT.
Septoria Populi (Desm.), PL XX. fig. 31.
This common leaf-spot on Poplar leaves occurs on the upper surface,
and is characterised by small orbicular spots, which are sometimes con-
fluent, whitish or bleached, greyish towards the circumference, with a
brown border. The receptacles are few and pale at first, becoming blackish
when dry. Sporules rod- shaped, obtuse at the ends, and curved (45 x 3 />),.
with a single septum.
Recorded in France, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2712 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1317 ; Grevillea, xiv. 101,
No. 485.
POPLAR-LEAF ANTHRACNOSE.
Marsonia Populi (Lib.), PI. XX. fig. 32.
This parasite appears to be the same as that described by Berkeley
many years ago under the name of Asteroma labes, and is found on the
leaves of Populus nigra, italica, and alba.
The spots are on the upper surface, and are somewhat rounded, often
confluent, brown, with a dark margin, upon which the pustules are
scattered. Conidia somewhat pear-shaped (20xl2fi), divided by a trans-
verse septum into two cells, expelled when mature in whitish tendrils.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 219
Kecorded for France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 4024 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1409 ; Grevillea, xiv. 126,
No. 644 ; B. & Br. A.N.H. No. 203, t. ii. f. 6.
ASPEN-LEAF ANTHRACNOSE.
Glwosporium Tremula (Lib.), PI. XX. fig. 33.
The leaves of the Aspen (Populus tremula) are liable to the attacks of
an anthracnose which causes greyish spots on either surface, which are
either rounded or oblong, with a tawny margin. The pustules are found
also on both surfaces, and are either scattered or disposed in rings. The
epidermis of the leaves above the pustules is often blackened and rough.
The conidia are curved (10-15x2 yu), seated upon short thread-like
pedicels.
Eecorded also in Sweden, France, Germany, Austria, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3719 ; Grevillea, xiv. p. 124, No. 618.
ASPEN-LEAF RUST.
Melampsora Tremula (Tul.), PL XXI. fig. 34.
This parasite is common enough on the leaves of Populus tremula
from June to November. It has been said that the cluster-cups are to be
found on the leaves of M ercurialis tperennis, having been known hitherto
under the name of Uredo confluens.
The uredospores are produced in small pustules on the under surface
of the leaves, or larger when upon the young twigs. The spores are sub-
globose or ovate, rough, and of an orange colour (15-20 x 14-16 p).
The teleutospores are also found on the under surface, forming abun-
dant flattened, compact pustules, at first reddish-brown, becoming black.
The spores are closely compressed together, side by side, and are elongated,
attenuated downwards, almost wedge-shaped (45-50 x 10-12 /u).
Rostrup contends that the cluster-cups of this rust are to be found in
the species called Cceoma pinitorquum, which occurs on young Pine
It has been found in France, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands,
Finland, Austria, Bohemia, Italy, and Portugal.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2111 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 240 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1560 ;
Cooke, M. F. 219 ; Hart, d Som. Dis. Trees, p. 164, fig. 96.
WHITE POPLAR RUST.
Melampsora cecidioides (DC.), PI. XXI. fig. 35.
This rust occurs on the leaves of Populus alba, and has evidently been
united hitherto with Melampsora populina, from which it is probably
distinct. It has been suggested that the cluster-cups are to be found on
the leaves of Mercurialis perennis, which Dr. C. B. Plowright thinks that
he has demonstrated.
The uredo occurs in small roundish pustules, surrounded by a white
wreath of large crowded paraphyses. Uredospores, spherical or elliptical,
220 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
with a colourless rough coating, and orange contents (17-24 x 15-17 /t).
Paraphyses clavate (40-60x15-20 ^).
Teleutospores forming small brown crusts, cylindrical, cohering
laterally, and truncate at the apex (50 x 10 //), of a brown colour.
Has been recorded for France and Germany.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2112; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 241.
BLACK POPLAR RUST.
Melampsora populina (Jacq.), PI. XXI. fig. 36.
This endophytal parasite occurs commonly on the living leaves of
Populus nigra, balsamifera, and italica. It has been affirmed that the
cluster-cups are to be found on the Clematis, but this has not been
confirmed by those whose unbounded faith rests upon artificial cultures.
The pustules of the uredo are found on the under surface, are roundish,
and at first covered by the epidermis, brown. The uredospores are
elongated elliptical, or ovate, and rough (28-40x15-20 ^), of an orange-
yellow colour, mixed with capitate paraphyses.
Teleutospores in flat pustules, generally crowded and often confluent,
forming reddish-brown and then blackened crusts. The spores are
cylindrical, closely packed side by side, and angular by compression, so
that they are polygonal in section, a little attenuated downwards (40-50
X 10-15 /*), pale brown in colour.
Known also in France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Finland,
Bohemia, Austria- Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Portugal, Asiatic Siberia,
and North America.
Sacc. Syll vii. 2113 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 242 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No.
1561 ; CooJce, M.F. p. 219, figs. 195, 196.
POPLAR-LEAF BLISTER.
Taphrina aurea (Fr.), PL XXI. fig. 37.
This blister on Poplar leaves has long been known on Populus nigra,
forming roundish blisters, which are convex on the upper surface and
concave beneath, where they acquire a golden-primrose appearance. The
asci are clavate, attenuated at the base, and truncate at the apex (92-100
x 16-25 ^). The sporidia are globose (4 p broad).
The same fungus, apparently, produces pocket-like growths on the
ovary of Populus tremula and P. alba (H. & S. fig. 74).
Known also in France, Germany, Sweden, Finland, and Italy.
Sacc. Syll. viii. 3325 ; Sacc. F. Hal. fig. 1281 ; Hart. & Som. Dis.
Trees, p. 135, figs. 73, 74 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 91.
Another blister (Taphrina Johansonii, Sad.) attacks the carpels of the
Aspen, causing them to swell and become of a bright golden-yellow. Not as
yet determined to be British, unless it proves to be the above form of
Taphrina aurea.
Mass. PL Dis. p. 92.
The Lornbardy Poplar is attacked by Didymospharia populina, which
produces a disease met with in many parts of France and Germany.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 104.
PL XXI.
PESTS OF FOREST TREES.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 221
WILLOW LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria salicicola (Fries), PL XXI. fig. 38.
This spot is generally found on the leaves of Salix cinerea and S.
viminalis, but it occurs also upon other species. The spots are rounded
and white with a brownish margin, upon which are scattered the minute
and dot-like black receptacles. The sporules are rod-like and curved
(10-50 x 3 /i), with three transverse septa.
Recognised also in Sweden, France, Austria, Italy, and Siberia.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 2711 ; Grevillea, xiv. 101, No. 484.
Septoria salicella (Berk.) is now called Rhabdospora salicella, and
appears to be confined to dead twigs and branches.
OSIEE RUST.
Melampsora Vitellina (DC.), PL XXI. fig. 39.
This rust is found on both surfaces of the leaves of Salix pentandra
fragilis, triandra, viminalis, and vitellina. The uredo appears to be the
only stage which is perfectly known, and this was originally called Uredo
Vitellince and Lecythea saliceti.
The pustules of the uredo are small, round, soon becoming powdery,
and golden- yellow. The spores are elliptical or ovate, rough, and orange
(25-28 x 15-20 /u), mixed with globose paraphyses attenuated at the
base.
The teleutospores are said to be confined to the under surface, and
occur in small crusts, at length dark brown.
Reported in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Asiatic Siberia.
These species of Melampsora on Willows appear to be sadly in need of
thorough investigation and disentanglement.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2110 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 240 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No.
1593 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 221.
PUEPLE WILLOW RUST.
Melampsora mixta (Thiim.), PL XXI. fig. 40.
This fungus is found on the leaves of Salix triandra from May to
November. The uredo was formerly known as Lecythea mixta. There
is at present no insinuation as to its cluster-cups.
The pustules of the uredo are found on the under surface, and are
crowded and powdery, of an orange colour, larger, and sometimes con-
fluent when occurring on the young twigs. Spores elliptical or nearly so,
rough, and of an orange colour (14-18 x 12-15 //), mixed abundantly
with capitate paraphyses.
Teleutospores also on the under surface, in small blackish crusts.
Has been found in France, Germany, Italy, and South Africa, and i»
reputed to occur on Salix hastata and S. silesiaca.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2109; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 239; Cooke, Hdbk. No,
1592 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 221.
222 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
CRACK WILLOW RUST.
Melampsora epitea (Kze.), PL XXI. fig. 41.
This parasite on the leaves of Salix viminalis is at present without
any accredited cluster-cups. The uredo is generally found on the under
surface, in minute orange powdery pustules. The uredospores are
globose, rarely somewhat elliptical, rough, and pale yellow (20 p diam.),
mixed with numerous clavate paraphyses.
Teleutospores also on the under surface, very small, at first brown,
then nearly black, crowded and somewhat hemispherical, and compact.
Spores cylindrical, pale brown (30-34 x 12-14 /*) and smooth, with a
thick coat.
Recorded also in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Asiatic
Siberia, probably in North-Western India.
This species is also said to be found on Salix alba, S. incana,
S. purpurea, S. nigricans, and S. retusa.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2108 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 239 ; Sow. Fung. t. 398, f . 1 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1558, pp.
GOAT WILLOW RUST.
Melampsora farinosa (Pers.), PI. XXI. fig. 42.
The final stages of this rust are found on the leaves of Salix Caprea,
cinerea, aurita, and reticulata ; it was formerly known as Melampsora
salicina, and although it has been suspected that the cluster-cups would
be found on the leaves of Euonymus, it has not been demonstrated.
The uredospores are found on the under surface in roundish pustules,
which are either scattered or clustered together, sometimes in a circular
manner, powdery, and of an orange colour. The spores are more or less
globose, rough, with a hyaline coat and golden - orange contents
(17-22 x 13-15 p), mixed with numerous clavate paraphyses.
The teleutospores occur on the upper surface, covered by the epidermis,
in clusters which are often confluent and form thick flat crusts, which
are -at first orange, then brown, and at length nearly black. The spores
are cylindrical, slightly narrowed downwards, and closely packed side by
side (40-45 x 16-17 p), pale brownish.
Found also in France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Austria, Switzer-
land, Italy, Asiatic Siberia, and North America.
This appears to be the same as Melampsora Caprearum.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2106 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 238 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1558 ;
Cooke, M. F. p. 219, figs. 191, 192.
WILLOW-LEAF BLOTCH.
Rhytisma salicinum (Pers.), PI. XXI. fig. 43.
This blotch in some respects resembles that which is so common on
Sycamore and Maple, forming large, thick, pitchy-black blotches on the
leaves of the Goat Willow, Salix Caprea, and several other species.
The early stage, whilst the leaves still remain attached to the tree, is
known as Melasmia salicina and is the conidial condition. The blotches
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 223
are large but variable, convex and rugulose, rather shining, and pitchy-
black, but internally the stroma or substance is white.
The mature stage only accrues after the leaves have remained upon
the ground through the winter, and is perfected within the same blotches
as contained the conidia in the summer. The asci are clavate, con-
taining eight thread-like sporidia, which are curved and colourless
(60-90 x H-3 /,).
This also is known in France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Italy, and
Siberia.
Sacc. Syll vii. 3085 ; CooJce, HdbJc. No. 2278, fig. 357 ; Grev. Sc.
Crypt Fl. t. 118, fig. 2.
WILLOW MEALY MILDEW.
Uncinula adunca (Wallr.), PI. XXI. fig. 44.
This mildew attacks the foliage of Willows, Poplars, and sometimes of
Birch, giving it the usual mealy or frosted appearance. The mycelium is
spreading, rather thin and white, giving rise to conidia of the Oidium
form, the joints of which fall away as they mature, and increase the mealy
appearance of the leaves.
The conceptacles are globose and scattered or sometimes gregarious,
minute and dot-like, surrounded by a rather dense circle of appendages,
which are unbranched, and hooked at the apex. Each conceptacle
encloses from eight to twelve asci, containing four sporidia.
Known throughout Europe, in Asiatic Siberia and North America.
Sacc. Syll. i. 20 ; CooJce, M.F. t. xi. f. 221-224 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No.
1913.
CONIFER SEEDLING DISEASE.
Pestalozzia Hartigii (Tub.), PL XXI. fig. 45.
This disease is reported to destroy the seedlings of Spruce and Silver
Fir in immense numbers. The young plants lose their colour and die.
The bark just above the ground is destroyed, and exhibits the mycelium,
with the receptacles of this fungus which contain the conidia.
The pustules are immersed, springing from a flattened stroma. The
conidia are extruded in black masses. They are at first colourless and
undivided, then oblong, with three transverse divisions. The two central
cells large, coloured, containing guttules, the terminal cells small and
colourless (18-20 p long), bearing at the apex from one to four slender
bristles (20 x 1 /u), and attached at the base to slender pedicels.
The only remedy we have heard of is to remove and burn all diseased
seedlings.
Mass. PL Dis. 297, 432 ; Hartig & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 136, figs. 76, 77.
The cortex of the Silver Fir is attacked by Phoma abietina in the
Bavarian forests and the Black Forest.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 138, fig. 79.
CONIFER DISEASE. .
Herpotrichia nigra (Hart.).
Has been recognised in this country.
Journ. Board Agri. June 1905 ; Gard. Chron. July 1, 1905, p. 16.
224 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
PINE CLUSTER-CUPS.
Peridermium Pini (Wallr.), PI. XXI. fig. 46.
These peculiar cluster-cups are found on the leaves and young branches
of Pinus sylvestris, in about May and June. Those on the leaves differ
somewhat from those on the branches ; the former are scattered or in
small groups, and are cylindrical or compressed laterally. The mouth is
torn irregularly (2-2^ mm. high). Those on the young twigs form swell-
ings, from the presence of the mycelium the cups are larger, crowded,
whitish, with the mouth spreading and much torn (5-6 mm. broad).
The secidiospores are spherical or angular by compression, of an orange
colour, and coarsely and thickly warted (30-40 x 18-30 ^).
The remaining stages of this parasite are affirmed to be passed upon
the leaves of different species of Eagwort, as Senecio vulgaris, viscosus, and
Jacobcea, and has generally been known as Coleosporium Senecionis.
Kecorded also in France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Kussia,
Bohemia, Hungary, Transylvania, Switzerland, Italy, Asiatic Siberia, and
North America.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2633 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 249 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1600 ;
Cooke, M.F. p. 191, t. ii. f. 27, 28 ; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 172,
fig. 102 ; Marshall Ward, Timbers &c. p. 256, figs. 37-39.
PINE WITCHES' BROOM.
Peridermium elatinum (A. & S.), PI. XXI. fig. 47.
This parasite produces on the branches of Pinus Pinea that peculiar
form of distortion known as Witches' Broom. The mycelium causes
fusiform swellings in the branches affected, from which arise the deformed
shoots, bearing pale green swollen leaves.
The cups are whitish, opening irregularly, ^cidiospores elliptical or
angular, coarsely warted (16-30 x 15-17 /*).
Known in Germany Belgium, Hungary, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2932 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. 271 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1601 ;
Cooke, M.F. p. 104 ; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 179, figs. 109-111.
SILVER FIR CLUSTER-CUPS.
^Ecidium pseudo-columnare (Kuhn), PI. XXI. fig. 48.
This is the species which has been known in this country as Peri-
dermium columnar e, but which Dr. Plowright affirms is not that species,
but another which is known by the above name. It occurs on Abies
pectinata, Nordmanniana, amabilis, and cephalonica, as well as on
Spruce.
The cluster-cups appear in two rows on the under side of the affected
leaves, which are not otherwise altered, except that they are paler in
colour. They are either spherical or elongated, with the edges irregularly
torn. ^Ecidiospores white, finely warted, ovate or long elliptical, some-
times irregular, angular, and even triangular in section (33-37 x 18-25 jj.).
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 225
Recorded for Germany and Britain. The teleutospore condition is
known as Melampsora Goeppertiana.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2937 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 271 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No.
1602 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 194, figs. 27, 28.
PINE BRANCH TWIST.
Cceoma pinitorquum (Br.), PI. XXI. fig. 50.
This disease is prevalent throughout Germany, often attacking Pine
seedlings. The infection is said to be caused by the teleutospores of
Melampsora Tremulce.
Pustules linear (up to 2 cm. long), either solitary or crowded, orange-
yellow. Uredospores rounded or ovoid, angular by compression, warted
(15-20 fj. diam.), pale reddish-yellow.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 3141 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 236, fig. 60 ; Hart. & Som.
Dis. Trees, p. 166, figs. 97-99.
SPRUCE NECTRIA.
Nectria cucurUtula (Fries), PI. XXI. fig. 51.
This common Nectria occurs usually as a saprophyte, but it also
becomes a wound parasite, and attacks the Spruce, or less commonly the
Silver Fir. The red perithecia burst through the back, which is killed, and
ultimately the wood dries up and dies. The perithecia produce colourless
sporidia contained in asci (14-18 x 6-7 /*), uniseptate and binucleate.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 89, figs. 37, 38 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 130 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2349 ; Sacc. Syll. ii. 4680.
SPRUCE WOOLLY SPH^RIA.
Trichosph&ria parasitica (Hart.).
This parasite of the Spruce and Silver Fir appears on the young
branches, spreading to the under side of the leaves, and is well known in
parts of Europe.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 72, fig. 18 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 114.
BLACK WOOLLY SPH^RIA
Herpotrichia nigra (Hart.)
is destructive to Spruce in the Bavarian forests.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 76, figs. 24, 25 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 118.
CONIFER BOOT ROT.
Fomes annosus (Fr.).
This has the reputation of being one of the most destructive fungi
which attack Conifers. Germinating spores gain an entrance into the
living tissue of the roots and form a thin white mycelium between the
bark and the wood. The cell contents change to a brown colour, and the
wood soon assumes a pale yellowish-brown colour, with scattered white
patches, each with a black spot in the centre.
Q
226 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The complete fungus is variable in size and form, sometimes resembling
a thin white cake, with the porous surface uppermost, and one or two inches
in diameter. When perfect, the pileus is expanded, thin and overlapping one
above another, the upper surface brown, irregularly tuberculose and wrinkled,
sometimes concentrically zoned, silky at first but afterwards smooth. The
substance is white, hard, and woody ; the under surface white and porous.
Sometimes six inches across, and once we found a confluent mass upwards
of fourteen inches in diameter.
Diseased trees should be removed, with all the roots and fragments of
diseased roots, and all examples of the polypore destroyed.
Common in Europe, North America, and Cuba, and is known also as
Trametes radiciperda.
Sacc. Syll. vi. 5487 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 183, fig. 41 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 788; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 187, figs. 119, 120; Marshall
Ward, Timbers &c. p. 142, figs, ll, 12.
DOUGLAS FIE BLIGHT.
Botrytis Douglassii (Tub.).
Seedlings and young trees of the Douglas Fir and Welling tonia are
liable to have their leading shoots destroyed by this mould, which makes
its appearance as a brownish-grey mould on the branches, which soon
curve and die. The threads are brownish, either solitary or in tufts,
branched towards the summit, with the branchlets dilated, and toothed
or spinulose at the tips. Conidia grouped in heads, oval, colourless,
9 x6/i. Minute sclerotia are formed on the dead branches.
With rather more zeal 'than judgment, Mr. Massee has called this
species Sclerotinia Douglassii, although he does not know that a Peziza
cup or sclerotinia has ever been produced, only that it might have been.
He seems to have forgotten that biology is a science of facts, and not of
dreams, and that we have no right to assume a fact until it can be
proved. Moreover, we have every reason to believe that this is no other
than Botrytis cinerea.
Known also in Holland and Germany,
Spraying with Bordeaux mixture at an early stage would destroy the
conidia and check the disease. When badly infected the plants should be
burnt at once.
Sacc. Syll. x. 536; Mass. PL Dis. p. 160; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees,
p. 180, fig. 71.
Botrytis cinerea attacks seedlings of Conifers in Germany. It is
possible that the above may be the same species with another name.
Journ. E.H.S. xxix. 1905, p. 775.
Hypoderma nervisequum (DC.)
is a common disease on the leaves of the Silver Fir in the Erzgebirge.
The leaves become yellowish-brown on the under side ; the midrib bears
a black longitudinal ridge.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 108, figs. 52, 53 ; Sacc. Syll. ii. 5787.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 227
SPRUCE-LEAF REDNESS
Hypoderma macro sporum (Hart.)
is produced on the leaves of the Spruce, also in the Erzgebirge, and in
Switzerland.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 109, fig. 51 ; Sacc. Syll. ii. 5789.
SPRUCE SHOOT DISEASE.
Septoria parasitica (Hart.).
This new disease has manifested itself on the Continent in young
Spruce woods and in seed-beds.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 143, figs. 81, 82.
PINE-LEAF CAST.
Lophodermium Pinastri (Chev.), PI. XXI. fig. 52.
This little parasite has long been known on the leaves of Conifers,
but only recently has it been charged as a special disease, especially on
seedlings. Hartig says its presence is often indicated by the appearance
of brown blotches on the primary leaves, the rest of the leaf being purple-
red. The early condition of spermogonia appears first on the leaves as
small black spots, often killing them.
In the final stage the conceptacles are scattered, at first innate,
elliptical or elongated, black, smooth, split lengthwise so that the mouth
opens like a pair of lips when moist, and discloses a livid- coloured disc,
which is composed of myriads of cylindrical asci, closely packed side by
side, the apices of which form the disc (115-150 x 14-16 p). The sporidia,
of which eight are enclosed in an ascus, are thread-like, thickened at the
apex, collected in a parallel bundle (100-140 x 1^-2 /i), the asci mixed
with a number of slender paraphyses which are curved at the tips. This
final stage only matures after the leaves have fallen to the ground.
Known in France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Italy, and
North America.
Hart. & Som. Dis, Trees, p. 110, figs. 56, 57 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 139,
fig. 27 ; Sacc. Syll. ii. 5819 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2302 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt.
Fl. t. 60.
CONIFER EOT POLYPORE.
Polyporus Schweinitzii (Fries).
This large brown polypore has the reputation of being destructive to
Larch, Scotch Fir, and Weymouth Pine.
The pileus is thick, soft, and spongy, of large size (6-9 inches diam.),
but variable in form, rounded or angular and deformed, flattened or
depressed, tomentose or coarsely velvety, bright brown, supported upon a
thick, short stem of the same colour, which is sometimes nearly suppressed.
Under surface punctured with large pores, which are torn at the edge,
and at first greenish-sulphur colour. Spores ovoid (7-8 x3j //,).
Q2
228 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Substance, when in good condition, soft and spongy, becoming harder
with age, and fragile when dry, of a rhubarb-brown colour.
Known in Pine woods throughout Europe, North America, Cuba, and
the Himalayas.
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 198 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 739 ; Sacc.
Syll. vi. 4938 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 196.
Another woody fungus called Trametcs Pini has a like reputation,
but it is too rare in this country to require notice.
On the light sandy soil of France and Germany, the roots of Conifers
are attacked and killed by the mycelium of Rhizina undulata (Fries).
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 124, figs. 61-69.
LAECH RUST.
Cceoma Laricis (West), PI. XXI. fig. 53.
Found early in the year on the foliage of the Larch, but so incon-
spicuous that it is easily overlooked.
The pustules are seated on yellow spots, and are surrounded by the
remains of the ruptured epidermis and a circle of barren cells. The
uredospores are subglobose, or somewhat elliptical, minutely rough
(15-25 x 12-18 n), and of an orange-yellow colour.
A suggestion has been offered that this rust is connected with a form
of Melampsora Tremulce, but at present the evidence of such a relationship,
beyond the fact of their growing in proximity, is confined to Hartig.
Known also in Belgium and Germany.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 3128 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 262 ; Grevillea, xiii. p. 73 ;
Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees, p. 169, fig. 100.
Hysterium laricinum is liable to infest the leaves of Larch. It is more
accurately called Lophodermium laricinum (Duby).
Sacc. Syll. ii. 5821.
LARCH CANKER.
Dasyscypha calycina (Fckl.), PI. XXI. fig. 54.
The Peziza which establishes itself on the twigs and branches, and
declared by some observers to be the cause of the Larch disease, consists
of pretty little cups (J to 1 line broad) which are either clustered or
scattered, are at first hemispherical, soon manifestly stipitate, and of a
waxy consistency, externally white and hairy. The disc is orange-yellow,
with an entire margin. Stem short and rather stout, expanding upwards
into the base of the cup. The asci, or spore-sacs, are cylindrical, closely
packed to form the disc, enclosing eight oblong, elliptic sporidia (18-22
x 7 p.), mixed with thread-like paraphyses, scarcely thickened upwards.
Recorded in Germany, France, and Italy, where it is sometimes called
Peziza Willkommii.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 229
Sacc. Syll. viii. 1822 ; Phil. Br. Disc. p. 241 ; Hart. & Som. Dis. Trees
p. 117, figs. 58-60 ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 145, fig. 30 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2034
Marshall Ward, Timbers &c. pp. 227, 34-36.
PESTS OF FIELD CROPS.
It will be more convenient, in enumerating the parasites of field crops,
to group the cereals, and other graminaceous plants, separately from the
cultivated dicotyledonous plants.
A. CEREALS AND GRASSES.
The parasites of grasses, especially of the uncultivated, are so numerous
that only the most usual or important could be included here. This will
scarcely be regretted in a work devoted rather to horticulture than to
agriculture, whilst it must be taken into account that the value of many
recent species, so called, is enigmatical.
LOOSE SMUT OF WHEAT.
Ustilago Tritici (Jens.), PL XXII. fig. 1.
Those who retain any knowledge of, or sympathy with, the mycology of
a quarter of a century since will not be surprised that we should protest
against the wholesale and mostly unnecessary changes of the scientific
names, especially the Uredines, which have swept like an epidemic over
the past few years. For the present the " faddists " carry the day, through
the rage for novelty, but let us hope that the time is not far distant when
reason will resume its sway. We are old enough to remember the rise
and fall of many such epidemics during the past fifty years, like the
fluctuations of such physical epidemics as cholera, plague, and influenza.
This was once known as Ustilago carbo, and also as Ustilago segetum,
but is now converted into several species. In this one the mass of spores
is dark olive- brown, soon becoming free and powdery, like soot. Spores
ovoid, ellipsoid, and subglobose (5-7 x 5-6^) very minutely warted, and
somewhat olive. In germination the promycelium is branched.
Thus far it has been recorded for Europe and North America.
A difficult disease to combat, the hot-water method not being effective.
Seed should be obtained from a locality free of disease.
Sacc. Syll. ix. 1163 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 255 ; Mass. PL Dis. p.
218 ; Cooke, M.F. p. 229, figs. 98, 99 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1520 ; Plowr.
Brit. Ured. 273.
STINKING SMUT, OR BUNT.
Tilletia Tritici (Wint.), PL XXII. fig. 2.
This also was once known as Tilletia caries, and is in appearance very
like a smut, or Ustilago. It occurs, within the grains of Wheat, and has a
fo3tid odour when the grain is crushed, and then the whole interior is
filled with a dark olive-brown, almost black, powder.
230 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The grains appear to be rather plumper and darker coloured than
usual. The spores with which they are filled are globose (14-20^u mostly
17ft diam.), and the surface is reticulated by a network of raised veins
(each pit about 8// diam.) and of a dark brown colour, seemingly black.
When the spores germinate, as they do readily, they produce secondary
spores or sporidiola which are long and thread-like. These sporidiola
copulate, or become united by a transverse process, something like a
capital H, and as a result a smaller or shorter tertiary spore or secondary
sporidiolum is produced.
Much less common in this country than formerly. The seed grain
may be sprinkled with a solution of one pound of corrosive sublimate to
fifty gallons of water, taking care that the grain is wetted all over.
This bunt is recorded for France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria,
Germany, Finland, Italy, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1760 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1519 ; Cooke, M. F. figs. 84-
91 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 218, fig. 52 ; Mass. B. F. figs. 53-56 ; Plowr. Brit.
Ured. p. 283 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 246, figs. 114-116.
Another species (Tilletia lavis) with quite smooth spores is most
common in the United States.
SUMMER WHEAT MILDEW.
Puccinia graminis (Pers.), PI. XXII. fig. 3.
This very common mildew on the leaves and culms of Wheat and
grasses retains its old name, but it has gained the reputation of having
its first stage, or cluster-cups, on the leaves of Berberis and Mahonia.
The uredospores are produced in elliptical or linear pustules, of a rusty-
brown colour, and in older times were known as Uredo linearis. They are
for the most part ellipsoid, sometimes clavate (24-45 x 14-21/z), rough
externally, of a tawny-yellow colour, at first with a short colourless pedicel.
This is commonly known as the " Wheat rust."
The teleutospores are later, and are produced in elongated or linear,
nearly black pustules, which are crust-like, through the teleutospores
adhering together, and not becoming powdery like the rust, The spores
are club-shaped, or somewhat fusoid, with the apex rounded, or teat-like
and obtuse, attenuated downwards, and divided by a cross partition into
two rather unequal cells, the lower one narrowed into a persistent and
rather long pedicle ; surface smooth, pale tawny-yellow (34-60 x 12-22//),
spore coat rather thickened at the apex, and mostly darker.
Known in France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland,
Austria, Italy, Asiatic Siberia, North America, La Plata, Australia, New
Zealand.
Early sown and early ripening varieties escape rust best.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2191 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 147, figs. 72-81 ; Mass.
PL Dis. p. 247, fig. 63 ; Ward, Ann. Bot. ii. (1888), No. 6 ; Grevillea, x.
p. 33 ; Gard. Chron. Feb. 17, 1866, March 6, 1886 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 202,
figs. 57-59 ; Cooke, Hdbk, No. 1462 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 162.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 231
SPRING CORN MILDEW.
Puccinia Eubigo-vera (DC.), PL XXII. fig. 4.
This corn mildew occurs on Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, and several
grasses. The cluster-cups are supposed to occur on Anchusa, Pulmonaria,
Borago and other genera of Boraginacece.
The uredo pustules are elliptical, oblong, or linear, and were originally
known as Uredo Eubigo-vera. The uredospores are globose or ellipsoid
(20-82 x 17-24^u), externally rough, on short pedicels, orange-red.
Teleutospores in small elliptical pustules, or linear and confluent,
black, for a long time covered by the epidermis ; spores oblong or clavate,
flattened at the apex, or laterally apiculate, lower cell attenuated down-
wards into the short pedicel (26-80 x 16-24ju) even, chestnut-brown.
Known over the greater part of Europe, in Asiatic Siberia, Ceylon,
North and South America.
This is called "spring rust" because the uredo generally appears
between March and May. It is not so well known or so devastating as
the summer rust which precedes Puccinia graminis, and does not appear
until June or July.
Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 167 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 2194 ; Smith, Field Crops,
p. 135, figs. 62-69 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 249 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 202 (straminis).
There is a supposed species (Puccinia glumarum) found on Wheat,
Barley, Oats, &c., in which the spores are developed on the leaves and
chaff, considered by others as a variety of the above.
CROWN BUST.
Puccinia coronata (Corda), PI. XXIL fig. 5.
This mildew or rust is found on the leaves of Barley, and on various
kinds of grasses, such as Alopecurus, Festuca, Air a, Lolium, &c., but the
cluster-cups are reputed to be developed on the leaves, petioles, &c., of
different species of Ehammis, and will consequently appear as a disease of
the Buckthorn.
The pustules of the uredo are lance-shaped or linear, sometimes con-
fluent, uredospores irregularly globose or elliptical (19-28 x 16-21/z),
externally rough, tawny-orange.
The pustules of the teleutospores are oblong, or linear, or confluent,
for some time covered by the epidermis, dark brown. Teleutospores club-
shaped, flattened at the apex, darker, and toothed, the acute teeth crown-
ing the spore (35-60 x 12-21), a little constricted at the division of the
cells, smooth, pale brown, with a short and rather thick pedicel. The
crowning of the teleutospores is very characteristic.
Known in France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, Austria,
Italy, Portugal, North America, and South Africa.
It is occasionally met with on Wheat, Barley, and Rye, but less com-
monly than on grasses.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2192 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 249 ; Coolce,Hdbk. No. 1465 ;
Cooke, M. F. p. 203, figs. 60-62 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 164.
232 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
RED MOULD OF WHEAT.
Fusarium culmorum (W.G.S.), PL XXII. fig. 6.
This is one of the gelatinous red moulds which Worthington Smith
contends are more injurious to growing corn than has been supposed. It
forms a pale orange-yellow gelatinous stratum over the ears, or some por-
tion of the ears, of growing Wheat, and glues the spikelets together.
The mycelium is effused, gelatinous, yellow or orange, and sparingly
septate. The conidia are fusiform, or spindle-shaped, attenuated towards
each end, and slightly curved, with from three to five transverse septa, and
of an orange colour (40 x 7/u).
In common with most other species the conidia will sometimes germi-
nate from any one of the. cells whilst still in position, or the cells will
separate and each assume a globose form (8/z diam.).
Smith, Field Crops, p. 208, figs. 91-92 ; Sacc. Syll. xi. ; Mass. PL
Dis. p. 333.
Wheat is also subject to Bacteriosis, caused by Micrococcus Tritici,
which is indicated externally by a rose or purple colour.
Mass. PI Dis. p. 339.
WHEAT LEAF-SPOT.
Septoria Tritici (Desm.), PL XXII. fig. 7.
This leaf-spot occurs on the leaves of Wheat, and also several grasses,
especially of Festuca and Glyceria fluitans. The spots occur on both
surfaces and are elongated and linear, whitish, with a dark purple margin.
The receptacles are very minute and scattered over the spots, almost in-
conspicuous. The sporules are cylindrically fusoid, and slightly curved
(60-65 x 3j-5/u) with from three to five septa. Ejected when mature in
flesh-coloured tendrils through the mouths of the receptacles.
Known in Britain, France, and Italy. Probably not injurious to the
Wheat crop.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3042.
WHEAT KNOT SPOT.
Septoria nodorum (Berk.).
This spot was first observed by Berkeley on the nodes of Wheat straw
previous to the maturing of the grain. The spots are pallid ochraceous,
with a brownish line or margin. The receptacles are at first reddish -
brown, becoming black. The sporules, elongated, slightly curved or
irregular.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3044 ; Gard. Chron. 1845, p. 601 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 1304.
GRASS LEAF- SPOT.
Septoria graminum (Desm.), PL XXII. fig. 8.
This was called by Berkeley Depazea graminicola, and occurs on the
leaves of Wheat, as well as on some of the common grasses. The spots
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 23 3
are more or less elongated, pallid, and often with a narrow fuscous margin,
limited by the veins. Perithecia covered, scarcely visible, except under a
lens. Sporules straight or slightly curved, minutely nucleate (55-75
Known also in France, Italy, Austria, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 3068 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1315.
BARLEY SMUT.
Ustilago Hordei (Kell.), PL XXII. fig. 9.
This is part of the original Ustilago segetum or Ustilago carbo, and
appears to be confined to the ovaries of Barley, which are converted into
a rather hard, persistent mass of spores.
The mass of spores is black and rather compact. The spores them-
selves are globose and obtusely angular (6| X 1\ p diam.), smooth, and
dark brown. In germination the promycelium becomes three to four
jointed, producing a sporidiolum at each joint.
Recorded for Europe and North America, but it is uncertain to what
extent it is found in Britain, as the common and prevalent form is loose
and powdery.
Steeping the seed in half per cent, copper solution is recommended as
preventing the disease.
Sacc.Syll.iTL.-HQ5', Smith, Field Crops, p. 117 ; .Mass. PZ. Dw. p. 214,
fig. 51.
NAKED BARLEY SMUT.
Ustilago nuda (Jens.), PL XXII. fig. 10.
This is one of two species of smut which are now believed to infest the
ovaries of Barley. It is in the United States that their differences have
been more specially investigated.
The mass of spores is olive-brown, loose, and soon free. The spores
themselves are ovoid, ellipsoid, or sub-globose (5-7x5-6^), somewhat
olive. In germination the promycelium is sparingly branched, with the
apices sometimes inflated.
Recorded for Europe, North America, and Japan.
Very resistent to fungicides. Differs from the other species in the
spore masses being powdery and easily dispersed.
Sacc. Syll. ix. 1164 ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 215, 401.
BARLEY RUST.
Puccinia simplex (Eriks.).
This supposed species occurs on the leaves of Barley, but the cluster-
cup stage is unknown, and hitherto unsuggested.
The uredo pustules are very minute, and are sparingly scattered on
the upper sides of the leaves and of a pale yellow colour. The uredo-
spores are globose, or broadly elliptical, externally rough (19-22 diam. or
22-27 x 15-19yu), pale and yellowish.
234 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The pustules of the teleutospores are also minute, blackish, and
scattered over the leaves and the leaf sheaths. Teleutospores, mostly one-
celled, and irregular in form (24-30 x 16-1 8/<i), sometimes two-celled, club-
shaped, blunt at the apex, or narrowed (40-48^ long) basal cell narrowed
(16-18/i broad), the upper cell (19-24/1 broad).
Mass. PL Dis. pp. 250, 414.
RED MOULD OF BARLEY.
Fusarium Hordei (W. G. S.), PL XXII. fig. 11.
This gelatinous mould, described by Worthington Smith, he considers
more injurious to Barley, and more common, than is generally supposed.
Possibly it is the same as the Fusarium graminearum of the Journal of
the Royal Microscopical Society (June 1883, p. 321). The fungus chiefly
attacks Barley of poor quality, and ill-conditioned crops and ears.
The mycelium is rose-coloured or crimson, effused, forming a thick
gelatinous stratum. The threads are septate, and somewhat torulose.
The conidia are spindle-shaped, narrowed to each end, with from one to
three septa, slightly curved (30 x4/*) and rose-coloured or red. Some-
times these conidia will germinate from any one of the cells whilst still
attached to the threads. At other times they will separate at the joints,
and each cell assume a rounded form, becoming, in fact, a globose spore
(5fi diam.).
Said to be met with in Europe, South Africa, and the United States.
Smith, Field Crops, p. 210, figs. 93, 94 ; Sacc. Syll. xi. 4165 ; Mass.
PL Dis. p. 331.
Another species, Fusarium Lolii (W. G. S.), occurs on Lolium
perenne.
Sacc. Syll. xi. 4166 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 213.
LOOSE SMUT OF OATS.
Ustilago Avence (Jens.), PL XXII. fig. 12.
This is the old form of Ustilago segetum on Oats, and is found convert-
ing the grains into a loos^e sooty powder.
The mass of spores is rather lax, and dark brown. The spores them-
selves are globose, or shortly ovoid (6-8^ diam., or 7-9x6-7^), very
delicately warted or punctate. In germination the promycelium is
pointed, producing at the joints oblong sporidiola.
It will be seen how much reliance is placed by modern authors on the
peculiarities of the promycelium in germination.
This form is recorded for Europe and North America.
Recent experiments have proved that sprinkling the seed grain with a
1 per cent, solution of either lysol or formalin entirely prevents the smut.
Sacc. Syll. ix. 1161 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 255, figs. 117-119 ; Mass.
PL Dis. p. 210, fig. 50 ; Journ. E.H.S. xxvi. 1902, p. 728, fig. 304.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 235
EYE SMUT.
Urocystis occulta (Wallr.), PI. XXII. fig. 13.
This is the Uredo parallela of Sowerby and Berkeley, and occurs
principally on the leaves of Bye, but also sometimes on Barley, Wheat,
and a few grasses.
The pustules usually form long streaks on the leaves and stems, and
are at first covered by the epidermis and then greyish, afterwards
ruptured and then black and powdery. The spores unite in clusters or
glomerules, which are globose or elliptical (17-24 x 15-20/*). The
central fertile spores, from one to three, opaque brown (12-lS^u diam.),
globose or flattened, even. The sterile or peripheral spores, globose or
flattened, in an interrupted stratum (4-G^i diam.), pale brown. Fertile
spores soon germinating and producing a slender promycelium, bearing at
the apex from two to six cylindrical sporidiola.
Known in France, Belgium, Germany, and North America.
If the seed grain be immersed for five minutes in hot water (127° Fahr.),
it is affirmed that the occurrence of the disease may be prevented.
Sacc. Syll. xiii. 1891 ; Mass. B. F. p. 185 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 285 ;
Cooke, M. F. figs. 167-188 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 221, fig. 53 ; CooJce, HdbJe.
No. 1540.
ERGOT OF RYE.
Claviceps purpurea (TuL), PL XXII. fig. 14.
Ergot is a condition of the seeds of the cereals and grasses in which
the grain is taken possession of by a fungus, and enlarged or distorted, and
converted into a kind of compact mycelium or resting stage, termed a
sclerotium. This is best known, as it is most prominent in Eye, but
occurs only on Wheat, Barley, and a large number of grasses, and is
injurious to animal life.
An early viscid condition of Ergot has the character of Oidium, and
has been called Oidium abortifaciens.
In Eye the ergot assumes an elongated, black, horn-like form, two or
three times as long as the normal Eye seeds, which project from the ear
of corn, and they may be kept through the winter, but when placed under
favourable conditions of moisture, &c., will germinate in spring. ,
On germination each ergot may produce several bodies with a con-
torted stem, and a globose head of a purplish colour. The globose head
is dotted with little elevations which indicate the receptacles which are
developed beneath. These receptacles or cells contain numerous cylindrical
tubes or sacs, termed asci, packed closely side by side. Each of these asci
encloses eight long thread-like sporidia (50-76 n long), which are expelled
when mature.
These sporidia, floating in the air when the Eye is in flower, attach
themselves thereto, and germinate, infecting the ovary with the virus of
the ergot, and developing a new generation.
It is known in France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Italy, North
America, and Auckland.
236 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
In order to prevent spreading, the ergots should be collected.
Smith, Field Crops, p. 215, figs. 97-106 ; Sacc. Syll. ii. 5005 ; Mass.
PL Dis. pp. 122, 372, fig. 22 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2324.
MAIZE SMUT.
Ustilago Maydis (DC.), PI. XXII. fig. 15.
The most imposing of all the smuts is that which affects Maize, and
attacks the ovaries so that they swell, become distended into large bags of
sooty powder, distorting the whole cob in an extraordinary manner. It
will also attack the leaves, sheaths, and male flowers.
The spores are soon powdery and nearly black in the mass, globose, or
nearly so (8-13 x 8-11^), with the surface sightly rough. On germina-
tion the promycelium is cylindrical and comparatively thin, producing
oblong fusiform sporidiola, or secondary spores. It is chiefly by means of
these secondary spores that the disease spreads so rapidly. Inoculation
takes place originally from spores that remain over a year in the soil, or
secondary spores which continue to reproduce themselves by germination.
Appears to occur wherever Maize is cultivated, and plants may be
inoculated at any age.
It is known in Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy, North America, and Chili.
It has been observed to be most abundant where fresh manure has
been used.
Sacc. Syll, vii. 1723 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 213 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 230,
fig. 108 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1525 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 278.
POWDERY MAIZE SMUT.
Ustilago Beiliana (Kulm), PI. XXIII. fig. 16.
This smut occurs on the male florets of Maize, and was first observed
by us on specimens sent over from Lahore (India) and called Ustilago
pulveracea, but it was afterwards discovered to have had a prior name,
as above, and made its appearance in Britain and other parts of
Europe.
The pustules are formed in the inflorescence, at first enclosed in a silvery
membrane, then becoming powdery, blackish-brown. Spores subglobose,
and delicately rough on the surface (9-12/z diam.), clear brown. Promy-
celium on germination septate, producing elliptical sporidiola, or secondary
spores. It has been demonstrated that the spores will germinate after a
period of eight years.
This species has been found in Britain, Italy, Germany, Hungary,
Egypt, and N.W. India.
All that can be done is to prevent its spreading by consuming all the
diseased parts, and spraying to prevent the germination of any scattered
spores.
Sacc. Sijll. vii. 1720 ; Grevillca, iv. 1876, p. 115 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 402.
PL. XXHI.
PESTS OF FIELD CROPS.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 237
MAIZE BLIGHT,
caused by a black mould, Helminthosporium inconspicuum (C. & E.),
is often destructive to the foliage of Maize in South Europe, Queensland,
and the United States.
Mass. PL Dis. p. 313, fig. 84.
BED GELATINOUS MOULD.
Fiisarium heterosporum (Nees), PI. XXIII. fig. 17.
Some authors consider this a distinct species, whilst others contend
that Fusarium Hordei and Fusarinm Lolii are only varieties. Let each
be persuaded in his own mind. This species occurs on the fruits and
glumes of Lolium perenne, on Rye, and on several grasses.
The clusters are reddish, somewhat tremelloid exudations, which
consist of the mycelium, and the short conidiophores with their conidia.
The latter are at first almost globose, then they become fusiform
(80-85/A long) and from three to five septate. This parasite is often
found in company with ergot.
It has been recognised in Germany, Italy, Cuba, Argentina, and North
America.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 3343 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 331, fig. 91 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 1676.
TIMOTHY GRASS RUST.
Puccinia Phlei-pratensis (Eriks.).
This is a recently constituted species found upon the leaves and
sheaths of Phleum pratense, but which is believed to have been con-
founded previously with some other species.
The pustules are elongated and confluent, eriimpent, and dark brown.
Teleutospores fusoid-clavate, slightly constructed in the middle, and
either rounded or acute at the apex, of a chestnut-brown colour
(38-52 X14-16//).
The uredospores have also been observed, and rather imperfectly
described as oblong pear-shaped, rough externally, and yellow
(18-27x15-19^).
It has been recorded for Sweden and Denmark.
Sacc. Syll. xi. 1161 ; Mass. PL Dis. pp. 249, 414.
GRASS MILDEW.
Erysiphe graminis (DC.), PI. XXIII. fig. 18.
This mildew is familiar on the leaves of most grasses, and commences
with the patches of thin creeping white mycelium, common to all these
kinds of mildew, the Oidium stage, in which the erect branches bear chains
of colourless elliptical conidia. Before the advanced condition was known
this condition was called Oidium monilioides (PI. XXIII. fig. 19).
Afterwards the globose receptacles appear dotted over the mycelium,
like little points. The appendages which usually surround the receptacles
238 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
are in this instance quite simple, usually depressed and interwoven with
the threads of the mycelium. Each of the mature receptacles encloses
pear-shaped asci containing eight elliptical uncoloured sporidia.
This parasite has almost a world-wide distribution, since it is found
throughout Europe, in Asia, many parts of America, and in Australia.
Sacc. Syll. i. 74 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 241, figs. 235, 236 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 1926.
GRASS BLACK BLOTCH.
Phyllachora graminis (Pers.), PI. XXIII. fig. 20.
The leaves of many grasses, whilst still living, are apt to be infested
with the black shining blotches of this parasite, the fructification of which
does not really mature till the leaves are dead and decaying.
The spots are mostly oblong, or variable, sometimes confluent,
prominent and convex, black and shining with a rough or rugulose
surface. The receptacles are immersed in this black stroma, and consist
of cells in which the cylindrical asci are closely packed side by side, each
containing eight ovoid, simple, and colourless sporidia in a single row
(8-12 x 4-5,,).
Before these asci and sporidia are developed the cells are occupied by
curved spermatia (16 x 1^-2/x), which are not produced in asci, but at the
apex of short delicate threads.
Known in Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Finland,
Portugal, Italy, Siberia, Cuba, Ceylon, India, North and South America.
There is no remedy for such a deep seated endophyte, and all efforts
must be confined to prevention. It seldom causes any widespread
destruction.
Sacc. Syll. ii. 5132 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2418.
Similar species are known in Europe on various kinds of grasses, but
not yet found in Britain.
FLOATING GRASS ERGOT.
Claviceps Wilsoni (Cooke), PI. XXIII. fig. 21.
This ergot has been chiefly found on the ovaries of the floating grass
Glyceria fluitans, and was discovered by Mr. Stephen Wilson, of Aberdeen,
in so far as its ultimate development is concerned. The ergots are smaller
than in the Eye, corresponding more with the same kind of ergot on
grasses.
When these ergots germinate, they produce three or four stems, and
the heads are usually club-shaped and of a yellowish colour. The recep-
tacles are exposed, and nearly free, grouped about the heads, almost
bluntly conical in form, and of the same colour as the clubs. As in th&
other species the receptacles enclose a great number of long cylindrical
tubes or asci, each of which contains eight very long thread-like sporidia.
Hitherto it has not been recorded out of Britain.
Sacc. Syll. ix. 4000; Smith, Field Crops, p. 233, figs. 107-111;
Grevillea, xii. 77.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 239
GRASS CULM SMUT.
Ustilago hypodytes (Fr.), PI. XXII. fig. 22.
This very common smut attacks the culms and sheaths of a great
number of grasses, being developed within the sheaths, and extending up
the culms in a black powdery crust, chiefly on coarse grasses.
The spores are globose or ellipsoid, sometimes irregular or angular
(3-6 x 8-4 £/u), with a smooth surface, blackish in the mass, but indivi-
dually of an olive-brown colour.
Known in Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Hungary,
Italy, Northern Africa, and North America.
Sacc. Syll vii. 1641 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 229, figs. 100-101 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 1524 ; Plowr. Brit. Urecl p. 278.
Another smut attacks the leaves of Glyceria aquatica and -fluitans,
forming long parallel streaks (Ustilago longissima) of a greyish-olive
colour. But these cannot be considered as cultivated grasses.
GRASS BUNT.
Tilletia striiformis (West.), PL XXIII. fig. 23.
This appears to be the same species as was described by Berkeley under
the name of Ustilago Salvcii, and it occurs on the leaves, sheaths, and
culms of various grasses, such as Anthoxanthum, Holcus, Festuca, Poa,
Agrostis, and Lolium.
The pustules are dark brown, disposed in long lines ; at first covered,
and then exposed and powdery, spores spherical or elliptical, sometimes
rather irregular, but rarely oblong (10-13-17 x 8-12ju), the exterior
spinulose, connected in a network at the base, olive-brown. Germinating
and producing secondary spores after the same type as in Wheat Bunt.
Known also in France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Austria, Italy, and
North America.
Often found on Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata), from which it is liable
to spread to pasture grasses.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1774 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 230, figs. 117-119 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 1528 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 284.
POA GRASS RUST.
Uromyces Poa (Rabh.), PL XXIII. fig. 30.
This is another of the fertile progeny of the species of cluster-cups
found on Buttercups, which are said to be responsible for several rusts,
parasitic on grasses. The present species is found on several species of
Poa.
The pustules of the uredo are rounded, elliptical, or linear, at first
covered, then splitting longitudinally, orange. Uredospores rounded or
elliptical, finely echinulate (16-26^u diam.), orange-yellow.
240 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The later pustules are brown, small, dot-like or elongated, covered by
the epidermis. Teleutospores generally irregular in form, often elliptical
or ovate, with a smooth epispore, pale brown (17-25 x 25-40^*), on long
and rather persistent pedicels.
Some authors consider this a form of Uromyces Dactylidis, otherwise
called Uromyces graminum, and perhaps they are right after all.
It has a wide European distribution.
Ploivr. Brit. Ured. p. 131 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1939.
SWEET GRASS BUST.
Puccinia Anthoxanthi (Fckl.).
This is one of the recently recognised species which occurs on
Anthoxanthum odoratum. At present no cluster-cups have been asso-
ciated with it.
The pustules of the uredo are either elliptical or linear, arid of a dusky-
orange, soon exposed. Teleutospores in very small pustules, which are
mostly linear, and dark brown. Spores either elliptical or almost pear-
shaped. Upper cell thickened at the apex, or a little apiculate, lower cell
rounded, rarely wedge-shaped, smooth, of a chestnut-brown colour
(25-40 x 15-20yu), on long persistent pedicels.
Eecognised in Britain and Germany.
Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 194 ; Sacc. Syll vii. 2306.
This and the two following, with two or three others enumerated in
this work, are of such doubtful value as species, that we have not
attempted to give figures, since the distinctions relied upon for their
discrimination are not morphological, but are dependent upon some
feature in their life-history. We may be wrong, but we are fain to
believe that features which are too subtle to be portrayed by the pencil
should scarce be recognised by the pen.
FOXTAIL GRASS BUST.
Puccinia perplexans (Plowr.).
This parasite is developed on Alopecurus pratensis, and owes its name
and existence to the discovery of what are believed to be its cluster- cups
found on Ranunculus acris ; hence it is a creation of experimental culture,
and not of definite morphological character.
The pustules of the uredo are oblong or rounded, sometimes confluent
and linear, of a golden-yellow. Uredospores globose, oval or somewhat
ovate, finely spinulose, and orange (20-25 x 30-35/u).
The final pustules are small, sometimes round, but generally elongated
or linear, covered by the cuticle, often in clusters, sometimes confluent,
black. Teleutospores very irregular in form and size, either club-shaped,
spindle-shaped, or oblong ; upper cell rounded, either truncate or pointed,
often obliquely ; lower cell mostly wedge-shaped, clear brown
(40-60 x 10-12/x), on short pedicels.
At present only recorded as British.
Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 179 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 2207.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 241
POA GRASS RUST.
Puccinia Poarum (Niels).
This rust is developed on several species of Poa and has its accredited
cluster- cups on the leaves of the Coltsfoot (Tiissilago Far far a).
The uredo pustules are small, round or elliptical, and orange, uredo-
spores spherical or elliptical, echinulate (20-30^u diam.), yellowish.
Teleutospores in small black persistent pustules, usually somewhat
circinating, covered by the epidermis. Spores elliptical or club-shaped,
very variable, flattened at the apex, or conically thickened, dark brown
(35-45 x 18-25yu), on very short persistent brownish pedicels.
The teleutospores germinate after a very short period of rest.
Found in Britain, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, Finland,
Lapland, and Siberia.
Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 168 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 2195.
RED GRASS GELATINOUS MOULD.
Isaria fuciformis (Berk.), PL XXIII. fig. 24.
This parasite was first named by Berkeley from specimens received
from Australia in 1873, but since then it has occurred freely in the
southern counties of England on pasture grasses, especially Festuca
ovina, from September to January.
The fungus springs from a pinkish gelatinous mycelium, which has a
tendency to glue together the different parts of the grass on which it
locates itself. From this mycelium arise the tufts of pink or blood-red
filaments, sometimes thickened or flattened upwards and shortly branched,
and altogether fleshy and gelatinous when moist, rather horny when dry.
The whole fungus consists of parallel cells or agglutinated septate
threads, bearing, about the tips of the threads and branches, innumerable
minute globose conidia.
Found in Britain and Australia. Apparently the same as Isaria,
graminiperda (Berk. & Mull.).
Sacc. Syll. iv. 2839 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 57, figs. 17-20 ; Cooke,
Austr. F. 1993, fig. 325 ; Gard. Chron. 1873, p. 596.
CREEPING GRASS MOULD.
Fusarium insidiosum (Berk.), PI. XXIII. fig. 25.
It is some years since Berkeley called attention in the Gardeners'
Chronicle to a small mould which attacked some seedling grasses, and
especially Agrostis pulchella. At first delicate threads spread from plant
to plant, and all were soon involved in destruction. These threads were
found to be closely attached to the leaves -of the grass, were sparingly
branched and jointed, and giving off more or less closely compacted tufts
of necklace-like threads, terminated by curved, somewhat apiculate conidia,
which, according to their age, were from one to five septate. When
B
242 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
perfectly grown each joint is somewhat swollen, and sometimes perfectly
developed conidia had but three septa. Conidia about 50/z long.
We have not discovered any record of this species elsewhere than in
Britain.
Gard. Chron. 1860, p. 480, with fig. ; Sacc. Syll. iv. 3346 ; Cooke,
Hdbk. No. 1869.
GBASS BLACK MOULD.
Scolecotrichum sticticum (B. & Br.), PI. XXIII. fig. 26
This mould sometimes makes its appearance upon still living leaves, but
more often is developed on the fading or dead leaves of various grasses.
The tufts are small and black, point-like, and dotted over the leaves.
The threads grow in little bundles, and are nodulose or irregular, bearing
at the apex oblong-clavate conidia (40/i long), which are divided by one
septum, and slightly coloured.
It has never yet been troublesome as a pest, being confined to a few
plants. If it ever gets beyond this, spraying can scarcely be applicable
over an entire field.
Sacc. Syll iv. 1660 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1719.
Another species (Scolecotrichum graminis) occurs on the fading leaves
of Alopecurus and Brachypodium in France, Germany, and Italy.
REED MACE FUNGUS.
EpicUoe typhina (Pers.), PI. XXIII. fig. 27.
This peculiar-looking parasite is not uncommon on the culms of
various grasses, which it surrounds for the space of two or three inches
like a crust of wax, at first whitish and then yellow, dotted with darker
points, which indicate the buried receptacles.
In the first stage, whilst still white, the surface bears ovoid conidia
(4-5 x 3/u), which condition has been named Sphacelia typhina. The
stroma becomes yellowish or reddish, sprinkled with dots. These dots are
the mouths of the imbedded receptacles, which, like those of the final
stage of ergot, contain numerous long cylindrical tubes, or asci, which
each encloses eight long thread-like sporidia closely packed together side by
side. Each sporidium (130-150 x l-l|/j) either contains a row of nuclei,
or is faintly divided by numerous delicate septa.
Known in Britain, France, Sweden, Germany, Belgium, Finland, Italy,
Siberia, and Ndjcth America.
Difficult to eradicate because so abundant on wild grasses.
Sacc. Syll. ii. 5057 ; Mass. PI. Dis. pp. 125, 372, fig. 28 ; Cooke, Hdbk.
No. 2326, fig. 870.
REED SMUT.
Ustilago grandis (Fr.), PI. XXIII. fig. 28.
Reeds are a sufficiently commercial product in some counties for us
to regard " reed beds " as field crops, in a liberal sense. The reed smut
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 243
attacks the culms and beneath the sheaths of growing reeds in a manner
similar to Ustilago hypodytes, but on a much grander scale, extending
sometimes for several inches, in a broad blackish powdery belt.
The spores are globose, oblong, sometimes angular (7-12 x 6-9^),
smooth, with a yellow-brown coat. The promycelium, on germination, is
cylindrical, with two or three septa ; the sporidiola are terminal or lateral,
and broadly fusiform.
This was originally called Ustilago typhoides by Berkeley.
Known in Belgium, Germany, Finland, and Hungary.
Berk. Not. Br. F. No. 480 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 1642 ; CooJce, M. F. p. 229,
figs. 128, 129 ; CooJce, Hdbk. No. 1527 ; Plowr. Brit. Ured. p. 275.
REED MILDEW.
Puccinia Phragmitis (Schum.), PL XXIII. fig. 29.
Originally known as Puccinia arundinacea (Hedw.) and developed on
the leaves and sheaths of the common Reed. The cluster-cups supposed
to belong to this species are found on Dock leaves, Sorrel, and Rhubarb ;
the uredospores are produced in oblong tawny sori, and the spores are
elliptical or broadly ovate (26-35 x 15-22^), brownish-warted. Teleuto-
spores developed on both surfaces of the leaves, sheaths, or culms, and are
erumpent, elevated, compact, oblong, linear or confluent, dark brown.
Teleutospores crowded, elliptical or oblong, subfusoid (40-75 x 16-26^u) ,
constricted at the middle, apex thickened and conoid, smooth, dark
yellowish- brown, on very long hyaline pedicels, which are often persistent.
Found also in Italy, France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, North
America and South Africa.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2204 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1468.
B. ON DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
TURNIP WHITE MOULD.
Oidium Balsamii (Mont.), PI. VII. fig. 102.
This mould, which is not uncommon on leaves of Turnips, and other
plants, has already been described under " Garden Vegetables " (p. 84) and
figured on PI. VII. fig. 102.
Gard. Chron. Sept. 25, 1880 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 76, figs. 27, 28.
TURNIP ROT MOULD.
Peronospora parasitica (Pers.), PL VI. fig. 30,
This rot mould, which attacks Turnips and Cabbages, and is capable
of causing great destruction, has already been described amongst " Pests of
Garden Vegetables " (p. 81) and figured on PL VI. fig. 30,
Sacc. Syll. vii. 830; Smith, Field Crops, p. 80; Cooke, Hdbk. No.
1778.
E 2
244 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
TURNIP WHITE RUST.
Cystopus candidus (Pers.), PL VII. fig, 98.
This disease, which affects the foliage of most Cruciferous plants, has
been described and illustrated as " Cabbage White Rust " amongst
" Garden Vegetables " (p. 80), and figured on PL VII. fig. 98.
Sacc. SylL vii. 792 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 86 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 59,
fig. 6.
TURNIP CLUB ROOT.
Plasmodioplwra Brassica (Wor.), PL IX. fig. 101.
This club root, which also affects Cabbages, has already been described
and illustrated as " Cabbage Club Root " amongst " Garden Vegetables "
(p. 83). It is also known as "Anbury" and "Fingers and Toes" in
rural districts.
Land which has produced club root in any one season should not be
cultivated with Cruciferous plants for at least four or five succeeding years
(see also Gardeners' Chronicle, November 21, 1903,- p. 351).
Sacc. SylL vii. 1568 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 334 ; Smith, Field Crops,
p. 94, figs. 34-39.
DAMPING OFF.
Pythium DeBaryanum (Hesse), PL IX. fig. 99.
This disease is liable to attack seedlings of Turnip, Rape, Mustard and
other Cruciferous plants, as well as Clover, Mangold, &c. It has already
been described, under "Pests of Vegetable Garden" (p. 82), and figured
on PL IX. fig. 99.
Sacc. SylL vii. 924 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 54, fig. 4.
BEETROOT RUST.
Uromyces Beta (Kuhn), PL XXIII. fig. 34.
The leaves of Garden Beet and Field Mangold are liable to the attacks
of a rust to such an extent that the crops are often seriously injured.
All three stages of aecidium or cluster- cups, uredo, and teleutospore are
recorded as occurring in proper order. Not having resided in the country
for many years, we must confess never to have seen the first stage.
The cluster-cups are collected on yellowish orbicular spots ; the cups
being cup-shaped with a torn margin; aecidiospores globose or oblong,
but angular by compression (22-26 x 16-22/z), orange, and smooth.
The pustules of the uredospores are common enough about June,
rather small, but freely scattered over the leaves, and of a cinnamon or
chestnut-brown colour. The uredospores are elliptical or subglobose,
(23-32 x 17-24u), yellowish-brown, and slightly rough or almost smooth,
and, being powdery, are soon scattered over the leaves.
The teleutospores appear about August, and the pustules are either
scattered or disposed in circles. The teleutospores are ovate or ellipsoid,
with a wart-like projection at the apex (26-35 x 19-25/*), of a brown
colour, and smooth, at first with a thin hyaline pedicel, which soon falls
away.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 245
This pest is known in France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and South
Africa.
Spraying is recommended early in the season with Bordeaux mix-
ture, or potassium sulphide, to arrest the spread of the disease.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1928 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 228, fig. 57 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 213 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1587 ; Ploivr. Brit. Ured. p. 127 ; Grevillea, vii. 136.
BEETKOOT TUMOUR.
(Edomyces leproides (Trab), PI. XXIV. fig. 35.
Beetroots were observed in 1901 affected by tumour such as had not
been observed before, and which appeared to be similar to, if not identical
with, a tumour which had been found on Beetroot in Algeria.
The tumour consisted in a large nodulose outgrowth from the side of
the root, about the size of a hen's egg, attached by a narrow isthmus to
the root. When cut it was observed that the flesh was precisely similar,
the coloured rings being continued through the isthmus and concentrically
around the tumour. Externally there was also no difference in colour or
appearance, save here and there a darker stain ; internally, where these
stains occurred the flesh was blackened for some little distance inwards,
but no hyphae or spores could be found.
In the original Algerian specimens it is stated that " in the substance
numerous cavities were found filled with dark-coloured spores, which were
subglobose, produced at the apex of a hypha, which bore a large vesicular
swelling just below the spore." None of the cavities, spores, or hyphae
were observed in the British specimens. Probably this may be accounted
for by the climatic differences of the two countries.
Although we regard the tumour on Potatos as the same species, some
authors are of a different opinion.
Mass. PI. Dis. p. 225, fig. 55.
The young leaves of Beet and Mangold are liable to attack, on the
Continent, by the rot mould Peronospora Schachtii (Fckl.).
Mass. PL Dis. p. 79.
BEETROOT AND MANGOLD ROT.
Phoma tabifica (P. & D.).
Spharella tabifica (P. & D.), PL XXIV. fig. 36.
For the past two years this disease has attacked the Beet crop in
Germany and France, and has at length made its appearance in Britain.
At first, about August, the largest leaves droop, and exhibit discoloured
patches bordered by an orange-brown zone, and finally the tissue becomes
idead. The disease then passes to the root, penetrating to the heart, killing
the young heart-leaves. Minute perithecia appear on the dead parts of the
leaf-stalk, containing numerous minute conidia. This is the Phoma stage.
Later in the season the Sphcerella condition appears on the dead
petioles, often accompanied by black moulds.
The relation between the mould and Sph&rella (if any) has not been
determined.
246 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
All diseased leaves should be collected and burnt, otherwise the disease
may return the following year. It is recommended that the crop be lifted
when the disease appears on the leaves, and before it reaches the root.
Diseased roots must not be stored.
Prill. Mai. Pl.Agri. ii. p. 263 (1897) ; McWeeney, Journ. Roy. Agri.
Soc. vol. vi. pt. 3, 1895, with figs. ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 110.
BOOT TUBERCLES.
The root tubercles of the Leguminosce have been the source of con-
siderable speculation for many years, but the general impression now is
that they are not at all of fungoid origin.
CLOVER-LEAF CUPS.
Pseudopeziza Trifolii (Lib.), PI. XXIV. fig. 37.
This little parasite is not uncommon on fading leaves of different
species of Clover, chiefly upon the upper surface. Although, in its form,
it is a little fleshy cup- shaped Peziza, it differs in being produced beneath
the cuticle, and bursting through by rupture of the cuticle, which then
encircles it with its rough torn margin cups about ^ mm. broad, a little
concave, smooth, and honey-coloured. The disc composed of compacted
cylindrical asci, pressed side by side, and each enclosing eight elliptical
sporidia (10-15 x 5-7/x), containing two nuclei.
It has been reported from France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, Italy,
and North America. In Britain it is very widely distributed.
Sacc. Syll. viii. 2970 ; Phil. Disc. p. 199 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2270 ;
Mass. PL Dis. p. 144, fig. 29.
A similar species (Pseudopeziza Medicaginis) occurs on the living
leaves of Lucerne, but it is uncertain whether it has occurred in Britain.
CLOVER SCLEROTE.
Sclerotinia Trifoliorum (Erik.), PI. XXIV. fig. 38.
In some seasons Clover is subject to attacks from this parasite, as are
also Sainfoin, Lucerne, and others of the family. The leaves are at first
frosted with a delicate white mycelium, and finally shrivel and decay. In
the winter minute black sclerotia are formed on the dead leaves and roots.
With the spring and summer these sclerotia germinate and produce one or
two small Pezizce, or cup-shaped fungi, of the Sclerotinia type, with a long
and slender stem, bearing at the apex a small fleshy brown cup, the inner
or concave surface composed of a compact layer of cylindrical cells or asci,
placed side by side, and each of them enclosing eight colourless elliptical
sporidia (16-18 x 6-8f/). When these sporidia germinate in their turn, they
are competent to inoculate other Clover plants, and perpetuate the disease.
When this disease appears in a field it would be advisable to relinquish
a Clover crop for several years.
Recorded in Germany and Scandinavia.
-Sacc. Syll. viii. 800 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 155 ; Phil. Disc. p. 118 ; Prill.
Mai. PL Agri. ii. p. 413, with figs. ; Gard. Chron. Mar. 17, 1906, p. 176.
PL. XXIV.
PESTS OF FIELD CROPS.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 247
CLOVER BLACK MOULD.
Polythrincium trifolii (Kunze), PI. XXIV. fig. 39.
This black mould is not at all uncommon on the under surface of
living Clover leaves, and has the credit of being the imperfect condition of
some more highly organised fungus, possibly of Phyllachora Trifolii.
The clusters are convex and cushion- like, with a powdery appearance,
and of a dark olive-brown, almost black colour, often seated upon yellowish
spots. The threads are erect, collected in bundles, flexuous and beaded, or
shortly jointed and constricted at each joint, thickened upwards, blackish
in the mass. The conidia are obovate, or rather narrowed downwards,
and divided transversely into two cells (20-24 x 9-12/u), pale olive ID
colour.
Eeported in France, Germany, Finland, Bohemia, Italy, Asiatic
Siberia, and North America.
Probably would be dispersed by spraying with dilute Bordeaux
mixture.
Sacc. Syll. iv. 1664 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1748 ; Grev. Sc. Crypt. Fl.
pi. 216.
CLOVER-LEAF BLOTCH.
Phyllachora Trifolii (Pers.), PL XXIV. fig. 40.
This is not an uncommon parasite on the leaves of Trifolium repens,
and may be the more perfect condition of the Clover black mould, but
this is not determined.
It occurs on the under surface, forming oval or elongated, small,
shining, black, pitchy-looking convex blotches. These stroma, or pustules,
enclose one or more cells with whitish contents. When mature these
contain club-shaped sacs or asci, packed side by side, each of which
encloses eight elliptical colourless sporidia.
The fungus is recorded for Sweden, Finland, France, Germany,
Italy, Asiatic Siberia, and North America.
It is doubtful whether spraying would have any beneficial effect.
Sacc. Syll. ii. 5184 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2416.
CLOVER-ROT MOULD.
Peronospora Trifoliorum (De Bary), PL XXIV. fig. 41.
The Clover-rot mould attacks numerous plants, but especially Tri-
folium, Lotus, Medicago, and Melilotus, covering the entire under surface
of the leaves with a delicate greyish film. The fertile threads are six or
seven times forked, or sometimes trifurcate, and the ultimate branchlets are
pointed and slightly curved. The conidia are elliptical, obtuse, and of a
faint, dirty-lilac colour (18-27 x 15-20/z). The resting spores are
globose and brown, with a smooth surface (25-88/t).
It is unnecessary to repeat here the details, which will be found
recorded in the "Introduction," of the modes of reproduction and
distribution of the rot-moulds, and the formation of the resting spores.
248 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
The best means of combat, which in this case is difficult to employ, is
to burn up the stems and roots so as to consume the resting spores.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 841 ; Mass. B. F. p. 121 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1783 ;
Cooke, M. F. p. 216.
CLOVER BRAND.
Uromyces Trifolii (Hedw.), PI. XXIV. fig. 42.
The foliage and stems of all the Clovers are liable to the attacks of this
parasite, which is unsparing in its work of destruction. All the stages
have been observed on the same kind of plant, although it is doubtful
whether the cluster-cups have been observed in this country.
The uredo pustules are round or elliptical, and scattered ; after the
cuticle is ruptured the remains encircle the spores like a lacerated cup.
The uredospores are irregularly globose, or shortly elliptical (22-26 x!8-
20/i), of a brown colour, and minutely spinulose.
The pustules of the teleutospores are smaller on the leaves, larger on
the petioles, and elongated, darker brown, and puffed out or bullate, for a
long time covered by the cuticle. Teleutospores ellipsoid, or almost globose
or pear-shaped, with the epispore or coating thickened at the apex, and
bearing a paler-coloured wart (20-35 x 15-22^), smooth brown, with a
deciduous peduncle.
Known in France, Belgium, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Finland,
Austria-Hungary, Italy, and North America.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 1925 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 212 ; Ploivr. Brit. Ured. p. 124.
Years ago we found on Clover a brand, mixed with uredospores,
which was two-celled (Puccinia fallens), but it has since been condemned
as a freak, since it would not " fit in " with a preconceived theory.
CLOVER WHITE MOULD.
Ovularia exigua (Smith).
This little white mould, which attacks Clover, was first described by
Worthington Smith, under the name Peronospora exigua ; but there is no
direct evidence that it is a rot mould of that genus, as there is no indica-
tion of resting spores, and the mode of attachment of the conidia is rather
that of Ovularia than Peronospora.
This parasite appears as a minute white mould on the foliage of Clovers,
and is affirmed to cause putrescence. The fruiting threads of the mould
are frequently simple, but sometimes once or twice branched. The
conidia are terminal and lateral, being borne on minute lateral spicules.
The conidia are nearly globose, and borne singly, not in clusters, falling
off readily when mature, and of a very pale grey colour (8 x 6-7/u). These
conidia germinate from the side, but do not generate zoospores in their
interior.
It may be inferred that the encroachments of this pest may be met,
more effectually than in the case of the true rot moulds, by fungicides,
such as Bordeaux mixture.
Sacc. Syll. xi. 3841 ; Smith, Field Crops, p. 12, fig. 2.
FUNGOID PEStS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS, 249
PEA MILDEW.
Erysiphe Martii (Lev.), PI. VII. fig. 111.
The mildew which infests the Garden Pea attacks also the Field Pea,
and hence the description to be found under " Garden Vegetables " (p. 88)
will also be applicable here.
FIELD PEA BUST.
Uromyces Pisi (Pers.), PI. VII. fig. 110.
The rust of the Field Pea is the same as that which attacks the
Garden Pea, and will be found noticed in the section devoted to " Garden
Vegetables " (p. 88).
FIELD BEAN KUST.
Uromyces Fabce (Pers.), PL VII. fig. 106.
The rust of the Field Bean is equally common to the garden varieties,
and will be found described amongst " Garden Vegetables " (p. 86), hence
it needs not to be repeated here. It has a wide distribution throughout
Europe.
LIMA BEAN MILDEW,
Phytophthora Phaseoli (Thaxter).
This rot mould, which is closely allied to the Potato mildew, has
proved very destructive to the Lima Bean in the United States, and
should be guarded against as possible to attack French Beans and runners
in Europe. It attacks chiefly the legumes.
Thax. Bot. Gaz. xiv. p. 273, 1889 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 65.
LUCERNE TUMOUR.
Urophlyctis Alfalfa (v. Lagerh.).
This disease appears to have originated in Ecuador. In 1902 it
appeared in Alsace, where it soon spread into several districts, and thence
it travelled into Italy. Early in 1906 it was found near Herne Bay in
Kent, and has become a British pest. Evidently allied to the tumour on
Potato, it attacks the crown of the root, forming gall-like excrescences
three-quarters of an inch across, consisting of cells containing a crowded
mass of brownish spores (40 p. diam.). No remedy has yet been tried,
but infested spots have been ploughed up.
Garcl. Chron. Feb. 24, 1906, p. 122.
VETCH ROT MOULD.
Peronospora Vicia (Berk.), PI. XXIV. fig. 43.
This pest occurs on the under surface of the leaves of the Field Bean,
Field Pea, Vetch, and Melilot ; often forming a dense felt of a whitish,
then greyish colour. The erect fertile threads are produced in tufts, and
250 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
are forked six or eight times. The final or ultimate branches are rather
short and pointed. The conidia are elliptical, rounded at the apex, and
of a pale dingy-violet colour (25-28 x 15-18/j).
The resting spores are globose, and of a pale yellow-brown colour,
with a rough surface, the ridges forming a kind of wide meshed network.
The life-history and transformation of this kind of mould are detailed
in the " Introduction."
Known in France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Italy, North America,
and Australia.
Berk. Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 31 ; Sacc. Syll. vii. 819 ; Cooke, M. F. 1. 15,
f. 266, t. 10, f. 212 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1779 ; Mass. B. F. p. 117.
HOP MILDEW.
Spharotheca Castagnei (Lev.), PL XXIV. fig. 44.
Although sometimes called Sphcerotheca Humuli, this pest is exten-
sively well known, and needs no description, as it is one of the worst foes
with which the Hop-grower has to contend.
The first stage is that in which the leaves are invested with the dense
whitish felted mycelium, the erect branches of which become divided off
into conidia of the Oidium type, which fall on the leaves, and increase
their mealy appearance.
Subsequently the globose receptacles appear scattered over the
mycelium, at first yellowish, and at length almost black, surrounded by
numerous appendages or flexuous threads, which are intertwined amongst
themselves or with the threads of the mycelium, and are somewhat
coloured. Each of these receptacles encloses but a single, nearly globose
ascus, or membranaceous cell, which contains eight elliptical and un-
coloured sporidia.
This mildew is found nearly all over Europe, and wherever the Hop is
cultivated in Asia and North America.
Sacc. Syll. i. 8 ; Cooke, M. F. p. 238, fig. 216 ; Mass. PI. Dis. p. 95 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1911.
HOP SPILERELLA.
Spharella erysiphina (Berk.).
This little parasite accompanies the Hop mildew and has only been
found associated with it. Probably, therefore, it inflicts little injury itself,
and will disappear with the mildew.
The receptacles are minute and scattered, often superficial, and of a
brown colour, almost dot-like. They enclose cylindrical asci or vesicles,
which each contain eight colourless elliptical sporidia, divided across the
centre into two cells (12-13^u long).
Sacc. Syll. i. 1975 ; Journ. Hort. Soc. ix. pp. 65, 67, 68, fig. 8 ;
Cooke, Hdbk. No. 2766.
The Hop is also liable to become infested with the common Black
Mould, Fumago vagans, which is to be found on so many other plants,
and often accompanies the Honeydew.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS 251
FLAX WILT.
Fusarium Lini (Boll.), PI. XXIV. fig. 33.
This disease has long been known in Holland, Belgium, and Northern
France. It exists also in Ireland and in Germany, but is hardly known in
Russia. When the soil is impregnated, after successive crops, and the
flax becomes " wilted," the land is said to be "Flax sick."
The plants are attacked at all ages, and die early or late in the stage
of growth. If the soil is much infected, most of the plants are killed
before they get through the surface of the ground. Young plants two to
five inches high suddenly dry up and decay. Old plants which are quite
woody take on a sickly, weak, yellowish appearance, wilt at the top, slowly
die, turn brown, and dry up.
The fungus which causes this disease was first detected by H. L. Bolley,
and called by him Fusarium Lini, and is thus described : Vegetative
hyphae light-coloured, septate, branching irregularly, ramifying the tissue
of the stems and roots of the host. Spore tnfts (sporodochia) erumpent,
compact, slightly raised, pale cream or flesh-coloured. Sporophores short
and closely branched, or conidia sometimes arising from wart-like pro-
tuberances upon a compact bed, or stroma. Conidia four-celled, fusiform,
slightly curved or falcate (27 x 3/t to 38 x 3^), living in the humus of
the soil, able to attack the Flax plant, and causing the disease.
Living normally as a decay form (saprophyte), it can also invade the
living tissue of its host. It can live and increase upon the decaying
matter found in the soil, especially on old roots and stems of the Flax
plant, and can readily thrive there for a long period. It may remain in
the soil for more than four years, without the presence of a Flax crop. If
any of the filaments come in contact with a young Flax plant, they
penetrate at any point, through the seed, leaves, stem, or roots. When the
plant dies it becomes food material for the fungus.
The results of experiments show that a rather strong solution of
formaldehyde, acting a short time, will work satisfactorily on Flax seed.
The proper strength to be used in sprinkling and shovelling methods is
about 1 part to 330 parts of water (approximately 1 pound to 40 gallons).
The seed should be spread on a tight floor and sprayed with a small
amount of the liquid, then raked over rapidly, until all the surfaces of the
seed are evenly moist and not wet enough to gum, but evenly damp ; then
continue to shovel the grain so as to get it dry as soon as possible. Avoid
any excess of moisture.
Cease sowing Flax on the same land year after year. Put at least
one cultivated crop and two or more other crops between Flax crops.
Burn as much of the old Flax straw and stubble which remain upon the
ground as possible. Avoid the evil effects of deep planting. The Flax
disease does more injury to seedlings when the seed is placed deep in
loose soil than when planted shallow. One-half inch to three-fourths is
the best depth.
Bolley, in. U.S.A. Agri. Exp. Sta. N. Dakota, Bull. 50, 1901 ; Journ.
R.H.S. vol. xxvii. p. 751.
252 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
FLAX RUST.
Melampsora Lini (DC.), PL XXIV. fig. 32.
This is a destructive pest to cultivated Flax, and is very common on
the little wild species of purging Flax.
The pustules of the uredo are small, rounded, and scattered, of a bright
orange colour on the leaves, stems, and sometimes on the flower buds.
Uredospores almost spherical, or egg-shaped (15-24 x 14-1 8/u), orange-
yellow, and externally rough.
The pustules of the teleutospores form rather large blackish patches
on the stems, quite smooth and shining. The teleutospores are wedge-
shaped, and closely packed side by side, covered by the epidermis (45-60
x 17-20 //). They act very effectively, as resting spores, to carry the pest
through the winter and provide for the reappearance of the uredo in the
spring.
It has been observed in France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Switzer-
land, Finland, Russia, Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary, Bohemia, Italy, Siberia,
and in South Africa, Australia, and North America.
Burning the stems, or any portions which exhibit the patches of
teleutospores, should be insisted upon, if the disease is to be kept in
check.
Sacc. Syll. vii. 2107 ; Mass. PL Dis. p. 238 ; Cooke, M-. F. figs. 165-
167 ; Cooke, Hdbk. No. 1596.
HEMP LEAF-SPOT.
Phyllosticta Cannabis (Kirch.), PI. XXIV. fig. 31.
On the living and languishing leaves of the Hemp plant. Spots on
the upper surface, somewhat circular, tawny, becoming paler ; perithecia
punctiform and scattered ; sporules hyaline, elliptical, straight or curved,
very minute, with one or two guttules (4-6 x 2-2^/x,), hyaline.
Has occurred in Northern Italy and Bohemia.
Sacc. Syll. iii. 294.
FUNGICIDES
are mixtures which are applied to diseased plants either to prevent or
mitigate the ravages of fungoid parasites — if in a fluid form by sprinkling,
spraying, or sponging the foliage ; and if in powder by dusting it over the
plants or the soil, as the case may require. See also JOURN. R.H.S. xxix.
1905, p. 900.
FLUID.
Ammoniacal Carbonate of Copper. — Mix three ounces of sulphate of
copper and three ounces of carbonate of soda with one quart of concentrated
ammonia, and as soon as all action ceases dilute with twenty-two gallons
of water. Some persons advocate the dilution with twenty-eight gallons
of water as being less injurious when applied to fruit.
May be used in greenhouses, and is especially useful in epiphytic
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 253
diseases, such as Rose mildew, Hop mildew, and other Erysiphai and
surface moulds, like Oidium.
Arsenical Solution. — One ounce of arsenic dissolved in a little alcohol
and mixed with 100 gallons of water.
This is recommended in America for spraying Carnation rust, but it
must not be used on fruit trees or plants, on account of its poisonous
nature.
Berichonne Mixture. — Dissolve six and a half pounds of sulphate
of copper in four gallons of hot water. In another vessel dissolve
seven and a half pounds of carbonate of soda. When cold mix the
two solutions and add one pint and three quarters of liquid ammonia.
Dilute with water to make forty-four gallons.
Similar in use to ammoniacal carbonate of copper.
Bordeaux Mixture. — Sulphate of copper sixteen pounds dissolved in
twenty-two gallons of water. Thirty pounds of lime dissolved in six
gallons of water. When the lime-and- water is cold mix the two solutions
together slowly and thoroughly.
The above is the original formula, of which the following is a modi-
fication : —
Sulphate of copper six pounds, dissolved in four gallons of hot water.
Four pounds of lime dissolved in four gallons of cold water. When the
solutions are cold mix thoroughly, and when desired for use dilute to
twenty- two gallons with cold water.
Air-slaked lime should never be used, since it injures the foliage.
This is considered to be the cheapest and best all-round fungicide ;
indeed general testimony is that "it is the most effective fungicide
known." JOUKN. R.H.S. xxviii. 1904, p. 654.
Condy's Fluid. — See Potash Permanganate.
Eau Celeste, or Blue Water. — Dissolve one pound of sulphate of copper
in three or four gallons of warm water. When completely dissolved, and
the water has cooled, add one pint of liquid ammonia, then dilute to
twenty-two gallons. The concentrated liquid should be kept in a keg, or
some wooden vessel, and diluted when required for use.
The following is a modified formula : —
Sulphate of copper two pounds, carbonate of soda two and a half
pounds, ammonia one and a half pint, to twenty-two gallons of water.
Dissolve the sulphate of copper in two gallons of hot water ; in another
vessel dissolve the carbonate of soda in a similar manner ; mix the two
solutions, and when all chemical reaction has ceased add the ammonia
and dilute to twenty-two gallons.
Gastine Mixture. — Dissolve in one pint and three quarters of liquid
ammonia two or two and a half ounces of carbonate of copper. To be
diluted when required for use to twenty-two gallons by the addition of
water.
Gishurst Compound.— A. well-known preparation which is useful in
some cases and has been recommended.
Iron Mixture. — Prepare a solution by dissolving two pounds of sulphate
of iron in five gallons of water and apply by sprinkling.
254 FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS.
Another form : Water fifty gallons, sulphuric acid one pint, iron sul-
phate twenty-five pounds. Pour the sulphuric acid upon the iron sulphate,
and then add by degrees the fifty gallons of water.
A metal vessel must not be used in the preparation, as it would be acted
upon by the sulphuric acid.
This mixture may be used with great advantage, where a disease has
previously existed, to destroy the resting spores. In spraying fruit trees
&c. it should be done in the winter, otherwise the foliage would be com-
pletely destroyed.
Jeyes's Fluid. — Watering with Jeyes's fluid in the proportion of one
ounce to a gallon of rain water is beneficial in sterilising the soil, which
should be thoroughly wetted and allowed to remain a week before any-
thing else is planted.
Liquid Grison is prepared by boiling six pounds of sulphur and three
pounds of lime in six gallons of water, until the whole is reduced to two
gallons. Allow it to settle, pour off the clear liquid, and bottle it until
used. For use mix one part of the liquid with one hundred parts of water.
" Paraffin. — A wineglassful to two gallons of water has been used with
effect to check the spread of the Chrysanthemum rust, and would doubt-
less be applicable to other rusts.
Potash Permanganate. — This is the well-known fluid called " Condy's
fluid." It is more economical to buy the potassium permanganate, in
the form of crystals, which dissolve readily in water. The solution
should be pale-rose colour.
It has proved effectual in arresting the spread of rust, and was
employed successfully to Hollyhock seedlings when the brand was in full
activity. Busted Carnations may be sponged with it.
Potassium Sulphide. — Dissolve one ounce of potassium sulphide,
popularly known as " liver of sulphur," in a quart of hot water, then
make it up to two and a half gallons with cold water. Useful to check
the spread of an epidemic, and proved successful against Chrysanthemum
rust.
Sulphate of Copper Solution. — Dissolve one pound of sulphate of
copper in twenty-five gallons of water, and spray with the solution.
For notes on " Soda Bordeaux," " Formalin," and " Kerosene Emul-
sion," see JOUBN. R.H.S. xxviii. 1904, p. 654.
POWDERS
may be applied by dredging from a flour dredger, or pepper pot, or
enclosed in a canvas bag.
David's Powder. — Dissolve four pounds of sulphate of copper in as
little water as possible. Slake fifteen pounds of lime in the smallest
amount of water necessary, then mix the two preparations thoroughly
and let the compound dry, after which it is crushed and sifted and applied
in the form of powder.
FUNGOID PESTS OF CULTIVATED PLANTS. 255
Sulphatine. — Mix two and a half pounds of anhydrous sulphate of
copper with fifteen pounds of finely powdered sulphur and ten pounds of
air- slaked lime. Apply in powder.
Sulphur. — This is used as a dry powder in the condition known as
" flowers of sulphur." It is most effective against the fungi which are
epiphytic, in which the mycelium is entirely superficial, forming a dense
white felt on the surface of the leaves, as in the Hop mildew, Rose mildew,
and Pea mildew. Sometimes finely powdered quicklime may be mixed
with the sulphur.
INDEX
Abies amabilis, 224
,, cephalonica, 224
„ Norclmanniana, 224
„ pectinata, 224
Acer campestre, 200, 202
„ Pseudo-Platanus, 201, 202
,, spicatum, 202
Achillea Ptarmica, pest on, 52
Aconite diseases, none in this country, 13
,, smut, 14
., white mould, 13
Actinonema Rosas, 43
JEcidium Aconiti-Napelli, 13
,, Anemones, 14
„ Aquilegiae, 17
Ari, 77
„ aroideum, 78
„ Behenis, 34
Berberidis, 185, 187
,, Cinerariae, 52
„ circinans, 13
„ Clematidis, 20
.„ Convallariae, 63, 71
„ crassum, 188
.,, depauperans, 26
„ Dracontii, 77
„ Englerianum, 20
„ graveolens, 188
Grossularise, 145
Hepaticse, 16
Iridis in America, 75
leucospermum, 15
Ligustri, 181
lonicerinum, 49
magelsenicum, 188
Mespili, 124
(Enothene, 47
orbiculare, 20
otagense, 21
Peckii, 47
Periclymeni, 49 '
Phillyrese, 184
Primulse, 54, 55
pseudo-columnare, 224
punctatum, 14
rubellum, 98
„ Safianoffianum, 63
Violee, 26
^Eschynanthus anthracnose, 167
JEsculus, leaf-spot on, 204
Agaric on beech, edible, 212
Agarics, 141
.„ in mushroom beds, 108
„ orchard, 142 ,t
Agarics on raspberry canes, 147
Agrostis, bunt on, 239
pulchella, 241
Aira, rust on, 231
Alder catkin blister, 217
disease, 217
leaf black mould, 216
„ blister, 217
„ spot, 216
root tubercles, 217
sulphury wood-rot, 208
Allium Cepa, 107
„ Porrum, 107
Almond blotch, 164
„ shot-hole fungus, 131
„ twig Fusicoccum, 135
Alopecurus pratensis. 240
„ rust on, 231
Alternaria Brassicse, 81
„ on musk melon, 102
„ Violae, 29
Amadou, 209
Amelanchier cluster-cups, 196
American apple leaf-spot, 110
black knot, 131
„ downy mildew, 159
„ frosty mildew, 134
„ gooseberry mildew, 146
„ mildew leaf-spot, 153
„ orchid anthracnose, 173
„ peach scab, 134
„ peach yellows, 134
„ pear blight, 123
„ potato scab, 92
„ raspberry cane blight, 147
„ Rhizoctonia, 94
„ shot-hole fungus, 131
„ spot disease, 28
Ammoniacal carbonate of copper, 252
Amphispore, 133
" Anbury," 244
Anemone cluster-cups, 14
leaf-spot, 16
peziza, 15
rot-mould, 13
smut, 11, 14
Wood, 14-16
Anther smut, 33
Anchusa, supposed cluster-cups on, 231
Anthoxanthum, bunt on, 239
„ odoratum, 240
Anthracnose ^Eschynanthus, 167
„ American orchid, 173
„ Antirrhinum, 62
S
258
INDEX.
Anthracnose apple, 154
„ tree, 117
ash, 206
aspen, 219
„ Australian, 154
beech, 212
berberry, 180
Bidgood's, 173
„ cabbage, 80
„ carnation, 31
„ cauliflower, 80
„ columbine, 16
„ Convolvulus, 60
„ cucumber, 100
„ currant, 144
„ Dracaena, 169
fig, 137
French, 194
„ bean, 87
gourd, 100
„ grape, 153, 154
hollyhock, 38
„ hornbeam, 213
Hoya, 166, 167
ivy, 183
„ laburnum, 195
„ lemon, 163
lettuce in U.S.A., 91
„ Malagasy orchid, 174
„ maple twig, 200
„ Mezereum, 194
,, Mexican orchid, 174
„ oak, 207
„ Oncidium, 174
„ orange, 163
orchid, 167, 173, 174
pea, 87
peach, 132
„ Pelargonium
„ plane leaf, 203
„ „ „ nerves, 203
„ poplar leaf, 218
„ quince, 124
,. raspberry, 147
„ screw-pine black, 175
„ septate-carnation, 32
„ soapwort, 32
„ strawberry, 149
„ Vanilla, 173
„ violet, 24
„ walnut, 137
Anthyllis, 41
Antirrhinum anthracnose, 62
„ majus, 62
Apple anthracnose, 154
„ bark valsa, 120
„ bitter rot, 115
„ brown rot, 135
„ spot, 118
„ heartwood rot, 206
„ leaf black mould, 110
„ „ spot, 110
„ mildew, 112
„ rot, 115 ; of Australia, 154
„ scab, 113
„ speck, 117
„ sulphury wood-rot, 209
Apple-tree anthracnose, 117
„ canker, 119
Apple-tree Hydnum, 120
„ „ pustule, 113
„ „ white mould, 110
,, twig pustule, 119
„ „ tumour, 118
„ „ white mildew, 111
Apricot brown rot, 135
,, shot-hole fungus, 131
Arbutus leaf-spot, 179
„ purple spot, 179
„ tuft-mould, 179
Armillaria mellea, 141, 142, 218
,, mucida, 212
Aroids, in Britain, no pests on, 170
Arsenical solution, 253
Arum maculatum, 78
„ triphyllum cluster-cups on, 7T
Ascochyta ampelina, 153
„ Aquilegiae, 17
„ Armoraciae, 85
„ Brassicae, 80
„ Calycanthi, 192
Dianthi, 30
Ellisii, 153
,, Fragariee, 148
„ Garryae, 193
„ Grossulariae, 144
Hellebori, 11
Hyperici, 40
Kentia?, 176
limbalis, 182
Oleandri, 178
pallor, 146
parasitica, 37
Petunia, 61
piricola, 123
Pisi, 87
pisicola, 87
Primulas, 53
Trollii, 13
Violae, 23
Vitalbaa, 21
Ascomyces Quercus, 207
„ Tosquinetii, 217
Ascospora Beijerinckii, 128
Ash-leaf anthracnose, 206
,, „ brown spot, 206
„ „ spot, 206
„ tree, black wood nodules on, 211
„ „ heartwood rot, 206
,, ,, sphaeriaceous fungus on, 207
Asparagus cluster-cups, 107
,, copper- web, 107
rust, 107
Aspen blister, 220
„ leaf anthracnose, 219
„ „ rust, 219
Aspidistra, no disease detected in this
country on, 169
Asteroma Aceris, 200
„ Betulae, 214
labes, 218
Ulmi, 205
Aucuba japonica, no pests in this country
on, 180
Auricula brown-mould, 57
„ simple-brand, 55
Australian anthracnose, 154
blotch, 162
INDEX,
259
Australian shot-hole fungus, 131
„ vine mildew, 157
Azalea leaf -clot, 167
„ „ spot, 167
„ rust, 167
Bacillus Aroidese, 78
„ Hyacinthi septicus, 70
„ phytophthorus, 95, 97
Bacterial Rot, onion, 106
Bacteriosis of carnation, 36
cucumber, 103
egg-plant, 97
gourd, 103
melon, 103
Pelargonium, 40
Petunia, 92
potato, 95
squash, 103
tomato, 97
wheat, 232
Bacterium, Dianthi, 36
Hyacinthi, 70
Bamboo mould, 176
Barley, crown rust on, 231
,, mildew on, 231
„ red mould of, 234
„ rust, 233
smut, 233
„ smut, naked, 233
Baron von Thiimen, 118
Bay-Laurel, galls on, 177
Bean mildew, Lima, 249
„ rust, 86
„ field, 249
Beech agaric, 212
,, canker, 119
„ leaf anthracnose, 212
„ „ blotch, 212
„ seedling rot-mould, 212
„ tinder-fungus, 209
„ white root-rot, 203
Beefsteak, vegetable, 208
Beetroot rot, 245
„ rust, 244
„ tumour, 93, 245
Berberis asiatica. 186
„ cluster-cups on, 230
„ vulgaris, 186, 188
Berberry anthracnose, 186
,, as a host-plant for wheat mil-
dew, 187
cluster- cups, 187, 188
„ leaf-spots not in Britain, 185
„ mildew, 186
„ purple spot, 186
„ white mould, 186
Berichonne mixture, 253
Bidgood's orchid anthracnose, 173
Birch-leaf blotch, 215
„ „ rust, 214
„ „ Sphseria, 214
,, „ spot, 214
„ mealy mildew, 223
„ polypore, 214
,, sooty mould, 216
„ witches' broom of, 215
Bird-cherry leaf -spot, 185
Bitter rot, apple, 115
„ „ grape, 117
Black anthracnose, Screw-pine, 175
Black blotch, grass, 238
„ „ honeysuckle, 49
„ „ rose-leaf, 43
„ currant anthracnose, 144
„ „ leaf-spot, 143
„ hellebore blotch, 11
„ „ leaf-spot, 9
„ knot, American, 131
„ mould, alder, 216
„ ,, apple-leaf, 110
,, „ cabbage, 81
Camellia, 165
carnation, 35
cherry, 125
clover, 247
cucumber, 103
Eschscholtzia, 22
fig, 164
grass, 242
hollyhock, 39
on hop, 250
Italian violet, 28
lilac, 191
maple, 201
mulberry, 139
musk melon in N. America,
102
„ „ on myrtle, 184
„ „ orchid, 172
„ „ Ornithogalum, 67
„ ,, palm leaves, 175
„ „ passion-flower, 168
plum, 125
„ ,, Primula elatior in France,
56
„ „ on screw-pine, 168, 175
„ „ spinach, 99
„ „ violet, 29
„ poplar rust, 220
„ ring on potato, 95
„ rot of grapes, 158
,, „ cabbage, 83
„ „ tomato, 96
„ smut on hyacinth, 69
„ spot on chrysanthemum, 50
„ ,, peach, 134
„ wood nodules, 211
„ Xvoolly Sphseria, 225
Bladder campion, 34
" Bladder plums," 126
Bleached spot on red currant, 144
Blight, American pear, 123 v
„ raspberry-cane, 147
Douglas fir, 226
fire, 123
maize, 237
maple-twig, 200
mulberry leaf, 139
pear-leaf, 122
quince, 123
strawberry-leaf, 150
Wellingtonia, 226
Blister, alder-catkin, 217
„ leaf, 217
aspen-leaf, 220
elm-leaf, 205
s2
260
INDEX.
Blister, peach-leaf, 133
„ pear-leaf, 122
poplar-leaf, 220
Blotch, almond, 164
„ Australian, 162
„ on beech-leaf, 212
„ birch leaf, 215
„ Camellia, 164
„ clover-leaf, 247
„ elm-leaf, 205, 215
grass black, 238
„ hazel-leaf, 140
„ hellebore, 11
„ hornbeam-leaf, 213
Hoya, 164
„ iris-leaf, 75
„ Lagerstrcemia, 164
lemon sooty, 162
Magnolia, 164
maple-leaf, 202, 222
orange, 164
sooty, 162
plum-leaf, 127
Khododendron, 164
sloe-leaf, 127
Smilax, 164
sycamore-leaf, 201, 222
tea, 164
willow-leaf, 222
„ black, honeysuckle, 49
„ „ rose-leaf, 43
Blue water, 253
Borago, supposed cluster-cups on, 231
Bordeaux mixture, 253
Botryodiplodia pyrenophora, 118
Botryosphaeria diplodia, 46
Botrytis canescens, 64
cinerea, 71, 138, 158, 164, 226
„ Croci, 71
„ destructor, 105
„ depreedans, 201
„ Douglassii, 226
„ elliptica, 64
„ galanthina, 71, 72
„ Paeoniae, 19
„ parasitica, 64, 66
Box-leaf rust, 182
„ white spot, 182
Brand, Globe flower, 13
,, campion, 34
„ carnation, 35
„ celery, 89
„ clover, 248
„ holyhock, 37, 254
„ iris, 74
„ lily, 63
., Narcissus, 73
,, Ornithogalum, 67
„ primrose 55
„ rose, 44
„ Rhododendron, 178
„ raspberry, 147
„ spiny tulip, 67
„ squill, 68
„ Sweet William, 33
Bremia Lactucae, 91
Bristle-spore, leather-leaved, on ever-
greens, 178
Brown mould Auricula, 57
Brown mould pseony, 19
Brown rot apple, 113 .
,, „ apricot, 135
„ cherry, 128
„ „ pear, 113
Brown spot, apple, 118
„ ash-leaf, 206
„ „ Convallaria, 70
„ ivy, 183
„ „ Lychnis, 30
Buckthorn cluster-cups, 188
leaf-spot, 188
„ powdery mildew, 189
Bunt, 229
„ grass, 239
Butcher's Broom spot, 185
Cabbage anthracnose, 80
black mould, 81
„ rot, 83
club-root, 83
leaf-spot, 79
„ on the Continent, 80
rot-mould, 81
Spheerella, 82
white rust, 80
Cactus scab, 168
Caeoma Euonymi, 189
„ Laricis, 228
„ pinitorquum, 219, 225
Caladium mould, 169
Calceolaria not infested in this country, 62
Californian vine disease, 161
Calla soft root, 78
Calospora Vanillae, 173
Calycanthus leaf-spot, 192
Camellia black mould, 165
blotch, 164
„ bristle-spore on, 178
„ canker, 165
scab, 165
Campion brand, 34
Canker, apple-tree, 119
„ beech, 119
„ Camellia, 165
„ fig-tree, 138
„ Gardenia, 165
„ larch, 228
„ oak, 211
„ pear-tree, 119
„ sycamore, 119
Capnodium Citri, 162
„ citricolum, 162
„ Footii, 180
Carex as host-plant to ^cidium Grossu-
lariae, 145
Carnation, anthracnose, 31, 32
bacteriosis, 36
„ black-mould, 35
„ brand, 35
„ fairy-ring, 35
„ leaf-spot, 30
„ macrospore, 36
„ rot-mould not in this country,
36
rust, 253-4
Carolina vine-spot, 153
Caryophyllaceae, diseases of, 29
INDEX
261
Cast on pine-leaf, 227
Cattleya disease, 174
Cauliflower anthracnose, 80
Celery brand, 89
„ leaf-spot, 89
rust, 89
„ spot-mould, 90
Centaurea, rust on, 51
Cephalothecium roseum, 115
Cercospora acerina, 201
altheina, 39
Apii, 90
„ Aquilegise, 17
„ Bloxami, 80
Bolleana, 164
,, circumscissa, 131
concors, 95
Delphinii, 13
granuliformis, 29
li, 29
lilacina, 29
lilacis, 191
Malvarum, 39
Melonis, 101
Molleriana, 179
moricola, 139
murina, 29
Myrti, 184
nebulosa, 39
Primulas, 56
Eesedae, 22
Kossleri, 155
sessilis, 155
variicolor, 19
Violse, 29
„ Violffi-sylvaticse, 29
„ Violse-tricoloris, 29
„ viticola, 155, 156
Cercosporella Persicse, 134
Cereals and grasses, 229
Chain-mould on Rivea, 60
ChamEerops humilis, 176
Cherry, American black knot, 131
„ brown rot, 128, 135
„ gummosis, 125, 128
„ leaf scorch, 130
„ spot, 128
shot-hole fungus, 131
tree mildew, 127
„ pustule, 113
„ Valsa, 132
witches' broom, 130
Cherry-laurel, no leaf-spots in Britain on
living, 180
„ sooty mould on, 181
Chives rust, 104
Chromosporium pactolinum, 167
Chrysanthemum leaf-spot, 50
,, Oidium, 50
„ rust, 51, 254
Chrysomyxa Khododendri, 178
Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, 93
Cineraria pest in Austria, 52
Citrus, bristle- spore on, 178
„ fruit specking, 162
Cladosporium carpophilum, 134
Citri, 163
„ elegans, 163
„ epiphyllum, 125, 130
Cladosporium fulvum, 95
herbarum, 81
Orchidearum, 172
Pseoniae, 19
Scabies, 102
tomato, 19
violet, 28
Cladotrichum Passittorae, 168
Clasterosporium carpophilum, 131
„ parasticum, 139
Claviceps purpurea, 235
Wilsoni, 238
Clematis cluster-cups, 20
„ Flammula, 20, 21
„ glauca, 21
„ grata, 21
„ Jackmanni, 21
„ leaf-spot, 21
„ orientalis, 21
„ puberula, 21
„ recta, 20, 21
Vitalba, 19, 20, 21
Viticella, 21
,, white mould, 21
Clitocybe dealbata, 108
Clover, black mould, 247
„ brand, 248
„ leaf-blotch, 247
„ leaf-cups, 246
„ rot mould, 247
„ sclerote, 246
„ white mould, 248
Clubbing of vine root, 159
Club-root, 83, 244
Cluster-cups on Amelanchier, 196
„ Anemone, 14
berberry, 187, 230
„ buckthorn, 188
„ Clematis, 20
„ columbine, 17
„ Cotoneaster, 124
dock, 98
,, Dracontium, 77
„ gooseberry, 145
„ hawthorn, 195, 197, 198
„ Hepatica, 16
„ honeysuckle, 49
„ iris, 75
lily, 63
lily of the valley, 63, 71
Mahonia, 187, 230
medlar, 124, 197
mountain ash, 196, 198
pear, 120, 196
Phillyrea, 184
pine, 224
primrose, 54
„ privet, 181
„ quince, 197
„ Eanunculus, 17
„ rhubarb, 98
„ scattered, 26
„ silver-fir, 224
„ Soldanella, 58
„ spruce, 224
„ violet, 26
Clustered agaric on raspberry canes, 147
Coffee, Ceylon disease, 167
„ leaf-rot, 167
262
INDEX.
Colchicum autumnale, 77
„ bavaricum, 77
„ rust, 77
„ smut, 76
„ speciosum, 77
Coleosporium Senecionis, 52, 224
Collar rot on potato, 95
Colletotrichum Althseae, 38
„ Antirrhini, 62
„ Lindemuthianum, 87
Columbine anthracnose, 16
„ cluster-cups, 17
„ leaf-spot, 17
Colutea arborescens not infested in
Britain, 196
Common ash leaf-spot, 206
Composite plants, pests on, 50
Concentric spot on Cyclamen, 57
Condy's fluid, 253
Confounded savin jelly-rust, 197
Conifer disease, 223
„ root disease, 228
„ rot, 225
„ „ „ white, 203
„ rot polypore, 227
,, seedling disease, 223
Coniocybe pallida, 161
Coniothecium Questieri, 110
Coniothyrium diplodiella, 155
Fuckelii, 147
Hellebori, 11
Conservatory parasites, 162
Convallaria brown spot, 70
,, red spot, 70
Convolvulus anthracnose, 60
Copper anhydrous sulphate, 255
„ solution, steeping barley in, 233
„ sulphate, 254
„ web, 73, 107
Coriaceous-leaved shrubs, 177
Corn mildew, Spring, 231
Cornel leaf-spot, 190
grey, 190
Cornflower rust, 51
Cornus alba, 190
„ black mould on, 110
„ sanguinea, 190
Coryneum Berkeleyi, 197
„ Beijerinckii, 128, 130
„ Camellias, 165
Cotoneaster, cluster-cups on, 124
spot, 18.5
„ frigida, 185
Crack willow rust, 222
Cracker on pears, 123
Creeping grass mould, 241
Crocus copper-web, 73
„ white-mould, 71
Cronartium Paeoniae, 18
Crown rust on barley, 231
Crucifer damping-off, 82, 244
„ rot-mould, 21, 81
„ rust, 81
Cucumber anthracnose, 100
„ bacteriosis, 103
„ black mould, 103
„ roots, smut on, 102
„ rot-mould, 101
„ scab, 102
Cucumber sclerote, 102
„ white mould, 100
„ wilt, 103
Cucumis, 101
Cucurbita, 101
Cucurbitaria Laburni, 195
Cups, clover-leaf, 246
Curl, oak-leaf, 207
" Curl " on peach, 133 ; on pear, 122
Currant anthracnose, 144
„ bleached spot, 144
„ leaf spot, 143
„ polypore, 146
Curtis's vine-leaf spot, 153
Cyclamen leaf-spot, 57
Cylindrosporiurn Chrysanthemi, 50
„ Grevilleanum, 149
„ inconspicuum, 63
Padi, 131
„ Saponariae, 32
Cystopteris fragilis, 78
Cystopus candidus, 80, 244
Cytospora rubescens, 111
,, carphosperma, 120
Dactylis glomerata, 239
Dactylium Lycopersici, 97
Daldinia concentrica, 211
Damping off of cruciferous plants, 82,
244
ferns, 78
Dasyscypha calycina, 228
David's Powder, 254
Deciduous -leaved shrubs, Pests on, 186
Dematophora necatrix, 161, 203
Dendrobium, 170
Dendryphium comosum, 103
Depazea concava, 87
Deutzia leaf-spot in France, 194
,, pink mould, 193
Dianthus barbatus, 29
Caryophyllus, 31
deltoides, 32
large spot, 31
leaf-spot, 29
sinensis, 31, 34
Diaporthe taleola, 211
Didymosphaeria populina, 220
Digitalis, rot mould on, 62
Diplocladium on tomato, 97
Diplodia Malorum, 118
„ Opuntiae, 168
Discocolla pirina, 123
Discoloration of aspidistra leaves, 169
,, ,, vine leaves, 161
Disease of ferns, 78
„ „ lilies, 64
„ „ mignonette, 22
„ „ potato, 93
„ „ sleeping, of tomato, 97
Dock cluster-cups, 98
Dog-violet leaf-spot, 23
Dogwood mildew, 191
Dot, Azalea, 167
„ Kentia, 176
„ Lobelia, 53
„ Ptarmica, 52
„ savin-leaf, 197
INDEX.
263
Dothidea Rosa, 46
Dothidella betulina, 215
Douglas fir blight, 226
Downy mildew, American, 159
Draca?na anthracnose, 169
,, Cooperi, 169
„ Draco, 169
leaf-spot, 169
,, terminalis, 169
Dracontium cluster-cups, 77
Drapazea graminicola, 232
Drooping pseony disease, 19
Eau celeste, 253
Ellis's Labrusca spot, 153
Elm-leaf blister, 205
blotch, 205
„ Phlrcospore, 204
„ scab, 205
„ spot, 205
Elm sooty mould, 216
„ tinder fungus, 209
Endogenous flowering plants, 62
Endophyllum Sempervivi, 47, 48
Endophytal, 2
English vine disease, 156
Entomosporium maculatum, 122
Epichloe typhina, 242
Epiphytal, 1
Eranthis, smut on, 11, 14
Ergot, floating grass, 238
„ of Eye, 235
Erysiphe graminis, 237
Mali, 111
„ Martii, 88, 249
„ tortilis, 191
„ viticola, 2
„ vitigera, 157
Erythronium, 67
Eschscholtzia disease, 22
Eucharis disease, 170
„ subdentata, 170
Euomymus, 222
„ europeeus, 189, 190
Euphorbia Cyparissias, 88
Eutypella Prunastri, 111, 114, 116
Evening primrose leaf-spot, 46
Evergreens, fungoid pests on, 177
Exoascus alnitorquus, 217
„ bullatus, 122
Cerasi, 130
„ deformans, 133
„ flavus, 217
Pruni, 126
,, turgidus, 215
Exobasidium Ehododendri, 177
Exosporium Palmivorum, 176
Fairy Eing of carnations, 35
False tinder-fungus, 209
Fern damping-off, 78
„ rust, 78
Festuca, bunt on, 239
„ leaf-spot on, 232
„ ovina, 241
„ rust on, 231
Field bean rust, 249
Field crops, pests on, 229
„ pea rust, 249
Fig anthracnose, 137
,, grey mould, 138
,, mould, 164
„ rot, 132
„ tree canker, 138
Fingers and Toes, 244
Fire blight in U.S.A., 123
Fistulina hepatica, 208
Flax rust, 252
„ wilt, 251
Floating grass ergot, 238
Fluid, Condy's, 253
„ fungicides, 282
Folletage, Sicilian, 161
Fomes annosus, 225
„ fomentarius, 142, 143, 209
„ igniarius, 209
„ nigricans, 210
„ Eibis, 146
Foot-rot of orange and lemon, 163
Forest trees, fungoid pests on, 199
Formalin, 254
Forsythia leaf-spot not in Britain, 193
„ Phoma on dead twigs of, 193
Foxtail grass rust, 240
Freckle, peach, 134
French anthracnose on Mezereum, 194
French bean anthracnose, 86
„ „ rust, 86
Frosty mildew on peach, 134
Fruit spot, apple, 113
„ „ pear, 113
„ tree pustule, 111
Fuchsia not diseased in Britain, 48
Fumago vagans, 156, 162, 180, 216, 250
" Fungi Pomicoli," 118
Fungicides, fluid and powder, 252-5
Fusariella atro-virens, 104
Fusarium bulbigenum, 74
„ culmorum, 232
„ graminearum, 234
„ heterosporum, 237
„ Hordei, 234, 237
„ insjuliosum, 241
Lini, 251
Lolii, 234, 237
„ Limonis, 163
„ Lycopersici, 97
„ Pelargonii, 40
„ reticulatum, 100
Solani, 91, 97
Fusicladium dendriticum, 113
„ pirinum, 123
Fusicoccum Amygdali, 135
Fusidium Deutziee, 193
i Galls on Bay-Laurel, 177
„ „ Ehododendron, 177
Garden pea rust, 88
„ vegetables, pests on, 79
Gardenia canker, 165
Garrya elliptica, leaf-spot on, 193
Gastine mixture, 253
I Gentian rust, 58
I Gentiana acaulis, 58
I Geranium leaf-spot, 41
264
INDEX.
Geranium rust, 41
„ uncultivated, 41
German hellebore rot-mould, 12
„ tinder, 209
Gishurst compound, 253
Gladiolus leaf-spot and rust unknown
in Britain, 76
smut, 76
Gliocladium agaricinum, 107
Globe-flower brand, 13
„ leaf-spot, 13
Glceosporium afnne, 166
„ ampelophagum, 154
„ Aquilegise, 16
„ Aurantiorum, 163
Berberidis, 186
„ bicolor, 154
Bidgoodii, 173, 174
Carpini, 213
„ cinctum, 173
„ concentricum, 80
„ curvatum, 144
„ Cydoniae, 124
Cytisi, 195
„ depressum, 163
Dianthi, 31
„ dracsenicolum, 169
Fagi, 212
„ Fragarire, 149
„ fructigenum, 115, 132, 137,
154
Helicis, 183
,, Hendersonii, 163
„ Hesperidearum, 163
„ intermedium, 163
leeticolor, 100, 132, 154
H lagenarium, 100
„ Lychnidis, 32
„ macropus, 164, 167
„ Marti anoffianum, 17
Malicortis, 117
„ Mezerei, 194
„ nervisequum, 203, 204
„ Oncidii, 174
„ orbiculare, 100
„ Orehidearum, 174
„ pallidum, 174
„ paradoxum, 183
„ Pelargonii, 40
,, phlomoides, 98
Platani, 203
Bhododendri, 178
Ribis, 144
Bobergei, 213
rufomaculans, 153
sphaerelloides, 167
succineum, 178
Tremulse, 219
umbrinellum, 207
„ uvicolum, 153, 154
Vanillffi, 173
„ venetum, 147
Violas, 24
Glyceria aquatica, 239
fluitans, 232, 238, 239
Gnomonia erythrostoma, 129, 130
Gnomoniella; Coryli, 140
fimbriata, 213
Goat Willow rust, 222
Gooseberry, American mildew, 146
cluster-cups, 145
leaf-spot, 144
mildew, 145
polypore, 146
rust in New Zealand, 143-
Gourd anthracnose, 100
„ bacteriosis, 103
„ white mould, 100
Grape anthracnose, 154
„ bitter rot, 117
„ black rot, 158
„ Hendersonia, 155
„ red spot, 153
„ rot, 154
„ white rot, 155
Graphiola Phoenicis, 175
Grass black blotch, 238
„ black mould, 242
„ bunt, 239
„ culm smut, 239
„ ergot, floating, 238
„ leaf-spot, 232
„ mildew, 237
„ rust, Foxtail 240
„ rust sweet, 240
Grey leaf-spot on cornel, 190
Grison liquid, 254
Groundsel rust, 52
Guelder-rose leaf-spot, 189
,, mealy mildew, 189
Guignardia Bidwellii, 158
Gummosis in cherries and plums, 125
„ supposed causes of, 128
Gymnosperms, 196
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme, 195, 198
„ confusum, 197
„ conicum, 198
„ juniperinum, 196,198.
„ Sabinse, 196
„ on savin, 121
„ tremelloides, 197
Hainesia Vanillee, 173
Hawthorn cluster-cups, 195, 197, 198
„ leaf-spot, 194
„ powdery mildew, 194
Hazel leaf blotch, 140
„ „ mildew, 140
„ „ spot, 140
Heartwood rot on apple and ash, 206
Hebeloma fastibile, 108
Hellebore blotch, 11
„ German rot-mould, 12
„ leaf -mould, 11
leaf-spot, 10, 11
„ rot-mould, 12, 45
„ smut, 11, 14, 25
Helleborus fcetidus, 10, 11
„ niger, 10, 11
„ viridis, 10, 11
Helminthosporium inconspicuum, 237
,, rhabdiferum, 134
Hemileia americana, 174
„ vastatrix, 167
Hemp leaf-spot, 252
Henbane rot mould, 60
Hendersonia tenuipes on grapes, 155
INDEX.
Hepatica diseases not in Britain, 16
smut, 11, 14
Heredity, 8
Herpotrichia nigra, 223, 225
Heterosporium Auriculae, 57
echinulatum, 35, 58
Eschscholtzise, 22
gracile, 58, 75
rainutulum, 175
Ornithogali, 67
variabile, 99
Hibiscus leaf-spot, 192
„ syriacus, 192
Holcus, bunt on, 239
Holly, no fungoid leaf -spots on, 180
„ sooty mould on, 180
Hollyhock anthracnose, 38
„ black-mould, 39
brand, 37, 254
,, leaf-spot, 37
„ Puccinia, 26
Honeysuckle black blotch, 49
,, cluster-cups, 49
„ leaf-spot, 48
„ powdery mildew not recorded
in Britain, 50
Hop disease, 46
„ mildew, 150, 250, 255
„ Sphserella, 250
Hornbeam anthracnose, 213
„ leaf-blotch, 213
„ Melampsora, 214
Horse-chestnut leaf-spots, 204
,, silver-leaf on, 135
Stereum, 204
Horseradish leaf -spot, 84, 85
„ spot mould, 85
Houseleek rust, 48
Hoya anthracnose, 166, 167,
„ blotch, 164
„ carnosa, 166
„ leaf-spot, 164, 166
„ leather-leaved bristle-spore on, 178
Hyacinth black smut, 69
„ foul-smelling disease, 70
„ Peziza, 70
wild, brand, 68
,, yellow disease, 69
Hydnum diversidens, 213
„ Schiedermayeri, 120
Hymenocallis adnata, 170
Hyoscyamus rot-mould in Austria, 61
Hypericum leaf-spot, 40
„ rust, 39
Hypholoma fasciculare, 147
Hypoderma macrosporum, 227
„ nervisequum, 226
Hypomyces on mushroom, 108
Hypoxylon concentricum, 211
Hysterium laricinum, 228
Ilex Aquifolium, 180
Insecticides for Orchard and Bush Fruit,
117
Introduction, 1
Ipomcea pest, 60
Iris brand, 74
„ bulb scab, 75
Iris cluster-cups in America, 75
,, foetidissima,.74
„ germanica, 74-5
„ Heterosporium on, 58
leaf-blotch, 75
leaf-spots, not in Britain,
reticulata, 75
rust, 74
versicolor, 74-5
Iron mixture, 253
Isaria fuciformis, 241
,, graminiperda, 241
Isariopsis clavispora, 156
Italian hellebore leaf-spot, 11
„ leaf-spot, 152
,, vine leaf-spot, 152-3
„ violet black mould, 28
Ivy anthracnose, 183
„ brown spot, 183
„ leaf -spot, 182
„ ringed spot, 183
„ sooty mould, 180
Japan lily disease, 65
Jasmin chain-mould, 167
leaf-spot, 168
Jasminum Sambac, 167
Jelly-mass on jumper, 198
„ rust, confounded savin, 197
„ „ juniper, 198
„ „ savin, 196
Jeyes' fluid, 254
Juniper as host-plant, 196-198
„ „ to Ecestelia, 196
„ jelly-mass, 198
„ „ rust, 198
Juniperus comnmnis, 197, 198
Sabina, 196, 197
Kentia, pests on, 176
Kerosene emulsion, 254
Knot spot, wheat, 232
Labrusca leaf-spot, 153
Ellis's, 153
Laburnum anthracnose, 195
„ Cucurbitaria on dead twigs.
of, 195
„ leaf-spot, 195
Lagerstrosrnia blotch, 164
Larch canker, 228
„ polypore, 227
„ rust, 228
„ wood-rot, 209
Large Dianthus spot, 31
Larkspur not diseased in this country, 13
Lasiobotrys Loniceree, 49
Laurus nobilis, infested only in Italy and
Portugal, 180
Laurustinus leaf-spot, 181
Lavender leaf-spot, 62
„ wilting, 62
Leaf-blotch, beech, 212
birch, 215
„ clover, 247
„ elm, 205, 215
266
INDEX.
Leaf-blotch, hellebore, 11
,, hornbeam, 213
„ iris, 75
„ maple, 202
rose, 43
„ sycamore, 201
„ willow, 222
Leaf-cups, clover, 246
Leaf-curl of potato, 95
Leaf-dot, Azalea, 167
„ savin, 197
Leaf-mould, hellebore, 11
lilac, 191
„ tomato, 95
Leaf rot, coffee, 167
„ sooty mould, 180
Leaf -spot on /Esculus, 204
„ alder, 216
Anemone, 16
apple, 110
Arbutus, 179
ash, 206
Azalea, 167
on berberry, not in Britain, 18
birch, 214
on bird-cherry, 185
black currant, 143
black hellebore, 9
box, 182
buckthorn, 188
cabbage, 79, 80
Calycanthus, 192
carnation, 30
celery, 89
cherry, 128
Chrysanthemum, 50
Clematis, 21
columbine, 17
Convallaria, 70
cornel, 190
Cotoneaster, 185
Cyclamen, 57
on Deutzia, 194
Dianthus, 29
dog-violet, 23
Dracaena, 169
on elm, 205
evening primrose, 46
Forsythia, 193
Garrya, 193
Geranium, 41
Gladiolus, unknown in Britain,
76
globe flower, 13
gooseberry, 144
grass, 232
guelder-rose, 189
hawthorn, 194
hazel, 140
hellebore, 10
hemp, 252
Hepatica, 16
Hibiscus, 192
honeysuckle, 48
horse-chestnut, 204
horseradish, 84, 85
Hoya, 164, 166
Hypericum, 40
iris, unknown in Britain, 76
Leaf-spot, ivy, 182
„ jasmin, 168
„ laburnum, 195
„ large Dianthus, 31
„ laurustinus, 181
„ lavender, 62
„ lettuce, abroad, 91
lilac, 191
lily, 63
„ lily of the valley, 70
lime, 216
Magnolia, 180
Mahonia, 185
mallow, 37
maple, 199
May-apple, 16
medlar, 124
melon, 101
mulberry, 138
myrtle, 183
Narcissus, 74
oak, 207
Oleander, 178
orange, 163
orchid, 171
peeony, 18
palm, 176
parsley, 89
Pavia, 204
pear, 123
Pelargonium, 40, 41
Pentstemon, 62
Phillyrea, 184
plane, 204
poplar, 218
Primula, 53
privet, 181
quince, 124
rape, 79
Rhododendron, 177
Bhus, 196
rose, 42
Scotch, 53
Sida, 192
Soldanella, 58
Solomon's Seal, 70
Staphylea, 193
Stephanotis, 168
strawberry, 148
sumach, 196
tomato, 97
Tropseolum, 41
vine, 152, 153
small, 152, 153
Curtis's, 153
Labrusca, 153
Leveill6's, 153
Saccardo's, 153
violet, 23
wheat, 232
wild primrose, 54
willow, 221
Leather-leaved bristle-spore on Camellia,
Citrus, Hoya, Magnolia, Rhododendron,
178
Lecythea mixta, 221
saliceti, 221
Leguminosee, root tubercles of, 246
Lemon anthracnose, 163
INDEX.
267
Lemon foot-rot, 163
„ scab, 163
„ sooty blotch, 162
Leptothyrium perniciosum, 171
Coryli, 140
„ Ptarraicae, 52
Lettuce anthracnose in U.S.A., 91
„ leaf-spots known abroad, 91
,, rot-mould, 91
Leveille's leaf-spot on vine, 153
Libertella ulcerata, 138
Lilac leaf-mould, black, 191
„ j, „ white, 191
„ „ spot, 191
Lilium auratum, 65
„ canadense, 63, 64
,, candidum, 63
„ speciosum, 65
„ superbum, 63
Lily brand, 63
cluster-cups, 63
disease, 64
„ Japanese, 65
leaf-spot, not in this country, 63
, martagon, 63
simple brand, 63
of the valley, 63
,, „ ,, brown-spot, 70
„ ,, „ cluster-cups, 63, 71
L ma bean mildew, 249
L me-tree leaf-spot, 216
„ sooty mould, 216
Liquid fungicides, 252
„ Grison, 254
Little strawberry-spot, 148
Liver of sulphur, 254
Lobelia dot, 53
Lolium, bunt on, 239
perenne, 234, 237
„ rust on, 231
Lombardy Poplar disease, 220
Loose smut of oats, 234
„ „ wheat, 229
Lophodermium laricinum, 228
„ Pinastri, 227
Lotus, rot mould on, 247
Lucerne sclerote, 246
Lucerne tumour, 249
Lycaste Skinneri, 172
Lupin rust, 41, 42
Lupinus albus, 42
luteus, 42
Lychnis brown spot, 30
„ dioica, 30
„ white mould, 36
wild, 36
Lycium barbarum, 192
Lycopersicum esculentum, 95
Macrosporium Brassicse, 81
Camellise, 165
Cookei, 95
nobile, 36
sarcinula, 28
Tomato, 96
Violse, 28
Magnolia blotch, 164
„ bristle-spore, 178
Magnolia glauca, 180
„ grandiflora, 180
„ leaf-spot, 180
Mahonia cluster-cups, 185, 230
„ japonica, 185
leaf-spot, 185
Maize blight, 237
„ smut, 236
,, smut, powdery, 236
Malagasy orchid anthracnose, 174
Mallow leaf -spot, 37
„ marsh, 37
Malvaceous brands, 39
" Mai nero," 161
Mangold rot, 245
Maple black mould, 201
„ leaf Asteroma, 200
„ „ blotch, 202
„ „ Phlceospore, 200
„ „ spot, ochry, 199
„ mildew, 202
„ twig anthracnose, 200
„ „ blight, 200
„ white root-rot, 203
Marsh Mallow leaf-spot, 37
Marsonia Daphnes, 194
„ Delastrei, 32
„ Ipomoese, 60
„ Juglandis, 137
„ Populi, 218
Viol®, 24
Martagon lily, 63
Massee on gumming, 125, 130
May-apple leaf-spot, 16
Mealy mildew on birch, 223
„ „ „ guelder-rose, 189
„ poplar, 223
„ „ ., willow, 223
Medicago, rot mould on, 247
Medlar cluster-cups, 124, 197
„ leaf-spot, 124
„ white mould, 1.24
Melampsora secidioides, 219
betulina, 214
Caprearum, 222
Carpini, 214
epitea, 222
farinosa, 222
Goeppertiana, 225
Hypericorum, 39
Lini, 252
mixta, 221
populina, 219, 220
salicina, 222
„ Tremulse, 219, 225, 228
Vitellinae, 221
Melanconium Pandani, 175
Melanose, Texas, 153
Melasmia acerina, 201
„ punctata, 202
„ salicina, 222
Melilotus, rot mould on, 247
Meliola Citri, 162
Penzigii, 162
Melon bacteriosis, 103
„ (musk) black mould, 102
„ leaf-spot, 101
„ rot mould, 101
,, spot mould, 101
268
INDEX
Mercurialis perennis, 219
Mespilus, cluster-cups on, 124
Mexican orchid anthracnose, 174
Mezereum anthracnose, 194
„ „ French, 194
Microbes, 7
Micrococcus amylovorus, 123
Tritici, 232
Microsphaera Berberidis, 186
comata, 190
divaricata, 189
Ehrenbergii, 50
Euonymi, 190
Grossularise, 145
Hedwigii, 189
Lycii, 192
Microstroma album, 207
Mignonette disease, 22
Mildew apple, 111, 112
„ berberry, 186
„ dogwt>od, 186, 191
„ Euonymus, 190
„ frosty on peach, 134
,, garden-pea, 186
gooseberry, 145
„ American, 146
grass, 237
hazel-leaf, 140
honeysuckle, 50
hop, 150, 250, 255
leaf-spot, 152
Lima bean, 249
maple, 202
mealy on birch, 223
„ guelder-rose, 189
,, on poplar, 223
„ willow, 223
pea, 88, 249, 255
plum powdery, 125
„ tree, 127
powdery, buckthorn, 189
hawthorn, 194
reed, 243
rose, 45, 89, 255
sloe, 125
spindle-tree, 190
spring corn, 231
strawberry, 150
summer wheat, 230
tea-tree, 192
turnip, 150
vine, American downy, 159
„ Australian, 157
„ leaf-spot, 152
„ „ American, 153
„ powdery, 157
wheat, 187, 230, 231,
Minrulus not affected in this country, 62
Mint rust, 98
Monilia fructigena, 113, 128, 135, 136
„ pruinosa, 169
Mould bamboo, 176
Mould, black, 28, 29, 35, 39, 56, 81, 99,
103, 110, 139, 164, 165, 168, 172,
175, 184, 201, 216, 242, 247, 250
„ brown, 19, 57
Caladium, 169
„ chain, 60
Citrus, 323
Mould, creeping grass, 241
„ fig, 164
„ grey, 138
„ jasmin chain, 167
leaf, 95, 191
,, mushroom, 108
„ orange in Italy, 163
orange sooty, 162
passion-flower, 168
pink, 193
red of barley, 234
red of wheat, 232
red gelatinous, 237
red grass, gelatinous, 241
rot, 12, 13, 21, 22, 27, 36, 44, 57,
60, 90, 91, 93, 97, 99, 101, 105,
212, 243, 247, 249
sooty, 180, 216
spindle, 91, 97, 104
spot, 85, 90, 95, 101, 149, 155
tomato, 19
tuft, 107, 156, 179
tulip, 66
„ white, 21, 27, 56, 61, 71, 84, 100,.
110, 124, 186, 201, 243, 248
Mountain-ash cluster-cups, 196, 198
Mucor onion, 106
„ subtilissimus, 106
Mulberry black mould, 139
leaf-blight, 139
„ „ spot, 138
Muscardine, 139
Muscari botryoides, 68
Mushroom mould, 108
„ parasites, 107
„ tuft-mould, 107
„ bed sclerotium, 108
Mycogone alba, 108
Myrtle leaf-spot, 183
mould, 184
Mystrosporium adustum, 75
Myxosporium dracaerncolum, 169
Naked barley smut, 233
Narcissus brand, 73
„ leaf-spot in Italy, 74
Nectria cucurbitula, 225
,, ditissima, 119
„ Pandani, 175
Nerium Oleander, 178
Nodules, black wood, 211
Nodulisporium Tulasnei, 211
Oak canker, 211
„ false tinder-fungus, 209
„ leaf-curl, 207
„ leaf-rust, 208
„ „ small anthracnose, 207
„ „ spots, 207
„ „ white mould, 207
„ polypore, 210
„ sooty mould, 216
„ white root-rot, 203
„ wood-rot, 208
Oats, loose smut of, 234
„ mildew on, 231
Ochry maple spot, 199
INDEX.
269
Odontoglossum, 173
„ citrosmum, 172
{Edomyces leproides, 92, 245
CEnothera, pest on, 49
Oidium abortifaciens, 235
Balsamii, 84, 150, 243
Berberidis, 186-7
bullatum, 122
„ Chrysanthemi, 50
„ Cydoniae, 124
„ erumpens, 60
„ erysiplioides, 100
,, Euonymi-japonicae, 190
„ farinosum, 110, 111
,, leucoconium, 45
„ mespilinum, 124
„ monilioides, 237
„ pactolinum, 167
„ Tuckeri, 45, 84, 156, 157
Oleander leaf-spots not in Britain, 178
Olive pests of slight consequence in this
country, 164
Olpidium Brassicae, 82
Oncidium anthracnose, 174
Onion, bacterial rot, 106
,, mildew, 104
„ mucor, 106
„ rot-mould, 105
rust, 104
scab, 104
sclerote, 106
smut, 106
spindle-mould, 104
Oospora Cookei, 176
„ inaequalis, 176
„ Scabies, 92
Opium poppy, 22
Orange anthracnose, 163
blotch, 164
„ foot-rot, 163
„ leaf-spot, 163
,, mould in Italy, 163
„ scab, 163
„ sooty blotch, 162
„ „ „ Australian, 162
„ „ „ Italian, 162
„ ,, „ Sicilian, 162
„ „ mould, 162
Orchard Agarics, 142
trees, pests of, 109
Orchid anthracnose, American, 173
„ „ Bidgood's, 173
,, „ Malagasy, 174
„ „ Mexican, 174
„ black mould, 172
„ disease, 170
„ Hemileia, 174
,, leaf-spot, 171
„ rust, 171
Ornithogalutn black mould, 67
„ brand, 67
„ smut, 66
„ umbellatum, 67
Osier rust, 221
Ovularia Berberidis, 186
„ circumscissa, 131
„ Clematidis, 20, 21
„ elliptica, 64
„ exigua, 248
Ovularia interstitialis, 56
,, necans, 124
„ primulana, 56
„ Syringae, 191
Paeony brown mould, 19
„ drooping disease, 19
„ leaf-spot, 18
„ rust, 18
Palm leaf-spot, 176
Palm-leaf black mould, 175
„ pustule, 175
Pansy diseases, 23
Paraffin, 254
Parsley leaf-spot, 89
Parsnip rot-mould, 90 <
„ spot-mould, 90
Partridge wood, 210
Passalora bacilligera, 216
Passion-flower black mould, 168
Passiflora quadrangularis, 168
Pavia, leaf -spot on, 204
Pea anthracnose, 87
„ mildew, 88, 249, 255
„ pod spot, 87
„ rust, 88, 249
Peach anthracnose, 132
curl, 133
freckle, 134
leaf-blister, 133
„ frosty mildew, 134
rot, 132
rust, 132
scab, 134
shot-hole fungus, 131
spot-mould, 134
yellows, 134
Pear, brown rot, 135
cluster-cups on, 196
leaf-blight, 122
„ American, 123
blister, 122
cluster-cups, 120
not in Scotland, 122
spots, 123
mould, 123
scab, 123
sulphury wood-rot, 208
tree canker, 119
twig pustule, 119
Pelargonium anthracnose, 40
leaf-spot, 40, 41
„ rust, 41
„ stem-rot, 40
Pellicularia Koleroga, 167
Penicillium digitatum, 162
Pentstemon leaf-spot, 62
Peridermium columnare, 224
„ elatinum, 224
Pini, 224
Periwinkle leaf-spot in Europe, 59
„ rot-mould in Europe, 59
rust, 59
Permanganate of potash, 254
Peronospora arborescens, 22
,, Candida, 57
„ crispula, 22
Dianthi, 36
270
INDEX.
Peronospora dubia in Austria, 61
„ effusa, 99
„ exjgua, 248
„ Ficarias, 12
„ gangliformis, 91
„ grisea, 62
Hyoscyami, 60
interstitialis, 56
megasperma, 27
parasitica, 21, 81, 243
pulveracea, 12
„ Schachtii, 245
Schleideni, 105
sordida, 62
„ sparfca, 44
„ Trifoliorum, 247
, Vicite, 249
„ Viola?, 27
Pestalozzia on grapes, 155
„ Guepini, 164, 165, 167, 178
„ Hartigii, 223
„ longiseta, 167
Petunia leaf-spots abroad, 61
„ white mould, 61
Peziza on anemone, 17
„ „ onion, 106
„ postuma, 94
„ potato, 94
„ vesiculosa, 70
„ Willkommii, 228
Phillyrea cluster-cups, 184
„ latifolia, 184
„ leaf-spot, 184
media, 184
„ obliqua, 184
„ rust, 184
Phleum pratense, 237
Phleospora Aceris, 200
„ Mori, 138
„ Oxyacanthee, 194
Ulmi, 204, 205
Phlox pests in N. America, 60
Phoenix canariensis, 176
Pholiota squarrosa, 142
Phoma abietina, 223
„ ampelogena, 153
„ destructiva, 97
„ devastatrix, 53
Kentiaa, 176
„ Mali, 119
„ Negriana, 152
„ succedanea, 152
„ tabifica, 245
„ tuberculata, 155
„ uvicola, 158
„ on Camellia, 166
„ „ Gardenia, 166
„ ,, dead Forsythia, 198
Phragmidium Rubi-Idaei, 147
„ subcorticum, 44
Phycomyces splendens, 95
Phyllachora graminis, 238
„ Trifolii, 247
Ulmi, 204, 205
Phyllactinia guttata, 140
„ suffulta, 140
Phyllocactus, scab on, 168
Phyllosticta Aceris, 199
„ althseicola, 37
Phyllosticta altheina, 37
„ aquilegicola, 17
„ Arbuti, 179
„ Armoracise, 84
„ asiatica, 186
„ atrozonata, 10
„ bacteriosperma, 21
„ Badhami, 152
„ baldensis, 18
„ Berberidis, 185
„ betulina, 214
„ Bolleana, 166
Brassicae, 79, 85
Calycanthi, 192
Cannabis, 252
Caprifolii, 49
Chrysanthemi, 50
circumscissa, 131
Clematidis, 21
Commonsii, 18
concentrica, 183
Cookei, 180
Corni, 190
cornicola, 190
corrodens, 21
cruenta, 70
Cyclaminis, 57
Cytisi, 195
destructiva, 37
Dianthi, 29
Draconis, 169
Euonymi, 190
Forsythise, 193
fragaricola, 148
Frangulse, 188
fraxinicola, 206
Garryae, 193
glauca, 180
Grossulariae, 144
Hederse, 182
hedericola, 182
helleborella, 9
Helleboriana, 10
Helliboricola, 10
ilicicola, 180
Labruscae, 153
laburnicola, 195
Lauri, 180
Leveillei, 153
Libertae, 23
Ligustri, 181
Lilii, 63
liliicola, 63
limbalis, 182
Lonicerae, 48
Magnolias, 180
Mahonia?, 185
maxima, 177
Mespili, 124
microsticta, 179
Moutan, 18
Napi, 80
Nerii, 178
nitidula, 49
nuptialis, 183
Paeoniffi, 18
pallor, 146
Paviaa, 204
Pentastemonis, 62
INDEX.
271
Phyllosticta Petunias, 61
Phillyrete, 184
„ phillyrina, 184
„ piricola, 123
„ pirina, 123
„ Podophylli, 16
„ primulsecola, 53
,, prunicola, 131
„ Pyrorum, 110
„ Ehamni, 188
,, rhamnigena, 188
„ Khododendri, 177
„ rhododendricola, 177
„ ribicola, 144
„ Koumeguerii, 181
„ ruscicola, 185
„ Saccardoi, 177
,, sanguinea, 185
„ sidsecola, 192
„ Stephanotidis, 168
„ syriaca, 192
,, Syringte, 191
„ syringicola, 192
„ tenerrima, 30
„ tinea, 181
„ tineola, 181
Trollii, 13
Tropaeoli, 41
Violas, 23
Vitalba, 21
,, viticola, Sacc., 153
viticola, B. & C., 153
Vitis, 153
Phytophthora infestans, 93, 97
,, omnivora, 212
Phaseoli, 249
Piggotia astroidea, 205
Pine branch twist, 225
„ cluster-cups, 224
„ leaf-cast, 227
,, Witches' Broom, 224
Pink mould on Deutzia, 193
Pinks, disease of, 29, 30, 31
Pinus Pinea, 224
„ sylvestris, 224
Plane leaf anthracnose, 203
„ „ nerve anthracnose, 203
„ „ spot, 204
Plasmodiophora Alni, 217
„ Brassicas, 83, 244
„ californica, 161
Vitis, 159
Plasmopara cubensis, 101
„ nivea, 90
„ pygmaea, 13
viticola, 159
Ploeospora Kentiae, 176
Plowrightia morbosa, 131
Plum, American black knot, 131
black mould, 125
gummosis, 125
leaf-blotch, 127
„ shot -hole fungus, 131
pockets, 126
powdery mildew, 125
tree mildew, 127
„ pustule, 113
„ rust, 126
Poa, bunt on, 239
Poa, grass rust, 239, 241
Podisoma foliicola, 197
Podophyllum peltatum, 16
Podosphaera clandestina, 195
„ Oxyacanthae, 194
„ tridactyla, 127
Polyactis cana, 64
Polypore, currant, 146
„ gooseberry, 146
„ on larch, 227
„ oak, 210
„ Scotch fir, 227
„ tinder, 142
„ on Weymouth pine, 227
Polyporus betulinus, 214
„ dryadeus, 210
„ hispidus, 206
„ Schweinitzii, 227
„ sulfureus, 208
Polystigma rubra, 127
Polystigmina, 127
Polythrincium Trifolii, 247
Poplar leaf anthracnose, 218
„ „ blister, 220
„ spot, 218
Lombardy disease, 220
mealy mildew, 223
rust, black, 220
„ white, 219
sulphury wood-rot, 208
Poppy rot-mould, 22
Populus alba, 218, 219, 220
„ balsamifera, 220
italica, 218, 220
nigra, 218, 220
„ tremula, 219, 220
Potash permanganate, 254
Potassium sulphide, 254
Potato, American scab, 92
„ bacteriosis, 95
„ black ring, 95
„ collar rot, 95
„ disease, 93
„ hyacinth bacillus on, 70
leaf-curl, 95
Macrosporium, 95
Peziza, 94
Khizoctonia, 94
rot-mould, 93, 97
scab, 92
sclerote, 94
spindle-mould, 91
spot-mould, 95
tumour, 92
Powder, David's, 254
„ fungicides, 254
Powdery maize smut, 236
„ mildew, buckthorn, 189
„ „ hawthorn, 194
„ „ honeysuckle, 50
„ „ plum and sloe, 125
„ „ vine, 157
Primrose cluster-cups, 54
,, evening, leaf-spot, 46
„ parasites, 53
„ rot-mould, 57
„ rust, 55
„ simple brand, 55
,, smut, 54
272
INDEX.
Primrose white mould, 56
Primula elatior, 53, 56
„ farinosa, 54
„ integrifolia, 55
leaf-spot, 53
„ vera, 53, 56
„ vulgaris, 53
Privet cluster-cups in Germany, 181
„ leaf-spot, 181
„ uredo in Germany, 181
Protomyces concomitans, 170, 171
Prunus japonica, 125, 130
„ Laurocerasus, 180
„ lusitanica, 180
Pseudomonas campestris, 83
„ hyacinthi, 69
Pseudopeziza Medicaginis, 246
Trifolii, 246
Ptarmica dot, 62
Puccinia segra, 26
„ alpina, 26
„ Anthoxanthi, 240
Apii, 89
„ Arenarise, 34
„ arundinacea, 243
„ Asparagi, 107
„ Berkeleyi, 59
„ bullata, 89
Buxi, 182
„ Centaurese, 51
„ coronata, 188, 231
„ Delphinii, 13
„ Dianthi, 8, 33
„ fallens, 248
„ fastidiosa, 34
„ Fergussonii, 26
„ fusca, 15
,, Gentianas, 58
Gladioli, 76
^ glumarum, 231
„ graminis, 230, 231
.,, granularis, 41
,, hastata, 26
„ Helianthi not in this country, 50
.„ Hieracii, 51
Iridis, 74
.,, Kalchbrenneriana, 67
„ Lilacearum, 63, 67
„ Lojkaiana, 67
.„ Lachnidearum, 34
.,, Malvacearum, 37
„ Menthae, 98
.„ mixta, 105
(Enotherae, 47
„ perplexans, 240
.„ Phragmitis, 243
„ Phlei-pratensis, 231
.„ Poarum, 241
Porri, 104
.„ Primulas, 55
„ Prostii, 67
Pruni, 126, 132
.„ Bhododendri, 178
„ Bubigo-vera, 231
Schroeteri, 73
Silenes, 34
„ simplex, 233
Soldanellte, 58
.„ Trollii, 13
Puccinia truncata, 74
Tulipse, 66
Vincaa, 59
Violas, 25, 26
Pucciniastrum (Enotherae, 47
Pulmonaria, supposed cluster-cups on, 231
Pulsatilla smut, 11. 14
Purple leaf-spot on Chrysanthemum, 50
„ „ „ columbine, 17
„ Spot Arbutus, 179
„ berberry, 186
„ willow-rust, 221
Pustule on fruit-trees, 111, 119
Pythium De Baryanum, 82, 244
„ intermedium, 78
Pyracantha, 9
Pyrus Aria, 197
Quince anthracnose, 124
„ cluster-cups on, 197
„ blight, 153
„ leaf-spot, 124
„ white mould, 124
Bagwort, disease of, 52, 224
Bamularia agrestis, 27
Armoraciae, 85
Geranii, 41
Hellebori, 11
interstitialis, 56
lactea, 27
lychnicola, 36
monticola, 13
Petunias, 61
Primulas, 56
Tulasnei, 149
Banunculaceous plants, pests of, 9
Banunculus acris, 240
„ cluster-cups, 17
„ smut, 11, 14
Baspberry, agaric on, 147
„ anthracnose, 147
„ brand, 147
„ cane-blight in U.S.A., 147
„ „ spot, 146
Bed currant bleached spot, 144
„ spot Convallaria, 70
„ „ on grapes, 153
„ gelatinous mould, 237
„ grass gelatinous mould, 241
,, mould of barley, 234
„ „ wheat, 232
Beed mace fungus, 242
„ mildew, 243
„ smut, 242
Beferences, xiv
Beseda rot-mould, 22
Bhabdospora Oleandri, 178-9
salicella, 221
Bhamnus Alaternus, 188
„ catharticus, 188
„ Frangula, 188
„ reputed cluster-cups on, 231
Bhizinia undulata, 228
Bhizoctonia Crocorum, 73, 107
Solani, 94
Bhizomorpha in tree-root rot, 218
INDEX.
273
Bhizomorphs, 142
Rhizopus necans, 65
Rhododendron blotch, 164
brand, 178
„ bristle -spore, 178
„ dauricum, 178
ferrugineum, 177, 178
galls, 177
hirsutum, 177, 178
leaf-spots, 177
occidentale, 177
rust, 178
Rhubarb cluster-cups, 98
Rhus leaf-spots not in Britain, 196
Rhytisma acerinuni, 201, 202
„ punctatum, 202
„ salicinum, 222
Ring, black, on potato, 95
Ringed brown spot on chrysanthemum,
50
Rivea chain-mould, 60
,, hypocrateriformis, 60
Roestelia cancellata, 120, 196
cornuta, 196, 198
„ lacerata, 195, 198
Root fungi, 141
Root-rot, conifer, 225
tree, 141, 218
white, 161, 203
Root tubercles of Leguminosee, 246
Rose, black blotch, 43
,, brand, 44
„ leaf-spot, 42
„ mildew, 45, 89, 255
„ rot-mould, 44
„ rust, 43
„ tumour, 46
Rosellinia ligniaria, 207
„ necatrix, 161, 203
,, quercina, 208
Rosslera hypogsea, 161 ^
Rot, apple, 115
„ bacterial, 106
„ beetroot, 245
„ bitter, 115, 117
„ black, of cabbage, 83
„ ,, tomato, 96
„ brown, 113, 128, 135
„ Calla soft, 78
„ coffee-leaf, 167
„ collar, on potato, 95
fig, 132
grape, 154
„ black, 158
„ white, 155
heartwood, 206
mangold, 245
mould, anemone, 13, 45
„ beech seedling, 212
„ cabbage, 81
„ carnation, not in this
country, 36
,, clover, 247
„ crucifer, 21
„ cucumber, 101
„ German hellebore, 12
hellebore, 12, 45
„ henbane, 60
„ lettuce, 91
Rot, mould, melon, 101
,, ,, onion, 105
» t, parsnip, 90
„ poppy, 22
„ „ potato, 93, 97
„ „ primrose, 57
rose, 44
Reseda, 22
spinach, 99
stock, 21
turnip, 243
Verbascum, 62
Veronica, 62
Vetch, 249
violet, 27
peach, 132
„ polypore, 227
„ root-, 161, 203, 225
„ tree-root, 141, 218
„ wood-, 208, 210
Bubus, leaf -dot on, 167
Ruscus aculeatus, spot on, 185
Rust, asparagus, 107
„ aspen, 219
„ barley, 231, 233
beetroot, 244
birch-leaf, 214
black poplar, 220
box, 182
carnation, 253-4
chives, 104
Chrysanthemum, 50, 254
Colchicum, 77
cornflower, 51
crack willow, 222
crown, 231
fern, 78
field bean, 86, 249
flax, 252
foxtail grass, 240
French bean, 86
garden bean, 86
gentian, 58
Geranium, 41
Gladiolus, unknown in Britain, 76
goat willow, 222
gooseberry, 143
groundsel, 52
horse-bean, 86
houseleek, 48
Hypericum, 39
iris, 74
larch, 228
lupin, 41, 42
mint, 98
oak-leaf, 208
onion, 104
orchid, 171
osier, 221
pseony,-18
pea, 88, 249
peach, 132
periwinkle, 59
Phillyrea, 184
plum-tree, 126
Poa grass, 239, 241
primrose, 55
purple willow, 221
raspberry, 147
274
INDEX.
Bust, rhododendron, 178
„ rose, 43
St. John's Wort, 39
Seneoio, 52
Soldanella, 58
Spindle-tree, 189
sweet grass, 240
Timothy grass, 237
Tropaeolum, 41
turnip, white, 244
violet, 25
white, on cabbage, 80
white poplar, 219
jelly-, 196, 197
Rye, ergot of, 235
„ mildew on, 231
„ smut, 235
Saccardo's leaf-spot, 153
Saccharomyces Glutinis, 170
Sacidium viticola, 153
Saffron-crocus, copper-web, 73
St. John's Wort leaf-spot, 40
„ rust, 39
Salix alba, 222
„ aurita, 222
„ Caprea, 222
„ cinerea, 221, 222
„ fragilis, 221
„ hastata, 221
„ incana, 222
„ nigricans, 222
„ pentandra, 221
„ purpurea, 222
„ reticulata, 222
„ retusa, 222
„ silesiaca, 221
„ triandra, 221
„ vimirialis, 221, 222
„ vitellina, 221
Saponaria anthracnose, 32
„ leaf-spot, 30
smut, 32
„ spot on, 31
Sarcostroma Berkeleyi, 197
Savin jelly-rust, 196, 197
„ leaf-dot, 197
Scab, apple, 113
„ Cactus, 168
„ Camellia, 165
„ cucumber, 102
„ elm-leaf, 205
„ lemon, 163
„ onion, 104
,, potato, 92
„ orange, 163
„ peach, 134
„ pear, 123
Scattered cluster-cups on violets, 26
Schinzia Aim, 217
Schizothyrium Ptarmicse, 52
Scilla attacked by colchicum smut, 77
Sclerote clover, 246
„ cucumber, 102
„ onion, 106
„ potato, 94
Sclerotinia bulborum, 69, 106
„ Douglassii, 226
Sclerotinia Euckeliana, 71, 158
„ galanthina, 71
„ Libertiana, 102
„ Sclerotiorum, 94
Trifoliorum, 246
„ tuberosa, 15
Selerotium Cepaevonim, 106
„ croceum, 73
,, on mint, 73
,, mushroom bed, 108
Scolecotrichum graminis, 242
„ sticticum, 242
Scotch fir, polypore on, 227
„ leaf-spot on primroses, 53
Screw-pine black anthracnose, 175
„ mould, 168, 175
„ nectria on, 175
Scrophulariaceous plants, few pests on,
62
Sempervivuin monticolum, pest on, 47,
48
Senecio Jacobsea, 224
,, pulcher, 52
„ rust, 52
„ sarracenicus, 52
„ viscosus, 224
„ vulgaris, 52, 224
Septate Carnation Anthracnose, 32
Septoglosum acerinum, 200
„ Hartigianum, 200
Septoria Aceris, 200
Alni, 216
alnicola, 216
„ alnigena, 216
„ ampelina, 153
„ Anemones, 16
Aquilegiee, 17
Arbuti, 179
Armoraciae, 84, 85
Avellanae, 140
Azaleas, 167
Badhami, 152
Berberidis, 185
brunneola, 70
Calycanthi, 192
calycina, 31
Carthusianorum, 31
cerasina, 131
Chrysanthemi, 50
Clematidis, 21
Clematis-Flammulae, 21
-rectae, 21
cornicola, 190
Cucurbitacearum, 101
Cyclaminis, 57
Delphinella, 13
Dianthi not in Britain, 31
dianthicola, 31
dianthophila, 31
Flammulee, 21
Fragarige, 148
Fraxini, 206
Garryee, 193
Geranii, 41
Gladioli, 76
graminum, 232
Hederee, 183
Hellebori, 10
Hepaticse, 16
INDBX.
275
Septoria heterochroa, 37
„ Hippocastani, 204
Hoy®, 160
hyalina, 24
Hyperici, 40
insularis, 183
Jackmanni, 21
Jenissensis, 21
Lavandulee, 62
Ligustri, 181
Lychnidis, 30
Lycoctoni, 13
Lycopersici, 97
macrospora, 18
Martianoffiana, 18
Mespili, 124
Napelli, 13
Narcissi, 74
neriicola, 178
nigerriraa, 123
noctiflorEe, 31
nodorum, 232
(Enotheras, 46
Oleandri, 179
oleandrina, 178
Paeoniee, 18
pallens, 130
parasitica, 37, 227
Pentastemonis, 62
Penzigii, 17
Petroselini, 89
phyllostictoides, 194
Populi, 218
Primulae, 54
pyricola, 110
Ealfsii, 113
Ehododendri, 177
Eibis, 143
Eosae, 34
„ sinensis, 42
Eosarum, 42 '
salicella, 221
salicicola, 221
SaponariaB, 31
Sinarum, 31
Soldanellae, 58
solitaria, 177
Staphyleae, 193
Tiliie, 216
transversalis, 169
Tritici, 232
Trollii, 13
Ulmi, 204
Unedonis, 179
Viburni, 189
vinea, 153
Violse, 23
violicola, 24
Viticella, 21
viticola, 153
Shot-hole fungus, 131
Shrubbery, Pests of the, 176
Sicilian Blotch, 162
Folletage, 161
Sida leaf-spot, 192
„ Napeea, 192
Silene brand, 35
„ noctiflora, spot on, 31
Silkworm disease, supposed cause of,
139
Silver fir cluster- cups, 224
„ Hypoderma, 226
Nectria, 225
„ Phoma, 223
,, seedling disease, 223
,, woolly Sphaeria, 225
„ leaf, 135, 204
Simple brand on Auricula, 55
lily, 63
„ „ primrose, 55
Sleeping disease of tomato, 97
Sloe leaf-blotch, 127
,, powdery mildew, 125
Small oak-leaf anthracnose, 207
„ vine-leaf spot, 152, 153
Smilax blotch, 164
Smut, anemone, 11, 14
anther, 33
barley, 233
black, 69
colchicum, 76
cucumber-roots, 102
Gladiolus, 76
grass culm, 239
hellebore, 11, 14
hyacinth, 69
loose, of oats, 234
loose, of wheat, 229
maize, 236
naked barley, 233
onion, 106
powdery maize, 236
primrose, 54
reed, 242
rye, 235
soapwort, 32
stinking, 229
tulip, 66
violet, 24
Snowdrop white mould, 71
Soapwort diseases, 30, 31, 32
Soda Bordeaux, 254
Soft rot Calla, 78
Solanum Lycopersicum, 95
Sojdanella alpina, 58
„ leaf-spot in Italy, 58
rust, 58
Solomon's Seal leaf -spot, 70
Sooty blotch, orange, 162
,, mould on birch, 216
„ „ „ cherry laurel, 181
„ elm, 216
„ holly, 180 .
„ ivy, 180
„ lime, 216
„ oak, 216
„ orange, 162
„ willow, 216
Sorokin's vine-spot, 153
Sorosporium Saponariae, 32
„ Scabies, 92
South African apple-tree white mould, 111
Speck, apple, 117
Sphacelia typhina, 242
Sphaceloma ampelinum, 153
Spheerella brassiceecola, 82, 85
„ brunneola, 70
„ erysiphina, 250
Fagi, 212
276
INDEX.
Sphserella Fragariae, 149, 150
Gibelliana, 163
„ Hermione, 10
„ maculiformis, 214
tabifica, 245
„ Taxi, 198
Sphaeria Malorum, 118
Sphaeriaceae, 54
Spheeronema Lycopersici, 98
Spheeropsis Malorum, 118, 119
Sphrerotheca Castagnei, 150, 250
Humuli, 150, 151, 250
„ Mali, 111, 112
„ Mors-uvae, 146
„ pannosa, 45
Spilocaea Pomi, 117
Spinach black mould, 99
„ rot-mould, 99
Spindle-mound, 91, 97, 104
Spindle-tree leaf-spots, 190
„ „ mildew, 190
„ rust, 189
Spiny tulip brand, 67
Spirantbes, 171
Sporocybe Lycopersici, 97
Spot, black, 50, 134
„ bleached, 144
„ brown, 70, 118, 183
„ butcher's broom, 185
„ Cotoneaster. 185
„ disease, American, 28
„ fruit, 113
„ large Dianthus, 31
„ leaf-, 13, 16, 17, 18, 23, 29, 30, 37,
41, 42, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 57, 62,
74, 76, 79, 84, 85, 89, 97, 101,
110, 124, 128, 138, 140, 143, 144,
148, 152, 163, 166, 167, 168, 169,
171, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182,
183, 184, 185, 188, 189, 190, 192,
193, 194, 195, 199, 204, 205, 206,
207, 214, 216, 218, 221, 232, 252
„ mould, 85, 90, 95, 101, 134, 149,
155
„ ochry, 199
„ pea pod, 87
„ purple, 179, 186
„ raspberry cane, 146
„ red, 70, 153
„ ringed, 183
„ wheat knot, 232
„ white, 182
Spring corn mildew, 231
11 Spring rust," 231
Spruce cluster-cups, 224
leaf redness, 227
Nectria, 225
seedling disease, 223
shoot disease, 227
woolly Sphaeria, 225
Squash bacteriosis, 103
Squill brand, 68
Squirt Berry, 155
Stagonospora Kentise, 176
Staphylea leaf- spot not in Britain, 193
Stem -rot, Pelargonium, 40
Stephanotis leaf-spot, 168
Stereum frustulosum, 210
„ hirsutum, 210
Stereum horse-chestnut, 204
,, purpureum, 135, 204
„ wood-rot, 210
Sterilise the soil, to, 254
Stinking smut, 229
Stocks, rot-mould on, 21
Strawberry anthracnose, 149
leaf-blight, 150
„ spot, 148
„ „ little, 148
mildew, 150
spot-mould, 149
Strawberry-tree leaf-spot, 179
mould, 179
Sulphate of copper, 254
„ potassium, 117
Sulphatine, 255
Sulphide of potassium, 254
Sulphur, flowers of, 255
„ liver of, 254
Sulphury wood-rot, 208
Sumach leaf-spot not in Britain, 196
Summer rust, 231
„ wheat mildew, 230
Sweet grass rust, 240
Sweet William brand, 33
„ Septoria on, 31
Sycamore black mould, 201
„ canker, 119
„ leaf-blotch, 201
„ white mould, 201
Taphrina aurea, 220
„ Johansonii, 220
Sadebeckii, 217
Ulmi, 205
Tea blotch, 164
.„ pests on, 167
„ -tree mildew, 192
Texas melanose, 153
Thumen, Baron von, 118
Tilletia caries, 229
„ laevis, 230
„ striiformis, 239
Tritici, 229
Timothy grass rust, 237
Tinder fungus, 209
,, polypore, 142
Tobacco plants, rot-mould on, 60
Tomato bacteriosis, 97
black rot, 96
„ fungi on, 97
leaf mould, 95
„ leaf-spot, 97
„ mould, 19
„ sleeping disease, 97
„ spindle-mould, 97
Trametes Pini, 228
,, radiciperda, 226
Tree-root rot, 141, 218
Trichosphaeria parasitica, 225
Trichothecium roseum, 97
Trifolium, rot-mould on, 247
Trollius europaeus, 13
Tropaaolum leaf-spot, 41
rust, 41
Tuber parasiticum, 73
Tubercinia Scabies, 92
INDEX.
277
Tubercularia, 135
Tuft-mould, Arbutus, 179
„ ,, on columbine, 17
„ ,, mushroom, 107
Tulip brand, 66
„ mould, 66
„ smut, 66
,, spiny brand, 67
Tumour, apple-twig, 118
beetroot, 93, 245
„ lucerne, 249
„ potato, 92
„ rose, 46
Turnip club-root, 83, 244
„ mildew, 150
„ rot-mould, 243
„ white mould, 84, 243
„ white rust, 244
Tussilago Farfara, 241
Uncinula aceris, 202
„ adunca, 223
„ bicornis, 202
„ circinata, 202
Prunastri, 125
spiralis, 156, 157
„ subfusca, 157
„ Tulasnei, 302
Uredines, 4
Uredo aspidiotus, 79
„ Azalese, 167
„ Chrysanthemi, 51
„ confluens, 219
filicum, 78
gyrosa, 148
Hieracii, 51
iridicola, 74
Iridis, 74
linearis, 230
Lynchii, 171
miniata, 43
parallela, 235
Phillyreas, 184
pinguis, 43
Polypodii, 79
Pteridis, 79
Quercus, 208
Kosee, 43
Kubigo-vera, 231
Scolopendri, 79
Tropseoli, 41
„ Vitellinae, 221
Urocystis Anemones, 11, 14
Cepulffi, 106-7
Colchici, 76
Gladioli, 76
„ occulta, 235
„ pompholygodes, 11
„ primulicola, 54
Viola, 24
Uromyces Aconiti-ly«octoni, 13
Amygdali, 126, 132
„ Anthyllidis, 41
„ appendiculatus, 86
Beta, 244
„ caryophyllinus, 35
Colchici, 77
„ Dactylidis, 240
Uromyces Dianthi, 35
Erythronii, 64, 67, 68
Fab®, 86, 249
„ Geranii, 41
„ graminum, 240
Liliacearum, 64
Lilii, 64
Lupini, 42
on malvaceous plants, 39
(Enotherae, 47
Ornithogali, 67
Phaseoli, 86
Pisi, 88, 249
plumbarius, 47
Pose, 239
Primulse, 55
Kabenhorstii, 64
„ Scillarum, 68
„ Silenes, 35
„ species, 63
Trifolii, 248
Urophlyctis Alfalfa}, 249
Ustilago antherarum, 33
,, Avense, 234
carbo, 229, 233
Cucumis, 102
grandis, 242
Hordei, 233
hypodytes, 239, 243
longissima, 239
Maydis, 236
nuda, 233
pulveracea, 236
Reiliana, 236
Salveii, 239
segetum, 229, 233, 234
Tritici, 229
Tulip®, 66
typhoides, 243
violacea, 33
Valsa ambiens, 120
„ apple bark, 120
„ leucostoma, 132
,, oxystoma, 217
Vanilla anthracnose, 173
Vegetable beef-steak, 208
Vegetables, pests of, 79
Veratrum diseased in N. America, 77
Verbascum rot-mould, 62
Vermicularia circinans, 104
Veronica rot-mould, 62
Vetch rot-mould, 249
Viburnum Lantana, 189
„ Opulus, 189
Vicia Faba, 86
Vine, American, downy mildew, 159
Australian, mildew, 157
disease, Californian, 161
disease, English, 156
leaf-spot, 152
„ Carolina, 153
„ Curtis's, 153
„ Italian (fou
152-3
„ Labrusea, 153
Ellis's, 153
Leveille's, 153
278
INDEX
Vine leaf-spot, mildew, 152
„ „ „ American, 153
„ „ mould, 155
„ „ Saccardo's, 153
small, 152, 153
„ „ Sorokin's, 153
„ leaf-tuft mould, 156
„ leaves discoloured, 161
„ powdery mildew, 157
„ root-clubbing, 159
„ sclerotinia, 158
„ white root-rot, 161, 203
Vinery and Stove Pests, 152
Viola biflora, 24, 26
„ canina, 23
„ cornuta, 26
„ cucullata, 29
„ hastata, 26
„ odorata, 23, 24
„ palustris, 26
„ sylvestris, 23
„ tricolor, 23, 27
Violet, American spot, 28
„ anthracnose, 24
„ black mould, 29
„ cluster-cups, 26
„ Italian black mould, 28
„ leaf-spot, 23
„ rot-mould, 27
„ rust, 25
„ scattered cluster-cups, 26
„ smut, 24
„ white mould, 27
Vitis Labrusca, 156, 157
„ vulpina, 153
Wallflowers, rot-mould on, 21
Walnut anthracnose, 137
Wellingtonia blight, 226
Weymouth pine, polypore on, 227
Wheat, bacteriosis, 232
„ knot spot, 232
„ leaf-spot, 232
„ loose smut of, 229
„ mildew and berberry cluster-cups,
187
,, mildew on, 231
„ „ summer, 230
,, red mould of, 232
White currant, anthracnose on,:35
„ mildew on apple, 111, 112
„ mould, aconite, 13
apple-tree, 110
berberry, 186
Clematis, 21
clover, 248
crocus, 71
cucumber, 100
on gourd, 100
White mould on lilac, 191
„ Lychnis, 36
medlar, 124
on melon, 100
oak, 207
petunia, 61
primrose, 56
quince, 124
snowdrop, 71
sycamore, 201
turnip, 84, 243
violet, 27
„ poplar rust, 219
„ root-rot, 161, 203
„ rot, grape, 155
„ „ vine-root, 161
„ rust, cabbage, 80
„ „ turnip, 244
Wild anemone, 15
geranium, 41
hyacinth brand, 68
Lychnis, 36
plants excluded, 9
primrose leaf- spot, 54
Willow leaf-blotch, 222
„ „ spot, 221
„ mealy mildew, 223
rust, 221, 222
„ sooty mould, 216
„ sulphury wood-rot, 208
Wilt Flax, 251
Witches' broom of birch, 215
„ „ „ pine, 224
„ cherry, 130
Wood anemone, 14-16
Wood-rot Stereum, 210
sulphury, on Alder, 208
Apple, 209
Larch, 209
Oak, 208
Pear, 208
Poplar, 208
Willow, 208
Woolly Sphseria, black, 225
„ „ on silver fir and spruce,
225
Wound parasites on beech, 209, 212, 213
„ elm, 209
„ „ „ oak, 209
Wych Elm blister, 205
Xylaria vaporaria, 108, 109
Yellows on peach, 134
Yew-leaf Sphaerella, 198
Zygosporium oscheoides, 168, 175
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