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E>  R.AR.Y 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 


590.5 

FI 

v.  35 

cop.  3 


NATURAL  HISTORY 
SUKVEY 


5 

5 

.3 


FURTHER  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS 


ROBERT  L.  FLEMING 

AND 

MELVIN  A.  TRAYLOR 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY 
VOLUME  35,  NUMBER  9 

Published  by 

CHICAGO  NATURAL  HISTORY  MUSEUM 
MAY  21,  1964 


FURTHER  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS 


ROBERT  L.  FLEMING 

Field  Associate,  Department  of  Zoology 


AND 


MELVIN  A.  TRAYLOR 

Associate  Curator,  Division  of  Birds 


FIELDIANA:    ZOOLOGY 

VOLUME  35,  NUMBER  9 

Published  by 

CHICAGO  NATURAL  HISTORY  MUSEUM 
MAY  21,  1964 


Library  of  Congress  Catalog  Card  Number:  6^-22005 


PRINTED   IN  THE   UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA 
BY  CHICAGO  NATURAL  HISTORY  MUSEUM   PRESS 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Introduction 495 

Collecting  Trips  .   498 

Systematic  List 515 

Appendix 553 

References    .  .   557 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PACE 


1.  Nepal,  showing  areas  covered  by  collecting  expeditions   .  499 

2.  Route  of  expedition  in  East  No.  1  and  East  No.  2,  Nepal  .  .  499 

3.  Route  of  expedition  in  far  eastern  Nepal     .  509 

4.  Five  males  of  the  spiny  babbler,  Turdoides  nipalensis      533 


Introduction 

The  present  report,  like  that  previously  published  (Fleming  and 
Traylor,  1961),  contains  taxonomic  and  other  notes  on  birds  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Fleming  in  Nepal,  in  this  instance,  in  1960  and  1961. 
The  bulk  of  the  specimens  were  taken  when  Dr.  Fleming  was  working 
in  cooperation  with  the  World  Book  Scientific  Expedition  to  the 
Himalayas.  We  are  extremely  grateful  to  that  organization  and  to 
Field  Enterprises  for  the  assistance  and  financial  aid  that  made 
Dr.  Fleming's  collecting  possible.  There  are  also  records  of  a  few 
birds  from  Kathmandu  Valley  that  seem  of  special  interest. 

Since  our  first  report  appeared,  two  important  works  on  the 
Indian  region  have  been  published.  Ripley's  (1961)  "Synopsis  of 
the  Birds  of  India  and  Pakistan"  brings  together  the  immense  amount 
of  material  that  has  been  published  since  Stuart  Baker's  volumes  of 
the  "New  Fauna"  appeared,  and  makes  available  in  one  place  and 
in  a  modern  classification  revisionary  work  that  has  been  scattered 
through  a  vast  literature.  It  is  an  indispensable  volume  for  any 
student  of  Indian  birds.  Since  Ripley's  "Synopsis"  will  be  standard 
for  Indian  (in  the  geographic  sense)  ornithology  for  years  to  come, 
we  are  using  his  classification  and  nomenclature  throughout,  even 
though  we  do  not  in  all  cases  agree  with  his  generic  arrangements. 
The  second  important  work  on  this  region,  not  yet  complete,  is 
Biswas'  (1960  1961)  "The  Birds  of  Nepal",  being  published  serially 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Bombay  Natural  History  Society.  This  is  not 
only  a  checklist  summarizing  all  previous  records  of  Nepal  birds, 
but  it  also  contains  much  original  work  based  on  the  collection  made 
by  Biswas  and  Walter  Koelz  in  1947;  the  bulk  of  this  collection  is 
now  in  Chicago  Natural  History  Museum  and  is  referred  to  as  the 
Koelz  collection  in  this  report.  Unfortunately,  only  the  first  five 
parts  of  Biswas'  paper  were  available  during  the  preparation  of  this 
report.  The  remainder  is  eagerly  awaited  because  it  will  be  the  first 
summary  of  our  knowledge  of  Nepal  birds  since  Gray  (1846). 

The  collections  reported  here  contain  33  species  and  9  subspecies 
(marked  by  asterisks  in  the  Systematic  List)  not  previously  taken 
by  Fleming  in  Nepal.  This  raises  the  totals  for  Fleming's  collection 

495 


496  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

to  556  species  and  613  subspecies,  a  very  respectable  percentage 
of  the  Nepal  avifauna.  Among  the  42  new  forms  reported  here  are 
five  species  and  two  subspecies  recorded  for  the  first  time  from  Nepal. 
The  species  are  Vanellus  cinereus  (previously  known  from  sight 
records),  Caprimulgus  a.  asiaticus,  Indicator  x.  xanthonotus,  Brady- 
pterus  t.  tacsanowskius,  and  Arachnothera  L  longirostris.  The  sub- 
species are:  Turdus  r.  ruficollus  and  Erithacus  pectoralis  tschebaiewi. 

One  extra-limital  race  is  described  here  as  new:  Paradoxornis 
nipalensis  garhwalensis  (p.  531). 

For  those  readers  who  may  have  the  opportunity  to  travel 
and  collect  in  Nepal,  an  appendix  is  included  which  discusses  the 
governmental  requirements,  conditions  to  be  expected,  equipment 
needed,  and  further  useful  information  based  on  Fleming's  extensive 
experience  there. 

The  descriptions  of  collecting  trips,  appendix  and  field  notes  on 
each  species  in  the  systematic  list  were  written  by  Fleming.  The 
identifications  and  taxonomic  discussions  were  done  by  Traylor. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The  success  of  our  collecting  trips  in  1960  and  1961  was  due  to 
a  number  of  individuals.  First  there  are  members  of  the  team: 
Sagar  Rana,  my  right-hand  bird  man,  and  his  hunter,  Man  Bahadur 
Gurung;  Nirmal  Roberts,  our  male  nurse;  Dr.  James  Dick,  who  was 
deft  at  bird  skinning  and  who  saved  the  life  of  a  Nepalese  boy  who 
had  cut  himself  and  was  bleeding  to  death;  Frank  Stough  of  San 
Diego,  California,  who  trapped  and  prepared  small  mammal  skins; 
and  Mingma  Sherpa  from  Darjeeling. 

Mention  also  must  be  made  of  Hans  Froelich  of  the  Swiss  dairy 
project  at  Thodung,  East  No.  2,  for  his  hospitality  and  help  in  acting 
as  a  guide  to  the  higher  camps;  of  Padam  Bahadur,  for  his  hospital- 
ity and  the  clue  to  the  haunts  of  the  honeyguide;  and  his  brother, 
Hem  Bahadur,  who  accompanied  us  to  the  land  of  the  crossbill  and 
crimson-horned  pheasant.  Kharga  Dhoj  Karki  was  very  helpful  at 
Biratnagar  in  arranging  for  buffalo  carts;  Forest  Officer  Basant  Lai 
Das  was  most  hospitable  and  mapped  our  final  trek  through  Ham 
District. 

We  are  very  grateful  to  the  Government  of  Nepal  for  making 
these  extensive  and  valuable  trips  possible.  Because  of  the  generous 
permissions  of  the  Government,  we  have  been  able  to  record  on  the 
spot  information  about  birds  which  no  ornithologist  has  observed 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          497 

before.  To  date  we  have  found  about  three-quarters  of  the  birds 
which  live  in  Nepal  and  have  only  two  hundred  or  so  to  record. 
We  are  indebted  to  the  Government  of  Nepal  for  having  afforded 
every  assistance  in  this  extensive  study. 


Collecting  Trips 
(Maps  1-3) 

Early  in  1960,  while  I  was  in  the  United  States,  Dr.  Clifford  C. 
Gregg,  then  Director  of  Chicago  Natural  History  Museum,  asked 
me,  as  a  member  of  the  Museum  staff  living  in  Kathmandu,  if  I 
would  represent  the  Museum  on  a  forthcoming  expedition  to  the 
Himalayas.  The  expedition  was  being  planned  by  the  World  Book 
Encyclopedia  and  would  be  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Edmund 
Hillary.  My  particular  job  would  be  to  collect  birds  and  small 
mammals  for  the  Museum.  Since  my  vacation  was  due  and  I  would 
be  returning  to  Kathmandu  from  the  United  States  in  less  than  a 
month,  I  accepted. 

Two  weeks  later  I  was  jetting  to  the  Orient.  Plans  for  the  World 
Book  Encyclopedia  Scientific  Expedition  to  the  Himalayas  had  taken 
definite  shape.  The  major  effort  would  be  a  study  by  a  group  of 
medical  men  on  the  effect  of  altitude  on  the  human  body  and  the 
scaling,  without  oxygen,  of  Makalu,  the  world's  fourth  highest  moun- 
tain. A  second  purpose  of  the  expedition  would  be  to  prove  or  dis- 
prove the  existence  of  the  "yeti".  The  third  part  of  the  expedition 
would  be  my  work  for  Chicago  Natural  History  Museum.  Chief 
Curator  Austin  L.  Rand  outlined  a  rough  program  for  me:  to  enlist 
the  assistance  of  several  Nepalese  helpers  for  my  collecting,  and 
to  choose  my  own  time  and  area  of  operation  independently  of  Sir 
Edmund  Hillary's  group. 

PLANNING 

I  first  conducted  four  short  trial  camps.  One  was  in  Rapti  Dun 
at  an  altitude  of  1000  feet,  sixty  miles  south  of  Kathmandu;  the 
second  at  4500  feet  was  ten  miles  south  of  Kathmandu,  the  third 
at  5000  feet  was  at  Sundarijal  where  the  pilgrim  trail  starts  north  to 
Gosainkund;  and  the  fourth  at  6000  feet  was  at  Tokha  Sanatorium 
on  the  northern  side  of  the  Valley.  Six  of  us  took  part  in  these 
camps — two  Americans,  and  our  four  Nepalese  among  whom  were 
a  Rana,  a  Gurung,  a  Newari  and  a  Sherpa.  Later  we  added  a  medi- 

498 


A/      \ST-,. 

/• 


INDIA 


Fig.  1.    Nepal,  showing  areas  covered  by  collecting  expeditions. 


Fig.  2.    Route  of  expedition  in  East  No.  1  and  East  No.  2,  Nepal. 


499 


500  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

cal  man  from  India,  and  a  Scottish  doctor.  I  discovered  that,  des- 
pite varied  backgrounds,  these  men  worked  well  together. 

Weather  is  always  important  in  planning  a  field  trip.  September 
weather  had  been  wet  and  miserable.  There  was  no  reason  to  set 
out  on  our  first  expedition  until  bright,  clear  fall  days  had  come. 
November  is  our  driest  month  so  we  fixed  on  the  first  of  that  month. 

Zoologists  at  Chicago  Natural  History  Museum  had  given  us 
suggestions  as  to  what  type  of  specimens  they  would  like.  These 
included  species  from  the  higher  hills,  some  from  the  lowlands,  and 
birds  in  eastern  Nepal  along  the  Sikkim  border.  The  Government 
of  Nepal,  upon  our  request,  granted  us  permission  to  spend  a  month 
in  Ramechap  District  just  west  of  Everest  and  south  of  Guari  Shan- 
kar,  six  weeks  in  Kailali-Kanchanpur  in  the  extreme  southwestern 
corner  of  the  country  and  six  weeks  in  Morang,  Jhapa  and  Ham 
Districts  in  the  far  east. 

Sir  Edmund  Hillary  and  tons  of  equipment  for  his  World  Book 
Encyclopedia  Scientific  Expedition  to  the  Himalayas  arrived  in  mid- 
September.  Members  of  his  party  worked  hard  and  long  at  the 
airport,  Hotel  Royal,  Surendra  Bhawan  and  finally  at  Bhadgaon 
where  several  hundred  porters  started  their  trek  toward  Everest. 
Dr.  Betty  Milledge  took  charge  of  the  store  of  supplies  at  the  United 
Mission  Hospital  while  her  husband,  Dr.  James  Milledge  went  with 
the  medical  party  to  the  high  altitude  camp  for  the  winter.  Sir 
Edmund  had  brought  our  equipment  from  Chicago  Natural  History 
Museum  and  now  we  could  make  the  necessary  application  to  the 
Government  of  Nepal. 

EAST  NO.  1  AND  EAST  NO.  2 

(November  2-December  2;  Map  2) 

The  main  route  to  Numche  Bazaar,  south  of  Everest,  runs  east 
of  Kathmandu  for  about  115  miles.  Ordinary  travelers  require  about 
sixteen  days  to  get  there  but  Sir  Edmund  Hillary  could  make  it  in 
eight  days.  We  were  the  ordinary  kind  and  would  get  to  Jiri  on  the 
sixth  day  at  the  rate  of  about  eight  miles  a  day.  Dr.  Bethel  Fleming 
and  Dr.  Morrow  Stough  started  at  5:00  A.M.  and  drove  us  eighteen 
miles  to  the  end  of  the  road  at  Banepa  where  we  started  to  walk. 
We  soon  came  to  the  rim  of  a  valley  that  would  take  us  almost  all 
day  to  cross.  There  were  a  series  of  six  such  valleys  and  ridges  from 
here  to  Jiri. 

Down  we  plunged  to  a  meandering  stream  and,  in  the  heat  of 
the  forenoon,  rested  under  a  pipal  or  fig  tree.  Soon  we  reached 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          501 

Panchkal  and  a  tea  shop,  the  only  place  like  this  we  saw.  They 
not  only  served  us  hot  tea  but  softboiled  eggs.  That  afternoon  we 
climbed  up  to  Hoxie  and  pressed  on  down  the  steep  ridge  beyond. 
Mingma,  our  Sherpa,  found  a  good  place  along  a  little  river  where 
we  pitched  our  tents.  Porters  gathered  firewood  while  we  settled 
down  for  the  night. 

The  going  on  the  second  day  proved  much  more  difficult.  We 
hadn't  yet  gotten  our  "hill  legs"  and  one  of  our  steepest  climbs  was 
before  us.  After  an  hour  along  a  narrow,  cool  valley  we  reached 
the  Indravati  River  which  flowed  at  this  point  into  the  Sun  Kosi. 
It  was  a  little  too  late  in  the  season  to  learn  much  about  bird  mi- 
gration up  and  down  these  rivers,  though  we  did  see  a  few  ducks.  We 
started  up  from  the  river  at  1900  feet  to  Choyobos  at  over  5,000 
feet.  There  was  little  shade  and  after  an  hour  and  a  half  we  stopped 
for  lunch.  We  decided  to  stop  at  Bhumbo  Bhangyang,  a  mile  or  so 
short  of  our  destination.  Near  us  was  a  beautiful  flowering  bird- 
cherry  tree.  No  one  had  to  be  lulled  to  sleep  that  night! 

Two  of  our  porters  from  Temal  Village,  Ramechap,  decided  they 
had  had  enough  and  quietly  stole  away  with  a  few  unearned  rupees 
in  their  pockets.  But  we  got  two  strong  men  from  the  local  village 
and  we  were  soon  on  the  road  again.  Most  of  the  route  that  day 
lay  along  a  crest  of  a  ridge.  We  climbed  another  thousand  feet  to 
Choyobos  and  then  ascended  again  to  a  saddle  at  7,000  feet  where 
we  had  a  fine  view  of  the  snowy  ranges.  From  here  the  descent  was 
gradual  and  led  through  a  fine  oak-rhododendron  forest.  Toward 
evening  we  came  to  a  village  aflutter  with  prayer  flags  and  we  stopped 
for  the  night.  This  was  Lesangku.  Our  hunter  met  a  panther  on 
the  forest  path  below  town.  The  kalij  cock  he  brought  back  was 
like  those  in  Kathmandu  but  there  was  less  white  barring  on  the 
rump.  This  character  disappears  completely  on  birds  from  far  east- 
ern Nepal. 

We  could  look  from  our  camp  at  Lesangku  across  the  next  big 
valley  to  Deorali  pass  at  7200  feet.  It  took  us  all  day  to  get  to  the 
next  rim  and  the  porters  suggested  a  camp  site  below  it  but  fortun- 
ately we  pushed  over  onto  the  other  side.  And  what  a  marvelous 
view  of  Gauri  Shankar  and  companion  peaks  to  the  east!  It  was 
chilly  there  but  the  warm  pink  glow  on  the  ranges  in  the  fading 
sunlight  was  a  fitting  conclusion  to  a  day's  trek  in  the  Himalayas. 
Off  to  the  northeast  the  top  of  one  mighty  peak,  crowned  with  a 
snow  plume,  glowed  longer  than  all  the  rest  Everest!  In  the  gray 
dawn,  Gauri  Shankar  greeted  us  again.  Down  four  thousand  feet 


502  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

across  the  Tamba  Kosi  and  up  two  thousand  feet  to  Nambdu.  One 
of  the  suspension  bridges  along  the  way  had  seen  better  days  but 
we  managed  to  cross  it.  Nothing  but  rats  lived  around  Nambdu 
according  to  the  count  in  the  traps.  A  flight  of  thirty  or  forty  kes- 
trels in  the  twilight  was  an  inspiring  sight. 

On  the  ridge  above  Yersa  we  could  look  ahead  and  see  still  more 
ridges  of  hills  running  into  Okhaldhunga  District  bordering  on  the 
Solo  Khumbu,  the  land  of  the  Sherpas.  But  we  did  not  have  farther 
to  go  on  the  Everest  route.  Down  at  Sikrigaon  we  turned  off  to  the 
northeast  and  up  one  more  steep  ridge  until  we  could  look  over  into 
the  Jiri  Khola  where  the  Swiss  had  new  installations.  In  the  dis- 
tance we  saw  eighteen  men  working  on  an  air  strip.  The  Jiri  Khola 
had  been  a  swamp  shortly  before  but  Mr.  Monche  had  over  three 
hundred  workers  busy.  They  had  drained  the  swamp  and  put  up 
several  sturdy  buildings.  We  stopped  here  for  a  two  day  rest. 

The  Jiri  Khola  runs  north  and  south  and  is  about  three  miles 
or  more  long  and  less  than  a  mile  wide.  At  the  lower  end  is  the  town 
of  Those,  noted  for  its  iron  mining  and  refining.  About  half  way  up 
the  valley,  expansive  wooden-shingled  roofs  shelter  the  Swiss.  At 
the  head  of  the  valley  is  a  village  of  well-constructed  two-story  houses 
bounded  by  cultivated  fields.  A  ridge  beyond  went  steeply  up  to 
8,000  feet.  A  Swiss  cheese  storage  station  lay  at  Kapti,  7500  feet. 
The  forest  on  the  southern  slope  was  pretty  well  cut  down  but  there 
was  a  heavy  stand  of  trees  over  the  ridge  and  on  the  northern  side. 

We  pitched  our  tents  on  a  dry,  grassy  knoll,  used  by  successful 
Swiss  climbers  on  Dhaulagiri.  Mrs.  Monche  invited  us  to  tea  and 
served  some  delicious  cheese  they  had  made.  The  Monche  children 
had  a  young  civet  as  a  pet.  Later,  villagers  brought  us  an  adult 
specimen.  There  were  a  few  jackals  about  and  in  a  kodo  field  on  the 
side  of  the  hill  about  a  mile  away,  we  found  the  millet  devoured 
by  rats.  In  the  scrub  jungle  bordering  the  Jiri  Valley,  we  began  to 
find  the  birds  we  needed,  especially  a  race  of  red-headed  laughing 
thrush  in  which  we  were  especially  interested.  Early  one  morning  a 
flock  of  snow  pigeons  landed  in  fields  to  the  north  and  our  hunter  got 
one.  Eleven  years  before  we  had  shot  several  on  the  Kali  Gandak 
River,  West  Nepal,  but  they  had  fallen  on  an  inaccessible  ledge  and 
we  were  not  able  to  retrieve  them,  and  until  now,  did  not  have  this 
species  in  our  collection.  It  had  been  difficult  to  travel  and  to  collect 
at  the  same  time  but  as  soon  as  we  could  stop,  things  began  to  im- 
prove. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          503 

Our  next  goal  was  Thodung,  a  day's  journey  to  the  northeast. 
There  at  10,000  feet  was  a  Swiss  dairy  center  manned  by  Hans  Froe- 
lich.  Our  new  team  of  sturdy  porters  climbed  out  of  the  Jiri  Valley 
for  a  thousand  feet  and  followed  a  ridge  for  some  distance,  then 
picked  their  way  down  the  abrupt  hillside  to  the  Tama  Khola.  Lovely, 
large  orchids  overhung  the  cliffs  on  the  further  side.  Bulbs  we 
brought  back  have  sent  out  flourishing  green  leaves.  The  5000  foot 
climb  to  Thodung  was  along  an  ill-defined  road.  At  8000  feet  al- 
titude our  legs  were  heavy  and  we  stopped  at  Buddharam  to  catch 
our  breath. 

A  thousand  feet  higher  the  tall  trees  began  and  we  clambered 
upward  on  a  winding  road.  We  met  workmen  coming  down.  The 
dairy  was  "just  a  little  way"  but  it  took  another  half-hour  to  reach 
the  small,  wooded  pass  where  the  building  stood. 

Several  Swiss  milk-collecting  stations  lay  farther  into  the  hills 
above  Thodung  and  Mr.  Froelich  suggested  we  visit  them.  The 
morning  of  the  second  day  we  set  out  for  Dhoban  at  12,600  feet. 
About  halfway  there  we  reached  a  pass  at  11,600  feet  and  suddenly 
came  in  view  of  a  dazzling  snow  range  only  fifteen  miles  away. 
It  was  complete  with  its  own  private  Matterhorn.  Beautiful  old 
gnarled  evergreen  trees  made  a  fine  foreground  for  a  perfect  picture. 
Several  red-throated  thrushes  perched  on  bare  branches  in  the  sun- 
shine. Here  we  left  the  trees  behind  and  made  our  way  through 
masses  of  rock.  At  last  we  came  to  a  little  hut  in  the  shelter  of  a 
great  knoll  directly  south  of  Gauri  Shankar.  From  the  top  of  a 
hill  a  thousand  feet  farther  up  one  could  see  a  little  lake  called 
Bhoot  Pokhari  (Lake  of  the  Ghosts).  It  was  here  that  the  great 
Kansu  rose  finch  sheltered  under  overhanging  rocks.  Our  sherpas 
kept  a  fire  going  all  night  while  the  wind  blew  cold  outside.  When 
the  sun  returned  to  warm  the  hillside,  little  mouse-hares  popped 
out  of  their  burrows  between  rocks.  White  clouds  formed  a  blanket 
below  us  and  stretched  for  miles  toward  the  southwest.  That  after- 
noon we  retraced  our  steps  and  stopped  at  Tserping  (10,800  feet) 
for  a  couple  of  days. 

The  long,  flat  ridge  where  Tserping  is  situated  is  not  suitable 
for  an  air  strip  because  of  the  wind  and  the  position  of  a  nearby 
mountain  peak.  We  saw  thousands  of  tiny  holes  in  the  loamy 
ground.  "Leeches  made  them,"  observed  Mr.  Froelich.  In  the 
rainy  summer  season,  this  place  is  swarming  with  leeches.  In  the 
fringe  of  forest  along  the  ridge  were  several  species  of  birds- 
thrushes,  laughing  thrushes,  rose  finches  and  grosbeaks.  Blood 


504  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

pheasants  clucked  from  the  bamboo  thickets  a  bit  lower  down.  At 
the  base  of  steep  cliffs  six  or  eight  hundred  feet  farther  up  lived 
serow  and  musk  deer.  On  sunny  hillsides  among  underbrush  were 
the  holes  of  a  vole  and  a  pygmy  shrew.  More  than  a  dozen  brilliant 
impeyan  pheasants  dug  for  tubers  under  evergreen  trees  not  more 
than  a  couple  of  hundred  yards  away.  It  was  a  wild,  beautiful  spot. 

All  too  soon  we  had  to  start  moving  down  for  a  final  overnight 
stop  at  Thodung.  Our  porters  got  a  late  start  the  following  morning. 
We  had  hoped  to  go  from  there  to  the  cheese  storage  depot  at  Kapti 
but  had  to  spend  the  night  at  Yelung.  There  we  ran  into  several 
coveys  of  chukar  partridge.  From  Kapti  we  could  look  southward 
down  the  Jiri  Valley  and  see  the  Swiss  buildings  about  two  miles 
away.  To  the  west  were  still  higher  ridges  and  forests.  For  two 
days  we  hunted  in  this  area. 

Our  next  objective  was  Bigu,  a  two  day  journey  of  about  fifteen 
miles  to  the  northwest  of  us.  The  new  batch  of  porters  did  not  show 
up  until  mid-day,  then  led  us  on  a  much  more  difficult  route  than 
was  necessary.  After  hacking  our  way  through  the  jungle,  we  reached 
the  well-trodden  road  we  should  have  taken.  That  evening  we  did 
not  halt  at  the  village  where  the  men  obviously  wanted  to  stay  but 
pressed  on  down  a  beautiful  bit  of  forest  road  and  put  up  camp. 
It  was  clear,  mild  night.  Low  in  the  west  the  moon,  Venus  and  Mars 
made  a  brilliant  threesome  in  the  evening  sky. 

The  porter  we  had  picked  as  leader  started  us  off  on  the  wrong 
trail,  but  some  villagers  soon  set  us  straight,  and  after  two  day's 
march  we  were  in  Bigu.1  The  new  route  brought  us  to  Bigu  so  di- 
rectly we  almost  overtook  the  letter  boy  who  started  out  a  day 
ahead  of  us.  He  had  reached  the  headman's  house  only  minutes 
before  we  did  and  servants  were  beginning  to  sweep  up  the  courtyard 
when  we  got  there.  The  headman  was  up  in  town  and  hadn't  had 
word  yet  that  we  had  come.  Family  members,  however,  invited 
us  to  come  in  and  sit  down  and  brought  us  fresh  persimmons  and 
tea.  We  looked  around  for  a  flat  spot  in  the  vicinity  where  we 
could  pitch  our  tents  but  there  was  none  so  we  decided  on  the  floor 
in  the  courtyard.  Tents  were  up  and  supper  under  way  when  the 
headman  returned.  He  knew  of  our  coming  and  made  us  welcome. 

We  asked  whether  there  were  hives  of  bees  on  overhanging  cliffs. 
"Oh,  yes,  only  up  the  valley  about  three  miles.  My  men  go  there 
every  year  to  scrape  off  the  combs  and  they  only  went  yesterday. 

1  En  route  we  collected  ticks  from  a  man's  coat  collar  and  from  a  rat,  which  have 
been  described  as  a  new  species  by  Dr.  Harry  Hoogstraal,  NAMRU  3,  Cairo,  Egypt. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          505 

I'll  send  my  man  along  tomorrow  to  show  you."  We  talked  about 
game  in  the  upper  hills  directly  above  the  house.  Yes,  it  was  a 
good  place.  Any  red  pandas?  No,  they  didn't  seem  to  know  about 
that  animal.  As  we  talked  into  the  night,  prospects  for  collecting 
here  seemed  good. 

Thanksgiving  Day,  November  24th,  we  explored  the  country- 
side. Our  host,  Padam  Bahadur,  took  us  up  to  Rakham.  This 
was  a  good  place  to  build  a  mission  dispensary — plenty  of  land, 
sunshine  and  water  nearby.  The  houses  on  the  lower  terraces  were 
all  occupied  by  Nepalese-speaking  Hindus.  On  the  upper  hillsides 
lived  Tibetan-speaking  Buddhists,  each  with  his  own  neat  little  house 
fronted  by  a  fluttering  prayer  flag. 

When  we  were  getting  ready  for  supper  back  down  at  the  head- 
man's house,  we  looked  for  the  return  of  Sagar  Rana  who  had  gone 
to  the  cliffs  where  the  bee  combs  were.  Dr.  Friedmann  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  Washington,  had  asked  us  to  look  for  the  orange- 
rumped  honey  guide.  An  ancient  Chinese  manuscript  had  described 
this  bird  in  a  remote  valley  where  bees  made  their  combs  on  over- 
hanging cliffs.  This  species  had  been  collected  both  in  Sikkim  and 
Kumaon  where  it  was  fairly  common  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year 
but  had  not  yet  been  reported  from  Nepal.  When  we  saw  Sagar 
coming  back  he  held  out  his  hand  and  called,  "The  honeyguide  is 
in  Nepal !  I  went  up  the  main  road  and  then  took  a  side  path  which 
wound  under  cliff's  to  a  stream.  They  showed  me  where  they  had 
been  scraping  the  wax  off  rocks  and  there  was  a  bird  upside  down 
on  a  comb!"  The  honeyguide  at  last,  with  its  stomach  crammed 
full  of  wax. 

Our  medical  man  was  very  busy  the  next  three  days.  There 
was  no  other  medical  aid  in  Bigu  and  almost  half  the  population 
crowded  around  the  medical  tent  waiting  to  be  examined  and  to 
receive  medicines.  The  remainder  of  our  party  went  hunting  on 
upper  slopes  several  miles  above  town.  Here  were  the  crimson 
horned  pheasant,  several  kinds  of  rose  finches,  laughing  thrushes, 
fulvettas,  barwings  and  crossbills.  A  small  herd  of  ghoral  or  goat- 
antelope  inhabited  the  cliffs  on  the  southern  side.  Evenings  up  there 
were  chilly  but  the  many  fallen  logs  provided  a  warm  fire. 

There  was  no  school  in  Bigu.  When  we  passed  through  the  town 
for  the  last  time,  children  with  garlands  lined  the  road.  "Long  live 
the  King.  Long  live  the  United  Mission.  We  must  have  a  dis- 
pensary. We  must  have  a  school."  So  chanted  the  children.  On 
our  way  up  to  the  10,000  foot  ridge  towards  Kathmandu  we  found 


506  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

another  honeyguide.  The  little  stream  at  our  camp  site  was  frozen 
over  in  the  morning.  A  flock  of  snow  pigeons  settled  on  a  dead  tree. 
In  the  early  sunshine  they  looked  like  glistening  snowballs  tied  along 
the  branches — truly  a  lovely  sight. 

Nine  of  the  Jiri  porters  were  still  with  us.  Four  had  returned  and 
were  replaced  by  sturdy  Bigu  men.  Tuesday,  November  29th,  we 
reached  the  pass  about  9:30  A.M.  and  by  evening  were  ten  or  twelve 
miles  down  the  mountain  to  an  altitude  of  only  2700  feet.  Along 
the  way  we  saw  nutcrackers,  buzzards  and  accentors.  The  streams 
were  quite  warm  in  the  lower  valleys  so  wTe  had  a  real  bath.  That 
evening  we  added  fresh  milk  and  eggs  to  our  menu  of  fresh  pheasant, 
beautifully  prepared. 

With  four  weeks  of  mountain  trekking  behind  us  it  was  easy  to 
cover  greater  distances.  On  our  right  we  looked  down  and  saw  the 
town  of  Barabise  on  the  Bhote  Khola  and  a  little  later  arrived  at 
the  more  flourishing  town  of  Sun  Kosi  Bazaar.  The  Sun  Kosi  stream, 
flowing  in  from  the  northeast,  was  only  a  small  stream  but  when  it 
joined  the  large  Bhote  Khola  it  became  a  swollen  Sun  Kosi  River. 
A  little  farther  on  we  saw  two  or  three  hundred  Nepal  martins  in  a 
single  leafless  tree.  The  movement  of  this  bird  is  not  fully  known. 
We  crossed  the  river,  mounted  a  ridge  and  after  several  more  miles 
descended  abruptly  to  Dholalghat.  We  camped  for  the  night  in  a 
mango  grove  along  the  Indravati  River.  We  had  freshly  boiled 
eggs  and  tea  again  at  Panchkal  and  then  enjoyed  a  real  scrub  in  the 
stream  beyond.  We  easily  got  to  Banepa  by  four  o'clock.  And 
there  was  a  truck,  headed  for  Kathmandu;  we  jumped  in  and  as  we 
rolled  over  the  last  eighteen  miles  of  our  thirty  mile  trip  that  day, 
we  watched  a  full,  yellow  moon  rise  and  flood  the  dark  hills  with 
pale  light.  Altogether,  we  had  had  a  wonderful  experience  in  the 
Himalayan  hills. 

SOUTHWESTERN  NEPAL 

(December  19-February  4,  1961) 

Chicago  Natural  History  Museum  wanted  to  secure  specimens 
of  the  pygmy  hog  and  fishing  cat  from  Nepal.  Sagar  Rana  had 
seen  both  in  Kailali-Kanchanpur  Districts  when  his  father,  Dhariya 
Shumshere,  had  been  governor  there.  Upon  request,  the  Foreign 
Department  issued  the  necessary  document,  similar  to  the  one  we 
had  just  taken  to  East  No.  2  and  we  thought  everything  was  in  order. 
It  wasn't  until  a  week  later  that  we  discovered  still  another  document 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          507 

must  be  obtained  from  the  Forest  Department,  so  the  party  headed 
by  Sagar  Rana,  his  Gurung  hunter  and  his  uncle,  had  left  Kathmandu 
without  it. 

Planes  sometimes  fly  to  southwest  Nepal,  but  there  were  none 
available  at  this  time.  Our  party  had  to  make  a  110  mile  trip  by 
truck  and  then  an  800  mile  trip  by  rail  through  India  to  reach  Dhan- 
garhi.  Here  they  learned  from  the  forest  officer  that  they  did  not 
have  the  necessary  permit  to  collect  in  government  forests. 

Land  is  divided  into  two  categories,  that  owned  by  the  Govern- 
ment and  that  owned  by  private  individuals.  It  was  only  in  the 
latter  areas  that  our  party  could  operate.  They  decided  to  move 
eastward  from  Dhangarhi  into  largely  non-government  land.  For 
two  days  they  camped  near  a  large  pond.  The  comb  duck  had  been 
seen  there  several  years  before  but  only  the  Indian  gray  duck  was 
present.  The  hunter  got  a  specimen  of  the  small  Indian  fox  while 
Sagar  added  the  little  grebe  to  our  list.  Then  on  to  Beli,  five  miles 
eastward.  The  camp  was  on  the  edge  of  a  stream  where  numerous 
red  jungle  fowl,  peafowl  and  a  hyena  were  seen. 

Kaneri  Village,  two  miles  distant,  lay  at  the  edge  of  a  fine  sal 
forest.  The  land-owner  remembered  Sagar  from  the  time  his  father 
had  been  Governor  and  invited  him  to  hunt  in  his  private  jungle. 
Here  the  tracks  of  the  pygmy  hog  were  in  evidence.  The  Gurung 
hunter  saw  about  nine  altogether  but  try  as  he  might,  he  could  not 
bag  one. 

The  party  pitched  another  camp  near  a  pond  where  there  were 
many  moor  hens  and  large  cormorants  as  well  as  black  partridge 
in  the  grassy  areas.  The  mixed  forest  a  little  further  on  had  trees  with 
little  green  berries.  Pintail  green  pigeons,  in  flocks  of  fifteen  to 
twenty,  were  eating  this  food.  Along  the  Mohana  stream  on  sand- 
banks were  several  hundred  brahmany  duck.  In  a  sal  forest  beyond, 
parrakeets  were  making  a  great  disturbance.  They  saw  a  goh  or 
monitor  lizard  with  its  head  in  a  parrakeet  hole  while  a  succession 
of  birds  seized  its  tail  and  vainly  tried  to  bite  through  the  thick 
skin.  The  lizard  apparently  did  not  mind  the  concerted  parrakeet 
attack. 

Bhaderi  Chawki  was  five  miles  farther  east.  It  is  a  small  village 
surrounded  by  cultivated  fields  and  backed  by  a  sal  forest.  In 
grassy  spots,  the  rednaped  hare  was  fairly  common.  It  was  nine 
miles  to  Satti  Bazaar.  Swamp  partridges  lived  in  the  tall  grass 
near  damp  places.  A  rustle  in  the  grass,  then  a  chucking  of  a  bird 
from  a  bush,  indicated  its  whereabouts.  The  following  day  in  al- 


508  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

most  the  same  place,  Sagar  caught  a  glimpse  of  a  gray,  spotted  animal 
stalking  a  fallen  bird.  Two  quick  shots  brought  us  the  much  de- 
sired fishing  cat  which  people  call  "bun  beerawlu."  This  trophy 
concluded  the  collecting  in  southwestern  Nepal. 

FAR  EASTERN  NEPAL 

(February  12-March  23,  1961,  Map  No.  3) 

Our  personnel  again  included  Sagar  Rana  for  birds,  his  Gurung 
hunter,  Man  Bahadur  and  Frank  Stough  for  small  mammals.  We 
also  had  a  Scottish  doctor  from  the  United  Mission,  Dr.  James 
Dick,  who  thus  missed  the  visit  of  Queen  Elizabeth  to  Nepal  in  order 
to  accompany  us.  A.  Lama,  a  man  of  experience  in  the  field,  was 
our  new  cook.  The  six  of  us,  along  with  our  800  pounds  of  lug- 
gage, flew  from  Kathmandu  to  Biratnagar,  February  12,  1961. 

It  was  about  forty-five  miles  from  Biratnagar  to  Jhapa.  The 
road  ran  due  east,  just  north  of  the  Indian  border.  We  had  to  cross 
sixteen  small  rivers,  only  the  first  of  which  is  bridged.  The  water, 
which  was  fairly  shallow  in  February,  must  flood  the  whole  country- 
side in  August  and  September.  Rangeli,  fifteen  miles  out,  and  Gauri- 
ganj  were  the  only  sizeable  towns.  We  traveled  about  nine  miles  a 
day,  passing  by  many  cultivated  fields  and  through  several  forests. 
The  days  were  pleasant  and  clear  with  almost  no  wind.  We  found 
birds  like  the  Indian  rufous  turtle  dove  in  open  areas  and  Chinese 
bluethroats  in  hedges.  We  saw  rails  and  lapwings  along  forest 
streams.  A  small  cormorant,  which  we  needed,  eluded  us.  In 
marshy  ground  we  flushed  a  chestnut  bittern  and  pond  herons.  One 
evening  we  studied  a  group  of  three  kinds  of  egrets  and  white  ibises, 
more  than  a  hundred  birds  in  all.  The  intermediate  egret  was  not 
present.  Along  the  Ratua  River  were  numbers  of  terns.  Then  a 
magnificent  black-necked  stork  sailed  in,  his  bill  and  legs  a  gleaming 
red.  We  were  glad  for  this  addition.  That  afternoon  at  Gauriganj 
we  met  Santa  Bir  Lama,  who  was  once  a  famed  "robin  hood"  of 
Bengal  and  East  Nepal.  He  was  the  out-going  Bara  Hakim  of  that 
district. 

By  mid-afternoon  of  the  fifth  day  we  reached  Jhapa,  a  town  with 
a  fairly  good  bazaar.  It  was  market  day  but  the  selection  of  food 
was  rather  limited  and  vegetables  were  scarce.  A  leading  citizen 
of  the  town  invited  us  to  camp  in  the  courtyard  of  a  temple  for  the 
night.  In  the  morning  sunlight  we  saw  a  flock  of  one  or  two  hundred 
munias  flying  from  the  neighboring  trees  onto  a  threshing  floor. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          509 


8  7°  30' 


88° 


Fig.  3.  Route  of  expedition  in  Morang,  Jhapa  and  Ham  Districts,  far  eastern 
Nepal. 

Through  the  binoculars  we  discovered  they  were  largely  the  chest- 
nut-breasted variety  which  was  new  to  us. 

According  to  our  map  the  Kankai  River  should  have  flowed  to 
the  east  of  Jhapa.  We  learned  that  six  years  before,  during  a  great 
flood,  the  river  had  changed  its  course  and  we  had  already  crossed 
it  just  before  reaching  Jhapa.  We  turned  north  from  Jhapa  and  soon 
came  to  the  old  river  which  was  now  a  mere  stream.  The  road  was 
fairly  good  and  we  passed  groves  of  bamboo  and  bananas.  The 
pied  minah  was  particularly  common  here.  From  here  the  road 
was  full  of  deep  ruts  but  our  carts  managed  to  get  through  to  a 
fine  large  mango  tree  where  we  pitched  camp. 


510  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

We  could  see  the  foothills  rising  out  of  the  plain  to  the  north.  On 
the  way  we  skirted  a  reedy  swamp  when  three  Santal  boys  appeared. 
They  carried  bows  and  arrows  and  were  escorted  by  five  hunting 
dogs,  one  of  which  had  a  bell  around  his  neck.  They  carried  a  string 
of  five  birds  which  they  had  shot  that  day — a  hawk,  a  brown  crake, 
a  water  hen,  a  kingfisher  and  a  shrike.  These  they  would  have  for 
their  supper. 

We  continued  our  investigation  of  forest  areas.  In  a  wet  spot 
in  scrub  jungle  peafowl  flew  up  and  we  got  a  bustard  quail.  Fresh 
panther  tracks  led  over  the  sand  into  the  hills.  Beautiful  spinetails 
cut  over  a  stream  of  the  forest. 

Suneshchare  Bazaar  was  only  about  six  miles  away.  En  route 
there  we  passed  an  extensive  swamp  and  saw  a  bittern  which  eluded 
us.  We  found  our  settlement  to  be  a  boom  town,  living  up  to  its 
name  "Saturday  Bazaar."  After  two  days  we  had  only  four  of  the 
twelve  porters  we  needed  and  settled  for  horses  to  carry  the  balance 
of  the  load  to  Ham.  We  had  said  goodbye  to  our  faithful  cartmen 
and  started  northward. 

"Saturday  Bazaar"  had  yielded  several  uncommon  birds,  par- 
ticularly from  the  reedy  swamps.  We  came  upon  our  first  ruddy 
crake  along  the  stream  which  flowed  through  the  town.  Now  we 
left  the  plain  and  started  up  a  gentle  incline  through  a  belt  of  thick, 
tropical  forest  full  of  bamboo,  tangled  vines  and  tall  trees.  Small 
streams  trickled  through  ravines  and  strange  bird-calls  echoed  from 
the  forest  trees.  We  passed  through  this  area  much  too  rapidly 
for  we  were  heading  for  Chisapani  that  night.  A  week  here  would 
have  been  profitable.  The  road  led  up  and  down  over  moderate 
hills  and  across  little  plateaus  between  the  foothills  and  on  up  to 
within  sight  of  Ham.  We  discovered  that  distances  are  short  in 
Ham  District  with  no  very  steep  climbs  except  along  the  Sikkim- 
Darjeeling  border. 

We  passed  a  tea  estate  just  before  we  got  to  our  camping  place  for 
the  night.  Nightjars  were  especially  common  here.  After  this  the 
road  led  down  across  a  valley  where  there  was  a  good  bridge  and 
up  towards  the  district  capital.  We  could  see  the  governor's  white 
residence  at  the  top  of  the  hill,  surrounded  by  tall  cryptomeria  trees. 
First  we  reached  a  new  site  for  the  village  development  buildings. 
Just  above  this  was  a  spacious  parade  ground;  we  camped  near  the 
water  tap.  The  bazaar,  five  minutes  beyond,  followed  the  contour 
of  the  hill.  In  the  center  was  an  open  square  surrounded  by  shops 
where  quite  a  variety  of  articles  could  be  had. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          511 

Hooker  in  his  "Himalayan  Journals"  (1854)  described  Ham  hill 
as  "cone-shaped"  but  "dome-shaped"  would  have  been  a  better 
word.  Hooker  made  special  mention  of  the  many  long-leafed  pine 
trees  which  covered  the  hills  from  Ham  to  the  Indian  border.  Today 
not  a  single  pine  remains.  Wooded  areas  have  given  way  to  well- 
built  homesteads  surrounded  by  cultivated  fields  covering  the  ridges 
from  their  rims  down  to  the  river  valleys.  The  only  trees  one  could 
see  were  stretches  of  bamboo  and  an  occasional  uttis  (alder)  grove. 
On  the  northern  slopes  below  Ham  town  were  extensive  terraces  of 
tea  bushes.  This  whole  district  was  much  more  advanced  than  any 
other  hill  section  I  have  seen  in  Nepal.  Much  the  same  probably 
could  be  said  for  Dhankuta  which  we  did  not  have  time  to  visit. 

We  judged  from  the  map  that  it  was  several  days'  journey  to  the 
northern  border  of  Ham  District  but  actually  it  is  only  a  two  day 
trip.  About  every  mile  or  so  one  comes  across  a  village,  in  contrast 
to  other  parts  of  Nepal,  especially  in  the  far  west,  where  one  can 
travel  almost  all  day  without  seeing  habitation.  We  couldn't  find 
the  Mai  Khola  listed  on  any  of  the  maps  we  looked  at  in  Kathmandu. 
It  was  along  the  Mai  Khola  that  Stevens  had  made  an  extensive 
bird  collection  almost  fifty  years  ago.  Not  until  we  reached  the 
forest  office  did  they  point  to  the  valley  below  and  say  "That's  the 
Mai  Khola."  When  facing  north,  this  valley  was  on  our  right;  on 
the  left  side  of  the  ridge  was  the  Pwa  Khola.  The  forest  men  were 
quite  helpful  and  sent  a  ranger  along  to  show  us  the  way.  We  set 
out  northward  on  the  crest  of  a  series  of  rolling  hills,  each  successive 
one  higher  that  the  last.  We  gradually  climbed  from  4500  feet  to 
7000  feet  in  the  distance  of  seven  miles.  Mai  Pokhara  was  situated 
near  a  large  pond  about  125  yards  long  [and  sixty  yards  wide.  Here 
we  camped  for  a  day  and  a  half. 

Remnants  of  a  forest  covered  the  northern  slopes  beyond  the  lake. 
There  were  burr  oaks  and  other  tall  trees,  barberries  and  open,  grassy 
places.  The  hunter  brought  in  a  battered  Kalij  cock  of  the  black- 
backed  variety,  common  around  Darjeeling.  A  newly-constructed 
road  encircled  the  lake  and  in  the  shrubbery  we  added  the  strong- 
footed  bush  warbler  to  our  list. 

Hooker  had  visited  Jamnagaon  in  1848.  We  could  look  down 
5000  feet  to  the  Mai  Khola  and  see  this  place  on  a  ridge.  To  hunt 
in  the  upper  Mai  Khola  we  had  to  travel  north  a  few  more  miles 
and  turn  right  into  the  three  mile  valley  which  formed  the  head- 
waters of  this  river.  There  seemed  to  be  much  more  extensive  forests 
east  beyond  Jamnagaon  so  we  elected  to  go  that  way.  When  we 


512  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

got  down  to  the  bridge  we  saw  bees'  combs  on  cliffs  up  the  river. 
The  birds  flying  there  turned  out  to  be  bronze  drongos  rather  than 
honeyguides. 

The  forest  ranger  led  the  way  up  a  narrowing  valley  past  terraced 
and  cultivated  fields,  home  of  the  black-throated  hill  warbler.  There 
were  scattered  groups  of  houses  for  about  two  or  three  miles  and 
then  we  stepped  into  the  forest.  A  broad,  newly-constructed  road 
led  several  miles  to  the  border  at  Gauri  Bhangyang  pass  at  9000  feet. 
We  had  just  started  up  through  the  tall  trees  when  our  guide  pointed 
to  a  place  under  a  large  rock  and  said  this  was  our  new  home.  There 
was  a  small  area  nearer  the  road  which  had  been  cleared  and  leveled 
on  which  we  could  pitch  a  tent.  This  was  "Tindhoban,"  the  meeting- 
place  of  three  ravines,  each  with  its  own  flow  of  water.  Here  was 
to  be  our  base  of  operations  for  the  next  eight  days. 

Sagar  Rana  and  his  hunter  struck  out  at  once  and  didn't  come 
back  until  almost  dark.  Sagar  had  spotted  a  fire-tailed  myzornis 
drinking  sap  from  a  large  oak  tree.  Before  he  could  collect  it  a 
chestnut-headed  babbler  attacked  it  and  the  myzornis  took  refuge 
in  an  extensive  grove  of  small  bamboo.  It  was  a  long  time  before 
the  bird  came  out  and  Sagar  was  able  to  get  it.  Now  Dr.  Rand,  of 
Chicago  Natural  History  Museum,  could  compare  the  tongue  of 
this  species  with  that  of  a  related  bird  from  the  Philippines. 

It  had  rained  the  day  before  we  arrived,  making  the  ground  quite 
slippery.  Clouds  again  filled  the  ravine  our  first  afternoon  and  a 
little  rain  fell  but  each  succeeding  day  became  drier  until  we  had 
several  clear  days  and  nights.  Cliffs  towered  above  our  camp  to 
the  north.  Vegetation  on  southern  slopes  was  dry  and  grassy;  many 
of  the  trees  had  been  cut  down.  On  western  and  northern  slopes, 
however,  much  of  the  original  forest  remained.  The  ground  was 
covered  by  moss  and  ferns  with  little  underbrush.  Fauna  and  flora 
resembled  that  of  Sikkim  rather  than  central  Nepal.  Small  mammals 
had  ruddier  coats,  birds  often  were  the  smaller,  darker  Sikkim  races 
and  the  ferns  and  trees  were  Sikkim  varieties.  Large  sprays  of 
yellow-green  orchids  (a  cymbidium)  hung  from  the  tree  above  us 
and  water  rushed  all  too  loudly  below  us. 

A  local  hunter  was  glad  to  take  me  up  and  down  over  the  ridges. 
In  the  heavy  forest  were  kalij  pheasants,  hill  partridges,  flycatchers, 
laughing  thrushes  and  myzornises.  In  the  bamboo  groves  at  about 
9,000  feet  we  found  finches,  bush-robins,  the  redheaded  babbler  and 
the  maroon-backed  accentor.  Among  the  high  trees  were  willow- 
warblers,  tits,  grosbeaks,  barwings  and  bullfinches.  Different  species 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          513 

such  as  the  slender-billed  babbler,  sunbirds,  fulvettas  and  minivets 
flitted  here  and  there  on  dry,  grassy  slopes.  Along  the  open,  higher 
spurs  were  redstarts  and  suthoras  in  bamboo.  We  saw  three  species 
of  forktails  along  the  streams  as  well  as  the  brown  dipper,  shortwing 
and  scalybreasted  wren-babbler.  Woodpeckers,  flycatchers,  warblers 
and  a  flower-pecker  inhabited  groves  farther  down  the  hillside.  A 
fine  flying  squirrel  glided  in  front  of  our  camp  at  dusk  while  at  night 
we  could  hear  the  quick  notes  of  the  nightjar. 

Basant  Lai  Das,  head  forest  officer,  greeted  us  in  Ham.  He  had 
just  returned  from  leave  and  made  us  feel  welcome.  We  discussed 
with  Mr.  Das  how  to  spend  the  rest  of  our  time  in  Nepal.  He 
suggested  stopping  a  day  or  two  on  the  Jog  Mai  below  Ham  where 
tropical  forests  fringed  the  river.  From  there  we  could  take  a  foot- 
path up  to  the  new  road  to  Pashupatinagar  and  Darjeeling.  This 
we  were  glad  to  do.  As  it  was  only  early  afternoon  we  decided  to 
camp  down  there  rather  than  in  Ham.  Mr.  Das  served  us  tea  and 
eggs  and  then  guided  us  through  the  bazaar  to  the  road  which  led 
to  a  place  called  Mai  Beni. 

Our  camp  in  a  mango  grove  at  2000  feet  was  much  warmer  than 
the  one  at  6500  feet  we  had  had  the  night  before.  Also,  the  fauna 
and  flora  were  different  at  a  level  so  much  lower.  Ravines  along  the 
Jog  Mai  were  full  of  creepers,  ferns,  palm  and  tall  trees.  We  merely 
dipped  into  two  or  three  such  places,  finding  the  bar-tailed  cuckoo 
dove,  flycatchers,  babblers  and  shortwing.  Several  ducks  flew  along 
the  river  at  dusk  and  Franklin's  nightjar  was  in  evidence. 

We  pushed  along  eastward  up  the  river  just  as  a  shower  settled 
the  dust  and  cooled  the  foliage.  It  smelled  like  a  hothouse.  Here 
we  found  a  Burmese  roller  and  a  rufous  piculet.  From  the  river  we 
went  up  through  Suntala  to  Phikal  on  the  new  road.  Here  we  de- 
bated about  going  southward  for  a  day  or  two  to  locate  the  rufous 
horn-bill  which,  Hooker  wrote,  was  common  in  this  area.  No  one 
seemed  to  know  anything  about  this  bird  so  we  concluded  it  must 
have  gone  with  the  forests  Hooker  so  enjoyed.  So  we  pressed  on 
toward  Pashupatinagar.  We  found  Babu  Sahib  as  directed  and  he 
permitted  us  to  roll  out  our  bed  rolls  in  one  of  two  rooms  over  his 
garage.  We  now  arranged  for  a  Land  Rover  to  come  next  morning 
to  pick  up  our  party  and  go  to  Darjeeling. 

There  was  time  for  one  last  brief  hunt  before  the  car  came.  What 
a  fine  view  we  had  of  Kanchenjunga  from  a  point  a  short  distance 
above  the  road!  Among  the  wooded  hills  below,  quite  a  variety  of 
life  was  present.  We  could  look  north  along  the  border  toward 


514  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

Sundakpu  and  south  toward  the  terai.  The  car  was  an  hour  late  so 
we  were  able  to  prepare  our  final  bird  skins  while  we  waited.  Then 
on  to  Darjeeling  which  I  had  visited  thirty-one  years  before.  A 
train  journey  from  Siliguri  to  Raxaul  and  a  flight  from  Simra  to 
Kathmandu  brought  us  home  once  again. 


Systematic  List 

*Podiceps  ruficollis  capensis  Salvadori.    Little  Grebe. 

Pharping  Pond,  4  miles  south  of  Kathmandu,  4300  feet:  Id" ?; 
March  30,  1961. 

Dhangarhi,  Kailali-Kanchanpur,  900  feet:  1  9  ;  December  13, 
1960  (Sagar  Rana). 

Reedy  lakes  and  ponds  are  places  where  one  finds  the  little 
grebe.  Ducks  and  other  water  birds  fly  off  from  the  margins  of 
these  bodies  of  water  at  the  first  sign  of  alarm  while  these  small  bits 
of  down  bob  around  and  suddenly  disappear  under  the  surface  of 
the  water,  only  to  reappear  a  little  bit  later.  They  occur  in  small 
numbers.  One  finds  them  fairly  commonly  in  the  Gangetic  plain 
and  the  Nepal  terai.  It  is  rather  unusual  to  come  across  them  above 
4000  feet,  but  a  few  occasionally  visit  the  one  little  lake  between 
Kathmandu  and  Pharping. 

*Xenorhynchus   asiaticus   asiaticus    (Latham).     Black-necked 

Stork. 

20  miles  east  of  Biratnagar,  Morang  District,  450  feet:  1  9  ; 
February  16,  1961. 

This  stork  haunts  the  larger  rivers  and  adjoining  fields  of  the 
Nepal  lowlands,  but  it  is  not  very  common.  As  it  majestically 
cruised  low  overhead,  the  red  legs  and  bill  were  easy  to  see.  It  lit 
on  an  embankment  with  open,  grassy  spaces  and  a  few  acacia  trees 
on  one  side  and  a  bed  of  reeds  a  little  distance  away  on  the  other 
side.  From  that  vantage  point  it  had  a  good  view  in  all  directions. 
The  hunter  elected  to  approach  from  the  reeds  while  another  made 
himself  conspicuous  on  the  opposite  side.  The  bird  slowly  stalked 
a  short  distance  and  did  not  attempt  to  fly. 

Accipiter  virgatus  affinis  Hodgson.    Besra  Sparrow-hawk. 

5  miles  east  of  Jumna,  Ham  District,  8000  feet:  Id";  March  11, 
1961. 

515 


516  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

This  is  the  first  specimen  from  east  Nepal.  The  locality  "Kaski" 
(Rand  and  Fleming,  1957,  p.  53)  is  in  the  Pokhara  District,  west 
Nepal. 

A  pair  of  this  species  was  squealing  from  oak  trees  on  the  sunny 
side  of  a  hill,  not  far  from  cultivated  fields.  They  occupied  neigh- 
boring trees  and  sat  with  their  heads  somewhat  pulled  in  and  tails 
slanting  downward.  We  took  one  bird  while  the  other  continued 
its  calling  which  sounded  like  that  of  a  kestrel.  We  have  only  oc- 
casionally seen  it. 

Spizaetus  nipalensis  nipalensis  (Hodgson).  Hodgson's  Hawk- 
eagle. 

Kapthar,  Bajhang  State,  8400  feet:  1   9  ;  October  24,  1959. 

This  is  a  rather  high  locality  for  this  species.  Ripley  (1961,  p.  50) 
gives  the  altitudinal  range  as  2000  to  7000  feet. 

The  favorite  place  for  this  species  is  the  top  of  a  tall,  dead  tree 
which  commands  an  extensive  view.  Perched  almost  crosswise,  it 
will  sit  quietly,  then  suddenly  take  to  the  air  and  dive  towards  its 
prey.  It  is  a  very  strong  flier  and  delights  in  riding  the  air  currents. 
Usually  this  bird  is  seen  alone,  but  when  flying  in  pairs  they  go 
through  a  variety  of  acrobatic  turns  and  twists.  One  of  the  calls  is 
a  loud  scream.  Several  hawk-eagles  occupy  wooded  areas  around 
Kathmandu  Valley. 

*Gyps  fulvus  fulvescens  Hume.    Griffon  Vulture. 

Bigu,  East  No.  2,  6500  feet:  1  d";  November  28,  1960. 

Just  outside  Bigu,  the  carcass  of  a  cow  attracted  ten  or  twelve 
vultures.  They  were  different  sizes  and  colors.  The  one  we  selected 
had  a  large  pale  tan  ruff  of  feathers  around  its  neck.  All  were  so 
engrossed  in  their  meal  that  they  permitted  a  fairly  close  approach. 
Even  though  well  hit,  this  vulture  started  to  glide  down  the  valley, 
managing  to  cover  several  hundred  feet  before  it  fell. 

One  sees  numbers  of  vultures  in  the  air  at  once,  usually  traveling 
some  distance  apart.  They  evidently  keep  their  eyes  on  all  other 
birds  within  sight,  for  as  soon  as  one  discovers  food,  others  stream 
in  from  several  directions,  and  in  almost  no  time  a  dozen  or  two  will 
be  waddling  around  the  carcass  and  fighting  for  a  place  to  eat. 

Francolinus  gularis  (Temminck).    Swamp  Partridge. 

Sati,  32  miles  east  of  Dhangarhi,  Kailali-Kanchanpur:  1  cT;  Jan- 
uary 23,  1961  (Sagar  Rana). 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          517 

In  Nepal  the  swamp  partridge  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  western 
terai.  Its  presence  is  disclosed  by  its  two  syllable  call — "kaw-care." 
Otherwise  it  is  almost  impossible  to  find  because  it  frequents  thick, 
tall  "elephant"  grass  which  is  difficult  to  penetrate,  let  alone  move 
through  noiselessly. 

This  particular  bird  was  near  a  damp  place,  surrounded  by  grass. 
It  stepped  up  into  a  small  bush,  then  called.  There  were  one  or  two 
others  in  the  vicinity.  Evidently  they  are  found  in  the  same  place 
year  after  year. 

*Lophura  leucomelana  melanota  (Hutton).    Blackbacked  Kalij. 

7  miles  north  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  7000  feet:  1  d";  March  3, 
1961. 

In  Nepal  the  blackbacked  kalij  seems  to  be  confined  to  the  Mai 
Valley  where  Stevens  also  secured  it. 

The  small  flock  of  pheasants  from  which  this  bird  was  taken 
occupied  a  cut-over  forest  area  containing  some  larger  trees.  There 
were  scattered  dwellings  and  cultivated  fields.  The  local  people 
knew  exactly  in  which  tree  the  kalij  roosted  at  night.  We  occasion- 
ally found  places  where  numerous  droppings  indicated  that  the  birds 
came  regularly.  The  kalij  sleeps  near  the  top  of  a  thickly  leaved 
tree  and,  shortly  after  daylight,  flies  down  to  the  ground  and  makes 
his  way  toward  the  nearest  stream.  During  the  day  the  flock  rests 
in  thickets,  often  on  the  ground  or  in  low  bushes.  Then  in  the  eve- 
ning they  start  back  up  the  ridge  to  their  favorite  tree.  They  usually 
make  the  same  circuit  about  the  same  time  each  day. 

Turnix  suscitator  plumbipes  (Hodgson).  Common  Bustard- 
quail. 

Kaneri,  8  miles  east  of  Dhangarhi,  Kailali-Kanchanpur:  1  o\ 
1  9  ;  January  10  and  11,  1961. 

Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1   9  ;  February  22,  1961. 

Ham,  Ham  District,  4000  feet:  1   9  ;  February  28,  1961. 

Of  the  three  females  listed  above,  two  have  the  throat  and  breast 
colored  as  in  the  males.  The  third  has  only  scattered  black  feathers  on 
the  throat  and  breast.  Ripley  (1950,  p.  368)  and  Rand  and  Fleming 
(1957,  p.  63)  also  had  only  cock-colored  females.  Baker  (1930,  p.  9) 
does  not  believe  that  wild  hens  have  a  non-breeding  plumage  because 
the  species  breeds  throughout  the  year  and  black-throated  birds 
have  been  taken  in  every  month.  However,  captive  birds  are  known 


518  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

to  assume  a  white-throated  non-breeding  plumage,  and  LaTouche 
(1931-1934,  p.  266)  states  that  in  the  race  blakistoni  of  south  China 
the  females  have  a  white  throat  in  winter.  It  is  probable  that  in 
Nepal,  where  the  breeding  season  may  be  more  restricted  than  in 
peninsular  India,  the  females  also  have  a  definite  nonbreeding  plu- 
mage. 

All  of  our  quail,  whether  in  the  lowlands,  the  duns  or  foothills 
have  been  in  rather  open  places,  sometimes  not  far  from  cultivation, 
where  there  is  suitable  scrub  for  cover.  They  have  a  high  whistle 
and  our  hunter  could  call  the  females  out  at  will.  When  they  sense 
danger,  they  crouch,  then  fly  out  suddenly,  describe  a  quick  arc, 
settle  and  run  a  short  distance.  They  are  usually  found  singly  or  in 
pairs.  Once  we  flushed  a  quail  only  to  have  a  hawk-eagle  swoop 
down  after  it.  However,  the  quail  escaped. 

*Anthropoides  virgo  (Linnaeus).    Demoiselle  Crane. 

Kathmandu:  1?;  October  20,  1960. 

Kathmandu  Valley  is  not  a  flyway  for  migrating  birds  but  cranes 
occasionally  pass  through  from  the  northern  plateaus  and  beyond. 
In  1962,  on  almost  the  same  date  as  given  above,  a  single  crane  passed 
overhead,  flying  in  a  southerly  direction.  They  seem  to  time  their 
arrival  just  as  the  last  rice  is  being  harvested.  The  bird  above  was 
solitary. 

*Porzana  pusilla  pusilla  (Pallas).    Baillon's  Crake. 

Kathmandu:  1  rf1  ?;  April  2,  1961. 

This  is  the  first  specimen  of  Baillon's  Crake  from  Nepal  since 
Scully  (1879,  p.  358),  who  found  it  only  from  July  to  December. 

The  little  lake  south  of  Kathmandu  on  the  Pharping  road  attracts 
a  surprising  number  of  migrating  water  birds.  A  visit  there  in  spring 
revealed  ducks,  little  grebes  and  two  crakes.  The  latter  were  wading 
near  the  margin  of  the  water,  feeding  among  vegetation  growing  in 
shallow  water.  They  were  quite  tame  and  continued  on  along  the 
edge  of  the  lake,  even  though  observed.  One  specimen  of  this  species 
dropped  into  our  yard  one  fall.  It  was  dead  and  very  thin.  There 
were  no  lakes  within  miles  of  our  home  at  6500  feet  altitude. 

*Amaurornis  fusca  bakeri  (Hartert).    Ruddy  Crake. 

5  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District:  2  cf;  February  26 
and  27,  1961. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          519 

This  is  the  first  time  that  the  ruddy  crake  has  been  taken  in  Nepal 
since  Hodgson. 

Three  years  ago,  early  in  July,  a  ruddy  crake  was  seen  walking 
through  flooded  rice  fields  at  the  northern  edge  of  Kathmandu.  It 
wasn't  until  we  reached  Suneschari  Bazaar,  last  winter,  that  we  came 
across  several  of  these  fairly  uncommon  birds.  Just  north  of  town 
flows  a  small  stream  containing  clear  water  in  which  a  number  of 
kinds  of  aquatic  plants  were  growing.  Along  the  edge  of  the  stream 
were  piles  of  dead  brush,  fallen  logs  and  tufts  of  grass.  Three  or  four 
crakes,  within  a  couple  hundred  yards,  crossed  from  one  brush  pile 
to  another,  feeding  in  the  stream  as  they  went.  They  had  a  heavy 
flight  with  feet  hanging;  they  covered  only  a  short  distance  to  a 
good  hiding  place.  After  five  minutes  or  so  they  would  venture  out 
again.  The  time  was  about  one  hour  after  dawn. 

Amaurornis  akool  akool  (Sykes).    Brown  Crake. 

10  miles  north  of  Jhapa,  Jhapa  District:  1  cf ;  February  10,  1961. 

The  only  previous  specimens  of  this  crake  are  from  the  central 
terai,  at  Hitora  and  Jhawani. 

In  a  section  of  swamp  land  full  of  six-foot  reeds  we  could  hear  the 
tinkle  of  bells.  A  dog  appeared,  dripping  with  muddy  water  and  with 
a  bell  around  his  neck.  The  reeds  parted  and  out  came  three  San- 
tali  boys  equipped  with  bows  and  arrows,  followed  by  another  wet 
dog.  One  boy  carried  a  string  of  five  dead  birds,  including  a  brown 
crake,  which  the  dogs  had  flushed  and  the  boys  had  brought  down 
with  their  arrows.  Another  specimen  flew  low  over  the  surface  of 
a  stream  and  dropped  behind  clumps  of  grass. 

*Vanellus  cinereus  (Blyth).    Greyheaded  Lapwing. 

Manora  River,  Kathmandu  Valley:  1  ?;  February  7,  1959  (Mrs. 
Proud). 

This  is  the  first  record  of  this  species  from  Nepal.  Although  its 
normal  wintering  range  is  south  and  east  of  Nepal,  it  occasionally 
wanders  as  far  west  as  Kashmir. 

Mrs.  Richard  Proud  found  the  greyheaded  lapwing  to  be  a  regular 
winter  visitor  to  Kathmandu  Valley.  In  1961,  two  were  standing 
with  red-wattled  lapwings  on  a  little  sandbar  in  the  Manora  River. 
Last  year  they  were  again  along  that  river,  only  this  time  a  small 
flock  of  five  or  six  were  feeding  in  cut-over  rice  fields.  They  flew 
with  measured  flight,  and  displayed  a  great  deal  of  white  in  their 


520  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

wings.  They  settled  in  another  field  about  fifty  yards  away  and  ran 
a  short  distance  upon  alighting.  Their  call  was  a  hoarse  version  of 
the  red-wattled  lapwing's  call. 

Capella  gallinago  gallinago  (Linnaeus).    Fan  tail  Snipe. 

24  miles  east  of  Biratnagar,  Morang  District,  450  feet:  1  d"; 
February  17,  1961. 

5  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1    9  ; 
February  24,  1961. 

These  are  the  first  fantail  snipe  to  be  taken  in  Nepal  away  from 
the  central  valley.  From  the  dates  it  would  seem  that  they  are  on 
their  wintering  grounds  rather  than  on  passage. 

This  species  prefers  flooded  fields  rather  than  tall,  grassy  areas. 
They  are  always  in  flocks  of  from  six  to  twenty  or  more.  When 
disturbed  they  sit  close  to  the  ground,  then  suddenly  burst  forth 
with  a  squawk,  and  with  erratic  flight,  describe  an  arc  not  far  above 
the  ground.  They  then  drop  behind  stubble  or  clods  of  earth  fifty 
yards  distant,  barely  visible.  The  first  two  or  three  times  they  may 
settle  in  the  same  general  area,  but  later  wheel  higher  into  the  air 
and  go  off  to  another  feeding  ground.  The  very  muddy  fields  along 
the  Vishnumati  River  are  among  their  favorite  places  in  Kathmandu 
Valley. 

Rostratula    benghalensis    benghalensis    (Linnaeus).      Painted 

Snipe. 

Dhangarhi,  Kailali-Kanchanpur,  450  feet:  1  d",  1  9  ;  November 
27,  1960. 

6  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1  9  ;  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1961. 

These  are  the  first  records  from  other  than  the  central  districts; 
the  species  is  evidently  generally  distributed  in  the  terai,  at  least  in 
winter. 

The  painted  snipe  prefers  lowland  streams  which  flow  through 
grassy  areas  bordered  with  reeds  and  finds  mud  banks  for  feeding. 
It  sits  closely  as  one  approaches,  then  flies  out  suddenly,  rather  low 
above  the  surface  of  the  stream,  and  soon  disappears  around  a  bend 
where  it  may  again  be  flushed  a  little  farther  along.  There  were 
about  a  half-dozen  snipe  in  the  space  of  a  mile  or  two,  all  of  them 
flying  up  one  at  a  time. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          521 

*Treron  apicauda  apicauda  Blyth.    Pintailed  Green  Pigeon. 

Kaneri,  8  miles  east  of  Dhangarhi,  Kailali-Kanchanpur:  1  9  ; 
January  13,  1961. 

This  is  the  first  record  of  the  pintailed  green  pigeon  from  west 
Nepal.  Koelz  collected  five  specimens  at  Hitora  in  the  central  dun 
(Biswas,  1961,  p.  528). 

The  pintailed  green  pigeon  appears  to  be  less  common  in  the  low- 
lands and  terai  of  Nepal  than  it  is  in  Assam.  A  flock  of  twelve  or 
fifteen  birds  fed  on  the  fruit  of  a  forest  tree.  They  move  rather 
sluggishly  among  the  branches  but  when  alarmed,  fly  away  with  a 
strong  wing  beat.  Local  people  say  that  the  green  pigeon  never 
comes  to  the  ground  without  carrying  a  twig  in  its  claws,  otherwise 
it  would  never  get  off  the  ground.  On  the  contrary,  we  found  them 
regularly  visiting  a  stream  each  day  to  drink  water  and  there  were 
no  signs  of  the  required  twigs. 

"Columba  leuconota  leuconota  Vigors.    Snow  Pigeon. 

East  No.  2,  Jiri,  4  miles  west  of  Those,  6000  feet:  2cf ;  Novem- 
ber 10,  1960. 

A  flock  of  thirty  or  forty  birds  circled  lower  and  lower  and  came 
down  in  a  cultivated  field  below  a  village.  They  came  early  each 
morning  for  several  days. 

It  was  in  a  narrow  gorge  of  the  Kali  Gandak  River,  West  Nepal, 
that  we  first  saw  this  species.  In  November,  a  dozen  birds  roosted 
in  a  cleft  of  a  rock  above  the  trail  at  7000  feet,  a  few  miles  north  of 
Dana.  We  "got"  four  of  them  but  the  ten  feet  which  separated  them 
from  us  was  filled  with  a  roaring  river  across  which  there  was  no 
bridge.  It  was  eleven  years  later  when  we  were  able  to  collect  a  snow 
pigeon.  Later  on  this  same  trip,  above  Bigu,  at  about  8000  feet, 
two  or  three  dozen  birds  flew  into  a  dead  tree  near  our  camp,  puffed 
out  their  feathers  and  sat  like  pearls  in  the  early  morning  sunshine. 
We  left  them  undisturbed.  Dairymen  from  the  higher  valleys  closer 
to  the  snows  report  this  to  be  a  very  common  bird  in  that  area. 

*Caprimulgus  asiaticus  asiaticus  Latham.  Common  Indian 
Nightjar. 

Simra  airport,  10  miles  north  of  Birganj,  500  feet:  1  d" ;  March  22, 
1961. 

This  is  the  first  record  of  the  common  Indian  nightjar  from  Nepal. 
The  specimen  agrees  well  with  a  series  from  peninsular  India. 


5-2-2  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

We  were  unable  to  get  a  flight  from  Simra  to  Kathmandu  so 
stayed  at  the  airport  for  the  night.  At  dusk  a  nightjar  called  out  on 
the  airstrip  near  the  wind  sock.  "Tuk-tuk-t-u-r-r-r-r-r"  was  quite 
different  from  other  nightjars  I  had  heard.  We  sent  our  hunter 
after  it  and  he  had  no  difficulty  collecting  it.  This  nightjar  was 
much  smaller  than  the  others  we  had  found  in  Nepal  and  we  were 
glad  we  had  been  delayed  a  day. 

Caprimulgus  affinis  monticolus  Franklin.    Franklin's  Nightjar. 

3  miles  southeast  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  2000  feet:  1  o";  March 
16,  1961. 

In  our  1961  paper  (p.  469)  we  discussed  the  individual  variation  of 
Franklin's  nightjar  in  Nepal.  The  present  specimen  is  at  the  dark 
extreme  of  the  Nepal  birds  but  can  still  be  matched  by  a  dark  in- 
dividual from  Surguja.  Ripley  (1961,  p.  205)  does  not  consider 
burmanicus  a  recognizable  race,  and  it  appears  that  light  and  dark 
individuals  are  found  throughout  the  range  of  monticolus. 

We  camped  along  the  Jog  Mai  below  Ham,  at  about  2500  feet. 
Just  before  dusk  we  heard  the  call  of  the  nightjar  from  the  river  bed. 
A  half-dozen  others  joined  in  the  "chorus,"  which  lasted  no  longer 
than  ten  minutes,  then  all  was  quiet.  Next  evening  we  took  our 
places  and  soon  the  first  nightjar  called  from  trees  bordering  the 
river.  A  minute  or  two  later  one  flew  toward  the  river,  perched  on 
the  top  of  a  large  boulder  and  continued  to  call.  By  this  time  others 
could  be  heard.  In  the  gathering  dusk  several  birds  began  to  fly 
slowly  up  and  down  the  river  bed  about  ten  feet  from  the  surface, 
calling  as  they  went.  This  continued  for  a  few  minutes  and  the  last 
one  we  heard  was  some  distance  up  the  river. 

*Coracias  benghalensis  affinis  McClelland.    Indian  Roller. 

5  miles  southeast  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  2000  feet:  1  d";  March 
16,  1961. 

The  populations  of  Indian  rollers  in  central  and  east  Nepal,  east 
at  least  to  Jhapa,  are  intermediate  between  benghalensis  and  affinis 
but  nearer  the  former.  The  above  listed  male  from  Ham,  however, 
is  much  closer  to  affinis.  It  lacks  the  chestnut  nuchal  collar  com- 
pletely, and  the  underwing  coverts  are  deep  purplish-blue  flecked 
with  pale  blue  rather  than  wholly  pale  blue.  The  narrow  stripes 
on  the  throat  are  turquoise  as  in  affinis  but  those  of  the  breast  are 
whitish  like  benghalensis. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          523 

As  we  trekked  up  the  Jog  Mai  River  valley  through  cultivated 
fields,  we  were  watching  some  kind  of  swift  zooming  overhead.  Then 
from  a  nearby  tree,  this  roller  flew  out  with  slow,  steady  wing  beat. 
When  we  examined  it,  the  underwing  coverts  were  purplish  instead 
of  light  blue  and  the  bird  was  darker  above  than  our  rollers  of  the 
Nepal  terai  and  places  like  Pokhara.  Local  people  say  that  the  roller 
drank  poison  intended  for  the  god  Krishna.  In  gratitude,  Krishna 
stayed  the  progress  of  the  poison  which  is  reflected  to  this  day  in  the 
purple  sheen  on  the  throat  of  the  bird. 

*Indicator  xanthonotus  xanthonotus  Blyth.    Honeyguide. 

East  No.  2,  3  to  5  miles  above  Bigu,  6000-6500  feet:  2d",  1  9  ; 
November  24  and  28,  1960. 

Although  the  honeyguide  has  been  known  from  both  Garhwal 
and  Sikkim,  this  is  the  first  time  it  has  been  taken  in  Nepal. 

Thanks  to  Dr.  Herbert  Friedmann  and  his  volume  on  honey- 
guides,  we  were  on  the  lookout  for  this  species.  Ancient  Chinese 
literature  indicated  that  its  habitat  would  be  deep  in  hidden  moun- 
tain ravines. 

There  is  a  direct  relationship  between  this  bird  and  bees.  Most 
of  our  collecting  in  the  Himalayas  had  been  done  in  winter  when 
clusters  of  bees  occupied  suitable  branches  of  trees  or  even  eaves  of 
buildings,  but  this  was  in  the  terai  where  we  saw  no  honeyguides. 
In  spring  the  bees  disappeared.  Since  we  are  able  to  get  wild  honey 
in  the  hills  much  of  the  year,  the  bees  must  have  flown  into  their 
"hidden  ravines"  in  the  mountains. 

The  head  man  at  Bigu  told  us  that  his  men  went  once  a  year  to 
get  honey  from  cliffs  about  three  miles  away  and  that  he  would  send 
his  man  the  next  day  to  show  us  the  place.  Sagar  Rana,  of  our 
party,  found  the  location.  When  he  scrambled  down  to  the  over- 
hanging cliff  above  a  stream,  he  saw  a  bird,  apparently  standing  on 
its  head,  pecking  at  the  remains  of  a  bees'  comb.  It  proved  to  be 
a  honeyguide  whose  stomach  was  crammed  with  wax. 

We  visited  the  place  again  and  waited  for  ten  minutes  but  saw 
no  movement.  Then  Sagar  made  out  a  bird,  like  a  small  barbet, 
sitting  on  a  dead  branch  about  a  foot  or  two  from  the  face  of  the  rock 
near  where  bees  were  flying  in  and  out.  It  was  another  honey  guide. 
A  third  such  bird  was  seen  in  a  large  fig  tree,  two  hundred  feet 
higher.  This  spring  Dr.  G.  Diesselhorst  of  Munich  got  one  specimen 
about  three  miles  on  up  the  same  road  at  about  10,000  feet. 


524  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

Jynx  torquilla  chinensis  Hesse.    Wryneck. 

5  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1  9  ;  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1961. 

I  have  compared  this  specimen  to  four  birds  from  Manchuria 
and  Korea  representing  chinensis  and  to  a  long  series  from  Europe 
representing  the  paler  nominate  torquilla.  The  Jhapa  bird  is  darker 
above  than  even  the  darkest  chinensis  and  must  belong  to  that  race. 
Of  the  three  birds  listed  by  Rand  and  Fleming  (1957,  p.  90)  as 
torquilla,  the  dark  bird  from  Chisapani  is  also  chinensis.  Their 
comparative  material  of  chinensis  included  several  specimens  of  the 
rufous  japonica  which  misled  them  as  to  the  characters  of  chinensis. 
I  have  also  examined  the  two  males  from  Thankot  which  Biswas 
(1961,  p.  134)  identified  as  chinensis.  These  are  quite  pale  above 
and  are  torquilla. 

Suneschari  Bazaar,  at  the  northern  edge  of  the  southeastern  terai, 
proved  a  good  place  for  birds.  It  was  open  country,  backed  by  heavy 
jungle  about  a  mile  or  so  toward  the  north.  Small  streams,  culti- 
vations and  extensive  patches  of  reeds  gave  shelter  to  resident  and 
winter  birds.  The  wryneck  was  one  of  several  species  found  in  the 
reed  beds.  It  flew  fairly  close  to  the  ground  with  its  head  poked 
out  and  its  tail  wobbling  a  bit.  Other  wrynecks  we  have  seen  have 
also  been  in  low  bushes  or  grass,  a  few  feet  from  the  ground.  They 
are  not  common  and  seem  to  be  solitary. 

*Sasia  ochracea  ochracea  Hodgson.    Rufous  Piculet. 

4  miles  southeast  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  2300  feet:  Id",  1?; 
March  15,  1961. 

The  only  previous  record  is  from  central  Nepal. 

Clusters  of  large  bamboo  made  a  shelter  for  the  piculet.  We 
followed  a  faint  tapping.  We  occasionally  saw  the  piculets  and  they 
often  clung  to  the  side  of  a  tree  trunk  like  miniature  woodpeckers 
or  moved  along  a  smaller  branch  like  titmice.  We  collected  one 
specimen  from  a  brushy  hillside  above  a  river.  Col.  Richard  Proud 
obtained  specimens  from  the  vicinity  of  Daran  Bazaar,  north  of 
Biratnagar  (about  1000  feet)  several  years  ago. 

Galerida  cristata  chendoola  (Franklin).    Crested  Lark. 

Beli,  6  miles  east  of  Dhangarhi,  Kailali-Kanchanpur:  Icf ;  Jan- 
uary 4,  1961  (S.  Rana). 

Previous  records  are  from  central  Nepal. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          525 

Like  the  Indian  pipit,  the  crested  lark  is  a  bird  of  the  open  fields 
in  the  border  country  just  north  of  India.  It  runs  along  the  ground, 
then  flies  thirty  or  forty  feet  into  the  air,  to  land  in  a  field  or  on  an 
embankment  between  fields,  some  fifty  yards  or  more  away.  It  does 
not  seem  to  be  very  common. 

Alauda  gulgula  gulgula  Franklin.    Indian  Sky-lark. 

7  and  22  miles  east  of  Biratnagar,  Morang  District,  450  feet: 
2  d";  February  15  and  16,  1961. 

These  agree  perfectly  in  size  and  color  with  the  specimen  pre- 
viously reported  from  Simra  (Fleming  and  Traylor,  1961,  p.  474). 

Flocks  of  sky-larks  were  commonly  seen  in  the  southeastern  terai. 
They  would  creep  among  the  grassy  vegetation,  then  fly  and  circle 
slowly  and  come  down  in  a  neighbouring  field.  Numbers  of  them 
were  flying  into  the  air  and  singing.  A  male  bird  we  got  had  enlarged 
testes. 

Lanius  cristatus  cristatus  Linnaeus.    Brown  Shrike. 

Biratnagar,  Morang  District,  450  feet:  2  d" ;  February  14  and  16, 
1961. 

Simra  airport,  Gaur  District,  500  feet:  1  tf;  March  22,  1961. 

Biswas  (1961,  pp.  470-472)  inadvertently  omitted  this  species  in 
his  list  of  Nepal  birds.  It  is  a  common  winter  visitor,  and  I  have 
examined  specimens  taken  between  November  and  April. 

A  common  species  in  winter  throughout  the  foothills  and  terai 
of  Nepal.  It  perches  on  telephone  wires  or  on  top  of  bushes  at  the 
edge  of  fields  sitting  with  head  forward  and  tail  down.  It  flies  with 
a  quick,  heavy  wing-beat,  then  flops  into  the  top  of  a  bush  fifty  yards 
away.  When  eating  its  prey,  the  shrike  uses  its  feet  to  pin  down  the 
victim  and  pecks  away  with  its  strong  beak. 

Artamus  fuscus  Vieillot.    Ashy  Swallow-Shrike. 

6  miles  northeast  of  Jhapa,  Jhapa  District,  450  feet:  1  9  ;  Feb- 
ruary 19,  1961. 

Previous  records  of  this  species  from  Nepal  are  all  from  the  sum- 
mer months  (Fleming  and  Traylor,  1961,  p.  483).  The  present  win- 
ter specimen  indicates  that  it  may  remain  the  year  round,  especially 
in  east  Nepal. 

This  species  likes  tall  trees  in  sunny,  open  fields  not  too  far  from 
villages.  There  are  usually  several  in  one  vicinity  and  when  observed 


526  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

four  were  in  a  tall,  silk-cotton  tree.  They  have  a  heavy,  slow  wing- 
beat  and  often  fly  in  the  same  circle  and  come  back  to  the  same  place. 
We  only  saw  them  occasionally  for  they  did  not  seem  to  be  common. 

*Saraglossa  spiloptera  (Vigors).    Spottedwinged  Stare. 

Simra  airport,  10  miles  north  of  Birganj,  500  feet:  1  d* ;  March  22, 
1961. 

The  occurance  of  this  species  in  Nepal  may  be  sporadic  or  its 
movements  may  be  irregular.  Koelz  found  it  common  in  the  central 
terai  and  took  11  specimens  in  March,  June  and  July.  However, 
this  is  the  first  specimen  taken  by  Fleming  and,  except  for  Koelz's 
birds,  the  first  since  Hodgson. 

A  flock  of  half-a-dozen  or  more  stares  were  observed  noisily  work- 
ing in  a  fruiting  tree  at  Amlekhganj  one  spring.  Several  years  later 
this  individual  was  singled  out  in  the  top  of  a  tall  fig  tree,  in  company 
with  two  hundred  gray-headed  minas.  The  evening  sun  emphasized 
the  reddish  throat  of  the  stare  in  contrast  to  the  gray  of  the  minas. 
The  stare  is  fairly  common  in  the  northwestern  Himalayas  below 
Mussoorie,  but  seems  to  be  uncommon  in  Nepal  directly  south  of 
Kathmandu,  where  we  have  seen  all  our  birds  within  a  few  miles 
of  each  other. 

Kitta  flavirostris  cucullata  (Gould).    Yellowbilled  Blue  Magpie. 

East  No.  2,  Kapti,  7  miles  north  of  Those,  7300  feet:  1  9  ;  No- 
vember 19,  1960. 

5  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  8000  feet:  1  d" ;  March 
6,  1961. 

Ripley  (1950,  p.  415)  had  specimens  of  nominate  flavirostris, 
with  a  violet  wash  on  the  underparts,  from  far  east  Nepal.  The 
present  specimens,  even  that  from  Ham  on  the  eastern  border,  do 
not  have  the  violet  wash  that  is  evident  in  four  of  Steven's  birds 
from  Sikkim. 

The  raucous  "barn-door  creaking"  call  of  the  magpie  can  be 
heard  for  a  quarter-mile.  Usually  in  parties  of  three  to  six  or  seven, 
they  fly  with  heavy  wing-beat  one  after  another  among  the  larger 
trees.  Should  a  magpie  come  across  a  dead  animal  on  the  ground, 
it  will  give  a  call  and  soon  all  of  them  will  be  bouncing  around  the 
carcass.  Quick  to  spot  a  human,  they  will  keep  out  of  gun  range, 
flying  some  distance  across  ravines  to  leave  danger  behind. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          527 

Corvus  macrorhynchos  subsp.    Jungle  Crow. 

14  miles  east  of  Biratnagar,  Morang  District,  500  feet:  1  9  ; 
February  16,  1961. 

Measurements: — Wing,  298;  tail,  179;  culmen,  59. 

The  lowlands  of  eastern  Nepal  are  near  the  meeting  place  of 
three  subspecies  of  jungle  crow,  intermedius,  culminatus  and  levail- 
lanti,  and  intermediate  specimens  are  to  be  expected.  Intermedius 
is  a  large  bird  with  white  bases  to  the  nape  feathers.  The  present 
specimen  is  at  the  small  extreme  of  intermedius  and  has  dusky  bases 
to  the  nape  feathers.  This  was  also  true  of  the  lowland  bird  recorded 
by  Rand  and  Fleming  (1957,  p.  108)  from  Bilauri,  and  in  Nepal  in- 
termedius seems  confined  to  higher  elevations. 

Both  culminatus  of  peninsular  India  and  levaillanti  of  eastern 
India  and  East  Pakistan  have  dusky  bases  to  the  nape  feathers; 
they  are  distinguished  by  the  smaller  size  of  culminatus  and  the 
deeper,  more  arched  bill  of  levaillanti.  In  size  the  Biratnagar  female 
is  nearer  levaillanti,  but  the  bill  is  only  moderately  arched.  Paynter 
(1961,  p.  384)  calls  central  Nepal  birds  levaillanti,  although  (p.  383) 
he  does  not  include  Nepal  within  the  range  of  that  race. 

As  we  passed  through  the  Nepal-India  border  region,  crows  were 
fairly  numerous.  They  were  not  bold  like  C.  splendens  but  perched 
in  trees  along  the  road  and  were  a  bit  shy.  The  smaller  size  was 
noticeable,  compared  to  C.  macrorhynchos  intermedius,  but  their 
habits  were  similar.  At  one  river  crossing,  several  hopped  along 
the  bank. 

Pericrocotus  brevirostris  brevirostris  (Vigors).  Shortbilled  Mini- 
vet. 

5  miles  east  of  Jumna,  Ham  District,  7200  feet:  1  9  ;  March  8, 
1961. 

The  shortbilled  minivet,  brevirostris,  is  much  less  common  in 
Nepal  than  the  sibling  species  ethologus.  I  have  re-examined  Rand 
and  Fleming's  (1957,  p.  101)  doubtful  specimen,  an  immature  male 
from  Beni,  west  Nepal.  It  appears  to  be  this  species,  but  I  can  add 
nothing  to  their  careful  description. 

Minivets  flew  among  the  trees  along  the  road  a  short  distance 
from  the  town  of  Ham.  It  was  a  small  flock  of  five  or  six  birds  and 
their  mellow  "tweet-tweet"  indicated  their  presence.  We  saw  several 
others,  too,  all  in  cultivated  areas  where  trees  bordered  the  fields.  Oc- 
casionally one  would  fly  down  close  to  the  ground  after  insects  in 


528  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

low  vegetation.  While  at  rest  on  a  branch  the  bird  sat  upright  with 
the  tail  almost  straight  down.  We  noted  males  and  females  in  these 
groups. 

Criniger  flaveolus  flaveolus  (Gould).    Whitethroated  Bulbul. 

4  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1  d" ,  1  9  ; 
February  25,  1961. 

Previous  records  of  this  species  in  Nepal  are  confined  to  the 
central  terai  and  duns. 

A  small  party  of  five  birds  flitted  through  scrub  forest  at  the  base 
of  the  foothills.  Thier  sharp  whip-like  note  could  be  heard  for  some 
distance.  They  did  not  go  up  into  the  taller  trees  but  kept  to  within 
eight  or  ten  feet  from  the  ground. 

*Pomatorhinus  ruficollis  godwini  Kinnear.     Rufousnecked  Sci- 
mitar Babbler. 

5  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  7000  feet:  1  9  ;  March 
7,  1961. 

5  miles  east  of  Jumna,  Ham  District,  8200  feet:  1  9  ;  March  11, 
1961. 

These  are  well  marked  examples  of  this  more  olive,  eastern  race. 

Scrub  hillsides  were  the  favorite  places  for  this  species.  The 
birds  worked  over  areas  twenty  or  thirty  yards  across,  in  parties 
of  a  half-dozen  or  so.  Sometimes  they  perched  in  low  bushes  but 
usually  were  on  the  ground  where  they  noisily  threw  up  leaves  as 
they  looked  under  them  for  food.  When  disturbed  these  babblers 
flew  into  thicker  cover  then  settled  on  the  ground  again  to  resume 
their  activities.  We  frequently  heard  their  calls  which  carried  for 
some  distance. 

Pomatorhinus  erythrogenys  haringtoni  Baker.    Rustycheeked 

Scimitar  Babbler. 
East  No.  2,  Jiri,  6000  feet:  1  d";  November  9,  1960. 

Mai  Pokhari,  Ham  District,  7000  feet:  1  c?,  1  9  ;  March  2  and  3, 
1961. 

Rand  and  Fleming  (1957,  p.  122)  and  Ripley  (1961,  p.  352)  rec- 
ognize ferrugilatus  as  the  race  of  this  scimitar  babbler  from  Nepal. 
After  examining  over  60  specimens  taken  from  Punjab  to  Bengal, 
I  believe  that  the  recognition  of  three  races,  erythrogenys,  ferrugilatus 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          529 

and  haringtoni,  is  misleading.  Nepal  populations  are  highly  variable 
individually,  and  in  central  Nepal  specimens  matching  both  typical 
erythrogenys  and  typical  haringtoni  can  be  found. 

The  five  specimens  from  Mussoorie  available  to  Rand  and  Flem- 
ing are  surprisingly  uniform  and  have  immaculate  white  throats. 
Many  specimens  from  Tehri  and  the  Punjab,  however,  have  some 
grey  streaking  on  the  throat,  so  that  even  in  typical  erythrogenys 
there  is  an  approach  to  the  condition  found  in  haringtoni.  The  west 
Nepal  series  averages  more  streaking,  but  is  hardly  to  be  separated 
from  erythrogenys.  The  central  Nepal  birds,  as  noted  above,  are 
highly  variable  but  averaging  more  heavily  streaked  than  in  the 
west,  while  east  Nepal  birds  are  as  heavily  streaked  as  our  specimen 
of  haringtoni  from  Bengal. 

Since  most  of  Nepal  is  occupied  by  variable,  intergrading  pop- 
ulations that  do  not  warrant  a  name  of  their  own,  I  would  give  the 
range  of  the  races  as: 

erythrogenys — western    Himalayas  east  to  west  Nepal,   inter- 
grading  extensively  in  central  Nepal  with  haringtoni. 
haringtoni — Sikkim,  northern  Bengal  and  adjoining  Nepal,  in- 
tergrading extensively  in  central  Nepal  with  erythrogenys. 

The  scimitar  babbler  goes  about  in  pairs  throughout  the  year. 
It  likes  wooded  ravines  and  scrub  jungle  not  far  from  cultivations. 
A  great  skulker,  it  bounces  along  the  ground  then  into  a  bush,  often 
moving  into  the  bush  top  to  get  a  better  view  and,  if  necessary, 
leaving  quickly  in  a  short  flight  to  a  more  protected  spot.  Other 
species  are  usually  found  in  the  same  area.  The  duet  "took-took" 
(male),  "teek"  (female)  also  continues  during  the  year,  except  at 
nesting  time  when  the  female  often  fails  to  respond.  When  resting 
on  a  branch  the  head  and  curved  bill  are  held  up  while  the  tail 
droops  down  and  jerks  when  the  head  is  moved  from  side  to  side. 

*Xiphirhynchus  superciliaris  superciliaris  Blyth.  Slenderbilled 
Scimitar  Babbler. 

5  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  7700  feet:  1  cf;  March 
7,  1961. 

The  range  of  this  species  in  Nepal  appears  confined  to  the  Mai 
Valley. 

We  have  seen  this  species  only  once,  with  a  mixed  hunting  party 
including  babblers  and  sunbirds.  The  group  was  on  a  steep,  grassy 
hillside  in  the  sun.  It  was  moving  through  bushes  and  on  the  ground 
when  a  strange  bird  appeared  at  the  base  of  a  large  tree  trunk  which 


530  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

had  fallen  to  the  ground.  This  bird  resembled  the  plain-colored 
babbler  of  which  there  were  many.  The  slender  bill  was  not  ap- 
parent from  that  distance  as  the  glimpse  of  the  bird  was  only  mo- 
mentary. 

*Microura  albiventer  albiventer  (Hodgson).  Scalybreasted  Wren- 
babbler. 

5  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  6900  feet  and 
7500  feet:  2  rf1;  March  12,  1961. 

5  miles  north  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  6000  feet:  1  9  ;  March  14, 
1961. 

Since  Ripley  (1961,  p.  357)  has  restricted  the  type  locality  of 
albiventer  to  the  Ham  District,  the  above  listed  birds  are  topotypes 
of  this  race.  As  one  would  expect,  they  are  much  darker  above  than 
specimens  from  western  and  central  Nepal  and  Tehri  (pallidior), 
and  are  matched  by  birds  from  Sikkim  and  Bengal. 

We  had  been  in  our  forest  camp  for  several  days  before  we  dis- 
covered the  wren-babblers.  A  short  series  of  high-pitched  notes, 
"tzit,"  at  a  few  seconds'  interval,  indicated  its  presence  under  ferns 
in  a  wet  ravine  filled  with  fallen  brushwood.  In  its  progress  under 
debris  and  around  large  boulders,  it  moved  slowly  upward  from  the 
stream,  finally  exposing  itself  briefly.  Having  once  heard  the  call, 
it  was  easy  to  locate  another  in  the  next  ravine. 

*Spelaeornis  caudatus  (Blyth).    Tailed  Wren-babbler. 

5  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  7200  feet:  1  9  ; 
March  10,  1961. 

Although  Hodgson  (Gray,  1863,  p.  28)  collected  several  speci- 
mens of  this  wren-babbler,  this  is  the  first  time  since  that  the  species 
has  been  taken  in  Nepal.  Its  range  in  Nepal  is  probably  restricted 
to  those  regions  adjoining  Sikkim  and  Darjeeling. 

We  first  saw  this  species  creeping  under  a  dead  log  and  through 
underbrush  just  below  the  road  where  we  camped.  It  had  a  higher- 
pitched  "tzit"  than  either  the  chestnut  headed  or  the  scalybreasted 
wren-babblers  which  were  both  in  the  vicinity.  In  a  damp  ravine, 
not  far  away  was  a  pair  on  the  ground  in  a  tangle  of  dead,  wet 
branches.  They  were  rather  difficult  to  see  but  the  call,  given  at 
short  intervals,  enabled  us  to  follow  them.  The  scaly  breast  was 
pale  on  the  throat  and  upper  breast  and  brownish  lower  down  and 
the  tail  so  short  it  was  not  noticed. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          531 

*Stachyris  ruficeps  ruficeps  Blyth.    Redheaded  Babbler. 

7  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  9000  feet:  1  cf ; 
March  11,  1961. 

12  miles  east  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  6700  feet:  1  d";  March  18, 
1961. 

This  is  another  species  whose  range  in  Nepal  appears  confined  to 
the  Mai  Valley.  It  was  found  there  by  Stevens,  and  Hodgson's 
Nepal  specimens  (Gray,  1863,  p.  45)  were  almost  certainly  from  that 
part  of  Nepal  near  Darjeeling. 

The  bird  found  at  the  higher  altitude  frequented  a  thicket  of 
ringal  (small  bamboo)  where  it  was  fairly  common.  The  other  one 
was  one  of  a  small  party  in  scrub  jungle  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  hill. 
It  resembled  the  red-billed  babbler  as  well  as  the  yellow-breasted 
babbler  of  central  and  western  Nepal,  as  it  peered  through  the  smaller 
branches  at  the  tops  of  shrubs.  When  disturbed  it  flew  a  short 
distance  into  adjoining  trees. 

Paradoxornis  nipalensis  nipalensis  Hodgson.    Orange  Suthora. 

Kathmandu  Valley,  Sheopuri,  6500  feet:  1  d";  May  21,  1958. 

As  noted  by  Ripley  (1961,  p.  370),  the  range  of  nominate  nipalen- 
sis is  confined  to  the  hills  surrounding  the  Kathmandu  Valley,  and  our 
five  specimens  from  Phulchowk  and  one  from  Sheopuri  are  apparently 
the  only  ones  taken  since  Hodgson's  time.  It  is,  therefore,  all  the 
more  surprising  to  find  three  specimens  taken  by  Koelz  in  the  (then) 
United  Provinces,  a  pair  from  Kurumtoli,  Garhwal,  and  a  female 
from  Girgaon,  Kumaon.  As  might  be  expected  in  a  population  iso- 
lated by  several  hundred  miles,  these  birds  differ  considerably  from 
topotypes  and  must  be  known  as: 

Paradoxornis  nipalensis  garhwalensis  subsp.  nov. 

Type. — Chicago  Natural  History  Museum  no.  234602,  an  adult 
male  from  Kurumtoli,  Garhwal,  Uttar  Pradesh,  India,  (ca.  79°  45' 
E.;  30°  10'  N.)  collected  May  5,  1948  by  Walter  Koelz. 

Diagnosis. — Paler  both  above  and  below  than  nipalensis  of  central 
Nepal.  On  the  upper  parts,  the  rufous  of  the  back  is  less  intense, 
and  the  pale  gray-brown  of  the  crown  fades  gradually  into  the  ru- 
fescent  back  rather  than  terminating  abruptly  on  the  nape  as  in 
nipalensis.  The  dark  superciliary  stripes  are  brown  rather  than 
blackish.  Size  as  in  nipalensis  or  possibly  larger. 

Measurements  of  type. — Wing  53,  tail  56,  bill  8,  tarsus  18. 


532  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

Range. — Restricted  to  a  small  area  in  northeast  Garhwal  and 
northern  Almora,  probably  between  7000  feet  and  9000  feet. 

Remarks. — Koelz'  locality  "Kurumtoli"  takes  its  name  from  a 
glacier  in  northeast  Garhwal.  There  is  no  altitude  on  the  label, 
but  in  Nepal  the  species  is  known  from  6500  feet  to  9500  feet,  and 
Koelz  probably  was  collecting  at  about  these  altitudes  below  the 
glacier.  "Girgaon,  Kumaon"  is  a  village  in  northern  Almora  at 
about  80°  10'  E.,  30°  3'  N.,  roughly  30  miles  east  by  south  of  Kurum- 
toli. The  range  of  garhwalensis,  therefore,  appears  about  as  restricted 
as  that  of  the  nominate  race. 

Measurements  of  the  two  races  are  given  below;  I  have  combined 
the  sexes  since  several  of  the  nipalensis  are  undetermined. 

Wing  Tail  Bill  Tarsus 

nipalensis  (6)  48-51  (50.2)     54-58  (56.2)     6.5-8.0  (7.4)     17-18  (17.8) 

garhwalensis  (3)         52,  52,  53         56,  57,  57         7.5,  8.0  18,  18,  18.5 

*Paradoxornis  nipalensis  humii  (Sharpe). 

8  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  10,000  feet:  1  9  ; 
March  9,  1961. 

This  form  likewise  has  a  restricted  range,  being  confined  to  far 
eastern  Nepal  and  adjoining  Sikkim  and  Darjeeling. 

A  small  party  of  this  suthora  moved  very  rapidly  through  a 
thicket  of  bamboo  on  a  steep  hillside.  They  made  a  shrill,  high- 
pitched  twitter  as  they  passed.  We  had  expected  to  find  this  genus 
in  bamboo  but  search  as  we  might,  we  could  locate  no  others.  On 
one  other  occasion,  at  a  much  lower  altitude,  a  rather  large  flock 
flew  over  head  into  large  bamboos.  But  this  party  of  about  fifteen 
members  paused  only  a  moment  before  moving  on. 

Turdoides  nipalensis  (Hodgson).    Spiny  Babbler. 

Kathmandu  Valley,  Tokha  Sanitorium,  6000  feet:  2  cf;  Septem- 
ber 26  and  28,  1960. 

Both  Ripley  (1950,  p.  394)  and  Rand  and  Fleming  (1957,  p.  126) 
have  discussed  the  variation  in  the  amount  of  white  found  on  the 
face  and  throat  of  these  birds.  As  noted  by  the  latter  authors,  it  has 
nothing  to  do  with  sex  since  the  same  range  of  variation  is  found  in 
males  as  in  females  (see  fig.  4).  It  may  have  some  connection  with 
age,  but  examination  of  the  present  specimens,  the  first  in  molt  that 
I  have  been  able  to  examine,  makes  me  believe  that  this  is  not  so. 

Both  the  above  listed  males  (the  two  on  the  left  in  the  figure)  are 
in  an  advanced  stage  of  the  post-nuptial  molt.  The  contour  feathers 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          533 


Fig.  4.  Five  males  of  the  spiny  babbler,  Turdoidex  nipalensis,  showing  vari- 
ation in  the  amount  of  white  in  the  cheeks  and  throat.  The  four  on  the  left  are 
from  Kathmandu  Valley;  that  on  the  right  is  from  Doti,  west  Nepal,  and  shows 
the  maximum  white  observed. 


for  the  most  part  are  fresh,  and  the  wings  and  tails  are  in  active  molt. 
However,  there  are  still  some  fresh  feathers  coming  in  on  the  throat, 
and  of  these,  the  ones  among  the  brown  feathers  are  brown,  and  those 
among  the  white  feathers  are  white.  It  appears  that  the  previous 
pattern  is  duplicating  itself,  even  though  the  white  is  at  a  minimum 
in  both  specimens. 

This  leads  to  the  possibility  that  there  is  some  geographical  vari- 
ation in  the  amount  of  white.  The  four  specimens  on  the  left  in  the 
figure  are  topotypes  from  Kathmandu  Valley.  Among  ten  specimens 
from  west  Nepal,  the  one  with  the  least  white  matches  the  center 
bird  in  the  figure,  while  the  average  is  about  like  the  maximum  for 
the  valley.  With  such  a  variable  character,  however,  the  difference 
is  not  worth  recognizing. 

The  song  of  the  spiny  babbler  can  be  heard  most  months  in  the 
year  but  it  is  more  frequent  from  March  to  September,  in  the  early 


534  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

morning  or  just  before  dusk.  In  the  month  of  May,  1962,  two  of  us 
left  Chapagaon  and  took  the  Lele  road  southward  from  Kathmandu 
Valley  up  through  cut-over  jungle.  It  was  about  5:00  A.M.  when  we 
started  and  in  the  next  forty-five  minutes  we  heard  nine  different 
babblers  calling.  One  climbed  up  on  a  small  stump  a  short  distance 
above  the  road  where  we  had  a  good  view  of  him.  Strangely,  we 
have  never  found  nestlings  nor  located  the  nest.  April,  May  and 
June  should  be  a  good  time  to  look  for  them. 

Turdoides  earlei  earlei  (Blyth).    Striated  Babbler. 

5  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  Id",  19; 
February  25,  1961. 

These  specimens  are  the  first  record  from  the  eastern  terai. 

The  striated  babbler  is  a  marsh  bird,  frequenting  wet  patches  of 
reeds  and  coarse  grass.  They  consort  in  small  groups;  in  this  group 
there  were  five  of  them.  When  disturbed  they  move  up  the  reeds, 
fly  a  short  distance  with  head  poked  out  and  wings  and  tail  flopping, 
then  pitch  into  the  grass.  They  look  like  small  jungle  babblers  only 
thinner  and  heavily  streaked.  We  have  found  them  occasionally  in 
several  other  places  in  Nepal  but  they  never  appeared  to  be  common. 

Garrulax  ocellatus  ocellatus  (Vigors).     Whitespotted  Laughing 
Thrush. 

Jiri,  4  miles  west  of  Those,  East  No.  2,  7000  feet:  1  9  ;  Novem- 
ber 10,  1960. 

I  have  compared  our  series  of  nine  birds  from  east  Nepal  with 
four  paratypes  of  Koelz's  griseicauda  (Koelz,  1950,  p.  7)  from  Garh- 
wal  and  Uttar  Pradesh  and  with  a  topotype  of  ocellatus  from  Sikkim. 
We  have  also  a  male  from  Baitidi  in  far  west  Nepal.  In  the  amount 
of  gray  on  the  tail,  the  east  Nepal  birds  are  quite  variable,  some  show- 
ing as  much  on  the  central  rectrices  as  griseicauda  and  others  showing 
none  at  all  as  in  ocellatus.  However,  when  properly  sexed  specimens 
are  compared,  it  appears  that  griseicauda  is  longer  tailed  than  ocel- 
latus and  that  east  Nepal  birds  belong  with  the  nominate  race.  Com- 
parative tail  measurements  are: 


9  9 

Garhwal,  U.P.  157,  161,  164 

West  Nepal  167 

East  Nepal  (6)  146-162  (155.7)  148,  151,  151 

Sikkim  151 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          535 

The  west  Nepal  male  belongs  in  griseicauda.  The  other  character 
postulated  by  Koelz,  that  the  spots  on  the  back  are  white  in  grisei- 
cauda and  buffy  in  ocellatus,  is  not  at  all  apparent  in  our  material. 

All  the  specimens  of  this  species  and  others  we  have  seen  prefer 
scrub  jungle  where  there  is  sunshine  and,  when  possible,  they  like 
to  be  fairly  close  to  civilization.  The  Jiri  bird  and  those  at  Thodung 
( 10,000  feet)  were  in  bushes  either  at  the  edges  of  fields  or  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  herds  of  cattle.  They  hop  on  the  ground  and  peck  noisily  among 
the  leaves.  They  sing  quite  a  varied  series  of  notes  in  viburnum 
bushes  and  other  shrubs.  They  are  often  associated  with  the  black- 
faced  laughing  thrush. 

*Garrulax  subunicolor  subunicolor  (Blyth).  Plaincolored  Laugh- 
ing Thrush. 

5  miles  east  of  Jumna,  Ham  District,  7200  feet:  2  9  ;  March  8 
and  10,  1961. 

5  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  8000  feet:  1  9  ;  March  5, 
1961. 

All  recent  records  of  this  species  from  Nepal  are  from  the  Mai 
Valley,  and  this  may  be  the  extent  of  its  range  in  that  country. 

This  was  one  of  the  most  common  laughing  thrushes  in  the  Ham 
District  forests.  They  were  found  in  groups  of  from  ten  to  twenty, 
moving  through  tangles  of  bushes  and  vines  or  on  the  ground.  At 
one  place  they  were  eating  something  from  low  shrubs.  They  fre- 
quented a  place  just  above  our  camp  above  huge  boulders  overgrown 
with  vines  and  thorns. 

Garrulax  erythrocephalus  nigrimentum  (Gates).  Redheaded 
Laughing  Thrush. 

East  No.  2,  above  Bigu,  8000  feet:  1  d\  1  9  ;  November  26  and 
27,  1960. 

East  No.  2,  Jiri,  4  miles  west  of  Those,  6200  feet  and  7000  feet: 
2  9  ;  November  10,  1960. 

East  No.  2,  Jiri,  7  miles  north  of  Those,  7800  feet  and  8000  feet: 
1  d" ,  1  9  ;  November  19  and  21,  1960. 

Mai  Pokhari,  Ham  District:  1  d";  March  2,  1961. 

7  miles  north  of  Ham,  Ilam  District,  7000  feet:  IcT;  March  3, 
1961. 

5  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ilam  District,  7500  feet:  1  9  ; 
March  12,  1961. 


536  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

The  three  specimens  from  Ham  district  have  been  compared  to 
a  good  series  of  nigrimentum  from  Sikkim  and  are  typical  of  that  race. 
The  birds  from  East  No.  2  are  intermediate  between  nigrimentum 
and  kali  of  central  Nepal,  combining  the  gray  crown  of  the  former 
with  the  pale  underparts  of  the  latter.  The  cline  of  increasing  satura- 
tion of  the  color  of  the  underparts  from  west  to  east  seems  to  operate 
independently  of  the  change  in  color  of  the  crown;  the  intermediate 
population  is  little  or  no  darker  on  the  underparts  than  are  the  red- 
headed birds  from  the  valley.  There  appears,  however,  to  be  no 
intergradation  in  crown  color,  all  specimens  from  East  No.  2  having 
as  much  gray  on  the  crown  as  typical  nigrimentum. 

A  common  species  throughout  Nepal,  this  bird  prefers  the  more 
open  places  dotted  with  clusters  of  bushes.  It  bounces  over  the 
ground,  then  digs  under  dry  leaves.  It  has  two  or  three  songs,  one 
of  which  is  "pearl-lee"  given  three  or  four  times  at  an  interval  of  a 
few  seconds.  In  Kathmandu  Valley  it  nests  at  about  8,000  feet  and 
comes  down  to  the  foot  of  the  surrounding  hills  at  about  5,000  feet 
when  the  weather  is  cold. 

*Myzornis  pyrrhoura  Blyth.    Firetailed  Myzornis. 

5  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  7000  feet:  1  d" ;  March  7, 
1961. 

Mrs.  Proud  (1961,  p.  804)  reports  seeing  a  pair  feeding  their  young 
on  the  Gandak-Kosi  watershed  at  12,000  feet  in  May;  however,  the 
species  is  only  common  in  far  eastern  Nepal. 

We  ran  across  the  myzornis  in  East  No.  2,  about  70  miles  ENE 
of  Kathmandu.  It  was  above  a  rill  of  water  at  the  edge  of  a  forest 
at  about  8000  feet  altitude.  It  wasn't  until  we  reached  Ham  dis- 
trict that  we  found  it  to  be  common.  Here  we  found  them  between 
7000  and  9000  feet  in  heavy  jungle,  bamboo  thickets  and  on  top  of 
bushes  on  sunny  hillsides.  The  first  one  we  observed  appeared  to 
be  drinking  sap  from  an  oak  tree.  Another  was  on  the  lower  branch 
of  a  large  oak  tree  in  a  forest.  Still  another  bird  was  teetering 
from  side  to  side  on  the  top  of  a  barberry  bush  and  looked  much  like 
a  sunbird.  The  species  was  solitary  most  of  the  time  but  was  found 
also  in  company  with  warblers  and  sunbirds.  It  had  a  peculiar  high- 
pitched  note  that,  when  once  identified,  made  it  quite  easy  to  locate. 

*Pteruthius  rufiventer  Blyth.    Rufousbellied  Shrike-babbler. 

East  No.  2,  Jiri,  7  miles  north  of  Those,  8200  feet:  1  <? ;  Novem- 
ber 19,  1960. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          537 

This  shrike-babbler  must  be  quite  rare  in  Nepal  since  this  is  the 
first  record  since  Hodgson. 

The  only  time  we  saw  this  bird  was  in  an  oak  forest  above  Kapti, 
the  Swiss  cheese-storage  center.  We  had  lost  our  way  and  were  fol- 
lowing a  small  trail  some  distance  above  where  we  were  supposed  to 
be  when  a  bird  moved  about  two-thirds  the  way  up  an  oak  tree.  It 
was  very  much  like  the  red-winged  shrike-babbler,  though  a  bit  more 
sluggish.  We  heard  or  saw  nothing  of  any  others. 

Minla  ignotincta  ignotincta  Hodgson.    Redtailed  Minla. 

East  No.  2,  Jiri,  4  miles  west  of  Those,  5800  feet:  2  rf1;  Novem- 
ber 9,  1960. 

7  miles  north  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  7000  feet:  1  9  ;  March  2, 
1961. 

4  miles  southeast  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  2400  feet:  1  d" ;  March  15, 
1961. 

As  noted  by  Rand  and  Fleming  (1957,  p.  137),  birds  from  east 
Nepal  are  much  brighter  yellow  below  than  a  series  of  skins  from 
Sikkim  and  Bengal.  A  single  male  from  the  valley  is  also  pale.  The 
problem  is  to  determine  to  what  degree  this  variation  is  geographic, 
and  to  what  degree  it  is  due  to  wear  and  age  of  skin. 

All  descriptions  of  the  species  in  standard  references  speak  of  the 
yellow  underparts,  a  description  that  certainly  could  not  be  based  on 
our  old  (1930)  Sikkim  and  Bengal  material.  There  is  no  mention 
in  Stuart  Baker  or  Gates  of  post  mortem  fading,  but  Sharpe  (1883, 
p.  606)  speaks  of  "the  very  evident  way  in  which  the  colors  of  the 
present  species  become  dim,"  so  there  must  have  been  a  marked 
change  in  Hodgson's  material  at  the  British  Museum.  Within  our 
material,  the  brightest  birds  are  the  two  freshly  plumaged  Novem- 
ber males  from  East  No.  2,  while  the  more  worn  March  male  from 
Ham  is  noticeably  paler.  The  even  paler  male  from  the  valley  is  an 
April  bird  about  to  breed,  and  Scully  (1879,  p.  319)  remarks  of  two 
May  males  that  they  were  "dull  yellow"  below.  There  appears,  then, 
to  be  a  twofold  change  in  the  yellow  of  the  underparts:  a  seasonal 
dulling  with  wear  during  the  life  of  the  bird,  and  a  post  mortem  fading 
in  the  museum.  Unless  fresh  fall  specimens  from  the  valley  and  from 
Sikkim  show  that  the  difference  is  also  geographic,  ignotincta  should 
not  be  further  subdivided  at  this  time. 

The  minlas  formed  a  part  of  mixed  hunting  parties.  They  are 
most  common  in  the  oak-rhododendron  forest  in  company  with  tits, 
warblers,  and  shrike-babblers.  The  two  Jiri  birds  were  in  a  little 


538  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

ravine  with  tall  trees,  immediately  below  a  village.  They  rested  on 
branches,  hunched  over  with  tail  down,  and  moved  about  more 
calmly  than  the  titmice  did.  Several  other  species  were  also  present. 

Muscicapa  hodgsonii  (Verreaux).    Rustybreasted  Blue  Flycatcher. 

10 miles  south  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  900  feet:  1  ?;  February  27, 
1961. 

Previous  records  of  this  species  from  Nepal  are  all  from  the  cen- 
tral valley. 

The  belt  of  forest  in  the  foothills,  made  up  of  clumps  of  large 
bamboos  and  tall  trees,  had  numbers  of  birds  including  this  one. 
It  was  on  the  lower  branch  of  a  tree  above  the  path  where  it  circled 
out  for  insects.  Then  it  would  rest  for  a  bit,  sitting  fairly  upright, 
and  fly  out  again.  We  did  not  find  it  a  common  species. 

*Muscicapa  sapphira  (Blyth).    Sapphireheaded  Flycatcher. 

Mai  Khola,  3  miles  south  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  1600  feet:  Id1; 
February  27,  1961. 

This  species  has  only  been  taken  in  Nepal  east  of  the  Arun  Kosi. 

We  had  just  crossed  the  Mai  River  and  followed  along  the  main 
path  when  we  came  to  a  dip  in  the  road  where  it  crossed  a  stream. 
Above  was  a  cluster  of  large  bamboos  and  several  tall  trees.  Our 
flycatcher,  along  with  one  other,  flew  from  the  lower  branches  out 
after  an  insect  and  returned  to  the  same  spot.  There  it  would  sit  for 
a  short  while,  looking  this  way  and  that,  then  glide  out  after  another 
insect.  Its  habits  were  like  those  of  the  common  gray-headed  fly- 
catcher. This  was  the  only  time  we  saw  this  species. 

Rhipidura  albicollis  albicollis  (Vieillot).  Whitethroated  Fantail 
Flycatcher. 

Mai  Khola,  3  miles  south  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  1600  feet:  1  9  ; 
February  28,  1961. 

Ripley  (1955)  has  recently  reviewed  the  variation  and  relation- 
ships of  this  species.  He  recognizes  nine  races,  describing  as  new 
orissae  from  the  hills  of  northern  Orissa,  and  considers  that  albicollis 
is  most  nearly  related  to  euryura  of  Java.  When  identifying  the 
Koelz  collection,  I  found  two  specimens  from  Mahendra,  southern 
Orissa,  that  appeared  to  be  hybrids  between  albicollis  and  albogu- 
laris  (olim  pectoralis)  of  southern  India.  Further  examination  of 
available  material,  including  two  specimens  of  orissae  very  kindly 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          539 

lent  by  Ripley,  shows  that  not  only  are  albicollis  and  albogularis 
related,  but  they  are  connected  by  a  series  of  intergrading  pop- 
ulations and  are  conspecific. 

The  differences,  however,  between  nominate  albicollis  and  albo- 
gularis are  striking,  and  there  is  little  to  suggest  that  the  two  are 
closely  related.  Nominate  albicollis  has  the  crown  black  and  the 
remainder  of  the  plumage  brownish-black  except  for  white  supercili- 
aries,  throat  and  tips  to  the  outer  rectrices.  Nominate  albogularis 
agrees  only  in  having  a  white  throat  and  superciliaries.  On  the  upper 
parts  it  is  dark  brown,  darker  and  more  nearly  black  on  the  crown, 
but  altogether  paler  and  more  brownish  than  albicollis.  On  the  un- 
derparts,  below  the  white  throat,  there  is  a  narrow  blackish  band 
liberally  spotted  with  white  across  the  upper  breast,  and  the  lower 
breast  and  belly  are  pale  buff.  The  pale  tips  of  the  outer  rectrices 
are  buff  and  blend  into  the  brown  of  the  remainder  of  the  feathers, 
rather  than  being  sharply  demarcated  as  in  albicollis.  There  is  also 
a  size  difference,  albicollis  being  larger,  particularly  in  tail  length. 
Comparative  measurements  are: 

rfc?  99 

Wing 

albicollis  (8)  76-82  (79.0)  (6)  73-78  (75.2) 

albogularis  (5)  72-77  (74.6)  (3)  69,  71,  72 

Tail 

albicollis  (8)  96-109  (102.5)         (6)  93-101  (97.1) 

albogularis  (5)  88-96  (93.4)  (3)  88,  90,  92 

Nominate  albicollis  is  found  from  west  Nepal  to  Sikkim  and  south 
to  Bihar  and  west  Bengal.  Albogularis  is  found  in  the  hills  of  cen- 
tral and  southern  peninsular  India. 

In  1931  Whistler  (1931)  described  a  new  race  of  albogularis,  ver- 
nayi,  from  Jeypore  in  the  upper  eastern  Ghats,  the  northeast  extrem- 
ity of  the  range  of  the  species.  He  distinguished  rernayi  by  its 
broader  pectoral  band  which  extends  down  along  the  flanks,  the  re- 
duced white  pectoral  spotting  and  the  darker  and  less  extensive  buff 
of  the  belly.  The  greater  extent  of  blackish  on  the  underparts  is, 
of  course,  an  approach  to  the  condition  in  albicollis  with  wholly 
black  underparts.  Two  males  in  the  Koelz  collection  from  Kesarpal, 
Bastar,  are  typical  vernayi. 

The  characters  by  which  Ripley's  orissae  differs  from  typical  albi- 
collis are  of  a  type  that  shows  an  approach  to  albogularis.  Orissae 
is  brownish  rather  than  blackish  on  the  back  and  scapulars,  with  a 
clear  line  of  demarcation  between  the  back  and  the  black  crown  and 
nape;  the  belly  is  paler  and  with  a  distinct  patch  of  buff  on  the  mid- 


540  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

line;  and  the  pale  tips  to  the  rectrices  are  washed  with  buff.  These 
tips,  however,  are  clearly  demarcated  from  the  remainder  of  the 
feather,  rather  than  blending  in,  as  in  albogularis.  The  range  of 
orissae,  the  hills  of  northern  Orissa,  approaches  that  of  vernayi. 

The  two  specimens  from  Mahendra,  southern  Orissa,  are  inter- 
mediate between  vernayi  and  orissae.  Superficially  they  are  more 
like  orissae  in  having  the  belly  dark  with  only  a  limited  amount  of 
buff  on  the  midline.  They  are,  however,  paler  on  the  upperparts 
like  vernayi,  and  the  tips  of  the  rectrices  are  more  buffy  and  blend 
into  the  remainder  of  the  feather.  In  size  they  also  fall  between: 
wing,  d"  78,  9  73;  tail,  rf1  95,  9  94.  Although  the  Mahendra  birds 
are  not  typical  of  either  vernayi  or  orissae,  it  is  not  worth  naming  a 
third  intermediate  population,  especially  since  it  is  not  possible  to 
say  if  it  is  stable  on  the  basis  of  two  specimens. 

Since  typical  albicollis  and  albogularis  are  linked  by  a  series  of 
intergrading  populations,  albogularis  and  vernayi  will  now  have  to 
be  called  races  of  albicollis,  the  earliest  name. 

Several  muscial  notes  which  cease  before  the  song  seems  to  be 
complete,  give  a  clue  to  the  whereabouts  of  this  bird.  It  is  usually 
in  undergrowth  or  lower  branches  of  taller  trees,  and  with  tail  out- 
spread flicks  its  body  first  to  the  left  then  to  the  right  as  it  sits  hori- 
zontally on  a  small  branch.  This  one  was  above  a  stream  in  a  small 
gully  between  terraced  fields.  We  have  found  it  throughout  Nepal 
in  the  terai  and  foothills  where  it  is  common. 

Monarcha  azurea  styani  (Hartlaub).    Blacknaped  Flycatcher. 

Kankaimukh,  14  miles  north  of  Jhapa,  500  feet:  1?;  February  21, 
1961. 

In  our  1961  paper  (p.  481)  we  suggested  that  the  blacknaped  fly- 
catcher is  only  a  summer  visitor  to  Nepal.  This  specimen,  however, 
shows  that  it  may  remain  over  the  winter. 

This  species  prefers  heavier  foliage,  usually  along  a  stream.  It 
is  seen  singly  or  in  pairs.  After  a  sally  for  an  insect,  it  sits  quietly 
for  a  time  before  venturing  out  again.  It  seemed  to  be  more  com- 
mon in  the  central  foothills  than  in  the  eastern  section  of  Nepal. 

"Cettia  fortipes  fortipes  (Hodgson).    Strongfooted  Bush  Warbler. 

7  miles  north  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  7000  feet;  Id";  March  3, 
1961. 

Although  the  type  locality  of  fortipes  is  Nepal,  this  is  the  first 
record  of  the  species  since  Hodgson. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          541 

A  loud,  clear  call  of  several  notes  indicated  the  presence  of  this 
bird  along  the  border  of  a  small  lake.  It  could  not  be  seen  at  first  for 
the  singer  kept  close  to  the  ground  under  fairly  thick  vegetation. 
Only  when  it  flitted  close  to  the  surface  of  the  ground  to  an  adjoining 
bush,  could  one  see  it.  Then  it  began  its  investigations  again,  under 
cover  and  close  to  the  ground.  One  called  from  the  other  side  of  the 
pond.  We  heard  a  similar  but  somewhat  different,  loud  call  like  this 
in  thick,  small-sized  bamboo  at  11,000  ft.  but  could  not  locate  it. 

*Bradypterus  tacsanowskius  tacsanowskius  (Swinhoe).  Chi- 
nese Bush  Warbler. 

5  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  district,  500  feet:  1  ?;  Feb- 
ruary 25,  1961. 

This  is  the  first  record  of  the  Chinese  Bush  Warbler  from  Nepal. 
Its  normal  wintering  range  is  Burma,  and  there  is  one  record  from 
Bhutan. 

Just  north  of  Suneschari  Bazaar  was  an  open  area  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  across  backed  by  heavy  sal  forests.  Many  fields  near  the 
town  were  cultivated,  with  an  occasional  growth  of  reeds  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  long  and  two  hundred  yards  across.  Numbers  of 
birds  lived  among  the  reeds  including  striated  babblers  and  this  bush 
warbler.  Two  or  three  men,  walking  about  ten  yards  apart,  slowly 
moved  through  the  marsh.  They  were  able  to  locate  several  species 
not  found  anywhere  else  on  our  trip. 

*Prinia  atrogularis  atrogularis  (Moore).  Blackthroated  Long- 
tail  Hill  Warbler. 

3  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  6000  feet:  Id",  1  9  ; 
March  4,  1961. 

This  hill  warbler  is  another  species  that  in  Nepal  is  found  only 
in  the  Mai  Valley. 

A  "tze-tze-tze-tze"  of  this  warbler  would  come  from  a  small  bar- 
berry bush  not  far  from  a  stream  running  through  open,  cultivated 
terraces.  Upon  closer  inspection,  one  could  see  nothing,  and  a  few 
feet  away  one  was  inclined  to  think  there  was  nothing  there,  when  out 
would  fly  a  little  brown  bird  with  a  long  tail;  it  would  quickly  tumble 
into  the  next  sign  of  vegetation,  a  few  yards  away.  Again  the  call 
but  nothing  visible.  There  were  at  least  a  half  dozen  birds  on  these 
terraces  within  two  hundred  yards  of  each  other.  There  were  others 
among  bushes  immediately  above  the  stream  banks  for  about  a  mile 


542  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

but  as  we  approached  the  edge  of  the  forest  we  left  the  hill  warblers 
behind.  Although  common  in  this  one  spot,  we  didn't  see  them 
elsewhere. 

*Acrocephalus   agricola    brevipennis    (Severtzov).      Paddyfield 
Warbler. 

Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1  d",  1  9  ;  February  23  and 
25,  1961. 

Except  for  a  single  male  collected  by  Koelz  at  Simra  in  the  cen- 
tral terai,  these  are  the  first  specimens  of  this  species  taken  in  Nepal 
since  Hodgson.  Mrs.  Proud  (1949,  p.  708)  records  seeing  it  in  the 
Valley  on  spring  migration. 

As  we  passed  through  an  extensive  grove  of  shisham  trees  we 
came  to  damp  reed  beds  which  were  the  favored  place  for  the  paddy- 
field  warbler.  They  would  work  around  among  the  reeds  then  fly 
to  another  location  a  short  distance  away.  We  saw  several  different 
birds  but  they  were  not  numerous. 

Phylloscopus  pulcher  pulcher  Blyth.    Orangebarred  Leaf  War- 
bler. 

7  miles  north  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  7000  feet:  1?;  March  2, 1961. 

Ripley  (1950,  p.  400)  recognizes  three  races  of  this  species  from 
the  Himalayas:  kangrae,  from  Kistwar  to  Kumaon,  intergrading  with 
the  next  race  in  west  Nepal;  erochroa,  west  and  central  Nepal;  and 
pulcher,  east  Nepal  through  Assam.  He  restricted  the  type  locality  of 
pulcher  to  the  Ham  District  at  that  time.  Rand  and  Fleming  (1957, 
p.  165)  were  unable  to  recognize  erochroa,  and  extended  the  range  of 
pulcher  to  west  Nepal. 

We  now  have  additional  fresh  material  from  Garhwal,  central 
Nepal  and  Assam  to  add  to  that  available  to  Rand  and  Fleming. 
Comparison  of  these  series  shows  that  kangrae  is  a  well  marked  race, 
much  paler  than  pulcher,  and  intergrading  with  the  latter  in  the 
Kailali-Kanchampur  District  of  far  west  Nepal.  Across  the  remain- 
der of  Nepal  and  as  far  east  as  the  Khasia  hills  the  birds  are  uni- 
formly darker,  and  there  is  hardly  a  discernible  difference  between 
specimens  from  central  and  east  Nepal.  All  the  populations  from 
this  area  should  be  called  pulcher  with  erochroa  as  a  synonym. 

Of  the  dozen  leaf  warblers  one  comes  across  in  Nepal  in  winter, 
this  species  is  one  of  the  easiest  to  recognize.  It  prefers  the  oak  for- 
ests at  7,000  to  9,000  feet  and  moves  about  in  mixed  parties  or  with 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          543 

others  of  its  own  species.  It  is  quite  common.  The  weak  flight,  the 
constant  movement,  and  the  twitching  of  wings  are  characteristics  of 
leaf  warblers. 

Seicercus  xanthoschistos  jerdoni   (Brooks).     Greyheaded  Fly- 
catcher-warbler. 

Ham,  Ham  District,  2400  feet:  Irf1;  March  16,  1961. 

With  some  45  specimens  from  the  Punjab  east  to  Sikkim  avail- 
able for  comparison,  it  is  evident  that  the  use  of  the  name  xanthos- 
chistos for  the  dark,  grey-headed  eastern  race  is  incorrect.  Birds 
from  Punjab  to  central  Nepal  are  a  paler,  slightly  buffy  gray  on 
crown  and  back,  and  the  change  to  the  darker,  more  blue-gray  race 
occurs  rather  abruptly  in  east  Nepal.  Hodgson's  types  of  xanthos- 
chistos were  taken  when  he  was  living  in  Kathmandu,  and  the  central 
valley  must  be  taken  as  the  type  locality.  The  range  of  xanthoschistos, 
therefore,  is  from  Kashmir  to  central  Nepal  and  albo-superciliaris  is 
a  synonym;  the  dark-headed  race  ranges  from  east  Nepal  to  western 
Assam.  Fortunately  the  name  jerdoni  (Abrornis  jerdoni  Brooks, 
1871,  Proc.  Asiatic  Soc.  Bengal,  pt.  1,  p.  248)  is  available  for  the 
eastern  race. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  species  in  groves  in  more  open  coun- 
try or  at  the  edge  of  forests.  Its  bright,  cheery  little  call  discloses  a 
small  yellow  and  gray  bird  very  busy  in  its  search  for  insects.  It 
usually  hunts  on  the  top  side  of  branches  and  among  leaves  as  it 
peers  here  and  there.  It  is  often  found  in  a  mixed  hunting  party 
where  it  confines  itself  to  trees  and  upper  branches,  in  the  sunshine. 
Unlike  some  birds,  it  calls  throughout  the  year,  not  just  in  the  spring. 

*Seicercus  poliogenys  (Blyth).    Greycheeked  Flycatcher-warbler. 

5  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  8000  feet:  Id"; 
March  10,  1961. 

Known  only  from  Ham  District  where  it  has  been  taken  by  Hodg- 
son and  Stevens. 

We  only  saw  this  bird  once.  It  was  working  along  the  sunny 
surface  of  a  thick  matting  of  vines  strung  over  undergrowth.  It 
kept  moving  through  the  leaves  looking  this  way  and  that  for  in- 
sects and  would  occasionally  cling  to  the  under  side  of  a  small  twig, 
like  a  titmouse.  The  circle  of  white  feathers  around  the  eye  was 
conspicuous. 


544  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

Abroscopus  superciliaris  flaviventris  (Jerdon).  Yellowbellied  Fly- 
catcher-Warbler. 

11  miles  south  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  800  feet:  1  9  ;  February  27, 
1961. 

10  miles  west  of  Indian  border,  Ham  district,  5000  feet:  Icf  ; 
March  17,  1961. 

These  are  the  first  recent  specimens  of  this  flycatcher-warbler 
from  Nepal.  Neither  Baker  (1924,  p.  494)  nor  Ripley  (1961,  p.  488) 
includes  Nepal  within  the  range  of  the  species,  but  Sharpe  (1883, 
p.  403)  lists  three  Hodgson  skins  from  that  country.  The  Nepal 
specimens  taken  by  Hodgson  at  the  time  he  was  living  in  Darjeeling 
almost  certainly  come  from  the  adjacent  Ham  District,  and  that  is 
probably  the  extent  of  the  Nepalese  range  of  flaviventris. 

Ripley  (loc.  cit.)  uses  the  name  albigularis  (Blyth)  for  this  west- 
ern race  of  superciliaris.  However,  Abrornis  albigularis  Blyth,  1861, 
is  a  junior  primary  homonym  of  Abrornis  albogularis  Moore,  1854, 
according  to  the  new  International  Code  of  Zoological  Nomenclature 
(Stoll,  et  al,  1961,  p.  55).  Article  58  states  that,  "Two  or  more  spe- 
cies-group names  of  the  same  origin  and  meaning  and  cited  in  the 
same  nominal  genus  or  collective  group  are  to  be  considered  homo- 
nyms if  the  only  difference  in  spelling  consists  of  any  of  the  follow- 
ing ...  (8)  the  use  of  different  connecting  vowels  in  compounded 
words  (e.g.,  nigricinctus,  nigrocinctus) ;"  the  next  available  name  is 
flaviventris  Jerdon,  1863,  which  was  proposed  as  a  substitute  name  for 
albigularis  Blyth  preoccupied. 

The  heavy  forest  belt  along  the  foothills  with  numerous  clumps 
of  bamboo  and  tall  trees  produced  a  few  birds  of  this  species.  A  pair 
flew  about  in  a  patch  of  sunshine  above  the  road.  We  also  met  with 
them  in  secondary  growth,  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  moderately  steep 
hill.  The  white  throat  was  conspicuous. 

*Brachypteryx  stellata  stellata  Gould.    Gould's  Shortwing. 

6  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  7500  feet:  1  9  ; 
March  10,  1961. 

The  known  range  of  this  species  in  Nepal  is  apparently  confined 
to  the  Mai  Valley.  This  makes  even  more  surprising  its  discovery 
in  the  mountains  north  of  Mussoorie  at  12,000  feet  by  Robert  Flem- 
ing, Jr.  (Ali,  1956,  p.  468).  That  specimen  is  now  in  Chicago  Natural 
History  Museum,  and  agrees  closely  with  the  bird  from  the  Mai 
Valley. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          545 

We  had  hoped  to  find  several  species  of  shortwings  besides  this 
one.  It  was  moving  under  debris  in  a  dark,  damp  stream  bed  full 
of  moss  and  ferns.  This  habitat  was  quite  different  from  the  breed- 
ing area  where  my  son  found  his  pair  of  birds— a  steep,  sunny  hill- 
side covered  with  dwarf  rhododendron  bushes,  at  an  altitude  of 
12,000  feet. 

*Erithacus  pectoralis  tschebaiewi(Przevalski).  Himalayan  Ruby- 
throat. 

5  miles  east  of  Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  Id";  Feb- 
ruary 26,  1961. 

Kathmandu,  4300  feet:  1?;  April  13,  1961  (Larry  Christopher). 

This  is  the  first  record  of  this  northern  high  altitude  breeding 
race  to  be  taken  in  Nepal.  Its  presence  in  winter  was  to  be  expected, 
however,  since  its  breeding  range,  from  Ladakh  to  northern  Burma, 
extends  along  the  northern  border  of  Nepal. 

The  Himalayan  Ruby-throat  must  be  a  straggler  into  Kath- 
mandu Valley  for  this  is  the  only  one  we  have  seen  here.  It  was 
probably  more  common  in  the  marshes  around  Suneschari  Bazaar 
where  we  found  the  other  one.  Other  members  of  this  genus  fre- 
quently are  seen  hopping  on  the  ground.  The  one  flushed  out  of  the 
reeds  was  a  close  shot  and  our  Gurung  hunter  was  for  throwing  it 
away  but  fortunately  Sagar  Rana  got  hold  of  it  to  help  provide  a 
needed  record  for  Nepal. 

Erithacus  cyanurus  rufilatus  (Hodgson).  Redflanked  Bush  Robin. 

East  No.  2,  6  miles  northeast  of  Those,  10,600  feet:  1  d" ;  Novem- 
ber 16,  1960. 

5  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District:  1  imm.  d";  March  6, 
1961. 

There  has  been  considerable  disagreement  recently  over  the  races 
of  this  species  in  the  Himalayas.  Ripley  (1961,  p.  499)  and  Rand 
and  Fleming  (1957,  p.  149)  recognize  pallidior  as  the  race  from  Kash- 
mir to  west  Nepal,  while  Vaurie  (1955,  p.  13)  and  Biswas  (1961, 
p.  656)  place  pallidior  in  the  synonymy  of  rufilatus,  type  locality 
central  Nepal. 

I  have  available  for  comparison  the  material  used  by  Rand  and 
Fleming  and  also  the  Koelz  collection  used  by  Vaurie  and  Biswas. 
When  series  from  Kashmir  to  central  Nepal  are  compared,  I  can  see 
no  differences,  and  I  consider  pallidior  a  synonym  of  rufilatus.  How- 
ever, a  good  series  of  Stevens'  birds  from  Sikkim  is  distinctly  darker 


546  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

in  both  sexes  than  rufilatus.  As  noted  by  most  authors,  there  is  a 
great  deal  of  individual  variation  in  males,  but  the  darkest  birds 
from  Sikkim  are  a  much  darker,  richer  blue  above  than  the  darkest 
rufilatus.  The  females  are  more  constant,  and  Sikkim  specimens  are 
darker,  more  reddish  brown  on  the  upper  parts.  This  is  the  charac- 
ter that  Baker  (1924,  p.  101)  ascribed  to  rufilatus  at  the  time  that 
he  described  pallidior,  and  it  is  probable  that  he  was  using  Sikkim 
birds  to  represent  rufilatus. 

If  two  races  of  this  species  are  to  be  recognized  from  the  Hima- 
layas, one  must  be  rufilatus  from  Kashmir  to  Nepal  with  pallidior  a 
synonym,  and  the  second  would  be  an  unnamed  race  from  Sikkim 
east.  Since  we  have  no  material  from  east  of  Sikkim,  I  am  unable  to 
say  what  its  range  would  be.  The  immature  male  from  Ham  District 
appears  as  dark  as  the  Sikkim  females. 

The  habitat  of  the  bush-robin  is  the  underbrush  of  thick  forests 
or  among  barberry  and  viburnum  shrubs  at  the  edges  of  heavier  vege- 
tation. It  sits  fairly  upright  on  a  branch,  twitching  its  tail  upward 
at  three  or  four  second  intervals.  It  is  not  common  and  is  usually 
solitary  or  in  pairs. 

*Erithacus  hyperythrus  (Blyth).    Rufousbellied  Bush  Robin. 

5  miles  east  of  Jamna,  Ham  District,  7200  feet:  Icf;  March  9, 
1961. 

The  range  of  this  species  in  Nepal  is  apparently  confined  to  the 
Mai  valley,  Ham  District. 

Along  the  same  forest  stream  where  we  saw  forktails,  this  bird 
flew  from  bush  to  bush  in  the  more  open  spaces  at  the  edge  of  tall 
trees.  Its  breast  was  conspicuous.  It  flicked  its  tail  and  its  flight 
was  weak,  moving  only  a  short  distance  to  the  next  shrub.  The 
specimen  was  netted  the  following  day.  This  was  the  only  time  we 
saw  it. 

Enicurus  schistaceus  (Hodgson).    Slatybacked  Forktail. 

1  mile  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  5500  feet:  1  cf ;  March  4, 
1961. 

This  forktail  appears  to  be  rare  in  Nepal.  The  present  specimen 
is  the  first  to  be  taken  east  of  the  central  valley. 

Unlike  other  forktails  on  more  wooded  streams,  this  species  pre- 
fers water  courses  which  run  past  cultivated  areas.  One  usually  finds 
a  pair  flying  from  stone  to  stone  over  the  surface  of  a  stream  or  peer- 
ing around  rocks  for  insects.  The  flight  is  much  like  that  of  a  wagtail 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          547 

but  less  undulating  and  for  only  short  distances.  It  usually  hugs  the 
stream  bed  and  when  disturbed  prefers  to  circle  around  and  follow 
it  in  the  opposite  direction. 

*Enicurus  maculatus  guttatus  Gould.    Spotted  Forktail. 

5  miles  northeast  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  7000  feet  and  7500 
feet:  2c?;  March  8  and  12,  1961. 

This  is  only  the  second  record  of  the  eastern  race  of  the  spotted 
forktail.  Its  range  in  Nepal  is  confined  to  the  Mai  valley. 

A  rushing  forest  stream  below  our  camp  had  numerous  little  fork- 
tails,  some  of  the  black-backed  variety  and  only  occasionally  the 
larger  one.  This  bird  also  followed  the  stream,  and  when  pausing  to 
rest,  turned  its  body  a  little  to  one  side,  then  the  other.  The  call, 
"chee-chee-chit"  was  rather  loud,  resembling  that  of  the  whistling 
thrush.  When  disturbed  it  sometimes  flew  into  thick  foliage  above 
the  stream,  then  would  go  out  in  the  opposite  direction.  It  usually 
managed  to  keep  several  large  rocks  in  the  stream  between  itself 
and  its  observer. 

Turdus  ruficollis  ruficollis  Pallas.    Redthroated  Thrush. 

East  No.  2,  below  Dhoban,  6  miles  northeast  of  Those,  11,000 
feet:  2<?;  November  14,  1960. 

These  are  the  first  specimens  of  the  red-throated  thrush,  rufi- 
collis, taken  in  Nepal.  The  black-throated  race,  atrogularis,  is  a  com- 
mon winter  visitor  from  the  plains  up  to  10,000  feet.  Mrs.  Proud 
(1958,  p.  348)  states  that  Turdus  ruficollis  was  present  in  huge  flocks 
on  Nangi  Danda  south  of  the  valley,  but  she  uses  the  binomial  with- 
out the  author's  name  and  presumably  was  in  doubt  about  the  sub- 
species. 

The  first  specimen  we  saw  was  hopping  in  a  grassy  street  in  the 
town  of  Pokhara,  West  Nepal.  Birds  in  the  central  valley  all  appear 
to  be  the  black-throated  variety.  As  we  followed  up  the  trail  in 
East  No.  2,  we  suddenly  came  over  a  ridge  in  front  of  a  beautiful 
mountain  snow  range,  only  fifteen  miles  away.  There  were  several 
leafless  trees  standing  about  and  a  party  of  eight  or  ten  thrushes  was 
sitting  in  these.  The  two  we  got  had  the  red  throat  while  others 
seemed  to  have  a  pale  or  black  throat.  They  flew  with  a  strong 
flight,  settling  in  the  top  of  more  distant  trees,  tilting  their  tails  up 
and  flicking  their  wings  as  they  alighted.  Their  call  was  a  single 
short  chirp.  We  have  never  heard  the  song  of  this  thrush  as  it  is 


548  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

silent  throughout  the  winter  when  it  visits  the  foothills  and  plains 
of  Nepal  and  India. 

Parus  rubidiventris  beavani  (Jerdon).  Rufousbellied  Crested  Tit. 

East  No.  2,  Thodung,  5  miles  northeast  of  Those,  7400  feet:  1  9  ; 
November  12,  1960. 

8  miles  east  of  Jumna,  Ham  District,  9500  feet:  Id71;  March  9, 
1961. 

It  is  surprising  to  find  beavani  as  far  west  as  East  No.  2,  within 
100  miles  of  the  Gandak-Kosi  watershed  where  nominate  rubidiven- 
tris is  abundant. 

The  Thodung  bird  was  one  of  a  mixed  flock  working  its  way 
through  an  oak  forest.  In  neither  locality  did  we  find  them  common. 

*Parus  spilonotus  spilonotus  Bonaparte.     Blackspotted  Yellow 
Tit. 

6  miles  east  of  Jamnagaon,  Ham  District,  7500  feet  and  8000  feet: 
Id",  19;  March  11,  1961. 

The  Mai  valley  appears  to  be  the  only  region  of  Nepal  where  this 
species  is  found.  Spilonotus  is  now  generally  considered  to  be  a  race 
of  xanthogenys.  However,  considering  the  marked  differences  be- 
tween them  and  the  fact  that  they  replace  each  other  in  east  Nepal 
without  intergradation,  I  believe  that  they  must  be  considered  dis- 
tinct species.  Mrs.  Proud  now  believes  that  her  report  (1949,  p.  698) 
of  seeing  spilonotus  in  the  Kathmandu  valley  was  in  error. 

A  small  flock  of  four  birds  worked  its  way  through  oak  trees  at 
the  edge  of  a  forest  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  hill.  They  examined  the 
underside  of  branches  and  leaves  in  a  continuous  movement  while 
they  maintained  conversation  as  they  passed  along.  Their  flight 
was  weak  and  the  wing-beat  rapid  as  first  one  then  another  and  an- 
other flew  from  one  tree  to  the  next.  This  was  the  only  time  we 
came  across  them. 

An  thus  sylvanus  (Hodgson).    Upland  Pipit. 

Ham,  Ham  District,  4500  feet:  1  9  ;  February  28,  1961. 

Rand  and  Fleming  (1957,  p.  189)  mention  a  specimen  of  this  spe- 
cies from  Szechwan  that  is  much  darker  than  typical  birds  from 
Nepal.  Koelz  (1954,  p.  21)  described  the  birds  from  Punjab  as  orei- 
nus,  stating  that  they  were  paler  than  Nepal  specimens.  Vaurie 
(1959,  p.  73)  recognizes  that  there  is  a  cline  of  increasing  saturation 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          549 

from  west  to  east,  but  does  not  feel  that  more  than  one  race  can  be 
recognized.  In  order  to  work  out  the  races,  if  any,  of  this  form,  we 
have  borrowed  all  the  Chinese  material  available,  and  we  wish  to 
thank  the  authorities  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
U.  S.  National  Museum,  and  Staatliches  Museum  fiir  Tierkunde, 
Dresden,  for  the  loan  of  their  material.  Altogether  32  specimens 
from  the  Punjab  to  Fukien  are  available. 

In  determining  geographical  variation  within  this  species,  it  is 
essential  that  only  birds  in  the  same  plumage  stages  be  compared. 
The  differences  between  fresh  and  worn  birds  from  the  same  locality 
are  greater  than  those  between  comparably  plumaged  birds  from  the 
geographic  extremes.  In  fresh  fall  birds,  the  dark  center  stripes  and 
paler  edgings  of  the  dorsal  feathers  tend  to  blend  in,  giving  a  softly 
striped  effect.  With  wear,  however,  the  pale  edgings  fade  markedly 
and  the  tips  of  the  feathers  wear  off  sharply  giving  the  effect  of  a 
paler,  much  more  harshly  patterned  bird.  The  color  of  the  pale 
edgings  of  the  dorsal  feathers  is  apparently  the  only  character  that 
varies  geographically;  the  ventral  streaking  varies  irregularly,  but 
is  more  evident,  particularly  on  the  flanks,  in  worn  specimens. 

In  fresh  specimens  of  topotypes  from  Nepal,  the  center  stripes 
on  the  dorsal  feathers  are  blackish  brown,  bounded  by  a  warm 
brown  that  grades  to  buff  along  the  edges.  Birds  from  the  Punjab 
and  Kumaon  have  the  buff  edges  averaging  paler.  To  the  east  of 
Nepal,  two  out  of  three  specimens  from  eastern  Sikang  (formerly 
Szechwan)  have  the  lateral  stripes  slightly  darker  with  a  reddish 
tone,  while  the  third  specimen,  that  mentioned  by  Rand  and  Flem- 
ing, has  them  almost  chestnut,  with  virtually  no  buffy  edgings.  This 
last  bird,  taken  by  itself,  is  clearly  separable  from  typical  sylvanus, 
but  the  three  together  merge  into  the  nominate  race,  the  palest 
Sikang  bird  being  no  darker  than  the  darkest  Nepal  specimen.  The 
cline  of  increasing  saturation,  therefore,  is  so  gradual  as  to  make  it 
impractical  to  describe  the  Sikang  birds  as  distinct. 

These  latter  birds  come  from  Suifu,  Wa  Shan,  and  Fi  Shan  Kwan, 
all  marked  "Szechwan"  on  the  labels  but  now  in  eastern  Sikang  ac- 
cording to  Vaurie  (1959,  map  B,  p.  725).  These  localities  are  all 
quite  close  and  this  appears  to  be  an  isolated  population,  but  speci- 
mens have  been  taken  in  northwestern  Yunnan  and  the  range  of  the 
species  may  be  continuous  from  Nepal  to  Sikang. 

A  most  unexpected  specimen  is  a  single  male  in  the  National 
Museum  from  Kuliang,  near  Foochow,  Fukien,  3000  feet,  which  ex- 
tends the  range  of  this  species  about  900  miles  to  the  east  and  com- 


550  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

pletely  out  of  its  normal  range  in  the  Himalayas.  The  bird  is  in 
heavily  worn  breeding  plumage,  taken  August  21, 1923,  and  was  pre- 
sumably still  on  its  breeding  grounds.  Wear  and  fading  are  too 
pronounced  to  permit  any  color  comparisons,  but  the  blackish  cen- 
tral stripes  of  the  dorsal  feathers  are  wider  than  in  any  other  speci- 
men. It  would  be  of  great  interest  to  learn  the  status  of  this  isolated 
population  in  east  China. 

The  upland  pipit  prefers  open,  grassy  hills  where  it  perches  on  a 
rock  and  gives  its  rasping  call,  then  hops  down  and  walks  over  the 
ground.  It  has  a  strong,  undulating  flight  and  will  move  off  to  an- 
ther part  of  the  hillside  or  terrace  where  it  swoops  down,  runs  a  bit, 
then  stands  quietly  in  a  fairly  erect  position  in  a  spot  where  it  has  a 
good  view  of  its  surroundings.  We  found  it  common  at  about  5000 
feet  throughout  Nepal. 

*Anthreptes  singalensis  assamensis  (Kloss).    Rubycheek. 

Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1  9  ;  February  21,  1961. 

Ripley  (1950,  p.  410)  was  the  first  to  discover  this  species  in 
Nepal,  where  it  is  confined  to  the  eastern  districts. 

The  rubycheek  was  flitting  around  at  the  top  of  low  bushes  in  a 
sunny  glade  beween  patches  of  heavy  forest.  It  was  constantly  on 
the  go,  searching  the  leaves  as  it  moved  through  the  shrubbery. 
It  was  solitary  and  we  did  not  see  any  others. 

*Arachnothera  longirostris  longirostris  (Latham).  Little  Spider- 
hunter. 

Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1^,29,1?;  February  21 
and  22,  1961. 

This  is  the  first  time  that  the  little  spiderhunter  has  been  taken 
in  Nepal.  These  specimens  are  considerably  darker  and  more  green- 
ish above  than  a  series  from  the  Khasia  Hills.  The  type  of  differ- 
ence, however,  is  what  one  would  expect  between  fresh  and  foxed 
skins  and  is  probably  not  of  taxonomic  significance. 

The  spiderhunter  frequented  a  strip  of  fairly  heavy  forest  at  the 
base  of  the  first  hills  of  the  Outer  Himalayas.  The  forest  ran  from 
east  to  west  and  cutting  it  at  right  angles  were  periodic  gullies  with 
small  streams.  Along  these  gullies  were  numerous  clumps  of  large 
bamboos  and  wild  banana  trees.  This  species  stayed  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  banana  trees,  preferring  to  move  about  in  the  fairly  thick  forest. 
There  were  numbers  of  this  bird  here  but  we  did  not  find  it  elsewhere. 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          551 

One  of  the  specimens  we  took  was  pecking  into  a  cluster  of  flowers 
while  another  was  a  member  of  a  party  of  several  other  species. 

*Arachnothera    magna    magna    (Hodgson).      Streaked    Spider- 
hunter. 

Kankaimukh,  Jhapa  District,  500  feet:  1  9  ;  February  22,  1961. 
Mai  Khola,  2  miles  south  of  Ham,  Ham  District,  1600  feet:  Id" ; 
February  27,  1961. 

This  species  appears  to  be  locally  distributed  in  Nepal.  These 
are  the  first  specimens  from  the  eastern  districts  and,  along  with 
two  females  taken  by  Koelz  at  Hetaura,  the  first  taken  since  Hodg- 
son's time. 

We  first  saw  the  large  spiderhunter  in  a  wooded  ravine  of  the 
Rapti  Dun.  It  was  preening  itself  in  a  tangle  of  vines  above  a  pool 
of  water  where  it  had  had  a  bath.  Its  sharp,  metallic  note  was  quite 
loud.  There  were  two  or  three  in  that  place.  It  was  not  until  we 
reached  Kankaimukh  that  we  found  them  really  common.  These, 
like  the  other  species,  are  closely  associated  with  the  wild  banana 
trees  where  they  would  alight  and  cling  to  maturing  portions  of  the 
banana  flower  then  dart  off  among  the  bamboos.  The  small  spider- 
hunter  seemed  confined  to  forested  areas  but  the  larger  species 
ranged  into  the  foothills.  We  frequently  saw  it  in  more  open  gullies 
where  apparently  there  were  few  or  no  wild  banana  plants.  It  would 
sit  quietly  in  a  tree  and  its  strong,  curved  bill  was  conspicuous.  It 
had  a  rapid  wing  beat  and  sometimes  flew  quite  a  long  distance 
across  ravines  to  trees  a  quarter  of  a  mile  away. 

*Lonchura  malacca  atricapilla  (Vieillot).    Chestnut  Mannikin. 

Jhapa,  Jhapa  District,  450  feet:  2d" ,  1  9  ;  February  19,  1961. 

Besides  the  three  specimens  listed  above,  we  have  a  female  col- 
lected by  Koelz  at  Hetora  in  the  central  terai. 

Parkes  (1958,  p.  289)  has  resurrected  the  name  rubronigra  for  the 
populations  of  this  species  from  the  western  Himalayas  to  eastern 
Nepal.  This  race  is  distinguished  from  atricapilla  by  the  dark  ma- 
roon, rather  than  yellow  or  orange,  tips  to  the  uppertail  coverts  and 
edgings  to  the  central  rectrices.  Two  of  the  Jhapa  birds  (the  third 
has  lost  the  critical  feathers)  and  the  Hetora  female  agree  with  alri- 
capilla  from  Assam  in  having  yellow  on  the  tail  coverts  and  rectrices 
and  must  be  kept  in  that  race.  We  have  no  material  from  west  of 
central  Nepal  and  cannot  discuss  the  validity  of  a  red-tailed  race  in 


552  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

that  area.  However,  the  type  of  rubronigra  in  the  British  Museum 
should  be  examined  before  the  name  is  applied  to  a  western  race. 
Most  of  Hodgson's  birds  came  from  central  Nepal,  and  if  his  type 
has  a  yellow  tail  like  the  Hetora  specimen,  a  new  name  will  have  to 
be  found  for  the  red-tailed  race. 

When  we  camped  in  the  town  of  Jhapa,  a  flock  of  mannikins, 
numbering  some  two  hundred,  flew  from  trees  to  a  threshing  floor 
in  a  neighboring  yard.  When  disturbed,  they  flew  in  mass  back  into 
tree  tops,  then  soon  got  restless  and  returned  to  the  ground.  This 
occurred  several  times.  When  we  examined  them  through  the  glasses 
we  found  about  three-fourths  of  them  to  be  the  chestnut  mannikin 
and  about  one-fourth  of  them  the  spotted  mannikin.  They  were 
eating  rice  from  the  threshing  floor. 


Appendix 

Trekking  in  Nepal  requires  careful  advance  planning.  There  are 
government  formalities  to  attend  to,  provisions,  equipment  and 
clothing  to  procure  and  porters  to  engage.  All  these  items  take  time. 
The  Government  of  Nepal  now  has  a  set  of  rules  regarding  trekking 
in  Nepal.  If  one  is  to  collect  animals,  permission  must  be  given  by 
several  different  departments.  The  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
which  governs  the  movements  of  foreigners  in  the  country,  must 
sanction  the  trip.  They  require  the  names,  nationalities  and  pass- 
ports of  all  to  be  included  in  the  party.  One  must  indicate  how  long 
the  trip  will  take  and  the  route  to  be  followed,  mentioning  names  of 
villages  en  route.  The  reason  for  this  is  that  governors  of  each  dis- 
trict must  be  informed  in  advance  and  as  there  are  thirty-two  such 
districts,  many  of  which  are  remote,  it  is  quite  a  task  to  contact  out- 
lying points.  This  information  must  be  in  possession  of  the  governor 
before  the  party  arrives — therefore  the  need  of  having  it  well  in  ad- 
vance. A  government  liason  officer  must  also  be  engaged. 

The  Nepal  Government  requires  the  listing  of  all  firearms  with 
the  name  of  the  maker,  number  and  amount  of  ammunition.  A  spe- 
cial license  fee  is  required  from  the  Valley  Commissioner,  Kath- 
mandu.  To  shoot  in  any  of  the  government  areas,  one  must  also 
petition  the  Minister  of  Forests  even  though  it  be  roadside  shooting. 
Documents  from  this  department  must  be  in  the  hands  of  the  Forest 
Circle  Officer  of  each  district  to  be  visited,  who  in  turn,  writes  out 
another  document  to  be  shown  to  local  forest  personnel  upon  de- 
mand. Except  for  mountaineering  expeditions,  foreigners  have  only 
very  recently  been  allowed  outside  Kathmandu  Valley.  It  is  only 
natural  that  care  is  taken  regarding  the  movement  of  foreigners  in 
Nepal. 

Provisions  needed  on  a  Nepal  field  trip  vary  according  to  the 
area  to  be  visited  and  the  time  of  year.  By  and  large,  the  higher  one 
goes,  the  less  food  he  will  find.  Some  areas,  such  as  East  No.  2  and 
Ramechap  District,  have  many  chickens  and  eggs  while  others,  like 
Morang  District  in  southeastern  Nepal,  largely  inhabited  by  Brah- 
mins, will  have  no  chickens  at  all.  Potatoes  and  wheat  are  harvested 

553 


554 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


in  spring  while  the  wet,  summer  season  brings  fruit,  vegetables  and 
corn.  The  large  rice  harvest  comes  in  the  fall,  along  with  more  po- 
tatoes, and  winter  brings  oranges  and  vegetables. 

It  is  a  good  plan  to  start  out  with  most  of  one's  food.  Quite 
a  selection  is  found  in  Kathmandu  but  tinned  goods  are  expensive. 
Rice  is  the  staple  diet  of  many  Nepalese  while  millets  are  used  more 
by  hill  people.  Dry  stores  such  as  rice,  flour,  sugar,  etc.  are  available 
in  border  towns  like  Biratnagar,  Birganj  and  Nepalganj. 

When  on  the  move  a  great  deal,  it  is  well  to  have  a  substantial 
breakfast,  a  carry  lunch  and  then  a  big  meal  at  dusk.  Porters  adapt 
well  to  this  plan,  cooking  rice  or  millet  before  they  start  out,  snack- 
ing  on  parched  corn  or  pounded  rice  during  the  day  and  then  pre- 
paring their  supper  at  the  end  of  the  day's  march. 

FOOD  USED  ON  NOVEMBER  VISIT  TO  EAST  No.  2 

4  NEPALESE,  2  AMERICANS  AND  1  INDIAN 

30  DAYS 


12  packets  concentrated  meat 

24  tins  of  fish 

20  packets  of  cookies 

12  1  Ib.  tins  of  jam 

4  1  Ib.  packets  of  tea 

3  Ibs.  coffee 

9  Ibs.  peanut  butter 

13  tins  of  oatmeal 
40  Ibs.  sugar 

8  packets  of  raisins 

9  Ibs.  salt 

9  Ibs.  powdered  milk 
15  Ibs.  Swiss  cheese 


50  Ibs.  wheat  flour 
40  Ibs.  dal  pulse 
150  Ibs.  rice 
10  Ibs.  margarine 

2  Ibs.  Crisco 

2  packets  pancake  mix 
12  small  tins  sandwich  spread 

4  jars  sweet  pickles 
2  jars  mustard 

5  tins  popcorn 
12  tins  beans 

8  tins  spaghetti 


PURCHASES  ON  THE  WAY 

ghee  oranges 

chickens  bananas 

eggs  spices 

potatoes  matches 

onions  candles 

There  are  certain  places  along  main  routes  where  porters  usually 
buy  their  supplies.  Stop-overs  should  be  arranged  so  porters  can 
get  the  food  they  need.  Water-bottles  are  a  necessity.  All  water 
should  be  boiled  and  if  done  at  night,  will  be  cool  by  morning.  Un- 
boiled water  must  be  treated  with  halazone  or  chlorine  tablets  for 
one  cannot  count  on  uncontaminated  well  or  stream  water.  Local 
people  drink  water  harmful  to  westerners,  and  sometimes  have  dis- 
eases like  typhoid  and  para-typhoid. 

Clothing,  bedding  and  equipment  are  important  items  to  check 
over.  Shoes  and  socks  are  of  first  importance.  Two  or  three  pairs 


FLEMING  AND  TRAYLOR:  NOTES  ON  NEPAL  BIRDS          555 

of  used  shoes  rest  one's  feet.  Wear  tennis  shoes  when  wading  through 
streams.  Boots  protect  one  against  snakes  in  grassy  lowlands.  Hob- 
nail or  short-spiked  soles  and  heels  prevent  one  from  slipping  on  wet, 
clay  surfaces.  Ordinary  shoes  are  good  for  broad,  well-trodden 
roads.  Woolen  socks  with  boots  help  prevent  blisters. 

Long-sleeved  shirts  and  long  trousers  protect  against  numerous 
thorns  and  insects.  It  is  impossible  for  the  average  person  to  travel 
up  and  down  the  steep  roads  of  Nepal  without  perspiring  a  great 
deal.  An  extra  change  of  clothing  avoids  a  chill  at  the  end  of  the 
day's  trek.  One  should  always  carry  what  he  needs  during  the  day 
such  as  a  camera,  food  and  water,  for  a  porter  will  be  nowhere  in 
sight  just  when  such  things  are  wanted.  Some  protection  should  be 
made  for  one's  eyes  like  a  cap  or  dark  glasses.  And  as  the  first  two 
or  three  days  are  the  more  difficult  ones,  it  is  better  to  plan  shorter 
journeys  at  first  and  then  to  speed  up  later  on. 

Tents  are  a  necessity  when  striking  off  the  beaten  trail.  They 
make  it  possible  to  stop  near  supplies  of  wood  and  water.  Zip-in 
tents  keep  out  one's  greatest  enemy— insects.  An  insect  bomb  will 
eliminate  any  insect  which  might  have  gotten  in  while  the  tent  was 
being  pitched.  When  on  a  main  route  through  hills,  villagers  will 
invite  travelers  to  sleep  on  their  open  verandas  or  in  a  downstairs 
room  and  will  give  a  Nepalese  meal  at  night  for  the  cost  of  two 
rupees  (30  cents).  A  tent  on  such  a  trip  is  not  necessary. 

Air  mattresses  should  be  of  a  tough  rubber  composition;  these 
make  rough  places  comfortable.  A  canvas  ground  sheet  protects 
against  damage  by  thorns,  etc.  A  muslin  bag  inside  a  sleeping  bag 
is  warm  enough  for  mild  nights.  On  cold  nights,  a  double  sleeping 
bag  and  a  wool  blanket  are  required.  One  may  wish  to  wear  extra 
clothing  to  bed;  in  that  case,  a  roomy  sleeping  bag  is  better  than  a 
narrow  one. 

When  carrying  scientific  equipment,  wet  weather  must  be  kept  in 
mind.  Tin  trunks  which  a  porter  can  cover  with  a  ground  sheet  make 
good  carrying  cases.  Things  should  be  divided  and  placed  in  differ- 
ent containers  in  case  a  load  is  lost.  Some  of  the  bridges  we  had  to 
cross  caused  us  to  wonder  whether  all  would  safely  reach  the  other 
side.  An  altimeter  is  a  bit  of  valuable  equipment  in  determining  at 
what  altitude  certain  species  are  found. 

Porters  are  another  important  item.  They  can  make  or  break  a 
trip.  Terms  of  employment  must  be  clearly  set  forth  before  prospec- 
tive men  are  hired.  This  is  usually  done  through  a  man  who  is  in 
this  business.  He  will  often  engage  porters  who  come  from  the  area 


556  FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 

to  be  visited  and  who  know  the  trail,  springs  and  bazaars.  We 
needed  on  the  average  two  for  each  member  of  our  party.  We  had 
sixteen  for  the  seven  of  us  who  visited  Ramechap  District.  On  this 
trip  we  had  the  men  come  one  afternoon,  record  their  names,  agree 
on  the  terms  and  receive  an  advance  of  fifteen  rupees.  They  came 
back  the  next  morning,  were  loaded,  and  started  a  day  ahead.  Their 
destination  was  Jiri,  six  days  away,  for  which  they  received  four 
rupees  a  day.  At  the  end  of  each  day  we  gave  "Bakshish"  to  the 
first  ones  who  got  to  camp  and  to  any  who  carried  a  heavier  load. 
At  Jiri  we  dismissed  the  Kathmandu  men  as  planned  and  hired  local 
men  for  the  rest  of  the  trip.  When  not  on  the  move,  rate  of  pay  was 
two  rupees  a  day.  There  were  several  from  each  caste  group;  all 
tribesmen  from  the  hills,  a  fine  type  of  man. 


References 

ALI,  SALIM 

1956.  Western  limits  of  two  east  Himalayan  birds.  Jour.  Bombay  Nat.  Hist. 
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BAKER,  E.  C.  STUART 

1924.    The  fauna  of  British  India.    Birds,  2,  xxiii  +561  pp.    London. 

1930.    The  game-birds  of  India,  Burma  and  Ceylon.    3  vols.  341  pp.    London. 

BISWAS,  B. 

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HOOKER,  J.  D. 

1854.  Himalayan  Journals;  or  Notes  of  a  Naturalist  in  Bengal,  the  Sikhim  and 
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1950.    New  subspecies  of  birds  from  southwestern  Asia.     Am.  Mus.  Nov.,  no. 

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1961.  Notes  on  some  Corvidae  from  Nepal,  Pakistan  and  India.  Jour.  Bombay 
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INDEX 


abbotti,  Malacocincla,  479 

abbreviatus,  Buteo,  91 

Abroscopus,  544 

aburri,  Aburria,  93 

Aburria,  93 

Acarina,  27 

Accipiter,  91,  242,  282,  322,  375,  461, 

515 

Accipitridae,  90,  241,  282,  321,  374 
acedis,  Phyllastrephus,  195 
Aceros,  289 

Acrocephalus,  351,  542 
Actitis,  245,  327,  379 
adamauae,  Chlorocichla,  188,  189 
adametzi,  Phyllastrephus,  201 
Adelomyia,  106 
aedon,  Phragmaticola,  480 
Aegithalos,  475 
aemodium,  Conostoma,  477 
aenea,  Ducula,  247,  329,  381 
aenochlamys,  Sitta,  435 
aequatorialis,  Baryphthengus,  107 
aequatorialis,  Neomorphus,  102 
aeuiiops,  Thamnophilus,  117 
Aethopyga,  304,  357,  409 
affinis,  Accipiter,  515 
affinis,  Caprimulgus,  522 
affirm,  Coracias,  522 
affinis,  Glaucis,  104 
affinis,  Mycerobas,  484 
affinis,  Penelopides,  289 
affinis,  Veniliornis,  115 
Agelaius,  132 

agricola,  Acrocephalus,  542 
akool,  Amaurornis,  519 
alaris,  Rhabdornis,  437 
Alauda,  342,  474,  525 
Alaudidae,  342 
alba,  Motacilla,  482 
albicans,  Troglodytes,  127 
albiceps,  Elaenia,  125 
albicollis,  Nyctidromus,  104 
albicollis,  Rhipidura,  538 
albifrons,  Phapitreron,  246,  328,  380 
albigularis,  Abroscopus,  544 
albigularis,  Synallaxis,  116 
albigularis,  Tylas,  220 
albigulus,  Phyllastrephus,  203,  204 
albi venter,  Iridoprocne,  126 
albiventer,  Microura,  530 


albiventris,  Hemidacnis,  129 
albocinereus,  Sirystes,  122 
albogularis,  Rhipidura,  538 
albonotatus,  Buteo,  91 
albo-superciliaris,  Seicercus,  543 
Alcedinidae,  107,  252,  288,  338,  389 
alexandrinus,  Charadrius,  244,  326 
alfredi,  Phyllastrephus,  202 
alfredi,  Psarocolius,  130 
amabilis,  Muscicapa,  481 
amabilis,  Tangara,  133 
amandava,  Estrilda,  484 
amauronota,  Tyto,  251 
Amaurornis,  243,  324,  378,  518 
Amazilia,  105 
Amazona,  99 

amazona,  Chloroceryle,  107 
amazonica,  Amazona,  99 
amazonica,  Lophostrix,  103 
amazonica,  Synallaxis,  116 
amazonum,  Conirostrum,  129 
amazonum,  Ramphocaenus,  128 
ambiguus,  Ramphastos,  113 
amelis,  Collocalia,  336 
americana,  Chloroceryle,  107 
americana,  Sporophila,  136 
americanus,  Coccyzus,  100 
americanus,  Merops,  339,  391 
amethystina,  Phapitreron,  284,  329,  380 
amethystinus,  Chalcites,  385 
amurensis,  Butorides,  373 
analis,  Formicarius,  118 
Anas,  241,  321,  374,  460 
Anatidae,  241,321,  374 
andapae,  Phyllastrephus,  214 
andromedae,  Zoothera,  294 
angustifrons,  Psarocolius,  130 
angustirostris,  Sayornis,  121 
Anhima,  90 
Anhimidae,  90 
Anhinga,  90 
anhinga,  Anhinga,  90 
Anhingidae,  90 
ani,  Crotophaga,  101 
ankafanae,  Phyllastrephus,  215 
annectans,  Pycnonotus,  159 
annectens,  Dicrurus,  475 


ansorge, 

anthonyi,  Dicaeum,  302,  437 

Anthracothorax,  105 


559 


560 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


Anthreptes,  408,  550 

Anthropoides,  518 

Anthus,  254,  343,  395,  483,  548 

antisianus,  Pharomachrus,  106 

apicalis,  Loriculus,  286 

apicauda,  Treron,  521 

Aplonis,  258,  359,  411 

apo,  Dicaeum,  303 

apo,  Rhipidura,  298 

apo,  Sitta,  435 

Apodidae,  252,  288,  336,  388 

apoensis,  Pachycephala,  257,  301,  354, 

405,  434 
Apoia,  305 

aquaticus,  Rallus,  464 
Aquila,  463 
Ara,  98 

Arachnothera,  304,  358,  410,  550 
Aramides,  94 
Aratinga,  98 
Archiplanus,  130 

arcuata,  Dendrocygna,  241,  321,  374 
Ardea,  320,  372,  460 
Ardeidae,  90,  240,  282,  320,  372 
ardens,  Harpactes,  288,  337,  389 
ardens,  Piranga,  135 
Arenaria,  245,  327 
argentata,  Sclateria,  118 
argentatus,  Ceyx,  338,  389 
arquata,  Numenius,  379 
arsinoe,  Pycnonotus,  149 
Artamidae,  255,  345,  397 
Artamus,  255,  345,  397,  483,  525 
Artanidae,  see  Artamidae 
asiaticus,  Caprimulgus,  521 
asiaticus,  Xenorhynchus,  515 
assamensis,  Anthreptes,  550 
ater,  Daptrius,  93 
Atlapetes,  137 
atricapilla,  Lonchura,  551 
atricapillus,  Donacobius,  128 
atrimentalis,  Phaethornis,  105 
atrogularis,  Aulacorhynchus,  111 
atrogularis,  Orthotomus,  297,  352,  402 
atrogularis,  Prinia,  541 
atthis,  Alcedo,  252,  338,  389 
audax,  Troglodytes,  127 
aulacorhynchus,  111 
aurantiacus,  Metopothrix,  117 
aurantio-atro-cristatus,  Empidonomus, 

121 

aurea,  Jacamerops,  109 
aureiventris,  Myiotriccus,  124 
aurescens,  Polyplancta,  106 
aurifrons,  Myiospiza,  137 
aurita,  Heliothryx,  106 
aurovirens,  Capito,  110 
australe,  Dicaeum,  356,  407 
australis,  Neomorphus,  102 
australis,  Pycnonotus,  179 
Aviceda,  374 
axillaris,  Myrmotherula,  118 


axillaris,  Treron,  246,  328,  380 

azarae,  Saltator,  136 

azurea,  Hypothymis,  257,  301,  354,  404 

481 
azurea,  Monarcha,  540 

badius,  Phodilus,  387 

Baeopogon,  186 

bagobo,  Collocalia,  288 

bakeri,  Amaurornis,  518 

bakkamoena,  Otus,  287,  335,  387 

balzarensis,  Geranospiza,  92 

bamendae,  Pycnonotus,  182 

bangsi,  Halcyon,  252,  423 

banken,  Centropus,  334 

barbatus,  Gypaetus,  463 

barbatus,  Pycnonotus,  146,  147,  148 

bartletti,  Amazilia,  105 

bartletti,  Crypturellus,  90 

bartletti,  Momotus,  108 

Baryphthengus,  107 

basilanica,  Ficedula,  299,  403 

basilanica,  Pachycephala,  257,  434 

basilanica,  Rhinomyias,  431 

basilanica,  Zosterops,  305,  411 

basilanicus,  Oriolus,  307 

Basileuterus,  129 

Batrachostomus,  335,  387,  421 

baueri,  Limosa,  326,  379 

bauharnaesii,  Pteroglossus,  113 

baumanni,  Phyllastrephus,  201 

beavani,  Parus,  548 

Behavior  of  the  Lizard  Corythophanes 

cristatus,  1,  3 
bella,  Aethopyga,  410 
bengalensis,  Alcedo,  252,  338,  389 
bengalensis,  Centropus,  468 
bengalensis,  Houbaropsis,  465 
benghalensis,  Coracias,  522 
benghalensis,  Rostratula,  243,  379,  465, 

520 

bensoni,  Phyllastrephus,  196 
bergii,  Thalasseus,  245,  328,  379 
berlepschi,  Conopias,  122 
Bernieria,  213 
besti,  Dicaeum,  257 
bicolor,  Accipiter,  91 
bicolor,  Dicaeum,  356,  407 
bicolor,  Ducula,  247,  330 
bidentatus,  Harpagus,  90 
Birds  of  Northeastern  Peru,  85-141 
Birds  of  the  Philippine  Islands:  Siqui- 

jor,  Mount  Malindang,  Bohol,  and 

Samar,  221-441 

bitorquata,  Streptopelia,  247,  330,  382 
Bleda,  215 

bogotensis,  Columba,  96 
Bohol  Islands,  310-362 
boholensis,  Coracina,  344,  395 
boholensis,  Macronus,  348,  430 
boholensis,  Otus,  335 
boholensis,  Rhinomyias,  353,  433 


INDEX 


561 


boholensis,  Stachyris,  349 

boholensis,  Zosterops,  358 

Bolbopsittacus,  384 

boliviana,  Tangara,  133 

boltoni,  Aethopyga,  304 

bonariensis,  Molothrus,  131 

bonga,  Dicaeum,  408 

borealis,  Phylloscopus,  256,  297,  352, 

402 

bourcieri,  Chlorochrysa,  132 
Brachypteryx,  293,  544 
Brady pterus,  295,  541 
brasilianum,  Glaucidium,  103 
brevipennis,  Acrocephalus,  542 
brevipes,  Heteroscelus,  245,  327 
brevirostris,  Collocalia,  470 
brevirostris,  Crypturellus,  90 
brevirostris,  Pericrocotus,  527 
brevirostris,  Phapitreron,  283 
brevirostris,  Tanagra,  132 
Brotogeris,  98 

brunneiceps,  Phapitreron,  284 
brunneiceps,  Rhegmatorhina,  119 
brunnei-nucha,  Atlapetes,  137 
Bubo,  387 

Bubulcus,  240,  320,  372 
Bucco,  109 
Bucconidae,  109 
Buceros,  289,  340,  392 
Bucerotidae,  289,  340,  391 
buckleyi,  Micrastur,  93 
burmanicus,  Buteo,  462 
burmanicus,  Caprimulgus,  522 
Busarellus,  92 
Butastur,  242,  323,  375 
Buteo,  91,  461 
buteo,  Buteo,  461 
Butorides,  90,  240,  320,  373, 

cabanisi,  Phyllastrephus,  210 

cabanisi,  Xenoctistes,  117 

cachinnans,  Herpetotheres,  92 

Cacicus,  130 

Cacomantis,  250,  286,  332,  385 

caerulesceus,  Geranospiza,  92 

caeruleus,  Elanus,  321,  374 

cajanea,  Aramides,  94 

caledonicus,  Nycticorax,  241,  320,  373 

calliparea,  Chlorochrysa,  132 

Calochaetes,  135 

Caloenas,  248 

calurus,  Criniger,  219 

calvus,  Sarcops,  259,  307,  359,  411 

campanisoma,  Myrmothera,  119 

Campephagidae,  254,  291,  344,  395 

Camptostoma,  126 

canicapilla,  Bleda,  217 

canorus,  Cuculus,  249 

cantator,  Hypocnemis,  118 

canus,  Picus,  472 

Capella,  466,  520 

capensis,  Bucco,  109 


capensis,  Pelargopsis,  338,  390 

capensis,  Podiceps,  515 

capensis,  Pycnonotus,  146,  147 

capensis,  Tyto,  251 

capistrata,  Heterophasia,  479 

capitalis,  Stachyris,  295 

Capito,  110 

Capitonidae,  110,  392 

caprata,  Saxicola,  255,  347 

Caprimulgidae,  104,  336,  388 

Caprimulgus,  104,  336,  388,  469,  521 

carbo,  Phalacrocorax,  460 

carbo,  Ramphocelus,  134 

carcinophilus,  Butorides,  240,  320,  373 

carola,  Ducula,  247 

carolinensis,  Pandion,  92 

Carpodacus,  485 

casiotis,  Columba,  467 

castaneiventris,  Sporophila,  136 

castaneus,  Pachyramphus,  119 

castaneus,  Trogon,  107 

castanoptera,  Pyriglena,  118 

castanotis,  Pteroglossus,  112 

catharinae,  Tangara,  134 

caudatus,  Bradypterus,  295 

caudatus,  Spelaeornis,  530 

cayana,  Dacnis,  129 

cayana,  Piaya,  100 

cayana,  Tityra,  120 

cayanensis,  Leptodon,  90 

cayennensis,  Columba,  96 

cela,  Cacicus,  130 

celebensis,  Pernis,  321,  375 

celestinoi,  Megalaima,  392 

celestinoi,  Phapitreron,  329 

celestinoi,  Turnix,  324 

Celeus,  114 

centralis,  Chlorocichla,  191 

centralis,  Ninox,  251,  355,  421 

Centropus,  250,  287,  333,  386,  468 

Cephalopterus,  120 

cephalotes,  Myiarchus,  123 

Cercomacra,  118 

Certhia,  476 

Certhiaxis,  117 

Certhiidae,  302,  355,  406 

certhiola,  Locustella,  351,  401 

cerviniventris,  Phyllastrephus,  199 

Ceryle,  107 

Cettia,  480,  540 

Ceyx,  252,  338,  389,  390 

chagwensis,  Pycnonotus,  181 

Chalcites,  385 

Chalcophaps,  248,  285,  330,  382 

chalybea,  Progne,  126 

Chamaepetes,  93 

Charadriidae,  244,  326 

Charadrius,  244,  326 

cheela,  Spilornis,  283,  323,  376 

Chelidoptera,  110 

chendoola,  Galerida,  524 

chilensis,  Tangara,  132 


562 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


chinensis,  Excalfactoria,  242,  283,  323, 

378 

chinensis,  Jynx,  524 
chinensis,  Oriolus,  259,  361,  413 
chirurgus,  Hydrophasianus,  465 
chivi,  Vireo,  129 
chlorigulus,  Pycnonotus,  184 
chloris,  Halcyon,  252,  339,  391 
chloris,  Nicator,  217 
Chloroceryle,  107 
Chlorochrysa,  132 
Chlorocichla,  187 
chloropus,  Gallinula,  325,  379 
chlorosaturata,  Baeopogon,  186 
Chlorospingus,  135 
Chlorostilbon,  105 
chlorotica,  Tanagra,  132 
chochi,  Tapera,  101 
choliba,  Otus,  102 
chrysocephalus,  Myiodynastes,  122 
chrysochloros,  Piculus,  114 
Chrysocolaptes,  290,  341,  393,  425 
chrysocrotaphum,  Todirostrum,  125 
chrysopis,  Thlypopsis,  135 
Chrysoptilus,  113 
chrysotis,  Tangara,  133 
chunchotambo,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 
chyulu,  Pycnonotus,  165,  186 
chyuluensis,  Chlorocichla,  191 
chyuluensis,  Phyllastrephus,  207 
cia,  Emberiza,  485 
Ciconiidae,  321,  374 
cinerascens,  Cercomacra,  118 
cinerea,  Gallicrex,  325 
cinerea,  Motacilla,  254,  343,  395 
cinereiceps,  Orthotomus,  298 
cinereiceps,  Phapitreron,  284 
cinereiceps,  Phyllastrephus,  214 
cinereigulare,  Dicaeum,  303,  356,  408 
cinereus,  Crypturellus,  89 
cinereus,  Poliolimnas,  243,  324,  419 
cinereus,  Vanellus,  519 
cinereus,  Xenus,  327 
cinnamomea,  Pyrrhomyias,  124 
cinnamomea,  Terpsiphone,  405 
cinnamomea,  Tringa,  95 
cinnamomeus,  Hypocryptadius,  306 
cinnamomeus,  Ixobrychus,  321,  373 
Circus,  323 

cirratus,  Picumnus,  113 
cirrhatus,  Spizaetus,  462 
cisandina,  Cranioleuca,  117 
Cisticola,  256,  351,  401 
citreopygius,  Celeus,  114 
Clamator,  249,  468 
clarae,  Arachnothera,  304,  410 
Claravis,  97 
clypeata,  Spatula,  461 
Clypicterus,  130 
coccineus,  Calochaetes,  135 
Coccyzus,  100 
cochinensis,  Hirundapus,  469 


coelestis,  Hypothymis,  404 

coelestis,  Thraupis,  134 

Coereba,  129 

Coerebidae,  129 

coerulescens,  Saltator,  136 

cognatus,  Phyllastrephus,  207 

collaris,  Halcyon,  252,  339,  391 

collaris,  Trogon,  107 

Collecting,  Nepal,  553-556 

collingwoodi,  Poliolimnas,  419 

Collocalia,  252,  288,  336,  388,  470 

colma,  Formicarius,  118 

Colonia,  121 

colonus,  Colonia,  121 

Columba,  96,  247,  285,  467,  521 

Columbidae,  96,  246,  283,  328,  380 

Columbigallina,  97 

comata,  Hemiprocne,  288,  337,  389 

Compsocoma,  134 

concinnus,  Aegithalos,  475 

confusus,  Accipiter,  242,  282,  322,  375 

congener,  Pycnonotus,  177,  180 

Conirostrum,  129 

connectens,  Ramphocelus,  134 

Conopias,  122 

Conostoma,  477 

Copsychus,  255,  347,  399 

Coracias,  522 

Coraciidae,  253,  289,  339,  391 

Coracina,  291,  344,  395 

cornuta,  Anhima,  90 

coromanda,  Halcyon,  252,  422 

coromandelica,  Coturnix,  463 

coromandus,  Bubulcus,  240,  320,  372 

coromandus,  Clamator,  249,  468 

Corvidae,  126,  259,  308,  362,  413 

Corvus,  259,  308,  362,  413,  527 

Corythophanes,  cristatus,  3 

Cotingidae,  119 

Coturnix,  463 

couloni,  Ara,  98 

Cracidae,  93 

Cranioleuca,  117 

crassirostris,  Forpus,  98 

crex,  Megalurus,  296,  350,  401 

Criniger,  217,  479,  528 

cristata,  Galerida,  524 

cristata,  Lophostrix,  103 

cristatus,  Corythophanes,  3 

cristatus,  Lanius,  254,  292,  345,  396,  525 

cristatus,  Thalasseus,  245,  328,  379 

Crotophaga,  101 

crucigerus,  Otus,  102 

cruentatus,  Melanerpes,  115 

cruentus,  Ithaginis,  464 

Crypsirina,  475 

cryptolophus,  Lipaugus,  119 

Crypturellus,  89 

Cuculidae,  100,  249,  286,  332,  385 

cucullata,  Kitta,  526 

cucullata,  Pitta,  473 

Cuculus,  249,  286,  332,  385 


INDEX 


563 


Culicicapa,  300 

culminatus,  Corvus,  527 

culminatus,  Ramphastos,  113 

cumanensis,  Pipile,  93 

cumingi,  Macronus,  399,  429 

curtata,  Cranioleuca,  117 

curucui,  Trogon,  107 

curvirostris,  Pycnonotus,  172 

cuvieri,  Ramphastos,  113 

Cyanerpes,  129 

cyanescens,  Galbula,  109 

cyaneus,  Cyanerpes,  129 

cyanicollis,  Tangara,  133 

cyanocollis,  Eurystomus,  253,  289,  339 

391,  424 

Cyanocorax,  126 

cyanogaster,  Irena,  292,  345,  397,  427 
cyanoleuca,  Pygochelidon,  126 
cyanoptera,  Brotogeris,  98 
cyanotis,  Tangara,  133 
cyanurus,  Erithacus,  545 
cyanus,  Hylocharis,  105 
Cymbilaimus,  117 
Cypsiurus,  337 

Dacnis,  129 

Daptrius,  93 

davao,  Orthotomus,  297 

davaoensis,  Nectarinia,  258,  357,  409 

439 

Davis,  D.  Dwight,  1,  9,  71 
dealbatus,  Charadrius,  244,  326 
debilis,  Phyllastrephus,  203,  204 
debilis,  Turdus,  128 
decipiens,  Leptotila,  97 
decorosa,  Aethopyga,  357 
decumanus,  Psarocolius,  130 
Delichon,  474 
Demigretta,  240,  320 
Dendrocolaptes,  116 
Dendrocolaptidae,  116 
Dendrocopos,  290,  341,  393,  473 
Dendrocygna,  241,  321,  374 
Dicaeidae,  257,  302,  355,  406 
Dicaeum,  257,  302,  355,  407,  437 
Dicruridae,  307,  360,  412 
Dicrurus,  307,  360,  412,  475 
didymus,  Pteroglossus,  112 
dilutior,  Chlorocichla,  192 
dimidiatus,  Aulacorhynchus,  111 
discurus,  Prioniturus,  331,  383 
dispar,  Coereba,  129 
Dissoura,  321,  374 
dodsoni,  Pycnonotus,  164 
doliatus,  Thamnophilus,  117 
domesticus,  Passer,  483 
dominica,  Pluvialis,  244,  326,  466 
Donacobius,  128 

dowashanus,  Phyllastrephus,  209 
Dryooopus,  115,  290,  341,  393 
dubius,  Charadrius,  326 
dubusi,  Leptotila,  97 


Ducula,  247,  329,  381 

dugandi,  Bucoo,  109 

Dupetor,  373 

dusumieri,  Streptopelia,  247,  330,  382 

Dysithamnus,  117 

earlei,  Turdoides,  534 
eburneus,  Phyllastrephus,  201 
Echinosorex  gymnura,  Placentation  of 

a  primitive  insectivore,  9 
eduardi,  Tylas,  220 
efulenensis,  Pyononotus,  178 
Egretta,  240,  320,  372 
Elaenia,  125 
Elanoides,  90 
Elanus,  321,  374 
elatus,  Tyrannulus,  126 
elegans,  Parus,  301 
ellae,  Irena,  345,  397,  427 
Emberiza,  485 
emini,  Criniger,  219 
Empidonax,  124 
Empidonomus,  121 
enca,  Corvus,  413 
Enicurus,  546 

epauletta,  Pyrrhoplectes,  485 
episcopus,  Dissoura,  321,  374 
epops,  Upupa,  471 
Erithacus,  545 
ernesti,  Falco,  242 
erochroa,  Phylloscopus,  542 
Erolia,  328,  466 
erythrinus,  Carpodacus,  485 
erythrocephalus,  Garrulax,  535 
erythrogaster,  Hirundo,  126 
erythrogaster,  Pitta,  253,  342,  394 
erythrogenys,  Microhierax,  323,  377 
erythrogenys,  Pomatorhinus,  528 
erythrophthalmus,  Coccyzus,  100 
erythropterus,  Pycnonotus,  169 
escherichi,  Pycnonotus,  156 
esculenta,  Collocalia,  288,  337,  389 
Estrilda,  484 
Eubucco,  111 

Eudynamys,  250,  333,  386 
eugenius,  Pycnonotus,  178 
eumorphus,  Trogon,  106 
eurhinus,  Tringa,  244,  327 
eurhythmus,  Ixobrychus,  373 
eurizonoides,  Rallina,  324,  465 
Eurostopodus,  336,  388 
Eurylaimidae,  341,  394 
Eurylaimus,  341,  394 
Eurypyga,  95 
Eurypygidae,  95 
Eurystomus,  253,  289,  339,  391,  424, 

471 

Euscarthmornis,  125 
everetti,  Hvpsipetes,  398 
everetti,  Otus,  287,  355,  387 
everetti,  Tanygnathus,  384 
everetti,  Zosterops.  258,  305,  358,  411 


564 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


Excalfactoria,  242,  283,  323,  378 
excellens,  Tapera,  101 
eximia,  Bleda,  216,  256,  351,  401 
exsul,  Celeus,  114 
extensus,  Melanerpes,  115 
extimus,  Accipiter,  375 

falcinellus,  Limicola,  328 

Falco,  242,  323,  463 

Falconidae,  92,  242,  323 

falkensteini,  Chlorocichla,  187 

fallax,  Pachycephala,  433 

farinosa,  Amazona,  100 

fasciatus,  Laterallus,  94 

fayi,  Pycnonotus,  157 

ferox,  Myiarchus,  123 

ferrugilatus,  Pomatorhinus,  528 

festiva,  Amazona,  99 

Ficedula,  299,  403,  481 

fiedleri,  Myiozetetes,  122 

fischeri,  Phyllastrephus,  205,  206 

flammeus,  Pericrocotus,  396 

flammifera,  Arachnothera,  358,  410 

flava,  Motacilla,  343 

flaveola,  Coereba,  129 

flaveolus,  Criniger,  479,  528 

flavicollis,  Chlorocichla,  188 

flavicollis,  Dupetor,  373 

flavicollis,  Hemithraupis,  135 

flavigula,  Chlorocichla,  190 

flavigula,  Piculus,  113 

flavigularis,  Chlorospingus,  135 

flavinucha,  Compsocoma,  134 

flaviventer,  Dacnis,  129 

flaviventris,  Abroscopus,  544 

flavirostris,  Kitta,  526 

flaviventris,  Chlorocichla,  191,  193 

flavostriatus,  Phyllastrephus,  202 

flavus,  Celeus,  115 

Fleming,  Robert  L.  and  Melvin  A. 

Traylor,  441-487,  489-558 
flumenicolus,  Ceyx,  338,  389 
fluviatilis,  Muscisaxicola,  120 
foetidus,  Gymnoderus,  120 
forbesi,  Megalurus,  296,  350,  401 
forficata,  Elanoides,  90 
Formicariidae,  117 
Formicarius,  118 
formosae,  Crypsirina,  475 
formosus,  Hieraaetus,  376 
Forpus,  98 

fortichi,  Ptilocichla,  348 
fortipes,  Cettia,  540 
Francolinus,  464,  516 
francolinus,  Francolinus,  464 
frederici,  Rhytipterna,  119 
freycinet,  Megapodius,  377 
fricki,  Phyllastrephus,  199 
fricki,  Pycnonotus,  173 
Fringiljidae,  136,  306 
frontalis,  Atlapetes,  137 
frontalis,  Orthotomus,  297,  352,  402 


frontalis,  Sitta,  301,  405,  434 

fugax,  Cuculus,  249,  286,  332 

fulica,  Heliornis,  95 

fuliginosus,  Mulleripicus,  290,  392 

fulva,  Pluvialis,  244,  326,  466 

fulvescens,  Gyps,  516 

fulvescens,  Phyllastrephus,  214 

fulvicauda,  Basileuterus,  130 

fulvicervix,  Tangara,  133 

fulvifasciatus,  Dendrocopos,  290 

fulviventris,  Phyllastrephus,  200 

fulvus,  Gyps,  516 

funebris,  Mulleripicus,  290,  392 

furcata,  Thalurania,  105 

Furnariidae,  116 

Furnarius,  116 

Further  Notes  on  Nepal  Birds,  489- 

558 

fusca,  Amaurornis,  518 
fuscata,  Sterna,  245 
fuscicauda,  Cercomacra,  118 
fusciceps,  Pycnonotus,  184 
fuscus,  Artamus,  483,  525 

gabonensis,  Pycnonotus,  152 

Galbalcyrhynchus,  108 

Galbula,  109 

Galbulidae,  108 

Galerida,  524 

Gallicolumba,  382 

Gallicrex,  325 

Gallinago,  245,  327 

gallinago,  Capella,  466,  520 

gallinago,  Gallinago,  327 

Gallinula,  325,  379 

Callus,  242,  283,  324,  378,  414 

gallus,  Gallus,  242,  283,  324,  378,  414 

garhwalensis,  Paradoxornis,  531 

Garrulax,  478,  534 

garzetta,  Egretta,  240,  320,  372 

genibarbis,  Thryothorus,  127 

gentilis,  Accipiter,  461 

geoffroyi,  Neomorphus,  102 

Geotrygon,  98 

Geranospiza,  92 

giamardii,  Myiopagis,  125 

gilvicollis,  Micrastur,  93 

glareola,  Tringa,  245,  327 

Glaucidium,  103 

Glaucis,  104 

glaucocauda,  Ducula,  329,  381 

glaucpgularis,  Dacnis,  129 

godwini,  Pomatorhinus,  528 

goiavier,  Pycnonotus,  293,  346,  398 

goisagi,  Gorsachius,  241,  282,  414 

goodfellowi,  Apoia,  305 

goodi,  Pycnonotus,  148 

Gorsachius,  241,  282,  373,  414 

goudotii,  Chamaepetes,  93 

gracilirostris,  Pycnonotus,  180 

gracilis,  Prinia,  480 

gracilis,  Pycnonotus,  170 


INDEX 


565 


grandis,  Chrysocolaptes,  425 
grandis,  Nyctibius,  103 
grandis,  Rhabdornis,  436 
graueri,  Phyllastrephus,  202 
grenadensis,  Myiozetetes,  123 
griseicauda,  Garrulax,  534 
griseigularis,  Anthreptes,  408 
griseisticta,  Muscicapa,  256,  354 
griseogularis,  Columba,  247,  285 
griseus,  Nyctibius,  103 
grotei,  Phyllastrephus,  206 
guimarasensis,  Hypsipetes,  428 
gularis,  Francolinus,  516 
gularis,  Halcyon,  252,  338,  390 
gularis,  Nicator,  217 
gularis,  Paroaria,  136 
gulgula,  Alauda,  342,  474,  525 
gustavi,  Anthus,  254,  343,  395 
gustavi,  Brotogeris,  98 
guttatoides,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 
guttatus,  Epicurus,  547 
guttatus,  Tinamus,  89 
guttatus,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 
gutturalis,  Hirundo,  253,  342 
Gymnoderus,  120 
Gymnopithys,  119 
Gypaetus,  463 
Gyps,  516 
gyrola,  Tangara,  134 

hachisuka,  Lanius,  292 
haemacephala,  Megalaima,  392 
haematogaster,  Phloeoceastes,  116 
haematonota,  Myrmotherula,  117 
haematribon,  Chrysocolaptes,  425 
haematuropygia,  Kakatoe,  248,  331, 

383,  420 

Halcyon,  252,  288,  338,  390,  422 
Haliaeetus,  323,  376 
haliaetus,  Pandion,  92 
Haliastur,  241,  322,  375 
haringtoni,  Pomatorhinus,  528 
Harpactes,  288,  337,  389 
Harpagus,  90 

harterti,  Acrocephalus,  351 
harterti,  Phlogophilus,  106 
harterti,  Pycnonotus,  147,  153 
hastata,  Aquila,  462 
hauxwelli,  Turdus,  128 
helenae,  Hypothymis,  404 
Heleodytes,  127 
helianthea,  Culicicapa,  300 
helias,  Eurypyga,  95 
Heliornis,  95 
Heliornithidae,  95 
Heliothryx,  106 
hellmayri,  Pitangus,  123 
hemachalanus,  Gypaetus,  463 
Hemidacnis,  129 
Hemiprocne,  288,  337,  389 
Hemiprocnidae,  288,  337,  389 
Hemithraupis,  135 


Herpetotheres,  92 
Heterophasia,  479 
Heteroscelus,  245,  327 
heterozyga,  Myrmotherula,  118 
Hieraaetus,  376 
hilaris,  V'eniliornis,  115 
himalayana,  Certhia,  476 
himalayensis,  Dendrocopos,  473 
Himantopus,  95 
himantopus,  Himantopus,  95 
hirsuta,  Glaucis,  104 
Hirundapus,  469 
Hirundinidae,  126,  253,  342,  394 
Hirundo,  126,  253,  342,  394 
hispidus,  Phaethornis,  105 
hoactli,  Nycticorax,  90 
hodgsoni,  Anthus,  483 
hodgsoni,  Ficedula,  481 
hodgsoni,  Megalaima,  472 
hodgsonii,  Muscicapa,  538 
holochlorus,  Pycnonotus,  169 
holospilus,  Spilornis,  283,  376 
hombroni,  Halcyon,  288 
hoogstraali,  Irena,  292,  427 
horsfieldi,  Cuculus,  249,  332,  385 
hottentottus,  Dicrurus,  307,  360,  412 
Houbaropsis,  465 
humboldti,  Pteroglossus,  112 
humii,  Paradoxornis,  532 
hutchinsoni,  Hhipidura,  298 
hydrocorax,  Buceros,  289,  340,  392 
Hydrophasianus,  465 
Hylocharis,  105 
Hylophylax,  119 

hyperrhynchus,  Notharchus,  109 
hyperthra,  Ficedula,  299 
hyperythrus,  Erithacus,  546 
hypochloris,  Phyllastrephus,  201 
Hypocnemis,  1 18 
Hypocryptadius,  306 
hypoleucos,  Actitis,  245,  327,  379 
hypoleucum,  Dicaeum,  303,  355,  407 
hypoleucus,  Elanus,  321,  374 
hy  post  ictus,  Heleodytes,  127 
Hypothymia,  257,  301,  354,  404,  481 
hypoxanthus,  Pycnonotus,  175 
Hypsipetes,  255,  293,  347,  398,  428 

ibis,  Bubulcus,  240,  320,  372 
ichthyaetus,  Icthyophaga,  376 
Ichthyophaga,  376,  463 
Icteridae,  130 

icterinus,  Phyllastrephus,  211 
icterocephalus,  Agelaius,  132 
Ictinae'tus,  463 

ignipectus,  Dicaeum,  303,  408 
ignobilis,  Momotus,  108 
ignobilis,  Turdus,  128 
ignotincta,  Minla,  537 
illex,  Pachycephala,  433 
importunus,  Pycnonotus,  172,  177 
inceleber,  Phyllastrephus,  213 


566 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


inconspicuus,  Crypturellus,  89 

inda,  Chloroceryle,  107 

indica,  Chalcophaps,  248,  285,  330,  382 

indica,  Sypheotides,  465 

Indicator,  523 

indicator,  Baeopogon,  186 

indicus,  Bustastur,  242,  323,  375 

indicus,  Passer,  484 

indicus,  Rallus,  464 

indus,  Haliastur,  241,  322,  375 

inexpectata,  Collpcalia,  336 

inexpectatum,  Dicaeum,  356,  407 

infima,  Certhia,  476 

inopinata,  Alauda,  474 

inornata,  Amazona,  100 

inornatus,  Pycnonotus,  148 

inornatus,  Rhabdornis,  302,  406,  436 

insignis,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 

insularis,  Pycnonotus,  175 

insularum,  Glaucis,  104 

intermedia,  Egretta,  320,  372 

intermedius,  Bolbopsittacus,  384 

intermedius,  Corvus,  527 

intermedius,  Cymbilaimus,  117 

intermedius,  Haliastur,  241,  322,  375 

intermedius,  Phyllastrephus,  197 

interpres,  Arenaria,  245,  327 

iohannis,  Euscarthmornis,  125 

iredalei,  Aegithalos,  475 

Irena,  292,  345,  397,  427 

Iridoprocne,  126 

isidori,  Jacamerops,  109 

Ithaginis,  464 

itoculo,  Phyllastrephus,  202,  206 

Ixobrychus,  321,  373 

Jacamerops,  109 
Jacana,  95 
Jacanidae,  95 
jacobinus,  Clamator,  468 
jagori,  Lonchura,  259,  360,  412 
japonica,  Jynx,  524 
japonica,  Ninox,  251 
javanensis,  Centropus,  250,  334 
javanica,  Amaurornis,  243,  325 
javanica,  Hirundo,  253,  342,  395 
javanica,  Rhipidura,  256,  353,  403 
javensis,  Dryocopus,  290,  341,  393 
jefferyi,  Pithecophaga,  283,  376 
jelskii,  Picumnus,  113 
jelskii,  Thalurania,  105 
jerdoni,  Aviceda,  374 
jerdoni,  Seicercus,  543 
johnstoniae,  Trichoglossus,  285 
jugularis,  Nectarinia,  258,  357,  409 
jumana,  Celeus,  114 
juncidis,  Cisticola,  351 
juruanus,  Thryothorus,  127 
Jynx,  524 

kakamegae,  Pycnonotus,  167 
Kakatoe,  248,  331,  383,  420 


kali,  Garrulax,  535 
kampalili,  Dicaeum,  438 
kangrae,  Phylloscopus,  542 
kappuni,  Thamnophilus,  117 
kavirondensis,  Pycnonotus,  171 
keniensis,  Phyllastrephus,  207 
kettlewelli,  Macronus,  430 
kienerii,  Hieraaetus,  376 
kikuyuensis,  Pycnonotus,  182 
kilimandjaricus,  Pycnonotus,  177 
Kitta,  526 

kitungensis,  Pycnonotus,  173 
kleei,  Tinamus,  88 
kochii,  Coracina,  291 
kundoo,  Oriolus,  475 
kungwensis,  Phyllastrephus,  202 
kungwensis,  Pycnonotus,  183 
kutteri,  Gorsachius,  241,  373 

lactea,  Amazilia,  105 
laemostictus,  Piculus,  114 
Lalage,  254,  291,  344,  396 
lanceolata,  Locustella,  351 
langsdorffi,  Selenidera,  113 
Laniidae,  254,  291,  344,  396 
Lanius,  254,  291,  344,  396,  525 
lapponica,  Limosa,  326,  379 
Laridae,  96,  245,  328,  379 
Laterallus,  94 
latirostris,  Muscicapa,  480 
latirostris,  Pycnonotus,  177,  178 
layardi,  Pycnonotus,  159 
leclancheri,  Ptilinopus,  246,  329,  381 
Legatus,  121 
lepcharum,  Parus,  476 
lepidonata,  Hylophylax,  119 
lepidus,  Ceyx,  252 
Leptodon,  90 
leptogrammica,  Strix,  469 
Leptotila,  97 

leschenaultii,  Charadrius,  244,  326 
leschenaulti,  Merops,  470 
leucocephalus,  Aceros,  289 
leucogaster,  Haliaeetus,  323,  376 
leucogastra,  Lonchura,  259,  307,  359, 

412 

leucogenys,  Pyrrhula,  306 
leucomelana,  Lophura,  517 
leuconota,  Columba,  521 
leuconota,  Pyriglena,  118 
leucophaius,  Legatus,  121 
leucopleura,  Thescelocichla,  193 
leucopsis,  Motacilla,  482 
leucoptera,  Piranga,  135 
leucoptera,  Psophia,  94 
leucopus,  Furnarius,  116 
leucorhynchus,  Artamus,  255,  345,  397 
leucotis,  Galbalcyrhynchus,  108 
leucotis,  Thryothorus,  127 
leucotis,  Phapitreron,  246,  283,  328,  380 
leucurus,  Baeopogon,  186 
levaillanti,  Corvus,  527 


INDEX 


567 


leytensis,  Dendrocopos,  341,  393 

leytensis,  Gallicolumba,  382 

leytensis,  Pericroeotus,  396 

lhamarum,  Alauda,  474 

lictor,  Pitangus,  123 

lilacea,  Sitta,  405,  435 

limes,  Pycnonotus,  154 

Limicola,  328 

limnaeetus,  Spizaetus,  462 

Limosa,  326,  379 

limosa,  Limosa,  379 

linae,  Harpactes,  337,  389 

lineata,  Escalfactoria,  242,  283,  323,  378 

lineatum,  Tigrisoma,  90 

lineatus,  Cymbilaimus,  117 

lineatus,  Dryocopus,  115 

lineatus,  Garrulax,  478 

Lioptilornis,  146 

Lipaugus,  119 

litoralis,  Phyllastrephus,  202 

littoralis,  Pycnonotus,  163 

Locustella,  351,  401 

Lonchura,  259,  307,  359,  412,  551 

longirostris,  Arachnothera,  358,  410, 

550 

longuemareus,  Phaethornis,  105,  436 
lonnbergi,  Phyllastrephus,  199 
Lophostrix,  103 
Lophotriccus,  125 
Lophura,  517 

lorenzi,  Phyllastrephus,  205 
Loriculus,  248,  286,  331,  385 
luoidus,  Chrysocolaptes,  290,  341,  393, 

425,  426 

lucidus,  Pious,  426 

lucionensis,  Lanius,  254,  292,  345,  396 
lucionensis,  Tanygnathus,  248,  331,  384, 

420 

luotuosa,  Sporophila,  136 
lugubris,  Anthus,  254,  343,  395 
lugubris,  Surniculus,  287,  333,  385 
lunulata,  Gymnopithys,  119 
lunulatus,  Bolbopsittacus,  384 
lutleyi,  Tangara,  133 
luzonica,  Anas,  241,  321,  374 
luzonica,  Gallicolumba,  382 

macao,  Ara,  98 
Machaeropterus,  120 
macrodactylus,  Bucco,  109 
Macronus,  295,  348,  399,  429 
Macropygia,  247,  285,  330,  468 
maororhynohos,  Corvus,  527.  See  also 

macrorhynohus,  Corvus 
macrorhynchos,  Notharchus,  109 
macrorhynchus,  Corvus,  259,  308,  362, 

413.  See  also  macrorhynchos,  Corvus 
macrotis,  Eurostopodus,  336,  388 
macrurus,  Caprimulgus,  336,  388 
maculatum,  Todirostrum,  125 
maculatus,  Dendrocopos,  290,  341,  393 
maculatus,  Enicurus,  547 


maculatus,  Myiodynastes,  122 

maculatus,  Turnix,  464 

maculiceps,  Chrysocolaptes,  426 

maculipennis,  Pygiptila,  117 

maculosus,  Psarocolius,  130 

madagascariensis,  Numenius,  326 

madagascariensis,  Phyllastrephus,  213 

magna,  Arachnothera,  551 

magnirostrjs,  Aviceda,  374 

magnirostris,  Buteo,  92 

major,  Crotophaga,  101 

major,  Halcyon,  423 

major,  SchifTornis,  120 

major,  Taraba,  117 

major,  Tinamus,  89 

malacca,  Lonchura,  259,  360,  412,  551 

malacensis,  Anthreptes,  408 

Malacocincla,  479 

malayensis,  Ictinaetus,  463 

Malindang,  Mount,  260  309 

malindangensis,  Aethopyga,  304 

malindangensis,  Apoia,  305 

malindangensis,  Arachnothera,  304 

malindangensis,  Brachypteryx,  293 

malindangensis,  Bradypterus,  295 

malindangensis,  Ficedula,  299 

malindangensis,  Hypocryptadius,  306 

malindangensis,  Phylloscopus,  296 

malindangensis,  Prioniturus,  285 

malindangensis,  Turdus,  294 

manilata,  Ara,  98 

manilensis,  Ardea,  320,  372.  See  also 
manillensis,  Ardea 

manillensis,  Ardea,  460,  See  also  mani- 
lensis, Ardea 

manillensis,  Caprimulgus,  336,  388 

manillensis,  Nycticorax,  241,  373,  320 

manueli,  Lonchura,  259,  307,  359,  412 

manueli,  Nectarinia,  439 

margarethae,  Ceyx,  252 

marginal  a,  Collocalia,  337,  389 

marginatus,  Microcerculus,  128 

mariae,  Pteroglossus,  112 

maroantsetrae,  Phyllastrephus,  214 

marsabit,  Phyllastrephus,  207 

marshallorum,  Megalaima,  472 

martii,  Baryphthengus,  107 

martinica,  I'orphyrula,  95 

marwitzi,  Pycnonotus,  169 

masawan,  Dicaeum,  302,  438 

masukuensis,  Pycnonotus,  167,  169 

mcgregori,  Coracina,  291 

mcgregori,  Kakatoe,  420 

mearnsi,  Macronus,  295,  430 

megala,  Gallinago,  245,  327 

Megalaima,  392,  472 

Megalurus,  256,  296,  350,  401 

Megapodiidae,  377 

Megapodius,  377 

Meister,  Waldemar,  9,  71 

melancolicus,  Tyrannus,  121 

Melanerpes,  115 


568 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


melanoceps,  Myrmeciza,  118 
melanocephala,  Pionites,  99 
melanochlamys,  Irena,  427 
melanogenys,  Adelomyia,  106 
melanoleuca,  Lalage,  396 
melanoleucos,  Circus,  323 
melanoleucus,  Phloeoceastes,  115 
melanoleucus,  Spizastur,  92 
melanolophus,  Gorsachius,  241,  373 

414,  476 

melanonota,  Pulsatrix,  103 
melanonotus,  Francolinus,  464 
melanonotus,  Sarcops,  259,  307,  359, 

411 

melanope,  Motacilla,  254,  343,  395 
melanops,  Centropus,  287,  333,  386 
melanoptera,  Thraupis,  134 
melanosticta,  Rhegmatorhina,  119 
melanota,  Lophura,  517 
melanuroides,  Limosa,  379 
melanurus,  Ceyx,  390 
melanurus,  Himantopus,  95 
melanurus,  Ramphocaenus,  128 
melanurus,  Taraba,  117 
melanurus,  Trogon,  106 
mellisugus,  Chlorostilbon,  105 
menagei,  Batrachostomus,  422 
mentalis,  Dysithamnus,  117 
mentor,  Andropadus,  176 
merganser,  Mergus,  461 
Mergus,  461 

Meropidae,  252,  339,  391 
Merops,  252,  339,  391,  470 
meruensis,  Chlorocichla,  191 
merulinus,  Cacomantis,  250,  332,  385 
mesoleuca,  Sitta,  434 
Metopothrix,  117 
mexicana,  Tangara,  133 
micra,  Amazona,  100 
Micrastur,  93 
Microcerculus,  128 
Microhierax,  323,  377 
microrhynchus,  Batrachostomus,  422 
Microura,  530 
micrus,  Pycnonotus,  161 
milanjensis,  Pycnonotus,  184,  185 
militaris,  Ara,  98 
Mimidae,  128 

Mindanao  Islands,  260-309 
mindanaoensis,  Phapitreron,  284 
mindanense,  Coracina,  291,  396 
mindanensis,  Bubo,  387 
mindanensis,  Copsychus,  255,  347,  399 
mindanensis,  Eudynamys,  250,  333,  386 
mindanensis,  Macronus,  430 
mindanensis,  Parus,  301 
mindanensis,  Ptijocichla,  348,  399 
mindanensis,  Rhinomyias,  299,  432 
mindenensis,  Buceros,  289 
mindorensis,  Hypsipetes,  429 
miniatus,  Myioborus,  129 
Minla,  537 


minor,  Halcyon,  424 
minor,  Lalage,  396 
minor,  Myrmothera,  119 
minor,  Platypsaris,  120 
minor,  Pycnonotus,  155 
minor,  Rhabdornis,  355,  406,  436 
minuta,  Piaya,  101 
minuta,  Ptilocichla,  399 
minuta,  Tanagra,  132 
Mitchell,  Rodger  D.,  27 
Mites,  water,  N.  Am.  species,  check- 
list 27,  index  66 
Mitu,  93 
mitu,  Mitu,  93 
mocino,  Pharomachrus,  106 
modestus,  Phyllastrephus,  209 
Molothrus,  131 
mombasae,  Chlorocichla,  191 
momota,  Momotus,  108 
Momotidae,  107 
Momotus,  108 
Monarcha,  540 
Monasa,  109 

mongolus,  Charadrius,  326 
montana,  Brachypteryx,  293 
montana,  Geotrygon,  98 
montana,  Zosterops,  305 
montanus,  Chrysocolaptes,  426 
montanus,  Phyllastrephus,  198 
montanus,  Prioniturus,  285 
montanus,  Pycnonotus,  169 
Monticola,  255,  348 
monticolus,  Caprimulgus,  469,  522 
monticolus,  Parus,  476 
montium,  Chrysocolaptes,  425 
morio,  Coracina,  291,  396 
Motacilla,  254,  395,  482 
Motacillidae,  254,  343,  395 
Mulleripicus,  290,  392 
multicolor,  Bleda,  215 
multilunatus,  Dryocopus,  290 
muniensis,  Pycnonotus,  171 
munzneri,  Phyllastrephus,  206 
murina,  Phaeomyias,  126 
murmensis,  Streptopelia,  467 
Muscicapa,  256,  300,  354,  480,  481,  538 
Muscicapidae,  256,  298,  353,  403 
Muscisaxicola,  120 
Muscivora,  121 
musculus,  Troglodytes,  127 
mustelina,  Certhiaxis,  117 
Mycerobas,  484 
Myiarchus,  123 
Myioborus,  129 
Myiodynastes,  122 
Myiopagis,  125 
Myiospiza,  137 
Myiotriccus,  124 
Myiozetetes,  122 
myotherinus,  Mymoborus,  118 
Myrmeciza,  118 
Myrmoborus,  118 


INDEX 


569 


Myrmothera,  119 

Myrmotherula,  117 

mystacalis,  Rhabdornis,  355,  406,  436 

myzornis,  536 

naevia,  Sclateria,  118 
naevia,  Tapera,  101 
nana,  Icthyophaga,  463 
nana,  Nemosia,  135 
napensis,  Chlorostilbon,  105 
nasutus,  Lanius,  254,  292,  344,  396 
naumanni,  Pycnonotus,  161 
ndussumensis,  Criniger,  217 
nebularia,  Tringa,  327 
Nectarinia,  258,  357,  409,  439 
Nectariniidae,  258,  304,  357,  408 
neglectum,  Todirostrum,  125 
Nemosia,  135 
Neolestes,  145 
Neomorphus,  102 
Nepal,  447-487,  495-558 
Netta,  461 

neumanni,  Pycnonotus,  183 
nevagans,  Legatus,  121 
newarensis,  Strix,  469 
ngamii,  Pycnonotus,  158 
Nicator,  217 

nicobarica,  Caloenas,  248 
niger,  Capito,  110 
nigeriae,  Pycnonotus,  151 
nigra,  Lalage,  254,  291,  344 
nigrescens,  Cercomacra,  118 
nigricans,  Molothrus,  131 
nigricans,  Pycnonotus,  147 
nigricans,  Sayornis,  121 
nigriceps,  Heterophasia,  479 
nigriceps,  Pycnonotus,  183 
nigricollis,  Anthracothorax,  105 
nigricollis,  Busarellus,  92 
nigricollis,  Sporophila,  136 
nigricrissa,  Piaya,  100 
nigrifrons,  Formicarius,  118 
nigrifrons,  Monasa,  109 
nigrilore,  Dicaeum,  303 
nigriloris,  Muscicapa,  300 
nigrimentum,  Garrulax,  535 
nigritorquis,  Rhipidura,  256,  353,  403 
nigrocapitata,  Stachyris,  349,  400 
nigrocinnamomea,  Rhipidura,  298 
nigrodorsalis,  Donacobius,  128 
nigrogularis,  Ramphocelus,  134 
nigrolineata,  Rallina,  465 
nigro-maculata,  Phlegopsis,  119 
Niltava,  256,  354,  404,  481 
Ninox,  251,  287,  335,  421 
nipalensis,  Aquila,  463 
nipalensis,  Certhia,  477 
nipalensis,  Delichon,  474 
nipalensis,  Paradoxornis,  531 
nipalensis,  Spizaetus,  516 
nipalensis,  Turdoides,  477,  532 
niveiceps,  Colonia,  121 


nivosa,  Thescelocichla,  193 
noomei,  Pycnonotus,  177 
notata,  Bleda,  216 
Notes  on  African  Hull  mis:  Family, 

Pycnonotidae:  Class  Aves,  143  220 
Notes  on  Nepal  Birds,  441-487 
Notharchus,  109 

novaeseelandiae,  Anthus,  254,  343,  395 
nubilosa,  Sterna,  245 
Numenius,  244,  326,  379 
Nyctibiidae,  103 

Nycticorax,  90,  241,  320,  373,  460 
nycticorax,  Nycticorax,  90,  460 
Nyctidromus,  104 

obscurior,  Myiozetetes,  123 
obscurior,  Orthotomus,  298 
obspletum,  Camptostoma,  126 
occidentalis,  Celeus,  115 
occidentalis,  Chlorocichla,  192 
occidentalis,  Crypsirina,  475 
occidentalis,  Garrulax,  478 
occidentalis,  Pteruthius,  478 
occiduus,  Buteo,  92 
occipitalis,  Ptilinopus,  248,  329,  380 
ocellatus,  Garrulax,  534 
ocellatus,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 
ochotensis,  Locustella,  351,  401 
ochracea,  Sasia,  524 
ochropus,  Tringa,  327,  379 
Ocreatus,  106 
ocularis,  Motacilla,  482 
ocularis,  Poliolimnas,  243,  324,  419 
ocularis,  Rhinomyias,  431 
Odontophorus,  93 
ogilvie-granti,  Columba,  96 
ogowensis,  Bleda,  215 
olallae,  Phloeoceastes,  115 
oleaginus,  Pycnonotus,  176 
olivacea,  Amaurornis,  243,  324,  378 
olivacea,  Baryphthengus,  107 
olivaceiceps,  Pycnonotus,  185 
olivaceogriseus,  Phyllastrephus,  202 
olivaceum,  Camptostoma,  126 
olivaceus,  Phylloscopus,  297,  351,  401 
olivaceus,  Prionochilus,  302,  355,  406 
olivaceus,  Vireo,  129 
oreinus,  Anthus,  548 
orientalis,  Eurystomus,  253,  289,  339, 

391,  424,  471 

orientalis,  Gallinula,  325,  379 
orientalis,  Mergus,  461 
orientalis,  Numenius,  379 
orientalis,  Pernis,  375 
orientalis,  Phyllastrephus,  194 
orientalis,  Streptopelia,  467 
orientalis,  Upupa,  471 
Oriolidae,  259,  307,  361,  413 
Oriolus,  259,  361,  413,  475 
oriolus,  Oriolus,  475 
orissae,  Rhipidura,  538 
ornatus,  Cephalopterus,  120 


570 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


ornatus,  Myiotriccus,  124 
ornatus,  Spizaetus,  92 
Orthotomus,  297,  352,  402 
oryzivora,  Padda,  412 
oryzivorus,  Scaphidura,  130 
Osculatia,  97 
oseryi,  Clypicterus,  130 
Otus,  102,  287,  307,  335,  387 
Oxylabes,  214 

Pachycephala,  257,  301,  354,  405,  433 

Pachycephalidae,  257,  301,  354 

Pachyramphus,  119 

Padda,  412 

paliatus,  Thamnophilus,  117 

pallescens,  Cplumba,  96 

pallida,  Chelidoptera,  110 

pallida,  Pionites,  99 

pallidigula,  Chplorocichla,  191 

pallidior,  Cypsiurus,  337 

pallidior,  Erithacus,  545 

pallidipes,  Cettia,  480 

pallidus,  Pycnonotus,  160,  179 

palmarum,  Thraupis,  134 

palumbus,  Columba,  467 

palustris,  Megalurus,  296,  350,  401 

panamensis,  Nyctibius,  103 

panayensis,  Aplpnis,  258,  359,  411 

panayensis,  Culicicapa,  300 

panayensis,  Muscicapa,  300 

panayensis,  Spilornis,  323 

Pandion,  92 

Pandionidae,  92 

panini,  Penelopides,  289,  340,  391 

papuense,  Dicaeum,  356 

paradisi,  Terpsiphone,  482 

Paradoxornis,  531 

Paridae,  301 

parkini,  Passer,  483 

Paroaria,  136 

Parulidae,  129 

Parus,  301,  476,  548 

parvirostris,  Chlorpspingus,  135 

parvirostris,  Elaenia,  125 

parvus,  Cypsiurus,  337 

Passer,  483 

pauper,  Phyllastrephus,  199 

peasei,  Pycnonotus,  162 

pectoralis,  Cuculus,  249,  286,  332 

pectoralis,  Dryocopus,  341,  393 

pectoralis,  Erithacus,  545 

Pelargopsis,  338,  390 

Penelopides,  289,  340,  391 

percivali,  Pycnonotus,  181 

peregrinator,  Falco,  463 

peregrinus,  Falco,  242,  463 

Pericrocotus,  369,  527 

perniger,  Ictinaetus,  463 

Pernis,  321,  375 

peronii,  Charadrius,  244,  326 

perspicillata,  Pulsatrix,  103 

Peru,  87-141 


peruanus,  Ocreatus,  106  , 

peruanus,  Thryothorus,  127 

perusianus,  Galbalcyrhynchus,  108 

peruviana,  Hypocnemis,  118 

peruviana,  Jacana,  95 

peruviana,  Rupicola,  120 

peruvianus,  Celeus,  115 

peruvianus,  Trogon,  107 

peruvianus,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 

phaeocephalus,  Pycnonotus,  155 

Phaeomyias,  126 

Phaeoprogne,  126 

phaeopus,  Numenius,  244,  326,  379 

Phaethornis,  105 

Phaetusa,  96 

phainolaema,  Heliothryx,  106 

Phalacrocorax,  460 

Phapitreron,  246,  283,  328,  380 

Pharomachrus,  106 

phasianella,  Macropygia,  247,  285,  330 

Phasianidae,  93,  242,  283,  323,  378 

philippensis,  Bubo,  387 

philippensis,  Loriculus,  248,  286,  331 

385 

philippensis,  Monticola,  255,  348 
philippensis,  Ninpx,  251,  287,  333,  421 
philippensis,  Podiceps,  320 
philippensis,  Pycnonotus,  293 
philippensis,  Spizaetus,  242,  376 
philippi,  Phaethornis,  105 
Philippines,  225-441 
philippinensis,  Arachnothera,  410 
philippinensis,  Niltava,  256,  354,  404 
philippinensis,  Pachycephala,  257,  301, 

354,  405,  433 

philippinus,  Corvus,  259,  308,  362,  413 
philippinus,  Hypsipetes,  293,  347,  428 
philippinus,  Merops,  252,  339,  391,  470 
Phlegopsis,  119 
Phloeoceastes,  115 
Phlogophilus,  106 
Phodilus,  387 

phoenicurus,  Amaurprnis,  243,  325 
phoenicurus,  Myiotriccus,  124 
Phragmaticola,  480 
Phyllastrephus,  194 
Phylloscopus,  256,  296,  351,  401,  542 
Piaya,  100 

Picidae,  113,  290,  341,  392 
Piculus,  113 
Picumnus,  113 

picumnus,  Dendrocolaptes,  116 
Picus,  426,  472 
picus,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 
pileata,  Nemosia,  135 
Pionites,  99 
Pipile,  93 
Pipreola,  119 
Pipridae,  120 
Piranga,  135 

pistra,  Trichoglossus,  285 
Pitangus,  123 


INDEX 


571 


Pithecophaga,  283,  376 

Pitta,  253,  342,  394,  473 

Pittidae,  253,  342,  394 

placidus,  Phyllastrephus,  207 

plateni,  Pachycephala,  257 

plateni,  Stachyris,  295,  400 

Platypsaris,  120 

Ploceidae,  259,  307,  359,  412 

plumbea,  Columba,  98 

plumbea,  Icthyophaga,  463 

plumbipes,  Turnix,  517 

Pluvialis,  244,  326,  466 

Podargidae,  335,  387 

Podiceps,  320,  515 

Podicipedidae,  320 

poecilonata,  Hylophylax,  119 

poecilorhyncha,  Anas,  460 

poensis,  Phyllastrephus,  200 

poliocephala,  Ducula,  382 

poliocephalus,  Phyllastrephus,  201 

poliocephalus,  Tolmomyias,  124 

poliocephalus,  Turdus,  294 

poliogenys,  Seicercus,  543 

Poliolimnas,  243,  324,  419 

poltaratskyi,  Sturnus,  483 

polychopterus,  Pachyramphus,  119 

polyplancta,  106 

pompadora,  Treron,  246,  328,  380 

pomarina,  Aquila,  462 

Pomatorhinus,  528 

pontifex,  Dicaeum,  355,  407 

poonensis,  Muscicapa,  480 

Porphyrio,  326 

Porphyrula,  95 

Porzana,  518 

prasinus,  Aulacorhynchus,  111 

pretiosa,  Claravis,  97 

Prinia,  480,  541 

Prioniturus,  285,  331,  383 

Prionochilus,  302,  355,  406 

Progne,  126 

Prosphorocichla,  194 

Psarocolius,  130 

Psittacidae,  98,  248,  285,  331,  383 

Psophia,  94 

Psophiidae,  94 

Pteroglossus,  112 

Pteruthius,  478,  536 

Ptilinopus,  246,  284,  329,  380 

Ptilocichla,  348,  399 

ptilorhynchus,  Pernis,  375 

pulcher,  Phylloscopus,  542 

pulcherrima,  Aethopyga,  304,  357,  409 

pulohra,  Pipreola,  119 

Pulsatrix,  103 

pulverulentus,  Porphyrio,  326 

punctigula,  Chrysoptilus,  113 

purpurata,  Querula,  120 

purpurea,  Ardea,  320,  372,  460 

pusilla,  Porzana,  518 

pusillus,  Megapodius,  377 


pycnonotidae,  145  220,  255,  292,  345, 

397 

Pycnonotus,  146,  293,  346,  397,  428 
Pygiptila,  117 
pygmaea,  Stachyris,  400 
pygmaeum  Dicaeum,  257,  356,  408 
Pygochelidon,  126 
Pyriglena,  118 
Pyrocephalus,  121 
pyrocephalus,  Machaeropterus,  120 
Pyrrhomyias,  124 
Pyrrhoplectes,  485 
pyrrhoptera,  Pyrrhomyias,  124 
pyrrhoura,  Myzornis,  536 
Pyrrhurus,  194,  306 

quart  us,  Lanius,  291 
Querula,  120 
quisumbingi,  Rallus,  378 

rabai,  Phyllastrephus,  203 

Rabor,  Dioscoro  S.  see  Rand,  Austin 

L.  and  Dioscoro  S.  Rabor 
rabori,  Rhabdornis,  437 
Rand,  Austin  L.,  143  220 
Rand,  Austin  L.  and  Dioscoro  S.  Rabor, 

221  441 

raddei,  Capella,  466 
Rallidae,  94,  243,  324,  378 
Rallina,  324,  465 
Rallus,  243,  324,  378,  464 
ramosi,  Chrysocolaptes,  425 
Ramphastidae,  111 
Ramphastos,  113 
Ramphocaenus,  128 
Ramphocelus,  134 
Ramphotrigon,  124 
randi,  Ninox,  251 
recondita,  Columba,  96 
Recurvirostridae,  95 
regulus,  Loriculus,  249 
reinwardtii,  Selenidera,  113 
Rhabdornis,  302,  355,  406,  436 
Rhegmatorhina,  119 
Rhinomyias,  298,  353,  405,  431 
Rhipidura,  256,  298,  353,  403,  538 
rhodesiae,  Phyllastrephus,  196,  197 
Rhytipterna,  119 
riverae,  Phodilus,  387 
rivularis,  Basileuterus,  130 
roehli,  Pycnonotus,  168 
roseatus,  Carpodacus,  485 
roseicollis,  Platypsaris,  120 
rostrata,  Hylocharis,  105 
rostrata,  Sporophila,  137 
Rostratula,  243,  379,  465,  520 
Rostratulidae,  243,  379 
rothschildi,  Osculatia,  97 
rubeculoides,  Niltava,  481 
rubidiventris,  Parus,  548 
rubinus,  Pyrocephalus,  121 
rubricapilla,  Dicaeum,  437 


572 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


rubricollis,  Phloeoceastes,  115 
rubronigra,  Lonchura,  551 
rufaxilla,  Leptotila,  97 
rufescens,  Phyllastrephus,  199 
ruficapillus,  Baryphthengus,  107 
rufieauda,  Ramphotrigon,  124,  298,  353, 

403,  431 

ruficeps,  Stachyris,  531 
ruficeps,  Tinamus,  89 
ruficervix,  Tangara,  133 
ruficollis,  Erolia,  328 
ruficollis,  Podiceps,  320,  515 
ruficollis,  Pomatorhinus,  528 
ruficollis,  Stelgidopteryx,  126 
ruficollis,  Turdus,  547 
rufigastra,  Niltava,  256,  354,  404 
rufigularis,  Hypsipetes,  293,  429 
rufilatus,  Erithacus,  545 
rufina,  Netta,  461 
rufinus,  Buteo,  461 
rufipectus,  Formicarius,  118 
rufiventer,  Pteruthius,  536 
rufogularis,  Garrulax,  478 
rufopunctatus,  Chrysocolaptes,  341,  393 
rufosuperciliatus,  Xenoctistes,  117 
rupchandi,  Hirundapus,  469 
Rupicola,  120 

rustica,  Cisticola,  256,  351,  401 
rustica,  Hirundo,  126,  253,  342 
rutilans,  Synallaxis,  116 

sacra,  Demigretta,  240,  320 
Saltatpr,  136 
salvini,  Crypturellus,  89 
salvini,  Neomorphus,  102 
Samar  Islands,  363-413 
samarensis,  Ceyx,  390 
samarensis,  Corvus,  413 
samarensis,  Dicrurus,  360 
samarensis,  Eurylaimus,  341,  394 
samarensis,  Ficedula,  403 
samarensis,  Hypsipetes,  398 
samarensis,  Oriolus,  362,  413 
samarensis,  Orthotomus,  352,  402 
samarensis,  Penelopides,  340,  391 
samarensis,  Pycnonotus,  346,  398 
samarensis,  Rhinpmyias,  403,  432 
samarensis,  Rhipidura,  353,  403 
sanfordi,  Rallus,  243 
sanguiniceps,  Picus,  472 
sapphira,  Muscicapa,  538 
saphirina,  Osculatia,  97 
Saraglossa,  526 
Sarcops,  259,  307,  359,  411 
Sasia,  524 

saturata,  Upupa,  471 
saturatus,  Cuculus,  249,  332,  385 
saturatus,  Pachyramphus,  119 
saturatus,  Pycnonotus,  178 
saularis,  Copsychus,  255,  347,  399 
Saxicola,  255,  347 
Sayornis,  121 


scandens,  Phyllastrephus,  194  . 

Scaphidura,  130 

schach,  Lanius,  254,  292,  344,  396 

Schiffornis,  120 

schillings!,  Phyllastrephus,  199 

schistaceus,  Enicurus,  546 

schoanus,  Pycnonotus,  149 

schrankii,  Tangara,  133 

schusteri,  Pycnonotus,  184 

schvedowi,  Accipiter,  461 

sclateri,  Cercomacra,  118 

Sclateria,  118 

scolopacea,  Eudynamys,  250,  333,  386 

Scolopacidae,  95,  244,  326,  379 

scutulata,  Ninox,  251 

Seicercus,  543 

Selenidera,  113 

semigaleatus,  Buceros,  340,  392 

semitprquatus,  Micrastur,  93 

sepiaria,  Malacocincla,  479 

septimus,  Batrachostomus,  335,  387, 

421 
sepulcralis,  Cacomantis,  250,  286,  332, 

385 

sericp-caudatus,  Caprimulgus,  104 
serlei,  Phyllastrephus,  212 
sethsmithi,  Phyllastrephus,  211 
severus,  Falco,  242,  323 
sharpei,  Phyllastrephus,  199 
shelleyi,  Aethopyga,  410 
shelleyi,  Chlorocichla,  190 
shimba,  Pycnonotus,  169 
shimbanus,  Phyllastrephus,  203 
sibilator,  Sirystes,  122 
sibirica,  Limicpla,  328 
signatum,  Todirostrum,  125 
similis,  Myiozetetes,  122 
similis,  Thamnophilus,  117 
simillima,  Motacilla,  343 
simplex,  Chlorocichla,  187 
simplex,  Momotus,  108 
simplex,  Phaetusa,  96 
simplex,  Rhytipterna,  119 
simplicicolor,  Chlorocichla,  189 
sinensis,  Centropus,  468 
sinensis,  Phalacrocorax,  460 
singalensis,  Anthreptes,  550 
Siquijor  Islands,  228-259 
siquijorensis,  Hypsipetes,  255 
siquijorensis,  Loriculus,  248 
siquijorensis,  Pachycephala,  257,  434 
siquijorensis,  Zosterops,  258 
Sirystes,  122 
Sitta,  301,  405,  434 
Sittidae,  301,  405, 
smithi,  Pelargopsis,  338,  390 
smyrnensis,  Halcyon,  252,  338,  390 
soderstromii,  Odontophorus,  94 
sokokensis,  Phyllastrephus,  206 
solitaria,  Mpnticola,  255,  348 
solitaria,  Tringa,  95 
solitarius,  Archiplanus,  130 


INDEX 


573 


solitarius,  Myiodynastes,  122 

somaliensis,  Pycnonotus,  150,  173 

somptuosa,  Compsocoma,  134 

sordida,  Pitta,  253,  342,  394 

sordida,  Thlypopsis,  135 

soror,  Chlorocichla,  189 

sororia,  Hemithraupis,  135 

sororia,  Myrmotherula,  117 

soui,  Crypturellus,  89 

Spatula,  461 

speciosum,  Conirostrum,  129 

speciosus,  Chrysoptilus,  113 

speciosus,  Odontophorus,  93 

spectabilis,  Celeus,  114 

spectabilis,  Elaenia,  125 

Spelaeornis,  530 

sperata,  Nectarinia,  258,  357,  409,  439 

spiloeephala,  Ninox,  287 

spilonotus,  Parus,  548 

spiloptera,  Saraglossa,  526 

Spilornis,  283,  323,  376 

spinosa,  Jacana,  95 

spixii,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 

Spizaetus,  92,  242,  376,  462,  516 

Spizastur,  92 

Sporpphila,  136 

spurius,  Pycnonotus,  156 

squamatus,  Picus,  473 

Squatarola,  244,  326 

squatarola,  Squatarola,  244,  326 

Stachyris,  295,  349,  400,  531 

steerei,  Pernis,  321,  375 

steerei,  Pyrrhula,  306 

steerii,  Eubucco,  111 

steerii,  Eurylaimus,  341,  394 

steerii,  Pitta,  342,  394 

Stelgidopteryx,  126 

stellaris,  Pygiptila,  117 

stellata,  Brachypteryx,  544 

stellatus,  Odontophorus,  94 

stentoreus,  Acrocephalus,  351 

stenura,  Capella,  466 

Sterna,  245 

stevensi,  Prinia,  480 

stracheyi,  Emberiza,  485 

strepera,  Anas,  460 

strepitans,  Phyllastrephus,  198 

Streptopelia,  247,  330,  382,  467 

striata,  Coracina,  291,  344,  395 

striaticeps,    Macronus,   295,   348,   399, 

429 

striaticollis,  Euscarthmornis,  125 
striatus,  Butorides,  90,  240,  320,  373 
striatus,  Dicrurus,  307,  360,  412 
striatus,  Rallus,  243,  378 
strigidae,  102,  251,  287,  335,  387 
striifacies,  Pycnonotus,  185 
striolata,  Hirundo,  343 
Strix,  469 

Sturnidae,  258,  307,  359,  411 
Sturnus,  483 
styani,  Hypothymis,  481 


styani,  Monarcha,  540 
suahelicus,  Phyllastrephus,  196 
Suaheliornis,  145 
subalaris,  Pycnonotus,  174 
subminuta,  Erolia,  466 
subradiatus,  Thamnophilus,  117 
subunicolor,  Garrulax,  535 
subvinacea,  Columba,  96 
sucosus,  Phyllastrephus,  209 
sulphuratus,  Pitangus,  123 
suluensis,  Pycnonotus,  293,  346 
sumatrana,  Ardea,  320 
sumatranus,  Tanygnathus,  384 
superciliaris,  Abroscopus,  544 
superciliaris,  Rhipidura,  298,  353,  403 
superciliaris,  Xiphirhynchus,  529 
superciliosus,  Accipiter,  91 
Surnicuius,  287,  333,  385 
suscitator,  Turnix,  517 
sylvanus,  Anthus,  548 
sylvatica,  Turnix,  324 
sylvestris,  Columba,  96 
sylvicultor,  Phyllastrephus,  210 
Sylviidae,  128,  256,  295,  350,  401 
Synallaxis,  116 
syndactyla,  Bleda,  215 
Sypheotides,  465 

tacsanowskius,  Bradypterus,  541 
taczanowskii,  Tanagra,  132 
tahitica,  Hirundo,  253,  342,  394 
talautensis,  Tanygnathus,  248,  331, 

384,  421 

talpacoti,  Columbigallina,  97 
tambillanus,  Dysithamnus,  117 
Tanagra,  132 
tando,  Nicator,  217 
tanganjicae,  Pycnonotus,  153 
tanki,  Turnix,  464 
Tanygnathus,  248,  331,  384,  420 
tao,  Tinamus,  88 
Tapera,  101 

tapera,  Phaeoprogne,  126 
Taraba,  117 

teitensis,  Pycnonotus,  165 
tenebrior,  Pycnonotus,  160 
tenebrosa,  Chelidoptera,  110 
tenebrosa,  Pachyramphus,  119 
tenebrosa,  Phyllastrephus,  214 
tenuirostris,  Macropygia,  247,  285,  330 
tephrolaemus,  Pycnonotus,  181,  182 
Terpsiphone,  405,  482 
terrestris,  Phyllastrephus,  195,  196,  198 
tertius,  Lanius,  292 
Thalasseus,  245,  328,  379 
Thalurania,  105 
Thamnophilus,  117 
Thescelocichla,  193 
Thlypopsis,  135 
thoracicus,  Formicarius,  118 
Thraupidae,  132 
Thraupis,  134 


574 


FIELDIANA:  ZOOLOGY,  VOLUME  35 


Thryothorus,  127 

Tigrisoma,  90 

Timaliidae,  295,  348,  399 

timoriensis,  Megalurus,  256,  296,  350, 

401 

Tinamidae,  88 
Tinamus,  88 

tinnabulans,  Cisticola,  351 
Tityra,  120 
Todirostrum,  125 
togoensis,  Baeopogon,  186 
Tolmomyias,  124 
torquata,  Ceryle,  107 
torquatus,  Celeus,  115 
torquatus,  Rallus,  243,  324,  378 
torquilla,  Jynx,  524 
totanus,  Tringa,  244,  327 
toulou,  Centropus,  250,  334 
trachelopyrus,  Phloecoeastes,  115 
traillii,  Empidonax,  124 
tranquebarica,  Streptopelia,  467 
Traylor,  Melvin  A. ,85-141  see  Fleming, 

Robert  L.  and  Melvin  A.  Traylor 
Treeshrew,  Pigmy,  71 
Treron,  246,  328,  380,  521 
triangularis,  Xiphorhynchus,  116 
Trichoglossus,  285 
tricolor,  Furnarius,  116 
tricolor,  Phyllastrephus,  211 
tricolor,  Pycnonotus,  153 
trigonostigma,  Dicaeum,  257,  303,  356, 

408 

Tringa,  95,  244,  327,  379 
tristriatus,  Basileuterus,  129 
trivirgata,  Conopias,  122 
trivirgatus,  Accipiter,  375 
trivirgatus,  Phylloscopus,  296 
Trochilidae,  104 
trochilus,  Nectarinia,  439 
Troglodytes,  127 

troglodytes,   Collocalia,  252,  337,  388 
Troglodytidae,  127 
Trogon,  106 

Trogonidae,  106,  288,  337,  389 
tschebaiewi,  Erithacus,  545 
tschudii,  Chamaepetes,  93 
tuberculifer,  Myiarchus,  123 
Tupaia  minor,  Placentation  of  the 

Pigmy  Treeshrew,  71 
Turdidae,  128,  255,  293,  347,  399 
turdinus,  Heleodytes,  127 
Turdoides,  477,  532 
Turdus,  128,  294,  547 
Turnicidae,  324 
Turnix,  324,  464,  517 
tusalia,  Macropygia,  468 
tweeddalei,  Megalurus,  256 
Tylas,  145,  220 
Tyrannidae,  120 
Tyrannulus,  126 
Tyrannus,  121 
tyrannus,  Muscivora,  121 


tyrannus,  Tyrannus,  121 
Tyto,  251 
Tytonidae,  251,  387 

ucayalae,  Glaucidium,  103 
ugandae,  Bleda,  216 
unchall,  Macropygia,  468 
underwoodi,  Ocreatus,  106 
undulatus,  Crypturellus,  89 
upembae,  Phyllastrephus,  195 
Upupa,  471 

uropygialis,  Cacicus,  130 
urostictus,  Pycnonotus,  293,   346,   397, 

428 

usambarae,  Pycnonotus,  183 
ussheri,  Baeopogon,  186 

validirostris,  Lanius,  291 

validus,  Dendrocolaptes,  116 

Vanellus,  519 

variegatus,  Crypturellus,  89 

variegatus,  Numenius,  244,  326,  379 

variolosus,  Cacomantis,  250,  286,  332, 

385 

vaughanjonesi,  Pycnonotus,  154 
velutinus,  Surniculus,  287,  333,  385 
Veniliornis,  115 
venusta,  Tangara,  133 
vernans,  Treron,  246,  328 
vernayi,  Rhipidura,  539 
verreauxi,  Leptotila,  97 
versicolor,  Eubucco,  111 
versicolurus,  Brotogeris,  98 
verticalis,  Myioborus,  129 
virens,  Megalaima,  472 
virens,  Pycnonotus,  169 
virens,  Thraupis,  134 
Vireo,  129 
vireo,  Nicator,  217 
Vireonidae,  129 
virgatus,  Accipiter,  242,  282,  322,  375, 

515 

virgo,  Anthropoides,  518 
viridescentior,  Chlorocichla,  187 
viridis,  Centropus,  250,  287,  334,  386 
viridis,  Merops,  339,  391 
viridis,  Pteroglossus,  112 
vitiensis,  Columba,  247,  285 
vitiosus,  Lophotriccus,  125 
vulgaris,  Sturnus,  483 
vulpecula,  Cranioleuca,  117 
vulpina,  Cranioleuca,  117 
vulpinus,  Buteo,  461 

wagae,  Phaeomyias,  126 

Water  mites,  N.  Am.  species,  checklist 

27,  index  66 
wattersi,  Alauda,  342 
weddelli,  Aratinga,  98 
weddelli,  Tinamus,  88 
westermanni,  Ficedula,  300 
whiteheadi,  Collocalia,  336 


INDEX 


575 


whiteheadi,  Pachycephala,  257 
whiteheadi,  Prioniturus,  331,  383 
winchelli,  Halcyon,  252,  339,  391 
woosnami,  Bleda,  216 
Worcester!,  Loriculus,  331,  385 

xanthocephala,  Tangara,  133 
xanthochloris,  Pteruthius,  478 
xanthogaster,  Tanagra,  132 
Xanthomixis,  214 
xanthonotus,  Indicator,  523 
xanthonotus,  Oriolus,  307,  362,  413 
xanthophrys,  Phyllastrephus,  214 
xanthopterygius,  Forpus,  98 
xanthopygos,  Pycnonotus,  146 
xanthorhynchus,  Chalcites,  385 
xanthoschistos,  Seicercus,  543 
xavieri,  Phyllastrephus,  212 
Xenoctistes,  117 


Xenorhynchus,  515 
Xenus,  327 
Xiphirhynchus,  529 
Xiphorhynchus,  116 

yapura,  Crypturellus,  89 
yetapa,  Elanoides,  90 
yncas,  Cyanocorax,  126 

zamboanga,  Rhabdornis,  302,  437 
zamboanga,  Rhinomyias,  298,  432 
zamboanga,  Sitta,  301,  435 
zanzibaricus,  Pycnonotus,  169 
zeylanica,  Megalaima,  472 
zombensis,  Pycnonotus,  169 
Zoothera,  294 

Zosteropidae,  258,  305,  358,  411 
Zosterops,  258,  305,  358,  411 
zosterops,  Phyllastrephus,  214 


Publication  979 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA