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THE  AMERICAN  ARCHITECT 
NEW  YORK 


Garages 

Country  and  Suburban 


A  Series  of  Authoritative  Articles 


ON   THE 


Structural  Features  of  the  Private  Garage 

and  Its  Equipment 

The  Care  of  the  Car,  the  Safe  Handling  of  Gasolene  and 
Topics  of  Interest  to  the  Owner  and  Driver. 

To  which  is  added  more  than  eighty  illustrations  of  Garages  of  recent  construction, 
showing  both  exterior  and  interior  views  and  floor  plans  together 
with   architect's  working  drawings  for  a 

TYPICAL  GARAGE 


THE  AMERICAN  ARCHITECT 
1/     NEW  YORK 


AU 


Copyright,  ign, 

by 

The  American  Architect 


t  t  (. ,  t  i 


GARAGE,  WITH  CHAUFFEUR'S  AND  COACHMAN'S    COTTAGES,  BRISTOL,  RHODE  ISLAND 

Messrs.  Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 


The    Private    Garage 

By  W.  H.  K.  and  J.  C.  H.,  Architects 


THE  coming  of  the  automobile  has  introduced  a 
new  phase  into  the  architect's  daily  work.  The 
smart,  shining,  highly  developed  machine, 
quick,  accurate  and  efficient,  full  of  the  very  essence 
of  modernity,  with  its  irrepressible  and  confident 
chauffeur,  seems  to  require  more  "chic"  accommoda- 
tions than  did  even  the  smartest  horses  and  vehicles 
of  the  last  generation.  The  age  of  the  automobile  is 
the  age  of  cement,  of  high  efficiency  electric  lighting 
and  of  the  banishment  of  germs  and  crevices  which 
harbor  them.  The  garage  must  be  modern,  light, 
shining  and  not  only  clean,  but  free  from  any  possi- 
bility of  harboring  dirt  in  any  form.  So,  though  the 
architect  may  still  affect  the  homely  and  reliable 
bicycle  as  his  own  personal  mode  of  locomotion,  he 
enthusiastically  approves  the  change  in  habits  of  clients 
which  makes  necessary  the  designing  and  providing 
of  a  new  type  of  building. 


This  article  assumes  that  it  is  written  for  the  class 
of  owner  who  desires  a  well  developed  building  which 
will  be  an  ornament  to  his  place  as  well  as  a  mere 
housing  for  his  machine.  One  automobile  can  be  pro- 
tected from  the  weather  by  a  building  costing  from 
$300  up,  or  possibly  even  less.  The  writers  know  of 
garage,  not  without  a  certain  "style,"  that  was  even 
built  for  $100,  but  the  owner  who  is  looking  for  a 
substantial  and  reasonably  fireproof  structure  should 
be  prepared  for  a  larger  expenditure.  If  the  house 
and  other  buildings  of  the  owner  possess  any  par- 
ticular architectural  quality  it  would  seem  reasonable 
that  the  garage  should  harmonize  with  them,  but  if  the 
other  buildings  are  not  of  any  special  type  the  owner 
is  free  to  choose  his  materials  and  style. 

At  the  outset  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  refer  to  the 
subject  of  placing  the  garage  on  the  site  and  the 
laying  out  of  the  roadway  that  approaches  it.     As 


[1] 


250478 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


REAR  OF   GARAGE  AT  BRISTOL,  R.  I. 
Messrs.  Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 


commented  on  elsewhere,  in  the  one-car  garage,  the 
shifting  about  of  the  car  has  to  be  done  out  of  doors. 
As  a  rule,  the  car  when  returned  to  the  garage  will  be 
run  into  the  building  "head  first."  When  it  is  wanted 
to  run  the  car  out  again,  it  will  be  necessary  to  back 
it  out  and  turn  it.  Sometimes,  owing  to  lack  of 
ground  space  or  improper  laying  out  of  the  road,  the 
car  will  have  to  be  backed  from  the  garage  to  the 
street.  While  this  may  not  be  difficult  for  a  man,  it 
often  happens  that  the  women  of  his  family  use  the 
car,  and  it  would  be  difficult  and  inconvenient  for  a 
woman  to  get  the  car  out  of  the  garage  and  pointed 
in  the  right  direction. 

It  will  therefore  be  seen  that  it  is  necessary  to  pro- 
vide a  space,  laid  out  as  a  road,  in  front  of  the  garage 
to  give  sufficient  room  to  turn  the  car,  or  else,  perhaps, 
install  a  turntable. 

The  size  and  character  of  the  garage  is  influenced  in 
many  ways.  It  may  vary  from  one  to  house  a  single 
car,  a  box-like  structure  without  architectural  treat- 
ment, to  a  more  pretentious  building  providing  ac- 
commodations for  a  number  of  cars  with  living  quar- 


ters for  the  chauffeurs,  their  families  and  assistants. 

Whether  the  owner's  house  is  already  erected,  and 
the  garage  is  built  later,  or  whether  it  forms  one  of  a 
group  of  buildings,  the  materials  used  and  the  design 
employed  would,  under  ordinary  conditions,  corre- 
spond to  that  of  the  house.  It  is  therefore  not  pos- 
sible to  set  down  any  fixed  rule  of  style  or  material  to 
be  used.  These  matters  can  only  be  determined  by 
the  architect  after  he  has  studied  the  local  conditions. 
There  are,  however,  some  general  observations  as  to 
available  and  suitable  materials,  and  features  of  plan- 
ning, that  it  may  not  be  unprofitable  to  consider.  Even 
in  the  simplest  form  of  building  these  will  apply — 
they  are  the  result  of  the  experience  of  owners  and 
drivers  of  cars.  To  ignore  them  would  be  to  invite 
inconvenience  and  expense. 

While,  as  indicated,  the  choice  of  materials  used  in 
construction  will  naturally  correspond  to  those  used  in 
the  house  and  other  dependent  buildings,  it  must  be 
borne  in  mind  that  all  garages  are  storage  places  for 
gasoline,  oil  and  other  combustible  materials.  The 
building,  therefore,  if  a  permanent  structure,  should 


[a] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


be  absolutely  fireproof.  Not  alone  because  it  must 
afford  protection  for  its  contents,  but  also  on  account 
of  its  usual  proximity  to  other  buildings  it  presents 
a  serious  "fire  hazard"  that  materially  affects  the  rate 
of  insurance  on  all  contiguous  buildings.  The  ideal 
garage  would  be  one  using  absolutely  no  combustible 
material  in  its  construction.  With  Portland  cement, 
hollow  tile  blocks  and  a  great  variety  of  brick  available 
in  most  localities  and  at  moderate  cost,  the  problem  of 
materials  for  the  exterior  walls  of  the  garage  seems 
practically  solved,  and  the  adaptability  to  certain 
schemes  of  ornament  of  these  and  other  fireproof 
materials  permits  the  architect  to  combine  with  the 
essential  qualities  of  a  strictly  fireproof  structure 
much  good  architectural  detail.  He  may  thus  evolve 
a  structure  that  will  be  more  than  merely  utilitarian. 

While  the  size  of  the  building  will,  of  course,  vary, 
according  to  the  importance  of  the  owner's  establish- 
ment, the  provision  of  room  for  the  visiting  car  or 
cars  should  never  be  omitted.  Even  where  the  owner 
is  sure  that  he  will  never  own  but  one  car  and  that 
the  visitor's  car  can  go  to  the  public  garage,  he  should 
always  be  urged  to  provide  more  than  enough  room 
for  his  actual  needs,  for  the  second  car  follows  easily 
after  the  first,  and  the  friend's  car  will  generally  want 
to  stay  near  its  owner.  The  writer's  firm  has  had  a 
large  experience  in  the  planning  of  garages  and  has 
never  known  this  prediction  not  to  come  true.  The 
garage  should  always  be  planned  to  contain  the 
largest  size  cars.  A  large  touring  car  requires  a  space 
about  7  feet  by  18,  and  should  have  not  less  than  three 
feet  all  around  it  under  any  circumstances,  especially 
if  one  cares  for  his  own  car.  To  this  should  be  added 
space  in  the  apparatus  room  for  the  lockers,  where 
blankets,  coats,  etc.,  are  kept — for  the  gasoline  pump, 
and  room  to  turn  in  going  out,  in  case  the  door  is  not 
directly  in  front  of  the  car,  so  that  a  width  of  21  feet  is 
advisable  for  a  two-car  building. 

A  fairly  good  and  economical  type  is  to  build  of 
thin  brick  walls  with  buttresses  at  corners  and  junc- 
tion of  interior  and  exterior  walls,  each  space  separ- 
ated and  used  for  one  car  only.  This  allows  ex- 
pansion and  the  use  of  the  different  compartments  for 
shops,  storage  or  even  to  stand  a  horse  and  carriage  or 
visitor's  automobile.  By  the  use  of  the  brick  interior 
walls  the  roof  is  easily  supported  without  expensive 
trusses  or  girders  and  can  therefore  be  built  in  lightest 
possible  manner.  These  interior  brick  walls  make  the 
spread  of  fire  impossible. 

Another  good  method  for  inexpensive  but  substan- 
tial construction  is  that  shown  by  the  detailed  drawings 
of  Mr.  Anthony's  garage  at  Beverly  Farms.  Here 
the  concrete  foundation  is  carried  up  in  finished  form 
two  feet  or  so  above  the  floor.    This  makes  the  lower 


part  of  the  walls  (where  gasoline  vapor  might  collect) 
reaso'nably  fireproof  and  saves  much  wear  and  tear  on 
plaster  or  wood.  Above  the  concrete  the  walls  may 
continue  in  frame. 

In  cities  or  closely  built  suburbs  where  it  is  necessary 
to  build  close  to  the  line  of  the  lot  the  local  ordinances 
generally  prescribe  fireproof  construction  for  garages. 
The  photograph  of  the  garage  in  Brookline,  Mass., 
shovvs  a  type  of  construction  adapted  for  great  econ- 
omy of  space.  The  walls  are  built  of  three-inch  T- 
irons  filled  with  porous  terra-cotta  block — wire  lathed 
and  plastered  outside  and  inside. 


Planning  the  Exterior  Walls  and  Roof 

CONSIDERING  the  building  as  a  strictly  fire- 
proof structure,  the  different  materials  avail- 
able  in    most    localities    would   be   about    as 
follows : 

Stone,  either  field  stone  or  dressed. 

Brick,  or  a  combination  of  brick  and  stone. 

Hollow  hard  burnt  terra-cotta  tile. 

Light   steel    frame   construction,   with   wire   lath 
and  stucco. 

Concrete,  either  in  the  mass  or  with  or  without 
reinforcement  of  rods  or  fabric. 

Concrete  hollow  tile  and  concrete  blocks. 
These  or  such  combinations  as  the  architect  may 
decide  on  are  all  available.  In  the  choice  of  ma- 
terials, the  architect  and  his  client  would  be  influenced 
by  cost,  in  addition  to  the  considerations  already  re- 
ferred to.  This  would  depend  on  the  facility  of 
getting  material  and  the  cost  of  labor.  In  some  sec- 
tions it  is  not  yet  possible  to  find  labor  sufficiently 
skilled  in  the  technology  of  concrete  to  make  it  a  safe 
and  economical  material  in  construction. 

While  the  small,  one-car  garage  may  not  be  more 
than  a  simple,  box-like  structure,  even  here  there  are 
essentials  of  locating  and  proportioning  the  window 
and  door  openings  that  it  is  of  importance  to  consider. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  the  modern  gasoline  or 
electrically  driven  vehicle  is  a  complex  machine,  and 
to  insure  its  highest  efficiency  must  have  the  best  of 
care.  Not  only  should  it  be  cleaned  frequently,  but  it 
should  be  carefully  overhauled  to  keep  its  parts  in 
such  condition  that  the  best  service  will  ensue.  Even 
in  the  smaller  garage  there  must  be  room  to  get  about 
on  all  sides  of  the  car,  and  the  light  should  be  so  ar- 
ranged that  it  will  facilitate  every  necessary  operation. 
The  door  openings  should  permit  the  entrance  of  the 
car  with  its  top  up  to  its  fullest  height,  and  the 
window  sills  sufficiently  low  that  the  entering  light  will 


[3] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Fig.  i — Presents  a  narrow  structure,  with  the  windows 
the  customary  height,  showing  inefficient  illumination  with 
the  machinery  part  in  the  darkness. 


reach  entirely  under  the  car  body  without  throwing 
heavy  shadows.  Daylight  is  the  cheapest  thing  known 
and  the  only  thing  of  which  the  price  has  not  "gone 
up,"  and  no  owner  should  be  compelled  to  burn  elec- 
tricity on  account  of  the  lack  of  windows  in  his 
garage.  In  case  skylights  are  used,  provision  should 
be  made  for  shades,  so  that  the  hot  sunlight  may  not 
blister  the  finish  of  the  cars.  With  reference  to  the 
height  of  window  sills,  Figs,  i,  2  and  3  illustrate 
how  important  it  is  to  give  attention  to  locating  the 
sills. 

The  roof  of  the  garage  should  be  of  slate,  terra-cotta 
tile,  tin,  copper,  asbestos  shingles — some  incombustible 
composite  or  fire  resisting  material. 

Of  course,  the  garage  should  have  some  means  of 


natural  ventilation  aside  from  that  furnished  by  the 
windows.  Inlets  along  or  just  above  the  floor  levels, 
with  outlets  near  or  in  the  ceiling,  are  the  approved 
form.  It  will  not  do  to  overlook  this  most  important 
feature,  as  aside  from  the  necessity  for  carrying  away 
gasoline  vapors  it  insures  easy  and  economical  heat- 
ing of  the  interior. 

Doors 

THE  entrance  doors  should  be  nine  feet,  or  nine 
feet  six  inches  wide,  if  possible,  with  heavy 
guards  to  prevent  the  hubs  from  striking  the 
jambs  in  case  of  bad  steering,  and  with  horizontal 
rollers  set  in  the  floor,  in  case  the  door  slides,  to  keep 
the  bottom  in  place.  In  calculating  the  height  of  a 
door  it  is  well  to  remember  that  a  limousine  with  a 
trunk  on  top  may  well  be  eight  feet  high  or  more,  and 
something  more  must  be  allowed  for  the  car  tilting  up 


Fig.  2 — The  width  of  the  building  in  proportion  to  the 
width  of  the  car  is  such  that  the  light  strikes  the  floor 
outside  of  the  line  of  the  wheels  with  a  good  lighting  effect. 


Fig.  3 — A  narrow  structure  with  the  windows  passing 
down  almost  to  the  floor  line  and  lighting  up  the  machin- 
ery portion  of  the  automobile. 


in  going  up  over  the  threshold,  as  shown  in  the  illus- 
tration, Fig.  4.  Our  own  practice  is  to  keep  on  the  safe 
side  and  never  make  a  door  less  than  nine  feet  high. 
A  small  door  at  the  side  saves  opening  the  large  heavy 
doors  when  it  is  not  desired  to  take  out  the  car. 

Interior  Materials  Used  in  Construction 

IN  small  garages,  used  for  gasoline  automobiles 
only,  the  cement  floor  will  be  the  logical  choice. 
This  should  be  constructed  in  the  most  substantial 
manner,  and,  as  it  will  probably  rest  directly  on  the 
ground,  care  must  be  taken  in  its  construction  to  pre- 


4] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


vent  upheaval  by  frosts  or  sinking  by  reason  of  faulty 
workmanship  or  shallowness  of  construction.  The 
cement  floor  is  permanent,  and  while  its  surface  may 
be  easily  repaired,  radical  changes  would  be  expensive. 
It  will  be  necessary  to  anticipate  certain  details  of  floor 
construction  in  order  to  secure  the  best  results. 

Ignoring  the  possibility  of  the  construction  of  a 
pit  in  the  floor,  this  feature  being  left  for  future  dis- 
cussion, and  as  the  care  of  the  car,  particularly  iti 
washing,  must  be  provided  for  inside  the  garage,  some 
provision  should  be  made  to  carry  off  the  water.  It 
will  be  necessary  to  introduce  a  drain  for  this  purpose. 
This  drain  in  the  small  garage  may  be  of  the  "blind" 
type.  The  floor  should  be  slightly  "dished,"  the  drain 
outlet  in  the  center.  Converging  grooves  in  the  floor 
will  not  be  necessary — in  fact,  they  should  be  avoided, 
as  they  form  lodging  places  for  oil  and  dirt  and  con- 
sequent untidiness  of  the  interior. 

The  dishing  of  the  floor  should  be  so  arranged  that 
the  car  will  never  stand  on  a  side  slope.  The  interior 
finish  of  the  private  garage  may  follow  the  principle 
of  the  so-called  "sanitary  trim"  of  modern  houses,  par- 
ticularly in  kitchens  and  pantries,  where  all  right-angled 
corners  are  avoided,  and  the  floor  and  ceiling  angles 
rounded  to  permit  perfect  cleaning.  The  finish  of  the 
interior  walls  would  naturally  depend  on  the  character 
of  the  materials  used  on  the  exterior. 

Projections  for  shelves  and  closets,  that  might  inter- 
fere with  the  entrance  and  exits  of  the  car,  should 
be  avoided.  These  necessary  features  are  best  placed 
along  the  rear  walls,  or  if  on  the  side  walls,  as  far 
towards  the  rear  as  possible.  All  lockers,  shelves, 
racks  and  similar  utilities  should  be  of  metal.  As  many 
firms  supply  this  line  of  fixtures  their  cost  is  not  pro- 


Fig.  4 — Showing  a  limousine  passing  through  the  door 
with  the  front  wheels  on  the  runway  and  an  incline  such 
as  will  cause  the  back  of  the  limousine  to  strike  the  top  of 
the  door  framing. 

hibitive,  and  as  the  added  feature  of  safety  from  fire 
is  important,  and  as  they  are  practically  indestructible, 
it  is  urgently  advised  not  to  use  wood  for  these  essen- 
tials. 

To  avoid  as  far  as  possible  during  hours  of  daylight 
the  use  of  any  form  of  artificial  light,  the  interior 
walls  should  be  light  and  reflective  in  color,  preferably 
white,  that  the  interior  may  be  as  bright  as  possible. 
Dark  corners  are  to  be  avoided,  not  only  because  they 
are  the  places  less  liable  to  be  kept  clean,  but  for  the 
further  good  reason  that  one  never  knows  just  what 
part  of  the  car  may  demand  attention.  A  well  lighted 
garage,  even  of  the  smallest,  is  much  to  be  desired. 

For    the    walls,  white,  glazed    tile  would  be  ideal. 


ACID   PROOF 


B 

WW, 

Fig.  5 — A  presents  an  acid  proof  cement  floor  employing  neat  cement  for  the  top  layer,  and  broken  granite  with 
cement  beneath.  B,  cement  floor  using  ordinary  cement  on  a  cinder  bed  when  gasoline  automobiles  are  stored.  C, 
lead  sheathing  over  ironwork  to  render  it  acid  proof  in  an  electrical  garage. 


Si 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


This  carried  up  as  a  wainscot  to  about  five  feet,  with 
the  remaining  wall  surface  either  of  white  cement  or 
cement  painted  white,  makes  a  good  interior  finish. 

All  wall  and  ceiling  surfaces  should  be  as  non- 
absorbent  as  possible  ,so  as  not  to  hold  the  dampness 
created  in  washing  and  to  prevent  the  staining  conse- 
quent on  the  careless  handling  of  oil  and  waste.  Clean- 
liness is  a  first  essential  in  the  care  of  the  motor  car, 
and  every  feature  of  construction  that  insures  this  is 
important. 


Floor  of  Garage  for  an  Electric  Automobile 

SHOULD  the  garage  be  devoted  to  the  storage 
of  an  electric  automobile,  if  the  battery  is  of 
the  lead-lead  genera,  and  provided  it  is  to  be 
charged  by  means  of  a  suitable  equipment  attached  to 
the  garage,  there  is  an  excellent  opportunity  to  induce 
a  relatively  high  depreciation  of  the  floor,  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  sulphuric  acid  electrolyte  used  in  the 
battery  will  attack  ordinary  grades  of  cement,  and  if 
this  condition  goes  on  sufficiently,  the  floor  will  be 
destroyed. 

To  get  around  trouble  of  this  sort,  the  plan  as  in  !i- 
cated  in  Fig.  3  may  be  accepted.  In  this  plan,  the 
lower  strata  is  broken  granite,  coarse  at  the  bottom, 
and  tapered  off  to  sizes  which  will  pass  through  a  one- 
inch  mesh,  the  whole  occupying  a  depth  of  say  four 
inches.  The  next  layer  is  made  up  of  broken  granite 
in  sizes  which  will  pass  a  ^-inch  mesh  and  is  grouted 
down,  using  acid-proof  cement  in  fine  granite  screen- 
ings for  the  layer  next  to  the  top  to  a  depth  of  possibly 
two  inches,  and  finally  neat  acid-proof  cement  to  a 
t'epth  of  three-quarters  of  an  inch  for  the  top  coat. 
Fig.  5  shows  how  iron  work  may  be  protected  from  the 
corroding  effect  of  acid  and  its  fumes,  which  come 
from  charging  the  battery ;  the  plan  comprises  sheath- 
ing over  the  iron  work  with  thin  sheet  lead.  In  a 
small  establishment  this  sort  of  thing  should  not  be 
necessary ;  iron  work  may  be  avoided. 

If  the  building  is  well  ventilated  the  question  of  the 
acid  action  on  the  surrounding  metal  will  be  lessened 
in  any  case,  but  it  is  necessary  to  settle  a  matter  of 
this  sort  when  the  structure  is  being  planned. 


constructing  the  pit  to  give  due  regard  to  this.  It  is 
important  that  all  corners  of  the  pit  should  be  rounded 
so  that  it  may  be  cleaned  thoroughly.  Proper  drainage 
should  be  provided  with  ventilating  inlets  at  the  bottom 
to  insure  sufficient  motion  of  air  to  carry  away  the 
gasoline  vapors  that  would  otherwise  lurk  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  pit.  A  side  exit  should  always  be  provided 
if  possible,  as  several  bad  accidents  have  been  caused 
to  men  caught  in  a  pit  by  an  explosion  and  unable  to 
escape.  This  exit  is  readily  arranged  for  when  the 
building  is  on  a  side  hill.  It  is  also  important  that  the 
drain  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit  should  be  properly 
trapped.  In  a  small  private  garage  the  best  way  to 
avoid  complications  is  to  do  away  with  sewer  connec- 
tions. If  for  any  reason  one  is  desirable,  it  will  be  well 
to  give  attention  to  a  suitable  trap,  having  in  mind  the 
fact  that  gasoline  vapor  is  sure  to  form  in  the  sewer 


Fig.  6 — Well  hole  so  shaped  as  to  serve  as  a  safety  trap 
at  the  sewer  opening  in  a  garage,  with  means  for  prevent- 
ing gas  from  entering  the  sewer,  and  a  draught  pipe  to 
dispose  of  the  gas. 


The  Pit 

WHILE  the  introduction  of  a  pit  into  the  floor 
of  the  garage  may  present  some  good 
features  of  utility  and  convenience,  it  is 
well  to  keep  in  mind  that  it  also  serves  as  a  lurking 
place  for  gasoline  vapors.     It  will  be  necessary  when 


openings,  and  when  accumulated  in  sufficient  volume 
presents  a  source  of  much  danger. 

Fig.  6  shows  a  form  of  "well"  particularly  adapted 
to  pubfic  garages.  It  has  been  demonstrated  as  cor- 
rect and  a  smaller  and  equally  efficient  trap  may  be 
constructed  embodying  these  principles  to  meet  the 
requirements  of  the  private  garage.     In  the  example 


61 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


4S8&#$&#(^ 


Fig.  7 — Section  of  a  garage  showing  a  pit  under  the 
automobile  to  accommodate  the  workman  and  to  trap  in 
accumulations  of  explosive  mixture. 


V-."  -' 

-ri 

/ 

1 

•ffp-y^jt'-c 


h\\^'^'*>sf^svM'f{rrfyti'-, 


"   K* 


^i>v:rrV: 


Fig.  8 — Garage  floor  without  a  pit;  openings  in  the 
walls  near  the  floor,  mixture  of  air  and  gasoline  being 
swept  away  by  air  currents  which  are  formed  by  draughts 
set  up. 


illustrated  the  cover  of  the  "well"  is  perforated,  the 
floor  is  supposed  to  slope  toward  the  well,  and  when 
water  drains  into  it  from  the  surrounding  floor,  it 
passes  down  and  forms  a  seal;  excess  water  will  then 
pass  out  through  the  sewer  connection.  By  connecting 
the  lead  from  the  air  vent  to  a  stand-pipe,  which  should 
lead  to  the  roof  of  the  structure,  a  current  of  air  will 
he  set  up  and  the  gasoline  vapor  will  be  conducted  up 
to  the  roof,  and  thence  to  the  outer  air.  In  a  private 
establishment,  especially  if  it  is  in  the  wooden  district, 
with  little  room  to  spare,  all  the  precautions  as  here 
intimated  and  many  more,  as  set  forth  in  the  various 
insurance  rules,  as  promulgated  by  the  Board  of  Fire 
Underwriters  for  the  respective  districts,  should  be 
observed. 

In  locating  the  pit  in  the  floor  of  the  garage,  it  is 
well  to  select  a  place  where  it  will  not,  while  open, 
interfere  with  the  maneuvering  space.  As  the  pit  is 
constructed  primarily  to  give  easy  access  to  the  under- 
body  of  the  car,  it  may  be  located  near  the  side  walls. 
A  feature  often  lost  sight  of  is  provision  for  entering 
and  leaving  the  pit  while  the  car  is  over  it.  To  crawl 
out  of  a  pit  during  use  is  difficult,  and  also  unneces- 
sary, if  proper  attention  is  given  at  the  outset  to  this 
feature.  A  good  size  for  the  pit  is  io  ft.  by  3  ft.  6  in. 
and  4  ft.,  or  4  ft.  6  in.  deep.  Seats  in  each  side  are  a 
convenience  for  the  mechanic,  and  may  be  18  in.  high 
and  12  in.  wide.  This  length  is  such  as  to  admit  of  a 
short  flight  of  steps  to  reach  the  bottom,  making  it 
possible  to  move  the  car  backward  and  forward,  often 
very  desirable.  While  it  is  economy  to  have  the  fewest 
possible  tools,  it  is  often  well  to  have  duplicates  so  that 


they  may  be  near  at  hand.  It  would,  therefore,  be  well 
to  have  certain  tools  in  the  pit  and  a  place  to  keep  them. 
This  may  be  easily  arranged  by  a  pocket  or  recess  in 
the  side  wall  of  the  pit,  protected  by  a  door  or  cover  in 
which  to  store  such  tools  as  experience  teaches  are 
most  likely  to  be  required.  One  owner  has  in  the  end 
of  his  pit  an  oaken  board  about  eight  inches  wide,  serv- 
ing as  a  bench,  on  which  is  a  small  vise  to  hold  parts 
that  it  is  often  necessary  to  give  some  minor  attention 
in  adjustment.  This  obviates  many  trips  to  the  bench 
and  loss  of  time. 

If  the  garage  is  situated  on  a  side  hill,  as,  for 
example,  some  of  the  buildings  illustrated,  the  pit 
question  becomes  a  simple  one.  In  fact,  it  ceases  to 
be  a  pit,  for  a  trap  door  in  the  floor  is  all  that  is 
necessary,  which  with  a  platform  below  the  proper 
height,  or  one  with  a  series  of  steps  to  provide  for 
varying  heights  and  reaches,  easy  access  to  the  under 
parts  is  obtained.  This  perhaps  is  the  best  arrange- 
ment that  can  be  devised.  In  the  basement  would  also 
be  an  ideal  place  for  the  workshop  and  tools,  but  it 
will,  of  course,  be  necessary  to  provide  for  light  and 
insure  against  dampness. 

There  have  been  many  ingenious  devices  introduced 
in  garages  by  owners  whose  mechanical  bent  make? 
the  care  of  the  car  one  of  its  most  interesting  features. 
These  men,  as  a  rule  of  professional  and  commercial 
activities,  find  mental  relaxation  in  this  mechanical 
exercise. 

An  improved  movable  trestle,  to  do  away  with  the 
pit.  is  described  and  illustrated  in  a  recent  issue  of 
The  Automobile ;  we  quote :  "The  necessity  for  a  pit 


(71 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


not  being  realized  until  after  the  house  had  been  built, 
a  pair  of  comparatively  small  and  light  horses  were 
built,  or  more  correctly,  a  pair  of  trestles.  These  were 
31  inches  high  and  built  strongly  enough  to  support  a 
car,  the  length  being  just  sufficient  to  care  for  the 
whole  length  of  the  car. 

"Of  course,  this  was  flat  on  top  so  that  the  car  would 
stand  on  it  of  itself.  So  some  method  of  getting  the 
car  up  onto  the  top  was  necessary.  For  this  purpose 
another  short,  inclined  pair  of  trestles  were  built. 
Then  to  get  the  car  onto  the  'pit'  the  two  sets  of 
flat  topped  trestles  were  drawn  to  the  center  of  the 
floor.     Next  the  two  inclined  members  were  set  into 


Trestle  with  Flat  Top  Which  Serves  as  a  Pit. 

place  in  the  front,  and  the  car  could  then  be  driven 
onto  it. 

"In  this  position  it  was  just  high  enough  to  permit 
working  under  the  car,  but  since  this  meant  much 
stooping  and  looking  upward,  one  of  which  was  hard 
on  the  back  and  the  other  tiresome  to  the  eyes  and 
neck,  the  owner  built  a  reclining  chair.  This  he  used 
as  a  seat,  pulling  it  under  the  part  of  the  car  upon 
which  he  wanted  to  work,  or  removing  it  when  there 
was  no  necessity  for  it.  The  back  of  this  was  adjust- 
able to  any  inclination,  which  was  very  handy  at  times, 
and  being  simple,  could  be  altered  very  quickly,  to  suit 
the  needs  of  the  occasion.  It  is  shown  in  detail  in  the 
illustration. 

When  there  was  no  work  to  be  done  upon  the  car 
the  four  trestles  and  the  seat  were  set  acide  in  a  corner 
or  elsewhere,  the  size  of  the  house  allowing  room  for 


'.'■■  1  '■'      •  ■-■'■'",'■■  ■  .'.v.-,jmvjj.v,:v,;v  ■: -.  >.■  >/."■/,;?,.., ,..ij,  •>  »w»»/i 


Shelvea 


Portable  Bench 


Four  paint. -a  Lines-  for  Guides  for  Trestles  and  Skids 
and  useful  when  backing  in.  • 


Work  Bench 


V</<tr/,/rt/r*  *,<:<„„„>;.„;,•*  V!/»»,„/.:,>,;ji  VVJJS>„,,, 


it.    In  this  way  the  whole  floor  was  kept  unbroken  by 
openings.     In  addition,    it    left    the    whole  floor  for 


maneuvering  space.     Being  practically  indestructible, 
the  whole  outfit  could  be  carried  outside  if  at  any  time 


Om£ 


2  req'd  >iakc  ttmojiut  wiJ«  enough  to  »lip  in 

tha  itortom  Mrmb«r*  of  Treaties. 


Trestle  with  Flat  Top  Which  Serves  as  a  Pit. 

it  was  desirable  or  advisable  to  use  the  whole  interior 
for  cars,  as  in  the  case  of  several  visiting  cars." 


The  Handling  and  Storage  of  Gasoline 

SAFE  handling  of  fuel  in  the  private  garage  is  dif- 
ficult and  requires  constant  care.  A  writer  in 
The  Automobile  discussing  this  subject  states: 
"If  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  the  'hand-to- 
mouth'  method  of  obtaining  gasoline  is  not  a  good  one 
on  the  ground  that  it  has  its  decided  uncertainties,  even 
so,  the  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  will  object  to  the 
presence  of  more  than  ten  gallons  of  gasoline  in  a 
garage,  unless  provision  is  made  for  its  proper  storage. 


Home-Made  Morris  Chair  to  Eliminate  Backaches. 

It  will  also  be  remembered  that  the  cost  increases  sub- 
stantially 50  per  cent  when  the  fuel  is  purchased  in  ten- 
gallon  packages,  instead  of  by  the  barrel ;  then,  too,  it 
is  a  better  grade  of  fuel  as  a  rule  which  comes  in  the 
original  barrel. 

"Fig.  9  shows  the  customary  manner  of  dispos- 
ing of  the  fuel  problem.  A  steel  fuel  tank  is  buried 
outside  of  the  building  line  of  the  garage,  and 
a  supply  pipe  is  led  from  the  tank  to  a  measuring 
pump,  which  may  be  placed  at  any  convenient  point 
within  the  building.  The  pump  should  be  free  from 
leaks,  so  that  gasoline  will  not  be  spilled  about,  or  else 
it  should  be  placed  in  a  suitably  contrived  fireproof 
closet  with  proper  means  of  ventilation.  All  these 
details,  in  any  event,  will  best  be  cared  for  by  consult- 
ing the  rules  and  regulations    of    the    Board  of  Fire 


[8] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


INTERIOR   OF  GARAGE  FOR  MR.  BERNARD  JENNY,  JR.,  BROOKLINE,  MASS. 

Messrs.  Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 
Showing  work  bench,  tool  case,  revolving  auto  washer,  telephone  and  accessories 


Underwriters  having  jurisdiction,  and  it  will  be  well 
to  remember  that  the  respective  boards  in  the  several 
districts  do  not  always  agree  as  to  the  efficiency  of  a 
plan.  Money  will  be  saved  by  consulting  the  rules  and 
regulations  of  the  board  first,  and  making  the  plans 
in  the  light  of  information  obtained." 

The  gasoline  pump  may  be  located  in  a  corner  near 
the  door  connected  by  a  pipe  to  the  tank,*  which  is 
buried  about  thirty  feet  from  the  building,  but  with  its 
filler  pipe  near  the  drive,  so  as  to  be  easily  filled  from 
the  tank  wagon.  The  measuring  pumps  are  the  most 
satisfactory.  A  good  plan  is  to  have  two  tanks  so 
that  when  one  is  exhausted  notice  is  automatically 
given  to  replenish  the  supply. 

"Tank  should  be  thirty  feet  or  more  from  the  building  and  the  filler 
pipe  should  be  near  a  driveway  so  as  to  be  easily  reached  by  the  gaso- 
line wagon. 


Fig.  9 — Section  of  a  garage  showing   source   of   gasoline 
supply,  method  of  piping,  and  a  measuring  pump  within. 


(9 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


It  will  be  seen  that  in  the  method  illustrated  the  only 
fuel  in  the  building  is  that  contained  in  the  tank  on 
the  car.  It  seems  unnecessary  to  state  that  this  tank 
should  always  be  closed,  as  should  also  the  stop  cock 
on  the  feed  pipe.  Most  accidents  occurring  from 
gasoline  explosions  are  due  to  the  carelessness  of  con- 
stant use.  Treating  it  as  one  would  gunpowder  or 
dynamite — as  an  always  dangerous  explosive — is  the 
only  way  to  safeguard  against  explosion  and  the  often- 
times serious  attending  consequences. 

The  storage  of  lubricating  oil  and  greases,  while  a 
less  serious  problem  than  that  of  gasoline,  is  equally 
important.  The  quantity  kept  on  hand  will  depend  on 
the  number  of  cars  in  use,  but  even  the  small  quantity 
necessary  for  one  car  should  be  stored  in  metal  tanks 
and  boxes  provided  with  the  necessary  faucets  and 
drip  pans  to  prevent  its  spread  about  the  floor.  Per- 
haps the  chief  source  of  untidiness  in  the  garage  is  the 
careless  handling  of  oil  and  waste.  For  the  latter, 
metal  cans  with  tight  covers  should  be  provided,  and 
these  should  be  emptied    and    their    contents  burned 


every  day.  Spontaneous  combustion  is  a  frequent 
cause  of  fire,  and  a  waste  can,  filled  with  cotton  waste 
saturated  with  gasoline  and  oil,  presents  an  ideal 
method  of  starting  a  conflagration. 


The   Interior  Plan  with   Reference  to  the   Proper 
Care  of  the  Car 

EVERY  owner  and  driver  should  know  his  car 
and  how  to  care  for  it.  To  do  this  properly 
necessitates  a  work  bench,  tools  to  work  with 
and  the  proper  facilities  for  their  use.  Even  in  the 
one-car  building  these  utilities  should  be  preferably 
located  at  the  rear  of  the  garage.  The  bench  should 
be  so  placed  that  the  worker  will  not  obstruct  the 
light,  and  the  tools,  as  few  as  possible,  be  above  the 
bench,  along  the  wall  within  easy  reach.  Avoid  the 
keeping  of  tools  on  the  floor. 

If  a  man  has  the  natural  ingenuity  and  ability  to 


INTERIOR  OF  GARAGE,  BRISTOL,  R.  I.;  VIEW  OF  WARDROBE 
Messrs.  Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 


[  10] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


work  with  a  few  tools,  so  much  the  better.  They 
should  be  of  the  highest  quality — always  cheapest  in 
the  end. 

A  good  foot  lathe  and  its  usual  equipment  of  taps 
and  dies  will  often  enable  an  owner  or  competent 
chauffeur  to  effect  a  saving  in  repairs  that  will  many 
times  repay  its  cost. 

Adding  to  this  the  usual  equipment  that  comes  with 
the  car  and  such  few  additional  tools  as  experience 
may  suggest,  the  garage  is  ready  to  care  for  ordinary 
repairs.  As  the  owner  gains  experience  in  the  care 
of  his  machine,  it  would  be  advisable  to  add  a  vulcan- 
izer.  Tire  troubles  are  many,  but  with  a  vulcanizer 
considerable  outlay  may  be  saved. 


The  Work  Room 

THE  work  room  is  an  appurtenance  which  may  be 
classed  as  a  "frill,"  but  which  probably  devel- 
ops more  actual  pleasure  to  the  owner  and  his 
chauffeur  than  the  car  itself.  This  room  frequently 
contains  the  heating  apparatus  and  sometimes  a  forge 
— hence,  as  fire  is  present,  it  should  always  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  apparatus  room  by  a  partition  wall,  of 
masonry  if  possible,  and  if  possible  by  a  tinned  self- 


GARAGE  AT  BRISTOL,  R.  I.,  SHOWING  PORTION 
OF  MACHINE  SHOP 

Messrs.    Kilham    &   Hopkins,   Architects 

closing  door.  A  good  work  bench  should  be  installed 
as  part  of  the  building  contract,  together  with  a  neat 
cupboard  for  tools,  while  the  space  under  the  bench 
may  be  utilized  by  cupboards  for  oil  cans,  etc.,  or  wide 


shelves  for  spare  tires.  Every  motor  car  owner  will 
have  his  own  ideas  as  to  what  machine  tools  to  install 
in  his  garage,  and  a  set  which  pleases  one  man  per- 
fectly will  be  thought  useless  by  another.  The  fol- 
lowing set,  costing  about  $1,200,  erected,  is  suggested 
as  a  practical  equipment  for  a  first-class  private 
garage. 

One  Flather  engine  lathe,  14  in.  x  6  ft. 

One  Blount  grinder,  with  emery  wheel  truing  device. 

One  anvil. 

One  air  compressor,  with  tank,  etc. 

One  Buffalo  hand  forge. 

One  one-spindle  drill. 

One  one-horsepower  motor  for  above. 

One  Coates's  breast  drill  and  buffer,  with  one- 
quarter-horsepower  motor. 

Shafting,  hangers,  etc.,  for  above. 


The  Wardrobe 

THE  automobile  requires  a  wardrobe  of  its  own. 
Special  blankets,  coats,  hats,  goggles  have 
always  been  necessary  per  se,  but  now  these 
must  harmonize  with  the  color  of  the  car  or  the  "class" 
of  the  turnout  is  lost.  With  several  cars  this  situation 
becomes  complicated  and  requires  storage  space,  even 
in  a  one-car  garage.  Somewhere  in  the  building  near 
the  door  there  should  be  a  cupboard  with  deep  drawers 
for  blankets,  a  closet  for  motor  coats,  with  shelf  for 
hats,  etc.,  and  a  compartment  for  other  accessories. 
Near  the  sea  coast  it  is  well  to  have  galvanized  net- 
tings in  the  doors  on  account  of  dampness.  Poles  for 
blankets  to  dry  on  are  placed  along  the  walls. 


Plumbing 

A  DEEP  enameled  or  galvanized  "sink  should  be 
provided  somewhere  in  the  building,  with  a 
supply  of  hot  and  cold  water.  The  hot  water 
may  come  from  a  regular  system,  or  may  be  drawn 
from  a  hot  water  heater,  or  in  simple  buildings  may  be 
heated  in  a  copper  tank  on  top  of  a  stove. 

Over  the  washing  floor  is  located  a  revolving  auto- 
washer,  the  carriage  washer  of  earlier  days  with  a 
new  name— a  swinging  section  of  iron  pipe  with  its 
end  turned  down  at  right  angles  and  ready  for  attach- 
ing a  hose. 

A  water  closet  for  the  chauffeur  (and  a  bath  in  case 
his  chamber  is  located  in  the  building)  with  a  sill  cock 
or  two,  completes  the  list  of  plumbing  accessories  that 
are  actually  necessary. 


["] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


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Work    Bench. 


Clipboards   and    Drawers. 

DETAIL  OF  LOCKERS  IN  SHOP 
Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 


Lockers    with    Wire    Screen    Doors. 


Heating 

THE  proper  heating  of  the  garage,  is  not,  as 
may  seem  inconsistent  to  state,  to  keep  the 
interior  warm,  although  this  is  of  course  de- 
sirable, but  to  prevent  the  water  in  the  jackets  from 
freezing  and  the  oil  in  the  gear  and  crank  cases  from 
congealing. 


Plufi  to  t,»i,,-.n.-  (trip 


Plan  of  Two-Car  Garage  with   Complete   Heating   Plant 


The  system  of  heating  used  in  the  private  garage 
will  of  course  depend  on  local  conditions.  While  some 
owners  may  prefer  stoves,  either  oil  or  coal,  they  are 
not  for  obvious  reasons  to  be  recommended.  The  log- 
ical means,  we  believe,  is  either  steam  or  hot  water. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  note  how  this  heating  may 
be  handled  in  two  ways,  directly  opposite  in  their  re- 
lation to  the  house  and  the  garage,  both  equally  effi- 
cient. Given  a  one-car  garage  on  the  ordinary  sub- 
urban lot,  it  will  probably  be  sufficiently  near  the  house 
to  admit  of  a  pipe  run  under  ground  and  connected 
with  the  house  heating  system.  If  the  garage  is  a  large 
one,  and  space  is  available,  a  room  might  be  planned 
without  direct  access  to  the  storage  part  of  the  garage 
to  accommodate  a  heating  plant  that  would  serve  both 
the  house  and  the  garage. 

The  plan  of  a  two-car  garage  illustrated  on  this  page 
shovvs  a  complete  heating  plant.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  radiators  are  wherever  possible  located  under 
the  window  openings. 


[  «1 


GARAGES— COUNTRY    AND    SUBURBAN 


INTERIOR  OF  GARAGE  AT  BRISTOL,  R.  I. 

Messrs.   Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 

Showing    sink,    Cooper-Hewitt    lamps    and    auto    washer;   heating  pipes   are   placed   high  to   avoid   splashing 


Lighting 

AS  the  electric  current  is  now  so  generally  avail- 
able for  lighting  purposes  this  form  of  arti- 
ficial lighting  for  the  interior  of  the  garage 
will  be  given  first  consideration. 

There  should  be  plenty  of  light  everywhere  about 
the  garage.  A  good  light  outside  over  the  door  is 
obviously  needed  and  plenty  of  light  for  the  work 
bench.  For  the  apparatus  room  opinions  differ  as  to 
the  kind  of  lighting.  A  very  fair  illumination  may  be 
obtained  by  the  use  of  tungsten  lamps  in  high  effi- 
ciency shades,  arranged  so  as  to  light  the  sides  (not 
the  tops)  of  the  cars.  The  mercury  vapor  lamps, 
which  give  a  greenish  light,  seem  to  be  associated  with 
garages,  and  they  are  certainly  very  efficient,  having 
high  illuminating  power,  low  current  consumption,  and 
are  not  fatiguing  to  the  eyes. 

Several  sockets  for  attaching  plugs  should  be  placed 
around  the  room  for  attaching  hand  lamps  with  wire 
guards,  but  all  sockets  and  switches  should  be  kept 
well  out  of  the  wet.  Each  little  basket  covered  lamp 
will  prove  to  be  a  "life  saver"  when  looking  for  leaks 
in  packings,  loose  connections,  or  any  other  one  of  the 
thousand  mysteries  which  are  always  needing  to  be 
tracked  to  their  lair  and  fixed. 


While  it  may  not  be  necessary  to  use  all  the  lights 
installed  at  the  same  time  convenience  suggests  that 
there  be  outlets  and  plugs  set  at  places  where  they  are 
apt  to  be  most  needed.  A  three7branch  cluster  in  the 
center  of  the  ceiling  and  at  least  two  brackets  on  the 
side  walls  would  seem  to  be  a  minimum  of  fixed 
lights.  The  side  brackets  should  be  connected  with 
a  switch  at  the  entrance  so  that  the  light  may  be 
turned  on  or  off  on  entering  or  leaving  the  garage. 
There  should  be  at  least  two  lights,  properly  placed 
over  the  work  bench,  with  reflectors  to  throw  the  light 
directly  on  to  the  bench. 

In  addition  there  should  be  outlets  along  the  base — 
one  over  the  bench  and  not  less  than  two,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  pit.  Where  in  case  of  repairs  made  at 
night  an  iron  standard  carrying  as  many  plugs  and 
lamps  as  may  be  desired  is  a  necessity.  This  should 
have  a  wide  base,  be  adjustable  as  to  height,  and  light 
enough  to  be  easily  moved  about  the  garage.  It  would 
be  well  to  place  casters  on  all  but  one  foot  of  this 
support. 

With  an  equipment  of  the  kind  described  every  part 
of  the  garage  and  every  part  of  the  car  can  be  easily 
and  quickly  illuminated  and  the  work  in  hand  greatly 
facilitated. 


13 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


While  other  forms  of  lighting,  by  gas  (either  city 
supply  or  acetylene)  or  lamps,  can  be  used  where  elec- 
tric light  is  not  available,  they  have  not  the  same  ele- 
ments of  "flexibility  and  safety"  that  electricity  has 
and  would  not  present  the  many  conveniences  that  are 
at  the  command  of  the  owner  who  can  install  the  elec- 
tric current. 


Washing 

WHILE  nearly  everyone  will  grant  that  ade- 
quate washing  facilities  are  desirable,  few 
would  regard  them  as  also  economical.  This 
is  nevertheless  true,  for  with  improved  and  handy 
means  for  washing  the  car  will  be  washed  more  regu- 
larly, more  promptly  and  more  thoroughly.  This  ap- 
plies not  alone  to  the  painted  parts  of  the  body,  but 
to  many  of  the  mechanical  parts  as  well.  To  cite  an 
excellent  example  (not  a  mechanical  part,  however), 
the  wheels  cannot  be  washed  too  much,  particularly 
in  warm  weather. 

Heat  opens  the  joints  in  the  wheels,  while  plenty  of 
water  will  cause  the  wood  to  swell,  thus  closing  the 
cracks.  This  applies  to  the  miter  as  well  as  the  felloe, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  tenons,  spokes  into  felloe. 

The  overhead  washer,  two  of  which  are  pictured  on 
this  page,  presents  some  ideas  which  cannot  be  ob- 
tained in  any  other  way,  and  are  desirable.    This  form 


for  the  wire  cable.    This,  in  turn,  could  be  made  with 
tumbuckle  in  the  middle,  so  as  not  only  to  tighten  it 


Overhead  Washer  with  Weighted  Arm  and  Cutoff 

is  always  up  out  of  the  way,  when  not  wanted,  and 
aided  by  the  hinged  joint  may  be  pulled  down  for  use. 
The  one  shown  first  is  weighted  so  as  to  balance  itself 
in  any  position  in  which  it  is  placed. 

In  the  second  one  the  construction  is  such  as  to  sug- 
gest the  making  of  a  washer-using  water  pipe,  obtain- 
able at  any  plumbing  shop.  The  only  problem  would 
be  the  swivel  joint  at  the  pivot  point,  but  the  plumber 
could  doubtless  furnish  a  full  universal  swivel  which 
could  be  used  for  this  purpose.  In  that  case,  making 
one  of  these  is  simply  a  question  of  knack  with  a  stil- 
son  wrench  and  other  pipe-fitting  tools.  The  corner 
would  be  a  simple  elbow  and  the  angle  brace  a  pair  of 
tees,  with  the  tee  end  plugged,  and  the  plugs  drilled 


Overhead  Washer  Not  Weighted 

up  at  first,  but  to  allow  of  later  tightening,  as  oppor- 
tunity presented  or  as  it  was  found  to  be  needed. 


The  Portable  Garage 

OWNERS  of  automobiles  who  have  first  ac- 
quired a  car  as  a  luxury  ultimately  find  that 
it  has  become  a  necessity.  Vacations,  out- 
ings and  journeys  from  home,  all  are  based  on  the 
ability  of  his  car  to  get  him  where  he  wants  to  go, 
serve  his  convenience  after  he  has  arrived  and  bring 
him  safely  back.  He  plans  his  camp  site  or  selects  his 
cottage  where  he  will  spend  the  summer  with  his 
family,  with  special  reference  to  the  conveniences  at 
hand  for  housing  his  car. 

Now  that  portable  garages  are  available  he  has  a 
wider  range  of  selection  and  can  afford  to  ignore  the 
fact  that  there  are  no  permanent  garages  near  by. 
He  no  longer  is  compelled  to  adapt  some  stable  to  his 
needs,  and  suffer  all  the  attendant  disadvantages.  The 
portable  garage  has  solved  this  question  in  a  most 
satisfactory  manner. 

Elsewhere  will  be  found  several  views  of  one  of  the 
portable  garages  now  on  the  market.  The  plan  shows 
that  it  is  about  13  feet  wide  by  19  feet  long  inside. 
Of  this,  however,  not  all  is  available,  some  room  being 
taken  up  by  a  large  work  bench,  a  cupboard  and  other 
conveniences.  These  cut  the  available  floor  space  to 
about  12  feet  by  16  feet. 

There  is  a  double  door  at  the  front,  measuring  8  feet 
in  width  by  8  feet  6  inches  in  height.  The  latter  is 
made  large  to  allow  of  the  car  entering  with  the  top  up. 
In  addition  there  is  a  small,  narrow  side  door. 

Two  windows  on  each  side,  with  two  smaller  ones 
at  the  back  furnish  plenty  of  light,  the  back  windows 
being  grouped  over  the  work  bench.  These  windows 
are  all  too  high  from  the  floor  to  supply  the  best  angle 
of  light  to  the  interior.  The  foundation  is  more  in  the 
nature  of  a  suggestion  than  a  necessity.     This  is  not 


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GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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FOUNDATION    AND    FLOOR    PLANS    OF    SMALL    ONE-CAR    WOODEN    PORTABLE    GARAGE 


furnished  by  the  makers  of  the  garage,  the  plan  being 
given  to  enable  the  prospective  buyer  to  provide  a  con- 
crete or  stone  foundation  if  he  so  desires.  The  locust 
posts,  indicated  by  the  round  black  spots,  are  furnished, 
these  being  3  feet  6  inches  long.  Four  of  these  are  in 
front,  and  are  for  the  support  of  the  inclined  platform 
or  runway  to  be  built  there.  The  other  four  located 
in  the  middle  are  real  foundation  posts,  in  addition  to 
which  there  are  two  more  to  form  a  foundation  for  a 
platform  leading  to  the  side  door,  these  not  being 
shown. 

When  foundations  are  laid  a  single  width  of  brick, 
that  is  8  inches,  is  recommended,  or  this  same  width 
in  cement  or  concrete.  A  description  of  some  of  the 
other  features  may  be  of  sufficient  interest  to  warrant 
the  space,  so  will  be  given. 

The  structure  is  designed  with  two  lines  of  girders, 
giving  a  double  support  directly  under  the  car.  All 
exposed  framing  material  is  dressed  lumber,  while  the 
walls  and  roof  framing  are  well  braced.  The  roof  is 
sheeted  over  with  a  sheathing  of  surfaced  boards  laid 
tight.  Over  this  shingles  are  laid,  making  a  simple  but 
good  roof  sure  to  be  waterproof.  Slate,  tin,  steel,  or 
any  roof  composition  may  be  had  if  desired,  but  not 
being  regular,  cost  more.  The  cost  of  this  house,  as 
shown  in  the  two  plans,  elevations  and  exterior  and 
interior  views,  is  roughly  between  $175  and  $185  at 


the  manufacturer's  factory.  This  with  the  freight  and 
charges  for  erection  brings  the  whole  cost  up  to  about 
$225,  which  makes  a  very  serviceable  garage  at  low 
cost. 


The  Garage  for  More  Than  One  Car 

WHILE  every  class  of  building  should,  for 
aesthetic  reasons,  possess  some  measure  of 
architectural  expression,  it  is  more  difficult 
to  impart  this  to  the  one-car  garage  than  to  the  larger 
structure.  Reference  to  the  plate  illustrations  in  this 
volume  will  show  that  artistic  effect  may  be  secured  in 
even  the  smallest  garages,  involving  a  modest  expend- 
iture, if  the  work  is  intrusted  to  the  capable  architect. 
"Rule  of  thumb"  design  and  construction  are  never 
satisfactory.  The  added  cost  of  the  architect's  fee  is 
really  economy.  The  size  of  the  garage,  its  plan  and 
equipment,  will  be  influenced  by  the  number  of  cars 
to  be  stored,  to  which  must  be  added  the  necessary 
maneuvering  space.  A  single-car  garage  necessitates 
that  the  shifting  around  be  done  out  of  doors,  but  in 
larger^  buildings  the  usual  obstructions  will  demand 
some  "means  of  easily  placing  the  car  in  the  position 
assigned  to  it.  The  floor  area  should  be  computed  on 
a  basis  of  one  car  more  than  the  number  to  be  stored. 


16 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Plan  of  Garage  Combining  Original  Features 

This  additional  space  will  be  for  the  pit,  on  the  closed 
top  of  which,  in  the  absence  of  a  turntable,  the  cars 
may  be  shifted. 


The  Turntable 

THE  use  of  the  latest  turntable  is  almost  a  neces- 
sity, either  inside  or  even  outside  the  garage. 
They  are  so  arranged  that  they  can  be  used 
as  a  washing  platform,  being  provided  with  dished 
surface  and  drained  at  the  center.  They  are  especially 
convenient  in  a  garage  of  three  cars  and  up,  where 
the  size  of  available  land  is  restricted,  as  in  the  city 
or  in  the  many  very  popular  summer  resorts. 

The  maneuvering  space  needed  when  more  than  two 
cars  are  housed  is  very  considerable.  In  this  connec- 
tion the  turntable  forms  a  very  useful  adjunct  to  the 
modern  large  garage,  for  it  economizes  on  the  floor 
space.  That  is  to  say,  having  a  turntable  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  floor  does  not  cut  out  any  of  the  floor  space 
as  a  pit  does.  It  allows  swinging  cars  around  within 
its  own  narrow  confines  and  with  absolutely  no  maneu- 
vering other  than  a  straight  ahead  run  onto  the  turn- 
table and  another  similar  run  off. 

Aside  from  the  big  house,  where  it  saves  space,  and 
thus  first  cost,  it  is  of  great  and  daily  use  in  the  small 
well-equipped  house,  where  it  saves  much  work,  either 
of  pushing  the  car  by  brute  strength,  or  by  carrying 
in  fuel,  starting  a  cold  engine,  and  then  backing  and 
filling  until  the  required  location  is  obtained.    On  page 


17  is  shown  a  design  for  a  small  garage  in  which 
this  feature  is  included.  The  outside  width  of  23  feet 
is,  like  the  length  of  26  feet,  ample.  Although  large, 
it  is  not  any  too  large  when  the  projected  pit,  lathe 
space,  oil  and  gas  pump  space,  lockers,  bench,  and 
toilet  are  all  taken  into  account.  Sliding  doors  are 
figured  upon  as  economical  of  space  and  more  handy 
to  open  and  close  than  the  hinged  variety. 

Elsewhere  on  this  page  is  shown  a  concrete  garage 
showing  a  number  of  novel  and  interesting  features. 
The  drawing  shows  only  the  ground  floor  plan,  the 
second  story  being  devoted  to  living  rooms  for  the 
chauffeur. 

Three  cars  are  provided  for.  The  provision,  in 
marked  contrast  to  the  usual  case,  is  in  triplicate,  three 
pits  and  three  washstands  being  provided,  as  well  as 
three  doors.  The  front  end  of  the  house  includes  a 
porch  with  cement  floor  and  housed  over  by  the  living 
rooms  above.  This  would,  without  doubt,  be  used 
for  most  of  the  washing  done  in  fine  weather,  in  pref- 
erence to  the  washstands  within.  In  fact,  it  would 
appear  as  if  the  designer,  a  well-known  Chicago  ar- 
chitect, had  this  idea  in  mind. 

Most  notable  in  the  whole  design  is  the  large  and 
very  roomy  workshop  provided  alongside  of  the  motor 
room,  yet  entirely  separated  from  the  latter  by  a  thick 
solid  wall.  This  would  reduce  the  fire  hazard  very 
materially  were  the  gasoline  kept  in  the  work  room. 


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Suggestion   for    Large   and   Well-Equipped   Garage 


(  17  1 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


GARAGE   AT   BROOKLINE,  MASS. 
Messrs.   Kilham   &    Hopkins,   Architects 
Fireproof  construction,  built  of  T-irons,  fitted  with  terra-cotta   blocks   and   plastered  inside   and   outside 


The  floor  plan,  however,  does  not  indicate  this,  and  the 
oil  being  in  the  automobile  room,  one  is  forced  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  fuel  was  kept  there  as  well.  In 
that  contingency,  not  only  is  the  fire  hazard  not  re- 
duced, but,  on  the  other  hand,  all  parts  or  units  to  be 
worked  upon  would  of  a  necessity  have  to  be  taken 
out  of  the  car,  carried  outside  through  the  big  sliding 
doors,  and  then  back  into  the  work  room  through  the 
front  door.  The  same  process  would  have  to  be  gone 
through  after  the  repair  had  been  effected. 

Among  the  good  features  may  be  noted  the  location 
of  all  work  benches— there  are  three  shown — in  front 
of  windows.  The  only  work  bench  in  the  automobile 
room  is  placed  at  the  back  in  front  of  the  large  and 
wide  window,  while  the  two  benches  in  the  shop  are 
placed  directly  in  front  of  the  only  windows  in  that 
room. 


The  foregoing  represents  most  of  the  requirements 
of  an  up-to-date  house  for  the  automobile.  Accessories 
may  be  multiplied  as  much  as  the  owner's  purse  will 
allow  or  his  imagination  suggest.  A  telephone  to  the 
house  is  a  necessity,  of  course,  but  there  are  many 
appliances  which  have  no  real  use.  While  much 
thought  and  care  must  be  expended  on  the  selection 
and  operation  of  the  car  itself,  probably  nothing  helps 
to'  round  out  and  complete  the  pleasures  of  motoring 
like  a  sensibly  equipped,  convenient  and  picturesque 
garage. 

No  one  yet  ever  regretted  the  expense  put  into  the 
garage.  As  much  avoidance  of  annoyance  comes  from 
the  weli-planned  garage  as  pleasure  from  the  car.  Let 
the  little  building  be  picturesque  and  attractive  outside, 
surrounded  by  hollyhocks  and  asters,  and  insirle  be 
bright,  shining,  practical  and  clean. 


18 


The  Safe  Handling  and  Storage  of  Gasoline 

and  Lubricating  Oil 


TO  those  who  in  any  degree  understand  the 
nature  of  gasolene  the  term  is  synonymous 
with  danger  both  to  life  and  property.  Its 
gas,  like  almost  any  other  gas,  may  explode  or  may 
burn,  depending  on  conditions  surrounding  it  at  the 
time  it  is  brought  in  contact  with  the  flame.  But  if  one 
is  to  intelligently  discuss  the  hazards  incident  to  the 
handling  and  storage  of  gasolene  they  should  properly 
begin  with  the  fundamental  conditions  and  analyze  its 
physical  properties,  they  can  then  determine  from  what 
combinations  and  under  what  conditions  the  various 
degrees  of  hazard  will  be  reached. 

Gasolene  is  obtained  by  fractional  distillation  from 
crude  petroleum.  The  crude  petroleum  is  slowly 
heated  and  at  the  temperature  of  140  to  158°  Fahr- 
enheit gasolene  is  obtained.  Its  specific  gravity  is 
.636  to  .657  and  it  constitutes  1.5  per  cent  of  the 
volume  of  crude  petroleum. 

Gasolene  has  practically  no  flashing  point,  that 
is,  if  placed  in  an  open  vessel  it  will  vaporize  under 
almost  any  ordinary  temperature,  in  fact  below  freez- 
ing point.  It  is  three  and  one-half  times  as  heavy 
as  air,  and  from  this  fact  lies  one  of  the  greatest 
inherent  hazards,  for  while,  for  instance,  city  gas  is 
lighter  than  air,  and,  escaping,  rises  and  is  grad- 
ually carried  off,  gasolene  vapors  fall  to  the  floor 
and  collect  and  stand  in  cellars,  openings  in  the  floor, 
etc.,  where  it  remains  ready  to  flash  from  contact 
with  the  first  open  flame. 

In  the  liquid  state  gasolene  is  innocuous,  that  is  so 
long  as  it  remains  absolutely  a  liquid  it  can  neither 
ignite,  burn  nor  explode.  Again,  a  pure  gasolene 
vapor  will  neither  ignite  nor  burn.  It  must  not  only 
be  brought  into  contact  and  mixed  with  air.  but 
must  be  mixed  with  such  quantities  of  air  as  will 
support  combustion.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  a  car- 
bureter forms  so  important  a  part  of  gasolene  light- 
ing, heating  and  power  systems ;  the  function  of  the 
carbureter  is  to  mix  the  pure  vapor  of  gasolene  with 
a  sufficient  quantity  of  air  to  make  it  combustible  or 
explosive  according  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  to 
be  used.  Gasolene  reaches  its  highest#  point  of  ex- 
plosive violence  when  vapor  mixture  stands  about 
eight  parts  of  air  to  one  part  of  gasolene  vapor  and 
falls  off  in  combustibility  with  the  relative  increase  of 
either  gasolene  or  air. 

Another  property  of  gasolene  which  must  be  borne 
in  mind  is  that  when  it  evaporates  and  becomes  prop- 
erly mixed  with  air  it  has  its  definite  point  of  ignition 
just  as  has  any  combustible  material.  In  other  words 
the  temperature  in  a  room  might  reach  a  very  high 


degree,  yet  there  would  be.no  explosion  of  the 
gasolene  vapor,  whereas  an  open  flame,  a  lighted  cigar 
or  cigarette,  or  electric  spark  would  ignite  it  instantly. 

Although  gunpowder  and  dynamite  are  considered 
very  dangerous,  gasolene  is  even  more  dangerous,  for 
while  the  former  will  remain  where  placed,  the  latter 
vaporizing  from  a  vessel  in  a  room  will  creep  along 
the  floor  until  it  comes  in  contact  with  a  flame  one 
hundred  or  more  feet  away  from  the  vessel.  It  will 
then  flash  back  to  the  latter  through  this  strata  of  gas, 
causing  a  resultant  explosion  or  fire  at  that  point. 

Gasolene  or  naphtha  should  be  stored  under  ground 
in  a  well  and  thoroughly  made  steel  tank  designe  1  for 
this  purpose.  The  tank  should  be  so  constructed  as 
to  prevent  evaporation  and  should  be  placed  below 
the  pump,  so  that  all  pipe  lines  would  slope  to  the 
tank  from  the  pump.  The  flanges  and  all  openings 
should  be  at  the  top  of  the  tank  and  under  no  condi- 
tions should  there  be  any  openings  on  the  side  or  bot- 
tom, for  if  the  pipe  line  leading  from  the  bottom  of 
the  tank  be  ruptured  by  either  accident  or  fire  the 
gasolene  would  be  poured  into  the  building  either  by 
siphonic  action  or  gravity,  a  condition  which  could 
not  be  overcome.  The  thickness  of  the  material  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  the  tank  should  depend  on  the 
quantity  to  be  stored.  A  plan  which  is  followed  in 
many  cases  suggests  a  tank  of  12  gauge  material  for 
quantities  up  to  and  including  500  gallons,  and  3-16" 
material  for  tanks  of  larger  capacity. 

The  automobilist  will  find  many  advantages  in  the 
underground  storage  systems,  as  shown  in  Figure  1. 
The  gasolene  is  maintained  at  an  even  temperature 
and,  therefore,  retains  its  original  quality.  The  ten- 
dency for  evaporation  is  absolutely  eliminated  by 
proper  venting,  and,  therefore,  there  is  no  loss  from 
this  source.  Along  with  these  features  every  auto- 
mobilist will  appreciate  the  economy  and  convenience 
of  always  having  on  hand  an  adequate  supply  of 
gasolene.  He  will,  therefore,  not  find  himself  em- 
barrassed without  this  very  essential  fluid  which  may 
cause  delay  and  expense  in  renewing  the  supply. 

The  tank  should  be  placed  two  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground.  It  is  not  necessary  to  install  a 
gasolene  underground  storage  tank  in  either  a  vault 
or  pit,  as  such  installation  does  not  lengthen  the  life 
of  the  tank,  and  it  has  been  found  by  actual  experi- 
ence that  the  sinking  of  the  tank  in  the  ground  is 
absolutely  safe.  Should  the  ground  be  exceptionally 
moist,  so  that  the  tank  would  be  in  water,  a  vault 
would  overcome  this  obstacle.  In  all  cases,  however, 
where   it   i?    necessary   to    install    a   gasolene   under- 


19] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Fig.  i. 

ground  storage  tank  in  a  vault  or  pit  the  pit  should 
be  filled  in  with  sand  around  the  tank. 

The  vent  pipe  from  the  tank  should  extend  two  feet 
higher  than  the  building  so  that  any  gases  that  may 
be  expelled  from  the  tank  during  filling  will  be  carried 
off  without  possibility  of  contact  with  the  flame.  This 
vent  should  be  protected  by  a  fine  mesh  wire  gauze. 
The  fill  pipe  should  also  be  protected  by  a  fine  wire 
gauze. 

There  are  several  methods  of  drawing  gasolene 
from  a  tank,  but  that  which  is  most  commonly  in  use 
and  which  is  apparently  the  most  successful  and  ab- 
solutely safe  is  by  means  of  an  approved  pump  which 
draws  the  gasolene  by  force  from  the  tank 
and  no  discharge  of  gasolene  can  be  had 
without  placing  the  pump  into  operation. 
This  eliminates  any  possibility  of  discharg- 
ing gasolene  should  accident  occur  to  the 
pipe  line,  in  case  of  fire.  The  suction  pipe 
should  at  no  point  be  lower  than  the  top  of 
the  tank  and  care  should  be  exercised  in  the 
making  up  of  all  joints  and  connections  of 
the  pipe  line  that  they  be  absolutely  tight. 
This  can  best  be  done  by  use  of  a  cement 
which  is  insoluble  in  gasolene.  Gasolene  or 
other  volatile  or  inflammable  liquids  should 
never  be  handled  by  pressure  systems  con- 
trolled either  by  water  or  air.  It  is  obvious 
inasmuch  as  the  pressure  remains  constantly 
on  the  system  that  in  the  case  of  an  accident 
or  fire,  should  the  pipe  line  be  ruptured,  the 
gasolene  would  be  automatically  discharged 
and  cause  a  situation  which  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  handle.  The  proper  method  of  over- 
coming such  a  difficulty  as  this  is  to  install 


a  pump  approved  and  accepted  by  insurance 
underwriters,  which  draws  the  gasolene,  by 
work  applied  to  the  pump,  and  then  there 
can  be  no  disturbance  of  the  liquid  in  the 
storage  tank  without  the  direct  application 
of  the  pump.  By  the  installation  of  a  pump 
of  this  nature,  should  a  fire  occur  and  the 
pipe  line  be  ruptured,  no  resultant  difficul- 
ties will  be  encountered  inasmuch  as  auto- 
matic check  valves  are  placed  in  the  suction 
line  which  make  it  impossible  for  the  blaze 
to  reach  the  storage  tank. 

There  never  has  been  a  fire  started  from 
such  underground  storage  systems  as  de- 
scribed above,  and  in  no  case  has  a  fire  been 
increased  on  account  of  such  a  system.  In 
fact  there  is  no  case  on  record  where  the 
gasolene  in  one  of  these  systems  has  been 
affected  by  fire,  or  caused  any  trouble  what- 
soever during  the  fire.  This  proves  conclusively 
that  the  danger  is  not  from  the  storage  of  gaso- 
lene when  properly  provided  for.  The  handling  of 
gasolene  should  be  expedited  in  every  possible  way 
and  so  arranged  that  the  gasolene  is  not  exposed  to 
the  air.  This  is  usually  overcome  by  drawing  the 
gasolene  directly  from  the  underground  storage  tank 
through  the  pump,  thence  to  the  reservoir  of  the  auto- 
mobile by  specially  prepared  gasolene  hose,  which  ab- 
solutely eliminates  any  possibility  of  gasolene  vapors 
flowing  into  the  garage. 

As  an  illustration  of  how  an  underground  gasolene 
system     will     withstand     the    action    of    flames,     we 


Fig.  2. 


[ao] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


reproduce  in  Figure  2  a  photograph  showing  the  in- 
terior of  a  private  garage  at  Brookline,  Massachusetts, 
which  was  destroyed  by  fire  March  26, 
1909.  In  this  particular  instance  the 
installation  was  a  one-gallon  self-measur- 
ing gasolene  pump  connected  to  a  10- 
bbl.  underground  storage  tank,  which 
was  located  approximately  ten  feet  from 
the  building.  Upon  examination  of  the 
ruins  the  pump  was  found  to  have  been 
badly  burned  and  unfit  for  further  use. 
There  was,  however,  no  trouble  experienced 
from  the  gallon  of  gasolene  in  the  cylinder 
of  this  pump,  the  same  having  been  found 
in  good  condition  after  the  fire.  The  gaso- 
lene in  the  tank  was  in  perfect  condition 
and  was  used  shortly  after  the  fire.  It  goes 
to  prove  the  adaptability  of  such  an  outfit 
during  a  raging  fire,  protecting  life  and  property,  the 
value  of  which  is  recognized  and  appreciated  by  the 
fire   departments  in  all  cities. 

We  would  call  attention  to  Figure  3,  which  shows 


the  building.     The  gasolene  is  drawn  by  an  approved 
pump  within  the  garage,  and  can  be  drawn  directly  to 


^T^.C  KWflwfceV 


Lon4   Oistonc*    6°oso/mf  System, 
and  Lubricating  Tanks. 

Fig.  3- 


the  car  by  use  of  the  hose  and  nozzle.  The  venting 
of  the  tank  is  done  by  a  separate  vent  pipe  running 
up  the  outside  of  the  building,  and  terminating  in  an 
air  vent  protector. 


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Fig.  4. 


what  can  be  accomplished  in  the  way  of  safe  and  satis- 
factory gasolene  underground  storage  for  the  private 
garage.      The  tank  is  located  and  filled  from  without 


Another  important  feature  to  be  considered  by  the 
automobile  owner  is  the  fact  that  installation  of  a 
standard  equipment,  such  as  is  described  above,  meets 


[21  ] 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


the  approval  of  the  insurance  companies,  due  to  its 
safety  features  and  if  an  approved  system  is  installed 
there  is  rarely  any  difficulty  in  obtaining  satisfactory 
rates  of  insurance.  In  fact,  the  regulations  of  many 
of  the  largest  Insurance  Boards  and  Rating  Companies 
in  the  country  approve  of  equipment  of  the  sort  out- 
lined. For  example,  we  quote  from  permit  used  by 
the  New  England  Insurance  Company,  Rules  3  and  4. 
"Third :  That  there  shall  be  no  gasolene  kept  inside 
such  building,  its  additions  or  connections,  except  that 
contained  in  said  automobile,  and  not  exceeding  one 
gallon  in  the  chamber  of  a  measuring  pump." 

"Fourth :  That  a  supply  tank  shall  be  at  least  ten 
feet  from  such  building,  its  additions  or  connections, 
unless  it  is  buried  at  least  two  feet  below  the  level  of 
the  basement  floor.  All  pipes  for  filling  or  ventilating 
the  supply  tank  to  be  outside  the  building  and  piping 
to  pump  to  be  so  laid  as  to  drain  toward  the  tank." 

For  use  in  conjunction  with  underground  storage 
for  gasolene  we  recommend  for  the  motorist  the  use 
of  proper  storage  equipment  for  his  lubricating  oils. 
This  is  a  feature  of  garage  equipment  which  we  be- 
lieve is  overlooked  in  a  great  many  cases,  and  the  use 
of  proper  lubricants  is  just  as  essential  for  ease  of 
operation  and  long  life  of  the  car  as  is  the  use  of 
gasolene  to  furnish  the  propelling  power. 

This  subject  was  handled  in  a  very  thorough  and 
capable  manner  by  Prof.  W.  C.  Hosford,  of  the  Boston 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  Automobile  School,  in  a  recent  lecture. 
The  following  embodies  to  a  great  extent  this  lecture. 
With  the  best  interest  of  the  automobile  owner  at 
heart,  probably  the  most  expensive  item  is  repairs. 
It  is  safe  to  say  that  ninety  per  cent  of  the  auto- 
mobilists  are  ignorant  of  the  fact  that  almost  all  of  the 
repairs  on  an  automobile  are  either  due  to  insufficient 
or  improper  lubrication.  From  carefully  prepared 
statistics  and  data  obtained  from  repair  shops,  it  has 
been  found  that,  except  in  tire  trouble  and  accidents, 
ninety-five  per  cent  of  the  repairs  can  be  unquestion- 
ably traced  to  this  source.  The  deteriorating  results 
are  torn  and  mangled  cylinders,  warped  and  broken 
transmissions,  differentials,  etc.,  that  are  a  common 
topic  with  the  repair  .man.  These  conditions,  to- 
gether with  many  others,  are  due,  principally,  to  poor 
or  insufficient  lubrication. 

Let  us  consider  the  principle  and  theory  of  lubrica- 
tion. Upon  examination  with  a  microscope,  lubricating 
oil  will  present  the  appearance  of  minute  globules  held 
together  by  a  light  fluid.  The  latter  fluid  merely  acts 
as  an  adhesive  medium  between  the  globules,  which 
rotate  on  one  another  something  after  the  fashion  of 
a  ball  bearing.  Now,  when  two  moving  elements,  as 
for  instance  the '  shaft  and  bearing,  are  brought  in 
contact,  no  matter  how  carefully  the  surfaces  are 
ground  and  polished,  the  result  is  friction  and  heat. 


The  amount  of  friction  depends  upon  the  compression 
and  area  of  contacting  surface,  assuming  that  all  other 
conditions  are  equal;  that  is,  the  material  of  the  same 
quality  and  the  surfaces  ground  and  polished  equally. 
Therefore,  to  reduce  the  friction  to  a  minimum,  the 
lubricant  must  be  of  such  tenacity  as  to  interpose 
between  the  moving  elements  a  substance  that  will 
separate  them  from  each  other  at  a  microscopic  dis- 
tance so  that  each  independently  works  upon  the 
globules  of  the  oil. 

It  has  been  found  that,  while  the  surface  of  a 
lubricant  tends  to  reduce  friction  and  the  surface  ten- 
sion is  extremely  high,  there  is  also  a  very  large 
amount  of  internal  friction  in  oil — that  is,  an  apparent 
magnetism  presents  itself  in  the  form  of  tenacity  in 
the  interior  of  the  liquid.  This  feature  is  commonly 
known  as  viscosity,  although  it  means  more  than 
simply  a  viscous  fluid.  It  is  therefore  obvious  that 
a  lubricant  capable  of  withstanding  a  pressure  of  one 
hundred  pounds  per  square  inch  would  not  satis- 
factorily withstand  a  pressure  of  five  hundred  pounds 
per  square  inch  and  lubricate  properly  on  account  of 
viscosity.  For  this  reason  it  is  very  impractical  to 
attempt  to  use  light  cylinder  oil  on  a  shaft  and  bearing 
where  a  very  heavy  oil  should  be  used.  Likewise,  it 
would  be  very  impractical  to  attempt  to  use  a  very 
heavy  oil  to  lubricate  a  cylinder. 

With  the  former  thought  in  mind  the  automobile 
engineer  has  decided  that  at  least  four  grades  of 
lubricants  are  required  to  give  an  automobile  proper 
and  satisfactory  lubrication ;  cylinder  oil,  gear  case 
oil,  light  machine  oil,  and  non-fluid  oil.  Let  us  first 
consider  cylinder  oil.  Cylinder  oil  is  used  to  reduce 
the  friction  between  the  cylinder  and  the  piston  as 
low  as  possible.  On  account  of  the  fact  that  the  oil 
is  distributed  over  the  internal  surface  of  the  cylinder 
the  oil  is  present  when  explosion  takes  place,  which  is 
accompanied  by  high  temperature  and  flame.  Inas- 
much as  cylinder  oil  is  a  distillate  of  coal  oil  it  contains 
more  or  less  carbon.  When  the  oil  is  burned  by  the 
heat  and  flame  from  the  explosion  in  the  cylinder,  a 
deposit  of  carbon  remains  on  the  internal  walls  of  the 
expansion  chamber,  cylinder  and  spark  plugs.  It 
offers  great  hindrance  to  the  last,  preventing  regular 
sparking  and,  together  with  its  adhering  to  the  walls 
of  the  cylinder,  makes  a  very  noticeable  decline  in 
power.  It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  refiner  to  reduce  the 
per  cent  of  carbon  in  the  cylinder  to  a  minimum. 

In  the  average  car,  each  cylinder  requires  from  five 
to  ten  drops  per  minute,  which  is  fed  by  an  automatic 
pump  or"by  gravitation,  the  dropping  being  regulated 
by  needle  valves  which  are  placed  in  sightfeed  glasses 
in  the  dash  board.  Hence  it  follows  that  if  the  oil  is 
not  free  from  dirt  and  lint  these  feed  pipes  and  needle 
valves  will  be  choked,  with  the  following  results :    As 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


the  operator  depends  upon  the  number  of  drops  per 
minute  to  determine  whether  or  not  his  cylinders  are 
receiving  proper  and  sufficient  lubrication,  if  dirt  and 
lint  should  accumulate  in  the  needle  valve,  it  would  of 
course  diminish  the  number  of  drops  per  minute,  and 
the  operator  assuming  that  his  car  is  not  receiving 
enough  oil  would  increase  the  opening  until  the  desired 
amount  is  obtained.  The  jolting  of  the  car  would  be 
very  apt  to  clear  the  feed  pipes  with  the  result  that  the 
engine  would  receive  too  much  oil,  resulting  in  excess 
carbonization  in  the  cylinders.  If  by  chance  the 
operator  does  not  see  the  diminished  flow  of  oil,  it 
would  leave  the  cylinders  without  the  proper  supply 
and  in  a  short  time  they  would  be  overheated  by  fric- 
tion and  probably  result  in  "freezing."  If  the  amount 
of  dirt  in  the  oil  is  not  sufficient  to  choke  the  feed 
pipes  it  is  only  a  question  of  a  short  time  before  the 
cylinder  and  pistons  are  gouged  and  torn  so  that  it  is 
impossible  to  get  compression,  with  the  natural  result 
that  new  cylinders  and  pistons  must  be  obtained  at 
the  average  cost  of  $100.00  per  cylinder.  Hence 
comes  the  stand  made  by  many  automobile  engineers : 

"It  is  ultimately  as  detrimental  to  feed  an  engine 
dirty  oil  as  it  is  to  give  no  oil  at  all,  as  in  either  case 
it  spells  destruction." 

The  results  of  gear  case  and  light  machine  oil  are 
incidental  with  that  of  cylinder  oil,  and  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  go  into  the  minor  details.  A  small  bear- 
ing or  cam  in  order  to  work  properly  has  got  to  be 
right,  and  cannot  be  torn  by  dirt  or  have  the  temper 
drawn  by  overheating,  for  in  either  case  it  means  rapid 
wearing  of  that  part. 

While  the  foregoing  holds  true  as  regards  "using 
clean  lubricating  oil,  it  is  well  to  add  that  the  same 
grade  of  cylinder  oil  should  always  be  used.  Many 
automobilists  make  the  mistake  of  using  various 
grades  of  cylinder  oil  in  their  engines.  It  is  well  that 
the  automobilist  should  store  in  his  garage  a  quantity 
of  each  kind  of  the  several  oils  he  uses  in  his  car.  This 
particularly  applies  to  the  use  of  cylinder  oil,  as  the 
changing  of  the  grades  of  cylinder  oil  in  an  engine 
means  the  loss  of  power  and  the  shortening  of  its 
useful  life. 

If  the  automobile  owner  should  know  these  facts,  is 
it  not  reasonable  to  assume  that  he  is  willing  to  save 
himself  hundreds  of  dollars  annually  on  repair  bills 
by  keeping  a  supply  and  by  properly  storing  his 
lubricating  oil  ?  By  properly  storing,  we  do  not  mean 
storing  the  oils  in  barrels,  but  storing  them  in  a  scien- 
tifically and  properly  made  oil  tank  where  details  have 
been  carried  out  to  the  end  of  giving  him  not  only  a 
dirt  and  dust  proof  storage,  but  protecting  him  from 
losses,  as  seepage,  leakage  and  waste,  and  also  to 
prevent  him  from  endangering  himself  and  property 
by  fire.     Although  these  last  points  are  probably  not 


as  important  as  the  former,  it  is  surprising  the  amount 
of  money  that  can  be  saved  in  this  way. 

In  Figure  3  are  shown  two  very  practical  outfits 
for  the  storage  of  lubricating  oils.  These  outfits  are 
of  the  roll  top  design,  the  purpose  being  to  eliminate 
any  and  all  dust  and  lint  that  may  circulate  througli 
the  garage  and  mix  with  the  oil.  They  also  present 
an  adaptable  place  for  keeping  filling  cans.  These 
tanks  are  all  metal  and  can  be  furnished  in  any  ca- 
pacity from  ten  gallons  up  to  several  barrels,  and  are 
considered  fireproof. 

Probably  the  most  ideal  installation  of  a  private 
garage  equipment  in  the  country  is  shown  in  Figure  4. 
This  garage  is  located  in  Newton,  Mass.,  and  is  situ- 
ated on  the  side  of  a  hill  so  that  the  main  entrance 
is  on  the  second  floor.  On  this  floor  are  installed  five 
long  distance  self  measuring  pumps  for  handling  gaso- 
lene, three  grades  of  lubricating  oil,  and  kerosene  oil. 
The  lubricating  and  kerosene  oil  pumps  draw  the 
liquid  from  four  120  gallon  tanks  located  directly  be- 
low on  the  first  floor.  In  these  tanks  are  also  placed 
four  additional  pumps,  so  that  the  oil  can  be  drawn 
from  the  first  floor.  In  order  to  facilitate  the  empty- 
ing of  the  barrels  of  oil  into  these  tanks  a  track  is 
placed  on  top  of  the  tanks  on  the  end  of  which  is  a 
swinging  cradle.  A  barrel  of  oil  is  rolled  on  the 
cradle  and  then  lifted  by  a  chain  hoist  until  the  cradle 
becomes  parallel  with  the  track,  when  the  barrel  can 
then  be  rolled  over  the  proper  tank  and  emptied. 

A  gasolene  storage  tank  of  1,000  gallon  capacity  is 
located  under  the  ground  at  the  rear  of  the  garage 
and  the  suction  pipe  connects  with  two  long  distant 
self  measuring  pumps,  one  on  the  first  floor  and  one 
on  the  second  floor.  The  tank  is  also  connected  to 
the  gasolene  engine  by  means  of  a  suction  and  re- 
turn pipe.  The  venting  of  the  tank  is  done  by  means 
of  a  vent  running  to  the  building,  thence  up  the  out- 
side and  projecting  two  feet  above  the  eaves. 

The  five  long  distant  pumps  on  the  second  floor  and 
the  long  distant  pump  on  the  first  floor  are  made  of 
solid  brass  very  highly  polished,  as  well  as  are  the 
fittings,  exposed  pipe  and  connections. 

All  of  the  long  distance  pumps  are  adjusted  to 
measure  an  accurate  gallon,  half  gallon,  quart  or  pint. 

In  order  to  determine  the  amount  of  oil  in  any  of 
the  tanks  a  magnetic  gauge  has  been  installed  which 
shows  at  a  glance  the  exact  quantity  of  oil  contained. 

In  the  engine  room  there  have  been  installed  four 
first  floor  tanks  for  handling  engine  oil,  cylinder  oil, 
compressor  oil  and  machine  oil.  These  tanks  are  120 
gallon  capacity  each,  and  pumps  and  fittings  are  of 
solid  brass  highly  polished.  The  same  methods  of 
emptying  the  oil  from  the  barrels  into  the  tanks  by 
means  of  the  barrel  track  and  swinging  cradle  are 
used  as  in  the  oil  room. 


23 


Plates 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  i 


<•  i    t'-  ' 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


GARAGE  AT  NEW  ROCHELLE,  N.  Y. 
Oswald  C.  Hering,  Architect 


Plate  a 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  3 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  4 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


•a 


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Plate  5 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


GARAGE  AT  IPSWICH,  MASS. 
Putnam  &  Cox,  Architects 


Plate  6 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  7 


■ 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


GARAGE  AND  HANGAR  OF  MR.  A.  B.  GAINES,  ENGLEWOOD,  N.  J. 
Messrs.   Davis,  McGrath  &  Kiessling,  Architects 


Plate  8 


<«     •    • 

■    *     t    ■      •" 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


INTERIOR   OF   GARAGE  AT   ENGLEWOOD,   N.  J.,   SHOWING  WORKBENCH,  PIT,  OVERHEAD  WASHER 

AND  TRAVELING   HOIST 
Messrs.  Davis,  McGrath  &   Kiessling,  Architects 


Plate  9 


.•••. :  :• 


•  *  _•  •    • 

•  •  .*•  •   • 

•  •/  •  •    • 

•  ■    •    *• 


»  •      •   •  * 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


Plate  10 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


Plate  ii 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


GARAGE  AT  TOPSFIELD,  MASS. 
Putnam  &  Cox,  Architects 


GARAGE  AT   NEWTON,  MASS. 
Putnam  &  Cox,  Architects 


Plate  12 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  13 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


INTERIOR   VIEWS    OF    GARAGE   AND    POWER  HOUSE  AT  TOPSFIELD,  MASS. 

Putnam  &  Cox,  Architects 


Plate  14 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


INTERIOR  OF  A  GARAGE  AT  IPSWICH,  MASS. 

Putnam  &  Cox,  Architects 

The  glazed  brick  walls  and  large  window  and  door  openings  make  a  light  interior 


VIEW  OF  A  PART  OF  THE  INTERIOR  OF  A  GARAGE  AT  NEWTON,   MASS. 

Putnam  &   Cox,  Architects 
Showing  Turntable,  gasoline  pump  and  workroom 


Plate  15 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


.  .  ••• 


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Plate  i 6 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


A    GARAGE   AT    CLEVELAND,   OHIO 
Bohnard  &  Parsson,  Architects 


Plate  17 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


09 

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Plate  1 8 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  19 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


Plate  20 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  21 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


A  GARAGE  AT  SYRACUSE,  N.  Y. 
Alfred  T.  Taylor,  Architect 


Plate  22 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


STABLE  AND  GARAGE  AT  WILLOUGHBY,  OHIO 
Bohnard   &   Parsson,  Architects 


Plate  23 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  24 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  25 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


A  CHICAGO  GARAGE 
Messrs.   Nimmons  &  Fellows,  Architects 


Plate  26 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  37 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


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Plate  28 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


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Plate  29 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


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Plate  30 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


*  QEINfD12CnD-(3NCGErrE,  -TnOGOSHCUT? 


A  GARAGE  AT  COHASSET,  MASS. 
Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 
Plate  31 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


Plate  32 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


urn — ™" TIT 


Plate  33 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  34 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  35 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


Plate  36 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


CONCRETE   GARAGE   OVERLOOKING  LAKE    NEAR   WINCHESTER,   MASS. 


GARAGE  OF  FIELD  STONE  WITH  SHINGLE  ROOF  AT  LAWRENCE  PARK,  BRONXVILLE,  N.  Y. 

Wm.  A.  Baker,  Architect 
Plate  37 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


CEMENT  GARAGE  WITH  PERGOLA,  AT    GLEN  RIDGE,  N.  J. 
Davis,  McGrath  &  Kiessling,  Architects 


A  CEMENT  GARAGE  WITH  PERGOLA,  AT  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 
This  garage  is  built  on  a  hillside  corner  lot.    Road  runs  through  the  building,  so  that  car  may  enter  at  one  end  and 

leave  at  the  other 

Plate  38 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


4,1 


GARAGE  OF  CHARLES  BEYERLE,  ESQ.,  CAIRO,  EGYPT 

Carlo  Prampolini,  Architect 

Plate  39 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


ONE-CAR  CEMENT  GARAGE   AT  BROOKLINE,  MASS. 
Charles  E.  Barnes,  Architect 


A  GARAGE  BUILT  OF  CONCRETE  BLOCKS   AT  ENGLEWOOD,  N.  J. 
Davis,  McGrath  &  Kiessling,  Architects 

Plate  40 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


GARAGE    AT    ROSEMONT,    PA. 
Built  of  local  stone,  with  shingle  roof 


A   SHINGLED   GARAGE  AT   MARION,   MASS. 

Chauffeur's   bedroom   and   shower  bath    at   right 

Plate  4i 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


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Plate  42 


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■     4.    *    I     *  « 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  43 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


SHINGLED  ONE-CAR  GARAGE,  MARION,  MASS. 
Wm.   G.  Preston,  Architect 


A  CIRCULAR  GARAGE  AT  SOUTH  ORANGE,  N.  J. 
George  W.  Maher,  Architect 
Plate  44 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


A  ONE-CAR  GARAGE  ON  ROCKLEDGE  ROAD,  MONTCLAIR,  N.  J. 


GARAGE  AT  ROSEMONT,  PA. 
Alex.  M.  Adams,  Architect 
Plate  45 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  46 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


BRICK  AND  HALF-TIMBER  GARAGE  AT  ROLAND  PARK,  BALTIMORE,  MD. 

Alfred  H.  Taylor,  Architect 
Plate  47 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  48 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


* 


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•  • 

•• 

•  • 

•  •  •« 

A  GARAGE  AT  ENGLEWOOD,  N.  J. 
Donn  Barber,  Architect 
This  building  has  accommodations  on  second  floor  for   gardener  and  chauffeur 


GARAGE  BUILT  OF  LOCAL  STONE,  AT   MOUNT  AIRY,  PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 

Billiard  room  in  second  story 

Plate  49 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Photo,  copyright  bv  Atlas  Portland  Cement  Co. 

A   CEMENT  GARAGE  IN  THE  SUBURBS  OF  NEW  YORK 


*      i 

—  _    .  .      ..  I         .  .*-  -       -■-.! 

Photo,  copyright  bv  Atlas  Portland  Cement  Co. 

A   SOLID  CONCRETE  GARAGE  FOR  TWO   CARS  AT  WASHINGTON,  D.   C. 

Plate  50 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


STREET  FRONT  AND   REAR  VIEW   OF  A  "ROUGH  COAT"  GARAGE  ON  RIDGEWOOD  AVENUE 

GLENRIDGE,  N.  J. 

Plate  si 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Photo,   copyright   bv  Atlas  Portland  Cement   Co. 

CEMENT  GARAGE  ON  THE  "NORTH  SHORE,"   NEAR  BOSTON,  MASS. 

Arthur  Huen,  Architect 


■ 
■ 


A  SHINGLED  ONE-CAR  GARAGE,  WINCHESTER,  MASS. 

Edwin  R.  Blaikie,  Architect 

Plate  52 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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Plate  53 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  54 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Plate  55 


'       '    I     <      ( 
CC       '     '   '    i 


■ 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


ONE-CAR  GARAGE  AT  NEWPORT,  R.  I. 
Edward   P.   Whitman,   Architect 


>•:•    ::.;•.:♦• 


Photo,  copyright  by  Atlas  Portland  Cement  Co. 

A  GARAGE  AT  "GRASSLANDS,"  EAST  VIEW,  N.  Y. 
Built  of  field  stone  with  concrete  roof 


Plate  56 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND   SUBURBAN 


Plate  57 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Plate  58 


*tl    t      t  • 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


Plate  59 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


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-South    WE15T    EL.HVATr  Qrt  - 


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-  No^th-West  Elevation 


.  J 


GARAGE  AT  BEVERLY  FARMS,  MASS. 
Messrs.  Kilham  &  Hopkins,  Architects 

Illustrates  an  economical  form  of  construction,  described  on  page  3.     The  walls  are  built  of  concrete  to  height  of 
window   sills,  and  rounded  to  meet  floor.     Above  concrete  walls  are  of  frame,  shingled  outside 


Plate  60 


•t  •    • 


»«-•"•-      • 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


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Plate  6i 


GARAGES— COUNTRY   AND    SUBURBAN 


-f  * 


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2 


Plate  62 


4      <       -♦     * 


n      «    r   c 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


11 

H     «? 


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Plate  63 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


a— o 


£3 

&3  o  * 


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a  s 
2 


Plate  64 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Make  the  Garage 
Fire  -  Proof 

J-M  Transite  Asbestos  Fire-proof  Shingles,  when 
applied  to  the  roof  and  sides  of  a  garage,  offer  the 
most  perfect  fire  protection  known,  because  they  are 
made  of  Asbestos  (rock)  Fibre  and  Portland  Cement — 
both  minerals.  Are  absolutely  proof  against  fire,  water, 
acids,  gases  and  chemical  fumes,  and  are  not  in  the 
least  affected  by  the  most  severe  weather  conditions, 
except  that  the  longer  they  are  exposed  the  harder  and 
tougher  they  become. 

Transite  Asbestos  r™i  Shingles 

are  moulded  under  hydraulic  pressure  into  a  homogeneous  mass.  They  never  rot,  decay,  warp  or  split  like  wood 
shingles.  Are  tough  and  resilient,  but  not  brittle,  so  do  not  break  and  fall  off  like  wood  or  slate.  Weighing  only 
about  half  as  much  as  slate,  they  save  considerable  in  freight,  are  much  more  easily  handled  and  there  is  no  danger 
of   breakage.     These    Shingles    are    also    excellent   non-conductors  of  heat  and  cold. 

J-M  Transite  Asbestos   Sh'ngles  are  easily  put  on  with   ordinary   woodworking   tools.     Come    in    many   different 
sizes  and  shapes  to  meet  all  conditions,  and  in  colors  of  natural  gray  and  Indian  red. 

ASK  OUR  NEAREST  BRANCH  FOR  BOOKLET 

H.  W.  JOHNS-MANVILLE  CO. 


Manufacturers  of  Asbestos 
and  Magnesia  Products. 


Asbestos  Roofings,  Packings 
Electrical  Supplies,  Etc. 


For  Canada 
Toronto,   Ont. 


Cleveland  London  New     Orleans  San    Francisco 

Dallas  Los    Angeles  New  York  Seattle 

Detroit  Milwaukee  Philadelphia  St.   Louis 

Kansas  City  Minneapolis  Pittsburg  1366 

THE  CANADIAN  H.  W.  JOHNS-MANVILLE  CO.,  LIMITED. 

Montreal,   Que.  Winnipeg,    Man.  Vancouver,    B.    C. 


UNIVERSAL   AUTO    TURNTABLES 

For  Public  and  Private  Garages,  Police  and  Fire  Stations,  Etc.,  Etc. 

The  general  construc- 
tional features  of  the 
UNIVERSAL  Auto-Turn- 
table are  known  to  every 
prominent  architect. 
They'll  tell  you  it  is  more 
strongly  built  and  will 
carry  a  heavy  load  easier 
and  with  less  friction 
than  any  other. 

The  UNIVERSAL  runs 
70%  easier,  turning  with 
the  slightest  effort.  Noth- 
ing to  get  out  of  order. 
Easily  can  be  unpacked 
and  set  up  from  our 
printed    directions. 

Supplied  for  wood  tops 
same  as  iron  or  cement, 
your  carpenter  bolting 
flooring  through  the  holes 
provided  in  framework. 
Wood  floors  draw  or 
warp  in  use  as  a  wash- 
table,  and  are  not  recom- 
mended. 
CAREFULLY  OBSERVE  THIS  DETAILED  TABLE  IN  SPECIFYING 

WHEELBASE,    Inches 108  132  144  156  180  204 

TABLE   DIAMETER.  Feet 12  14  15  16  18  20 

SHIPPING  WEIGHT 4,700  5,000  5,150  5,300  5,600  6,000 

SUPPORTING  CAPACITY 4,500  6,000  6,000  6,000  6,000  6,000 


Our  Universal  Auto-Jack  it  the  Handiest  Tool  in  the  Garage. 


Illustrated  catalog  and  printed  matter   on  request. 


THE  CANTON  FOUNDRY  &  MACHINE  COMPANY 


616  East  Eighth  Street 


CANTON.  OHIO 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Otis  Garage 
Elevators 

r*"  |  ~"^HERE  has  been  a  marked  demand  for 
1      up-to-date    Garages,    because    of    the 
JL     phenomenal  success  of  the   motor  car 
in  both  its  pleasure  and  commercial  aspects. 
In  communities  of  high  land  values  it  is  found 
desirable,    and    often    necessary,    that    these 
buildings  be  of  several  stories,   requiring  the 
use  of  Power  Elevators  in  order  that  the  vari- 
ous floors  may  be  fully   utilized;    but  in  the 
Country  and  Suburbs,  where  a  two-story  Gar- 
age is  practicable,  a  Hand  Power  Elevator  will 
prove  of  great  service,  and  give  increased  value 
to  the  upper  floor  space. 

We  manufacture  and  install  Elevators  par- 
ticularly adapted  for  Garage  Service  and  will 
gladly  mail  literature  on  any  and  all  Elevator 
requirements    in   which    you    are   interested. 

OTIS  ELEVATOR  COMPANY 

17  BATTERY  PLACE,   NEW  YORK  CITY 

Offices      in      all       Principal       Cities 

• 

GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Victor  ElectricTire  Inflator 

Indispensable  in  a  private  garage 


The  proper  pressure  is  obtained  quickly  and  easily. 
The  air  forced  into  the  tires  is  free  from  oil  and  other  impurities. 
The  tire  pressure  can  be  ascertained  in  a  moment ;  if  you  have  in- 
flated the  tires  while  away  from  the  garage,  on  your  return,  connect 
the  inflator  to  your  tires  and  the  pressure  is  indicated — if  too  high, 
reduce  the  pressure  by  means  of  the  relief  valve  on  inflator;  if  too 
low  simply  turn  the  switch. 

The  outfit  is  complete  as  shown — no  tank  or  accessories  being  re- 
quired. 

Price,  arranged  for  llOv.  direct  current  . .  .$75.00 
Price,  arranged  for  220v.  direct  current  . .  .  78.00 
Price,  arranged  for  alternating  current.  .  .  .  95.00 

Send  for  descriptive  circular 

Victor  Electric  Company 

55-61  Market  St,  Chicago 


THE  AMERICAN 
ARCHITECT'S 

BOOK 
DEPARTMENT 

is  prepared  to  furnish  any  archi- 
tectural work  now  in  print  on 
short  notice.  Our  Book  adver- 
tising, appearing  from  time  to  time, 
will  keep  you  posted.  All  in- 
quiries promptly  answered.    .'.   .". 


THE 

AMERICAN    ARCHITECT 

231-241   West  39th  Street 
New  York 


M 


LL 


BOWSER 


The  Ideal  Country 
or  Suburban  Garage 

is  one  with  every  convenience. 

Probably  the  most  important  ques- 
tion in  securing  an  ideal  garage  is 
the  proper  storing  of  oils  and  gaso- 
lene. 

The  above  is  an  illustrated  Bowser  sug- 
gestion from  our  booklet,  "Private  Garage 
Arrangement  and  Equipment,"  which  is  val- 
uable alike  to  the  architect  and  the  garage 
owner. 

Ask  our  salesman  in  your  city  to  consult 
with  you  in  making  your  garage  complete 
and  satisfactory. 

We  have  bulletins  giving  sizes,  styles  and  de- 
tailed information  to  assist  the  architect  in  speci- 
fying these  systems  in  his  garage  plans. 

The  Bowser  systems  are  adapted  to  all  condi- 
tions and  will  fit  the  price  and  requirements  of 
the  man  with  one  small  car  as  well  as  the  man 
with  several  cars  and  a  large  garage.  They  pro- 
cure the  measure  of  safety  prescribed  by  the 
National  Board  of  Underwriters  and  conform  to 
the  local  fire  restrictions. 

Its  installation  means  absolute  safety, 
economy,  convenience  and  pure  fuel 
for  your  engine. 

No  Trouble — 

No  Delays- 
Just  Pleasure — 

Information  that  should  be  in  every  autoist's 
pocket.     Ask  for  Free  Booklet  No.  72. 

S.  F.  Bowser  &  Co.,  Inc. 

FT.  WAYNE,  1ND. 

Boston,  141  Milk  St.  Chicago,  Fisher  Building 

New  York,  50  Church  St.        San  Francisco,  612  Howard  St. 
Philadelphia,  1313  Arch  St.  Toronto,  66-68  Frazer  Ave. 


GARAGES— COUNTRY  AND  SUBURBAN 


Mr.  Architect: 

Before  specifying  gasoline  and  oil 
storage  equipment  write  us  for  our 
Bulletin  "F"  which  illustrates  and 
describes  the  AMERICAN  SYSTEM 
which  is  the  most  modern  and  effici- 
ent oil  storage  system  ever  offered. 
We  build  both  measuring  and  non- 
measuring  pumps  and  tanks  of  any 
capacity  desired. 

The  American  Oil  Pump  &  Tank  Co. 
Dayton,  Ohio 

Branch  Offices  Principal  Cities 


Welded-Seamless 

Steel  Tanks  Insure 

Gasoline  Storage  Safety 

Underground  Storage 
of  gasoline  in  our 
Welded-Seamless 
Tanks  is  the  only  safe 
and  economical  meth- 
od of  storage.  Evap- 
oration of  gasoline  is 
impos  sible.  In  no 
other  tank  is  safety 
assured. 
The    tanks    furnished 

with  our  storage  outfits  are  of  welded-seamless 
steel,  galvanized  and  painted  outside  with  two  coats  of 
anti-corrosion  paint.  They  cannot  leak  and  will  last 
for  years.  Our  self-draining  and  measuring  pumps  are 
of  excellent  design  and  reliable  under  all  conditions  of 
service. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  outfits  of 
any  size  for  public  or  private  garages. 

Janney,  Steinmetz  &  Co. 


PHILADELPHIA 


NEW  YORK 


X 
H 
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E 

E 

S 
I 
X 

X 
E 

E 
IM 
X 
H 

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C 
H 

S 
X 
E 
E 
L 

For  the  storage  of  Gasoline  for  Private  and  Public  Garages  "AIR- 
TIGHT" Gasoline  Storage  Outfitsare  the  best,  simplest  and  mosteasily 
operated.  The  tank  is  constructed  of  %$"  Open-Hearth  Basic  Steel  with 
all  joints  brazed,  it  is  tested  under  air  pressure  and  we  guarantee  it  to  be 
absolutely  tight.  The  System  throughout  is  evaporation  proof,  is  auto- 
matically vented  and  at  no  time,  except  when  in  operation,  is  any  gaso- 
line retained  in  the  pipes  inside  of  the  building.  "AIR-TIGHT"  Gaso- 
line Storage  Systems  have  been  examined  and  tested  by  Underwriters' 
Laboratories  and  listed  by  the  Consulting  Engineers  of  the  National  Board 
of  Fire  Underwriters.      Write  us  for  prices  and  other  information. 

AIR-TIGHT  STEEL  TANK  COMPANY 

OLIVER  BUILDING,  PITTSBURGH,  PA. 


Switchboard   Built   By   U«  To  Charge  78  Vehicle.  At  One  Time 


"\1/E  will  design  and  build  for  you  a 
Charging  Board  similar  to  this  one 
or  if  you  require  a  smaller  board  we 
manufacture  them  suitable  for  one  or 
more  vehicles. 

There  are  no  better  boards  made. 

WRITE  FOR  PRICES. 

Metropolitan  Electric  Mfg.  Co. 

14th  St.  and  East  Ave.,  Long  Island  City, 
NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


fEB  20  1948 


REC'D  LD     JAN 


FEB  "4  1971  £  4 
28  71-11  AM  11 


Received  in  Interlibrw 

P.P.T  «  '  1983 


JUL  9     W7,, 

WC.CIB.JUN    977 

SANTA  BARBARA 
INTERLIBRARY  LO|AN 

sip  *.»»■ 

REC.CIR.  ocrl7 

LD  21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476 


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